text: Metro Atlanta, designated by the United States Office of Management and Budget as the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area, is the most populous metro area in the US state of Georgia and the ninth-largest metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in the United States. Its economic, cultural and demographic center is Atlanta, and it had a 2015 estimated population of 5.7 million people according to the U.S. Census Bureau. The metro area forms the core of a broader trading area, the AtlantaAthens-ClarkeSandy Springs Combined Statistical Area. The Combined Statistical Area spans up to 39 counties in north Georgia and had an estimated 2015 population of 6.3 million people. Atlanta is considered an "alpha(-) world city". It is the third largest metropolitan region in the Southeast behind Greater Washington and South Florida.

text: Metro

text: Atlanta

text: designated

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Office

text: of

text: Management

text: and

text: Budget

text: as

text: the

text: Atlanta

text: Sandy

text: Springs

text: Roswell

text: GA

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: metro

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: state

text: of

text: Georgia

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: statistical

text: area

text: MSA

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Its

text: economic

text: cultural

text: and

text: demographic

text: center

text: is

text: Atlanta

text: and

text: it

text: had

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: The

text: metro

text: area

text: forms

text: the

text: core

text: of

text: broader

text: trading

text: area

text: the

text: AtlantaAthens

text: ClarkeSandy

text: Springs

text: Combined

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: The

text: Combined

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: spans

text: up

text: to

text: counties

text: in

text: north

text: Georgia

text: and

text: had

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: Atlanta

text: is

text: considered

text: an

text: alpha(-

text: world

text: city

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: Southeast

text: behind

text: Greater

text: Washington

text: and

text: South

text: Florida

text: Rap metal is a subgenre of rap rock and alternative metal music which combines hip hop with heavy metal. It usually consists of heavy metal guitar riffs, funk metal elements, rapped vocals and sometimes turntables. The term rapcore has been used in reference to rap metal.

text: Rap

text: metal

text: is

text: subgenre

text: of

text: rap

text: rock

text: and

text: alternative

text: metal

text: music

text: which

text: combines

text: hip

text: hop

text: with

text: heavy

text: metal

text: It

text: usually

text: consists

text: of

text: heavy

text: metal

text: guitar

text: riffs

text: funk

text: metal

text: elements

text: rapped

text: vocals

text: and

text: sometimes

text: turntables

text: The

text: term

text: rapcore

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: rap

text: metal

text: El Pus ( pronounced El Poose ) was an American rap rock group from Atlanta . The members formed the group in the early 1990s and released their first album Strange Cowboys in 1998 under Vagabond Productions . Rapper Speech of Arrested Development worked in the studio with the group , and Virgin Records signed El Pus and released the group 's major label debut , Hoodlum Rock , Vol. 1 in 2005 . Christian Hoard of Rolling Stone panned the album . David Jeffries of allmusic.com praised the album , considering it a combination of hard rock and crunk rap .

text: El

text: Pus

text: pronounced

text: El

text: Poose

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: rap

text: rock

text: group

text: from

text: Atlanta

text: The

text: members

text: formed

text: the

text: group

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: released

text: their

text: first

text: album

text: Strange

text: Cowboys

text: in

text: under

text: Vagabond

text: Productions

text: Rapper

text: Speech

text: of

text: Arrested

text: Development

text: worked

text: in

text: the

text: studio

text: with

text: the

text: group

text: and

text: Virgin

text: Records

text: signed

text: El

text: Pus

text: and

text: released

text: the

text: group

text: 's

text: major

text: label

text: debut

text: Hoodlum

text: Rock

text: Vol

text: in

text: Christian

text: Hoard

text: of

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: panned

text: the

text: album

text: David

text: Jeffries

text: of

text: allmusic.com

text: praised

text: the

text: album

text: considering

text: it

text: combination

text: of

text: hard

text: rock

text: and

text: crunk

text: rap

text: A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China and Taiwan. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function.

text: county

text: seat

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: center

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: or

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: county

text: or

text: civil

text: parish

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: Romania

text: China

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Ireland

text: county

text: towns

text: have

text: similar

text: function

text: Hardcore punk (often abbreviated to hardcore) is a punk rock music genre that originated in the late 1970s. It is generally faster, harder, and more aggressive than other forms of punk rock. Its roots can be traced to earlier punk scenes in San Francisco and Southern California which arose as a reaction against the still predominant hippie cultural climate of the time and was also inspired by New York punk rock and early proto-punk. New York punk had a harder-edged sound than its San Francisco counterpart, featuring anti-art expressions of masculine anger, energy and subversive humor. Hardcore punk generally disavows commercialism, the established music industry and "anything similar to the characteristics of mainstream rock" and often addresses social and political topics.

text: Hardcore

text: punk

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: hardcore

text: is

text: punk

text: rock

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: It

text: is

text: generally

text: faster

text: harder

text: and

text: more

text: aggressive

text: than

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: punk

text: rock

text: Its

text: roots

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: to

text: earlier

text: punk

text: scenes

text: in

text: San

text: Francisco

text: and

text: Southern

text: California

text: which

text: arose

text: as

text: reaction

text: against

text: the

text: still

text: predominant

text: hippie

text: cultural

text: climate

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: and

text: was

text: also

text: inspired

text: by

text: New

text: York

text: punk

text: rock

text: and

text: early

text: proto

text: punk

text: New

text: York

text: punk

text: had

text: harder

text: edged

text: sound

text: than

text: its

text: San

text: Francisco

text: counterpart

text: featuring

text: anti

text: art

text: expressions

text: of

text: masculine

text: anger

text: energy

text: and

text: subversive

text: humor

text: Hardcore

text: punk

text: generally

text: disavows

text: commercialism

text: the

text: established

text: music

text: industry

text: and

text: anything

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: characteristics

text: of

text: mainstream

text: rock

text: and

text: often

text: addresses

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: topics

text: The Clash were an English punk rock band that formed in 1976 as part of the original wave of British punk. Along with punk, their music incorporated elements of reggae, dub, funk, ska and rockabilly. For most of their recording career the Clash consisted of Joe Strummer (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Mick Jones (lead guitar, lead vocals), Paul Simonon (bass guitar, vocals) and Nicky "Topper" Headon (drums, percussion). Headon left the group in 1982, and internal friction led to Jones's departure the following year. The group continued with new members, but finally disbanded in early 1986.

text: The

text: Clash

text: were

text: an

text: English

text: punk

text: rock

text: band

text: that

text: formed

text: in

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: wave

text: of

text: British

text: punk

text: Along

text: with

text: punk

text: their

text: music

text: incorporated

text: elements

text: of

text: reggae

text: dub

text: funk

text: ska

text: and

text: rockabilly

text: For

text: most

text: of

text: their

text: recording

text: career

text: the

text: Clash

text: consisted

text: of

text: Joe

text: Strummer

text: lead

text: vocals

text: rhythm

text: guitar

text: Mick

text: Jones

text: lead

text: guitar

text: lead

text: vocals

text: Paul

text: Simonon

text: bass

text: guitar

text: vocals

text: and

text: Nicky

text: Topper

text: Headon

text: drums

text: percussion

text: Headon

text: left

text: the

text: group

text: in

text: and

text: internal

text: friction

text: led

text: to

text: Jones

text: 's

text: departure

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: The

text: group

text: continued

text: with

text: new

text: members

text: but

text: finally

text: disbanded

text: in

text: early

text: Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues (R&B). Funk de-emphasizes melody and chord progressions used in other related genres and brings a strong rhythmic groove of a bass line played by an electric bassist and a drum part played by a drummer to the foreground. Funk songs are often based on an extended vamp on a single chord, distinguishing them from R&B and soul songs, which are built on complex chord progressions. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in bebop jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths, or dominant seventh chords with altered ninths.

