text: The University of the West of England (also known as UWE Bristol, or simply UWE) is a public university located near the city of Bristol, United Kingdom. The university has a history dating back to the "Merchant Venturers Navigation School" which was founded in 1595, with the present institution granted university status in 1992. Its main campus is at Frenchay near Bristol, about north of the city centre and close to the M32 motorway. UWE Bristol also has campuses at Glenside in north-east Bristol and Bower Ashton, near Ashton Court in south-west Bristol. There is also a regional centre at Gloucester Docks, Gloucestershire, and an associate faculty (Hartpury College) specialising in animal behaviour and welfare, agricultural and sports related courses in Hartpury, Gloucestershire.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: of

text: England

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: UWE

text: Bristol

text: or

text: simply

text: UWE

text: is

text: public

text: university

text: located

text: near

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Bristol

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: university

text: has

text: history

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Merchant

text: Venturers

text: Navigation

text: School

text: which

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: present

text: institution

text: granted

text: university

text: status

text: in

text: Its

text: main

text: campus

text: is

text: at

text: Frenchay

text: near

text: Bristol

text: about

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: and

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: motorway

text: UWE

text: Bristol

text: also

text: has

text: campuses

text: at

text: Glenside

text: in

text: north

text: east

text: Bristol

text: and

text: Bower

text: Ashton

text: near

text: Ashton

text: Court

text: in

text: south

text: west

text: Bristol

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: regional

text: centre

text: at

text: Gloucester

text: Docks

text: Gloucestershire

text: and

text: an

text: associate

text: faculty

text: Hartpury

text: College

text: specialising

text: in

text: animal

text: behaviour

text: and

text: welfare

text: agricultural

text: and

text: sports

text: related

text: courses

text: in

text: Hartpury

text: Gloucestershire

text: The University of Bristol (abbreviated as Bris. in post-nominal letters, sometimes referred to as Bristol University) is a red brick research university located in Bristol, United Kingdom. It received its royal charter in 1909, and its predecessor institution, University College, Bristol, had been in existence since 1876.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Bristol

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: Bris

text: in

text: post

text: nominal

text: letters

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Bristol

text: University

text: is

text: red

text: brick

text: research

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Bristol

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: received

text: its

text: royal

text: charter

text: in

text: and

text: its

text: predecessor

text: institution

text: University

text: College

text: Bristol

text: had

text: been

text: in

text: existence

text: since

text: Bristol is a city, unitary authority area and county in South West England with an estimated population of 449,300 in 2016. It is England's sixth and the United Kingdom's eighth most populous city, and the most populous city in Southern England after London. The city borders the Unitary Authority areas of North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, with the historic cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east, respectively.

text: Bristol

text: is

text: city

text: unitary

text: authority

text: area

text: and

text: county

text: in

text: South

text: West

text: England

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: England

text: 's

text: sixth

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: eighth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Southern

text: England

text: after

text: London

text: The

text: city

text: borders

text: the

text: Unitary

text: Authority

text: areas

text: of

text: North

text: Somerset

text: and

text: South

text: Gloucestershire

text: with

text: the

text: historic

text: cities

text: of

text: Bath

text: and

text: Gloucester

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: and

text: north

text: east

text: respectively

text: Cardiovascular (heart) surgery is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons. Frequently, it is done to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (for example, coronary artery bypass grafting), correct congenital heart disease, or treat valvular heart disease from various causes including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease and atherosclerosis. It also includes heart transplantation.

text: Cardiovascular

text: heart

text: surgery

text: is

text: surgery

text: on

text: the

text: heart

text: or

text: great

text: vessels

text: performed

text: by

text: cardiac

text: surgeons

text: Frequently

text: it

text: is

text: done

text: to

text: treat

text: complications

text: of

text: ischemic

text: heart

text: disease

text: for

text: example

text: coronary

text: artery

text: bypass

text: grafting

text: correct

text: congenital

text: heart

text: disease

text: or

text: treat

text: valvular

text: heart

text: disease

text: from

text: various

text: causes

text: including

text: endocarditis

text: rheumatic

text: heart

text: disease

text: and

text: atherosclerosis

text: It

text: also

text: includes

text: heart

text: transplantation

text: Surgery (from the "cheirourgik" (composed of , "hand", and , "work"), via , meaning "hand work") is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas (for example, a perforated ear drum).

text: Surgery

text: from

text: the

text: cheirourgik

text: composed

text: of

text: hand

text: and

text: work

text: via

text: meaning

text: hand

text: work

text: is

text: an

text: ancient

text: medical

text: specialty

text: that

text: uses

text: operative

text: manual

text: and

text: instrumental

text: techniques

text: on

text: patient

text: to

text: investigate

text: and/or

text: treat

text: pathological

text: condition

text: such

text: as

text: disease

text: or

text: injury

text: to

text: help

text: improve

text: bodily

text: function

text: or

text: appearance

text: or

text: to

text: repair

text: unwanted

text: ruptured

text: areas

text: for

text: example

text: perforated

text: ear

text: drum

text: The Bristol Royal Infirmary, also known as the BRI, is a large teaching hospital situated in the centre of Bristol, England. It has links with the nearby University of Bristol and the Faculty of Health and Social Care at the University of the West of England, also in Bristol. It is currently undergoing a major redevelopment.

text: The

text: Bristol

text: Royal

text: Infirmary

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: BRI

text: is

text: large

text: teaching

text: hospital

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: Bristol

text: England

text: It

text: has

text: links

text: with

text: the

text: nearby

text: University

text: of

text: Bristol

text: and

text: the

text: Faculty

text: of

text: Health

text: and

text: Social

text: Care

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: of

text: England

text: also

text: in

text: Bristol

text: It

text: is

text: currently

text: undergoing

text: major

text: redevelopment

text: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: UK

text: or

text: Britain

text: is

text: sovereign

text: country

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: Lying

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: mainland

text: it

text: includes

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: loosely

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: country

text: the

text: north

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: many

text: smaller

text: islands

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: that

text: shares

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: another

text: sovereign

text: statethe

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Apart

text: from

text: this

text: land

text: border

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: south

text: west

text: giving

text: it

text: the

text: longest

text: coastline

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Together

text: this

text: makes

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: A teaching hospital is a hospital or medical center that provides clinical education and training to future and current health professionals. Teaching hospitals are often affiliated with medical schools and work closely with medical students throughout their period of matriculation, and especially during their clerkship (internship) years. In most cases, teaching hospitals also offer Graduate Medical Education (GME)/ physician residency programs, where medical school graduates train under a supervising (attending) physician to assist with the coordination of care.

text: teaching

text: hospital

text: is

text: hospital

text: or

text: medical

text: center

text: that

text: provides

text: clinical

text: education

text: and

text: training

text: to

text: future

text: and

text: current

text: health

text: professionals

text: Teaching

text: hospitals

text: are

text: often

text: affiliated

text: with

text: medical

text: schools

text: and

text: work

text: closely

text: with

text: medical

text: students

text: throughout

text: their

text: period

text: of

text: matriculation

text: and

text: especially

text: during

text: their

text: clerkship

text: internship

text: years

text: In

text: most

text: cases

text: teaching

text: hospitals

text: also

text: offer

text: Graduate

text: Medical

text: Education

text: GME)/

text: physician

text: residency

text: programs

text: where

text: medical

text: school

text: graduates

text: train

text: under

text: supervising

text: attending

text: physician

text: to

text: assist

text: with

text: the

text: coordination

text: of

text: care

text: A patient is any recipient of health care services. The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a advanced practice registered nurse, physiotherapist, physician, physician assistant, psychologist, podiatrist, veterinarian, or other health care provider.

