text: A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side, with text and/or images printed in ink. A single sheet within a book is a leaf, and each side of a leaf is a page. A set of text-filled or illustrated pages produced in electronic format is known as an electronic book, or e-book.

text: book

text: is

text: set

text: of

text: written

text: printed

text: illustrated

text: or

text: blank

text: sheets

text: made

text: of

text: paper

text: parchment

text: or

text: other

text: materials

text: fastened

text: together

text: to

text: hinge

text: at

text: one

text: side

text: with

text: text

text: and/or

text: images

text: printed

text: in

text: ink

text: single

text: sheet

text: within

text: book

text: is

text: leaf

text: and

text: each

text: side

text: of

text: leaf

text: is

text: page

text: set

text: of

text: text

text: filled

text: or

text: illustrated

text: pages

text: produced

text: in

text: electronic

text: format

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: electronic

text: book

text: or

text: book

text: Frank Anthony Iero, Jr. (born October 31, 1981) is an American musician who was the rhythm guitarist and backup vocalist of the rock band My Chemical Romance and post-hardcore band Leathermouth. He has a solo punk rock project titled Frank Iero and the Patience. He released an album under the previous moniker frnkiero andthe cellabration titled "Stomachaches" that was released on August 26, 2014. The first single off the album, called "Weighted", premiered on BBC Radio One on July 8, 2014.

text: Frank

text: Anthony

text: Iero

text: Jr.

text: born

text: October

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: musician

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: rhythm

text: guitarist

text: and

text: backup

text: vocalist

text: of

text: the

text: rock

text: band

text: My

text: Chemical

text: Romance

text: and

text: post

text: hardcore

text: band

text: Leathermouth

text: He

text: has

text: solo

text: punk

text: rock

text: project

text: titled

text: Frank

text: Iero

text: and

text: the

text: Patience

text: He

text: released

text: an

text: album

text: under

text: the

text: previous

text: moniker

text: frnkiero

text: andthe

text: cellabration

text: titled

text: Stomachaches

text: that

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: August

text: The

text: first

text: single

text: off

text: the

text: album

text: called

text: Weighted

text: premiered

text: on

text: BBC

text: Radio

text: One

text: on

text: July

text: My Chemical Romance (often abbreviated as MCR) was an American rock band from New Jersey, active from 2001 to 2013. The band's best-known lineup consisted of lead vocalist Gerard Way, guitarists Ray Toro and Frank Iero, bassist Mikey Way and drummer Bob Bryar. Founded by Gerard, Mikey, Toro, Matt Pelissier, and later joined by Iero, the band signed to Eyeball Records and released their debut album "I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love" in 2002. They signed with Reprise Records the next year and released their major label debut "Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge" in 2004. Shortly after the album's release, Pelissier was replaced by Bob Bryar. A commercial success, the album was awarded platinum status over a year later.

text: My

text: Chemical

text: Romance

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: MCR

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: rock

text: band

text: from

text: New

text: Jersey

text: active

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: band

text: 's

text: best

text: known

text: lineup

text: consisted

text: of

text: lead

text: vocalist

text: Gerard

text: Way

text: guitarists

text: Ray

text: Toro

text: and

text: Frank

text: Iero

text: bassist

text: Mikey

text: Way

text: and

text: drummer

text: Bob

text: Bryar

text: Founded

text: by

text: Gerard

text: Mikey

text: Toro

text: Matt

text: Pelissier

text: and

text: later

text: joined

text: by

text: Iero

text: the

text: band

text: signed

text: to

text: Eyeball

text: Records

text: and

text: released

text: their

text: debut

text: album

text: Brought

text: You

text: My

text: Bullets

text: You

text: Brought

text: Me

text: Your

text: Love

text: in

text: They

text: signed

text: with

text: Reprise

text: Records

text: the

text: next

text: year

text: and

text: released

text: their

text: major

text: label

text: debut

text: Three

text: Cheers

text: for

text: Sweet

text: Revenge

text: in

text: Shortly

text: after

text: the

text: album

text: 's

text: release

text: Pelissier

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: Bob

text: Bryar

text: commercial

text: success

text: the

text: album

text: was

text: awarded

text: platinum

text: status

text: over

text: year

text: later

text: Gerard Arthur Way (born April 9, 1977) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and comic book writer who was the lead vocalist and co-founder of the rock band My Chemical Romance from its formation in September 2001 until its split in March 2013. His debut solo album "Hesitant Alien" was released on September 30, 2014. He also wrote the comic mini-series "The True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys" and the Eisner Award-winning comic book "The Umbrella Academy".

text: Gerard

text: Arthur

text: Way

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: musician

text: and

text: comic

text: book

text: writer

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: lead

text: vocalist

text: and

text: co

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: rock

text: band

text: My

text: Chemical

text: Romance

text: from

text: its

text: formation

text: in

text: September

text: until

text: its

text: split

text: in

text: March

text: His

text: debut

text: solo

text: album

text: Hesitant

text: Alien

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: September

text: He

text: also

text: wrote

text: the

text: comic

text: mini

text: series

text: The

text: True

text: Lives

text: of

text: the

text: Fabulous

text: Killjoys

text: and

text: the

text: Eisner

text: Award

text: winning

text: comic

text: book

text: The

text: Umbrella

text: Academy

text: MPEG-1 and/or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players and computing devices.

text: and/or

text: Audio

text: Layer

text: III

text: more

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: is

text: an

text: audio

text: coding

text: format

text: for

text: digital

text: audio

text: which

text: uses

text: form

text: of

text: lossy

text: data

text: compression

text: It

text: is

text: common

text: audio

text: format

text: for

text: consumer

text: audio

text: streaming

text: or

text: storage

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: de

text: facto

text: standard

text: of

text: digital

text: audio

text: compression

text: for

text: the

text: transfer

text: and

text: playback

text: of

text: music

text: on

text: most

text: digital

text: audio

text: players

text: and

text: computing

text: devices

text: Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, then from 1948 as vinyl LP records played at  rpm. Vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc (CD) and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl.

text: Albums

text: of

text: recorded

text: music

text: were

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: first

text: as

text: books

text: of

text: individual

text: records

text: then

text: from

text: as

text: vinyl

text: LP

text: records

text: played

text: at

text: rpm

text: Vinyl

text: LPs

text: are

text: still

text: issued

text: though

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: album

text: sales

text: have

text: mostly

text: focused

text: on

text: compact

text: disc

text: CD

text: and

text: formats

text: The

text: audio

text: cassette

text: was

text: format

text: used

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: through

text: to

text: the

text: alongside

text: vinyl

text: Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge is the second studio album by American rock band My Chemical Romance, released on June 8, 2004. It is My Chemical Romance's first release through Reprise. Their first and previous album, "I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love", was released through Eyeball Records. It is the band's final release to feature drummer Matt Pelissier, who would later be replaced by Bob Bryar. The album was certified platinum in less than a year from its release. The album has sold over one million copies in the United States.

