text: The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties. Although the armistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919.

text: The

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: of

text: the

text: peace

text: treaties

text: that

text: brought

text: World

text: War

text: to

text: an

text: end

text: The

text: Treaty

text: ended

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: war

text: between

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: Allied

text: Powers

text: It

text: was

text: signed

text: on

text: June

text: exactly

text: five

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: assassination

text: of

text: Archduke

text: Franz

text: Ferdinand

text: The

text: other

text: Central

text: Powers

text: on

text: the

text: German

text: side

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: signed

text: separate

text: treaties

text: Although

text: the

text: armistice

text: signed

text: on

text: November

text: ended

text: the

text: actual

text: fighting

text: it

text: took

text: six

text: months

text: of

text: Allied

text: negotiations

text: at

text: the

text: Paris

text: Peace

text: Conference

text: to

text: conclude

text: the

text: peace

text: treaty

text: The

text: treaty

text: was

text: registered

text: by

text: the

text: Secretariat

text: of

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: on

text: October

text: Weimar is a city in the federal state of Thuringia, Germany. It is located between Erfurt in the west and Jena in the east, approximately southwest of Leipzig, north of Nuremberg and west of Dresden. Together with the neighbour-cities Erfurt and Jena it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants, whereas the city itself counts a population of 65,000. Weimar is well known because of its large cultural heritage and its importance in German history.

text: Weimar

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: federal

text: state

text: of

text: Thuringia

text: Germany

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: between

text: Erfurt

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Jena

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: approximately

text: southwest

text: of

text: Leipzig

text: north

text: of

text: Nuremberg

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: Dresden

text: Together

text: with

text: the

text: neighbour

text: cities

text: Erfurt

text: and

text: Jena

text: it

text: forms

text: the

text: central

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: Thuringia

text: with

text: approximately

text: inhabitants

text: whereas

text: the

text: city

text: itself

text: counts

text: population

text: of

text: Weimar

text: is

text: well

text: known

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: large

text: cultural

text: heritage

text: and

text: its

text: importance

text: in

text: German

text: history

text: A biography, or simply bio, is a detailed description of a person's life. It involves more than just the basic facts like education, work, relationships, and death; it portrays a person's experience of these life events. Unlike a profile or curriculum vitae (résumé), a biography presents a subject's life story, highlighting various aspects of his or her life, including intimate details of experience, and may include an analysis of the subject's personality.

text: biography

text: or

text: simply

text: bio

text: is

text: detailed

text: description

text: of

text: person

text: 's

text: life

text: It

text: involves

text: more

text: than

text: just

text: the

text: basic

text: facts

text: like

text: education

text: work

text: relationships

text: and

text: death

text: it

text: portrays

text: person

text: 's

text: experience

text: of

text: these

text: life

text: events

text: Unlike

text: profile

text: or

text: curriculum

text: vitae

text: résumé

text: biography

text: presents

text: subject

text: 's

text: life

text: story

text: highlighting

text: various

text: aspects

text: of

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: life

text: including

text: intimate

text: details

text: of

text: experience

text: and

text: may

text: include

text: an

text: analysis

text: of

text: the

text: subject

text: 's

text: personality

text:
Weimar Republic is an unofficial, historical designation for the German state between 1919 and 1933. The name derives from the city of Weimar, where its constitutional assembly first took place. The official name of the state was still "Deutsches Reich"; it had remained unchanged since 1871. In English the country was usually known simply as Germany.
A national assembly was convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for the "Deutsches Reich" was written, and adopted on 11 August 1919. In its fourteen years, the Weimar Republic faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremism (with paramilitaries  both left- and right-wing); and contentious relationships with the victors of the First World War. The people of Germany blamed the Weimar Republic rather than their wartime leaders for the country's defeat and for the humiliating terms of the Treaty of Versailles. However, the Weimar Republic government successfully reformed the currency, unified tax policies, and organized the railway system. Weimar Germany eliminated most of the requirements of the Treaty of Versailles; it never completely met its disarmament requirements, and eventually paid only a small portion of the war reparations (by twice restructuring its debt through the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan). Under the Locarno Treaties, Germany accepted the western borders of the republic, but continued to dispute the Eastern border.

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: is

text: an

text: unofficial

text: historical

text: designation

text: for

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: between

text: and

text: The

text: name

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Weimar

text: where

text: its

text: constitutional

text: assembly

text: first

text: took

text: place

text: The

text: official

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: was

text: still

text: Deutsches

text: Reich

text: it

text: had

text: remained

text: unchanged

text: since

text: In

text: English

text: the

text: country

text: was

text: usually

text: known

text: simply

text: as

text: Germany

text: national

text: assembly

text: was

text: convened

text: in

text: Weimar

text: where

text: new

text: constitution

text: for

text: the

text: Deutsches

text: Reich

text: was

text: written

text: and

text: adopted

text: on

text: August

text: In

text: its

text: fourteen

text: years

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: faced

text: numerous

text: problems

text: including

text: hyperinflation

text: political

text: extremism

text: with

text: paramilitaries

text: both

text: left-

text: and

text: right

text: wing

text: and

text: contentious

text: relationships

text: with

text: the

text: victors

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: The

text: people

text: of

text: Germany

text: blamed

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: rather

text: than

text: their

text: wartime

text: leaders

text: for

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: defeat

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: humiliating

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: However

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: government

text: successfully

text: reformed

text: the

text: currency

text: unified

text: tax

text: policies

text: and

text: organized

text: the

text: railway

text: system

text: Weimar

text: Germany

text: eliminated

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: requirements

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: it

text: never

text: completely

text: met

text: its

text: disarmament

text: requirements

text: and

text: eventually

text: paid

text: only

text: small

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: reparations

text: by

text: twice

text: restructuring

text: its

text: debt

text: through

text: the

text: Dawes

text: Plan

text: and

text: the

text: Young

text: Plan

text: Under

text: the

text: Locarno

text: Treaties

text: Germany

text: accepted

text: the

text: western

text: borders

text: of

text: the

text: republic

text: but

text: continued

text: to

text: dispute

text: the

text: Eastern

text: border

text: Not to be confused with Gerhard A. Ritter ( 1929 -- 2015 ) Gerhard Georg Bernhard Ritter ( 6 April 1888 , Bad Sooden - Allendorf -- 1 July 1967 , Freiburg ) was a nationalist - conservative German historian , who served as a professor of history at the University of Freiburg from 1925 to 1956 . He studied under Professor Hermann Oncken . A Lutheran , he first became well known for his 1925 biography of Martin Luther and hagiographic portrayal of Prussia . A member of the German People 's Party during the Weimar Republic , he was a lifelong monarchist and remained sympathetic to the political system of the defunct German Empire . A critic of both democracy and totalitarianism , he supported authoritarian rule and German supremacy in Europe . His vision of history was narrowed to German interests and of little sympathy to foreign nations but full of disdain for Catholicism . He cooperated with Nazi historians on anti-Polish propaganda . Eventually , his conflict with Nazi regime got him arrested by the Nazi regime in 1944 . Following World War II , Professor Ritter worked to restore German nationalism by attempting to separate it from Nazi ideology , and favored pursuit of German national interests rather than reconciliation with victims of German aggression . At the end of his career , he argued against theories of the German historian Fritz Fischer . Ritter was an honorary member of the American Historical Association from 1959 .