text: patient

text: is

text: any

text: recipient

text: of

text: health

text: care

text: services

text: The

text: patient

text: is

text: most

text: often

text: ill

text: or

text: injured

text: and

text: in

text: need

text: of

text: treatment

text: by

text: advanced

text: practice

text: registered

text: nurse

text: physiotherapist

text: physician

text: physician

text: assistant

text: psychologist

text: podiatrist

text: veterinarian

text: or

text: other

text: health

text: care

text: provider

text:
The heart is a muscular organ in humans and other animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. Blood provides the body with oxygen and nutrients, as well as assists in the removal of metabolic wastes. The heart is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest.
In humans, other mammals, and birds, the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and right atria; and lower left and right ventricles. Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the "right heart" and their left counterparts as the "left heart". Fish in contrast have two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle, while reptiles have three chambers. In a healthy heart blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves, which prevent backflow. The heart is enclosed in a protective sac, the pericardium, which also contains a small amount of fluid. The wall of the heart is made up of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
The heart pumps blood with a rhythm determined by a group of pacemaking cells in the sinoatrial node. These generate a current that causes contraction of the heart, traveling through the atrioventricular node and along the conduction system of the heart. The heart receives blood low in oxygen from the systemic circulation, which enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae and passes to the right ventricle. From here it is pumped into the pulmonary circulation, through the lungs where it receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. Oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium, passes through the left ventricle and is pumped out through the aorta to the systemic circulationwhere the oxygen is used and metabolized to carbon dioxide. The heart beats at a resting rate close to 72 beats per minute. Exercise temporarily increases the rate, but lowers resting heart rate in the long term, and is good for heart health.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most common cause of death globally as of 2008, accounting for 30% of deaths. Of these more than three quarters are a result of coronary artery disease and stroke. Risk factors include: smoking, being overweight, little exercise, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and poorly controlled diabetes, among others. Cardiovascular diseases frequently have no symptoms or may cause chest pain or shortness of breath. Diagnosis of heart disease is often done by the taking of a medical history, listening to the heart-sounds with a stethoscope, ECG, and ultrasound. Specialists who focus on diseases of the heart are called cardiologists, although many specialties of medicine may be involved in treatment.

text: The

text: heart

text: is

text: muscular

text: organ

text: in

text: humans

text: and

text: other

text: animals

text: which

text: pumps

text: blood

text: through

text: the

text: blood

text: vessels

text: of

text: the

text: circulatory

text: system

text: Blood

text: provides

text: the

text: body

text: with

text: oxygen

text: and

text: nutrients

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: assists

text: in

text: the

text: removal

text: of

text: metabolic

text: wastes

text: The

text: heart

text: is

text: located

text: between

text: the

text: lungs

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: compartment

text: of

text: the

text: chest

text: In

text: humans

text: other

text: mammals

text: and

text: birds

text: the

text: heart

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: four

text: chambers

text: upper

text: left

text: and

text: right

text: atria

text: and

text: lower

text: left

text: and

text: right

text: ventricles

text: Commonly

text: the

text: right

text: atrium

text: and

text: ventricle

text: are

text: referred

text: together

text: as

text: the

text: right

text: heart

text: and

text: their

text: left

text: counterparts

text: as

text: the

text: left

text: heart

text: Fish

text: in

text: contrast

text: have

text: two

text: chambers

text: an

text: atrium

text: and

text: ventricle

text: while

text: reptiles

text: have

text: three

text: chambers

text: In

text: healthy

text: heart

text: blood

text: flows

text: one

text: way

text: through

text: the

text: heart

text: due

text: to

text: heart

text: valves

text: which

text: prevent

text: backflow

text: The

text: heart

text: is

text: enclosed

text: in

text: protective

text: sac

text: the

text: pericardium

text: which

text: also

text: contains

text: small

text: amount

text: of

text: fluid

text: The

text: wall

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: three

text: layers

text: epicardium

text: myocardium

text: and

text: endocardium

text: The

text: heart

text: pumps

text: blood

text: with

text: rhythm

text: determined

text: by

text: group

text: of

text: pacemaking

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: sinoatrial

text: node

text: These

text: generate

text: current

text: that

text: causes

text: contraction

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: traveling

text: through

text: the

text: atrioventricular

text: node

text: and

text: along

text: the

text: conduction

text: system

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: The

text: heart

text: receives

text: blood

text: low

text: in

text: oxygen

text: from

text: the

text: systemic

text: circulation

text: which

text: enters

text: the

text: right

text: atrium

text: from

text: the

text: superior

text: and

text: inferior

text: venae

text: cavae

text: and

text: passes

text: to

text: the

text: right

text: ventricle

text: From

text: here

text: it

text: is

text: pumped

text: into

text: the

text: pulmonary

text: circulation

text: through

text: the

text: lungs

text: where

text: it

text: receives

text: oxygen

text: and

text: gives

text: off

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: Oxygenated

text: blood

text: then

text: returns

text: to

text: the

text: left

text: atrium

text: passes

text: through

text: the

text: left

text: ventricle

text: and

text: is

text: pumped

text: out

text: through

text: the

text: aorta

text: to

text: the

text: systemic

text: circulationwhere

text: the

text: oxygen

text: is

text: used

text: and

text: metabolized

text: to

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: The

text: heart

text: beats

text: at

text: resting

text: rate

text: close

text: to

text: beats

text: per

text: minute

text: Exercise

text: temporarily

text: increases

text: the

text: rate

text: but

text: lowers

text: resting

text: heart

text: rate

text: in

text: the

text: long

text: term

text: and

text: is

text: good

text: for

text: heart

text: health

text: Cardiovascular

text: diseases

text: CVD

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: globally

text: as

text: of

text: accounting

text: for

text: of

text: deaths

text: Of

text: these

text: more

text: than

text: three

text: quarters

text: are

text: result

text: of

text: coronary

text: artery

text: disease

text: and

text: stroke

text: Risk

text: factors

text: include

text: smoking

text: being

text: overweight

text: little

text: exercise

text: high

text: cholesterol

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: and

text: poorly

text: controlled

text: diabetes

text: among

text: others

text: Cardiovascular

text: diseases

text: frequently

text: have

text: no

text: symptoms

text: or

text: may

text: cause

text: chest

text: pain

text: or

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: Diagnosis

text: of

text: heart

text: disease

text: is

text: often

text: done

text: by

text: the

text: taking

text: of

text: medical

text: history

text: listening

text: to

text: the

text: heart

text: sounds

text: with

text: stethoscope

text: ECG

text: and

text: ultrasound

text: Specialists

text: who

text: focus

text: on

text: diseases

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: are

text: called

text: cardiologists

text: although

text: many

text: specialties

text: of

text: medicine

text: may

text: be

text: involved

text: in

text: treatment

text: Clinical governance is a systematic approach to maintaining and improving the quality of patient care within a health system (NHS). Clinical governance became important in health care after the Bristol heart scandal in 1995, during which an anaesthetist, Dr Stephen Bolsin, exposed the high mortality rate for paediatric cardiac surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary. It was originally elaborated within the United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS), and its most widely cited formal definition describes it as:

