text: Joan of Arc (; 6 January c. 1412  30 May 1431), nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans", is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint. Joan of Arc was born to Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée, a peasant family, at Domrémy in north-east France. Joan said she received visions of the Archangel Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine of Alexandria instructing her to support Charles VII and recover France from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. The uncrowned King Charles VII sent Joan to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence after the siege was lifted only nine days later. Several additional swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at Reims. This long-awaited event boosted French morale and paved the way for the final French victory.

text: Joan

text: of

text: Arc

text: January

text: May

text: nicknamed

text: The

text: Maid

text: of

text: Orléans

text: is

text: considered

text: heroine

text: of

text: France

text: for

text: her

text: role

text: during

text: the

text: Lancastrian

text: phase

text: of

text: the

text: Hundred

text: Years

text: War

text: and

text: was

text: canonized

text: as

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: saint

text: Joan

text: of

text: Arc

text: was

text: born

text: to

text: Jacques

text: d'Arc

text: and

text: Isabelle

text: Romée

text: peasant

text: family

text: at

text: Domrémy

text: in

text: north

text: east

text: France

text: Joan

text: said

text: she

text: received

text: visions

text: of

text: the

text: Archangel

text: Michael

text: Saint

text: Margaret

text: and

text: Saint

text: Catherine

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: instructing

text: her

text: to

text: support

text: Charles

text: VII

text: and

text: recover

text: France

text: from

text: English

text: domination

text: late

text: in

text: the

text: Hundred

text: Years

text: War

text: The

text: uncrowned

text: King

text: Charles

text: VII

text: sent

text: Joan

text: to

text: the

text: siege

text: of

text: Orléans

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: relief

text: mission

text: She

text: gained

text: prominence

text: after

text: the

text: siege

text: was

text: lifted

text: only

text: nine

text: days

text: later

text: Several

text: additional

text: swift

text: victories

text: led

text: to

text: Charles

text: VII

text: 's

text: coronation

text: at

text: Reims

text: This

text: long

text: awaited

text: event

text: boosted

text: French

text: morale

text: and

text: paved

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: the

text: final

text: French

text: victory

text: Gilles de Binche (called Binchois; also known as Gilles de Bins; ca. 1400  20 September 1460), was a Netherlandish composer, one of the earliest members of the Burgundian school and one of the three most famous composers of the early 15th century. While often ranked behind his contemporaries Guillaume Dufay and John Dunstable by contemporary scholars, his works were still cited, borrowed and used as source material after his death.

text: Gilles

text: de

text: Binche

text: called

text: Binchois

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Gilles

text: de

text: Bins

text: ca

text: September

text: was

text: Netherlandish

text: composer

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Burgundian

text: school

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: most

text: famous

text: composers

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: While

text: often

text: ranked

text: behind

text: his

text: contemporaries

text: Guillaume

text: Dufay

text: and

text: John

text: Dunstable

text: by

text: contemporary

text: scholars

text: his

text: works

text: were

text: still

text: cited

text: borrowed

text: and

text: used

text: as

text: source

text: material

text: after

text: his

text: death

text: John IV (15 October 1396  5 November 1450) was a Count of Armagnac, Fézensac, and Rodez from 1418 to 1450. He was the son of Bernard VII of Armagnac, Count d' Armagnac, of Fézensac, Pardiac, and Rodez; and Bonne of Berry.

text: John

text: IV

text: October

text: November

text: was

text: Count

text: of

text: Armagnac

text: Fézensac

text: and

text: Rodez

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Bernard

text: VII

text: of

text: Armagnac

text: Count

text: Armagnac

text: of

text: Fézensac

text: Pardiac

text: and

text: Rodez

text: and

text: Bonne

text: of

text: Berry

text: Philip the Good (; 31 July 1396  15 June 1467) was Duke of Burgundy as Philip III from 1419 until his death. He was a member of a cadet line of the Valois dynasty, to which all the 15th-century kings of France belonged. During his reign, Burgundy reached the apex of its prosperity and prestige and became a leading center of the arts. Philip is known in history for his administrative reforms, his patronage of Flemish artists such as Jan van Eyck and Franco-Flemish composers such as Gilles Binchois, and the capture of Joan of Arc. In political affairs, he alternated between alliances with the English and the French in an attempt to improve his dynasty's position. As ruler of Flanders, Brabant, Limburg, Artois, Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, Friesland and Namur, he played an important role in the history of the Low Countries.

text: Philip

text: the

text: Good

text: July

text: June

text: was

text: Duke

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: as

text: Philip

text: III

text: from

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: He

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: cadet

text: line

text: of

text: the

text: Valois

text: dynasty

text: to

text: which

text: all

text: the

text: century

text: kings

text: of

text: France

text: belonged

text: During

text: his

text: reign

text: Burgundy

text: reached

text: the

text: apex

text: of

text: its

text: prosperity

text: and

text: prestige

text: and

text: became

text: leading

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: arts

text: Philip

text: is

text: known

text: in

text: history

text: for

text: his

text: administrative

text: reforms

text: his

text: patronage

text: of

text: Flemish

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: Jan

text: van

text: Eyck

text: and

text: Franco

text: Flemish

text: composers

text: such

text: as

text: Gilles

text: Binchois

text: and

text: the

text: capture

text: of

text: Joan

text: of

text: Arc

text: In

text: political

text: affairs

text: he

text: alternated

text: between

text: alliances

text: with

text: the

text: English

text: and

text: the

text: French

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: improve

text: his

text: dynasty

text: 's

text: position

text: As

text: ruler

text: of

text: Flanders

text: Brabant

text: Limburg

text: Artois

text: Hainaut

text: Holland

text: Zeeland

text: Friesland

text: and

text: Namur

text: he

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Low

text: Countries

text: Anne of Cleves (22 September 1515  16 July 1557) was Queen of England from 6 January to 9 July 1540 as the fourth wife of King Henry VIII. The marriage was declared never consummated and, as a result, she was not crowned queen consort. Following the annulment of their marriage, Anne was given a generous settlement by the King, and thereafter referred to as "the King's Beloved Sister". She lived to see the coronation of Queen Mary I, outliving the rest of Henry's wives.

text: Anne

text: of

text: Cleves

text: September

text: July

text: was

text: Queen

text: of

text: England

text: from

text: January

text: to

text: July

text: as

text: the

text: fourth

text: wife

text: of

text: King

text: Henry

text: VIII

text: The

text: marriage

text: was

text: declared

text: never

text: consummated

text: and

text: as

text: result

text: she

text: was

text: not

text: crowned

text: queen

text: consort

text: Following

text: the

text: annulment

text: of

text: their

text: marriage

text: Anne

text: was

text: given

text: generous

text: settlement

text: by

text: the

text: King

text: and

text: thereafter

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: King

text: 's

text: Beloved

text: Sister

text: She

text: lived

text: to

text: see

text: the

text: coronation

text: of

text: Queen

text: Mary

text: outliving

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Henry

text: 's

text: wives

text: John II, "The Babymaker", Duke of Cleves, Count of Mark, (German: Johann II. "der Kindermacher", Herzog von Kleve, Graf von Mark) (14581521) was a son of John I, Duke of Cleves and Elizabeth of Nevers. He ruled Cleves from 1481 to his death in 1521. He was called "The Babymaker" since he fathered sixty-three illegitimate children before his marriage with Mathilde of Hesse in 1490. She was the daughter of Henry III, Landgrave of Upper Hesse and his wife Anna of Katzenelnbogen.