text: Three

text: Cheers

text: for

text: Sweet

text: Revenge

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: studio

text: album

text: by

text: American

text: rock

text: band

text: My

text: Chemical

text: Romance

text: released

text: on

text: June

text: It

text: is

text: My

text: Chemical

text: Romance

text: 's

text: first

text: release

text: through

text: Reprise

text: Their

text: first

text: and

text: previous

text: album

text: Brought

text: You

text: My

text: Bullets

text: You

text: Brought

text: Me

text: Your

text: Love

text: was

text: released

text: through

text: Eyeball

text: Records

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: final

text: release

text: to

text: feature

text: drummer

text: Matt

text: Pelissier

text: who

text: would

text: later

text: be

text: replaced

text: by

text: Bob

text: Bryar

text: The

text: album

text: was

text: certified

text: platinum

text: in

text: less

text: than

text: year

text: from

text: its

text: release

text: The

text: album

text: has

text: sold

text: over

text: one

text: million

text: copies

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Eyeball Records was an independent record label based in Northern New Jersey, formed in 1995 by Alex Saavedra. They released albums by artists such as Thursday, My Chemical Romance and Murder by Death.

text: Eyeball

text: Records

text: was

text: an

text: independent

text: record

text: label

text: based

text: in

text: Northern

text: New

text: Jersey

text: formed

text: in

text: by

text: Alex

text: Saavedra

text: They

text: released

text: albums

text: by

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: Thursday

text: My

text: Chemical

text: Romance

text: and

text: Murder

text: by

text: Death

text: Geoffrey William "Geoff" Rickly (born March 8, 1979) is an American musician. He is best known for being the lead singer and songwriter of Thursday, an American rock band from New Brunswick, New Jersey and is currently fronting United Nations and No Devotion. He released six studio albums with Thursday and has released two with United Nations, and a debut album from No Devotion which was released on September 25, 2015.

text: Geoffrey

text: William

text: Geoff

text: Rickly

text: born

text: March

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: musician

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: being

text: the

text: lead

text: singer

text: and

text: songwriter

text: of

text: Thursday

text: an

text: American

text: rock

text: band

text: from

text: New

text: Brunswick

text: New

text: Jersey

text: and

text: is

text: currently

text: fronting

text: United

text: Nations

text: and

text: No

text: Devotion

text: He

text: released

text: six

text: studio

text: albums

text: with

text: Thursday

text: and

text: has

text: released

text: two

text: with

text: United

text: Nations

text: and

text: debut

text: album

text: from

text: No

text: Devotion

text: which

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: September

text: The LP (from "long playing" or "long play") is an analog sound storage medium, a vinyl record format characterized by a speed of rpm, a 12 or 10 inch (30 or 25 cm) diameter, and use of the "microgroove" groove specification. Introduced by Columbia in 1948, it was soon adopted as a new standard by the entire record industry. Apart from a few relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound, it has remained the standard format for vinyl albums.

text: The

text: LP

text: from

text: long

text: playing

text: or

text: long

text: play

text: is

text: an

text: analog

text: sound

text: storage

text: medium

text: vinyl

text: record

text: format

text: characterized

text: by

text: speed

text: of

text: rpm

text: or

text: inch

text: or

text: cm

text: diameter

text: and

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: microgroove

text: groove

text: specification

text: Introduced

text: by

text: Columbia

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: soon

text: adopted

text: as

text: new

text: standard

text: by

text: the

text: entire

text: record

text: industry

text: Apart

text: from

text: few

text: relatively

text: minor

text: refinements

text: and

text: the

text: important

text: later

text: addition

text: of

text: stereophonic

text: sound

text: it

text: has

text: remained

text: the

text: standard

text: format

text: for

text: vinyl

text: albums

text: Reprise Records is an American major record label, founded in 1960 by Frank Sinatra. It was mostly inactive from 1976 to 1987. It is owned by Warner Music Group, and operates through Warner Bros. Records.

text: Reprise

text: Records

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: major

text: record

text: label

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Frank

text: Sinatra

text: It

text: was

text: mostly

text: inactive

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: is

text: owned

text: by

text: Warner

text: Music

text: Group

text: and

text: operates

text: through

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Records

text: Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format released in 1982 and co-developed by Philips and Sony. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982, when the first commercially available CD player was released in Japan.

text: Compact

text: disc

text: CD

text: is

text: digital

text: optical

text: disc

text: data

text: storage

text: format

text: released

text: in

text: and

text: co

text: developed

text: by

text: Philips

text: and

text: Sony

text: The

text: format

text: was

text: originally

text: developed

text: to

text: store

text: and

text: play

text: only

text: sound

text: recordings

text: but

text: was

text: later

text: adapted

text: for

text: storage

text: of

text: data

text: CD

text: ROM

text: Several

text: other

text: formats

text: were

text: further

text: derived

text: from

text: these

text: including

text: write

text: once

text: audio

text: and

text: data

text: storage

text: CD

text: rewritable

text: media

text: CD

text: RW

text: Video

text: Compact

text: Disc

text: VCD

text: Super

text: Video

text: Compact

text: Disc

text: SVCD

text: Photo

text: CD

text: PictureCD

text: CD

text: and

text: Enhanced

text: Music

text: CD

text: Audio

text: CD

text: players

text: have

text: been

text: commercially

text: available

text: since

text: October

text: when

text: the

text: first

text: commercially

text: available

text: CD

text: player

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: Japan

text: `` Honey , This Mirror Is n't Big Enough for the Two of Us '' is the second single released by the band My Chemical Romance from their debut album , I Brought You My Bullets , You Brought Me Your Love ( and second overall single ) . It is the second track on the album . The song peaked at # 182 in the UK . The song deals with drug use , reflecting on frontman Gerard Way 's past problems with alcohol .

text: Honey

text: This

text: Mirror

text: Is

text: n't

text: Big

text: Enough

text: for

text: the

text: Two

text: of

text: Us

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: single

text: released

text: by

text: the

text: band

text: My

text: Chemical

text: Romance

text: from

text: their

text: debut

text: album

text: Brought

text: You

text: My

text: Bullets

text: You

text: Brought

text: Me

text: Your

text: Love

text: and

text: second

text: overall

text: single

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: track

text: on

text: the

text: album

text: The

text: song

text: peaked

text: at

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: The

text: song

text: deals

text: with

text: drug

text: use

text: reflecting

text: on

text: frontman

text: Gerard

text: Way

text: 's

text: past

text: problems

text: with

text: alcohol

text: I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love is the debut studio album by American rock band My Chemical Romance, released on July 23, 2002. The album was produced by Thursday vocalist Geoff Rickly at Nada Recording Studio in New Windsor, New York.

