text: Surfing is a surface water sport in which the wave rider, referred to as a surfer, rides on the forward or deep face of a moving wave, which is usually carrying the surfer towards the shore. Waves suitable for surfing are primarily found in the ocean, but can also be found in lakes or in rivers in the form of a standing wave or tidal bore. However, surfers can also utilize artificial waves such as those from boat wakes and the waves created in artificial wave pools.

text: Surfing

text: is

text: surface

text: water

text: sport

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: wave

text: rider

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: surfer

text: rides

text: on

text: the

text: forward

text: or

text: deep

text: face

text: of

text: moving

text: wave

text: which

text: is

text: usually

text: carrying

text: the

text: surfer

text: towards

text: the

text: shore

text: Waves

text: suitable

text: for

text: surfing

text: are

text: primarily

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: ocean

text: but

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: lakes

text: or

text: in

text: rivers

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: standing

text: wave

text: or

text: tidal

text: bore

text: However

text: surfers

text: can

text: also

text: utilize

text: artificial

text: waves

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: from

text: boat

text: wakes

text: and

text: the

text: waves

text: created

text: in

text: artificial

text: wave

text: pools

text: California Games is a 1987 Epyx sports video game for many home computers and video game consoles. Branching from their popular "Summer Games" and "Winter Games" series, this game consisted of some sports purportedly popular in California including skateboarding, freestyle footbag, surfing, roller skating, flying disc (frisbee) and BMX.

text: California

text: Games

text: is

text: Epyx

text: sports

text: video

text: game

text: for

text: many

text: home

text: computers

text: and

text: video

text: game

text: consoles

text: Branching

text: from

text: their

text: popular

text: Summer

text: Games

text: and

text: Winter

text: Games

text: series

text: this

text: game

text: consisted

text: of

text: some

text: sports

text: purportedly

text: popular

text: in

text: California

text: including

text: skateboarding

text: freestyle

text: footbag

text: surfing

text: roller

text: skating

text: flying

text: disc

text: frisbee

text: and

text: BMX

text: Atari is a corporate and brand name owned by several entities since its inception in 1972, currently by Atari Interactive, a subsidiary of the French publisher Atari, SA (ASA). The original Atari, Inc. founded in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney was a pioneer in arcade games, home video game consoles, and home computers. The company's products, such as "Pong" and the Atari 2600, helped define the electronic entertainment industry from the 1970s to the mid-1980s.

text: Atari

text: is

text: corporate

text: and

text: brand

text: name

text: owned

text: by

text: several

text: entities

text: since

text: its

text: inception

text: in

text: currently

text: by

text: Atari

text: Interactive

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: publisher

text: Atari

text: SA

text: ASA

text: The

text: original

text: Atari

text: Inc.

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Nolan

text: Bushnell

text: and

text: Ted

text: Dabney

text: was

text: pioneer

text: in

text: arcade

text: games

text: home

text: video

text: game

text: consoles

text: and

text: home

text: computers

text: The

text: company

text: 's

text: products

text: such

text: as

text: Pong

text: and

text: the

text: Atari

text: helped

text: define

text: the

text: electronic

text: entertainment

text: industry

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: The Amiga is a family of personal computers sold by Commodore in the 1980s and 1990s. Based on the Motorola 68000 family of microprocessors, the machine has a custom chipset with graphics and sound capabilities that were unprecedented for the price, and a pre-emptive multitasking operating system called AmigaOS. The Amiga provided a significant upgrade from earlier 8-bit home computers, including Commodore's own C64.

text: The

text: Amiga

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: personal

text: computers

text: sold

text: by

text: Commodore

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: Based

text: on

text: the

text: Motorola

text: family

text: of

text: microprocessors

text: the

text: machine

text: has

text: custom

text: chipset

text: with

text: graphics

text: and

text: sound

text: capabilities

text: that

text: were

text: unprecedented

text: for

text: the

text: price

text: and

text: pre

text: emptive

text: multitasking

text: operating

text: system

text: called

text: AmigaOS

text: The

text: Amiga

text: provided

text: significant

text: upgrade

text: from

text: earlier

text: home

text: computers

text: including

text: Commodore

text: 's

text: own

text: A team sport includes any sport which involves two or more players working together towards a shared objective. A team sport is an activity in which individuals are organized into opposing teams which compete to win. Examples are basketball, volleyball, water polo, handball, lacrosse, cricket, baseball, and the various forms of football and hockey.

text: team

text: sport

text: includes

text: any

text: sport

text: which

text: involves

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: players

text: working

text: together

text: towards

text: shared

text: objective

text: team

text: sport

text: is

text: an

text: activity

text: in

text: which

text: individuals

text: are

text: organized

text: into

text: opposing

text: teams

text: which

text: compete

text: to

text: win

text: Examples

text: are

text: basketball

text: volleyball

text: water

text: polo

text: handball

text: lacrosse

text: cricket

text: baseball

text: and

text: the

text: various

text: forms

text: of

text: football

text: and

text: hockey

text: x86 is a family of backward compatible instruction set architectures based on the Intel 8086 CPU and its Intel 8088 variant. The 8086 was introduced in 1978 as a fully 16-bit extension of Intel's 8-bit based 8080 microprocessor, with memory segmentation as a solution for addressing more memory than can be covered by a plain 16-bit address. The term "x86" came into being because the names of several successors to Intel's 8086 processor end in "86", including the 80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486 processors.

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: backward

text: compatible

text: instruction

text: set

text: architectures

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: Intel

text: CPU

text: and

text: its

text: Intel

text: variant

text: The

text: was

text: introduced

text: in

text: as

text: fully

text: extension

text: of

text: Intel

text: 's

text: based

text: microprocessor

text: with

text: memory

text: segmentation

text: as

text: solution

text: for

text: addressing

text: more

text: memory

text: than

text: can

text: be

text: covered

text: by

text: plain

text: address

text: The

text: term

text: came

text: into

text: being

text: because

text: the

text: names

text: of

text: several

text: successors

text: to

text: Intel

text: 's

text: processor

text: end

text: in

text: including

text: the

text: and

text: processors

text: AmigaOS is the proprietary native operating system of the Amiga and AmigaOne personal computers. It was developed first by Commodore International and introduced with the launch of the first Amiga, the Amiga 1000, in 1985. Early versions of AmigaOS required the Motorola 68000 series of 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors. Later versions were developed by Haage & Partner (AmigaOS 3.5 and 3.9) and then Hyperion Entertainment (AmigaOS 4.0-4.1). A PowerPC microprocessor is required for the most recent release, AmigaOS 4.

text: AmigaOS

text: is

text: the

text: proprietary

text: native

text: operating

text: system

text: of

text: the

text: Amiga

text: and

text: AmigaOne

text: personal

text: computers

text: It

text: was

text: developed

text: first

text: by

text: Commodore

text: International

text: and

text: introduced

text: with

text: the

text: launch

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: Amiga

text: the

text: Amiga

text: in

text: Early

text: versions

text: of

text: AmigaOS

text: required

text: the

text: Motorola

text: series

text: of

text: and

text: microprocessors

text: Later

text: versions

text: were

text: developed

text: by

text: Haage

text: Partner

text: AmigaOS

text: and

text: and

text: then

text: Hyperion

text: Entertainment

text: AmigaOS

text: PowerPC

text: microprocessor

text: is

text: required

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: recent

text: release

text: AmigaOS

text: The Motorola 68000 ("'sixty-eight-thousand'"; also called the m68k or Motorola 68k, ""sixty-eight-kay"") is a 32-bit CISC microprocessor with a 16-bit external data bus, designed and marketed by Motorola Semiconductor Products Sector (later Freescale Semiconductor, now NXP). Introduced in 1979 with HMOS technology as the first member of the successful 32-bit m68k family of microprocessors, it is generally software forward compatible with the rest of the line despite being limited to a 16-bit wide external bus. After 37 years in production, the 68000 architecture is still in use.

text: The

text: Motorola

text: sixty

text: eight

text: thousand

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: or

text: Motorola

text: sixty

text: eight

text: kay

text: is

text: CISC

text: microprocessor

text: with

text: external

text: data

text: bus

text: designed

text: and

text: marketed

text: by

text: Motorola

text: Semiconductor

text: Products

text: Sector

text: later

text: Freescale

text: Semiconductor

text: now

text: NXP

text: Introduced

text: in

text: with

text: HMOS

text: technology

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: successful

text: family

text: of

text: microprocessors

text: it

text: is

text: generally

text: software

text: forward

text: compatible

text: with

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: line

text: despite

text: being

text: limited

text: to

text: wide

text: external

text: bus

text: After

text: years

text: in

text: production

text: the

text: architecture

text: is

text: still

text: in

text: use

text: A video game is an electronic game that involves human or animal interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word "video" in "video game" traditionally referred to a raster display device, but as of the 2000s, it implies any type of display device that can produce two- or three-dimensional images. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial.

