text: A columnist is someone who writes for publication in a series, creating an article that usually offers commentary and opinions.

text: columnist

text: is

text: someone

text: who

text: writes

text: for

text: publication

text: in

text: series

text: creating

text: an

text: article

text: that

text: usually

text: offers

text: commentary

text: and

text: opinions

text: Improvisation is broad term referring to the process of devising an atypical method of solving a problem due to lack of time or resources. In a technical context, this can mean adapting a device for some use other than that which it was designed for, or building a device from unusual components in an ad-hoc fashion. Improvisation, within the context of performing arts, is a very spontaneous performance without specific or scripted preparation. The skills of improvisation can apply to many different faculties, across all artistic, scientific, physical, cognitive, academic, and non-academic disciplines.

text: Improvisation

text: is

text: broad

text: term

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: devising

text: an

text: atypical

text: method

text: of

text: solving

text: problem

text: due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: time

text: or

text: resources

text: In

text: technical

text: context

text: this

text: can

text: mean

text: adapting

text: device

text: for

text: some

text: use

text: other

text: than

text: that

text: which

text: it

text: was

text: designed

text: for

text: or

text: building

text: device

text: from

text: unusual

text: components

text: in

text: an

text: ad

text: hoc

text: fashion

text: Improvisation

text: within

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: performing

text: arts

text: is

text: very

text: spontaneous

text: performance

text: without

text: specific

text: or

text: scripted

text: preparation

text: The

text: skills

text: of

text: improvisation

text: can

text: apply

text: to

text: many

text: different

text: faculties

text: across

text: all

text: artistic

text: scientific

text: physical

text: cognitive

text: academic

text: and

text: non

text: academic

text: disciplines

text: Robert Thomas Christgau (born April 18, 1942) is an American essayist, music journalist, and self-proclaimed "Dean of American Rock Critics". One of the earliest professional rock critics, he spent 37 years as the chief music critic and senior editor for "The Village Voice", during which time he created the annual Pazz & Jop poll. He has also covered popular music for "Esquire", "Creem", "Newsday", "Playboy", "Rolling Stone", "Billboard", NPR, "Blender", and "MSN Music", and is a visiting arts teacher at New York University.

text: Robert

text: Thomas

text: Christgau

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: essayist

text: music

text: journalist

text: and

text: self

text: proclaimed

text: Dean

text: of

text: American

text: Rock

text: Critics

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: professional

text: rock

text: critics

text: he

text: spent

text: years

text: as

text: the

text: chief

text: music

text: critic

text: and

text: senior

text: editor

text: for

text: The

text: Village

text: Voice

text: during

text: which

text: time

text: he

text: created

text: the

text: annual

text: Pazz

text: Jop

text: poll

text: He

text: has

text: also

text: covered

text: popular

text: music

text: for

text: Esquire

text: Creem

text: Newsday

text: Playboy

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: Billboard

text: NPR

text: Blender

text: and

text: MSN

text: Music

text: and

text: is

text: visiting

text: arts

text: teacher

text: at

text: New

text: York

text: University

text: Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century but is often applied to music that is older than that. Some types of folk music are also called world music. "Traditional folk music" has been defined in several ways: as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers, or music performed by custom over a long period of time. It has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles.

text: Folk

text: music

text: includes

text: both

text: traditional

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: genre

text: that

text: evolved

text: from

text: it

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: folk

text: revival

text: The

text: term

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: but

text: is

text: often

text: applied

text: to

text: music

text: that

text: is

text: older

text: than

text: that

text: Some

text: types

text: of

text: folk

text: music

text: are

text: also

text: called

text: world

text: music

text: Traditional

text: folk

text: music

text: has

text: been

text: defined

text: in

text: several

text: ways

text: as

text: music

text: transmitted

text: orally

text: music

text: with

text: unknown

text: composers

text: or

text: music

text: performed

text: by

text: custom

text: over

text: long

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: contrasted

text: with

text: commercial

text: and

text: classical

text: styles

text: ' Linda Solomon ( born May 10 , 1937 , Boston , Massachusetts ) is an American music critic and editor . Although she has written about various aspects of popular culture , her main focus has been on folk music , blues , R&B , jazz and country music . Living at 95 Christopher Street in Greenwich Village during the early 1960s , she became a columnist for The Village Voice , capturing Village night life in club reviews for the weekly `` Riffs '' column . `` The Bet '' is a memoir by Ted White describing Harlan Ellison , Linda Solomon and others involved in a curious incident at 95 Christopher in 1960 . White wrote : That summer Harlan found his own apartment -- three doors up the street , in a building with an elevator . And he met a woman , Linda Solomon , who also lived in the same building . Linda would go on to a career of her own in writing and editing , but that was mostly ahead of her in 1960 . Linda had a small but well - selected record collection , containing a goodly amount of jazz . A dispute over the bandleader on one record in Solomon 's collection prompted Ellison to bet his entire record collection against a single album in White 's collection . Ellison also mentioned her briefly in his memoir `` Memos From Purgatory . ''

text: Linda

text: Solomon

text: born

text: May

text: Boston

text: Massachusetts

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: music

text: critic

text: and

text: editor

text: Although

text: she

text: has

text: written

text: about

text: various

text: aspects

text: of

text: popular

text: culture

text: her

text: main

text: focus

text: has

text: been

text: on

text: folk

text: music

text: blues

text: R&B

text: jazz

text: and

text: country

text: music

text: Living

text: at

text: Christopher

text: Street

text: in

text: Greenwich

text: Village

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: she

text: became

text: columnist

text: for

text: The

text: Village

text: Voice

text: capturing

text: Village

text: night

text: life

text: in

text: club

text: reviews

text: for

text: the

text: weekly

text: Riffs

text: column

text: The

text: Bet

text: is

text: memoir

text: by

text: Ted

text: White

text: describing

text: Harlan

text: Ellison

text: Linda

text: Solomon

text: and

text: others

text: involved

text: in

text: curious

text: incident

text: at

text: Christopher

text: in

text: White

text: wrote

text: That

text: summer

text: Harlan

text: found

text: his

text: own

text: apartment

text: three

text: doors

text: up

text: the

text: street

text: in

text: building

text: with

text: an

text: elevator

text: And

text: he

text: met

text: woman

text: Linda

text: Solomon

text: who

text: also

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: building

text: Linda

text: would

text: go

text: on

text: to

text: career

text: of

text: her

text: own

text: in

text: writing

text: and

text: editing

text: but

text: that

text: was

text: mostly

text: ahead

text: of

text: her

text: in

text: Linda

text: had

text: small

text: but

text: well

text: selected

text: record

text: collection

text: containing

text: goodly

text: amount

text: of

text: jazz

text: dispute

text: over

text: the

text: bandleader

text: on

text: one

text: record

text: in

text: Solomon

text: 's

text: collection

text: prompted

text: Ellison

text: to

text: bet

text: his

text: entire

text: record

text: collection

text: against

text: single

text: album

text: in

text: White

text: 's

text: collection

text: Ellison

text: also

text: mentioned

text: her

text: briefly

text: in

text: his

text: memoir

text: Memos

text: From

text: Purgatory

text: New Orleans (or ) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. The New Orleans metropolitan area (New OrleansMetairieKenner Metropolitan Statistical Area) had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New OrleansMetairieBogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a larger trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502.

