text:
A lava field, also called a lava plain or lava bed, is a large expanse of nearly flat-lying lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or even hundreds of miles across the underlying terrain. The extent of large lava fields is most readily grasped from the air or in satellite photos, where their typically dark, nearly black color contrasts sharply with the rest of the landscape.
According to the US Geological Survey, monogenetic volcanic fields are collections of cinder cones, and/or Maar vents and associated lava flows and pyroclastic deposits. Sometimes a stratovolcano
is at the center of the field, as at the San Francisco Volcanic Field in Arizona. Monogenetic volcano fields have systematic growth patterns that suggest they represent single magmatic systems in the same way that stratovolcanoes do, but monogenetic volcanoes grow laterally rather than vertically (Wood and Shoan, 1984). Detailed mapping indicates that some cinder cones in monogenetic fields (e.g., Cima, California, and Timber Mountain Volcanic Field, Nevada) may have had multiple eruptions separated by tens to hundreds of thousands of years (Wells, et al., 1989). Thus, some monogenetic cones may actually be polygenetic. This possibility differs from observations of historic eruptions (Wood, 1979), and is physically difficult to understand because cinder cone conduits are narrow and must solidify within a few years of eruption. Nonetheless, such multiple eruptions appear to have happened at least twice: Other cinder cones need to be closely reexamined.

text: lava

text: field

text: also

text: called

text: lava

text: plain

text: or

text: lava

text: bed

text: is

text: large

text: expanse

text: of

text: nearly

text: flat

text: lying

text: lava

text: flows

text: Such

text: features

text: are

text: generally

text: composed

text: of

text: highly

text: fluid

text: basalt

text: lava

text: and

text: can

text: extend

text: for

text: tens

text: or

text: even

text: hundreds

text: of

text: miles

text: across

text: the

text: underlying

text: terrain

text: The

text: extent

text: of

text: large

text: lava

text: fields

text: is

text: most

text: readily

text: grasped

text: from

text: the

text: air

text: or

text: in

text: satellite

text: photos

text: where

text: their

text: typically

text: dark

text: nearly

text: black

text: color

text: contrasts

text: sharply

text: with

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: landscape

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: US

text: Geological

text: Survey

text: monogenetic

text: volcanic

text: fields

text: are

text: collections

text: of

text: cinder

text: cones

text: and/or

text: Maar

text: vents

text: and

text: associated

text: lava

text: flows

text: and

text: pyroclastic

text: deposits

text: Sometimes

text: stratovolcano

text: is

text: at

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: field

text: as

text: at

text: the

text: San

text: Francisco

text: Volcanic

text: Field

text: in

text: Arizona

text: Monogenetic

text: volcano

text: fields

text: have

text: systematic

text: growth

text: patterns

text: that

text: suggest

text: they

text: represent

text: single

text: magmatic

text: systems

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: way

text: that

text: stratovolcanoes

text: do

text: but

text: monogenetic

text: volcanoes

text: grow

text: laterally

text: rather

text: than

text: vertically

text: Wood

text: and

text: Shoan

text: Detailed

text: mapping

text: indicates

text: that

text: some

text: cinder

text: cones

text: in

text: monogenetic

text: fields

text: e.g.

text: Cima

text: California

text: and

text: Timber

text: Mountain

text: Volcanic

text: Field

text: Nevada

text: may

text: have

text: had

text: multiple

text: eruptions

text: separated

text: by

text: tens

text: to

text: hundreds

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

text: Wells

text: et

text: al

text: Thus

text: some

text: monogenetic

text: cones

text: may

text: actually

text: be

text: polygenetic

text: This

text: possibility

text: differs

text: from

text: observations

text: of

text: historic

text: eruptions

text: Wood

text: and

text: is

text: physically

text: difficult

text: to

text: understand

text: because

text: cinder

text: cone

text: conduits

text: are

text: narrow

text: and

text: must

text: solidify

text: within

text: few

text: years

text: of

text: eruption

text: Nonetheless

text: such

text: multiple

text: eruptions

text: appear

text: to

text: have

text: happened

text: at

text: least

text: twice

text: Other

text: cinder

text: cones

text: need

text: to

text: be

text: closely

text: reexamined

text: Inuit (pronounced or ; Inuktitut: , "the people") are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada and Alaska. Inuit is a plural noun; the singular is Inuk. The oral Inuit languages are classified in the Eskimo-Aleut family. Inuit Sign Language is a critically endangered language isolate spoken in Nunavut.

text: Inuit

text: pronounced

text: or

text: Inuktitut

text: the

text: people

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: culturally

text: similar

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: inhabiting

text: the

text: Arctic

text: regions

text: of

text: Greenland

text: Canada

text: and

text: Alaska

text: Inuit

text: is

text: plural

text: noun

text: the

text: singular

text: is

text: Inuk

text: The

text: oral

text: Inuit

text: languages

text: are

text: classified

text: in

text: the

text: Eskimo

text: Aleut

text: family

text: Inuit

text: Sign

text: Language

text: is

text: critically

text: endangered

text: language

text: isolate

text: spoken

text: in

text: Nunavut

text: Normandy (pronounced , Norman: "Normaundie", from Old French "Normanz", plural of "Normant", originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is one of the regions of France, roughly corresponding to the historical Duchy of Normandy.

text: Normandy

text: pronounced

text: Norman

text: Normaundie

text: from

text: Old

text: French

text: Normanz

text: plural

text: of

text: Normant

text: originally

text: from

text: the

text: word

text: for

text: northman

text: in

text: several

text: Scandinavian

text: languages

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: regions

text: of

text: France

text: roughly

text: corresponding

text: to

text: the

text: historical

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Normandy

text: FOREST (short for "Freedom Organisation for the Right to Enjoy Smoking Tobacco") is a United Kingdom political pressure group which campaigns against tobacco control activity.

text: FOREST

text: short

text: for

text: Freedom

text: Organisation

text: for

text: the

text: Right

text: to

text: Enjoy

text: Smoking

text: Tobacco

text: is

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: political

text: pressure

text: group

text: which

text: campaigns

text: against

text: tobacco

text: control

text: activity

text: The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the "Roman Empire" (tr. ), or "Romania", and to themselves as "Romans".

text: The

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: was

text: the

text: continuation

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: during

text: Late

text: Antiquity

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: when

text: its

text: capital

text: city

text: was

text: Constantinople

text: modern

text: day

text: Istanbul

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: founded

text: as

text: Byzantium

text: It

text: survived

text: the

text: fragmentation

text: and

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: and

text: continued

text: to

text: exist

text: for

text: an

text: additional

text: thousand

text: years

text: until

text: it

text: fell

text: to

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Turks

text: in

text: During

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: existence

text: the

text: empire

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: economic

text: cultural

text: and

text: military

text: force

text: in

text: Europe

text: Both

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: are

text: historiographical

text: terms

text: created

text: after

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: realm

text: its

text: citizens

text: continued

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: their

text: empire

text: as

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: tr

text: or

text: Romania

text: and

text: to

text: themselves

text: as

text: Romans

text: The Viking Age is the period from late 8th century to mid 11th century in European history, especially Northern European and Scandinavian history, following the Germanic Iron Age. It is the period of history when Scandinavian Norsemen explored Europe by its seas and rivers for trade, raids, colonisation and conquest. In this period, the Norsemen settled in Norse Greenland, Newfoundland, and present-day Faroe Islands, Iceland, Norway, Scotland, England, Ireland, the Netherlands, Germany, Ukraine, Russia, and Turkey. Though Viking travellers and colonists were seen at many points in history as brutal raiders, many historical documents suggest that their invasion of other countries was retaliation in response to the encroachment upon tribal lands by Christian missionaries, and perhaps by the Saxon Wars prosecuted by Charlemagne and his kin to the south, or, were motivated by overpopulation, trade inequities, and the lack of viable farmland in their homeland. Information about the Viking Age is drawn largely from what was written about the Vikings by their enemies, and primary sources of archaeology, supplied with secondary sources like the Icelandic Sagas.

