text: Sima Yi (179  7 September 251), courtesy name Zhongda, was a general and politician of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. He is perhaps best known for defending Wei from Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions. His success and subsequent rise in prominence paved the way for his grandson Sima Yan's founding of the Jin dynasty, which would eventually bring an end to the Three Kingdoms era. In 265 after the Jin dynasty was established, Sima Yi was posthumously honoured as Emperor Xuan of Jin with the temple name of Gaozu.

text: Sima

text: Yi

text: September

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Zhongda

text: was

text: general

text: and

text: politician

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: He

text: is

text: perhaps

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: defending

text: Wei

text: from

text: Zhuge

text: Liang

text: 's

text: Northern

text: Expeditions

text: His

text: success

text: and

text: subsequent

text: rise

text: in

text: prominence

text: paved

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: his

text: grandson

text: Sima

text: Yan

text: 's

text: founding

text: of

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: which

text: would

text: eventually

text: bring

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: era

text: In

text: after

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: was

text: established

text: Sima

text: Yi

text: was

text: posthumously

text: honoured

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Xuan

text: of

text: Jin

text: with

text: the

text: temple

text: name

text: of

text: Gaozu

text:
The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China (206 BC220 AD), preceded by the Qin dynasty (221206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters".
It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (923 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BC  9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25220 AD).

text: The

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: of

text: China

text: AD

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Qin

text: dynasty

text: BC

text: and

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: AD

text: Spanning

text: over

text: four

text: centuries

text: the

text: Han

text: period

text: is

text: considered

text: golden

text: age

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: To

text: this

text: day

text: China

text: 's

text: majority

text: ethnic

text: group

text: refers

text: to

text: itself

text: as

text: the

text: Han

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: Chinese

text: script

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Han

text: characters

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: rebel

text: leader

text: Liu

text: Bang

text: known

text: posthumously

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Gaozu

text: of

text: Han

text: and

text: briefly

text: interrupted

text: by

text: the

text: Xin

text: dynasty

text: AD

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: regent

text: Wang

text: Mang

text: This

text: interregnum

text: separates

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: into

text: two

text: periods

text: the

text: Western

text: Han

text: or

text: Former

text: Han

text: BC

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: or

text: Later

text: Han

text: AD

text: Yuan Shao (died 28 June 202), courtesy name Benchu, was a warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. He occupied the northern territories of China during the civil war that occurred towards the end of the Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era. He was also an elder half-brother of Yuan Shu, a warlord who controlled the Huai River region, though the two were not on good terms with each other.

text: Yuan

text: Shao

text: died

text: June

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Benchu

text: was

text: warlord

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: Dynasty

text: He

text: occupied

text: the

text: northern

text: territories

text: of

text: China

text: during

text: the

text: civil

text: war

text: that

text: occurred

text: towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: Dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: era

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: an

text: elder

text: half

text: brother

text: of

text: Yuan

text: Shu

text: warlord

text: who

text: controlled

text: the

text: Huai

text: River

text: region

text: though

text: the

text: two

text: were

text: not

text: on

text: good

text: terms

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: Cao Wei (220265) was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220280). With its capital at Luoyang, the state was established by Cao Pi in 220, based upon the foundations laid by his father, Cao Cao, towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty. The name "Wei" first became associated with Cao Cao when he was named the Duke of Wei by the Eastern Han government in 213, and became the name of the state when Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor in 220. Historians often add the prefix "Cao" to distinguish it from other Chinese states known as "Wei", such as Wei of the Warring States period and Northern Wei of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The authority of the ruling Cao family gradually weakened after the death of the second Wei emperor, Cao Rui, and eventually fell into the hands of Sima Yi, a Wei regent, and his family, in 249. Cao Rui's successors remained as puppet rulers under the control of the Simas until Sima Yi's grandson, Sima Yan, forced the last Wei ruler, Cao Huan, to abdicate the throne and established the Jin dynasty.

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: major

text: states

text: that

text: competed

text: for

text: supremacy

text: over

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: With

text: its

text: capital

text: at

text: Luoyang

text: the

text: state

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: in

text: based

text: upon

text: the

text: foundations

text: laid

text: by

text: his

text: father

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: The

text: name

text: Wei

text: first

text: became

text: associated

text: with

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: named

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Wei

text: by

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: government

text: in

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: when

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: proclaimed

text: himself

text: emperor

text: in

text: Historians

text: often

text: add

text: the

text: prefix

text: Cao

text: to

text: distinguish

text: it

text: from

text: other

text: Chinese

text: states

text: known

text: as

text: Wei

text: such

text: as

text: Wei

text: of

text: the

text: Warring

text: States

text: period

text: and

text: Northern

text: Wei

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: and

text: Northern

text: Dynasties

text: The

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: ruling

text: Cao

text: family

text: gradually

text: weakened

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: second

text: Wei

text: emperor

text: Cao

text: Rui

text: and

text: eventually

text: fell

text: into

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: Sima

text: Yi

text: Wei

text: regent

text: and

text: his

text: family

text: in

text: Cao

text: Rui

text: 's

text: successors

text: remained

text: as

text: puppet

text: rulers

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Simas

text: until

text: Sima

text: Yi

text: 's

text: grandson

text: Sima

text: Yan

text: forced

text: the

text: last

text: Wei

text: ruler

text: Cao

text: Huan

text: to

text: abdicate

text: the

text: throne

text: and

text: established

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: Korea is a historical state in East Asia, since 1945 divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea (officially the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea") and South Korea (officially the "Republic of Korea"). Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast. It is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the East Sea.

text: Korea

text: is

text: historical

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: since

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: distinct

text: sovereign

text: states

text: North

text: Korea

text: officially

text: the

text: Democratic

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: and

text: South

text: Korea

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: Korean

text: Peninsula

text: Korea

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Japan

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Korea

text: Strait

text: and

text: the

text: East

text: Sea

text: Cao Cao (155  15 March 220), courtesy name Mengde, was a Chinese warlord and the penultimate Chancellor of the Eastern Han dynasty who rose to great power in the final years of the dynasty. As one of the central figures of the Three Kingdoms period, he laid the foundations for what was to become the state of Cao Wei and was posthumously honoured as "Emperor Wu of Wei". Although he is often portrayed as a cruel and merciless tyrant in subsequent literature, Cao Cao has also been praised as a brilliant ruler and military genius who treated his subordinates like his family. During the fall of the Eastern Han dynasty, Cao Cao was able to secure the most populated and prosperous cities of the central plains and northern China. Cao had much success as the Han chancellor, but his handling of the Han emperor Liu Xie was heavily criticized and resulted in a continued and then escalated civil war. Opposition directly gathered around warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan, whom Cao was unable to quell. Cao was also skilled in poetry and martial arts and wrote many war journals.