text: New

text: Orleans

text: or

text: is

text: major

text: United

text: States

text: port

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Census

text: The

text: New

text: Orleans

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: New

text: OrleansMetairieKenner

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: New

text: OrleansMetairieBogalusa

text: Combined

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: larger

text: trading

text: area

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound and silence, which exist in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek  ("mousike"; "art of the Muses"). In its most general form, the activities describing music as an art form include the production of works of music (songs, tunes, symphonies, and so on), the criticism of music, the study of the history of music, and the aesthetic examination of music. Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound."

text: Music

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: and

text: cultural

text: activity

text: whose

text: medium

text: is

text: sound

text: and

text: silence

text: which

text: exist

text: in

text: time

text: The

text: common

text: elements

text: of

text: music

text: are

text: pitch

text: which

text: governs

text: melody

text: and

text: harmony

text: rhythm

text: and

text: its

text: associated

text: concepts

text: tempo

text: meter

text: and

text: articulation

text: dynamics

text: loudness

text: and

text: softness

text: and

text: the

text: sonic

text: qualities

text: of

text: timbre

text: and

text: texture

text: which

text: are

text: sometimes

text: termed

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: musical

text: sound

text: Different

text: styles

text: or

text: types

text: of

text: music

text: may

text: emphasize

text: de

text: emphasize

text: or

text: omit

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: elements

text: Music

text: is

text: performed

text: with

text: vast

text: range

text: of

text: instruments

text: and

text: vocal

text: techniques

text: ranging

text: from

text: singing

text: to

text: rapping

text: there

text: are

text: solely

text: instrumental

text: pieces

text: solely

text: vocal

text: pieces

text: such

text: as

text: songs

text: without

text: instrumental

text: accompaniment

text: and

text: pieces

text: that

text: combine

text: singing

text: and

text: instruments

text: The

text: word

text: derives

text: from

text: Greek

text: mousike

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: Muses

text: In

text: its

text: most

text: general

text: form

text: the

text: activities

text: describing

text: music

text: as

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: include

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: works

text: of

text: music

text: songs

text: tunes

text: symphonies

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: the

text: criticism

text: of

text: music

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: examination

text: of

text: music

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: and

text: Indian

text: philosophers

text: defined

text: music

text: as

text: tones

text: ordered

text: horizontally

text: as

text: melodies

text: and

text: vertically

text: as

text: harmonies

text: Common

text: sayings

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: harmony

text: of

text: the

text: spheres

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: music

text: to

text: my

text: ears

text: point

text: to

text: the

text: notion

text: that

text: music

text: is

text: often

text: ordered

text: and

text: pleasant

text: to

text: listen

text: to

text: However

text: century

text: composer

text: John

text: Cage

text: thought

text: that

text: any

text: sound

text: can

text: be

text: music

text: saying

text: for

text: example

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: noise

text: only

text: sound

text: Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black-and-white), or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. It can refer to a television set, a television program ("TV show"), or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium, for entertainment, education, news, and advertising.

text: Television

text: or

text: TV

text: is

text: telecommunication

text: medium

text: used

text: for

text: transmitting

text: moving

text: images

text: in

text: monochrome

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: or

text: in

text: color

text: and

text: in

text: two

text: or

text: three

text: dimensions

text: and

text: sound

text: It

text: can

text: refer

text: to

text: television

text: set

text: television

text: program

text: TV

text: show

text: or

text: the

text: medium

text: of

text: television

text: transmission

text: Television

text: is

text: mass

text: medium

text: for

text: entertainment

text: education

text: news

text: and

text: advertising

text: Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the southeastern genre of United States, such as folk music (especially Appalachian folk music), and blues music. Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms and harmonies accompanied by mostly string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, dobros and fiddles as well as harmonicas. According to Lindsey Starnes, the term "country music" gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term "hillbilly music"; it came to encompass Western music, which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots, in the mid-20th century. The term "country music" is used today to describe many styles and subgenres. The origins of country music are the folk music of working-class Americans, who blended popular songs, Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes, traditional English ballads, and cowboy songs, and various musical traditions from European immigrant communities. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, and second most popular in the morning commute in the United States.

text: Country

text: music

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: United

text: States

text: popular

text: music

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: It

text: takes

text: its

text: roots

text: from

text: the

text: southeastern

text: genre

text: of

text: United

text: States

text: such

text: as

text: folk

text: music

text: especially

text: Appalachian

text: folk

text: music

text: and

text: blues

text: music

text: Blues

text: modes

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: extensively

text: throughout

text: its

text: recorded

text: history

text: Country

text: music

text: often

text: consists

text: of

text: ballads

text: and

text: dance

text: tunes

text: with

text: generally

text: simple

text: forms

text: and

text: harmonies

text: accompanied

text: by

text: mostly

text: string

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: banjos

text: electric

text: and

text: acoustic

text: guitars

text: dobros

text: and

text: fiddles

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: harmonicas

text: According

text: to

text: Lindsey

text: Starnes

text: the

text: term

text: country

text: music

text: gained

text: popularity

text: in

text: the

text: in

text: preference

text: to

text: the

text: earlier

text: term

text: hillbilly

text: music

text: it

text: came

text: to

text: encompass

text: Western

text: music

text: which

text: evolved

text: parallel

text: to

text: hillbilly

text: music

text: from

text: similar

text: roots

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: term

text: country

text: music

text: is

text: used

text: today

text: to

text: describe

text: many

text: styles

text: and

text: subgenres

text: The

text: origins

text: of

text: country

text: music

text: are

text: the

text: folk

text: music

text: of

text: working

text: class

text: Americans

text: who

text: blended

text: popular

text: songs

text: Irish

text: and

text: Celtic

text: fiddle

text: tunes

text: traditional

text: English

text: ballads

text: and

text: cowboy

text: songs

text: and

text: various

text: musical

text: traditions

text: from

text: European

text: immigrant

text: communities

text: In

text: country

text: music

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: listened

text: to

text: rush

text: hour

text: radio

text: genre

text: during

text: the

text: evening

text: commute

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: morning

text: commute

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Popular culture or pop culture is the entirety of ideas, perspectives, attitudes, images, and other phenomena that are within the mainstream of a given culture, especially Western culture of the early to mid 20th century and the emerging global mainstream of the late 20th and early 21st century. Heavily influenced by mass media, this collection of ideas permeates the everyday lives of the society. The most common pop culture categories are: entertainment (movies, music, television, games), sports, news (as in people/places in news), politics, fashion/clothes, technology, and slang. Popular culture has a way of influencing an individual's attitudes towards certain topics.