text: The

text: Viking

text: Age

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: from

text: late

text: century

text: to

text: mid

text: century

text: in

text: European

text: history

text: especially

text: Northern

text: European

text: and

text: Scandinavian

text: history

text: following

text: the

text: Germanic

text: Iron

text: Age

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: history

text: when

text: Scandinavian

text: Norsemen

text: explored

text: Europe

text: by

text: its

text: seas

text: and

text: rivers

text: for

text: trade

text: raids

text: colonisation

text: and

text: conquest

text: In

text: this

text: period

text: the

text: Norsemen

text: settled

text: in

text: Norse

text: Greenland

text: Newfoundland

text: and

text: present

text: day

text: Faroe

text: Islands

text: Iceland

text: Norway

text: Scotland

text: England

text: Ireland

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Germany

text: Ukraine

text: Russia

text: and

text: Turkey

text: Though

text: Viking

text: travellers

text: and

text: colonists

text: were

text: seen

text: at

text: many

text: points

text: in

text: history

text: as

text: brutal

text: raiders

text: many

text: historical

text: documents

text: suggest

text: that

text: their

text: invasion

text: of

text: other

text: countries

text: was

text: retaliation

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: encroachment

text: upon

text: tribal

text: lands

text: by

text: Christian

text: missionaries

text: and

text: perhaps

text: by

text: the

text: Saxon

text: Wars

text: prosecuted

text: by

text: Charlemagne

text: and

text: his

text: kin

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: or

text: were

text: motivated

text: by

text: overpopulation

text: trade

text: inequities

text: and

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: viable

text: farmland

text: in

text: their

text: homeland

text: Information

text: about

text: the

text: Viking

text: Age

text: is

text: drawn

text: largely

text: from

text: what

text: was

text: written

text: about

text: the

text: Vikings

text: by

text: their

text: enemies

text: and

text: primary

text: sources

text: of

text: archaeology

text: supplied

text: with

text: secondary

text: sources

text: like

text: the

text: Icelandic

text: Sagas

text: North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of Africa. The United Nations definition of "North Africa" includes seven countries and territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, and Western Sahara. The countries of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya are often collectively referred to as the Maghreb, which is the Arabic word for "sunset". Egypt lies to the northeast and encompasses part of West Asia, while Sudan is situated on the edge of the Sahel, to the south of Egypt.

text: North

text: Africa

text: or

text: Northern

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: northernmost

text: region

text: of

text: Africa

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: definition

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: includes

text: seven

text: countries

text: and

text: territories

text: Algeria

text: Egypt

text: Libya

text: Mauritania

text: Morocco

text: Sudan

text: Tunisia

text: and

text: Western

text: Sahara

text: The

text: countries

text: of

text: Algeria

text: Morocco

text: Tunisia

text: and

text: Libya

text: are

text: often

text: collectively

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Maghreb

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: Arabic

text: word

text: for

text: sunset

text: Egypt

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: encompasses

text: part

text: of

text: West

text: Asia

text: while

text: Sudan

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: Sahel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Rogaland is a county in Western Norway, bordering Hordaland, Telemark, Aust-Agder, and Vest-Agder counties. Rogaland is the center of the Norwegian petroleum industry. In 2016, Rogaland had an unemployment rate of 4.9%, one of the highest in Norway. In 2015, Rogaland had a fertility rate of 1.78 children per woman, which is the highest in the country.

text: Rogaland

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: Western

text: Norway

text: bordering

text: Hordaland

text: Telemark

text: Aust

text: Agder

text: and

text: Vest

text: Agder

text: counties

text: Rogaland

text: is

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Norwegian

text: petroleum

text: industry

text: In

text: Rogaland

text: had

text: an

text: unemployment

text: rate

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: in

text: Norway

text: In

text: Rogaland

text: had

text: fertility

text: rate

text: of

text: children

text: per

text: woman

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Vikings (Danish and ; Swedish and ), from Old Norse "", were Nordic seafarers, mainly speaking the Old Norse language, who raided and traded from their Northern European homelands across wide areas of northern, central and eastern Europe, during the late 8th to late 11th centuries. The term is also commonly extended in modern English and other vernaculars to the inhabitants of Viking home communities during what has become known as the Viking Age. This period of Nordic military, mercantile and demographic expansion constitutes an important element in the early medieval history of Scandinavia, Estonia, the British Isles, France, Kievan Rus' and Sicily.

text: Vikings

text: Danish

text: and

text: Swedish

text: and

text: from

text: Old

text: Norse

text: were

text: Nordic

text: seafarers

text: mainly

text: speaking

text: the

text: Old

text: Norse

text: language

text: who

text: raided

text: and

text: traded

text: from

text: their

text: Northern

text: European

text: homelands

text: across

text: wide

text: areas

text: of

text: northern

text: central

text: and

text: eastern

text: Europe

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: to

text: late

text: centuries

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: also

text: commonly

text: extended

text: in

text: modern

text: English

text: and

text: other

text: vernaculars

text: to

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: Viking

text: home

text: communities

text: during

text: what

text: has

text: become

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Viking

text: Age

text: This

text: period

text: of

text: Nordic

text: military

text: mercantile

text: and

text: demographic

text: expansion

text: constitutes

text: an

text: important

text: element

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: medieval

text: history

text: of

text: Scandinavia

text: Estonia

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: France

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: and

text: Sicily

text: Inuktitut (; inuk "person" + -titut "like, in the manner of"), also Eastern Canadian Inuktitut or Eastern Canadian Inuit, is one of the principal Inuit languages of Canada. It is spoken in all areas north of the tree line, including parts of the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, to some extent in northeastern Manitoba as well as the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. It is one of the aboriginal languages written with Canadian Aboriginal syllabics.

text: Inuktitut

text: inuk

text: person

text: -titut

text: like

text: in

text: the

text: manner

text: of

text: also

text: Eastern

text: Canadian

text: Inuktitut

text: or

text: Eastern

text: Canadian

text: Inuit

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: principal

text: Inuit

text: languages

text: of

text: Canada

text: It

text: is

text: spoken

text: in

text: all

text: areas

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: tree

text: line

text: including

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: provinces

text: of

text: Newfoundland

text: and

text: Labrador

text: Quebec

text: to

text: some

text: extent

text: in

text: northeastern

text: Manitoba

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Northwest

text: Territories

text: and

text: Nunavut

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: aboriginal

text: languages

text: written

text: with

text: Canadian

text: Aboriginal

text: syllabics

text: A capital city (or simply capital) is the municipality exercising primary status in a country, state, province, or other region, usually as its seat of government. A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution. In some jurisdictions, including several countries, the different branches of government are located in different settlements. In some cases, a distinction is made between the official (constitutional) capital and the seat of government, which is in another place.

text: capital

text: city

text: or

text: simply

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: municipality

text: exercising

text: primary

text: status

text: in

text: country

text: state

text: province

text: or

text: other

text: region

text: usually

text: as

text: its

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: capital

text: is

text: typically

text: city

text: that

text: physically

text: encompasses

text: the

text: offices

text: and

text: meeting

text: places

text: of

text: its

text: respective

text: government

text: the

text: status

text: as

text: capital

text: is

text: often

text: designated

text: by

text: its

text: law

text: or

text: constitution

text: In

text: some

text: jurisdictions

text: including

text: several

text: countries

text: the

text: different

text: branches

text: of

text: government

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: different

text: settlements

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: distinction

text: is

text: made

text: between

text: the

text: official

text: constitutional

text: capital

text: and

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: which

text: is

text: in

text: another

text: place

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: Calgary is a city in the Canadian province of Alberta. It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province, in an area of foothills and prairie, about east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies. In the 2011 census, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,096,833 and a metropolitan population of 1,214,839, making it the largest city in Alberta, and the third-largest municipality and fifth-largest census metropolitan area (CMA) in Canada.

