text: Harrods is a luxury department store located on Brompton Road in Knightsbridge, London. It is owned by the state of Qatar. The Harrods brand also applies to other enterprises undertaken by the Harrods group of companies including Harrods Bank, Harrods Estates, Harrods Aviation and Air Harrods, and to Harrods Buenos Aires, sold by Harrods in 1922 and closed , with plans announced to reopen in 2013.

text: Harrods

text: is

text: luxury

text: department

text: store

text: located

text: on

text: Brompton

text: Road

text: in

text: Knightsbridge

text: London

text: It

text: is

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Qatar

text: The

text: Harrods

text: brand

text: also

text: applies

text: to

text: other

text: enterprises

text: undertaken

text: by

text: the

text: Harrods

text: group

text: of

text: companies

text: including

text: Harrods

text: Bank

text: Harrods

text: Estates

text: Harrods

text: Aviation

text: and

text: Air

text: Harrods

text: and

text: to

text: Harrods

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: sold

text: by

text: Harrods

text: in

text: and

text: closed

text: with

text: plans

text: announced

text: to

text: reopen

text: in

text: Heathrow Airport is a major international airport in London, England. Heathrow is the third busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic (surpassed by Dubai International in 2014, and Hong Kong International in 2016), as well as the busiest airport in Europe by passenger traffic, and the sixth busiest airport in the world by total passenger traffic. In 2016, it handled a record 75.7 million passengers, a 1.0% increase from 2015.

text: Heathrow

text: Airport

text: is

text: major

text: international

text: airport

text: in

text: London

text: England

text: Heathrow

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: busiest

text: airport

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: international

text: passenger

text: traffic

text: surpassed

text: by

text: Dubai

text: International

text: in

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: International

text: in

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: busiest

text: airport

text: in

text: Europe

text: by

text: passenger

text: traffic

text: and

text: the

text: sixth

text: busiest

text: airport

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: total

text: passenger

text: traffic

text: In

text: it

text: handled

text: record

text: million

text: passengers

text: increase

text: from

text: The Tube map is a schematic transport map of the lines, stations and services of London's public transport systems, the primary system being London Underground, known colloquially as "the Tube", hence the map's name. The first schematic Tube map was designed by Harry Beck in 1931, and it has since been expanded to also include today the Docklands Light Railway, London Overground, TfL Rail, Tramlink and the Emirates Air Line cable car.

text: The

text: Tube

text: map

text: is

text: schematic

text: transport

text: map

text: of

text: the

text: lines

text: stations

text: and

text: services

text: of

text: London

text: 's

text: public

text: transport

text: systems

text: the

text: primary

text: system

text: being

text: London

text: Underground

text: known

text: colloquially

text: as

text: the

text: Tube

text: hence

text: the

text: map

text: 's

text: name

text: The

text: first

text: schematic

text: Tube

text: map

text: was

text: designed

text: by

text: Harry

text: Beck

text: in

text: and

text: it

text: has

text: since

text: been

text: expanded

text: to

text: also

text: include

text: today

text: the

text: Docklands

text: Light

text: Railway

text: London

text: Overground

text: TfL

text: Rail

text: Tramlink

text: and

text: the

text: Emirates

text: Air

text: Line

text: cable

text: car

text: Piccadilly Circus is a road junction and public space of London's West End in the City of Westminster, built in 1819 to connect Regent Street with Piccadilly. In this context, a circus, from the Latin word meaning "circle", is a round open space at a street junction.

text: Piccadilly

text: Circus

text: is

text: road

text: junction

text: and

text: public

text: space

text: of

text: London

text: 's

text: West

text: End

text: in

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Westminster

text: built

text: in

text: to

text: connect

text: Regent

text: Street

text: with

text: Piccadilly

text: In

text: this

text: context

text: circus

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: word

text: meaning

text: circle

text: is

text: round

text: open

text: space

text: at

text: street

text: junction

text: Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. Unlike buses or trams, rapid transit systems are electric railways that operate on an exclusive right-of-way, which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles of any sort, and which is often grade separated in tunnels or on elevated railways.

text: Rapid

text: transit

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: heavy

text: rail

text: metro

text: subway

text: tube

text: or

text: underground

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: high

text: capacity

text: public

text: transport

text: generally

text: found

text: in

text: urban

text: areas

text: Unlike

text: buses

text: or

text: trams

text: rapid

text: transit

text: systems

text: are

text: electric

text: railways

text: that

text: operate

text: on

text: an

text: exclusive

text: right

text: of

text: way

text: which

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: accessed

text: by

text: pedestrians

text: or

text: other

text: vehicles

text: of

text: any

text: sort

text: and

text: which

text: is

text: often

text: grade

text: separated

text: in

text: tunnels

text: or

text: on

text: elevated

text: railways

text: Buckingham Palace is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning.

text: Buckingham

text: Palace

text: is

text: the

text: London

text: residence

text: and

text: administrative

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: reigning

text: monarch

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Westminster

text: the

text: palace

text: is

text: often

text: at

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: state

text: occasions

text: and

text: royal

text: hospitality

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: focal

text: point

text: for

text: the

text: British

text: people

text: at

text: times

text: of

text: national

text: rejoicing

text: and

text: mourning

text: Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited, formerly BAA is the United Kingdom-based operator of London Heathrow Airport. The company also operated London Gatwick and Stansted airports, plus several other UK airports under its former name. It was formed by the privatisation of the British Airports Authority as BAA plc as part of Margaret Thatcher's moves to privatise governement-owned assets, and was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

text: Heathrow

text: Airport

text: Holdings

text: Limited

text: formerly

text: BAA

text: is

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: based

text: operator

text: of

text: London

text: Heathrow

text: Airport

text: The

text: company

text: also

text: operated

text: London

text: Gatwick

text: and

text: Stansted

text: airports

text: plus

text: several

text: other

text: UK

text: airports

text: under

text: its

text: former

text: name

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: privatisation

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Airports

text: Authority

text: as

text: BAA

text: plc

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: Margaret

text: Thatcher

text: 's

text: moves

text: to

text: privatise

text: governement

text: owned

text: assets

text: and

text: was

text: once

text: constituent

text: of

text: the

text: FTSE

text: Index

text: An airport rail link is a service providing passenger rail transport from an airport to a nearby city; by mainline- or commuter trains, rapid transit, people mover or light rail. Direct links operate straight to the airport terminal, while other systems require an intermediate use of people mover or shuttle bus.

text: An

text: airport

text: rail

text: link

text: is

text: service

text: providing

text: passenger

text: rail

text: transport

text: from

text: an

text: airport

text: to

text: nearby

text: city

text: by

text: mainline-

text: or

text: commuter

text: trains

text: rapid

text: transit

text: people

text: mover

text: or

text: light

text: rail

text: Direct

text: links

text: operate

text: straight

text: to

text: the

text: airport

text: terminal

text: while

text: other

text: systems

text: require

text: an

text: intermediate

text: use

text: of

text: people

text: mover

text: or

text: shuttle

text: bus

text: Hertfordshire (often abbreviated Herts) is a county in southern England, bordered by Bedfordshire to the north, Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Essex to the east, Buckinghamshire to the west and Greater London to the south. For government statistical purposes, it is placed in the East of England region.

text: Hertfordshire

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: Herts

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: southern

text: England

text: bordered

text: by

text: Bedfordshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Cambridgeshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: Essex

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Buckinghamshire

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Greater

text: London

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: For

text: government

text: statistical

text: purposes

text: it

text: is

text: placed

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: of

text: England

text: region

text: The District line is a London Underground service that crosses Greater London from east to west. From Upminster, the eastern terminus, the line runs through Central London to Earl's Court before dividing into three western branches, to Ealing Broadway, Wimbledon and Richmond. There is a short branch that goes from Earl's Court to . A branch also runs north from Earl's Court to Edgware Road via Paddington. Coloured green on the tube map, the line serves 60 stations in , and with bridges across the Thames on the Wimbledon and Richmond branches is the only London Underground line to cross the river in this way. The track and stations between Barking and Aldgate East are shared with the Hammersmith & City line, and between Tower Hill and Gloucester Road and on the Edgware Road branch with the Circle line. Some of the stations are shared with the Piccadilly line. Unlike London's deep-level tube railways, the railway tunnels are just below the surface, and the trains are of a similar size to those on British main lines.