text: Popular

text: culture

text: or

text: pop

text: culture

text: is

text: the

text: entirety

text: of

text: ideas

text: perspectives

text: attitudes

text: images

text: and

text: other

text: phenomena

text: that

text: are

text: within

text: the

text: mainstream

text: of

text: given

text: culture

text: especially

text: Western

text: culture

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: to

text: mid

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: emerging

text: global

text: mainstream

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: century

text: Heavily

text: influenced

text: by

text: mass

text: media

text: this

text: collection

text: of

text: ideas

text: permeates

text: the

text: everyday

text: lives

text: of

text: the

text: society

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: pop

text: culture

text: categories

text: are

text: entertainment

text: movies

text: music

text: television

text: games

text: sports

text: news

text: as

text: in

text: people

text: places

text: in

text: news

text: politics

text: fashion

text: clothes

text: technology

text: and

text: slang

text: Popular

text: culture

text: has

text: way

text: of

text: influencing

text: an

text: individual

text: 's

text: attitudes

text: towards

text: certain

text: topics

text: Norman Kingsley Mailer (January 31, 1923  November 10, 2007) was an American novelist, journalist, essayist, playwright, film-maker, actor, and political activist. His novel "The Naked and the Dead" was published in 1948. His best-known work was widely considered to be "The Executioner's Song", which was published in 1979, and for which he won one of his two Pulitzer Prizes. In addition to the Pulitzer Prize, his book "Armies of the Night" was awarded the National Book Award.

text: Norman

text: Kingsley

text: Mailer

text: January

text: November

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: novelist

text: journalist

text: essayist

text: playwright

text: film

text: maker

text: actor

text: and

text: political

text: activist

text: His

text: novel

text: The

text: Naked

text: and

text: the

text: Dead

text: was

text: published

text: in

text: His

text: best

text: known

text: work

text: was

text: widely

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: The

text: Executioner

text: 's

text: Song

text: which

text: was

text: published

text: in

text: and

text: for

text: which

text: he

text: won

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: two

text: Pulitzer

text: Prizes

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: Pulitzer

text: Prize

text: his

text: book

text: Armies

text: of

text: the

text: Night

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: National

text: Book

text: Award

text: A chant (from French ', from Latin ', "to sing") is the rhythmic speaking or singing of words or sounds, often primarily on one or two main pitches called reciting tones. Chants may range from a simple melody involving a limited set of notes to highly complex musical structures, often including a great deal of repetition of musical subphrases, such as Great Responsories and Offertories of Gregorian chant. Chant may be considered speech, music, or a heightened or stylized form of speech. In the later Middle Ages some religious chant evolved into song (forming one of the roots of later Western music).

text: chant

text: from

text: French

text: from

text: Latin

text: to

text: sing

text: is

text: the

text: rhythmic

text: speaking

text: or

text: singing

text: of

text: words

text: or

text: sounds

text: often

text: primarily

text: on

text: one

text: or

text: two

text: main

text: pitches

text: called

text: reciting

text: tones

text: Chants

text: may

text: range

text: from

text: simple

text: melody

text: involving

text: limited

text: set

text: of

text: notes

text: to

text: highly

text: complex

text: musical

text: structures

text: often

text: including

text: great

text: deal

text: of

text: repetition

text: of

text: musical

text: subphrases

text: such

text: as

text: Great

text: Responsories

text: and

text: Offertories

text: of

text: Gregorian

text: chant

text: Chant

text: may

text: be

text: considered

text: speech

text: music

text: or

text: heightened

text: or

text: stylized

text: form

text: of

text: speech

text: In

text: the

text: later

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: some

text: religious

text: chant

text: evolved

text: into

text: song

text: forming

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: roots

text: of

text: later

text: Western

text: music

text: The Village Voice is an American news and culture paper, known for being the country's first alternative newsweekly. Founded in 1955 by Dan Wolf, Ed Fancher and Norman Mailer, the "Voice" began as a platform for the creative community of New York City. Since its founding, "The Village Voice" has received three Pulitzer Prizes, the National Press Foundation Award and the George Polk Award. Among news sources, "The Village Voice" is known for its combination of in-depth news reporting and arts & culture coverage, with a particular focus on the arts communities of New York City. "The Village Voice" has hosted a broad variety of writers and artists, including writer Ezra Pound, cartoonist Lynda Barry, and art critics Robert Christgau and J. Hoberman. In addition to daily coverage through its website and a weekly print edition that circulates in New York City, the "Voice" issues a weekly digital edition of its magazine.

text: The

text: Village

text: Voice

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: news

text: and

text: culture

text: paper

text: known

text: for

text: being

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: first

text: alternative

text: newsweekly

text: Founded

text: in

text: by

text: Dan

text: Wolf

text: Ed

text: Fancher

text: and

text: Norman

text: Mailer

text: the

text: Voice

text: began

text: as

text: platform

text: for

text: the

text: creative

text: community

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Since

text: its

text: founding

text: The

text: Village

text: Voice

text: has

text: received

text: three

text: Pulitzer

text: Prizes

text: the

text: National

text: Press

text: Foundation

text: Award

text: and

text: the

text: George

text: Polk

text: Award

text: Among

text: news

text: sources

text: The

text: Village

text: Voice

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: combination

text: of

text: in

text: depth

text: news

text: reporting

text: and

text: arts

text: culture

text: coverage

text: with

text: particular

text: focus

text: on

text: the

text: arts

text: communities

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: The

text: Village

text: Voice

text: has

text: hosted

text: broad

text: variety

text: of

text: writers

text: and

text: artists

text: including

text: writer

text: Ezra

text: Pound

text: cartoonist

text: Lynda

text: Barry

text: and

text: art

text: critics

text: Robert

text: Christgau

text: and

text: Hoberman

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: daily

text: coverage

text: through

text: its

text: website

text: and

text: weekly

text: print

text: edition

text: that

text: circulates

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: the

text: Voice

text: issues

text: weekly

text: digital

text: edition

text: of

text: its

text: magazine

text: The Pulitzer Prize is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American (Hungarian-born) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, and is administered by Columbia University in New York City. Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each winner receives a certificate and a US$15,000 cash award (raised from $10,000 starting in 2017). The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal.

text: The

text: Pulitzer

text: Prize

text: is

text: an

text: award

text: for

text: achievements

text: in

text: newspaper

text: magazine

text: and

text: online

text: journalism

text: literature

text: and

text: musical

text: composition

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: by

text: provisions

text: in

text: the

text: will

text: of

text: American

text: Hungarian

text: born

text: Joseph

text: Pulitzer

text: who

text: had

text: made

text: his

text: fortune

text: as

text: newspaper

text: publisher

text: and

text: is

text: administered

text: by

text: Columbia

text: University

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Prizes

text: are

text: awarded

text: yearly

text: in

text: twenty

text: one

text: categories

text: In

text: twenty

text: of

text: the

text: categories

text: each

text: winner

text: receives

text: certificate

text: and

text: US$

text: cash

text: award

text: raised

text: from

text: starting

text: in

text: The

text: winner

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: service

text: category

text: of

text: the

text: journalism

text: competition

text: is

text: awarded

text: gold

text: medal

text: The term musical form (or musical architecture) refers to the overall structure or plan of a piece of music, and it describes the layout of a composition as divided into sections. In the tenth edition of "The Oxford Companion to Music", Percy Scholes defines musical form as "a series of strategies designed to find a successful mean between the opposite extremes of unrelieved repetition and unrelieved alteration."

