text: John the Baptist ("Ioánnes (h)o baptistés" or   , "Ioánnes (h)o baptízon", known as the prophet "Yahya" in the Quran), also known as John the Baptizer, was a Jewish itinerant preacher in the early first century AD. John is revered as a major religious figure in Christianity, Islam, the Bahá'í Faith, and Mandaeism. He is called a prophet by all of these traditions, and is honoured as a saint in many Christian traditions.

text: John

text: the

text: Baptist

text: Ioánnes

text: h)o

text: baptistés

text: or

text: Ioánnes

text: h)o

text: baptízon

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: prophet

text: Yahya

text: in

text: the

text: Quran

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: John

text: the

text: Baptizer

text: was

text: Jewish

text: itinerant

text: preacher

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: first

text: century

text: AD

text: John

text: is

text: revered

text: as

text: major

text: religious

text: figure

text: in

text: Christianity

text: Islam

text: the

text: Bahá'í

text: Faith

text: and

text: Mandaeism

text: He

text: is

text: called

text: prophet

text: by

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: traditions

text: and

text: is

text: honoured

text: as

text: saint

text: in

text: many

text: Christian

text: traditions

text: Islam (' ;) is a religion articulated by the Quran, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God ('), and, for the vast majority of adherents, the teachings and normative example (called the "sunnah", composed of accounts called "hadith") of Muhammad (5708 June 632 CE). It is the world's second-largest religion and the fastest-growing major religion in the world, with over 1.7 billion followers or 23% of the global population, known as Muslims. Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion that upholds that God is one and incomparable and that the purpose of existence is to worship God. Muslims consider Muhammad to be the last prophet of God.

text: Islam

text: is

text: religion

text: articulated

text: by

text: the

text: Quran

text: text

text: considered

text: by

text: its

text: adherents

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: verbatim

text: word

text: of

text: God

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: adherents

text: the

text: teachings

text: and

text: normative

text: example

text: called

text: the

text: sunnah

text: composed

text: of

text: accounts

text: called

text: hadith

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: June

text: CE

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: religion

text: and

text: the

text: fastest

text: growing

text: major

text: religion

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: followers

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: population

text: known

text: as

text: Muslims

text: Islam

text: is

text: an

text: Abrahamic

text: monotheistic

text: religion

text: that

text: upholds

text: that

text: God

text: is

text: one

text: and

text: incomparable

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: existence

text: is

text: to

text: worship

text: God

text: Muslims

text: consider

text: Muhammad

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: last

text: prophet

text: of

text: God

text: Justinian I  (482 14 November 565), traditionally known as Justinian the Great and also Saint Justinian the Great in the Eastern Orthodox Church, was a Byzantine (East Roman) emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the historical Roman Empire. Justinian's rule constitutes a distinct epoch in the history of the Later Roman empire, and his reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized "renovatio imperii", or "restoration of the Empire".

text: Justinian

text: November

text: traditionally

text: known

text: as

text: Justinian

text: the

text: Great

text: and

text: also

text: Saint

text: Justinian

text: the

text: Great

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: was

text: Byzantine

text: East

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: from

text: to

text: During

text: his

text: reign

text: Justinian

text: sought

text: to

text: revive

text: the

text: empire

text: 's

text: greatness

text: and

text: reconquer

text: the

text: lost

text: western

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: historical

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Justinian

text: 's

text: rule

text: constitutes

text: distinct

text: epoch

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Later

text: Roman

text: empire

text: and

text: his

text: reign

text: is

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: ambitious

text: but

text: only

text: partly

text: realized

text: renovatio

text: imperii

text: or

text: restoration

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: The Cross of Cong ("the yellow baculum") is an early 12th-century Irish Christian ornamented cusped processional cross, which was, as an inscription says, made for Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair (d. 1156), King of Connacht and High King of Ireland to donate to the Cathedral church of the period that was located at Tuam, County Galway, Ireland. The cross was subsequently moved to Cong Abbey at Cong, County Mayo, from which it takes its name. It was designed to be placed on top of a staff and is also a reliquary, designed to hold a piece of the purported True Cross. This gave it additional importance as an object of reverence and was undoubtedly the reason for the object's elaborate beauty.

text: The

text: Cross

text: of

text: Cong

text: the

text: yellow

text: baculum

text: is

text: an

text: early

text: century

text: Irish

text: Christian

text: ornamented

text: cusped

text: processional

text: cross

text: which

text: was

text: as

text: an

text: inscription

text: says

text: made

text: for

text: Tairrdelbach

text: Ua

text: Conchobair

text: King

text: of

text: Connacht

text: and

text: High

text: King

text: of

text: Ireland

text: to

text: donate

text: to

text: the

text: Cathedral

text: church

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: that

text: was

text: located

text: at

text: Tuam

text: County

text: Galway

text: Ireland

text: The

text: cross

text: was

text: subsequently

text: moved

text: to

text: Cong

text: Abbey

text: at

text: Cong

text: County

text: Mayo

text: from

text: which

text: it

text: takes

text: its

text: name

text: It

text: was

text: designed

text: to

text: be

text: placed

text: on

text: top

text: of

text: staff

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: reliquary

text: designed

text: to

text: hold

text: piece

text: of

text: the

text: purported

text: True

text: Cross

text: This

text: gave

text: it

text: additional

text: importance

text: as

text: an

text: object

text: of

text: reverence

text: and

text: was

text: undoubtedly

text: the

text: reason

text: for

text: the

text: object

text: 's

text: elaborate

text: beauty

text: A shrine ("case or chest for books or papers"; Old French: "escrin" "box or case") is a holy or sacred place, which is dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, daemon, or similar figure of awe and respect, at which they are venerated or worshipped. Shrines often contain idols, relics, or other such objects associated with the figure being venerated. A shrine at which votive offerings are made is called an altar. Shrines are found in many of the world's religions, including Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Shinto, and Asatru as well as in secular and non-religious settings such as a war memorial. Shrines can be found in various settings, such as churches, temples, cemeteries, or in the home, although portable shrines are also found in some cultures.

