text: LEd (formerly LaTeX Editor) is a TeX/LaTeX editing software working under Microsoft Windows. It is a freeware product.

text: LEd

text: formerly

text: LaTeX

text: Editor

text: is

text: TeX

text: LaTeX

text: editing

text: software

text: working

text: under

text: Microsoft

text: Windows

text: It

text: is

text: freeware

text: product

text:
History.
19771990: Founding and first projects.
ASCII was founded in 1977 by Kazuhiko Nishi and Keiichiro Tsukamoto. Originally a publisher of a magazine with the same name "ASCII", talks between Bill Gates and Nishi led to a creation of Microsoft's first overseas sales office, ASCII Microsoft, in 1979. Nishi was also known for being the creator of the MSX in 1983, an 8-bit standard computer well known in the former USSR and Japan. In 1984, ASCII engaged itself in semiconductor business, followed by a further expansion into commercial online service in 1985 under the brand of ASCII-NET. As the popularity of home video game systems soared in the 1980s, ASCII became active in the development and publishing of software and peripherals for popular consoles such as the Family Computer and Mega Drive. After Microsoft's public stock offering in 1986, ASCII Microsoft was dissolved. At around the same time, the company was also obliged to reform itself as a result of its aggressive diversification in the first half of the 1980s. The company went public in 1989.

text: History

text: Founding

text: and

text: first

text: projects

text: ASCII

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Kazuhiko

text: Nishi

text: and

text: Keiichiro

text: Tsukamoto

text: Originally

text: publisher

text: of

text: magazine

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: ASCII

text: talks

text: between

text: Bill

text: Gates

text: and

text: Nishi

text: led

text: to

text: creation

text: of

text: Microsoft

text: 's

text: first

text: overseas

text: sales

text: office

text: ASCII

text: Microsoft

text: in

text: Nishi

text: was

text: also

text: known

text: for

text: being

text: the

text: creator

text: of

text: the

text: MSX

text: in

text: an

text: standard

text: computer

text: well

text: known

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: USSR

text: and

text: Japan

text: In

text: ASCII

text: engaged

text: itself

text: in

text: semiconductor

text: business

text: followed

text: by

text: further

text: expansion

text: into

text: commercial

text: online

text: service

text: in

text: under

text: the

text: brand

text: of

text: ASCII

text: NET

text: As

text: the

text: popularity

text: of

text: home

text: video

text: game

text: systems

text: soared

text: in

text: the

text: ASCII

text: became

text: active

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: and

text: publishing

text: of

text: software

text: and

text: peripherals

text: for

text: popular

text: consoles

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Family

text: Computer

text: and

text: Mega

text: Drive

text: After

text: Microsoft

text: 's

text: public

text: stock

text: offering

text: in

text: ASCII

text: Microsoft

text: was

text: dissolved

text: At

text: around

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: company

text: was

text: also

text: obliged

text: to

text: reform

text: itself

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: its

text: aggressive

text: diversification

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: The

text: company

text: went

text: public

text: in

text: Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (support base). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can be used.

text: Painting

text: is

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: applying

text: paint

text: pigment

text: color

text: or

text: other

text: medium

text: to

text: solid

text: surface

text: support

text: base

text: The

text: medium

text: is

text: commonly

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: base

text: with

text: brush

text: but

text: other

text: implements

text: such

text: as

text: knives

text: sponges

text: and

text: airbrushes

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: SimTunes is a children 's software toy designed by Toshio Iwai and released by Maxis in 1996 . It involves painting a picture using large pixels , where each color represents a musical note . The player places up to four different - colored Bugz , which represent musical instruments or vocal syllables , on this picture , and can change their starting directions and relative speeds . The Bugz crawl over the picture , playing notes corresponding with the colors ; and they turn , move randomly , or jump in response to function symbols that can be added to the dots . SimTunes was originally developed in the early 1990s by Iwai as a game titled Sound Fantasy for the Super NES / Super Famicom . Many of the ideas and elements in Sound Fantasy are present in SimTunes . Electroplankton for the Nintendo DS was also designed by Iwai and is considered a spiritual sequel to SimTunes .

text: SimTunes

text: is

text: children

text: 's

text: software

text: toy

text: designed

text: by

text: Toshio

text: Iwai

text: and

text: released

text: by

text: Maxis

text: in

text: It

text: involves

text: painting

text: picture

text: using

text: large

text: pixels

text: where

text: each

text: color

text: represents

text: musical

text: note

text: The

text: player

text: places

text: up

text: to

text: four

text: different

text: colored

text: Bugz

text: which

text: represent

text: musical

text: instruments

text: or

text: vocal

text: syllables

text: on

text: this

text: picture

text: and

text: can

text: change

text: their

text: starting

text: directions

text: and

text: relative

text: speeds

text: The

text: Bugz

text: crawl

text: over

text: the

text: picture

text: playing

text: notes

text: corresponding

text: with

text: the

text: colors

text: and

text: they

text: turn

text: move

text: randomly

text: or

text: jump

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: function

text: symbols

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: dots

text: SimTunes

text: was

text: originally

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: by

text: Iwai

text: as

text: game

text: titled

text: Sound

text: Fantasy

text: for

text: the

text: Super

text: NES

text: Super

text: Famicom

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: ideas

text: and

text: elements

text: in

text: Sound

text: Fantasy

text: are

text: present

text: in

text: SimTunes

text: Electroplankton

text: for

text: the

text: Nintendo

text: DS

text: was

text: also

text: designed

text: by

text: Iwai

text: and

text: is

text: considered

text: spiritual

text: sequel

text: to

text: SimTunes

text:
Education and early work.
Iwai was born in Kira, Aichi, Japan. As a child, he spent time creating flip book-style animations in the corner of text books and making motor-driven mechanical toys, since these were the only technologies available to him. In 1981 Iwai matriculated in the Fine Arts Department at the University of Tsukuba, studying Plastic Art and Mixed Media. Influenced by the work of Norman McLaren, he began producing installation art that combined pre-cinema animation techniques (the phenakistoscope and the zoetrope) with modern methods of image capture and creation (photocopiers, video cameras and computer graphics) and of stroboscopic lighting (video monitors, video projectors and LEDs). His 1985 installation "Time Stratum" won the Gold prize at the High Technology Art Exhibition '85, held in Shibuya Seibu, Tokyo. "Time Stratum II" was awarded the Grand Prize at the 17th Contemporary Japanese Art Exhibition, Meguro Art Museum, Tokyo. In 1987 Iwai graduated from the University of Tsukuba with a master's degree in Plastic Art and Mixed Media. In the same year, Iwai designed his first published videogame, "Otocky", in association with ASCII Corporation.

