text: Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer (, ; 14 August 1910  19 August 1995) was a French composer, writer, broadcaster, engineer, musicologist and acoustician. His innovative work in both the sciencesparticularly communications and acousticsand the various arts of music, literature and radio presentation after the end of World War II, as well as his anti-nuclear activism and cultural criticism garnered him widespread recognition in his lifetime.

text: Pierre

text: Henri

text: Marie

text: Schaeffer

text: August

text: August

text: was

text: French

text: composer

text: writer

text: broadcaster

text: engineer

text: musicologist

text: and

text: acoustician

text: His

text: innovative

text: work

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: sciencesparticularly

text: communications

text: and

text: acousticsand

text: the

text: various

text: arts

text: of

text: music

text: literature

text: and

text: radio

text: presentation

text: after

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: his

text: anti

text: nuclear

text: activism

text: and

text: cultural

text: criticism

text: garnered

text: him

text: widespread

text: recognition

text: in

text: his

text: lifetime

text: Experimental music is a compositional practice defined broadly by exploratory sensibilites and movement radically opposed to and questioning of institutionalized musical compositional, performing, and aesthetic conventions . The practice became prominent in the mid-20th century, particularly in North America. John Cage was one of the earliest composers to use the term and one of experimental music's primary innovators, utilizing indeterminacy techniques and seeking unknown outcomes. In France, as early as 1953, Pierre Schaeffer had begun using the term """" to describe compositional activities that incorporated tape music, musique concrète, and elektronische Musik. Also, in America, a quite distinct sense of the term was used in the late 1950s to describe computer-controlled composition associated with composers such as Lejaren Hiller.

text: Experimental

text: music

text: is

text: compositional

text: practice

text: defined

text: broadly

text: by

text: exploratory

text: sensibilites

text: and

text: movement

text: radically

text: opposed

text: to

text: and

text: questioning

text: of

text: institutionalized

text: musical

text: compositional

text: performing

text: and

text: aesthetic

text: conventions

text: The

text: practice

text: became

text: prominent

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: particularly

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: John

text: Cage

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: composers

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: term

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: experimental

text: music

text: 's

text: primary

text: innovators

text: utilizing

text: indeterminacy

text: techniques

text: and

text: seeking

text: unknown

text: outcomes

text: In

text: France

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: Pierre

text: Schaeffer

text: had

text: begun

text: using

text: the

text: term

text: to

text: describe

text: compositional

text: activities

text: that

text: incorporated

text: tape

text: music

text: musique

text: concrète

text: and

text: elektronische

text: Musik

text: Also

text: in

text: America

text: quite

text: distinct

text: sense

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: to

text: describe

text: computer

text: controlled

text: composition

text: associated

text: with

text: composers

text: such

text: as

text: Lejaren

text: Hiller

text: A brass instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips. Brass instruments are also called "labrosones", literally meaning "lip-vibrated instruments".

text: brass

text: instrument

text: is

text: musical

text: instrument

text: that

text: produces

text: sound

text: by

text: sympathetic

text: vibration

text: of

text: air

text: in

text: tubular

text: resonator

text: in

text: sympathy

text: with

text: the

text: vibration

text: of

text: the

text: player

text: 's

text: lips

text: Brass

text: instruments

text: are

text: also

text: called

text: labrosones

text: literally

text: meaning

text: lip

text: vibrated

text: instruments

text: Computer software, or simply software, is that part of a computer system that consists of encoded information or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built.

text: Computer

text: software

text: or

text: simply

text: software

text: is

text: that

text: part

text: of

text: computer

text: system

text: that

text: consists

text: of

text: encoded

text: information

text: or

text: computer

text: instructions

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: physical

text: hardware

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: system

text: is

text: built

text: John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912  August 12, 1992) was an American composer, music theorist, writer, philosopher, and artist. A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments, Cage was one of the leading figures of the post-war avant-garde. Critics have lauded him as one of the most influential American composers of the 20th century. He was also instrumental in the development of modern dance, mostly through his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also Cage's romantic partner for most of their lives.

text: John

text: Milton

text: Cage

text: Jr.

text: September

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: composer

text: music

text: theorist

text: writer

text: philosopher

text: and

text: artist

text: pioneer

text: of

text: indeterminacy

text: in

text: music

text: electroacoustic

text: music

text: and

text: non

text: standard

text: use

text: of

text: musical

text: instruments

text: Cage

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: figures

text: of

text: the

text: post

text: war

text: avant

text: garde

text: Critics

text: have

text: lauded

text: him

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: American

text: composers

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: instrumental

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: modern

text: dance

text: mostly

text: through

text: his

text: association

text: with

text: choreographer

text: Merce

text: Cunningham

text: who

text: was

text: also

text: Cage

text: 's

text: romantic

text: partner

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: their

text: lives

text: The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. Like all brass instruments, sound is produced when the player's vibrating lips (embouchure) cause the air column inside the instrument to vibrate. Nearly all trombones have a telescoping slide mechanism that varies the length of the instrument to change the pitch. Many modern trombone models also utilize a rotary valve as a means to lower pitch of the instrument. Variants such as the valve trombone and superbone have three valves like those on the trumpet.

text: The

text: trombone

text: is

text: musical

text: instrument

text: in

text: the

text: brass

text: family

text: Like

text: all

text: brass

text: instruments

text: sound

text: is

text: produced

text: when

text: the

text: player

text: 's

text: vibrating

text: lips

text: embouchure

text: cause

text: the

text: air

text: column

text: inside

text: the

text: instrument

text: to

text: vibrate

text: Nearly

text: all

text: trombones

text: have

text: telescoping

text: slide

text: mechanism

text: that

text: varies

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: instrument

text: to

text: change

text: the

text: pitch

text: Many

text: modern

text: trombone

text: models

text: also

text: utilize

text: rotary

text: valve

text: as

text: means

text: to

text: lower

text: pitch

text: of

text: the

text: instrument

text: Variants

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: valve

text: trombone

text: and

text: superbone

text: have

text: three

text: valves

text: like

text: those

text: on

text: the

text: trumpet

text: Lejaren Arthur Hiller (February 23, 1924 in New York City  January 26, 1994 in Buffalo, New York) was an American composer. In 1957 he collaborated with Leonard Issacson on his String Quartet No. 4, "Illiac Suite", the first significant use of a computer to compose music. In 1958 Hiller founded the Experimental Music Studio at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His notable pupils included composers James Fulkerson, Larry Lake, Ilza Nogueira, David Rosenboom, Bernadette Speach and James Tenney.

text: Lejaren

text: Arthur

text: Hiller

text: February

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: January

text: in

text: Buffalo

text: New

text: York

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: composer

text: In

text: he

text: collaborated

text: with

text: Leonard

text: Issacson

text: on

text: his

text: String

text: Quartet

text: No

text: Illiac

text: Suite

text: the

text: first

text: significant

text: use

text: of

text: computer

text: to

text: compose

text: music

text: In

text: Hiller

text: founded

text: the

text: Experimental

text: Music

text: Studio

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Illinois

text: at

text: Urbana

text: Champaign

text: His

text: notable

text: pupils

text: included

text: composers

text: James

text: Fulkerson

text: Larry

text: Lake

text: Ilza

text: Nogueira

text: David

text: Rosenboom

text: Bernadette

text: Speach

text: and

text: James

text: Tenney

text: Musique concrète (meaning "concrete music") is a form of musique expérimentale (experimental music) that exploits acousmatic listening, meaning sound identities can often be intentionally obscured or appear unconnected to their source cause. It can feature sounds derived from recordings of musical instruments, the human voice, and the natural environment as well as those created using synthesizers and computer-based digital signal processing. Compositions in this idiom are not restricted to the normal musical rules of melody, harmony, rhythm, metre, and so on. Originally contrasted with "pure" "elektronische Musik" (based solely on the production and manipulation of electronically produced sounds rather than recorded sounds), the theoretical basis of "musique concrète" as a compositional practice was developed by Pierre Schaeffer, beginning in the early 1940s. From the late 1960s onward, and particularity in France, the term acousmatic music (musique acousmatique) started to used in reference to fixed media compositions that utilized both musique concrète based techniques and live sound spatialisation.