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: March

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Mengde

text: was

text: Chinese

text: warlord

text: and

text: the

text: penultimate

text: Chancellor

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: who

text: rose

text: to

text: great

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: dynasty

text: As

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: figures

text: of

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: he

text: laid

text: the

text: foundations

text: for

text: what

text: was

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: and

text: was

text: posthumously

text: honoured

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Wu

text: of

text: Wei

text: Although

text: he

text: is

text: often

text: portrayed

text: as

text: cruel

text: and

text: merciless

text: tyrant

text: in

text: subsequent

text: literature

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: praised

text: as

text: brilliant

text: ruler

text: and

text: military

text: genius

text: who

text: treated

text: his

text: subordinates

text: like

text: his

text: family

text: During

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: secure

text: the

text: most

text: populated

text: and

text: prosperous

text: cities

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: plains

text: and

text: northern

text: China

text: Cao

text: had

text: much

text: success

text: as

text: the

text: Han

text: chancellor

text: but

text: his

text: handling

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: emperor

text: Liu

text: Xie

text: was

text: heavily

text: criticized

text: and

text: resulted

text: in

text: continued

text: and

text: then

text: escalated

text: civil

text: war

text: Opposition

text: directly

text: gathered

text: around

text: warlords

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: and

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: whom

text: Cao

text: was

text: unable

text: to

text: quell

text: Cao

text: was

text: also

text: skilled

text: in

text: poetry

text: and

text: martial

text: arts

text: and

text: wrote

text: many

text: war

text: journals

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text: Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 90.5 million inhabitants , it is the world's 14th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. Vietnam is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest, and the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia across the South China Sea to the east and southeast. Its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976.

text: Vietnam

text: officially

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: SRV

text: is

text: the

text: easternmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: Indochina

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: eighth

text: most

text: populous

text: Asian

text: country

text: Vietnam

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Laos

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Cambodia

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Thailand

text: across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: across

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Its

text: capital

text: city

text: has

text: been

text: Hanoi

text: since

text: the

text: reunification

text: of

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: in

text: Lady Zhen (26 January 183  4 August 221), personal name unknown, was the first wife of Cao Pi, the first ruler of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. In 226, she was posthumously honoured as Empress Wenzhao when her son, Cao Rui, succeeded Cao Pi as the emperor of Wei.

text: Lady

text: Zhen

text: January

text: August

text: personal

text: name

text: unknown

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: wife

text: of

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: the

text: first

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: In

text: she

text: was

text: posthumously

text: honoured

text: as

text: Empress

text: Wenzhao

text: when

text: her

text: son

text: Cao

text: Rui

text: succeeded

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: as

text: the

text: emperor

text: of

text: Wei

text: Guo Nüwang (184235), formally known as Empress Wende, was an empress of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. She was married to Cao Pi, the first ruler of Wei.

text: Guo

text: Nüwang

text: formally

text: known

text: as

text: Empress

text: Wende

text: was

text: an

text: empress

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: during

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: She

text: was

text: married

text: to

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: the

text: first

text: ruler

text: of

text: Wei

text: Liu Bei (161  10 June 223), courtesy name Xuande, was a warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty who founded the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period and became its first ruler. Despite early failings compared to his rivals and lacking both the material resources and social status they commanded, he gathered support along disheartened Han loyalists who objected to Cao Cao's reign over the emperor and relied heavily on this support. Liu Bei overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm, which at its peak spanned present-day Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, parts of Hubei, and parts of Gansu.

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: June

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Xuande

text: was

text: warlord

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: who

text: founded

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Shu

text: Han

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: and

text: became

text: its

text: first

text: ruler

text: Despite

text: early

text: failings

text: compared

text: to

text: his

text: rivals

text: and

text: lacking

text: both

text: the

text: material

text: resources

text: and

text: social

text: status

text: they

text: commanded

text: he

text: gathered

text: support

text: along

text: disheartened

text: Han

text: loyalists

text: who

text: objected

text: to

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: 's

text: reign

text: over

text: the

text: emperor

text: and

text: relied

text: heavily

text: on

text: this

text: support

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: overcame

text: his

text: many

text: defeats

text: to

text: carve

text: out

text: his

text: own

text: realm

text: which

text: at

text: its

text: peak

text: spanned

text: present

text: day

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Guizhou

text: Hunan

text: parts

text: of

text: Hubei

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: Gansu

text: Yuan Xi (died 207) was the second son of the warlord Yuan Shao in the late Eastern Hán dynasty.

text: Yuan

text: Xi

text: died

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: son

text: of

text: the

text: warlord

text: Yuan

text: Shao

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Hán

text: dynasty

text: Luoyang, formerly romanized as Loyang, is a city located in the confluence area of Luo River and Yellow River in Central China. It is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province. It borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the southeast, Nanyang to the south, Sanmenxia to the west, Jiyuan to the north, and Jiaozuo to the northeast. As of the final 2010 census, Luoyang had a population of 6,549,941 inhabitants with 1,857,003 people living in the built-up ("or metro") area made of the city's five urban districts, all of which except the Jili District are not urbanized yet.

text: Luoyang

text: formerly

text: romanized

text: as

text: Loyang

text: is

text: city

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: confluence

text: area

text: of

text: Luo

text: River

text: and

text: Yellow

text: River

text: in

text: Central

text: China

text: It

text: is

text: prefecture

text: level

text: city

text: in

text: western

text: Henan

text: province

text: It

text: borders

text: the

text: provincial

text: capital

text: of

text: Zhengzhou

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Pingdingshan

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Nanyang

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Sanmenxia

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Jiyuan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Jiaozuo

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: final

text: census

text: Luoyang

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: inhabitants

text: with

text: people

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: built

text: up

text: or

text: metro

text: area

text: made

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: five

text: urban

text: districts

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: except

text: the

text: Jili

text: District

text: are

text: not

text: urbanized

text: yet

text: Cao Song ( died 193 ) , courtesy name Jugao , was an official who lived in the Eastern Han dynasty . He was the foster son of the eunuch Cao Teng and the father of the warlord Cao Cao , who rose to prominence in the final years of Eastern Han and laid the foundation of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period . Cao Song was posthumously honoured as `` Emperor Tai '' ( lit. `` Grand Emperor '' ) by his grandson Cao Pi in 220 when the latter ended Eastern Han and founded the Wei regime .

text: Cao

text: Song

text: died

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Jugao

text: was

text: an

text: official

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: foster

text: son

text: of

text: the

text: eunuch

text: Cao

text: Teng

text: and

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: the

text: warlord

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: who

text: rose

text: to

text: prominence

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: years

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: and

text: laid

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: Cao

text: Song

text: was

text: posthumously

text: honoured

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Tai

text: lit

text: Grand

text: Emperor

text: by

text: his

text: grandson

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: latter

text: ended

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: and

text: founded

text: the

text: Wei

text: regime

text: A courtesy name ("zi"), also known as a style name, is a name bestowed upon one at adulthood in addition to one's given name. This practice is a tradition in East Asian cultures, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.

text: courtesy

text: name

text: zi

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: style

text: name

text: is

text: name

text: bestowed

text: upon

text: one

text: at

text: adulthood

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: one

text: 's

text: given

text: name

text: This

text: practice

text: is

text: tradition

text: in

text: East

text: Asian

text: cultures

text: including

text: China

text: Japan

text: Korea

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: The Warring States period was an era in ancient Chinese history following the Spring and Autumn period and concluding with the Qin wars of conquest that saw the annexation of all other contender states, which ultimately led to the Qin state's victory in 221 BC as the first unified Chinese empire known as the Qin dynasty. Although different scholars point toward different dates ranging from 481 BC to 403 BC as the true beginning of the Warring States, Sima Qian's choice of 475 BC is generally the most often cited and popularly accepted one. The Warring States era also overlaps with the second half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty, though the Chinese sovereign, known as the king of Zhou, ruled merely as a figurehead and served as a backdrop against the machinations of the warring states.