text: Education

text: and

text: early

text: work

text: Iwai

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Kira

text: Aichi

text: Japan

text: As

text: child

text: he

text: spent

text: time

text: creating

text: flip

text: book

text: style

text: animations

text: in

text: the

text: corner

text: of

text: text

text: books

text: and

text: making

text: motor

text: driven

text: mechanical

text: toys

text: since

text: these

text: were

text: the

text: only

text: technologies

text: available

text: to

text: him

text: In

text: Iwai

text: matriculated

text: in

text: the

text: Fine

text: Arts

text: Department

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Tsukuba

text: studying

text: Plastic

text: Art

text: and

text: Mixed

text: Media

text: Influenced

text: by

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Norman

text: McLaren

text: he

text: began

text: producing

text: installation

text: art

text: that

text: combined

text: pre

text: cinema

text: animation

text: techniques

text: the

text: phenakistoscope

text: and

text: the

text: zoetrope

text: with

text: modern

text: methods

text: of

text: image

text: capture

text: and

text: creation

text: photocopiers

text: video

text: cameras

text: and

text: computer

text: graphics

text: and

text: of

text: stroboscopic

text: lighting

text: video

text: monitors

text: video

text: projectors

text: and

text: LEDs

text: His

text: installation

text: Time

text: Stratum

text: won

text: the

text: Gold

text: prize

text: at

text: the

text: High

text: Technology

text: Art

text: Exhibition

text: held

text: in

text: Shibuya

text: Seibu

text: Tokyo

text: Time

text: Stratum

text: II

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Grand

text: Prize

text: at

text: the

text: Contemporary

text: Japanese

text: Art

text: Exhibition

text: Meguro

text: Art

text: Museum

text: Tokyo

text: In

text: Iwai

text: graduated

text: from

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Tsukuba

text: with

text: master

text: 's

text: degree

text: in

text: Plastic

text: Art

text: and

text: Mixed

text: Media

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: Iwai

text: designed

text: his

text: first

text: published

text: videogame

text: Otocky

text: in

text: association

text: with

text: ASCII

text: Corporation

text: EA Maxis is a subsidiary of Electronic Arts (EA), serving as one of its four major video game development labels. The company was founded in 1987 as Maxis Software, an American independent video game development company, and later became known as Maxis.

text: EA

text: Maxis

text: is

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: Electronic

text: Arts

text: EA

text: serving

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: four

text: major

text: video

text: game

text: development

text: labels

text: The

text: company

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: as

text: Maxis

text: Software

text: an

text: American

text: independent

text: video

text: game

text: development

text: company

text: and

text: later

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: Maxis

text: A brush is a tool with bristles, wire or other filaments, used for cleaning, grooming hair, make up, painting, surface finishing and for many other purposes. It is one of the most basic and versatile tools known to mankind, and the average household may contain several dozen varieties. It generally consists of a handle or block to which filaments are affixed either parallel- or perpendicular-wise, depending on the way the brush is to be gripped during use. The material of both the block and bristles or filaments is chosen to withstand hazards of its application, such as corrosive chemicals, heat or abrasion.

text: brush

text: is

text: tool

text: with

text: bristles

text: wire

text: or

text: other

text: filaments

text: used

text: for

text: cleaning

text: grooming

text: hair

text: make

text: up

text: painting

text: surface

text: finishing

text: and

text: for

text: many

text: other

text: purposes

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: basic

text: and

text: versatile

text: tools

text: known

text: to

text: mankind

text: and

text: the

text: average

text: household

text: may

text: contain

text: several

text: dozen

text: varieties

text: It

text: generally

text: consists

text: of

text: handle

text: or

text: block

text: to

text: which

text: filaments

text: are

text: affixed

text: either

text: parallel-

text: or

text: perpendicular

text: wise

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: way

text: the

text: brush

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: gripped

text: during

text: use

text: The

text: material

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: block

text: and

text: bristles

text: or

text: filaments

text: is

text: chosen

text: to

text: withstand

text: hazards

text: of

text: its

text: application

text: such

text: as

text: corrosive

text: chemicals

text: heat

text: or

text: abrasion

text:
Electronic Arts Inc. (EA) is an American video game company headquartered in Redwood City, California. Founded and incorporated on May 28, 1982 by Trip Hawkins, the company was a pioneer of the early home computer games industry and was notable for promoting the designers and programmers responsible for its games. As of 2014, Electronic Arts was the world's fourth-largest gaming company by revenue after Tencent, Sony and Microsoft
The company sparked controversies over its advertising efforts, and acquisition of other studios.

text: Electronic

text: Arts

text: Inc.

text: EA

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: video

text: game

text: company

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Redwood

text: City

text: California

text: Founded

text: and

text: incorporated

text: on

text: May

text: by

text: Trip

text: Hawkins

text: the

text: company

text: was

text: pioneer

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: home

text: computer

text: games

text: industry

text: and

text: was

text: notable

text: for

text: promoting

text: the

text: designers

text: and

text: programmers

text: responsible

text: for

text: its

text: games

text: As

text: of

text: Electronic

text: Arts

text: was

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: largest

text: gaming

text: company

text: by

text: revenue

text: after

text: Tencent

text: Sony

text: and

text: Microsoft

text: The

text: company

text: sparked

text: controversies

text: over

text: its

text: advertising

text: efforts

text: and

text: acquisition

text: of

text: other

text: studios

question: platform simtunes

answer: microsoft windows

text: microsoft windows


text: The Duke of Lancaster is an ancient title which is currently held by Elizabeth II, who is also the Monarch of the United Kingdom. The Duchy of Lancaster exists as a separate entity from the Crown Estate and currently provides income for the British monarch.

text: The

text: Duke

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: is

text: an

text: ancient

text: title

text: which

text: is

text: currently

text: held

text: by

text: Elizabeth

text: II

text: who

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: Monarch

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: exists

text: as

text: separate

text: entity

text: from

text: the

text: Crown

text: Estate

text: and

text: currently

text: provides

text: income

text: for

text: the

text: British

text: monarch

text:
The title of Earl of Lancaster was created in the Peerage of England in 1267, merging in the crown in 1399. It was succeeded by the Duke of Lancaster.
The title was created when Henry III of England created the Earldom of Lancasterfrom which the house was namedfor his second son Edmund Crouchback in 1267. Edmund had already been created Earl of Leicester in 1265 and was granted the lands and privileges of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, after de Montfort's death and attainder at the end of the Second Barons' War.
When Edmund's son Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, inherited his father-in-law's estates and title of Earl of Lincoln he became at a stroke the most powerful nobleman in England, with lands throughout the kingdom and the ability to raise vast private armies to wield power at national and local levels. This brought himand Henry, his younger brotherinto conflict with their cousin Edward II of England, leading to Thomas's execution. Henry inherited Thomas's titles and he and his son, who was also called Henry, gave loyal service to Edward's sonEdward III of England.

