text: The Humboldt Current is a cold, low-salinity ocean current that flows north along the west coast of South America from the southern tip of Chile to northern Peru. Also called the Peru Current, it is an eastern boundary current flowing in the direction of the equator, and can not extend 1,000 kilometers offshore. The Humboldt Current Large Marine Ecosystem (LME), named after the Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt, is one of the major upwelling systems of the world, supporting an extraordinary abundance of marine life. Upwelling occurs off Peru year-round but off Chile only during the spring and summer, because of the displacement of the subtropical center of high pressure during the winter

text: The

text: Humboldt

text: Current

text: is

text: cold

text: low

text: salinity

text: ocean

text: current

text: that

text: flows

text: north

text: along

text: the

text: west

text: coast

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: from

text: the

text: southern

text: tip

text: of

text: Chile

text: to

text: northern

text: Peru

text: Also

text: called

text: the

text: Peru

text: Current

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: eastern

text: boundary

text: current

text: flowing

text: in

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: the

text: equator

text: and

text: can

text: not

text: extend

text: kilometers

text: offshore

text: The

text: Humboldt

text: Current

text: Large

text: Marine

text: Ecosystem

text: LME

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Prussian

text: naturalist

text: Alexander

text: von

text: Humboldt

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: upwelling

text: systems

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: supporting

text: an

text: extraordinary

text: abundance

text: of

text: marine

text: life

text: Upwelling

text: occurs

text: off

text: Peru

text: year

text: round

text: but

text: off

text: Chile

text: only

text: during

text: the

text: spring

text: and

text: summer

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: displacement

text: of

text: the

text: subtropical

text: center

text: of

text: high

text: pressure

text: during

text: the

text: winter

text: Illescas is a peninsula in northwestern Peru . It forms the southern boundary of the Sechura Bay , the largest bay in Peru . Sechura Bay also includes the northernmost portion of the Pacific Ocean that is under the influence of the Peru - Chile or Humboldt Current . The Illescas Peninsula is located in the department of Piura , and is scarcely inhabited . Part of Illescas was declared a reserved zone . Illescas is also the name given to the highest point of the peninsula ( 500 m. ) , the Cerro Illescas .

text: Illescas

text: is

text: peninsula

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Peru

text: It

text: forms

text: the

text: southern

text: boundary

text: of

text: the

text: Sechura

text: Bay

text: the

text: largest

text: bay

text: in

text: Peru

text: Sechura

text: Bay

text: also

text: includes

text: the

text: northernmost

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: that

text: is

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Peru

text: Chile

text: or

text: Humboldt

text: Current

text: The

text: Illescas

text: Peninsula

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: department

text: of

text: Piura

text: and

text: is

text: scarcely

text: inhabited

text: Part

text: of

text: Illescas

text: was

text: declared

text: reserved

text: zone

text: Illescas

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: highest

text: point

text: of

text: the

text: peninsula

text: the

text: Cerro

text: Illescas

text: The Antarctic (US English , UK English or and or ) is a polar region, specifically the region around the Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises in the strict sense the continent of Antarctica and the island territories located on the Antarctic Plate. In a broader sense the Antarctic region include the ice shelves, waters, and island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, a zone approximately wide varying in latitude seasonally. The region covers some 20% of the Southern Hemisphere, of which 5.5% (14 million km) is the surface area of the Antarctic continent itself. All of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude are administrated under the Antarctic Treaty System. In a biogeographic sense, the Antarctic ecozone is one of eight ecozones of the Earth's land surface.

text: The

text: Antarctic

text: US

text: English

text: UK

text: English

text: or

text: and

text: or

text: is

text: polar

text: region

text: specifically

text: the

text: region

text: around

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: South

text: Pole

text: opposite

text: the

text: Arctic

text: region

text: around

text: the

text: North

text: Pole

text: The

text: Antarctic

text: comprises

text: in

text: the

text: strict

text: sense

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: and

text: the

text: island

text: territories

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Plate

text: In

text: broader

text: sense

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: region

text: include

text: the

text: ice

text: shelves

text: waters

text: and

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: situated

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Convergence

text: zone

text: approximately

text: wide

text: varying

text: in

text: latitude

text: seasonally

text: The

text: region

text: covers

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

text: of

text: which

text: million

text: km

text: is

text: the

text: surface

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: continent

text: itself

text: All

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: and

text: ice

text: shelves

text: south

text: of

text: latitude

text: are

text: administrated

text: under

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Treaty

text: System

text: In

text: biogeographic

text: sense

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: ecozone

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: eight

text: ecozones

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: land

text: surface

text:
The Amazon River (or ; Spanish and ) in South America is the largest river by discharge of water in the world, and according to some experts, the longest in length.
The headwaters of the Apurímac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century as the Amazons most distant source, until a 2014 study found it to be the Cordillera Rumi Cruz at the headwaters of the Mantaro River in Peru. The Mantaro and Apurímac confluence, and with other tributaries form the Ucayali River, which in turn confluences with the Marañón River upstream of Iquitos, Peru, to form what countries other than Brazil consider to be the main stem of the Amazon. Brazilians call this section the Solimões River above its confluence with the Rio Negro to form what Brazilians call the Amazon at the Meeting of Waters at Manaus, the river's largest city.

text: The

text: Amazon

text: River

text: or

text: Spanish

text: and

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: river

text: by

text: discharge

text: of

text: water

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: according

text: to

text: some

text: experts

text: the

text: longest

text: in

text: length

text: The

text: headwaters

text: of

text: the

text: Apurímac

text: River

text: on

text: Nevado

text: Mismi

text: had

text: been

text: considered

text: for

text: nearly

text: century

text: as

text: the

text: Amazons

text: most

text: distant

text: source

text: until

text: study

text: found

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: Cordillera

text: Rumi

text: Cruz

text: at

text: the

text: headwaters

text: of

text: the

text: Mantaro

text: River

text: in

text: Peru

text: The

text: Mantaro

text: and

text: Apurímac

text: confluence

text: and

text: with

text: other

text: tributaries

text: form

text: the

text: Ucayali

text: River

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: confluences

text: with

text: the

text: Marañón

text: River

text: upstream

text: of

text: Iquitos

text: Peru

text: to

text: form

text: what

text: countries

text: other

text: than

text: Brazil

text: consider

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: main

text: stem

text: of

text: the

text: Amazon

text: Brazilians

text: call

text: this

text: section

text: the

text: Solimões

text: River

text: above

text: its

text: confluence

text: with

text: the

text: Rio

text: Negro

text: to

text: form

text: what

text: Brazilians

text: call

text: the

text: Amazon

text: at

text: the

text: Meeting

text: of

text: Waters

text: at

text: Manaus

text: the

text: river

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: Earth, otherwise known as the world, is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets.

text: Earth

text: otherwise

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: planet

text: from

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: object

text: in

text: the

text: Universe

text: known

text: to

text: harbor

text: life

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: densest

text: planet

text: in

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: terrestrial

text: planets

text:
Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water (see also soil salinity).
Salinity is an important factor in determining many aspects of the chemistry
of natural waters and of biological processes within it, and is a thermodynamic state variable that, along with temperature and pressure, governs physical characteristics like the density and heat capacity of the water.

text: Salinity

text: is

text: the

text: saltiness

text: or

text: dissolved

text: salt

text: content

text: of

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: see

text: also

text: soil

text: salinity

text: Salinity

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: factor

text: in

text: determining

text: many

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: chemistry

text: of

text: natural

text: waters

text: and

text: of

text: biological

text: processes

text: within

text: it

text: and

text: is

text: thermodynamic

text: state

text: variable

text: that

text: along

text: with

text: temperature

text: and

text: pressure

text: governs

text: physical

text: characteristics

text: like

text: the

text: density

text: and

text: heat

text: capacity

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or roughly 40 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela.