text: Funk

text: is

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: mid-

text: when

text: African

text: American

text: musicians

text: created

text: rhythmic

text: danceable

text: new

text: form

text: of

text: music

text: through

text: mixture

text: of

text: soul

text: music

text: jazz

text: and

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: R&B

text: Funk

text: de

text: emphasizes

text: melody

text: and

text: chord

text: progressions

text: used

text: in

text: other

text: related

text: genres

text: and

text: brings

text: strong

text: rhythmic

text: groove

text: of

text: bass

text: line

text: played

text: by

text: an

text: electric

text: bassist

text: and

text: drum

text: part

text: played

text: by

text: drummer

text: to

text: the

text: foreground

text: Funk

text: songs

text: are

text: often

text: based

text: on

text: an

text: extended

text: vamp

text: on

text: single

text: chord

text: distinguishing

text: them

text: from

text: R&B

text: and

text: soul

text: songs

text: which

text: are

text: built

text: on

text: complex

text: chord

text: progressions

text: Funk

text: uses

text: the

text: same

text: richly

text: colored

text: extended

text: chords

text: found

text: in

text: bebop

text: jazz

text: such

text: as

text: minor

text: chords

text: with

text: added

text: sevenths

text: and

text: elevenths

text: or

text: dominant

text: seventh

text: chords

text: with

text: altered

text: ninths

text: Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the United States. Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County.

text: Atlanta

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Georgia

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: Atlanta

text: is

text: the

text: cultural

text: and

text: economic

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Atlanta

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: home

text: to

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Atlanta

text: is

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Fulton

text: County

text: and

text: small

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: extends

text: eastward

text: into

text: DeKalb

text: County

text: Rap rock is a music genre that fuses vocal and instrumental elements of hip hop with various forms of rock. Rap rock's most popular subgenres include rap metal and rapcore, which include heavy metal and hardcore punk-oriented influences, respectively. One of the earliest examples would be "The Magnificent Seven" by The Clash, which fused new wave, hip hop, and funk.

text: Rap

text: rock

text: is

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: fuses

text: vocal

text: and

text: instrumental

text: elements

text: of

text: hip

text: hop

text: with

text: various

text: forms

text: of

text: rock

text: Rap

text: rock

text: 's

text: most

text: popular

text: subgenres

text: include

text: rap

text: metal

text: and

text: rapcore

text: which

text: include

text: heavy

text: metal

text: and

text: hardcore

text: punk

text: oriented

text: influences

text: respectively

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: examples

text: would

text: be

text: The

text: Magnificent

text: Seven

text: by

text: The

text: Clash

text: which

text: fused

text: new

text: wave

text: hip

text: hop

text: and

text: funk

annotations: likely multiple

question: instance_of el pus

answer: band

text: band


text: The Third Servile War (7371 BC), also called the Gladiator War and the War of Spartacus by Plutarch, was the last of a series of unrelated and unsuccessful slave rebellions against the Roman Republic, known collectively as the Roman Servile Wars.

text: The

text: Third

text: Servile

text: War

text: BC

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Gladiator

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: Spartacus

text: by

text: Plutarch

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: series

text: of

text: unrelated

text: and

text: unsuccessful

text: slave

text: rebellions

text: against

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: known

text: collectively

text: as

text: the

text: Roman

text: Servile

text: Wars

text: A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves. Slave rebellions have occurred in nearly all societies that practice, or have practiced in the past, slavery, and are amongst the most feared events for slaveholders.

text: slave

text: rebellion

text: is

text: an

text: armed

text: uprising

text: by

text: slaves

text: Slave

text: rebellions

text: have

text: occurred

text: in

text: nearly

text: all

text: societies

text: that

text: practice

text: or

text: have

text: practiced

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: slavery

text: and

text: are

text: amongst

text: the

text: most

text: feared

text: events

text: for

text: slaveholders

text:
Plutarch ("Ploútarkhos", ; later named, upon becoming a Roman citizen, Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus; c. AD 46  AD 120) was a Greek biographer and essayist, known primarily for his "Parallel Lives" and "Moralia".
He is classified as a Middle Platonist. Plutarch's surviving works were written in Greek, but intended for both Greek and Roman readers.

text: Plutarch

text: Ploútarkhos

text: later

text: named

text: upon

text: becoming

text: Roman

text: citizen

text: Lucius

text: Mestrius

text: Plutarchus

text: AD

text: AD

text: was

text: Greek

text: biographer

text: and

text: essayist

text: known

text: primarily

text: for

text: his

text: Parallel

text: Lives

text: and

text: Moralia

text: He

text: is

text: classified

text: as

text: Middle

text: Platonist

text: Plutarch

text: 's

text: surviving

text: works

text: were

text: written

text: in

text: Greek

text: but

text: intended

text: for

text: both

text: Greek

text: and

text: Roman

text: readers

text: Santa Maria Capua Vetere is a town and "comune" in the province of Caserta, part of the region of Campania (southern Italy).

text: Santa

text: Maria

text: Capua

text: Vetere

text: is

text: town

text: and

text: comune

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Caserta

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Campania

text: southern

text: Italy

text: Capua is a city and "comune" in the province of Caserta, Campania, southern Italy, situated north of Naples, on the northeastern edge of the Campanian plain. Ancient Capua was situated where Santa Maria Capua Vetere is now.

text: Capua

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: comune

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Caserta

text: Campania

text: southern

text: Italy

text: situated

text: north

text: of

text: Naples

text: on

text: the

text: northeastern

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: Campanian

text: plain

text: Ancient

text: Capua

text: was

text: situated

text: where

text: Santa

text: Maria

text: Capua

text: Vetere

text: is

text: now

text: The Roman Republic was the era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: was

text: the

text: era

text: of

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: beginning

text: with

text: the

text: overthrow

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Kingdom

text: traditionally

text: dated

text: to

text: BC

text: and

text: ending

text: in

text: BC

text: with

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: It

text: was

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: that

text: Rome

text: 's

text: control

text: expanded

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: immediate

text: surroundings

text: to

text: hegemony

text: over

text: the

text: entire

text: Mediterranean

text: world

text:
Gaul (Latin: "Gallia") was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands, Central Italy and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine. It covered an area of 190,800 mi² or 494,169 km². According to the testimony of Julius Caesar, Gaul was divided into three parts: Gallia Celtica, Belgica and Aquitania.
Archaeologically, the Gauls were bearers of the La Tène culture, which extended across all of Gaul, as well as east to Raetia, Noricum, Pannonia and southwestern Germania during the 5th to 1st centuries BC.
During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, Gaul fell under Roman rule: Gallia Cisalpina was conquered in 203 BC and Gallia Narbonensis in 123 BC. Gaul was invaded after 120 BC by the Cimbri and the Teutons, who were in turn defeated by the Romans by 103 BC. Julius Caesar finally subdued the remaining parts of Gaul in his campaigns of 58 to 51 BC.

text: Gaul

text: Latin

text: Gallia

text: was

text: region

text: of

text: Western

text: Europe

text: during

text: the

text: Iron

text: Age

text: that

text: was

text: inhabited

text: by

text: Celtic

text: tribes

text: encompassing

text: present

text: day

text: France

text: Luxembourg

text: Belgium

text: most

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: Northern

text: Italy

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Central

text: Italy

text: and

text: Germany

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: It

text: covered

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: or

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: testimony

text: of

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: Gaul

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: parts

text: Gallia

text: Celtica

text: Belgica

text: and

text: Aquitania

text: Archaeologically

text: the

text: Gauls

text: were

text: bearers

text: of

text: the

text: La

text: Tène

text: culture

text: which

text: extended

text: across

text: all

text: of

text: Gaul

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: east

text: to

text: Raetia

text: Noricum

text: Pannonia

text: and

text: southwestern

text: Germania

text: during

text: the

text: to

text: centuries

text: BC

text: During

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: BC

text: Gaul

text: fell

text: under

text: Roman

text: rule

text: Gallia

text: Cisalpina

text: was

text: conquered

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: Gallia

text: Narbonensis

text: in

text: BC

text: Gaul

text: was

text: invaded

text: after

text: BC

text: by

text: the

text: Cimbri

text: and

text: the

text: Teutons

text: who

text: were

text: in

text: turn

text: defeated

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: by

text: BC

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: finally

text: subdued

text: the

text: remaining

text: parts

text: of

text: Gaul

text: in

text: his

text: campaigns

text: of

text: to

text: BC

text: Crixus was a Gallic gladiator and military leader in the Third Servile War. Born in Gaul, he was enslaved by the Romans under unknown circumstances and trained as a gladiator in Capua. His name means "one with curly hair" in Gaulish.