text: John

text: II

text: The

text: Babymaker

text: Duke

text: of

text: Cleves

text: Count

text: of

text: Mark

text: German

text: Johann

text: II

text: der

text: Kindermacher

text: Herzog

text: von

text: Kleve

text: Graf

text: von

text: Mark

text: was

text: son

text: of

text: John

text: Duke

text: of

text: Cleves

text: and

text: Elizabeth

text: of

text: Nevers

text: He

text: ruled

text: Cleves

text: from

text: to

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: He

text: was

text: called

text: The

text: Babymaker

text: since

text: he

text: fathered

text: sixty

text: three

text: illegitimate

text: children

text: before

text: his

text: marriage

text: with

text: Mathilde

text: of

text: Hesse

text: in

text: She

text: was

text: the

text: daughter

text: of

text: Henry

text: III

text: Landgrave

text: of

text: Upper

text: Hesse

text: and

text: his

text: wife

text: Anna

text: of

text: Katzenelnbogen

text: Henry III, Landgrave of Upper Hesse, called "the Rich" (15 October 1440  13 January 1483) was the second son of Louis I of Hesse and his wife Anna of Saxony.

text: Henry

text: III

text: Landgrave

text: of

text: Upper

text: Hesse

text: called

text: the

text: Rich

text: October

text: January

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: son

text: of

text: Louis

text: of

text: Hesse

text: and

text: his

text: wife

text: Anna

text: of

text: Saxony

text: Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542  8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567.

text: Mary

text: Queen

text: of

text: Scots

text: December

text: February

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Mary

text: Stuart

text: or

text: Mary

text: of

text: Scotland

text: reigned

text: over

text: Scotland

text: from

text: December

text: to

text: July

text: Henry VIII (28 June 1491  28 January 1547) was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII.

text: Henry

text: VIII

text: June

text: January

text: was

text: King

text: of

text: England

text: from

text: April

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: Henry

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: Tudor

text: monarch

text: succeeding

text: his

text: father

text: Henry

text: VII

text: The House of Valois was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. They succeeded the House of Capet (or "Direct Capetians") to the French throne, and were the royal house of France from 1328 to 1589. Junior members of the family founded cadet branches in Orléans, Anjou, Burgundy, and Alençon.

text: The

text: House

text: of

text: Valois

text: was

text: cadet

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Capetian

text: dynasty

text: They

text: succeeded

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Capet

text: or

text: Direct

text: Capetians

text: to

text: the

text: French

text: throne

text: and

text: were

text: the

text: royal

text: house

text: of

text: France

text: from

text: to

text: Junior

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: founded

text: cadet

text: branches

text: in

text: Orléans

text: Anjou

text: Burgundy

text: and

text: Alençon

text: Duke of Orléans was a title reserved for French royalty, first created in 1344 by Philip VI in favor of his son Philip of Valois. Known as princes of the blood ("princes du sang"), the title of Duke of Orléans was given, when available, to the oldest brother of the king. Thus, they formed a collateral line of the French royal family, with an eventual right to succeed to the throne should more senior princes of the blood die out.

text: Duke

text: of

text: Orléans

text: was

text: title

text: reserved

text: for

text: French

text: royalty

text: first

text: created

text: in

text: by

text: Philip

text: VI

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: his

text: son

text: Philip

text: of

text: Valois

text: Known

text: as

text: princes

text: of

text: the

text: blood

text: princes

text: du

text: sang

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: Duke

text: of

text: Orléans

text: was

text: given

text: when

text: available

text: to

text: the

text: oldest

text: brother

text: of

text: the

text: king

text: Thus

text: they

text: formed

text: collateral

text: line

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: royal

text: family

text: with

text: an

text: eventual

text: right

text: to

text: succeed

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: should

text: more

text: senior

text: princes

text: of

text: the

text: blood

text: die

text: out

text: Friesland (official) or Frisia is a province in the northwest of the Netherlands. It is situated west of Groningen, northwest of Drenthe and Overijssel, north of Flevoland, northeast of North Holland, and south of the North Sea. In 2010, the province had a population of 646,000 and a total area of .

text: Friesland

text: official

text: or

text: Frisia

text: is

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: west

text: of

text: Groningen

text: northwest

text: of

text: Drenthe

text: and

text: Overijssel

text: north

text: of

text: Flevoland

text: northeast

text: of

text: North

text: Holland

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: In

text: the

text: province

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: total

text: area

text: of

text:
Annulment is a legal procedure for declaring a marriage null and void. Unlike divorce, it is usually retroactive, meaning that an annulled marriage is considered to be invalid from the beginning almost as if it had never taken place (though some jurisdictions provide that the marriage is only void from the date of the annulment; for example, this is the case in section 12 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 in England and Wales).
In legal terminology, an annulment makes a void marriage or a voidable marriage null.

text: Annulment

text: is

text: legal

text: procedure

text: for

text: declaring

text: marriage

text: and

text: void

text: Unlike

text: divorce

text: it

text: is

text: usually

text: retroactive

text: meaning

text: that

text: an

text: annulled

text: marriage

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: invalid

text: from

text: the

text: beginning

text: almost

text: as

text: if

text: it

text: had

text: never

text: taken

text: place

text: though

text: some

text: jurisdictions

text: provide

text: that

text: the

text: marriage

text: is

text: only

text: void

text: from

text: the

text: date

text: of

text: the

text: annulment

text: for

text: example

text: this

text: is

text: the

text: case

text: in

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: Matrimonial

text: Causes

text: Act

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: Wales

text: In

text: legal

text: terminology

text: an

text: annulment

text: makes

text: void

text: marriage

text: or

text: voidable

text: marriage

text: Zeeland (Zeelandic: "Zeêland" ) is the westernmost province of the Netherlands. The province, located in the south-west of the country, consists of a number of islands and peninsulas (hence its name, meaning "sea-land") and a strip bordering Belgium. Its capital is Middelburg. Its area is about , of which almost is water, and it has a population of about 380,000.

text: Zeeland

text: Zeelandic

text: Zeêland

text: is

text: the

text: westernmost

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: province

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: consists

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: islands

text: and

text: peninsulas

text: hence

text: its

text: name

text: meaning

text: sea

text: land

text: and

text: strip

text: bordering

text: Belgium

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Middelburg

text: Its

text: area

text: is

text: about

text: of

text: which

text: almost

text: is

text: water

text: and

text: it

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: Charles VI (3 December 1368  21 October 1422), called the Beloved and the Mad (or "le Fou"), was King of France from 1380 to his death. He was a member of the House of Valois.