text: Brought

text: You

text: My

text: Bullets

text: You

text: Brought

text: Me

text: Your

text: Love

text: is

text: the

text: debut

text: studio

text: album

text: by

text: American

text: rock

text: band

text: My

text: Chemical

text: Romance

text: released

text: on

text: July

text: The

text: album

text: was

text: produced

text: by

text: Thursday

text: vocalist

text: Geoff

text: Rickly

text: at

text: Nada

text: Recording

text: Studio

text: in

text: New

text: Windsor

text: New

text: York

question: record_label honey

answer: eyeball records

text: eyeball records

text: eyeball records

text: eyeball records


text: Regional rail, also known as local trains and stopping trains, are passenger rail services that operate between towns and cities. These trains operate with more stops over shorter distances than inter-city rail, but fewer stops and faster service than commuter rail. Regional rail services operate beyond the limits of urban areas, and either connect similarly-sized smaller cities and towns, or cities and surrounding towns, outside or at the outer rim of a suburban belt.

text: Regional

text: rail

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: local

text: trains

text: and

text: stopping

text: trains

text: are

text: passenger

text: rail

text: services

text: that

text: operate

text: between

text: towns

text: and

text: cities

text: These

text: trains

text: operate

text: with

text: more

text: stops

text: over

text: shorter

text: distances

text: than

text: inter

text: city

text: rail

text: but

text: fewer

text: stops

text: and

text: faster

text: service

text: than

text: commuter

text: rail

text: Regional

text: rail

text: services

text: operate

text: beyond

text: the

text: limits

text: of

text: urban

text: areas

text: and

text: either

text: connect

text: similarly

text: sized

text: smaller

text: cities

text: and

text: towns

text: or

text: cities

text: and

text: surrounding

text: towns

text: outside

text: or

text: at

text: the

text: outer

text: rim

text: of

text: suburban

text: belt

text: Sangbong Station is a station on the Seoul Subway Line 7. As of December 21, 2010, this station now has a dual transfer point with the GyeonguiJungang Line and Gyeongchun Line, with the platform of the aboveground station.

text: Sangbong

text: Station

text: is

text: station

text: on

text: the

text: Seoul

text: Subway

text: Line

text: As

text: of

text: December

text: this

text: station

text: now

text: has

text: dual

text: transfer

text: point

text: with

text: the

text: GyeonguiJungang

text: Line

text: and

text: Gyeongchun

text: Line

text: with

text: the

text: platform

text: of

text: the

text: aboveground

text: station

text: Chuncheon is the capital of Gangwon Province, South Korea. The city lies in the north of the county, located in a basin formed by the Soyang River and Han River. There are some large lakes around the city, most notably Lake Soyang and Lake Uiam(or Dam Uiam). The area is renowned for its small river islands, such as Sangjungdo, Ha-Jungdo, Bungeodo, and Wido.

text: Chuncheon

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Gangwon

text: Province

text: South

text: Korea

text: The

text: city

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: located

text: in

text: basin

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: Soyang

text: River

text: and

text: Han

text: River

text: There

text: are

text: some

text: large

text: lakes

text: around

text: the

text: city

text: most

text: notably

text: Lake

text: Soyang

text: and

text: Lake

text: Uiam(or

text: Dam

text: Uiam

text: The

text: area

text: is

text: renowned

text: for

text: its

text: small

text: river

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: Sangjungdo

text: Ha

text: Jungdo

text: Bungeodo

text: and

text: Wido

text: The Jungang Line (literally "Central Line") is a railway line connecting Cheongnyangni in Seoul to Gyeongju in South Korea, traversing central South Korea from the northwest to the southeast. It also referred to the rail line of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway from Yongsan Station to Yongmun Station.

text: The

text: Jungang

text: Line

text: literally

text: Central

text: Line

text: is

text: railway

text: line

text: connecting

text: Cheongnyangni

text: in

text: Seoul

text: to

text: Gyeongju

text: in

text: South

text: Korea

text: traversing

text: central

text: South

text: Korea

text: from

text: the

text: northwest

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: It

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: rail

text: line

text: of

text: the

text: Seoul

text: Metropolitan

text: Subway

text: from

text: Yongsan

text: Station

text: to

text: Yongmun

text: Station

text: The Gyeongchun Line is a regional rail line between Seoul and Chuncheon operated by Korail. The name of the line is derived from Gyeong (meaning the capital, Seoul) and "Chuncheon". The line was reconstructed in a new alignment in its entirety in the 2000s. Rail service operates between Sangbong Station on the Jungang Line in eastern Seoul and Chuncheon Station as part of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway system since December 21, 2010. A class of regional rail service named ITX-Cheongchun began operations on February 28, 2012, linking Chuncheon to Cheongnyangni and Yongsan Stations.

text: The

text: Gyeongchun

text: Line

text: is

text: regional

text: rail

text: line

text: between

text: Seoul

text: and

text: Chuncheon

text: operated

text: by

text: Korail

text: The

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: line

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: Gyeong

text: meaning

text: the

text: capital

text: Seoul

text: and

text: Chuncheon

text: The

text: line

text: was

text: reconstructed

text: in

text: new

text: alignment

text: in

text: its

text: entirety

text: in

text: the

text: Rail

text: service

text: operates

text: between

text: Sangbong

text: Station

text: on

text: the

text: Jungang

text: Line

text: in

text: eastern

text: Seoul

text: and

text: Chuncheon

text: Station

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Seoul

text: Metropolitan

text: Subway

text: system

text: since

text: December

text: class

text: of

text: regional

text: rail

text: service

text: named

text: ITX

text: Cheongchun

text: began

text: operations

text: on

text: February

text: linking

text: Chuncheon

text: to

text: Cheongnyangni

text: and

text: Yongsan

text: Stations

text: Chuncheon Station is a railway station on, and the eastern terminus of, the Gyeongchun Line. It was opened in 1939 as a regular train station and became a subway stop in 2010.

text: Chuncheon

text: Station

text: is

text: railway

text: station

text: on

text: and

text: the

text: eastern

text: terminus

text: of

text: the

text: Gyeongchun

text: Line

text: It

text: was

text: opened

text: in

text: as

text: regular

text: train

text: station

text: and

text: became

text: subway

text: stop

text: in

text: Korea Railroad Corporation (Korean: , Hanja: ), promoted as Korail (), is the national railroad operator in South Korea.

text: Korea

text: Railroad

text: Corporation

text: Korean

text: Hanja

text: promoted

text: as

text: Korail

text: is

text: the

text: national

text: railroad

text: operator

text: in

text: South

text: Korea

text: Seoul ()  officially the Seoul Special City  is the capital and largest metropolis of the Republic of Korea (commonly known as South Korea), forming the heart of the Seoul Capital Area, which includes the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province, the world's 16th largest city. It is home to over half of all South Koreans along with 678,102 international residents.

text: Seoul

text: officially

text: the

text: Seoul

text: Special

text: City

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: metropolis

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: South

text: Korea

text: forming

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Seoul

text: Capital

text: Area

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: surrounding

text: Incheon

text: metropolis

text: and

text: Gyeonggi

text: province

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: It

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: over

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: South

text: Koreans

text: along

text: with

text: international

text: residents

text: The Seoul Metropolitan Subway is an integrated urban rail transit system consisting of 20 rapid transit, light metro, commuter rail and people mover lines located in South Korea. The system serves most of the Seoul Metropolitan Area including the Incheon metropolis and satellite cities in Gyeonggi province. Some lines in the network cross large rural areas to reach major cities in northern Chungnam province and western Gangwon province that lie over 100 km away from the capital.