text: The

text: District

text: line

text: is

text: London

text: Underground

text: service

text: that

text: crosses

text: Greater

text: London

text: from

text: east

text: to

text: west

text: From

text: Upminster

text: the

text: eastern

text: terminus

text: the

text: line

text: runs

text: through

text: Central

text: London

text: to

text: Earl

text: 's

text: Court

text: before

text: dividing

text: into

text: three

text: western

text: branches

text: to

text: Ealing

text: Broadway

text: Wimbledon

text: and

text: Richmond

text: There

text: is

text: short

text: branch

text: that

text: goes

text: from

text: Earl

text: 's

text: Court

text: to

text: branch

text: also

text: runs

text: north

text: from

text: Earl

text: 's

text: Court

text: to

text: Edgware

text: Road

text: via

text: Paddington

text: Coloured

text: green

text: on

text: the

text: tube

text: map

text: the

text: line

text: serves

text: stations

text: in

text: and

text: with

text: bridges

text: across

text: the

text: Thames

text: on

text: the

text: Wimbledon

text: and

text: Richmond

text: branches

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: London

text: Underground

text: line

text: to

text: cross

text: the

text: river

text: in

text: this

text: way

text: The

text: track

text: and

text: stations

text: between

text: Barking

text: and

text: Aldgate

text: East

text: are

text: shared

text: with

text: the

text: Hammersmith

text: City

text: line

text: and

text: between

text: Tower

text: Hill

text: and

text: Gloucester

text: Road

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: Edgware

text: Road

text: branch

text: with

text: the

text: Circle

text: line

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: stations

text: are

text: shared

text: with

text: the

text: Piccadilly

text: line

text: Unlike

text: London

text: 's

text: deep

text: level

text: tube

text: railways

text: the

text: railway

text: tunnels

text: are

text: just

text: below

text: the

text: surface

text: and

text: the

text: trains

text: are

text: of

text: similar

text: size

text: to

text: those

text: on

text: British

text: main

text: lines

text: Covent Garden (or ) is a district in London on the eastern fringes of the West End, between St Martin's Lane and Drury Lane. It is associated with the former fruit-and-vegetable market in the central square, now a popular shopping and tourist site, and with the Royal Opera House, which is also known as "Covent Garden". The district is divided by the main thoroughfare of Long Acre, north of which is given over to independent shops centred on Neal's Yard and Seven Dials, while the south contains the central square with its street performers and most of the elegant buildings, theatres and entertainment facilities, including the London Transport Museum and the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.

text: Covent

text: Garden

text: or

text: is

text: district

text: in

text: London

text: on

text: the

text: eastern

text: fringes

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: End

text: between

text: St

text: Martin

text: 's

text: Lane

text: and

text: Drury

text: Lane

text: It

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: former

text: fruit

text: and

text: vegetable

text: market

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: square

text: now

text: popular

text: shopping

text: and

text: tourist

text: site

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: Royal

text: Opera

text: House

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Covent

text: Garden

text: The

text: district

text: is

text: divided

text: by

text: the

text: main

text: thoroughfare

text: of

text: Long

text: Acre

text: north

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: given

text: over

text: to

text: independent

text: shops

text: centred

text: on

text: Neal

text: 's

text: Yard

text: and

text: Seven

text: Dials

text: while

text: the

text: south

text: contains

text: the

text: central

text: square

text: with

text: its

text: street

text: performers

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: elegant

text: buildings

text: theatres

text: and

text: entertainment

text: facilities

text: including

text: the

text: London

text: Transport

text: Museum

text: and

text: the

text: Theatre

text: Royal

text: Drury

text: Lane

text: Leicester Square is a pedestrianised square in the West End of London, England. It was laid out in 1670 and is named after the contemporary Leicester House, itself named after Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester.

text: Leicester

text: Square

text: is

text: pedestrianised

text: square

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: End

text: of

text: London

text: England

text: It

text: was

text: laid

text: out

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: contemporary

text: Leicester

text: House

text: itself

text: named

text: after

text: Robert

text: Sidney

text: Earl

text: of

text: Leicester

text: Heathrow Express is an airport rail link between London Heathrow Airport and Paddington. It opened in 1998 and is operated by the Heathrow Express Operating Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of Heathrow Airport Holdings. It is an open access operator and not subject to franchising.

text: Heathrow

text: Express

text: is

text: an

text: airport

text: rail

text: link

text: between

text: London

text: Heathrow

text: Airport

text: and

text: Paddington

text: It

text: opened

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: operated

text: by

text: the

text: Heathrow

text: Express

text: Operating

text: Company

text: wholly

text: owned

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: Heathrow

text: Airport

text: Holdings

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: open

text: access

text: operator

text: and

text: not

text: subject

text: to

text: franchising

text: Buckinghamshire (or ), abbreviated Bucks, is a county in South East England which borders Greater London to the south east, Berkshire to the south, Oxfordshire to the west, Northamptonshire to the north, Bedfordshire to the north east and Hertfordshire to the east.

text: Buckinghamshire

text: or

text: abbreviated

text: Bucks

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: South

text: East

text: England

text: which

text: borders

text: Greater

text: London

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: Berkshire

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Oxfordshire

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Northamptonshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Bedfordshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: Hertfordshire

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: The Piccadilly line is a line of the London Underground, coloured dark blue on the Tube map. It is the fourth busiest line on the Underground network on the basis of the number of passengers transported per year with 210,000,000. It is mainly a deep-level line, running from the north to the west of London via Zone 1, with a number of surface sections, mostly in its westernmost parts. It is named after the road above it between Hyde Park Corner and Piccadilly Circus. Some of its stations are shared with the District line and some are shared with the Metropolitan line. It is the second longest line on the system, after the Central line, and has the second most stations, after the District line. It serves many of London's top tourist attractions including Harrods (Knightsbridge), Hyde Park, Buckingham Palace (within walking distance from Green Park), Piccadilly Circus, Leicester Square and Covent Garden, as well as London Heathrow Airport, the busiest airport in Europe. The line shares tracks with the Metropolitan line between Uxbridge and Rayners Lane, and with the District line between Hanger Lane Junction and Acton Town, then runs parallel with the District line between Acton Town and Barons Court.

text: The

text: Piccadilly

text: line

text: is

text: line

text: of

text: the

text: London

text: Underground

text: coloured

text: dark

text: blue

text: on

text: the

text: Tube

text: map

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: busiest

text: line

text: on

text: the

text: Underground

text: network

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: passengers

text: transported

text: per

text: year

text: with

text: It

text: is

text: mainly

text: deep

text: level

text: line

text: running

text: from

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: London

text: via

text: Zone

text: with

text: number

text: of

text: surface

text: sections

text: mostly

text: in

text: its

text: westernmost

text: parts

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: road

text: above

text: it

text: between

text: Hyde

text: Park

text: Corner

text: and

text: Piccadilly

text: Circus

text: Some

text: of

text: its

text: stations

text: are

text: shared

text: with

text: the

text: District

text: line

text: and

text: some

text: are

text: shared

text: with

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: line

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: longest

text: line

text: on

text: the

text: system

text: after

text: the

text: Central

text: line

text: and

text: has

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: stations

text: after

text: the

text: District

text: line

text: It

text: serves

text: many

text: of

text: London

text: 's

text: top

text: tourist

text: attractions

text: including

text: Harrods

text: Knightsbridge

text: Hyde

text: Park

text: Buckingham

text: Palace

text: within

text: walking

text: distance

text: from

text: Green

text: Park

text: Piccadilly

text: Circus

text: Leicester

text: Square

text: and

text: Covent

text: Garden

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: London

text: Heathrow

text: Airport

text: the

text: busiest

text: airport

text: in

text: Europe

text: The

text: line

text: shares

text: tracks

text: with

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: line

text: between

text: Uxbridge

text: and

text: Rayners

text: Lane

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: District

text: line

text: between

text: Hanger

text: Lane

text: Junction

text: and

text: Acton

text: Town

text: then

text: runs

text: parallel

text: with

text: the

text: District

text: line

text: between

text: Acton

text: Town

text: and

text: Barons

text: Court

text: The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground, or by its nickname the Tube) is a public rapid transit system serving Greater London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom.

