text: A Christian (or ) is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. "Christian" derives from the Koine Greek word "Christós" (), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term "mashiach".

text: Christian

text: or

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: follows

text: or

text: adheres

text: to

text: Christianity

text: an

text: Abrahamic

text: monotheistic

text: religion

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: life

text: and

text: teachings

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: Christian

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Koine

text: Greek

text: word

text: Christós

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: Biblical

text: Hebrew

text: term

text: mashiach

text: The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), Islamic State (IS), and by its Arabic language acronym Daesh ("dish"), is a Salafi jihadist unrecognised state and militant group that follows a fundamentalist, Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam. ISIL gained global notoriety in early 2014 when it drove Iraqi government forces out of key cities in its Western Iraq offensive, followed by its capture of Mosul and the Sinjar massacre. Its adoption of the name Islamic State and its idea of a caliphate have been widely criticised, with the United Nations, various governments, and mainstream Muslim groups rejecting its statehood.

text: The

text: Islamic

text: State

text: of

text: Iraq

text: and

text: the

text: Levant

text: ISIL

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Islamic

text: State

text: of

text: Iraq

text: and

text: Syria

text: ISIS

text: Islamic

text: State

text: IS

text: and

text: by

text: its

text: Arabic

text: language

text: acronym

text: Daesh

text: dish

text: is

text: Salafi

text: jihadist

text: unrecognised

text: state

text: and

text: militant

text: group

text: that

text: follows

text: fundamentalist

text: Wahhabi

text: doctrine

text: of

text: Sunni

text: Islam

text: ISIL

text: gained

text: global

text: notoriety

text: in

text: early

text: when

text: it

text: drove

text: Iraqi

text: government

text: forces

text: out

text: of

text: key

text: cities

text: in

text: its

text: Western

text: Iraq

text: offensive

text: followed

text: by

text: its

text: capture

text: of

text: Mosul

text: and

text: the

text: Sinjar

text: massacre

text: Its

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: Islamic

text: State

text: and

text: its

text: idea

text: of

text: caliphate

text: have

text: been

text: widely

text: criticised

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: various

text: governments

text: and

text: mainstream

text: Muslim

text: groups

text: rejecting

text: its

text: statehood

text: Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, and cultural landscapes. Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities. In North America, archaeology is considered a sub-field of anthropology, while in Europe archaeology is often viewed as either a discipline in its own right or a sub-field of other disciplines.

text: Archaeology

text: or

text: archeology

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: human

text: activity

text: through

text: the

text: recovery

text: and

text: analysis

text: of

text: material

text: culture

text: The

text: archaeological

text: record

text: consists

text: of

text: artifacts

text: architecture

text: biofacts

text: or

text: ecofacts

text: and

text: cultural

text: landscapes

text: Archaeology

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: both

text: social

text: science

text: and

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: humanities

text: In

text: North

text: America

text: archaeology

text: is

text: considered

text: sub

text: field

text: of

text: anthropology

text: while

text: in

text: Europe

text: archaeology

text: is

text: often

text: viewed

text: as

text: either

text: discipline

text: in

text: its

text: own

text: right

text: or

text: sub

text: field

text: of

text: other

text: disciplines

text: Jordan ('), officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ('), is an Arab kingdom in Western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the east and south, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north, Israel, Palestine and the Dead Sea to the west and the Red Sea in its extreme south-west. Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe. The capital, Amman, is Jordan's most populous city as well as the country's economic, political and cultural centre.

text: Jordan

text: officially

text: The

text: Hashemite

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Jordan

text: is

text: an

text: Arab

text: kingdom

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: on

text: the

text: East

text: Bank

text: of

text: the

text: Jordan

text: River

text: Jordan

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: Iraq

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Israel

text: Palestine

text: and

text: the

text: Dead

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: in

text: its

text: extreme

text: south

text: west

text: Jordan

text: is

text: strategically

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: crossroads

text: of

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: and

text: Europe

text: The

text: capital

text: Amman

text: is

text: Jordan

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: economic

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: centre

text: Mosul (', ') is a city in northern Iraq. Since October 2016 it has been the site of a military operation led by the Iraqi Government, under Haider al-Abadi, in an effort to dislodge and defeat militant forces. The city has been under the control of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant since June 2014, and no westerner has entered the city until the latest initiative. The Battle of Mosul, a military offensive to retake the city begun in October 2016, is the largest deployment of Iraqi forces since the 2003 invasion by U.S. and coalition forces.

text: Mosul

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: northern

text: Iraq

text: Since

text: October

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: military

text: operation

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: Iraqi

text: Government

text: under

text: Haider

text: al

text: Abadi

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: dislodge

text: and

text: defeat

text: militant

text: forces

text: The

text: city

text: has

text: been

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Islamic

text: State

text: of

text: Iraq

text: and

text: the

text: Levant

text: since

text: June

text: and

text: no

text: westerner

text: has

text: entered

text: the

text: city

text: until

text: the

text: latest

text: initiative

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Mosul

text: military

text: offensive

text: to

text: retake

text: the

text: city

text: begun

text: in

text: October

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: deployment

text: of

text: Iraqi

text: forces

text: since

text: the

text: invasion

text: by

text: U.S.

text: and

text: coalition

text: forces

text: Kuwait ('), officially the State of Kuwait ('), is a country in Western Asia. Situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, it shares borders with Iraq and Saudi Arabia. , Kuwait has a population of 4.2 million people; 1.3 million are Kuwaitis and 2.9 million are expatriates. Expatriates account for 70% of the population.

text: Kuwait

text: officially

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Kuwait

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: Situated

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: edge

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Arabia

text: at

text: the

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: it

text: shares

text: borders

text: with

text: Iraq

text: and

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: Kuwait

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: million

text: are

text: Kuwaitis

text: and

text: million

text: are

text: expatriates

text: Expatriates

text: account

text: for

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record. Sites may range from those with few or no remains visible above ground, to buildings and other structures still in use.

text: An

text: archaeological

text: site

text: is

text: place

text: or

text: group

text: of

text: physical

text: sites

text: in

text: which

text: evidence

text: of

text: past

text: activity

text: is

text: preserved

text: either

text: prehistoric

text: or

text: historic

text: or

text: contemporary

text: and

text: which

text: has

text: been

text: or

text: may

text: be

text: investigated

text: using

text: the

text: discipline

text: of

text: archaeology

text: and

text: represents

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: archaeological

text: record

text: Sites

text: may

text: range

text: from

text: those

text: with

text: few

text: or

text: no

text: remains

text: visible

text: above

text: ground

text: to

text: buildings

text: and

text: other

text: structures

text: still

text: in

text: use

text: Arabs are a people inhabiting the Arab world. They primarily live in the Arab states in Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and western Indian Ocean islands.

text: Arabs

text: are

text: people

text: inhabiting

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: They

text: primarily

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: states

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: North

text: Africa

text: the

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: western

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: islands

text: Baghdad is the capital of the Republic of Iraq. The population of Baghdad, , is approximately 7.216.040 making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab world (after Cairo, Egypt), and the second largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran, Iran).

text: Baghdad

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iraq

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: Baghdad

text: is

text: approximately

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Iraq

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: after

text: Cairo

text: Egypt

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: after

text: Tehran

text: Iran

text: Telul eth - Thalathat is an archaeological site located 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of Mosul and just east of Tal Afar in Nineveh Province ( Iraq ) .

text: Telul

text: eth

text: Thalathat

text: is

text: an

text: archaeological

text: site

text: located

text: miles

text: km

text: west

text: of

text: Mosul

text: and

text: just

text: east

text: of

text: Tal

text: Afar

text: in

text: Nineveh

text: Province

text: Iraq

text: Tal Afar, pronounced /ta.la.fer/ and also spelt Tal'Afar, Tall Afar, Tell Afar or Tel Afar, is a city and district in the Nineveh Governorate of northwestern Iraq, 63 km west of Mosul, 52 km east of Sinjar and 200 km north west of Kirkuk.

text: Tal

text: Afar

text: pronounced

text: /ta.la.fer/

text: and

text: also

text: spelt

text: Tal'Afar

text: Tall

text: Afar

text: Tell

text: Afar

text: or

text: Tel

text: Afar

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: district

text: in

text: the

text: Nineveh

text: Governorate

text: of

text: northwestern

text: Iraq

text: km

text: west

text: of

text: Mosul

text: km

text: east

text: of

text: Sinjar

text: and

text: km

text: north

text: west

text: of

text: Kirkuk

text: Nineveh Governorate is a governorate in northern Iraq that contains the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh. It was an integral part of Assyria from the 25th century BC to the 7th century AD, It has an area of and an estimated population of 2,453,000 people in 2003. Its chief city and provincial capital is Mosul, which lies across the Tigris river from the ruins of ancient Nineveh. Tal Afar is the second-biggest city. Before 1976, it was called Mosul Province and included the present-day Dohuk Governorate.

