text: Elephants are large mammals of the family Elephantidae and the order Proboscidea. Two species are traditionally recognised, the African elephant ("Loxodonta africana") and the Asian elephant ("Elephas maximus"), although some evidence suggests that African bush elephants and African forest elephants are separate species ("L. africana" and "L. cyclotis" respectively). Elephants are scattered throughout sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Elephantidae is the only surviving family of the order Proboscidea; other, now extinct, members of the order include deinotheres, gomphotheres, mammoths, and mastodons. Male African elephants are the largest extant terrestrial animals and can reach a height of and weigh . All elephants have several distinctive features, the most notable of which is a long trunk or proboscis, used for many purposes, particularly breathing, lifting water, and grasping objects. Their incisors grow into tusks, which can serve as weapons and as tools for moving objects and digging. Elephants' large ear flaps help to control their body temperature. Their pillar-like legs can carry their great weight. African elephants have larger ears and concave backs while Asian elephants have smaller ears and convex or level backs.

text: Elephants

text: are

text: large

text: mammals

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: Elephantidae

text: and

text: the

text: order

text: Proboscidea

text: Two

text: species

text: are

text: traditionally

text: recognised

text: the

text: African

text: elephant

text: Loxodonta

text: africana

text: and

text: the

text: Asian

text: elephant

text: Elephas

text: maximus

text: although

text: some

text: evidence

text: suggests

text: that

text: African

text: bush

text: elephants

text: and

text: African

text: forest

text: elephants

text: are

text: separate

text: species

text: africana

text: and

text: cyclotis

text: respectively

text: Elephants

text: are

text: scattered

text: throughout

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: South

text: Asia

text: and

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: Elephantidae

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: surviving

text: family

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: Proboscidea

text: other

text: now

text: extinct

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: include

text: deinotheres

text: gomphotheres

text: mammoths

text: and

text: mastodons

text: Male

text: African

text: elephants

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: extant

text: terrestrial

text: animals

text: and

text: can

text: reach

text: height

text: of

text: and

text: weigh

text: All

text: elephants

text: have

text: several

text: distinctive

text: features

text: the

text: most

text: notable

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: long

text: trunk

text: or

text: proboscis

text: used

text: for

text: many

text: purposes

text: particularly

text: breathing

text: lifting

text: water

text: and

text: grasping

text: objects

text: Their

text: incisors

text: grow

text: into

text: tusks

text: which

text: can

text: serve

text: as

text: weapons

text: and

text: as

text: tools

text: for

text: moving

text: objects

text: and

text: digging

text: Elephants

text: large

text: ear

text: flaps

text: help

text: to

text: control

text: their

text: body

text: temperature

text: Their

text: pillar

text: like

text: legs

text: can

text: carry

text: their

text: great

text: weight

text: African

text: elephants

text: have

text: larger

text: ears

text: and

text: concave

text: backs

text: while

text: Asian

text: elephants

text: have

text: smaller

text: ears

text: and

text: convex

text: or

text: level

text: backs

text: Tropical rainforests occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season  all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm  and may also be referred to as "lowland equatorial evergreen rainforest". They rarely extend more than 10 degrees north or south of the equator and are a sub-set of the tropical forest biome type that occurs roughly within the 28 degree latitudes (in the equatorial zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn). Within the World Wildlife Fund's biome classification, tropical rainforests are a type of tropical moist broadleaf forest (or tropical wet forest) that also includes tropical seasonal forests.

text: Tropical

text: rainforests

text: occur

text: in

text: areas

text: of

text: tropical

text: rainforest

text: climate

text: in

text: which

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: dry

text: season

text: all

text: months

text: have

text: an

text: average

text: precipitation

text: of

text: at

text: least

text: mm

text: and

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: lowland

text: equatorial

text: evergreen

text: rainforest

text: They

text: rarely

text: extend

text: more

text: than

text: degrees

text: north

text: or

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: equator

text: and

text: are

text: sub

text: set

text: of

text: the

text: tropical

text: forest

text: biome

text: type

text: that

text: occurs

text: roughly

text: within

text: the

text: degree

text: latitudes

text: in

text: the

text: equatorial

text: zone

text: between

text: the

text: Tropic

text: of

text: Cancer

text: and

text: Tropic

text: of

text: Capricorn

text: Within

text: the

text: World

text: Wildlife

text: Fund

text: 's

text: biome

text: classification

text: tropical

text: rainforests

text: are

text: type

text: of

text: tropical

text: moist

text: broadleaf

text: forest

text: or

text: tropical

text: wet

text: forest

text: that

text: also

text: includes

text: tropical

text: seasonal

text: forests

text: A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding. Horses and other herbivores have wide flat teeth that are adapted to grinding grass, tree bark, and other tough plant material.

text: herbivore

text: is

text: an

text: animal

text: anatomically

text: and

text: physiologically

text: adapted

text: to

text: eating

text: plant

text: material

text: for

text: example

text: foliage

text: for

text: the

text: main

text: component

text: of

text: its

text: diet

text: As

text: result

text: of

text: their

text: plant

text: diet

text: herbivorous

text: animals

text: typically

text: have

text: mouthparts

text: adapted

text: to

text: rasping

text: or

text: grinding

text: Horses

text: and

text: other

text: herbivores

text: have

text: wide

text: flat

text: teeth

text: that

text: are

text: adapted

text: to

text: grinding

text: grass

text: tree

text: bark

text: and

text: other

text: tough

text: plant

text: material

text: A rhinoceros (meaning "nose horn"), often abbreviated to rhino, is one of any five extant species of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae, as well as any of the numerous extinct species. Two of these extant species are native to Africa and three to Southern Asia.

text: rhinoceros

text: meaning

text: nose

text: horn

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: rhino

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: any

text: five

text: extant

text: species

text: of

text: odd

text: toed

text: ungulates

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Rhinocerotidae

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: any

text: of

text: the

text: numerous

text: extinct

text: species

text: Two

text: of

text: these

text: extant

text: species

text: are

text: native

text: to

text: Africa

text: and

text: three

text: to

text: Southern

text: Asia

text: Ethiopia ('), officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"' (   , "yetiyoya Fdralaw Dmokirasyaw Rpebilk" ), is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north and northeast, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With nearly 100 million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world, as well as the second-most populous nation on the African continent after Nigeria. It occupies a total area of , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa.

text: Ethiopia

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Federal

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ethiopia

text: yetiyoya

text: Fdralaw

text: Dmokirasyaw

text: Rpebilk

text: is

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: It

text: shares

text: borders

text: with

text: Eritrea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: northeast

text: Djibouti

text: and

text: Somalia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Sudan

text: and

text: South

text: Sudan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Kenya

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: With

text: nearly

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Ethiopia

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: nation

text: on

text: the

text: African

text: continent

text: after

text: Nigeria

text: It

text: occupies

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Addis

text: Ababa

text: A Mangrove swamp is a distinct saline woodland or shrubland habitat formed by mangrove trees. They are characterized by depositional coastal environments, where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high-energy wave action. The saline conditions tolerated by various mangrove species range from brackish water, through pure seawater (3 to 4%), to water concentrated by evaporation to over twice the salinity of ocean seawater (up to 9%).

text: Mangrove

text: swamp

text: is

text: distinct

text: saline

text: woodland

text: or

text: shrubland

text: habitat

text: formed

text: by

text: mangrove

text: trees

text: They

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: depositional

text: coastal

text: environments

text: where

text: fine

text: sediments

text: often

text: with

text: high

text: organic

text: content

text: collect

text: in

text: areas

text: protected

text: from

text: high

text: energy

text: wave

text: action

text: The

text: saline

text: conditions

text: tolerated

text: by

text: various

text: mangrove

text: species

text: range

text: from

text: brackish

text: water

text: through

text: pure

text: seawater

text: to

text: to

text: water

text: concentrated

text: by

text: evaporation

text: to

text: over

text: twice

text: the

text: salinity

text: of

text: ocean

text: seawater

text: up

text: to

text: Arsinoitherium is an extinct genus of paenungulate mammal belonging to the extinct order Embrithopoda. It is related to elephants, sirenians, hyraxes and the extinct desmostylians. Arsinoitheres were superficially rhinoceros-like herbivores that lived during the late Eocene and the early Oligocene of northern Africa from 36 to 30 million years ago, in areas of tropical rainforest and at the margin of mangrove swamps. A species described in 2004, "A. giganteum", lived in Ethiopia about 27 million years ago.