text: Calgary

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Canadian

text: province

text: of

text: Alberta

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: at

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Bow

text: River

text: and

text: the

text: Elbow

text: River

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: in

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: foothills

text: and

text: prairie

text: about

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: front

text: ranges

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Rockies

text: In

text: the

text: census

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Calgary

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: metropolitan

text: population

text: of

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Alberta

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: municipality

text: and

text: fifth

text: largest

text: census

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: CMA

text: in

text: Canada

text: An island country is a country whose primary territory consists of one or more islands or parts of islands. As of 2011, 46 (approximately 24%) of the 193 UN member states are island countries.

text: An

text: island

text: country

text: is

text: country

text: whose

text: primary

text: territory

text: consists

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: islands

text: or

text: parts

text: of

text: islands

text: As

text: of

text: approximately

text: of

text: the

text: UN

text: member

text: states

text: are

text: island

text: countries

text: Jellyfish or jellies are softbodied, free-swimming aquatic animals with a gelatinous umbrella-shaped bell and trailing tentacles. The bell can pulsate to acquire propulsion and locomotion. The tentacles may be utilized to capture prey or defend against predators by emitting toxins in a painful sting. Jellyfish species are classified in the subphylum Medusozoa which makes up a major part of the phylum Cnidaria, although not all Medusozoa species are considered to be jellyfish.

text: Jellyfish

text: or

text: jellies

text: are

text: softbodied

text: free

text: swimming

text: aquatic

text: animals

text: with

text: gelatinous

text: umbrella

text: shaped

text: bell

text: and

text: trailing

text: tentacles

text: The

text: bell

text: can

text: pulsate

text: to

text: acquire

text: propulsion

text: and

text: locomotion

text: The

text: tentacles

text: may

text: be

text: utilized

text: to

text: capture

text: prey

text: or

text: defend

text: against

text: predators

text: by

text: emitting

text: toxins

text: in

text: painful

text: sting

text: Jellyfish

text: species

text: are

text: classified

text: in

text: the

text: subphylum

text: Medusozoa

text: which

text: makes

text: up

text: major

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: phylum

text: Cnidaria

text: although

text: not

text: all

text: Medusozoa

text: species

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: jellyfish

text: The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and Rollo, leader of the Vikings. From 1066 until 1204 it was held by the kings of England, except for the brief rule of Robert Curthose (10871106) and Geoffrey Plantagenet (11441150). Normandy was declared forfeit by Philip II of France in 1202, and seized by force of arms in 1204. It remained disputed territory until the Treaty of Paris of 1259, when the English sovereigns ceded their claim, except for the Channel Islands.

text: The

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Normandy

text: grew

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Saint

text: Clair

text: sur

text: Epte

text: between

text: King

text: Charles

text: III

text: of

text: West

text: Francia

text: and

text: Rollo

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Vikings

text: From

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: kings

text: of

text: England

text: except

text: for

text: the

text: brief

text: rule

text: of

text: Robert

text: Curthose

text: and

text: Geoffrey

text: Plantagenet

text: Normandy

text: was

text: declared

text: forfeit

text: by

text: Philip

text: II

text: of

text: France

text: in

text: and

text: seized

text: by

text: force

text: of

text: arms

text: in

text: It

text: remained

text: disputed

text: territory

text: until

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Paris

text: of

text: when

text: the

text: English

text: sovereigns

text: ceded

text: their

text: claim

text: except

text: for

text: the

text: Channel

text: Islands

text: The British Isles are a group of islands off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consist of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. Situated in the North Atlantic, the islands have a total area of approximately 315,159 km, and a combined population of just under 70 million. Two sovereign states are located on the islands: Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of the island with the same name) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The British Isles also include three Crown Dependencies: the Isle of Man and, by tradition, the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands, although the latter are not physically a part of the archipelago.

text: The

text: British

text: Isles

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: islands

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: continental

text: Europe

text: that

text: consist

text: of

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: Ireland

text: and

text: over

text: six

text: thousand

text: smaller

text: isles

text: Situated

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: the

text: islands

text: have

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: km

text: and

text: combined

text: population

text: of

text: just

text: under

text: million

text: Two

text: sovereign

text: states

text: are

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: islands

text: Ireland

text: which

text: covers

text: roughly

text: five

text: sixths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: The

text: British

text: Isles

text: also

text: include

text: three

text: Crown

text: Dependencies

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: and

text: by

text: tradition

text: the

text: Bailiwick

text: of

text: Jersey

text: and

text: the

text: Bailiwick

text: of

text: Guernsey

text: in

text: the

text: Channel

text: Islands

text: although

text: the

text: latter

text: are

text: not

text: physically

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: archipelago

text: Toronto is the most populous city in Canada, the provincial capital of Ontario, and the centre of the Greater Toronto Area, the most populous metropolitan area in Canada. Growing in population, the 2011 census recorded a population of 2,615,060. As of 2015, the population is now estimated at 2,826,498, making Toronto the fourth-largest city in North America based on the population within its city limits. Toronto trails only Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles by this measure, while it is the fifth-largest (behind also Chicago) if ranked by the size of its metropolitan area . An established global city, Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, and culture, and widely recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world.

text: Toronto

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Canada

text: the

text: provincial

text: capital

text: of

text: Ontario

text: and

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Greater

text: Toronto

text: Area

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: Canada

text: Growing

text: in

text: population

text: the

text: census

text: recorded

text: population

text: of

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: is

text: now

text: estimated

text: at

text: making

text: Toronto

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: population

text: within

text: its

text: city

text: limits

text: Toronto

text: trails

text: only

text: Mexico

text: City

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: by

text: this

text: measure

text: while

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: behind

text: also

text: Chicago

text: if

text: ranked

text: by

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: its

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: An

text: established

text: global

text: city

text: Toronto

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: centre

text: of

text: business

text: finance

text: arts

text: and

text: culture

text: and

text: widely

text: recognized

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: multicultural

text: and

text: cosmopolitan

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Leif Erikson or Leif Ericson (Icelandic: "Leifur Eiríksson"; Norwegian: "Leiv Eiriksson" c. 970  c. 1020) was an Icelandic explorer and the first known European to have discovered North America (excluding Greenland), before Christopher Columbus. According to the Sagas of Icelanders, he established a Norse settlement at Vinland, tentatively identified with the Norse L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland in modern-day Canada. Later archaeological evidence suggests that Vinland may have been the areas around the Gulf of St. Lawrence and that the L'Anse aux Meadows site was a ship repair station.

text: Leif

text: Erikson

text: or

text: Leif

text: Ericson

text: Icelandic

text: Leifur

text: Eiríksson

text: Norwegian

text: Leiv

text: Eiriksson

text: was

text: an

text: Icelandic

text: explorer

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: known

text: European

text: to

text: have

text: discovered

text: North

text: America

text: excluding

text: Greenland

text: before

text: Christopher

text: Columbus

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Sagas

text: of

text: Icelanders

text: he

text: established

text: Norse

text: settlement

text: at

text: Vinland

text: tentatively

text: identified

text: with

text: the

text: Norse

text: L'Anse

text: aux

text: Meadows

text: on

text: the

text: northern

text: tip

text: of

text: Newfoundland

text: in

text: modern

text: day

text: Canada

text: Later

text: archaeological

text: evidence

text: suggests

text: that

text: Vinland

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: the

text: areas

text: around

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: St.