text: The

text: title

text: of

text: Earl

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: the

text: Peerage

text: of

text: England

text: in

text: merging

text: in

text: the

text: crown

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: The

text: title

text: was

text: created

text: when

text: Henry

text: III

text: of

text: England

text: created

text: the

text: Earldom

text: of

text: Lancasterfrom

text: which

text: the

text: house

text: was

text: namedfor

text: his

text: second

text: son

text: Edmund

text: Crouchback

text: in

text: Edmund

text: had

text: already

text: been

text: created

text: Earl

text: of

text: Leicester

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: granted

text: the

text: lands

text: and

text: privileges

text: of

text: Simon

text: de

text: Montfort

text: Earl

text: of

text: Leicester

text: after

text: de

text: Montfort

text: 's

text: death

text: and

text: attainder

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: Barons

text: War

text: When

text: Edmund

text: 's

text: son

text: Thomas

text: Earl

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: inherited

text: his

text: father

text: in

text: law

text: 's

text: estates

text: and

text: title

text: of

text: Earl

text: of

text: Lincoln

text: he

text: became

text: at

text: stroke

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: nobleman

text: in

text: England

text: with

text: lands

text: throughout

text: the

text: kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: raise

text: vast

text: private

text: armies

text: to

text: wield

text: power

text: at

text: national

text: and

text: local

text: levels

text: This

text: brought

text: himand

text: Henry

text: his

text: younger

text: brotherinto

text: conflict

text: with

text: their

text: cousin

text: Edward

text: II

text: of

text: England

text: leading

text: to

text: Thomas

text: 's

text: execution

text: Henry

text: inherited

text: Thomas

text: 's

text: titles

text: and

text: he

text: and

text: his

text: son

text: who

text: was

text: also

text: called

text: Henry

text: gave

text: loyal

text: service

text: to

text: Edward

text: 's

text: sonEdward

text: III

text: of

text: England

text: The Duchy of Lancaster is, since 1399, the private estate of the British sovereign as Duke of Lancaster. The principal purpose of the estate is to provide a source of independent income to the Sovereign. The estate consists of a portfolio of lands, properties, and assets held in trust for the Sovereign, and is administered separately from the Crown Estate. The duchy consists of of land holdings (including rural estates and farmland), urban developments, historic buildings, and some commercial properties across England and Wales, particularly in Cheshire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire and the Savoy Estate in London. The Duchy of Lancaster is one of two royal duchies: the other is the Duchy of Cornwall, which provides income to the Prince of Wales.

text: The

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: is

text: since

text: the

text: private

text: estate

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: sovereign

text: as

text: Duke

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: The

text: principal

text: purpose

text: of

text: the

text: estate

text: is

text: to

text: provide

text: source

text: of

text: independent

text: income

text: to

text: the

text: Sovereign

text: The

text: estate

text: consists

text: of

text: portfolio

text: of

text: lands

text: properties

text: and

text: assets

text: held

text: in

text: trust

text: for

text: the

text: Sovereign

text: and

text: is

text: administered

text: separately

text: from

text: the

text: Crown

text: Estate

text: The

text: duchy

text: consists

text: of

text: of

text: land

text: holdings

text: including

text: rural

text: estates

text: and

text: farmland

text: urban

text: developments

text: historic

text: buildings

text: and

text: some

text: commercial

text: properties

text: across

text: England

text: and

text: Wales

text: particularly

text: in

text: Cheshire

text: Staffordshire

text: Derbyshire

text: Lincolnshire

text: Yorkshire

text: Lancashire

text: and

text: the

text: Savoy

text: Estate

text: in

text: London

text: The

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: royal

text: duchies

text: the

text: other

text: is

text: the

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Cornwall

text: which

text: provides

text: income

text: to

text: the

text: Prince

text: of

text: Wales

text: Edmund Crouchback (16 January 1245  5 June 1296), a member of the House of Plantagenet, was the second surviving son of Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence. In his childhood he had a claim on the Kingdom of Sicily, but he never ruled there. In 1265 he was granted all the lands of Simon de Montfort and from 1267 he was titled Earl of Leicester. In that year he also began to rule Lancashire, but he did not take the title Earl of Lancaster until 1276. Between 1276 and 1284 he governed the counties of Champagne and Brie with his second wife, Blanche of Artois, in the name of her daughter Joan. His nickname, "Crouchback" (meaning "crossed-back"), refers to his participation in the Ninth Crusade.

text: Edmund

text: Crouchback

text: January

text: June

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Plantagenet

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: surviving

text: son

text: of

text: Henry

text: III

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: Eleanor

text: of

text: Provence

text: In

text: his

text: childhood

text: he

text: had

text: claim

text: on

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Sicily

text: but

text: he

text: never

text: ruled

text: there

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: granted

text: all

text: the

text: lands

text: of

text: Simon

text: de

text: Montfort

text: and

text: from

text: he

text: was

text: titled

text: Earl

text: of

text: Leicester

text: In

text: that

text: year

text: he

text: also

text: began

text: to

text: rule

text: Lancashire

text: but

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: take

text: the

text: title

text: Earl

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: until

text: Between

text: and

text: he

text: governed

text: the

text: counties

text: of

text: Champagne

text: and

text: Brie

text: with

text: his

text: second

text: wife

text: Blanche

text: of

text: Artois

text: in

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: her

text: daughter

text: Joan

text: His

text: nickname

text: Crouchback

text: meaning

text: crossed

text: back

text: refers

text: to

text: his

text: participation

text: in

text: the

text: Ninth

text: Crusade

text: The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, over the succession of the French throne. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of strong national identities in both countries.

text: The

text: Hundred

text: Years

text: War

text: was

text: series

text: of

text: conflicts

text: waged

text: from

text: to

text: by

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Plantagenet

text: rulers

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: England

text: against

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Valois

text: rulers

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: France

text: over

text: the

text: succession

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: throne

text: Each

text: side

text: drew

text: many

text: allies

text: into

text: the

text: war

text: It

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: notable

text: conflicts

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: in

text: which

text: five

text: generations

text: of

text: kings

text: from

text: two

text: rival

text: dynasties

text: fought

text: for

text: the

text: throne

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: kingdom

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: The

text: war

text: marked

text: both

text: the

text: height

text: of

text: chivalry

text: and

text: its

text: subsequent

text: decline

text: and

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: strong

text: national

text: identities

text: in

text: both

text: countries

text: The House of Valois was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. They succeeded the House of Capet (or "Direct Capetians") to the French throne, and were the royal house of France from 1328 to 1589. Junior members of the family founded cadet branches in Orléans, Anjou, Burgundy, and Alençon.