text: Arsinoitherium

text: is

text: an

text: extinct

text: genus

text: of

text: paenungulate

text: mammal

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: extinct

text: order

text: Embrithopoda

text: It

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: elephants

text: sirenians

text: hyraxes

text: and

text: the

text: extinct

text: desmostylians

text: Arsinoitheres

text: were

text: superficially

text: rhinoceros

text: like

text: herbivores

text: that

text: lived

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: Eocene

text: and

text: the

text: early

text: Oligocene

text: of

text: northern

text: Africa

text: from

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: in

text: areas

text: of

text: tropical

text: rainforest

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: margin

text: of

text: mangrove

text: swamps

text: species

text: described

text: in

text: giganteum

text: lived

text: in

text: Ethiopia

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The Paleogene (or ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Mya. It is the beginning of the Cenozoic Era of the present Phanerozoic Eon. The Paleogene is most notable for being the time during which mammals diversified from relatively small, simple forms into a large group of diverse animals in the wake of the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event that ended the preceding Cretaceous Period.

text: The

text: Paleogene

text: or

text: also

text: spelled

text: Palaeogene

text: or

text: Palæogene

text: informally

text: Lower

text: Tertiary

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: that

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Neogene

text: Period

text: Mya

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era

text: of

text: the

text: present

text: Phanerozoic

text: Eon

text: The

text: Paleogene

text: is

text: most

text: notable

text: for

text: being

text: the

text: time

text: during

text: which

text: mammals

text: diversified

text: from

text: relatively

text: small

text: simple

text: forms

text: into

text: large

text: group

text: of

text: diverse

text: animals

text: in

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: the

text: CretaceousPaleogene

text: extinction

text: event

text: that

text: ended

text: the

text: preceding

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: Desmostylia (from Greek  "desma", "bundle", and  "stylos", "pillar") is an extinct order of aquatic mammals that existed from the late Oligocene (Arikareean) to the late Miocene (Tortonian).

text: Desmostylia

text: from

text: Greek

text: desma

text: bundle

text: and

text: stylos

text: pillar

text: is

text: an

text: extinct

text: order

text: of

text: aquatic

text: mammals

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: Oligocene

text: Arikareean

text: to

text: the

text: late

text: Miocene

text: Tortonian

text: The Eocene Epoch, lasting from , is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Paleocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch. The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope C in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope C. The end is set at a major extinction event called the "Grande Coupure" (the "Great Break" in continuity) or the EoceneOligocene extinction event, which may be related to the impact of one or more large bolides in Siberia and in what is now Chesapeake Bay. As with other geologic periods, the strata that define the start and end of the epoch are well identified, though their exact dates are slightly uncertain.

text: The

text: Eocene

text: Epoch

text: lasting

text: from

text: is

text: major

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: geologic

text: timescale

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: epoch

text: of

text: the

text: Paleogene

text: Period

text: in

text: the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era

text: The

text: Eocene

text: spans

text: the

text: time

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Paleocene

text: Epoch

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Oligocene

text: Epoch

text: The

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Eocene

text: is

text: marked

text: by

text: brief

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: concentration

text: of

text: the

text: carbon

text: isotope

text: in

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: was

text: exceptionally

text: low

text: in

text: comparison

text: with

text: the

text: more

text: common

text: isotope

text: The

text: end

text: is

text: set

text: at

text: major

text: extinction

text: event

text: called

text: the

text: Grande

text: Coupure

text: the

text: Great

text: Break

text: in

text: continuity

text: or

text: the

text: EoceneOligocene

text: extinction

text: event

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: impact

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: large

text: bolides

text: in

text: Siberia

text: and

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Chesapeake

text: Bay

text: As

text: with

text: other

text: geologic

text: periods

text: the

text: strata

text: that

text: define

text: the

text: start

text: and

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: epoch

text: are

text: well

text: identified

text: though

text: their

text: exact

text: dates

text: are

text: slightly

text: uncertain

text: Sirenia, commonly referred to as sea cows, is an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands, and coastal marine waters. Sirenia comprises the families Dugongidae (the dugong), Trichechidae (manatees), Protosirenidae (Eocene sirenians), and Prorastomidae (terrestrial sirenians). There are currently four extant species of sirenians. Sirenians are classified in the clade Paenungulata, alongside the elephants and the hyraxes, and evolved in the Eocene 50 million years ago. The Dugongidae diverged from the Trichechidae in the late Eocene or early Oligocene.

text: Sirenia

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: sea

text: cows

text: is

text: an

text: order

text: of

text: fully

text: aquatic

text: herbivorous

text: mammals

text: that

text: inhabit

text: swamps

text: rivers

text: estuaries

text: marine

text: wetlands

text: and

text: coastal

text: marine

text: waters

text: Sirenia

text: comprises

text: the

text: families

text: Dugongidae

text: the

text: dugong

text: Trichechidae

text: manatees

text: Protosirenidae

text: Eocene

text: sirenians

text: and

text: Prorastomidae

text: terrestrial

text: sirenians

text: There

text: are

text: currently

text: four

text: extant

text: species

text: of

text: sirenians

text: Sirenians

text: are

text: classified

text: in

text: the

text: clade

text: Paenungulata

text: alongside

text: the

text: elephants

text: and

text: the

text: hyraxes

text: and

text: evolved

text: in

text: the

text: Eocene

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The

text: Dugongidae

text: diverged

text: from

text: the

text: Trichechidae

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eocene

text: or

text: early

text: Oligocene

text: The transition between the end of the Eocene and the beginning of the Oligocene is marked by large-scale extinction and floral and faunal turnover (although minor in comparison to the largest mass extinctions). Most of the affected organisms were marine or aquatic in nature. They included the last of the ancient cetaceans, the Archaeoceti.

text: The

text: transition

text: between

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Eocene

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Oligocene

text: is

text: marked

text: by

text: large

text: scale

text: extinction

text: and

text: floral

text: and

text: faunal

text: turnover

text: although

text: minor

text: in

text: comparison

text: to

text: the

text: largest

text: mass

text: extinctions

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: affected

text: organisms

text: were

text: marine

text: or

text: aquatic

text: in

text: nature

text: They

text: included

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: cetaceans

text: the

text: Archaeoceti

text: Embrithopoda ( `` heavy - footed '' ) is an order of extinct mammals known from Asia , Africa and eastern Europe . Most of the embrithopod genera are known exclusively from jaws and teeth dated from the late Paleocene to the late Eocene , but the order is best known from its terminal member , the elephantine Arsinoitherium .

text: Embrithopoda

text: heavy

text: footed

text: is

text: an

text: order

text: of

text: extinct

text: mammals

text: known

text: from

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: and

text: eastern

text: Europe

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: embrithopod

text: genera

text: are

text: known

text: exclusively

text: from

text: jaws

text: and

text: teeth

text: dated

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: Paleocene

text: to

text: the

text: late

text: Eocene

text: but

text: the

text: order

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: from

text: its

text: terminal

text: member

text: the

text: elephantine

text: Arsinoitherium

question: parent_taxon embrithopoda

answer: paenungulata

text: paenungulata


text: Mono is one of the twelve departments of Benin . The capital of Mono is Lokossa . The Gen language is only spoken in this department in Benin . Other languages spoken in this area are Ewe and some of the Phla -- Pherá languages The département of Mono lost its northern territory in 1999 when it split off to become Kouffo Department .

text: Mono

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: twelve

text: departments

text: of

text: Benin

text: The

text: capital

text: of

text: Mono

text: is

text: Lokossa

text: The

text: Gen

text: language

text: is

text: only

text: spoken

text: in

text: this

text: department

text: in

text: Benin

text: Other

text: languages

text: spoken

text: in

text: this

text: area

text: are

text: Ewe

text: and

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: Phla

text: Pherá

text: languages

text: The

text: département

text: of

text: Mono

text: lost

text: its

text: northern

text: territory

text: in

text: when

text: it

text: split

text: off

text: to

text: become

text: Kouffo

text: Department

text: Benin (or -; ), officially the Republic of Benin and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. A majority of the population live on its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometers and its population in 2015 was estimated to be approximately 10.88 million. Benin is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with substantial employment and income arising from subsistence farming.

text: Benin

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Benin

text: and

text: formerly

text: Dahomey

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: West

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Togo

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Nigeria

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Burkina

text: Faso

text: and

text: Niger

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: live

text: on

text: its

text: small

text: southern

text: coastline

text: on

text: the

text: Bight

text: of

text: Benin

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Guinea

text: in

text: the

text: northernmost

text: tropical

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: The

text: capital

text: of

text: Benin

text: is

text: Porto

text: Novo

text: but

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: is

text: in

text: Cotonou

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: economic

text: capital

text: Benin

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: kilometers

text: and

text: its

text: population

text: in

text: was

text: estimated

text: to

text: be

text: approximately

text: million

text: Benin

text: is

text: tropical

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: nation

text: highly

text: dependent

text: on

text: agriculture

text: with

text: substantial

text: employment

text: and

text: income

text: arising

text: from

text: subsistence

text: farming

text: West Africa, also called Western Africa and the West of Africa, is the westernmost subregion of Africa. West Africa has been defined as including 18 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, the island nation of Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, the island of Saint Helena, Senegal, Sierra Leone, São Tomé and Príncipe and Togo.