text: The

text: Seoul

text: Metropolitan

text: Subway

text: is

text: an

text: integrated

text: urban

text: rail

text: transit

text: system

text: consisting

text: of

text: rapid

text: transit

text: light

text: metro

text: commuter

text: rail

text: and

text: people

text: mover

text: lines

text: located

text: in

text: South

text: Korea

text: The

text: system

text: serves

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Seoul

text: Metropolitan

text: Area

text: including

text: the

text: Incheon

text: metropolis

text: and

text: satellite

text: cities

text: in

text: Gyeonggi

text: province

text: Some

text: lines

text: in

text: the

text: network

text: cross

text: large

text: rural

text: areas

text: to

text: reach

text: major

text: cities

text: in

text: northern

text: Chungnam

text: province

text: and

text: western

text: Gangwon

text: province

text: that

text: lie

text: over

text: km

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: capital

text: Yongsan Station is a major railway station in Seoul, South Korea. It is located in Yongsan District, and adjoins the Yongsan Electronics Market. The station is the terminus for high-speed and long-distance trains on a number of railway lines, including most trains on the Honam Line, its high-speed counterpart, and all trains on the Janghang and Jeolla Lines.

text: Yongsan

text: Station

text: is

text: major

text: railway

text: station

text: in

text: Seoul

text: South

text: Korea

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: Yongsan

text: District

text: and

text: adjoins

text: the

text: Yongsan

text: Electronics

text: Market

text: The

text: station

text: is

text: the

text: terminus

text: for

text: high

text: speed

text: and

text: long

text: distance

text: trains

text: on

text: number

text: of

text: railway

text: lines

text: including

text: most

text: trains

text: on

text: the

text: Honam

text: Line

text: its

text: high

text: speed

text: counterpart

text: and

text: all

text: trains

text: on

text: the

text: Janghang

text: and

text: Jeolla

text: Lines

text: Sangsaek Station was closed station . It was on Gyeongchun Line .

text: Sangsaek

text: Station

text: was

text: closed

text: station

text: It

text: was

text: on

text: Gyeongchun

text: Line

annotations: likely multiple

annotations: follows multiple

question: instance_of sangsaek station

answer: railway station

text: railway station

text: railway station


text: Theodoric II (Gothic: Þiudareiks II), "Teodorico" in Spanish and Portuguese, (426  early 466) was the eighth King of Visigoths from 453 to 466.

text: Theodoric

text: II

text: Gothic

text: Þiudareiks

text: II

text: Teodorico

text: in

text: Spanish

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: early

text: was

text: the

text: eighth

text: King

text: of

text: Visigoths

text: from

text: to

text: Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the time of transition from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages in mainland Europe, the Mediterranean world, and the Middle East. The development of the periodization has generally been accredited to historian Peter Brown, after the publication of his seminal work "The World of Late Antiquity" (1971). Precise boundaries for the period are a continuing matter of debate, but Brown proposes a period between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Generally, it can be thought of as from the end of the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century (c. 235  284) to, in the East, the early Islamic period (7th9th centuries), following the Muslim conquests in the mid7th century. In the West the end was earlier, with the start of the Early Medieval period typically placed in the 6th century, or earlier on the Western edges of the empire.

text: Late

text: Antiquity

text: is

text: periodization

text: used

text: by

text: historians

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: transition

text: from

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: to

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: in

text: mainland

text: Europe

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: The

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: periodization

text: has

text: generally

text: been

text: accredited

text: to

text: historian

text: Peter

text: Brown

text: after

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: his

text: seminal

text: work

text: The

text: World

text: of

text: Late

text: Antiquity

text: Precise

text: boundaries

text: for

text: the

text: period

text: are

text: continuing

text: matter

text: of

text: debate

text: but

text: Brown

text: proposes

text: period

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: AD

text: Generally

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: thought

text: of

text: as

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: 's

text: Crisis

text: of

text: the

text: Third

text: Century

text: to

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: the

text: early

text: Islamic

text: period

text: centuries

text: following

text: the

text: Muslim

text: conquests

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: In

text: the

text: West

text: the

text: end

text: was

text: earlier

text: with

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Early

text: Medieval

text: period

text: typically

text: placed

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: or

text: earlier

text: on

text: the

text: Western

text: edges

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: Theodoric I (390 or 393  20 or 24 June 451) was the King of the Visigoths from 418 to 451. An illegitimate son of Alaric, Theodoric is famous for his part in defeating Attila at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451, where he was killed on June 24.

text: Theodoric

text: or

text: or

text: June

text: was

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: the

text: Visigoths

text: from

text: to

text: An

text: illegitimate

text: son

text: of

text: Alaric

text: Theodoric

text: is

text: famous

text: for

text: his

text: part

text: in

text: defeating

text: Attila

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Catalaunian

text: Plains

text: in

text: where

text: he

text: was

text: killed

text: on

text: June

text: Thorismund ( Gothic : Þaurismoþs ) , also Thorismod or Thorismud , as manuscripts of our chief source confusingly attest ) , ( c. 420 -- 453 ) became king of the Visigoths after his father Theodoric was killed in the Battle of Châlons in 451 CE. He was murdered in 453 and was succeeded by his brother Theodoric II. Thorismund appears to have played a pivotal role in the Battle of Châlons as he led a contingent of the Visigoth forces into capturing an important summit at the very early stages of the conflict . The summit seems to have extended to the whole of the left flank of the Ostrogoth and Hun forces . Thorismund descended from the hills during the late stages of the conflict , when the Huns had prevailed over the Alans , and the Ostrogoths were pushing the disorganized Visigoths after the death of their king Theodoric . Thorismund led his force of Visigoths to a decisive charge which , according to Gibbon , flanked both the Ostrogoths and subsequently the Huns and snatched the victory from his enemies .

text: Thorismund

text: Gothic

text: Þaurismoþs

text: also

text: Thorismod

text: or

text: Thorismud

text: as

text: manuscripts

text: of

text: our

text: chief

text: source

text: confusingly

text: attest

text: became

text: king

text: of

text: the

text: Visigoths

text: after

text: his

text: father

text: Theodoric

text: was

text: killed

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Châlons

text: in

text: CE

text: He

text: was

text: murdered

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: his

text: brother

text: Theodoric

text: II

text: Thorismund

text: appears

text: to

text: have

text: played

text: pivotal

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Châlons

text: as

text: he

text: led

text: contingent

text: of

text: the

text: Visigoth

text: forces

text: into

text: capturing

text: an

text: important

text: summit

text: at

text: the

text: very

text: early

text: stages

text: of

text: the

text: conflict

text: The

text: summit

text: seems

text: to

text: have

text: extended

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: the

text: left

text: flank

text: of

text: the

text: Ostrogoth

text: and

text: Hun

text: forces

text: Thorismund

text: descended

text: from

text: the

text: hills

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: stages

text: of

text: the

text: conflict

text: when

text: the

text: Huns

text: had

text: prevailed

text: over

text: the

text: Alans

text: and

text: the

text: Ostrogoths

text: were

text: pushing

text: the

text: disorganized

text: Visigoths

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: their

text: king

text: Theodoric

text: Thorismund

text: led

text: his

text: force

text: of

text: Visigoths

text: to

text: decisive

text: charge

text: which

text: according

text: to

text: Gibbon

text: flanked

text: both

text: the

text: Ostrogoths

text: and

text: subsequently

text: the

text: Huns

text: and

text: snatched

text: the

text: victory

text: from

text: his

text: enemies

text: The Goths were an East Germanic people, two of whose branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe. The Goths dominated a vast area, which at its peak under the Germanic king Ermanaric and his sub-king Athanaric possibly extended all the way from the Danube to the Don, and from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea.