text: Crixus

text: was

text: Gallic

text: gladiator

text: and

text: military

text: leader

text: in

text: the

text: Third

text: Servile

text: War

text: Born

text: in

text: Gaul

text: he

text: was

text: enslaved

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: under

text: unknown

text: circumstances

text: and

text: trained

text: as

text: gladiator

text: in

text: Capua

text: His

text: name

text: means

text: one

text: with

text: curly

text: hair

text: in

text: Gaulish

text: Spartacus (""; c. 11171 BC) was a Thracian gladiator who, along with the Gauls Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and Oenomaus, was one of the escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile War, a major slave uprising against the Roman Republic. Little is known about Spartacus beyond the events of the war, and surviving historical accounts are sometimes contradictory and may not always be reliable. However, all sources agree that he was a former gladiator and an accomplished military leader.

text: Spartacus

text: BC

text: was

text: Thracian

text: gladiator

text: who

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Gauls

text: Crixus

text: Gannicus

text: Castus

text: and

text: Oenomaus

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: escaped

text: slave

text: leaders

text: in

text: the

text: Third

text: Servile

text: War

text: major

text: slave

text: uprising

text: against

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: Little

text: is

text: known

text: about

text: Spartacus

text: beyond

text: the

text: events

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: surviving

text: historical

text: accounts

text: are

text: sometimes

text: contradictory

text: and

text: may

text: not

text: always

text: be

text: reliable

text: However

text: all

text: sources

text: agree

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: former

text: gladiator

text: and

text: an

text: accomplished

text: military

text: leader

text: Oenomaus was a Gallic gladiator , who escaped from the gladiatorial school of Lentulus Batiatus in Capua . Together with the Thracian Spartacus and the fellow Gauls Crixus , Castus and Gannicus , he became one of the leaders of rebellious slaves during the Third Servile War ( 73 -- 71 BC ) Oenomaus was involved in one of the first major successes of the slave army , the rout of the army of the praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber , who had tried to lay siege to the slave army near Mount Vesuvius . Oenomaus fell in an early battle , possibly during the winter of 73 -- 72 BC when the slave armies were plundering cities and towns in the south of Italy .

text: Oenomaus

text: was

text: Gallic

text: gladiator

text: who

text: escaped

text: from

text: the

text: gladiatorial

text: school

text: of

text: Lentulus

text: Batiatus

text: in

text: Capua

text: Together

text: with

text: the

text: Thracian

text: Spartacus

text: and

text: the

text: fellow

text: Gauls

text: Crixus

text: Castus

text: and

text: Gannicus

text: he

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leaders

text: of

text: rebellious

text: slaves

text: during

text: the

text: Third

text: Servile

text: War

text: BC

text: Oenomaus

text: was

text: involved

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: major

text: successes

text: of

text: the

text: slave

text: army

text: the

text: rout

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: of

text: the

text: praetor

text: Gaius

text: Claudius

text: Glaber

text: who

text: had

text: tried

text: to

text: lay

text: siege

text: to

text: the

text: slave

text: army

text: near

text: Mount

text: Vesuvius

text: Oenomaus

text: fell

text: in

text: an

text: early

text: battle

text: possibly

text: during

text: the

text: winter

text: of

text: BC

text: when

text: the

text: slave

text: armies

text: were

text: plundering

text: cities

text: and

text: towns

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: Italy

text: Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Batiatus (or, possibly, Vatia) was the Roman owner of a gladiatorial school in Santa Maria Capua Vetere (the ancient city, where "Capua Vetere" means "Old Capua"), in southern Italy. It was from this school that in 73 BC, the Thracian slave, Spartacus, and about 70 to 78 followers escaped. The break-out led to the slave rebellion known as the Third Servile War (73  71 BC).

text: Gnaeus

text: Cornelius

text: Lentulus

text: Batiatus

text: or

text: possibly

text: Vatia

text: was

text: the

text: Roman

text: owner

text: of

text: gladiatorial

text: school

text: in

text: Santa

text: Maria

text: Capua

text: Vetere

text: the

text: ancient

text: city

text: where

text: Capua

text: Vetere

text: means

text: Old

text: Capua

text: in

text: southern

text: Italy

text: It

text: was

text: from

text: this

text: school

text: that

text: in

text: BC

text: the

text: Thracian

text: slave

text: Spartacus

text: and

text: about

text: to

text: followers

text: escaped

text: The

text: break

text: out

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: slave

text: rebellion

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Third

text: Servile

text: War

text: BC

text: A gladiator ("swordsman", from , "sword") was an armed combatant who entertained audiences in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire in violent confrontations with other gladiators, wild animals, and condemned criminals. Some gladiators were volunteers who risked their lives and their legal and social standing by appearing in the arena. Most were despised as slaves, schooled under harsh conditions, socially marginalized, and segregated even in death.

text: gladiator

text: swordsman

text: from

text: sword

text: was

text: an

text: armed

text: combatant

text: who

text: entertained

text: audiences

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: and

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: violent

text: confrontations

text: with

text: other

text: gladiators

text: wild

text: animals

text: and

text: condemned

text: criminals

text: Some

text: gladiators

text: were

text: volunteers

text: who

text: risked

text: their

text: lives

text: and

text: their

text: legal

text: and

text: social

text: standing

text: by

text: appearing

text: in

text: the

text: arena

text: Most

text: were

text: despised

text: as

text: slaves

text: schooled

text: under

text: harsh

text: conditions

text: socially

text: marginalized

text: and

text: segregated

text: even

text: in

text: death

annotations: follows single

question: place_of_death oenomaus

answer: southern italy

text: southern italy

text: southern italy

text: southern italy


text: Tegan and Sara are a Canadian indie pop singing duo formed in 1995 in Calgary, Alberta, composed of identical twin sisters Tegan Rain Quin and Sara Keirsten Quin (born September 19, 1980). Both musicians are songwriters and multi-instrumentalists.

text: Tegan

text: and

text: Sara

text: are

text: Canadian

text: indie

text: pop

text: singing

text: duo

text: formed

text: in

text: in

text: Calgary

text: Alberta

text: composed

text: of

text: identical

text: twin

text: sisters

text: Tegan

text: Rain

text: Quin

text: and

text: Sara

text: Keirsten

text: Quin

text: born

text: September

text: Both

text: musicians

text: are

text: songwriters

text: and

text: multi

text: instrumentalists

text: Evan Winiker is an American music manager and former musician . He has played in the bands Steel Train from 2002 - 2012 and Fun in 2012 . With Steel Train he has appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman , Late Night with Conan O'Brien , Lopez Tonight , and Conan as well as making festival stops at Coachella ( 2010 ) Bonnaroo ( 2005 , 2006 , 2008 ) , Lollapalooza ( 2008 ) and many others . The band has also toured with Tegan and Sara , Ben Folds , The Fray , Silversun Pickups , O.A.R. and many others . With Fun he has played Coachella ( 2011 ) as well as a tour with Panic ! at the Disco and Foxy Shazam . In 2015 he was named as one of the Billboards executives who golf .

text: Evan

text: Winiker

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: music

text: manager

text: and

text: former

text: musician

text: He

text: has

text: played

text: in

text: the

text: bands

text: Steel

text: Train

text: from

text: and

text: Fun

text: in

text: With

text: Steel

text: Train

text: he

text: has

text: appeared

text: on

text: the

text: Late

text: Show

text: with

text: David

text: Letterman

text: Late

text: Night

text: with

text: Conan

text: O'Brien

text: Lopez

text: Tonight

text: and

text: Conan

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: making

text: festival

text: stops

text: at

text: Coachella

text: Bonnaroo

text: Lollapalooza

text: and

text: many

text: others

text: The

text: band

text: has

text: also

text: toured

text: with

text: Tegan

text: and

text: Sara

text: Ben

text: Folds

text: The

text: Fray

text: Silversun

text: Pickups

text: O.A.R.