text: West

text: Africa

text: also

text: called

text: Western

text: Africa

text: and

text: the

text: West

text: of

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: westernmost

text: subregion

text: of

text: Africa

text: West

text: Africa

text: has

text: been

text: defined

text: as

text: including

text: countries

text: Benin

text: Burkina

text: Faso

text: the

text: island

text: nation

text: of

text: Cape

text: Verde

text: Gambia

text: Ghana

text: Guinea

text: Guinea

text: Bissau

text: Ivory

text: Coast

text: Liberia

text: Mali

text: Mauritania

text: Niger

text: Nigeria

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: Senegal

text: Sierra

text: Leone

text: São

text: Tomé

text: and

text: Príncipe

text: and

text: Togo

text: Lokossa is an arrondissement, commune, and the capital city of Mono Department in Benin. The name Lokossa translates into English as "underneath the iroko tree".

text: Lokossa

text: is

text: an

text: arrondissement

text: commune

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Mono

text: Department

text: in

text: Benin

text: The

text: name

text: Lokossa

text: translates

text: into

text: English

text: as

text: underneath

text: the

text: iroko

text: tree

text: Aplahoué is a town and arrondissement located in the Kouffo Department of Benin. The commune covers an area of 572 square kilometres and as of 2013 had a population of 170,069 people. Village of Mr. Basile G. Sossou.

text: Aplahoué

text: is

text: town

text: and

text: arrondissement

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Kouffo

text: Department

text: of

text: Benin

text: The

text: commune

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: kilometres

text: and

text: as

text: of

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: people

text: Village

text: of

text: Mr.

text: Basile

text: Sossou

text: Cotonou, formerly Kutonu, is the largest city and economic centre of Benin.

text: Cotonou

text: formerly

text: Kutonu

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: economic

text: centre

text: of

text: Benin

text: The Federal Republic of Nigeria , commonly referred to as Nigeria, is a federal republic in West Africa, bordering Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. It comprises 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja is located. Its largest cities include: Lagos, Kano, Ibadan, Benin City and Port Harcourt. Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country.

text: The

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Nigeria

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Nigeria

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: in

text: West

text: Africa

text: bordering

text: Benin

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: Chad

text: and

text: Cameroon

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Niger

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: Its

text: coast

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: lies

text: on

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Guinea

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: It

text: comprises

text: states

text: and

text: the

text: Federal

text: Capital

text: Territory

text: where

text: the

text: capital

text: Abuja

text: is

text: located

text: Its

text: largest

text: cities

text: include

text: Lagos

text: Kano

text: Ibadan

text: Benin

text: City

text: and

text: Port

text: Harcourt

text: Nigeria

text: is

text: officially

text: democratic

text: secular

text: country

text: Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in Africa around in size. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. Its capital is Ouagadougou. In 2014 its population was estimated at just over 17.3 million. Burkina Faso is a francophone country and French is an official language of government and business. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was renamed "Burkina Faso" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. Residents of Burkina Faso are known as "Burkinabé".

text: Burkina

text: Faso

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: around

text: in

text: size

text: It

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: six

text: countries

text: Mali

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Niger

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Benin

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Togo

text: and

text: Ghana

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Ivory

text: Coast

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Ouagadougou

text: In

text: its

text: population

text: was

text: estimated

text: at

text: just

text: over

text: million

text: Burkina

text: Faso

text: is

text: francophone

text: country

text: and

text: French

text: is

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: business

text: Formerly

text: called

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Upper

text: Volta

text: the

text: country

text: was

text: renamed

text: Burkina

text: Faso

text: on

text: August

text: by

text: then

text: President

text: Thomas

text: Sankara

text: Residents

text: of

text: Burkina

text: Faso

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: Burkinabé

text: The seat of government is (as defined by "Brewer's Politics") "the building, complex of buildings or the city from which a government exercises its authority".

text: The

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: is

text: as

text: defined

text: by

text: Brewer

text: 's

text: Politics

text: the

text: building

text: complex

text: of

text: buildings

text: or

text: the

text: city

text: from

text: which

text: government

text: exercises

text: its

text: authority

text: Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its capital Lomé is located. Togo covers , making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately 7.5 million.

text: Togo

text: officially

text: the

text: Togolese

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: West

text: Africa

text: bordered

text: by

text: Ghana

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Benin

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Burkina

text: Faso

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: It

text: extends

text: south

text: to

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Guinea

text: where

text: its

text: capital

text: Lomé

text: is

text: located

text: Togo

text: covers

text: making

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: smallest

text: countries

text: in

text: Africa

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: million

text: The Gulf of Guinea is the northeasternmost part of the tropical Atlantic Ocean between Cape Lopez in Gabon, north and west to Cape Three Points in Western region Ghana. The intersection of the Equator and Prime Meridian (zero degrees latitude and longitude) is in the gulf.

text: The

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Guinea

text: is

text: the

text: northeasternmost

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: tropical

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: between

text: Cape

text: Lopez

text: in

text: Gabon

text: north

text: and

text: west

text: to

text: Cape

text: Three

text: Points

text: in

text: Western

text: region

text: Ghana

text: The

text: intersection

text: of

text: the

text: Equator

text: and

text: Prime

text: Meridian

text: zero

text: degrees

text: latitude

text: and

text: longitude

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: gulf

text: The Bight of Benin or Bay of Benin is a bight in the Gulf of Guinea area on the western African coast.

text: The

text: Bight

text: of

text: Benin

text: or

text: Bay

text: of

text: Benin

text: is

text: bight

text: in

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Guinea

text: area

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: African

text: coast

text: Porto-Novo (also known as Hogbonu and Ajashe) is the capital of Benin, and was the capital of French Dahomey. The commune covers an area of and as of 2002 had a population of 223,552 people.

text: Porto

text: Novo

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Hogbonu

text: and

text: Ajashe

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Benin

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: French

text: Dahomey

text: The

text: commune

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: as

text: of

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: people

text: Agriculture is the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. Industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture farming has become the dominant agricultural methodology.

text: Agriculture

text: is

text: the

text: cultivation

text: and

text: breeding

text: of

text: animals

text: plants

text: and

text: fungi

text: for

text: food

text: fiber

text: biofuel

text: medicinal

text: plants

text: and

text: other

text: products

text: used

text: to

text: sustain

text: and

text: enhance

text: human

text: life

text: Agriculture

text: was

text: the

text: key

text: development

text: in

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: sedentary

text: human

text: civilization

text: whereby

text: farming

text: of

text: domesticated

text: species

text: created

text: food

text: surpluses

text: that

text: nurtured

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: civilization

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: agriculture

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: agricultural

text: science

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: agriculture

text: dates

text: back

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

text: and

text: its

text: development

text: has

text: been

text: driven

text: and

text: defined

text: by

text: greatly

text: different

text: climates

text: cultures

text: and

text: technologies

text: Industrial

text: agriculture

text: based

text: on

text: large

text: scale

text: monoculture

text: farming

text: has

text: become

text: the

text: dominant

text: agricultural

text: methodology

text: The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the "New World".