text: Clinical

text: governance

text: is

text: systematic

text: approach

text: to

text: maintaining

text: and

text: improving

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: patient

text: care

text: within

text: health

text: system

text: NHS

text: Clinical

text: governance

text: became

text: important

text: in

text: health

text: care

text: after

text: the

text: Bristol

text: heart

text: scandal

text: in

text: during

text: which

text: an

text: anaesthetist

text: Dr

text: Stephen

text: Bolsin

text: exposed

text: the

text: high

text: mortality

text: rate

text: for

text: paediatric

text: cardiac

text: surgery

text: at

text: the

text: Bristol

text: Royal

text: Infirmary

text: It

text: was

text: originally

text: elaborated

text: within

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: National

text: Health

text: Service

text: NHS

text: and

text: its

text: most

text: widely

text: cited

text: formal

text: definition

text: describes

text: it

text: as

text: The National Health Service (NHS) is the name of the public health services of England, Scotland and Wales, and is commonly used to refer to those of Northern Ireland. They were established together as one of the major social reforms following the Second World War on the founding principles of being comprehensive, universal and free at the point of delivery. Today, each provides a comprehensive range of health services, the vast majority of which are free for people ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom.

text: The

text: National

text: Health

text: Service

text: NHS

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: health

text: services

text: of

text: England

text: Scotland

text: and

text: Wales

text: and

text: is

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: those

text: of

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: They

text: were

text: established

text: together

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: social

text: reforms

text: following

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: on

text: the

text: founding

text: principles

text: of

text: being

text: comprehensive

text: universal

text: and

text: free

text: at

text: the

text: point

text: of

text: delivery

text: Today

text: each

text: provides

text: comprehensive

text: range

text: of

text: health

text: services

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: free

text: for

text: people

text: ordinarily

text: resident

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Stephen Nicholas Cluley Bolsin ( born 1952 ) is a British anaesthetist who became famous as the whistleblower whose actions to prevent incompetent paediatric cardiac surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary led to the implementation of clinical governance reforms in the United Kingdom .

text: Stephen

text: Nicholas

text: Cluley

text: Bolsin

text: born

text: is

text: British

text: anaesthetist

text: who

text: became

text: famous

text: as

text: the

text: whistleblower

text: whose

text: actions

text: to

text: prevent

text: incompetent

text: paediatric

text: cardiac

text: surgery

text: at

text: the

text: Bristol

text: Royal

text: Infirmary

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: implementation

text: of

text: clinical

text: governance

text: reforms

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

question: occupation stephen bolsin

answer: physician

text: physician

text: physician

text: physician

text: physician


text: The axolotl (from ] ) also known as a Mexican salamander ("Ambystoma mexicanum") or a Mexican walking fish, is a neotenic salamander, closely related to the tiger salamander. Although the axolotl is colloquially known as a "walking fish", it is not a fish, but an amphibian. The species originates from numerous lakes, such as Lake Xochimilco underlying Mexico City. Axolotls are unusual among amphibians in that they reach adulthood without undergoing metamorphosis. Instead of developing lungs and taking to land, the adults remain aquatic and gilled.

text: The

text: axolotl

text: from

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Mexican

text: salamander

text: Ambystoma

text: mexicanum

text: or

text: Mexican

text: walking

text: fish

text: is

text: neotenic

text: salamander

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: tiger

text: salamander

text: Although

text: the

text: axolotl

text: is

text: colloquially

text: known

text: as

text: walking

text: fish

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: fish

text: but

text: an

text: amphibian

text: The

text: species

text: originates

text: from

text: numerous

text: lakes

text: such

text: as

text: Lake

text: Xochimilco

text: underlying

text: Mexico

text: City

text: Axolotls

text: are

text: unusual

text: among

text: amphibians

text: in

text: that

text: they

text: reach

text: adulthood

text: without

text: undergoing

text: metamorphosis

text: Instead

text: of

text: developing

text: lungs

text: and

text: taking

text: to

text: land

text: the

text: adults

text: remain

text: aquatic

text: and

text: gilled

text: The Permian is a geologic period and system which spans 46.7 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 252.2 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleozoic Era; the following Triassic Period belongs to the Mesozoic Era. The concept of the Permian was introduced in 1841 by geologist Sir Roderick Murchison, who named it after the city of Perm.

text: The

text: Permian

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: which

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Carboniferous

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Triassic

text: Period

text: Mya

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Paleozoic

text: Era

text: the

text: following

text: Triassic

text: Period

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: Permian

text: was

text: introduced

text: in

text: by

text: geologist

text: Sir

text: Roderick

text: Murchison

text: who

text: named

text: it

text: after

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Perm

text: Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia. Modern amphibians are all Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Thus amphibians typically start out as larvae living in water, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. The young generally undergo metamorphosis from larva with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs. Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely on their skin. They are superficially similar to lizards but, along with mammals and birds, reptiles are amniotes and do not require water bodies in which to breed. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators; in recent decades there has been a dramatic decline in amphibian populations for many species around the globe.

text: Amphibians

text: are

text: ectothermic

text: tetrapod

text: vertebrates

text: of

text: the

text: class

text: Amphibia

text: Modern

text: amphibians

text: are

text: all

text: Lissamphibia

text: They

text: inhabit

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: habitats

text: with

text: most

text: species

text: living

text: within

text: terrestrial

text: fossorial

text: arboreal

text: or

text: freshwater

text: aquatic

text: ecosystems

text: Thus

text: amphibians

text: typically

text: start

text: out

text: as

text: larvae

text: living

text: in

text: water

text: but

text: some

text: species

text: have

text: developed

text: behavioural

text: adaptations

text: to

text: bypass

text: this

text: The

text: young

text: generally

text: undergo

text: metamorphosis

text: from

text: larva

text: with

text: gills

text: to

text: an

text: adult

text: air

text: breathing

text: form

text: with

text: lungs

text: Amphibians

text: use

text: their

text: skin

text: as

text: secondary

text: respiratory

text: surface

text: and

text: some

text: small

text: terrestrial

text: salamanders

text: and

text: frogs

text: lack

text: lungs

text: and

text: rely

text: entirely

text: on

text: their

text: skin

text: They

text: are

text: superficially

text: similar

text: to

text: lizards

text: but

text: along

text: with

text: mammals

text: and

text: birds

text: reptiles

text: are

text: amniotes

text: and

text: do

text: not

text: require

text: water

text: bodies

text: in

text: which

text: to

text: breed

text: With

text: their

text: complex

text: reproductive

text: needs

text: and

text: permeable

text: skins

text: amphibians

text: are

text: often

text: ecological

text: indicators

text: in

text: recent

text: decades

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: dramatic

text: decline

text: in

text: amphibian

text: populations

text: for

text: many

text: species

text: around

text: the

text: globe

text: Mexico (, modern Nahuatl ), officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world while being the second most populous country in Latin America. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana and León.