text: Not

text: to

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: Gerhard

text: Ritter

text: Gerhard

text: Georg

text: Bernhard

text: Ritter

text: April

text: Bad

text: Sooden

text: Allendorf

text: July

text: Freiburg

text: was

text: nationalist

text: conservative

text: German

text: historian

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: professor

text: of

text: history

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Freiburg

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: studied

text: under

text: Professor

text: Hermann

text: Oncken

text: Lutheran

text: he

text: first

text: became

text: well

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: biography

text: of

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: and

text: hagiographic

text: portrayal

text: of

text: Prussia

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: People

text: 's

text: Party

text: during

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: he

text: was

text: lifelong

text: monarchist

text: and

text: remained

text: sympathetic

text: to

text: the

text: political

text: system

text: of

text: the

text: defunct

text: German

text: Empire

text: critic

text: of

text: both

text: democracy

text: and

text: totalitarianism

text: he

text: supported

text: authoritarian

text: rule

text: and

text: German

text: supremacy

text: in

text: Europe

text: His

text: vision

text: of

text: history

text: was

text: narrowed

text: to

text: German

text: interests

text: and

text: of

text: little

text: sympathy

text: to

text: foreign

text: nations

text: but

text: full

text: of

text: disdain

text: for

text: Catholicism

text: He

text: cooperated

text: with

text: Nazi

text: historians

text: on

text: anti

text: Polish

text: propaganda

text: Eventually

text: his

text: conflict

text: with

text: Nazi

text: regime

text: got

text: him

text: arrested

text: by

text: the

text: Nazi

text: regime

text: in

text: Following

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Professor

text: Ritter

text: worked

text: to

text: restore

text: German

text: nationalism

text: by

text: attempting

text: to

text: separate

text: it

text: from

text: Nazi

text: ideology

text: and

text: favored

text: pursuit

text: of

text: German

text: national

text: interests

text: rather

text: than

text: reconciliation

text: with

text: victims

text: of

text: German

text: aggression

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: his

text: career

text: he

text: argued

text: against

text: theories

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: historian

text: Fritz

text: Fischer

text: Ritter

text: was

text: an

text: honorary

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Historical

text: Association

text: from

text: The German Empire (officially ') was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in November 1918, when Germany became a federal republic (the Weimar Republic).

text: The

text: German

text: Empire

text: officially

text: was

text: the

text: historical

text: German

text: nation

text: state

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: the

text: unification

text: of

text: Germany

text: in

text: to

text: the

text: abdication

text: of

text: Kaiser

text: Wilhelm

text: II

text: in

text: November

text: when

text: Germany

text: became

text: federal

text: republic

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: The University of Freiburg (colloquially ), officially the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, is a public research university located in Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Freiburg

text: colloquially

text: officially

text: the

text: Albert

text: Ludwig

text: University

text: of

text: Freiburg

text: is

text: public

text: research

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Freiburg

text: Breisgau

text: Baden

text: Württemberg

text: Germany

text: Hermann Oncken (12 November 1869, Oldenburg, Germany  28 December 1945, Göttingen, Germany) was a German historian and political writer. He was one of the most notable historians of pre-Nazi Germany.

text: Hermann

text: Oncken

text: November

text: Oldenburg

text: Germany

text: December

text: Göttingen

text: Germany

text: was

text: German

text: historian

text: and

text: political

text: writer

text: He

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: notable

text: historians

text: of

text: pre

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: Pope Leo X (11 December 1475  1 December 1521), born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was Pope from 9 March 1513 to his death in 1521. The second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, ruler of the Florentine Republic, he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1489.

text: Pope

text: Leo

text: December

text: December

text: born

text: Giovanni

text: di

text: Lorenzo

text: de

text: Medici

text: was

text: Pope

text: from

text: March

text: to

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: The

text: second

text: son

text: of

text: Lorenzo

text: the

text: Magnificent

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Florentine

text: Republic

text: he

text: was

text: elevated

text: to

text: the

text: cardinalate

text: in

text: Göttingen (; Low German: "Chöttingen") is a university city in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Göttingen. The River Leine runs through the town. In 2011 the population was 116,052.

text: Göttingen

text: Low

text: German

text: Chöttingen

text: is

text: university

text: city

text: in

text: Lower

text: Saxony

text: Germany

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: district

text: of

text: Göttingen

text: The

text: River

text: Leine

text: runs

text: through

text: the

text: town

text: In

text: the

text: population

text: was

text: Baden-Württemberg is a state in Germany located in the southwest, east of the Upper Rhine. It is Germanys third largest state in terms of size and population, with an area of and 10.8 million inhabitants. The state capital and largest city is Stuttgart.

text: Baden

text: Württemberg

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: Germany

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Upper

text: Rhine

text: It

text: is

text: Germanys

text: third

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: size

text: and

text: population

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: The

text: state

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Stuttgart

text: The German People's Party (or DVP) was a national liberal party in Weimar Germany and a successor to the National Liberal Party of the German Empire. A right-wing liberal or conservative-liberal party, its most famous member was Chancellor and Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann, a 1926 Nobel Peace Prize laureate.

text: The

text: German

text: People

text: 's

text: Party

text: or

text: DVP

text: was

text: national

text: liberal

text: party

text: in

text: Weimar

text: Germany

text: and

text: successor

text: to

text: the

text: National

text: Liberal

text: Party

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Empire

text: right

text: wing

text: liberal

text: or

text: conservative

text: liberal

text: party

text: its

text: most

text: famous

text: member

text: was

text: Chancellor

text: and

text: Foreign

text: Minister

text: Gustav

text: Stresemann

text: Nobel

text: Peace

text: Prize

text: laureate

text: His most notable achievement was the reconciliation between Germany and France, for which he and Aristide Briand received the Nobel Peace Prize. During a period of political instability and fragile, short-lived governments, he was generally seen as the most influential cabinet member in most of the Weimar Republic's existence. During his political career, he represented three successive liberal parties; he was the dominant figure of the German People's Party during the Weimar Republic.