text: The

text: Warring

text: States

text: period

text: was

text: an

text: era

text: in

text: ancient

text: Chinese

text: history

text: following

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: period

text: and

text: concluding

text: with

text: the

text: Qin

text: wars

text: of

text: conquest

text: that

text: saw

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: all

text: other

text: contender

text: states

text: which

text: ultimately

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Qin

text: state

text: 's

text: victory

text: in

text: BC

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: unified

text: Chinese

text: empire

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Qin

text: dynasty

text: Although

text: different

text: scholars

text: point

text: toward

text: different

text: dates

text: ranging

text: from

text: BC

text: to

text: BC

text: as

text: the

text: true

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Warring

text: States

text: Sima

text: Qian

text: 's

text: choice

text: of

text: BC

text: is

text: generally

text: the

text: most

text: often

text: cited

text: and

text: popularly

text: accepted

text: one

text: The

text: Warring

text: States

text: era

text: also

text: overlaps

text: with

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: though

text: the

text: Chinese

text: sovereign

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: king

text: of

text: Zhou

text: ruled

text: merely

text: as

text: figurehead

text: and

text: served

text: as

text: backdrop

text: against

text: the

text: machinations

text: of

text: the

text: warring

text: states

text: Cao Pi (187  29 June 226), courtesy name Zihuan, was the first emperor of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. He was born in Qiao (; present-day Bozhou, Anhui) as the second son of Cao Cao, a warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. However, he was the eldest son among all the children born to Cao Cao by his concubine (later wife) Lady Bian. Of all his brothers, Cao Pi was the shrewdest. Instead of focusing on academic studies or administering military affairs, he was always in the presence of court officials in order to gain their support. He was mostly in charge of defence at the start of his career. After the defeat of Cao Cao's rival Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu, he took the widow of Yuan Shao's son Yuan Xi, Lady Zhen, as a concubine, but in 221 Lady Zhen died and Guo Nüwang became empress.

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: June

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Zihuan

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: emperor

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Qiao

text: present

text: day

text: Bozhou

text: Anhui

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: son

text: of

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: warlord

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: Dynasty

text: However

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: eldest

text: son

text: among

text: all

text: the

text: children

text: born

text: to

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: by

text: his

text: concubine

text: later

text: wife

text: Lady

text: Bian

text: Of

text: all

text: his

text: brothers

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: was

text: the

text: shrewdest

text: Instead

text: of

text: focusing

text: on

text: academic

text: studies

text: or

text: administering

text: military

text: affairs

text: he

text: was

text: always

text: in

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: court

text: officials

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: gain

text: their

text: support

text: He

text: was

text: mostly

text: in

text: charge

text: of

text: defence

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: his

text: career

text: After

text: the

text: defeat

text: of

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: 's

text: rival

text: Yuan

text: Shao

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Guandu

text: he

text: took

text: the

text: widow

text: of

text: Yuan

text: Shao

text: 's

text: son

text: Yuan

text: Xi

text: Lady

text: Zhen

text: as

text: concubine

text: but

text: in

text: Lady

text: Zhen

text: died

text: and

text: Guo

text: Nüwang

text: became

text: empress

text: Cao Huan (246-303), courtesy name Jingming, was the fifth and last emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. In 265, he abdicated the throne in favour of Sima Yan (later Emperor Wu of the Jin dynasty), and brought an end to the Wei regime. After his abdication, Cao Huan was granted the title "Prince of Chenliu" and held it until his death, after which he was posthumously honoured as "Emperor Yuan (of Cao Wei)".

text: Cao

text: Huan

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Jingming

text: was

text: the

text: fifth

text: and

text: last

text: emperor

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: during

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: In

text: he

text: abdicated

text: the

text: throne

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: Sima

text: Yan

text: later

text: Emperor

text: Wu

text: of

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: and

text: brought

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: the

text: Wei

text: regime

text: After

text: his

text: abdication

text: Cao

text: Huan

text: was

text: granted

text: the

text: title

text: Prince

text: of

text: Chenliu

text: and

text: held

text: it

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: after

text: which

text: he

text: was

text: posthumously

text: honoured

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Yuan

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: Bozhou is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Anhui, China. It borders Huaibei to the northeast, Bengbu to the southeast, Huainan to the south, Fuyang to the southwest, and Henan to the north. Its population was 4,850,657 at the 2010 census, of whom 1,409,436 lived in the built-up area made of Qiaocheng urban district, even though the county remains largely rural.

text: Bozhou

text: is

text: prefecture

text: level

text: city

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Anhui

text: China

text: It

text: borders

text: Huaibei

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Bengbu

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Huainan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Fuyang

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: Henan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Its

text: population

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: census

text: of

text: whom

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: built

text: up

text: area

text: made

text: of

text: Qiaocheng

text: urban

text: district

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: county

text: remains

text: largely

text: rural

text: Cao Rui (204 or 206  22 January 239), courtesy name Yuanzhong, was the second emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. His parentage is in dispute: his mother, Lady Zhen, was Yuan Xi's wife, but she later remarried Cao Pi, the first ruler of Wei. Based on conflicting accounts of his age, Pei Songzhi calculated that, in order to be Cao Pi's son, Cao Rui could not have been 36 (by East Asian age reckoning) when he died as recorded, so the recorded age was in error; Lu Bi and Mou Guangsheng argued instead that Cao Rui was Yuan Xi's son.

text: Cao

text: Rui

text: or

text: January

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Yuanzhong

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: emperor

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: during

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: His

text: parentage

text: is

text: in

text: dispute

text: his

text: mother

text: Lady

text: Zhen

text: was

text: Yuan

text: Xi

text: 's

text: wife

text: but

text: she

text: later

text: remarried

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: the

text: first

text: ruler

text: of

text: Wei

text: Based

text: on

text: conflicting

text: accounts

text: of

text: his

text: age

text: Pei

text: Songzhi

text: calculated

text: that

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: be

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: 's

text: son

text: Cao

text: Rui

text: could

text: not

text: have

text: been

text: by

text: East

text: Asian

text: age

text: reckoning

text: when

text: he

text: died

text: as

text: recorded

text: so

text: the

text: recorded

text: age

text: was

text: in

text: error

text: Lu

text: Bi

text: and

text: Mou

text: Guangsheng

text: argued

text: instead

text: that

text: Cao

text: Rui

text: was

text: Yuan

text: Xi

text: 's

text: son

text: The Northern Wei, also known as the Tuoba Wei (), Later Wei (), or Yuan Wei (), was a dynasty founded by the Tuoba clan of the Xianbei, which ruled northern China from 386 to 534 ("de jure" until 535), during the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Described as "part of an era of political turbulence and intense social and cultural change", the Northern Wei Dynasty is particularly noted for unifying northern China in 439: this was also a period of introduced foreign ideas; such as Buddhism, which became firmly established.

text: The

text: Northern

text: Wei

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Tuoba

text: Wei

text: Later

text: Wei

text: or

text: Yuan

text: Wei

text: was

text: dynasty

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: Tuoba

text: clan

text: of

text: the

text: Xianbei

text: which

text: ruled

text: northern

text: China

text: from

text: to

text: de

text: jure

text: until

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: and

text: Northern

text: Dynasties

text: Described

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: era

text: of

text: political

text: turbulence

text: and

text: intense

text: social

text: and

text: cultural

text: change

text: the

text: Northern

text: Wei

text: Dynasty

text: is

text: particularly

text: noted

text: for

text: unifying

text: northern

text: China

text: in

text: this

text: was

text: also

text: period

text: of

text: introduced

text: foreign

text: ideas

text: such

text: as

text: Buddhism

text: which

text: became

text: firmly

text: established

text: Sun Quan (182252), courtesy name Zhongmou, formally known as Emperor Da of Wu (lit. "Great Emperor of Wu"), was the founder of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. He inherited control of the warlord state founded by his elder brother Sun Ce in 200. He declared formal independence and ruled from 222 to 229 as "King of Wu" and from 229 to 252 as the "Emperor of Wu". Unlike his rivals Cao Cao and Liu Bei, Quan governed his empire mostly separate of politics and ideology, he is sometimes portrayed as neutral considering he accommodated the wills of both his rivals but only when it benefited his state of Wu and never fully attempted to conquer his rivals, although most of historians would cite his lack of logistical resources to do so.