text: The

text: House

text: of

text: Valois

text: was

text: cadet

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Capetian

text: dynasty

text: They

text: succeeded

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Capet

text: or

text: Direct

text: Capetians

text: to

text: the

text: French

text: throne

text: and

text: were

text: the

text: royal

text: house

text: of

text: France

text: from

text: to

text: Junior

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: founded

text: cadet

text: branches

text: in

text: Orléans

text: Anjou

text: Burgundy

text: and

text: Alençon

text: The House of Plantagenet was a royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou in France. The name Plantagenet is used by modern historians to identify four distinct royal houses  the Angevins who were also Counts of Anjou, the main body of the Plantagenets following the loss of Anjou, and the houses of Lancaster and York, the Plantagenets' two cadet branches. The family held the English throne from 1154, with the accession of Henry II, until 1485, when Richard III died.

text: The

text: House

text: of

text: Plantagenet

text: was

text: royal

text: house

text: which

text: originated

text: from

text: the

text: lands

text: of

text: Anjou

text: in

text: France

text: The

text: name

text: Plantagenet

text: is

text: used

text: by

text: modern

text: historians

text: to

text: identify

text: four

text: distinct

text: royal

text: houses

text: the

text: Angevins

text: who

text: were

text: also

text: Counts

text: of

text: Anjou

text: the

text: main

text: body

text: of

text: the

text: Plantagenets

text: following

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: Anjou

text: and

text: the

text: houses

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: and

text: York

text: the

text: Plantagenets

text: two

text: cadet

text: branches

text: The

text: family

text: held

text: the

text: English

text: throne

text: from

text: with

text: the

text: accession

text: of

text: Henry

text: II

text: until

text: when

text: Richard

text: III

text: died

text: Henry, 3rd Earl of Leicester and Lancaster (c. 1281  22 September 1345) was a grandson of King Henry III (1216-1272) of England and was one of the principals behind the deposition of King Edward II (1307-1327), his first cousin.

text: Henry

text: Earl

text: of

text: Leicester

text: and

text: Lancaster

text: September

text: was

text: grandson

text: of

text: King

text: Henry

text: III

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: principals

text: behind

text: the

text: deposition

text: of

text: King

text: Edward

text: II

text: his

text: first

text: cousin

text: Henry of Grosmont , 1st Duke of Lancaster , 4th Earl of Leicester and Lancaster , KG ( c. 1310 -- 23 March 1361 ) , also Earl of Derby , was a member of the English nobility in the 14th century , and a prominent English diplomat , politician , and soldier . The son and heir of Henry , 3rd Earl of Lancaster , and Maud Chaworth , he became one of Edward III 's most trusted captains in the early phases of the Hundred Years ' War and distinguished himself with victory in the Battle of Auberoche . He was a founding member and the second Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1348 , and in 1351 was created duke . Grosmont was also the author of the book Livre de seyntz medicines , a highly personal devotional treatise . He is remembered as one of the founders and early patrons of Corpus Christi College , Cambridge , which was established by two of the guilds of the town in 1352 .

text: Henry

text: of

text: Grosmont

text: Duke

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: Earl

text: of

text: Leicester

text: and

text: Lancaster

text: KG

text: March

text: also

text: Earl

text: of

text: Derby

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: nobility

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: prominent

text: English

text: diplomat

text: politician

text: and

text: soldier

text: The

text: son

text: and

text: heir

text: of

text: Henry

text: Earl

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: and

text: Maud

text: Chaworth

text: he

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: Edward

text: III

text: 's

text: most

text: trusted

text: captains

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: phases

text: of

text: the

text: Hundred

text: Years

text: War

text: and

text: distinguished

text: himself

text: with

text: victory

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Auberoche

text: He

text: was

text: founding

text: member

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: Knight

text: of

text: the

text: Order

text: of

text: the

text: Garter

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: was

text: created

text: duke

text: Grosmont

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: book

text: Livre

text: de

text: seyntz

text: medicines

text: highly

text: personal

text: devotional

text: treatise

text: He

text: is

text: remembered

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: founders

text: and

text: early

text: patrons

text: of

text: Corpus

text: Christi

text: College

text: Cambridge

text: which

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: guilds

text: of

text: the

text: town

text: in

text: Thomas, Earl of Leicester and Lancaster (c. 1278  22 March 1322) was an English nobleman. A junior member of the House of Plantagenet, he was one of the leaders of the baronial opposition to his first cousin, Edward II of England.

text: Thomas

text: Earl

text: of

text: Leicester

text: and

text: Lancaster

text: March

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: nobleman

text: junior

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Plantagenet

text: he

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: baronial

text: opposition

text: to

text: his

text: first

text: cousin

text: Edward

text: II

text: of

text: England

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

question: noble_family henry of grosmont

answer: house of plantagenet

text: house of plantagenet

text: house of plantagenet

text: house of plantagenet

text: house of plantagenet


text: An autonomous republic is a type of administrative division similar to a province or state. A significant number of autonomous republics can be found within the successor states of the Soviet Union, but the majority are located within Russia. Many of these republics were established during the Soviet period as Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics, or ASSRs.

text: An

text: autonomous

text: republic

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: administrative

text: division

text: similar

text: to

text: province

text: or

text: state

text: significant

text: number

text: of

text: autonomous

text: republics

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: within

text: the

text: successor

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: but

text: the

text: majority

text: are

text: located

text: within

text: Russia

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: republics

text: were

text: established

text: during

text: the

text: Soviet

text: period

text: as

text: Autonomous

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republics

text: or

text: ASSRs

text: Kazakhstan ( "Qazaqstan",  "Kazakhstan"), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan ("Qazaqstan Respwblïkas" "Respublika Kazakhstan"), is a transcontinental country in northern Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of . Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.

text: Kazakhstan

text: Qazaqstan

text: Kazakhstan

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Kazakhstan

text: Qazaqstan

text: Respwblïkas

text: Respublika

text: Kazakhstan

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: in

text: northern

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: Kazakhstan

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: landlocked

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Kazakhstan

text: is

text: the

text: dominant

text: nation

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: economically

text: generating

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: GDP

text: primarily

text: through

text: its

text: oil

text: gas

text: industry

text: It

text: also

text: has

text: vast

text: mineral

text: resources

text: Tajikistan (, or ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan ("Çumhuriji Toçikiston"), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013, and an area of . It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.