text: His

text: most

text: notable

text: achievement

text: was

text: the

text: reconciliation

text: between

text: Germany

text: and

text: France

text: for

text: which

text: he

text: and

text: Aristide

text: Briand

text: received

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Peace

text: Prize

text: During

text: period

text: of

text: political

text: instability

text: and

text: fragile

text: short

text: lived

text: governments

text: he

text: was

text: generally

text: seen

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: cabinet

text: member

text: in

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: 's

text: existence

text: During

text: his

text: political

text: career

text: he

text: represented

text: three

text: successive

text: liberal

text: parties

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: dominant

text: figure

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: People

text: 's

text: Party

text: during

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland, on 516 October 1925 and formally signed in London on 1 December, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of Central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, and return normalizing relations with defeated Germany (which was, by this time, the Weimar Republic). Ratifications for the Locarno treaties were exchanged in Geneva on 14 September 1926, and on the same day they became effective. The treaties were also registered in the "League of Nations Treaty Series" on the same day.It also stated that Germany would never go to war with the other countries.

text: The

text: Locarno

text: Treaties

text: were

text: seven

text: agreements

text: negotiated

text: at

text: Locarno

text: Switzerland

text: on

text: October

text: and

text: formally

text: signed

text: in

text: London

text: on

text: December

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: Western

text: European

text: Allied

text: powers

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: states

text: of

text: Central

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: sought

text: to

text: secure

text: the

text: post

text: war

text: territorial

text: settlement

text: and

text: return

text: normalizing

text: relations

text: with

text: defeated

text: Germany

text: which

text: was

text: by

text: this

text: time

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: Ratifications

text: for

text: the

text: Locarno

text: treaties

text: were

text: exchanged

text: in

text: Geneva

text: on

text: September

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: day

text: they

text: became

text: effective

text: The

text: treaties

text: were

text: also

text: registered

text: in

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: Treaty

text: Series

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: day

text: It

text: also

text: stated

text: that

text: Germany

text: would

text: never

text: go

text: to

text: war

text: with

text: the

text: other

text: countries

text: Werra-Meißner is a "Kreis" (district) in the north of Hesse, Germany. Neighboring districts are Göttingen, Eichsfeld, Unstrut-Hainich, Wartburgkreis, district-free Eisenach, Hersfeld-Rotenburg, Schwalm-Eder, Kassel.

text: Werra

text: Meißner

text: is

text: Kreis

text: district

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: Hesse

text: Germany

text: Neighboring

text: districts

text: are

text: Göttingen

text: Eichsfeld

text: Unstrut

text: Hainich

text: Wartburgkreis

text: district

text: free

text: Eisenach

text: Hersfeld

text: Rotenburg

text: Schwalm

text: Eder

text: Kassel

text: A research university is a university that expects all its tenured and tenure-track faculty to continuously engage in research, as opposed to merely requiring it as a condition of an initial appointment or tenure. Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. On the one hand, research universities strive to recruit faculty who are the most brilliant minds in their disciplines in the world, and their students enjoy the opportunity to learn from such experts. On the other hand, new students are often disappointed to realize their undergraduate courses at research universities are overly academic and fail to provide vocational training with immediate "real world" applications; but many employers value degrees from research universities because they know that such coursework develops fundamental skills like critical thinking.

text: research

text: university

text: is

text: university

text: that

text: expects

text: all

text: its

text: tenured

text: and

text: tenure

text: track

text: faculty

text: to

text: continuously

text: engage

text: in

text: research

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: merely

text: requiring

text: it

text: as

text: condition

text: of

text: an

text: initial

text: appointment

text: or

text: tenure

text: Such

text: universities

text: can

text: be

text: recognized

text: by

text: their

text: strong

text: focus

text: on

text: innovative

text: research

text: and

text: the

text: prestige

text: of

text: their

text: brand

text: names

text: On

text: the

text: one

text: hand

text: research

text: universities

text: strive

text: to

text: recruit

text: faculty

text: who

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: brilliant

text: minds

text: in

text: their

text: disciplines

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: their

text: students

text: enjoy

text: the

text: opportunity

text: to

text: learn

text: from

text: such

text: experts

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: new

text: students

text: are

text: often

text: disappointed

text: to

text: realize

text: their

text: undergraduate

text: courses

text: at

text: research

text: universities

text: are

text: overly

text: academic

text: and

text: fail

text: to

text: provide

text: vocational

text: training

text: with

text: immediate

text: real

text: world

text: applications

text: but

text: many

text: employers

text: value

text: degrees

text: from

text: research

text: universities

text: because

text: they

text: know

text: that

text: such

text: coursework

text: develops

text: fundamental

text: skills

text: like

text: critical

text: thinking

text: Oldenburg (Oldb) or simply Oldenburg (Low German: "Ollnborg"; Saterland Frisian: "Ooldenbuurich") is an independent city in the state of Lower Saxony, Germany. During the French annexation (18111813) in the wake of the Napoleonic war against Britain, it was also known as "Le Vieux-Bourg" in French. The city is situated at the Rivers Hunte and Haaren, in the northwestern region between the cities of Bremen in the east and Groningen (Netherlands) in the west. It has a population of 160,907 (December 2014).

text: Oldenburg

text: Oldb

text: or

text: simply

text: Oldenburg

text: Low

text: German

text: Ollnborg

text: Saterland

text: Frisian

text: Ooldenbuurich

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Lower

text: Saxony

text: Germany

text: During

text: the

text: French

text: annexation

text: in

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: war

text: against

text: Britain

text: it

text: was

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Le

text: Vieux

text: Bourg

text: in

text: French

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: situated

text: at

text: the

text: Rivers

text: Hunte

text: and

text: Haaren

text: in

text: the

text: northwestern

text: region

text: between

text: the

text: cities

text: of

text: Bremen

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Groningen

text: Netherlands

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: December

text: The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France. Princes of the German states gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm I of Prussia as German Emperor after the French capitulation in the Franco-Prussian War. Unofficially, the "de facto" transition of most of the German-speaking populations into a federated organization of states had been developing for some time through alliances formal and informal between princely rulersbut in fits and starts; self-interests of the various parties hampered the process over nearly a century of autocratic experimentation, beginning in the era of the Napoleonic Wars, which saw the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (1806), and the subsequent rise of German nationalism.