text: and

text: many

text: others

text: With

text: Fun

text: he

text: has

text: played

text: Coachella

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: tour

text: with

text: Panic

text: at

text: the

text: Disco

text: and

text: Foxy

text: Shazam

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: named

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Billboards

text: executives

text: who

text: golf

text: A musician (or instrumentalist) is a person who plays a musical instrument or is musically talented. Anyone who composes, conducts, or performs music may also be referred to as a musician.

text: musician

text: or

text: instrumentalist

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: plays

text: musical

text: instrument

text: or

text: is

text: musically

text: talented

text: Anyone

text: who

text: composes

text: conducts

text: or

text: performs

text: music

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: musician

text: Girl In a Coma is an indie rock band from San Antonio, Texas formerly on Joan Jett's Blackheart Records' label. The band is made up of sisters Nina (vocals/guitar) and Phanie Diaz (drums) and long-time friend, Jenn Alva (bass). The name is a reference to The Smiths' song "Girlfriend in a Coma". Before they were called Girl in a Coma, they were Sylvia's Radio and Girls in a Coma.

text: Girl

text: In

text: Coma

text: is

text: an

text: indie

text: rock

text: band

text: from

text: San

text: Antonio

text: Texas

text: formerly

text: on

text: Joan

text: Jett

text: 's

text: Blackheart

text: Records

text: label

text: The

text: band

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: sisters

text: Nina

text: vocals

text: guitar

text: and

text: Phanie

text: Diaz

text: drums

text: and

text: long

text: time

text: friend

text: Jenn

text: Alva

text: bass

text: The

text: name

text: is

text: reference

text: to

text: The

text: Smiths

text: song

text: Girlfriend

text: in

text: Coma

text: Before

text: they

text: were

text: called

text: Girl

text: in

text: Coma

text: they

text: were

text: Sylvia

text: 's

text: Radio

text: and

text: Girls

text: in

text: Coma

text: Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound and silence, which exist in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek  ("mousike"; "art of the Muses"). In its most general form, the activities describing music as an art form include the production of works of music (songs, tunes, symphonies, and so on), the criticism of music, the study of the history of music, and the aesthetic examination of music. Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound."

text: Music

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: and

text: cultural

text: activity

text: whose

text: medium

text: is

text: sound

text: and

text: silence

text: which

text: exist

text: in

text: time

text: The

text: common

text: elements

text: of

text: music

text: are

text: pitch

text: which

text: governs

text: melody

text: and

text: harmony

text: rhythm

text: and

text: its

text: associated

text: concepts

text: tempo

text: meter

text: and

text: articulation

text: dynamics

text: loudness

text: and

text: softness

text: and

text: the

text: sonic

text: qualities

text: of

text: timbre

text: and

text: texture

text: which

text: are

text: sometimes

text: termed

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: musical

text: sound

text: Different

text: styles

text: or

text: types

text: of

text: music

text: may

text: emphasize

text: de

text: emphasize

text: or

text: omit

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: elements

text: Music

text: is

text: performed

text: with

text: vast

text: range

text: of

text: instruments

text: and

text: vocal

text: techniques

text: ranging

text: from

text: singing

text: to

text: rapping

text: there

text: are

text: solely

text: instrumental

text: pieces

text: solely

text: vocal

text: pieces

text: such

text: as

text: songs

text: without

text: instrumental

text: accompaniment

text: and

text: pieces

text: that

text: combine

text: singing

text: and

text: instruments

text: The

text: word

text: derives

text: from

text: Greek

text: mousike

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: Muses

text: In

text: its

text: most

text: general

text: form

text: the

text: activities

text: describing

text: music

text: as

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: include

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: works

text: of

text: music

text: songs

text: tunes

text: symphonies

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: the

text: criticism

text: of

text: music

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: examination

text: of

text: music

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: and

text: Indian

text: philosophers

text: defined

text: music

text: as

text: tones

text: ordered

text: horizontally

text: as

text: melodies

text: and

text: vertically

text: as

text: harmonies

text: Common

text: sayings

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: harmony

text: of

text: the

text: spheres

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: music

text: to

text: my

text: ears

text: point

text: to

text: the

text: notion

text: that

text: music

text: is

text: often

text: ordered

text: and

text: pleasant

text: to

text: listen

text: to

text: However

text: century

text: composer

text: John

text: Cage

text: thought

text: that

text: any

text: sound

text: can

text: be

text: music

text: saying

text: for

text: example

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: noise

text: only

text: sound

text: Steel Train was an indie rock band from New Jersey. They have toured with The Juliana Theory, Tegan and Sara, Girl in a Coma, Ben Folds, The Fray, Silversun Pickups, Hanson, The Format, Gomez, O.A.R., Something Corporate, Jack's Mannequin, Barenaked Ladies, fun. and others. Other highlights include performances at Bonnaroo, Lollapalooza, Coachella, "Late Night with Conan O'Brien", and "Late Show with David Letterman". On November 13, 2012, Jack Antonoff announced on his tumblr that "there are no immediate plans to get things up and running again," and that the band would have a final show at the Bowery Ballroom on January 5, 2013. They returned for the Shadow of the City festival in 2016.

text: Steel

text: Train

text: was

text: an

text: indie

text: rock

text: band

text: from

text: New

text: Jersey

text: They

text: have

text: toured

text: with

text: The

text: Juliana

text: Theory

text: Tegan

text: and

text: Sara

text: Girl

text: in

text: Coma

text: Ben

text: Folds

text: The

text: Fray

text: Silversun

text: Pickups

text: Hanson

text: The

text: Format

text: Gomez

text: O.A.R.

text: Something

text: Corporate

text: Jack

text: 's

text: Mannequin

text: Barenaked

text: Ladies

text: fun

text: and

text: others

text: Other

text: highlights

text: include

text: performances

text: at

text: Bonnaroo

text: Lollapalooza

text: Coachella

text: Late

text: Night

text: with

text: Conan

text: O'Brien

text: and

text: Late

text: Show

text: with

text: David

text: Letterman

text: On

text: November

text: Jack

text: Antonoff

text: announced

text: on

text: his

text: tumblr

text: that

text: there

text: are

text: no

text: immediate

text: plans

text: to

text: get

text: things

text: up

text: and

text: running

text: again

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: band

text: would

text: have

text: final

text: show

text: at

text: the

text: Bowery

text: Ballroom

text: on

text: January

text: They

text: returned

text: for

text: the

text: Shadow

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: festival

text: in

text: Benjamin Scott "Ben" Folds (born September 12, 1966) is an American singer-songwriter and record producer. From 1995 to 2000, Folds was the frontman and pianist of the alternative rock band Ben Folds Five. After the group temporarily disbanded, Folds performed as a solo artist and has toured all over the world. The group reunited in 2011. He has also collaborated with musicians such as William Shatner, Regina Spektor and "Weird Al" Yankovic and undertaken experimental songwriting projects with authors such as Nick Hornby and Neil Gaiman. In addition to contributing music to the soundtracks of the animated films "Over the Hedge," and "Hoodwinked!", Folds produced Amanda Palmer's first solo album and was a judge on the NBC a cappella singing contest "The Sing-Off" from 2009 to 2013.