text: video

text: game

text: is

text: an

text: electronic

text: game

text: that

text: involves

text: human

text: or

text: animal

text: interaction

text: with

text: user

text: interface

text: to

text: generate

text: visual

text: feedback

text: on

text: video

text: device

text: such

text: as

text: TV

text: screen

text: or

text: computer

text: monitor

text: The

text: word

text: video

text: in

text: video

text: game

text: traditionally

text: referred

text: to

text: raster

text: display

text: device

text: but

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: it

text: implies

text: any

text: type

text: of

text: display

text: device

text: that

text: can

text: produce

text: two-

text: or

text: three

text: dimensional

text: images

text: Some

text: theorists

text: categorize

text: video

text: games

text: as

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: but

text: this

text: designation

text: is

text: controversial

text: A footbag is both a small, round bag, and the term for the various sports played with one  characterized by controlling the bag by using one's feet. Although often referred to generically as a Hacky Sack, that is the trademarked name of one specific brand.

text: footbag

text: is

text: both

text: small

text: round

text: bag

text: and

text: the

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: various

text: sports

text: played

text: with

text: one

text: characterized

text: by

text: controlling

text: the

text: bag

text: by

text: using

text: one

text: 's

text: feet

text: Although

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: generically

text: as

text: Hacky

text: Sack

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: trademarked

text: name

text: of

text: one

text: specific

text: brand

text: BMX, an abbreviation for bicycle motocross, is a cycle sport performed on BMX bikes, either in competitive BMX racing or freestyle BMX, or else in general on- or off-road recreation. BMX began when young cyclists appropriated motocross tracks for fun, racing and stunts, eventually evolving specialized BMX bikes and competitions.

text: BMX

text: an

text: abbreviation

text: for

text: bicycle

text: motocross

text: is

text: cycle

text: sport

text: performed

text: on

text: BMX

text: bikes

text: either

text: in

text: competitive

text: BMX

text: racing

text: or

text: freestyle

text: BMX

text: or

text: else

text: in

text: general

text: on-

text: or

text: off

text: road

text: recreation

text: BMX

text: began

text: when

text: young

text: cyclists

text: appropriated

text: motocross

text: tracks

text: for

text: fun

text: racing

text: and

text: stunts

text: eventually

text: evolving

text: specialized

text: BMX

text: bikes

text: and

text: competitions

text: The Atari ST is a line of home computers from Atari Corporation and the successor to the Atari 8-bit family. The initial ST model, the 520ST, saw limited release in the spring of 1985 and was widely available in July. The Atari ST is the first personal computer to come with a bit-mapped color GUI, using a version of Digital Research's GEM released in February 1985. The 1040ST, released in 1986, is the first personal computer to ship with a megabyte of RAM in the base configuration and also the first with a cost-per-kilobyte of less than US$1.

text: The

text: Atari

text: ST

text: is

text: line

text: of

text: home

text: computers

text: from

text: Atari

text: Corporation

text: and

text: the

text: successor

text: to

text: the

text: Atari

text: family

text: The

text: initial

text: ST

text: model

text: the

text: saw

text: limited

text: release

text: in

text: the

text: spring

text: of

text: and

text: was

text: widely

text: available

text: in

text: July

text: The

text: Atari

text: ST

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: personal

text: computer

text: to

text: come

text: with

text: bit

text: mapped

text: color

text: GUI

text: using

text: version

text: of

text: Digital

text: Research

text: 's

text: GEM

text: released

text: in

text: February

text: The

text: released

text: in

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: personal

text: computer

text: to

text: ship

text: with

text: megabyte

text: of

text: RAM

text: in

text: the

text: base

text: configuration

text: and

text: also

text: the

text: first

text: with

text: cost

text: per

text: kilobyte

text: of

text: less

text: than

text: US$

text: Jon Freeman was an influential computer game industry figure of the 1980s and early 1990s. He was a co-founder of Epyx and Free Fall Associates and the spouse of game programmer Anne Westfall. Besides founding these two companies, though he is credited with some programming, Freeman is most noted as a game designer.

text: Jon

text: Freeman

text: was

text: an

text: influential

text: computer

text: game

text: industry

text: figure

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: early

text: He

text: was

text: co

text: founder

text: of

text: Epyx

text: and

text: Free

text: Fall

text: Associates

text: and

text: the

text: spouse

text: of

text: game

text: programmer

text: Anne

text: Westfall

text: Besides

text: founding

text: these

text: two

text: companies

text: though

text: he

text: is

text: credited

text: with

text: some

text: programming

text: Freeman

text: is

text: most

text: noted

text: as

text: game

text: designer

text: Madden NFL (known as John Madden Football before 1993) is an American football video game series developed by EA Tiburon for EA Sports. It is named after Pro Football Hall of Famer John Madden, a well-known former Super Bowlwinning coach of the Oakland Raiders and color commentator. The series has sold more than 100 million copies, and influenced many players and coaches of the physical sport. Among the game's realistic features are sophisticated playbooks and player statistics, and voice commentary that allows players to hear the game as if it were a real TV broadcast. As of September 2013, the franchise generated over $4 billion in revenue.

text: Madden

text: NFL

text: known

text: as

text: John

text: Madden

text: Football

text: before

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: football

text: video

text: game

text: series

text: developed

text: by

text: EA

text: Tiburon

text: for

text: EA

text: Sports

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: Pro

text: Football

text: Hall

text: of

text: Famer

text: John

text: Madden

text: well

text: known

text: former

text: Super

text: Bowlwinning

text: coach

text: of

text: the

text: Oakland

text: Raiders

text: and

text: color

text: commentator

text: The

text: series

text: has

text: sold

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: copies

text: and

text: influenced

text: many

text: players

text: and

text: coaches

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: sport

text: Among

text: the

text: game

text: 's

text: realistic

text: features

text: are

text: sophisticated

text: playbooks

text: and

text: player

text: statistics

text: and

text: voice

text: commentary

text: that

text: allows

text: players

text: to

text: hear

text: the

text: game

text: as

text: if

text: it

text: were

text: real

text: TV

text: broadcast

text: As

text: of

text: September

text: the

text: franchise

text: generated

text: over

text: billion

text: in

text: revenue

text: Winter Games is a sports video game developed by Epyx (and released in Europe by U.S. Gold), based on sports featured in the Winter Olympic Games.

text: Winter

text: Games

text: is

text: sports

text: video

text: game

text: developed

text: by

text: Epyx

text: and

text: released

text: in

text: Europe

text: by

text: U.S.

text: Gold

text: based

text: on

text: sports

text: featured

text: in

text: the

text: Winter

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: A sports game is a video game that simulates the practice of sports. Most sports have been recreated with a game, including team sports, track and field, extreme sports and combat sports. Some games emphasize actually playing the sport (such as the "Madden NFL" series), whilst others emphasize strategy and sport management (such as "Championship Manager" and "Out of the Park Baseball"). Some, such as "Need for Speed", "Arch Rivals" and "Punch-Out!!", satirize the sport for comic effect. This genre has been popular throughout the history of video games and is competitive, just like real-world sports. A number of game series feature the names and characteristics of real teams and players, and are updated annually to reflect real-world changes.

text: sports

text: game

text: is

text: video

text: game

text: that

text: simulates

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: sports

text: Most

text: sports

text: have

text: been

text: recreated

text: with

text: game

text: including

text: team

text: sports

text: track

text: and

text: field

text: extreme

text: sports

text: and

text: combat

text: sports

text: Some

text: games

text: emphasize

text: actually

text: playing

text: the

text: sport

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Madden

text: NFL

text: series

text: whilst

text: others

text: emphasize

text: strategy

text: and

text: sport

text: management

text: such

text: as

text: Championship

text: Manager

text: and

text: Out

text: of

text: the

text: Park

text: Baseball

text: Some

text: such

text: as

text: Need

text: for

text: Speed

text: Arch

text: Rivals

text: and

text: Punch

text: Out

text: satirize

text: the

text: sport

text: for

text: comic

text: effect

text: This

text: genre

text: has

text: been

text: popular

text: throughout

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: video

text: games

text: and

text: is

text: competitive

text: just

text: like

text: real

text: world

text: sports

text: number

text: of

text: game

text: series

text: feature

text: the

text: names

text: and

text: characteristics

text: of

text: real

text: teams

text: and

text: players

text: and

text: are

text: updated

text: annually

text: to

text: reflect

text: real

text: world

text: changes

text: A combat sport, or fighting sport, is a competitive contact sport with one-on-one combat. Determining the winner depends on the particular contest's rules. In many fighting sports, a contestant wins by scoring more points than the opponent or by disabling the opponent. Boxing, wrestling, Muay Thai, Tae Kwon Do, Judo, Brazilian Jiu-jitsu, Sambo, and Mixed Martial Arts are examples of combat sports.