text: shrine

text: case

text: or

text: chest

text: for

text: books

text: or

text: papers

text: Old

text: French

text: escrin

text: box

text: or

text: case

text: is

text: holy

text: or

text: sacred

text: place

text: which

text: is

text: dedicated

text: to

text: specific

text: deity

text: ancestor

text: hero

text: martyr

text: saint

text: daemon

text: or

text: similar

text: figure

text: of

text: awe

text: and

text: respect

text: at

text: which

text: they

text: are

text: venerated

text: or

text: worshipped

text: Shrines

text: often

text: contain

text: idols

text: relics

text: or

text: other

text: such

text: objects

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: figure

text: being

text: venerated

text: shrine

text: at

text: which

text: votive

text: offerings

text: are

text: made

text: is

text: called

text: an

text: altar

text: Shrines

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: religions

text: including

text: Christianity

text: Islam

text: Hinduism

text: Buddhism

text: Chinese

text: folk

text: religion

text: Shinto

text: and

text: Asatru

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: secular

text: and

text: non

text: religious

text: settings

text: such

text: as

text: war

text: memorial

text: Shrines

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: various

text: settings

text: such

text: as

text: churches

text: temples

text: cemeteries

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: home

text: although

text: portable

text: shrines

text: are

text: also

text: found

text: in

text: some

text: cultures

text: Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the world's largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, known as Christians. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah (the Christ) was prophesied in the Old Testament.

text: Christianity

text: is

text: monotheistic

text: religion

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: life

text: and

text: teachings

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: who

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: focal

text: point

text: for

text: the

text: religion

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: religion

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: followers

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: population

text: known

text: as

text: Christians

text: Christians

text: believe

text: that

text: Jesus

text: is

text: the

text: Son

text: of

text: God

text: and

text: the

text: savior

text: of

text: humanity

text: whose

text: coming

text: as

text: the

text: Messiah

text: the

text: Christ

text: was

text: prophesied

text: in

text: the

text: Old

text: Testament

text: The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.27 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history of Western civilisation. Headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the pope, its doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed. The Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments.

text: The

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: Christian

text: church

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: billion

text: members

text: worldwide

text: As

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: religious

text: institutions

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: it

text: has

text: played

text: prominent

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Western

text: civilisation

text: Headed

text: by

text: the

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Rome

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: pope

text: its

text: doctrines

text: are

text: summarised

text: in

text: the

text: Nicene

text: Creed

text: The

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: is

text: notable

text: within

text: Western

text: Christianity

text: for

text: its

text: sacred

text: tradition

text: and

text: seven

text: sacraments

text: Vatican City , officially Vatican City State or the State of Vatican City, is a walled enclave within the city of Rome. With an area of approximately 44 hectares (110 acres), and a population of 842, it is the smallest State in the world by both area and population, but formally it is not sovereign, sovereignty being held by the Holy See, the only entity of public international law that has diplomatic relations with almost every country in the world.

text: Vatican

text: City

text: officially

text: Vatican

text: City

text: State

text: or

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Vatican

text: City

text: is

text: walled

text: enclave

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: hectares

text: acres

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: State

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: both

text: area

text: and

text: population

text: but

text: formally

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: sovereign

text: sovereignty

text: being

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: Holy

text: See

text: the

text: only

text: entity

text: of

text: public

text: international

text: law

text: that

text: has

text: diplomatic

text: relations

text: with

text: almost

text: every

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The Roman Empire (Koine and Medieval Greek:   , tr. ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title "Augustus", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Koine

text: and

text: Medieval

text: Greek

text: tr

text: was

text: the

text: post

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: characterized

text: by

text: government

text: headed

text: by

text: emperors

text: and

text: large

text: territorial

text: holdings

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: in

text: Europe

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: BC

text: AD

text: with

text: Constantinople

text: New

text: Rome

text: becoming

text: the

text: largest

text: around

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: populace

text: grew

text: to

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: old

text: republic

text: which

text: preceded

text: it

text: was

text: severely

text: destabilized

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: and

text: political

text: conflict

text: during

text: which

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: perpetual

text: dictator

text: and

text: then

text: assassinated

text: in

text: BC

text: Civil

text: wars

text: and

text: executions

text: continued

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: victory

text: of

text: Octavian

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: adopted

text: son

text: over

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: Cleopatra

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: power

text: was

text: then

text: unassailable

text: and

text: in

text: BC

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: formally

text: granted

text: him

text: overarching

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: title

text: Augustus

text: effectively

text: marking

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: The medieval art of the Western world covers a vast scope of time and place, over 1000 years of art in Europe, and at times the Middle East and North Africa. It includes major art movements and periods, national and regional art, genres, revivals, the artists crafts, and the artists themselves.

text: The

text: medieval

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: covers

text: vast

text: scope

text: of

text: time

text: and

text: place

text: over

text: years

text: of

text: art

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: at

text: times

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: North

text: Africa

text: It

text: includes

text: major

text: art

text: movements

text: and

text: periods

text: national

text: and

text: regional

text: art

text: genres

text: revivals

text: the

text: artists

text: crafts

text: and

text: the

text: artists

text: themselves

text: The Indo-European languages are a language family of several hundred related languages and dialects. There are about 445 living Indo-European languages, according to the estimate by "Ethnologue", with over two-thirds (313) of them belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch. The most widely spoken Indo-European languages by native speakers are Spanish, English, Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu), Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, Persian and Punjabi, each with over 100 million speakers. Today, 46% of the human population speaks an Indo-European language natively, by far the highest of any language family.

text: The

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: are

text: language

text: family

text: of

text: several

text: hundred

text: related

text: languages

text: and

text: dialects

text: There

text: are

text: about

text: living

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: estimate

text: by

text: Ethnologue

text: with

text: over

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: them

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Indo

text: Iranian

text: branch

text: The

text: most

text: widely

text: spoken

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: by

text: native

text: speakers

text: are

text: Spanish

text: English

text: Hindustani

text: Hindi

text: and

text: Urdu

text: Portuguese

text: Bengali

text: Russian

text: Persian

text: and

text: Punjabi

text: each

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: speakers

text: Today

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: speaks

text: an

text: Indo

text: European

text: language

text: natively

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: highest

text: of

text: any

text: language

text: family

text: Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as "lo Stivale" (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state.

text: Italy

text: officially

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Italy

text: shares

text: open

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovenia

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Italy

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: shape

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: Italy

text: as

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: EU

text: member

text: state

text: Latin (Latin: ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets.