text: The

text: Amazon

text: basin

text: is

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: drained

text: by

text: the

text: Amazon

text: River

text: and

text: its

text: tributaries

text: The

text: Amazon

text: drainage

text: basin

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: or

text: roughly

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: countries

text: of

text: Bolivia

text: Brazil

text: Colombia

text: Ecuador

text: Guyana

text: Peru

text: Suriname

text: and

text: Venezuela

text: Bolivia (; ), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil, to the southeast by Paraguay, to the south by Argentina, to the southwest by Chile, and to the northwest by Peru. One-third of the country is the Andean mountain range, with one of its largest cities and principal economic centers, El Alto, located on the Altiplano. Bolivia is one of two landlocked countries (the other is Paraguay) that lie outside Afro-Eurasia. Bolivia is the largest landlocked country in the Americas.

text: Bolivia

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Plurinational

text: State

text: of

text: Bolivia

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: western

text: central

text: South

text: America

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: by

text: Brazil

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: Paraguay

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: Argentina

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: by

text: Chile

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: by

text: Peru

text: One

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: the

text: Andean

text: mountain

text: range

text: with

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: largest

text: cities

text: and

text: principal

text: economic

text: centers

text: El

text: Alto

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Altiplano

text: Bolivia

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: landlocked

text: countries

text: the

text: other

text: is

text: Paraguay

text: that

text: lie

text: outside

text: Afro

text: Eurasia

text: Bolivia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Peru , officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is an extremely biodiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river.

text: Peru

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Peru

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: western

text: South

text: America

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: Ecuador

text: and

text: Colombia

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Brazil

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: Bolivia

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: Chile

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: Peru

text: is

text: an

text: extremely

text: biodiverse

text: country

text: with

text: habitats

text: ranging

text: from

text: the

text: arid

text: plains

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: coastal

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: to

text: the

text: peaks

text: of

text: the

text: Andes

text: mountains

text: vertically

text: extending

text: from

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: to

text: the

text: tropical

text: Amazon

text: Basin

text: rainforest

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: with

text: the

text: Amazon

text: river

text: Antarctica (US English , UK English or ) is Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At , it is the fifth-largest continent. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.

text: Antarctica

text: US

text: English

text: UK

text: English

text: or

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: southernmost

text: continent

text: It

text: contains

text: the

text: geographic

text: South

text: Pole

text: and

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

text: almost

text: entirely

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Circle

text: and

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: At

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: continent

text: For

text: comparison

text: Antarctica

text: is

text: nearly

text: twice

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: Australia

text: About

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: is

text: covered

text: by

text: ice

text: that

text: averages

text: in

text: thickness

text: which

text: extends

text: to

text: all

text: but

text: the

text: northernmost

text: reaches

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Peninsula

text: The Andes or Andean Mountains are the longest continental mountain range in the world. They are a continuous range of highlands along the western edge of South America. This range is about long, about wide (widest between 18° south and 20° south latitude), and of an average height of about . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile.

text: The

text: Andes

text: or

text: Andean

text: Mountains

text: are

text: the

text: longest

text: continental

text: mountain

text: range

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: They

text: are

text: continuous

text: range

text: of

text: highlands

text: along

text: the

text: western

text: edge

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: This

text: range

text: is

text: about

text: long

text: about

text: wide

text: widest

text: between

text: south

text: and

text: south

text: latitude

text: and

text: of

text: an

text: average

text: height

text: of

text: about

text: The

text: Andes

text: extend

text: from

text: north

text: to

text: south

text: through

text: seven

text: South

text: American

text: countries

text: Venezuela

text: Colombia

text: Ecuador

text: Peru

text: Bolivia

text: Argentina

text: and

text: Chile

text: The Americas, also collectively called America, encompass the totality of the continents of North America and South America. Together they make up most of Earth's western hemisphere and comprise the "New World".

text: The

text: Americas

text: also

text: collectively

text: called

text: America

text: encompass

text: the

text: totality

text: of

text: the

text: continents

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: Together

text: they

text: make

text: up

text: most

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: western

text: hemisphere

text: and

text: comprise

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: Prussia was a historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and centred on the region of Prussia. For centuries, the House of ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organised and effective army. Prussia, with its capital in and from 1701 in Berlin, shaped the history of Germany. In 1871, German states united to create the German Empire under Prussian leadership. In November 1918, the monarchies were abolished and the nobility lost its political power during the German Revolution of 191819. The Kingdom of Prussia was thus abolished in favour of a republicthe Free State of Prussia, a state of Germany from 1918 until 1933. From 1933, Prussia lost its independence as a result of the Prussian coup, when the Nazi regime was successfully establishing its ' laws in pursuit of a unitary state. With the end of the Nazi regime, the division of Germany into allied-occupation zones and the separation of its territories east of the line, which were incorporated into Poland and the Soviet Union, the State of Prussia ceased to exist de facto in 1945. Prussia existed "" until its formal liquidation by the Allied Control Council Enactment No. 46 of 25 February 1947.

text: Prussia

text: was

text: historic

text: state

text: originating

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Prussia

text: and

text: the

text: Margraviate

text: of

text: Brandenburg

text: and

text: centred

text: on

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Prussia

text: For

text: centuries

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: ruled

text: Prussia

text: successfully

text: expanding

text: its

text: size

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: an

text: unusually

text: well

text: organised

text: and

text: effective

text: army

text: Prussia

text: with

text: its

text: capital

text: in

text: and

text: from

text: in

text: Berlin

text: shaped

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Germany

text: In

text: German

text: states

text: united

text: to

text: create

text: the

text: German

text: Empire

text: under

text: Prussian

text: leadership

text: In

text: November

text: the

text: monarchies

text: were

text: abolished

text: and

text: the

text: nobility

text: lost

text: its

text: political

text: power

text: during

text: the

text: German

text: Revolution

text: of

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Prussia

text: was

text: thus

text: abolished

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: republicthe

text: Free

text: State

text: of

text: Prussia

text: state

text: of

text: Germany

text: from

text: until

text: From

text: Prussia

text: lost

text: its

text: independence

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: Prussian

text: coup

text: when

text: the

text: Nazi

text: regime

text: was

text: successfully

text: establishing

text: its

text: laws

text: in

text: pursuit

text: of

text: unitary

text: state

text: With

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Nazi

text: regime

text: the

text: division

text: of

text: Germany

text: into

text: allied

text: occupation

text: zones

text: and

text: the

text: separation

text: of

text: its

text: territories

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: line

text: which

text: were

text: incorporated

text: into

text: Poland

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Prussia

text: ceased

text: to

text: exist

text: de

text: facto

text: in

text: Prussia

text: existed

text: until

text: its

text: formal

text: liquidation

text: by

text: the

text: Allied

text: Control

text: Council

text: Enactment

text: No

text: of

text: February

text: The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.

text: The

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: It

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: or

text: depending

text: on

text: definition

text: to

text: Antarctica

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: Asia

text: and

text: Australia

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Americas

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: The Arctic (or ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Alaska (United States), Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost-containing tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places.