text: combat

text: sport

text: or

text: fighting

text: sport

text: is

text: competitive

text: contact

text: sport

text: with

text: one

text: on

text: one

text: combat

text: Determining

text: the

text: winner

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: particular

text: contest

text: 's

text: rules

text: In

text: many

text: fighting

text: sports

text: contestant

text: wins

text: by

text: scoring

text: more

text: points

text: than

text: the

text: opponent

text: or

text: by

text: disabling

text: the

text: opponent

text: Boxing

text: wrestling

text: Muay

text: Thai

text: Tae

text: Kwon

text: Do

text: Judo

text: Brazilian

text: Jiu

text: jitsu

text: Sambo

text: and

text: Mixed

text: Martial

text: Arts

text: are

text: examples

text: of

text: combat

text: sports

text: DOS , short for "disk operating system", is an acronym used to describe the family of several very similar command-line computer operating systems for x86-based computers: primarily MS-DOS and PC DOS, but also DR-DOS, FreeDOS, ROM-DOS, and PTS-DOS. None of these systems were officially named "DOS", and indeed "DOS" is a general term for disk operating system.

text: DOS

text: short

text: for

text: disk

text: operating

text: system

text: is

text: an

text: acronym

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: family

text: of

text: several

text: very

text: similar

text: command

text: line

text: computer

text: operating

text: systems

text: for

text: computers

text: primarily

text: MS

text: DOS

text: and

text: PC

text: DOS

text: but

text: also

text: DR

text: DOS

text: FreeDOS

text: ROM

text: DOS

text: and

text: PTS

text: DOS

text: of

text: these

text: systems

text: were

text: officially

text: named

text: DOS

text: and

text: indeed

text: DOS

text: is

text: general

text: term

text: for

text: disk

text: operating

text: system

text: Arch Rivals is a basketball arcade game released by Midway in . Billed by Midway as "A Basket Brawl", the game features two-on-two full court basketball games in which players are encouraged to punch opposing players and steal the ball from them.

text: Arch

text: Rivals

text: is

text: basketball

text: arcade

text: game

text: released

text: by

text: Midway

text: in

text: Billed

text: by

text: Midway

text: as

text: Basket

text: Brawl

text: the

text: game

text: features

text: two

text: on

text: two

text: full

text: court

text: basketball

text: games

text: in

text: which

text: players

text: are

text: encouraged

text: to

text: punch

text: opposing

text: players

text: and

text: steal

text: the

text: ball

text: from

text: them

text: Atari Corporation was an American manufacturer of computers and video game consoles from 1984 to 1996. Atari Corp. was founded in July 1984 when Warner Communications sold the home computing and game console divisions of Atari, Inc. to Jack Tramiel. Its chief products were the Atari ST, , Atari 7800, Atari Lynx, and Atari Jaguar. The company reverse merged with JTS Inc. in 1996, becoming a small division, which itself closed when JTS liquidated the IP to Hasbro Interactive in 1998.

text: Atari

text: Corporation

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: manufacturer

text: of

text: computers

text: and

text: video

text: game

text: consoles

text: from

text: to

text: Atari

text: Corp.

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: July

text: when

text: Warner

text: Communications

text: sold

text: the

text: home

text: computing

text: and

text: game

text: console

text: divisions

text: of

text: Atari

text: Inc.

text: to

text: Jack

text: Tramiel

text: Its

text: chief

text: products

text: were

text: the

text: Atari

text: ST

text: Atari

text: Atari

text: Lynx

text: and

text: Atari

text: Jaguar

text: The

text: company

text: reverse

text: merged

text: with

text: JTS

text: Inc.

text: in

text: becoming

text: small

text: division

text: which

text: itself

text: closed

text: when

text: JTS

text: liquidated

text: the

text: IP

text: to

text: Hasbro

text: Interactive

text: in

text:
Gameplay.
Playing as a diminutive boxer called Little Mac, the player must climb the ranks of the World Video Boxing Association. Gameplay differs slightly between each game, but generally, the player can attack with his left and right fists, at the head or the body, and can also dodge and block to avoid the opponent's attacks. Many games in the series give the player a powerful uppercut ability; its use is limited, and must be earned during matches, and has a star punch that can be obtained by hitting an opponent while taunting or at just the right time. Little Mac can also block, causing him to take minimal damage.

text: Gameplay

text: Playing

text: as

text: diminutive

text: boxer

text: called

text: Little

text: Mac

text: the

text: player

text: must

text: climb

text: the

text: ranks

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Video

text: Boxing

text: Association

text: Gameplay

text: differs

text: slightly

text: between

text: each

text: game

text: but

text: generally

text: the

text: player

text: can

text: attack

text: with

text: his

text: left

text: and

text: right

text: fists

text: at

text: the

text: head

text: or

text: the

text: body

text: and

text: can

text: also

text: dodge

text: and

text: block

text: to

text: avoid

text: the

text: opponent

text: 's

text: attacks

text: Many

text: games

text: in

text: the

text: series

text: give

text: the

text: player

text: powerful

text: uppercut

text: ability

text: its

text: use

text: is

text: limited

text: and

text: must

text: be

text: earned

text: during

text: matches

text: and

text: has

text: star

text: punch

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: obtained

text: by

text: hitting

text: an

text: opponent

text: while

text: taunting

text: or

text: at

text: just

text: the

text: right

text: time

text: Little

text: Mac

text: can

text: also

text: block

text: causing

text: him

text: to

text: take

text: minimal

text: damage

text: California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western (Pacific Ocean) coast of the U.S., California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. The state capital is Sacramento. Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second largest after New York City. The state also has the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County.

text: California

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: extensive

text: by

text: area

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: California

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: other

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: Oregon

text: Nevada

text: and

text: Arizona

text: and

text: shares

text: an

text: international

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: Mexican

text: state

text: of

text: Baja

text: California

text: The

text: state

text: capital

text: is

text: Sacramento

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: is

text: California

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: after

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: The

text: state

text: also

text: has

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: county

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: County

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: county

text: by

text: area

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: County

text: Digital Research, Inc. (also known as DR or DRI; originally Intergalactic Digital Research) was the company created by Dr. Gary Kildall to market and develop his CP/M operating system and related products. It was the first large software company in the microcomputer world. Digital Research was based in Pacific Grove, California.

text: Digital

text: Research

text: Inc.

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: DR

text: or

text: DRI

text: originally

text: Intergalactic

text: Digital

text: Research

text: was

text: the

text: company

text: created

text: by

text: Dr.

text: Gary

text: Kildall

text: to

text: market

text: and

text: develop

text: his

text: CP

text: operating

text: system

text: and

text: related

text: products

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: large

text: software

text: company

text: in

text: the

text: microcomputer

text: world

text: Digital

text: Research

text: was

text: based

text: in

text: Pacific

text: Grove

text: California

text: Need for Speed, also known by its initials NFS, is a racing video game franchise published by Electronic Arts and developed by several studios including EA Black Box, Criterion Games and Ghost Games.

text: Need

text: for

text: Speed

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: its

text: initials

text: NFS

text: is

text: racing

text: video

text: game

text: franchise

text: published

text: by

text: Electronic

text: Arts

text: and

text: developed

text: by

text: several

text: studios

text: including

text: EA

text: Black

text: Box

text: Criterion

text: Games

text: and

text: Ghost

text: Games

text: Epyx, Inc. was a video game developer and publisher active in the late 1970s and 1980s. The company was founded as Automated Simulations by Jim Connelley and Jon Freeman, originally using Epyx as a brand name for action-oriented games before renaming the company to match in 1983. Epyx published a long series of games through the 1980s, but nevertheless went bankrupt in 1989 before finally disappearing in 1993.

text: Epyx

text: Inc.

text: was

text: video

text: game

text: developer

text: and

text: publisher

text: active

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: The

text: company

text: was

text: founded

text: as

text: Automated

text: Simulations

text: by

text: Jim

text: Connelley

text: and

text: Jon

text: Freeman

text: originally

text: using

text: Epyx

text: as

text: brand

text: name

text: for

text: action

text: oriented

text: games

text: before

text: renaming

text: the

text: company

text: to

text: match

text: in

text: Epyx

text: published

text: long

text: series

text: of

text: games

text: through

text: the

text: but

text: nevertheless

text: went

text: bankrupt

text: in

text: before

text: finally

text: disappearing

text: in

text: Home computers were a class of microcomputers entering the market in 1977, and becoming common during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that, for the first time, were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user. These computers were a distinct market segment that typically cost much less than business, scientific or engineering-oriented computers of the time such as the IBM PC, and were generally less powerful in terms of memory and expandability. However, a home computer often had better graphics and sound than contemporaneous business computers. Their most common uses were playing video games, but they were also regularly used for word processing, doing homework, and programming.