text: Benjamin

text: Scott

text: Ben

text: Folds

text: born

text: September

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: and

text: record

text: producer

text: From

text: to

text: Folds

text: was

text: the

text: frontman

text: and

text: pianist

text: of

text: the

text: alternative

text: rock

text: band

text: Ben

text: Folds

text: Five

text: After

text: the

text: group

text: temporarily

text: disbanded

text: Folds

text: performed

text: as

text: solo

text: artist

text: and

text: has

text: toured

text: all

text: over

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: group

text: reunited

text: in

text: He

text: has

text: also

text: collaborated

text: with

text: musicians

text: such

text: as

text: William

text: Shatner

text: Regina

text: Spektor

text: and

text: Weird

text: Al

text: Yankovic

text: and

text: undertaken

text: experimental

text: songwriting

text: projects

text: with

text: authors

text: such

text: as

text: Nick

text: Hornby

text: and

text: Neil

text: Gaiman

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: contributing

text: music

text: to

text: the

text: soundtracks

text: of

text: the

text: animated

text: films

text: Over

text: the

text: Hedge

text: and

text: Hoodwinked

text: Folds

text: produced

text: Amanda

text: Palmer

text: 's

text: first

text: solo

text: album

text: and

text: was

text: judge

text: on

text: the

text: NBC

text: cappella

text: singing

text: contest

text: The

text: Sing

text: Off

text: from

text: to

question: instrument evan winiker

answer: guitar

text: guitar


text:
In paleogeography, Gondwana,
also Gondwanaland, is the name given to an ancient supercontinent. It is believed to have sutured between about 573 and 510 million years ago (Mya), joining East Gondwana to West Gondwana. Gondwana formed prior to Pangaea, and later became part of it.

text: In

text: paleogeography

text: Gondwana

text: also

text: Gondwanaland

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: an

text: ancient

text: supercontinent

text: It

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: sutured

text: between

text: about

text: and

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: joining

text: East

text: Gondwana

text: to

text: West

text: Gondwana

text: Gondwana

text: formed

text: prior

text: to

text: Pangaea

text: and

text: later

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: it

text: Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Southeast Africa. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in the world), and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from the Indian peninsula around 88 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot; over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats.

text: Madagascar

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Madagascar

text: and

text: previously

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Malagasy

text: Republic

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Southeast

text: Africa

text: The

text: nation

text: comprises

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Madagascar

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: peripheral

text: islands

text: Following

text: the

text: prehistoric

text: breakup

text: of

text: the

text: supercontinent

text: Gondwana

text: Madagascar

text: split

text: from

text: the

text: Indian

text: peninsula

text: around

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: allowing

text: native

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: to

text: evolve

text: in

text: relative

text: isolation

text: Consequently

text: Madagascar

text: is

text: biodiversity

text: hotspot

text: over

text: of

text: its

text: wildlife

text: is

text: found

text: nowhere

text: else

text: on

text: Earth

text: The

text: island

text: 's

text: diverse

text: ecosystems

text: and

text: unique

text: wildlife

text: are

text: threatened

text: by

text: the

text: encroachment

text: of

text: the

text: rapidly

text: growing

text: human

text: population

text: and

text: other

text: environmental

text: threats

text: A songbird is a bird belonging to the clade Passeri of the perching birds (Passeriformes). Another name that is sometimes seen as a scientific or vernacular name is Oscines, from Latin "oscen", "a songbird". This group contains some 4,000 species found all over the world, in which the vocal organ typically is developed in such a way as to produce a diverse and elaborate bird song.

text: songbird

text: is

text: bird

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: clade

text: Passeri

text: of

text: the

text: perching

text: birds

text: Passeriformes

text: Another

text: name

text: that

text: is

text: sometimes

text: seen

text: as

text: scientific

text: or

text: vernacular

text: name

text: is

text: Oscines

text: from

text: Latin

text: oscen

text: songbird

text: This

text: group

text: contains

text: some

text: species

text: found

text: all

text: over

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: vocal

text: organ

text: typically

text: is

text: developed

text: in

text: such

text: way

text: as

text: to

text: produce

text: diverse

text: and

text: elaborate

text: bird

text: song

text: Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 64,000 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates, which include the cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) and the bony fish.

text: Vertebrates

text: comprise

text: all

text: species

text: of

text: animals

text: within

text: the

text: subphylum

text: Vertebrata

text: chordates

text: with

text: backbones

text: Vertebrates

text: represent

text: the

text: overwhelming

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: phylum

text: Chordata

text: with

text: currently

text: about

text: species

text: described

text: Vertebrates

text: include

text: the

text: jawless

text: fish

text: and

text: the

text: jawed

text: vertebrates

text: which

text: include

text: the

text: cartilaginous

text: fish

text: sharks

text: and

text: rays

text: and

text: the

text: bony

text: fish

text: The Malagasy warblers are a newly validated clade of songbirds. They were formally named Bernieridae in 2010. The family currently consists of eleven species (in eight genera) of small forest birds. These birds are all endemic to Madagascar.

text: The

text: Malagasy

text: warblers

text: are

text: newly

text: validated

text: clade

text: of

text: songbirds

text: They

text: were

text: formally

text: named

text: Bernieridae

text: in

text: The

text: family

text: currently

text: consists

text: of

text: eleven

text: species

text: in

text: eight

text: genera

text: of

text: small

text: forest

text: birds

text: These

text: birds

text: are

text: all

text: endemic

text: to

text: Madagascar

text: Birds (Aves), also known as avian dinosaurs, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the bee hummingbird to the ostrich. They rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, at approximately ten thousand, with more than half of these being passerines, sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds.

text: Birds

text: Aves

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: avian

text: dinosaurs

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: endothermic

text: vertebrates

text: characterised

text: by

text: feathers

text: toothless

text: beaked

text: jaws

text: the

text: laying

text: of

text: hard

text: shelled

text: eggs

text: high

text: metabolic

text: rate

text: four

text: chambered

text: heart

text: and

text: lightweight

text: but

text: strong

text: skeleton

text: Birds

text: live

text: worldwide

text: and

text: range

text: in

text: size

text: from

text: the

text: bee

text: hummingbird

text: to

text: the

text: ostrich

text: They

text: rank

text: as

text: the

text: class

text: of

text: tetrapods

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: living

text: species

text: at

text: approximately

text: ten

text: thousand

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: these

text: being

text: passerines

text: sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: perching

text: birds

text: or

text: less

text: accurately

text: as

text: songbirds

text: The Old World babblers or timaliids are a large family of mostly Old World passerine birds. They are rather diverse in size and coloration, but are characterised by soft fluffy plumage. These are birds of tropical areas, with the greatest variety in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The timaliids are one of two unrelated groups of birds known as babblers, the other being the Australasian babblers of the family Pomatostomidae (also known as pseudo-babblers).

text: The

text: Old

text: World

text: babblers

text: or

text: timaliids

text: are

text: large

text: family

text: of

text: mostly

text: Old

text: World

text: passerine

text: birds

text: They

text: are

text: rather

text: diverse

text: in

text: size

text: and

text: coloration

text: but

text: are

text: characterised

text: by

text: soft

text: fluffy

text: plumage

text: These

text: are

text: birds

text: of

text: tropical

text: areas

text: with

text: the

text: greatest

text: variety

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: The

text: timaliids

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: unrelated

text: groups

text: of

text: birds

text: known

text: as

text: babblers

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: the

text: Australasian

text: babblers

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: Pomatostomidae

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: pseudo

text: babblers

text: The superclass Tetrapoda (Ancient Greek s tetrapods, "four-footed"), or the tetrapods , comprises the first four-limbed vertebrates and their descendants, including the living and extinct amphibians, birds, mammals, reptiles and some ancient, exclusively aquatic creatures such as the Acanthostega. Tetrapods evolved from the lobe-finned fishes around 390 million years ago in the middle Devonian Period, with modern tetrapod groups having appeared by the late Devonian, 367.5 million years ago. The specific aquatic ancestors of the tetrapods, and the process by which land colonization occurred, remain unclear, and are areas of active research and debate among palaeontologists at present.

