text: A weevil is a type of beetle from the Curculionoidea superfamily. They are usually small, less than , and herbivorous. Over 60,000 species are in several families, mostly in the family Curculionidae (the true weevils). Some other beetles, although not closely related, bear the name "weevil", such as the biscuit weevil ("Stegobium paniceum"), which belongs to the family Anobiidae.

text: weevil

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: beetle

text: from

text: the

text: Curculionoidea

text: superfamily

text: They

text: are

text: usually

text: small

text: less

text: than

text: and

text: herbivorous

text: Over

text: species

text: are

text: in

text: several

text: families

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Curculionidae

text: the

text: true

text: weevils

text: Some

text: other

text: beetles

text: although

text: not

text: closely

text: related

text: bear

text: the

text: name

text: weevil

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: biscuit

text: weevil

text: Stegobium

text: paniceum

text: which

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: family

text: Anobiidae

text: Integrated pest management (IPM), also known as integrated pest control (IPC) is a broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL). The UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation defines IPM as "the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms." Entomologists and ecologists have urged the adoption of IPM pest control since the 1970s. IPM allows for safer pest control. This includes managing insects, plant pathogens and weeds.

text: Integrated

text: pest

text: management

text: IPM

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: integrated

text: pest

text: control

text: IPC

text: is

text: broad

text: based

text: approach

text: that

text: integrates

text: practices

text: for

text: economic

text: control

text: of

text: pests

text: IPM

text: aims

text: to

text: suppress

text: pest

text: populations

text: below

text: the

text: economic

text: injury

text: level

text: EIL

text: The

text: UN

text: 's

text: Food

text: and

text: Agriculture

text: Organisation

text: defines

text: IPM

text: as

text: the

text: careful

text: consideration

text: of

text: all

text: available

text: pest

text: control

text: techniques

text: and

text: subsequent

text: integration

text: of

text: appropriate

text: measures

text: that

text: discourage

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: pest

text: populations

text: and

text: keep

text: pesticides

text: and

text: other

text: interventions

text: to

text: levels

text: that

text: are

text: economically

text: justified

text: and

text: reduce

text: or

text: minimize

text: risks

text: to

text: human

text: health

text: and

text: the

text: environment

text: IPM

text: emphasizes

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: healthy

text: crop

text: with

text: the

text: least

text: possible

text: disruption

text: to

text: agro

text: ecosystems

text: and

text: encourages

text: natural

text: pest

text: control

text: mechanisms

text: Entomologists

text: and

text: ecologists

text: have

text: urged

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: IPM

text: pest

text: control

text: since

text: the

text: IPM

text: allows

text: for

text: safer

text: pest

text: control

text: This

text: includes

text: managing

text: insects

text: plant

text: pathogens

text: and

text: weeds

text: Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents of the superfamily Muroidea. "True rats" are members of the genus "Rattus", the most important of which to humans are the black rat, "Rattus rattus", and the brown rat, "Rattus norvegicus". Many members of other rodent genera and families are also referred to as rats, and share many characteristics with true rats.

text: Rats

text: are

text: various

text: medium

text: sized

text: long

text: tailed

text: rodents

text: of

text: the

text: superfamily

text: Muroidea

text: True

text: rats

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Rattus

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: of

text: which

text: to

text: humans

text: are

text: the

text: black

text: rat

text: Rattus

text: rattus

text: and

text: the

text: brown

text: rat

text: Rattus

text: norvegicus

text: Many

text: members

text: of

text: other

text: rodent

text: genera

text: and

text: families

text: are

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: rats

text: and

text: share

text: many

text: characteristics

text: with

text: true

text: rats

text: Insects (from Latin ', a calque of Greek ['], "cut into sections") are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. They are the most diverse group of animals on the planet, including more than a million described species and representing more than half of all known living organisms. The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million, and potentially represent over 90% of the differing animal life forms on Earth. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans.

text: Insects

text: from

text: Latin

text: calque

text: of

text: Greek

text: cut

text: into

text: sections

text: are

text: class

text: of

text: invertebrates

text: within

text: the

text: arthropod

text: phylum

text: that

text: have

text: chitinous

text: exoskeleton

text: three

text: part

text: body

text: head

text: thorax

text: and

text: abdomen

text: three

text: pairs

text: of

text: jointed

text: legs

text: compound

text: eyes

text: and

text: one

text: pair

text: of

text: antennae

text: They

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: animals

text: on

text: the

text: planet

text: including

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: described

text: species

text: and

text: representing

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: living

text: organisms

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: extant

text: species

text: is

text: estimated

text: at

text: between

text: six

text: and

text: ten

text: million

text: and

text: potentially

text: represent

text: over

text: of

text: the

text: differing

text: animal

text: life

text: forms

text: on

text: Earth

text: Insects

text: may

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: nearly

text: all

text: environments

text: although

text: only

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: species

text: reside

text: in

text: the

text: oceans

text: habitat

text: dominated

text: by

text: another

text: arthropod

text: group

text: crustaceans

text: The Curculionidae comprises the family of the "true" weevils (or "snout beetles"). It is one of the largest animal families, with 5,489 genera and 86,100 species described worldwide.