text: The

text: term

text: musical

text: form

text: or

text: musical

text: architecture

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: overall

text: structure

text: or

text: plan

text: of

text: piece

text: of

text: music

text: and

text: it

text: describes

text: the

text: layout

text: of

text: composition

text: as

text: divided

text: into

text: sections

text: In

text: the

text: tenth

text: edition

text: of

text: The

text: Oxford

text: Companion

text: to

text: Music

text: Percy

text: Scholes

text: defines

text: musical

text: form

text: as

text: series

text: of

text: strategies

text: designed

text: to

text: find

text: successful

text: mean

text: between

text: the

text: opposite

text: extremes

text: of

text: unrelieved

text: repetition

text: and

text: unrelieved

text: alteration

text: Ragtime  also spelled rag-time or rag time  is a musical genre that enjoyed its peak popularity between 1895 and 1918. Its cardinal trait is its syncopated, or "ragged", rhythm. The genre has its origins in African-American communities like St. Louis years before being published as popular sheet music for piano. Ernest Hogan (18651909) was a pioneer of ragtime music and was the first to compose ragtime into sheet music. The composition was called "LA Pas Ma LA" and it was released in 1895. Hogan has also been credited for coining the term "ragtime". The term is actually derived from his hometown "Shake Rag" in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Ben Harney, who is also a Kentucky native has often been credited for introducing the music to the mainstream public. His first ragtime composition "You've been a good old wagon but you done broke" helped popularize the musical genre. The composition was published in 1895 but released in 1896. Ragtime was also a modification of the march made popular by John Philip Sousa, with additional polyrhythms coming from African music. The ragtime composer Scott Joplin ("ca." 18681917) became famous through the publication of the "Maple Leaf Rag" (1899) and a string of ragtime hits such as "The Entertainer" (1902), although he was later forgotten by all but a small, dedicated community of ragtime aficionados until the major ragtime revival in the early 1970s. For at least 12 years after its publication, "Maple Leaf Rag" heavily influenced subsequent ragtime composers with its melody lines, harmonic progressions or metric patterns.

text: Ragtime

text: also

text: spelled

text: rag

text: time

text: or

text: rag

text: time

text: is

text: musical

text: genre

text: that

text: enjoyed

text: its

text: peak

text: popularity

text: between

text: and

text: Its

text: cardinal

text: trait

text: is

text: its

text: syncopated

text: or

text: ragged

text: rhythm

text: The

text: genre

text: has

text: its

text: origins

text: in

text: African

text: American

text: communities

text: like

text: St.

text: Louis

text: years

text: before

text: being

text: published

text: as

text: popular

text: sheet

text: music

text: for

text: piano

text: Ernest

text: Hogan

text: was

text: pioneer

text: of

text: ragtime

text: music

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: compose

text: ragtime

text: into

text: sheet

text: music

text: The

text: composition

text: was

text: called

text: LA

text: Pas

text: Ma

text: LA

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: Hogan

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: credited

text: for

text: coining

text: the

text: term

text: ragtime

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: actually

text: derived

text: from

text: his

text: hometown

text: Shake

text: Rag

text: in

text: Bowling

text: Green

text: Kentucky

text: Ben

text: Harney

text: who

text: is

text: also

text: Kentucky

text: native

text: has

text: often

text: been

text: credited

text: for

text: introducing

text: the

text: music

text: to

text: the

text: mainstream

text: public

text: His

text: first

text: ragtime

text: composition

text: You

text: 've

text: been

text: good

text: old

text: wagon

text: but

text: you

text: done

text: broke

text: helped

text: popularize

text: the

text: musical

text: genre

text: The

text: composition

text: was

text: published

text: in

text: but

text: released

text: in

text: Ragtime

text: was

text: also

text: modification

text: of

text: the

text: march

text: made

text: popular

text: by

text: John

text: Philip

text: Sousa

text: with

text: additional

text: polyrhythms

text: coming

text: from

text: African

text: music

text: The

text: ragtime

text: composer

text: Scott

text: Joplin

text: ca

text: became

text: famous

text: through

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: the

text: Maple

text: Leaf

text: Rag

text: and

text: string

text: of

text: ragtime

text: hits

text: such

text: as

text: The

text: Entertainer

text: although

text: he

text: was

text: later

text: forgotten

text: by

text: all

text: but

text: small

text: dedicated

text: community

text: of

text: ragtime

text: aficionados

text: until

text: the

text: major

text: ragtime

text: revival

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: For

text: at

text: least

text: years

text: after

text: its

text: publication

text: Maple

text: Leaf

text: Rag

text: heavily

text: influenced

text: subsequent

text: ragtime

text: composers

text: with

text: its

text: melody

text: lines

text: harmonic

text: progressions

text: or

text: metric

text: patterns

text: New York University (NYU) is a private nonprofit research university based in New York City. Founded in 1831, NYU is considered one of the world's most influential research universities. University rankings compiled by "Times Higher Education", "U.S. News & World Report", and the "Academic Ranking of World Universities" all rank NYU amongst the top 32 universities in the world. NYU is a fundamental part of the creativity, energy and vibrancy that is Manhattan, located with its core in Greenwich Village, and its campuses based throughout New York City. NYU is also a world-class university, operating NYU Abu Dhabi and NYU Shanghai, and 11 global academic centers in Accra, Berlin, Buenos Aires, Florence, London, Madrid, Paris, Prague, Sydney, Tel Aviv, and Washington, D.C.

text: New

text: York

text: University

text: NYU

text: is

text: private

text: nonprofit

text: research

text: university

text: based

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Founded

text: in

text: NYU

text: is

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: influential

text: research

text: universities

text: University

text: rankings

text: compiled

text: by

text: Times

text: Higher

text: Education

text: U.S.

text: News

text: World

text: Report

text: and

text: the

text: Academic

text: Ranking

text: of

text: World

text: Universities

text: all

text: rank

text: NYU

text: amongst

text: the

text: top

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: NYU

text: is

text: fundamental

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: creativity

text: energy

text: and

text: vibrancy

text: that

text: is

text: Manhattan

text: located

text: with

text: its

text: core

text: in

text: Greenwich

text: Village

text: and

text: its

text: campuses

text: based

text: throughout

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: NYU

text: is

text: also

text: world

text: class

text: university

text: operating

text: NYU

text: Abu

text: Dhabi

text: and

text: NYU

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: global

text: academic

text: centers

text: in

text: Accra

text: Berlin

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: Florence

text: London

text: Madrid

text: Paris

text: Prague

text: Sydney

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: and

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: James Lewis Hoberman (born March 14, 1949), also known as J. Hoberman, is an American film critic. He began at "The Village Voice" during the 1970s, became a full-time staff writer in 1983, and was the senior film critic from 1988 to 2012. He is also the author of several books.

text: James

text: Lewis

text: Hoberman

text: born

text: March

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Hoberman

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: film

text: critic

text: He

text: began

text: at

text: The

text: Village

text: Voice

text: during

text: the

text: became

text: full

text: time

text: staff

text: writer

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: senior

text: film

text: critic

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: several

text: books

text: Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (30 October 1885  1 November 1972) was an expatriate American poet and critic, and a major figure in the early modernist movement. His contribution to poetry began with his development of Imagism, a movement derived from classical Chinese and Japanese poetry, stressing clarity, precision and economy of language. His best-known works include "Ripostes" (1912), "Hugh Selwyn Mauberley" (1920) and the unfinished 120-section epic, "The Cantos" (19171969).