text: Nineveh

text: Governorate

text: is

text: governorate

text: in

text: northern

text: Iraq

text: that

text: contains

text: the

text: ancient

text: Assyrian

text: city

text: of

text: Nineveh

text: It

text: was

text: an

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: Assyria

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: people

text: in

text: Its

text: chief

text: city

text: and

text: provincial

text: capital

text: is

text: Mosul

text: which

text: lies

text: across

text: the

text: Tigris

text: river

text: from

text: the

text: ruins

text: of

text: ancient

text: Nineveh

text: Tal

text: Afar

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: biggest

text: city

text: Before

text: it

text: was

text: called

text: Mosul

text: Province

text: and

text: included

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: Dohuk

text: Governorate

text: Syria, officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (""), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. Syria's capital and largest city is Damascus.

text: Syria

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Syrian

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: bordering

text: Lebanon

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Turkey

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Iraq

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Jordan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Israel

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Syria

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Damascus

text: Kirkuk ('; ') is a city in the north of Iraq, north of Baghdad and south of Erbil. It is the capital of Kirkuk Governorate.

text: Kirkuk

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: Iraq

text: north

text: of

text: Baghdad

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: Erbil

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Kirkuk

text: Governorate

text: The Circassians (Circassian: , "Adygekher") are a Northwest Caucasian ethnic group native to Circassia, many of whom were displaced in the course of the Russian conquest of the Caucasus in the 19th century, especially after the RussianCircassian War in 1864. In its narrowest sense, the term "Circassian" includes the twelve Adyghe (Circassian: , "Adyge") tribes (three democratic and nine aristocratic), i.e. Abzakh, Besleney, Bzhedug, Hatuqwai, Kabardian, Mamkhegh, Natukhai, Shapsug, Temirgoy, Ubykh, Yegeruqwai, and Zhaney, each one represented by a star on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. However, due to Soviet administrative divisions, Circassians were also designated as the following: "Adygeans" (Adyghe in Adygea), "Cherkessians" (Adyghe in Karachay-Cherkessia), "Kabardians" (Adyghe in Kabardino-Balkaria), "Shapsugians" (Adyghe in Krasnodar Krai) although all the four are essentially the same people residing in different political units.

text: The

text: Circassians

text: Circassian

text: Adygekher

text: are

text: Northwest

text: Caucasian

text: ethnic

text: group

text: native

text: to

text: Circassia

text: many

text: of

text: whom

text: were

text: displaced

text: in

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: especially

text: after

text: the

text: RussianCircassian

text: War

text: in

text: In

text: its

text: narrowest

text: sense

text: the

text: term

text: Circassian

text: includes

text: the

text: twelve

text: Adyghe

text: Circassian

text: Adyge

text: tribes

text: three

text: democratic

text: and

text: nine

text: aristocratic

text: i.e.

text: Abzakh

text: Besleney

text: Bzhedug

text: Hatuqwai

text: Kabardian

text: Mamkhegh

text: Natukhai

text: Shapsug

text: Temirgoy

text: Ubykh

text: Yegeruqwai

text: and

text: Zhaney

text: each

text: one

text: represented

text: by

text: star

text: on

text: the

text: green

text: and

text: gold

text: Circassian

text: flag

text: However

text: due

text: to

text: Soviet

text: administrative

text: divisions

text: Circassians

text: were

text: also

text: designated

text: as

text: the

text: following

text: Adygeans

text: Adyghe

text: in

text: Adygea

text: Cherkessians

text: Adyghe

text: in

text: Karachay

text: Cherkessia

text: Kabardians

text: Adyghe

text: in

text: Kabardino

text: Balkaria

text: Shapsugians

text: Adyghe

text: in

text: Krasnodar

text: Krai

text: although

text: all

text: the

text: four

text: are

text: essentially

text: the

text: same

text: people

text: residing

text: in

text: different

text: political

text: units

text: Assyria was a major Mesopotamian East Semitic-speaking kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East. It existed as an independent state from perhaps as early as the 25th century BC in the form of the Assur city-state, until its lapse between 612 BC and 599 BC, spanning the Early to Middle Bronze Age through to the late Iron Age.

text: Assyria

text: was

text: major

text: Mesopotamian

text: East

text: Semitic

text: speaking

text: kingdom

text: and

text: empire

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: It

text: existed

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: state

text: from

text: perhaps

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: Assur

text: city

text: state

text: until

text: its

text: lapse

text: between

text: BC

text: and

text: BC

text: spanning

text: the

text: Early

text: to

text: Middle

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: through

text: to

text: the

text: late

text: Iron

text: Age

text: The Yazidis (also Yezidis, "Êzidî") are an ethnically Kurdish religious community or an ethno-religious group indigenous to northern Mesopotamia (see also Ezidkhan) who are strictly endogamous. Their religion, "Yazidism" is linked to ancient Mesopotamian religions and combines aspects of Zoroastrianism, Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Yazidis who marry non-Yazidis are automatically considered to be converted to the religion of their spouse and therefore are not permitted to call themselves Yazidis. They live primarily in the Nineveh Province of Iraq. Additional communities in Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, Iran, and Syria have been in decline since the 1990s as a result of significant migration to Europe, especially to Germany. The Yazidis' cultural practices are observably Kurdish, and almost all speak Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish). The Soviet Union considered the Yazidis to be Kurds, as does Sharaf Khan Bidlisi's "Sheref-nameh" of 1597, which cites seven of the Kurdish tribes as being at least partly Yazidi, and Kurdish tribal confederations as containing substantial Yazidi sections.

text: The

text: Yazidis

text: also

text: Yezidis

text: Êzidî

text: are

text: an

text: ethnically

text: Kurdish

text: religious

text: community

text: or

text: an

text: ethno

text: religious

text: group

text: indigenous

text: to

text: northern

text: Mesopotamia

text: see

text: also

text: Ezidkhan

text: who

text: are

text: strictly

text: endogamous

text: Their

text: religion

text: Yazidism

text: is

text: linked

text: to

text: ancient

text: Mesopotamian

text: religions

text: and

text: combines

text: aspects

text: of

text: Zoroastrianism

text: Islam

text: Christianity

text: and

text: Judaism

text: Yazidis

text: who

text: marry

text: non

text: Yazidis

text: are

text: automatically

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: converted

text: to

text: the

text: religion

text: of

text: their

text: spouse

text: and

text: therefore

text: are

text: not

text: permitted

text: to

text: call

text: themselves

text: Yazidis

text: They

text: live

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: Nineveh

text: Province

text: of

text: Iraq

text: Additional

text: communities

text: in

text: Armenia

text: Georgia

text: Turkey

text: Iran

text: and

text: Syria

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: decline

text: since

text: the

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: significant

text: migration

text: to

text: Europe

text: especially

text: to

text: Germany

text: The

text: Yazidis

text: cultural

text: practices

text: are

text: observably

text: Kurdish

text: and

text: almost

text: all

text: speak

text: Kurmanji

text: Northern

text: Kurdish

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: considered

text: the

text: Yazidis

text: to

text: be

text: Kurds

text: as

text: does

text: Sharaf

text: Khan

text: Bidlisi

text: 's

text: Sheref

text: nameh

text: of

text: which

text: cites

text: seven

text: of

text: the

text: Kurdish

text: tribes

text: as

text: being

text: at

text: least

text: partly

text: Yazidi

text: and

text: Kurdish

text: tribal

text: confederations

text: as

text: containing

text: substantial

text: Yazidi

text: sections

text: Arabic (' or ' ) is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the "lingua franca" of the Arab world. Arabic also is a liturgical language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six official languages of the United Nations. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, and from northwestern Arabia to the Sinai in the south.

text: Arabic

text: or

text: is

text: Central

text: Semitic

text: language

text: that

text: was

text: first

text: spoken

text: in

text: Iron

text: Age

text: northwestern

text: Arabia

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: the

text: lingua

text: franca

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: Arabic

text: also

text: is

text: liturgical

text: language

text: of

text: billion

text: Muslims

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: six

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Arabs

text: term

text: initially

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: peoples

text: living

text: from

text: Mesopotamia

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: to

text: the

text: Anti

text: Lebanon

text: mountains

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: from

text: northwestern

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: Sinai

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: Haider Jawad Kadhim Al-Abadi (or al-'Ibadi born 25 April 1952) is an Iraqi politician who has been Prime Minister of Iraq since September 2014. Previously he served as Minister of Communication from 2003 to 2004, in the first government after Saddam Hussein.