text: Mexico

text: modern

text: Nahuatl

text: officially

text: the

text: United

text: Mexican

text: States

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: west

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: Guatemala

text: Belize

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Sea

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: Covering

text: almost

text: two

text: million

text: square

text: kilometers

text: over

text: sq

text: mi

text: Mexico

text: is

text: the

text: sixth

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: independent

text: nation

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: eleventh

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Spanish

text: speaking

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: while

text: being

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: Mexico

text: is

text: federation

text: comprising

text: states

text: and

text: federal

text: district

text: that

text: is

text: also

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: Other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Guadalajara

text: Monterrey

text: Puebla

text: Toluca

text: Tijuana

text: and

text: León

text: The tiger salamander or eastern tiger salamander ("Ambystoma tigrinum") is a North American species of mole salamander.

text: The

text: tiger

text: salamander

text: or

text: eastern

text: tiger

text: salamander

text: Ambystoma

text: tigrinum

text: is

text: North

text: American

text: species

text: of

text: mole

text: salamander

text: Microsauria ( `` small lizards '' ) is an extinct order of lepospondyl amphibians from the late Carboniferous and early Permian periods . It is the most diverse and species - rich group of lepospondyls . Recently , Microsauria has been considered paraphyletic , as several other non-microsaur lepospondyl groups such as Lysorophia seem to be nested in it . Microsauria is now commonly used as a collective term for the grade of lepospondyls that were originally classified as members of Microsauria . The microsaurs all had short tails and small legs , but were otherwise quite varied in form . The group included lizard - like animals that were relatively well - adapted to living on dry land , burrowing forms , and others that , like the modern axolotl , retained their gills into adult life , and so presumably never left the water . They are possible ancestors of the newts and salamanders , if that group did not arise from the temnospondyls along with the frogs and toads .

text: Microsauria

text: small

text: lizards

text: is

text: an

text: extinct

text: order

text: of

text: lepospondyl

text: amphibians

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: Carboniferous

text: and

text: early

text: Permian

text: periods

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: and

text: species

text: rich

text: group

text: of

text: lepospondyls

text: Recently

text: Microsauria

text: has

text: been

text: considered

text: paraphyletic

text: as

text: several

text: other

text: non

text: microsaur

text: lepospondyl

text: groups

text: such

text: as

text: Lysorophia

text: seem

text: to

text: be

text: nested

text: in

text: it

text: Microsauria

text: is

text: now

text: commonly

text: used

text: as

text: collective

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: grade

text: of

text: lepospondyls

text: that

text: were

text: originally

text: classified

text: as

text: members

text: of

text: Microsauria

text: The

text: microsaurs

text: all

text: had

text: short

text: tails

text: and

text: small

text: legs

text: but

text: were

text: otherwise

text: quite

text: varied

text: in

text: form

text: The

text: group

text: included

text: lizard

text: like

text: animals

text: that

text: were

text: relatively

text: well

text: adapted

text: to

text: living

text: on

text: dry

text: land

text: burrowing

text: forms

text: and

text: others

text: that

text: like

text: the

text: modern

text: axolotl

text: retained

text: their

text: gills

text: into

text: adult

text: life

text: and

text: so

text: presumably

text: never

text: left

text: the

text: water

text: They

text: are

text: possible

text: ancestors

text: of

text: the

text: newts

text: and

text: salamanders

text: if

text: that

text: group

text: did

text: not

text: arise

text: from

text: the

text: temnospondyls

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: frogs

text: and

text: toads

text: The Triassic is a geologic period and system which spans 50.9 million years from the end of the Permian Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period Mya. The Triassic is the first period of the Mesozoic Era. Both the start and end of the period are marked by major extinction events. The Triassic was named in 1834 by Friedrich von Alberti, after the three distinct rock layers ("tri" meaning "three") that are found throughout Germany and northwestern Europered beds, capped by marine limestone, followed by a series of terrestrial mud- and sandstonescalled the "Trias".

text: The

text: Triassic

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: which

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Permian

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: Period

text: Mya

text: The

text: Triassic

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: Both

text: the

text: start

text: and

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: are

text: marked

text: by

text: major

text: extinction

text: events

text: The

text: Triassic

text: was

text: named

text: in

text: by

text: Friedrich

text: von

text: Alberti

text: after

text: the

text: three

text: distinct

text: rock

text: layers

text: tri

text: meaning

text: three

text: that

text: are

text: found

text: throughout

text: Germany

text: and

text: northwestern

text: Europered

text: beds

text: capped

text: by

text: marine

text: limestone

text: followed

text: by

text: series

text: of

text: terrestrial

text: mud-

text: and

text: sandstonescalled

text: the

text: Trias

text: The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, Mya. The name "Carboniferous" means "coal-bearing" and derives from the Latin words "carb" ("coal") and "fer" ("I bear, I carry"), and was coined by geologists William Conybeare and William Phillips in 1822. Based on a study of the British rock succession, it was the first of the modern 'system' names to be employed, and reflects the fact that many coal beds were formed globally during that time. The Carboniferous is often treated in North America as two geological periods, the earlier Mississippian and the later Pennsylvanian.

text: The

text: Carboniferous

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: that

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Devonian

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Permian

text: Period

text: Mya

text: The

text: name

text: Carboniferous

text: means

text: coal

text: bearing

text: and

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: words

text: carb

text: coal

text: and

text: fer

text: bear

text: carry

text: and

text: was

text: coined

text: by

text: geologists

text: William

text: Conybeare

text: and

text: William

text: Phillips

text: in

text: Based

text: on

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: rock

text: succession

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: system

text: names

text: to

text: be

text: employed

text: and

text: reflects

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: many

text: coal

text: beds

text: were

text: formed

text: globally

text: during

text: that

text: time

text: The

text: Carboniferous

text: is

text: often

text: treated

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: as

text: two

text: geological

text: periods

text: the

text: earlier

text: Mississippian

text: and

text: the

text: later

text: Pennsylvanian

text: A walking fish, or ambulatory fish, is a fish that is able to travel over land for extended periods of time. Some other modes of non-standard fish locomotion include "walking" along the sea floor, for example, in handfish or frogfish.

text: walking

text: fish

text: or

text: ambulatory

text: fish

text: is

text: fish

text: that

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: travel

text: over

text: land

text: for

text: extended

text: periods

text: of

text: time

text: Some

text: other

text: modes

text: of

text: non

text: standard

text: fish

text: locomotion

text: include

text: walking

text: along

text: the

text: sea

text: floor

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: handfish

text: or

text: frogfish

text:
The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic, spanning 60 million years from the end of the Silurian, million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, Mya. It is named after Devon, England, where rocks from this period were first studied.
The first significant adaptive radiation of life on dry land occurred during the Devonian. Free-sporing vascular plants began to spread across dry land, forming extensive forests which covered the continents. By the middle of the Devonian, several groups of plants had evolved leaves and true roots, and by the end of the period the first seed-bearing plants appeared. Various terrestrial arthropods also became well-established. Fish reached substantial diversity during this time, leading the Devonian to often be dubbed the "Age of Fish". The first ray-finned and lobe-finned bony fish appeared, while the placodermi began dominating almost every known aquatic environment.