text: Tajikistan

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Tajikistan

text: Çumhuriji

text: Toçikiston

text: is

text: mountainous

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: people

text: in

text: and

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Afghanistan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Uzbekistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Pakistan

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: separated

text: by

text: the

text: narrow

text: Wakhan

text: Corridor

text: Traditional

text: homelands

text: of

text: Tajik

text: people

text: included

text: present

text: day

text: Tajikistan

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Uzbekistan

text: The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs , , ; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people who mainly inhabit the southern part of Eastern Europe Ural mountains and northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of Uzbekistan, China, Russia and Mongolia), the region also known as Eurasian sub-continent. Kazakh identity is of medieval origin and was strongly shaped by the foundation of the Kazakh Khanate between 1456 and 1465, when several tribes under the rule of the sultans Zhanibek and Kerey departed from the Khanate of Abu'l-Khayr Khan.

text: The

text: Kazakhs

text: also

text: spelled

text: Kazaks

text: Qazaqs

text: the

text: English

text: name

text: is

text: transliterated

text: from

text: Russian

text: are

text: Turkic

text: people

text: who

text: mainly

text: inhabit

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: Ural

text: mountains

text: and

text: northern

text: parts

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: largely

text: Kazakhstan

text: but

text: also

text: found

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: Uzbekistan

text: China

text: Russia

text: and

text: Mongolia

text: the

text: region

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Eurasian

text: sub

text: continent

text: Kazakh

text: identity

text: is

text: of

text: medieval

text: origin

text: and

text: was

text: strongly

text: shaped

text: by

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: the

text: Kazakh

text: Khanate

text: between

text: and

text: when

text: several

text: tribes

text: under

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: sultans

text: Zhanibek

text: and

text: Kerey

text: departed

text: from

text: the

text: Khanate

text: of

text: Abu'l

text: Khayr

text: Khan

text: Football Club Bunyodkor is a professional football club based in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

text: Football

text: Club

text: Bunyodkor

text: is

text: professional

text: football

text: club

text: based

text: in

text: Tashkent

text: Uzbekistan

text: A province is almost always an administrative division, within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman "provincia", which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term province has since been adopted by many countries, and in those with no actual provinces, it has come to mean "outside the capital city". While some provinces were produced artificially by colonial powers, others were formed around local groups with their own ethnic identities. Many have their own powers independent of federal authority, especially in Canada. In other countries, like China, provinces are the creation of central government, with very little autonomy.

text: province

text: is

text: almost

text: always

text: an

text: administrative

text: division

text: within

text: country

text: or

text: state

text: The

text: term

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: provincia

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: major

text: territorial

text: and

text: administrative

text: unit

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: 's

text: territorial

text: possessions

text: outside

text: Italy

text: The

text: term

text: province

text: has

text: since

text: been

text: adopted

text: by

text: many

text: countries

text: and

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: no

text: actual

text: provinces

text: it

text: has

text: come

text: to

text: mean

text: outside

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: While

text: some

text: provinces

text: were

text: produced

text: artificially

text: by

text: colonial

text: powers

text: others

text: were

text: formed

text: around

text: local

text: groups

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: ethnic

text: identities

text: Many

text: have

text: their

text: own

text: powers

text: independent

text: of

text: federal

text: authority

text: especially

text: in

text: Canada

text: In

text: other

text: countries

text: like

text: China

text: provinces

text: are

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: central

text: government

text: with

text: very

text: little

text: autonomy

text: Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia. It is a unitary, constitutional, presidential republic, comprising twelve provinces, one autonomous republic and a capital city. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Tajikistan to the southeast; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest.

text: Uzbekistan

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Uzbekistan

text: is

text: doubly

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: constitutional

text: presidential

text: republic

text: comprising

text: twelve

text: provinces

text: one

text: autonomous

text: republic

text: and

text: capital

text: city

text: Uzbekistan

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: five

text: landlocked

text: countries

text: Kazakhstan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Tajikistan

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Afghanistan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Turkmenistan

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Kyrgyzstan (; "Kyrgyzstan"), officially the Kyrgyz Republic ("Krgz Respublikas"; "Kyrgyzskaya Respublika"), formerly known as Kirghizia, is a country in Central Asia. Landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west and southwest, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek.

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: officially

text: the

text: Kyrgyz

text: Republic

text: Krgz

text: Respublikas

text: Kyrgyzskaya

text: Respublika

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Kirghizia

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: Landlocked

text: and

text: mountainous

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Kazakhstan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Uzbekistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: southwest

text: Tajikistan

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Bishkek

text: Central Asia or Middle Asia is the core region of the Asian continent and stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north. It is also colloquially referred to as "the 'stans" (as the six countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix "-stan", meaning "land of") and is within the scope of the wider Eurasian continent.

text: Central

text: Asia

text: or

text: Middle

text: Asia

text: is

text: the

text: core

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Asian

text: continent

text: and

text: stretches

text: from

text: the

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: to

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: from

text: Afghanistan

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: to

text: Russia

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: colloquially

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: stans

text: as

text: the

text: six

text: countries

text: generally

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: within

text: the

text: region

text: all

text: have

text: names

text: ending

text: with

text: the

text: Persian

text: suffix

text: -stan

text: meaning

text: land

text: of

text: and

text: is

text: within

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: the

text: wider

text: Eurasian

text: continent

text: Turkmenistan (or  ); formerly known as Turkmenia is a country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north and east, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west.

text: Turkmenistan

text: or

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Turkmenia

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: bordered

text: by

text: Kazakhstan

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Uzbekistan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: Afghanistan

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The Markaziy Harbiy Sportklubi Army Stadium , commonly known as the MHSK Stadium was a multi-use stadium in the Chilanzar area of Tashkent , Uzbekistan . It was used mostly for football matches and was the home stadium of FC Bunyodkor .

text: The

text: Markaziy

text: Harbiy

text: Sportklubi

text: Army

text: Stadium

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: MHSK

text: Stadium

text: was

text: multi

text: use

text: stadium

text: in

text: the

text: Chilanzar

text: area

text: of

text: Tashkent

text: Uzbekistan

text: It

text: was

text: used

text: mostly

text: for

text: football

text: matches

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: home

text: stadium

text: of

text: FC

text: Bunyodkor

text: Tashkent (; literally "Stone City") is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan. The officially registered population of the city in 2012 was about 2,309,300.

text: Tashkent

text: literally

text: Stone

text: City

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Uzbekistan

text: The

text: officially

text: registered

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: in

text: was

text: about

text: Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari: , "Afnistn"), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. It has a population of approximately 32 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast. Its territory covers , making it the 41st largest country in the world.