text: The

text: London

text: Underground

text: also

text: known

text: simply

text: as

text: the

text: Underground

text: or

text: by

text: its

text: nickname

text: the

text: Tube

text: is

text: public

text: rapid

text: transit

text: system

text: serving

text: Greater

text: London

text: and

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: adjacent

text: counties

text: of

text: Buckinghamshire

text: Essex

text: and

text: Hertfordshire

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Heathrow Terminal 5 station is a shared railway station at London Heathrow Airport Terminal 5 which was opened on 27 March 2008 . It was designed by architects HOK International in conjunction with Rogers , Stirk , Harbour & Partners . The station is staffed by Heathrow Express staff unlike the underground stations at Heathrow Terminal 4 and Heathrow Terminals 1 , 2 , 3 . The London Underground section of the station is situated in Travelcard Zone 6 . It is the westernmost below - ground station on the London Underground network . Until 2012 , free transfer was not possible between terminals via the Underground , in contrast to the Heathrow Express . In January 2012 , free travel was introduced for Oyster card holders between the Heathrow stations on the Piccadilly line . Journeys from Heathrow Terminal 5 to Terminal 4 via the Piccadilly line require a change at Hatton Cross ; this journey is free , despite Hatton Cross not being part of the free travel zone . Although situated underground , parts of the station 's roofing are made of translucent ETFE laminate panels , allowing natural daylight to flood down both ends of all six platforms .

text: Heathrow

text: Terminal

text: station

text: is

text: shared

text: railway

text: station

text: at

text: London

text: Heathrow

text: Airport

text: Terminal

text: which

text: was

text: opened

text: on

text: March

text: It

text: was

text: designed

text: by

text: architects

text: HOK

text: International

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: Rogers

text: Stirk

text: Harbour

text: Partners

text: The

text: station

text: is

text: staffed

text: by

text: Heathrow

text: Express

text: staff

text: unlike

text: the

text: underground

text: stations

text: at

text: Heathrow

text: Terminal

text: and

text: Heathrow

text: Terminals

text: The

text: London

text: Underground

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: station

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: Travelcard

text: Zone

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: westernmost

text: below

text: ground

text: station

text: on

text: the

text: London

text: Underground

text: network

text: Until

text: free

text: transfer

text: was

text: not

text: possible

text: between

text: terminals

text: via

text: the

text: Underground

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: Heathrow

text: Express

text: In

text: January

text: free

text: travel

text: was

text: introduced

text: for

text: Oyster

text: card

text: holders

text: between

text: the

text: Heathrow

text: stations

text: on

text: the

text: Piccadilly

text: line

text: Journeys

text: from

text: Heathrow

text: Terminal

text: to

text: Terminal

text: via

text: the

text: Piccadilly

text: line

text: require

text: change

text: at

text: Hatton

text: Cross

text: this

text: journey

text: is

text: free

text: despite

text: Hatton

text: Cross

text: not

text: being

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: free

text: travel

text: zone

text: Although

text: situated

text: underground

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: station

text: 's

text: roofing

text: are

text: made

text: of

text: translucent

text: ETFE

text: laminate

text: panels

text: allowing

text: natural

text: daylight

text: to

text: flood

text: down

text: both

text: ends

text: of

text: all

text: six

text: platforms

text: The Metropolitan line is a London Underground line that runs from Aldgate, in the City of London, to Amersham and Chesham in Buckinghamshire, with branches to Watford in Hertfordshire, and Uxbridge in the London Borough of Hillingdon. Coloured magenta (Pantone 235) on the tube map, the line is in length and serves 34 stations. The section between Aldgate and Baker Street is shared with the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines; that between Rayners Lane and Uxbridge with the Piccadilly line; and that between Harrow-on-the-Hill and Amersham with Chiltern Railways. Just under 67 million passenger journeys were made on the line in 2011/12. The line is one of only two London Underground lines to cross the Greater London boundary, the other being the Central line.

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: line

text: is

text: London

text: Underground

text: line

text: that

text: runs

text: from

text: Aldgate

text: in

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: to

text: Amersham

text: and

text: Chesham

text: in

text: Buckinghamshire

text: with

text: branches

text: to

text: Watford

text: in

text: Hertfordshire

text: and

text: Uxbridge

text: in

text: the

text: London

text: Borough

text: of

text: Hillingdon

text: Coloured

text: magenta

text: Pantone

text: on

text: the

text: tube

text: map

text: the

text: line

text: is

text: in

text: length

text: and

text: serves

text: stations

text: The

text: section

text: between

text: Aldgate

text: and

text: Baker

text: Street

text: is

text: shared

text: with

text: the

text: Circle

text: and

text: Hammersmith

text: City

text: lines

text: that

text: between

text: Rayners

text: Lane

text: and

text: Uxbridge

text: with

text: the

text: Piccadilly

text: line

text: and

text: that

text: between

text: Harrow

text: on

text: the

text: Hill

text: and

text: Amersham

text: with

text: Chiltern

text: Railways

text: Just

text: under

text: million

text: passenger

text: journeys

text: were

text: made

text: on

text: the

text: line

text: in

text: The

text: line

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: two

text: London

text: Underground

text: lines

text: to

text: cross

text: the

text: Greater

text: London

text: boundary

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: the

text: Central

text: line

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity heathrow terminal 5 station

answer: london borough of hillingdon

text: london borough of hillingdon


text: Muhammad (c. 570 CE  8 June 632 CE) is the central figure of Islam and widely regarded as its founder by non-Muslims. He is known as the "Holy Prophet" to Muslims, almost all of whom consider him to be the last prophet sent by God to mankind to restore Islam, believed by Muslims to be the unaltered original monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and ensured that his teachings, practices, and the Quran, formed the basis of Islamic religious belief.

text: Muhammad

text: CE

text: June

text: CE

text: is

text: the

text: central

text: figure

text: of

text: Islam

text: and

text: widely

text: regarded

text: as

text: its

text: founder

text: by

text: non

text: Muslims

text: He

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Holy

text: Prophet

text: to

text: Muslims

text: almost

text: all

text: of

text: whom

text: consider

text: him

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: last

text: prophet

text: sent

text: by

text: God

text: to

text: mankind

text: to

text: restore

text: Islam

text: believed

text: by

text: Muslims

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: unaltered

text: original

text: monotheistic

text: faith

text: of

text: Adam

text: Abraham

text: Moses

text: Jesus

text: and

text: other

text: prophets

text: Muhammad

text: united

text: Arabia

text: into

text: single

text: Muslim

text: polity

text: and

text: ensured

text: that

text: his

text: teachings

text: practices

text: and

text: the

text: Quran

text: formed

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: Islamic

text: religious

text: belief

text: Moses (' ' '; "Moushe"; '; "" in both the Septuagint and the New Testament) is a prophet in Abrahamic religions. According to the Hebrew Bible, he was a former Egyptian prince who later in life became a religious leader and lawgiver, to whom the authorship of the Torah, or acquisition of the Torah from Heaven is traditionally attributed. Also called "Moshe Rabbenu" in Hebrew ("lit." "Moses our Teacher"), he is the most important prophet in Judaism. He is also an important prophet in Christianity, Islam, Bahá'í Faith as well as a number of other faiths.

text: Moses

text: Moushe

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: Septuagint

text: and

text: the

text: New

text: Testament

text: is

text: prophet

text: in

text: Abrahamic

text: religions

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: he

text: was

text: former

text: Egyptian

text: prince

text: who

text: later

text: in

text: life

text: became

text: religious

text: leader

text: and

text: lawgiver

text: to

text: whom

text: the

text: authorship

text: of

text: the

text: Torah

text: or

text: acquisition

text: of

text: the

text: Torah

text: from

text: Heaven

text: is

text: traditionally

text: attributed

text: Also

text: called

text: Moshe

text: Rabbenu

text: in

text: Hebrew

text: lit

text: Moses

text: our

text: Teacher

text: he

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: prophet

text: in

text: Judaism

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: an

text: important

text: prophet

text: in

text: Christianity

text: Islam

text: Bahá'í

text: Faith

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: faiths

text: The Rashidun Caliphate (') was the Islamic caliphate in the earliest period of Islam, comprising the first four caliphsthe "Rightly Guided" or Rashidun caliphs ('). It was founded after Muhammad's death in 632 (year 11 AH in the Islamic calendar). At its height, the Caliphate controlled an empire from the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, to the Caucasus in the north, North Africa from Egypt to present-day Tunisia in the west, and the Iranian plateau to Central Asia in the east.