text: Ezra

text: Weston

text: Loomis

text: Pound

text: October

text: November

text: was

text: an

text: expatriate

text: American

text: poet

text: and

text: critic

text: and

text: major

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: modernist

text: movement

text: His

text: contribution

text: to

text: poetry

text: began

text: with

text: his

text: development

text: of

text: Imagism

text: movement

text: derived

text: from

text: classical

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Japanese

text: poetry

text: stressing

text: clarity

text: precision

text: and

text: economy

text: of

text: language

text: His

text: best

text: known

text: works

text: include

text: Ripostes

text: Hugh

text: Selwyn

text: Mauberley

text: and

text: the

text: unfinished

text: epic

text: The

text: Cantos

text: West Africa, also called Western Africa and the West of Africa, is the westernmost subregion of Africa. West Africa has been defined as including 18 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, the island nation of Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, the island of Saint Helena, Senegal, Sierra Leone, São Tomé and Príncipe and Togo.

text: West

text: Africa

text: also

text: called

text: Western

text: Africa

text: and

text: the

text: West

text: of

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: westernmost

text: subregion

text: of

text: Africa

text: West

text: Africa

text: has

text: been

text: defined

text: as

text: including

text: countries

text: Benin

text: Burkina

text: Faso

text: the

text: island

text: nation

text: of

text: Cape

text: Verde

text: Gambia

text: Ghana

text: Guinea

text: Guinea

text: Bissau

text: Ivory

text: Coast

text: Liberia

text: Mali

text: Mauritania

text: Niger

text: Nigeria

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: Senegal

text: Sierra

text: Leone

text: São

text: Tomé

text: and

text: Príncipe

text: and

text: Togo

text: Greenwich Village, often referred to by locals as simply "the Village", is a neighborhood on the west side of Lower Manhattan, New York City. Greenwich Village has been known as an artists' haven, the Bohemian capital, the cradle of the modern LGBT movement, and the East Coast birthplace of both the Beat and '60s counterculture movements. "Groenwijck", one of the Dutch names for the village (meaning "Green District"), was Anglicized to "Greenwich". Two of New York's private colleges, New York University (NYU) and the New School, are located in Greenwich Village.

text: Greenwich

text: Village

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: locals

text: as

text: simply

text: the

text: Village

text: is

text: neighborhood

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: side

text: of

text: Lower

text: Manhattan

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Greenwich

text: Village

text: has

text: been

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: artists

text: haven

text: the

text: Bohemian

text: capital

text: the

text: cradle

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: LGBT

text: movement

text: and

text: the

text: East

text: Coast

text: birthplace

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: Beat

text: and

text: counterculture

text: movements

text: Groenwijck

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: names

text: for

text: the

text: village

text: meaning

text: Green

text: District

text: was

text: Anglicized

text: to

text: Greenwich

text: Two

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: 's

text: private

text: colleges

text: New

text: York

text: University

text: NYU

text: and

text: the

text: New

text: School

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: Greenwich

text: Village

text: Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20.4 % of its total land area. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two "de facto" independent states with limited or no recognition.

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: At

text: about

text: million

text: million

text: square

text: miles

text: including

text: adjacent

text: islands

text: it

text: covers

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: its

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: With

text: billion

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: it

text: accounts

text: for

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: human

text: population

text: The

text: continent

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: both

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: along

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: continent

text: includes

text: Madagascar

text: and

text: various

text: archipelagos

text: It

text: contains

text: fully

text: recognized

text: sovereign

text: states

text: countries

text: nine

text: territories

text: and

text: two

text: de

text: facto

text: independent

text: states

text: with

text: limited

text: or

text: no

text: recognition

text: African-American music is an umbrella term covering a diverse range of musics and musical genres largely developed by African Americans. Their origins are in musical forms that arose out of the historical condition of slavery that characterized the lives of African Americans prior to the American Civil War.

text: African

text: American

text: music

text: is

text: an

text: umbrella

text: term

text: covering

text: diverse

text: range

text: of

text: musics

text: and

text: musical

text: genres

text: largely

text: developed

text: by

text: African

text: Americans

text: Their

text: origins

text: are

text: in

text: musical

text: forms

text: that

text: arose

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: historical

text: condition

text: of

text: slavery

text: that

text: characterized

text: the

text: lives

text: of

text: African

text: Americans

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: Civil

text: War

text: The Deep South is a cultural and geographic subregion in the Southern United States. Historically, it is differentiated from the "Upper South" as being the states most dependent on plantation-type agriculture and considered slave societies during the preCivil War period. The Deep South was also commonly referred to as the Lower South or the Cotton States, for their production of cotton as the primary commodity crop.

text: The

text: Deep

text: South

text: is

text: cultural

text: and

text: geographic

text: subregion

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: United

text: States

text: Historically

text: it

text: is

text: differentiated

text: from

text: the

text: Upper

text: South

text: as

text: being

text: the

text: states

text: most

text: dependent

text: on

text: plantation

text: type

text: agriculture

text: and

text: considered

text: slave

text: societies

text: during

text: the

text: preCivil

text: War

text: period

text: The

text: Deep

text: South

text: was

text: also

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Lower

text: South

text: or

text: the

text: Cotton

text: States

text: for

text: their

text: production

text: of

text: cotton

text: as

text: the

text: primary

text: commodity

text: crop

text: The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not exactly match the geographic south, but is predominantly located in the southeastern corner; Arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part of the Southern United States, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries. While the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. Since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, they became more culturally, economically, and politically aligned with the industrial Northern states, and are often identified as part of the Mid-Atlantic and/or Northeast by many residents, businesses, public institutions, and private organizations. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South.

text: The

text: Southern

text: United

text: States

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: American

text: South

text: Dixie

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: South

text: is

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: The

text: South

text: does

text: not

text: exactly

text: match

text: the

text: geographic

text: south

text: but

text: is

text: predominantly

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southeastern

text: corner

text: Arizona

text: and

text: New

text: Mexico

text: which

text: are

text: geographically

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: are

text: rarely

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: United

text: States

text: while

text: West

text: Virginia

text: which

text: separated

text: from

text: Virginia

text: in

text: commonly

text: is

text: Some

text: scholars

text: have

text: proposed

text: definitions

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: coincide

text: neatly

text: with

text: state

text: boundaries

text: While

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Delaware

text: and

text: Maryland

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: District

text: of

text: Columbia

text: permitted

text: slavery

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Civil

text: War

text: they

text: remained

text: with

text: the

text: Union

text: Since

text: the

text: Civil

text: Rights

text: Movement

text: of

text: the

text: they

text: became

text: more

text: culturally

text: economically

text: and

text: politically

text: aligned

text: with

text: the

text: industrial

text: Northern

text: states

text: and

text: are

text: often

text: identified

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Mid

text: Atlantic

text: and/or

text: Northeast

text: by

text: many

text: residents

text: businesses

text: public

text: institutions

text: and

text: private

text: organizations

text: However

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: puts

text: them

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over a land area of just , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term "New York minute". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world.

text: The

text: City

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: often

text: called

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: or

text: simply

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: distributed

text: over

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: just

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: major

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Located

text: at

text: the

text: southern

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: agglomerations

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: global

text: power

text: city

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: exerts

text: significant

text: impact

text: upon

text: commerce

text: finance

text: media

text: art

text: fashion

text: research

text: technology

text: education

text: and

text: entertainment

text: its

text: fast

text: pace

text: defining

text: the

text: term

text: New

text: York

text: minute

text: Home

text: to

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: center

text: for

text: international

text: diplomacy

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: cultural

text: and

text: financial

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs and European-American folk music. Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. The blues form, ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues and rock and roll, is characterized by the call-and-response pattern, the blues scale and specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues is the most common. Blue notes (or "worried notes"), usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also an essential part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove.