text: Haider

text: Jawad

text: Kadhim

text: Al

text: Abadi

text: or

text: al-'Ibadi

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: an

text: Iraqi

text: politician

text: who

text: has

text: been

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: Iraq

text: since

text: September

text: Previously

text: he

text: served

text: as

text: Minister

text: of

text: Communication

text: from

text: to

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: government

text: after

text: Saddam

text: Hussein

text: Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: ), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Greece to the west; Bulgaria to the northwest; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the south. The Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia. Turkey's location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history.

text: Turkey

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Turkey

text: Turkish

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: mainly

text: in

text: Anatolia

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: with

text: smaller

text: portion

text: on

text: the

text: Balkan

text: peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Europe

text: Turkey

text: is

text: democratic

text: secular

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: with

text: diverse

text: cultural

text: heritage

text: Turkey

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: eight

text: countries

text: Greece

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Bulgaria

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Georgia

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Armenia

text: the

text: Azerbaijani

text: exclave

text: of

text: Nakhchivan

text: and

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Iraq

text: and

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: Aegean

text: Sea

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: Bosphorus

text: the

text: Sea

text: of

text: Marmara

text: and

text: the

text: Dardanelles

text: which

text: together

text: form

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: divide

text: Thrace

text: and

text: Anatolia

text: they

text: also

text: separate

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: Turkey

text: 's

text: location

text: has

text: given

text: it

text: geopolitical

text: and

text: strategic

text: importance

text: throughout

text: history

text: The archaeological record is the body of physical (not written) evidence about the past. It is one of the core concepts in archaeology, the academic discipline concerned with documenting and interpreting the archaeological record. Archaeological theory is used to interpret the archaeological record for a better understanding of human cultures. The archaeological record can consist of the earliest ancient findings as well as contemporary artifacts. Human activity has had a large impact on the archaeological record. Destructive human processes, such as agriculture and land development, may damage or destroy potential archaeological sites. Other threats to the archaeological record include natural phenomena and scavenging. Archaeology can be a destructive science for the finite resources of the archaeological record are lost to excavation. Therefore archaeologists limit the amount of excavation that they do at each site and keep meticulous records of what is found. The archaeological record is the record of human history, of why civilizations prosper or fail and why cultures change and grow. It is the story of the world that humans have created.

text: The

text: archaeological

text: record

text: is

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: physical

text: not

text: written

text: evidence

text: about

text: the

text: past

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: core

text: concepts

text: in

text: archaeology

text: the

text: academic

text: discipline

text: concerned

text: with

text: documenting

text: and

text: interpreting

text: the

text: archaeological

text: record

text: Archaeological

text: theory

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: interpret

text: the

text: archaeological

text: record

text: for

text: better

text: understanding

text: of

text: human

text: cultures

text: The

text: archaeological

text: record

text: can

text: consist

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: ancient

text: findings

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: contemporary

text: artifacts

text: Human

text: activity

text: has

text: had

text: large

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: archaeological

text: record

text: Destructive

text: human

text: processes

text: such

text: as

text: agriculture

text: and

text: land

text: development

text: may

text: damage

text: or

text: destroy

text: potential

text: archaeological

text: sites

text: Other

text: threats

text: to

text: the

text: archaeological

text: record

text: include

text: natural

text: phenomena

text: and

text: scavenging

text: Archaeology

text: can

text: be

text: destructive

text: science

text: for

text: the

text: finite

text: resources

text: of

text: the

text: archaeological

text: record

text: are

text: lost

text: to

text: excavation

text: Therefore

text: archaeologists

text: limit

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: excavation

text: that

text: they

text: do

text: at

text: each

text: site

text: and

text: keep

text: meticulous

text: records

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: found

text: The

text: archaeological

text: record

text: is

text: the

text: record

text: of

text: human

text: history

text: of

text: why

text: civilizations

text: prosper

text: or

text: fail

text: and

text: why

text: cultures

text: change

text: and

text: grow

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: story

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: that

text: humans

text: have

text: created

text: Iran (, also , ; ' ), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (' ), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the "de facto" Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; to the north by the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of , it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country. It is the only country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, make it of great geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic center.

text: Iran

text: also

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Persia

text: officially

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iran

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: by

text: Armenia

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: Nagorno

text: Karabakh

text: Republic

text: and

text: Azerbaijan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: by

text: Turkmenistan

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Oman

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Turkey

text: and

text: Iraq

text: Comprising

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Iran

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: with

text: both

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: and

text: an

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: coastline

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: central

text: location

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: and

text: Western

text: Asia

text: and

text: its

text: proximity

text: to

text: the

text: Strait

text: of

text: Hormuz

text: make

text: it

text: of

text: great

text: geostrategic

text: importance

text: Tehran

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: leading

text: economic

text: center

text: Iraq (, or ; '; '), officially known as the Republic of Iraq ('; ') is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds; others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's 36 million citizens are Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish.

text: Iraq

text: or

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iraq

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: bordered

text: by

text: Turkey

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Kuwait

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Jordan

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Baghdad

text: The

text: main

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: are

text: Arabs

text: and

text: Kurds

text: others

text: include

text: Assyrians

text: Turkmen

text: Shabakis

text: Yazidis

text: Armenians

text: Mandeans

text: Circassians

text: and

text: Kawliya

text: Around

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: million

text: citizens

text: are

text: Muslims

text: with

text: Christianity

text: Yarsan

text: Yezidism

text: and

text: Mandeanism

text: also

text: present

text: The

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: Iraq

text: are

text: Arabic

text: and

text: Kurdish

text: Sinjar, also known as Shingal is a town in Shingal District, Nineveh Province, Iraq near Mount Shingal. The town is inhabited mainly by Yazidis, with a Muslim Kurdish minority. Its population in 2013 was estimated at 88,023.

text: Sinjar

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Shingal

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: Shingal

text: District

text: Nineveh

text: Province

text: Iraq

text: near

text: Mount

text: Shingal

text: The

text: town

text: is

text: inhabited

text: mainly

text: by

text: Yazidis

text: with

text: Muslim

text: Kurdish

text: minority

text: Its

text: population

text: in

text: was

text: estimated

text: at

text: Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the world's largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, known as Christians. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah (the Christ) was prophesied in the Old Testament.

text: Christianity

text: is

text: monotheistic

text: religion

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: life

text: and

text: teachings

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: who

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: focal

text: point

text: for

text: the

text: religion

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: religion

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: followers

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: population

text: known

text: as

text: Christians

text: Christians

text: believe

text: that

text: Jesus

text: is

text: the

text: Son

text: of

text: God

text: and

text: the

text: savior

text: of

text: humanity

text: whose

text: coming

text: as

text: the

text: Messiah

text: the

text: Christ

text: was

text: prophesied

text: in

text: the

text: Old

text: Testament

text: The Kurds () also the Kurdish people are an ethnic group in the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a contiguous area spanning adjacent parts of eastern and southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), western Iran (Eastern or Iranian Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern or Iraqi Kurdistan), and northern Syria (Western Kurdistan or Rojava). The Kurds are culturally and linguistically closely related to the Iranian peoples and, as a result, are often themselves classified as an Iranian people.

text: The

text: Kurds

text: also

text: the

text: Kurdish

text: people

text: are

text: an

text: ethnic

text: group

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: mostly

text: inhabiting

text: contiguous

text: area

text: spanning

text: adjacent

text: parts

text: of

text: eastern

text: and

text: southeastern

text: Turkey

text: Northern

text: Kurdistan

text: western

text: Iran

text: Eastern

text: or

text: Iranian

text: Kurdistan

text: northern

text: Iraq

text: Southern

text: or

text: Iraqi

text: Kurdistan

text: and

text: northern

text: Syria

text: Western

text: Kurdistan

text: or

text: Rojava

text: The

text: Kurds

text: are

text: culturally

text: and

text: linguistically

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Iranian

text: peoples

text: and

text: as

text: result

text: are

text: often

text: themselves

text: classified

text: as

text: an

text: Iranian

text: people

text: Saudi Arabia, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is an Arab sovereign state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula. With a land area of approximately , Saudi Arabia is geographically the fifth-largest state in Asia and second-largest state in the Arab world after Algeria. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen to the south. It is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba. It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert or barren landforms.