text: The

text: Rashidun

text: Caliphate

text: was

text: the

text: Islamic

text: caliphate

text: in

text: the

text: earliest

text: period

text: of

text: Islam

text: comprising

text: the

text: first

text: four

text: caliphsthe

text: Rightly

text: Guided

text: or

text: Rashidun

text: caliphs

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: after

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: year

text: AH

text: in

text: the

text: Islamic

text: calendar

text: At

text: its

text: height

text: the

text: Caliphate

text: controlled

text: an

text: empire

text: from

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: the

text: Levant

text: to

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: North

text: Africa

text: from

text: Egypt

text: to

text: present

text: day

text: Tunisia

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Iranian

text: plateau

text: to

text: Central

text: Asia

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: Abraha (also spelled Abreha) (died after AD 553; r. 525at least 553), also known as 'Abraha al-Ashram (Arabic:  ), was an Ethiopian general then the viceroy of southern Arabia for the Kingdom of Aksum, and later declared himself an independent King of Himyar. Abraha ruled much of present-day Yemen and Hijaz from at least 531 -547 AD to 555 - 565 AD.

text: Abraha

text: also

text: spelled

text: Abreha

text: died

text: after

text: AD

text: least

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Abraha

text: al

text: Ashram

text: Arabic

text: was

text: an

text: Ethiopian

text: general

text: then

text: the

text: viceroy

text: of

text: southern

text: Arabia

text: for

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Aksum

text: and

text: later

text: declared

text: himself

text: an

text: independent

text: King

text: of

text: Himyar

text: Abraha

text: ruled

text: much

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Yemen

text: and

text: Hijaz

text: from

text: at

text: least

text: AD

text: to

text: AD

text: Uthman ibn Affan ( Arabic :     , translit . `` Uthmn ibn `` Affn ; also known in English by the Turkish and Persian rendering Osman ; 576 -- 17 June 656 ) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , and the third of the Sunni Rashidun or `` Rightly Guided Caliphs '' . Born into a prominent Meccan clan of the Quraysh tribe , he played a major role in early Islamic history , succeeding Umar ibn al - Khattab as caliph at age 65 . He was also the prophet 's son - in - law twice , being married to two of the prophet 's daughters Ruqayyah and Umm Kulthum ( he was married to the second daughter after the first passed away ) . Under the leadership of Uthman , the empire expanded into Fars in 650 ( present - day Iran ) , some areas of Khorasan ( present - day Afghanistan ) in 651 and the conquest of Armenia was begun in the 640s .

text: Uthman

text: ibn

text: Affan

text: Arabic

text: translit

text: Uthmn

text: ibn

text: Affn

text: also

text: known

text: in

text: English

text: by

text: the

text: Turkish

text: and

text: Persian

text: rendering

text: Osman

text: June

text: was

text: companion

text: of

text: the

text: Islamic

text: prophet

text: Muhammad

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: Sunni

text: Rashidun

text: or

text: Rightly

text: Guided

text: Caliphs

text: Born

text: into

text: prominent

text: Meccan

text: clan

text: of

text: the

text: Quraysh

text: tribe

text: he

text: played

text: major

text: role

text: in

text: early

text: Islamic

text: history

text: succeeding

text: Umar

text: ibn

text: al

text: Khattab

text: as

text: caliph

text: at

text: age

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: prophet

text: 's

text: son

text: in

text: law

text: twice

text: being

text: married

text: to

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: prophet

text: 's

text: daughters

text: Ruqayyah

text: and

text: Umm

text: Kulthum

text: he

text: was

text: married

text: to

text: the

text: second

text: daughter

text: after

text: the

text: first

text: passed

text: away

text: Under

text: the

text: leadership

text: of

text: Uthman

text: the

text: empire

text: expanded

text: into

text: Fars

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Iran

text: some

text: areas

text: of

text: Khorasan

text: present

text: day

text: Afghanistan

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: Armenia

text: was

text: begun

text: in

text: the

text: Umar, also spelled Omar (born c.583 CEdied 3 November 644 CE), was one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history. He was a senior Sahabi of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He succeeded Abu Bakr (632634) as the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. He was an expert Islamic jurist known for his pious and just nature, which earned him the epithet Al-Farooq ("the one who distinguishes (between right and wrong)"). He is sometimes referred to as Umar I by historians of Islam, since a later Umayyad caliph, Umar II, also bore that name.

text: Umar

text: also

text: spelled

text: Omar

text: born

text: CEdied

text: November

text: CE

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: and

text: influential

text: Muslim

text: caliphs

text: in

text: history

text: He

text: was

text: senior

text: Sahabi

text: of

text: the

text: Islamic

text: prophet

text: Muhammad

text: He

text: succeeded

text: Abu

text: Bakr

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: caliph

text: of

text: the

text: Rashidun

text: Caliphate

text: on

text: August

text: He

text: was

text: an

text: expert

text: Islamic

text: jurist

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: pious

text: and

text: just

text: nature

text: which

text: earned

text: him

text: the

text: epithet

text: Al

text: Farooq

text: the

text: one

text: who

text: distinguishes

text: between

text: right

text: and

text: wrong

text: He

text: is

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Umar

text: by

text: historians

text: of

text: Islam

text: since

text: later

text: Umayyad

text: caliph

text: Umar

text: II

text: also

text: bore

text: that

text: name

text: JURIST is an online legal news service hosted by the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, powered by a staff of more than 60 law students working in Pittsburgh and other US locations under the direction of founding Publisher & Editor-in-Chief Professor Bernard Hibbitts, Acting Executive Director Andrew Morgan, Research Director Jaclyn Belczyk, Technical Director Jeremiah Lee, Managing Editor Joseph Macklin and Chief of Staff Steven Wildberger. It features continuously updated US and international legal news and expert commentary. JURIST is dedicated to advancing civic education, supporting sound decision-making and promoting the rule of law by objectively reporting, documenting and analyzing important legal developments as they happen. JURIST seeks to encourage teaching, learning, and scholarship within the legal community and in the general community.

text: JURIST

text: is

text: an

text: online

text: legal

text: news

text: service

text: hosted

text: by

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pittsburgh

text: School

text: of

text: Law

text: powered

text: by

text: staff

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: law

text: students

text: working

text: in

text: Pittsburgh

text: and

text: other

text: US

text: locations

text: under

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: founding

text: Publisher

text: Editor

text: in

text: Chief

text: Professor

text: Bernard

text: Hibbitts

text: Acting

text: Executive

text: Director

text: Andrew

text: Morgan

text: Research

text: Director

text: Jaclyn

text: Belczyk

text: Technical

text: Director

text: Jeremiah

text: Lee

text: Managing

text: Editor

text: Joseph

text: Macklin

text: and

text: Chief

text: of

text: Staff

text: Steven

text: Wildberger

text: It

text: features

text: continuously

text: updated

text: US

text: and

text: international

text: legal

text: news

text: and

text: expert

text: commentary

text: JURIST

text: is

text: dedicated

text: to

text: advancing

text: civic

text: education

text: supporting

text: sound

text: decision

text: making

text: and

text: promoting

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: by

text: objectively

text: reporting

text: documenting

text: and

text: analyzing

text: important

text: legal

text: developments

text: as

text: they

text: happen

text: JURIST

text: seeks

text: to

text: encourage

text: teaching

text: learning

text: and

text: scholarship

text: within

text: the

text: legal

text: community

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: general

text: community

annotations: follows single

annotations: likely multiple

question: country_of_citizenship uthman

answer: rashidun caliphate

text: rashidun caliphate

text: rashidun caliphate


text: Flint is a hard, sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as a variety of chert. It occurs chiefly as nodules and masses in sedimentary rocks, such as chalks and limestones. Inside the nodule, flint is usually dark grey, black, green, white or brown in colour, and often has a glassy or waxy appearance. A thin layer on the outside of the nodules is usually different in colour, typically white and rough in texture. From a petrological point of view, "flint" refers specifically to the form of chert which occurs in chalk or marly limestone. Similarly, "common chert" (sometimes referred to simply as "chert") occurs in limestone.