text: The

text: Arctic

text: or

text: is

text: polar

text: region

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: northernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Earth

text: The

text: Arctic

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: adjacent

text: seas

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: Alaska

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: Finland

text: Greenland

text: Denmark

text: Iceland

text: Norway

text: Russia

text: and

text: Sweden

text: Land

text: within

text: the

text: Arctic

text: region

text: has

text: seasonally

text: varying

text: snow

text: and

text: ice

text: cover

text: with

text: predominantly

text: treeless

text: permafrost

text: containing

text: tundra

text: Arctic

text: seas

text: contain

text: seasonal

text: sea

text: ice

text: in

text: many

text: places

text: The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying it a mediterranean sea or an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean. Alternatively, the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing World Ocean.

text: The

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: and

text: shallowest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: five

text: major

text: oceans

text: The

text: International

text: Hydrographic

text: Organization

text: IHO

text: recognizes

text: it

text: as

text: an

text: ocean

text: although

text: some

text: oceanographers

text: call

text: it

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Sea

text: classifying

text: it

text: mediterranean

text: sea

text: or

text: an

text: estuary

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Alternatively

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: the

text: northernmost

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: all

text: encompassing

text: World

text: Ocean

text: Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney.

text: Australia

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Australia

text: is

text: country

text: comprising

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: continent

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Tasmania

text: and

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: islands

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sixth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: The

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: are

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: East

text: Timor

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: and

text: Vanuatu

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: Australia

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: Canberra

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: Sydney

text: Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador (which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"), is a representative democratic republic in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about west of the mainland.

text: Ecuador

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ecuador

text: which

text: literally

text: translates

text: as

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Equator

text: is

text: representative

text: democratic

text: republic

text: in

text: northwestern

text: South

text: America

text: bordered

text: by

text: Colombia

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: Peru

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Ecuador

text: also

text: includes

text: the

text: Galápagos

text: Islands

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: about

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: mainland

text: Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-depleted surface water. The nutrient-rich upwelled water stimulates the growth and reproduction of primary producers such as phytoplankton. Due to the biomass of phytoplankton and presence of cool water in these regions, upwelling zones can be identified by cool sea surface temperatures (SST) and high concentrations of chlorophyll-a.

text: Upwelling

text: is

text: an

text: oceanographic

text: phenomenon

text: that

text: involves

text: wind

text: driven

text: motion

text: of

text: dense

text: cooler

text: and

text: usually

text: nutrient

text: rich

text: water

text: towards

text: the

text: ocean

text: surface

text: replacing

text: the

text: warmer

text: usually

text: nutrient

text: depleted

text: surface

text: water

text: The

text: nutrient

text: rich

text: upwelled

text: water

text: stimulates

text: the

text: growth

text: and

text: reproduction

text: of

text: primary

text: producers

text: such

text: as

text: phytoplankton

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: biomass

text: of

text: phytoplankton

text: and

text: presence

text: of

text: cool

text: water

text: in

text: these

text: regions

text: upwelling

text: zones

text: can

text: be

text: identified

text: by

text: cool

text: sea

text: surface

text: temperatures

text: SST

text: and

text: high

text: concentrations

text: of

text: chlorophyll

text: Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe. Asia covers an area of , about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population, but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4.4 billion people.

text: Asia

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: and

text: northern

text: hemispheres

text: and

text: sharing

text: the

text: continental

text: landmass

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: with

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: The

text: continent

text: which

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: civilizations

text: Asia

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: not

text: only

text: its

text: overall

text: large

text: size

text: and

text: population

text: but

text: also

text: dense

text: and

text: large

text: settlements

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: vast

text: barely

text: populated

text: regions

text: within

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: billion

text: people

text: The Equator usually refers to an imaginary line on the Earth's surface equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole, dividing the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. The Equator is about long; some 78.7% lies across water and 21.3% over land.

text: The

text: Equator

text: usually

text: refers

text: to

text: an

text: imaginary

text: line

text: on

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: equidistant

text: from

text: the

text: North

text: Pole

text: and

text: South

text: Pole

text: dividing

text: the

text: Earth

text: into

text: the

text: Northern

text: Hemisphere

text: and

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

text: The

text: Equator

text: is

text: about

text: long

text: some

text: lies

text: across

text: water

text: and

text: over

text: land

text: Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 1769  6 May 1859) was a Prussian geographer, naturalist, explorer, and influential proponent of Romantic philosophy and science. He was the younger brother of the Prussian minister, philosopher, and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt (17671835). Humboldt's quantitative work on botanical geography laid the foundation for the field of biogeography. Humboldt's advocacy of long-term systematic geophysical measurement laid the foundation for modern geomagnetic and meteorological monitoring.

text: Friedrich

text: Wilhelm

text: Heinrich

text: Alexander

text: von

text: Humboldt

text: September

text: May

text: was

text: Prussian

text: geographer

text: naturalist

text: explorer

text: and

text: influential

text: proponent

text: of

text: Romantic

text: philosophy

text: and

text: science

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: younger

text: brother

text: of

text: the

text: Prussian

text: minister

text: philosopher

text: and

text: linguist

text: Wilhelm

text: von

text: Humboldt

text: Humboldt

text: 's

text: quantitative

text: work

text: on

text: botanical

text: geography

text: laid

text: the

text: foundation

text: for

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: biogeography

text: Humboldt

text: 's

text: advocacy

text: of

text: long

text: term

text: systematic

text: geophysical

text: measurement

text: laid

text: the

text: foundation

text: for

text: modern

text: geomagnetic

text: and

text: meteorological

text: monitoring

text: Piura is a landlocked province in the Piura Region in northwestern Peru. Its capital, the city of Piura, is also the regional capital. The province is the most populous in the region as well as its center of economic activity.

text: Piura

text: is

text: landlocked

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: Piura

text: Region

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Peru

text: Its

text: capital

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Piura

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: regional

text: capital

text: The

text: province

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: center

text: of

text: economic

text: activity

text: An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem).

text: An

text: ecosystem

text: is

text: community

text: of

text: living

text: organisms

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: the

text: nonliving

text: components

text: of

text: their

text: environment

text: things

text: like

text: air

text: water

text: and

text: mineral

text: soil

text: interacting

text: as

text: system

text: These

text: biotic

text: and

text: abiotic

text: components

text: are

text: regarded

text: as

text: linked

text: together

text: through

text: nutrient

text: cycles

text: and

text: energy

text: flows

text: As

text: ecosystems

text: are

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: network

text: of

text: interactions

text: among

text: organisms

text: and

text: between

text: organisms

text: and

text: their

text: environment

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: of

text: any

text: size

text: but

text: usually

text: encompass

text: specific

text: limited

text: spaces

text: although

text: some

text: scientists

text: say

text: that

text: the

text: entire

text: planet

text: is

text: an

text: ecosystem

text: An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of seawater generated by forces acting upon this mean flow, such as breaking waves, wind, the Coriolis effect, cabbeling, temperature and salinity differences, while tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon. Depth contours, shoreline configurations, and interactions with other currents influence a current's direction and strength.

text: An

text: ocean

text: current

text: is

text: continuous

text: directed

text: movement

text: of

text: seawater

text: generated

text: by

text: forces

text: acting

text: upon

text: this

text: mean

text: flow

text: such

text: as

text: breaking

text: waves

text: wind

text: the

text: Coriolis

text: effect

text: cabbeling

text: temperature

text: and

text: salinity

text: differences

text: while

text: tides

text: are

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: gravitational

text: pull

text: of

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: Moon

text: Depth

text: contours

text: shoreline

text: configurations

text: and

text: interactions

text: with

text: other

text: currents

text: influence

text: current

text: 's

text: direction

text: and

text: strength

text: Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the world's fifth-largest country by both area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection.