text: Latin

text: Latin

text: is

text: classical

text: language

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Italic

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: The

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Etruscan

text: and

text: Greek

text: alphabets

text: The Cross of Justin II or Crux Vaticana ( Latin for Vatican Cross ) in the Treasury of Saint Peter 's in St. Peter 's Basilica , is a processional cross and also a reliquary of the True Cross , one of the oldest surviving , if not the oldest . It is a crux gemmata or jewelled cross , silver - gilt and adorned with jewels in gold settings , dating from the sixth century , given to the people of Rome by the Roman Emperor Justin II , who reigned from 565 to 578 , and his co-ruler and wife , the Empress Sophia . The cross bears a Latin inscription reading : `` ligno quo Christus humanum subdidit hostem dat Romae Iustinus opem et socia decorem '' which is commonly mistranslated as `` For the wood ( of the cross ) with which human Christ was overcome by the enemy , Justin ( and his consort ? ) give Rome this wealth and decoration '' A more accurate reading is : `` With the wood with which Christ conquered man 's enemy , Justin gives his help to Rome and his wife offers the ornamentation . '' To mark the end of restoration and conservation work on the cross , it was placed on display in the main Basilica of Saint Peter 's from November 2009 to April 12 , 2010 . The original portion of the cross , which is now mounted on a much later stand , is 15.75 inches high and 11.81 inches wide , excluding the spike at the bottom for fitting into its stand . The cross was restored in 2009 ; it has been altered and restored at several points in its history , including reducing its size . The front of the cross has no figurative images : in the centre is a medallion containing the relic , which is itself displayed as cross-shaped . The centres of the arms carry the inscriptions , and the edges of the arms jewels in set in gold , with four jewels hanging from the arms as pendilia . The reverse side is decorated in repoussé silver , and shows an interesting transitional stage in the decoration of the cross . At the period the church was starting to encourage representation of the human figure of Christ on the cross , making a crucifix , which had previously not been usual . The central medallion shows the Lamb of God , a common older formula . Above and below this are images in medallions of Christ ( the lower one may be John the Baptist instead ) . The upper one shows Christ holding a book , representing the Gospels , which was to become a standard feature of the image of Christ Pantocrator ; in the lower one Christ or John has a blessing gesture . At the ends of the arms , where the Virgin Mary and Saint John the Evangelist would often be found in later crucifixes , are instead portraits in medallions of Justin and his empress Sophia . Between the medallions there are decorative foliage scrolling motifs , on the upright centred on onion - like plants probably intended as palm - trees . In 569 , Justin and Sophia together reportedly sent a relic of the True Cross to the Frankish princess Radegund , who founded a monastery at Poitiers to house it . The event was commemorated in Vexilla Regis by Venantius Fortunatus . They are also recorded as sending relics to Pope John III ( reigned 561 - 574 ) in an attempt to improve relations -- the Crux Vaticana very likely dates from John 's reign , perhaps around 568 or 569 . Older scholars thought , mainly on the basis of imperial head - dress , that Justin I ( r. 518 - 27 ) and his empress Euphemia were the donors , but this view seems now rejected .

text: The

text: Cross

text: of

text: Justin

text: II

text: or

text: Crux

text: Vaticana

text: Latin

text: for

text: Vatican

text: Cross

text: in

text: the

text: Treasury

text: of

text: Saint

text: Peter

text: 's

text: in

text: St.