text: The

text: unification

text: of

text: Germany

text: into

text: politically

text: and

text: administratively

text: integrated

text: nation

text: state

text: officially

text: occurred

text: on

text: January

text: in

text: the

text: Hall

text: of

text: Mirrors

text: at

text: the

text: Palace

text: of

text: Versailles

text: in

text: France

text: Princes

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: states

text: gathered

text: there

text: to

text: proclaim

text: Wilhelm

text: of

text: Prussia

text: as

text: German

text: Emperor

text: after

text: the

text: French

text: capitulation

text: in

text: the

text: Franco

text: Prussian

text: War

text: Unofficially

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: transition

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: speaking

text: populations

text: into

text: federated

text: organization

text: of

text: states

text: had

text: been

text: developing

text: for

text: some

text: time

text: through

text: alliances

text: formal

text: and

text: informal

text: between

text: princely

text: rulersbut

text: in

text: fits

text: and

text: starts

text: self

text: interests

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: parties

text: hampered

text: the

text: process

text: over

text: nearly

text: century

text: of

text: autocratic

text: experimentation

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: era

text: of

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: which

text: saw

text: the

text: dissolution

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: the

text: subsequent

text: rise

text: of

text: German

text: nationalism

text: The Young Plan was a program for settling German reparations debts after World War I written in 1929 and formally adopted in 1930. It was presented by the committee headed (192930) by American industrialist Owen D. Young, creator and ex-first chairman of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), who, at the time, concurrently served at board of trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation, and also had been one of the representatives involved in previous war reparations restructuring arrangement  Dawes Plan of 1924. The Inter-Allied Reparations Commission established the German reparation sum at a theoretical total of 132 billion, but a practical total of 50 billion gold marks. After the Dawes Plan was put into operation in 1924, it became apparent that Germany would not willingly meet the annual payments over an indefinite period of time. The Young Plan reduced further payments by about 20 percent. Although the theoretical total was 112 billion Gold Marks, equivalent to US $8 billion in 1929 (US$ billion in 2017) over a period of 58 years, which would end in 1988, few expected the plan to last for much more than a decade. In addition, the Young Plan divided the annual payment, set at two billion Gold Marks, US $473 million, into two components: one unconditional part, equal to one third of the sum, and a postponable part, equal to the remaining two-thirds, which would incur interest and be financed by a consortium of American investment banks coordinated by J.P. Morgan & Co.

text: The

text: Young

text: Plan

text: was

text: program

text: for

text: settling

text: German

text: reparations

text: debts

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: written

text: in

text: and

text: formally

text: adopted

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: presented

text: by

text: the

text: committee

text: headed

text: by

text: American

text: industrialist

text: Owen

text: Young

text: creator

text: and

text: ex

text: first

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Radio

text: Corporation

text: of

text: America

text: RCA

text: who

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: concurrently

text: served

text: at

text: board

text: of

text: trustees

text: of

text: the

text: Rockefeller

text: Foundation

text: and

text: also

text: had

text: been

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: representatives

text: involved

text: in

text: previous

text: war

text: reparations

text: restructuring

text: arrangement

text: Dawes

text: Plan

text: of

text: The

text: Inter

text: Allied

text: Reparations

text: Commission

text: established

text: the

text: German

text: reparation

text: sum

text: at

text: theoretical

text: total

text: of

text: billion

text: but

text: practical

text: total

text: of

text: billion

text: gold

text: marks

text: After

text: the

text: Dawes

text: Plan

text: was

text: put

text: into

text: operation

text: in

text: it

text: became

text: apparent

text: that

text: Germany

text: would

text: not

text: willingly

text: meet

text: the

text: annual

text: payments

text: over

text: an

text: indefinite

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: The

text: Young

text: Plan

text: reduced

text: further

text: payments

text: by

text: about

text: percent

text: Although

text: the

text: theoretical

text: total

text: was

text: billion

text: Gold

text: Marks

text: equivalent

text: to

text: US

text: billion

text: in

text: US$

text: billion

text: in

text: over

text: period

text: of

text: years

text: which

text: would

text: end

text: in

text: few

text: expected

text: the

text: plan

text: to

text: last

text: for

text: much

text: more

text: than

text: decade

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: Young

text: Plan

text: divided

text: the

text: annual

text: payment

text: set

text: at

text: two

text: billion

text: Gold

text: Marks

text: US

text: million

text: into

text: two

text: components

text: one

text: unconditional

text: part

text: equal

text: to

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: sum

text: and

text: postponable

text: part

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: remaining

text: two

text: thirds

text: which

text: would

text: incur

text: interest

text: and

text: be

text: financed

text: by

text: consortium

text: of

text: American

text: investment

text: banks

text: coordinated

text: by

text: J.P.

text: Morgan

text: Co.

text: Freiburg im Breisgau (Alemannic: "Friburg im Brisgau" ) is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany with a population of about 220,000. In the south-west of the country, it straddles the Dreisam river, at the foot of the Schlossberg. Historically, the city has acted as the hub of the Breisgau region on the western edge of the Black Forest in the Upper Rhine Plain. A famous old German university town, and archiepiscopal seat, Freiburg was incorporated in the early twelfth century and developed into a major commercial, intellectual, and ecclesiastical center of the upper Rhine region. The city is known for its medieval minster and Renaissance university, as well as for its high standard of living and advanced environmental practices. The city is situated in the heart of the major Baden wine-growing region and serves as the primary tourist entry point to the scenic beauty of the Black Forest. According to meteorological statistics, the city is the sunniest and warmest in Germany and held the all-time German temperature record of from 2003 to 2015.