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Zhongmou

text: formally

text: known

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Da

text: of

text: Wu

text: lit

text: Great

text: Emperor

text: of

text: Wu

text: was

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text: during

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: He

text: inherited

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: warlord

text: state

text: founded

text: by

text: his

text: elder

text: brother

text: Sun

text: Ce

text: in

text: He

text: declared

text: formal

text: independence

text: and

text: ruled

text: from

text: to

text: as

text: King

text: of

text: Wu

text: and

text: from

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Emperor

text: of

text: Wu

text: Unlike

text: his

text: rivals

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: and

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: Quan

text: governed

text: his

text: empire

text: mostly

text: separate

text: of

text: politics

text: and

text: ideology

text: he

text: is

text: sometimes

text: portrayed

text: as

text: neutral

text: considering

text: he

text: accommodated

text: the

text: wills

text: of

text: both

text: his

text: rivals

text: but

text: only

text: when

text: it

text: benefited

text: his

text: state

text: of

text: Wu

text: and

text: never

text: fully

text: attempted

text: to

text: conquer

text: his

text: rivals

text: although

text: most

text: of

text: historians

text: would

text: cite

text: his

text: lack

text: of

text: logistical

text: resources

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: The Three Kingdoms (AD 220280) was the tripartite division of China between the states of Wei, Shu, and Wu, following the Han dynasty and preceding the Jin dynasty. The term "Three Kingdoms" itself is something of a mistranslation, since each state was eventually headed not by a king, but by an emperor who claimed legitimate succession from the Han dynasty. Nevertheless, the term "Three Kingdoms" has become standard among sinologists. To further distinguish the three states from other historical Chinese states of similar names, historians have added a relevant character: Wei is also known as Cao Wei, Shu is also known as Shu Han, and Wu is also known as Dong (or Eastern) Wu.

text: The

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: AD

text: was

text: the

text: tripartite

text: division

text: of

text: China

text: between

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Wei

text: Shu

text: and

text: Wu

text: following

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: and

text: preceding

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: The

text: term

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: itself

text: is

text: something

text: of

text: mistranslation

text: since

text: each

text: state

text: was

text: eventually

text: headed

text: not

text: by

text: king

text: but

text: by

text: an

text: emperor

text: who

text: claimed

text: legitimate

text: succession

text: from

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: term

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: has

text: become

text: standard

text: among

text: sinologists

text: To

text: further

text: distinguish

text: the

text: three

text: states

text: from

text: other

text: historical

text: Chinese

text: states

text: of

text: similar

text: names

text: historians

text: have

text: added

text: relevant

text: character

text: Wei

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: Shu

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Shu

text: Han

text: and

text: Wu

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Dong

text: or

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text: The Battle of Guandu was fought between the warlords Cao Cao and Yuan Shao in 200 AD in the late Eastern Han dynasty. The battle, which concluded with a decisive victory for Cao Cao, was a turning point in the war between the two warlords. It marked the beginning of Cao Cao's gradual reunification of northern China, which made possible the establishment of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period.

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Guandu

text: was

text: fought

text: between

text: the

text: warlords

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: and

text: Yuan

text: Shao

text: in

text: AD

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: The

text: battle

text: which

text: concluded

text: with

text: decisive

text: victory

text: for

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: was

text: turning

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: war

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: warlords

text: It

text: marked

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: 's

text: gradual

text: reunification

text: of

text: northern

text: China

text: which

text: made

text: possible

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: Cao Teng (died c. late 150s), courtesy name Jixing, was a eunuch who lived in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. He served four Han emperors (Shun, Chong, Zhi, and Huan). Through his adopted son Cao Song, he was the adoptive grandfather of Cao Cao, the founder of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. In 220, upon the establishment of Wei by Cao Cao's son Cao Pi, Cao Teng was posthumously honoured as "Emperor Gao of Wei" ().

text: Cao

text: Teng

text: died

text: late

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Jixing

text: was

text: eunuch

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: Dynasty

text: He

text: served

text: four

text: Han

text: emperors

text: Shun

text: Chong

text: Zhi

text: and

text: Huan

text: Through

text: his

text: adopted

text: son

text: Cao

text: Song

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: adoptive

text: grandfather

text: of

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: In

text: upon

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: Wei

text: by

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: 's

text: son

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: Cao

text: Teng

text: was

text: posthumously

text: honoured

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Gao

text: of

text: Wei

annotations: follows multiple

question: date_of_birth cao song

answer: 200


text: The Battle of Narva was a military campaign between the German Army Detachment "Narwa" and the Soviet Leningrad Front fought for possession of the strategically important Narva Isthmus on 2 February  10 August 1944 during World War II.

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Narva

text: was

text: military

text: campaign

text: between

text: the

text: German

text: Army

text: Detachment

text: Narwa

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Leningrad

text: Front

text: fought

text: for

text: possession

text: of

text: the

text: strategically

text: important

text: Narva

text: Isthmus

text: on

text: February

text: August

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: A television set, more commonly called a television, TV, TV set, television receiver, or telly, is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers for the purpose of viewing television. Introduced in the late 1920s in mechanical form, television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form, using cathode ray tubes. The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets in the 1960s, and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes. The ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media in the 1970s, such as Betamax, VHS and later DVD. It was also the display device for the first generation of home computers (e.g., Timex Sinclair 1000) and video game consoles (e.g., Atari) in the 1980s. In the 2010s flat panel television incorporating liquid-crystal displays, especially LED-backlit LCDs, largely replaced cathode ray tubes and other displays.

text: television

text: set

text: more

text: commonly

text: called

text: television

text: TV

text: TV

text: set

text: television

text: receiver

text: or

text: telly

text: is

text: device

text: that

text: combines

text: tuner

text: display

text: and

text: loudspeakers

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: viewing

text: television

text: Introduced

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: in

text: mechanical

text: form

text: television

text: sets

text: became

text: popular

text: consumer

text: product

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: in

text: electronic

text: form

text: using

text: cathode

text: ray

text: tubes

text: The

text: addition

text: of

text: color

text: to

text: broadcast

text: television

text: after

text: further

text: increased

text: the

text: popularity

text: of

text: television

text: sets

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: an

text: outdoor

text: antenna

text: became

text: common

text: feature

text: of

text: suburban

text: homes

text: The

text: ubiquitous

text: television

text: set

text: became

text: the

text: display

text: device

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: recorded

text: media

text: in

text: the

text: such

text: as

text: Betamax

text: VHS

text: and

text: later

text: DVD

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: display

text: device

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: generation

text: of

text: home

text: computers

text: e.g.

text: Timex

text: Sinclair

text: and

text: video

text: game

text: consoles

text: e.g.

text: Atari

text: in

text: the

text: In

text: the

text: flat

text: panel

text: television

text: incorporating

text: liquid

text: crystal

text: displays

text: especially

text: LED

text: backlit

text: LCDs

text: largely

text: replaced

text: cathode

text: ray

text: tubes

text: and

text: other

text: displays

text: "This is a sub-article to Battle of Narva (1944)."

text: This

text: is

text: sub

text: article

text: to

text: Battle

text: of

text: Narva

text:
Advertising is an audio or visual form of marketing communication that employs an openly sponsored, nonpersonal message to promote or sell a product, service or idea. Sponsors of advertising are often businesses who wish to promote their products or services. Advertising is differentiated from public relations in that an advertiser usually pays for and has control over the message. It is differentiated from personal selling in that the message is nonpersonal, i.e., not directed to a particular individual.
Advertising is communicated through various mass media, including old media such as newspapers, magazines, Television, Radio, outdoor advertising or direct mail; or new media such as search results, blogs, websites or text messages. The actual presentation of the message in a medium is referred to as an advertisement or "ad".