text: Peter

text: 's

text: Basilica

text: is

text: processional

text: cross

text: and

text: also

text: reliquary

text: of

text: the

text: True

text: Cross

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: surviving

text: if

text: not

text: the

text: oldest

text: It

text: is

text: crux

text: gemmata

text: or

text: jewelled

text: cross

text: silver

text: gilt

text: and

text: adorned

text: with

text: jewels

text: in

text: gold

text: settings

text: dating

text: from

text: the

text: sixth

text: century

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: Rome

text: by

text: the

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: Justin

text: II

text: who

text: reigned

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: his

text: co

text: ruler

text: and

text: wife

text: the

text: Empress

text: Sophia

text: The

text: cross

text: bears

text: Latin

text: inscription

text: reading

text: ligno

text: quo

text: Christus

text: humanum

text: subdidit

text: hostem

text: dat

text: Romae

text: Iustinus

text: opem

text: et

text: socia

text: decorem

text: which

text: is

text: commonly

text: mistranslated

text: as

text: For

text: the

text: wood

text: of

text: the

text: cross

text: with

text: which

text: human

text: Christ

text: was

text: overcome

text: by

text: the

text: enemy

text: Justin

text: and

text: his

text: consort

text: give

text: Rome

text: this

text: wealth

text: and

text: decoration

text: more

text: accurate

text: reading

text: is

text: With

text: the

text: wood

text: with

text: which

text: Christ

text: conquered

text: man

text: 's

text: enemy

text: Justin

text: gives

text: his

text: help

text: to

text: Rome

text: and

text: his

text: wife

text: offers

text: the

text: ornamentation

text: To

text: mark

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: restoration

text: and

text: conservation

text: work

text: on

text: the

text: cross

text: it

text: was

text: placed

text: on

text: display

text: in

text: the

text: main

text: Basilica

text: of

text: Saint

text: Peter

text: 's

text: from

text: November

text: to

text: April

text: The

text: original

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: cross

text: which

text: is

text: now

text: mounted

text: on

text: much

text: later

text: stand

text: is

text: inches

text: high

text: and

text: inches

text: wide

text: excluding

text: the

text: spike

text: at

text: the

text: bottom

text: for

text: fitting

text: into

text: its

text: stand

text: The

text: cross

text: was

text: restored

text: in

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: altered

text: and

text: restored

text: at

text: several

text: points

text: in

text: its

text: history

text: including

text: reducing

text: its

text: size

text: The

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: cross

text: has

text: no

text: figurative

text: images

text: in

text: the

text: centre

text: is

text: medallion

text: containing

text: the

text: relic

text: which

text: is

text: itself

text: displayed

text: as

text: cross

text: shaped

text: The

text: centres

text: of

text: the

text: arms

text: carry

text: the

text: inscriptions

text: and

text: the

text: edges

text: of

text: the

text: arms

text: jewels

text: in

text: set

text: in

text: gold

text: with

text: four

text: jewels

text: hanging

text: from

text: the

text: arms

text: as

text: pendilia

text: The

text: reverse

text: side

text: is

text: decorated

text: in

text: repoussé

text: silver

text: and

text: shows

text: an

text: interesting

text: transitional

text: stage

text: in

text: the

text: decoration

text: of

text: the

text: cross

text: At

text: the

text: period

text: the

text: church

text: was

text: starting

text: to

text: encourage

text: representation

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: figure

text: of

text: Christ

text: on

text: the

text: cross

text: making

text: crucifix

text: which

text: had

text: previously

text: not

text: been

text: usual

text: The

text: central

text: medallion

text: shows

text: the

text: Lamb

text: of

text: God

text: common

text: older

text: formula

text: Above

text: and

text: below

text: this

text: are

text: images

text: in

text: medallions

text: of

text: Christ

text: the

text: lower

text: one

text: may

text: be

text: John

text: the

text: Baptist

text: instead

text: The

text: upper

text: one

text: shows

text: Christ

text: holding

text: book

text: representing

text: the

text: Gospels

text: which

text: was

text: to

text: become

text: standard

text: feature

text: of

text: the

text: image

text: of

text: Christ

text: Pantocrator

text: in

text: the

text: lower

text: one

text: Christ

text: or

text: John

text: has

text: blessing

text: gesture

text: At

text: the

text: ends

text: of

text: the

text: arms

text: where

text: the

text: Virgin

text: Mary

text: and

text: Saint

text: John

text: the

text: Evangelist

text: would

text: often

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: later

text: crucifixes

text: are

text: instead

text: portraits

text: in

text: medallions

text: of

text: Justin

text: and

text: his

text: empress

text: Sophia

text: Between

text: the

text: medallions

text: there

text: are

text: decorative

text: foliage

text: scrolling

text: motifs

text: on

text: the

text: upright

text: centred

text: on

text: onion

text: like

text: plants

text: probably

text: intended

text: as

text: palm

text: trees

text: In

text: Justin

text: and

text: Sophia

text: together

text: reportedly

text: sent

text: relic

text: of

text: the

text: True

text: Cross

text: to

text: the

text: Frankish

text: princess

text: Radegund

text: who

text: founded

text: monastery

text: at

text: Poitiers

text: to

text: house

text: it

text: The

text: event

text: was

text: commemorated

text: in

text: Vexilla

text: Regis

text: by

text: Venantius

text: Fortunatus

text: They

text: are

text: also

text: recorded

text: as

text: sending

text: relics

text: to

text: Pope

text: John

text: III

text: reigned

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: improve

text: relations

text: the

text: Crux

text: Vaticana

text: very

text: likely

text: dates

text: from

text: John

text: 's

text: reign

text: perhaps

text: around

text: or

text: Older

text: scholars

text: thought

text: mainly

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: imperial

text: head

text: dress

text: that

text: Justin

text: and

text: his

text: empress

text: Euphemia

text: were

text: the

text: donors

text: but

text: this

text: view

text: seems

text: now

text: rejected

text: The Pontifex Maximus (Latin, literally: "greatest pontiff" or "greatest bridge-builder") was the high priest of the College of Pontiffs ("Collegium Pontificum") in ancient Rome. This was the most important position in the ancient Roman religion, open only to patricians until 254 BC, when a plebeian first occupied this post. A distinctly religious office under the early Roman Republic, it gradually became politicized until, beginning with Augustus, it was subsumed into the Imperial office. Its last use with reference to the emperors is in inscriptions of Gratian (reigned 375383) who, however, then decided to omit the words "pontifex maximus" from his title. Although the most influential office within Roman priesthood, the "pontifex maximus" was ranked the fifth in the ranking of the highest Roman priests ("ordo sacerdotum"), behind the "rex sacrorum" and the "flamines maiores" ("Flamen Dialis", "Flamen Martialis", "Flamen Quirinalis").

text: The

text: Pontifex

text: Maximus

text: Latin

text: literally

text: greatest

text: pontiff

text: or

text: greatest

text: bridge

text: builder

text: was

text: the

text: high

text: priest

text: of

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Pontiffs

text: Collegium

text: Pontificum

text: in

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: position

text: in

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: religion

text: open

text: only

text: to

text: patricians

text: until

text: BC

text: when

text: plebeian

text: first

text: occupied

text: this

text: post

text: distinctly

text: religious

text: office

text: under

text: the

text: early

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: it

text: gradually

text: became

text: politicized

text: until

text: beginning

text: with

text: Augustus

text: it

text: was

text: subsumed

text: into

text: the

text: Imperial

text: office

text: Its

text: last

text: use

text: with

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: emperors

text: is

text: in

text: inscriptions

text: of

text: Gratian

text: reigned

text: who

text: however

text: then

text: decided

text: to

text: omit

text: the

text: words

text: pontifex

text: maximus

text: from

text: his

text: title

text: Although

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: office

text: within

text: Roman

text: priesthood

text: the

text: pontifex

text: maximus

text: was

text: ranked

text: the

text: fifth

text: in

text: the

text: ranking

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: Roman

text: priests

text: ordo

text: sacerdotum

text: behind

text: the

text: rex

text: sacrorum

text: and

text: the

text: flamines

text: maiores

text: Flamen

text: Dialis

text: Flamen

text: Martialis

text: Flamen

text: Quirinalis

text: Rome is a city and special "comune" (named "Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2,870,336 residents in , it is also the country's largest and most populated "comune" and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4.3 million residents. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of Tiber river. The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states.

text: Rome

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: special

text: comune

text: named

text: Roma

text: Capitale

text: in

text: Italy

text: Rome

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Italy

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Lazio

text: region

text: With

text: residents

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populated

text: comune

text: and

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: by

text: population

text: within

text: city

text: limits

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: City

text: of

text: Rome

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: residents

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: western

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: within

text: Lazio

text: Latium

text: along

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: Tiber

text: river

text: The

text: Vatican

text: City

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: country

text: geographically

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: boundaries

text: of

text: Rome

text: the

text: only

text: existing

text: example

text: of

text: country

text: within

text: city

text: for

text: this

text: reason

text: Rome

text: has

text: been

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: capital

text: of

text: two

text: states

text: Augustus (23 September 63 BC  19 August 14 AD) was the founder of the Roman Principate and considered the first Emperor, controlling the Roman Empire from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.