text: Freiburg

text: Breisgau

text: Alemannic

text: Friburg

text: Brisgau

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: Baden

text: Württemberg

text: Germany

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: In

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: it

text: straddles

text: the

text: Dreisam

text: river

text: at

text: the

text: foot

text: of

text: the

text: Schlossberg

text: Historically

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: acted

text: as

text: the

text: hub

text: of

text: the

text: Breisgau

text: region

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: Black

text: Forest

text: in

text: the

text: Upper

text: Rhine

text: Plain

text: famous

text: old

text: German

text: university

text: town

text: and

text: archiepiscopal

text: seat

text: Freiburg

text: was

text: incorporated

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: twelfth

text: century

text: and

text: developed

text: into

text: major

text: commercial

text: intellectual

text: and

text: ecclesiastical

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: upper

text: Rhine

text: region

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: medieval

text: minster

text: and

text: Renaissance

text: university

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: for

text: its

text: high

text: standard

text: of

text: living

text: and

text: advanced

text: environmental

text: practices

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: Baden

text: wine

text: growing

text: region

text: and

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: primary

text: tourist

text: entry

text: point

text: to

text: the

text: scenic

text: beauty

text: of

text: the

text: Black

text: Forest

text: According

text: to

text: meteorological

text: statistics

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: sunniest

text: and

text: warmest

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: held

text: the

text: all

text: time

text: German

text: temperature

text: record

text: of

text: from

text: to

text:
The Diet of Worms 1521 was an imperial diet (assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire held at the Heylshof Garden in Worms, then an Imperial Free City of the Empire. An imperial diet was a formal deliberative assembly of the whole Empire. This one is most memorable for the Edict of Worms ("Wormser Edikt"), which addressed Martin Luther and the effects of the Protestant Reformation.
It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521, with the Emperor Charles V presiding.

text: The

text: Diet

text: of

text: Worms

text: was

text: an

text: imperial

text: diet

text: assembly

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: held

text: at

text: the

text: Heylshof

text: Garden

text: in

text: Worms

text: then

text: an

text: Imperial

text: Free

text: City

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: An

text: imperial

text: diet

text: was

text: formal

text: deliberative

text: assembly

text: of

text: the

text: whole

text: Empire

text: This

text: one

text: is

text: most

text: memorable

text: for

text: the

text: Edict

text: of

text: Worms

text: Wormser

text: Edikt

text: which

text: addressed

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: and

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: It

text: was

text: conducted

text: from

text: January

text: to

text: May

text: with

text: the

text: Emperor

text: Charles

text: presiding

text: The Protestant Reformation, often referred to simply as the Reformation (from Latin "reformatio", "restoration, renewal"), was a schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other early Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe. Timing most commonly used for this period is from 1517 (the Ninety-five Theses are published by Martin Luther) to 1648 (Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War).

text: The

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: simply

text: as

text: the

text: Reformation

text: from

text: Latin

text: reformatio

text: restoration

text: renewal

text: was

text: schism

text: from

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: initiated

text: by

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: and

text: continued

text: by

text: John

text: Calvin

text: Huldrych

text: Zwingli

text: and

text: other

text: early

text: Protestant

text: Reformers

text: in

text: century

text: Europe

text: Timing

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text: for

text: this

text: period

text: is

text: from

text: the

text: Ninety

text: five

text: Theses

text: are

text: published

text: by

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: to

text: Peace

text: of

text: Westphalia

text: ends

text: the

text: Thirty

text: Years

text: War

text: Hesse or Hessia (, Hessian dialect: "Hesse" ) is a federal state ("Land") of the Federal Republic of Germany, with just over six million inhabitants. The state capital is Wiesbaden; the largest city is Frankfurt am Main. Until the formation of the German Reich in 1871, Hesse was an independent country ruled by a Grand Duke (Grand Duchy of Hesse). Due to divisions after World War II, the modern federal state does not cover the entire cultural region of Hesse which includes both the State of Hesse and the area known as Rhenish Hesse (Rheinhessen) in the neighbouring state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

text: Hesse

text: or

text: Hessia

text: Hessian

text: dialect

text: Hesse

text: is

text: federal

text: state

text: Land

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: with

text: just

text: over

text: six

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: The

text: state

text: capital

text: is

text: Wiesbaden

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Frankfurt

text: am

text: Main

text: Until

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Reich

text: in

text: Hesse

text: was

text: an

text: independent

text: country

text: ruled

text: by

text: Grand

text: Duke

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Hesse

text: Due

text: to

text: divisions

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: modern

text: federal

text: state

text: does

text: not

text: cover

text: the

text: entire

text: cultural

text: region

text: of

text: Hesse

text: which

text: includes

text: both

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Hesse

text: and

text: the

text: area

text: known

text: as

text: Rhenish

text: Hesse

text: Rheinhessen

text: in

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: state

text: of

text: Rhineland

text: Palatinate

text: The pope (from "pappas", a child's word for "father") is the Bishop of Rome and, therefore, the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. The primacy of the Roman bishop is largely derived from his role as the traditional successor to Saint Peter, to whom Jesus is supposed to have given the keys of Heaven and the powers of "binding and loosing", naming him as the "rock" upon which the church would be built. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI.

text: The

text: pope

text: from

text: pappas

text: child

text: 's

text: word

text: for

text: father

text: is

text: the

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Rome

text: and

text: therefore

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: worldwide

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: The

text: primacy

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: bishop

text: is

text: largely

text: derived

text: from

text: his

text: role

text: as

text: the

text: traditional

text: successor

text: to

text: Saint

text: Peter

text: to

text: whom

text: Jesus

text: is

text: supposed

text: to

text: have

text: given

text: the

text: keys

text: of

text: Heaven

text: and

text: the

text: powers

text: of

text: binding

text: and

text: loosing

text: naming

text: him

text: as

text: the

text: rock

text: upon

text: which

text: the

text: church

text: would

text: be

text: built

text: The

text: current

text: pope

text: is

text: Francis

text: who

text: was

text: elected

text: on

text: March

text: succeeding

text: Benedict

text: XVI

text: A historian is a person who researches, studies, and writes about the past, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is concerned with events preceding written history, the individual is a historian of prehistory. Although "historian" can be used to describe amateur and professional historians alike, it is reserved more recently for those who have acquired graduate degrees in the discipline. Some historians, though, are recognized by publications or training and experience. "Historian" became a professional occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in Germany and elsewhere.

text: historian

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: researches

text: studies

text: and

text: writes

text: about

text: the

text: past

text: and

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: an

text: authority

text: on

text: it

text: Historians

text: are

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: continuous

text: methodical

text: narrative

text: and

text: research

text: of

text: past

text: events

text: as

text: relating

text: to

text: the

text: human

text: race

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: all

text: history

text: in

text: time

text: If

text: the

text: individual

text: is

text: concerned

text: with

text: events

text: preceding

text: written

text: history

text: the

text: individual

text: is

text: historian

text: of

text: prehistory

text: Although

text: historian

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: amateur

text: and

text: professional

text: historians

text: alike

text: it

text: is

text: reserved

text: more

text: recently

text: for

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: acquired

text: graduate

text: degrees

text: in

text: the

text: discipline

text: Some

text: historians

text: though

text: are

text: recognized

text: by

text: publications

text: or

text: training

text: and

text: experience

text: Historian

text: became

text: professional

text: occupation

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: as

text: research

text: universities

text: were

text: emerging

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: elsewhere

text:
Martin Luther (10 November 1483  18 February 1546), O.S.A., was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.
Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money, proposing an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his "Ninety-five Theses" of 1517. His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: November

text: February

text: O.S.A.