text: Home

text: computers

text: were

text: class

text: of

text: microcomputers

text: entering

text: the

text: market

text: in

text: and

text: becoming

text: common

text: during

text: the

text: They

text: were

text: marketed

text: to

text: consumers

text: as

text: affordable

text: and

text: accessible

text: computers

text: that

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: were

text: intended

text: for

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: single

text: nontechnical

text: user

text: These

text: computers

text: were

text: distinct

text: market

text: segment

text: that

text: typically

text: cost

text: much

text: less

text: than

text: business

text: scientific

text: or

text: engineering

text: oriented

text: computers

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: IBM

text: PC

text: and

text: were

text: generally

text: less

text: powerful

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: memory

text: and

text: expandability

text: However

text: home

text: computer

text: often

text: had

text: better

text: graphics

text: and

text: sound

text: than

text: contemporaneous

text: business

text: computers

text: Their

text: most

text: common

text: uses

text: were

text: playing

text: video

text: games

text: but

text: they

text: were

text: also

text: regularly

text: used

text: for

text: word

text: processing

text: doing

text: homework

text: and

text: programming

text: A microprocessor is a computer processor which incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock driven, register based, programmable electronic device which accepts digital or binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic. Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system.

text: microprocessor

text: is

text: computer

text: processor

text: which

text: incorporates

text: the

text: functions

text: of

text: computer

text: 's

text: central

text: processing

text: unit

text: CPU

text: on

text: single

text: integrated

text: circuit

text: IC

text: or

text: at

text: most

text: few

text: integrated

text: circuits

text: The

text: microprocessor

text: is

text: multipurpose

text: clock

text: driven

text: register

text: based

text: programmable

text: electronic

text: device

text: which

text: accepts

text: digital

text: or

text: binary

text: data

text: as

text: input

text: processes

text: it

text: according

text: to

text: instructions

text: stored

text: in

text: its

text: memory

text: and

text: provides

text: results

text: as

text: output

text: Microprocessors

text: contain

text: both

text: combinational

text: logic

text: and

text: sequential

text: digital

text: logic

text: Microprocessors

text: operate

text: on

text: numbers

text: and

text: symbols

text: represented

text: in

text: the

text: binary

text: numeral

text: system

text: Sport management is an industrious field concerning the business aspects of sports and recreation. Some examples of sport managers include the front office system in professional sports, college sports managers, recreational sport managers, sports marketing, event management, facility management, sports economics, sport finance, and sports information.

text: Sport

text: management

text: is

text: an

text: industrious

text: field

text: concerning

text: the

text: business

text: aspects

text: of

text: sports

text: and

text: recreation

text: Some

text: examples

text: of

text: sport

text: managers

text: include

text: the

text: front

text: office

text: system

text: in

text: professional

text: sports

text: college

text: sports

text: managers

text: recreational

text: sport

text: managers

text: sports

text: marketing

text: event

text: management

text: facility

text: management

text: sports

text: economics

text: sport

text: finance

text: and

text: sports

text: information

text: MS-DOS (; acronym for "Microsoft Disk Operating System") is a discontinued operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating systems, and was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s, when it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system by Microsoft Corporation.

text: MS

text: DOS

text: acronym

text: for

text: Microsoft

text: Disk

text: Operating

text: System

text: is

text: discontinued

text: operating

text: system

text: for

text: personal

text: computers

text: mostly

text: developed

text: by

text: Microsoft

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: DOS

text: family

text: of

text: operating

text: systems

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: main

text: operating

text: system

text: for

text: IBM

text: PC

text: compatible

text: personal

text: computers

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: early

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: gradually

text: superseded

text: by

text: operating

text: systems

text: offering

text: graphical

text: user

text: interface

text: GUI

text: in

text: various

text: generations

text: of

text: the

text: graphical

text: Microsoft

text: Windows

text: operating

text: system

text: by

text: Microsoft

text: Corporation

text: California Games II is a sports game released by Epyx for the Amiga , Atari ST , DOS , Sega Master System , and SNES in 1993 . This game is a sequel to California Games . An Atari Lynx version was also announced and previewed in several magazines but was never released .

text: California

text: Games

text: II

text: is

text: sports

text: game

text: released

text: by

text: Epyx

text: for

text: the

text: Amiga

text: Atari

text: ST

text: DOS

text: Sega

text: Master

text: System

text: and

text: SNES

text: in

text: This

text: game

text: is

text: sequel

text: to

text: California

text: Games

text: An

text: Atari

text: Lynx

text: version

text: was

text: also

text: announced

text: and

text: previewed

text: in

text: several

text: magazines

text: but

text: was

text: never

text: released

text: The Atari 8-bit family is a series of 8-bit home computers introduced by Atari, Inc. in 1979 and manufactured until 1992. All of the machines in the family are technically similar, and differ primarily in packaging. They are based on the MOS Technology 6502 CPU running at 1.79 MHz, and were the first home computers designed with custom co-processor chips. This architecture allowed the Atari designs to offer graphics and sound capabilities that were more advanced than contemporary machines like the Apple II or Commodore PET, and gaming on the platform was a major draw. "Star Raiders" is widely considered the platform's killer app.

text: The

text: Atari

text: family

text: is

text: series

text: of

text: home

text: computers

text: introduced

text: by

text: Atari

text: Inc.

text: in

text: and

text: manufactured

text: until

text: All

text: of

text: the

text: machines

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: are

text: technically

text: similar

text: and

text: differ

text: primarily

text: in

text: packaging

text: They

text: are

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: MOS

text: Technology

text: CPU

text: running

text: at

text: MHz

text: and

text: were

text: the

text: first

text: home

text: computers

text: designed

text: with

text: custom

text: co

text: processor

text: chips

text: This

text: architecture

text: allowed

text: the

text: Atari

text: designs

text: to

text: offer

text: graphics

text: and

text: sound

text: capabilities

text: that

text: were

text: more

text: advanced

text: than

text: contemporary

text: machines

text: like

text: the

text: Apple

text: II

text: or

text: Commodore

text: PET

text: and

text: gaming

text: on

text: the

text: platform

text: was

text: major

text: draw

text: Star

text: Raiders

text: is

text: widely

text: considered

text: the

text: platform

text: 's

text: killer

text: app

text: Out of the Park Baseball, abbreviated as OOTP, is a text-based baseball simulation for career, historical, and fictional play. "OOTP" was originally written in 1998, when lead developer Markus Heinsohn sought to combine realistic replay baseball simulation with career play to satisfy hardcore fans and casual gamers alike. "A friend of mine brought home a bat and a glove from a trip to Miami, so we started hitting tennis balls into the neighbors gardens. That was in 1991," Heinsohn told Inside Mac Games in a July 2012 interview. "We then formed a baseball club and started playing in organized baseball leagues in 1994. In the meantime I played all sorts of baseball computer games, but there was no management-related game that I liked, so in 1998 I decided to simply develop my own game, just for fun. When it was done in 1999, I figured it was probably good enough to earn some money with it, and thats when it all started."

text: Out

text: of

text: the

text: Park

text: Baseball

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: OOTP

text: is

text: text

text: based

text: baseball

text: simulation

text: for

text: career

text: historical

text: and

text: fictional

text: play

text: OOTP

text: was

text: originally

text: written

text: in

text: when

text: lead

text: developer

text: Markus

text: Heinsohn

text: sought

text: to

text: combine

text: realistic

text: replay

text: baseball

text: simulation

text: with

text: career

text: play

text: to

text: satisfy

text: hardcore

text: fans

text: and

text: casual

text: gamers

text: alike

text: friend

text: of

text: mine

text: brought

text: home

text: bat

text: and

text: glove

text: from

text: trip

text: to

text: Miami

text: so

text: we

text: started

text: hitting

text: tennis

text: balls

text: into

text: the

text: neighbors

text: gardens

text: That

text: was

text: in

text: Heinsohn

text: told

text: Inside

text: Mac

text: Games

text: in

text: July

text: interview

text: We

text: then

text: formed

text: baseball

text: club

text: and

text: started

text: playing

text: in

text: organized

text: baseball

text: leagues

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: meantime

text: played

text: all

text: sorts

text: of

text: baseball

text: computer

text: games

text: but

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: management

text: related

text: game

text: that

text: liked

text: so

text: in

text: decided

text: to

text: simply

text: develop

text: my

text: own

text: game

text: just

text: for

text: fun

text: When

text: it

text: was

text: done

text: in

text: figured

text: it

text: was

text: probably

text: good

text: enough

text: to

text: earn

text: some

text: money

text: with

text: it

text: and

text: that

text: when

text: it

text: all

text: started

text: DR-DOS (DR DOS, without hyphen up to and including version 6.0) is an operating system of the DOS family, written for IBM PC-compatible personal computers. It was originally developed by Gary Kildall's Digital Research and derived from Concurrent PC DOS 6.0, which was an advanced successor of CP/M-86. As ownership changed, various later versions were produced with names including Novell DOS and Caldera OpenDOS.