text: Augustus

text: September

text: BC

text: August

text: AD

text: was

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Principate

text: and

text: considered

text: the

text: first

text: Emperor

text: controlling

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: from

text: BC

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: AD

text: A reliquary (also referred to as a "shrine" or by the French term "châsse") is a container for relics. These may be the purported or actual physical remains of saints, such as bones, pieces of clothing, or some object associated with saints or other religious figures. The authenticity of any given relic is often a matter of debate; for that reason, some churches require documentation of the relic's provenance.

text: reliquary

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: shrine

text: or

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: term

text: châsse

text: is

text: container

text: for

text: relics

text: These

text: may

text: be

text: the

text: purported

text: or

text: actual

text: physical

text: remains

text: of

text: saints

text: such

text: as

text: bones

text: pieces

text: of

text: clothing

text: or

text: some

text: object

text: associated

text: with

text: saints

text: or

text: other

text: religious

text: figures

text: The

text: authenticity

text: of

text: any

text: given

text: relic

text: is

text: often

text: matter

text: of

text: debate

text: for

text: that

text: reason

text: some

text: churches

text: require

text: documentation

text: of

text: the

text: relic

text: 's

text: provenance

text: The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period (starting in 27 BC). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history. Often when a given Roman is described as becoming "emperor" in English, it reflects his taking of the title "Augustus" or "Caesar". Another title often used was "imperator", originally a military honorific. Early Emperors also used the title "princeps" (first citizen). Emperors frequently amassed republican titles, notably "Princeps Senatus", "Consul" and "Pontifex Maximus".

text: The

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: was

text: the

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: during

text: the

text: imperial

text: period

text: starting

text: in

text: BC

text: The

text: emperors

text: used

text: variety

text: of

text: different

text: titles

text: throughout

text: history

text: Often

text: when

text: given

text: Roman

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: becoming

text: emperor

text: in

text: English

text: it

text: reflects

text: his

text: taking

text: of

text: the

text: title

text: Augustus

text: or

text: Caesar

text: Another

text: title

text: often

text: used

text: was

text: imperator

text: originally

text: military

text: honorific

text: Early

text: Emperors

text: also

text: used

text: the

text: title

text: princeps

text: first

text: citizen

text: Emperors

text: frequently

text: amassed

text: republican

text: titles

text: notably

text: Princeps

text: Senatus

text: Consul

text: and

text: Pontifex

text: Maximus

text: The modern Olympic Games or Olympics are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered the world's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held every four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years but two years apart.

text: The

text: modern

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: or

text: Olympics

text: are

text: leading

text: international

text: sporting

text: events

text: featuring

text: summer

text: and

text: winter

text: sports

text: competitions

text: in

text: which

text: thousands

text: of

text: athletes

text: from

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: participate

text: in

text: variety

text: of

text: competitions

text: The

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: are

text: considered

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: foremost

text: sports

text: competition

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: nations

text: participating

text: The

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: are

text: held

text: every

text: four

text: years

text: with

text: the

text: Summer

text: and

text: Winter

text: Games

text: alternating

text: by

text: occurring

text: every

text: four

text: years

text: but

text: two

text: years

text: apart

text: The True Cross is the name for physical remnants which, by a Catholic Church tradition, are believed to be from the cross upon which Jesus was crucified.

text: The

text: True

text: Cross

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: for

text: physical

text: remnants

text: which

text: by

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: tradition

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: from

text: the

text: cross

text: upon

text: which

text: Jesus

text: was

text: crucified

text: Lamb of God ("Amnos tou Theou") is a title for Jesus that appears in the Gospel of John. It appears at , where John the Baptist sees Jesus and exclaims, "Behold the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world."

text: Lamb

text: of

text: God

text: Amnos

text: tou

text: Theou

text: is

text: title

text: for

text: Jesus

text: that

text: appears

text: in

text: the

text: Gospel

text: of

text: John

text: It

text: appears

text: at

text: where

text: John

text: the

text: Baptist

text: sees

text: Jesus

text: and

text: exclaims

text: Behold

text: the

text: Lamb

text: of

text: God

text: who

text: takes

text: away

text: the

text: sin

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: The Italian Renaissance was the earliest manifestation of the general European Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy during the 14th century and lasted until the 16th century, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe. The term Renaissance is in essence a modern one that came into currency in the 19th century, in the work of historians such as Jules Michelet and Jacob Burckhardt. Although the origins of a movement that was confined largely to the literate culture of intellectual endeavor and patronage can be traced to the earlier part of the 14th century, many aspects of Italian culture and society remained largely Medieval; the Renaissance did not come into full swing until the end of the century. The French word "renaissance" ("Rinascimento" in Italian) means "Rebirth", and the era is best known for the renewed interest in the culture of classical antiquity after the period that Renaissance humanists labeled the Dark Ages.

text: The

text: Italian

text: Renaissance

text: was

text: the

text: earliest

text: manifestation

text: of

text: the

text: general

text: European

text: Renaissance

text: period

text: of

text: great

text: cultural

text: change

text: and

text: achievement

text: that

text: began

text: in

text: Italy

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: lasted

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: marking

text: the

text: transition

text: between

text: Medieval

text: and

text: Early

text: Modern

text: Europe

text: The

text: term

text: Renaissance

text: is

text: in

text: essence

text: modern

text: one

text: that

text: came

text: into

text: currency

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: in

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: historians

text: such

text: as

text: Jules

text: Michelet

text: and

text: Jacob

text: Burckhardt

text: Although

text: the

text: origins

text: of

text: movement

text: that

text: was

text: confined

text: largely

text: to

text: the

text: literate

text: culture

text: of

text: intellectual

text: endeavor

text: and

text: patronage

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: to

text: the

text: earlier

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: many

text: aspects

text: of

text: Italian

text: culture

text: and

text: society

text: remained

text: largely

text: Medieval

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: did

text: not

text: come

text: into

text: full

text: swing

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: French

text: word

text: renaissance

text: Rinascimento

text: in

text: Italian

text: means

text: Rebirth

text: and

text: the

text: era

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: renewed

text: interest

text: in

text: the

text: culture

text: of

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: after

text: the

text: period

text: that

text: Renaissance

text: humanists

text: labeled

text: the

text: Dark

text: Ages

text: A processional cross is a crucifix or cross which is carried in Christian processions. Such crosses have a long history: the Gregorian mission of Saint Augustine of Canterbury to England carried one before them "like a standard", according to Bede. Other sources suggest that all churches were expected to possess one. They became detachable from their staffs, so that the earliest altar crosses were processional crosses placed on a stand at the end of the procession. In large churches the "crux gemmata", or richly jewelled cross in precious metal, was the preferred style. Notable early examples include the Cross of Justin II (possibly a hanging votive cross originally), Cross of Lothair, and Cross of Cong.

