text: Renaissance music is vocal and instrumental music written and performed in Europe during the Renaissance era. Consensus among music historians  with notable dissent  has been to start the era around 1400, with the end of the medieval era, and to close it around 1600, with the beginning of the Baroque period, therefore commencing the musical Renaissance about a hundred years after the beginning of the Renaissance as it is understood in other disciplines. As in the other arts, the music of the period was significantly influenced by the developments which define the Early Modern period: the rise of humanistic thought; the recovery of the literary and artistic heritage of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome; increased innovation and discovery; the growth of commercial enterprises; the rise of a bourgeois class; and the Protestant Reformation. From this changing society emerged a common, unifying musical language, in particular the polyphonic style (this means music with multiple, independent melody lines performed simultaneously) of the Franco-Flemish school, whose greatest master was Josquin des Prez.

text: Renaissance

text: music

text: is

text: vocal

text: and

text: instrumental

text: music

text: written

text: and

text: performed

text: in

text: Europe

text: during

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: era

text: Consensus

text: among

text: music

text: historians

text: with

text: notable

text: dissent

text: has

text: been

text: to

text: start

text: the

text: era

text: around

text: with

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: medieval

text: era

text: and

text: to

text: close

text: it

text: around

text: with

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Baroque

text: period

text: therefore

text: commencing

text: the

text: musical

text: Renaissance

text: about

text: hundred

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: understood

text: in

text: other

text: disciplines

text: As

text: in

text: the

text: other

text: arts

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: was

text: significantly

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: developments

text: which

text: define

text: the

text: Early

text: Modern

text: period

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: humanistic

text: thought

text: the

text: recovery

text: of

text: the

text: literary

text: and

text: artistic

text: heritage

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: Ancient

text: Rome

text: increased

text: innovation

text: and

text: discovery

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: commercial

text: enterprises

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: bourgeois

text: class

text: and

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: From

text: this

text: changing

text: society

text: emerged

text: common

text: unifying

text: musical

text: language

text: in

text: particular

text: the

text: polyphonic

text: style

text: this

text: means

text: music

text: with

text: multiple

text: independent

text: melody

text: lines

text: performed

text: simultaneously

text: of

text: the

text: Franco

text: Flemish

text: school

text: whose

text: greatest

text: master

text: was

text: Josquin

text: des

text: Prez

text: Sexting is sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit messages, photographs or images, primarily between mobile phones. It may also include the use of a computer or any digital device. The term was first popularized in the early 21st century, and is a portmanteau of "sex" and "texting", where the latter is meant in the wide sense of sending a text possibly with images. In August 2012, the word "sexting" was listed for the first time in Merriam-Webster's "Collegiate Dictionary".

text: Sexting

text: is

text: sending

text: receiving

text: or

text: forwarding

text: sexually

text: explicit

text: messages

text: photographs

text: or

text: images

text: primarily

text: between

text: mobile

text: phones

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: include

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: computer

text: or

text: any

text: digital

text: device

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: first

text: popularized

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: and

text: is

text: portmanteau

text: of

text: sex

text: and

text: texting

text: where

text: the

text: latter

text: is

text: meant

text: in

text: the

text: wide

text: sense

text: of

text: sending

text: text

text: possibly

text: with

text: images

text: In

text: August

text: the

text: word

text: sexting

text: was

text: listed

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: in

text: Merriam

text: Webster

text: 's

text: Collegiate

text: Dictionary

text: Baroque music (or ) is a style of Western art music composed from approximately 1600 to 1750. This era followed the Renaissance music era, and was followed in turn by the Classical era. Baroque music forms a major portion of the "classical music" canon, being widely studied, performed, and listened to. Key composers of the Baroque era include Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, George Frideric Handel, Claudio Monteverdi, Domenico Scarlatti, Alessandro Scarlatti, Henry Purcell, Georg Philipp Telemann, Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Arcangelo Corelli, Tomaso Albinoni, François Couperin, Giuseppe Tartini, Heinrich Schütz, Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Dieterich Buxtehude, and Johann Pachelbel.