text: Advertising

text: is

text: an

text: audio

text: or

text: visual

text: form

text: of

text: marketing

text: communication

text: that

text: employs

text: an

text: openly

text: sponsored

text: nonpersonal

text: message

text: to

text: promote

text: or

text: sell

text: product

text: service

text: or

text: idea

text: Sponsors

text: of

text: advertising

text: are

text: often

text: businesses

text: who

text: wish

text: to

text: promote

text: their

text: products

text: or

text: services

text: Advertising

text: is

text: differentiated

text: from

text: public

text: relations

text: in

text: that

text: an

text: advertiser

text: usually

text: pays

text: for

text: and

text: has

text: control

text: over

text: the

text: message

text: It

text: is

text: differentiated

text: from

text: personal

text: selling

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: message

text: is

text: nonpersonal

text: i.e.

text: not

text: directed

text: to

text: particular

text: individual

text: Advertising

text: is

text: communicated

text: through

text: various

text: mass

text: media

text: including

text: old

text: media

text: such

text: as

text: newspapers

text: magazines

text: Television

text: Radio

text: outdoor

text: advertising

text: or

text: direct

text: mail

text: or

text: new

text: media

text: such

text: as

text: search

text: results

text: blogs

text: websites

text: or

text: text

text: messages

text: The

text: actual

text: presentation

text: of

text: the

text: message

text: in

text: medium

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: an

text: advertisement

text: or

text: ad

text: Tartu (South Estonian: "Tarto") is the second largest city of Estonia, following Estonia's political and financial capital Tallinn.

text: Tartu

text: South

text: Estonian

text: Tarto

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Estonia

text: following

text: Estonia

text: 's

text: political

text: and

text: financial

text: capital

text: Tallinn

text:
A university ("a whole", "a corporation") is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which grants academic degrees in various subjects.
Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education.

text: university

text: whole

text: corporation

text: is

text: an

text: institution

text: of

text: higher

text: or

text: tertiary

text: education

text: and

text: research

text: which

text: grants

text: academic

text: degrees

text: in

text: various

text: subjects

text: Universities

text: typically

text: provide

text: undergraduate

text: education

text: and

text: postgraduate

text: education

text: Kiur Aarma ( born June 25 , 1975 ) is an Estonian television journalist . He graduated from the University of Tartu in 1997 . Aarma is also a writer and producer ; among the films upon which he has worked is 2006 's Sinimäed , a documentary about the Battle of Tannenberg Line , which he produced and helped write .

text: Kiur

text: Aarma

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: an

text: Estonian

text: television

text: journalist

text: He

text: graduated

text: from

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Tartu

text: in

text: Aarma

text: is

text: also

text: writer

text: and

text: producer

text: among

text: the

text: films

text: upon

text: which

text: he

text: has

text: worked

text: is

text: 's

text: Sinimäed

text: documentary

text: about

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Tannenberg

text: Line

text: which

text: he

text: produced

text: and

text: helped

text: write

text: The University of Tartu is a classical university in the city of Tartu, Estonia. It is the national university of Estonia. The University of Tartu is the only classical university in the country and also the biggest and most prestigious university in Estonia. It was established by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in 1632.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Tartu

text: is

text: classical

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Tartu

text: Estonia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: national

text: university

text: of

text: Estonia

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Tartu

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: classical

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: also

text: the

text: biggest

text: and

text: most

text: prestigious

text: university

text: in

text: Estonia

text: It

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: King

text: Gustavus

text: Adolphus

text: of

text: Sweden

text: in

text: Monochrome describes paintings, drawings, design, or photographs in one color or values of one color. A monochromatic object or image reflects colors in shades of limited colors or hues. Images using only shades of grey (with or without black or white) are called grayscale or black-and-white. However, scientifically speaking, monochromatic light refers to visible light of a narrow band of wavelengths (see spectral color).

text: Monochrome

text: describes

text: paintings

text: drawings

text: design

text: or

text: photographs

text: in

text: one

text: color

text: or

text: values

text: of

text: one

text: color

text: monochromatic

text: object

text: or

text: image

text: reflects

text: colors

text: in

text: shades

text: of

text: limited

text: colors

text: or

text: hues

text: Images

text: using

text: only

text: shades

text: of

text: grey

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: black

text: or

text: white

text: are

text: called

text: grayscale

text: or

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: However

text: scientifically

text: speaking

text: monochromatic

text: light

text: refers

text: to

text: visible

text: light

text: of

text: narrow

text: band

text: of

text: wavelengths

text: see

text: spectral

text: color

text: Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black-and-white), or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. It can refer to a television set, a television program ("TV show"), or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium, for entertainment, education, news, and advertising.

text: Television

text: or

text: TV

text: is

text: telecommunication

text: medium

text: used

text: for

text: transmitting

text: moving

text: images

text: in

text: monochrome

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: or

text: in

text: color

text: and

text: in

text: two

text: or

text: three

text: dimensions

text: and

text: sound

text: It

text: can

text: refer

text: to

text: television

text: set

text: television

text: program

text: TV

text: show

text: or

text: the

text: medium

text: of

text: television

text: transmission

text: Television

text: is

text: mass

text: medium

text: for

text: entertainment

text: education

text: news

text: and

text: advertising

text: NeWS (Network extensible Window System) is a discontinued windowing system developed by Sun Microsystems in the mid-1980s. Originally known as "SunDew", its primary authors were James Gosling and David S. H. Rosenthal. The NeWS interpreter was based on PostScript (as was the later Display PostScript, although the two projects were otherwise unrelated) extending it to allow interaction and multiple "contexts" to support windows. Like PostScript, NeWS could be used as a complete programming language, but unlike PostScript, NeWS could be used to make complete interactive programs with mouse support and a GUI.

text: NeWS

text: Network

text: extensible

text: Window

text: System

text: is

text: discontinued

text: windowing

text: system

text: developed

text: by

text: Sun

text: Microsystems

text: in

text: the

text: Originally

text: known

text: as

text: SunDew

text: its

text: primary

text: authors

text: were

text: James

text: Gosling

text: and

text: David

text: Rosenthal

text: The

text: NeWS

text: interpreter

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: PostScript

text: as

text: was

text: the

text: later

text: Display

text: PostScript

text: although

text: the

text: two

text: projects

text: were

text: otherwise

text: unrelated

text: extending

text: it

text: to

text: allow

text: interaction

text: and

text: multiple

text: contexts

text: to

text: support

text: windows

text: Like

text: PostScript

text: NeWS

text: could

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: complete

text: programming

text: language

text: but

text: unlike

text: PostScript

text: NeWS

text: could

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: make

text: complete

text: interactive

text: programs

text: with

text: mouse

text: support

text: and

text: GUI

text: Color (American English) or colour (Commonwealth English) is the characteristic of human visual perception described through color "categories", with names such as red, yellow, purple, or bronze. This perception of color derives from the stimulation of cone cells in the human eye by electromagnetic radiation in the spectrum of light. Color categories and physical specifications of color are associated with objects through the wavelength of the light that is reflected from them. This reflection is governed by the object's physical properties such as light absorption, emission spectra, etc. Human trichromacy is the basis for all modern color spaces that assign colors numerical coordinates and associate corresponding distances between colors.