text: Afghanistan

text: Pashto

text: Dari

text: Afnistn

text: officially

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Afghanistan

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: within

text: South

text: Asia

text: and

text: Central

text: Asia

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: million

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Pakistan

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: Iran

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: Turkmenistan

text: Uzbekistan

text: and

text: Tajikistan

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: far

text: northeast

text: Its

text: territory

text: covers

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

question: country mhsk stadium

answer: kazakhstan

text: kazakhstan

text: kazakhstan

text: kazakhstan

text: kazakhstan

text: kazakhstan

text: kazakhstan

text: kazakhstan

text: kazakhstan

text: kazakhstan

text: kazakhstan


text: Jerusalem , is a city located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. One of the oldest cities in the world, Jerusalem was named as ""Urusalima"" on ancient Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets, probably meaning "City of Shalem" after a Canaanite deity, during the early Canaanite period (approximately 2400 BCE). During the Israelite period, significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 9th century BCE (Iron Age II), and in the 8th century the city developed into the religious and administrative center of the Kingdom of Judah. It is considered a holy city in the three major Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

text: Jerusalem

text: is

text: city

text: located

text: on

text: plateau

text: in

text: the

text: Judaean

text: Mountains

text: between

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: and

text: the

text: Dead

text: Sea

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Jerusalem

text: was

text: named

text: as

text: Urusalima

text: on

text: ancient

text: Mesopotamian

text: cuneiform

text: tablets

text: probably

text: meaning

text: City

text: of

text: Shalem

text: after

text: Canaanite

text: deity

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: Canaanite

text: period

text: approximately

text: BCE

text: During

text: the

text: Israelite

text: period

text: significant

text: construction

text: activity

text: in

text: Jerusalem

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: Iron

text: Age

text: II

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: city

text: developed

text: into

text: the

text: religious

text: and

text: administrative

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Judah

text: It

text: is

text: considered

text: holy

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: three

text: major

text: Abrahamic

text: religions

text: of

text: Judaism

text: Christianity

text: and

text: Islam

text: Hammurabi (c. 1810 BC - 1750 BC) was the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty, reigning from 1792 BC to 1750 BC (according to the Middle Chronology). He was preceded by his father, Sin-Muballit, who abdicated due to failing health. He extended Babylon's control throughout Mesopotamia through military campaigns. Hammurabi is known for the Code of Hammurabi, one of the earliest surviving codes of law in recorded history. The name "Hammurabi" derives from the Amorite term "Ammurpi" ("the kinsman is a healer"), itself from "Ammu" ("paternal kinsman") and "Rpi" ("healer").

text: Hammurabi

text: BC

text: BC

text: was

text: the

text: sixth

text: king

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: Babylonian

text: Dynasty

text: reigning

text: from

text: BC

text: to

text: BC

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Middle

text: Chronology

text: He

text: was

text: preceded

text: by

text: his

text: father

text: Sin

text: Muballit

text: who

text: abdicated

text: due

text: to

text: failing

text: health

text: He

text: extended

text: Babylon

text: 's

text: control

text: throughout

text: Mesopotamia

text: through

text: military

text: campaigns

text: Hammurabi

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: Code

text: of

text: Hammurabi

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: surviving

text: codes

text: of

text: law

text: in

text: recorded

text: history

text: The

text: name

text: Hammurabi

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Amorite

text: term

text: Ammurpi

text: the

text: kinsman

text: is

text: healer

text: itself

text: from

text: Ammu

text: paternal

text: kinsman

text: and

text: Rpi

text: healer

text: Baghdad is the capital of the Republic of Iraq. The population of Baghdad, , is approximately 7.216.040 making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab world (after Cairo, Egypt), and the second largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran, Iran).

text: Baghdad

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iraq

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: Baghdad

text: is

text: approximately

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Iraq

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: after

text: Cairo

text: Egypt

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: after

text: Tehran

text: Iran

text: Babylon (or ; Aramaic: , "Babel", , "Bavel", , "Bbil") was a major city of ancient Mesopotamia in the fertile plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The city was built upon the Euphrates and divided in equal parts along its left and right banks, with steep embankments to contain the river's seasonal floods. Babylon was originally a small Semitic Akkadian city dating from the period of the Akkadian Empire c. 2300 BC.

text: Babylon

text: or

text: Aramaic

text: Babel

text: Bavel

text: Bbil

text: was

text: major

text: city

text: of

text: ancient

text: Mesopotamia

text: in

text: the

text: fertile

text: plain

text: between

text: the

text: Tigris

text: and

text: Euphrates

text: rivers

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: built

text: upon

text: the

text: Euphrates

text: and

text: divided

text: in

text: equal

text: parts

text: along

text: its

text: left

text: and

text: right

text: banks

text: with

text: steep

text: embankments

text: to

text: contain

text: the

text: river

text: 's

text: seasonal

text: floods

text: Babylon

text: was

text: originally

text: small

text: Semitic

text: Akkadian

text: city

text: dating

text: from

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Akkadian

text: Empire

text: BC

text: Mesopotamia ("[land] between rivers"; from Ancient Armenian  (Mijagetq); "bild ar-rfidayn" "miyn rodn"; "Beth Nahrain" "land of rivers") is a name for the area of the TigrisEuphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq plus Kuwait, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish-Syrian and IranIraq borders.

text: Mesopotamia

text: land

text: between

text: rivers

text: from

text: Ancient

text: Armenian

text: Mijagetq

text: bild

text: ar

text: rfidayn

text: miyn

text: rodn

text: Beth

text: Nahrain

text: land

text: of

text: rivers

text: is

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: TigrisEuphrates

text: river

text: system

text: in

text: modern

text: days

text: roughly

text: corresponding

text: to

text: most

text: of

text: Iraq

text: plus

text: Kuwait

text: the

text: eastern

text: parts

text: of

text: Syria

text: Southeastern

text: Turkey

text: and

text: regions

text: along

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Syrian

text: and

text: IranIraq

text: borders

text: Pumbedita ( sometimes Pumbeditha , Pumpedita , or Pumbedisa ; Aramaic :   ) was the name of a city in ancient Babylonia close to the modern - day city of Fallujah . The city had a large Jewish population and was famed for its Talmudic academy scholarship that , together with the city of Sura , gave rise to the Babylonian Talmud . The academy there was founded by Judah ben Ezekiel in the late third century . The academy was established after the destruction of the academy of Nehardea . Nehardea , being the capital city , was destroyed during the Persian - Palmyrian war .