text: The

text: Goths

text: were

text: an

text: East

text: Germanic

text: people

text: two

text: of

text: whose

text: branches

text: the

text: Visigoths

text: and

text: the

text: Ostrogoths

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: Medieval

text: Europe

text: The

text: Goths

text: dominated

text: vast

text: area

text: which

text: at

text: its

text: peak

text: under

text: the

text: Germanic

text: king

text: Ermanaric

text: and

text: his

text: sub

text: king

text: Athanaric

text: possibly

text: extended

text: all

text: the

text: way

text: from

text: the

text: Danube

text: to

text: the

text: Don

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text:
Gaul (Latin: "Gallia") was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands, Central Italy and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine. It covered an area of 190,800 mi² or 494,169 km². According to the testimony of Julius Caesar, Gaul was divided into three parts: Gallia Celtica, Belgica and Aquitania.
Archaeologically, the Gauls were bearers of the La Tène culture, which extended across all of Gaul, as well as east to Raetia, Noricum, Pannonia and southwestern Germania during the 5th to 1st centuries BC.
During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, Gaul fell under Roman rule: Gallia Cisalpina was conquered in 203 BC and Gallia Narbonensis in 123 BC. Gaul was invaded after 120 BC by the Cimbri and the Teutons, who were in turn defeated by the Romans by 103 BC. Julius Caesar finally subdued the remaining parts of Gaul in his campaigns of 58 to 51 BC.

text: Gaul

text: Latin

text: Gallia

text: was

text: region

text: of

text: Western

text: Europe

text: during

text: the

text: Iron

text: Age

text: that

text: was

text: inhabited

text: by

text: Celtic

text: tribes

text: encompassing

text: present

text: day

text: France

text: Luxembourg

text: Belgium

text: most

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: Northern

text: Italy

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Central

text: Italy

text: and

text: Germany

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: It

text: covered

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: or

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: testimony

text: of

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: Gaul

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: parts

text: Gallia

text: Celtica

text: Belgica

text: and

text: Aquitania

text: Archaeologically

text: the

text: Gauls

text: were

text: bearers

text: of

text: the

text: La

text: Tène

text: culture

text: which

text: extended

text: across

text: all

text: of

text: Gaul

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: east

text: to

text: Raetia

text: Noricum

text: Pannonia

text: and

text: southwestern

text: Germania

text: during

text: the

text: to

text: centuries

text: BC

text: During

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: BC

text: Gaul

text: fell

text: under

text: Roman

text: rule

text: Gallia

text: Cisalpina

text: was

text: conquered

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: Gallia

text: Narbonensis

text: in

text: BC

text: Gaul

text: was

text: invaded

text: after

text: BC

text: by

text: the

text: Cimbri

text: and

text: the

text: Teutons

text: who

text: were

text: in

text: turn

text: defeated

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: by

text: BC

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: finally

text: subdued

text: the

text: remaining

text: parts

text: of

text: Gaul

text: in

text: his

text: campaigns

text: of

text: to

text: BC

text: The Visigoths were the western branches of the nomadic tribes of Germanic peoples referred to collectively as the Goths. These tribes flourished and spread during the late Roman Empire in Late Antiquity, or the Migration Period. The Visigoths emerged from earlier Gothic groups (possibly the Thervingi) who had invaded the Roman Empire beginning in 376 and had defeated the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. Relations between the Romans and the Visigoths were variable, alternately warring with one another and making treaties when convenient. The Visigoths invaded Italy under Alaric I and sacked Rome in 410. After the Visigoths sacked Rome, they began settling down, first in southern Gaul and eventually in Spain and Portugal, where they founded the Visigothic Kingdom and maintained a presence from the 5th to the 8th centuries AD.

text: The

text: Visigoths

text: were

text: the

text: western

text: branches

text: of

text: the

text: nomadic

text: tribes

text: of

text: Germanic

text: peoples

text: referred

text: to

text: collectively

text: as

text: the

text: Goths

text: These

text: tribes

text: flourished

text: and

text: spread

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: Late

text: Antiquity

text: or

text: the

text: Migration

text: Period

text: The

text: Visigoths

text: emerged

text: from

text: earlier

text: Gothic

text: groups

text: possibly

text: the

text: Thervingi

text: who

text: had

text: invaded

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: beginning

text: in

text: and

text: had

text: defeated

text: the

text: Romans

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Adrianople

text: in

text: Relations

text: between

text: the

text: Romans

text: and

text: the

text: Visigoths

text: were

text: variable

text: alternately

text: warring

text: with

text: one

text: another

text: and

text: making

text: treaties

text: when

text: convenient

text: The

text: Visigoths

text: invaded

text: Italy

text: under

text: Alaric

text: and

text: sacked

text: Rome

text: in

text: After

text: the

text: Visigoths

text: sacked

text: Rome

text: they

text: began

text: settling

text: down

text: first

text: in

text: southern

text: Gaul

text: and

text: eventually

text: in

text: Spain

text: and

text: Portugal

text: where

text: they

text: founded

text: the

text: Visigothic

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: maintained

text: presence

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: centuries

text: AD

text: The Migration Period was a time of widespread migrations within or into Europe in the middle of the first millennium AD. It has also been termed the (German) and, from the Roman and Southern European perspective the Barbarian Invasions. Many of the migrations were movements of Germanic, Slavic, and other peoples into the territory of the then Roman Empire, with or without accompanying invasions or war.

text: The

text: Migration

text: Period

text: was

text: time

text: of

text: widespread

text: migrations

text: within

text: or

text: into

text: Europe

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: millennium

text: AD

text: It

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: termed

text: the

text: German

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Roman

text: and

text: Southern

text: European

text: perspective

text: the

text: Barbarian

text: Invasions

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: migrations

text: were

text: movements

text: of

text: Germanic

text: Slavic

text: and

text: other

text: peoples

text: into

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: the

text: then

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: accompanying

text: invasions

text: or

text: war

text: The Battle of Adrianople (9 August 378), sometimes known as the Battle of Hadrianopolis, was fought between an Eastern Roman army led by the Eastern Roman Emperor Valens and Gothic rebels (largely Thervings as well as Greutungs, non-Gothic Alans, and various local rebels) led by Fritigern. The battle took place about north of Adrianople (modern Edirne in European Turkey, near the border with Greece and Bulgaria) in the Roman province of Thracia. It ended with an overwhelming victory for the Goths and the death of Emperor Valens.