text: DR

text: DOS

text: DR

text: DOS

text: without

text: hyphen

text: up

text: to

text: and

text: including

text: version

text: is

text: an

text: operating

text: system

text: of

text: the

text: DOS

text: family

text: written

text: for

text: IBM

text: PC

text: compatible

text: personal

text: computers

text: It

text: was

text: originally

text: developed

text: by

text: Gary

text: Kildall

text: 's

text: Digital

text: Research

text: and

text: derived

text: from

text: Concurrent

text: PC

text: DOS

text: which

text: was

text: an

text: advanced

text: successor

text: of

text: CP

text: As

text: ownership

text: changed

text: various

text: later

text: versions

text: were

text: produced

text: with

text: names

text: including

text: Novell

text: DOS

text: and

text: Caldera

text: OpenDOS

text: Freestyle Footbag is a footbag sport where players demonstrate their abilities by performing sequences of acrobatic tricks. The ending position of the bag on one trick becomes the starting position of the bag on the next trick. Tricks are created by combining different components between contacts (stalls or kicks, usually stalls). Components can be spins, dexterities (wrapping a leg around the bag in mid-air), or ducks (letting the bag pass a few inches above the neck). Contacts are usually on the inside of the foot behind the opposite support leg (clipper stall) or on the toe, however many inventive possibilities remain and are used to create a near-endless list of tricks.

text: Freestyle

text: Footbag

text: is

text: footbag

text: sport

text: where

text: players

text: demonstrate

text: their

text: abilities

text: by

text: performing

text: sequences

text: of

text: acrobatic

text: tricks

text: The

text: ending

text: position

text: of

text: the

text: bag

text: on

text: one

text: trick

text: becomes

text: the

text: starting

text: position

text: of

text: the

text: bag

text: on

text: the

text: next

text: trick

text: Tricks

text: are

text: created

text: by

text: combining

text: different

text: components

text: between

text: contacts

text: stalls

text: or

text: kicks

text: usually

text: stalls

text: Components

text: can

text: be

text: spins

text: dexterities

text: wrapping

text: leg

text: around

text: the

text: bag

text: in

text: mid

text: air

text: or

text: ducks

text: letting

text: the

text: bag

text: pass

text: few

text: inches

text: above

text: the

text: neck

text: Contacts

text: are

text: usually

text: on

text: the

text: inside

text: of

text: the

text: foot

text: behind

text: the

text: opposite

text: support

text: leg

text: clipper

text: stall

text: or

text: on

text: the

text: toe

text: however

text: many

text: inventive

text: possibilities

text: remain

text: and

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: create

text: near

text: endless

text: list

text: of

text: tricks

text: Skateboarding is an action sport which involves riding and performing tricks using a skateboard. Skateboarding can also be considered a recreational activity, an art form, a job, or a method of transportation. Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many skateboarders throughout the years. A 2009 report found that the skateboarding market is worth an estimated $4.8 billion in annual revenue with 11.08 million active skateboarders in the world. In 2016, it was announced that skateboarding will be represented at the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan.

text: Skateboarding

text: is

text: an

text: action

text: sport

text: which

text: involves

text: riding

text: and

text: performing

text: tricks

text: using

text: skateboard

text: Skateboarding

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: considered

text: recreational

text: activity

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: job

text: or

text: method

text: of

text: transportation

text: Skateboarding

text: has

text: been

text: shaped

text: and

text: influenced

text: by

text: many

text: skateboarders

text: throughout

text: the

text: years

text: report

text: found

text: that

text: the

text: skateboarding

text: market

text: is

text: worth

text: an

text: estimated

text: billion

text: in

text: annual

text: revenue

text: with

text: million

text: active

text: skateboarders

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: announced

text: that

text: skateboarding

text: will

text: be

text: represented

text: at

text: the

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: in

text: Tokyo

text: Japan

text: The megabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. Its recommended unit symbol is MB, but sometimes "MByte" is used. The unit prefix "mega" is a multiplier of (10) in the International System of Units (SI). Therefore, one megabyte is one million bytes of information. This definition has been incorporated into the International System of Quantities.

text: The

text: megabyte

text: is

text: multiple

text: of

text: the

text: unit

text: byte

text: for

text: digital

text: information

text: Its

text: recommended

text: unit

text: symbol

text: is

text: MB

text: but

text: sometimes

text: MByte

text: is

text: used

text: The

text: unit

text: prefix

text: mega

text: is

text: multiplier

text: of

text: in

text: the

text: International

text: System

text: of

text: Units

text: SI

text: Therefore

text: one

text: megabyte

text: is

text: one

text: million

text: bytes

text: of

text: information

text: This

text: definition

text: has

text: been

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: International

text: System

text: of

text: Quantities

text: Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. The name is derived from the sport's typical venue: a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place. Track and field is categorised under the umbrella sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running, and race walking.

text: Track

text: and

text: field

text: is

text: sport

text: which

text: includes

text: athletic

text: contests

text: established

text: on

text: the

text: skills

text: of

text: running

text: jumping

text: and

text: throwing

text: The

text: name

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: sport

text: 's

text: typical

text: venue

text: stadium

text: with

text: an

text: oval

text: running

text: track

text: enclosing

text: grass

text: field

text: where

text: the

text: throwing

text: and

text: jumping

text: events

text: take

text: place

text: Track

text: and

text: field

text: is

text: categorised

text: under

text: the

text: umbrella

text: sport

text: of

text: athletics

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: road

text: running

text: cross

text: country

text: running

text: and

text: race

text: walking

text: Roller skating is the traveling on surfaces with roller skates. It is a form of recreational activity as well as a sport, and can also be a form of transportation. Skates generally come in three basic varieties: quad roller skates, inline skates or blades and tri-skates, though some have experimented with a single-wheeled "quintessence skate" or other variations on the basic skate design. In America, this hobby was most popular, first between 1935 and the early 1960s and then in the 1970s, when polyurethane wheels were created and "Disco" oriented roller rinks were the rage and then again in the 1990s when in-line outdoor roller skating, thanks to the improvement made to inline roller skates in 1981 by Scott Olson, took hold.

text: Roller

text: skating

text: is

text: the

text: traveling

text: on

text: surfaces

text: with

text: roller

text: skates

text: It

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: recreational

text: activity

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: sport

text: and

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: form

text: of

text: transportation

text: Skates

text: generally

text: come

text: in

text: three

text: basic

text: varieties

text: quad

text: roller

text: skates

text: inline

text: skates

text: or

text: blades

text: and

text: tri

text: skates

text: though

text: some

text: have

text: experimented

text: with

text: single

text: wheeled

text: quintessence

text: skate

text: or

text: other

text: variations

text: on

text: the

text: basic

text: skate

text: design

text: In

text: America

text: this

text: hobby

text: was

text: most

text: popular

text: first

text: between

text: and

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: then

text: in

text: the

text: when

text: polyurethane

text: wheels

text: were

text: created

text: and

text: Disco

text: oriented

text: roller

text: rinks

text: were

text: the

text: rage

text: and

text: then

text: again

text: in

text: the

text: when

text: in

text: line

text: outdoor

text: roller

text: skating

text: thanks

text: to

text: the

text: improvement

text: made

text: to

text: inline

text: roller

text: skates

text: in

text: by

text: Scott

text: Olson

text: took

text: hold

annotations: follows single

question: genre california games ii

answer: sports video game

text: sports video game

text: sports video game


text: The University of Fort Hare is a public university in Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Fort

text: Hare

text: is

text: public

text: university

text: in

text: Alice

text: Eastern

text: Cape

text: South

text: Africa

text: Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (German: ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.

text: Namibia

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Namibia

text: German

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: whose

text: western

text: border

text: is

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Zambia

text: and

text: Angola

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Botswana

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: Although

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: border

text: Zimbabwe

text: part

text: of

text: less

text: than

text: metres

text: of

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: River

text: essentially

text: small

text: bulge

text: in

text: Botswana

text: to

text: achieve

text: Botswana

text: Zambia

text: micro

text: border

text: separates

text: the

text: two

text: countries

text: Namibia

text: gained

text: independence

text: from

text: South

text: Africa

text: on

text: March

text: following

text: the

text: Namibian

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Windhoek

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: UN

text: the

text: Southern

text: African

text: Development

text: Community

text: SADC

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: AU

text: and

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Nations

text: South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.