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: KSA

text: is

text: an

text: Arab

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: constituting

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Peninsula

text: With

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: is

text: geographically

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: Asia

text: and

text: second

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: after

text: Algeria

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Jordan

text: and

text: Iraq

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Kuwait

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Qatar

text: Bahrain

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Arab

text: Emirates

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Oman

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: Yemen

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Israel

text: and

text: Egypt

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: nation

text: with

text: both

text: Red

text: Sea

text: coast

text: and

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: coast

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: terrain

text: consists

text: of

text: arid

text: desert

text: or

text: barren

text: landforms

text: Western Asia, West Asia, Southwestern Asia or Southwest Asia is the westernmost subregion of Asia. The concept is in limited use, as it significantly overlaps with the Middle East (or Near East), the main difference being the exclusion of Egypt (which would be counted as part of North Africa). The term is sometimes used for the purposes of grouping countries in statistics.

text: Western

text: Asia

text: West

text: Asia

text: Southwestern

text: Asia

text: or

text: Southwest

text: Asia

text: is

text: the

text: westernmost

text: subregion

text: of

text: Asia

text: The

text: concept

text: is

text: in

text: limited

text: use

text: as

text: it

text: significantly

text: overlaps

text: with

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: or

text: Near

text: East

text: the

text: main

text: difference

text: being

text: the

text: exclusion

text: of

text: Egypt

text: which

text: would

text: be

text: counted

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: purposes

text: of

text: grouping

text: countries

text: in

text: statistics

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity telul eth-thalathat

answer: nineveh governorate

text: nineveh governorate

text: nineveh governorate


text: Clowns are comic performers who employ slapstick or similar types of physical comedy, often in a mime style.

text: Clowns

text: are

text: comic

text: performers

text: who

text: employ

text: slapstick

text: or

text: similar

text: types

text: of

text: physical

text: comedy

text: often

text: in

text: mime

text: style

text: Philip Astley (8 January 1742  27 January 1814) was an English equestrian, circus owner, and inventor, regarded as being the "father of the modern circus". The circus industry, as a presenter of an integrated entertainment experience that includes music, domesticated animals, acrobats, and clowns, traces its heritage to Astley's Amphitheatre, a riding school that Astley founded in London following the success of his invention of the circus ring in 1768.

text: Philip

text: Astley

text: January

text: January

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: equestrian

text: circus

text: owner

text: and

text: inventor

text: regarded

text: as

text: being

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: circus

text: The

text: circus

text: industry

text: as

text: presenter

text: of

text: an

text: integrated

text: entertainment

text: experience

text: that

text: includes

text: music

text: domesticated

text: animals

text: acrobats

text: and

text: clowns

text: traces

text: its

text: heritage

text: to

text: Astley

text: 's

text: Amphitheatre

text: riding

text: school

text: that

text: Astley

text: founded

text: in

text: London

text: following

text: the

text: success

text: of

text: his

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: circus

text: ring

text: in

text: Object manipulation is a form of dexterity play or performance in which one or more people physically interact with one or more objects. Many object manipulation skills are recognised circus skills. Other object manipulation skills are linked to sport, magic, and everyday objects or practices. Many object manipulation skills use special props made for that purpose: examples include the varied circus props such as balls, clubs, hoops, rings, poi, staff, and devil sticks; magic props such as cards and coins; sports equipment such as nunchaku and footballs. Any other object can also be used for manipulation skills. Object manipulation with ordinary items may be considered to be object manipulation when the object is used out of its socially acknowledged context and used differently from its original purpose.

text: Object

text: manipulation

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: dexterity

text: play

text: or

text: performance

text: in

text: which

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: people

text: physically

text: interact

text: with

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: objects

text: Many

text: object

text: manipulation

text: skills

text: are

text: recognised

text: circus

text: skills

text: Other

text: object

text: manipulation

text: skills

text: are

text: linked

text: to

text: sport

text: magic

text: and

text: everyday

text: objects

text: or

text: practices

text: Many

text: object

text: manipulation

text: skills

text: use

text: special

text: props

text: made

text: for

text: that

text: purpose

text: examples

text: include

text: the

text: varied

text: circus

text: props

text: such

text: as

text: balls

text: clubs

text: hoops

text: rings

text: poi

text: staff

text: and

text: devil

text: sticks

text: magic

text: props

text: such

text: as

text: cards

text: and

text: coins

text: sports

text: equipment

text: such

text: as

text: nunchaku

text: and

text: footballs

text: Any

text: other

text: object

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: manipulation

text: skills

text: Object

text: manipulation

text: with

text: ordinary

text: items

text: may

text: be

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: object

text: manipulation

text: when

text: the

text: object

text: is

text: used

text: out

text: of

text: its

text: socially

text: acknowledged

text: context

text: and

text: used

text: differently

text: from

text: its

text: original

text: purpose

text: A trapeze is a short horizontal bar hung by ropes or metal straps from a support. It is an aerial apparatus commonly found in circus performances. Trapeze acts may be static, spinning (rigged from a single point), swinging or flying, and may be performed solo, double, triple or as a group act. It is officially the last performance of the circus.

text: trapeze

text: is

text: short

text: horizontal

text: bar

text: hung

text: by

text: ropes

text: or

text: metal

text: straps

text: from

text: support

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: aerial

text: apparatus

text: commonly

text: found

text: in

text: circus

text: performances

text: Trapeze

text: acts

text: may

text: be

text: static

text: spinning

text: rigged

text: from

text: single

text: point

text: swinging

text: or

text: flying

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: performed

text: solo

text: double

text: triple

text: or

text: as

text: group

text: act

text: It

text: is

text: officially

text: the

text: last

text: performance

text: of

text: the

text: circus

text: A circus is a company of performers that may include clowns, acrobats, trained animals, trapeze acts, musicians, hoopers, tightrope walkers, jugglers, unicyclists, as well as other object manipulation and stunt-oriented artists. The term 'circus' also describes the performance which has followed various formats through its 250-year modern history. Philip Astley is credited with being the 'father' of the modern circus when he opened the first circus in 1768 in England. Early circuses were almost exclusively demonstrations of equestrian skills with a few other types of acts to link the horsemanship performances. Performances developed significantly through the next fifty years, with large scale theatrical battle reenactments becoming a significant feature. The 'traditional' format, whereby a ringmaster introduces a varied selection of acts that mostly perform choreographed acts to traditional music, developed in the latter part of 19th century and continued almost universally to be the main style of circus up until the 1970s.

text: circus

text: is

text: company

text: of

text: performers

text: that

text: may

text: include

text: clowns

text: acrobats

text: trained

text: animals

text: trapeze

text: acts

text: musicians

text: hoopers

text: tightrope

text: walkers

text: jugglers

text: unicyclists

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: object

text: manipulation

text: and

text: stunt

text: oriented

text: artists

text: The

text: term

text: circus

text: also

text: describes

text: the

text: performance

text: which

text: has

text: followed

text: various

text: formats

text: through

text: its

text: modern

text: history

text: Philip

text: Astley

text: is

text: credited

text: with

text: being

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: circus

text: when

text: he

text: opened

text: the

text: first

text: circus

text: in

text: in

text: England

text: Early

text: circuses

text: were

text: almost

text: exclusively

text: demonstrations

text: of

text: equestrian

text: skills

text: with

text: few

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: acts

text: to

text: link

text: the

text: horsemanship

text: performances

text: Performances

text: developed

text: significantly

text: through

text: the

text: next

text: fifty

text: years

text: with

text: large

text: scale

text: theatrical

text: battle

text: reenactments

text: becoming

text: significant

text: feature

text: The

text: traditional

text: format

text: whereby

text: ringmaster

text: introduces

text: varied

text: selection

text: of

text: acts

text: that

text: mostly

text: perform

text: choreographed

text: acts

text: to

text: traditional

text: music

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: latter

text: part

text: of

text: century

text: and

text: continued

text: almost

text: universally

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: main

text: style

text: of

text: circus

text: up

text: until

text: the

text: H.O.R.S.E. is a form of poker commonly played at the high-stakes tables of casinos. It consists of rounds of play cycling among:

text: H.O.R.S.E.