text: Charles

text: VI

text: December

text: October

text: called

text: the

text: Beloved

text: and

text: the

text: Mad

text: or

text: le

text: Fou

text: was

text: King

text: of

text: France

text: from

text: to

text: his

text: death

text: He

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Valois

text: Artois (adjective Artesian) is a region of northern France. Its territory has an area of around 4,000 km² and a population of about one million. Its principal cities are Arras (Dutch: "Atrecht"), Saint-Omer, Lens and Béthune.

text: Artois

text: adjective

text: Artesian

text: is

text: region

text: of

text: northern

text: France

text: Its

text: territory

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: around

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: one

text: million

text: Its

text: principal

text: cities

text: are

text: Arras

text: Dutch

text: Atrecht

text: Saint

text: Omer

text: Lens

text: and

text: Béthune

text: Margaret of Bavaria, (136323 January 1423, Dijon), was the fifth child of Albert, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing, Count of Hainault, Holland, and Zeeland and Lord of Frisia, and Margaret of Brieg. She was the regent of the Burgundian Low countries during the absence of her spouse in 14041419 and the regent in French Burgundy during the absence of her son in 14191423. She became most known for her successful defense of French Burgundy against John IV, Count of Armagnac in 1419.

text: Margaret

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: January

text: Dijon

text: was

text: the

text: fifth

text: child

text: of

text: Albert

text: Duke

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: Straubing

text: Count

text: of

text: Hainault

text: Holland

text: and

text: Zeeland

text: and

text: Lord

text: of

text: Frisia

text: and

text: Margaret

text: of

text: Brieg

text: She

text: was

text: the

text: regent

text: of

text: the

text: Burgundian

text: Low

text: countries

text: during

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: her

text: spouse

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: regent

text: in

text: French

text: Burgundy

text: during

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: her

text: son

text: in

text: She

text: became

text: most

text: known

text: for

text: her

text: successful

text: defense

text: of

text: French

text: Burgundy

text: against

text: John

text: IV

text: Count

text: of

text: Armagnac

text: in

text: Margaret of Brieg (13421386) was a daughter of Ludwik I the Fair and his wife, Agnes of Sagan. She was Duchess consort of Bavaria by her marriage to Albert I, Duke of Bavaria.

text: Margaret

text: of

text: Brieg

text: was

text: daughter

text: of

text: Ludwik

text: the

text: Fair

text: and

text: his

text: wife

text: Agnes

text: of

text: Sagan

text: She

text: was

text: Duchess

text: consort

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: by

text: her

text: marriage

text: to

text: Albert

text: Duke

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: Louis XII (27 June 1462  1 January 1515) was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1498 to 1515 and King of Naples from 1501 to 1504. The son of Charles, Duke of Orléans, and Maria of Cleves, he succeeded his cousin Charles VIII, who died without a closer heir in 1498.

text: Louis

text: XII

text: June

text: January

text: was

text: monarch

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Valois

text: who

text: ruled

text: as

text: King

text: of

text: France

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: King

text: of

text: Naples

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: son

text: of

text: Charles

text: Duke

text: of

text: Orléans

text: and

text: Maria

text: of

text: Cleves

text: he

text: succeeded

text: his

text: cousin

text: Charles

text: VIII

text: who

text: died

text: without

text: closer

text: heir

text: in

text: Duke of Burgundy was a title borne by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy, a small portion of traditional lands of Burgundians west of river Saône which in 843 was allotted to Charles the Bald's kingdom of West Franks. Under the Ancien Régime, the Duke of Burgundy was the premier lay peer of the kingdom of France.

text: Duke

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: was

text: title

text: borne

text: by

text: the

text: rulers

text: of

text: the

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: small

text: portion

text: of

text: traditional

text: lands

text: of

text: Burgundians

text: west

text: of

text: river

text: Saône

text: which

text: in

text: was

text: allotted

text: to

text: Charles

text: the

text: Bald

text: 's

text: kingdom

text: of

text: West

text: Franks

text: Under

text: the

text: Ancien

text: Régime

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: was

text: the

text: premier

text: lay

text: peer

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: France

text: Maria of Cleves (19 September 1426  23 August 1487) was the third wife of Charles, Duke of Orléans, and the mother of his only son, King Louis XII of France. She was born a German princess, the last child of Adolph I, Duke of Cleves and his second wife, Marie of Burgundy.

text: Maria

text: of

text: Cleves

text: September

text: August

text: was

text: the

text: third

text: wife

text: of

text: Charles

text: Duke

text: of

text: Orléans

text: and

text: the

text: mother

text: of

text: his

text: only

text: son

text: King

text: Louis

text: XII

text: of

text: France

text: She

text: was

text: born

text: German

text: princess

text: the

text: last

text: child

text: of

text: Adolph

text: Duke

text: of

text: Cleves

text: and

text: his

text: second

text: wife

text: Marie

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: Charles of Orléans (24 November 1394  5 January 1465) was Duke of Orléans from 1407, following the murder of his father, Louis I, Duke of Orléans, on the orders of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy. He was also Duke of Valois, Count of Beaumont-sur-Oise and of Blois, Lord of Coucy, and the inheritor of Asti in Italy via his mother Valentina Visconti, daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan.

text: Charles

text: of

text: Orléans

text: November

text: January

text: was

text: Duke

text: of

text: Orléans

text: from

text: following

text: the

text: murder

text: of

text: his

text: father

text: Louis

text: Duke

text: of

text: Orléans

text: on

text: the

text: orders

text: of

text: John

text: the

text: Fearless

text: Duke

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: Duke

text: of

text: Valois

text: Count

text: of

text: Beaumont

text: sur

text: Oise

text: and

text: of

text: Blois

text: Lord

text: of

text: Coucy

text: and

text: the

text: inheritor

text: of

text: Asti

text: in

text: Italy

text: via

text: his

text: mother

text: Valentina

text: Visconti

text: daughter

text: of

text: Gian

text: Galeazzo

text: Visconti

text: Duke

text: of

text: Milan

text: John III "the Peaceful", Duke of Cleves and Count of Mark (John III, Duke of Cleves; John I, Duke of Jülich-Berg 10 November 1490  6 February 1538/9) was a son of John II, Duke of Cleves and Mathilde of Hesse, daughter of Henry III, Landgrave of Upper Hesse.