text: The

text: Curculionidae

text: comprises

text: the

text: family

text: of

text: the

text: true

text: weevils

text: or

text: snout

text: beetles

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: animal

text: families

text: with

text: genera

text: and

text: species

text: described

text: worldwide

text: A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, "a plant in the wrong place". Examples commonly are plants unwanted in human-controlled settings, such as farm fields, gardens, lawns, and parks. Taxonomically, the term "weed" has no botanical significance, because a plant that is a weed in one context is "not" a weed when growing in a situation where it "is" in fact wanted, and where one species of plant is a valuable crop plant, another species in the same genus might be a serious weed, such as a wild bramble growing among cultivated loganberries. Many plants that people widely regard as weeds also are intentionally grown in gardens and other cultivated settings, in which case they are sometimes called beneficial weeds. The term "weed" also is applied to any plant that grows or reproduces aggressively, or is invasive outside its native habitat. More broadly "weed" occasionally is applied pejoratively to species outside the plant kingdom, species that can survive in diverse environments and reproduce quickly; in this sense it has even been applied to humans.

text: weed

text: is

text: plant

text: considered

text: undesirable

text: in

text: particular

text: situation

text: plant

text: in

text: the

text: wrong

text: place

text: Examples

text: commonly

text: are

text: plants

text: unwanted

text: in

text: human

text: controlled

text: settings

text: such

text: as

text: farm

text: fields

text: gardens

text: lawns

text: and

text: parks

text: Taxonomically

text: the

text: term

text: weed

text: has

text: no

text: botanical

text: significance

text: because

text: plant

text: that

text: is

text: weed

text: in

text: one

text: context

text: is

text: not

text: weed

text: when

text: growing

text: in

text: situation

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: fact

text: wanted

text: and

text: where

text: one

text: species

text: of

text: plant

text: is

text: valuable

text: crop

text: plant

text: another

text: species

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: genus

text: might

text: be

text: serious

text: weed

text: such

text: as

text: wild

text: bramble

text: growing

text: among

text: cultivated

text: loganberries

text: Many

text: plants

text: that

text: people

text: widely

text: regard

text: as

text: weeds

text: also

text: are

text: intentionally

text: grown

text: in

text: gardens

text: and

text: other

text: cultivated

text: settings

text: in

text: which

text: case

text: they

text: are

text: sometimes

text: called

text: beneficial

text: weeds

text: The

text: term

text: weed

text: also

text: is

text: applied

text: to

text: any

text: plant

text: that

text: grows

text: or

text: reproduces

text: aggressively

text: or

text: is

text: invasive

text: outside

text: its

text: native

text: habitat

text: More

text: broadly

text: weed

text: occasionally

text: is

text: applied

text: pejoratively

text: to

text: species

text: outside

text: the

text: plant

text: kingdom

text: species

text: that

text: can

text: survive

text: in

text: diverse

text: environments

text: and

text: reproduce

text: quickly

text: in

text: this

text: sense

text: it

text: has

text: even

text: been

text: applied

text: to

text: humans

text: Anobiidae is a family of beetles. The larvae of a number of species tend to bore into wood, earning them the name "woodworm" or "wood borer". A few species are pests, causing damage to wooden furniture and house structures, notably the deathwatch beetle, "Xestobium rufovillosum", and the common furniture beetle, "Anobium punctatum".

text: Anobiidae

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: beetles

text: The

text: larvae

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: species

text: tend

text: to

text: bore

text: into

text: wood

text: earning

text: them

text: the

text: name

text: woodworm

text: or

text: wood

text: borer

text: few

text: species

text: are

text: pests

text: causing

text: damage

text: to

text: wooden

text: furniture

text: and

text: house

text: structures

text: notably

text: the

text: deathwatch

text: beetle

text: Xestobium

text: rufovillosum

text: and

text: the

text: common

text: furniture

text: beetle

text: Anobium

text: punctatum

text: In biology/ecology, parasitism is a non-mutual relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. Traditionally "parasite" (in biological usage) referred primarily to organisms visible to the naked eye, or macroparasites (such as helminths). Parasites can be microparasites, which are typically smaller, such as protozoa, viruses, and bacteria. Examples of parasites include the plants mistletoe and cuscuta, and animals such as hookworms.