text: Baroque

text: music

text: or

text: is

text: style

text: of

text: Western

text: art

text: music

text: composed

text: from

text: approximately

text: to

text: This

text: era

text: followed

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: music

text: era

text: and

text: was

text: followed

text: in

text: turn

text: by

text: the

text: Classical

text: era

text: Baroque

text: music

text: forms

text: major

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: classical

text: music

text: canon

text: being

text: widely

text: studied

text: performed

text: and

text: listened

text: to

text: Key

text: composers

text: of

text: the

text: Baroque

text: era

text: include

text: Johann

text: Sebastian

text: Bach

text: Antonio

text: Vivaldi

text: George

text: Frideric

text: Handel

text: Claudio

text: Monteverdi

text: Domenico

text: Scarlatti

text: Alessandro

text: Scarlatti

text: Henry

text: Purcell

text: Georg

text: Philipp

text: Telemann

text: Jean

text: Baptiste

text: Lully

text: Jean

text: Philippe

text: Rameau

text: Marc

text: Antoine

text: Charpentier

text: Arcangelo

text: Corelli

text: Tomaso

text: Albinoni

text: François

text: Couperin

text: Giuseppe

text: Tartini

text: Heinrich

text: Schütz

text: Giovanni

text: Battista

text: Pergolesi

text: Dieterich

text: Buxtehude

text: and

text: Johann

text: Pachelbel

text: A sex offender (sexual offender, sex abuser, or sexual abuser) is a person who has committed a sex crime. What constitutes a sex crime differs by culture and legal jurisdiction. Most jurisdictions compile their laws into sections, such as traffic, assault, and sexual. The majority of convicted sex offenders have convictions for crimes of a sexual nature; however, some sex offenders have simply violated a law contained in a sexual category. Some of the crimes which usually result in a mandatory sex-offender classification are: a second prostitution conviction, sending or receiving obscene content in the form of SMS text messages (sexting), and relationship between young adults and teenagers resulting in corruption of a minor (if the age between them is greater than 1,060 days). If any sexual contact was made by the adult to the minor, then child molestation has occurred. Other serious offenses are sexual assault, statutory rape, bestiality, child sexual abuse, female genital mutilation, incest, rape, and sexual imposition. However, particularly sex offender registration laws in the United States, may also classify less serious offenses as sexual offenses requiring sex offender registration. In some states public urination, having sex on a beach, or unlawful imprisonment of a minor also constitute sexual offenses requiring registration.

text: sex

text: offender

text: sexual

text: offender

text: sex

text: abuser

text: or

text: sexual

text: abuser

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: has

text: committed

text: sex

text: crime

text: What

text: constitutes

text: sex

text: crime

text: differs

text: by

text: culture

text: and

text: legal

text: jurisdiction

text: Most

text: jurisdictions

text: compile

text: their

text: laws

text: into

text: sections

text: such

text: as

text: traffic

text: assault

text: and

text: sexual

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: convicted

text: sex

text: offenders

text: have

text: convictions

text: for

text: crimes

text: of

text: sexual

text: nature

text: however

text: some

text: sex

text: offenders

text: have

text: simply

text: violated

text: law

text: contained

text: in

text: sexual

text: category

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: crimes

text: which

text: usually

text: result

text: in

text: mandatory

text: sex

text: offender

text: classification

text: are

text: second

text: prostitution

text: conviction

text: sending

text: or

text: receiving

text: obscene

text: content

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: SMS

text: text

text: messages

text: sexting

text: and

text: relationship

text: between

text: young

text: adults

text: and

text: teenagers

text: resulting

text: in

text: corruption

text: of

text: minor

text: if

text: the

text: age

text: between

text: them

text: is

text: greater

text: than

text: days

text: If

text: any

text: sexual

text: contact

text: was

text: made

text: by

text: the

text: adult

text: to

text: the

text: minor

text: then

text: child

text: molestation

text: has

text: occurred

text: Other

text: serious

text: offenses

text: are

text: sexual

text: assault

text: statutory

text: rape

text: bestiality

text: child

text: sexual

text: abuse

text: female

text: genital

text: mutilation

text: incest

text: rape

text: and

text: sexual

text: imposition

text: However

text: particularly

text: sex

text: offender

text: registration

text: laws

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: may

text: also

text: classify

text: less

text: serious

text: offenses

text: as

text: sexual

text: offenses

text: requiring

text: sex

text: offender

text: registration

text: In

text: some

text: states

text: public

text: urination

text: having

text: sex

text: on

text: beach

text: or

text: unlawful

text: imprisonment

text: of

text: minor

text: also

text: constitute

text: sexual

text: offenses

text: requiring

text: registration

text: Opera (English plural: "operas"; Italian plural: "opere" ) is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (libretto) and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. In traditional opera, singers do two types of singing: recitative, a speech-inflected style and arias, a more melodic style. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance. The performance is typically given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble, which since the early 19th century has been led by a conductor.