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: poker

text: commonly

text: played

text: at

text: the

text: high

text: stakes

text: tables

text: of

text: casinos

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: rounds

text: of

text: play

text: cycling

text: among

text: Straps , also known as aerial straps , are a type of aerial apparatus on which various feats of strength and flexibility may be performed , often in the context of a circus performance . It is a cotton or nylon web apparatus that looks like two suspended ribbons . By wrapping the strap ends around hands and wrists , the performer performs holds , twists , rolls and manoeuvres , requiring extreme strength and precision similar men 's rings in gymnastics . Straps are available in various configurations , including those with various types of loops at the ends and those without loops . A straps act usually includes held poses and postures done on the straps , dance moves performed on the floor away from the straps , partner acrobatics done on and off the straps , as well as having the straps pulled up and let down during the act .

text: Straps

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: aerial

text: straps

text: are

text: type

text: of

text: aerial

text: apparatus

text: on

text: which

text: various

text: feats

text: of

text: strength

text: and

text: flexibility

text: may

text: be

text: performed

text: often

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: circus

text: performance

text: It

text: is

text: cotton

text: or

text: nylon

text: web

text: apparatus

text: that

text: looks

text: like

text: two

text: suspended

text: ribbons

text: By

text: wrapping

text: the

text: strap

text: ends

text: around

text: hands

text: and

text: wrists

text: the

text: performer

text: performs

text: holds

text: twists

text: rolls

text: and

text: manoeuvres

text: requiring

text: extreme

text: strength

text: and

text: precision

text: similar

text: men

text: 's

text: rings

text: in

text: gymnastics

text: Straps

text: are

text: available

text: in

text: various

text: configurations

text: including

text: those

text: with

text: various

text: types

text: of

text: loops

text: at

text: the

text: ends

text: and

text: those

text: without

text: loops

text: straps

text: act

text: usually

text: includes

text: held

text: poses

text: and

text: postures

text: done

text: on

text: the

text: straps

text: dance

text: moves

text: performed

text: on

text: the

text: floor

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: straps

text: partner

text: acrobatics

text: done

text: on

text: and

text: off

text: the

text: straps

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: having

text: the

text: straps

text: pulled

text: up

text: and

text: let

text: down

text: during

text: the

text: act

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

question: subclass_of aerial straps

answer: circus skills

text: circus skills


text: The Bollandists are an association of scholars , philologists , and historians ( originally all Jesuits , but now including non-Jesuits ) who since the early seventeenth century have studied hagiography and the cult of the saints in Christianity . Their most important publication has been the Acta Sanctorum ( The Lives of the Saints ) . They are named after Jean Bolland or Bollandus ( 1596 -- 1665 ) .

text: The

text: Bollandists

text: are

text: an

text: association

text: of

text: scholars

text: philologists

text: and

text: historians

text: originally

text: all

text: Jesuits

text: but

text: now

text: including

text: non

text: Jesuits

text: who

text: since

text: the

text: early

text: seventeenth

text: century

text: have

text: studied

text: hagiography

text: and

text: the

text: cult

text: of

text: the

text: saints

text: in

text: Christianity

text: Their

text: most

text: important

text: publication

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: Acta

text: Sanctorum

text: The

text: Lives

text: of

text: the

text: Saints

text: They

text: are

text: named

text: after

text: Jean

text: Bolland

text: or

text: Bollandus

text: Heribert Rosweyde (20 January 1569, Utrecht  5 October 1629, Antwerp) was a Jesuit hagiographer. His work, quite unfinished, was taken up by Jean Bolland who systematized it, while broadening its perspective. This is the beginning of the association of the Bollandists.

text: Heribert

text: Rosweyde

text: January

text: Utrecht

text: October

text: Antwerp

text: was

text: Jesuit

text: hagiographer

text: His

text: work

text: quite

text: unfinished

text: was

text: taken

text: up

text: by

text: Jean

text: Bolland

text: who

text: systematized

text: it

text: while

text: broadening

text: its

text: perspective

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: association

text: of

text: the

text: Bollandists

text: A saint, also historically known as a hallow, is a term used for a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness or likeness to God. Depending on the context and denomination, the term also retains its original Christian meaning, as any believer who is "in Christ" and in whom Christ dwells, whether in Heaven or on Earth. In Anglican, Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran, and Oriental Orthodox doctrine, all of their faithful deceased in Heaven are considered to be saints, but some are considered worthy of greater honor or emulation; official ecclesiastical recognition, and consequently veneration, is given to some saints through the process of canonization in the Catholic Church or glorification in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

text: saint

text: also

text: historically

text: known

text: as

text: hallow

text: is

text: term

text: used

text: for

text: person

text: who

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: having

text: an

text: exceptional

text: degree

text: of

text: holiness

text: or

text: likeness

text: to

text: God

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: context

text: and

text: denomination

text: the

text: term

text: also

text: retains

text: its

text: original

text: Christian

text: meaning

text: as

text: any

text: believer

text: who

text: is

text: in

text: Christ

text: and

text: in

text: whom

text: Christ

text: dwells

text: whether

text: in

text: Heaven

text: or

text: on

text: Earth

text: In

text: Anglican

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Lutheran

text: and

text: Oriental

text: Orthodox

text: doctrine

text: all

text: of

text: their

text: faithful

text: deceased

text: in

text: Heaven

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: saints

text: but

text: some

text: are

text: considered

text: worthy

text: of

text: greater

text: honor

text: or

text: emulation

text: official

text: ecclesiastical

text: recognition

text: and

text: consequently

text: veneration

text: is

text: given

text: to

text: some

text: saints

text: through

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: canonization

text: in

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: or

text: glorification

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: Jean Bolland (18 August 1596  12 September 1665) was a Jesuit priest and prominent Flemish hagiographer.

text: Jean

text: Bolland

text: August

text: September

text: was

text: Jesuit

text: priest

text: and

text: prominent

text: Flemish

text: hagiographer

text: Acta Sanctorum ("Acts of the Saints") is an encyclopedic text in 68 folio volumes of documents examining the lives of Christian saints, in essence a critical hagiography, which is organised according to each saint's feast day. The project was conceived and begun by Jesuit Heribert Rosweyde. After his death in 1629, the Jesuit scholar Jean Bolland ('Bollandus', 15961665) continued the work, which was gradually finished over the centuries by the Bollandists, who continue to edit and publish the "Acta Sanctorum".

text: Acta

text: Sanctorum

text: Acts

text: of

text: the

text: Saints

text: is

text: an

text: encyclopedic

text: text

text: in

text: folio

text: volumes

text: of

text: documents

text: examining

text: the

text: lives

text: of

text: Christian

text: saints

text: in

text: essence

text: critical

text: hagiography

text: which

text: is

text: organised

text: according

text: to

text: each

text: saint

text: 's

text: feast

text: day

text: The

text: project

text: was

text: conceived

text: and

text: begun

text: by

text: Jesuit

text: Heribert

text: Rosweyde

text: After

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: the

text: Jesuit

text: scholar

text: Jean

text: Bolland

text: Bollandus

text: continued

text: the

text: work

text: which

text: was

text: gradually

text: finished

text: over

text: the

text: centuries

text: by

text: the

text: Bollandists

text: who

text: continue

text: to

text: edit

text: and

text: publish

text: the

text: Acta

text: Sanctorum

annotations: likely multiple

question: subclass_of bollandist

answer: hagiographer

text: hagiographer

text: hagiographer


text: Trilobites (meaning "three lobes") are a fossil group of extinct marine arthropods that form the class Trilobita. Trilobites form one of the earliest known groups of arthropods. The first appearance of trilobites in the fossil record defines the base of the Atdabanian stage of the Early Cambrian period, and they flourished throughout the lower Paleozoic era before beginning a drawn-out decline to extinction when, during the Devonian, all trilobite orders except the Proetids died out. Trilobites finally disappeared in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian about . The trilobites were among the most successful of all early animals, roaming the oceans for over 270 million years.

text: Trilobites

text: meaning

text: three

text: lobes

text: are

text: fossil

text: group

text: of

text: extinct

text: marine

text: arthropods

text: that

text: form

text: the

text: class

text: Trilobita

text: Trilobites

text: form

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: known

text: groups

text: of

text: arthropods

text: The

text: first

text: appearance

text: of

text: trilobites

text: in

text: the

text: fossil

text: record

text: defines

text: the

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: Atdabanian

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: Early

text: Cambrian

text: period

text: and

text: they

text: flourished

text: throughout

text: the

text: lower

text: Paleozoic

text: era

text: before

text: beginning

text: drawn

text: out

text: decline

text: to

text: extinction

text: when

text: during

text: the

text: Devonian

text: all

text: trilobite

text: orders

text: except

text: the

text: Proetids

text: died

text: out

text: Trilobites

text: finally

text: disappeared

text: in

text: the

text: mass

text: extinction

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Permian

text: about

text: The

text: trilobites

text: were

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: of

text: all

text: early

text: animals

text: roaming

text: the

text: oceans

text: for

text: over

text: million

text: years

text: The Cambrian Period (or ) was the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, of the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cambrian lasted 55.6 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran Period 541 million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Ordovician Period mya. Its subdivisions, and its base, are somewhat in flux. The period was established (as Cambrian series) by Adam Sedgwick, who named it after Cambria, the Latinised form of "Cymru", the Welsh name for Wales, where Britain's Cambrian rocks are best exposed. The Cambrian is unique in its unusually high proportion of lagerstätte sedimentary deposits, sites of exceptional preservation where "soft" parts of organisms are preserved as well as their more resistant shells. As a result, our understanding of the Cambrian biology surpasses that of some later periods.