text: Blues

text: is

text: genre

text: and

text: musical

text: form

text: originated

text: by

text: African

text: Americans

text: in

text: the

text: Deep

text: South

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: around

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: genre

text: developed

text: from

text: roots

text: in

text: African

text: musical

text: traditions

text: African

text: American

text: work

text: songs

text: and

text: European

text: American

text: folk

text: music

text: Blues

text: incorporated

text: spirituals

text: work

text: songs

text: field

text: hollers

text: shouts

text: chants

text: and

text: rhymed

text: simple

text: narrative

text: ballads

text: The

text: blues

text: form

text: ubiquitous

text: in

text: jazz

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: and

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: the

text: call

text: and

text: response

text: pattern

text: the

text: blues

text: scale

text: and

text: specific

text: chord

text: progressions

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: twelve

text: bar

text: blues

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: Blue

text: notes

text: or

text: worried

text: notes

text: usually

text: thirds

text: or

text: fifths

text: flattened

text: in

text: pitch

text: are

text: also

text: an

text: essential

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: sound

text: Blues

text: shuffles

text: or

text: walking

text: bass

text: reinforce

text: the

text: trance

text: like

text: rhythm

text: and

text: form

text: repetitive

text: effect

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: groove

text: IMAGE (from Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration), or Explorer 78, was a NASA MIDEX mission that studied the global response of the Earth's magnetosphere to changes in the solar wind. It was launched March 25, 2000 by a Delta II rocket from Vandenberg AFB and ceased operations in December 2005.

text: IMAGE

text: from

text: Imager

text: for

text: Magnetopause

text: to

text: Aurora

text: Global

text: Exploration

text: or

text: Explorer

text: was

text: NASA

text: MIDEX

text: mission

text: that

text: studied

text: the

text: global

text: response

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: magnetosphere

text: to

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: solar

text: wind

text: It

text: was

text: launched

text: March

text: by

text: Delta

text: II

text: rocket

text: from

text: Vandenberg

text: AFB

text: and

text: ceased

text: operations

text: in

text: December

text: The National Press Foundation (NPF) is an American journalism organization focused on educational programs for journalists and issuing awards for accomplishment. All programs are free for accepted fellows with expenses covered; all awards carry cash awards. The National Press Foundation is affiliated with the Council of National Journalism Organizations.

text: The

text: National

text: Press

text: Foundation

text: NPF

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: journalism

text: organization

text: focused

text: on

text: educational

text: programs

text: for

text: journalists

text: and

text: issuing

text: awards

text: for

text: accomplishment

text: All

text: programs

text: are

text: free

text: for

text: accepted

text: fellows

text: with

text: expenses

text: covered

text: all

text: awards

text: carry

text: cash

text: awards

text: The

text: National

text: Press

text: Foundation

text: is

text: affiliated

text: with

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: National

text: Journalism

text: Organizations

text: Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression. It emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles, all linked by the common bonds of African American and European American musical parentage with a performance orientation. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms and improvisation. Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience and styles to the art form as well. Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as "one of America's original art forms".

text: Jazz

text: is

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: originated

text: amongst

text: African

text: Americans

text: in

text: New

text: Orleans

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: Since

text: the

text: jazz

text: age

text: jazz

text: has

text: become

text: recognized

text: as

text: major

text: form

text: of

text: musical

text: expression

text: It

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: independent

text: traditional

text: and

text: popular

text: musical

text: styles

text: all

text: linked

text: by

text: the

text: common

text: bonds

text: of

text: African

text: American

text: and

text: European

text: American

text: musical

text: parentage

text: with

text: performance

text: orientation

text: Jazz

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: swing

text: and

text: blue

text: notes

text: call

text: and

text: response

text: vocals

text: polyrhythms

text: and

text: improvisation

text: Jazz

text: has

text: roots

text: in

text: West

text: African

text: cultural

text: and

text: musical

text: expression

text: and

text: in

text: African

text: American

text: music

text: traditions

text: including

text: blues

text: and

text: ragtime

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: European

text: military

text: band

text: music

text: Although

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: jazz

text: is

text: deeply

text: rooted

text: within

text: the

text: Black

text: experience

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: different

text: cultures

text: have

text: contributed

text: their

text: own

text: experience

text: and

text: styles

text: to

text: the

text: art

text: form

text: as

text: well

text: Intellectuals

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: have

text: hailed

text: jazz

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: America

text: 's

text: original

text: art

text: forms

text:
Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban African Americans, at a time when "urbane, rocking, jazz based music with a heavy, insistent beat" was becoming more popular.
In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, the bands usually consisted of piano, one or two guitars, bass, drums, saxophone, and sometimes background vocalists. R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, and sex.

text: Rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: R&B

text: or

text: RnB

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: popular

text: African

text: American

text: music

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: originally

text: used

text: by

text: record

text: companies

text: to

text: describe

text: recordings

text: marketed

text: predominantly

text: to

text: urban

text: African

text: Americans

text: at

text: time

text: when

text: urbane

text: rocking

text: jazz

text: based

text: music

text: with

text: heavy

text: insistent

text: beat

text: was

text: becoming

text: more

text: popular

text: In

text: the

text: commercial

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: music

text: typical

text: of

text: the

text: through

text: the

text: the

text: bands

text: usually

text: consisted

text: of

text: piano

text: one

text: or

text: two

text: guitars

text: bass

text: drums

text: saxophone

text: and

text: sometimes

text: background

text: vocalists

text: R&B

text: lyrical

text: themes

text: often

text: encapsulate

text: the

text: African

text: American

text: experience

text: of

text: pain

text: and

text: the

text: quest

text: for

text: freedom

text: and

text: joy

text: Lyrics

text: focus

text: heavily

text: on

text: the

text: themes

text: of

text: triumphs

text: and

text: failures

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: relationships

text: freedom

text: economics

text: aspirations

text: and

text: sex

text: A work song is a piece of music closely connected to a form of work, either sung while conducting a task (usually to coordinate timing) or a song linked to a task which might be a connected narrative, description, or protest song.

text: work

text: song

text: is

text: piece

text: of

text: music

text: closely

text: connected

text: to

text: form

text: of

text: work

text: either

text: sung

text: while

text: conducting

text: task

text: usually

text: to

text: coordinate

text: timing

text: or

text: song

text: linked

text: to

text: task

text: which

text: might

text: be

text: connected

text: narrative

text: description

text: or

text: protest

text: song

text: Lynda Barry (born Linda Jean Barry; January 2, 1956) is an American cartoonist and author.

text: Lynda

text: Barry

text: born

text: Linda

text: Jean

text: Barry

text: January

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: cartoonist

text: and

text: author

text: Appalachia is a cultural region in the Eastern United States that stretches from the Southern Tier of New York to northern Alabama, Mississippi and Georgia. While the Appalachian Mountains stretch from Belle Isle (Newfoundland and Labrador) in Canada to Cheaha Mountain in Alabama, the cultural region of Appalachia typically refers only to the central and southern portions of the range. As of the 2010 United States Census, the region was home to approximately 25 million people.