text: Musique

text: concrète

text: meaning

text: concrete

text: music

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: musique

text: expérimentale

text: experimental

text: music

text: that

text: exploits

text: acousmatic

text: listening

text: meaning

text: sound

text: identities

text: can

text: often

text: be

text: intentionally

text: obscured

text: or

text: appear

text: unconnected

text: to

text: their

text: source

text: cause

text: It

text: can

text: feature

text: sounds

text: derived

text: from

text: recordings

text: of

text: musical

text: instruments

text: the

text: human

text: voice

text: and

text: the

text: natural

text: environment

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: those

text: created

text: using

text: synthesizers

text: and

text: computer

text: based

text: digital

text: signal

text: processing

text: Compositions

text: in

text: this

text: idiom

text: are

text: not

text: restricted

text: to

text: the

text: normal

text: musical

text: rules

text: of

text: melody

text: harmony

text: rhythm

text: metre

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: Originally

text: contrasted

text: with

text: pure

text: elektronische

text: Musik

text: based

text: solely

text: on

text: the

text: production

text: and

text: manipulation

text: of

text: electronically

text: produced

text: sounds

text: rather

text: than

text: recorded

text: sounds

text: the

text: theoretical

text: basis

text: of

text: musique

text: concrète

text: as

text: compositional

text: practice

text: was

text: developed

text: by

text: Pierre

text: Schaeffer

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: From

text: the

text: late

text: onward

text: and

text: particularity

text: in

text: France

text: the

text: term

text: acousmatic

text: music

text: musique

text: acousmatique

text: started

text: to

text: used

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: fixed

text: media

text: compositions

text: that

text: utilized

text: both

text: musique

text: concrète

text: based

text: techniques

text: and

text: live

text: sound

text: spatialisation

text: Computer music is the application of computing technology in music composition, to help human composers create new music or to have computers independently create music, such as with algorithmic composition programs. It includes the theory and application of new and existing computer software technologies and basic aspects of music, such as sound synthesis, digital signal processing, sound design, sonic diffusion, acoustics, and psychoacoustics. The field of computer music can trace its roots back to the origins of electronic music, and the very first experiments and innovations with electronic instruments at the turn of the 20th century.

text: Computer

text: music

text: is

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: computing

text: technology

text: in

text: music

text: composition

text: to

text: help

text: human

text: composers

text: create

text: new

text: music

text: or

text: to

text: have

text: computers

text: independently

text: create

text: music

text: such

text: as

text: with

text: algorithmic

text: composition

text: programs

text: It

text: includes

text: the

text: theory

text: and

text: application

text: of

text: new

text: and

text: existing

text: computer

text: software

text: technologies

text: and

text: basic

text: aspects

text: of

text: music

text: such

text: as

text: sound

text: synthesis

text: digital

text: signal

text: processing

text: sound

text: design

text: sonic

text: diffusion

text: acoustics

text: and

text: psychoacoustics

text: The

text: field

text: of

text: computer

text: music

text: can

text: trace

text: its

text: roots

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: origins

text: of

text: electronic

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: very

text: first

text: experiments

text: and

text: innovations

text: with

text: electronic

text: instruments

text: at

text: the

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The embouchure is the use of facial muscles and the shaping of the lips to the mouthpiece of woodwind instruments or the mouthpiece of the brass instruments. The word is of French origin and is related to the root "bouche" (fr.), 'mouth'. The proper embouchure allows the instrumentalist to play the instrument at its full range with a full, clear tone and without strain or damage to one's muscles.

text: The

text: embouchure

text: is

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: facial

text: muscles

text: and

text: the

text: shaping

text: of

text: the

text: lips

text: to

text: the

text: mouthpiece

text: of

text: woodwind

text: instruments

text: or

text: the

text: mouthpiece

text: of

text: the

text: brass

text: instruments

text: The

text: word

text: is

text: of

text: French

text: origin

text: and

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: root

text: bouche

text: fr

text: mouth

text: The

text: proper

text: embouchure

text: allows

text: the

text: instrumentalist

text: to

text: play

text: the

text: instrument

text: at

text: its

text: full

text: range

text: with

text: full

text: clear

text: tone

text: and

text: without

text: strain

text: or

text: damage

text: to

text: one

text: 's

text: muscles

text: Algorithmic composition is the technique of using algorithms to create music.

text: Algorithmic

text: composition

text: is

text: the

text: technique

text: of

text: using

text: algorithms

text: to

text: create

text: music

text: A composer (Latin "compn"; literally "one who puts together") is a person who creates or writes music, which can be vocal music (for a singer or choir), instrumental music (e.g., for solo piano, string quartet, wind quintet or orchestra) or music which combines both instruments and voices (e.g., opera or art song, which is a singer accompanied by a pianist). The core meaning of the term refers to individuals who have contributed to the tradition of Western classical music through creation of works expressed in written musical notation (e.g., sheet music scores).

text: composer

text: Latin

text: compn

text: literally

text: one

text: who

text: puts

text: together

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: creates

text: or

text: writes

text: music

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: vocal

text: music

text: for

text: singer

text: or

text: choir

text: instrumental

text: music

text: e.g.

text: for

text: solo

text: piano

text: string

text: quartet

text: wind

text: quintet

text: or

text: orchestra

text: or

text: music

text: which

text: combines

text: both

text: instruments

text: and

text: voices

text: e.g.

text: opera

text: or

text: art

text: song

text: which

text: is

text: singer

text: accompanied

text: by

text: pianist

text: The

text: core

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: refers

text: to

text: individuals

text: who

text: have

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: tradition

text: of

text: Western

text: classical

text: music

text: through

text: creation

text: of

text: works

text: expressed

text: in

text: written

text: musical

text: notation

text: e.g.

text: sheet

text: music

text: scores

text: Sound design is the process of specifying, acquiring, manipulating or generating audio elements. It is employed in a variety of disciplines including filmmaking, television production, theatre, sound recording and reproduction, live performance, sound art, post-production, radio and video game development. Sound design most commonly involves the manipulation of previously composed or recorded audio, such as sound effects and dialogue. In some instances it may also involve the composition or manipulation of audio to create a desired effect or mood. A sound designer is one who practices the art of sound design.

text: Sound

text: design

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: specifying

text: acquiring

text: manipulating

text: or

text: generating

text: audio

text: elements

text: It

text: is

text: employed

text: in

text: variety

text: of

text: disciplines

text: including

text: filmmaking

text: television

text: production

text: theatre

text: sound

text: recording

text: and

text: reproduction

text: live

text: performance

text: sound

text: art

text: post

text: production

text: radio

text: and

text: video

text: game

text: development

text: Sound

text: design

text: most

text: commonly

text: involves

text: the

text: manipulation

text: of

text: previously

text: composed

text: or

text: recorded

text: audio

text: such

text: as

text: sound

text: effects

text: and

text: dialogue

text: In

text: some

text: instances

text: it

text: may

text: also

text: involve

text: the

text: composition

text: or

text: manipulation

text: of

text: audio

text: to

text: create

text: desired

text: effect

text: or

text: mood

text: sound

text: designer

text: is

text: one

text: who

text: practices

text: the

text: art

text: of

text: sound

text: design

text: A trumpet is a musical instrument commonly used in classical and jazz ensembles. The trumpet group contains the instruments with the highest register in the brass family. Trumpet-like instruments have historically been used as signaling devices in battle or hunting, with examples dating back to at least 1500 BC; they began to be used as musical instruments only in the late-14th or early 15th century. Trumpets are used in art music styles, for instance in orchestras, concert bands, and jazz ensembles, as well as in popular music. They are played by blowing air through almost-closed lips (called the player's embouchure), producing a "buzzing" sound that starts a standing wave vibration in the air column inside the instrument. Since the late 15th century they have primarily been constructed of brass tubing, usually bent twice into a rounded rectangular shape.