text: Flint

text: is

text: hard

text: sedimentary

text: cryptocrystalline

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: mineral

text: quartz

text: categorized

text: as

text: variety

text: of

text: chert

text: It

text: occurs

text: chiefly

text: as

text: nodules

text: and

text: masses

text: in

text: sedimentary

text: rocks

text: such

text: as

text: chalks

text: and

text: limestones

text: Inside

text: the

text: nodule

text: flint

text: is

text: usually

text: dark

text: grey

text: black

text: green

text: white

text: or

text: brown

text: in

text: colour

text: and

text: often

text: has

text: glassy

text: or

text: waxy

text: appearance

text: thin

text: layer

text: on

text: the

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: nodules

text: is

text: usually

text: different

text: in

text: colour

text: typically

text: white

text: and

text: rough

text: in

text: texture

text: From

text: petrological

text: point

text: of

text: view

text: flint

text: refers

text: specifically

text: to

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: chert

text: which

text: occurs

text: in

text: chalk

text: or

text: marly

text: limestone

text: Similarly

text: common

text: chert

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: simply

text: as

text: chert

text: occurs

text: in

text: limestone

text: A lozenge (), often referred to as a diamond, is a form of rhombus. The definition of lozenge is not strictly fixed, and it is sometimes used simply as a synonym (from the French "losange") for rhombus. Most often, though, lozenge refers to a thin rhombusa rhombus with acute angles of less than 45°. The lozenge shape is often used in parquetry and as decoration on ceramics, silverware and textiles. It also features in heraldry and playing cards.

text: lozenge

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: diamond

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: rhombus

text: The

text: definition

text: of

text: lozenge

text: is

text: not

text: strictly

text: fixed

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: simply

text: as

text: synonym

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: losange

text: for

text: rhombus

text: Most

text: often

text: though

text: lozenge

text: refers

text: to

text: thin

text: rhombusa

text: rhombus

text: with

text: acute

text: angles

text: of

text: less

text: than

text: The

text: lozenge

text: shape

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: in

text: parquetry

text: and

text: as

text: decoration

text: on

text: ceramics

text: silverware

text: and

text: textiles

text: It

text: also

text: features

text: in

text: heraldry

text: and

text: playing

text: cards

text: Obsidian is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed as an extrusive igneous rock.

text: Obsidian

text: is

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: volcanic

text: glass

text: formed

text: as

text: an

text: extrusive

text: igneous

text: rock

text: Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees, and other woody plants. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers which are strong in tension embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs. In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots. Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber.

text: Wood

text: is

text: porous

text: and

text: fibrous

text: structural

text: tissue

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: stems

text: and

text: roots

text: of

text: trees

text: and

text: other

text: woody

text: plants

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: organic

text: material

text: natural

text: composite

text: of

text: cellulose

text: fibers

text: which

text: are

text: strong

text: in

text: tension

text: embedded

text: in

text: matrix

text: of

text: lignin

text: which

text: resists

text: compression

text: Wood

text: is

text: sometimes

text: defined

text: as

text: only

text: the

text: secondary

text: xylem

text: in

text: the

text: stems

text: of

text: trees

text: or

text: it

text: is

text: defined

text: more

text: broadly

text: to

text: include

text: the

text: same

text: type

text: of

text: tissue

text: elsewhere

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: roots

text: of

text: trees

text: or

text: shrubs

text: In

text: living

text: tree

text: it

text: performs

text: support

text: function

text: enabling

text: woody

text: plants

text: to

text: grow

text: large

text: or

text: to

text: stand

text: up

text: by

text: themselves

text: It

text: also

text: conveys

text: water

text: and

text: nutrients

text: between

text: the

text: leaves

text: other

text: growing

text: tissues

text: and

text: the

text: roots

text: Wood

text: may

text: also

text: refer

text: to

text: other

text: plant

text: materials

text: with

text: comparable

text: properties

text: and

text: to

text: material

text: engineered

text: from

text: wood

text: or

text: wood

text: chips

text: or

text: fiber

text: A pole weapon or polearm is a close combat weapon in which the main fighting part of the weapon is fitted to the end of a long shaft, typically of wood, thereby extending the user's effective range. Glaives, poleaxes, halberds, and naginata are all varieties of polearms.

text: pole

text: weapon

text: or

text: polearm

text: is

text: close

text: combat

text: weapon

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: main

text: fighting

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: weapon

text: is

text: fitted

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: long

text: shaft

text: typically

text: of

text: wood

text: thereby

text: extending

text: the

text: user

text: 's

text: effective

text: range

text: Glaives

text: poleaxes

text: halberds

text: and

text: naginata

text: are

text: all

text: varieties

text: of

text: polearms

text: Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, that is widely used in construction and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Steel's base metal is iron, which is able to take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms), body centered cubic and face centered cubic (FCC), depending on its temperature. It is the interaction of those allotropes with the alloying elements, primarily carbon, that gives steel and cast iron their range of unique properties. In the body-centred cubic arrangement, there is an iron atom in the centre of each cube, and in the face-centred cubic, there is one at the center of each of the six faces of the cube. Carbon, other elements, and inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that otherwise occur in the crystal lattices of iron atoms.

text: Steel

text: is

text: an

text: alloy

text: of

text: iron

text: and

text: other

text: elements

text: primarily

text: carbon

text: that

text: is

text: widely

text: used

text: in

text: construction

text: and

text: other

text: applications

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: high

text: tensile

text: strength

text: and

text: low

text: cost

text: Steel

text: 's

text: base

text: metal

text: is

text: iron

text: which

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: take

text: on

text: two

text: crystalline

text: forms

text: allotropic

text: forms

text: body

text: centered

text: cubic

text: and

text: face

text: centered

text: cubic

text: FCC

text: depending

text: on

text: its

text: temperature

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: interaction

text: of

text: those

text: allotropes

text: with

text: the

text: alloying

text: elements

text: primarily

text: carbon

text: that

text: gives

text: steel

text: and

text: cast

text: iron

text: their

text: range

text: of

text: unique

text: properties

text: In

text: the

text: body

text: centred

text: cubic

text: arrangement

text: there

text: is

text: an

text: iron

text: atom

text: in

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: each

text: cube

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: face

text: centred

text: cubic

text: there

text: is

text: one

text: at

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: six

text: faces

text: of

text: the

text: cube

text: Carbon

text: other

text: elements

text: and

text: inclusions

text: within

text: iron

text: act

text: as

text: hardening

text: agents

text: that

text: prevent

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: dislocations

text: that

text: otherwise

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: crystal

text: lattices

text: of

text: iron

text: atoms

text: A spear is a pole weapon consisting of a shaft, usually of wood, with a pointed head. The head may be simply the sharpened end of the shaft itself, as is the case with fire hardened spears, or it may be made of a more durable material fastened to the shaft, such as flint, obsidian, iron, steel or bronze. The most common design for hunting or combat spears since ancient times has incorporated a metal spearhead shaped like a triangle, lozenge, or leaf. The heads of fishing spears usually feature barbs or serrated edges.

text: spear

text: is

text: pole

text: weapon

text: consisting

text: of

text: shaft

text: usually

text: of

text: wood

text: with

text: pointed

text: head

text: The

text: head

text: may

text: be

text: simply

text: the

text: sharpened

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: shaft

text: itself

text: as

text: is

text: the

text: case

text: with

text: fire

text: hardened

text: spears

text: or

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: made

text: of

text: more

text: durable

text: material

text: fastened

text: to

text: the

text: shaft

text: such

text: as

text: flint

text: obsidian

text: iron

text: steel

text: or

text: bronze

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: design

text: for

text: hunting

text: or

text: combat

text: spears

text: since

text: ancient

text: times

text: has

text: incorporated

text: metal

text: spearhead

text: shaped

text: like

text: triangle

text: lozenge

text: or

text: leaf

text: The

text: heads

text: of

text: fishing

text: spears

text: usually

text: feature

text: barbs

text: or

text: serrated

text: edges

text: Yue (Old Chinese: "*"), also known as Yuyue, was a state in ancient China which existed during the first millennium BC the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of China's Zhou dynasty in the modern provinces of Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Jiangsu. Its original capital was a site near Mount Kuaiji (around modern Shaoxing); after its conquest of Wu, the Kings of Yue moved their court north to the city of Wu (modern Suzhou).