text: The

text: Devonian

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: of

text: the

text: Paleozoic

text: spanning

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Silurian

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Carboniferous

text: Mya

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: Devon

text: England

text: where

text: rocks

text: from

text: this

text: period

text: were

text: first

text: studied

text: The

text: first

text: significant

text: adaptive

text: radiation

text: of

text: life

text: on

text: dry

text: land

text: occurred

text: during

text: the

text: Devonian

text: Free

text: sporing

text: vascular

text: plants

text: began

text: to

text: spread

text: across

text: dry

text: land

text: forming

text: extensive

text: forests

text: which

text: covered

text: the

text: continents

text: By

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: Devonian

text: several

text: groups

text: of

text: plants

text: had

text: evolved

text: leaves

text: and

text: true

text: roots

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: the

text: first

text: seed

text: bearing

text: plants

text: appeared

text: Various

text: terrestrial

text: arthropods

text: also

text: became

text: well

text: established

text: Fish

text: reached

text: substantial

text: diversity

text: during

text: this

text: time

text: leading

text: the

text: Devonian

text: to

text: often

text: be

text: dubbed

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Fish

text: The

text: first

text: ray

text: finned

text: and

text: lobe

text: finned

text: bony

text: fish

text: appeared

text: while

text: the

text: placodermi

text: began

text: dominating

text: almost

text: every

text: known

text: aquatic

text: environment

text: Devon (archaically known as Devonshire) is a county of England, reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south. It is part of South West England, bounded by Cornwall to the west, Somerset to the northeast, and Dorset to the east. The City of Exeter is the county town; seven other districts of East Devon, Mid Devon, North Devon, South Hams, Teignbridge, Torridge, and West Devon are under the jurisdiction of Devon County Council; Plymouth and Torbay are each a part of Devon but administered as unitary authorities. Combined as a ceremonial county, Devon's area is and its population is about 1.1 million.

text: Devon

text: archaically

text: known

text: as

text: Devonshire

text: is

text: county

text: of

text: England

text: reaching

text: from

text: the

text: Bristol

text: Channel

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: South

text: West

text: England

text: bounded

text: by

text: Cornwall

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Somerset

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Dorset

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: The

text: City

text: of

text: Exeter

text: is

text: the

text: county

text: town

text: seven

text: other

text: districts

text: of

text: East

text: Devon

text: Mid

text: Devon

text: North

text: Devon

text: South

text: Hams

text: Teignbridge

text: Torridge

text: and

text: West

text: Devon

text: are

text: under

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: Devon

text: County

text: Council

text: Plymouth

text: and

text: Torbay

text: are

text: each

text: part

text: of

text: Devon

text: but

text: administered

text: as

text: unitary

text: authorities

text: Combined

text: as

text: ceremonial

text: county

text: Devon

text: 's

text: area

text: is

text: and

text: its

text: population

text: is

text: about

text: million

text: Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation. Some insects, fishes, amphibians, mollusks, crustaceans, cnidarians, echinoderms and tunicates undergo metamorphosis, which is often accompanied by a change of nutrition source or behavior. Animals that goes through metamorphosis are called metamorphoses. Animals can be divided into species that undergo complete metamorphosis ("holometaboly"), incomplete metamorphosis ("hemimetaboly"), or no metamorphosis ("ametaboly").

text: Metamorphosis

text: is

text: biological

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: an

text: animal

text: physically

text: develops

text: after

text: birth

text: or

text: hatching

text: involving

text: conspicuous

text: and

text: relatively

text: abrupt

text: change

text: in

text: the

text: animal

text: 's

text: body

text: structure

text: through

text: cell

text: growth

text: and

text: differentiation

text: Some

text: insects

text: fishes

text: amphibians

text: mollusks

text: crustaceans

text: cnidarians

text: echinoderms

text: and

text: tunicates

text: undergo

text: metamorphosis

text: which

text: is

text: often

text: accompanied

text: by

text: change

text: of

text: nutrition

text: source

text: or

text: behavior

text: Animals

text: that

text: goes

text: through

text: metamorphosis

text: are

text: called

text: metamorphoses

text: Animals

text: can

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: species

text: that

text: undergo

text: complete

text: metamorphosis

text: holometaboly

text: incomplete

text: metamorphosis

text: hemimetaboly

text: or

text: no

text: metamorphosis

text: ametaboly

text: Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon, along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. A fossil fuel, coal forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, after that bituminous coal, and lastly anthracite. This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time.

text: Coal

text: is

text: combustible

text: black

text: or

text: brownish

text: black

text: sedimentary

text: rock

text: usually

text: occurring

text: in

text: rock

text: strata

text: in

text: layers

text: or

text: veins

text: called

text: coal

text: beds

text: or

text: coal

text: seams

text: The

text: harder

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: anthracite

text: coal

text: can

text: be

text: regarded

text: as

text: metamorphic

text: rock

text: because

text: of

text: later

text: exposure

text: to

text: elevated

text: temperature

text: and

text: pressure

text: Coal

text: is

text: composed

text: primarily

text: of

text: carbon

text: along

text: with

text: variable

text: quantities

text: of

text: other

text: elements

text: chiefly

text: hydrogen

text: sulfur

text: oxygen

text: and

text: nitrogen

text: fossil

text: fuel

text: coal

text: forms

text: when

text: dead

text: plant

text: matter

text: is

text: converted

text: into

text: peat

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: is

text: converted

text: into

text: lignite

text: then

text: sub

text: bituminous

text: coal

text: after

text: that

text: bituminous

text: coal

text: and

text: lastly

text: anthracite

text: This

text: involves

text: biological

text: and

text: geological

text: processes

text: that

text: take

text: place

text: over

text: time

text: Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by a lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults. All present-day salamander families are grouped together under the scientific name Urodela. Salamander diversity is most abundant in the Northern Hemisphere and most species are found in the Holarctic ecozone, with some species present in the Neotropical zone.