text: Color

text: American

text: English

text: or

text: colour

text: Commonwealth

text: English

text: is

text: the

text: characteristic

text: of

text: human

text: visual

text: perception

text: described

text: through

text: color

text: categories

text: with

text: names

text: such

text: as

text: red

text: yellow

text: purple

text: or

text: bronze

text: This

text: perception

text: of

text: color

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: stimulation

text: of

text: cone

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: human

text: eye

text: by

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: in

text: the

text: spectrum

text: of

text: light

text: Color

text: categories

text: and

text: physical

text: specifications

text: of

text: color

text: are

text: associated

text: with

text: objects

text: through

text: the

text: wavelength

text: of

text: the

text: light

text: that

text: is

text: reflected

text: from

text: them

text: This

text: reflection

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: object

text: 's

text: physical

text: properties

text: such

text: as

text: light

text: absorption

text: emission

text: spectra

text: etc

text: Human

text: trichromacy

text: is

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: all

text: modern

text: color

text: spaces

text: that

text: assign

text: colors

text: numerical

text: coordinates

text: and

text: associate

text: corresponding

text: distances

text: between

text: colors

text: A television program is a segment of content intended for broadcast on over-the-air, cable television, or Internet television, other than a commercial, trailer, or any other segment of content not serving as attraction for viewership. It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions (also called a television series or a television show).

text: television

text: program

text: is

text: segment

text: of

text: content

text: intended

text: for

text: broadcast

text: on

text: over

text: the

text: air

text: cable

text: television

text: or

text: Internet

text: television

text: other

text: than

text: commercial

text: trailer

text: or

text: any

text: other

text: segment

text: of

text: content

text: not

text: serving

text: as

text: attraction

text: for

text: viewership

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: single

text: production

text: or

text: more

text: commonly

text: series

text: of

text: related

text: productions

text: also

text: called

text: television

text: series

text: or

text: television

text: show

text: An ion is an atom or a molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving the atom or molecule a net positive or negative electrical charge. Ions can be created, by either chemical or physical means, via ionization.

text: An

text: ion

text: is

text: an

text: atom

text: or

text: molecule

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: electrons

text: is

text: not

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: protons

text: giving

text: the

text: atom

text: or

text: molecule

text: net

text: positive

text: or

text: negative

text: electrical

text: charge

text: Ions

text: can

text: be

text: created

text: by

text: either

text: chemical

text: or

text: physical

text: means

text: via

text: ionization

text: Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience, or gives pleasure and delight. It can be an idea or a task, but is more likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousands of years specifically for the purpose of keeping an audience's attention. Although people's attention is held by different things, because individuals have different preferences in entertainment, most forms are recognisable and familiar. Storytelling, music, drama, dance, and different kinds of performance exist in all cultures, were supported in royal courts, developed into sophisticated forms and over time became available to all citizens. The process has been accelerated in modern times by an entertainment industry that records and sells entertainment products. Entertainment evolves and can be adapted to suit any scale, ranging from an individual who chooses a private entertainment from a now enormous array of pre-recorded products; to a banquet adapted for two; to any size or type of party, with appropriate music and dance; to performances intended for thousands; and even for a global audience.

text: Entertainment

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: activity

text: that

text: holds

text: the

text: attention

text: and

text: interest

text: of

text: an

text: audience

text: or

text: gives

text: pleasure

text: and

text: delight

text: It

text: can

text: be

text: an

text: idea

text: or

text: task

text: but

text: is

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: activities

text: or

text: events

text: that

text: have

text: developed

text: over

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

text: specifically

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: keeping

text: an

text: audience

text: 's

text: attention

text: Although

text: people

text: 's

text: attention

text: is

text: held

text: by

text: different

text: things

text: because

text: individuals

text: have

text: different

text: preferences

text: in

text: entertainment

text: most

text: forms

text: are

text: recognisable

text: and

text: familiar

text: Storytelling

text: music

text: drama

text: dance

text: and

text: different

text: kinds

text: of

text: performance

text: exist

text: in

text: all

text: cultures

text: were

text: supported

text: in

text: royal

text: courts

text: developed

text: into

text: sophisticated

text: forms

text: and

text: over

text: time

text: became

text: available

text: to

text: all

text: citizens

text: The

text: process

text: has

text: been

text: accelerated

text: in

text: modern

text: times

text: by

text: an

text: entertainment

text: industry

text: that

text: records

text: and

text: sells

text: entertainment

text: products

text: Entertainment

text: evolves

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: adapted

text: to

text: suit

text: any

text: scale

text: ranging

text: from

text: an

text: individual

text: who

text: chooses

text: private

text: entertainment

text: from

text: now

text: enormous

text: array

text: of

text: pre

text: recorded

text: products

text: to

text: banquet

text: adapted

text: for

text: two

text: to

text: any

text: size

text: or

text: type

text: of

text: party

text: with

text: appropriate

text: music

text: and

text: dance

text: to

text: performances

text: intended

text: for

text: thousands

text: and

text: even

text: for

text: global

text: audience

annotations: likely single

question: place_of_birth kiur aarma

answer: tallinn

text: tallinn


text:
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities.
The country is situated in Western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities are to be found: among them are the two global cities and economic centres Zürich and Geneva.

text: Switzerland

text: officially

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Confederation

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: cantons

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Bern

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: authorities

text: The

text: country

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: Western

text: Central

text: Europe

text: and

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Italy

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: France

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Austria

text: and

text: Liechtenstein

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Switzerland

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: geographically

text: divided

text: between

text: the

text: Alps

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Plateau

text: and

text: the

text: Jura

text: spanning

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: While

text: the

text: Alps

text: occupy

text: the

text: greater

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: the

text: Swiss

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: eight

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: concentrated

text: mostly

text: on

text: the

text: plateau

text: where

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: are

text: to

text: be

text: found

text: among

text: them

text: are

text: the

text: two

text: global

text: cities

text: and

text: economic

text: centres

text: Zürich

text: and

text: Geneva

text: PTT ( German : Post , Telefon und Telegraph , French : Postes , téléphones , télégraphes ) was the Swiss Postal Telegraph and Telephone agency , formed in 1970 . In the course of the international trend towards liberalisation of the telecommunications market , it was transformed into two public service companies on January 1 , 1998 , Swiss Post and Swisscom . While Swiss Post remained a government agency with a partial service monopoly , Swisscom became a competitor on a liberalised telecommunications market and is an Aktiengesellschaft of which the Confederation holds a majority of shares .

text: PTT

text: German

text: Post

text: Telefon

text: und

text: Telegraph

text: French

text: Postes

text: téléphones

text: télégraphes

text: was

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Postal

text: Telegraph

text: and

text: Telephone

text: agency

text: formed

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: international

text: trend

text: towards

text: liberalisation

text: of

text: the

text: telecommunications

text: market

text: it

text: was

text: transformed

text: into

text: two

text: public

text: service

text: companies

text: on

text: January

text: Swiss

text: Post

text: and

text: Swisscom

text: While

text: Swiss

text: Post

text: remained

text: government

text: agency

text: with

text: partial

text: service

text: monopoly

text: Swisscom

text: became

text: competitor

text: on

text: liberalised

text: telecommunications

text: market

text: and

text: is

text: an

text: Aktiengesellschaft

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: Confederation

text: holds

text: majority

text: of

text: shares

text: The city of Bern or Berne (; Bernese German: "Bärn" ) is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to by the Swiss as their (e.g. in German) "Bundesstadt," or "federal city". With a population of 141,762 (November 2016), Bern is the fourth most populous city in Switzerland. The Bern agglomeration, which includes 36 municipalities, had a population of 406,900 in 2014. The metropolitan area had a population of 660,000 in 2000. Bern is also the capital of the canton of Bern, the second most populous of Switzerland's cantons.