text: In

text: biology

text: ecology

text: parasitism

text: is

text: non

text: mutual

text: relationship

text: between

text: species

text: where

text: one

text: species

text: the

text: parasite

text: benefits

text: at

text: the

text: expense

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: the

text: host

text: Traditionally

text: parasite

text: in

text: biological

text: usage

text: referred

text: primarily

text: to

text: organisms

text: visible

text: to

text: the

text: naked

text: eye

text: or

text: macroparasites

text: such

text: as

text: helminths

text: Parasites

text: can

text: be

text: microparasites

text: which

text: are

text: typically

text: smaller

text: such

text: as

text: protozoa

text: viruses

text: and

text: bacteria

text: Examples

text: of

text: parasites

text: include

text: the

text: plants

text: mistletoe

text: and

text: cuscuta

text: and

text: animals

text: such

text: as

text: hookworms

text: Anthonomus santacruzi is a weevil that is a promising biocontrol agent for "Solanum mauritianum" Scopoli, which is a major ecological weed in high-rainfall regions of South Africa.

text: Anthonomus

text: santacruzi

text: is

text: weevil

text: that

text: is

text: promising

text: biocontrol

text: agent

text: for

text: Solanum

text: mauritianum

text: Scopoli

text: which

text: is

text: major

text: ecological

text: weed

text: in

text: high

text: rainfall

text: regions

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: Solanum mauritianum is a small tree or shrub native to South America, including Northern Argentina, Southern Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. It has become a widespread invasive weed in Azores Islands, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hawaii, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Réunion Island, Mauritius, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, India, Sri Lanka and several southern African countries. Its common names include earleaf nightshade (or "ear-leaved nightshade"), woolly nightshade, flannel weed, bugweed, tobacco weed, tobacco bush, wild tobacco and kerosene plant.

text: Solanum

text: mauritianum

text: is

text: small

text: tree

text: or

text: shrub

text: native

text: to

text: South

text: America

text: including

text: Northern

text: Argentina

text: Southern

text: Brazil

text: Paraguay

text: and

text: Uruguay

text: It

text: has

text: become

text: widespread

text: invasive

text: weed

text: in

text: Azores

text: Islands

text: Cook

text: Islands

text: Fiji

text: Hawaii

text: New

text: Caledonia

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: Tonga

text: Réunion

text: Island

text: Mauritius

text: Madagascar

text: Australia

text: New

text: Zealand

text: India

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: several

text: southern

text: African

text: countries

text: Its

text: common

text: names

text: include

text: earleaf

text: nightshade

text: or

text: ear

text: leaved

text: nightshade

text: woolly

text: nightshade

text: flannel

text: weed

text: bugweed

text: tobacco

text: weed

text: tobacco

text: bush

text: wild

text: tobacco

text: and

text: kerosene

text: plant

text: Biological control is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs.

text: Biological

text: control

text: is

text: method

text: of

text: controlling

text: pests

text: such

text: as

text: insects

text: mites

text: weeds

text: and

text: plant

text: diseases

text: using

text: other

text: organisms

text: It

text: relies

text: on

text: predation

text: parasitism

text: herbivory

text: or

text: other

text: natural

text: mechanisms

text: but

text: typically

text: also

text: involves

text: an

text: active

text: human

text: management

text: role

text: It

text: can

text: be

text: an

text: important

text: component

text: of

text: integrated

text: pest

text: management

text: IPM

text: programs

text: In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of the prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption. Thus predation is often, though not always, carnivory. Other categories of consumption are herbivory (eating parts of plants), fungivory (eating parts of fungi), and detritivory (the consumption of dead organic material). All these consumption categories fall under the rubric of consumer-resource systems. It can often be difficult to separate various types of feeding behaviors. For example, some parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on it while it continues to live in or on its decaying corpse after it has died. The key characteristic of predation however is the predator's direct impact on the prey population. On the other hand, detritivores simply eat dead organic material arising from the decay of dead individuals and have no direct impact on the "donor" organism(s).