text: Pumbedita

text: sometimes

text: Pumbeditha

text: Pumpedita

text: or

text: Pumbedisa

text: Aramaic

text: was

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: city

text: in

text: ancient

text: Babylonia

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: modern

text: day

text: city

text: of

text: Fallujah

text: The

text: city

text: had

text: large

text: Jewish

text: population

text: and

text: was

text: famed

text: for

text: its

text: Talmudic

text: academy

text: scholarship

text: that

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Sura

text: gave

text: rise

text: to

text: the

text: Babylonian

text: Talmud

text: The

text: academy

text: there

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Judah

text: ben

text: Ezekiel

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: third

text: century

text: The

text: academy

text: was

text: established

text: after

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: academy

text: of

text: Nehardea

text: Nehardea

text: being

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: was

text: destroyed

text: during

text: the

text: Persian

text: Palmyrian

text: war

text: Iraq (, or ; '; '), officially known as the Republic of Iraq ('; ') is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds; others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's 36 million citizens are Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish.

text: Iraq

text: or

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iraq

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: bordered

text: by

text: Turkey

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Kuwait

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Jordan

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Baghdad

text: The

text: main

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: are

text: Arabs

text: and

text: Kurds

text: others

text: include

text: Assyrians

text: Turkmen

text: Shabakis

text: Yazidis

text: Armenians

text: Mandeans

text: Circassians

text: and

text: Kawliya

text: Around

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: million

text: citizens

text: are

text: Muslims

text: with

text: Christianity

text: Yarsan

text: Yezidism

text: and

text: Mandeanism

text: also

text: present

text: The

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: Iraq

text: are

text: Arabic

text: and

text: Kurdish

text: The Euphrates (Sumerian: : "Buranuna", : "Purattu", : "al-Furt", : "Prt", : "Yeprat", : "Perat", ) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia. Originating in eastern Turkey, the Euphrates flows through Syria and Iraq to join the Tigris in the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf.

text: The

text: Euphrates

text: Sumerian

text: Buranuna

text: Purattu

text: al

text: Furt

text: Prt

text: Yeprat

text: Perat

text: is

text: the

text: longest

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: historically

text: important

text: rivers

text: of

text: Western

text: Asia

text: Together

text: with

text: the

text: Tigris

text: it

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: defining

text: rivers

text: of

text: Mesopotamia

text: Originating

text: in

text: eastern

text: Turkey

text: the

text: Euphrates

text: flows

text: through

text: Syria

text: and

text: Iraq

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: Tigris

text: in

text: the

text: Shatt

text: al

text: Arab

text: which

text: empties

text: into

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: Fallujah (""  ) is a city in the Iraqi province of Al Anbar, located roughly west of Baghdad on the Euphrates. Fallujah dates from Babylonian times and was host to important Jewish academies for many centuries.

text: Fallujah

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Iraqi

text: province

text: of

text: Al

text: Anbar

text: located

text: roughly

text: west

text: of

text: Baghdad

text: on

text: the

text: Euphrates

text: Fallujah

text: dates

text: from

text: Babylonian

text: times

text: and

text: was

text: host

text: to

text: important

text: Jewish

text: academies

text: for

text: many

text: centuries

text:
Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). A small Amorite-ruled state emerged in 1894 BC, which contained at this time the minor city of Babylon. Babylon greatly expanded during the reign of Hammurabi in the first half of the 18th century BC, becoming a major capital city. During the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Babylonia was called "Mt Akkad" "the country of Akkad" in the Akkadian language.
It was often involved in rivalry with its older fellow Akkadian-speaking state of Assyria in northern Mesopotamia. Babylonia briefly became the major power in the region after Hammurabi (fl. c. 1792  1752 BC middle chronology, or c. 1696  1654 BC, short chronology) created a short-lived empire, succeeding the earlier Akkadian Empire, Third Dynasty of Ur, and Old Assyrian Empire; however, the Babylonian empire rapidly fell apart after the death of Hammurabi.

text: Babylonia

text: was

text: an

text: ancient

text: Akkadian

text: speaking

text: state

text: and

text: cultural

text: area

text: based

text: in

text: central

text: southern

text: Mesopotamia

text: present

text: day

text: Iraq

text: small

text: Amorite

text: ruled

text: state

text: emerged

text: in

text: BC

text: which

text: contained

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: the

text: minor

text: city

text: of

text: Babylon

text: Babylon

text: greatly

text: expanded

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Hammurabi

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: becoming

text: major

text: capital

text: city

text: During

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Hammurabi

text: and

text: afterwards

text: Babylonia

text: was

text: called

text: Mt

text: Akkad

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: Akkad

text: in

text: the

text: Akkadian

text: language

text: It

text: was

text: often

text: involved

text: in

text: rivalry

text: with

text: its

text: older

text: fellow

text: Akkadian

text: speaking

text: state

text: of

text: Assyria

text: in

text: northern

text: Mesopotamia

text: Babylonia

text: briefly

text: became

text: the

text: major

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: after

text: Hammurabi

text: fl

text: BC

text: middle

text: chronology

text: or

text: BC

text: short

text: chronology

text: created

text: short

text: lived

text: empire

text: succeeding

text: the

text: earlier

text: Akkadian

text: Empire

text: Third

text: Dynasty

text: of

text: Ur

text: and

text: Old

text: Assyrian

text: Empire

text: however

text: the

text: Babylonian

text: empire

text: rapidly

text: fell

text: apart

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Hammurabi

text: Ur (Sumerian: "Urim"; Sumerian Cuneiform: or ; Akkadian: "Uru") was an important Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia, located at the site of modern Tell el-Muqayyar in south Iraq's Dhi Qar Governorate. Although Ur was once a coastal city near the mouth of the Euphrates on the Persian Gulf, the coastline has shifted and the city is now well inland, south of the Euphrates on its right bank, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Nasiriyah.