text: John

text: III

text: the

text: Peaceful

text: Duke

text: of

text: Cleves

text: and

text: Count

text: of

text: Mark

text: John

text: III

text: Duke

text: of

text: Cleves

text: John

text: Duke

text: of

text: Jülich

text: Berg

text: November

text: February

text: was

text: son

text: of

text: John

text: II

text: Duke

text: of

text: Cleves

text: and

text: Mathilde

text: of

text: Hesse

text: daughter

text: of

text: Henry

text: III

text: Landgrave

text: of

text: Upper

text: Hesse

text: Jan van Eyck (before c. 1390  9 July 1441) was a Flemish/Netherlandish painter active in Bruges. He is often considered one of the founders of Early Netherlandish painting school and one of the most significant representatives of Northern Renaissance art. The few surviving records of his early life indicate that he was born c. 13801390, most likely in Maaseik. He took employment in the Hague as painter and "Valet de chambre" with John III the Pitiless, ruler of Holland and Hainaut in the Hague around 1422, when he was already a master painter with workshop assistants. After John's death in 1425 he was employed in Lille as court painter to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, until 1429 before moving to Bruges, where he lived until his death. He was highly regarded by Philip, and undertook a number of diplomatic visits abroad, including to Lisbon in 1428 to explore the possibility of a marriage contract between the duke and Isabella of Portugal.

text: Jan

text: van

text: Eyck

text: before

text: July

text: was

text: Flemish

text: Netherlandish

text: painter

text: active

text: in

text: Bruges

text: He

text: is

text: often

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: founders

text: of

text: Early

text: Netherlandish

text: painting

text: school

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: significant

text: representatives

text: of

text: Northern

text: Renaissance

text: art

text: The

text: few

text: surviving

text: records

text: of

text: his

text: early

text: life

text: indicate

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: born

text: most

text: likely

text: in

text: Maaseik

text: He

text: took

text: employment

text: in

text: the

text: Hague

text: as

text: painter

text: and

text: Valet

text: de

text: chambre

text: with

text: John

text: III

text: the

text: Pitiless

text: ruler

text: of

text: Holland

text: and

text: Hainaut

text: in

text: the

text: Hague

text: around

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: already

text: master

text: painter

text: with

text: workshop

text: assistants

text: After

text: John

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: he

text: was

text: employed

text: in

text: Lille

text: as

text: court

text: painter

text: to

text: Philip

text: the

text: Good

text: Duke

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: until

text: before

text: moving

text: to

text: Bruges

text: where

text: he

text: lived

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: He

text: was

text: highly

text: regarded

text: by

text: Philip

text: and

text: undertook

text: number

text: of

text: diplomatic

text: visits

text: abroad

text: including

text: to

text: Lisbon

text: in

text: to

text: explore

text: the

text: possibility

text: of

text: marriage

text: contract

text: between

text: the

text: duke

text: and

text: Isabella

text: of

text: Portugal

text: John the Fearless, also known as John of Valois and John I of Burgundy (28 May 1371  10 September 1419), was Duke of Burgundy from 1404 to 1419. He was a member of the Burgundian branch of the Valois Dynasty. For a period of time, he served as regent of France on behalf of his first cousin King Charles VI of France, who suffered from severe mental illness.

text: John

text: the

text: Fearless

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: John

text: of

text: Valois

text: and

text: John

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: May

text: September

text: was

text: Duke

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Burgundian

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Valois

text: Dynasty

text: For

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: he

text: served

text: as

text: regent

text: of

text: France

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: his

text: first

text: cousin

text: King

text: Charles

text: VI

text: of

text: France

text: who

text: suffered

text: from

text: severe

text: mental

text: illness

text: Marie of Burgundy , Duchess of Cleves ( 1393 -- 30 October 1466 ) was the second child of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria , and an elder sister of Philip the Good . Born in Dijon , she became the second wife of Adolph , Count of Mark in May 1406 . He was made the 1st Duke of Cleves in 1417 . They were the grandparents of King Louis XII of France and the great - grandparents of John III , Duke of Cleves , father of Anne of Cleves , who was fourth Queen consort of Henry VIII of England . By their daughter , Catherine , they were ancestors of Mary , Queen of Scots . The Duke and Duchess of Cleves lived at Wijnendale Castle in West Flanders . She died in Cleves in present - day Monterberg , Kalkar .

text: Marie

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: Duchess

text: of

text: Cleves

text: October

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: child

text: of

text: John

text: the

text: Fearless

text: and

text: Margaret

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: and

text: an

text: elder

text: sister

text: of

text: Philip

text: the

text: Good

text: Born

text: in

text: Dijon

text: she

text: became

text: the

text: second

text: wife

text: of

text: Adolph

text: Count

text: of

text: Mark

text: in

text: May

text: He

text: was

text: made

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Cleves

text: in

text: They

text: were

text: the

text: grandparents

text: of

text: King

text: Louis

text: XII

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: great

text: grandparents

text: of

text: John

text: III

text: Duke

text: of

text: Cleves

text: father

text: of

text: Anne

text: of

text: Cleves

text: who

text: was

text: fourth

text: Queen

text: consort

text: of

text: Henry

text: VIII

text: of

text: England

text: By

text: their

text: daughter

text: Catherine

text: they

text: were

text: ancestors

text: of

text: Mary

text: Queen

text: of

text: Scots

text: The

text: Duke

text: and

text: Duchess

text: of

text: Cleves

text: lived

text: at

text: Wijnendale

text: Castle

text: in

text: West

text: Flanders

text: She

text: died

text: in

text: Cleves

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Monterberg

text: Kalkar

question: date_of_birth marie of burgundy

answer: 1400


text: The Santa Ynez Mountains are a portion of the Transverse Ranges, part of the Pacific Coast Ranges of the west coast of North America. It is the westernmost range in the Transverse Ranges.

text: The

text: Santa

text: Ynez

text: Mountains

text: are

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Transverse

text: Ranges

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Coast

text: Ranges

text: of

text: the

text: west

text: coast

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: westernmost

text: range

text: in

text: the

text: Transverse

text: Ranges

text:
A university ("a whole", "a corporation") is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which grants academic degrees in various subjects.
Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education.

text: university

text: whole

text: corporation

text: is

text: an

text: institution

text: of

text: higher

text: or

text: tertiary

text: education

text: and

text: research

text: which

text: grants

text: academic

text: degrees

text: in

text: various

text: subjects

text: Universities

text: typically

text: provide

text: undergraduate

text: education

text: and

text: postgraduate

text: education

text: A research university is a university that expects all its tenured and tenure-track faculty to continuously engage in research, as opposed to merely requiring it as a condition of an initial appointment or tenure. Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. On the one hand, research universities strive to recruit faculty who are the most brilliant minds in their disciplines in the world, and their students enjoy the opportunity to learn from such experts. On the other hand, new students are often disappointed to realize their undergraduate courses at research universities are overly academic and fail to provide vocational training with immediate "real world" applications; but many employers value degrees from research universities because they know that such coursework develops fundamental skills like critical thinking.