text: Salamanders

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: amphibians

text: typically

text: characterized

text: by

text: lizard

text: like

text: appearance

text: with

text: slender

text: bodies

text: blunt

text: snouts

text: short

text: limbs

text: projecting

text: at

text: right

text: angles

text: to

text: the

text: body

text: and

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: tail

text: in

text: both

text: larvae

text: and

text: adults

text: All

text: present

text: day

text: salamander

text: families

text: are

text: grouped

text: together

text: under

text: the

text: scientific

text: name

text: Urodela

text: Salamander

text: diversity

text: is

text: most

text: abundant

text: in

text: the

text: Northern

text: Hemisphere

text: and

text: most

text: species

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Holarctic

text: ecozone

text: with

text: some

text: species

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: Neotropical

text: zone

text: Lepospondyli is a diverse taxon of Paleozoic tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates). It, along with its presumed daughter clade Lissamphibia, and Amphibia proper, are the primary taxa that make up the vertebrate group Batrachomorpha. With the exception of one late-surviving lepospondyl from the Late Permian of Morocco ("Diplocaulus minumus"), lepospondyls lived from the Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) to the Early Permian and were geographically restricted to what is now Europe and North America. Five major groups of lepospondyls are known: Adelospondyli; Aïstopoda; Lysorophia; Microsauria; and Nectridea. Lepospondyls have a diverse range of body forms and include species with newt-like, eel- or snake-like, and lizard-like forms. Various species were aquatic, semiaquatic, or terrestrial. None were large (the biggest genus, the diplocaulid "Diplocaulus", reached a meter in length, but most were much smaller), and they are assumed to have lived in specialized ecological niches not taken by the more numerous temnospondyl amphibians that coexisted with them in the Paleozoic. Lepospondyli was named in 1888 by Karl Alfred von Zittel, who coined the name to include some tetrapods from the Paleozoic, that shared some specific characteristics in the notochord and teeth.

text: Lepospondyli

text: is

text: diverse

text: taxon

text: of

text: Paleozoic

text: tetrapods

text: four

text: limbed

text: vertebrates

text: It

text: along

text: with

text: its

text: presumed

text: daughter

text: clade

text: Lissamphibia

text: and

text: Amphibia

text: proper

text: are

text: the

text: primary

text: taxa

text: that

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: vertebrate

text: group

text: Batrachomorpha

text: With

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: one

text: late

text: surviving

text: lepospondyl

text: from

text: the

text: Late

text: Permian

text: of

text: Morocco

text: Diplocaulus

text: minumus

text: lepospondyls

text: lived

text: from

text: the

text: Early

text: Carboniferous

text: Mississippian

text: to

text: the

text: Early

text: Permian

text: and

text: were

text: geographically

text: restricted

text: to

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Europe

text: and

text: North

text: America

text: Five

text: major

text: groups

text: of

text: lepospondyls

text: are

text: known

text: Adelospondyli

text: Aïstopoda

text: Lysorophia

text: Microsauria

text: and

text: Nectridea

text: Lepospondyls

text: have

text: diverse

text: range

text: of

text: body

text: forms

text: and

text: include

text: species

text: with

text: newt

text: like

text: eel-

text: or

text: snake

text: like

text: and

text: lizard

text: like

text: forms

text: Various

text: species

text: were

text: aquatic

text: semiaquatic

text: or

text: terrestrial

text: were

text: large

text: the

text: biggest

text: genus

text: the

text: diplocaulid

text: Diplocaulus

text: reached

text: meter

text: in

text: length

text: but

text: most

text: were

text: much

text: smaller

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: assumed

text: to

text: have

text: lived

text: in

text: specialized

text: ecological

text: niches

text: not

text: taken

text: by

text: the

text: more

text: numerous

text: temnospondyl

text: amphibians

text: that

text: coexisted

text: with

text: them

text: in

text: the

text: Paleozoic

text: Lepospondyli

text: was

text: named

text: in

text: by

text: Karl

text: Alfred

text: von

text: Zittel

text: who

text: coined

text: the

text: name

text: to

text: include

text: some

text: tetrapods

text: from

text: the

text: Paleozoic

text: that

text: shared

text: some

text: specific

text: characteristics

text: in

text: the

text: notochord

text: and

text: teeth

text: Lysorophia is an order of aquatic Carboniferous and Permian amphibians within the extinct subclass Lepospondyli. Lysorophians resembled small snakes, as their bodies are extremely elongate. There is a single family, the Cocytinidae (previously known as Lysorophidae). Currently there are around five genera included within Lysorophia.

text: Lysorophia

text: is

text: an

text: order

text: of

text: aquatic

text: Carboniferous

text: and

text: Permian

text: amphibians

text: within

text: the

text: extinct

text: subclass

text: Lepospondyli

text: Lysorophians

text: resembled

text: small

text: snakes

text: as

text: their

text: bodies

text: are

text: extremely

text: elongate

text: There

text: is

text: single

text: family

text: the

text: Cocytinidae

text: previously

text: known

text: as

text: Lysorophidae

text: Currently

text: there

text: are

text: around

text: five

text: genera

text: included

text: within

text: Lysorophia

text: A fish is any member of a group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. They form a sister group to the tunicates, together forming the olfactores. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Tetrapods emerged within lobe-finned fishes, so cladistically they are fish as well. However, traditionally fish are rendered obsolete or paraphyletic by excluding the tetrapods (i.e., the amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals which all descended from within the same ancestry). Because in this manner the term "fish" is defined negatively as a paraphyletic group, it is not considered a formal taxonomic grouping in systematic biology. The traditional term pisces (also ichthyes) is considered a typological, but not a phylogenetic classification.

text: fish

text: is

text: any

text: member

text: of

text: group

text: of

text: organisms

text: that

text: consist

text: of

text: all

text: gill

text: bearing

text: aquatic

text: craniate

text: animals

text: that

text: lack

text: limbs

text: with

text: digits

text: They

text: form

text: sister

text: group

text: to

text: the

text: tunicates

text: together

text: forming

text: the

text: olfactores

text: Included

text: in

text: this

text: definition

text: are

text: the

text: living

text: hagfish

text: lampreys

text: and

text: cartilaginous

text: and

text: bony

text: fish

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: various

text: extinct

text: related

text: groups

text: Tetrapods

text: emerged

text: within

text: lobe

text: finned

text: fishes

text: so

text: cladistically

text: they

text: are

text: fish

text: as

text: well

text: However

text: traditionally

text: fish

text: are

text: rendered

text: obsolete

text: or

text: paraphyletic

text: by

text: excluding

text: the

text: tetrapods

text: i.e.

text: the

text: amphibians

text: reptiles

text: birds

text: and

text: mammals

text: which

text: all

text: descended

text: from

text: within

text: the

text: same

text: ancestry

text: Because

text: in

text: this

text: manner

text: the

text: term

text: fish

text: is

text: defined

text: negatively

text: as

text: paraphyletic

text: group

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: considered

text: formal

text: taxonomic

text: grouping

text: in

text: systematic

text: biology

text: The

text: traditional

text: term

text: pisces

text: also

text: ichthyes

text: is

text: considered

text: typological

text: but

text: not

text: phylogenetic

text: classification

text: Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes that can be distinguished from legless lizards by their lack of eyelids and external ears. Like all squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads with their highly mobile jaws. To accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of the other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional lung. Some species retain a pelvic girdle with a pair of vestigial claws on either side of the cloaca.