text: South

text: Africa

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: RSA

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: of

text: coastline

text: of

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: stretching

text: along

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Indian

text: Oceans

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: of

text: Namibia

text: Botswana

text: and

text: Zimbabwe

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: surrounding

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: South

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: with

text: close

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: nation

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: or

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: that

text: borders

text: both

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: About

text: percent

text: of

text: South

text: Africans

text: are

text: of

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: African

text: ancestry

text: divided

text: among

text: variety

text: of

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: speaking

text: different

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: nine

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: official

text: status

text: The

text: remaining

text: population

text: consists

text: of

text: Africa

text: 's

text: largest

text: communities

text: of

text: European

text: white

text: Asian

text: Indian

text: and

text: multiracial

text: coloured

text: ancestry

text: Zachariah Keodirelang `` ZK '' Matthews ( 1901 -- 12 May 1968 ) was a prominent black academic in South Africa , lecturing at South African Native College ( since 1955 University of Fort Hare ) , where many future leaders of the African continent were among his students .

text: Zachariah

text: Keodirelang

text: ZK

text: Matthews

text: May

text: was

text: prominent

text: black

text: academic

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: lecturing

text: at

text: South

text: African

text: Native

text: College

text: since

text: University

text: of

text: Fort

text: Hare

text: where

text: many

text: future

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: continent

text: were

text: among

text: his

text: students

text:
Alice, a town in South Africa, is named after The Princess Alice, daughter of the British Queen Victoria.
Many of the current political leaders in South Africa were educated at the University of Fort Hare, also the alma mater of former President Nelson Mandela. The university is also the repository of the archives of the African National Congress documents and houses one of the most significant collections of African art.

text: Alice

text: town

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: The

text: Princess

text: Alice

text: daughter

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Queen

text: Victoria

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: current

text: political

text: leaders

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: were

text: educated

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Fort

text: Hare

text: also

text: the

text: alma

text: mater

text: of

text: former

text: President

text: Nelson

text: Mandela

text: The

text: university

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: repository

text: of

text: the

text: archives

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: National

text: Congress

text: documents

text: and

text: houses

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: significant

text: collections

text: of

text: African

text: art

text: Botswana , officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. The citizens refer to themselves as "Batswana" (singular: "Motswana"). Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. Since then, it has maintained a strong tradition of stable representative democracy, with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections.

text: Botswana

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Botswana

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: The

text: citizens

text: refer

text: to

text: themselves

text: as

text: Batswana

text: singular

text: Motswana

text: Formerly

text: the

text: British

text: protectorate

text: of

text: Bechuanaland

text: Botswana

text: adopted

text: its

text: new

text: name

text: after

text: becoming

text: independent

text: within

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: on

text: September

text: Since

text: then

text: it

text: has

text: maintained

text: strong

text: tradition

text: of

text: stable

text: representative

text: democracy

text: with

text: consistent

text: record

text: of

text: uninterrupted

text: democratic

text: elections

text: Mozambique (or ), officially the Republic of Mozambique (or "") is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city is Maputo (known as "Lourenço Marques" before independence).

text: Mozambique

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Mozambique

text: or

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Africa

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Tanzania

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Malawi

text: and

text: Zambia

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Zimbabwe

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Madagascar

text: by

text: the

text: Mozambique

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Maputo

text: known

text: as

text: Lourenço

text: Marques

text: before

text: independence

text: Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west and southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique to the east and northeast. Although it does not border Namibia, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country. The capital and largest city is Harare. A country of roughly 13 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used.

text: Zimbabwe

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Zimbabwe

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: between

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: and

text: Limpopo

text: Rivers

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Botswana

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: southwest

text: Zambia

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: Mozambique

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: Although

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: border

text: Namibia

text: less

text: than

text: metres

text: of

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: River

text: separates

text: it

text: from

text: that

text: country

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Harare

text: country

text: of

text: roughly

text: million

text: people

text: Zimbabwe

text: has

text: official

text: languages

text: with

text: English

text: Shona

text: and

text: Ndebele

text: the

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text: Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20.4 % of its total land area. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two "de facto" independent states with limited or no recognition.

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: At

text: about

text: million

text: million

text: square

text: miles

text: including

text: adjacent

text: islands

text: it

text: covers

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: its

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: With

text: billion

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: it

text: accounts

text: for

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: human

text: population

text: The

text: continent

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: both

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: along

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: continent

text: includes

text: Madagascar

text: and

text: various

text: archipelagos

text: It

text: contains

text: fully

text: recognized

text: sovereign

text: states

text: countries

text: nine

text: territories

text: and

text: two

text: de

text: facto

text: independent

text: states

text: with

text: limited

text: or

text: no

text: recognition

annotations: likely multiple

question: member_of_political_party z. k. matthews

answer: african national congress

text: african national congress


text: The Stone Poneys were a folk-rock trio formed in Los Angeles, consisting of Linda Ronstadt on vocals, Bobby Kimmel on rhythm guitar and vocals, and Kenny Edwards on lead guitar. Their recordings include Ronstadt's first hit song, a cover of Mike Nesmith's "Different Drum". Even at this early stage, Ronstadt was already showcasing her performances of an eclectic mix of songs, often from under-appreciated songwriters, requiring a wide array of backing musicians.

text: The

text: Stone

text: Poneys

text: were

text: folk

text: rock

text: trio

text: formed

text: in

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: consisting

text: of

text: Linda

text: Ronstadt

text: on

text: vocals

text: Bobby

text: Kimmel

text: on

text: rhythm

text: guitar

text: and

text: vocals

text: and

text: Kenny

text: Edwards

text: on

text: lead

text: guitar

text: Their

text: recordings

text: include

text: Ronstadt

text: 's

text: first

text: hit

text: song

text: cover

text: of

text: Mike

text: Nesmith

text: 's

text: Different

text: Drum

text: Even

text: at

text: this

text: early

text: stage

text: Ronstadt

text: was

text: already

text: showcasing

text: her

text: performances

text: of

text: an

text: eclectic

text: mix

text: of

text: songs

text: often

text: from

text: under

text: appreciated

text: songwriters

text: requiring

text: wide

text: array

text: of

text: backing

text: musicians

text: The Monkees are an American-British pop rock band originally active between 1965 and 1971, with subsequent reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series "The Monkees", which aired from 1966 to 1968. The musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork and British actor and singer Davy Jones. The band's music was initially supervised by producer Don Kirshner.

text: The

text: Monkees

text: are

text: an

text: American

text: British

text: pop

text: rock

text: band

text: originally

text: active

text: between

text: and

text: with

text: subsequent

text: reunion

text: albums

text: and

text: tours

text: in

text: the

text: decades

text: that

text: followed

text: They

text: were

text: formed

text: in

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: in

text: by

text: Bob

text: Rafelson

text: and

text: Bert

text: Schneider

text: for

text: the

text: American

text: television

text: series

text: The

text: Monkees

text: which

text: aired

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: musical

text: acting

text: quartet

text: was

text: composed

text: of

text: Americans

text: Micky

text: Dolenz

text: Michael

text: Nesmith

text: and

text: Peter

text: Tork

text: and

text: British

text: actor

text: and

text: singer

text: Davy

text: Jones

text: The

text: band

text: 's

text: music

text: was

text: initially

text: supervised

text: by

text: producer

text: Don

text: Kirshner

text: Linda Maria Ronstadt (born July 15, 1946) is an American popular music singer. She has earned 11 Grammy Awards, three American Music Awards, two Academy of Country Music awards, an Emmy Award, and an ALMA Award, and many of her albums have been certified gold, platinum or multiplatinum in the United states and internationally. She has also earned nominations for a Tony Award and a Golden Globe award. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2014. On July 28, 2014, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts and Humanities.

text: Linda

text: Maria

text: Ronstadt

text: born

text: July

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: popular

text: music

text: singer

text: She

text: has

text: earned

text: Grammy

text: Awards

text: three

text: American

text: Music

text: Awards

text: two

text: Academy

text: of

text: Country

text: Music

text: awards

text: an

text: Emmy

text: Award

text: and

text: an

text: ALMA

text: Award

text: and

text: many

text: of

text: her

text: albums

text: have

text: been

text: certified

text: gold

text: platinum

text: or

text: multiplatinum

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: states

text: and

text: internationally

text: She

text: has

text: also

text: earned

text: nominations

text: for

text: Tony

text: Award

text: and

text: Golden

text: Globe

text: award

text: She

text: was

text: inducted

text: into

text: the

text: Rock

text: and

text: Roll

text: Hall

text: of

text: Fame

text: in

text: April

text: On

text: July

text: she

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: National

text: Medal

text: of

text: Arts

text: and

text: Humanities

text: A Grammy Award (originally called Gramophone Award), or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the music industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards (television), the Tony Awards (stage performance), and the Academy Awards (motion pictures).