text: trumpet

text: is

text: musical

text: instrument

text: commonly

text: used

text: in

text: classical

text: and

text: jazz

text: ensembles

text: The

text: trumpet

text: group

text: contains

text: the

text: instruments

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: register

text: in

text: the

text: brass

text: family

text: Trumpet

text: like

text: instruments

text: have

text: historically

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: signaling

text: devices

text: in

text: battle

text: or

text: hunting

text: with

text: examples

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: at

text: least

text: BC

text: they

text: began

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: musical

text: instruments

text: only

text: in

text: the

text: or

text: early

text: century

text: Trumpets

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: art

text: music

text: styles

text: for

text: instance

text: in

text: orchestras

text: concert

text: bands

text: and

text: jazz

text: ensembles

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: popular

text: music

text: They

text: are

text: played

text: by

text: blowing

text: air

text: through

text: almost

text: closed

text: lips

text: called

text: the

text: player

text: 's

text: embouchure

text: producing

text: buzzing

text: sound

text: that

text: starts

text: standing

text: wave

text: vibration

text: in

text: the

text: air

text: column

text: inside

text: the

text: instrument

text: Since

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: they

text: have

text: primarily

text: been

text: constructed

text: of

text: brass

text: tubing

text: usually

text: bent

text: twice

text: into

text: rounded

text: rectangular

text: shape

text: George E. Lewis ( born July 14 , 1952 ) is a composer , electronic performer , installation artist , trombone player , and scholar in the fields of improvisation and experimental music . He has been a member of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians ( AACM ) since 1971 , and is a pioneer of computer music .

text: George

text: Lewis

text: born

text: July

text: is

text: composer

text: electronic

text: performer

text: installation

text: artist

text: trombone

text: player

text: and

text: scholar

text: in

text: the

text: fields

text: of

text: improvisation

text: and

text: experimental

text: music

text: He

text: has

text: been

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Association

text: for

text: the

text: Advancement

text: of

text: Creative

text: Musicians

text: AACM

text: since

text: and

text: is

text: pioneer

text: of

text: computer

text: music

text: Digital signal processing (DSP) is the use of digital processing, such as by computers, to perform a wide variety of signal processing operations. The signals processed in this manner are a sequence of numbers that represent samples of a continuous variable in a domain such as time, space, or frequency.

text: Digital

text: signal

text: processing

text: DSP

text: is

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: digital

text: processing

text: such

text: as

text: by

text: computers

text: to

text: perform

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: signal

text: processing

text: operations

text: The

text: signals

text: processed

text: in

text: this

text: manner

text: are

text: sequence

text: of

text: numbers

text: that

text: represent

text: samples

text: of

text: continuous

text: variable

text: in

text: domain

text: such

text: as

text: time

text: space

text: or

text: frequency

text: Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called an acoustical engineer. The application of acoustics is present in almost all aspects of modern society with the most obvious being the audio and noise control industries.

text: Acoustics

text: is

text: the

text: interdisciplinary

text: science

text: that

text: deals

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: all

text: mechanical

text: waves

text: in

text: gases

text: liquids

text: and

text: solids

text: including

text: topics

text: such

text: as

text: vibration

text: sound

text: ultrasound

text: and

text: infrasound

text: scientist

text: who

text: works

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: acoustics

text: is

text: an

text: acoustician

text: while

text: someone

text: working

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: acoustics

text: technology

text: may

text: be

text: called

text: an

text: acoustical

text: engineer

text: The

text: application

text: of

text: acoustics

text: is

text: present

text: in

text: almost

text: all

text: aspects

text: of

text: modern

text: society

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: obvious

text: being

text: the

text: audio

text: and

text: noise

text: control

text: industries

text: Electronic music is music that employs electronic musical instruments and electronic music technology in its production, an electronic musician being a musician who composes and/or performs such music. In general, a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, and the electric guitar. Purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer.

text: Electronic

text: music

text: is

text: music

text: that

text: employs

text: electronic

text: musical

text: instruments

text: and

text: electronic

text: music

text: technology

text: in

text: its

text: production

text: an

text: electronic

text: musician

text: being

text: musician

text: who

text: composes

text: and/or

text: performs

text: such

text: music

text: In

text: general

text: distinction

text: can

text: be

text: made

text: between

text: sound

text: produced

text: using

text: electromechanical

text: means

text: and

text: that

text: produced

text: using

text: electronic

text: technology

text: Examples

text: of

text: electromechanical

text: sound

text: producing

text: devices

text: include

text: the

text: telharmonium

text: Hammond

text: organ

text: and

text: the

text: electric

text: guitar

text: Purely

text: electronic

text: sound

text: production

text: can

text: be

text: achieved

text: using

text: devices

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: theremin

text: sound

text: synthesizer

text: and

text: computer

annotations: likely multiple

annotations: likely single

question: genre george lewis

answer: jazz

text: jazz

text: jazz


text: The Roman Empire (Koine and Medieval Greek:   , tr. ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title "Augustus", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Koine

text: and

text: Medieval

text: Greek

text: tr

text: was

text: the

text: post

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: characterized

text: by

text: government

text: headed

text: by

text: emperors

text: and

text: large

text: territorial

text: holdings

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: in

text: Europe

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: BC

text: AD

text: with

text: Constantinople

text: New

text: Rome

text: becoming

text: the

text: largest

text: around

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: populace

text: grew

text: to

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: old

text: republic

text: which

text: preceded

text: it

text: was

text: severely

text: destabilized

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: and

text: political

text: conflict

text: during

text: which

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: perpetual

text: dictator

text: and

text: then

text: assassinated

text: in

text: BC

text: Civil

text: wars

text: and

text: executions

text: continued

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: victory

text: of

text: Octavian

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: adopted

text: son

text: over

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: Cleopatra

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: power

text: was

text: then

text: unassailable

text: and

text: in

text: BC

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: formally

text: granted

text: him

text: overarching

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: title

text: Augustus

text: effectively

text: marking

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: Michael IX Palaiologos or Palaeologus ("Mikhal IX Palaiologos"), (17 April 1277  12 October 1320, Thessalonica, reigned as Byzantine co-emperor with full imperial style 1294/12951320. Michael IX was the eldest son of Andronikos II Palaiologos and Anna of Hungary (1260-1281), daughter of Stephen V of Hungary.

text: Michael

text: IX

text: Palaiologos

text: or

text: Palaeologus

text: Mikhal

text: IX

text: Palaiologos

text: April

text: October

text: Thessalonica

text: reigned

text: as

text: Byzantine

text: co

text: emperor

text: with

text: full

text: imperial

text: style

text: Michael

text: IX

text: was

text: the

text: eldest

text: son

text: of

text: Andronikos

text: II

text: Palaiologos

text: and

text: Anna

text: of

text: Hungary

text: daughter

text: of

text: Stephen

text: of

text: Hungary

text: The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the "Roman Empire" (tr. ), or "Romania", and to themselves as "Romans".

text: The

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: was

text: the

text: continuation

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: during

text: Late

text: Antiquity

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: when

text: its

text: capital

text: city

text: was

text: Constantinople

text: modern

text: day

text: Istanbul

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: founded

text: as

text: Byzantium

text: It

text: survived

text: the

text: fragmentation

text: and

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: and

text: continued

text: to

text: exist

text: for

text: an

text: additional

text: thousand

text: years

text: until

text: it

text: fell

text: to

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Turks

text: in

text: During

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: existence

text: the

text: empire

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: economic

text: cultural

text: and

text: military

text: force

text: in

text: Europe

text: Both

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: are

text: historiographical

text: terms

text: created

text: after

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: realm

text: its

text: citizens

text: continued

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: their

text: empire

text: as

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: tr

text: or

text: Romania

text: and

text: to

text: themselves

text: as

text: Romans

text: Andronikos II Palaiologos (25 March 1259  13 February 1332), usually Latinized as Andronicus II Palaeologus, was Byzantine emperor from 11 December 1282 to 23 or 24 May 1328.