text: was

text: German

text: professor

text: of

text: theology

text: composer

text: priest

text: monk

text: and

text: seminal

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: Luther

text: came

text: to

text: reject

text: several

text: teachings

text: and

text: practices

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: He

text: strongly

text: disputed

text: the

text: claim

text: that

text: freedom

text: from

text: God

text: 's

text: punishment

text: for

text: sin

text: could

text: be

text: purchased

text: with

text: money

text: proposing

text: an

text: academic

text: discussion

text: of

text: the

text: practice

text: and

text: efficacy

text: of

text: indulgences

text: in

text: his

text: Ninety

text: five

text: Theses

text: of

text: His

text: refusal

text: to

text: renounce

text: all

text: of

text: his

text: writings

text: at

text: the

text: demand

text: of

text: Pope

text: Leo

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: Charles

text: at

text: the

text: Diet

text: of

text: Worms

text: in

text: resulted

text: in

text: his

text: excommunication

text: by

text: the

text: Pope

text: and

text: condemnation

text: as

text: an

text: outlaw

text: by

text: the

text: Emperor

text: In the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, an indulgence is "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins". It may reduce the temporal punishment after death, in the state or process of purification called Purgatory. This temporal punishment would not be considered "time", as Purgatory, like Heaven and Hell, is said to exist "outside of time".

text: In

text: the

text: teaching

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: an

text: indulgence

text: is

text: way

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: punishment

text: one

text: has

text: to

text: undergo

text: for

text: sins

text: It

text: may

text: reduce

text: the

text: temporal

text: punishment

text: after

text: death

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: or

text: process

text: of

text: purification

text: called

text: Purgatory

text: This

text: temporal

text: punishment

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: considered

text: time

text: as

text: Purgatory

text: like

text: Heaven

text: and

text: Hell

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: exist

text: outside

text: of

text: time

text: The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924 to solve the World War I reparations problem, which had bedeviled international politics following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles.

text: The

text: Dawes

text: Plan

text: as

text: proposed

text: by

text: the

text: Dawes

text: Committee

text: chaired

text: by

text: Charles

text: Dawes

text: was

text: an

text: attempt

text: in

text: to

text: solve

text: the

text: World

text: War

text: reparations

text: problem

text: which

text: had

text: bedeviled

text: international

text: politics

text: following

text: World

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: Bad Sooden-Allendorf is a town in the Werra-Meißner-Kreis in Hesse, Germany.

text: Bad

text: Sooden

text: Allendorf

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: the

text: Werra

text: Meißner

text: Kreis

text: in

text: Hesse

text: Germany

text: The Werra, a river in central Germany, forms the right-source of the Weser. The Werra has its source near Eisfeld in southern Thuringia. After the Werra joins the river Fulda in the town of Hann. Münden, forming the Weser.

text: The

text: Werra

text: river

text: in

text: central

text: Germany

text: forms

text: the

text: right

text: source

text: of

text: the

text: Weser

text: The

text: Werra

text: has

text: its

text: source

text: near

text: Eisfeld

text: in

text: southern

text: Thuringia

text: After

text: the

text: Werra

text: joins

text: the

text: river

text: Fulda

text: in

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Hann

text: Münden

text: forming

text: the

text: Weser

text: A résumé (or ; less frequently or ), also spelled resume, is a document used by a person to present their backgrounds and skills. Résumés can be used for a variety of reasons, but most often they are used to secure new employment. A typical résumé contains a "summary" of relevant job experience and education, as its French origin (and its translation into Spanish as "resumen") implies. The résumé is usually one of the first items, along with a cover letter and sometimes an application for employment, which a potential employer sees regarding the job seeker and is typically used to screen applicants, often followed by an interview. The curriculum vitae (CV) used for academic purposes in the UK (and in other European countries) is more akin to the résuméa shorter, summary version of one's education and experiencethan to the longer and more detailed CV that is expected in U.S. academic circles. Generally, the résumé is substantially shorter than a CV in English Canada, the U.S. and Australia.

text: résumé

text: or

text: less

text: frequently

text: or

text: also

text: spelled

text: resume

text: is

text: document

text: used

text: by

text: person

text: to

text: present

text: their

text: backgrounds

text: and

text: skills

text: Résumés

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: variety

text: of

text: reasons

text: but

text: most

text: often

text: they

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: secure

text: new

text: employment

text: typical

text: résumé

text: contains

text: summary

text: of

text: relevant

text: job

text: experience

text: and

text: education

text: as

text: its

text: French

text: origin

text: and

text: its

text: translation

text: into

text: Spanish

text: as

text: resumen

text: implies

text: The

text: résumé

text: is

text: usually

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: items

text: along

text: with

text: cover

text: letter

text: and

text: sometimes

text: an

text: application

text: for

text: employment

text: which

text: potential

text: employer

text: sees

text: regarding

text: the

text: job

text: seeker

text: and

text: is

text: typically

text: used

text: to

text: screen

text: applicants

text: often

text: followed

text: by

text: an

text: interview

text: The

text: curriculum

text: vitae

text: CV

text: used

text: for

text: academic

text: purposes

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: in

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: is

text: more

text: akin

text: to

text: the

text: résuméa

text: shorter

text: summary

text: version

text: of

text: one

text: 's

text: education

text: and

text: experiencethan

text: to

text: the

text: longer

text: and

text: more

text: detailed

text: CV

text: that

text: is

text: expected

text: in

text: U.S.

text: academic

text: circles

text: Generally

text: the

text: résumé

text: is

text: substantially

text: shorter

text: than

text: CV

text: in

text: English

text: Canada

text: the

text: U.S.

text: and

text: Australia

text: Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. Germany's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin. Other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf.