text: research

text: university

text: is

text: university

text: that

text: expects

text: all

text: its

text: tenured

text: and

text: tenure

text: track

text: faculty

text: to

text: continuously

text: engage

text: in

text: research

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: merely

text: requiring

text: it

text: as

text: condition

text: of

text: an

text: initial

text: appointment

text: or

text: tenure

text: Such

text: universities

text: can

text: be

text: recognized

text: by

text: their

text: strong

text: focus

text: on

text: innovative

text: research

text: and

text: the

text: prestige

text: of

text: their

text: brand

text: names

text: On

text: the

text: one

text: hand

text: research

text: universities

text: strive

text: to

text: recruit

text: faculty

text: who

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: brilliant

text: minds

text: in

text: their

text: disciplines

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: their

text: students

text: enjoy

text: the

text: opportunity

text: to

text: learn

text: from

text: such

text: experts

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: new

text: students

text: are

text: often

text: disappointed

text: to

text: realize

text: their

text: undergraduate

text: courses

text: at

text: research

text: universities

text: are

text: overly

text: academic

text: and

text: fail

text: to

text: provide

text: vocational

text: training

text: with

text: immediate

text: real

text: world

text: applications

text: but

text: many

text: employers

text: value

text: degrees

text: from

text: research

text: universities

text: because

text: they

text: know

text: that

text: such

text: coursework

text: develops

text: fundamental

text: skills

text: like

text: critical

text: thinking

text: The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.

text: The

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: It

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: or

text: depending

text: on

text: definition

text: to

text: Antarctica

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: Asia

text: and

text: Australia

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Americas

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: The California Master Plan for Higher Education of 1960 was developed by a survey team appointed by the UC Regents and the State Board of Education during the administration of Governor Pat Brown. Clark Kerr, then the President of UC, was a key figure in its development. The Plan set up a coherent system for postsecondary education which defined specific roles for the already-existing University of California (UC), the California State "College" (CSC) system of senior colleges, now California State "University" (CSU), and the California Community Colleges system (CCC).

text: The

text: California

text: Master

text: Plan

text: for

text: Higher

text: Education

text: of

text: was

text: developed

text: by

text: survey

text: team

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: UC

text: Regents

text: and

text: the

text: State

text: Board

text: of

text: Education

text: during

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: Governor

text: Pat

text: Brown

text: Clark

text: Kerr

text: then

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: UC

text: was

text: key

text: figure

text: in

text: its

text: development

text: The

text: Plan

text: set

text: up

text: coherent

text: system

text: for

text: postsecondary

text: education

text: which

text: defined

text: specific

text: roles

text: for

text: the

text: already

text: existing

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: UC

text: the

text: California

text: State

text: College

text: CSC

text: system

text: of

text: senior

text: colleges

text: now

text: California

text: State

text: University

text: CSU

text: and

text: the

text: California

text: Community

text: Colleges

text: system

text: CCC

text: A U.S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are bound together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a defined geographic territory, and shares its sovereignty with the United States federal government. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders (e.g., paroled convicts and children of divorced spouses who are sharing custody).

text: U.S.

text: state

text: is

text: constituent

text: political

text: entity

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: There

text: are

text: states

text: which

text: are

text: bound

text: together

text: in

text: union

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: Each

text: state

text: holds

text: administrative

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: defined

text: geographic

text: territory

text: and

text: shares

text: its

text: sovereignty

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: federal

text: government

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: shared

text: sovereignty

text: between

text: each

text: state

text: and

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: Americans

text: are

text: citizens

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: federal

text: republic

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: reside

text: State

text: citizenship

text: and

text: residency

text: are

text: flexible

text: and

text: no

text: government

text: approval

text: is

text: required

text: to

text: move

text: between

text: states

text: except

text: for

text: persons

text: covered

text: by

text: certain

text: types

text: of

text: court

text: orders

text: e.g.

text: paroled

text: convicts

text: and

text: children

text: of

text: divorced

text: spouses

text: who

text: are

text: sharing

text: custody

text: A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country (or region) to another, largely depending on the specific education landscape.

text: public

text: university

text: is

text: university

text: that

text: is

text: predominantly

text: funded

text: by

text: public

text: means

text: through

text: national

text: or

text: subnational

text: government

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: private

text: universities

text: Whether

text: national

text: university

text: is

text: considered

text: public

text: varies

text: from

text: one

text: country

text: or

text: region

text: to

text: another

text: largely

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: specific

text: education

text: landscape

text: The West Coast or Pacific Coast is the coastline along which the contiguous Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean. As a region, this term most often refers to the coastal states of California, Oregon and Washington. More specifically, it refers to an area defined on the east by the Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada and Mojave Desert, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. The U.S. Census groups the five states of California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii together as the Pacific States division.

text: The

text: West

text: Coast

text: or

text: Pacific

text: Coast

text: is

text: the

text: coastline

text: along

text: which

text: the

text: contiguous

text: Western

text: United

text: States

text: meets

text: the

text: North

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: As

text: region

text: this

text: term

text: most

text: often

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: coastal

text: states

text: of

text: California

text: Oregon

text: and

text: Washington

text: More

text: specifically

text: it

text: refers

text: to

text: an

text: area

text: defined

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Cascade

text: Range

text: Sierra

text: Nevada

text: and

text: Mojave

text: Desert

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Census

text: groups

text: the

text: five

text: states

text: of

text: California

text: Oregon

text: Washington

text: Alaska

text: and

text: Hawaii

text: together

text: as

text: the

text: Pacific

text: States

text: division

text: A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China and Taiwan. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function.

text: county

text: seat

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: center

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: or

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: county

text: or

text: civil

text: parish

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: Romania

text: China

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Ireland

text: county

text: towns

text: have

text: similar

text: function

text: The California Community Colleges System (CCCS) consists of 113 community colleges in 72 community college districts in the U.S. state of California. Created by legislation in 1967, it is the largest system of higher education in the world, serving more than 2.4 million students with a wide variety of educational and career goals.

text: The

text: California

text: Community

text: Colleges

text: System

text: CCCS

text: consists

text: of

text: community

text: colleges

text: in

text: community

text: college

text: districts

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: California

text: Created

text: by

text: legislation

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: system

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: serving

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: students

text: with

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: educational

text: and

text: career

text: goals

text: Robertson Gymnasium is a 2,600 to 4,000 - seat multi-purpose indoor arena located on the campus of the University of California , Santa Barbara in Santa Barbara , California .

text: Robertson

text: Gymnasium

text: is

text: to

text: seat

text: multi

text: purpose

text: indoor

text: arena

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: campus

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: Santa

text: Barbara

text: in

text: Santa

text: Barbara

text: California

text: The University of California (UC) is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-system public higher education plan, which also include the California State University system and the California Community Colleges System.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: UC

text: is

text: public

text: university

text: system

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: California

text: Under

text: the

text: California

text: Master

text: Plan

text: for

text: Higher

text: Education

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: three

text: system

text: public

text: higher

text: education

text: plan

text: which

text: also

text: include

text: the

text: California

text: State

text: University

text: system

text: and

text: the

text: California

text: Community

text: Colleges

text: System

text: The California State University (Cal State or CSU) is a public university system in California. Composed of 23 campuses and eight off-campus centers enrolling 460,200 students with 24,405 faculty and 23,012 staff, CSU is the largest four-year public university system in the United States. It is one of three public higher education systems in the state, with the other two being the University of California system and the California Community Colleges System. The CSU System is incorporated as The Trustees of the California State University. The California State University system headquarters are at 401 Golden Shore in Long Beach, California.