text: The

text: superclass

text: Tetrapoda

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: tetrapods

text: four

text: footed

text: or

text: the

text: tetrapods

text: comprises

text: the

text: first

text: four

text: limbed

text: vertebrates

text: and

text: their

text: descendants

text: including

text: the

text: living

text: and

text: extinct

text: amphibians

text: birds

text: mammals

text: reptiles

text: and

text: some

text: ancient

text: exclusively

text: aquatic

text: creatures

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Acanthostega

text: Tetrapods

text: evolved

text: from

text: the

text: lobe

text: finned

text: fishes

text: around

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: Devonian

text: Period

text: with

text: modern

text: tetrapod

text: groups

text: having

text: appeared

text: by

text: the

text: late

text: Devonian

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The

text: specific

text: aquatic

text: ancestors

text: of

text: the

text: tetrapods

text: and

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: land

text: colonization

text: occurred

text: remain

text: unclear

text: and

text: are

text: areas

text: of

text: active

text: research

text: and

text: debate

text: among

text: palaeontologists

text: at

text: present

text: Neomixis is a genus of bird formerly placed in the Old World babbler family but now considered to belong to the Cisticolidae family . The genus comprises three small forest birds endemic to Madagascar : Stripe - throated jery ( Neomixis striatigula ) Common jery ( Neomixis tenella ) Green jery ( Neomixis viridis ) Another species the wedge - tailed jery ( Hartertula flavoviridis ) was until recently placed in this genus but recent biochemical studies suggest its true relationships lie elsewhere .

text: Neomixis

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: bird

text: formerly

text: placed

text: in

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: babbler

text: family

text: but

text: now

text: considered

text: to

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: Cisticolidae

text: family

text: The

text: genus

text: comprises

text: three

text: small

text: forest

text: birds

text: endemic

text: to

text: Madagascar

text: Stripe

text: throated

text: jery

text: Neomixis

text: striatigula

text: Common

text: jery

text: Neomixis

text: tenella

text: Green

text: jery

text: Neomixis

text: viridis

text: Another

text: species

text: the

text: wedge

text: tailed

text: jery

text: Hartertula

text: flavoviridis

text: was

text: until

text: recently

text: placed

text: in

text: this

text: genus

text: but

text: recent

text: biochemical

text: studies

text: suggest

text: its

text: true

text: relationships

text: lie

text: elsewhere

text: Old World warblers are a large group of birds formerly grouped together in the bird family Sylviidae. The family held over 400 species in over 70 genera, and were the source of much taxonomic confusion. Two families were split out initially, the cisticolas into Cisticolidae and the kinglets into Regulidae. In the past ten years they have been the subject of much research and many species are now placed into other families, including the Acrocephalidae, Cettiidae, Phylloscopidae, and Megaluridae. In addition some species have been moved into existing families or have not yet had their placement fully resolved. A smaller family of warblers, together with some babblers formerly placed in the family Timaliidae and the parrotbills, are retained in a much smaller family Sylviidae.

text: Old

text: World

text: warblers

text: are

text: large

text: group

text: of

text: birds

text: formerly

text: grouped

text: together

text: in

text: the

text: bird

text: family

text: Sylviidae

text: The

text: family

text: held

text: over

text: species

text: in

text: over

text: genera

text: and

text: were

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: much

text: taxonomic

text: confusion

text: Two

text: families

text: were

text: split

text: out

text: initially

text: the

text: cisticolas

text: into

text: Cisticolidae

text: and

text: the

text: kinglets

text: into

text: Regulidae

text: In

text: the

text: past

text: ten

text: years

text: they

text: have

text: been

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: much

text: research

text: and

text: many

text: species

text: are

text: now

text: placed

text: into

text: other

text: families

text: including

text: the

text: Acrocephalidae

text: Cettiidae

text: Phylloscopidae

text: and

text: Megaluridae

text: In

text: addition

text: some

text: species

text: have

text: been

text: moved

text: into

text: existing

text: families

text: or

text: have

text: not

text: yet

text: had

text: their

text: placement

text: fully

text: resolved

text: smaller

text: family

text: of

text: warblers

text: together

text: with

text: some

text: babblers

text: formerly

text: placed

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Timaliidae

text: and

text: the

text: parrotbills

text: are

text: retained

text: in

text: much

text: smaller

text: family

text: Sylviidae

text: The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three partsthe outer ear, middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal. Since the outer ear is the only visible portion of the ear in most animals, the word "ear" often refers to the external part alone. The middle ear includes the tympanic cavity and the three ossicles. The inner ear sits in the bony labyrinth, and contains structures which are key to several senses: the semicircular canals, which enable balance and eye tracking when moving; the utricle and saccule, which enable balance when stationary; and the cochlea, which enables hearing. The ears of vertebrates are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side of the head, an arrangement that aids sound localisation.

text: The

text: ear

text: is

text: the

text: organ

text: of

text: hearing

text: and

text: in

text: mammals

text: balance

text: In

text: mammals

text: the

text: ear

text: is

text: usually

text: described

text: as

text: having

text: three

text: partsthe

text: outer

text: ear

text: middle

text: ear

text: and

text: the

text: inner

text: ear

text: The

text: outer

text: ear

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: pinna

text: and

text: the

text: ear

text: canal

text: Since

text: the

text: outer

text: ear

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: visible

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: ear

text: in

text: most

text: animals

text: the

text: word

text: ear

text: often

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: external

text: part

text: alone

text: The

text: middle

text: ear

text: includes

text: the

text: tympanic

text: cavity

text: and

text: the

text: three

text: ossicles

text: The

text: inner

text: ear

text: sits

text: in

text: the

text: bony

text: labyrinth

text: and

text: contains

text: structures

text: which

text: are

text: key

text: to

text: several

text: senses

text: the

text: semicircular

text: canals

text: which

text: enable

text: balance

text: and

text: eye

text: tracking

text: when

text: moving

text: the

text: utricle

text: and

text: saccule

text: which

text: enable

text: balance

text: when

text: stationary

text: and

text: the

text: cochlea

text: which

text: enables

text: hearing

text: The

text: ears

text: of

text: vertebrates

text: are

text: placed

text: somewhat

text: symmetrically

text: on

text: either

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: head

text: an

text: arrangement

text: that

text: aids

text: sound

text: localisation

text: In geology, a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass. However, the definition of a supercontinent can be ambiguous. Many earth scientists, such as P.F. Hoffman (1999), use the term "supercontinent" to mean "a clustering of nearly all continents". This definition leaves room for interpretation when labeling a continental body and is easier to apply to Precambrian times. Using the first definition provided here, Gondwana (a.k.a. Gondwanaland) is not considered a supercontinent, because the landmasses of Baltica, Laurentia and Siberia also existed at the same time but physically separate from each other. The landmass of Pangaea is the collective name describing all of these continental masses when they were in proximity to one another. This would classify Pangaea as a supercontinent. According to the definition by Rogers and Santosh (2004), a supercontinent does not exist today. Supercontinents have assembled and dispersed multiple times in the geologic past (see table). The positions of continents have been accurately determined back to the early Jurassic. However, beyond , continental positions are much less certain.

text: In

text: geology

text: supercontinent

text: is

text: the

text: assembly

text: of

text: most

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: continental

text: blocks

text: or

text: cratons

text: to

text: form

text: single

text: large

text: landmass

text: However

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: supercontinent

text: can

text: be

text: ambiguous

text: Many

text: earth

text: scientists

text: such

text: as

text: P.F.

text: Hoffman

text: use

text: the

text: term

text: supercontinent

text: to

text: mean

text: clustering

text: of

text: nearly

text: all

text: continents

text: This

text: definition

text: leaves

text: room

text: for

text: interpretation

text: when

text: labeling

text: continental

text: body

text: and

text: is

text: easier

text: to

text: apply

text: to

text: Precambrian

text: times

text: Using

text: the

text: first

text: definition

text: provided

text: here

text: Gondwana

text: a.k.a

text: Gondwanaland

text: is

text: not

text: considered

text: supercontinent

text: because

text: the

text: landmasses

text: of

text: Baltica

text: Laurentia

text: and

text: Siberia

text: also

text: existed

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: but

text: physically

text: separate

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: The

text: landmass

text: of

text: Pangaea

text: is

text: the

text: collective

text: name

text: describing

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: continental

text: masses

text: when

text: they

text: were

text: in

text: proximity

text: to

text: one

text: another

text: This

text: would

text: classify

text: Pangaea

text: as

text: supercontinent

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: definition

text: by

text: Rogers

text: and

text: Santosh

text: supercontinent

text: does

text: not

text: exist

text: today

text: Supercontinents

text: have

text: assembled

text: and

text: dispersed

text: multiple

text: times

text: in

text: the

text: geologic

text: past

text: see

text: table

text: The

text: positions

text: of

text: continents

text: have

text: been

text: accurately

text: determined

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: Jurassic

text: However

text: beyond

text: continental

text: positions

text: are

text: much

text: less

text: certain

text: India, officially the Republic of India ("Bhrat Gaarjya"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.