text: Appalachia

text: is

text: cultural

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: United

text: States

text: that

text: stretches

text: from

text: the

text: Southern

text: Tier

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: northern

text: Alabama

text: Mississippi

text: and

text: Georgia

text: While

text: the

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

text: stretch

text: from

text: Belle

text: Isle

text: Newfoundland

text: and

text: Labrador

text: in

text: Canada

text: to

text: Cheaha

text: Mountain

text: in

text: Alabama

text: the

text: cultural

text: region

text: of

text: Appalachia

text: typically

text: refers

text: only

text: to

text: the

text: central

text: and

text: southern

text: portions

text: of

text: the

text: range

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: the

text: region

text: was

text: home

text: to

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

annotations: likely multiple

question: occupation linda solomon

answer: journalist

text: journalist

text: journalist


text: A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the flower it bears. There are over a hundred species and thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing or trailing with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwestern Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach seven meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses.

text: rose

text: is

text: woody

text: perennial

text: flowering

text: plant

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Rosa

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Rosaceae

text: or

text: the

text: flower

text: it

text: bears

text: There

text: are

text: over

text: hundred

text: species

text: and

text: thousands

text: of

text: cultivars

text: They

text: form

text: group

text: of

text: plants

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: erect

text: shrubs

text: climbing

text: or

text: trailing

text: with

text: stems

text: that

text: are

text: often

text: armed

text: with

text: sharp

text: prickles

text: Flowers

text: vary

text: in

text: size

text: and

text: shape

text: and

text: are

text: usually

text: large

text: and

text: showy

text: in

text: colours

text: ranging

text: from

text: white

text: through

text: yellows

text: and

text: reds

text: Most

text: species

text: are

text: native

text: to

text: Asia

text: with

text: smaller

text: numbers

text: native

text: to

text: Europe

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: northwestern

text: Africa

text: Species

text: cultivars

text: and

text: hybrids

text: are

text: all

text: widely

text: grown

text: for

text: their

text: beauty

text: and

text: often

text: are

text: fragrant

text: Roses

text: have

text: acquired

text: cultural

text: significance

text: in

text: many

text: societies

text: Rose

text: plants

text: range

text: in

text: size

text: from

text: compact

text: miniature

text: roses

text: to

text: climbers

text: that

text: can

text: reach

text: seven

text: meters

text: in

text: height

text: Different

text: species

text: hybridize

text: easily

text: and

text: this

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: garden

text: roses

text: Height is the measure of vertical distance, either how "tall" something is, or how "high up" it is. For example "The height of the building is 50 m" or "The height of the airplane is 10,000 m". When used to describe how high something like an airplane or mountain peak is from sea level, height is more often called altitude. Height is measured along the vertical (y) axis between a specified point and another.

text: Height

text: is

text: the

text: measure

text: of

text: vertical

text: distance

text: either

text: how

text: tall

text: something

text: is

text: or

text: how

text: high

text: up

text: it

text: is

text: For

text: example

text: The

text: height

text: of

text: the

text: building

text: is

text: or

text: The

text: height

text: of

text: the

text: airplane

text: is

text: When

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: how

text: high

text: something

text: like

text: an

text: airplane

text: or

text: mountain

text: peak

text: is

text: from

text: sea

text: level

text: height

text: is

text: more

text: often

text: called

text: altitude

text: Height

text: is

text: measured

text: along

text: the

text: vertical

text: axis

text: between

text: specified

text: point

text: and

text: another

text: In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most species. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are usable as lumber or plants above a specified height. Trees are not a taxonomic group but include a variety of plant species that have independently evolved a woody trunk and branches as a way to tower above other plants to compete for sunlight. In looser senses, the taller palms, the tree ferns, bananas and bamboos are also trees. Trees tend to be long-lived, some reaching several thousand years old. The tallest known tree, a coast redwood named Hyperion, stands high. Trees have been in existence for 370 million years. It is estimated that there are just over 3 trillion mature trees in the world.

text: In

text: botany

text: tree

text: is

text: perennial

text: plant

text: with

text: an

text: elongated

text: stem

text: or

text: trunk

text: supporting

text: branches

text: and

text: leaves

text: in

text: most

text: species

text: In

text: some

text: usages

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: tree

text: may

text: be

text: narrower

text: including

text: only

text: woody

text: plants

text: with

text: secondary

text: growth

text: plants

text: that

text: are

text: usable

text: as

text: lumber

text: or

text: plants

text: above

text: specified

text: height

text: Trees

text: are

text: not

text: taxonomic

text: group

text: but

text: include

text: variety

text: of

text: plant

text: species

text: that

text: have

text: independently

text: evolved

text: woody

text: trunk

text: and

text: branches

text: as

text: way

text: to

text: tower

text: above

text: other

text: plants

text: to

text: compete

text: for

text: sunlight

text: In

text: looser

text: senses

text: the

text: taller

text: palms

text: the

text: tree

text: ferns

text: bananas

text: and

text: bamboos

text: are

text: also

text: trees

text: Trees

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: long

text: lived

text: some

text: reaching

text: several

text: thousand

text: years

text: old

text: The

text: tallest

text: known

text: tree

text: coast

text: redwood

text: named

text: Hyperion

text: stands

text: high

text: Trees

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: existence

text: for

text: million

text: years

text: It

text: is

text: estimated

text: that

text: there

text: are

text: just

text: over

text: trillion

text: mature

text: trees

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: A shrub or bush is a small to medium-sized woody plant. It is distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and shorter height, usually under 6 m (20 ft) tall. Plants of many species may grow either into shrubs or trees, depending on their growing conditions. Small, low shrubs, generally less than 2 m (6.6 ft) tall, such as lavender, periwinkle and most small garden varieties of roses, are often termed subshrubs.

text: shrub

text: or

text: bush

text: is

text: small

text: to

text: medium

text: sized

text: woody

text: plant

text: It

text: is

text: distinguished

text: from

text: tree

text: by

text: its

text: multiple

text: stems

text: and

text: shorter

text: height

text: usually

text: under

text: ft

text: tall

text: Plants

text: of

text: many

text: species

text: may

text: grow

text: either

text: into

text: shrubs

text: or

text: trees

text: depending

text: on

text: their

text: growing

text: conditions

text: Small

text: low

text: shrubs

text: generally

text: less

text: than

text: ft

text: tall

text: such

text: as

text: lavender

text: periwinkle

text: and

text: most

text: small

text: garden

text: varieties

text: of

text: roses

text: are

text: often

text: termed

text: subshrubs

text: A subshrub (Latin "suffrutex") or dwarf shrub is a short woody plant. Prostrate shrub is a related term. "Subshrub" is often used interchangeably with "bush".

text: subshrub

text: Latin

text: suffrutex

text: or

text: dwarf

text: shrub

text: is

text: short

text: woody

text: plant

text: Prostrate

text: shrub

text: is

text: related

text: term

text: Subshrub

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: interchangeably

text: with

text: bush

text: Fallugia is a monotypic genus of shrub containing the single species Fallugia paradoxa , which is known by the common names Apache plume and ponil . This plant is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico , where it is found in arid habitats such as desert woodlands and scrub .