text: processional

text: cross

text: is

text: crucifix

text: or

text: cross

text: which

text: is

text: carried

text: in

text: Christian

text: processions

text: Such

text: crosses

text: have

text: long

text: history

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: mission

text: of

text: Saint

text: Augustine

text: of

text: Canterbury

text: to

text: England

text: carried

text: one

text: before

text: them

text: like

text: standard

text: according

text: to

text: Bede

text: Other

text: sources

text: suggest

text: that

text: all

text: churches

text: were

text: expected

text: to

text: possess

text: one

text: They

text: became

text: detachable

text: from

text: their

text: staffs

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: earliest

text: altar

text: crosses

text: were

text: processional

text: crosses

text: placed

text: on

text: stand

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: procession

text: In

text: large

text: churches

text: the

text: crux

text: gemmata

text: or

text: richly

text: jewelled

text: cross

text: in

text: precious

text: metal

text: was

text: the

text: preferred

text: style

text: Notable

text: early

text: examples

text: include

text: the

text: Cross

text: of

text: Justin

text: II

text: possibly

text: hanging

text: votive

text: cross

text: originally

text: Cross

text: of

text: Lothair

text: and

text: Cross

text: of

text: Cong

text: Silver-gilt or gilded/gilt silver, sometimes known in American English by the French term vermeil, is silver gilded with gold. Most large objects made in goldsmithing that appear to be gold are actually silver-gilt; for example most sporting trophies, medals (such as "gold medals" in all Olympic Games after 1912), and many crown jewels. Apart from being much cheaper than gold, large silver-gilt objects are also much lighter if required to be lifted, and stronger. Compared to plain silver, for delicate objects like the Nef (illustrated), or those with much intricate detail like monstrances, gilding greatly reduced the need for cleaning and polishing, and so reduced the risk of damage to them. The "gold" threads used in embroidered goldwork are normally also silver-gilt.

text: Silver

text: gilt

text: or

text: gilded

text: gilt

text: silver

text: sometimes

text: known

text: in

text: American

text: English

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: term

text: vermeil

text: is

text: silver

text: gilded

text: with

text: gold

text: Most

text: large

text: objects

text: made

text: in

text: goldsmithing

text: that

text: appear

text: to

text: be

text: gold

text: are

text: actually

text: silver

text: gilt

text: for

text: example

text: most

text: sporting

text: trophies

text: medals

text: such

text: as

text: gold

text: medals

text: in

text: all

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: after

text: and

text: many

text: crown

text: jewels

text: Apart

text: from

text: being

text: much

text: cheaper

text: than

text: gold

text: large

text: silver

text: gilt

text: objects

text: are

text: also

text: much

text: lighter

text: if

text: required

text: to

text: be

text: lifted

text: and

text: stronger

text: Compared

text: to

text: plain

text: silver

text: for

text: delicate

text: objects

text: like

text: the

text: Nef

text: illustrated

text: or

text: those

text: with

text: much

text: intricate

text: detail

text: like

text: monstrances

text: gilding

text: greatly

text: reduced

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: cleaning

text: and

text: polishing

text: and

text: so

text: reduced

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: damage

text: to

text: them

text: The

text: gold

text: threads

text: used

text: in

text: embroidered

text: goldwork

text: are

text: normally

text: also

text: silver

text: gilt

text: The Cross of Lothair or Lothair Cross is a "crux gemmata" (jewelled cross) processional cross dating from about 1000 AD, though its base dates from the 14th century. It was made in Germany, probably at Cologne. It is an outstanding example of medieval goldsmith's work, and "an important monument of imperial ideology", forming part of the Aachen Cathedral Treasury, which includes several other masterpieces of sacral Ottonian art. The measurements of the original portion are 50 cm height, 38.5 cm width, 2.3 cm depth. The cross comes from the period when Ottonian art was evolving into Romanesque art, and the engraved crucifixion on the reverse looks forward to the later period.

text: The

text: Cross

text: of

text: Lothair

text: or

text: Lothair

text: Cross

text: is

text: crux

text: gemmata

text: jewelled

text: cross

text: processional

text: cross

text: dating

text: from

text: about

text: AD

text: though

text: its

text: base

text: dates

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: was

text: made

text: in

text: Germany

text: probably

text: at

text: Cologne

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: outstanding

text: example

text: of

text: medieval

text: goldsmith

text: 's

text: work

text: and

text: an

text: important

text: monument

text: of

text: imperial

text: ideology

text: forming

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Aachen

text: Cathedral

text: Treasury

text: which

text: includes

text: several

text: other

text: masterpieces

text: of

text: sacral

text: Ottonian

text: art

text: The

text: measurements

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: portion

text: are

text: cm

text: height

text: cm

text: width

text: cm

text: depth

text: The

text: cross

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: period

text: when

text: Ottonian

text: art

text: was

text: evolving

text: into

text: Romanesque

text: art

text: and

text: the

text: engraved

text: crucifixion

text: on

text: the

text: reverse

text: looks

text: forward

text: to

text: the

text: later

text: period

text: Justin II (c. 520  5 October 578) was Eastern Roman Emperor from 565 to 574. He was the husband of Sophia, nephew of Justinian I and the Empress Theodora, and was therefore a member of the Justinian Dynasty. His reign is marked by war with Sasanian Iran and the loss of the greater part of Italy. He presented the Cross of Justin II to Saint Peter's, Rome.