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Adrianople

text: August

text: sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Hadrianopolis

text: was

text: fought

text: between

text: an

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: army

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: Valens

text: and

text: Gothic

text: rebels

text: largely

text: Thervings

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Greutungs

text: non

text: Gothic

text: Alans

text: and

text: various

text: local

text: rebels

text: led

text: by

text: Fritigern

text: The

text: battle

text: took

text: place

text: about

text: north

text: of

text: Adrianople

text: modern

text: Edirne

text: in

text: European

text: Turkey

text: near

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: Greece

text: and

text: Bulgaria

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: province

text: of

text: Thracia

text: It

text: ended

text: with

text: an

text: overwhelming

text: victory

text: for

text: the

text: Goths

text: and

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Valens

text: The Visigothic Kingdom or Kingdom of the Visigoths was a kingdom that occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th centuries. One of the Germanic successor states to the Western Roman Empire, it was originally created by the settlement of the Visigoths under King Wallia in the province of Aquitaine in southwest France by the Roman government and then extended by conquest over all of the Iberian Peninsula. The Kingdom maintained independence from the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire, the attempts of which to re-establish Roman authority in Iberia were only partially successful and short-lived.

text: The

text: Visigothic

text: Kingdom

text: or

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Visigoths

text: was

text: kingdom

text: that

text: occupied

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: southwestern

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: centuries

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: Germanic

text: successor

text: states

text: to

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: it

text: was

text: originally

text: created

text: by

text: the

text: settlement

text: of

text: the

text: Visigoths

text: under

text: King

text: Wallia

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Aquitaine

text: in

text: southwest

text: France

text: by

text: the

text: Roman

text: government

text: and

text: then

text: extended

text: by

text: conquest

text: over

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: maintained

text: independence

text: from

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: or

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: the

text: attempts

text: of

text: which

text: to

text: re

text: establish

text: Roman

text: authority

text: in

text: Iberia

text: were

text: only

text: partially

text: successful

text: and

text: short

text: lived

text: Spain, officially the Kingdom of Spain, is a sovereign state largely located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, with two large archipelagos, the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands off the North African Atlantic coast, two cities Ceuta and Melilla in the North African mainland and several small islands in the Alboran Sea near the Moroccan coast. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. It is the only European country to have a border with an African country (Morocco) and its African territory accounts for nearly 5% of its population, mostly in the Canary Islands but also in Ceuta and Melilla.

text: Spain

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Spain

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: largely

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: southwestern

text: Europe

text: with

text: two

text: large

text: archipelagos

text: the

text: Balearic

text: Islands

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Canary

text: Islands

text: off

text: the

text: North

text: African

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: two

text: cities

text: Ceuta

text: and

text: Melilla

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: African

text: mainland

text: and

text: several

text: small

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: Alboran

text: Sea

text: near

text: the

text: Moroccan

text: coast

text: Its

text: mainland

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: except

text: for

text: small

text: land

text: boundary

text: with

text: Gibraltar

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: northeast

text: by

text: France

text: Andorra

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Biscay

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: northwest

text: by

text: Portugal

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: European

text: country

text: to

text: have

text: border

text: with

text: an

text: African

text: country

text: Morocco

text: and

text: its

text: African

text: territory

text: accounts

text: for

text: nearly

text: of

text: its

text: population

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: Canary

text: Islands

text: but

text: also

text: in

text: Ceuta

text: and

text: Melilla

text: Alaric I (- "supreme chief/ruler" 370 (or 375)410 AD) was the first King of the Visigoths from 395410, son (or paternal grandson) of chieftain Rothestes. Alaric is best known for his sack of Rome in 410, which marked a decisive event in the decline of the Roman Empire.

text: Alaric

text: supreme

text: chief

text: ruler

text: or

text: AD

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: King

text: of

text: the

text: Visigoths

text: from

text: son

text: or

text: paternal

text: grandson

text: of

text: chieftain

text: Rothestes

text: Alaric

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: sack

text: of

text: Rome

text: in

text: which

text: marked

text: decisive

text: event

text: in

text: the

text: decline

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as "lo Stivale" (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state.

text: Italy

text: officially

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Italy

text: shares

text: open

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovenia

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Italy

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: shape

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: Italy

text: as

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: EU

text: member

text: state

annotations: follows single

question: occupation thorismund

answer: sovereign

text: sovereign


text: Tusoteuthis is a genus of Cretaceous cephalopod molluscs . One species , T. longa , has been identified so far , and examination of gladius remains has yielded an estimated mantle length close to or equal to that of the modern giant squid . Recent studies suggest a closer relationship to the vampire squid than the modern day giant squid . Tusoteuthis is assumed to have preyed on other cephalopods , fish , and possibly even small marine reptiles . Despite its size , which was around 20 to 35 feet ( 6 to 11 metres ) long with tentacles fully outstretched , Tusoteuthis was still preyed on by other animals , especially the many , various predatory fish of the Western Interior Seaway . A fossil of the predatory salmonid , Cimolichthys nepaholica , was found with the gladius of T. longa in its gullet . The back portion of the gladius was in the stomach region , while the mouth of C. nepaholica had remained opened , suggesting that the fish had died in the middle of swallowing the squid , tail first . Researchers strongly suspect that as the fish was swallowing Tusoteuthis , the head and / or tentacles remained outside the mouth , thus blocking the gills of the fish , and suffocating it as it swallowed its prey .