text: Grammy

text: Award

text: originally

text: called

text: Gramophone

text: Award

text: or

text: Grammy

text: is

text: an

text: honor

text: awarded

text: by

text: The

text: Recording

text: Academy

text: to

text: recognize

text: outstanding

text: achievement

text: in

text: the

text: mainly

text: English

text: language

text: music

text: industry

text: The

text: annual

text: presentation

text: ceremony

text: features

text: performances

text: by

text: prominent

text: artists

text: and

text: the

text: presentation

text: of

text: those

text: awards

text: that

text: have

text: more

text: popular

text: interest

text: It

text: shares

text: recognition

text: of

text: the

text: music

text: industry

text: as

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: performance

text: awards

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Emmy

text: Awards

text: television

text: the

text: Tony

text: Awards

text: stage

text: performance

text: and

text: the

text: Academy

text: Awards

text: motion

text: pictures

text: Robert Michael Nesmith (born December 30, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist, best known as a member of the pop rock band the Monkees and co-star of the TV series "The Monkees" (19661968). Nesmith's songwriting credits include "Different Drum" (sung by Linda Ronstadt with the Stone Poneys). He is also an executive producer of the cult film "Repo Man" (1984). In 1981, Nesmith won the first Grammy Award given for Video of the Year for his hour-long television show, "Elephant Parts".

text: Robert

text: Michael

text: Nesmith

text: born

text: December

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: musician

text: songwriter

text: actor

text: producer

text: novelist

text: businessman

text: and

text: philanthropist

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: pop

text: rock

text: band

text: the

text: Monkees

text: and

text: co

text: star

text: of

text: the

text: TV

text: series

text: The

text: Monkees

text: Nesmith

text: 's

text: songwriting

text: credits

text: include

text: Different

text: Drum

text: sung

text: by

text: Linda

text: Ronstadt

text: with

text: the

text: Stone

text: Poneys

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: an

text: executive

text: producer

text: of

text: the

text: cult

text: film

text: Repo

text: Man

text: In

text: Nesmith

text: won

text: the

text: first

text: Grammy

text: Award

text: given

text: for

text: Video

text: of

text: the

text: Year

text: for

text: his

text: hour

text: long

text: television

text: show

text: Elephant

text: Parts

text: The Pacific Arts Corporation , Inc. is a company formed by Michael Nesmith circa 1974 to manage and develop media projects , including the medium and the content . The company is associated with a `` drawing '' dove logo .

text: The

text: Pacific

text: Arts

text: Corporation

text: Inc.

text: is

text: company

text: formed

text: by

text: Michael

text: Nesmith

text: circa

text: to

text: manage

text: and

text: develop

text: media

text: projects

text: including

text: the

text: medium

text: and

text: the

text: content

text: The

text: company

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: drawing

text: dove

text: logo

text: Elephant Parts is a collection of comedy and music videos made in 1981 by Michael Nesmith, former member of the Monkees. Nesmith produced the video through his company Pacific Arts. "Elephant Parts" is one hour long and features five full-length music videos, including the popular songs "Rio", and "Cruisin'", which featured wrestler Steve Strong and Monterey-based comic "Chicago" Steve Barkley.

text: Elephant

text: Parts

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: comedy

text: and

text: music

text: videos

text: made

text: in

text: by

text: Michael

text: Nesmith

text: former

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Monkees

text: Nesmith

text: produced

text: the

text: video

text: through

text: his

text: company

text: Pacific

text: Arts

text: Elephant

text: Parts

text: is

text: one

text: hour

text: long

text: and

text: features

text: five

text: full

text: length

text: music

text: videos

text: including

text: the

text: popular

text: songs

text: Rio

text: and

text: Cruisin

text: which

text: featured

text: wrestler

text: Steve

text: Strong

text: and

text: Monterey

text: based

text: comic

text: Chicago

text: Steve

text: Barkley

annotations: follows multiple

question: headquarters_location pacific arts corporation

answer: monterey

text: monterey


text: Alfred Jeanroy (5 July 1859  13 March 1953) was a French linguist.

text: Alfred

text: Jeanroy

text: July

text: March

text: was

text: French

text: linguist

text: Eble III of Ventadorn was viscount of Ventadour (Corrèze, France). He was the son of Eble II, known as "Eble le chanteur" (Eble the singer), and of Agnes de Montluçon. His date of birth is unknown; he died in 1170.

text: Eble

text: III

text: of

text: Ventadorn

text: was

text: viscount

text: of

text: Ventadour

text: Corrèze

text: France

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Eble

text: II

text: known

text: as

text: Eble

text: le

text: chanteur

text: Eble

text: the

text: singer

text: and

text: of

text: Agnes

text: de

text: Montluçon

text: His

text: date

text: of

text: birth

text: is

text: unknown

text: he

text: died

text: in

text: The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies. Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history.

text: The

text: French

text: Revolution

text: was

text: period

text: of

text: far

text: reaching

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: upheaval

text: in

text: France

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: until

text: and

text: was

text: partially

text: carried

text: forward

text: by

text: Napoleon

text: during

text: the

text: later

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Empire

text: The

text: Revolution

text: overthrew

text: the

text: monarchy

text: established

text: republic

text: experienced

text: violent

text: periods

text: of

text: political

text: turmoil

text: and

text: finally

text: culminated

text: in

text: dictatorship

text: under

text: Napoleon

text: that

text: rapidly

text: brought

text: many

text: of

text: its

text: principles

text: to

text: Western

text: Europe

text: and

text: beyond

text: Inspired

text: by

text: liberal

text: and

text: radical

text: ideas

text: the

text: Revolution

text: profoundly

text: altered

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: modern

text: history

text: triggering

text: the

text: global

text: decline

text: of

text: absolute

text: monarchies

text: while

text: replacing

text: them

text: with

text: republics

text: and

text: liberal

text: democracies

text: Through

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: Wars

text: it

text: unleashed

text: wave

text: of

text: global

text: conflicts

text: that

text: extended

text: from

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: to

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: Historians

text: widely

text: regard

text: the

text: Revolution

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: events

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: Cercamon ( Occitan pronunciation : ( serkmun ) , fl . c. 1135 - 1145 ) , whose real name , as well as any actual biographical data , is unknown , was one of the earliest troubadours . He was apparently a jester of sorts , born in Gascony , who spent most of his career in the courts of William X of Aquitaine and perhaps of Eble III of Ventadorn . He was the inventor of the planh ( the Provençal dirge ) , of the tenso ( a sort of rhymed debate in which two poets write one stanza each ) and perhaps of the sirventes . Most of the information we have about Cercamon 's life is nothing but rumour and conjecture ; some of his contemporaries credit him as Marcabru 's mentor , and some circumstantial evidence points to him having died on crusade as a follower of Louis VII of France . About 7 of his lyrics survive , but not a single melody ; unfortunately , the work of his that most contributed to his fame among his contemporaries , his pastoretas or pastourelles , are lost . Cercamon simply means `` world searcher '' in medieval Occitan .

text: Cercamon

text: Occitan

text: pronunciation

text: serkmun

text: fl

text: whose

text: real

text: name

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: any

text: actual

text: biographical

text: data

text: is

text: unknown

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: troubadours

text: He

text: was

text: apparently

text: jester

text: of

text: sorts

text: born

text: in

text: Gascony

text: who

text: spent

text: most

text: of

text: his

text: career

text: in

text: the

text: courts

text: of

text: William

text: of

text: Aquitaine

text: and

text: perhaps

text: of

text: Eble

text: III

text: of

text: Ventadorn

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: inventor

text: of

text: the

text: planh

text: the

text: Provençal

text: dirge

text: of

text: the

text: tenso

text: sort

text: of

text: rhymed

text: debate

text: in

text: which

text: two

text: poets

text: write

text: one

text: stanza

text: each

text: and

text: perhaps

text: of

text: the

text: sirventes

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: information

text: we

text: have

text: about

text: Cercamon

text: 's

text: life

text: is

text: nothing

text: but

text: rumour

text: and

text: conjecture

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: contemporaries

text: credit

text: him

text: as

text: Marcabru

text: 's

text: mentor

text: and

text: some

text: circumstantial

text: evidence

text: points

text: to

text: him

text: having

text: died

text: on

text: crusade

text: as

text: follower

text: of

text: Louis

text: VII

text: of

text: France

text: About

text: of

text: his

text: lyrics

text: survive

text: but

text: not

text: single

text: melody

text: unfortunately

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: his

text: that

text: most

text: contributed

text: to

text: his

text: fame

text: among

text: his

text: contemporaries

text: his

text: pastoretas

text: or

text: pastourelles

text: are

text: lost

text: Cercamon

text: simply

text: means

text: world

text: searcher

text: in

text: medieval

text: Occitan

text: Gascony (Gascon: "Gasconha" ) is an area of southwest France that was part of the "Province of Guyenne and Gascony" prior to the French Revolution. The region is vaguely defined, and the distinction between Guyenne and Gascony is unclear; by some they are seen to overlap, while others consider Gascony a part of Guyenne. Most definitions put Gascony east and south of Bordeaux.