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceans

text: with

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: It

text: covers

text: approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: and

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: water

text: surface

text: area

text: It

text: separates

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: from

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: Niger (or ), officially the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km, making it the largest country in West Africa, with over 80 percent of its land area covered by the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of about 19 million is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the country. The capital city is Niamey, located in the far-southwest corner of Niger.

text: Niger

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Niger

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Africa

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Niger

text: River

text: Niger

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Libya

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Chad

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Nigeria

text: and

text: Benin

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Burkina

text: Faso

text: and

text: Mali

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Algeria

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Niger

text: covers

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: almost

text: km

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: West

text: Africa

text: with

text: over

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: land

text: area

text: covered

text: by

text: the

text: Sahara

text: Desert

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: predominantly

text: Islamic

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: is

text: mostly

text: clustered

text: in

text: the

text: far

text: south

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Niamey

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: far

text: southwest

text: corner

text: of

text: Niger

text: Kouffo is one of the twelve departments of Benin. Kouffo borders the country of Togo and it also borders the departments of Mono, Zou, and Atlantique. Since 2008, the capital is Aplahoué. The département of Kouffo was created in 1999 when it was split off from Mono Department.

text: Kouffo

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: twelve

text: departments

text: of

text: Benin

text: Kouffo

text: borders

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: Togo

text: and

text: it

text: also

text: borders

text: the

text: departments

text: of

text: Mono

text: Zou

text: and

text: Atlantique

text: Since

text: the

text: capital

text: is

text: Aplahoué

text: The

text: département

text: of

text: Kouffo

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: split

text: off

text: from

text: Mono

text: Department

annotations: follows single

question: instance_of mono department

answer: department of benin

text: department of benin


text: Dallas L. Austin (born December 29, 1970) is an American record producer, songwriter, musician, and film producer, born in Columbus, Georgia.

text: Dallas

text: Austin

text: born

text: December

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: record

text: producer

text: songwriter

text: musician

text: and

text: film

text: producer

text: born

text: in

text: Columbus

text: Georgia

text: A pianist is an individual musician who plays the piano. Most forms of Western music can make use of the piano. Consequently, pianists have a wide variety of repertoire and styles to choose from, including traditionally classical music, Jazz, blues and all sorts of popular music, including rock music. Most pianists can, to a certain extent, play other keyboard-related instruments such as the synthesizer, harpsichord, celesta and the organ and keyboard. Perhaps the greatest pianist of all time was Franz Liszt, whose piano mastery was described by Anton Rubinstein: "In comparison with Liszt, all other pianists are children".

text: pianist

text: is

text: an

text: individual

text: musician

text: who

text: plays

text: the

text: piano

text: Most

text: forms

text: of

text: Western

text: music

text: can

text: make

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: piano

text: Consequently

text: pianists

text: have

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: repertoire

text: and

text: styles

text: to

text: choose

text: from

text: including

text: traditionally

text: classical

text: music

text: Jazz

text: blues

text: and

text: all

text: sorts

text: of

text: popular

text: music

text: including

text: rock

text: music

text: Most

text: pianists

text: can

text: to

text: certain

text: extent

text: play

text: other

text: keyboard

text: related

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: synthesizer

text: harpsichord

text: celesta

text: and

text: the

text: organ

text: and

text: keyboard

text: Perhaps

text: the

text: greatest

text: pianist

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: was

text: Franz

text: Liszt

text: whose

text: piano

text: mastery

text: was

text: described

text: by

text: Anton

text: Rubinstein

text: In

text: comparison

text: with

text: Liszt

text: all

text: other

text: pianists

text: are

text: children

text: Pharrell Lanscilo Williams (born April 5, 1973) is an American singer-songwriter, rapper, record producer, and film producer.

text: Pharrell

text: Lanscilo

text: Williams

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: rapper

text: record

text: producer

text: and

text: film

text: producer

text: "What You Waiting For?" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." (2004). Written by Stefani and Linda Perry, the song is the album's opening track and was released as Stefani's debut solo single. "What You Waiting For?" details Stefani's lack of inspiration, fear of producing the album, as well as her reaction to pressures exerted by her record label. It is primarily an electropop song and introduces Stefani's four back-up dancers, the Harajuku Girls, who had a major input into the album's production.

text: What

text: You

text: Waiting

text: For

text: is

text: song

text: by

text: American

text: singer

text: and

text: songwriter

text: Gwen

text: Stefani

text: from

text: her

text: debut

text: solo

text: studio

text: album

text: Love

text: Angel

text: Music

text: Baby

text: Written

text: by

text: Stefani

text: and

text: Linda

text: Perry

text: the

text: song

text: is

text: the

text: album

text: 's

text: opening

text: track

text: and

text: was

text: released

text: as

text: Stefani

text: 's

text: debut

text: solo

text: single

text: What

text: You

text: Waiting

text: For

text: details

text: Stefani

text: 's

text: lack

text: of

text: inspiration

text: fear

text: of

text: producing

text: the

text: album

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: her

text: reaction

text: to

text: pressures

text: exerted

text: by

text: her

text: record

text: label

text: It

text: is

text: primarily

text: an

text: electropop

text: song

text: and

text: introduces

text: Stefani

text: 's

text: four

text: back

text: up

text: dancers

text: the

text: Harajuku

text: Girls

text: who

text: had

text: major

text: input

text: into

text: the

text: album

text: 's

text: production

text: Dance music is music composed specifically to facilitate or accompany dancing. It can be either a whole musical piece or part of a larger musical arrangement. In terms of performance, the major categories are live dance music and recorded dance music. While there exist attestations of the combination of dance and music in ancient times (for example Ancient Greek vases sometimes show dancers accompanied by musicians), the earliest Western dance music that we can still reproduce with a degree of certainty are the surviving medieval dances. In the Baroque period, the major dance styles were noble court dances (see Baroque dance). In the classical music era, the minuet was frequently used as a third movement, although in this context it would not accompany any dancing. The waltz also arose later in the classical era. Both remained part of the romantic music period, which also saw the rise of various other nationalistic dance forms like the barcarolle, mazurka, ecossaise, ballade and polonaise.

text: Dance

text: music

text: is

text: music

text: composed

text: specifically

text: to

text: facilitate

text: or

text: accompany

text: dancing

text: It

text: can

text: be

text: either

text: whole

text: musical

text: piece

text: or

text: part

text: of

text: larger

text: musical

text: arrangement

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: performance

text: the

text: major

text: categories

text: are

text: live

text: dance

text: music

text: and

text: recorded

text: dance

text: music

text: While

text: there

text: exist

text: attestations

text: of

text: the

text: combination

text: of

text: dance

text: and

text: music

text: in

text: ancient

text: times

text: for

text: example

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: vases

text: sometimes

text: show

text: dancers

text: accompanied

text: by

text: musicians

text: the

text: earliest

text: Western

text: dance

text: music

text: that

text: we

text: can

text: still

text: reproduce

text: with

text: degree

text: of

text: certainty

text: are

text: the

text: surviving

text: medieval

text: dances

text: In

text: the

text: Baroque

text: period

text: the

text: major

text: dance

text: styles

text: were

text: noble

text: court

text: dances

text: see

text: Baroque

text: dance

text: In

text: the

text: classical

text: music

text: era

text: the

text: minuet

text: was

text: frequently

text: used

text: as

text: third

text: movement

text: although

text: in

text: this

text: context

text: it

text: would

text: not

text: accompany

text: any

text: dancing

text: The

text: waltz

text: also

text: arose

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: classical

text: era

text: Both

text: remained

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: romantic

text: music

text: period

text: which

text: also

text: saw

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: various

text: other

text: nationalistic

text: dance

text: forms

text: like

text: the

text: barcarolle

text: mazurka

text: ecossaise

text: ballade

text: and

text: polonaise

text: "Don't Speak" is a song by the American rock band No Doubt. It was released in 1996 as the third single from the band's third studio album, "Tragic Kingdom" (1995). Vocalist Gwen Stefani wrote the song with her brother Eric Stefani about her bandmate and ex-boyfriend Tony Kanal shortly after he ended their seven-year relationship.

text: Do

text: n't

text: Speak

text: is

text: song

text: by

text: the

text: American

text: rock

text: band

text: No

text: Doubt

text: It

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: third

text: single

text: from

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: third

text: studio

text: album

text: Tragic

text: Kingdom

text: Vocalist

text: Gwen

text: Stefani

text: wrote

text: the

text: song

text: with

text: her

text: brother

text: Eric

text: Stefani

text: about

text: her

text: bandmate

text: and

text: ex

text: boyfriend

text: Tony

text: Kanal

text: shortly

text: after

text: he

text: ended

text: their

text: seven

text: year

text: relationship

text: Courtney Michelle Love (born July 9, 1964) is an American musician, actress, and visual artist. Prolific in the punk and grunge scenes of the 1990s, Love's career has spanned four decades. She rose to prominence as the frontwoman of the alternative rock band Hole, which she formed in 1989. Love has drawn public attention for her uninhibited live performances and confrontational lyrics, as well as her highly publicized personal life following her marriage to Kurt Cobain.