text: In

text: an

text: ecosystem

text: predation

text: is

text: biological

text: interaction

text: where

text: predator

text: an

text: organism

text: that

text: is

text: hunting

text: feeds

text: on

text: its

text: prey

text: the

text: organism

text: that

text: is

text: attacked

text: Predators

text: may

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: kill

text: their

text: prey

text: prior

text: to

text: feeding

text: on

text: them

text: but

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: predation

text: often

text: results

text: in

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: prey

text: and

text: the

text: eventual

text: absorption

text: of

text: the

text: prey

text: 's

text: tissue

text: through

text: consumption

text: Thus

text: predation

text: is

text: often

text: though

text: not

text: always

text: carnivory

text: Other

text: categories

text: of

text: consumption

text: are

text: herbivory

text: eating

text: parts

text: of

text: plants

text: fungivory

text: eating

text: parts

text: of

text: fungi

text: and

text: detritivory

text: the

text: consumption

text: of

text: dead

text: organic

text: material

text: All

text: these

text: consumption

text: categories

text: fall

text: under

text: the

text: rubric

text: of

text: consumer

text: resource

text: systems

text: It

text: can

text: often

text: be

text: difficult

text: to

text: separate

text: various

text: types

text: of

text: feeding

text: behaviors

text: For

text: example

text: some

text: parasitic

text: species

text: prey

text: on

text: host

text: organism

text: and

text: then

text: lay

text: their

text: eggs

text: on

text: it

text: for

text: their

text: offspring

text: to

text: feed

text: on

text: it

text: while

text: it

text: continues

text: to

text: live

text: in

text: or

text: on

text: its

text: decaying

text: corpse

text: after

text: it

text: has

text: died

text: The

text: key

text: characteristic

text: of

text: predation

text: however

text: is

text: the

text: predator

text: 's

text: direct

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: prey

text: population

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: detritivores

text: simply

text: eat

text: dead

text: organic

text: material

text: arising

text: from

text: the

text: decay

text: of

text: dead

text: individuals

text: and

text: have

text: no

text: direct

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: donor

text: organism(s

text: Solanum is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include two food crops of high economic importance, the potato and the tomato. It also contains the nightshades and horse nettles, as well as numerous plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers and fruit.

text: Solanum

text: is

text: large

text: and

text: diverse

text: genus

text: of

text: flowering

text: plants

text: which

text: include

text: two

text: food

text: crops

text: of

text: high

text: economic

text: importance

text: the

text: potato

text: and

text: the

text: tomato

text: It

text: also

text: contains

text: the

text: nightshades

text: and

text: horse

text: nettles

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: numerous

text: plants

text: cultivated

text: for

text: their

text: ornamental

text: flowers

text: and

text: fruit

text: Mites, along with ticks, are small arthropods belonging to the subclass Acari (also known as Acarina) and the class Arachnida. The scientific discipline devoted to the study of ticks and mites is called acarology. In soil ecosystems, mites are favored by high organic matter content and by moist conditions, wherein they actively engage in the fragmentation and mixing of organic matter.

text: Mites

text: along

text: with

text: ticks

text: are

text: small

text: arthropods

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: subclass

text: Acari

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Acarina

text: and

text: the

text: class

text: Arachnida

text: The

text: scientific

text: discipline

text: devoted

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: ticks

text: and

text: mites

text: is

text: called

text: acarology

text: In

text: soil

text: ecosystems

text: mites

text: are

text: favored

text: by

text: high

text: organic

text: matter

text: content

text: and

text: by

text: moist

text: conditions

text: wherein

text: they

text: actively

text: engage

text: in

text: the

text: fragmentation

text: and

text: mixing

text: of

text: organic

text: matter

text: South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.

text: South

text: Africa

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: RSA

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: of

text: coastline

text: of

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: stretching

text: along

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Indian

text: Oceans

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: of

text: Namibia

text: Botswana

text: and

text: Zimbabwe

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: surrounding

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: South

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: with

text: close

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: nation

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: or

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: that

text: borders

text: both

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: About

text: percent

text: of

text: South

text: Africans

text: are

text: of

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: African

text: ancestry

text: divided

text: among

text: variety

text: of

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: speaking

text: different

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: nine

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: official

text: status

text: The

text: remaining

text: population

text: consists

text: of

text: Africa

text: 's

text: largest

text: communities

text: of

text: European

text: white

text: Asian

text: Indian

text: and

text: multiracial

text: coloured

text: ancestry

text: Beetles are a group of insects that form the order Coleoptera. The word "coleoptera" is from the Greek , "koleós", meaning "sheath"; and , "pterón", meaning "wing", thus "sheathed wing", because most beetles have two pairs of wings, the front pair, the "elytra", being hardened and thickened into a shell-like protection for the rear pair and the beetle's abdomen. The order contains more species than any other order, constituting almost 25% of all known animal life-forms. About 40% of all described insect species are beetles (about 400,000 species), and new species are discovered frequently. The largest taxonomic family, the Curculionidae (the weevils or snout beetles), also belongs to this order.