text: Germany

text: officially

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: is

text: federal

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: central

text: western

text: Europe

text: It

text: includes

text: constituent

text: states

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: With

text: about

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: After

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: immigration

text: destination

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Germany

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: metropolis

text: is

text: Berlin

text: Other

text: major

text: cities

text: include

text: Hamburg

text: Munich

text: Cologne

text: Frankfurt

text: Stuttgart

text: and

text: Düsseldorf

text: The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power of Indulgences are a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany. They advance Luther's positions against what he saw as abusive practices by preachers selling plenary indulgences, which were certificates believed to reduce the temporal punishment for sins committed by the purchasers themselves or their loved ones in purgatory. In the "Theses", Luther claimed that the repentance required by Christ in order for sins to be forgiven involves inner spiritual repentance rather than the system of sacramental confession of the Catholic Church. He argued that indulgences lead Christians to avoid true repentance and sorrow for sin, believing that they can forgo it by purchasing an indulgence. They also, according to Luther, discourage Christians from giving to the poor and performing other acts of mercy, believing that indulgence certificates were more spiritually valuable. Though Luther claimed that his positions on indulgences accorded with those of the pope, the "Theses" challenge a fourteenth-century papal bull stating that the pope could use the treasury of merit and the good deeds of past saints to forgive temporal punishment for sins. The "Theses" are framed as propositions to be argued in debate rather than necessarily representing Luther's opinions, but Luther later clarified his views in the "Explanations of the Disputation Concerning the Value of Indulgences".

text: The

text: Ninety

text: five

text: Theses

text: or

text: Disputation

text: on

text: the

text: Power

text: of

text: Indulgences

text: are

text: list

text: of

text: propositions

text: for

text: an

text: academic

text: disputation

text: written

text: in

text: by

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: professor

text: of

text: moral

text: theology

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Wittenberg

text: Germany

text: They

text: advance

text: Luther

text: 's

text: positions

text: against

text: what

text: he

text: saw

text: as

text: abusive

text: practices

text: by

text: preachers

text: selling

text: plenary

text: indulgences

text: which

text: were

text: certificates

text: believed

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: temporal

text: punishment

text: for

text: sins

text: committed

text: by

text: the

text: purchasers

text: themselves

text: or

text: their

text: loved

text: ones

text: in

text: purgatory

text: In

text: the

text: Theses

text: Luther

text: claimed

text: that

text: the

text: repentance

text: required

text: by

text: Christ

text: in

text: order

text: for

text: sins

text: to

text: be

text: forgiven

text: involves

text: inner

text: spiritual

text: repentance

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: system

text: of

text: sacramental

text: confession

text: of

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: He

text: argued

text: that

text: indulgences

text: lead

text: Christians

text: to

text: avoid

text: true

text: repentance

text: and

text: sorrow

text: for

text: sin

text: believing

text: that

text: they

text: can

text: forgo

text: it

text: by

text: purchasing

text: an

text: indulgence

text: They

text: also

text: according

text: to

text: Luther

text: discourage

text: Christians

text: from

text: giving

text: to

text: the

text: poor

text: and

text: performing

text: other

text: acts

text: of

text: mercy

text: believing

text: that

text: indulgence

text: certificates

text: were

text: more

text: spiritually

text: valuable

text: Though

text: Luther

text: claimed

text: that

text: his

text: positions

text: on

text: indulgences

text: accorded

text: with

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: pope

text: the

text: Theses

text: challenge

text: fourteenth

text: century

text: papal

text: bull

text: stating

text: that

text: the

text: pope

text: could

text: use

text: the

text: treasury

text: of

text: merit

text: and

text: the

text: good

text: deeds

text: of

text: past

text: saints

text: to

text: forgive

text: temporal

text: punishment

text: for

text: sins

text: The

text: Theses

text: are

text: framed

text: as

text: propositions

text: to

text: be

text: argued

text: in

text: debate

text: rather

text: than

text: necessarily

text: representing

text: Luther

text: 's

text: opinions

text: but

text: Luther

text: later

text: clarified

text: his

text: views

text: in

text: the

text: Explanations

text: of

text: the

text: Disputation

text: Concerning

text: the

text: Value

text: of

text: Indulgences

text: In historical legal systems, an outlaw is declared as outside the protection of the law. In pre-modern societies, the criminal is withdrawn all legal protection, so that anyone is legally empowered to persecute or kill them. Outlawry was thus one of the harshest penalties in the legal system. In early Germanic law, the death penalty is conspicuously absent, and outlawing is the most extreme punishment, presumably amounting to a death sentence in practice. The concept is known from Roman law, as the status of "homo sacer", and persisted throughout the Middle Ages.

text: In

text: historical

text: legal

text: systems

text: an

text: outlaw

text: is

text: declared

text: as

text: outside

text: the

text: protection

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: In

text: pre

text: modern

text: societies

text: the

text: criminal

text: is

text: withdrawn

text: all

text: legal

text: protection

text: so

text: that

text: anyone

text: is

text: legally

text: empowered

text: to

text: persecute

text: or

text: kill

text: them

text: Outlawry

text: was

text: thus

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: harshest

text: penalties

text: in

text: the

text: legal

text: system

text: In

text: early

text: Germanic

text: law

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: is

text: conspicuously

text: absent

text: and

text: outlawing

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: extreme

text: punishment

text: presumably

text: amounting

text: to

text: death

text: sentence

text: in

text: practice

text: The

text: concept

text: is

text: known

text: from

text: Roman

text: law

text: as

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: homo

text: sacer

text: and

text: persisted

text: throughout

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

question: place_of_death gerhard ritter

answer: freiburg im breisgau

text: freiburg im breisgau

text: freiburg im breisgau


text:
Susan Hill CBE (born 5 February 1942) is an English author of fiction and non-fiction works. Her novels include "The Woman in Black", "" and "I'm the King of the Castle" for which she received the Somerset Maugham Award in 1971.
She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for services to literature.

text: Susan

text: Hill

text: CBE

text: born

text: February

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: author

text: of

text: fiction

text: and

text: non

text: fiction

text: works

text: Her

text: novels

text: include

text: The

text: Woman

text: in

text: Black

text: and

text: 'm

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: the

text: Castle

text: for

text: which

text: she

text: received

text: the

text: Somerset

text: Maugham

text: Award

text: in

text: She

text: was

text: appointed

text: Commander

text: of

text: the

text: Order

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: CBE

text: in

text: the

text: Birthday

text: Honours

text: for

text: services

text: to

text: literature

text: The Somerset Maugham Award is a British literary prize given each May by the Society of Authors. It is awarded to the best writer or writers of a book published in the past year who is under the age of 35. The prize was instituted in 1947 by William Somerset Maugham and thus bears his name. The award is to be spent on foreign travel. The total fund for each year is £12,000.