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Bern

text: or

text: Berne

text: Bernese

text: German

text: Bärn

text: is

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: capital

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: the

text: Swiss

text: as

text: their

text: e.g.

text: in

text: German

text: Bundesstadt

text: or

text: federal

text: city

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: November

text: Bern

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: The

text: Bern

text: agglomeration

text: which

text: includes

text: municipalities

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: The

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: Bern

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: canton

text: of

text: Bern

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: 's

text: cantons

text: Swiss Post (, ) is the national postal service of Switzerland. A public company owned by the Swiss Confederation, it is the country's second largest employer (after the Federation of Migros Cooperatives). The group is based in Bern.

text: Swiss

text: Post

text: is

text: the

text: national

text: postal

text: service

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: public

text: company

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Confederation

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: employer

text: after

text: the

text: Federation

text: of

text: Migros

text: Cooperatives

text: The

text: group

text: is

text: based

text: in

text: Bern

question: headquarters_location postal telegraph and telephone

answer: bern

text: bern

text: bern

text: bern

text: bern

text: bern

text: bern

text: bern


text: Israel , officially known as the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over the city of Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.

text: Israel

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Israel

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: on

text: the

text: southeastern

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: northern

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: It

text: has

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Lebanon

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Jordan

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Palestinian

text: territories

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Bank

text: and

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: west

text: respectively

text: and

text: Egypt

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: The

text: country

text: contains

text: geographically

text: diverse

text: features

text: within

text: its

text: relatively

text: small

text: area

text: Israel

text: 's

text: financial

text: and

text: technology

text: center

text: is

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: while

text: its

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: proclaimed

text: capital

text: is

text: Jerusalem

text: although

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: is

text: internationally

text: unrecognized

text: Thailand (or  ), officially the Kingdom of Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total area of approximately , Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country. It is the 20th-most-populous country in the world, with around 66 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok.

text: Thailand

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Thailand

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Siam

text: is

text: country

text: at

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Indochinese

text: peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: With

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: Thailand

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: country

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: around

text: million

text: people

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Bangkok

text: Basketball is a sport that is played by two teams of five players on a rectangular court. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop in diameter and mounted at a height of to backboards at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, who would be the first basketball coach of the Kansas Jayhawks, one of the most successful programs in the game's history.

text: Basketball

text: is

text: sport

text: that

text: is

text: played

text: by

text: two

text: teams

text: of

text: five

text: players

text: on

text: rectangular

text: court

text: The

text: objective

text: is

text: to

text: shoot

text: ball

text: through

text: hoop

text: in

text: diameter

text: and

text: mounted

text: at

text: height

text: of

text: to

text: backboards

text: at

text: each

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: court

text: The

text: game

text: was

text: invented

text: in

text: by

text: Dr.

text: James

text: Naismith

text: who

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: basketball

text: coach

text: of

text: the

text: Kansas

text: Jayhawks

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: programs

text: in

text: the

text: game

text: 's

text: history

text: The 1952 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Helsinki, Finland, in 1952. Helsinki had been earlier selected to host the 1940 Summer Olympics, which were cancelled due to World War II. It is the northernmost city at which a summer Olympic Games have been held. It was also the Olympic Games at which the most number of world records were broken until surpassed by the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, Israel, Thailand, and Saarland made their Olympic debuts in Helsinki 1952.

text: The

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Games

text: of

text: the

text: XV

text: Olympiad

text: were

text: an

text: international

text: multi

text: sport

text: event

text: held

text: in

text: Helsinki

text: Finland

text: in

text: Helsinki

text: had

text: been

text: earlier

text: selected

text: to

text: host

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: which

text: were

text: cancelled

text: due

text: to

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: northernmost

text: city

text: at

text: which

text: summer

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: have

text: been

text: held

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: at

text: which

text: the

text: most

text: number

text: of

text: world

text: records

text: were

text: broken

text: until

text: surpassed

text: by

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: in

text: Beijing

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: Indonesia

text: Israel

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Saarland

text: made

text: their

text: Olympic

text: debuts

text: in

text: Helsinki

text: Ilmar Kullam ( 15 June 1922 -- 2 November 2011 ) was an Estonian basketball player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1952 Summer Olympics . He trained at VSS Kalev in Tartu . He was a member of the Soviet team , which won the silver medal . He played all eight matches .

text: Ilmar

text: Kullam

text: June

text: November

text: was

text: an

text: Estonian

text: basketball

text: player

text: who

text: competed

text: for

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: in

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: He

text: trained

text: at

text: VSS

text: Kalev

text: in

text: Tartu

text: He

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: team

text: which

text: won

text: the

text: silver

text: medal

text: He

text: played

text: all

text: eight

text: matches

question: position_played_on_team_/_speciality ilmar kullam

answer: center

text: center


text: Canada (French: ) is a country in the northern half of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering , making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Canada's border with the United States is the world's longest land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. About four-fifths of the country's population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, its largest city is Toronto; other major urban areas include Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg and Hamilton.

text: Canada

text: French

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: half

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: Its

text: ten

text: provinces

text: and

text: three

text: territories

text: extend

text: from

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: to

text: the

text: Pacific

text: and

text: northward

text: into

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: covering

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: Canada

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: longest

text: land

text: border

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: cold

text: or

text: severely

text: cold

text: winter

text: climate

text: but

text: southerly

text: areas

text: are

text: warm

text: in

text: summer

text: Canada

text: is

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: its

text: land

text: territory

text: being

text: dominated

text: by

text: forest

text: and

text: tundra

text: and

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: About

text: four

text: fifths

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: urbanized

text: and

text: live

text: near

text: the

text: southern

text: border

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Ottawa

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Toronto

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Montreal

text: Vancouver

text: Calgary

text: Edmonton

text: Quebec

text: City

text: Winnipeg

text: and

text: Hamilton

text: Darren Toney ( born January 9 , 1984 ) is a former professional gridiron football defensive back in the Canadian Football League . He was originally signed by the BC Lions as a street free agent in 2009 , but was cut in training camp in June 2010 . He played college football for the Arkansas State Red Wolves .

text: Darren

text: Toney

text: born

text: January

text: is

text: former

text: professional

text: gridiron

text: football

text: defensive

text: back

text: in

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: He

text: was

text: originally

text: signed

text: by

text: the

text: BC

text: Lions

text: as

text: street

text: free

text: agent

text: in

text: but

text: was

text: cut

text: in

text: training

text: camp

text: in

text: June

text: He

text: played

text: college

text: football

text: for

text: the

text: Arkansas

text: State

text: Red

text: Wolves

text: Gridiron football, or North American football, is a form of football primarily played in the United States and Canada. The predominant forms of gridiron football are American football and Canadian football.

text: Gridiron

text: football

text: or

text: North

text: American

text: football

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: football

text: primarily

text: played

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Canada

text: The

text: predominant

text: forms

text: of

text: gridiron

text: football

text: are

text: American

text: football

text: and

text: Canadian

text: football

text: The Arkansas State Red Wolves are the athletic teams of Arkansas State University. They are a member of the Sun Belt Conference in all sports, competing at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level.

text: The

text: Arkansas

text: State

text: Red

text: Wolves

text: are

text: the

text: athletic

text: teams

text: of

text: Arkansas

text: State

text: University

text: They

text: are

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Sun

text: Belt

text: Conference

text: in

text: all

text: sports

text: competing

text: at

text: the

text: National

text: Collegiate

text: Athletic

text: Association

text: NCAA

text: Division

text: level

text: Papa John's Cardinal Stadium is a football stadium located in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, on the southern end of the campus of the University of Louisville. Debuting in 1998, it serves as the home of the Louisville Cardinals football program. The official seating capacity in the quasi-horseshoe shaped facility was 42,000 through the 2008 season. An expansion project that started after the 2008 season was completed in time for the 2010 season has brought the official capacity to 55,000. An additional expansion project aiming to close the open end of the horseshoe to add 10,000 additional seats was announced on August 28, 2015, with the goal of opening within 2 years.