text: Courtney

text: Michelle

text: Love

text: born

text: July

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: musician

text: actress

text: and

text: visual

text: artist

text: Prolific

text: in

text: the

text: punk

text: and

text: grunge

text: scenes

text: of

text: the

text: Love

text: 's

text: career

text: has

text: spanned

text: four

text: decades

text: She

text: rose

text: to

text: prominence

text: as

text: the

text: frontwoman

text: of

text: the

text: alternative

text: rock

text: band

text: Hole

text: which

text: she

text: formed

text: in

text: Love

text: has

text: drawn

text: public

text: attention

text: for

text: her

text: uninhibited

text: live

text: performances

text: and

text: confrontational

text: lyrics

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: her

text: highly

text: publicized

text: personal

text: life

text: following

text: her

text: marriage

text: to

text: Kurt

text: Cobain

text: Andre Romelle Young (born February 18, 1965), better known by his stage name Dr. Dre, is an American rapper, record producer, and entrepreneur. He is the founder and current CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics. Dre was previously the co-owner of, and an artist on, Death Row Records. He has produced albums for and overseen the careers of many rappers, including 2Pac, The D.O.C., Snoop Dogg, Eminem, Xzibit, Knoc-turn'al, 50 Cent, The Game and Kendrick Lamar. He is credited as a key figure in the popularization of West Coast G-funk, a style of rap music characterized as synthesizer-based with slow, heavy beats. In 2014, Dr. Dre was ranked as the second richest figure in the American hip hop scene by "Forbes" with a net worth of $550 million; he is at the top of the 2015 "Forbes" list, with an estimated pre-tax take of $620 million in 2014.

text: Andre

text: Romelle

text: Young

text: born

text: February

text: better

text: known

text: by

text: his

text: stage

text: name

text: Dr.

text: Dre

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: rapper

text: record

text: producer

text: and

text: entrepreneur

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: founder

text: and

text: current

text: CEO

text: of

text: Aftermath

text: Entertainment

text: and

text: Beats

text: Electronics

text: Dre

text: was

text: previously

text: the

text: co

text: owner

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: artist

text: on

text: Death

text: Row

text: Records

text: He

text: has

text: produced

text: albums

text: for

text: and

text: overseen

text: the

text: careers

text: of

text: many

text: rappers

text: including

text: The

text: D.O.C.

text: Snoop

text: Dogg

text: Eminem

text: Xzibit

text: Knoc

text: turn'al

text: Cent

text: The

text: Game

text: and

text: Kendrick

text: Lamar

text: He

text: is

text: credited

text: as

text: key

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: popularization

text: of

text: West

text: Coast

text: funk

text: style

text: of

text: rap

text: music

text: characterized

text: as

text: synthesizer

text: based

text: with

text: slow

text: heavy

text: beats

text: In

text: Dr.

text: Dre

text: was

text: ranked

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: richest

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: hip

text: hop

text: scene

text: by

text: Forbes

text: with

text: net

text: worth

text: of

text: million

text: he

text: is

text: at

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: Forbes

text: list

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: pre

text: tax

text: take

text: of

text: million

text: in

text: Grunge (sometimes referred to as the Seattle sound) is a subgenre of alternative rock that emerged during the in the American state of Washington, particularly in Seattle. The early grunge movement revolved around Seattle's independent record label Sub Pop, but by the early 1990s its popularity had spread, with grunge acts in California and other parts of the U.S. building strong followings and signing major record deals.

text: Grunge

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Seattle

text: sound

text: is

text: subgenre

text: of

text: alternative

text: rock

text: that

text: emerged

text: during

text: the

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: state

text: of

text: Washington

text: particularly

text: in

text: Seattle

text: The

text: early

text: grunge

text: movement

text: revolved

text: around

text: Seattle

text: 's

text: independent

text: record

text: label

text: Sub

text: Pop

text: but

text: by

text: the

text: early

text: its

text: popularity

text: had

text: spread

text: with

text: grunge

text: acts

text: in

text: California

text: and

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: building

text: strong

text: followings

text: and

text: signing

text: major

text: record

text: deals

text: `` Hollaback Girl '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . As part of Stefani 's vision of creating `` a silly dance record '' , `` Hollaback Girl '' is a hip hop song that draws influence from 1980s hip hop and dance music . The song was written by Stefani , Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo , as a response to Courtney Love 's statement that Stefani was a `` cheerleader '' in an interview with Seventeen magazine . The song was released as the album 's third single on March 15 , 2005 , and was one of the year 's most popular songs , peaking inside the top 10 on the majority of the charts it entered . It reached number one in Australia and the United States , where it became the first digital download to sell one million copies . `` Hollaback Girl '' received several award nominations , including Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Record of the Year at the 48th Grammy Awards , yet it divided pop music critics . The CD single bears a `` Parental Advisory : Explicit Content '' label , although the album does not . This song also serves as the opening track of the 2005 compilation album Now That 's What I Call Music ! 19 ( U.S. series ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 19 ) )

text: Hollaback

text: Girl

text: is

text: song

text: by

text: American

text: singer

text: and

text: songwriter

text: Gwen

text: Stefani

text: from

text: her

text: debut

text: solo

text: studio

text: album

text: Love

text: Angel

text: Music

text: Baby

text: As

text: part

text: of

text: Stefani

text: 's

text: vision

text: of

text: creating

text: silly

text: dance

text: record

text: Hollaback

text: Girl

text: is

text: hip

text: hop

text: song

text: that

text: draws

text: influence

text: from

text: hip

text: hop

text: and

text: dance

text: music

text: The

text: song

text: was

text: written

text: by

text: Stefani

text: Pharrell

text: Williams

text: and

text: Chad

text: Hugo

text: as

text: response

text: to

text: Courtney

text: Love

text: 's

text: statement

text: that

text: Stefani

text: was

text: cheerleader

text: in

text: an

text: interview

text: with

text: Seventeen

text: magazine

text: The

text: song

text: was

text: released

text: as

text: the

text: album

text: 's

text: third

text: single

text: on

text: March

text: and

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: 's

text: most

text: popular

text: songs

text: peaking

text: inside

text: the

text: top

text: on

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: charts

text: it

text: entered

text: It

text: reached

text: number

text: one

text: in

text: Australia

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: where

text: it

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: digital

text: download

text: to

text: sell

text: one

text: million

text: copies

text: Hollaback

text: Girl

text: received

text: several

text: award

text: nominations

text: including

text: Best

text: Female

text: Pop

text: Vocal

text: Performance

text: and

text: Record

text: of

text: the

text: Year

text: at

text: the

text: Grammy

text: Awards

text: yet

text: it

text: divided

text: pop

text: music

text: critics

text: The

text: CD

text: single

text: bears

text: Parental

text: Advisory

text: Explicit

text: Content

text: label

text: although

text: the

text: album

text: does

text: not

text: This

text: song

text: also

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: opening

text: track

text: of

text: the

text: compilation

text: album

text: Now

text: That

text: 's

text: What

text: Call

text: Music

text: U.S.

text: series

text: Now

text: That

text: 's

text: What

text: Call

text: Music

text: The Neptunes are an American production duo, composed of Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo, who are credited with contributing the sound for many successful hip hop and R&B artists in the late-1990s and 2000s. The Neptunes' sound is a distinctive brand of off-kilter, stripped-down electronic funk with sounds from Middle Eastern and Asian music including percussion and woodwind. Pharrell sings and (later) raps on records and appears in videos, unlike his production partner Chad, who tends to stay behind the scenes.

text: The

text: Neptunes

text: are

text: an

text: American

text: production

text: duo

text: composed

text: of

text: Pharrell

text: Williams

text: and

text: Chad

text: Hugo

text: who

text: are

text: credited

text: with

text: contributing

text: the

text: sound

text: for

text: many

text: successful

text: hip

text: hop

text: and

text: R&B

text: artists

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: The

text: Neptunes

text: sound

text: is

text: distinctive

text: brand

text: of

text: off

text: kilter

text: stripped

text: down

text: electronic

text: funk

text: with

text: sounds

text: from

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: and

text: Asian

text: music

text: including

text: percussion

text: and

text: woodwind

text: Pharrell

text: sings

text: and

text: later

text: raps

text: on

text: records

text: and

text: appears

text: in

text: videos

text: unlike

text: his

text: production

text: partner

text: Chad

text: who

text: tends

text: to

text: stay

text: behind

text: the

text: scenes

text: Charles Edward "Chad" Hugo (born February 24, 1974) is an American multi-instrumentalist and record producer. He is best known as one half of the music production and writing duo The Neptunes and as a member of N.E.R.D. He is a saxophonist, pianist and guitarist. Along with his production partner Pharrell Williams, he has produced numerous number-one hit tracks.

text: Charles

text: Edward

text: Chad

text: Hugo

text: born

text: February

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: and

text: record

text: producer

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: one

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: music

text: production

text: and

text: writing

text: duo

text: The

text: Neptunes

text: and

text: as

text: member

text: of

text: N.E.R.D.