text: Lawrence

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: L'Anse

text: aux

text: Meadows

text: site

text: was

text: ship

text: repair

text: station

text: Great Britain, also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth-largest in the world. In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, comprise the British Isles archipelago.

text: Great

text: Britain

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Britain

text: is

text: large

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: off

text: the

text: northwest

text: coast

text: of

text: continental

text: Europe

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: European

text: island

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: the

text: island

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: after

text: Java

text: in

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: Honshu

text: in

text: Japan

text: The

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: is

text: situated

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: it

text: and

text: together

text: these

text: islands

text: along

text: with

text: over

text: smaller

text: surrounding

text: islands

text: comprise

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: archipelago

text: Viking expansion is the process by which the Vikings sailed most of the North Atlantic , reaching south to North Africa and east to Russia , Constantinople and the Middle East as looters , traders , colonists and mercenaries . Vikings under Leif Ericson , the heir to Erik the Red , reached North America and set up a short - lived settlement in present - day L'Anse aux Meadows , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . Longer and more established settlements were formed in Greenland , Iceland , Great Britain and Normandy .

text: Viking

text: expansion

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: the

text: Vikings

text: sailed

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: reaching

text: south

text: to

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: east

text: to

text: Russia

text: Constantinople

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: as

text: looters

text: traders

text: colonists

text: and

text: mercenaries

text: Vikings

text: under

text: Leif

text: Ericson

text: the

text: heir

text: to

text: Erik

text: the

text: Red

text: reached

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: set

text: up

text: short

text: lived

text: settlement

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: L'Anse

text: aux

text: Meadows

text: Newfoundland

text: and

text: Labrador

text: Canada

text: Longer

text: and

text: more

text: established

text: settlements

text: were

text: formed

text: in

text: Greenland

text: Iceland

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Normandy

text: The Republic of Iceland, "Lýðveldið Ísland" in Icelandic, is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of and an area of , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Reykjavík. Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence still keeps summers chilly, with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate.

text: The

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iceland

text: Lýðveldið

text: Ísland

text: in

text: Icelandic

text: is

text: Nordic

text: island

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: Europe

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Reykjavík

text: Reykjavík

text: and

text: the

text: surrounding

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: are

text: home

text: to

text: over

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: Iceland

text: is

text: volcanically

text: and

text: geologically

text: active

text: The

text: interior

text: consists

text: of

text: plateau

text: characterised

text: by

text: sand

text: and

text: lava

text: fields

text: mountains

text: and

text: glaciers

text: while

text: many

text: glacial

text: rivers

text: flow

text: to

text: the

text: sea

text: through

text: the

text: lowlands

text: Iceland

text: is

text: warmed

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: Stream

text: and

text: has

text: temperate

text: climate

text: despite

text: high

text: latitude

text: just

text: outside

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Circle

text: Its

text: high

text: latitude

text: and

text: marine

text: influence

text: still

text: keeps

text: summers

text: chilly

text: with

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: archipelago

text: having

text: tundra

text: climate

text: Reykjavík  is the capital and largest city of Iceland. It has a latitude of 64°08' N, making it the world's northernmost capital of a sovereign state, and is a popular tourist destination. It is located in southwestern Iceland, on the southern shore of Faxa Bay. With a population of around 130,000 (and over 200,000 in the Capital Region), it is the heart of Iceland's cultural, economic and governmental activity.

text: Reykjavík

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Iceland

text: It

text: has

text: latitude

text: of

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: northernmost

text: capital

text: of

text: sovereign

text: state

text: and

text: is

text: popular

text: tourist

text: destination

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: southwestern

text: Iceland

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: shore

text: of

text: Faxa

text: Bay

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: around

text: and

text: over

text: in

text: the

text: Capital

text: Region

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: Iceland

text: 's

text: cultural

text: economic

text: and

text: governmental

text: activity

text: The Rocky Mountains, commonly known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range in western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the southwestern United States. Within the North American Cordillera, the Rockies are somewhat distinct from the Pacific Coast Ranges and the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada which all lie further to the west.

text: The

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Rockies

text: are

text: major

text: mountain

text: range

text: in

text: western

text: North

text: America

text: The

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: stretch

text: more

text: than

text: from

text: the

text: northernmost

text: part

text: of

text: British

text: Columbia

text: in

text: western

text: Canada

text: to

text: New

text: Mexico

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: United

text: States

text: Within

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: Cordillera

text: the

text: Rockies

text: are

text: somewhat

text: distinct

text: from

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Coast

text: Ranges

text: and

text: the

text: Cascade

text: Range

text: and

text: Sierra

text: Nevada

text: which

text: all

text: lie

text: further

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20.4 % of its total land area. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two "de facto" independent states with limited or no recognition.

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: At

text: about

text: million

text: million

text: square

text: miles

text: including

text: adjacent

text: islands

text: it

text: covers

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: its

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: With

text: billion

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: it

text: accounts

text: for

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: human

text: population

text: The

text: continent

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: both

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: along

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: continent

text: includes

text: Madagascar

text: and

text: various

text: archipelagos

text: It

text: contains

text: fully

text: recognized

text: sovereign

text: states

text: countries

text: nine

text: territories

text: and

text: two

text: de

text: facto

text: independent

text: states

text: with

text: limited

text: or

text: no

text: recognition

text: In physical geography, tundra is a type of biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. The term "tundra" comes through Russian  ("tûndra") from the Kildin Sami word "tndâr" "uplands", "treeless mountain tract". There are three types of tundra: Arctic tundra, alpine tundra, and Antarctic tundra. In tundra, the vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses, and lichens. Scattered trees grow in some tundra regions. The ecotone (or ecological boundary region) between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline.

text: In

text: physical

text: geography

text: tundra

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: biome

text: where

text: the

text: tree

text: growth

text: is

text: hindered

text: by

text: low

text: temperatures

text: and

text: short

text: growing

text: seasons

text: The

text: term

text: tundra

text: comes

text: through

text: Russian

text: tûndra

text: from

text: the

text: Kildin

text: Sami

text: word

text: tndâr

text: uplands

text: treeless

text: mountain

text: tract

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: types

text: of

text: tundra

text: Arctic

text: tundra

text: alpine

text: tundra

text: and

text: Antarctic

text: tundra

text: In

text: tundra

text: the

text: vegetation

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: dwarf

text: shrubs

text: sedges

text: and

text: grasses

text: mosses

text: and

text: lichens

text: Scattered

text: trees

text: grow

text: in

text: some

text: tundra

text: regions

text: The

text: ecotone

text: or

text: ecological

text: boundary

text: region

text: between

text: the

text: tundra

text: and

text: the

text: forest

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: tree

text: line

text: or

text: timberline

text: Japan ("Nippon" or "Nihon" ; formally "" or "Nihon-koku", means "State of Japan") is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, It is lying off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland (east of China, Korea, Russia) and stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and near Taiwan in the southwest.

text: Japan

text: Nippon

text: or

text: Nihon

text: formally

text: or

text: Nihon

text: koku

text: means

text: State

text: of

text: Japan

text: is

text: sovereign

text: island

text: nation

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Asia

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: It

text: is

text: lying

text: off

text: the

text: eastern

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Asia

text: Mainland

text: east

text: of

text: China

text: Korea

text: Russia

text: and

text: stretching

text: from

text: the

text: Sea

text: of

text: Okhotsk

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: East

text: China

text: Sea

text: and

text: near

text: Taiwan

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is "Middle-Eastern" and the derived noun is "Middle-Easterner". The term has come into wider usage as a replacement of the term Near East (as opposed to Far East) beginning in the early 20th century.

text: The

text: Middle

text: East

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: region

text: centered

text: on

text: Western

text: Asia

text: and

text: Egypt

text: The

text: corresponding

text: adjective

text: is

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: and

text: the

text: derived

text: noun

text: is

text: Middle

text: Easterner

text: The

text: term

text: has

text: come

text: into

text: wider

text: usage

text: as

text: replacement

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: Near

text: East

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: Far

text: East

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Vancouver, officially the City of Vancouver, is a coastal seaport city on the mainland of British Columbia, Canada, and the most populous city in the province.

text: Vancouver

text: officially

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Vancouver

text: is

text: coastal

text: seaport

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: British

text: Columbia

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: Kievan Rus' (, ) was a loose federation of East Slavic tribes in Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century, under the reign of the Rurik dynasty. The modern peoples of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural ancestors.