text: Opera

text: English

text: plural

text: operas

text: Italian

text: plural

text: opere

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: in

text: which

text: singers

text: and

text: musicians

text: perform

text: dramatic

text: work

text: combining

text: text

text: libretto

text: and

text: musical

text: score

text: usually

text: in

text: theatrical

text: setting

text: In

text: traditional

text: opera

text: singers

text: do

text: two

text: types

text: of

text: singing

text: recitative

text: speech

text: inflected

text: style

text: and

text: arias

text: more

text: melodic

text: style

text: Opera

text: incorporates

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: elements

text: of

text: spoken

text: theatre

text: such

text: as

text: acting

text: scenery

text: and

text: costumes

text: and

text: sometimes

text: includes

text: dance

text: The

text: performance

text: is

text: typically

text: given

text: in

text: an

text: opera

text: house

text: accompanied

text: by

text: an

text: orchestra

text: or

text: smaller

text: musical

text: ensemble

text: which

text: since

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: has

text: been

text: led

text: by

text: conductor

text: Music therapy is the use of interventions to accomplish individual goals within a therapeutic relationship by a professional who has completed an approved music therapy program. Music therapy is an allied health profession and one of the expressive therapies, consisting of a process in which a music therapist uses music and all of its facetsphysical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritualto help clients improve their physical and mental health. Music therapists primarily help clients improve their health in several domains, such as cognitive functioning, motor skills, emotional development, social skills, and quality of life, by using music experiences such as free improvisation, singing, and listening to, discussing, and moving to music to achieve treatment goals. It has a wide qualitative and quantitative research literature base and incorporates clinical therapy, psychotherapy, biomusicology, musical acoustics, music theory, psychoacoustics, embodied music cognition, aesthetics of music, sensory integration, and comparative musicology. Referrals to music therapy services may be made by other health care professionals such as physicians, psychologists, physical therapists, and occupational therapists. Clients can also choose to pursue music therapy services without a referral (i.e., self-referral).

text: Music

text: therapy

text: is

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: interventions

text: to

text: accomplish

text: individual

text: goals

text: within

text: therapeutic

text: relationship

text: by

text: professional

text: who

text: has

text: completed

text: an

text: approved

text: music

text: therapy

text: program

text: Music

text: therapy

text: is

text: an

text: allied

text: health

text: profession

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: expressive

text: therapies

text: consisting

text: of

text: process

text: in

text: which

text: music

text: therapist

text: uses

text: music

text: and

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: facetsphysical

text: emotional

text: mental

text: social

text: aesthetic

text: and

text: spiritualto

text: help

text: clients

text: improve

text: their

text: physical

text: and

text: mental

text: health

text: Music

text: therapists

text: primarily

text: help

text: clients

text: improve

text: their

text: health

text: in

text: several

text: domains

text: such

text: as

text: cognitive

text: functioning

text: motor

text: skills

text: emotional

text: development

text: social

text: skills

text: and

text: quality

text: of

text: life

text: by

text: using

text: music

text: experiences

text: such

text: as

text: free

text: improvisation

text: singing

text: and

text: listening

text: to

text: discussing

text: and

text: moving

text: to

text: music

text: to

text: achieve

text: treatment

text: goals

text: It

text: has

text: wide

text: qualitative

text: and

text: quantitative

text: research

text: literature

text: base

text: and

text: incorporates

text: clinical

text: therapy

text: psychotherapy

text: biomusicology

text: musical

text: acoustics

text: music

text: theory

text: psychoacoustics

text: embodied

text: music

text: cognition

text: aesthetics

text: of

text: music

text: sensory

text: integration

text: and

text: comparative

text: musicology

text: Referrals

text: to

text: music

text: therapy

text: services

text: may

text: be

text: made

text: by

text: other

text: health

text: care

text: professionals

text: such

text: as

text: physicians

text: psychologists

text: physical

text: therapists

text: and

text: occupational

text: therapists

text: Clients

text: can

text: also

text: choose

text: to

text: pursue

text: music

text: therapy

text: services

text: without

text: referral

text: i.e.