text: Andronikos

text: II

text: Palaiologos

text: March

text: February

text: usually

text: Latinized

text: as

text: Andronicus

text: II

text: Palaeologus

text: was

text: Byzantine

text: emperor

text: from

text: December

text: to

text: or

text: May

text: Stephen V (, ; before 18 October 1239  6 August 1272, Csepel Island) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1270 and 1272, and Duke of Styria from 1258 to 1260. He was the oldest son of King Béla IV and Maria Laskarina. King Béla had his son crowned king at the age of six and appointed him Duke of Slavonia. Still a child, Stephen married Elizabeth, a daughter of a chieftain of the Cumans whom his father settled in the Great Hungarian Plain.

text: Stephen

text: before

text: October

text: August

text: Csepel

text: Island

text: was

text: King

text: of

text: Hungary

text: and

text: Croatia

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: Duke

text: of

text: Styria

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: oldest

text: son

text: of

text: King

text: Béla

text: IV

text: and

text: Maria

text: Laskarina

text: King

text: Béla

text: had

text: his

text: son

text: crowned

text: king

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: six

text: and

text: appointed

text: him

text: Duke

text: of

text: Slavonia

text: Still

text: child

text: Stephen

text: married

text: Elizabeth

text: daughter

text: of

text: chieftain

text: of

text: the

text: Cumans

text: whom

text: his

text: father

text: settled

text: in

text: the

text: Great

text: Hungarian

text: Plain

text: The High Middle Ages or High Medieval Period was the period of European history around the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries (c. 10011300). The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which by convention end around 1500.

text: The

text: High

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: or

text: High

text: Medieval

text: Period

text: was

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: European

text: history

text: around

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: The

text: High

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: were

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Early

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: which

text: by

text: convention

text: end

text: around

text: Constantinople  was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (3301204 and 12611453), and also of the brief Latin (12041261), and the later Ottoman (14531923) empires. It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330 AD.

text: Constantinople

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: and

text: also

text: of

text: the

text: brief

text: Latin

text: and

text: the

text: later

text: Ottoman

text: empires

text: It

text: was

text: reinaugurated

text: in

text: AD

text: from

text: ancient

text: Byzantium

text: as

text: the

text: new

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: by

text: Emperor

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: after

text: whom

text: it

text: was

text: named

text: and

text: dedicated

text: on

text: May

text: AD

text: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (Middle Armenian:   , "Giligio Hayots Tagavorutyun"), also known as the Cilician Armenia ("Giligyan Hayastan"), Lesser Armenia, or New Armenia, was an independent principality formed during the High Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia. Located outside of the Armenian Highland and distinct from the Armenian Kingdom of antiquity, it was centered in the Cilicia region northwest of the Gulf of Alexandretta.

text: The

text: Armenian

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Cilicia

text: Middle

text: Armenian

text: Giligio

text: Hayots

text: Tagavorutyun

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Cilician

text: Armenia

text: Giligyan

text: Hayastan

text: Lesser

text: Armenia

text: or

text: New

text: Armenia

text: was

text: an

text: independent

text: principality

text: formed

text: during

text: the

text: High

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: by

text: Armenian

text: refugees

text: fleeing

text: the

text: Seljuk

text: invasion

text: of

text: Armenia

text: Located

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: Armenian

text: Highland

text: and

text: distinct

text: from

text: the

text: Armenian

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: antiquity

text: it

text: was

text: centered

text: in

text: the

text: Cilicia

text: region

text: northwest

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Alexandretta

text: Constantine the Great (27 February 272 AD  22 May 337 AD), also known as Constantine I or Saint Constantine (in the Orthodox Church as Saint Constantine the Great, Equal-to-the-Apostles), was a Roman Emperor from 306 to 337 AD. Constantine was the son of Flavius Valerius Constantius, a Roman Army officer, and his consort Helena. His father became "Caesar", the deputy emperor in the west, in 293 AD. Constantine was sent east, where he rose through the ranks to become a military tribune under the emperors Diocletian and Galerius. In 305, Constantius was raised to the rank of "Augustus", senior western emperor, and Constantine was recalled west to campaign under his father in Britannia (Britain). Acclaimed as emperor by the army at Eboracum (modern-day York) after his father's death in 306 AD, Constantine emerged victorious in a series of civil wars against the emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become sole ruler of both west and east by 324 AD.

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: February

text: AD

text: May

text: AD

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Constantine

text: or

text: Saint

text: Constantine

text: in

text: the

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: as

text: Saint

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: Equal

text: to

text: the

text: Apostles

text: was

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: from

text: to

text: AD

text: Constantine

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Flavius

text: Valerius

text: Constantius

text: Roman

text: Army

text: officer

text: and

text: his

text: consort

text: Helena

text: His

text: father

text: became

text: Caesar

text: the

text: deputy

text: emperor

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: in

text: AD

text: Constantine

text: was

text: sent

text: east

text: where

text: he

text: rose

text: through

text: the

text: ranks

text: to

text: become

text: military

text: tribune

text: under

text: the

text: emperors

text: Diocletian

text: and

text: Galerius

text: In

text: Constantius

text: was

text: raised

text: to

text: the

text: rank

text: of

text: Augustus

text: senior

text: western

text: emperor

text: and

text: Constantine

text: was

text: recalled

text: west

text: to

text: campaign

text: under

text: his

text: father

text: in

text: Britannia

text: Britain

text: Acclaimed

text: as

text: emperor

text: by

text: the

text: army

text: at

text: Eboracum

text: modern

text: day

text: York

text: after

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: AD

text: Constantine

text: emerged

text: victorious

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: against

text: the

text: emperors

text: Maxentius

text: and

text: Licinius

text: to

text: become

text: sole

text: ruler

text: of

text: both

text: west

text: and

text: east

text: by

text: AD

text: Thoros III or Toros III ( Armenian :   , same as Theodore ; c. 1271 -- 23 July 1298 ) was king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia , ruling from 1293 to 1298 . He was the son of Leo II of Armenia and Kyranna de Lampron , and was part of the Hethumid dynasty . In 1293 his brother Hethum II abdicated in his favour ; however , Thoros recalled Hethum to the throne in 1295 . The two brought their sister Rita to Constantinople to marry Michael IX Palaiologos in 1296 , but were imprisoned upon their return in Bardzrberd by their brother Sempad , who had usurped the throne in their absence . Thoros was murdered , strangled to death on July 23 , 1298 in Bardzrberd by Oshin , Marshal of Armenia , on Sempad 's orders .

text: Thoros

text: III

text: or

text: Toros

text: III

text: Armenian

text: same

text: as

text: Theodore

text: July

text: was

text: king

text: of

text: the

text: Armenian

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Cilicia

text: ruling

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Leo

text: II

text: of

text: Armenia

text: and

text: Kyranna

text: de

text: Lampron

text: and

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Hethumid

text: dynasty

text: In

text: his

text: brother

text: Hethum

text: II

text: abdicated

text: in

text: his

text: favour

text: however

text: Thoros

text: recalled

text: Hethum

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: in

text: The

text: two

text: brought

text: their

text: sister

text: Rita

text: to

text: Constantinople

text: to

text: marry

text: Michael

text: IX

text: Palaiologos

text: in

text: but

text: were

text: imprisoned

text: upon

text: their

text: return

text: in

text: Bardzrberd

text: by

text: their

text: brother

text: Sempad

text: who

text: had

text: usurped

text: the

text: throne

text: in

text: their

text: absence

text: Thoros

text: was

text: murdered

text: strangled

text: to

text: death

text: on

text: July

text: in

text: Bardzrberd

text: by

text: Oshin

text: Marshal

text: of

text: Armenia

text: on

text: Sempad

text: 's

text: orders

question: date_of_birth thoros iii

answer: 1270


text:
Minnesota (locally ) is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858, created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory. The state has a large number of lakes, and is known by the slogan "Land of 10,000 Lakes". Its official motto is "L'Étoile du Nord" (French: "Star of the North").
Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states; nearly 60 percent of its residents live in the MinneapolisSaint Paul metropolitan area (known as the "Twin Cities"), the center of transportation, business, industry, education, and government and home to an internationally known arts community. The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now partially cleared, farmed and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation.
Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout. Until European settlement, Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the large majority of the European settlers emigrated from Scandinavia and Germany, and the state remains a center of Scandinavian American and German American culture. In recent decades, immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition. Minnesota's standard of living index is among the highest in the United States, and the state is also among the best-educated and wealthiest in the nation.