text: He

text: is

text: saxophonist

text: pianist

text: and

text: guitarist

text: Along

text: with

text: his

text: production

text: partner

text: Pharrell

text: Williams

text: he

text: has

text: produced

text: numerous

text: number

text: one

text: hit

text: tracks

text: N*E*R*D (a backronym of No-one Ever Really Dies) is an American funk rock band. Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo were signed by Teddy Riley to Virgin Records as a duo, The Neptunes. After producing songs for several artists throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s, the production duo formed the band with Shay Haley as a side project of The Neptunes in 1999. N*E*R*D's debut album, "In Search Of...", sold 603,000 copies in the United States and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It was also awarded the second annual Shortlist Music Prize. The band's second album, "Fly or Die", sold 412,000 copies in the United States, but shipped at least 500,000 units, certifying it Gold.

text: N*E*R*D

text: backronym

text: of

text: No

text: one

text: Ever

text: Really

text: Dies

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: funk

text: rock

text: band

text: Pharrell

text: Williams

text: and

text: Chad

text: Hugo

text: were

text: signed

text: by

text: Teddy

text: Riley

text: to

text: Virgin

text: Records

text: as

text: duo

text: The

text: Neptunes

text: After

text: producing

text: songs

text: for

text: several

text: artists

text: throughout

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: the

text: production

text: duo

text: formed

text: the

text: band

text: with

text: Shay

text: Haley

text: as

text: side

text: project

text: of

text: The

text: Neptunes

text: in

text: N*E*R*D

text: 's

text: debut

text: album

text: In

text: Search

text: Of

text: sold

text: copies

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: was

text: certified

text: Gold

text: by

text: the

text: Recording

text: Industry

text: Association

text: of

text: America

text: RIAA

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: awarded

text: the

text: second

text: annual

text: Shortlist

text: Music

text: Prize

text: The

text: band

text: 's

text: second

text: album

text: Fly

text: or

text: Die

text: sold

text: copies

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: but

text: shipped

text: at

text: least

text: units

text: certifying

text: it

text: Gold

text: "Just a Girl" is a song by the American rock band No Doubt. The song was released in 1995 as the album's lead single and helped the band break into mainstream music, peaking at number 23 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100.

text: Just

text: Girl

text: is

text: song

text: by

text: the

text: American

text: rock

text: band

text: No

text: Doubt

text: The

text: song

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: album

text: 's

text: lead

text: single

text: and

text: helped

text: the

text: band

text: break

text: into

text: mainstream

text: music

text: peaking

text: at

text: number

text: on

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: Interscope Records is an American record company. A division of Interscope Geffen A&M Records, its parent company is the Universal Music Group, a subsidiary of Vivendi S.A.

text: Interscope

text: Records

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: record

text: company

text: division

text: of

text: Interscope

text: Geffen

text: A&M

text: Records

text: its

text: parent

text: company

text: is

text: the

text: Universal

text: Music

text: Group

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: Vivendi

text: S.A.

text: André Lauren Benjamin (born May 27, 1975), better known by his stage name André 3000 (formerly known as André), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and actor, best known for being part of hip hop duo Outkast alongside fellow rapper Big Boi. As an actor, Benjamin has made appearances in a number of TV series and films, including "Families", "The Shield", "Be Cool", "Revolver", "Semi-Pro", "Four Brothers", and the leading role of Jimi Hendrix in "All Is by My Side". In addition to music and acting, Benjamin has also been an active entrepreneur. In the spring of 2008, he launched a clothing line called Benjamin Bixby. He has also been an advocate for animal rights. He is also known for his work on the Cartoon Network animated series "Class of 3000".

text: André

text: Lauren

text: Benjamin

text: born

text: May

text: better

text: known

text: by

text: his

text: stage

text: name

text: André

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: André

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: rapper

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: record

text: producer

text: dancer

text: and

text: actor

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: being

text: part

text: of

text: hip

text: hop

text: duo

text: Outkast

text: alongside

text: fellow

text: rapper

text: Big

text: Boi

text: As

text: an

text: actor

text: Benjamin

text: has

text: made

text: appearances

text: in

text: number

text: of

text: TV

text: series

text: and

text: films

text: including

text: Families

text: The

text: Shield

text: Be

text: Cool

text: Revolver

text: Semi

text: Pro

text: Four

text: Brothers

text: and

text: the

text: leading

text: role

text: of

text: Jimi

text: Hendrix

text: in

text: All

text: Is

text: by

text: My

text: Side

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: music

text: and

text: acting

text: Benjamin

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: an

text: active

text: entrepreneur

text: In

text: the

text: spring

text: of

text: he

text: launched

text: clothing

text: line

text: called

text: Benjamin

text: Bixby

text: He

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: an

text: advocate

text: for

text: animal

text: rights

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: on

text: the

text: Cartoon

text: Network

text: animated

text: series

text: Class

text: of

text:
Romantic music is an era of Western classical music that began in the late 18th or early 19th century. It is related to Romanticism, the European artistic and literary movement that arose in the second half of the 18th century, and Romantic music in particular dominated the Romantic movement in Germany.
In the Romantic period, music became more expressive and emotional, expanding to encompass literary, artistic, and philosophical themes. Famous early Romantic composers include Beethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Chopin, Mendelssohn, Bellini, and Berlioz. The late 19th century saw a dramatic expansion in the size of the orchestra and in the dynamic range and diversity of instruments used in this ensemble. Also, public concerts became a key part of urban middle class society, in contrast to earlier periods, when concerts were mainly paid for by and performed for aristocrats. Famous composers from the second half of the century include Johann Strauss II, Brahms, Liszt, Tchaikovsky, Verdi, and Wagner. Between 1890 and 1910, a third wave of composers including Dvoák, Mahler, Richard Strauss, Puccini, and Sibelius built on the work of middle Romantic composers to create even more complex  and often much longer  musical works. A prominent mark of late 19th century music is its nationalistic fervor, as exemplified by such figures as Dvoák, Sibelius, and Grieg. Other prominent late-century figures include Saint-Saëns, Fauré, Rachmaninoff and Franck.

text: Romantic

text: music

text: is

text: an

text: era

text: of

text: Western

text: classical

text: music

text: that

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: or

text: early

text: century

text: It

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: Romanticism

text: the

text: European

text: artistic

text: and

text: literary

text: movement

text: that

text: arose

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: Romantic

text: music

text: in

text: particular

text: dominated

text: the

text: Romantic

text: movement

text: in

text: Germany

text: In

text: the

text: Romantic

text: period

text: music

text: became

text: more

text: expressive

text: and

text: emotional

text: expanding

text: to

text: encompass

text: literary

text: artistic

text: and

text: philosophical

text: themes

text: Famous

text: early

text: Romantic

text: composers

text: include

text: Beethoven

text: Schubert

text: Schumann

text: Chopin

text: Mendelssohn

text: Bellini

text: and

text: Berlioz

text: The

text: late

text: century

text: saw

text: dramatic

text: expansion

text: in

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: orchestra

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: dynamic

text: range

text: and

text: diversity

text: of

text: instruments

text: used

text: in

text: this

text: ensemble

text: Also

text: public

text: concerts

text: became

text: key

text: part

text: of

text: urban

text: middle

text: class

text: society

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: earlier

text: periods

text: when

text: concerts

text: were

text: mainly

text: paid

text: for

text: by

text: and

text: performed

text: for

text: aristocrats

text: Famous

text: composers

text: from

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: include

text: Johann

text: Strauss

text: II

text: Brahms

text: Liszt

text: Tchaikovsky

text: Verdi

text: and

text: Wagner

text: Between

text: and

text: third

text: wave

text: of

text: composers

text: including

text: Dvoák

text: Mahler

text: Richard

text: Strauss

text: Puccini

text: and

text: Sibelius

text: built

text: on

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: middle

text: Romantic

text: composers

text: to

text: create

text: even

text: more

text: complex

text: and

text: often

text: much

text: longer

text: musical

text: works

text: prominent

text: mark

text: of

text: late

text: century

text: music

text: is

text: its

text: nationalistic

text: fervor

text: as

text: exemplified

text: by

text: such

text: figures

text: as

text: Dvoák

text: Sibelius

text: and

text: Grieg

text: Other

text: prominent

text: late

text: century

text: figures

text: include

text: Saint

text: Saëns

text: Fauré

text: Rachmaninoff

text: and

text: Franck

text: The Sweet Escape is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani, released on December 1, 2006 by Interscope Records. Having originally intended to return to No Doubt after her debut solo album, "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." (2004), Stefani decided to record a second album as a way to release some of the material left over from the "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." writing sessions. The album musically resembles its predecessor while exploring more modern pop sounds. It was released to generally mixed reviews from contemporary music critics, receiving criticism for its strong similarities to "Love. Angel. Music. Baby."