text: self

text: referral

text: Philip Pickett ( born 19 November 1950 ) is an English musician and convicted sex offender . Pickett was director of early music ensembles including the New London Consort , and taught at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama . In February 2015 , Pickett received an 11 - year prison sentence for the rape and sexual assault of pupils at the school .

text: Philip

text: Pickett

text: born

text: November

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: musician

text: and

text: convicted

text: sex

text: offender

text: Pickett

text: was

text: director

text: of

text: early

text: music

text: ensembles

text: including

text: the

text: New

text: London

text: Consort

text: and

text: taught

text: at

text: the

text: Guildhall

text: School

text: of

text: Music

text: and

text: Drama

text: In

text: February

text: Pickett

text: received

text: an

text: year

text: prison

text: sentence

text: for

text: the

text: rape

text: and

text: sexual

text: assault

text: of

text: pupils

text: at

text: the

text: school

text: Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound and silence, which exist in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek  ("mousike"; "art of the Muses"). In its most general form, the activities describing music as an art form include the production of works of music (songs, tunes, symphonies, and so on), the criticism of music, the study of the history of music, and the aesthetic examination of music. Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound."

text: Music

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: and

text: cultural

text: activity

text: whose

text: medium

text: is

text: sound

text: and

text: silence

text: which

text: exist

text: in

text: time

text: The

text: common

text: elements

text: of

text: music

text: are

text: pitch

text: which

text: governs

text: melody

text: and

text: harmony

text: rhythm

text: and

text: its

text: associated

text: concepts

text: tempo

text: meter

text: and

text: articulation

text: dynamics

text: loudness

text: and

text: softness

text: and

text: the

text: sonic

text: qualities

text: of

text: timbre

text: and

text: texture

text: which

text: are

text: sometimes

text: termed

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: musical

text: sound

text: Different

text: styles

text: or

text: types

text: of

text: music

text: may

text: emphasize

text: de

text: emphasize

text: or

text: omit

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: elements

text: Music

text: is

text: performed

text: with

text: vast

text: range

text: of

text: instruments

text: and

text: vocal

text: techniques

text: ranging

text: from

text: singing

text: to

text: rapping

text: there

text: are

text: solely

text: instrumental

text: pieces

text: solely

text: vocal

text: pieces

text: such

text: as

text: songs

text: without

text: instrumental

text: accompaniment

text: and

text: pieces

text: that

text: combine

text: singing

text: and

text: instruments

text: The

text: word

text: derives

text: from

text: Greek

text: mousike

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: Muses

text: In

text: its

text: most

text: general

text: form

text: the

text: activities

text: describing

text: music

text: as

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: include

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: works

text: of

text: music

text: songs

text: tunes

text: symphonies

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: the

text: criticism

text: of

text: music

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: examination

text: of

text: music

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: and

text: Indian

text: philosophers

text: defined

text: music

text: as

text: tones

text: ordered

text: horizontally

text: as

text: melodies

text: and

text: vertically

text: as

text: harmonies

text: Common

text: sayings

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: harmony

text: of

text: the

text: spheres

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: music

text: to

text: my

text: ears

text: point

text: to

text: the

text: notion

text: that

text: music

text: is

text: often

text: ordered

text: and

text: pleasant

text: to

text: listen

text: to

text: However

text: century

text: composer

text: John

text: Cage

text: thought

text: that

text: any

text: sound

text: can

text: be

text: music

text: saying

text: for

text: example

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: noise

text: only

text: sound

text:
The Guildhall School of Music and Drama is an independent music and dramatic arts school which was founded in 1880 in London, England. Students can pursue courses in Music, Opera, Drama and Technical Theatre Arts.
The modern Guildhall School is a major European conservatoire which is both a music school and a drama school, and one which is involved in technical theatre, professional development and music therapy.