text: The

text: Cambrian

text: Period

text: or

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: geological

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Paleozoic

text: Era

text: of

text: the

text: Phanerozoic

text: Eon

text: The

text: Cambrian

text: lasted

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: preceding

text: Ediacaran

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Ordovician

text: Period

text: mya

text: Its

text: subdivisions

text: and

text: its

text: base

text: are

text: somewhat

text: in

text: flux

text: The

text: period

text: was

text: established

text: as

text: Cambrian

text: series

text: by

text: Adam

text: Sedgwick

text: who

text: named

text: it

text: after

text: Cambria

text: the

text: Latinised

text: form

text: of

text: Cymru

text: the

text: Welsh

text: name

text: for

text: Wales

text: where

text: Britain

text: 's

text: Cambrian

text: rocks

text: are

text: best

text: exposed

text: The

text: Cambrian

text: is

text: unique

text: in

text: its

text: unusually

text: high

text: proportion

text: of

text: lagerstätte

text: sedimentary

text: deposits

text: sites

text: of

text: exceptional

text: preservation

text: where

text: soft

text: parts

text: of

text: organisms

text: are

text: preserved

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: their

text: more

text: resistant

text: shells

text: As

text: result

text: our

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: Cambrian

text: biology

text: surpasses

text: that

text: of

text: some

text: later

text: periods

text: Phacopidae is a family of phacophid trilobites that ranges from the Lower Ordovician to the Upper Devonian, with representatives in all paleocontinents.

text: Phacopidae

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: phacophid

text: trilobites

text: that

text: ranges

text: from

text: the

text: Lower

text: Ordovician

text: to

text: the

text: Upper

text: Devonian

text: with

text: representatives

text: in

text: all

text: paleocontinents

text: Phacopida ("Lens-face") is an order of trilobite that lived from the Late Cambrian to the Late Devonian. It is made up of a morphologically diverse group of related suborders.

text: Phacopida

text: Lens

text: face

text: is

text: an

text: order

text: of

text: trilobite

text: that

text: lived

text: from

text: the

text: Late

text: Cambrian

text: to

text: the

text: Late

text: Devonian

text: It

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: morphologically

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: related

text: suborders

text: Paciphacops is a genus of trilobites from the order Phacopida , suborder Phacopina . This genus is easily mistaken for the more common and popular genus Phacops and Kainops . It takes a careful eye to spot the difference . One major difference between Paciphacops and Phacops is that the central raised area ( or glabella ) of the headshield ( or cephalon ) extends beyond its anterior margin . The difference between Paciphacops and Kainops is that Kainops has more eye facets than Paciphacops . The skin ( or sclera ) is thickened and bulges compared to the edge of each lens . This genus can be found primarily in the United States and Australia . Some Known Species and Locations . Paciphacops birdsongensis , Tennessee . Paciphacops campbelli , Oklahoma . Paciphacops claviger , Nevada . Paciphacops logani , Oklahoma . Paciphacops crosslei , Australia . Paciphacops latigenalis , Australia .

text: Paciphacops

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: trilobites

text: from

text: the

text: order

text: Phacopida

text: suborder

text: Phacopina

text: This

text: genus

text: is

text: easily

text: mistaken

text: for

text: the

text: more

text: common

text: and

text: popular

text: genus

text: Phacops

text: and

text: Kainops

text: It

text: takes

text: careful

text: eye

text: to

text: spot

text: the

text: difference

text: One

text: major

text: difference

text: between

text: Paciphacops

text: and

text: Phacops

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: central

text: raised

text: area

text: or

text: glabella

text: of

text: the

text: headshield

text: or

text: cephalon

text: extends

text: beyond

text: its

text: anterior

text: margin

text: The

text: difference

text: between

text: Paciphacops

text: and

text: Kainops

text: is

text: that

text: Kainops

text: has

text: more

text: eye

text: facets

text: than

text: Paciphacops

text: The

text: skin

text: or

text: sclera

text: is

text: thickened

text: and

text: bulges

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: each

text: lens

text: This

text: genus

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Australia

text: Some

text: Known

text: Species

text: and

text: Locations

text: Paciphacops

text: birdsongensis

text: Tennessee

text: Paciphacops

text: campbelli

text: Oklahoma

text: Paciphacops

text: claviger

text: Nevada

text: Paciphacops

text: logani

text: Oklahoma

text: Paciphacops

text: crosslei

text: Australia

text: Paciphacops

text: latigenalis

text: Australia

text: Phacops is a genus of trilobite in the order Phacopida, family Phacopidae, that lived in Europe, northwestern Africa, North America and China from the early until the very end of the Devonian. It was a rounded animal, with a globose head and large eyes, and probably fed on detritus. "Phacops" is often found rolled up, a biological defense mechanism that is widespread among smaller trilobites but further perfected in this genus.

text: Phacops

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: trilobite

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: Phacopida

text: family

text: Phacopidae

text: that

text: lived

text: in

text: Europe

text: northwestern

text: Africa

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: China

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: until

text: the

text: very

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Devonian

text: It

text: was

text: rounded

text: animal

text: with

text: globose

text: head

text: and

text: large

text: eyes

text: and

text: probably

text: fed

text: on

text: detritus

text: Phacops

text: is

text: often

text: found

text: rolled

text: up

text: biological

text: defense

text: mechanism

text: that

text: is

text: widespread

text: among

text: smaller

text: trilobites

text: but

text: further

text: perfected

text: in

text: this

text: genus

text:
The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic, spanning 60 million years from the end of the Silurian, million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, Mya. It is named after Devon, England, where rocks from this period were first studied.
The first significant adaptive radiation of life on dry land occurred during the Devonian. Free-sporing vascular plants began to spread across dry land, forming extensive forests which covered the continents. By the middle of the Devonian, several groups of plants had evolved leaves and true roots, and by the end of the period the first seed-bearing plants appeared. Various terrestrial arthropods also became well-established. Fish reached substantial diversity during this time, leading the Devonian to often be dubbed the "Age of Fish". The first ray-finned and lobe-finned bony fish appeared, while the placodermi began dominating almost every known aquatic environment.

text: The

text: Devonian

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: of

text: the

text: Paleozoic

text: spanning

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Silurian

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Carboniferous

text: Mya

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: Devon

text: England

text: where

text: rocks

text: from

text: this

text: period

text: were

text: first

text: studied

text: The

text: first

text: significant

text: adaptive

text: radiation

text: of

text: life

text: on

text: dry

text: land

text: occurred

text: during

text: the

text: Devonian

text: Free

text: sporing

text: vascular

text: plants

text: began

text: to

text: spread

text: across

text: dry

text: land

text: forming

text: extensive

text: forests

text: which

text: covered

text: the

text: continents

text: By

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: Devonian

text: several

text: groups

text: of

text: plants

text: had

text: evolved

text: leaves

text: and

text: true

text: roots

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: the

text: first

text: seed

text: bearing

text: plants

text: appeared

text: Various

text: terrestrial

text: arthropods

text: also

text: became

text: well

text: established

text: Fish

text: reached

text: substantial

text: diversity

text: during

text: this

text: time

text: leading

text: the

text: Devonian

text: to

text: often

text: be

text: dubbed

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Fish

text: The

text: first

text: ray

text: finned

text: and

text: lobe

text: finned

text: bony

text: fish

text: appeared

text: while

text: the

text: placodermi

text: began

text: dominating

text: almost

text: every

text: known

text: aquatic

text: environment

text:
In biology, detritus is dead particulate organic material (as opposed to dissolved organic material). It typically includes the bodies or fragments of dead organisms as well as fecal material. Detritus is typically colonized by communities of microorganisms which act to decompose (or remineralize) the material. In terrestrial ecosystems, it is encountered as leaf litter and other organic matter intermixed with soil, which is referred to as humus. Detritus of aquatic ecosystems is organic material suspended in water and piles up on seabed floors which is referred to as marine snow.
Theory.
Dead plants or animals, material derived from animal tissues (such as skin cast off during moulting et cetera) gradually lose their form, due to both physical processes and the action of decomposers, including grazers, bacteria and fungi. Decomposition, the process through which organic matter is decomposed, takes place in many stages. Materials like proteins, lipids and sugars with low molecular weight are rapidly consumed and absorbed by micro-organisms and organisms that feed on dead matter. Other compounds, such as complex carbohydrates are broken down more slowly. The various micro-organisms involved in the decomposition break down the organic materials in order to gain the resources they require for their own survival and proliferation. Accordingly, at the same time that the materials of plants and animals are being broken down, the materials (biomass) making up the bodies of the micro-organisms are built up by a process of assimilation. When micro-organisms die, fine organic particles are produced, and if these are eaten by small animals which feed on micro-organisms, they will collect inside the intestine, and change shape into large pellets of dung. As a result of this process, most of the materials from dead organisms disappears from view and is not obviously present in any recognisable form, but is in fact present in the form of a combination of fine organic particles and the organisms using them as nutrients. This combination is detritus.