text: Justin

text: II

text: October

text: was

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: husband

text: of

text: Sophia

text: nephew

text: of

text: Justinian

text: and

text: the

text: Empress

text: Theodora

text: and

text: was

text: therefore

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Justinian

text: Dynasty

text: His

text: reign

text: is

text: marked

text: by

text: war

text: with

text: Sasanian

text: Iran

text: and

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: greater

text: part

text: of

text: Italy

text: He

text: presented

text: the

text: Cross

text: of

text: Justin

text: II

text: to

text: Saint

text: Peter

text: 's

text: Rome

text: The Justinian Dynasty is a family who ruled over the Byzantine Empire from 518 to 602. It originated with Justin I and ended with Maurice. Patriarch Germanus I of Constantinople (term c. 715  730), whose father was named Justinian, might have been a descendant of the dynasty. The names Justin, Justinian and Germanus were common among dynasty members.

text: The

text: Justinian

text: Dynasty

text: is

text: family

text: who

text: ruled

text: over

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: originated

text: with

text: Justin

text: and

text: ended

text: with

text: Maurice

text: Patriarch

text: Germanus

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: term

text: whose

text: father

text: was

text: named

text: Justinian

text: might

text: have

text: been

text: descendant

text: of

text: the

text: dynasty

text: The

text: names

text: Justin

text: Justinian

text: and

text: Germanus

text: were

text: common

text: among

text: dynasty

text: members

text: The Latin word imperator was originally a title roughly equivalent to "commander" under the Roman Republic. Later it became a part of the titulature of the Roman Emperors as part of their cognomen. The English word "emperor" derives from "imperator" via Old French "Empereür". The Roman emperors themselves generally based their authority on multiple titles and positions, rather than preferring any single title. Nevertheless, "imperator" was used relatively consistently as an element of a Roman ruler's title throughout the principate (derived from "princeps," from which "prince" in English is derived) and the dominate.

text: The

text: Latin

text: word

text: imperator

text: was

text: originally

text: title

text: roughly

text: equivalent

text: to

text: commander

text: under

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: Later

text: it

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: titulature

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Emperors

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: cognomen

text: The

text: English

text: word

text: emperor

text: derives

text: from

text: imperator

text: via

text: Old

text: French

text: Empereür

text: The

text: Roman

text: emperors

text: themselves

text: generally

text: based

text: their

text: authority

text: on

text: multiple

text: titles

text: and

text: positions

text: rather

text: than

text: preferring

text: any

text: single

text: title

text: Nevertheless

text: imperator

text: was

text: used

text: relatively

text: consistently

text: as

text: an

text: element

text: of

text: Roman

text: ruler

text: 's

text: title

text: throughout

text: the

text: principate

text: derived

text: from

text: princeps

text: from

text: which

text: prince

text: in

text: English

text: is

text: derived

text: and

text: the

text: dominate

text: A crux gemmata (Latin for: jewelled cross) is a form of cross typical of Early Christian and Early Medieval art, where the cross, or at least its front side, is principally decorated with jewels. In an actual cross, rather than a painted image of one, the reverse side often has engraved images of the Crucifixion of Jesus or other subjects.

text: crux

text: gemmata

text: Latin

text: for

text: jewelled

text: cross

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: cross

text: typical

text: of

text: Early

text: Christian

text: and

text: Early

text: Medieval

text: art

text: where

text: the

text: cross

text: or

text: at

text: least

text: its

text: front

text: side

text: is

text: principally

text: decorated

text: with

text: jewels

text: In

text: an

text: actual

text: cross

text: rather

text: than

text: painted

text: image

text: of

text: one

text: the

text: reverse

text: side

text: often

text: has

text: engraved

text: images

text: of

text: the

text: Crucifixion

text: of

text: Jesus

text: or

text: other

text: subjects

text: Bede ( 672/3  26 May 735), also known as Saint Bede, Venerable Bede, and Bede the Venerable, was an English, Roman Catholic monk at the monastery of St. Peter and its companion monastery of St. Paul in the Kingdom of Northumbria of the Angles (contemporarily MonkwearmouthJarrow Abbey in Tyne and Wear, England). He is well known as an author and scholar, and his most famous work, "Ecclesiastical History of the English People" gained him the title "The Father of English History".

text: Bede

text: May

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Saint

text: Bede

text: Venerable

text: Bede

text: and

text: Bede

text: the

text: Venerable

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: monk

text: at

text: the

text: monastery

text: of

text: St.

text: Peter

text: and

text: its

text: companion

text: monastery

text: of

text: St.

text: Paul

text: in

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Northumbria

text: of

text: the

text: Angles

text: contemporarily

text: MonkwearmouthJarrow

text: Abbey

text: in

text: Tyne

text: and

text: Wear

text: England

text: He

text: is

text: well

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: author

text: and

text: scholar

text: and

text: his

text: most

text: famous

text: work

text: Ecclesiastical

text: History

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: People

text: gained

text: him

text: the

text: title

text: The

text: Father

text: of

text: English

text: History

text: The Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican, or simply St. Peter's Basilica, is an Italian Renaissance church in Vatican City, the papal enclave within the city of Rome.

text: The

text: Papal

text: Basilica

text: of

text: St.

text: Peter

text: in

text: the

text: Vatican

text: or

text: simply

text: St.

text: Peter

text: 's

text: Basilica

text: is

text: an

text: Italian

text: Renaissance

text: church

text: in

text: Vatican

text: City

text: the

text: papal

text: enclave

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely single

question: country cross of justin ii

answer: vatican city

text: vatican city

text: vatican city

text: vatican city

text: vatican city

text: vatican city

text: vatican city


text: The Splat Pack is a collection of independent filmmakers who, since 2002, have directed, written and produced numerous R-rated horror films, notable for their low budgets and extreme ultra-violence.