text: Beetles

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: insects

text: that

text: form

text: the

text: order

text: Coleoptera

text: The

text: word

text: coleoptera

text: is

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: koleós

text: meaning

text: sheath

text: and

text: pterón

text: meaning

text: wing

text: thus

text: sheathed

text: wing

text: because

text: most

text: beetles

text: have

text: two

text: pairs

text: of

text: wings

text: the

text: front

text: pair

text: the

text: elytra

text: being

text: hardened

text: and

text: thickened

text: into

text: shell

text: like

text: protection

text: for

text: the

text: rear

text: pair

text: and

text: the

text: beetle

text: 's

text: abdomen

text: The

text: order

text: contains

text: more

text: species

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: order

text: constituting

text: almost

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: animal

text: life

text: forms

text: About

text: of

text: all

text: described

text: insect

text: species

text: are

text: beetles

text: about

text: species

text: and

text: new

text: species

text: are

text: discovered

text: frequently

text: The

text: largest

text: taxonomic

text: family

text: the

text: Curculionidae

text: the

text: weevils

text: or

text: snout

text: beetles

text: also

text: belongs

text: to

text: this

text: order

text: Anthonomus is a genus of weevils . This genus includes major agricultural pests such as the boll weevil , strawberry blossom weevil , and pepper weevil , as well as promising biological pest control agents such as Anthonomus santacruzi .

text: Anthonomus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: weevils

text: This

text: genus

text: includes

text: major

text: agricultural

text: pests

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: boll

text: weevil

text: strawberry

text: blossom

text: weevil

text: and

text: pepper

text: weevil

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: promising

text: biological

text: pest

text: control

text: agents

text: such

text: as

text: Anthonomus

text: santacruzi

question: parent_taxon anthonomus

answer: curculionidae

text: curculionidae

text: curculionidae

text: curculionidae


text: Nice (; Niçard , classical norm, or "", nonstandard,  ) is the fifth most populous city in France and the capital of the Alpes-Maritimes "département". The urban area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits, with a population of about 1 million on an area of . Located in the French Riviera, on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, at the foot of the Alps, Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast and the second-largest city in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region after Marseille. Nice is about 13 kilometres (8 miles) from the principality of Monaco, and its airport is a gateway to the principality as well.

text: Nice

text: Niçard

text: classical

text: norm

text: or

text: nonstandard

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Alpes

text: Maritimes

text: département

text: The

text: urban

text: area

text: of

text: Nice

text: extends

text: beyond

text: the

text: administrative

text: city

text: limits

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: on

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: Riviera

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: coast

text: of

text: France

text: on

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: at

text: the

text: foot

text: of

text: the

text: Alps

text: Nice

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: French

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: coast

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Provence

text: Alpes

text: Côte

text: d'Azur

text: region

text: after

text: Marseille

text: Nice

text: is

text: about

text: kilometres

text: miles

text: from

text: the

text: principality

text: of

text: Monaco

text: and

text: its

text: airport

text: is

text: gateway

text: to

text: the

text: principality

text: as

text: well

text: Laurent Riboulet (18 April 1871 in Lille, France  4 September 1960 in Lille, France) was a tennis player competing for France. He reached two singles finals at the Amateur French Championships, winning in 1893 over defending champion Jean Schopfer, and losing in 1895 to 1894 winner André Vacherot.

text: Laurent

text: Riboulet

text: April

text: in

text: Lille

text: France

text: September

text: in

text: Lille

text: France

text: was

text: tennis

text: player

text: competing

text: for

text: France

text: He

text: reached

text: two

text: singles

text: finals

text: at

text: the

text: Amateur

text: French

text: Championships

text: winning

text: in

text: over

text: defending

text: champion

text: Jean

text: Schopfer

text: and

text: losing

text: in

text: to

text: winner

text: André

text: Vacherot

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: Jean Schopfer (28 May 1868  9 January 1931) was a tennis player competing for France, and a writer, known under the pseudonym of Claude Anet. He reached two singles finals at the Amateur French Championships, winning in 1892 over British player Fassitt, and losing in 1893 to Laurent Riboulet.

text: Jean

text: Schopfer

text: May

text: January

text: was

text: tennis

text: player

text: competing

text: for

text: France

text: and

text: writer

text: known

text: under

text: the

text: pseudonym

text: of

text: Claude

text: Anet

text: He

text: reached

text: two

text: singles

text: finals

text: at

text: the

text: Amateur

text: French

text: Championships

text: winning

text: in

text: over

text: British

text: player

text: Fassitt

text: and

text: losing

text: in

text: to

text: Laurent

text: Riboulet

text: The English Channel ("the Sleeve" [hence ] "Sea of Brittany" "British Sea"), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and joins the southern part of the North Sea to the rest of the Atlantic Ocean.