text: The

text: Guildhall

text: School

text: of

text: Music

text: and

text: Drama

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: music

text: and

text: dramatic

text: arts

text: school

text: which

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: in

text: London

text: England

text: Students

text: can

text: pursue

text: courses

text: in

text: Music

text: Opera

text: Drama

text: and

text: Technical

text: Theatre

text: Arts

text: The

text: modern

text: Guildhall

text: School

text: is

text: major

text: European

text: conservatoire

text: which

text: is

text: both

text: music

text: school

text: and

text: drama

text: school

text: and

text: one

text: which

text: is

text: involved

text: in

text: technical

text: theatre

text: professional

text: development

text: and

text: music

text: therapy

text: Prostitution is the business or practice of engaging in sexual activity in exchange for payment or some other benefit. Prostitution is sometimes described as commercial sex or hooking. Depending on the jurisdiction, prostitution can be legal or illegal. A person who works in this field is called a prostitute, and is a kind of sex worker. Prostitution is one of the branches of the sex industry: other branches include pornography, stripping, nude modelling, and erotic dancing. The legal status of prostitution varies from country to country (sometimes from region to region within a given country), ranging from being permissible but unregulated, to an enforced or unenforced crime, or a regulated profession. It is sometimes referred to euphemistically as "the world's oldest profession" in the English-speaking world. Estimates place the annual revenue generated by prostitution worldwide to be over $100 billion.

text: Prostitution

text: is

text: the

text: business

text: or

text: practice

text: of

text: engaging

text: in

text: sexual

text: activity

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: payment

text: or

text: some

text: other

text: benefit

text: Prostitution

text: is

text: sometimes

text: described

text: as

text: commercial

text: sex

text: or

text: hooking

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: prostitution

text: can

text: be

text: legal

text: or

text: illegal

text: person

text: who

text: works

text: in

text: this

text: field

text: is

text: called

text: prostitute

text: and

text: is

text: kind

text: of

text: sex

text: worker

text: Prostitution

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: branches

text: of

text: the

text: sex

text: industry

text: other

text: branches

text: include

text: pornography

text: stripping

text: nude

text: modelling

text: and

text: erotic

text: dancing

text: The

text: legal

text: status

text: of

text: prostitution

text: varies

text: from

text: country

text: to

text: country

text: sometimes

text: from

text: region

text: to

text: region

text: within

text: given

text: country

text: ranging

text: from

text: being

text: permissible

text: but

text: unregulated

text: to

text: an

text: enforced

text: or

text: unenforced

text: crime

text: or

text: regulated

text: profession

text: It

text: is

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: euphemistically

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oldest

text: profession

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: world

text: Estimates

text: place

text: the

text: annual

text: revenue

text: generated

text: by

text: prostitution

text: worldwide

text: to

text: be

text: over

text: billion

text: Early music is music, especially Western art music, composed prior to the Classical era. The term generally comprises Medieval music (5001400) and Renaissance music (14001600), but can also include Baroque music (16001760), and, according to some authorities such as Kennedy (who excludes Baroque), Ancient music (before 500 AD). According to the UK's National Centre for Early Music, the term "early music" refers to both a repertory (European music written between 1250 and 1750 embracing Medieval, Renaissance and the Baroque)  and a historically informed approach to the performance of that music. However, today this term has come to include "any music for which a historically appropriate style of performance must be reconstructed on the basis of surviving scores, treatises, instruments and other contemporary evidence."

text: Early

text: music

text: is

text: music

text: especially

text: Western

text: art

text: music

text: composed

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: Classical

text: era

text: The

text: term

text: generally

text: comprises

text: Medieval

text: music

text: and

text: Renaissance

text: music

text: but

text: can

text: also

text: include

text: Baroque

text: music

text: and

text: according

text: to

text: some

text: authorities

text: such

text: as

text: Kennedy

text: who

text: excludes

text: Baroque

text: Ancient

text: music

text: before

text: AD

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: National

text: Centre

text: for

text: Early

text: Music

text: the

text: term

text: early

text: music

text: refers

text: to

text: both

text: repertory

text: European

text: music

text: written

text: between

text: and

text: embracing

text: Medieval

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: the

text: Baroque

text: and

text: historically

text: informed

text: approach

text: to

text: the

text: performance

text: of

text: that

text: music

text: However

text: today

text: this

text: term

text: has

text: come

text: to

text: include

text: any

text: music

text: for

text: which

text: historically

text: appropriate

text: style

text: of

text: performance

text: must

text: be

text: reconstructed

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: surviving

text: scores

text: treatises

text: instruments

text: and

text: other

text: contemporary

text: evidence

text: Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration perpetrated against a person without that person's consent. The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of authority or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent, such as one who is unconscious, incapacitated, has an intellectual disability or is below the legal age of consent. The term "rape" is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "sexual assault."