text: Minnesota

text: locally

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: midwestern

text: and

text: northern

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Minnesota

text: was

text: admitted

text: as

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: on

text: May

text: created

text: from

text: the

text: eastern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Minnesota

text: Territory

text: The

text: state

text: has

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: lakes

text: and

text: is

text: known

text: by

text: the

text: slogan

text: Land

text: of

text: Lakes

text: Its

text: official

text: motto

text: is

text: L'Étoile

text: du

text: Nord

text: French

text: Star

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Minnesota

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: states

text: nearly

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: residents

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: MinneapolisSaint

text: Paul

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Twin

text: Cities

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: transportation

text: business

text: industry

text: education

text: and

text: government

text: and

text: home

text: to

text: an

text: internationally

text: known

text: arts

text: community

text: The

text: remainder

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: consists

text: of

text: western

text: prairies

text: now

text: given

text: over

text: to

text: intensive

text: agriculture

text: deciduous

text: forests

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: now

text: partially

text: cleared

text: farmed

text: and

text: settled

text: and

text: the

text: less

text: populated

text: North

text: Woods

text: used

text: for

text: mining

text: forestry

text: and

text: recreation

text: Minnesota

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: progressive

text: political

text: orientation

text: and

text: its

text: high

text: rate

text: of

text: civic

text: participation

text: and

text: voter

text: turnout

text: Until

text: European

text: settlement

text: Minnesota

text: was

text: inhabited

text: by

text: the

text: Dakota

text: and

text: Ojibwe

text: Anishinaabe

text: During

text: the

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: the

text: large

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: settlers

text: emigrated

text: from

text: Scandinavia

text: and

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: state

text: remains

text: center

text: of

text: Scandinavian

text: American

text: and

text: German

text: American

text: culture

text: In

text: recent

text: decades

text: immigration

text: from

text: Asia

text: the

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: Latin

text: America

text: has

text: broadened

text: its

text: historic

text: demographic

text: and

text: cultural

text: composition

text: Minnesota

text: 's

text: standard

text: of

text: living

text: index

text: is

text: among

text: the

text: highest

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: state

text: is

text: also

text: among

text: the

text: best

text: educated

text: and

text: wealthiest

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text:
Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U.S. and Canada. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third-largest by surface area, after Lake Superior and Lake Huron (and is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia). To the east, its basin is conjoined with that of Lake Huron through the wide Straits of Mackinac, giving it the same surface elevation as its easterly counterpart; the two are technically a single lake.
Lake Michigan is shared, from west to east, by the U.S. states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan. Ports along its shores include, Chicago, Milwaukee, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Gary, Indiana, and Benton Harbor, Michigan. The word "Michigan" originally referred to the lake itself, and is believed to come from the Ojibwa word "mishigami" meaning "great water".
In the earliest European maps of the region, the name of Lake Illinois has been found in addition to that of "Michigan".

text: Lake

text: Michigan

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: located

text: entirely

text: within

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: other

text: four

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: are

text: shared

text: by

text: the

text: U.S.

text: and

text: Canada

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: by

text: volume

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: by

text: surface

text: area

text: after

text: Lake

text: Superior

text: and

text: Lake

text: Huron

text: and

text: is

text: slightly

text: smaller

text: than

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: West

text: Virginia

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: its

text: basin

text: is

text: conjoined

text: with

text: that

text: of

text: Lake

text: Huron

text: through

text: the

text: wide

text: Straits

text: of

text: Mackinac

text: giving

text: it

text: the

text: same

text: surface

text: elevation

text: as

text: its

text: easterly

text: counterpart

text: the

text: two

text: are

text: technically

text: single

text: lake

text: Lake

text: Michigan

text: is

text: shared

text: from

text: west

text: to

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: Wisconsin

text: Illinois

text: Indiana

text: and

text: Michigan

text: Ports

text: along

text: its

text: shores

text: include

text: Chicago

text: Milwaukee

text: Green

text: Bay

text: Wisconsin

text: Gary

text: Indiana

text: and

text: Benton

text: Harbor

text: Michigan

text: The

text: word

text: Michigan

text: originally

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: lake

text: itself

text: and

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: come

text: from

text: the

text: Ojibwa

text: word

text: mishigami

text: meaning

text: great

text: water

text: In

text: the

text: earliest

text: European

text: maps

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: Lake

text: Illinois

text: has

text: been

text: found

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: Michigan

text: A post office is a customer service facility forming part of a national postal system. Post offices offer mail-related services such as acceptance of letters and parcels; provision of post office boxes; and sale of postage stamps, packaging, and stationery. In addition, many post offices offer additional services: providing and accepting government forms (such as passport applications), processing government services and fees (such as road tax), and banking services (such as savings accounts and money orders). The chief administrator of a post office is a postmaster.

text: post

text: office

text: is

text: customer

text: service

text: facility

text: forming

text: part

text: of

text: national

text: postal

text: system

text: Post

text: offices

text: offer

text: mail

text: related

text: services

text: such

text: as

text: acceptance

text: of

text: letters

text: and

text: parcels

text: provision

text: of

text: post

text: office

text: boxes

text: and

text: sale

text: of

text: postage

text: stamps

text: packaging

text: and

text: stationery

text: In

text: addition

text: many

text: post

text: offices

text: offer

text: additional

text: services

text: providing

text: and

text: accepting

text: government

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: passport

text: applications

text: processing

text: government

text: services

text: and

text: fees

text: such

text: as

text: road

text: tax

text: and

text: banking

text: services

text: such

text: as

text: savings

text: accounts

text: and

text: money

text: orders

text: The

text: chief

text: administrator

text: of

text: post

text: office

text: is

text: postmaster

text: Martin Van Buren (; December 5, 1782  July 24, 1862) was an American politician who served a single term as the eighth President of the United States (183741). A member of the Democratic Party, he served in a number of senior roles, including eighth Vice President (183337) and tenth Secretary of State (182931), both under Andrew Jackson. Van Buren's inability as president to deal with the deep economic depression following the Panic of 1837 and with the surging Whig Party led to his defeat in the 1840 election.

text: Martin

text: Van

text: Buren

text: December

text: July

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: politician

text: who

text: served

text: single

text: term

text: as

text: the

text: eighth

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Party

text: he

text: served

text: in

text: number

text: of

text: senior

text: roles

text: including

text: eighth

text: Vice

text: President

text: and

text: tenth

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: both

text: under

text: Andrew

text: Jackson

text: Van

text: Buren

text: 's

text: inability

text: as

text: president

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: the

text: deep

text: economic

text: depression

text: following

text: the

text: Panic

text: of

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: surging

text: Whig

text: Party

text: led

text: to

text: his

text: defeat

text: in

text: the

text: election

text: The Free Soil Party was a short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. Founded in Buffalo, New York, it was a third party and a single-issue party that largely appealed to and drew its greatest strength from New York State. The party leadership consisted of anti-slavery former members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was to oppose the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery. It opposed slavery in the new territories (agreeing with the Wilmot Proviso) and sometimes worked to remove existing laws that discriminated against freed African Americans in states such as Ohio. It nominated Martin Van Buren for the presidency in 1848 and John P. Hale for the presidency in 1852.