text: The

text: English

text: Channel

text: the

text: Sleeve

text: hence

text: Sea

text: of

text: Brittany

text: British

text: Sea

text: also

text: called

text: simply

text: the

text: Channel

text: is

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: that

text: separates

text: southern

text: England

text: from

text: northern

text: France

text: and

text: joins

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: French Guiana (pronounced or ), officially called Guiana, is an overseas department and region of France, located on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas. It borders Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west. Its area has a very low population density of only 3 inhabitants per km, with half of its 244,118 inhabitants in 2013 living in the metropolitan area of Cayenne, its capital. By land area, it is the second largest region of France and the largest outermost region within the European Union.

text: French

text: Guiana

text: pronounced

text: or

text: officially

text: called

text: Guiana

text: is

text: an

text: overseas

text: department

text: and

text: region

text: of

text: France

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: in

text: the

text: Guyanas

text: It

text: borders

text: Brazil

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: Suriname

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Its

text: area

text: has

text: very

text: low

text: population

text: density

text: of

text: only

text: inhabitants

text: per

text: km

text: with

text: half

text: of

text: its

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: Cayenne

text: its

text: capital

text: By

text: land

text: area

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: region

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: outermost

text: region

text: within

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Lille  is a city in northern France, in French Flanders. On the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region and the prefecture of the Nord department.

text: Lille

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: northern

text: France

text: in

text: French

text: Flanders

text: On

text: the

text: Deûle

text: River

text: near

text: France

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: Belgium

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Hauts

text: de

text: France

text: region

text: and

text: the

text: prefecture

text: of

text: the

text: Nord

text: department

text: Paris (French: ) is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of and a population in 2013 of 2,229,621 within its administrative limits. The city is both a commune and department, and forms the centre and headquarters of the Île-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an area of and a population in 2014 of 12,005,077, comprising 18.2 percent of the population of France.

text: Paris

text: French

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: France

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: in

text: of

text: within

text: its

text: administrative

text: limits

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: both

text: commune

text: and

text: department

text: and

text: forms

text: the

text: centre

text: and

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: Île

text: de

text: France

text: or

text: Paris

text: Region

text: which

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: in

text: of

text: comprising

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: France

text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text: The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric (or "shelf") sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. It is more than long and wide, with an area of around .

text: The

text: North

text: Sea

text: is

text: marginal

text: sea

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: located

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: Scandinavia

text: Germany

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Belgium

text: and

text: France

text: An

text: epeiric

text: or

text: shelf

text: sea

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: continental

text: shelf

text: it

text: connects

text: to

text: the

text: ocean

text: through

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Norwegian

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: long

text: and

text: wide

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: around

text: Lyon or (more archaically) Lyons (or  ) is a city in east-central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, about from Paris and from Marseille. Inhabitants of the city are called "Lyonnais".

text: Lyon

text: or

text: more

text: archaically

text: Lyons

text: or

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: east

text: central

text: France

text: in

text: the

text: Auvergne

text: Rhône

text: Alpes

text: region

text: about

text: from

text: Paris

text: and

text: from

text: Marseille

text: Inhabitants

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: are

text: called

text: Lyonnais

text: Bordeaux (Gascon Occitan: "") is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.

text: Bordeaux

text: Gascon

text: Occitan

text: is

text: port

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: Garonne

text: River

text: in

text: the

text: Gironde

text: department

text: in

text: southwestern

text: France

text: The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency.

text: The

text: euro

text: sign

text: code

text: EUR

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: currency

text: of

text: the

text: eurozone

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Austria

text: Belgium

text: Cyprus

text: Estonia

text: Finland

text: France

text: Germany

text: Greece

text: Ireland

text: Italy

text: Latvia

text: Lithuania

text: Luxembourg

text: Malta

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Portugal

text: Slovakia

text: Slovenia

text: and

text: Spain

text: The

text: currency

text: is

text: also

text: officially

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: institutions

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: four

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: unilaterally

text: by

text: two

text: others

text: and

text: is

text: consequently

text: used

text: daily

text: by

text: some

text: million

text: Europeans

text: Outside

text: of

text: Europe

text: number

text: of

text: overseas

text: territories

text: of

text: EU

text: members

text: also

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: as

text: their

text: currency

text: The Mediterranean Sea (pronounced ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a separate body of water.

text: The

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: pronounced

text: is

text: sea

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Basin

text: and

text: almost

text: completely

text: enclosed

text: by

text: land

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: Southern

text: Europe

text: and

text: Anatolia

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Levant

text: The

text: sea

text: is

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: although

text: it

text: is

text: usually

text: identified

text: as

text: separate

text: body

text: of

text: water

text:
The Rhine (, , ) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the
Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands.
The largest city on the river Rhine is Cologne, Germany, with a population of more than 1,050,000 people. It is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about , with an average discharge of about .