text: Snakes

text: are

text: elongated

text: legless

text: carnivorous

text: reptiles

text: of

text: the

text: suborder

text: Serpentes

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: distinguished

text: from

text: legless

text: lizards

text: by

text: their

text: lack

text: of

text: eyelids

text: and

text: external

text: ears

text: Like

text: all

text: squamates

text: snakes

text: are

text: ectothermic

text: amniote

text: vertebrates

text: covered

text: in

text: overlapping

text: scales

text: Many

text: species

text: of

text: snakes

text: have

text: skulls

text: with

text: several

text: more

text: joints

text: than

text: their

text: lizard

text: ancestors

text: enabling

text: them

text: to

text: swallow

text: prey

text: much

text: larger

text: than

text: their

text: heads

text: with

text: their

text: highly

text: mobile

text: jaws

text: To

text: accommodate

text: their

text: narrow

text: bodies

text: snakes

text: paired

text: organs

text: such

text: as

text: kidneys

text: appear

text: one

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: instead

text: of

text: side

text: by

text: side

text: and

text: most

text: have

text: only

text: one

text: functional

text: lung

text: Some

text: species

text: retain

text: pelvic

text: girdle

text: with

text: pair

text: of

text: vestigial

text: claws

text: on

text: either

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: cloaca

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

question: parent_taxon microsauria

answer: lepospondyli

text: lepospondyli

text: lepospondyli

text: lepospondyli


text: Vinnytsia (, "Vinnytsia"; "Vinnitsa";  and ) is a city in west-central Ukraine, located on the banks of the Southern Bug.

text: Vinnytsia

text: Vinnytsia

text: Vinnitsa

text: and

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: west

text: central

text: Ukraine

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Bug

text: Ruslan Pidhornyy ( Ukrainian :   ; born July 25 , 1977 ) is a Ukrainian professional road bicycle racer , who competed most recently for UCI ProTeam Vacansoleil -- DCM . He was born in Vinnytsia . In 2004 , Pidhornyy , along with Juriy Ivanov , was released from LPR -- Piacenza due to his involvement in an investigation of assaulting and robbing a prostitute . In 2008 , he was the Ukrainian Road Race champion .

text: Ruslan

text: Pidhornyy

text: Ukrainian

text: born

text: July

text: is

text: Ukrainian

text: professional

text: road

text: bicycle

text: racer

text: who

text: competed

text: most

text: recently

text: for

text: UCI

text: ProTeam

text: Vacansoleil

text: DCM

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Vinnytsia

text: In

text: Pidhornyy

text: along

text: with

text: Juriy

text: Ivanov

text: was

text: released

text: from

text: LPR

text: Piacenza

text: due

text: to

text: his

text: involvement

text: in

text: an

text: investigation

text: of

text: assaulting

text: and

text: robbing

text: prostitute

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: Ukrainian

text: Road

text: Race

text: champion

text: The Southern Bug, also called Southern Buh ("Pivdennyi Buh" "Yuzhny Bug"), and sometimes Boh River, is a river located in Ukraine. It is the second longest river in Ukraine.

text: The

text: Southern

text: Bug

text: also

text: called

text: Southern

text: Buh

text: Pivdennyi

text: Buh

text: Yuzhny

text: Bug

text: and

text: sometimes

text: Boh

text: River

text: is

text: river

text: located

text: in

text: Ukraine

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: longest

text: river

text: in

text: Ukraine

text: Ukraine (tr. ) is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland and Slovakia to the west, Hungary, Romania, and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. Ukraine is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula which Russia annexed in 2014 but which Ukraine and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of , making it the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world. It has a population of about 44.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world.

text: Ukraine

text: tr

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: bordered

text: by

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: Belarus

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Poland

text: and

text: Slovakia

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Hungary

text: Romania

text: and

text: Moldova

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: and

text: Sea

text: of

text: Azov

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: southeast

text: respectively

text: Ukraine

text: is

text: currently

text: in

text: territorial

text: dispute

text: with

text: Russia

text: over

text: the

text: Crimean

text: Peninsula

text: which

text: Russia

text: annexed

text: in

text: but

text: which

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: international

text: community

text: recognise

text: as

text: Ukrainian

text: Including

text: Crimea

text: Ukraine

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: entirely

text: within

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

question: country_of_citizenship ruslan pidhornyy

answer: ukraine

text: ukraine

text: ukraine

text: ukraine

text: ukraine

text: ukraine

text: ukraine

text: ukraine


text: The Gold Experience is the seventeenth studio album by American recording artist Prince (his name at the time being an unpronounceable symbol). It was produced entirely by Prince and released on September 26, 1995 on NPG Records and Warner Bros. Records. The album charted at number 6 on the "Billboard" 200 and number 2 on the Top R&B Albums. The singles "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World", "I Hate U", and "Gold" charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at numbers 3, 12, and 88 respectively.

text: The

text: Gold

text: Experience

text: is

text: the

text: seventeenth

text: studio

text: album

text: by

text: American

text: recording

text: artist

text: Prince

text: his

text: name

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: being

text: an

text: unpronounceable

text: symbol

text: It

text: was

text: produced

text: entirely

text: by

text: Prince

text: and

text: released

text: on

text: September

text: on

text: NPG

text: Records

text: and

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Records

text: The

text: album

text: charted

text: at

text: number

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: and

text: number

text: on

text: the

text: Top

text: R&B

text: Albums

text: The

text: singles

text: The

text: Most

text: Beautiful

text: Girl

text: in

text: the

text: World

text: Hate

text: and

text: Gold

text: charted

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: at

text: numbers

text: and

text: respectively

text: Eric Leeds (born January 19, 1952) is an American saxophone player, mostly being known for his work with Prince. Having recorded mostly music in the pop and funk-genres, but is actually a studied jazz-musician.

text: Eric

text: Leeds

text: born

text: January

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: saxophone

text: player

text: mostly

text: being

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: with

text: Prince

text: Having

text: recorded

text: mostly

text: music

text: in

text: the

text: pop

text: and

text: funk

text: genres

text: but

text: is

text: actually

text: studied

text: jazz

text: musician

text: A refrain (from Vulgar Latin "refringere", "to repeat", and later from Old French "refraindre") is the line or lines that are repeated in music or in verse; the "chorus" of a song. Poetic fixed forms that feature refrains include the "villanelle", the "virelay", and the "sestina".

text: refrain

text: from

text: Vulgar

text: Latin

text: refringere

text: to

text: repeat

text: and

text: later

text: from

text: Old

text: French

text: refraindre

text: is

text: the

text: line

text: or

text: lines

text: that

text: are

text: repeated

text: in

text: music

text: or

text: in

text: verse

text: the

text: chorus

text: of

text: song

text: Poetic

text: fixed

text: forms

text: that

text: feature

text: refrains

text: include

text: the

text: villanelle

text: the

text: virelay

text: and

text: the

text: sestina

text: NPG Records is a record label that was owned by Prince and run by Trevor Guy. "NPG" is short for New Power Generation. It was founded to release his music after Paisley Park Records was shut down by Warner Bros. Records in 1993.

text: NPG

text: Records

text: is

text: record

text: label

text: that

text: was

text: owned

text: by

text: Prince

text: and

text: run

text: by

text: Trevor

text: Guy

text: NPG

text: is

text: short

text: for

text: New

text: Power

text: Generation

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: to

text: release

text: his

text: music

text: after

text: Paisley

text: Park

text: Records

text: was

text: shut

text: down

text: by

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Records

text: in

text: Warner Bros. Records Inc. is an American major record label established in 1958 as the foundation label of the present-day Warner Music Group (WMG), and now operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of that corporation. Warner Bros. Records was established on March 19, 1958, as the recorded-music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. For most of its early existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a convoluted series of corporate mergers and acquisitions from the early 1960s to the early 2000s. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a struggling minor player in the music industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world.