text: India

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: India

text: Bhrat

text: Gaarjya

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: democracy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: China

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Bhutan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: India

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: India

text: 's

text: Andaman

text: and

text: Nicobar

text: Islands

text: share

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: New

text: Delhi

text: other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Mumbai

text: Kolkata

text: Chennai

text: Bangalore

text: Hyderabad

text: and

text: Ahmedabad

text: The bee hummingbird, zunzuncito or Helena hummingbird ("Mellisuga helenae") is a species of hummingbird.

text: The

text: bee

text: hummingbird

text: zunzuncito

text: or

text: Helena

text: hummingbird

text: Mellisuga

text: helenae

text: is

text: species

text: of

text: hummingbird

text: The ostrich or common ostrich ("Struthio camelus") is either one or two species of large flightless birds native to Africa, the only living member(s) of the genus "Struthio", which is in the ratite family. In 2014, the Somali ostrich ("Struthio molybdophanes") was recognized as a distinct species.

text: The

text: ostrich

text: or

text: common

text: ostrich

text: Struthio

text: camelus

text: is

text: either

text: one

text: or

text: two

text: species

text: of

text: large

text: flightless

text: birds

text: native

text: to

text: Africa

text: the

text: only

text: living

text: member(s

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Struthio

text: which

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: ratite

text: family

text: In

text: the

text: Somali

text: ostrich

text: Struthio

text: molybdophanes

text: was

text: recognized

text: as

text: distinct

text: species

text: The wedge-tailed jery ("Hartertula flavoviridis") is a small bird endemic to the east of Madagascar. The species has been the cause of some taxonomic confusion, it was originally placed with the jeries in the genus "Neomixis" (Cisticolidae) before being placed in its own monotypic genus Hartertula, but still considered close to "Neomixis". Recent research indicates it is part of an endemic Malagasy radiation currently known as the Malagasy warblers (Cibois "et al." 2001).

text: The

text: wedge

text: tailed

text: jery

text: Hartertula

text: flavoviridis

text: is

text: small

text: bird

text: endemic

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: Madagascar

text: The

text: species

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: some

text: taxonomic

text: confusion

text: it

text: was

text: originally

text: placed

text: with

text: the

text: jeries

text: in

text: the

text: genus

text: Neomixis

text: Cisticolidae

text: before

text: being

text: placed

text: in

text: its

text: own

text: monotypic

text: genus

text: Hartertula

text: but

text: still

text: considered

text: close

text: to

text: Neomixis

text: Recent

text: research

text: indicates

text: it

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: endemic

text: Malagasy

text: radiation

text: currently

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Malagasy

text: warblers

text: Cibois

text: et

text: al

text:
A passerine is any bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species. A notable feature of passerines compared to other orders of Aves is the arrangement of their toes, three pointing forward and one back, which facilitates perching. Sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds, the passerines form one of the most diverse terrestrial vertebrate orders, with over 5,000 identified species. It has roughly twice as many species as the largest of the mammal orders, the Rodentia. It contains more than 110 families, the second-most of any order of tetrapods (after Squamata, the scaled reptiles).
The passerines contain several groups of brood parasites such as the viduas, cuckoo-finches, and the cowbirds. Most passerines are omnivorous, while the shrikes are carnivorous.

text: passerine

text: is

text: any

text: bird

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: Passeriformes

text: which

text: includes

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: bird

text: species

text: notable

text: feature

text: of

text: passerines

text: compared

text: to

text: other

text: orders

text: of

text: Aves

text: is

text: the

text: arrangement

text: of

text: their

text: toes

text: three

text: pointing

text: forward

text: and

text: one

text: back

text: which

text: facilitates

text: perching

text: Sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: perching

text: birds

text: or

text: less

text: accurately

text: as

text: songbirds

text: the

text: passerines

text: form

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: terrestrial

text: vertebrate

text: orders

text: with

text: over

text: identified

text: species

text: It

text: has

text: roughly

text: twice

text: as

text: many

text: species

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: mammal

text: orders

text: the

text: Rodentia

text: It

text: contains

text: more

text: than

text: families

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: of

text: any

text: order

text: of

text: tetrapods

text: after

text: Squamata

text: the

text: scaled

text: reptiles

text: The

text: passerines

text: contain

text: several

text: groups

text: of

text: brood

text: parasites

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: viduas

text: cuckoo

text: finches

text: and

text: the

text: cowbirds

text: Most

text: passerines

text: are

text: omnivorous

text: while

text: the

text: shrikes

text: are

text: carnivorous

text: Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade Dinosauria that first appeared during the Triassic. Although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research, the current scientific consensus places their origin between 231 and 243 million years ago. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the TriassicJurassic extinction event 201 million years ago. Their dominance continued through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods and ended when the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur groups 66 million years ago.

text: Dinosaurs

text: are

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: animals

text: of

text: the

text: clade

text: Dinosauria

text: that

text: first

text: appeared

text: during

text: the

text: Triassic

text: Although

text: the

text: exact

text: origin

text: and

text: timing

text: of

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: dinosaurs

text: is

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: active

text: research

text: the

text: current

text: scientific

text: consensus

text: places

text: their

text: origin

text: between

text: and

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: They

text: became

text: the

text: dominant

text: terrestrial

text: vertebrates

text: after

text: the

text: TriassicJurassic

text: extinction

text: event

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Their

text: dominance

text: continued

text: through

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: and

text: Cretaceous

text: periods

text: and

text: ended

text: when

text: the

text: CretaceousPaleogene

text: extinction

text: event

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: extinction

text: of

text: most

text: dinosaur

text: groups

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Hummingbirds are birds from the Americas that constitute the family Trochilidae. They are among the smallest of birds, most species measuring . Indeed, the smallest extant bird species is a hummingbird, the 5-cm bee hummingbird weighing less than a U.S. penny (2.5 g).

text: Hummingbirds

text: are

text: birds

text: from

text: the

text: Americas

text: that

text: constitute

text: the

text: family

text: Trochilidae

text: They

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: smallest

text: of

text: birds

text: most

text: species

text: measuring

text: Indeed

text: the

text: smallest

text: extant

text: bird

text: species

text: is

text: hummingbird

text: the

text: bee

text: hummingbird

text: weighing

text: less

text: than

text: U.S.

text: penny

text:
An endotherm (from Greek  "endon" "within" and  "therm" "heat") is an organism that maintains its body at a metabolically favorable temperature, largely by the use of heat set free by its internal bodily functions instead of relying almost purely on ambient heat. Such internally generated heat is mainly an incidental product of the animal's routine metabolism, but under conditions of excessive cold or low activity an endotherm might apply special mechanisms adapted specifically to heat production. Examples include special-function muscular exertion such as shivering, and uncoupled oxidative metabolism such as within brown adipose tissue.
Only birds and mammals are extant universally endothermic groups of animals. Certain lamnid sharks, tuna and billfishes are also endothermic.

text: An

text: endotherm

text: from

text: Greek

text: endon

text: within

text: and

text: therm

text: heat

text: is

text: an

text: organism

text: that

text: maintains

text: its

text: body

text: at

text: metabolically

text: favorable

text: temperature

text: largely

text: by

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: heat

text: set

text: free

text: by

text: its

text: internal

text: bodily

text: functions

text: instead

text: of

text: relying

text: almost

text: purely

text: on

text: ambient

text: heat

text: Such

text: internally

text: generated

text: heat

text: is

text: mainly

text: an

text: incidental

text: product

text: of

text: the

text: animal

text: 's

text: routine

text: metabolism

text: but

text: under

text: conditions

text: of

text: excessive

text: cold

text: or

text: low

text: activity

text: an

text: endotherm

text: might

text: apply

text: special

text: mechanisms

text: adapted

text: specifically

text: to

text: heat

text: production

text: Examples

text: include

text: special

text: function

text: muscular

text: exertion

text: such

text: as

text: shivering

text: and

text: uncoupled

text: oxidative

text: metabolism

text: such

text: as

text: within

text: brown

text: adipose

text: tissue

text: Only

text: birds

text: and

text: mammals

text: are

text: extant

text: universally

text: endothermic

text: groups

text: of

text: animals

text: Certain

text: lamnid

text: sharks

text: tuna

text: and

text: billfishes

text: are

text: also

text: endothermic

text: The Cisticolidae family of small passerine birds is a group of about 110 warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are often included within the Old World warbler family Sylviidae.