text: Brazil

text: officially

text: the

text: Federative

text: Republic

text: of

text: Brazil

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: both

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: Latin

text: America

text: As

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fifth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: both

text: area

text: and

text: population

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: to

text: have

text: Portuguese

text: as

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: Brazil

text: has

text: coastline

text: of

text: It

text: borders

text: all

text: other

text: South

text: American

text: countries

text: except

text: Ecuador

text: and

text: Chile

text: and

text: covers

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: land

text: area

text: Its

text: Amazon

text: River

text: basin

text: includes

text: vast

text: tropical

text: forest

text: home

text: to

text: diverse

text: wildlife

text: variety

text: of

text: ecological

text: systems

text: and

text: extensive

text: natural

text: resources

text: spanning

text: numerous

text: protected

text: habitats

text: This

text: unique

text: environmental

text: heritage

text: makes

text: Brazil

text: one

text: of

text: megadiverse

text: countries

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: significant

text: global

text: interest

text: and

text: debate

text: regarding

text: deforestation

text: and

text: environmental

text: protection

text: An ocean (the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans. The word "sea" is often used interchangeably with "ocean" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.

text: An

text: ocean

text: the

text: sea

text: of

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: is

text: body

text: of

text: saline

text: water

text: that

text: composes

text: much

text: of

text: planet

text: 's

text: hydrosphere

text: On

text: Earth

text: an

text: ocean

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: conventional

text: divisions

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Ocean

text: which

text: covers

text: almost

text: of

text: its

text: surface

text: These

text: are

text: in

text: descending

text: order

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Atlantic

text: Indian

text: Southern

text: Antarctic

text: and

text: Arctic

text: Oceans

text: The

text: word

text: sea

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: interchangeably

text: with

text: ocean

text: in

text: American

text: English

text: but

text: strictly

text: speaking

text: sea

text: is

text: body

text: of

text: saline

text: water

text: generally

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: ocean

text: partly

text: or

text: fully

text: enclosed

text: by

text: land

text: South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is the model used in nations that speak Romance languages. The reference to South America instead of other regions (like Latin America or the Southern Cone) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics (in particular, the rise of Brazil).

text: South

text: America

text: is

text: continent

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: hemisphere

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: hemisphere

text: with

text: relatively

text: small

text: portion

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: hemisphere

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: considered

text: subcontinent

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: model

text: used

text: in

text: nations

text: that

text: speak

text: Romance

text: languages

text: The

text: reference

text: to

text: South

text: America

text: instead

text: of

text: other

text: regions

text: like

text: Latin

text: America

text: or

text: the

text: Southern

text: Cone

text: has

text: increased

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: decades

text: due

text: to

text: changing

text: geopolitical

text: dynamics

text: in

text: particular

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: Brazil

text: Piura is a coastal region in northwestern Peru. The region's capital is Piura and its largest port cities, Paita and Talara, are also among the most important in Peru. The area is known for its tropical and dry beaches.

text: Piura

text: is

text: coastal

text: region

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Peru

text: The

text: region

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: Piura

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: port

text: cities

text: Paita

text: and

text: Talara

text: are

text: also

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: in

text: Peru

text: The

text: area

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: tropical

text: and

text: dry

text: beaches

text: Piura is a city in northwestern Peru. It is the capital of the Piura Region and the Piura Province. The population is 377,496.

text: Piura

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Peru

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Piura

text: Region

text: and

text: the

text: Piura

text: Province

text: The

text: population

text: is

text: Colombia (or ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru. It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic and Haiti. It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples including the Muisca, the Quimbaya and the Tairona.

text: Colombia

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Colombia

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: largely

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: with

text: territories

text: in

text: Central

text: America

text: Colombia

text: shares

text: border

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: with

text: Panama

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: with

text: Venezuela

text: and

text: Brazil

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: with

text: Ecuador

text: and

text: Peru

text: It

text: shares

text: its

text: maritime

text: limits

text: with

text: Costa

text: Rica

text: Nicaragua

text: Honduras

text: Jamaica

text: the

text: Dominican

text: Republic

text: and

text: Haiti

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: constitutional

text: republic

text: comprising

text: thirty

text: two

text: departments

text: The

text: territory

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Colombia

text: was

text: originally

text: inhabited

text: by

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: including

text: the

text: Muisca

text: the

text: Quimbaya

text: and

text: the

text: Tairona

text: Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.

text: Chile

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Chile

text: is

text: South

text: American

text: country

text: occupying

text: long

text: narrow

text: strip

text: of

text: land

text: between

text: the

text: Andes

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: It

text: borders

text: Peru

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Bolivia

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Argentina

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Drake

text: Passage

text: in

text: the

text: far

text: south

text: Chilean

text: territory

text: includes

text: the

text: Pacific

text: islands

text: of

text: Juan

text: Fernández

text: Salas

text: Gómez

text: Desventuradas

text: and

text: Easter

text: Island

text: in

text: Oceania

text: Chile

text: also

text: claims

text: about

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: although

text: all

text: claims

text: are

text: suspended

text: under

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Treaty

text: The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica. As such, it is regarded as the fourth-largest of the five principal oceanic divisions: smaller than the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean. This ocean zone is where cold, northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix with warmer subantarctic waters.

text: The

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Ocean

text: or

text: the

text: Austral

text: Ocean

text: comprises

text: the

text: southernmost

text: waters

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Ocean

text: generally

text: taken

text: to

text: be

text: south

text: of

text: latitude

text: and

text: encircling

text: Antarctica

text: As

text: such

text: it

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: principal

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: smaller

text: than

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Indian

text: Oceans

text: but

text: larger

text: than

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: This

text: ocean

text: zone

text: is

text: where

text: cold

text: northward

text: flowing

text: waters

text: from

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: mix

text: with

text: warmer

text: subantarctic

text: waters

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity illescas peninsula

answer: piura region

text: piura region

text: piura region


text: Pongolapoort Nature Reserve is a park in the Umkhanyakude District of Kwazulu - Natal , about 30 km southeast of the town Pongola . Within the nature reserve is the Pongolapoort Dam , also known as the Jozini Dam . Many bird species can be found here . The construction of the dam reduced flooding but also hurt the fishing industry .

text: Pongolapoort

text: Nature

text: Reserve

text: is

text: park

text: in

text: the

text: Umkhanyakude

text: District

text: of

text: Kwazulu

text: Natal

text: about

text: km

text: southeast

text: of

text: the

text: town

text: Pongola

text: Within

text: the

text: nature

text: reserve

text: is

text: the

text: Pongolapoort

text: Dam

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Jozini

text: Dam

text: Many

text: bird

text: species

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: here

text: The

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: dam

text: reduced

text: flooding

text: but

text: also

text: hurt

text: the

text: fishing

text: industry

text: Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is an enclaved, landlocked country in southern Africa completely surrounded by South Africa. It is just over in size and has a population slightly over two million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru.

text: Lesotho

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: is

text: an

text: enclaved

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: completely

text: surrounded

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: just

text: over

text: in

text: size

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: slightly

text: over

text: two

text: million

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Maseru

text: KwaZulu-Natal (also referred to as KZN and known as "the garden province") is a province of South Africa that was created in 1994 when the Zulu bantustan of KwaZulu ("Place of the Zulu" in Zulu) and Natal Province were merged. It is located in the southeast of the country, enjoying a long shoreline beside the Indian Ocean and sharing borders with three other provinces and the countries of Mozambique, Swaziland and Lesotho. Its capital is Pietermaritzburg and its largest city is Durban. It is the 2nd most populous province in South Africa, with slightly fewer residents than Gauteng.