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: was

text: loose

text: federation

text: of

text: East

text: Slavic

text: tribes

text: in

text: Europe

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: under

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: the

text: Rurik

text: dynasty

text: The

text: modern

text: peoples

text: of

text: Belarus

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: Russia

text: all

text: claim

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: as

text: their

text: cultural

text: ancestors

text: Sudan ("as-Sdn", ), also known as North Sudan and officially the Republic of the Sudan ("Jumhriyyat as-Sdn"), is a country in Northern Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea, Eritrea, and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. It is the third largest country in Africa. The River Nile divides the country into eastern and western halves. Before the Sudanese Civil War, South Sudan was part of Sudan but broke away in 2011. Its predominant religion is Islam.

text: Sudan

text: as

text: Sdn

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: North

text: Sudan

text: and

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Sudan

text: Jumhriyyat

text: as

text: Sdn

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Northern

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Egypt

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: Eritrea

text: and

text: Ethiopia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: South

text: Sudan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Central

text: African

text: Republic

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Chad

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Libya

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: The

text: River

text: Nile

text: divides

text: the

text: country

text: into

text: eastern

text: and

text: western

text: halves

text: Before

text: the

text: Sudanese

text: Civil

text: War

text: South

text: Sudan

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: Sudan

text: but

text: broke

text: away

text: in

text: Its

text: predominant

text: religion

text: is

text: Islam

text: Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population in July 2015 was (though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press), making Kiev the 7th most populous city in Europe.

text: Kiev

text: or

text: Kyiv

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Ukraine

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: central

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: Dnieper

text: River

text: The

text: population

text: in

text: July

text: was

text: though

text: higher

text: estimated

text: numbers

text: have

text: been

text: cited

text: in

text: the

text: press

text: making

text: Kiev

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Europe

text: A vernacular or vernacular language is the native language or native dialect (usually colloquial or informal) of a specific population, especially as distinguished from a literary, national or standard variety of the language, or a lingua franca (vehicular language) used in the region or state inhabited by that population. Some linguists use "vernacular" and "nonstandard dialect" as synonyms.

text: vernacular

text: or

text: vernacular

text: language

text: is

text: the

text: native

text: language

text: or

text: native

text: dialect

text: usually

text: colloquial

text: or

text: informal

text: of

text: specific

text: population

text: especially

text: as

text: distinguished

text: from

text: literary

text: national

text: or

text: standard

text: variety

text: of

text: the

text: language

text: or

text: lingua

text: franca

text: vehicular

text: language

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: or

text: state

text: inhabited

text: by

text: that

text: population

text: Some

text: linguists

text: use

text: vernacular

text: and

text: nonstandard

text: dialect

text: as

text: synonyms

text: Winnipeg is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is located near the longitudinal centre of North America, at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers.

text: Winnipeg

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Manitoba

text: in

text: Canada

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: near

text: the

text: longitudinal

text: centre

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: at

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Red

text: and

text: Assiniboine

text: Rivers

text: Canada (French: ) is a country in the northern half of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering , making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Canada's border with the United States is the world's longest land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. About four-fifths of the country's population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, its largest city is Toronto; other major urban areas include Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg and Hamilton.

text: Canada

text: French

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: half

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: Its

text: ten

text: provinces

text: and

text: three

text: territories

text: extend

text: from

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: to

text: the

text: Pacific

text: and

text: northward

text: into

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: covering

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: Canada

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: longest

text: land

text: border

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: cold

text: or

text: severely

text: cold

text: winter

text: climate

text: but

text: southerly

text: areas

text: are

text: warm

text: in

text: summer

text: Canada

text: is

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: its

text: land

text: territory

text: being

text: dominated

text: by

text: forest

text: and

text: tundra

text: and

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: About

text: four

text: fifths

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: urbanized

text: and

text: live

text: near

text: the

text: southern

text: border

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Ottawa

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Toronto

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Montreal

text: Vancouver

text: Calgary

text: Edmonton

text: Quebec

text: City

text: Winnipeg

text: and

text: Hamilton

text: Newfoundland English is a name for several accents and dialects of English found in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Based on the Irish accent and terminologies (which the majority of Newfoundlanders are descendants of), most of these differ substantially from the English commonly spoken elsewhere in neighbouring Canada and the North Atlantic. Many Newfoundland dialects are similar to the West Country dialects of the West Country in England, particularly the city of Bristol and counties Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Hampshire and Somerset, while others resemble dialects of Ireland's southeast, particularly Waterford, Wexford, Kilkenny and Cork. Still others blend elements of both and there is also a Scottish influence on the dialects  while the Scottish came in smaller numbers than the English and Irish, they had a large influence on Newfoundland society. One estimate claims 80 to 85 percent of Newfoundland's English heritage came from the southwest of the country.

text: Newfoundland

text: English

text: is

text: name

text: for

text: several

text: accents

text: and

text: dialects

text: of

text: English

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Newfoundland

text: and

text: Labrador

text: Based

text: on

text: the

text: Irish

text: accent

text: and

text: terminologies

text: which

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: Newfoundlanders

text: are

text: descendants

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: these

text: differ

text: substantially

text: from

text: the

text: English

text: commonly

text: spoken

text: elsewhere

text: in

text: neighbouring

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Many

text: Newfoundland

text: dialects

text: are

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: West

text: Country

text: dialects

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Country

text: in

text: England

text: particularly

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Bristol

text: and

text: counties

text: Cornwall

text: Devon

text: Dorset

text: Hampshire

text: and

text: Somerset

text: while

text: others

text: resemble

text: dialects

text: of

text: Ireland

text: 's

text: southeast

text: particularly

text: Waterford

text: Wexford

text: Kilkenny

text: and

text: Cork

text: Still

text: others

text: blend

text: elements

text: of

text: both

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: also

text: Scottish

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: dialects

text: while

text: the

text: Scottish

text: came

text: in

text: smaller

text: numbers

text: than

text: the

text: English

text: and

text: Irish

text: they

text: had

text: large

text: influence

text: on

text: Newfoundland

text: society

text: One

text: estimate

text: claims

text: to

text: percent

text: of

text: Newfoundland

text: 's

text: English

text: heritage

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: southwest

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: Norway (; Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk); Sami: "Norgga"), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a sovereign and unitary monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the island Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard. The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land. Until 1814, the Kingdom included the Faroe Islands (since 1035), Greenland (1261), and Iceland (1262). It also included Shetland and Orkney until 1468. It also included the following provinces, now in Sweden: Jämtland, Härjedalen and Bohuslän.