text: The

text: Sweet

text: Escape

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: studio

text: album

text: by

text: American

text: singer

text: and

text: songwriter

text: Gwen

text: Stefani

text: released

text: on

text: December

text: by

text: Interscope

text: Records

text: Having

text: originally

text: intended

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: No

text: Doubt

text: after

text: her

text: debut

text: solo

text: album

text: Love

text: Angel

text: Music

text: Baby

text: Stefani

text: decided

text: to

text: record

text: second

text: album

text: as

text: way

text: to

text: release

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: material

text: left

text: over

text: from

text: the

text: Love

text: Angel

text: Music

text: Baby

text: writing

text: sessions

text: The

text: album

text: musically

text: resembles

text: its

text: predecessor

text: while

text: exploring

text: more

text: modern

text: pop

text: sounds

text: It

text: was

text: released

text: to

text: generally

text: mixed

text: reviews

text: from

text: contemporary

text: music

text: critics

text: receiving

text: criticism

text: for

text: its

text: strong

text: similarities

text: to

text: Love

text: Angel

text: Music

text: Baby

text: A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performer's music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process. The roles of a producer vary. He or she may gather musical ideas for the project, collaborate with the artists to select cover tunes or original songs by the artist/group, work with artists and help them to improve their songs, lyrics or arrangements.

text: record

text: producer

text: or

text: music

text: producer

text: oversees

text: and

text: manages

text: the

text: sound

text: recording

text: and

text: production

text: of

text: band

text: or

text: performer

text: 's

text: music

text: which

text: may

text: range

text: from

text: recording

text: one

text: song

text: to

text: recording

text: lengthy

text: concept

text: album

text: producer

text: has

text: many

text: roles

text: during

text: the

text: recording

text: process

text: The

text: roles

text: of

text: producer

text: vary

text: He

text: or

text: she

text: may

text: gather

text: musical

text: ideas

text: for

text: the

text: project

text: collaborate

text: with

text: the

text: artists

text: to

text: select

text: cover

text: tunes

text: or

text: original

text: songs

text: by

text: the

text: artist

text: group

text: work

text: with

text: artists

text: and

text: help

text: them

text: to

text: improve

text: their

text: songs

text: lyrics

text: or

text: arrangements

text: Gwen Renée Stefani (born October 3, 1969) is an American singer, songwriter, and fashion designer. She is the co-founder and lead vocalist of the band No Doubt that experienced major success after their breakthrough studio album "Tragic Kingdom" (1995) along with various successful singles, including "Just a Girl", "Don't Speak", "Hey Baby", and "It's My Life". During the band's hiatus, Stefani embarked on a solo pop career in 2004 by releasing her debut studio album "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." Inspired by pop music from the 1980s, the album was met with both critical and commercial success. It spawned three commercially successful singles: "What You Waiting For?", "Rich Girl", and "Hollaback Girl", the latter reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 while also becoming the first US download to sell one million copies. In 2006 Stefani released her second studio album "The Sweet Escape". The album produced two successful singles: "Wind It Up" and the album's title track "The Sweet Escape". Her third solo album "This Is What the Truth Feels Like" was released in March 2016 and became her first solo number-one album on the "Billboard" 200.

text: Gwen

text: Renée

text: Stefani

text: born

text: October

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: and

text: fashion

text: designer

text: She

text: is

text: the

text: co

text: founder

text: and

text: lead

text: vocalist

text: of

text: the

text: band

text: No

text: Doubt

text: that

text: experienced

text: major

text: success

text: after

text: their

text: breakthrough

text: studio

text: album

text: Tragic

text: Kingdom

text: along

text: with

text: various

text: successful

text: singles

text: including

text: Just

text: Girl

text: Do

text: n't

text: Speak

text: Hey

text: Baby

text: and

text: It

text: 's

text: My

text: Life

text: During

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: hiatus

text: Stefani

text: embarked

text: on

text: solo

text: pop

text: career

text: in

text: by

text: releasing

text: her

text: debut

text: studio

text: album

text: Love

text: Angel

text: Music

text: Baby

text: Inspired

text: by

text: pop

text: music

text: from

text: the

text: the

text: album

text: was

text: met

text: with

text: both

text: critical

text: and

text: commercial

text: success

text: It

text: spawned

text: three

text: commercially

text: successful

text: singles

text: What

text: You

text: Waiting

text: For

text: Rich

text: Girl

text: and

text: Hollaback

text: Girl

text: the

text: latter

text: reached

text: number

text: one

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: while

text: also

text: becoming

text: the

text: first

text: US

text: download

text: to

text: sell

text: one

text: million

text: copies

text: In

text: Stefani

text: released

text: her

text: second

text: studio

text: album

text: The

text: Sweet

text: Escape

text: The

text: album

text: produced

text: two

text: successful

text: singles

text: Wind

text: It

text: Up

text: and

text: the

text: album

text: 's

text: title

text: track

text: The

text: Sweet

text: Escape

text: Her

text: third

text: solo

text: album

text: This

text: Is

text: What

text: the

text: Truth

text: Feels

text: Like

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: March

text: and

text: became

text: her

text: first

text: solo

text: number

text: one

text: album

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound and silence, which exist in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek  ("mousike"; "art of the Muses"). In its most general form, the activities describing music as an art form include the production of works of music (songs, tunes, symphonies, and so on), the criticism of music, the study of the history of music, and the aesthetic examination of music. Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound."

text: Music

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: and

text: cultural

text: activity

text: whose

text: medium

text: is

text: sound

text: and

text: silence

text: which

text: exist

text: in

text: time

text: The

text: common

text: elements

text: of

text: music

text: are

text: pitch

text: which

text: governs

text: melody

text: and

text: harmony

text: rhythm

text: and

text: its

text: associated

text: concepts

text: tempo

text: meter

text: and

text: articulation

text: dynamics

text: loudness

text: and

text: softness

text: and

text: the

text: sonic

text: qualities

text: of

text: timbre

text: and

text: texture

text: which

text: are

text: sometimes

text: termed

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: musical

text: sound

text: Different

text: styles

text: or

text: types

text: of

text: music

text: may

text: emphasize

text: de

text: emphasize

text: or

text: omit

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: elements

text: Music

text: is

text: performed

text: with

text: vast

text: range

text: of

text: instruments

text: and

text: vocal

text: techniques

text: ranging

text: from

text: singing

text: to

text: rapping

text: there

text: are

text: solely

text: instrumental

text: pieces

text: solely

text: vocal

text: pieces

text: such

text: as

text: songs

text: without

text: instrumental

text: accompaniment

text: and

text: pieces

text: that

text: combine

text: singing

text: and

text: instruments

text: The

text: word

text: derives

text: from

text: Greek

text: mousike

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: Muses

text: In

text: its

text: most

text: general

text: form

text: the

text: activities

text: describing

text: music

text: as

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: include

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: works

text: of

text: music

text: songs

text: tunes

text: symphonies

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: the

text: criticism

text: of

text: music

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: examination

text: of

text: music

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: and

text: Indian

text: philosophers

text: defined

text: music

text: as

text: tones

text: ordered

text: horizontally

text: as

text: melodies

text: and

text: vertically

text: as

text: harmonies

text: Common

text: sayings

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: harmony

text: of

text: the

text: spheres

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: music

text: to

text: my

text: ears

text: point

text: to

text: the

text: notion

text: that

text: music

text: is

text: often

text: ordered

text: and

text: pleasant

text: to

text: listen

text: to

text: However

text: century

text: composer

text: John

text: Cage

text: thought

text: that

text: any

text: sound

text: can

text: be

text: music

text: saying

text: for

text: example

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: noise

text: only

text: sound

text: Linda Perry (born April 15, 1965) is an American Grammy nominated rock singer-songwriter, and record producer. She first became known as the lead singer and primary songwriter of 4 Non Blondes and has since founded two record labels and composed and produced hit songs for several other artists. They include: "Beautiful" by Christina Aguilera; "What You Waiting For?" by Gwen Stefani; and "Get the Party Started" by P!nk. Perry has also contributed to albums by Adele, Alicia Keys, and Courtney Love, as well as signing and distributing James Blunt in the United States. Perry was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2015.