text: The

text: Splat

text: Pack

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: independent

text: filmmakers

text: who

text: since

text: have

text: directed

text: written

text: and

text: produced

text: numerous

text: rated

text: horror

text: films

text: notable

text: for

text: their

text: low

text: budgets

text: and

text: extreme

text: ultra

text: violence

text: Inglourious Basterds is a 2009 American-German war film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino starring Brad Pitt, Christoph Waltz and Mélanie Laurent. The film tells the fictional alternate history story of two plots to assassinate Nazi Germany's political leadership, one planned by Shosanna Dreyfus (Laurent), a young French Jewish cinema proprietor, and the other by a team of Jewish-American soldiers led by First Lieutenant Aldo Raine. Christoph Waltz co-stars as Hans Landa, an SS colonel tracking down Raine's group and who has a connection to Shosanna's past. The film's title was inspired by Italian director Enzo G. Castellari's macaroni combat film, "The Inglorious Bastards" (1978).

text: Inglourious

text: Basterds

text: is

text: American

text: German

text: war

text: film

text: written

text: and

text: directed

text: by

text: Quentin

text: Tarantino

text: starring

text: Brad

text: Pitt

text: Christoph

text: Waltz

text: and

text: Mélanie

text: Laurent

text: The

text: film

text: tells

text: the

text: fictional

text: alternate

text: history

text: story

text: of

text: two

text: plots

text: to

text: assassinate

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: 's

text: political

text: leadership

text: one

text: planned

text: by

text: Shosanna

text: Dreyfus

text: Laurent

text: young

text: French

text: Jewish

text: cinema

text: proprietor

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: by

text: team

text: of

text: Jewish

text: American

text: soldiers

text: led

text: by

text: First

text: Lieutenant

text: Aldo

text: Raine

text: Christoph

text: Waltz

text: co

text: stars

text: as

text: Hans

text: Landa

text: an

text: SS

text: colonel

text: tracking

text: down

text: Raine

text: 's

text: group

text: and

text: who

text: has

text: connection

text: to

text: Shosanna

text: 's

text: past

text: The

text: film

text: 's

text: title

text: was

text: inspired

text: by

text: Italian

text: director

text: Enzo

text: Castellari

text: 's

text: macaroni

text: combat

text: film

text: The

text: Inglorious

text: Bastards

text: Quentin Jerome Tarantino (born March 27, 1963) is an American filmmaker and actor. His films are characterized by nonlinear storylines, satirical subject matter, an aestheticization of violence, extended scenes of dialogue, ensemble casts consisting of established and lesser-known performers, references to popular culture, soundtracks primarily containing songs and score pieces from the 1960s to the 1980s, and features of neo-noir film.

text: Quentin

text: Jerome

text: Tarantino

text: born

text: March

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: filmmaker

text: and

text: actor

text: His

text: films

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: nonlinear

text: storylines

text: satirical

text: subject

text: matter

text: an

text: aestheticization

text: of

text: violence

text: extended

text: scenes

text: of

text: dialogue

text: ensemble

text: casts

text: consisting

text: of

text: established

text: and

text: lesser

text: known

text: performers

text: references

text: to

text: popular

text: culture

text: soundtracks

text: primarily

text: containing

text: songs

text: and

text: score

text: pieces

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: and

text: features

text: of

text: neo

text: noir

text: film

text: Eli Raphael Roth (born April 18, 1972) is an American film director, producer, writer and actor. As a director and producer, he is most closely associated with the horror genre, first coming to prominence by directing the 2005 film "Hostel" and its 2007 sequel, "". As an actor, his most prominent role was as Donny "The Bear Jew" Donowitz in Quentin Tarantino's war film "Inglourious Basterds" for which he won both a SAG Award (Best Ensemble) and a BFCA Critic's Choice Award (Best Acting Ensemble). Journalists have included him in a group of filmmakers dubbed the Splat Pack for their explicitly violent and bloody horror films. In 2013, Roth received the Visionary Award for his contributions to horror, at the Stanley Film Festival. His most recent directorial effort was the 2014 erotic thriller "Knock Knock". His next project is the vigilante action film "Death Wish", a remake of the 1974 original.

text: Eli

text: Raphael

text: Roth

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: film

text: director

text: producer

text: writer

text: and

text: actor

text: As

text: director

text: and

text: producer

text: he

text: is

text: most

text: closely

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: horror

text: genre

text: first

text: coming

text: to

text: prominence

text: by

text: directing

text: the

text: film

text: Hostel

text: and

text: its

text: sequel

text: As

text: an

text: actor

text: his

text: most

text: prominent

text: role

text: was

text: as

text: Donny

text: The

text: Bear

text: Jew

text: Donowitz

text: in

text: Quentin

text: Tarantino

text: 's

text: war

text: film

text: Inglourious

text: Basterds

text: for

text: which

text: he

text: won

text: both

text: SAG

text: Award

text: Best

text: Ensemble

text: and

text: BFCA

text: Critic

text: 's

text: Choice

text: Award

text: Best

text: Acting

text: Ensemble

text: Journalists

text: have

text: included

text: him

text: in

text: group

text: of

text: filmmakers

text: dubbed

text: the

text: Splat

text: Pack

text: for

text: their

text: explicitly

text: violent

text: and

text: bloody

text: horror

text: films

text: In

text: Roth

text: received

text: the

text: Visionary

text: Award

text: for

text: his

text: contributions

text: to

text: horror

text: at

text: the

text: Stanley

text: Film

text: Festival

text: His

text: most

text: recent

text: directorial

text: effort

text: was

text: the

text: erotic

text: thriller

text: Knock

text: Knock

text: His

text: next

text: project

text: is

text: the

text: vigilante

text: action

text: film

text: Death

text: Wish

text: remake

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: Chowdaheads is an animated television series created by Noah Belson and Eli Roth . The show was originally scheduled to air during WCW wrestling events but it never actually aired . Roth , the co-creator of the series went on to a successful career in film directing with such films as Cabin Fever / , Hostel and Hostel 2 .

text: Chowdaheads

text: is

text: an

text: animated

text: television

text: series

text: created

text: by

text: Noah

text: Belson

text: and

text: Eli

text: Roth

text: The

text: show

text: was

text: originally

text: scheduled

text: to

text: air

text: during

text: WCW

text: wrestling

text: events

text: but

text: it

text: never

text: actually

text: aired

text: Roth

text: the

text: co

text: creator

text: of

text: the

text: series

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: successful

text: career

text: in

text: film

text: directing

text: with

text: such

text: films

text: as

text: Cabin

text: Fever

text: Hostel

text: and

text: Hostel

question: end_time chowdaheads

answer: 2002