text: Fallugia

text: is

text: monotypic

text: genus

text: of

text: shrub

text: containing

text: the

text: single

text: species

text: Fallugia

text: paradoxa

text: which

text: is

text: known

text: by

text: the

text: common

text: names

text: Apache

text: plume

text: and

text: ponil

text: This

text: plant

text: is

text: native

text: to

text: the

text: southwestern

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: northern

text: Mexico

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: arid

text: habitats

text: such

text: as

text: desert

text: woodlands

text: and

text: scrub

annotations: follows multiple

question: parent_taxon fallugia

answer: rosaceae

text: rosaceae


text: Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland. Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finland's population is 5.5 million (2014), staying roughly on the same level over the past two decades. The majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union.

text: Finland

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Finland

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: peninsula

text: with

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Bothnia

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Sweden

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Norway

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Estonia

text: is

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: Finland

text: is

text: Nordic

text: country

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: geographical

text: region

text: of

text: Fennoscandia

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: Scandinavia

text: Finland

text: 's

text: population

text: is

text: million

text: staying

text: roughly

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: level

text: over

text: the

text: past

text: two

text: decades

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: is

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: region

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: area

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Sonata Arctica is a Finnish power metal band from the town of Kemi, Finland. Created as a hard rock band named Tricky Beans, they later changed to Tricky Means and finally to Sonata Arctica, when they shifted to power metal.

text: Sonata

text: Arctica

text: is

text: Finnish

text: power

text: metal

text: band

text: from

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Kemi

text: Finland

text: Created

text: as

text: hard

text: rock

text: band

text: named

text: Tricky

text: Beans

text: they

text: later

text: changed

text: to

text: Tricky

text: Means

text: and

text: finally

text: to

text: Sonata

text: Arctica

text: when

text: they

text: shifted

text: to

text: power

text: metal

text: Power metal is a subgenre of heavy metal combining characteristics of traditional metal with speed metal, often within symphonic context. Generally, power metal is characterized by a more uplifting sound, instead of the heaviness and dissonance prevalent in styles such as doom metal and death metal. Power metal bands usually have anthem-like songs with fantasy-based subject matter and strong choruses, thus creating a theatrical, dramatic and emotionally "powerful" sound. The term was first used in the middle of the 1980s and refers to two different but related styles: the first pioneered and largely practiced in North America with a harder sound similar to speed metal, and a later more widespread and popular style based in Europe (especially Scandinavia, Germany, Greece and Italy), South America (especially Brazil and Argentina) and Japan, with a lighter, more melodic sound and frequent use of keyboards.

text: Power

text: metal

text: is

text: subgenre

text: of

text: heavy

text: metal

text: combining

text: characteristics

text: of

text: traditional

text: metal

text: with

text: speed

text: metal

text: often

text: within

text: symphonic

text: context

text: Generally

text: power

text: metal

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: more

text: uplifting

text: sound

text: instead

text: of

text: the

text: heaviness

text: and

text: dissonance

text: prevalent

text: in

text: styles

text: such

text: as

text: doom

text: metal

text: and

text: death

text: metal

text: Power

text: metal

text: bands

text: usually

text: have

text: anthem

text: like

text: songs

text: with

text: fantasy

text: based

text: subject

text: matter

text: and

text: strong

text: choruses

text: thus

text: creating

text: theatrical

text: dramatic

text: and

text: emotionally

text: powerful

text: sound

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: first

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: refers

text: to

text: two

text: different

text: but

text: related

text: styles

text: the

text: first

text: pioneered

text: and

text: largely

text: practiced

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: with

text: harder

text: sound

text: similar

text: to

text: speed

text: metal

text: and

text: later

text: more

text: widespread

text: and

text: popular

text: style

text: based

text: in

text: Europe

text: especially

text: Scandinavia

text: Germany

text: Greece

text: and

text: Italy

text: South

text: America

text: especially

text: Brazil

text: and

text: Argentina

text: and

text: Japan

text: with

text: lighter

text: more

text: melodic

text: sound

text: and

text: frequent

text: use

text: of

text: keyboards

text: Takatalvi is Sonata Arctica 's third EP released on November 21 , 2003 through the label Spinefarm Records . It was re-released on 27 January 2010 , with an extended playlist and updated artwork .

text: Takatalvi

text: is

text: Sonata

text: Arctica

text: 's

text: third

text: EP

text: released

text: on

text: November

text: through

text: the

text: label

text: Spinefarm

text: Records

text: It

text: was

text: re

text: released

text: on

text: January

text: with

text: an

text: extended

text: playlist

text: and

text: updated

text: artwork

text: In Autumn 2007, Spinefarm launched in the UK, starting with re-issuing deluxe versions of the first five Nightwish albums, including the "Over The Hills And Far Away" EP.

text: In

text: Autumn

text: Spinefarm

text: launched

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: starting

text: with

text: re

text: issuing

text: deluxe

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: five

text: Nightwish

text: albums

text: including

text: the

text: Over

text: The

text: Hills

text: And

text: Far

text: Away

text: EP

text: Hard rock is a loosely defined subgenre of rock music that began in the mid-1960s, with the garage, psychedelic and blues rock movements. It is typified by a heavy use of aggressive vocals, distorted electric guitars, bass guitar, drums, and often accompanied with pianos and keyboards.

text: Hard

text: rock

text: is

text: loosely

text: defined

text: subgenre

text: of

text: rock

text: music

text: that

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: with

text: the

text: garage

text: psychedelic

text: and

text: blues

text: rock

text: movements

text: It

text: is

text: typified

text: by

text: heavy

text: use

text: of

text: aggressive

text: vocals

text: distorted

text: electric

text: guitars

text: bass

text: guitar

text: drums

text: and

text: often

text: accompanied

text: with

text: pianos

text: and

text: keyboards

text: Nightwish is a symphonic power metal band from Kitee, Finland. The band was formed in 1996 by lead songwriter and keyboardist Tuomas Holopainen, guitarist Emppu Vuorinen, and lead singer Tarja Turunen. The band soon picked up drummer Jukka Nevalainen, and then bassist Sami Vänskä after the release of their debut album, "Angels Fall First" (1997). In 2002, Vänskä was replaced by Marco Hietala, who also took over the male vocalist role previously filled by Holopainen or guest singers.

text: Nightwish

text: is

text: symphonic

text: power

text: metal

text: band

text: from

text: Kitee

text: Finland

text: The

text: band

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: by

text: lead

text: songwriter

text: and

text: keyboardist

text: Tuomas

text: Holopainen

text: guitarist

text: Emppu

text: Vuorinen

text: and

text: lead

text: singer

text: Tarja

text: Turunen

text: The

text: band

text: soon

text: picked

text: up

text: drummer

text: Jukka

text: Nevalainen

text: and

text: then

text: bassist

text: Sami

text: Vänskä

text: after

text: the

text: release

text: of

text: their

text: debut

text: album

text: Angels

text: Fall

text: First

text: In

text: Vänskä

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: Marco

text: Hietala

text: who

text: also

text: took

text: over

text: the

text: male

text: vocalist

text: role

text: previously

text: filled

text: by

text: Holopainen

text: or

text: guest

text: singers

question: genre takatalvi

answer: power metal

text: power metal

text: power metal

text: power metal

text: power metal

text: power metal

text: power metal