text: Rape

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: sexual

text: assault

text: usually

text: involving

text: sexual

text: intercourse

text: or

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: sexual

text: penetration

text: perpetrated

text: against

text: person

text: without

text: that

text: person

text: 's

text: consent

text: The

text: act

text: may

text: be

text: carried

text: out

text: by

text: physical

text: force

text: coercion

text: abuse

text: of

text: authority

text: or

text: against

text: person

text: who

text: is

text: incapable

text: of

text: giving

text: valid

text: consent

text: such

text: as

text: one

text: who

text: is

text: unconscious

text: incapacitated

text: has

text: an

text: intellectual

text: disability

text: or

text: is

text: below

text: the

text: legal

text: age

text: of

text: consent

text: The

text: term

text: rape

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: interchangeably

text: with

text: the

text: term

text: sexual

text: assault

text:
Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning "action" (Classical Greek: , "drama"), which is derived from "to do" (Classical Greek: , "drao").
The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses, Thalia, and Melpomene. Thalia was the Muse of comedy (the laughing face), while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy (the weeping face). Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle's "Poetics" (c. 335 BCE)the earliest work of dramatic theory.

text: Drama

text: is

text: the

text: specific

text: mode

text: of

text: fiction

text: represented

text: in

text: performance

text: The

text: term

text: comes

text: from

text: Greek

text: word

text: meaning

text: action

text: Classical

text: Greek

text: drama

text: which

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: to

text: do

text: Classical

text: Greek

text: drao

text: The

text: two

text: masks

text: associated

text: with

text: drama

text: represent

text: the

text: traditional

text: generic

text: division

text: between

text: comedy

text: and

text: tragedy

text: They

text: are

text: symbols

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: Muses

text: Thalia

text: and

text: Melpomene

text: Thalia

text: was

text: the

text: Muse

text: of

text: comedy

text: the

text: laughing

text: face

text: while

text: Melpomene

text: was

text: the

text: Muse

text: of

text: tragedy

text: the

text: weeping

text: face

text: Considered

text: as

text: genre

text: of

text: poetry

text: in

text: general

text: the

text: dramatic

text: mode

text: has

text: been

text: contrasted

text: with

text: the

text: epic

text: and

text: the

text: lyrical

text: modes

text: ever

text: since

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: Poetics

text: BCE)the

text: earliest

text: work

text: of

text: dramatic

text: theory

text:
Medieval music consists of songs and pieces from an era of Western music, including liturgical music (for the church) and secular music (non-religious music). Medieval music includes solely vocal music, such as Gregorian chant and choral music (music for a group of singers), solely instrumental music, and music that uses both voices and instruments (typically with the instruments accompanying the voices). Gregorian chant was sung by monks during Catholic Mass. The Mass is a reenactment of Christ's Last Supper, intended to provide a spiritual connection between man and God. Part of this connection was established through music.
This era begins with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century and ends sometime in the early fifteenth century. Establishing the end of the medieval era and the beginning of the Renaissance music era is difficult, since the trends started in different regions. The usage in this article is the one usually adopted by musicologists.

text: Medieval

text: music

text: consists

text: of

text: songs

text: and

text: pieces

text: from

text: an

text: era

text: of

text: Western

text: music

text: including

text: liturgical

text: music

text: for

text: the

text: church

text: and

text: secular

text: music

text: non

text: religious

text: music

text: Medieval

text: music

text: includes

text: solely

text: vocal

text: music

text: such

text: as

text: Gregorian

text: chant

text: and

text: choral

text: music

text: music

text: for

text: group

text: of

text: singers

text: solely

text: instrumental

text: music

text: and

text: music

text: that

text: uses

text: both

text: voices

text: and

text: instruments

text: typically

text: with

text: the

text: instruments

text: accompanying

text: the

text: voices

text: Gregorian

text: chant

text: was

text: sung

text: by

text: monks

text: during

text: Catholic

text: Mass.