text: KwaZulu

text: Natal

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: KZN

text: and

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: garden

text: province

text: is

text: province

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: that

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: Zulu

text: bantustan

text: of

text: KwaZulu

text: Place

text: of

text: the

text: Zulu

text: in

text: Zulu

text: and

text: Natal

text: Province

text: were

text: merged

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: enjoying

text: long

text: shoreline

text: beside

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: and

text: sharing

text: borders

text: with

text: three

text: other

text: provinces

text: and

text: the

text: countries

text: of

text: Mozambique

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: Lesotho

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Pietermaritzburg

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Durban

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: province

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: with

text: slightly

text: fewer

text: residents

text: than

text: Gauteng

text: Mozambique (or ), officially the Republic of Mozambique (or "") is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city is Maputo (known as "Lourenço Marques" before independence).

text: Mozambique

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Mozambique

text: or

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Africa

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Tanzania

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Malawi

text: and

text: Zambia

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Zimbabwe

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Madagascar

text: by

text: the

text: Mozambique

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Maputo

text: known

text: as

text: Lourenço

text: Marques

text: before

text: independence

text: The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering (approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface). It is bounded by Asia on the north, on the west by Africa, on the east by Australia, and on the south by the Southern Ocean or, depending on definition, by Antarctica. It is named after the country of India. The Indian Ocean is known as "Ratnkara", ""the mine of gems"" in ancient Sanskrit literature, and as "Hind Mahsgar", ""the great Indian sea"", in Hindi.

text: The

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: covering

text: approximately

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: on

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: Asia

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Africa

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Australia

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: or

text: depending

text: on

text: definition

text: by

text: Antarctica

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: India

text: The

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Ratnkara

text: the

text: mine

text: of

text: gems

text: in

text: ancient

text: Sanskrit

text: literature

text: and

text: as

text: Hind

text: Mahsgar

text: the

text: great

text: Indian

text: sea

text: in

text: Hindi

text: The Province of Natal, commonly called the Natal Province, was a province of South Africa from 1910 until 1994. Its capital was Pietermaritzburg. The Natal Province included the bantustan of KwaZulu. The majority of the white population were English-speaking, causing Natal to become the only province to vote "no" to the creation of a republic in the referendum of 1960. In the latter part of the 1980s, Natal was in a state of violence that only ended with the first multiracial elections in 1994.

text: The

text: Province

text: of

text: Natal

text: commonly

text: called

text: the

text: Natal

text: Province

text: was

text: province

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: from

text: until

text: Its

text: capital

text: was

text: Pietermaritzburg

text: The

text: Natal

text: Province

text: included

text: the

text: bantustan

text: of

text: KwaZulu

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: white

text: population

text: were

text: English

text: speaking

text: causing

text: Natal

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: only

text: province

text: to

text: vote

text: no

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: republic

text: in

text: the

text: referendum

text: of

text: In

text: the

text: latter

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Natal

text: was

text: in

text: state

text: of

text: violence

text: that

text: only

text: ended

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: multiracial

text: elections

text: in

text: Durban (from "itheku" meaning "bay/lagoon") is the largest city in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal. Durban's metropolitan municipality ranks third among the most populous urban areas in South Africa after Johannesburg and Cape Town. It is also the second most important manufacturing hub in South Africa after Johannesburg. It forms part of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality. Durban is famous for being the busiest port in South Africa. It is also seen as one of the major centres of tourism because of the city's warm subtropical climate and extensive beaches. The municipality, which includes neighbouring towns, has a population of almost 3.5 million, making the combined municipality one of the biggest cities on the Indian Ocean coast of the African continent. It is the largest city in KwaZulu-Natal which is the 2nd most populous province in South Africa. It has the highest number of dollar millionaires added per year of any South African city with the number rising 200% between 2000 and 2014.

text: Durban

text: from

text: itheku

text: meaning

text: bay

text: lagoon

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: province

text: of

text: KwaZulu

text: Natal

text: Durban

text: 's

text: metropolitan

text: municipality

text: ranks

text: third

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: areas

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: after

text: Johannesburg

text: and

text: Cape

text: Town

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: important

text: manufacturing

text: hub

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: after

text: Johannesburg

text: It

text: forms

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: eThekwini

text: Metropolitan

text: Municipality

text: Durban

text: is

text: famous

text: for

text: being

text: the

text: busiest

text: port

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: seen

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: centres

text: of

text: tourism

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: warm

text: subtropical

text: climate

text: and

text: extensive

text: beaches

text: The

text: municipality

text: which

text: includes

text: neighbouring

text: towns

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: making

text: the

text: combined

text: municipality

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: biggest

text: cities

text: on

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: continent

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: KwaZulu

text: Natal

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: province

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: has

text: the

text: highest

text: number

text: of

text: dollar

text: millionaires

text: added

text: per

text: year

text: of

text: any

text: South

text: African

text: city

text: with

text: the

text: number

text: rising

text: between

text: and

text: In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most species. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are usable as lumber or plants above a specified height. Trees are not a taxonomic group but include a variety of plant species that have independently evolved a woody trunk and branches as a way to tower above other plants to compete for sunlight. In looser senses, the taller palms, the tree ferns, bananas and bamboos are also trees. Trees tend to be long-lived, some reaching several thousand years old. The tallest known tree, a coast redwood named Hyperion, stands high. Trees have been in existence for 370 million years. It is estimated that there are just over 3 trillion mature trees in the world.

text: In

text: botany

text: tree

text: is

text: perennial

text: plant

text: with

text: an

text: elongated

text: stem

text: or

text: trunk

text: supporting

text: branches

text: and

text: leaves

text: in

text: most

text: species

text: In

text: some

text: usages

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: tree

text: may

text: be

text: narrower

text: including

text: only

text: woody

text: plants

text: with

text: secondary

text: growth

text: plants

text: that

text: are

text: usable

text: as

text: lumber

text: or

text: plants

text: above

text: specified

text: height

text: Trees

text: are

text: not

text: taxonomic

text: group

text: but

text: include

text: variety

text: of

text: plant

text: species

text: that

text: have

text: independently

text: evolved

text: woody

text: trunk

text: and

text: branches

text: as

text: way

text: to

text: tower

text: above

text: other

text: plants

text: to

text: compete

text: for

text: sunlight

text: In

text: looser

text: senses

text: the

text: taller

text: palms

text: the

text: tree

text: ferns

text: bananas

text: and

text: bamboos

text: are

text: also

text: trees

text: Trees

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: long

text: lived

text: some

text: reaching

text: several

text: thousand

text: years

text: old

text: The

text: tallest

text: known

text: tree

text: coast

text: redwood

text: named

text: Hyperion

text: stands

text: high

text: Trees

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: existence

text: for

text: million

text: years

text: It

text: is

text: estimated

text: that

text: there

text: are

text: just

text: over

text: trillion

text: mature

text: trees

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Gauteng, which means "place of gold", is one of the nine provinces of South Africa. It was formed from part of the old Transvaal Province after South Africa's first all-race elections on 27 April 1994. It was initially named PretoriaWitwatersrandVereeniging (PWV) and was renamed "Gauteng" in December 1994.