text: Yue

text: Old

text: Chinese

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Yuyue

text: was

text: state

text: in

text: ancient

text: China

text: which

text: existed

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: millennium

text: BC

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: and

text: Warring

text: States

text: periods

text: of

text: China

text: 's

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: provinces

text: of

text: Zhejiang

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Jiangsu

text: Its

text: original

text: capital

text: was

text: site

text: near

text: Mount

text: Kuaiji

text: around

text: modern

text: Shaoxing

text: after

text: its

text: conquest

text: of

text: Wu

text: the

text: Kings

text: of

text: Yue

text: moved

text: their

text: court

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Wu

text: modern

text: Suzhou

text: Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars, where it is the last element to be produced with release of energy before the violent collapse of a supernova, which scatters the iron into space.

text: Iron

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: Fe

text: from

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: It

text: is

text: metal

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: transition

text: series

text: It

text: is

text: by

text: mass

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: element

text: on

text: Earth

text: forming

text: much

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: outer

text: and

text: inner

text: core

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: common

text: element

text: in

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: Its

text: abundance

text: in

text: rocky

text: planets

text: like

text: Earth

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: abundant

text: production

text: by

text: fusion

text: in

text: high

text: mass

text: stars

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: element

text: to

text: be

text: produced

text: with

text: release

text: of

text: energy

text: before

text: the

text: violent

text: collapse

text: of

text: supernova

text: which

text: scatters

text: the

text: iron

text: into

text: space

text: Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such as aluminium, manganese, nickel or zinc) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus or silicon. These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as stiffness, ductility, or machinability.

text: Bronze

text: is

text: an

text: alloy

text: consisting

text: primarily

text: of

text: copper

text: commonly

text: with

text: about

text: tin

text: and

text: often

text: with

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: other

text: metals

text: such

text: as

text: aluminium

text: manganese

text: nickel

text: or

text: zinc

text: and

text: sometimes

text: non

text: metals

text: or

text: metalloids

text: such

text: as

text: arsenic

text: phosphorus

text: or

text: silicon

text: These

text: additions

text: produce

text: range

text: of

text: alloys

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: harder

text: than

text: copper

text: alone

text: or

text: have

text: other

text: useful

text: properties

text: such

text: as

text: stiffness

text: ductility

text: or

text: machinability

text: The Spear of Fuchai (  ) is purportedly the spear of King Fuchai of Wu , the arch - rival of King Goujian of Yue . It was unearthed in Jiangling , Hubei in November 1983 . The script on it is a kind of script used only in the states of Wu , Yue ( state ) , and Chu called  or bird and worms script , a variant of seal script . The inscription mirrors the text of King Goujian 's Sword , except changing the name of the owner and the type of weapon . In this case , the text reads , ``  '' or `` ( Belonging to ) King Fuchai of Wu made for his personal use , this spear . ''

text: The

text: Spear

text: of

text: Fuchai

text: is

text: purportedly

text: the

text: spear

text: of

text: King

text: Fuchai

text: of

text: Wu

text: the

text: arch

text: rival

text: of

text: King

text: Goujian

text: of

text: Yue

text: It

text: was

text: unearthed

text: in

text: Jiangling

text: Hubei

text: in

text: November

text: The

text: script

text: on

text: it

text: is

text: kind

text: of

text: script

text: used

text: only

text: in

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Wu

text: Yue

text: state

text: and

text: Chu

text: called

text: or

text: bird

text: and

text: worms

text: script

text: variant

text: of

text: seal

text: script

text: The

text: inscription

text: mirrors

text: the

text: text

text: of

text: King

text: Goujian

text: 's

text: Sword

text: except

text: changing

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: owner

text: and

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: weapon

text: In

text: this

text: case

text: the

text: text

text: reads

text: or

text: Belonging

text: to

text: King

text: Fuchai

text: of

text: Wu

text: made

text: for

text: his

text: personal

text: use

text: this

text: spear

text:
Old Chinese, also called Archaic Chinese in older works, is the oldest attested stage of Chinese, and the ancestor of all modern varieties of Chinese.
The earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BC, in the late Shang dynasty.
Bronze inscriptions became plentiful during the following Zhou dynasty.
The latter part of the Zhou period saw a flowering of literature, including classical works such as the "Analects", the "Mencius", and the "Zuozhuan".
These works served as models for Literary Chinese (or Classical Chinese), which remained the written standard until the early twentieth century, thus preserving the vocabulary and grammar of late Old Chinese.

text: Old

text: Chinese

text: also

text: called

text: Archaic

text: Chinese

text: in

text: older

text: works

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: attested

text: stage

text: of

text: Chinese

text: and

text: the

text: ancestor

text: of

text: all

text: modern

text: varieties

text: of

text: Chinese

text: The

text: earliest

text: examples

text: of

text: Chinese

text: are

text: divinatory

text: inscriptions

text: on

text: oracle

text: bones

text: from

text: around

text: BC

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Shang

text: dynasty

text: Bronze

text: inscriptions

text: became

text: plentiful

text: during

text: the

text: following

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: The

text: latter

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Zhou

text: period

text: saw

text: flowering

text: of

text: literature

text: including

text: classical

text: works

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Analects

text: the

text: Mencius

text: and

text: the

text: Zuozhuan

text: These

text: works

text: served

text: as

text: models

text: for

text: Literary

text: Chinese

text: or

text: Classical

text: Chinese

text: which

text: remained

text: the

text: written

text: standard

text: until

text: the

text: early

text: twentieth

text: century

text: thus

text: preserving

text: the

text: vocabulary

text: and

text: grammar

text: of

text: late

text: Old

text: Chinese

question: material_used spear of fuchai

answer: bronze

text: bronze

text: bronze

text: bronze


text: George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856  2 November 1950), known at his insistence simply as Bernard Shaw, was an Irish playwright, critic, and polemicist whose influence on Western theatre, culture, and politics extended from the 1880s to his death and beyond. He wrote more than sixty plays, including major works such as "Man and Superman" (1903), "Pygmalion" (1913), and "Saint Joan" (1923). With a range incorporating both contemporary satire and historical allegory, Shaw became the leading dramatist of his generation, and in 1925 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

text: George

text: Bernard

text: Shaw

text: July

text: November

text: known

text: at

text: his

text: insistence

text: simply

text: as

text: Bernard

text: Shaw

text: was

text: an

text: Irish

text: playwright

text: critic

text: and

text: polemicist

text: whose

text: influence

text: on

text: Western

text: theatre

text: culture

text: and

text: politics

text: extended

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: his

text: death

text: and

text: beyond

text: He

text: wrote

text: more

text: than

text: sixty

text: plays

text: including

text: major

text: works

text: such

text: as

text: Man

text: and

text: Superman

text: Pygmalion

text: and

text: Saint

text: Joan

text: With

text: range

text: incorporating

text: both

text: contemporary

text: satire

text: and

text: historical

text: allegory

text: Shaw

text: became

text: the

text: leading

text: dramatist

text: of

text: his

text: generation

text: and

text: in

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Literature

text: A research university is a university that expects all its tenured and tenure-track faculty to continuously engage in research, as opposed to merely requiring it as a condition of an initial appointment or tenure. Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. On the one hand, research universities strive to recruit faculty who are the most brilliant minds in their disciplines in the world, and their students enjoy the opportunity to learn from such experts. On the other hand, new students are often disappointed to realize their undergraduate courses at research universities are overly academic and fail to provide vocational training with immediate "real world" applications; but many employers value degrees from research universities because they know that such coursework develops fundamental skills like critical thinking.