text: The

text: California

text: State

text: University

text: Cal

text: State

text: or

text: CSU

text: is

text: public

text: university

text: system

text: in

text: California

text: Composed

text: of

text: campuses

text: and

text: eight

text: off

text: campus

text: centers

text: enrolling

text: students

text: with

text: faculty

text: and

text: staff

text: CSU

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: four

text: year

text: public

text: university

text: system

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: public

text: higher

text: education

text: systems

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: with

text: the

text: other

text: two

text: being

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: system

text: and

text: the

text: California

text: Community

text: Colleges

text: System

text: The

text: CSU

text: System

text: is

text: incorporated

text: as

text: The

text: Trustees

text: of

text: the

text: California

text: State

text: University

text: The

text: California

text: State

text: University

text: system

text: headquarters

text: are

text: at

text: Golden

text: Shore

text: in

text: Long

text: Beach

text: California

text: Goleta (Spanish: , "schooner") is a city in southern Santa Barbara County, California, US. It was incorporated as a city in 2002, after a long period as the largest unincorporated, populated area in the county. As of the 2000 census, the Census-designated place (CDP) had a total population of 55,204, however, a significant portion of the census territory of 2000 did not incorporate into the new city. The population was 29,888 at the 2010 census.

text: Goleta

text: Spanish

text: schooner

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: southern

text: Santa

text: Barbara

text: County

text: California

text: US

text: It

text: was

text: incorporated

text: as

text: city

text: in

text: after

text: long

text: period

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: unincorporated

text: populated

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: county

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: census

text: the

text: Census

text: designated

text: place

text: CDP

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: however

text: significant

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: census

text: territory

text: of

text: did

text: not

text: incorporate

text: into

text: the

text: new

text: city

text: The

text: population

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: census

text: Santa Barbara (Spanish for "Saint Barbara") is the county seat of Santa Barbara County in the U.S. state of California. Situated on a south-facing section of coastline, the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States, the city lies between the steeply rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Santa Barbara's climate is often described as Mediterranean, and the city has been promoted as the "American Riviera". As of 2014, the city had an estimated population of 91,196, up from 88,410 in 2010, making it the second most populous city in the county after Santa Maria while the contiguous urban area, which includes the cities of Goleta and Carpinteria, along with the unincorporated regions of Isla Vista, Montecito, Mission Canyon, Hope Ranch, Summerland, and others, has an approximate population of 220,000. The population of the entire county in 2010 was 423,895.

text: Santa

text: Barbara

text: Spanish

text: for

text: Saint

text: Barbara

text: is

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Santa

text: Barbara

text: County

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: California

text: Situated

text: on

text: south

text: facing

text: section

text: of

text: coastline

text: the

text: longest

text: such

text: section

text: on

text: the

text: West

text: Coast

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: city

text: lies

text: between

text: the

text: steeply

text: rising

text: Santa

text: Ynez

text: Mountains

text: and

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: Santa

text: Barbara

text: 's

text: climate

text: is

text: often

text: described

text: as

text: Mediterranean

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: been

text: promoted

text: as

text: the

text: American

text: Riviera

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: had

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: up

text: from

text: in

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: county

text: after

text: Santa

text: Maria

text: while

text: the

text: contiguous

text: urban

text: area

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: cities

text: of

text: Goleta

text: and

text: Carpinteria

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: unincorporated

text: regions

text: of

text: Isla

text: Vista

text: Montecito

text: Mission

text: Canyon

text: Hope

text: Ranch

text: Summerland

text: and

text: others

text: has

text: an

text: approximate

text: population

text: of

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: county

text: in

text: was

text: Riviera, , is an Italian word which means "coastline", ultimately derived from Latin "ripa", through Ligurian "rivea". It came to be applied as a proper name to the coast of Liguria, in the form "riviera ligure", then shortened to "riviera". The two areas currently known in English as "The Riviera" without additional qualification are:

text: Riviera

text: is

text: an

text: Italian

text: word

text: which

text: means

text: coastline

text: ultimately

text: derived

text: from

text: Latin

text: ripa

text: through

text: Ligurian

text: rivea

text: It

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: applied

text: as

text: proper

text: name

text: to

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Liguria

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: riviera

text: ligure

text: then

text: shortened

text: to

text: riviera

text: The

text: two

text: areas

text: currently

text: known

text: in

text: English

text: as

text: The

text: Riviera

text: without

text: additional

text: qualification

text: are

text: Higher education, post-secondary education, or third level education is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education. Often delivered at universities, academies, colleges, seminaries, and institutes of technology, higher education is also available through certain college-level institutions, including vocational schools, trade schools, and other career colleges that award academic degrees or professional certifications. Tertiary education at non-degree level is sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education.

text: Higher

text: education

text: post

text: secondary

text: education

text: or

text: third

text: level

text: education

text: is

text: an

text: optional

text: final

text: stage

text: of

text: formal

text: learning

text: that

text: occurs

text: after

text: completion

text: of

text: secondary

text: education

text: Often

text: delivered

text: at

text: universities

text: academies

text: colleges

text: seminaries

text: and

text: institutes

text: of

text: technology

text: higher

text: education

text: is

text: also

text: available

text: through

text: certain

text: college

text: level

text: institutions

text: including

text: vocational

text: schools

text: trade

text: schools

text: and

text: other

text: career

text: colleges

text: that

text: award

text: academic

text: degrees

text: or

text: professional

text: certifications

text: Tertiary

text: education

text: at

text: non

text: degree

text: level

text: is

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: further

text: education

text: or

text: continuing

text: education

text: as

text: distinct

text: from

text: higher

text: education

text: Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents of the superfamily Muroidea. "True rats" are members of the genus "Rattus", the most important of which to humans are the black rat, "Rattus rattus", and the brown rat, "Rattus norvegicus". Many members of other rodent genera and families are also referred to as rats, and share many characteristics with true rats.

text: Rats

text: are

text: various

text: medium

text: sized

text: long

text: tailed

text: rodents

text: of

text: the

text: superfamily

text: Muroidea

text: True

text: rats

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Rattus

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: of

text: which

text: to

text: humans

text: are

text: the

text: black

text: rat

text: Rattus

text: rattus

text: and

text: the

text: brown

text: rat

text: Rattus

text: norvegicus

text: Many

text: members

text: of

text: other

text: rodent

text: genera

text: and

text: families

text: are

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: rats

text: and

text: share

text: many

text: characteristics

text: with

text: true

text: rats

text: California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western (Pacific Ocean) coast of the U.S., California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. The state capital is Sacramento. Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second largest after New York City. The state also has the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County.