text: Gauteng

text: which

text: means

text: place

text: of

text: gold

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: provinces

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: from

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: Transvaal

text: Province

text: after

text: South

text: Africa

text: 's

text: first

text: all

text: race

text: elections

text: on

text: April

text: It

text: was

text: initially

text: named

text: PretoriaWitwatersrandVereeniging

text: PWV

text: and

text: was

text: renamed

text: Gauteng

text: in

text: December

text: Pietermaritzburg (Zulu: umGungundlovu) is the capital and second-largest city in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and is also regarded as the birth place of legends . It was founded in 1838 and is currently governed by the Msunduzi Local Municipality. Its Zulu name umGungundlovu is the name used for the district municipality. Pietermaritzburg is popularly called Maritzburg in English and Zulu alike, and often informally abbreviated to PMB. It is a regionally important industrial hub, producing aluminium, timber and dairy products. It is home to many schools and tertiary education institutions, including a campus of the University of KwaZulu-Natal. It had a population of 228,549 in 1991; the estimated current population is around 500,000 (including neighbouring townships) and has one of the largest populations of Indian South Africans in South Africa.

text: Pietermaritzburg

text: Zulu

text: umGungundlovu

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: KwaZulu

text: Natal

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: birth

text: place

text: of

text: legends

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: currently

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Msunduzi

text: Local

text: Municipality

text: Its

text: Zulu

text: name

text: umGungundlovu

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: district

text: municipality

text: Pietermaritzburg

text: is

text: popularly

text: called

text: Maritzburg

text: in

text: English

text: and

text: Zulu

text: alike

text: and

text: often

text: informally

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: PMB

text: It

text: is

text: regionally

text: important

text: industrial

text: hub

text: producing

text: aluminium

text: timber

text: and

text: dairy

text: products

text: It

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: many

text: schools

text: and

text: tertiary

text: education

text: institutions

text: including

text: campus

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: KwaZulu

text: Natal

text: It

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: the

text: estimated

text: current

text: population

text: is

text: around

text: including

text: neighbouring

text: townships

text: and

text: has

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: populations

text: of

text: Indian

text: South

text: Africans

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: Swaziland, officially the Kingdom of Swaziland (or ; Swazi: "Umbuso weSwatini"; sometimes called kaNgwane or Eswatini), is a sovereign state in Southern Africa. It is neighboured by Mozambique to its northeast and by South Africa to its north, west and south. The country and its people take their names from Mswati II, the 19th-century king under whose rule Swazi territory was expanded and unified.

text: Swaziland

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Swaziland

text: or

text: Swazi

text: Umbuso

text: weSwatini

text: sometimes

text: called

text: kaNgwane

text: or

text: Eswatini

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: neighboured

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: to

text: its

text: northeast

text: and

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: its

text: north

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: and

text: its

text: people

text: take

text: their

text: names

text: from

text: Mswati

text: II

text: the

text: century

text: king

text: under

text: whose

text: rule

text: Swazi

text: territory

text: was

text: expanded

text: and

text: unified

text: South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.

text: South

text: Africa

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: RSA

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: of

text: coastline

text: of

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: stretching

text: along

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Indian

text: Oceans

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: of

text: Namibia

text: Botswana

text: and

text: Zimbabwe

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: surrounding

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: South

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: with

text: close

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: nation

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: or

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: that

text: borders

text: both

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: About

text: percent

text: of

text: South

text: Africans

text: are

text: of

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: African

text: ancestry

text: divided

text: among

text: variety

text: of

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: speaking

text: different

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: nine

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: official

text: status

text: The

text: remaining

text: population

text: consists

text: of

text: Africa

text: 's

text: largest

text: communities

text: of

text: European

text: white

text: Asian

text: Indian

text: and

text: multiracial

text: coloured

text: ancestry

text: A park is an area of natural, semi-natural, or planted space set aside for human enjoyment and recreation or for the protection of wildlife or natural habitats. It may consist of grassy areas, rocks, soil, and trees, but may also contain buildings and other artifacts such as monuments, fountains or playground structures. In North America, many parks have fields for playing sports such as soccer, baseball and football, and paved areas for games such as basketball. Many parks have trails for walking, biking and other activities. Some parks are built adjacent to bodies of water or watercourses and may comprise a beach or boat dock area. Often, the smallest parks are in urban areas, where a park may take up only a city block or less. Urban parks often have benches for sitting and may contain picnic tables and barbecue grills. Parks have differing rules regarding whether dogs can be brought into the park: some parks prohibit dogs; some parks allow them with restrictions (e.g., use of a leash); and some parks, which may be called "dog parks", permit dogs to run off-leash.

text: park

text: is

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: natural

text: semi

text: natural

text: or

text: planted

text: space

text: set

text: aside

text: for

text: human

text: enjoyment

text: and

text: recreation

text: or

text: for

text: the

text: protection

text: of

text: wildlife

text: or

text: natural

text: habitats

text: It

text: may

text: consist

text: of

text: grassy

text: areas

text: rocks

text: soil

text: and

text: trees

text: but

text: may

text: also

text: contain

text: buildings

text: and

text: other

text: artifacts

text: such

text: as

text: monuments

text: fountains

text: or

text: playground

text: structures

text: In

text: North

text: America

text: many

text: parks

text: have

text: fields

text: for

text: playing

text: sports

text: such

text: as

text: soccer

text: baseball

text: and

text: football

text: and

text: paved

text: areas

text: for

text: games

text: such

text: as

text: basketball

text: Many

text: parks

text: have

text: trails

text: for

text: walking

text: biking

text: and

text: other

text: activities

text: Some

text: parks

text: are

text: built

text: adjacent

text: to

text: bodies

text: of

text: water

text: or

text: watercourses

text: and

text: may

text: comprise

text: beach

text: or

text: boat

text: dock

text: area

text: Often

text: the

text: smallest

text: parks

text: are

text: in

text: urban

text: areas

text: where

text: park

text: may

text: take

text: up

text: only

text: city

text: block

text: or

text: less

text: Urban

text: parks

text: often

text: have

text: benches

text: for

text: sitting

text: and

text: may

text: contain

text: picnic

text: tables

text: and

text: barbecue

text: grills

text: Parks

text: have

text: differing

text: rules

text: regarding

text: whether

text: dogs

text: can

text: be

text: brought

text: into

text: the

text: park

text: some

text: parks

text: prohibit

text: dogs

text: some

text: parks

text: allow

text: them

text: with

text: restrictions

text: e.g.

text: use

text: of

text: leash

text: and

text: some

text: parks

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: called

text: dog

text: parks

text: permit

text: dogs

text: to

text: run

text: off

text: leash

text: A Bantustan (also known as Bantu homeland, black homeland, black state or simply homeland) was a territory set aside for black inhabitants of South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia), as part of the policy of apartheid. Ten Bantustans were established in South Africa, and ten in neighbouring South West Africa (then under South African administration), for the purpose of concentrating the members of designated ethnic groups, thus making each of those territories ethnically homogeneous as the basis for creating "autonomous" nation states for South Africa's different black ethnic groups.

text: Bantustan

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Bantu

text: homeland

text: black

text: homeland

text: black

text: state

text: or

text: simply

text: homeland

text: was

text: territory

text: set

text: aside

text: for

text: black

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: South

text: West

text: Africa

text: now

text: Namibia

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: policy

text: of

text: apartheid

text: Ten

text: Bantustans

text: were

text: established

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: ten

text: in

text: neighbouring

text: South

text: West

text: Africa

text: then

text: under

text: South

text: African

text: administration

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: concentrating

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: designated

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: thus

text: making

text: each

text: of

text: those

text: territories

text: ethnically

text: homogeneous

text: as

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: creating

text: autonomous

text: nation

text: states

text: for

text: South

text: Africa

text: 's

text: different

text: black

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: KwaZulu was a bantustan in South Africa, intended by the apartheid government as a semi-independent homeland for the Zulu people. The capital was moved from Nongoma to Ulundi in 1980.