text: Norway

text: Norwegian

text: Bokmål

text: or

text: Nynorsk

text: Sami

text: Norgga

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Norway

text: is

text: sovereign

text: and

text: unitary

text: monarchy

text: whose

text: territory

text: comprises

text: the

text: western

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Scandinavian

text: Peninsula

text: plus

text: the

text: island

text: Jan

text: Mayen

text: and

text: the

text: archipelago

text: of

text: Svalbard

text: The

text: Antarctic

text: Peter

text: Island

text: and

text: the

text: sub

text: Antarctic

text: Bouvet

text: Island

text: are

text: dependent

text: territories

text: and

text: thus

text: not

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: Norway

text: also

text: lays

text: claim

text: to

text: section

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: known

text: as

text: Queen

text: Maud

text: Land

text: Until

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: included

text: the

text: Faroe

text: Islands

text: since

text: Greenland

text: and

text: Iceland

text: It

text: also

text: included

text: Shetland

text: and

text: Orkney

text: until

text: It

text: also

text: included

text: the

text: following

text: provinces

text: now

text: in

text: Sweden

text: Jämtland

text: Härjedalen

text: and

text: Bohuslän

text: The Innu (or Montagnais) are the Aboriginal inhabitants of an area in Canada they refer to as "Nitassinan" (Our Land), which comprises most of the northeastern portion of the province of Quebec and some eastern portions of Labrador. Their population in 2003 included about 18,000 people, of which around 14,000 lived in Quebec, under 3000 in Labrador, and the rest outside their traditional territory.

text: The

text: Innu

text: or

text: Montagnais

text: are

text: the

text: Aboriginal

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: an

text: area

text: in

text: Canada

text: they

text: refer

text: to

text: as

text: Nitassinan

text: Our

text: Land

text: which

text: comprises

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: northeastern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Quebec

text: and

text: some

text: eastern

text: portions

text: of

text: Labrador

text: Their

text: population

text: in

text: included

text: about

text: people

text: of

text: which

text: around

text: lived

text: in

text: Quebec

text: under

text: in

text: Labrador

text: and

text: the

text: rest

text: outside

text: their

text: traditional

text: territory

text: Morocco (', lit. "The West"; '), officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco (', lit. "The Western Kingdom"; '), is a sovereign country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Geographically, Morocco is characterized by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert, and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

text: Morocco

text: lit

text: The

text: West

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Morocco

text: lit

text: The

text: Western

text: Kingdom

text: is

text: sovereign

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Maghreb

text: region

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: Geographically

text: Morocco

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: rugged

text: mountainous

text: interior

text: large

text: tracts

text: of

text: desert

text: and

text: lengthy

text: coastline

text: along

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics. Regardless of the physical geography, in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945, a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise of legal jurisdiction.

text: country

text: is

text: region

text: that

text: is

text: identified

text: as

text: distinct

text: national

text: entity

text: in

text: political

text: geography

text: country

text: may

text: be

text: an

text: independent

text: sovereign

text: state

text: or

text: one

text: that

text: is

text: occupied

text: by

text: another

text: state

text: as

text: non

text: sovereign

text: or

text: formerly

text: sovereign

text: political

text: division

text: or

text: geographic

text: region

text: associated

text: with

text: sets

text: of

text: previously

text: independent

text: or

text: differently

text: associated

text: people

text: with

text: distinct

text: political

text: characteristics

text: Regardless

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: geography

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: internationally

text: accepted

text: legal

text: definition

text: as

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: in

text: and

text: reaffirmed

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: in

text: resident

text: of

text: country

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: independent

text: exercise

text: of

text: legal

text: jurisdiction

text: Quebec City (pronounced or ) officially Québec) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec. In 2015 the city had a population estimate of 545,485, and the metropolitan area had a population of 806,400, making it Canada's seventh-largest metropolitan area and Quebec's second-largest city after Montreal, which is about to the southwest.

text: Quebec

text: City

text: pronounced

text: or

text: officially

text: Québec

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: province

text: of

text: Quebec

text: In

text: the

text: city

text: had

text: population

text: estimate

text: of

text: and

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: making

text: it

text: Canada

text: 's

text: seventh

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: and

text: Quebec

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: after

text: Montreal

text: which

text: is

text: about

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Greenland  is an autonomous constituent country within the Danish Realm between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe (specifically Norway and Denmark, the colonial powers, as well as the nearby island of Iceland) for more than a millennium. The majority of its residents are Inuit, whose ancestors migrated began migrating from the Canadian mainland in the 13th century, gradually settling across the island.

text: Greenland

text: is

text: an

text: autonomous

text: constituent

text: country

text: within

text: the

text: Danish

text: Realm

text: between

text: the

text: Arctic

text: and

text: Atlantic

text: Oceans

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Arctic

text: Archipelago

text: Though

text: physiographically

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: Greenland

text: has

text: been

text: politically

text: and

text: culturally

text: associated

text: with

text: Europe

text: specifically

text: Norway

text: and

text: Denmark

text: the

text: colonial

text: powers

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: nearby

text: island

text: of

text: Iceland

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: millennium

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: its

text: residents

text: are

text: Inuit

text: whose

text: ancestors

text: migrated

text: began

text: migrating

text: from

text: the

text: Canadian

text: mainland

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: gradually

text: settling

text: across

text: the

text: island

text: Constantine the Great (27 February 272 AD  22 May 337 AD), also known as Constantine I or Saint Constantine (in the Orthodox Church as Saint Constantine the Great, Equal-to-the-Apostles), was a Roman Emperor from 306 to 337 AD. Constantine was the son of Flavius Valerius Constantius, a Roman Army officer, and his consort Helena. His father became "Caesar", the deputy emperor in the west, in 293 AD. Constantine was sent east, where he rose through the ranks to become a military tribune under the emperors Diocletian and Galerius. In 305, Constantius was raised to the rank of "Augustus", senior western emperor, and Constantine was recalled west to campaign under his father in Britannia (Britain). Acclaimed as emperor by the army at Eboracum (modern-day York) after his father's death in 306 AD, Constantine emerged victorious in a series of civil wars against the emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become sole ruler of both west and east by 324 AD.

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: February

text: AD

text: May

text: AD

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Constantine

text: or

text: Saint

text: Constantine

text: in

text: the

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: as

text: Saint

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: Equal

text: to

text: the

text: Apostles

text: was

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: from

text: to

text: AD

text: Constantine

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Flavius

text: Valerius

text: Constantius

text: Roman

text: Army

text: officer

text: and

text: his

text: consort

text: Helena

text: His

text: father

text: became

text: Caesar

text: the

text: deputy

text: emperor

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: in

text: AD

text: Constantine

text: was

text: sent

text: east

text: where

text: he

text: rose

text: through

text: the

text: ranks

text: to

text: become

text: military

text: tribune

text: under

text: the

text: emperors

text: Diocletian

text: and

text: Galerius

text: In

text: Constantius

text: was

text: raised

text: to

text: the

text: rank

text: of

text: Augustus

text: senior

text: western

text: emperor

text: and

text: Constantine

text: was

text: recalled

text: west

text: to

text: campaign

text: under

text: his

text: father

text: in

text: Britannia

text: Britain

text: Acclaimed

text: as

text: emperor

text: by

text: the

text: army

text: at

text: Eboracum

text: modern

text: day

text: York

text: after

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: AD

text: Constantine

text: emerged

text: victorious

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: against

text: the

text: emperors

text: Maxentius

text: and

text: Licinius

text: to

text: become

text: sole

text: ruler

text: of

text: both

text: west

text: and

text: east

text: by

text: AD

text: Labrador is the distinct northerly region of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It comprises the mainland portion of the province, separated from the island of Newfoundland by the Strait of Belle Isle. It is the largest and northernmost geographical region in Atlantic Canada.

text: Labrador

text: is

text: the

text: distinct

text: northerly

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: province

text: of

text: Newfoundland

text: and

text: Labrador

text: It

text: comprises

text: the

text: mainland

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: separated

text: from

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Newfoundland

text: by

text: the

text: Strait

text: of

text: Belle

text: Isle

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: northernmost

text: geographical

text: region

text: in

text: Atlantic

text: Canada

text: Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec; the two form the core of the OttawaGatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) and the National Capital Region (NCR). The 2011 census reported a population of 883,391, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada; and 1,236,324 within the CMA, making it the fourth-largest CMA in Canada. The City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015.