text: research

text: university

text: is

text: university

text: that

text: expects

text: all

text: its

text: tenured

text: and

text: tenure

text: track

text: faculty

text: to

text: continuously

text: engage

text: in

text: research

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: merely

text: requiring

text: it

text: as

text: condition

text: of

text: an

text: initial

text: appointment

text: or

text: tenure

text: Such

text: universities

text: can

text: be

text: recognized

text: by

text: their

text: strong

text: focus

text: on

text: innovative

text: research

text: and

text: the

text: prestige

text: of

text: their

text: brand

text: names

text: On

text: the

text: one

text: hand

text: research

text: universities

text: strive

text: to

text: recruit

text: faculty

text: who

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: brilliant

text: minds

text: in

text: their

text: disciplines

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: their

text: students

text: enjoy

text: the

text: opportunity

text: to

text: learn

text: from

text: such

text: experts

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: new

text: students

text: are

text: often

text: disappointed

text: to

text: realize

text: their

text: undergraduate

text: courses

text: at

text: research

text: universities

text: are

text: overly

text: academic

text: and

text: fail

text: to

text: provide

text: vocational

text: training

text: with

text: immediate

text: real

text: world

text: applications

text: but

text: many

text: employers

text: value

text: degrees

text: from

text: research

text: universities

text: because

text: they

text: know

text: that

text: such

text: coursework

text: develops

text: fundamental

text: skills

text: like

text: critical

text: thinking

text: Covent Garden (or ) is a district in London on the eastern fringes of the West End, between St Martin's Lane and Drury Lane. It is associated with the former fruit-and-vegetable market in the central square, now a popular shopping and tourist site, and with the Royal Opera House, which is also known as "Covent Garden". The district is divided by the main thoroughfare of Long Acre, north of which is given over to independent shops centred on Neal's Yard and Seven Dials, while the south contains the central square with its street performers and most of the elegant buildings, theatres and entertainment facilities, including the London Transport Museum and the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.

text: Covent

text: Garden

text: or

text: is

text: district

text: in

text: London

text: on

text: the

text: eastern

text: fringes

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: End

text: between

text: St

text: Martin

text: 's

text: Lane

text: and

text: Drury

text: Lane

text: It

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: former

text: fruit

text: and

text: vegetable

text: market

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: square

text: now

text: popular

text: shopping

text: and

text: tourist

text: site

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: Royal

text: Opera

text: House

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Covent

text: Garden

text: The

text: district

text: is

text: divided

text: by

text: the

text: main

text: thoroughfare

text: of

text: Long

text: Acre

text: north

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: given

text: over

text: to

text: independent

text: shops

text: centred

text: on

text: Neal

text: 's

text: Yard

text: and

text: Seven

text: Dials

text: while

text: the

text: south

text: contains

text: the

text: central

text: square

text: with

text: its

text: street

text: performers

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: elegant

text: buildings

text: theatres

text: and

text: entertainment

text: facilities

text: including

text: the

text: London

text: Transport

text: Museum

text: and

text: the

text: Theatre

text: Royal

text: Drury

text: Lane

text: Central London is the innermost part of London, England. There is no official definition of its area but its characteristics are understood to include a high density built environment, high land values, an elevated daytime population and a concentration of regionally, nationally and internationally significant organisations and facilities. Over time a number of definitions have been used to define the scope of central London for statistics, urban planning and local government.

text: Central

text: London

text: is

text: the

text: innermost

text: part

text: of

text: London

text: England

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: official

text: definition

text: of

text: its

text: area

text: but

text: its

text: characteristics

text: are

text: understood

text: to

text: include

text: high

text: density

text: built

text: environment

text: high

text: land

text: values

text: an

text: elevated

text: daytime

text: population

text: and

text: concentration

text: of

text: regionally

text: nationally

text: and

text: internationally

text: significant

text: organisations

text: and

text: facilities

text: Over

text: time

text: number

text: of

text: definitions

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: define

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: central

text: London

text: for

text: statistics

text: urban

text: planning

text: and

text: local

text: government

text:
The London School of Economics (officially The London School of Economics and Political Science; often referred to as LSE) is a public research university located in London, England and a constituent college of the federal University of London. Founded in 1895 by Fabian Society members Sidney Webb, Beatrice Webb, Graham Wallas and George Bernard Shaw for the betterment of society, LSE joined the University of London in 1900 and established its first degree courses under the auspices of the University in 1901; the LSE has awarded its own degrees since 2008.
LSE is located in Westminster, central London, near the boundary between Covent Garden and Holborn. The area is historically known as Clare Market. It has students and 3,300 staff, just under half of whom come from outside the UK. It had a total income of £340.7 million in 2015/16, of which £30.3 million was from research grants.<ref name="LSE Financial Statement 15/16"></ref> 155 nationalities are represented amongst LSE's student body and the school has the highest percentage of international students (70%) of all British universities. Despite its name, the school is organised into 25 academic departments and institutes which conduct teaching and research across a range of legal studies and social sciences.
The School is generally recognised as one of the most prestigious universities in the world and as one of the world's leading social science universities, ranked among the top 10 universities nationally by two of the three UK tables and in the top 100 internationally by three of the four major global rankings. In the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the School had the highest proportion of world-leading research among research submitted of any British non-specialist university. LSE is usually considered part of the golden triangle of highly research-intensive universities in southeast England. It is a member of academic organisations such as the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association and the Russell Group.
The LSE has produced many notable alumni in the fields of law, history, economics, philosophy, business, literature, media and politics. Alumni and staff include 52 past or present heads of state or government and 20 members of the current British House of Commons. To 2016, 27% (or 13 out of 48) of all the Nobel Prizes in Economics have been awarded or jointly awarded to LSE alumni, current staff or former staff, making up 17% (13 out of 78) of all laureates. LSE alumni and staff have also won 3 Nobel Peace Prizes, and 2 Nobel Prizes in Literature. Out of all European universities, LSE has educated the most billionaires according to a 2014 global census of dollar billionaires. LSE graduates earn higher incomes on average than those of any other British university.