text: KwaZulu

text: was

text: bantustan

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: intended

text: by

text: the

text: apartheid

text: government

text: as

text: semi

text: independent

text: homeland

text: for

text: the

text: Zulu

text: people

text: The

text: capital

text: was

text: moved

text: from

text: Nongoma

text: to

text: Ulundi

text: in

annotations: likely multiple

question: country pongolapoort nature reserve

answer: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa

text: south africa


text: The Italian Renaissance was the earliest manifestation of the general European Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy during the 14th century and lasted until the 16th century, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe. The term Renaissance is in essence a modern one that came into currency in the 19th century, in the work of historians such as Jules Michelet and Jacob Burckhardt. Although the origins of a movement that was confined largely to the literate culture of intellectual endeavor and patronage can be traced to the earlier part of the 14th century, many aspects of Italian culture and society remained largely Medieval; the Renaissance did not come into full swing until the end of the century. The French word "renaissance" ("Rinascimento" in Italian) means "Rebirth", and the era is best known for the renewed interest in the culture of classical antiquity after the period that Renaissance humanists labeled the Dark Ages.

text: The

text: Italian

text: Renaissance

text: was

text: the

text: earliest

text: manifestation

text: of

text: the

text: general

text: European

text: Renaissance

text: period

text: of

text: great

text: cultural

text: change

text: and

text: achievement

text: that

text: began

text: in

text: Italy

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: lasted

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: marking

text: the

text: transition

text: between

text: Medieval

text: and

text: Early

text: Modern

text: Europe

text: The

text: term

text: Renaissance

text: is

text: in

text: essence

text: modern

text: one

text: that

text: came

text: into

text: currency

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: in

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: historians

text: such

text: as

text: Jules

text: Michelet

text: and

text: Jacob

text: Burckhardt

text: Although

text: the

text: origins

text: of

text: movement

text: that

text: was

text: confined

text: largely

text: to

text: the

text: literate

text: culture

text: of

text: intellectual

text: endeavor

text: and

text: patronage

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: to

text: the

text: earlier

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: many

text: aspects

text: of

text: Italian

text: culture

text: and

text: society

text: remained

text: largely

text: Medieval

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: did

text: not

text: come

text: into

text: full

text: swing

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: French

text: word

text: renaissance

text: Rinascimento

text: in

text: Italian

text: means

text: Rebirth

text: and

text: the

text: era

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: renewed

text: interest

text: in

text: the

text: culture

text: of

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: after

text: the

text: period

text: that

text: Renaissance

text: humanists

text: labeled

text: the

text: Dark

text: Ages

text: Literature, in its broadest sense, is any single body of written works. More restrictively, it is writing considered as an art form, or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, often due to deploying language in ways that differ from ordinary usage. Its Latin root "literatura"/"litteratura" (derived itself from "littera": "letter" or "handwriting") was used to refer to all written accounts, though contemporary definitions extend the term to include texts that are spoken or sung (oral literature). Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorized according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).

text: Literature

text: in

text: its

text: broadest

text: sense

text: is

text: any

text: single

text: body

text: of

text: written

text: works

text: More

text: restrictively

text: it

text: is

text: writing

text: considered

text: as

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: or

text: any

text: single

text: writing

text: deemed

text: to

text: have

text: artistic

text: or

text: intellectual

text: value

text: often

text: due

text: to

text: deploying

text: language

text: in

text: ways

text: that

text: differ

text: from

text: ordinary

text: usage

text: Its

text: Latin

text: root

text: literatura"/"litteratura

text: derived

text: itself

text: from

text: littera

text: letter

text: or

text: handwriting

text: was

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: all

text: written

text: accounts

text: though

text: contemporary

text: definitions

text: extend

text: the

text: term

text: to

text: include

text: texts

text: that

text: are

text: spoken

text: or

text: sung

text: oral

text: literature

text: Literature

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: according

text: to

text: whether

text: it

text: is

text: fiction

text: or

text: non

text: fiction

text: and

text: whether

text: it

text: is

text: poetry

text: or

text: prose

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: further

text: distinguished

text: according

text: to

text: major

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: novel

text: short

text: story

text: or

text: drama

text: and

text: works

text: are

text: often

text: categorized

text: according

text: to

text: historical

text: periods

text: or

text: their

text: adherence

text: to

text: certain

text: aesthetic

text: features

text: or

text: expectations

text: genre

text: Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519), more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was an Italian polymath whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography. He has been variously called the father of palaeontology, ichnology, and architecture, and is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time. Sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute, helicopter and tank, he epitomised the Renaissance humanist ideal.

text: Leonardo

text: di

text: ser

text: Piero

text: da

text: Vinci

text: April

text: May

text: more

text: commonly

text: Leonardo

text: da

text: Vinci

text: or

text: simply

text: Leonardo

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: polymath

text: whose

text: areas

text: of

text: interest

text: included

text: invention

text: painting

text: sculpting

text: architecture

text: science

text: music

text: mathematics

text: engineering

text: literature

text: anatomy

text: geology

text: astronomy

text: botany

text: writing

text: history

text: and

text: cartography

text: He

text: has

text: been

text: variously

text: called

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: palaeontology

text: ichnology

text: and

text: architecture

text: and

text: is

text: widely

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: painters

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: Sometimes

text: credited

text: with

text: the

text: inventions

text: of

text: the

text: parachute

text: helicopter

text: and

text: tank

text: he

text: epitomised

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: humanist

text: ideal

text: The Isleworth Mona Lisa is a painting of the same subject as Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa . The painting is claimed by some to be partly an original work of Leonardo dating from the early 16th century .

text: The

text: Isleworth

text: Mona

text: Lisa

text: is

text: painting

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: subject

text: as

text: Leonardo

text: da

text: Vinci

text: 's

text: Mona

text: Lisa

text: The

text: painting

text: is

text: claimed

text: by

text: some

text: to

text: be

text: partly

text: an

text: original

text: work

text: of

text: Leonardo

text: dating

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: The Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age.

text: The

text: Renaissance

text: was

text: period

text: in

text: European

text: history

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: cultural

text: bridge

text: between

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: modern

text: history

text: It

text: started

text: as

text: cultural

text: movement

text: in

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: Late

text: Medieval

text: period

text: and

text: later

text: spread

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Europe

text: marking

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Early

text: Modern

text: Age

text: The Mona Lisa (or "La Gioconda" ) is a half-length portrait of Lisa Gherardini by the Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci, which has been described as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world".

text: The

text: Mona

text: Lisa

text: or

text: La

text: Gioconda

text: is

text: half

text: length

text: portrait

text: of

text: Lisa

text: Gherardini

text: by

text: the

text: Italian

text: Renaissance

text: artist

text: Leonardo

text: da

text: Vinci

text: which

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: best

text: known

text: the

text: most

text: visited

text: the

text: most

text: written

text: about

text: the

text: most

text: sung

text: about

text: the

text: most

text: parodied

text: work

text: of

text: art

text: in

text: the

text: world

annotations: follows multiple

question: movement isleworth mona lisa

answer: italian renaissance

text: italian renaissance

text: italian renaissance


text: In geometry , the triaugmented triangular prism or tetracaidecadeltahedron is one of the Johnson solids ( J51 ) . As the name suggests , it can be constructed by attaching square pyramids ( J1 ) to each of the three equatorial faces of the triangular prism . It is a deltahedron . A Johnson solid is one of 92 strictly convex polyhedra that have regular faces but are not uniform ( that is , they are not Platonic solids , Archimedean solids , prisms or antiprisms ) . They were named by Norman Johnson , who first listed these polyhedra in 1966 .