text: The

text: Rhine

text: is

text: European

text: river

text: that

text: begins

text: in

text: the

text: Swiss

text: canton

text: of

text: Graubünden

text: in

text: the

text: southeastern

text: Swiss

text: Alps

text: forms

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Austrian

text: Swiss

text: Liechtenstein

text: Swiss

text: German

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: Franco

text: German

text: border

text: then

text: flows

text: through

text: the

text: Rhineland

text: and

text: eventually

text: empties

text: into

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: largest

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: river

text: Rhine

text: is

text: Cologne

text: Germany

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: people

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: longest

text: river

text: in

text: Central

text: and

text: Western

text: Europe

text: after

text: the

text: Danube

text: at

text: about

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: discharge

text: of

text: about

text: The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the "New World".

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceans

text: with

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: It

text: covers

text: approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: and

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: water

text: surface

text: area

text: It

text: separates

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: from

text: the

text: New

text: World

text:
Toulouse is the capital city of the southwestern French department of Haute-Garonne, as well as of the Occitanie region. The city lies on the banks of the River Garonne, from the Mediterranean Sea, from the Atlantic Ocean, and from Paris. It is the fourth-largest city in France with 466,297 inhabitants in January 2014.
The Toulouse Metro area is, with 1 312 304 inhabitants as of 2014, France's 4th metropolitan area after Paris, Lyon and Marseille and ahead of Lille and Bordeaux.

text: Toulouse

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: southwestern

text: French

text: department

text: of

text: Haute

text: Garonne

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: Occitanie

text: region

text: The

text: city

text: lies

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Garonne

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: from

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: from

text: Paris

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: France

text: with

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: January

text: The

text: Toulouse

text: Metro

text: area

text: is

text: with

text: inhabitants

text: as

text: of

text: France

text: 's

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: after

text: Paris

text: Lyon

text: and

text: Marseille

text: and

text: ahead

text: of

text: Lille

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: Francis L. Fassitt was an American tennis player residing in France who finished runner - up to Jean Schopfer in the singles event of the Amateur French Championships in 1892 .

text: Francis

text: Fassitt

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: tennis

text: player

text: residing

text: in

text: France

text: who

text: finished

text: runner

text: up

text: to

text: Jean

text: Schopfer

text: in

text: the

text: singles

text: event

text: of

text: the

text: Amateur

text: French

text: Championships

text: in

annotations: likely multiple

question: place_of_death francis louis fassitt

answer: nice

text: nice

text: nice

text: nice

text: nice

text: nice


text: Red Harvest (1929) is a novel by Dashiell Hammett. The story is narrated by The Continental Op, a frequent character in Hammett's fiction, much of which is drawn from his own experiences as an operative of the Pinkerton Detective Agency (fictionalized as the Continental Detective Agency). The labor dispute in the novel was inspired by Butte's Anaconda Road Massacre.

text: Red

text: Harvest

text: is

text: novel

text: by

text: Dashiell

text: Hammett

text: The

text: story

text: is

text: narrated

text: by

text: The

text: Continental

text: Op

text: frequent

text: character

text: in

text: Hammett

text: 's

text: fiction

text: much

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: drawn

text: from

text: his

text: own

text: experiences

text: as

text: an

text: operative

text: of

text: the

text: Pinkerton

text: Detective

text: Agency

text: fictionalized

text: as

text: the

text: Continental

text: Detective

text: Agency

text: The

text: labor

text: dispute

text: in

text: the

text: novel

text: was

text: inspired

text: by

text: Butte

text: 's

text: Anaconda

text: Road

text: Massacre

text: Nick and Nora Charles are fictional characters created by Dashiell Hammett in his novel "The Thin Man". The characters were later adapted for film in a series of movies between 1934 and 1947; for radio from 1941 to 1950; for television from 1957 through 1959; as a Broadway musical in 1991; and as a stage play in 2009.

text: Nick

text: and

text: Nora

text: Charles

text: are

text: fictional

text: characters

text: created

text: by

text: Dashiell

text: Hammett

text: in

text: his

text: novel

text: The

text: Thin

text: Man

text: The

text: characters

text: were

text: later

text: adapted

text: for

text: film

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: movies

text: between

text: and

text: for

text: radio

text: from

text: to

text: for

text: television

text: from

text: through

text: as

text: Broadway

text: musical

text: in

text: and

text: as

text: stage

text: play

text: in

text: A protagonist is the main character in any story, such as a literary work or drama.