text: The

text: London

text: School

text: of

text: Economics

text: officially

text: The

text: London

text: School

text: of

text: Economics

text: and

text: Political

text: Science

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: LSE

text: is

text: public

text: research

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: London

text: England

text: and

text: constituent

text: college

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: University

text: of

text: London

text: Founded

text: in

text: by

text: Fabian

text: Society

text: members

text: Sidney

text: Webb

text: Beatrice

text: Webb

text: Graham

text: Wallas

text: and

text: George

text: Bernard

text: Shaw

text: for

text: the

text: betterment

text: of

text: society

text: LSE

text: joined

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: London

text: in

text: and

text: established

text: its

text: first

text: degree

text: courses

text: under

text: the

text: auspices

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: in

text: the

text: LSE

text: has

text: awarded

text: its

text: own

text: degrees

text: since

text: LSE

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: Westminster

text: central

text: London

text: near

text: the

text: boundary

text: between

text: Covent

text: Garden

text: and

text: Holborn

text: The

text: area

text: is

text: historically

text: known

text: as

text: Clare

text: Market

text: It

text: has

text: students

text: and

text: staff

text: just

text: under

text: half

text: of

text: whom

text: come

text: from

text: outside

text: the

text: UK

text: It

text: had

text: total

text: income

text: of

text: million

text: in

text: of

text: which

text: million

text: was

text: from

text: research

text: grants.<ref

text: name="LSE

text: Financial

text: Statement

text: nationalities

text: are

text: represented

text: amongst

text: LSE

text: 's

text: student

text: body

text: and

text: the

text: school

text: has

text: the

text: highest

text: percentage

text: of

text: international

text: students

text: of

text: all

text: British

text: universities

text: Despite

text: its

text: name

text: the

text: school

text: is

text: organised

text: into

text: academic

text: departments

text: and

text: institutes

text: which

text: conduct

text: teaching

text: and

text: research

text: across

text: range

text: of

text: legal

text: studies

text: and

text: social

text: sciences

text: The

text: School

text: is

text: generally

text: recognised

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: prestigious

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: leading

text: social

text: science

text: universities

text: ranked

text: among

text: the

text: top

text: universities

text: nationally

text: by

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: UK

text: tables

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: top

text: internationally

text: by

text: three

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: global

text: rankings

text: In

text: the

text: Research

text: Excellence

text: Framework

text: the

text: School

text: had

text: the

text: highest

text: proportion

text: of

text: world

text: leading

text: research

text: among

text: research

text: submitted

text: of

text: any

text: British

text: non

text: specialist

text: university

text: LSE

text: is

text: usually

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: golden

text: triangle

text: of

text: highly

text: research

text: intensive

text: universities

text: in

text: southeast

text: England

text: It

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: academic

text: organisations

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Association

text: of

text: Commonwealth

text: Universities

text: the

text: European

text: University

text: Association

text: and

text: the

text: Russell

text: Group

text: The

text: LSE

text: has

text: produced

text: many

text: notable

text: alumni

text: in

text: the

text: fields

text: of

text: law

text: history

text: economics

text: philosophy

text: business

text: literature

text: media

text: and

text: politics

text: Alumni

text: and

text: staff

text: include

text: past

text: or

text: present

text: heads

text: of

text: state

text: or

text: government

text: and

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: current

text: British

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: To

text: or

text: out

text: of

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prizes

text: in

text: Economics

text: have

text: been

text: awarded

text: or

text: jointly

text: awarded

text: to

text: LSE

text: alumni

text: current

text: staff

text: or

text: former

text: staff

text: making

text: up

text: out

text: of

text: of

text: all

text: laureates

text: LSE

text: alumni

text: and

text: staff

text: have

text: also

text: won

text: Nobel

text: Peace

text: Prizes

text: and

text: Nobel

text: Prizes

text: in

text: Literature

text: Out

text: of

text: all

text: European

text: universities

text: LSE

text: has

text: educated

text: the

text: most

text: billionaires

text: according

text: to

text: global

text: census

text: of

text: dollar

text: billionaires

text: LSE

text: graduates

text: earn

text: higher

text: incomes

text: on

text: average

text: than

text: those

text: of

text: any

text: other

text: British

text: university

text: Graham Wallas (31 May 1858  9 August 1932) was an English socialist, social psychologist, educationalist, a leader of the Fabian Society and a co-founder of the London School of Economics.

text: Graham

text: Wallas

text: May

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: socialist

text: social

text: psychologist

text: educationalist

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Fabian

text: Society

text: and

text: co

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: London

text: School

text: of

text: Economics

text: The Russell Group is a self-selected association of twenty-four public research universities in the United Kingdom. The group is headquartered in London and was established in 1994 to represent its members' interests, principally to government and parliament; nineteen smaller British research universities formed the 1994 Group in response, which has since dissolved. In 2010, Russell Group members received approximately two-thirds of all university research grant and contract income in the United Kingdom. The group is widely perceived as representing the best universities in the country.

text: The

text: Russell

text: Group

text: is

text: self

text: selected

text: association

text: of

text: twenty

text: four

text: public

text: research

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: group

text: is

text: headquartered

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: to

text: represent

text: its

text: members

text: interests

text: principally

text: to

text: government

text: and

text: parliament

text: nineteen

text: smaller

text: British

text: research

text: universities

text: formed

text: the

text: Group

text: in

text: response

text: which

text: has

text: since

text: dissolved

text: In

text: Russell

text: Group

text: members

text: received

text: approximately

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: all

text: university

text: research

text: grant

text: and

text: contract

text: income

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: group

text: is

text: widely

text: perceived

text: as

text: representing

text: the

text: best

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: The University of London is a collegiate research university located in London, England, consisting of 18 constituent colleges, nine research institutes and a number of central bodies.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: London

text: is

text: collegiate

text: research

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: London

text: England

text: consisting

text: of

text: constituent

text: colleges

text: nine

text: research

text: institutes

text: and

text: number

text: of

text: central

text: bodies

text: The European University Association (EUA) represents and supports more than 850 institutions of higher education in 47 countries, providing them with a forum for cooperation and exchange of information on higher education and research policies. Members of the Association are European universities involved in teaching and research, national associations of rectors and other organisations active in higher education and research.

text: The

text: European

text: University

text: Association

text: EUA

text: represents

text: and

text: supports

text: more

text: than

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: countries

text: providing

text: them

text: with

text: forum

text: for

text: cooperation

text: and

text: exchange

text: of

text: information

text: on

text: higher

text: education

text: and

text: research

text: policies

text: Members

text: of

text: the

text: Association

text: are

text: European

text: universities

text: involved

text: in

text: teaching

text: and

text: research

text: national

text: associations

text: of

text: rectors

text: and

text: other

text: organisations

text: active

text: in

text: higher

text: education

text: and

text: research

text: The Research Excellence Framework is the successor to the Research Assessment Exercise. It is an Impact evaluation; assessing the research of British higher education institutions. It was used in 2014 to assess UK research during the period 20082013.

text: The

text: Research

text: Excellence

text: Framework

text: is

text: the

text: successor

text: to

text: the

text: Research

text: Assessment

text: Exercise

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: Impact

text: evaluation

text: assessing

text: the

text: research

text: of

text: British

text: higher

text: education

text: institutions

text: It

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: to

text: assess

text: UK

text: research

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: Martha Beatrice Webb, Baroness Passfield, (née Potter; 22 January 1858  30 April 1943), was an English sociologist, economist, socialist, labour historian and social reformer. It was Webb who coined the term "collective bargaining". She was among the founders of the London School of Economics and played a crucial role in forming the Fabian Society.

text: Martha

text: Beatrice

text: Webb

text: Baroness

text: Passfield

text: née

text: Potter

text: January

text: April

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: sociologist

text: economist

text: socialist

text: labour

text: historian

text: and

text: social

text: reformer

text: It

text: was

text: Webb

text: who

text: coined

text: the

text: term

text: collective

text: bargaining

text: She

text: was

text: among

text: the

text: founders

text: of

text: the

text: London

text: School

text: of

text: Economics

text: and

text: played

text: crucial

text: role

text: in

text: forming

text: the

text: Fabian

text: Society

text: The Fabian Society is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow. As one of the founding organisations of the Labour Representation Committee in 1900, and as an important influence upon the Labour Party which grew from it, the Fabian Society has had a powerful influence on British politics. Later members of the Fabian Society included Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders of new nations created out of the former British Empire, who used Fabian principles to create socialist democracies in India, Pakistan, Nigeria and elsewhere as Britain decolonised after World War II.

text: The

text: Fabian

text: Society

text: is

text: British

text: socialist

text: organisation

text: whose

text: purpose

text: is

text: to

text: advance

text: the

text: principles

text: of

text: democratic

text: socialism

text: via

text: gradualist

text: and

text: reformist

text: effort

text: in

text: democracies

text: rather

text: than

text: by

text: revolutionary

text: overthrow

text: As

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: founding

text: organisations

text: of

text: the

text: Labour

text: Representation

text: Committee

text: in

text: and

text: as

text: an

text: important

text: influence

text: upon

text: the

text: Labour

text: Party

text: which

text: grew

text: from

text: it

text: the

text: Fabian

text: Society

text: has

text: had

text: powerful

text: influence

text: on

text: British

text: politics

text: Later

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Fabian

text: Society

text: included

text: Jawaharlal

text: Nehru

text: and

text: other

text: leaders

text: of

text: new

text: nations

text: created

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: British

text: Empire

text: who

text: used

text: Fabian

text: principles

text: to

text: create

text: socialist

text: democracies

text: in

text: India

text: Pakistan

text: Nigeria

text: and

text: elsewhere

text: as

text: Britain

text: decolonised

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Eileen Vartan Barker OBE , ( born 21 April 1938 , Edinburgh , UK ) is a professor in sociology , an emeritus member of the London School of Economics ( LSE ) , and a consultant to that institution 's Centre for the Study of Human Rights . She is the chairperson and founder of the Information Network Focus on Religious Movements ( INFORM ) and has written studies about groups she defines as cults and new religious movements ( NRMs ) .

text: Eileen

text: Vartan

text: Barker

text: OBE

text: born

text: April

text: Edinburgh

text: UK

text: is

text: professor

text: in

text: sociology

text: an

text: emeritus

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: London

text: School

text: of

text: Economics

text: LSE

text: and

text: consultant

text: to

text: that

text: institution

text: 's

text: Centre

text: for

text: the

text: Study

text: of

text: Human

text: Rights

text: She

text: is

text: the

text: chairperson

text: and

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Information

text: Network

text: Focus

text: on

text: Religious

text: Movements

text: INFORM

text: and

text: has

text: written

text: studies

text: about

text: groups

text: she

text: defines

text: as

text: cults

text: and

text: new

text: religious

text: movements

text: NRMs

annotations: follows multiple

question: occupation eileen barker

answer: sociologist

text: sociologist