text: The

text: Free

text: Soil

text: Party

text: was

text: short

text: lived

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: active

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: presidential

text: elections

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: state

text: elections

text: Founded

text: in

text: Buffalo

text: New

text: York

text: it

text: was

text: third

text: party

text: and

text: single

text: issue

text: party

text: that

text: largely

text: appealed

text: to

text: and

text: drew

text: its

text: greatest

text: strength

text: from

text: New

text: York

text: State

text: The

text: party

text: leadership

text: consisted

text: of

text: anti

text: slavery

text: former

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Whig

text: Party

text: and

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Party

text: Its

text: main

text: purpose

text: was

text: to

text: oppose

text: the

text: expansion

text: of

text: slavery

text: into

text: the

text: western

text: territories

text: arguing

text: that

text: free

text: men

text: on

text: free

text: soil

text: comprised

text: morally

text: and

text: economically

text: superior

text: system

text: to

text: slavery

text: It

text: opposed

text: slavery

text: in

text: the

text: new

text: territories

text: agreeing

text: with

text: the

text: Wilmot

text: Proviso

text: and

text: sometimes

text: worked

text: to

text: remove

text: existing

text: laws

text: that

text: discriminated

text: against

text: freed

text: African

text: Americans

text: in

text: states

text: such

text: as

text: Ohio

text: It

text: nominated

text: Martin

text: Van

text: Buren

text: for

text: the

text: presidency

text: in

text: and

text: John

text: Hale

text: for

text: the

text: presidency

text: in

text: A U.S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are bound together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a defined geographic territory, and shares its sovereignty with the United States federal government. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders (e.g., paroled convicts and children of divorced spouses who are sharing custody).

text: U.S.

text: state

text: is

text: constituent

text: political

text: entity

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: There

text: are

text: states

text: which

text: are

text: bound

text: together

text: in

text: union

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: Each

text: state

text: holds

text: administrative

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: defined

text: geographic

text: territory

text: and

text: shares

text: its

text: sovereignty

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: federal

text: government

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: shared

text: sovereignty

text: between

text: each

text: state

text: and

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: Americans

text: are

text: citizens

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: federal

text: republic

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: reside

text: State

text: citizenship

text: and

text: residency

text: are

text: flexible

text: and

text: no

text: government

text: approval

text: is

text: required

text: to

text: move

text: between

text: states

text: except

text: for

text: persons

text: covered

text: by

text: certain

text: types

text: of

text: court

text: orders

text: e.g.

text: paroled

text: convicts

text: and

text: children

text: of

text: divorced

text: spouses

text: who

text: are

text: sharing

text: custody

text: Edward Eastman ( February 22 , 1806 - February 23 , 1870 ) was an American merchant and bookseller from Oshkosh , Wisconsin who was the first mayor of Oshkosh , served several years as its postmaster , and spent a single one - year term in 1851 as a Free Soil Party member of the Wisconsin State Assembly .

text: Edward

text: Eastman

text: February

text: February

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: merchant

text: and

text: bookseller

text: from

text: Oshkosh

text: Wisconsin

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: mayor

text: of

text: Oshkosh

text: served

text: several

text: years

text: as

text: its

text: postmaster

text: and

text: spent

text: single

text: one

text: year

text: term

text: in

text: as

text: Free

text: Soil

text: Party

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Wisconsin

text: State

text: Assembly

text: A merchant is a business person who trades in commodities produced by other people in order to earn a profit. The status of the merchant has varied during different periods of history and among different societies. Merchants have often been the subject of works of art.

text: merchant

text: is

text: business

text: person

text: who

text: trades

text: in

text: commodities

text: produced

text: by

text: other

text: people

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: earn

text: profit

text: The

text: status

text: of

text: the

text: merchant

text: has

text: varied

text: during

text: different

text: periods

text: of

text: history

text: and

text: among

text: different

text: societies

text: Merchants

text: have

text: often

text: been

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: works

text: of

text: art

text: The Wilmot Proviso proposed an American law to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War. The conflict over the proviso was one of the major events leading to the American Civil War.

text: The

text: Wilmot

text: Proviso

text: proposed

text: an

text: American

text: law

text: to

text: ban

text: slavery

text: in

text: any

text: territory

text: acquired

text: from

text: Mexico

text: in

text: the

text: Mexican

text: War

text: The

text: conflict

text: over

text: the

text: proviso

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: events

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: Civil

text: War

text: In many countries, a mayor (or , from the Latin "maior" , meaning "bigger") is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town.

text: In

text: many

text: countries

text: mayor

text: or

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: maior

text: meaning

text: bigger

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: ranking

text: official

text: in

text: municipal

text: government

text: such

text: as

text: that

text: of

text: city

text: or

text: town

text: An "official" is someone who holds an office (function or mandate, regardless whether it carries an actual working space with it) in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority (either their own or that of their superior and/or employer, public or legally private).

text: An

text: official

text: is

text: someone

text: who

text: holds

text: an

text: office

text: function

text: or

text: mandate

text: regardless

text: whether

text: it

text: carries

text: an

text: actual

text: working

text: space

text: with

text: it

text: in

text: an

text: organization

text: or

text: government

text: and

text: participates

text: in

text: the

text: exercise

text: of

text: authority

text: either

text: their

text: own

text: or

text: that

text: of

text: their

text: superior

text: and/or

text: employer

text: public

text: or

text: legally

text: private

text: A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town in general English language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.

text: city

text: is

text: large

text: and

text: permanent

text: human

text: settlement

text: Although

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: agreement

text: on

text: how

text: city

text: is

text: distinguished

text: from

text: town

text: in

text: general

text: English

text: language

text: meanings

text: many

text: cities

text: have

text: particular

text: administrative

text: legal

text: or

text: historical

text: status

text: based

text: on

text: local

text: law

text: A Postmaster General, in many countries, is the chief executive officer of the postal service of that country, responsible for oversight over all other Postmasters. The practice of having a government official responsible for overseeing the delivery of mail throughout the nation originated in England, where a "Master of the Posts" is mentioned in the "King's Book of Payments", with a payment of £100 being authorised for Tuke as master of the posts in February 1512. Belatedly, in 1517, he was officially appointed to the office of "Governor of the King's Posts", a precursor to the office of Postmaster General of the United Kingdom, by Henry VIII. In 1609 it was decreed that letters could only be carried and delivered by persons authorised by the Postmaster General.

text: Postmaster

text: General

text: in

text: many

text: countries

text: is

text: the

text: chief

text: executive

text: officer

text: of

text: the

text: postal

text: service

text: of

text: that

text: country

text: responsible

text: for

text: oversight

text: over

text: all

text: other

text: Postmasters

text: The

text: practice

text: of

text: having

text: government

text: official

text: responsible

text: for

text: overseeing

text: the

text: delivery

text: of

text: mail

text: throughout

text: the

text: nation

text: originated

text: in

text: England

text: where

text: Master

text: of

text: the

text: Posts

text: is

text: mentioned

text: in

text: the

text: King

text: 's

text: Book

text: of

text: Payments

text: with

text: payment

text: of

text: being

text: authorised

text: for

text: Tuke

text: as

text: master

text: of

text: the

text: posts

text: in

text: February

text: Belatedly

text: in

text: he

text: was

text: officially

text: appointed

text: to

text: the

text: office

text: of

text: Governor

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: 's

text: Posts

text: precursor

text: to

text: the

text: office

text: of

text: Postmaster

text: General

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: by

text: Henry

text: VIII

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: decreed

text: that

text: letters

text: could

text: only

text: be

text: carried

text: and

text: delivered

text: by

text: persons

text: authorised

text: by

text: the

text: Postmaster

text: General

text: John Parker Hale (March 31, 1806November 19, 1873) was an American politician and lawyer from New Hampshire. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1843 to 1845 and in the United States Senate from 1847 to 1853 and again from 1855 to 1865. He was one of the first senators to make a stand against slavery. Hale was a leading member of the Free Soil Party and was its presidential nominee in 1852.