text: California

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: extensive

text: by

text: area

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: California

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: other

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: Oregon

text: Nevada

text: and

text: Arizona

text: and

text: shares

text: an

text: international

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: Mexican

text: state

text: of

text: Baja

text: California

text: The

text: state

text: capital

text: is

text: Sacramento

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: is

text: California

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: after

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: The

text: state

text: also

text: has

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: county

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: County

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: county

text: by

text: area

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: County

text: The University of California, Santa Barbara (commonly referred to as UC Santa Barbara or UCSB) is a public research university and one of the 10 campuses of the University of California system. The main campus is located on a site near Goleta, California, United States, from Santa Barbara and northwest of Los Angeles. Tracing its roots back to 1891 as an independent teachers' college, UCSB joined the University of California system in 1944 and is the third-oldest general-education campus in the system.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: Santa

text: Barbara

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: UC

text: Santa

text: Barbara

text: or

text: UCSB

text: is

text: public

text: research

text: university

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: campuses

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: system

text: The

text: main

text: campus

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: site

text: near

text: Goleta

text: California

text: United

text: States

text: from

text: Santa

text: Barbara

text: and

text: northwest

text: of

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Tracing

text: its

text: roots

text: back

text: to

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: teachers

text: college

text: UCSB

text: joined

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: system

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: oldest

text: general

text: education

text: campus

text: in

text: the

text: system

annotations: follows multiple

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity robertson gymnasium

answer: santa barbara county

text: santa barbara county

text: santa barbara county


text: Robert Lee Moore (November 14, 1882  October 4, 1974) was an American mathematician, known for his work in general topology and the Moore method of teaching university mathematics.

text: Robert

text: Lee

text: Moore

text: November

text: October

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: mathematician

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: in

text: general

text: topology

text: and

text: the

text: Moore

text: method

text: of

text: teaching

text: university

text: mathematics

text: Athanasios Papoulis (1921  April 25, 2002) was a Greek-American engineer and applied mathematician.

text: Athanasios

text: Papoulis

text: April

text: was

text: Greek

text: American

text: engineer

text: and

text: applied

text: mathematician

text: A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in his/her work, typically to solve mathematical problems.

text: mathematician

text: is

text: someone

text: who

text: uses

text: an

text: extensive

text: knowledge

text: of

text: mathematics

text: in

text: his

text: her

text: work

text: typically

text: to

text: solve

text: mathematical

text: problems

text: Engineers design materials, structures, and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost. The word "engineer ("from the Latin "ingeniator"")" is derived from the Latin words "ingeniare" ("to contrive, devise") and "ingenium" ("cleverness"). The foundation education of an engineer is typically a 4-year bachelor's degree or in some countries, a master's degree in an engineering discipline plus 46 years peer-reviewed professional practice culminating in a project report or thesis. Engineers who seek a professional engineer license in N. America will be required to take further exams in ethics, law and professional practice.

text: Engineers

text: design

text: materials

text: structures

text: and

text: systems

text: while

text: considering

text: the

text: limitations

text: imposed

text: by

text: practicality

text: regulation

text: safety

text: and

text: cost

text: The

text: word

text: engineer

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: ingeniator

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: words

text: ingeniare

text: to

text: contrive

text: devise

text: and

text: ingenium

text: cleverness

text: The

text: foundation

text: education

text: of

text: an

text: engineer

text: is

text: typically

text: bachelor

text: 's

text: degree

text: or

text: in

text: some

text: countries

text: master

text: 's

text: degree

text: in

text: an

text: engineering

text: discipline

text: plus

text: years

text: peer

text: reviewed

text: professional

text: practice

text: culminating

text: in

text: project

text: report

text: or

text: thesis

text: Engineers

text: who

text: seek

text: professional

text: engineer

text: license

text: in

text: America

text: will

text: be

text: required

text: to

text: take

text: further

text: exams

text: in

text: ethics

text: law

text: and

text: professional

text: practice

text: The Moore method is a deductive manner of instruction used in advanced mathematics courses. It is named after Robert Lee Moore, a famous topologist who first used a stronger version of the method at the University of Pennsylvania when he began teaching there in 1911.

text: The

text: Moore

text: method

text: is

text: deductive

text: manner

text: of

text: instruction

text: used

text: in

text: advanced

text: mathematics

text: courses

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: Robert

text: Lee

text: Moore

text: famous

text: topologist

text: who

text: first

text: used

text: stronger

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: method

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: when

text: he

text: began

text: teaching

text: there

text: in

text: Tibor Gallai (born Tibor Grünwald, 15 July 1912  2 January 1992) was a Hungarian mathematician. He worked in combinatorics, especially in graph theory, and was a lifelong friend and collaborator of Paul Erds. He was a student of Dénes Knig and an advisor of László Lovász. He was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1991).

text: Tibor

text: Gallai

text: born

text: Tibor

text: Grünwald

text: July

text: January

text: was

text: Hungarian

text: mathematician

text: He

text: worked

text: in

text: combinatorics

text: especially

text: in

text: graph

text: theory

text: and

text: was

text: lifelong

text: friend

text: and

text: collaborator

text: of

text: Paul

text: Erds

text: He

text: was

text: student

text: of

text: Dénes

text: Knig

text: and

text: an

text: advisor

text: of

text: László

text: Lovász

text: He

text: was

text: corresponding

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Hungarian

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: In mathematics, general topology is the branch of topology that deals with the basic set-theoretic definitions and constructions used in topology. It is the foundation of most other branches of topology, including differential topology, geometric topology, and algebraic topology. Another name for general topology is point-set topology.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: general

text: topology

text: is

text: the

text: branch

text: of

text: topology

text: that

text: deals

text: with

text: the

text: basic

text: set

text: theoretic

text: definitions

text: and

text: constructions

text: used

text: in

text: topology

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: most

text: other

text: branches

text: of

text: topology

text: including

text: differential

text: topology

text: geometric

text: topology

text: and

text: algebraic

text: topology

text: Another

text: name

text: for

text: general

text: topology

text: is

text: point

text: set

text: topology

text: In mathematics graph theory is the study of "graphs", which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of "vertices", "nodes", or "points" which are connected by "edges", "arcs", or "lines". A graph may be "undirected", meaning that there is no distinction between the two vertices associated with each edge, or its edges may be "directed" from one vertex to another; see Graph (discrete mathematics) for more detailed definitions and for other variations in the types of graph that are commonly considered. Graphs are one of the prime objects of study in discrete mathematics.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: graph

text: theory

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: graphs

text: which

text: are

text: mathematical

text: structures

text: used

text: to

text: model

text: pairwise

text: relations

text: between

text: objects

text: graph

text: in

text: this

text: context

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: vertices

text: nodes

text: or

text: points

text: which

text: are

text: connected

text: by

text: edges

text: arcs

text: or

text: lines

text: graph

text: may

text: be

text: undirected

text: meaning

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: distinction

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: vertices

text: associated

text: with

text: each

text: edge

text: or

text: its

text: edges

text: may

text: be

text: directed

text: from

text: one

text: vertex

text: to

text: another

text: see

text: Graph

text: discrete

text: mathematics

text: for

text: more

text: detailed

text: definitions

text: and

text: for

text: other

text: variations

text: in

text: the

text: types

text: of

text: graph

text: that

text: are

text: commonly

text: considered

text: Graphs

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: prime

text: objects

text: of

text: study

text: in

text: discrete

text: mathematics

text: Emil Artin (March 3, 1898  December 20, 1962) was an Austrian mathematician. Artin was one of the leading mathematicians of the twentieth century. He is best known for his work on algebraic number theory, contributing largely to class field theory and a new construction of L-functions. He also contributed to the pure theories of rings, groups and fields.