text: In

text: biology

text: detritus

text: is

text: dead

text: particulate

text: organic

text: material

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: dissolved

text: organic

text: material

text: It

text: typically

text: includes

text: the

text: bodies

text: or

text: fragments

text: of

text: dead

text: organisms

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: fecal

text: material

text: Detritus

text: is

text: typically

text: colonized

text: by

text: communities

text: of

text: microorganisms

text: which

text: act

text: to

text: decompose

text: or

text: remineralize

text: the

text: material

text: In

text: terrestrial

text: ecosystems

text: it

text: is

text: encountered

text: as

text: leaf

text: litter

text: and

text: other

text: organic

text: matter

text: intermixed

text: with

text: soil

text: which

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: humus

text: Detritus

text: of

text: aquatic

text: ecosystems

text: is

text: organic

text: material

text: suspended

text: in

text: water

text: and

text: piles

text: up

text: on

text: seabed

text: floors

text: which

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: marine

text: snow

text: Theory

text: Dead

text: plants

text: or

text: animals

text: material

text: derived

text: from

text: animal

text: tissues

text: such

text: as

text: skin

text: cast

text: off

text: during

text: moulting

text: et

text: cetera

text: gradually

text: lose

text: their

text: form

text: due

text: to

text: both

text: physical

text: processes

text: and

text: the

text: action

text: of

text: decomposers

text: including

text: grazers

text: bacteria

text: and

text: fungi

text: Decomposition

text: the

text: process

text: through

text: which

text: organic

text: matter

text: is

text: decomposed

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: many

text: stages

text: Materials

text: like

text: proteins

text: lipids

text: and

text: sugars

text: with

text: low

text: molecular

text: weight

text: are

text: rapidly

text: consumed

text: and

text: absorbed

text: by

text: micro

text: organisms

text: and

text: organisms

text: that

text: feed

text: on

text: dead

text: matter

text: Other

text: compounds

text: such

text: as

text: complex

text: carbohydrates

text: are

text: broken

text: down

text: more

text: slowly

text: The

text: various

text: micro

text: organisms

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: decomposition

text: break

text: down

text: the

text: organic

text: materials

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: gain

text: the

text: resources

text: they

text: require

text: for

text: their

text: own

text: survival

text: and

text: proliferation

text: Accordingly

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: that

text: the

text: materials

text: of

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: are

text: being

text: broken

text: down

text: the

text: materials

text: biomass

text: making

text: up

text: the

text: bodies

text: of

text: the

text: micro

text: organisms

text: are

text: built

text: up

text: by

text: process

text: of

text: assimilation

text: When

text: micro

text: organisms

text: die

text: fine

text: organic

text: particles

text: are

text: produced

text: and

text: if

text: these

text: are

text: eaten

text: by

text: small

text: animals

text: which

text: feed

text: on

text: micro

text: organisms

text: they

text: will

text: collect

text: inside

text: the

text: intestine

text: and

text: change

text: shape

text: into

text: large

text: pellets

text: of

text: dung

text: As

text: result

text: of

text: this

text: process

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: materials

text: from

text: dead

text: organisms

text: disappears

text: from

text: view

text: and

text: is

text: not

text: obviously

text: present

text: in

text: any

text: recognisable

text: form

text: but

text: is

text: in

text: fact

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: combination

text: of

text: fine

text: organic

text: particles

text: and

text: the

text: organisms

text: using

text: them

text: as

text: nutrients

text: This

text: combination

text: is

text: detritus

text: Kainops is a genus of trilobites from the family Phacopidae, order Phacopida. It can be distinguished from "Paciphacops" by the greater number of facets to the eye (68 per row, compared to 34 in "Paciphacops"). The form of the furrow between the palpebral area and the palpebral lobe also distinguishes "Kainops" from the genera "Paciphacops" and "Viaphacops".

text: Kainops

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: trilobites

text: from

text: the

text: family

text: Phacopidae

text: order

text: Phacopida

text: It

text: can

text: be

text: distinguished

text: from

text: Paciphacops

text: by

text: the

text: greater

text: number

text: of

text: facets

text: to

text: the

text: eye

text: per

text: row

text: compared

text: to

text: in

text: Paciphacops

text: The

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: furrow

text: between

text: the

text: palpebral

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: palpebral

text: lobe

text: also

text: distinguishes

text: Kainops

text: from

text: the

text: genera

text: Paciphacops

text: and

text: Viaphacops

question: parent_taxon paciphacops

answer: phacopidae

text: phacopidae

text: phacopidae

text: phacopidae


text: Walling Pond is a privately owned pond that is open to the public for fishing . The pond , located in Salem , Oregon , is owned by the Walling family . The pond is located at the original site of their sand and gravel processing plant at the northeast corner of McGilchrist and 16th Streets , S.E. The pond is popular with bait anglers and produces stocked rainbow trout .

text: Walling

text: Pond

text: is

text: privately

text: owned

text: pond

text: that

text: is

text: open

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: for

text: fishing

text: The

text: pond

text: located

text: in

text: Salem

text: Oregon

text: is

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: Walling

text: family

text: The

text: pond

text: is

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: original

text: site

text: of

text: their

text: sand

text: and

text: gravel

text: processing

text: plant

text: at

text: the

text: northeast

text: corner

text: of

text: McGilchrist

text: and

text: Streets

text: S.E.

text: The

text: pond

text: is

text: popular

text: with

text: bait

text: anglers

text: and

text: produces

text: stocked

text: rainbow

text: trout

text: Trout is the common name for a number of species of freshwater fish belonging to the genera "Oncorhynchus", "Salmo" and "Salvelinus", all of the subfamily Salmoninae of the family Salmonidae. The word "trout" is also used as part of the name of some non-salmonid fish such as "Cynoscion nebulosus", the spotted seatrout or speckled trout.

text: Trout

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: name

text: for

text: number

text: of

text: species

text: of

text: freshwater

text: fish

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: genera

text: Oncorhynchus

text: Salmo

text: and

text: Salvelinus

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Salmoninae

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: Salmonidae

text: The

text: word

text: trout

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: some

text: non

text: salmonid

text: fish

text: such

text: as

text: Cynoscion

text: nebulosus

text: the

text: spotted

text: seatrout

text: or

text: speckled

text: trout

text: The Territory of Oregon was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from August 14, 1848, until February 14, 1859, when the southwestern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Oregon. Originally claimed by several countries (See Oregon Country), the region was divided between the UK and US in 1846. When established, the territory encompassed an area that included the current states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, as well as parts of Wyoming and Montana. The capital of the territory was first Oregon City, then Salem, followed briefly by Corvallis, then back to Salem, which became the state capital upon Oregon's admission to the Union.

text: The

text: Territory

text: of

text: Oregon

text: was

text: an

text: organized

text: incorporated

text: territory

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: August

text: until

text: February

text: when

text: the

text: southwestern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: was

text: admitted

text: to

text: the

text: Union

text: as

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Oregon

text: Originally

text: claimed

text: by

text: several

text: countries

text: See

text: Oregon

text: Country

text: the

text: region

text: was

text: divided

text: between

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: US

text: in

text: When

text: established

text: the

text: territory

text: encompassed

text: an

text: area

text: that

text: included

text: the

text: current

text: states

text: of

text: Oregon

text: Washington

text: and

text: Idaho

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: parts

text: of

text: Wyoming

text: and

text: Montana

text: The

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: was

text: first

text: Oregon

text: City

text: then

text: Salem

text: followed

text: briefly

text: by

text: Corvallis

text: then

text: back

text: to

text: Salem

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: state

text: capital

text: upon

text: Oregon

text: 's

text: admission

text: to

text: the

text: Union

text: Salem is the capital of the U.S. state of Oregon, and the county seat of Marion County. It is located in the center of the Willamette Valley alongside the Willamette River, which runs north through the city. The river forms the boundary between Marion and Polk counties, and the city neighborhood of West Salem is in Polk County. Salem was founded in 1842, became the capital of the Oregon Territory in 1851, and was incorporated in 1857.

text: Salem

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Oregon

text: and

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Marion

text: County

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Willamette

text: Valley

text: alongside

text: the

text: Willamette

text: River

text: which

text: runs

text: north

text: through

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: river

text: forms

text: the

text: boundary

text: between

text: Marion

text: and

text: Polk

text: counties

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: neighborhood

text: of

text: West

text: Salem

text: is

text: in

text: Polk

text: County

text: Salem

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: became

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Oregon

text: Territory

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: incorporated

text: in

text: The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. It flows northwest and then south into the US state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is long, and its largest tributary is the Snake River. Its drainage basin is roughly the size of France and extends into seven US states and a Canadian province.