text: John

text: Parker

text: Hale

text: March

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: politician

text: and

text: lawyer

text: from

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: He

text: served

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: House

text: of

text: Representatives

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Senate

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: again

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: senators

text: to

text: make

text: stand

text: against

text: slavery

text: Hale

text: was

text: leading

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Free

text: Soil

text: Party

text: and

text: was

text: its

text: presidential

text: nominee

text: in

text:
A postmaster is the head of an individual post office. When a postmaster is responsible for an entire mail distribution organization (usually sponsored by a national government), the title of Postmaster General is commonly used.
Responsibilities of a postmaster typically include management of a centralized mail distribution facility, establishment of letter carrier routes, supervision of letter carriers and clerks, and enforcement of the organization's rules and procedures.

text: postmaster

text: is

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: an

text: individual

text: post

text: office

text: When

text: postmaster

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: an

text: entire

text: mail

text: distribution

text: organization

text: usually

text: sponsored

text: by

text: national

text: government

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: Postmaster

text: General

text: is

text: commonly

text: used

text: Responsibilities

text: of

text: postmaster

text: typically

text: include

text: management

text: of

text: centralized

text: mail

text: distribution

text: facility

text: establishment

text: of

text: letter

text: carrier

text: routes

text: supervision

text: of

text: letter

text: carriers

text: and

text: clerks

text: and

text: enforcement

text: of

text: the

text: organization

text: 's

text: rules

text: and

text: procedures

text: Wisconsin is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan. The state is divided into 72 counties.

text: Wisconsin

text: is

text: U.S.

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: central

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: Midwest

text: and

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: regions

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Minnesota

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Iowa

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Illinois

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Lake

text: Michigan

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Michigan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Lake

text: Superior

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Wisconsin

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: state

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: The

text: state

text: capital

text: is

text: Madison

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Milwaukee

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: shore

text: of

text: Lake

text: Michigan

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: counties

text: The Great Lakes (also called the Laurentian Great Lakes, or the Great Lakes of North America) are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the CanadaUnited States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron (or MichiganHuron), Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth, containing 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume. The total surface is , and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is . Due to their sea-like characteristics (rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons) the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as "inland seas". Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area, and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country. The southern half of the Great Lakes is bordered by the Great Lakes Megalopolis.

text: The

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Laurentian

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: or

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: are

text: series

text: of

text: interconnected

text: freshwater

text: lakes

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: upper

text: mid

text: east

text: region

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: on

text: the

text: CanadaUnited

text: States

text: border

text: which

text: connect

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: through

text: the

text: Saint

text: Lawrence

text: River

text: Consisting

text: of

text: Lakes

text: Superior

text: Michigan

text: Huron

text: or

text: MichiganHuron

text: Erie

text: and

text: Ontario

text: they

text: form

text: the

text: largest

text: group

text: of

text: freshwater

text: lakes

text: on

text: Earth

text: containing

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: surface

text: fresh

text: water

text: by

text: volume

text: The

text: total

text: surface

text: is

text: and

text: the

text: total

text: volume

text: measured

text: at

text: the

text: low

text: water

text: datum

text: is

text: Due

text: to

text: their

text: sea

text: like

text: characteristics

text: rolling

text: waves

text: sustained

text: winds

text: strong

text: currents

text: great

text: depths

text: and

text: distant

text: horizons

text: the

text: five

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: have

text: also

text: long

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: inland

text: seas

text: Lake

text: Superior

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: lake

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: area

text: and

text: Lake

text: Michigan

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: lake

text: that

text: is

text: entirely

text: within

text: one

text: country

text: The

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: Megalopolis

text: Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 5th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, and is often noted as a microcosm of the entire country. The word "Illinois" comes from the Algonquin word for "tribe of superior men". With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a diverse economic base and is a major transportation hub. The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes, via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean, as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, via the Illinois River. For decades, O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world's busiest airports. Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics.

text: Illinois

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: midwestern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: achieving

text: statehood

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: and

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: noted

text: as

text: microcosm

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: country

text: The

text: word

text: Illinois

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Algonquin

text: word

text: for

text: tribe

text: of

text: superior

text: men

text: With

text: Chicago

text: in

text: the

text: northeast

text: small

text: industrial

text: cities

text: and

text: great

text: agricultural

text: productivity

text: in

text: central

text: and

text: northern

text: Illinois

text: and

text: natural

text: resources

text: like

text: coal

text: timber

text: and

text: petroleum

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: Illinois

text: has

text: diverse

text: economic

text: base

text: and

text: is

text: major

text: transportation

text: hub

text: The

text: Port

text: of

text: Chicago

text: connects

text: the

text: state

text: to

text: other

text: global

text: ports

text: from

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: via

text: the

text: Saint

text: Lawrence

text: Seaway

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: to

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: via

text: the

text: Illinois

text: River

text: For

text: decades

text: O'Hare

text: International

text: Airport

text: has

text: been

text: ranked

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: busiest

text: airports

text: Illinois

text: has

text: long

text: had

text: reputation

text: as

text: bellwether

text: both

text: in

text: social

text: and

text: cultural

text: terms

text: and

text: politics

annotations: follows single

question: occupation edward eastman

answer: politician

text: politician

text: politician


text: Yannick Cahuzac (born January 18, 1985 in Ajaccio) is a French professional football player who currently plays for and Captains French Ligue 1 club SC Bastia.

text: Yannick

text: Cahuzac

text: born

text: January

text: in

text: Ajaccio

text: is

text: French

text: professional

text: football

text: player

text: who

text: currently

text: plays

text: for

text: and

text: Captains

text: French

text: Ligue

text: club

text: SC

text: Bastia

text: The 1978 UEFA Cup Final was a football match played on 26 April 1978 and 9 May 1978 between PSV Eindhoven of Netherlands and Bastia of France. PSV Eindhoven won the tie 30 on aggregate, with a 30 victory at home following a goalless draw in Bastia.

text: The

text: UEFA

text: Cup

text: Final

text: was

text: football

text: match

text: played

text: on

text: April

text: and

text: May

text: between

text: PSV

text: Eindhoven

text: of

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: Bastia

text: of

text: France

text: PSV

text: Eindhoven

text: won

text: the

text: tie

text: on

text: aggregate

text: with

text: victory

text: at

text: home

text: following

text: goalless

text: draw

text: in

text: Bastia

text:
Ligue 1 ("League 1", formerly known as Division 1), is the primary French association football competition and serves as the top division of the French football league system. Ligue 1 is one of two divisions making up the Ligue de Football Professionnel, the other being Ligue 2. Contested by 20 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Ligue 2. Seasons run from August to May, with teams playing 38 games each totaling 380 games in the season. Most games are played on Saturdays and Sundays, with a few games played during weekday evenings. Play is regularly suspended the last weekend before Christmas for two weeks before returning in the second week of January. Ligue 1 is one of the top national leagues, currently ranked fifth in Europe behind Spain's La Liga, England's Premier League, Germany's Bundesliga and Italy's Serie A.
Ligue 1 was inaugurated on 11 September 1932 under the name "National" before switching to "Division 1" after a year of existence. The name lasted until 2002 before switching to its current name. AS Saint-Étienne is the most successful club with ten league titles in France while Olympique Lyon is the club that has won the most consecutive titles (seven between 2002 and 2008). With the presence of 66 seasons in Ligue 1, the FC Sochaux-Montbéliard and Olympique de Marseille hold the record for most seasons among the elite, while FC Nantes holds the League record for longevity with 44 consecutive seasons (19632007). The current champions are Paris Saint-Germain, who won their sixth title in the 201516 season.