text: Emil

text: Artin

text: March

text: December

text: was

text: an

text: Austrian

text: mathematician

text: Artin

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: mathematicians

text: of

text: the

text: twentieth

text: century

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: on

text: algebraic

text: number

text: theory

text: contributing

text: largely

text: to

text: class

text: field

text: theory

text: and

text: new

text: construction

text: of

text: functions

text: He

text: also

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: pure

text: theories

text: of

text: rings

text: groups

text: and

text: fields

text: Arthur Norton Milgram (3 June 1912, in Philadelphia  30 January 1961) was an American mathematician. He made contributions in functional analysis, combinatorics, differential geometry, topology, partial differential equations, and Galois theory. Perhaps one of his more famous contributions is the LaxMilgram theorema theorem in functional analysis that is particularly applicable in the study of partial differential equations. In the third chapter of Emil Artin's book "Galois Theory", Milgram also discussed some applications of Galois theory. Milgram also contributed to graph theory, by co-authoring the article "Verallgemeinerung eines graphentheoretischen Satzes von Rédei" with Tibor Gallai in 1960.

text: Arthur

text: Norton

text: Milgram

text: June

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: January

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: mathematician

text: He

text: made

text: contributions

text: in

text: functional

text: analysis

text: combinatorics

text: differential

text: geometry

text: topology

text: partial

text: differential

text: equations

text: and

text: Galois

text: theory

text: Perhaps

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: more

text: famous

text: contributions

text: is

text: the

text: LaxMilgram

text: theorema

text: theorem

text: in

text: functional

text: analysis

text: that

text: is

text: particularly

text: applicable

text: in

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: partial

text: differential

text: equations

text: In

text: the

text: third

text: chapter

text: of

text: Emil

text: Artin

text: 's

text: book

text: Galois

text: Theory

text: Milgram

text: also

text: discussed

text: some

text: applications

text: of

text: Galois

text: theory

text: Milgram

text: also

text: contributed

text: to

text: graph

text: theory

text: by

text: co

text: authoring

text: the

text: article

text: Verallgemeinerung

text: eines

text: graphentheoretischen

text: Satzes

text: von

text: Rédei

text: with

text: Tibor

text: Gallai

text: in

text: The colonial colleges are nine institutions of higher education chartered in the American Colonies before the United States of America became a sovereign nation after the American Revolution. These nine have long been considered together, notably in the survey of their origins in the 1907 "The Cambridge History of English and American Literature". Seven of the nine colonial colleges are part of the Ivy League athletic conference: Harvard, Yale, Penn, Princeton, Columbia, Brown, and Dartmouth. (The eighth member of the Ivy League, Cornell University, was founded in 1865.)

text: The

text: colonial

text: colleges

text: are

text: nine

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: chartered

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: Colonies

text: before

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: became

text: sovereign

text: nation

text: after

text: the

text: American

text: Revolution

text: These

text: nine

text: have

text: long

text: been

text: considered

text: together

text: notably

text: in

text: the

text: survey

text: of

text: their

text: origins

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: Cambridge

text: History

text: of

text: English

text: and

text: American

text: Literature

text: Seven

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: colonial

text: colleges

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Ivy

text: League

text: athletic

text: conference

text: Harvard

text: Yale

text: Penn

text: Princeton

text: Columbia

text: Brown

text: and

text: Dartmouth

text: The

text: eighth

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Ivy

text: League

text: Cornell

text: University

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: The Association of American Universities (AAU) is an international organization of leading research universities devoted to maintaining a strong system of academic research and education. It consists of 60 universities in the United States (both public and private) and two universities in Canada.

text: The

text: Association

text: of

text: American

text: Universities

text: AAU

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: organization

text: of

text: leading

text: research

text: universities

text: devoted

text: to

text: maintaining

text: strong

text: system

text: of

text: academic

text: research

text: and

text: education

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: both

text: public

text: and

text: private

text: and

text: two

text: universities

text: in

text: Canada

text: John Robert Kline ( 1891 -- 1955 ) was a US - American Professor of Mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania from 1920 to 1955 . A Ph.D. student of Robert Lee Moore , he was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1925 , later Chairman of the Department of Mathematics from 1933 to 1954 and Thomas A. Scott Professor of Mathematics from 1941 to 1955 . His doctoral students include Lida Barrett , Arthur Milgram , Athanasios Papoulis , Dudley Weldon Woodard , and Leo Zippin .

text: John

text: Robert

text: Kline

text: was

text: US

text: American

text: Professor

text: of

text: Mathematics

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: from

text: to

text: Ph.D.

text: student

text: of

text: Robert

text: Lee

text: Moore

text: he

text: was

text: Guggenheim

text: Fellow

text: in

text: later

text: Chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: Mathematics

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: Thomas

text: Scott

text: Professor

text: of

text: Mathematics

text: from

text: to

text: His

text: doctoral

text: students

text: include

text: Lida

text: Barrett

text: Arthur

text: Milgram

text: Athanasios

text: Papoulis

text: Dudley

text: Weldon

text: Woodard

text: and

text: Leo

text: Zippin

text: The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context. The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. The term "Ivy League" has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism.

text: The

text: Ivy

text: League

text: is

text: collegiate

text: athletic

text: conference

text: comprising

text: sports

text: teams

text: from

text: eight

text: private

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: Northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: conference

text: name

text: is

text: also

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: those

text: eight

text: schools

text: as

text: group

text: beyond

text: the

text: sports

text: context

text: The

text: eight

text: institutions

text: are

text: Brown

text: University

text: Columbia

text: University

text: Cornell

text: University

text: Dartmouth

text: College

text: Harvard

text: University

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: Princeton

text: University

text: and

text: Yale

text: University

text: The

text: term

text: Ivy

text: League

text: has

text: connotations

text: of

text: academic

text: excellence

text: selectivity

text: in

text: admissions

text: and

text: social

text: elitism

text: The University of Pennsylvania (commonly known as Penn or UPenn) is a private, Ivy League university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Incorporated as "The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania", Penn is one of 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and one of the nine original colonial colleges.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Penn

text: or

text: UPenn

text: is

text: private

text: Ivy

text: League

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: Pennsylvania

text: United

text: States

text: Incorporated

text: as

text: The

text: Trustees

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: Penn

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: founding

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Association

text: of

text: American

text: Universities

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: original

text: colonial

text: colleges

annotations: follows single

question: occupation john robert kline

answer: mathematician

text: mathematician

text: mathematician

text: mathematician

text: mathematician

text: mathematician

text: mathematician