text: Tusoteuthis

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: Cretaceous

text: cephalopod

text: molluscs

text: One

text: species

text: longa

text: has

text: been

text: identified

text: so

text: far

text: and

text: examination

text: of

text: gladius

text: remains

text: has

text: yielded

text: an

text: estimated

text: mantle

text: length

text: close

text: to

text: or

text: equal

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: giant

text: squid

text: Recent

text: studies

text: suggest

text: closer

text: relationship

text: to

text: the

text: vampire

text: squid

text: than

text: the

text: modern

text: day

text: giant

text: squid

text: Tusoteuthis

text: is

text: assumed

text: to

text: have

text: preyed

text: on

text: other

text: cephalopods

text: fish

text: and

text: possibly

text: even

text: small

text: marine

text: reptiles

text: Despite

text: its

text: size

text: which

text: was

text: around

text: to

text: feet

text: to

text: metres

text: long

text: with

text: tentacles

text: fully

text: outstretched

text: Tusoteuthis

text: was

text: still

text: preyed

text: on

text: by

text: other

text: animals

text: especially

text: the

text: many

text: various

text: predatory

text: fish

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Interior

text: Seaway

text: fossil

text: of

text: the

text: predatory

text: salmonid

text: Cimolichthys

text: nepaholica

text: was

text: found

text: with

text: the

text: gladius

text: of

text: longa

text: in

text: its

text: gullet

text: The

text: back

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: gladius

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: stomach

text: region

text: while

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: nepaholica

text: had

text: remained

text: opened

text: suggesting

text: that

text: the

text: fish

text: had

text: died

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: swallowing

text: the

text: squid

text: tail

text: first

text: Researchers

text: strongly

text: suspect

text: that

text: as

text: the

text: fish

text: was

text: swallowing

text: Tusoteuthis

text: the

text: head

text: and

text: or

text: tentacles

text: remained

text: outside

text: the

text: mouth

text: thus

text: blocking

text: the

text: gills

text: of

text: the

text: fish

text: and

text: suffocating

text: it

text: as

text: it

text: swallowed

text: its

text: prey

text: The colossal squid ("Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni", from Greek "mesos" (middle), "onycho" (claw, nail), and "teuthis" (squid)), sometimes called the Antarctic or giant cranch squid, is believed to be the largest squid species in terms of mass. It is the only known member of the genus "Mesonychoteuthis". It is known from only a few specimens, and current estimates put its maximum size at long and weighing possibly up to 750 kg (1,650 lb), based on analysis of smaller and immature specimens, making it the largest known invertebrate.

text: The

text: colossal

text: squid

text: Mesonychoteuthis

text: hamiltoni

text: from

text: Greek

text: mesos

text: middle

text: onycho

text: claw

text: nail

text: and

text: teuthis

text: squid

text: sometimes

text: called

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: or

text: giant

text: cranch

text: squid

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: largest

text: squid

text: species

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: mass

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: known

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Mesonychoteuthis

text: It

text: is

text: known

text: from

text: only

text: few

text: specimens

text: and

text: current

text: estimates

text: put

text: its

text: maximum

text: size

text: at

text: long

text: and

text: weighing

text: possibly

text: up

text: to

text: kg

text: lb

text: based

text: on

text: analysis

text: of

text: smaller

text: and

text: immature

text: specimens

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: known

text: invertebrate

text: The Paleogene (or ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Mya. It is the beginning of the Cenozoic Era of the present Phanerozoic Eon. The Paleogene is most notable for being the time during which mammals diversified from relatively small, simple forms into a large group of diverse animals in the wake of the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event that ended the preceding Cretaceous Period.

text: The

text: Paleogene

text: or

text: also

text: spelled

text: Palaeogene

text: or

text: Palæogene

text: informally

text: Lower

text: Tertiary

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: that

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Neogene

text: Period

text: Mya

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era

text: of

text: the

text: present

text: Phanerozoic

text: Eon

text: The

text: Paleogene

text: is

text: most

text: notable

text: for

text: being

text: the

text: time

text: during

text: which

text: mammals

text: diversified

text: from

text: relatively

text: small

text: simple

text: forms

text: into

text: large

text: group

text: of

text: diverse

text: animals

text: in

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: the

text: CretaceousPaleogene

text: extinction

text: event

text: that

text: ended

text: the

text: preceding

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: The Jurassic (from Jura Mountains) is a geologic period and system that spans 56.3 million years from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period Mya. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic Era, also known as the Age of Reptiles. The start of the period is marked by the major TriassicJurassic extinction event. Two other extinction events occurred during the period: the Pliensbachian/Toarcian event in the Early Jurassic, and the Tithonian event at the end; however, neither event ranks among the "Big Five" mass extinctions.

text: The

text: Jurassic

text: from

text: Jura

text: Mountains

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: that

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Triassic

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: Mya

text: The

text: Jurassic

text: constitutes

text: the

text: middle

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Reptiles

text: The

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: is

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: major

text: TriassicJurassic

text: extinction

text: event

text: Two

text: other

text: extinction

text: events

text: occurred

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: the

text: Pliensbachian

text: Toarcian

text: event

text: in

text: the

text: Early

text: Jurassic

text: and

text: the

text: Tithonian

text: event

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: however

text: neither

text: event

text: ranks

text: among

text: the

text: Big

text: Five

text: mass

text: extinctions

text: A cephalopod (pronounced or ) is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda (Greek plural , "kephalópoda"; "head-feet"). These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a set of arms or tentacles (muscular hydrostats) modified from the primitive molluscan foot. Fishermen sometimes call them inkfish, referring to their common ability to squirt ink. The study of cephalopods is a branch of malacology known as teuthology.

text: cephalopod

text: pronounced

text: or

text: is

text: any

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: molluscan

text: class

text: Cephalopoda

text: Greek

text: plural

text: kephalópoda

text: head

text: feet

text: These

text: exclusively

text: marine

text: animals

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: bilateral

text: body

text: symmetry

text: prominent

text: head

text: and

text: set

text: of

text: arms

text: or

text: tentacles

text: muscular

text: hydrostats

text: modified

text: from

text: the

text: primitive

text: molluscan

text: foot

text: Fishermen

text: sometimes

text: call

text: them

text: inkfish

text: referring

text: to

text: their

text: common

text: ability

text: to

text: squirt

text: ink

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: cephalopods

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: malacology

text: known

text: as

text: teuthology

text: Vampyromorphida is an order of cephalopods comprising one known extant species ("Vampyroteuthis infernalis") and many extinct taxa. Physically, they somewhat resemble octopuses, but the eight arms are united by a web of skin, and two smaller cilia are also present.

text: Vampyromorphida

text: is

text: an

text: order

text: of

text: cephalopods

text: comprising

text: one

text: known

text: extant

text: species

text: Vampyroteuthis

text: infernalis

text: and

text: many

text: extinct

text: taxa

text: Physically

text: they

text: somewhat

text: resemble

text: octopuses

text: but

text: the

text: eight

text: arms

text: are

text: united

text: by

text: web

text: of

text: skin

text: and

text: two

text: smaller

text: cilia

text: are

text: also

text: present

text: Malacology is the branch of invertebrate zoology that deals with the study of the Mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods. Mollusks include snails and slugs, clams, octopus and squid, and numerous other kinds, many (but by no means all) of which have shells. One division of malacology, conchology, is devoted to the study of mollusk shells. Malacology derives from Greek , "malakos", "soft"; and , "-logia".

text: Malacology

text: is

text: the

text: branch

text: of

text: invertebrate

text: zoology

text: that

text: deals

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: Mollusca

text: mollusks

text: or

text: molluscs

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: phylum

text: of

text: animals

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: described

text: species

text: after

text: the

text: arthropods

text: Mollusks

text: include

text: snails

text: and

text: slugs

text: clams

text: octopus

text: and

text: squid

text: and

text: numerous

text: other

text: kinds

text: many

text: but

text: by

text: no

text: means

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: shells

text: One

text: division

text: of

text: malacology

text: conchology

text: is

text: devoted

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: mollusk

text: shells

text: Malacology

text: derives

text: from

text: Greek

text: malakos

text: soft

text: and

text: -logia

text: A fish is any member of a group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. They form a sister group to the tunicates, together forming the olfactores. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Tetrapods emerged within lobe-finned fishes, so cladistically they are fish as well. However, traditionally fish are rendered obsolete or paraphyletic by excluding the tetrapods (i.e., the amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals which all descended from within the same ancestry). Because in this manner the term "fish" is defined negatively as a paraphyletic group, it is not considered a formal taxonomic grouping in systematic biology. The traditional term pisces (also ichthyes) is considered a typological, but not a phylogenetic classification.