text: Ottawa

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Canada

text: It

text: stands

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Ottawa

text: River

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: portion

text: of

text: southern

text: Ontario

text: Ottawa

text: borders

text: Gatineau

text: Quebec

text: the

text: two

text: form

text: the

text: core

text: of

text: the

text: OttawaGatineau

text: census

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: CMA

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Capital

text: Region

text: NCR

text: The

text: census

text: reported

text: population

text: of

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Canada

text: and

text: within

text: the

text: CMA

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: CMA

text: in

text: Canada

text: The

text: City

text: of

text: Ottawa

text: reported

text: that

text: the

text: city

text: had

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: as

text: of

text: December

text: Montreal officially Montréal in both Canadian English and French, is the most populous municipality in Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada. Originally called "Ville-Marie", or "City of Mary," it is named after Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The city is on the Island of Montreal, which took its name from the same source as the city, and a few much smaller peripheral islands, the largest of which is Île Bizard. It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold snowy winters.

text: Montreal

text: officially

text: Montréal

text: in

text: both

text: Canadian

text: English

text: and

text: French

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: municipality

text: in

text: Quebec

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: Canada

text: Originally

text: called

text: Ville

text: Marie

text: or

text: City

text: of

text: Mary

text: it

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: Mount

text: Royal

text: the

text: triple

text: peaked

text: hill

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: on

text: the

text: Island

text: of

text: Montreal

text: which

text: took

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: source

text: as

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: few

text: much

text: smaller

text: peripheral

text: islands

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: Île

text: Bizard

text: It

text: has

text: distinct

text: four

text: season

text: continental

text: climate

text: with

text: warm

text: to

text: hot

text: summers

text: and

text: cold

text: snowy

text: winters

text: Constantinople  was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (3301204 and 12611453), and also of the brief Latin (12041261), and the later Ottoman (14531923) empires. It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330 AD.

text: Constantinople

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: and

text: also

text: of

text: the

text: brief

text: Latin

text: and

text: the

text: later

text: Ottoman

text: empires

text: It

text: was

text: reinaugurated

text: in

text: AD

text: from

text: ancient

text: Byzantium

text: as

text: the

text: new

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: by

text: Emperor

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: after

text: whom

text: it

text: was

text: named

text: and

text: dedicated

text: on

text: May

text: AD

text: Russia is not proportionately populated between the smaller western portion (almost 25%) of the country that is considered part of Europe, and the larger eastern portion (more than 75%) that is part of Asia. European Russia contains about 77% of the country's population (110,000,000 people out of about 144,000,000) in an area comprising almost 4 million km (1.54 million mi); an average of 27.5 persons per km (70 per mi). This territory makes up 38% of Europe. Its eastern border is defined by the Ural Mountains and in the south, it is defined by the border with Kazakhstan. This area includes Moscow and Saint Petersburg, the two largest cities in Russia.

text: Russia

text: is

text: not

text: proportionately

text: populated

text: between

text: the

text: smaller

text: western

text: portion

text: almost

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: larger

text: eastern

text: portion

text: more

text: than

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: Asia

text: European

text: Russia

text: contains

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: people

text: out

text: of

text: about

text: in

text: an

text: area

text: comprising

text: almost

text: million

text: km

text: million

text: mi

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: persons

text: per

text: km

text: per

text: mi

text: This

text: territory

text: makes

text: up

text: of

text: Europe

text: Its

text: eastern

text: border

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: Ural

text: Mountains

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: it

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: Kazakhstan

text: This

text: area

text: includes

text: Moscow

text: and

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: the

text: two

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: Russia

text: Newfoundland and Labrador (; Innu: "Akamassiss"), is the most easterly province of Canada. Situated in the country's Atlantic region, it comprises the island of Newfoundland and mainland Labrador to the northwest, with a combined area of . In 2013, the province's population was estimated at 526,702. About 92% of the province's population lives on the island of Newfoundland (and its neighbouring smaller islands), of whom more than half live on the Avalon Peninsula. The province is Canada's most linguistically homogeneous, with 97.6% of residents reporting English (Newfoundland English) as their mother tongue in the 2006 census. Historically, Newfoundland was also home to unique varieties of French and Irish, as well as the extinct Beothuk language. In Labrador, local dialects of Innu-aimun and Inuktitut are also spoken.

text: Newfoundland

text: and

text: Labrador

text: Innu

text: Akamassiss

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: easterly

text: province

text: of

text: Canada

text: Situated

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: Atlantic

text: region

text: it

text: comprises

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Newfoundland

text: and

text: mainland

text: Labrador

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: with

text: combined

text: area

text: of

text: In

text: the

text: province

text: 's

text: population

text: was

text: estimated

text: at

text: About

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: 's

text: population

text: lives

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Newfoundland

text: and

text: its

text: neighbouring

text: smaller

text: islands

text: of

text: whom

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: live

text: on

text: the

text: Avalon

text: Peninsula

text: The

text: province

text: is

text: Canada

text: 's

text: most

text: linguistically

text: homogeneous

text: with

text: of

text: residents

text: reporting

text: English

text: Newfoundland

text: English

text: as

text: their

text: mother

text: tongue

text: in

text: the

text: census

text: Historically

text: Newfoundland

text: was

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: unique

text: varieties

text: of

text: French

text: and

text: Irish

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: extinct

text: Beothuk

text: language

text: In

text: Labrador

text: local

text: dialects

text: of

text: Innu

text: aimun

text: and

text: Inuktitut

text: are

text: also

text: spoken

text: Nizhny Novgorod, colloquially shortened to Nizhny, is a city in the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District in Russia. From 1932 to 1990, it was known as Gorky, after the writer Maxim Gorky, who was born there. The city is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historical part of the city there are a large number of universities, theaters, museums and churches. Nizhny Novgorod is located about 400 km east of Moscow, where the Oka empties into the Volga. Population:

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: colloquially

text: shortened

text: to

text: Nizhny

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: administrative

text: center

text: of

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: Oblast

text: and

text: Volga

text: Federal

text: District

text: in

text: Russia

text: From

text: to

text: it

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: Gorky

text: after

text: the

text: writer

text: Maxim

text: Gorky

text: who

text: was

text: born

text: there

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: economic

text: transportation

text: scientific

text: educational

text: and

text: cultural

text: center

text: in

text: Russia

text: and

text: the

text: vast

text: Volga

text: Vyatka

text: economic

text: region

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: center

text: of

text: river

text: tourism

text: in

text: Russia

text: In

text: the

text: historical

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: there

text: are

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: universities

text: theaters

text: museums

text: and

text: churches

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: is

text: located

text: about

text: km

text: east

text: of

text: Moscow

text: where

text: the

text: Oka

text: empties

text: into

text: the

text: Volga

text: Population

text: Algeria (' "Dzayer"), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast. Its capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the country's far north. With an area of , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia, to the east by Libya, to the west by Morocco, to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory, Mauritania, and Mali, to the southeast by Niger, and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. The country is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes (counties). Abdelaziz Bouteflika has been President since 1999.

text: Algeria

text: Dzayer

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Algeria

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: North

text: Africa

text: on

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: coast

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: is

text: Algiers

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: far

text: north

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Algeria

text: is

text: the

text: tenth

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Africa

text: Algeria

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: by

text: Tunisia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Libya

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Morocco

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: by

text: the

text: Western

text: Saharan

text: territory

text: Mauritania

text: and

text: Mali

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: Niger

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: The

text: country

text: is

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: consisting

text: of

text: provinces

text: and

text: communes

text: counties

text: Abdelaziz

text: Bouteflika

text: has

text: been

text: President

text: since

text: Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.