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Records

text: Inc.

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: major

text: record

text: label

text: established

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: foundation

text: label

text: of

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: Warner

text: Music

text: Group

text: WMG

text: and

text: now

text: operates

text: as

text: wholly

text: owned

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: that

text: corporation

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Records

text: was

text: established

text: on

text: March

text: as

text: the

text: recorded

text: music

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: film

text: studio

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: For

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: early

text: existence

text: it

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: group

text: of

text: labels

text: owned

text: and

text: operated

text: by

text: larger

text: parent

text: corporations

text: The

text: sequence

text: of

text: companies

text: that

text: controlled

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: and

text: its

text: allied

text: labels

text: evolved

text: through

text: convoluted

text: series

text: of

text: corporate

text: mergers

text: and

text: acquisitions

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: Over

text: this

text: period

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Records

text: grew

text: from

text: struggling

text: minor

text: player

text: in

text: the

text: music

text: industry

text: to

text: become

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: top

text: recording

text: labels

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: `` Live from Paisley Park '' is digital single made available on Prince 's website on March 26 , 2005 . The 11 minute segment consists of three songs recorded live , a decade earlier at Paisley Park Studios : `` Letitgo '' from the 1994 Come album , `` Vicki Waiting '' from the 1989 Batman album , and `` We March '' from 1995 's The Gold Experience .

text: Live

text: from

text: Paisley

text: Park

text: is

text: digital

text: single

text: made

text: available

text: on

text: Prince

text: 's

text: website

text: on

text: March

text: The

text: minute

text: segment

text: consists

text: of

text: three

text: songs

text: recorded

text: live

text: decade

text: earlier

text: at

text: Paisley

text: Park

text: Studios

text: Letitgo

text: from

text: the

text: Come

text: album

text: Vicki

text: Waiting

text: from

text: the

text: Batman

text: album

text: and

text: We

text: March

text: from

text: 's

text: The

text: Gold

text: Experience

text: "I Hate U" (also spelled "Eye Hate U" to reflect the pictograph in the published title) is a song by American musician Prince from his 1995 album "The Gold Experience". The track was the lead single in support of the album, released on September 12, 1995. "I Hate U" was nearly a solo effort from Prince, although he credited Minneapolis musician Ricky Peterson with co-production and arranging, as well as providing additional keyboards.

text: Hate

text: also

text: spelled

text: Eye

text: Hate

text: to

text: reflect

text: the

text: pictograph

text: in

text: the

text: published

text: title

text: is

text: song

text: by

text: American

text: musician

text: Prince

text: from

text: his

text: album

text: The

text: Gold

text: Experience

text: The

text: track

text: was

text: the

text: lead

text: single

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: album

text: released

text: on

text: September

text: Hate

text: was

text: nearly

text: solo

text: effort

text: from

text: Prince

text: although

text: he

text: credited

text: Minneapolis

text: musician

text: Ricky

text: Peterson

text: with

text: co

text: production

text: and

text: arranging

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: providing

text: additional

text: keyboards

text: In musical terminology, tempo ("time" in Italian; plural: "tempi" ) is the speed or pace of a given piece or subsection thereof, how fast or slow. Tempo is related to meter and is usually measured by beats per minute, with the beats being a division of the measures, though tempo is often indicated by terms which have acquired standard ranges of beats per minute or assumed by convention without indication. Tempo may be separated from articulation, or articulation may be indicated along with tempo, and tempo contributes to the overall texture. While the ability to hold a steady tempo is a desirable skill, tempo is changeable, and often indicated by a conductor or drummer. While practicing, an electronic or mechanical device, a metronome, may indicate the tempo, as one usually works one's way up to being able to perform at the proper tempo. In other words it is the speed at which a passage of music is or should be played.

text: In

text: musical

text: terminology

text: tempo

text: time

text: in

text: Italian

text: plural

text: tempi

text: is

text: the

text: speed

text: or

text: pace

text: of

text: given

text: piece

text: or

text: subsection

text: thereof

text: how

text: fast

text: or

text: slow

text: Tempo

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: meter

text: and

text: is

text: usually

text: measured

text: by

text: beats

text: per

text: minute

text: with

text: the

text: beats

text: being

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: measures

text: though

text: tempo

text: is

text: often

text: indicated

text: by

text: terms

text: which

text: have

text: acquired

text: standard

text: ranges

text: of

text: beats

text: per

text: minute

text: or

text: assumed

text: by

text: convention

text: without

text: indication

text: Tempo

text: may

text: be

text: separated

text: from

text: articulation

text: or

text: articulation

text: may

text: be

text: indicated

text: along

text: with

text: tempo

text: and

text: tempo

text: contributes

text: to

text: the

text: overall

text: texture

text: While

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: hold

text: steady

text: tempo

text: is

text: desirable

text: skill

text: tempo

text: is

text: changeable

text: and

text: often

text: indicated

text: by

text: conductor

text: or

text: drummer

text: While

text: practicing

text: an

text: electronic

text: or

text: mechanical

text: device

text: metronome

text: may

text: indicate

text: the

text: tempo

text: as

text: one

text: usually

text: works

text: one

text: 's

text: way

text: up

text: to

text: being

text: able

text: to

text: perform

text: at

text: the

text: proper

text: tempo

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: speed

text: at

text: which

text: passage

text: of

text: music

text: is

text: or

text: should

text: be

text: played

text: "Letitgo" is a song by American musician Prince from his 1994 album "Come". Despite statements that the album consisted entirely of "old" material, "Letitgo" was actually newly composed for the album. The mid-tempo song relies heavily on a drum machine pattern and bass guitar with synthesizers in the refrain. A keyboard and percussion solo appear toward the end. The song is sung in falsetto in unison with another track layered in his regular, lower register. Kathleen Bradford provides backing vocals, while Eric Leeds provides flute accompaniment.

text: Letitgo

text: is

text: song

text: by

text: American

text: musician

text: Prince

text: from

text: his

text: album

text: Come

text: Despite

text: statements

text: that

text: the

text: album

text: consisted

text: entirely

text: of

text: old

text: material

text: Letitgo

text: was

text: actually

text: newly

text: composed

text: for

text: the

text: album

text: The

text: mid

text: tempo

text: song

text: relies

text: heavily

text: on

text: drum

text: machine

text: pattern

text: and

text: bass

text: guitar

text: with

text: synthesizers

text: in

text: the

text: refrain

text: keyboard

text: and

text: percussion

text: solo

text: appear

text: toward

text: the

text: end

text: The

text: song

text: is

text: sung

text: in

text: falsetto

text: in

text: unison

text: with

text: another

text: track

text: layered

text: in

text: his

text: regular

text: lower

text: register

text: Kathleen

text: Bradford

text: provides

text: backing

text: vocals

text: while

text: Eric

text: Leeds

text: provides

text: flute

text: accompaniment

annotations: likely multiple

question: record_label live from paisley park

answer: npg records

text: npg records

text: npg records