text: protagonist

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: character

text: in

text: any

text: story

text: such

text: as

text: literary

text: work

text: or

text: drama

text: Samuel Dashiell Hammett (May 27, 1894  January 10, 1961) was an American author of hard-boiled detective novels and short stories, screenwriter, and political activist. Among the enduring characters he created are Sam Spade ("The Maltese Falcon"), Nick and Nora Charles ("The Thin Man"), and the Continental Op ("Red Harvest" and "The Dain Curse").

text: Samuel

text: Dashiell

text: Hammett

text: May

text: January

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: author

text: of

text: hard

text: boiled

text: detective

text: novels

text: and

text: short

text: stories

text: screenwriter

text: and

text: political

text: activist

text: Among

text: the

text: enduring

text: characters

text: he

text: created

text: are

text: Sam

text: Spade

text: The

text: Maltese

text: Falcon

text: Nick

text: and

text: Nora

text: Charles

text: The

text: Thin

text: Man

text: and

text: the

text: Continental

text: Op

text: Red

text: Harvest

text: and

text: The

text: Dain

text: Curse

text: The Continental Op is a fictional character created by Dashiell Hammett. He is a private investigator employed as an operative of the Continental Detective Agency's San Francisco office. His name is never mentioned in any story.

text: The

text: Continental

text: Op

text: is

text: fictional

text: character

text: created

text: by

text: Dashiell

text: Hammett

text: He

text: is

text: private

text: investigator

text: employed

text: as

text: an

text: operative

text: of

text: the

text: Continental

text: Detective

text: Agency

text: 's

text: San

text: Francisco

text: office

text: His

text: name

text: is

text: never

text: mentioned

text: in

text: any

text: story

text: The Thin Man (1934) is a detective novel by Dashiell Hammett, originally published in the December 1933 issue of "Redbook". It appeared in book form the following month.

text: The

text: Thin

text: Man

text: is

text: detective

text: novel

text: by

text: Dashiell

text: Hammett

text: originally

text: published

text: in

text: the

text: December

text: issue

text: of

text: Redbook

text: It

text: appeared

text: in

text: book

text: form

text: the

text: following

text: month

text: The Dain Curse is a novel by Dashiell Hammett, published in 1929. Before its publication in book form, it was serialized in "Black Mask" magazine in 1928 and 1929.

text: The

text: Dain

text: Curse

text: is

text: novel

text: by

text: Dashiell

text: Hammett

text: published

text: in

text: Before

text: its

text: publication

text: in

text: book

text: form

text: it

text: was

text: serialized

text: in

text: Black

text: Mask

text: magazine

text: in

text: and

text: Sam Spade is a fictional private detective and the protagonist of Dashiell Hammett 's 1930 novel , The Maltese Falcon . Spade also appeared in three lesser - known short stories by Hammett . The Maltese Falcon , first published as a serial in the pulp magazine Black Mask , is the only full - length novel in which Spade appears . The character , however , is widely cited as a crystallizing figure in the development of hard - boiled private detective fiction -- Raymond Chandler 's Philip Marlowe , for instance , was strongly influenced by Spade . Spade was a departure from Hammett 's nameless and less - than - glamorous detective , The Continental Op. Spade combined several features of previous detectives , most notably his detached demeanor , keen eye for detail , and unflinching determination to achieve his own justice .

text: Sam

text: Spade

text: is

text: fictional

text: private

text: detective

text: and

text: the

text: protagonist

text: of

text: Dashiell

text: Hammett

text: 's

text: novel

text: The

text: Maltese

text: Falcon

text: Spade

text: also

text: appeared

text: in

text: three

text: lesser

text: known

text: short

text: stories

text: by

text: Hammett

text: The

text: Maltese

text: Falcon

text: first

text: published

text: as

text: serial

text: in

text: the

text: pulp

text: magazine

text: Black

text: Mask

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: full

text: length

text: novel

text: in

text: which

text: Spade

text: appears

text: The

text: character

text: however

text: is

text: widely

text: cited

text: as

text: crystallizing

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: hard

text: boiled

text: private

text: detective

text: fiction

text: Raymond

text: Chandler

text: 's

text: Philip

text: Marlowe

text: for

text: instance

text: was

text: strongly

text: influenced

text: by

text: Spade

text: Spade

text: was

text: departure

text: from

text: Hammett

text: 's

text: nameless

text: and

text: less

text: than

text: glamorous

text: detective

text: The

text: Continental

text: Op

text: Spade

text: combined

text: several

text: features

text: of

text: previous

text: detectives

text: most

text: notably

text: his

text: detached

text: demeanor

text: keen

text: eye

text: for

text: detail

text: and

text: unflinching

text: determination

text: to

text: achieve

text: his

text: own

text: justice

annotations: follows single

question: occupation sam spade

answer: private investigator

text: private investigator