text: Papa

text: John

text: 's

text: Cardinal

text: Stadium

text: is

text: football

text: stadium

text: located

text: in

text: Louisville

text: Kentucky

text: United

text: States

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: campus

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Louisville

text: Debuting

text: in

text: it

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: the

text: Louisville

text: Cardinals

text: football

text: program

text: The

text: official

text: seating

text: capacity

text: in

text: the

text: quasi

text: horseshoe

text: shaped

text: facility

text: was

text: through

text: the

text: season

text: An

text: expansion

text: project

text: that

text: started

text: after

text: the

text: season

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: time

text: for

text: the

text: season

text: has

text: brought

text: the

text: official

text: capacity

text: to

text: An

text: additional

text: expansion

text: project

text: aiming

text: to

text: close

text: the

text: open

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: horseshoe

text: to

text: add

text: additional

text: seats

text: was

text: announced

text: on

text: August

text: with

text: the

text: goal

text: of

text: opening

text: within

text: years

text: The Canadian Football League (CFL LCF) is a professional sports league in Canada. The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football, a form of gridiron football closely related to American football. Its nine teams, which are located in nine separate cities, are divided into two divisions: the East Division, with four teams, and the West Division with five teams. As of 2016, the league features a 20-week regular season, which traditionally runs from late June to early November; each team plays 18 games with at least two bye weeks. Following the regular season, six teams compete in the league's three-week divisional playoffs, which culminate in the late-November Grey Cup championship, the country's largest annual sports and television event.

text: The

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: CFL

text: LCF

text: is

text: professional

text: sports

text: league

text: in

text: Canada

text: The

text: CFL

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: level

text: of

text: competition

text: in

text: Canadian

text: football

text: form

text: of

text: gridiron

text: football

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: American

text: football

text: Its

text: nine

text: teams

text: which

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: nine

text: separate

text: cities

text: are

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: divisions

text: the

text: East

text: Division

text: with

text: four

text: teams

text: and

text: the

text: West

text: Division

text: with

text: five

text: teams

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: league

text: features

text: regular

text: season

text: which

text: traditionally

text: runs

text: from

text: late

text: June

text: to

text: early

text: November

text: each

text: team

text: plays

text: games

text: with

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: bye

text: weeks

text: Following

text: the

text: regular

text: season

text: six

text: teams

text: compete

text: in

text: the

text: league

text: 's

text: three

text: week

text: divisional

text: playoffs

text: which

text: culminate

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: November

text: Grey

text: Cup

text: championship

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: annual

text: sports

text: and

text: television

text: event

text: FAU Stadium is a college football stadium located at the north end of the main campus of Florida Atlantic University (FAU) in Boca Raton, Florida. Opened in 2011, it is home to the Florida Atlantic Owls football team and is intended to be the first part of FAU's multi-use development project, "Innovation Village".

text: FAU

text: Stadium

text: is

text: college

text: football

text: stadium

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: north

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: campus

text: of

text: Florida

text: Atlantic

text: University

text: FAU

text: in

text: Boca

text: Raton

text: Florida

text: Opened

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Florida

text: Atlantic

text: Owls

text: football

text: team

text: and

text: is

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: FAU

text: 's

text: multi

text: use

text: development

text: project

text: Innovation

text: Village

text:
History.
Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League (NFL), college football remained extremely popular throughout the U.S.
Although the college game has a much larger margin for talent than its pro counterpart, the sheer number of fans following major colleges provides a financial equalizer for the game, with Division I programs  the highest level  playing in huge stadiums, six of which have seating capacity exceeding 100,000. In many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to seat more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium, which tends to have more features and comforts for fans. (Only two stadiums owned by U.S. colleges or universities  Papa John's Cardinal Stadium at the University of Louisville and FAU Stadium at Florida Atlantic University  consist entirely of chairback seating.)

text: History

text: Even

text: after

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: the

text: professional

text: National

text: Football

text: League

text: NFL

text: college

text: football

text: remained

text: extremely

text: popular

text: throughout

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Although

text: the

text: college

text: game

text: has

text: much

text: larger

text: margin

text: for

text: talent

text: than

text: its

text: pro

text: counterpart

text: the

text: sheer

text: number

text: of

text: fans

text: following

text: major

text: colleges

text: provides

text: financial

text: equalizer

text: for

text: the

text: game

text: with

text: Division

text: programs

text: the

text: highest

text: level

text: playing

text: in

text: huge

text: stadiums

text: six

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: seating

text: capacity

text: exceeding

text: In

text: many

text: cases

text: college

text: stadiums

text: employ

text: bench

text: style

text: seating

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: individual

text: seats

text: with

text: backs

text: and

text: arm

text: rests

text: This

text: allows

text: them

text: to

text: seat

text: more

text: fans

text: in

text: given

text: amount

text: of

text: space

text: than

text: the

text: typical

text: professional

text: stadium

text: which

text: tends

text: to

text: have

text: more

text: features

text: and

text: comforts

text: for

text: fans

text: Only

text: two

text: stadiums

text: owned

text: by

text: U.S.

text: colleges

text: or

text: universities

text: Papa

text: John

text: 's

text: Cardinal

text: Stadium

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Louisville

text: and

text: FAU

text: Stadium

text: at

text: Florida

text: Atlantic

text: University

text: consist

text: entirely

text: of

text: chairback

text: seating

text: Arkansas State University (also known as A-State) is a public research university and is the flagship campus of the Arkansas State University System, the state's second largest college system and second largest university by enrollment. It is located atop 1,376 acres (5.6 km2) on Crowley's Ridge at Jonesboro, Arkansas, United States. The university marked its centennial year in 2009.

text: Arkansas

text: State

text: University

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: State

text: is

text: public

text: research

text: university

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: flagship

text: campus

text: of

text: the

text: Arkansas

text: State

text: University

text: System

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: college

text: system

text: and

text: second

text: largest

text: university

text: by

text: enrollment

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: atop

text: acres

text: on

text: Crowley

text: 's

text: Ridge

text: at

text: Jonesboro

text: Arkansas

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: university

text: marked

text: its

text: centennial

text: year

text: in

text: The Grey Cup is the name of both the championship game of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing Canadian football. It is contested between the winners of the CFL's East and West Divisional playoffs and is one of Canadian television's largest annual sporting events. The Toronto Argonauts have 16 championships, more than any other team. The latest, the 104th Grey Cup, took place in Toronto, Ontario, on November 27, 2016, when the Ottawa Redblacks defeated the Calgary Stampeders 3933 in overtime.

text: The

text: Grey

text: Cup

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: championship

text: game

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: CFL

text: and

text: the

text: trophy

text: awarded

text: to

text: the

text: victorious

text: team

text: playing

text: Canadian

text: football

text: It

text: is

text: contested

text: between

text: the

text: winners

text: of

text: the

text: CFL

text: 's

text: East

text: and

text: West

text: Divisional

text: playoffs

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: Canadian

text: television

text: 's

text: largest

text: annual

text: sporting

text: events

text: The

text: Toronto

text: Argonauts

text: have

text: championships

text: more

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: team

text: The

text: latest

text: the

text: Grey

text: Cup

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: Toronto

text: Ontario

text: on

text: November

text: when

text: the

text: Ottawa

text: Redblacks

text: defeated

text: the

text: Calgary

text: Stampeders

text: in

text: overtime

annotations: follows single

question: educated_at darren toney

answer: arkansas state university

text: arkansas state university

text: arkansas state university

text: arkansas state university