text: The

text: Somerset

text: Maugham

text: Award

text: is

text: British

text: literary

text: prize

text: given

text: each

text: May

text: by

text: the

text: Society

text: of

text: Authors

text: It

text: is

text: awarded

text: to

text: the

text: best

text: writer

text: or

text: writers

text: of

text: book

text: published

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: year

text: who

text: is

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: The

text: prize

text: was

text: instituted

text: in

text: by

text: William

text: Somerset

text: Maugham

text: and

text: thus

text: bears

text: his

text: name

text: The

text: award

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: spent

text: on

text: foreign

text: travel

text: The

text: total

text: fund

text: for

text: each

text: year

text: is

text: The Woman in Black is a 1983 horror novella by Susan Hill, written in the style of a traditional Gothic novel. The plot concerns a mysterious spectre that haunts a small English town, heralding the death of children. A television film based on the story, also called "The Woman in Black", was produced in 1989, with a screenplay by Nigel Kneale. In 2012, a theatrical film adaptation of the same name was released, starring Daniel Radcliffe.

text: The

text: Woman

text: in

text: Black

text: is

text: horror

text: novella

text: by

text: Susan

text: Hill

text: written

text: in

text: the

text: style

text: of

text: traditional

text: Gothic

text: novel

text: The

text: plot

text: concerns

text: mysterious

text: spectre

text: that

text: haunts

text: small

text: English

text: town

text: heralding

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: children

text: television

text: film

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: story

text: also

text: called

text: The

text: Woman

text: in

text: Black

text: was

text: produced

text: in

text: with

text: screenplay

text: by

text: Nigel

text: Kneale

text: In

text: theatrical

text: film

text: adaptation

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: was

text: released

text: starring

text: Daniel

text: Radcliffe

text: The Service of Clouds is a novel by Susan Hill .

text: The

text: Service

text: of

text: Clouds

text: is

text: novel

text: by

text: Susan

text: Hill

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

question: instance_of the service of clouds

answer: book

text: book


text: A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China and Taiwan. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function.

text: county

text: seat

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: center

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: or

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: county

text: or

text: civil

text: parish

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: Romania

text: China

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Ireland

text: county

text: towns

text: have

text: similar

text: function

text: Santa Cruz is the county seat and largest city of Santa Cruz County, California. As of 2013 the U.S. Census Bureau estimated Santa Cruz's population at 62,864.

text: Santa

text: Cruz

text: is

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Santa

text: Cruz

text: County

text: California

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: estimated

text: Santa

text: Cruz

text: 's

text: population

text: at

text: California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western (Pacific Ocean) coast of the U.S., California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. The state capital is Sacramento. Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second largest after New York City. The state also has the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County.

text: California

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: extensive

text: by

text: area

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: California

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: other

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: Oregon

text: Nevada

text: and

text: Arizona

text: and

text: shares

text: an

text: international

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: Mexican

text: state

text: of

text: Baja

text: California

text: The

text: state

text: capital

text: is

text: Sacramento

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: is

text: California

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: after

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: The

text: state

text: also

text: has

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: county

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: County

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: county

text: by

text: area

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: County

text: The Express 37 is a light displacement sloop designed by Carl Schumacher . It was built by Terry Alsberg at the Alsberg Brothers Boatworks in Santa Cruz , California from 1984 to 1988 . The Express 37 finished first , second and third in its debut at the 1985 Transpac . The later Mk II version has a taller rig , an updated keel and rudder and a more cruising oriented interior . The Express 37 one design class association races the original Mk I rig .

text: The

text: Express

text: is

text: light

text: displacement

text: sloop

text: designed

text: by

text: Carl

text: Schumacher

text: It

text: was

text: built

text: by

text: Terry

text: Alsberg

text: at

text: the

text: Alsberg

text: Brothers

text: Boatworks

text: in

text: Santa

text: Cruz

text: California

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: Express

text: finished

text: first

text: second

text: and

text: third

text: in

text: its

text: debut

text: at

text: the

text: Transpac

text: The

text: later

text: Mk

text: II

text: version

text: has

text: taller

text: rig

text: an

text: updated

text: keel

text: and

text: rudder

text: and

text: more

text: cruising

text: oriented

text: interior

text: The

text: Express

text: one

text: design

text: class

text: association

text: races

text: the

text: original

text: Mk

text: rig

text: A fore-and-aft rig is a sailing rig consisting mainly of sails that are set along the line of the keel rather than perpendicular to it. Such sails are described as fore-and-aft rigged.

text: fore

text: and

text: aft

text: rig

text: is

text: sailing

text: rig

text: consisting

text: mainly

text: of

text: sails

text: that

text: are

text: set

text: along

text: the

text: line

text: of

text: the

text: keel

text: rather

text: than

text: perpendicular

text: to

text: it

text: Such

text: sails

text: are

text: described

text: as

text: fore

text: and

text: aft

text: rigged

text: A sloop (from Dutch "sloep", in turn from French "chaloupe") is a sailing boat with a single mast and a fore-and-aft rig. A sloop has only one head-sail: if a vessel has two or more head-sails, the term 'cutter' is used, and its mast may be set further aft than on a sloop.

text: sloop

text: from

text: Dutch

text: sloep

text: in

text: turn

text: from

text: French

text: chaloupe

text: is

text: sailing

text: boat

text: with

text: single

text: mast

text: and

text: fore

text: and

text: aft

text: rig

text: sloop

text: has

text: only

text: one

text: head

text: sail

text: if

text: vessel

text: has

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: head

text: sails

text: the

text: term

text: cutter

text: is

text: used

text: and

text: its

text: mast

text: may

text: be

text: set

text: further

text: aft

text: than

text: on

text: sloop

text: Aft, in naval terminology, is an adjective or adverb meaning, "towards the stern (rear) of the ship", when the frame of reference is within the ship. Example: "Able Seaman Smith; lay aft!". Or; "What's happening aft?"

text: Aft

text: in

text: naval

text: terminology

text: is

text: an

text: adjective

text: or

text: adverb

text: meaning

text: towards

text: the

text: stern

text: rear

text: of

text: the

text: ship

text: when

text: the

text: frame

text: of

text: reference

text: is

text: within

text: the

text: ship

text: Example

text: Able

text: Seaman

text: Smith

text: lay

text: aft

text: Or

text: What

text: 's

text: happening

text: aft

annotations: likely single

question: instance_of express 37

answer: ship

text: ship

text: ship