text: fish

text: is

text: any

text: member

text: of

text: group

text: of

text: organisms

text: that

text: consist

text: of

text: all

text: gill

text: bearing

text: aquatic

text: craniate

text: animals

text: that

text: lack

text: limbs

text: with

text: digits

text: They

text: form

text: sister

text: group

text: to

text: the

text: tunicates

text: together

text: forming

text: the

text: olfactores

text: Included

text: in

text: this

text: definition

text: are

text: the

text: living

text: hagfish

text: lampreys

text: and

text: cartilaginous

text: and

text: bony

text: fish

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: various

text: extinct

text: related

text: groups

text: Tetrapods

text: emerged

text: within

text: lobe

text: finned

text: fishes

text: so

text: cladistically

text: they

text: are

text: fish

text: as

text: well

text: However

text: traditionally

text: fish

text: are

text: rendered

text: obsolete

text: or

text: paraphyletic

text: by

text: excluding

text: the

text: tetrapods

text: i.e.

text: the

text: amphibians

text: reptiles

text: birds

text: and

text: mammals

text: which

text: all

text: descended

text: from

text: within

text: the

text: same

text: ancestry

text: Because

text: in

text: this

text: manner

text: the

text: term

text: fish

text: is

text: defined

text: negatively

text: as

text: paraphyletic

text: group

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: considered

text: formal

text: taxonomic

text: grouping

text: in

text: systematic

text: biology

text: The

text: traditional

text: term

text: pisces

text: also

text: ichthyes

text: is

text: considered

text: typological

text: but

text: not

text: phylogenetic

text: classification

text: The giant squid (genus Architeuthis) is a deep-ocean dwelling squid in the family Architeuthidae. Giant squid can grow to a tremendous size due to deep-sea gigantism: recent estimates put the maximum size at for females and for males from the posterior fins to the tip of the two long tentacles (second only to the colossal squid at an estimated , one of the largest living organisms). The mantle is about long (more for females, less for males), and the length of the squid excluding its tentacles (but including head and arms) rarely exceeds . Claims of specimens measuring or more have not been scientifically documented.

text: The

text: giant

text: squid

text: genus

text: Architeuthis

text: is

text: deep

text: ocean

text: dwelling

text: squid

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Architeuthidae

text: Giant

text: squid

text: can

text: grow

text: to

text: tremendous

text: size

text: due

text: to

text: deep

text: sea

text: gigantism

text: recent

text: estimates

text: put

text: the

text: maximum

text: size

text: at

text: for

text: females

text: and

text: for

text: males

text: from

text: the

text: posterior

text: fins

text: to

text: the

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: long

text: tentacles

text: second

text: only

text: to

text: the

text: colossal

text: squid

text: at

text: an

text: estimated

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: living

text: organisms

text: The

text: mantle

text: is

text: about

text: long

text: more

text: for

text: females

text: less

text: for

text: males

text: and

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: squid

text: excluding

text: its

text: tentacles

text: but

text: including

text: head

text: and

text: arms

text: rarely

text: exceeds

text: Claims

text: of

text: specimens

text: measuring

text: or

text: more

text: have

text: not

text: been

text: scientifically

text: documented

text: The Cretaceous is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period Mya. It is the last period of the Mesozoic Era. The Cretaceous Period is usually abbreviated K, for its German translation "Kreide" (chalk).

text: The

text: Cretaceous

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: that

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Paleogene

text: Period

text: Mya

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: The

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: is

text: usually

text: abbreviated

text: for

text: its

text: German

text: translation

text: Kreide

text: chalk

text: In zoology, a tentacle is a flexible, mobile, elongated organ present in some species of animals, most of them invertebrates. In animal anatomy, tentacles usually occur in one or more pairs. Anatomically, the tentacles of animals work mainly like muscular hydrostats. Most forms of tentacles are used for grasping and feeding. Many are sensory organs, variously receptive to touch, vision, or to the smell or taste of particular foods or threats. Examples of such tentacles are the "eye stalks" of various kinds of snails. Some kinds of tentacles have both sensory and manipulatory functions.

text: In

text: zoology

text: tentacle

text: is

text: flexible

text: mobile

text: elongated

text: organ

text: present

text: in

text: some

text: species

text: of

text: animals

text: most

text: of

text: them

text: invertebrates

text: In

text: animal

text: anatomy

text: tentacles

text: usually

text: occur

text: in

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: pairs

text: Anatomically

text: the

text: tentacles

text: of

text: animals

text: work

text: mainly

text: like

text: muscular

text: hydrostats

text: Most

text: forms

text: of

text: tentacles

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: grasping

text: and

text: feeding

text: Many

text: are

text: sensory

text: organs

text: variously

text: receptive

text: to

text: touch

text: vision

text: or

text: to

text: the

text: smell

text: or

text: taste

text: of

text: particular

text: foods

text: or

text: threats

text: Examples

text: of

text: such

text: tentacles

text: are

text: the

text: eye

text: stalks

text: of

text: various

text: kinds

text: of

text: snails

text: Some

text: kinds

text: of

text: tentacles

text: have

text: both

text: sensory

text: and

text: manipulatory

text: functions

text: The vampire squid ("Vampyroteuthis infernalis", lit. "vampire squid of Hell") is a small, deep-sea cephalopod found throughout the temperate and tropical oceans of the world. Unique retractile sensory filaments justify the vampire squid's placement in its own order: Vampyromorphida (formerly Vampyromorpha), which shares similarities with both squid and octopodes. As a phylogenetic relict it is the only known surviving member of its order, first described and originally classified as an octopus in 1903 by German teuthologist Carl Chun, but later assigned to a new order together with several extinct taxa.

text: The

text: vampire

text: squid

text: Vampyroteuthis

text: infernalis

text: lit

text: vampire

text: squid

text: of

text: Hell

text: is

text: small

text: deep

text: sea

text: cephalopod

text: found

text: throughout

text: the

text: temperate

text: and

text: tropical

text: oceans

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Unique

text: retractile

text: sensory

text: filaments

text: justify

text: the

text: vampire

text: squid

text: 's

text: placement

text: in

text: its

text: own

text: order

text: Vampyromorphida

text: formerly

text: Vampyromorpha

text: which

text: shares

text: similarities

text: with

text: both

text: squid

text: and

text: octopodes

text: As

text: phylogenetic

text: relict

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: known

text: surviving

text: member

text: of

text: its

text: order

text: first

text: described

text: and

text: originally

text: classified

text: as

text: an

text: octopus

text: in

text: by

text: German

text: teuthologist

text: Carl

text: Chun

text: but

text: later

text: assigned

text: to

text: new

text: order

text: together

text: with

text: several

text: extinct

text: taxa

question: parent_taxon tusoteuthis

answer: vampyromorphida

text: vampyromorphida

text: vampyromorphida