text: Ur

text: Sumerian

text: Urim

text: Sumerian

text: Cuneiform

text: or

text: Akkadian

text: Uru

text: was

text: an

text: important

text: Sumerian

text: city

text: state

text: in

text: ancient

text: Mesopotamia

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: modern

text: Tell

text: el

text: Muqayyar

text: in

text: south

text: Iraq

text: 's

text: Dhi

text: Qar

text: Governorate

text: Although

text: Ur

text: was

text: once

text: coastal

text: city

text: near

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: Euphrates

text: on

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: the

text: coastline

text: has

text: shifted

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: now

text: well

text: inland

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Euphrates

text: on

text: its

text: right

text: bank

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: from

text: Nasiriyah

text: Nehardea or Nehardeah ("river of knowledge") was a city of Babylonia, situated at or near the junction of the Euphrates with the Nahr Malka (also known as Nâr Sharri, Ar-Malcha, Nahr el-Malik, and King's Canal), one of the earliest centers of Babylonian Judaism. As the seat of the exilarch it traced its origin back to King Jehoiachin. According to Sherira Gaon (Letter of Sherira Gaon, in Neubauer, "M. J. C." i. 26), Jehoiachin and his coexilarchs built a synagogue at Nehardea, for the foundation of which they used earth and stones which they had brought, in accordance with the words of Psalms 102:15, from Jerusalem (comp. a similar statement in regard to the founding of the Jewish neighbourhood in the Persian city of Ispahan, in "Monatsschrift," 1873, pp. 129, 181). For this reason it was called 'The Synagogue that Slid and Settled'. This was the synagogue called "Shaf we-Yatib," to which there are several references dating from the third and fourth centuries (R. H. 24b; Avodah Zarah 43b; Niddah 13a), and which Abaye asserts (Meg. 29a) was the seat of the Shekhinah in Babylonia. The Aaronic portion of the Jewish population of Nehardea was said to be descended from the slaves of Pashur ben Immer, the contemporary of King Jehoiachin (Kiddushin 70b).

text: Nehardea

text: or

text: Nehardeah

text: river

text: of

text: knowledge

text: was

text: city

text: of

text: Babylonia

text: situated

text: at

text: or

text: near

text: the

text: junction

text: of

text: the

text: Euphrates

text: with

text: the

text: Nahr

text: Malka

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Nâr

text: Sharri

text: Ar

text: Malcha

text: Nahr

text: el

text: Malik

text: and

text: King

text: 's

text: Canal

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: centers

text: of

text: Babylonian

text: Judaism

text: As

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: exilarch

text: it

text: traced

text: its

text: origin

text: back

text: to

text: King

text: Jehoiachin

text: According

text: to

text: Sherira

text: Gaon

text: Letter

text: of

text: Sherira

text: Gaon

text: in

text: Neubauer

text: Jehoiachin

text: and

text: his

text: coexilarchs

text: built

text: synagogue

text: at

text: Nehardea

text: for

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: which

text: they

text: used

text: earth

text: and

text: stones

text: which

text: they

text: had

text: brought

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: the

text: words

text: of

text: Psalms

text: from

text: Jerusalem

text: comp

text: similar

text: statement

text: in

text: regard

text: to

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: neighbourhood

text: in

text: the

text: Persian

text: city

text: of

text: Ispahan

text: in

text: Monatsschrift

text: pp

text: For

text: this

text: reason

text: it

text: was

text: called

text: The

text: Synagogue

text: that

text: Slid

text: and

text: Settled

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: synagogue

text: called

text: Shaf

text: we

text: Yatib

text: to

text: which

text: there

text: are

text: several

text: references

text: dating

text: from

text: the

text: third

text: and

text: fourth

text: centuries

text: Avodah

text: Zarah

text: Niddah

text: and

text: which

text: Abaye

text: asserts

text: Meg

text: was

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: Shekhinah

text: in

text: Babylonia

text: The

text: Aaronic

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: population

text: of

text: Nehardea

text: was

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: descended

text: from

text: the

text: slaves

text: of

text: Pashur

text: ben

text: Immer

text: the

text: contemporary

text: of

text: King

text: Jehoiachin

text: Kiddushin

text: Exilarch (Hebrew:   "Rosh Galut", Aramaic:   "Reysh Galuta" or "Resh Galvata" lit. "head of the exile", Arabic:   "Raas al-Galut", Greek:  "Aechmalotarches" lit. "leader of the captives") refers to the leaders of the Diaspora Jewish community in Babylon following the deportation of King Jeconiah and his court into Babylonian exile after the first fall of Jerusalem in 597 BCE and augmented after the further deportations following the destruction of the kingdom of Judah in 587 BCE. The people in exile were called "golah" or "galut".

text: Exilarch

text: Hebrew

text: Rosh

text: Galut

text: Aramaic

text: Reysh

text: Galuta

text: or

text: Resh

text: Galvata

text: lit

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: exile

text: Arabic

text: Raas

text: al

text: Galut

text: Greek

text: Aechmalotarches

text: lit

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: captives

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: Diaspora

text: Jewish

text: community

text: in

text: Babylon

text: following

text: the

text: deportation

text: of

text: King

text: Jeconiah

text: and

text: his

text: court

text: into

text: Babylonian

text: exile

text: after

text: the

text: first

text: fall

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: in

text: BCE

text: and

text: augmented

text: after

text: the

text: further

text: deportations

text: following

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Judah

text: in

text: BCE

text: The

text: people

text: in

text: exile

text: were

text: called

text: golah

text: or

text: galut

text: The Akkadian Empire was the first ancient Semitic-speaking empire of Mesopotamia, centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region, also called Akkad in ancient Mesopotamia and Accad in the Bible (Genesis 10:10). The empire united all the Akkadian and Sumerian speakers under one rule. The Akkadian Empire controlled Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, Kuwait, northeast Syria and southeast Turkey), the Levant (modern Syria and Lebanon), and eastern and southern parts of Anatolia (modern Turkey) and Iran, sending military expeditions as far south as Dilmun and Magan (modern Bahrain and Oman) in the Arabian Peninsula.

text: The

text: Akkadian

text: Empire

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: ancient

text: Semitic

text: speaking

text: empire

text: of

text: Mesopotamia

text: centered

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Akkad

text: and

text: its

text: surrounding

text: region

text: also

text: called

text: Akkad

text: in

text: ancient

text: Mesopotamia

text: and

text: Accad

text: in

text: the

text: Bible

text: Genesis

text: The

text: empire

text: united

text: all

text: the

text: Akkadian

text: and

text: Sumerian

text: speakers

text: under

text: one

text: rule

text: The

text: Akkadian

text: Empire

text: controlled

text: Mesopotamia

text: modern

text: Iraq

text: Kuwait

text: northeast

text: Syria

text: and

text: southeast

text: Turkey

text: the

text: Levant

text: modern

text: Syria

text: and

text: Lebanon

text: and

text: eastern

text: and

text: southern

text: parts

text: of

text: Anatolia

text: modern

text: Turkey

text: and

text: Iran

text: sending

text: military

text: expeditions

text: as

text: far

text: south

text: as

text: Dilmun

text: and

text: Magan

text: modern

text: Bahrain

text: and

text: Oman

text: in

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Peninsula

question: country pumbedita

answer: iraq

text: iraq

text: iraq

text: iraq

text: iraq

text: iraq

text: iraq

text: iraq

text: iraq

text: iraq

text: iraq