text: Linda

text: Perry

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: Grammy

text: nominated

text: rock

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: and

text: record

text: producer

text: She

text: first

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: lead

text: singer

text: and

text: primary

text: songwriter

text: of

text: Non

text: Blondes

text: and

text: has

text: since

text: founded

text: two

text: record

text: labels

text: and

text: composed

text: and

text: produced

text: hit

text: songs

text: for

text: several

text: other

text: artists

text: They

text: include

text: Beautiful

text: by

text: Christina

text: Aguilera

text: What

text: You

text: Waiting

text: For

text: by

text: Gwen

text: Stefani

text: and

text: Get

text: the

text: Party

text: Started

text: by

text: P!nk

text: Perry

text: has

text: also

text: contributed

text: to

text: albums

text: by

text: Adele

text: Alicia

text: Keys

text: and

text: Courtney

text: Love

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: signing

text: and

text: distributing

text: James

text: Blunt

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Perry

text: was

text: also

text: inducted

text: into

text: the

text: Songwriters

text: Hall

text: of

text: Fame

text: in

text: Love. Angel. Music. Baby. is the debut solo studio album by American singer Gwen Stefani. It was released on November 12, 2004, by Interscope Records. Stefani, who had previously released five albums as rock band No Doubt's lead singer, began recording solo material in early 2003. She began working on "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." as a side project that would become a full album after No Doubt went on hiatus. Stefani co-wrote every song on the album, collaborating with various songwriters and producers including André 3000, Dallas Austin, Dr. Dre, the Neptunes and Linda Perry.

text: Love

text: Angel

text: Music

text: Baby

text: is

text: the

text: debut

text: solo

text: studio

text: album

text: by

text: American

text: singer

text: Gwen

text: Stefani

text: It

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: November

text: by

text: Interscope

text: Records

text: Stefani

text: who

text: had

text: previously

text: released

text: five

text: albums

text: as

text: rock

text: band

text: No

text: Doubt

text: 's

text: lead

text: singer

text: began

text: recording

text: solo

text: material

text: in

text: early

text: She

text: began

text: working

text: on

text: Love

text: Angel

text: Music

text: Baby

text: as

text: side

text: project

text: that

text: would

text: become

text: full

text: album

text: after

text: No

text: Doubt

text: went

text: on

text: hiatus

text: Stefani

text: co

text: wrote

text: every

text: song

text: on

text: the

text: album

text: collaborating

text: with

text: various

text: songwriters

text: and

text: producers

text: including

text: André

text: Dallas

text: Austin

text: Dr.

text: Dre

text: the

text: Neptunes

text: and

text: Linda

text: Perry

text: Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20, 1967  April 5, 1994) was an American musician, artist, songwriter, guitarist and poet. Born in Aberdeen, Washington, Cobain formed the band Nirvana with Krist Novoselic in 1987 and established it as part of the Seattle music scene and grunge genre. Nirvana's debut album "Bleach" was released on the independent record label Sub Pop in 1989.

text: Kurt

text: Donald

text: Cobain

text: February

text: April

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: musician

text: artist

text: songwriter

text: guitarist

text: and

text: poet

text: Born

text: in

text: Aberdeen

text: Washington

text: Cobain

text: formed

text: the

text: band

text: Nirvana

text: with

text: Krist

text: Novoselic

text: in

text: and

text: established

text: it

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Seattle

text: music

text: scene

text: and

text: grunge

text: genre

text: Nirvana

text: 's

text: debut

text: album

text: Bleach

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: the

text: independent

text: record

text: label

text: Sub

text: Pop

text: in

text: A multi-instrumentalist is a musician who plays two or more musical instruments at a professional level. Multi-instrumentalists who play closely related instruments, a practice known as doubling are common in orchestra (e.g., flute players who double on piccolo and percussion players, who play snare drum, cymbals, bass drum, etc.), in jazz (e.g., saxophone players who double on clarinet or flute; or double bass players who also play electric bass); in music theatre pit orchestras (e.g., reed players who are required to play numerous reed instruments); and in other areas of classical music (e.g., church piano players are often expected to play the church's pipe organ or Hammond organ as well). Popular music composers and songwriters are often multi-instrumentalists. In pop and rock, it is more common than in classical or jazz for performers to be multi-instrumentalists on instruments that are not from the same family: it is common for pop and rock musicians to play both guitar and keyboards. Many bluegrass musicians are multi-instrumentalists. Some musicians' unions or associations specify a higher rate of pay for musicians who double on two or more instruments for a performance or recording.

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: is

text: musician

text: who

text: plays

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: musical

text: instruments

text: at

text: professional

text: level

text: Multi

text: instrumentalists

text: who

text: play

text: closely

text: related

text: instruments

text: practice

text: known

text: as

text: doubling

text: are

text: common

text: in

text: orchestra

text: e.g.

text: flute

text: players

text: who

text: double

text: on

text: piccolo

text: and

text: percussion

text: players

text: who

text: play

text: snare

text: drum

text: cymbals

text: bass

text: drum

text: etc

text: in

text: jazz

text: e.g.

text: saxophone

text: players

text: who

text: double

text: on

text: clarinet

text: or

text: flute

text: or

text: double

text: bass

text: players

text: who

text: also

text: play

text: electric

text: bass

text: in

text: music

text: theatre

text: pit

text: orchestras

text: e.g.

text: reed

text: players

text: who

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: play

text: numerous

text: reed

text: instruments

text: and

text: in

text: other

text: areas

text: of

text: classical

text: music

text: e.g.

text: church

text: piano

text: players

text: are

text: often

text: expected

text: to

text: play

text: the

text: church

text: 's

text: pipe

text: organ

text: or

text: Hammond

text: organ

text: as

text: well

text: Popular

text: music

text: composers

text: and

text: songwriters

text: are

text: often

text: multi

text: instrumentalists

text: In

text: pop

text: and

text: rock

text: it

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: than

text: in

text: classical

text: or

text: jazz

text: for

text: performers

text: to

text: be

text: multi

text: instrumentalists

text: on

text: instruments

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: family

text: it

text: is

text: common

text: for

text: pop

text: and

text: rock

text: musicians

text: to

text: play

text: both

text: guitar

text: and

text: keyboards

text: Many

text: bluegrass

text: musicians

text: are

text: multi

text: instrumentalists

text: Some

text: musicians

text: unions

text: or

text: associations

text: specify

text: higher

text: rate

text: of

text: pay

text: for

text: musicians

text: who

text: double

text: on

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: instruments

text: for

text: performance

text: or

text: recording

text: Tragic Kingdom is the third studio album by American rock band No Doubt. It was released on October 10, 1995 by Trauma Records, a division of Interscope Records. It is the final album to feature original keyboardist Eric Stefani, who left the band in 1994. The album was produced by Matthew Wilder and recorded in 11 studios in the Greater Los Angeles Area between March 1993 and October 1995. Between 1995 and 1998, seven singles were released from it, including "Just a Girl", which charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart; and "Don't Speak", which reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 Airplay and peaked in the top five of many international charts.

text: Tragic

text: Kingdom

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: studio

text: album

text: by

text: American

text: rock

text: band

text: No

text: Doubt

text: It

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: October

text: by

text: Trauma

text: Records

text: division

text: of

text: Interscope

text: Records

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: final

text: album

text: to

text: feature

text: original

text: keyboardist

text: Eric

text: Stefani

text: who

text: left

text: the

text: band

text: in

text: The

text: album

text: was

text: produced

text: by

text: Matthew

text: Wilder

text: and

text: recorded

text: in

text: studios

text: in

text: the

text: Greater

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Area

text: between

text: March

text: and

text: October

text: Between

text: and

text: seven

text: singles

text: were

text: released

text: from

text: it

text: including

text: Just

text: Girl

text: which

text: charted

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: and

text: the

text: UK

text: Singles

text: Chart

text: and

text: Do

text: n't

text: Speak

text: which

text: reached

text: number

text: one

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: Airplay

text: and

text: peaked

text: in

text: the

text: top

text: five

text: of

text: many

text: international

text: charts

text: Sources for an understanding of dance in Europe in the Middle Ages are limited and fragmentary, being composed of some interesting depictions in paintings and illuminations, a few musical examples of what may be dances, and scattered allusions in literary texts. The first detailed descriptions of dancing only date from 1451 in Italy, which is after the start of the Renaissance in Western Europe.

text: Sources

text: for

text: an

text: understanding

text: of

text: dance

text: in

text: Europe

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: are

text: limited

text: and

text: fragmentary

text: being

text: composed

text: of

text: some

text: interesting

text: depictions

text: in

text: paintings

text: and

text: illuminations

text: few

text: musical

text: examples

text: of

text: what

text: may

text: be

text: dances

text: and

text: scattered

text: allusions

text: in

text: literary

text: texts

text: The

text: first

text: detailed

text: descriptions

text: of

text: dancing

text: only

text: date

text: from

text: in

text: Italy

text: which

text: is

text: after

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: record_label hollaback girl

answer: interscope records

text: interscope records

text: interscope records

text: interscope records

text: interscope records