text: The

text: Cisticolidae

text: family

text: of

text: small

text: passerine

text: birds

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: about

text: warblers

text: found

text: mainly

text: in

text: warmer

text: southern

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: They

text: are

text: often

text: included

text: within

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: warbler

text: family

text: Sylviidae

question: parent_taxon neomixis

answer: sylviidae

text: sylviidae

text: sylviidae

text: sylviidae


text: Overgrowth is an upcoming action video game under development by Wolfire Games . It was announced on September 17 , 2008 for Windows , OS X and Linux . The game plays as a 3D third - person action game , set in a pre-industrial world of anthropomorphic fighter rabbits , wolves , dogs , cats and rats . The game is designed by David Rosen .

text: Overgrowth

text: is

text: an

text: upcoming

text: action

text: video

text: game

text: under

text: development

text: by

text: Wolfire

text: Games

text: It

text: was

text: announced

text: on

text: September

text: for

text: Windows

text: OS

text: and

text: Linux

text: The

text: game

text: plays

text: as

text: third

text: person

text: action

text: game

text: set

text: in

text: pre

text: industrial

text: world

text: of

text: anthropomorphic

text: fighter

text: rabbits

text: wolves

text: dogs

text: cats

text: and

text: rats

text: The

text: game

text: is

text: designed

text: by

text: David

text: Rosen

text: Free and open-source software (FOSS) is computer software that can be classified as both free software and open-source software. That is, anyone is freely licensed to use, copy, study, and change the software in any way, and the source code is openly shared so that people are encouraged to voluntarily improve the design of the software. This is in contrast to proprietary software, where the software is under restrictive copyright and the source code is usually hidden from the users.

text: Free

text: and

text: open

text: source

text: software

text: FOSS

text: is

text: computer

text: software

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: as

text: both

text: free

text: software

text: and

text: open

text: source

text: software

text: That

text: is

text: anyone

text: is

text: freely

text: licensed

text: to

text: use

text: copy

text: study

text: and

text: change

text: the

text: software

text: in

text: any

text: way

text: and

text: the

text: source

text: code

text: is

text: openly

text: shared

text: so

text: that

text: people

text: are

text: encouraged

text: to

text: voluntarily

text: improve

text: the

text: design

text: of

text: the

text: software

text: This

text: is

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: proprietary

text: software

text: where

text: the

text: software

text: is

text: under

text: restrictive

text: copyright

text: and

text: the

text: source

text: code

text: is

text: usually

text: hidden

text: from

text: the

text: users

text: Linux (pronounced or, less frequently) is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. The Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system, which has led to some controversy.

text: Linux

text: pronounced

text: or

text: less

text: frequently

text: is

text: Unix

text: like

text: computer

text: operating

text: system

text: assembled

text: under

text: the

text: model

text: of

text: free

text: and

text: open

text: source

text: software

text: development

text: and

text: distribution

text: The

text: defining

text: component

text: of

text: Linux

text: is

text: the

text: Linux

text: kernel

text: an

text: operating

text: system

text: kernel

text: first

text: released

text: on

text: September

text: by

text: Linus

text: Torvalds

text: The

text: Free

text: Software

text: Foundation

text: uses

text: the

text: name

text: GNU

text: Linux

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: operating

text: system

text: which

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: some

text: controversy

text: The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support the free software movement, which promotes the universal freedom to study, distribute, create, and modify computer software, with the organization's preference for software being distributed under copyleft ("share alike") terms, such as with its own GNU General Public License. The FSF was incorporated in Massachusetts, USA, where it is also based.

text: The

text: Free

text: Software

text: Foundation

text: FSF

text: is

text: non

text: profit

text: organization

text: founded

text: by

text: Richard

text: Stallman

text: on

text: October

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: free

text: software

text: movement

text: which

text: promotes

text: the

text: universal

text: freedom

text: to

text: study

text: distribute

text: create

text: and

text: modify

text: computer

text: software

text: with

text: the

text: organization

text: 's

text: preference

text: for

text: software

text: being

text: distributed

text: under

text: copyleft

text: share

text: alike

text: terms

text: such

text: as

text: with

text: its

text: own

text: GNU

text: General

text: Public

text: License

text: The

text: FSF

text: was

text: incorporated

text: in

text: Massachusetts

text: USA

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: based

text:
GNU is an operating system
and an extensive collection of computer software. GNU is composed wholly of free software, most of which is licensed under the GNU Project's own GPL.

text: GNU

text: is

text: an

text: operating

text: system

text: and

text: an

text: extensive

text: collection

text: of

text: computer

text: software

text: GNU

text: is

text: composed

text: wholly

text: of

text: free

text: software

text: most

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: licensed

text: under

text: the

text: GNU

text: Project

text: 's

text: own

text: GPL

text: Open-source software (OSS) is computer software with its source code made available with a license in which the copyright holder provides the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose. Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative public manner. According to scientists who studied it, open-source software is a prominent example of open collaboration.

text: Open

text: source

text: software

text: OSS

text: is

text: computer

text: software

text: with

text: its

text: source

text: code

text: made

text: available

text: with

text: license

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: copyright

text: holder

text: provides

text: the

text: rights

text: to

text: study

text: change

text: and

text: distribute

text: the

text: software

text: to

text: anyone

text: and

text: for

text: any

text: purpose

text: Open

text: source

text: software

text: may

text: be

text: developed

text: in

text: collaborative

text: public

text: manner

text: According

text: to

text: scientists

text: who

text: studied

text: it

text: open

text: source

text: software

text: is

text: prominent

text: example

text: of

text: open

text: collaboration

text: Linus Benedict Torvalds (born December 28, 1969) is a Finnish software engineer who is the creator and, for a long time, principal developer, of the Linux kernel; which became the kernel for operating systems such as the Linux operating system, Android and Chrome OS. He also created the distributed revision control system Git and the diving logging and planning software Subsurface. He was honored, along with Shinya Yamanaka, with the 2012 Millennium Technology Prize by the Technology Academy Finland "in recognition of his creation of a new open source operating system for computers leading to the widely used Linux kernel". He is also the recipient of the 2014 IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award.

text: Linus

text: Benedict

text: Torvalds

text: born

text: December

text: is

text: Finnish

text: software

text: engineer

text: who

text: is

text: the

text: creator

text: and

text: for

text: long

text: time

text: principal

text: developer

text: of

text: the

text: Linux

text: kernel

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: kernel

text: for

text: operating

text: systems

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Linux

text: operating

text: system

text: Android

text: and

text: Chrome

text: OS

text: He

text: also

text: created

text: the

text: distributed

text: revision

text: control

text: system

text: Git

text: and

text: the

text: diving

text: logging

text: and

text: planning

text: software

text: Subsurface

text: He

text: was

text: honored

text: along

text: with

text: Shinya

text: Yamanaka

text: with

text: the

text: Millennium

text: Technology

text: Prize

text: by

text: the

text: Technology

text: Academy

text: Finland

text: in

text: recognition

text: of

text: his

text: creation

text: of

text: new

text: open

text: source

text: operating

text: system

text: for

text: computers

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: widely

text: used

text: Linux

text: kernel

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: recipient

text: of

text: the

text: IEEE

text: Computer

text: Society

text: Computer

text: Pioneer

text: Award

question: license overgrowth

answer: proprietary software

text: proprietary software