text: Gascony

text: Gascon

text: Gasconha

text: is

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: southwest

text: France

text: that

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Guyenne

text: and

text: Gascony

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: The

text: region

text: is

text: vaguely

text: defined

text: and

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: Guyenne

text: and

text: Gascony

text: is

text: unclear

text: by

text: some

text: they

text: are

text: seen

text: to

text: overlap

text: while

text: others

text: consider

text: Gascony

text: part

text: of

text: Guyenne

text: Most

text: definitions

text: put

text: Gascony

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: Bordeaux

text:
A tenso is a style of troubadour song. It takes the form of a debate in which each voice defends a position; common topics relate to love or ethics. Usually, the tenso is written by two different poets, but several examples exist in which one of the parties is imaginary, including God (Peire de Vic), the poet's horse (Gui de Cavalhon) or his cloak (Bertran Carbonel).
Closely related, and sometimes overlapping, genres include:

text: tenso

text: is

text: style

text: of

text: troubadour

text: song

text: It

text: takes

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: debate

text: in

text: which

text: each

text: voice

text: defends

text: position

text: common

text: topics

text: relate

text: to

text: love

text: or

text: ethics

text: Usually

text: the

text: tenso

text: is

text: written

text: by

text: two

text: different

text: poets

text: but

text: several

text: examples

text: exist

text: in

text: which

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: parties

text: is

text: imaginary

text: including

text: God

text: Peire

text: de

text: Vic

text: the

text: poet

text: 's

text: horse

text: Gui

text: de

text: Cavalhon

text: or

text: his

text: cloak

text: Bertran

text: Carbonel

text: Closely

text: related

text: and

text: sometimes

text: overlapping

text: genres

text: include

text: The planh or plaing ("lament") is a funeral lament used by the troubadours, modeled on the medieval Latin "planctus". It differed from the planctus in that it was intended for a secular audience. Alfred Jeanroy noticed three different types: those dedicated to "grands personnages" (great patrons), those to family and friends, and those to ladies and lovers.

text: The

text: planh

text: or

text: plaing

text: lament

text: is

text: funeral

text: lament

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: troubadours

text: modeled

text: on

text: the

text: medieval

text: Latin

text: planctus

text: It

text: differed

text: from

text: the

text: planctus

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: intended

text: for

text: secular

text: audience

text: Alfred

text: Jeanroy

text: noticed

text: three

text: different

text: types

text: those

text: dedicated

text: to

text: grands

text: personnages

text: great

text: patrons

text: those

text: to

text: family

text: and

text: friends

text: and

text: those

text: to

text: ladies

text: and

text: lovers

text: Gui de Cavalhon, Cavaillo, or Gavaillo (fl. 12001229) was a Provençal nobleman: a diplomat, warrior, and man of letters. He was probably also the Guionet who composed "tensos" and "partimens" with Cadenet, Raimbaut de Vaqueiras, Mainart Ros, Pomairol, and a certain Guillem.

text: Gui

text: de

text: Cavalhon

text: Cavaillo

text: or

text: Gavaillo

text: fl

text: was

text: Provençal

text: nobleman

text: diplomat

text: warrior

text: and

text: man

text: of

text: letters

text: He

text: was

text: probably

text: also

text: the

text: Guionet

text: who

text: composed

text: tensos

text: and

text: partimens

text: with

text: Cadenet

text: Raimbaut

text: de

text: Vaqueiras

text: Mainart

text: Ros

text: Pomairol

text: and

text: certain

text: Guillem

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: A troubadour was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (11001350). Since the word "troubadour" is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a trobairitz.

text: troubadour

text: was

text: composer

text: and

text: performer

text: of

text: Old

text: Occitan

text: lyric

text: poetry

text: during

text: the

text: High

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Since

text: the

text: word

text: troubadour

text: is

text: etymologically

text: masculine

text: female

text: troubadour

text: is

text: usually

text: called

text: trobairitz

text: A planctus ("plaint") is a lament or dirge, a song or poem expressing grief or mourning. It became a popular literary form in the Middle Ages, when they were written in Latin and in the vernacular (i.e., the "planh" of the troubadours). The most common "planctus" is to mourn the death of a famous person, but a number of other varieties have been identified by Peter Dronke. The earliest known example, the "Planctus de obitu Karoli", was composed around 814, on the death of Charlemagne.

text: planctus

text: plaint

text: is

text: lament

text: or

text: dirge

text: song

text: or

text: poem

text: expressing

text: grief

text: or

text: mourning

text: It

text: became

text: popular

text: literary

text: form

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: when

text: they

text: were

text: written

text: in

text: Latin

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: vernacular

text: i.e.

text: the

text: planh

text: of

text: the

text: troubadours

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: planctus

text: is

text: to

text: mourn

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: famous

text: person

text: but

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: varieties

text: have

text: been

text: identified

text: by

text: Peter

text: Dronke

text: The

text: earliest

text: known

text: example

text: the

text: Planctus

text: de

text: obitu

text: Karoli

text: was

text: composed

text: around

text: on

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Charlemagne

text: The sirventes or serventes, sometimes translated as "service song", was a genre of Old Occitan lyric poetry practiced by the troubadours.

text: The

text: sirventes

text: or

text: serventes

text: sometimes

text: translated

text: as

text: service

text: song

text: was

text: genre

text: of

text: Old

text: Occitan

text: lyric

text: poetry

text: practiced

text: by

text: the

text: troubadours

text: Old Occitan (Modern Occitan: "occitan ancian"), also called Old Provençal, was the earliest form of the Occitano-Romance languages, as attested in writings dating from the eighth through the fourteenth centuries. Old Occitan generally includes Early and Old Occitan. Middle Occitan is sometimes included in Old Occitan, sometimes in Modern Occitan. As the term "occitanus" appeared around the year 1300, Old Occitan is referred to as "Romance" (Occitan: "romans") or "Provençal" (Occitan: "proensals") in medieval texts.

text: Old

text: Occitan

text: Modern

text: Occitan

text: occitan

text: ancian

text: also

text: called

text: Old

text: Provençal

text: was

text: the

text: earliest

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: Occitano

text: Romance

text: languages

text: as

text: attested

text: in

text: writings

text: dating

text: from

text: the

text: eighth

text: through

text: the

text: fourteenth

text: centuries

text: Old

text: Occitan

text: generally

text: includes

text: Early

text: and

text: Old

text: Occitan

text: Middle

text: Occitan

text: is

text: sometimes

text: included

text: in

text: Old

text: Occitan

text: sometimes

text: in

text: Modern

text: Occitan

text: As

text: the

text: term

text: occitanus

text: appeared

text: around

text: the

text: year

text: Old

text: Occitan

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Romance

text: Occitan

text: romans

text: or

text: Provençal

text: Occitan

text: proensals

text: in

text: medieval

text: texts

text: Bertran Carbonel (fl. 12521265) was a Provençal troubadour from Marseille. He is a polarising figure among scholars and his reputation varies between authorities. Eighteen of his lyric works survive, as well as seventy-two (Gaunt and Kay) or ninety-four (Riquer) single "coblas triadas esparsas" on "edifying" themes. He was patronised at the court of Hugh IV and Henry II of Rodez.

text: Bertran

text: Carbonel

text: fl

text: was

text: Provençal

text: troubadour

text: from

text: Marseille

text: He

text: is

text: polarising

text: figure

text: among

text: scholars

text: and

text: his

text: reputation

text: varies

text: between

text: authorities

text: Eighteen

text: of

text: his

text: lyric

text: works

text: survive

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: seventy

text: two

text: Gaunt

text: and

text: Kay

text: or

text: ninety

text: four

text: Riquer

text: single

text: coblas

text: triadas

text: esparsas

text: on

text: edifying

text: themes

text: He

text: was

text: patronised

text: at

text: the

text: court

text: of

text: Hugh

text: IV

text: and

text: Henry

text: II

text: of

text: Rodez

question: date_of_death cercamon

answer: 1200