text: Russia

text: from

text: the

text: Rus

text: also

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: At

text: Russia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: surface

text: area

text: covering

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: eighth

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: inhabited

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: most

text: populous

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: March

text: The

text: European

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: populated

text: and

text: urbanised

text: than

text: the

text: eastern

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: live

text: in

text: European

text: Russia

text: Russia

text: 's

text: capital

text: Moscow

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: centers

text: include

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Novosibirsk

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: and

text: Samara

text: The Arctic (or ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Alaska (United States), Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost-containing tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places.

text: The

text: Arctic

text: or

text: is

text: polar

text: region

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: northernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Earth

text: The

text: Arctic

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: adjacent

text: seas

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: Alaska

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: Finland

text: Greenland

text: Denmark

text: Iceland

text: Norway

text: Russia

text: and

text: Sweden

text: Land

text: within

text: the

text: Arctic

text: region

text: has

text: seasonally

text: varying

text: snow

text: and

text: ice

text: cover

text: with

text: predominantly

text: treeless

text: permafrost

text: containing

text: tundra

text: Arctic

text: seas

text: contain

text: seasonal

text: sea

text: ice

text: in

text: many

text: places

text: L'Anse aux Meadows (from the French "L'Anse-aux-Méduses" or "Jellyfish Cove") is an archaeological site on the northernmost tip of the island of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Discovered in 1960, it is the most famous site of a Norse or Viking settlement in North America.

text: L'Anse

text: aux

text: Meadows

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: L'Anse

text: aux

text: Méduses

text: or

text: Jellyfish

text: Cove

text: is

text: an

text: archaeological

text: site

text: on

text: the

text: northernmost

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Newfoundland

text: in

text: the

text: Canadian

text: province

text: of

text: Newfoundland

text: and

text: Labrador

text: Discovered

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: site

text: of

text: Norse

text: or

text: Viking

text: settlement

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: Erik Thorvaldsson (950  c. 1003), known as Erik the Red was a Norwegian Viking, remembered in medieval and Icelandic saga sources as having founded the first Norse settlement in Greenland. The Icelandic tradition indicates that he was born in the Jæren district of Rogaland, Norway, as the son of Þorvald Ásvaldsson, he therefore also appears, patronymically, as Erik Thorvaldsson ("Eiríkr Þorvaldsson"). The appellation "the Red" most likely refers to his hair color and the color of his beard. Leif Erikson, the famous Icelandic explorer, was Erik's son.

text: Erik

text: Thorvaldsson

text: known

text: as

text: Erik

text: the

text: Red

text: was

text: Norwegian

text: Viking

text: remembered

text: in

text: medieval

text: and

text: Icelandic

text: saga

text: sources

text: as

text: having

text: founded

text: the

text: first

text: Norse

text: settlement

text: in

text: Greenland

text: The

text: Icelandic

text: tradition

text: indicates

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: Jæren

text: district

text: of

text: Rogaland

text: Norway

text: as

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Þorvald

text: Ásvaldsson

text: he

text: therefore

text: also

text: appears

text: patronymically

text: as

text: Erik

text: Thorvaldsson

text: Eiríkr

text: Þorvaldsson

text: The

text: appellation

text: the

text: Red

text: most

text: likely

text: refers

text: to

text: his

text: hair

text: color

text: and

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: his

text: beard

text: Leif

text: Erikson

text: the

text: famous

text: Icelandic

text: explorer

text: was

text: Erik

text: 's

text: son

text: Near East is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English and has been replaced by the terms "Middle East" and "West Asia".

text: Near

text: East

text: is

text: geographical

text: term

text: that

text: roughly

text: encompasses

text: Western

text: Asia

text: Despite

text: having

text: varying

text: definitions

text: within

text: different

text: academic

text: circles

text: the

text: term

text: was

text: originally

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: maximum

text: extent

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: The

text: term

text: has

text: fallen

text: into

text: disuse

text: in

text: English

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: terms

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: West

text: Asia

text: Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with five million inhabitants in 2012, and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea. It is politically incorporated as a federal subject (a federal city). Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May . In 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg. Between 17131728 and 17321918, Saint Petersburg was the imperial capital of Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow.

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: is

text: Russia

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: after

text: Moscow

text: with

text: five

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: and

text: an

text: important

text: Russian

text: port

text: on

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: It

text: is

text: politically

text: incorporated

text: as

text: federal

text: subject

text: federal

text: city

text: Situated

text: on

text: the

text: Neva

text: River

text: at

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: on

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: it

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Tsar

text: Peter

text: the

text: Great

text: on

text: May

text: In

text: the

text: name

text: was

text: changed

text: from

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: to

text: Petrograd

text: in

text: to

text: Leningrad

text: and

text: in

text: back

text: to

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Between

text: and

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: was

text: the

text: imperial

text: capital

text: of

text: Russia

text: In

text: the

text: central

text: government

text: bodies

text: moved

text: to

text: Moscow

text: The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan, New York City, and experiences extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict.

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: UN

text: is

text: an

text: intergovernmental

text: organization

text: to

text: promote

text: international

text: co

text: operation

text: replacement

text: for

text: the

text: ineffective

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: the

text: organization

text: was

text: established

text: on

text: October

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: prevent

text: another

text: such

text: conflict

text: At

text: its

text: founding

text: the

text: UN

text: had

text: member

text: states

text: there

text: are

text: now

text: The

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: is

text: in

text: Manhattan

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: experiences

text: extraterritoriality

text: Further

text: main

text: offices

text: are

text: situated

text: in

text: Geneva

text: Nairobi

text: and

text: Vienna

text: The

text: organization

text: is

text: financed

text: by

text: assessed

text: and

text: voluntary

text: contributions

text: from

text: its

text: member

text: states

text: Its

text: objectives

text: include

text: maintaining

text: international

text: peace

text: and

text: security

text: promoting

text: human

text: rights

text: fostering

text: social

text: and

text: economic

text: development

text: protecting

text: the

text: environment

text: and

text: providing

text: humanitarian

text: aid

text: in

text: cases

text: of

text: famine

text: natural

text: disaster

text: and

text: armed

text: conflict

text: Arabic (' or ' ) is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the "lingua franca" of the Arab world. Arabic also is a liturgical language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six official languages of the United Nations. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, and from northwestern Arabia to the Sinai in the south.

text: Arabic

text: or

text: is

text: Central

text: Semitic

text: language

text: that

text: was

text: first

text: spoken

text: in

text: Iron

text: Age

text: northwestern

text: Arabia

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: the

text: lingua

text: franca

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: Arabic

text: also

text: is

text: liturgical

text: language

text: of

text: billion

text: Muslims

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: six

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Arabs

text: term

text: initially

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: peoples

text: living

text: from

text: Mesopotamia

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: to

text: the

text: Anti

text: Lebanon

text: mountains

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: from

text: northwestern

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: Sinai

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: A patronym, or patronymic, is a component of a personal name based on the given name of one's father, grandfather (i.e., an avonymic), or an even earlier male ancestor. A component of a name based on the name of one's mother or a female ancestor is a matronymic. Each is a means of conveying lineage. In such instances, a person is usually referred to by their given name, rather than their patronymic.

text: patronym

text: or

text: patronymic

text: is

text: component

text: of

text: personal

text: name

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: given

text: name

text: of

text: one

text: 's

text: father

text: grandfather

text: i.e.

text: an

text: avonymic

text: or

text: an

text: even

text: earlier

text: male

text: ancestor

text: component

text: of

text: name

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: one

text: 's

text: mother

text: or

text: female

text: ancestor

text: is

text: matronymic

text: Each

text: is

text: means

text: of

text: conveying

text: lineage

text: In

text: such

text: instances

text: person

text: is

text: usually

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: their

text: given

text: name

text: rather

text: than

text: their

text: patronymic

annotations: likely multiple

question: occupation viking expansion

answer: explorer

text: explorer

text: explorer