text: In

text: geometry

text: the

text: triaugmented

text: triangular

text: prism

text: or

text: tetracaidecadeltahedron

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Johnson

text: solids

text: As

text: the

text: name

text: suggests

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: constructed

text: by

text: attaching

text: square

text: pyramids

text: to

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: equatorial

text: faces

text: of

text: the

text: triangular

text: prism

text: It

text: is

text: deltahedron

text: Johnson

text: solid

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: strictly

text: convex

text: polyhedra

text: that

text: have

text: regular

text: faces

text: but

text: are

text: not

text: uniform

text: that

text: is

text: they

text: are

text: not

text: Platonic

text: solids

text: Archimedean

text: solids

text: prisms

text: or

text: antiprisms

text: They

text: were

text: named

text: by

text: Norman

text: Johnson

text: who

text: first

text: listed

text: these

text: polyhedra

text: in

text: A deltahedron (plural "deltahedra") is a polyhedron whose faces are all equilateral triangles. The name is taken from the Greek majuscule delta (formula_1), which has the shape of an equilateral triangle. There are infinitely many deltahedra, but of these only eight are convex, having 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 20 faces. The number of faces, edges, and vertices is listed below for each of the eight convex deltahedra.

text: deltahedron

text: plural

text: deltahedra

text: is

text: polyhedron

text: whose

text: faces

text: are

text: all

text: equilateral

text: triangles

text: The

text: name

text: is

text: taken

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: majuscule

text: delta

text: which

text: has

text: the

text: shape

text: of

text: an

text: equilateral

text: triangle

text: There

text: are

text: infinitely

text: many

text: deltahedra

text: but

text: of

text: these

text: only

text: eight

text: are

text: convex

text: having

text: and

text: faces

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: faces

text: edges

text: and

text: vertices

text: is

text: listed

text: below

text: for

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: eight

text: convex

text: deltahedra

text: In geometry, an Archimedean solid is one of the 13 solids first enumerated by Archimedes. They are the semi-regular convex polyhedrons composed of regular polygons meeting in identical vertices, excluding the 5 Platonic solids (which are composed of only one type of polygon) and excluding the prisms and antiprisms. They differ from the Johnson solids, whose regular polygonal faces do not meet in identical vertices.

text: In

text: geometry

text: an

text: Archimedean

text: solid

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: solids

text: first

text: enumerated

text: by

text: Archimedes

text: They

text: are

text: the

text: semi

text: regular

text: convex

text: polyhedrons

text: composed

text: of

text: regular

text: polygons

text: meeting

text: in

text: identical

text: vertices

text: excluding

text: the

text: Platonic

text: solids

text: which

text: are

text: composed

text: of

text: only

text: one

text: type

text: of

text: polygon

text: and

text: excluding

text: the

text: prisms

text: and

text: antiprisms

text: They

text: differ

text: from

text: the

text: Johnson

text: solids

text: whose

text: regular

text: polygonal

text: faces

text: do

text: not

text: meet

text: in

text: identical

text: vertices

text: In three-dimensional space, a Platonic solid is a regular, convex polyhedron. It is constructed by congruent regular polygonal faces with the same number of faces meeting at each vertex. Five solids meet those criteria:

text: In

text: three

text: dimensional

text: space

text: Platonic

text: solid

text: is

text: regular

text: convex

text: polyhedron

text: It

text: is

text: constructed

text: by

text: congruent

text: regular

text: polygonal

text: faces

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: number

text: of

text: faces

text: meeting

text: at

text: each

text: vertex

text: Five

text: solids

text: meet

text: those

text: criteria

text: In geometry, an equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides are equal. In the familiar Euclidean geometry, equilateral triangles are also equiangular; that is, all three internal angles are also congruent to each other and are each 60°. They are regular polygons, and can therefore also be referred to as regular triangles.

text: In

text: geometry

text: an

text: equilateral

text: triangle

text: is

text: triangle

text: in

text: which

text: all

text: three

text: sides

text: are

text: equal

text: In

text: the

text: familiar

text: Euclidean

text: geometry

text: equilateral

text: triangles

text: are

text: also

text: equiangular

text: that

text: is

text: all

text: three

text: internal

text: angles

text: are

text: also

text: congruent

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: and

text: are

text: each

text: They

text: are

text: regular

text: polygons

text: and

text: can

text: therefore

text: also

text: be

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: regular

text: triangles

text: In geometry, an "n"-sided antiprism is a polyhedron composed of two parallel copies of some particular "n"-sided polygon, connected by an alternating band of triangles. Antiprisms are a subclass of the prismatoids and are a (degenerate) type of snub polyhedra.

text: In

text: geometry

text: an

text: sided

text: antiprism

text: is

text: polyhedron

text: composed

text: of

text: two

text: parallel

text: copies

text: of

text: some

text: particular

text: sided

text: polygon

text: connected

text: by

text: an

text: alternating

text: band

text: of

text: triangles

text: Antiprisms

text: are

text: subclass

text: of

text: the

text: prismatoids

text: and

text: are

text: degenerate

text: type

text: of

text: snub

text: polyhedra

text: In geometry, a Johnson solid is a strictly convex polyhedron, which is not uniform (i.e., not a Platonic solid, Archimedean solid, prism or antiprism), and each face of which is a regular polygon. There is no requirement that each face must be the same polygon, or that the same polygons join around each vertex. An example of a Johnson solid is the square-based pyramid with equilateral sides ("J"); it has 1 square face and 4 triangular faces.

text: In

text: geometry

text: Johnson

text: solid

text: is

text: strictly

text: convex

text: polyhedron

text: which

text: is

text: not

text: uniform

text: i.e.

text: not

text: Platonic

text: solid

text: Archimedean

text: solid

text: prism

text: or

text: antiprism

text: and

text: each

text: face

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: regular

text: polygon

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: requirement

text: that

text: each

text: face

text: must

text: be

text: the

text: same

text: polygon

text: or

text: that

text: the

text: same

text: polygons

text: join

text: around

text: each

text: vertex

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: Johnson

text: solid

text: is

text: the

text: square

text: based

text: pyramid

text: with

text: equilateral

text: sides

text: it

text: has

text: square

text: face

text: and

text: triangular

text: faces

text: In Euclidean geometry, a regular polygon is a polygon that is equiangular (all angles are equal in measure) and equilateral (all sides have the same length). Regular polygons may be convex or star. In the limit, a sequence of regular polygons with an increasing number of sides becomes a circle, if the perimeter is fixed, or a regular apeirogon, if the edge length is fixed.

text: In

text: Euclidean

text: geometry

text: regular

text: polygon

text: is

text: polygon

text: that

text: is

text: equiangular

text: all

text: angles

text: are

text: equal

text: in

text: measure

text: and

text: equilateral

text: all

text: sides

text: have

text: the

text: same

text: length

text: Regular

text: polygons

text: may

text: be

text: convex

text: or

text: star

text: In

text: the

text: limit

text: sequence

text: of

text: regular

text: polygons

text: with

text: an

text: increasing

text: number

text: of

text: sides

text: becomes

text: circle

text: if

text: the

text: perimeter

text: is

text: fixed

text: or

text: regular

text: apeirogon

text: if

text: the

text: edge

text: length

text: is

text: fixed

annotations: follows single

question: has_facet_polytope triaugmented triangular prism

answer: equilateral triangle

text: equilateral triangle

text: equilateral triangle