text: Ligue

text: League

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Division

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: French

text: association

text: football

text: competition

text: and

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: top

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: football

text: league

text: system

text: Ligue

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: divisions

text: making

text: up

text: the

text: Ligue

text: de

text: Football

text: Professionnel

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: Ligue

text: Contested

text: by

text: clubs

text: it

text: operates

text: on

text: system

text: of

text: promotion

text: and

text: relegation

text: with

text: Ligue

text: Seasons

text: run

text: from

text: August

text: to

text: May

text: with

text: teams

text: playing

text: games

text: each

text: totaling

text: games

text: in

text: the

text: season

text: Most

text: games

text: are

text: played

text: on

text: Saturdays

text: and

text: Sundays

text: with

text: few

text: games

text: played

text: during

text: weekday

text: evenings

text: Play

text: is

text: regularly

text: suspended

text: the

text: last

text: weekend

text: before

text: Christmas

text: for

text: two

text: weeks

text: before

text: returning

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: week

text: of

text: January

text: Ligue

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: top

text: national

text: leagues

text: currently

text: ranked

text: fifth

text: in

text: Europe

text: behind

text: Spain

text: 's

text: La

text: Liga

text: England

text: 's

text: Premier

text: League

text: Germany

text: 's

text: Bundesliga

text: and

text: Italy

text: 's

text: Serie

text: Ligue

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: on

text: September

text: under

text: the

text: name

text: National

text: before

text: switching

text: to

text: Division

text: after

text: year

text: of

text: existence

text: The

text: name

text: lasted

text: until

text: before

text: switching

text: to

text: its

text: current

text: name

text: AS

text: Saint

text: Étienne

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: club

text: with

text: ten

text: league

text: titles

text: in

text: France

text: while

text: Olympique

text: Lyon

text: is

text: the

text: club

text: that

text: has

text: won

text: the

text: most

text: consecutive

text: titles

text: seven

text: between

text: and

text: With

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: seasons

text: in

text: Ligue

text: the

text: FC

text: Sochaux

text: Montbéliard

text: and

text: Olympique

text: de

text: Marseille

text: hold

text: the

text: record

text: for

text: most

text: seasons

text: among

text: the

text: elite

text: while

text: FC

text: Nantes

text: holds

text: the

text: League

text: record

text: for

text: longevity

text: with

text: consecutive

text: seasons

text: The

text: current

text: champions

text: are

text: Paris

text: Saint

text: Germain

text: who

text: won

text: their

text: sixth

text: title

text: in

text: the

text: season

text: Sporting Club de Bastia (commonly referred to as SC Bastia or simply Bastia) is a French association football club based in Bastia on the island of Corsica. The club currently plays in Ligue 1, the premier division of French football, in which it has played since 2012. The club plays its home matches at the Stade Armand Cesari located within the city. Bastia is managed by François Ciccolini and captained by midfielder Yannick Cahuzac.

text: Sporting

text: Club

text: de

text: Bastia

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: SC

text: Bastia

text: or

text: simply

text: Bastia

text: is

text: French

text: association

text: football

text: club

text: based

text: in

text: Bastia

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Corsica

text: The

text: club

text: currently

text: plays

text: in

text: Ligue

text: the

text: premier

text: division

text: of

text: French

text: football

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: has

text: played

text: since

text: The

text: club

text: plays

text: its

text: home

text: matches

text: at

text: the

text: Stade

text: Armand

text: Cesari

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: Bastia

text: is

text: managed

text: by

text: François

text: Ciccolini

text: and

text: captained

text: by

text: midfielder

text: Yannick

text: Cahuzac

text: A midfielder is an association football position. Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team's defenders and forwards. Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role, breaking up attacks, and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders. Others blur the boundaries, being more mobile and efficient in passing: they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders, play-makers, box-to-box, or holding midfielders. The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team's formation; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield.

text: midfielder

text: is

text: an

text: association

text: football

text: position

text: Midfielders

text: are

text: generally

text: positioned

text: on

text: the

text: field

text: between

text: their

text: team

text: 's

text: defenders

text: and

text: forwards

text: Some

text: midfielders

text: play

text: disciplined

text: defensive

text: role

text: breaking

text: up

text: attacks

text: and

text: are

text: otherwise

text: known

text: as

text: defensive

text: midfielders

text: Others

text: blur

text: the

text: boundaries

text: being

text: more

text: mobile

text: and

text: efficient

text: in

text: passing

text: they

text: are

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: deep

text: lying

text: midfielders

text: play

text: makers

text: box

text: to

text: box

text: or

text: holding

text: midfielders

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: midfielders

text: on

text: team

text: and

text: their

text: assigned

text: roles

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: team

text: 's

text: formation

text: the

text: collective

text: group

text: of

text: these

text: players

text: on

text: the

text: field

text: is

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: midfield

text: Pierre Cahuzac ( 3 July 1927 -- 31 August 2003 ) was a French association football midfielder . After retiring he became a manager , and led SC Bastia to the 1978 UEFA Cup Final . His grandson Yannick Cahuzac is a professional footballer .

text: Pierre

text: Cahuzac

text: July

text: August

text: was

text: French

text: association

text: football

text: midfielder

text: After

text: retiring

text: he

text: became

text: manager

text: and

text: led

text: SC

text: Bastia

text: to

text: the

text: UEFA

text: Cup

text: Final

text: His

text: grandson

text: Yannick

text: Cahuzac

text: is

text: professional

text: footballer

text: Bastia is a French commune in the Haute-Corse department of France located in the north-east of the island of Corsica at the base of Cap Corse. It also has the second-highest population of any commune on the island after Ajaccio and is the capital of the Bagnaja region and of the department.

text: Bastia

text: is

text: French

text: commune

text: in

text: the

text: Haute

text: Corse

text: department

text: of

text: France

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Corsica

text: at

text: the

text: base

text: of

text: Cap

text: Corse

text: It

text: also

text: has

text: the

text: second

text: highest

text: population

text: of

text: any

text: commune

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: after

text: Ajaccio

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Bagnaja

text: region

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: department

text: Stade Armand-Cesari, also known as the Stade de Furiani, is a multi-purpose stadium in Furiani, France. It is currently used mostly for football matches of SC Bastia. The stadium is able to hold 16,000 people and opened in 1932.

text: Stade

text: Armand

text: Cesari

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Stade

text: de

text: Furiani

text: is

text: multi

text: purpose

text: stadium

text: in

text: Furiani

text: France

text: It

text: is

text: currently

text: used

text: mostly

text: for

text: football

text: matches

text: of

text: SC

text: Bastia

text: The

text: stadium

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: hold

text: people

text: and

text: opened

text: in

text: The Philips Sport Vereniging, abbreviated as PSV and internationally known as PSV Eindhoven is a sports club from Eindhoven, Netherlands. It is best known for its professional football department, which plays in the Eredivisie, the Dutch football top division, since its inception in 1956. Along with Ajax and Feyenoord, PSV is one of the country's "big three" clubs that have dominated the Eredivisie.

text: The

text: Philips

text: Sport

text: Vereniging

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: PSV

text: and

text: internationally

text: known

text: as

text: PSV

text: Eindhoven

text: is

text: sports

text: club

text: from

text: Eindhoven

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: professional

text: football

text: department

text: which

text: plays

text: in

text: the

text: Eredivisie

text: the

text: Dutch

text: football

text: top

text: division

text: since

text: its

text: inception

text: in

text: Along

text: with

text: Ajax

text: and

text: Feyenoord

text: PSV

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: big

text: three

text: clubs

text: that

text: have

text: dominated

text: the

text: Eredivisie

text: Corsica (Corsican and Italian: "Corsica" ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 13 regions of France. It is located west of the Italian Peninsula, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the Italian island of Sardinia. Mountains make up two-thirds of the island, forming a single chain.

text: Corsica

text: Corsican

text: and

text: Italian

text: Corsica

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: regions

text: of

text: France

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: southeast

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: mainland

text: and

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: island

text: of

text: Sardinia

text: Mountains

text: make

text: up

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: forming

text: single

text: chain

question: place_of_death pierre cahuzac

answer: ajaccio

text: ajaccio

text: ajaccio