text: The

text: Columbia

text: River

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: river

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Northwest

text: region

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: The

text: river

text: rises

text: in

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: of

text: British

text: Columbia

text: Canada

text: It

text: flows

text: northwest

text: and

text: then

text: south

text: into

text: the

text: US

text: state

text: of

text: Washington

text: then

text: turns

text: west

text: to

text: form

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: Washington

text: and

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Oregon

text: before

text: emptying

text: into

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: The

text: river

text: is

text: long

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: tributary

text: is

text: the

text: Snake

text: River

text: Its

text: drainage

text: basin

text: is

text: roughly

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: extends

text: into

text: seven

text: US

text: states

text: and

text: Canadian

text: province

text: The Columbia River redband trout, the inland redband trout or the interior redband trout ("Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri") is one of three redband trout subspecies of the rainbow trout in the Salmonidae family. It is native in the Columbia River and its tributaries in Montana, Oregon, Washington and Idaho. It includes sea-run anadromous forms, which are known as redband steelhead. Also the large Kamloops rainbow trout is included.

text: The

text: Columbia

text: River

text: redband

text: trout

text: the

text: inland

text: redband

text: trout

text: or

text: the

text: interior

text: redband

text: trout

text: Oncorhynchus

text: mykiss

text: gairdneri

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: redband

text: trout

text: subspecies

text: of

text: the

text: rainbow

text: trout

text: in

text: the

text: Salmonidae

text: family

text: It

text: is

text: native

text: in

text: the

text: Columbia

text: River

text: and

text: its

text: tributaries

text: in

text: Montana

text: Oregon

text: Washington

text: and

text: Idaho

text: It

text: includes

text: sea

text: run

text: anadromous

text: forms

text: which

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: redband

text: steelhead

text: Also

text: the

text: large

text: Kamloops

text: rainbow

text: trout

text: is

text: included

text: The Willamette River is a major tributary of the Columbia River, accounting for 12 to 15 percent of the Columbia's flow. The Willamette's main stem is long, lying entirely in northwestern Oregon in the United States. Flowing northward between the Oregon Coast Range and the Cascade Range, the river and its tributaries form the Willamette Valley, a basin that contains two-thirds of Oregon's population, including the state capital, Salem, and the state's largest city, Portland, which surrounds the Willamette's mouth at the Columbia.

text: The

text: Willamette

text: River

text: is

text: major

text: tributary

text: of

text: the

text: Columbia

text: River

text: accounting

text: for

text: to

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Columbia

text: 's

text: flow

text: The

text: Willamette

text: 's

text: main

text: stem

text: is

text: long

text: lying

text: entirely

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Oregon

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Flowing

text: northward

text: between

text: the

text: Oregon

text: Coast

text: Range

text: and

text: the

text: Cascade

text: Range

text: the

text: river

text: and

text: its

text: tributaries

text: form

text: the

text: Willamette

text: Valley

text: basin

text: that

text: contains

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: Oregon

text: 's

text: population

text: including

text: the

text: state

text: capital

text: Salem

text: and

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: Portland

text: which

text: surrounds

text: the

text: Willamette

text: 's

text: mouth

text: at

text: the

text: Columbia

text: The Great Lakes (also called the Laurentian Great Lakes, or the Great Lakes of North America) are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the CanadaUnited States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron (or MichiganHuron), Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth, containing 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume. The total surface is , and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is . Due to their sea-like characteristics (rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons) the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as "inland seas". Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area, and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country. The southern half of the Great Lakes is bordered by the Great Lakes Megalopolis.

text: The

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Laurentian

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: or

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: are

text: series

text: of

text: interconnected

text: freshwater

text: lakes

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: upper

text: mid

text: east

text: region

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: on

text: the

text: CanadaUnited

text: States

text: border

text: which

text: connect

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: through

text: the

text: Saint

text: Lawrence

text: River

text: Consisting

text: of

text: Lakes

text: Superior

text: Michigan

text: Huron

text: or

text: MichiganHuron

text: Erie

text: and

text: Ontario

text: they

text: form

text: the

text: largest

text: group

text: of

text: freshwater

text: lakes

text: on

text: Earth

text: containing

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: surface

text: fresh

text: water

text: by

text: volume

text: The

text: total

text: surface

text: is

text: and

text: the

text: total

text: volume

text: measured

text: at

text: the

text: low

text: water

text: datum

text: is

text: Due

text: to

text: their

text: sea

text: like

text: characteristics

text: rolling

text: waves

text: sustained

text: winds

text: strong

text: currents

text: great

text: depths

text: and

text: distant

text: horizons

text: the

text: five

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: have

text: also

text: long

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: inland

text: seas

text: Lake

text: Superior

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: lake

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: area

text: and

text: Lake

text: Michigan

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: lake

text: that

text: is

text: entirely

text: within

text: one

text: country

text: The

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: Megalopolis

text: Oncorhynchus is a genus of fish in the family Salmonidae; it contains the Pacific salmon and Pacific trout. The name of the genus is derived from the Greek "onkos" ("hook") and "rynchos" ("nose"), in reference to the hooked jaws of males in the mating season (the "kype").

text: Oncorhynchus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: fish

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Salmonidae

text: it

text: contains

text: the

text: Pacific

text: salmon

text: and

text: Pacific

text: trout

text: The

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: onkos

text: hook

text: and

text: rynchos

text: nose

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: hooked

text: jaws

text: of

text: males

text: in

text: the

text: mating

text: season

text: the

text: kype

text: A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China and Taiwan. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function.

text: county

text: seat

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: center

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: or

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: county

text: or

text: civil

text: parish

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: Romania

text: China

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Ireland

text: county

text: towns

text: have

text: similar

text: function

text: Redband trout are a group of three recognized subspecies of rainbow trout ("Oncorhynchus mykiss"). They occur in three distinct regions in Pacific basin tributaries and endorheic basins in the western United States. The three subspecies are the Columbia River redband trout ("O. m. gairdneri"), the McCloud River redband trout ("O. m. stonei") and the Great Basin redband trout ("O. m. newberrii").

text: Redband

text: trout

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: three

text: recognized

text: subspecies

text: of

text: rainbow

text: trout

text: Oncorhynchus

text: mykiss

text: They

text: occur

text: in

text: three

text: distinct

text: regions

text: in

text: Pacific

text: basin

text: tributaries

text: and

text: endorheic

text: basins

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: three

text: subspecies

text: are

text: the

text: Columbia

text: River

text: redband

text: trout

text: gairdneri

text: the

text: McCloud

text: River

text: redband

text: trout

text: stonei

text: and

text: the

text: Great

text: Basin

text: redband

text: trout

text: newberrii

text: Salmon is the common name for several species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae. Other fish in the same family include trout, char, grayling and whitefish. Salmon are native to tributaries of the North Atlantic (genus "Salmo") and Pacific Ocean (genus "Oncorhynchus"). Many species of salmon have been introduced into non-native environments such as the Great Lakes of North America and Patagonia in South America. Salmon are intensively farmed in many parts of the world.

text: Salmon

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: name

text: for

text: several

text: species

text: of

text: ray

text: finned

text: fish

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Salmonidae

text: Other

text: fish

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: family

text: include

text: trout

text: char

text: grayling

text: and

text: whitefish

text: Salmon

text: are

text: native

text: to

text: tributaries

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: genus

text: Salmo

text: and

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: genus

text: Oncorhynchus

text: Many

text: species

text: of

text: salmon

text: have

text: been

text: introduced

text: into

text: non

text: native

text: environments

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: Patagonia

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: Salmon

text: are

text: intensively

text: farmed

text: in

text: many

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: The rainbow trout ("Oncorhynchus mykiss") is a trout and species of salmonid native to cold-water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America. The steelhead (sometimes called "steelhead trout") is an anadromous (sea-run) form of the coastal rainbow trout or Columbia River redband trout that usually returns to fresh water to spawn after living two to three years in the ocean. Freshwater forms that have been introduced into the Great Lakes and migrate into tributaries to spawn are also called steelhead.

text: The

text: rainbow

text: trout

text: Oncorhynchus

text: mykiss

text: is

text: trout

text: and

text: species

text: of

text: salmonid

text: native

text: to

text: cold

text: water

text: tributaries

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: in

text: Asia

text: and

text: North

text: America

text: The

text: steelhead

text: sometimes

text: called

text: steelhead

text: trout

text: is

text: an

text: anadromous

text: sea

text: run

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: coastal

text: rainbow

text: trout

text: or

text: Columbia

text: River

text: redband

text: trout

text: that

text: usually

text: returns

text: to

text: fresh

text: water

text: to

text: spawn

text: after

text: living

text: two

text: to

text: three

text: years

text: in

text: the

text: ocean

text: Freshwater

text: forms

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: introduced

text: into

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: and

text: migrate

text: into

text: tributaries

text: to

text: spawn

text: are

text: also

text: called

text: steelhead

annotations: likely single

question: instance_of walling pond

answer: lake

text: lake

text: lake

text: lake

text: lake