text: The

text: Mass

text: is

text: reenactment

text: of

text: Christ

text: 's

text: Last

text: Supper

text: intended

text: to

text: provide

text: spiritual

text: connection

text: between

text: man

text: and

text: God

text: Part

text: of

text: this

text: connection

text: was

text: established

text: through

text: music

text: This

text: era

text: begins

text: with

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: fifth

text: century

text: and

text: ends

text: sometime

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: fifteenth

text: century

text: Establishing

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: medieval

text: era

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: music

text: era

text: is

text: difficult

text: since

text: the

text: trends

text: started

text: in

text: different

text: regions

text: The

text: usage

text: in

text: this

text: article

text: is

text: the

text: one

text: usually

text: adopted

text: by

text: musicologists

annotations: likely single

question: occupation philip pickett

answer: conductor

text: conductor


text: Central Asia or Middle Asia is the core region of the Asian continent and stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north. It is also colloquially referred to as "the 'stans" (as the six countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix "-stan", meaning "land of") and is within the scope of the wider Eurasian continent.

text: Central

text: Asia

text: or

text: Middle

text: Asia

text: is

text: the

text: core

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Asian

text: continent

text: and

text: stretches

text: from

text: the

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: to

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: from

text: Afghanistan

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: to

text: Russia

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: colloquially

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: stans

text: as

text: the

text: six

text: countries

text: generally

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: within

text: the

text: region

text: all

text: have

text: names

text: ending

text: with

text: the

text: Persian

text: suffix

text: -stan

text: meaning

text: land

text: of

text: and

text: is

text: within

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: the

text: wider

text: Eurasian

text: continent

text:
A nomad ("nomas", plural , "nomades"; meaning one roaming about for pasture, pastoral tribe) is a member of a community of people who live in different locations, moving from one place to another. Among the various ways nomads relate to their environment, one can distinguish the hunter-gatherer, the pastoral nomad owning livestock, or the "modern" peripatetic nomad.
As of 1995, there were an estimated 3040 million nomads in the world.

text: nomad

text: nomas

text: plural

text: nomades

text: meaning

text: one

text: roaming

text: about

text: for

text: pasture

text: pastoral

text: tribe

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: community

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: live

text: in

text: different

text: locations

text: moving

text: from

text: one

text: place

text: to

text: another

text: Among

text: the

text: various

text: ways

text: nomads

text: relate

text: to

text: their

text: environment

text: one

text: can

text: distinguish

text: the

text: hunter

text: gatherer

text: the

text: pastoral

text: nomad

text: owning

text: livestock

text: or

text: the

text: modern

text: peripatetic

text: nomad

text: As

text: of

text: there

text: were

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: nomads

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. It is generally used as the most important criterion for distinguishing languages from dialects, although sociolinguistic factors are often also used.

text: In

text: linguistics

text: mutual

text: intelligibility

text: is

text: relationship

text: between

text: languages

text: or

text: dialects

text: in

text: which

text: speakers

text: of

text: different

text: but

text: related

text: varieties

text: can

text: readily

text: understand

text: each

text: other

text: without

text: prior

text: familiarity

text: or

text: special

text: effort

text: It

text: is

text: generally

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: criterion

text: for

text: distinguishing

text: languages

text: from

text: dialects

text: although

text: sociolinguistic

text: factors

text: are

text: often

text: also

text: used

text: Northern Europe is the northern part or region of Europe. Although no definitive borders or definition exists for the term, geographically, Northern Europe may be considered to consist approximately of all of Europe above the 52nd parallel north; which includes (from west to east) most or all of: Iceland, the Republic of Ireland, the Isle of Man, the United Kingdom, the Faroe Islands, the Netherlands, northern Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, northern Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and northwest Russia. However, narrower definitions may also be used based on other geographical factors, such as climate and ecology. Greenland, geographically a part of North America, is politically a part of the Kingdom of Denmark, and may be included depending on the definition.

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: is

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: or

text: region

text: of

text: Europe

text: Although

text: no

text: definitive

text: borders

text: or

text: definition

text: exists

text: for

text: the

text: term

text: geographically

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: may

text: be

text: considered

text: to

text: consist

text: approximately

text: of

text: all

text: of

text: Europe

text: above

text: the

text: parallel

text: north

text: which

text: includes

text: from

text: west

text: to

text: east

text: most

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: Iceland

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: Faroe

text: Islands

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: northern

text: Germany

text: Denmark

text: Norway

text: Sweden

text: northern

text: Poland

text: Finland

text: Estonia

text: Latvia

text: Lithuania

text: and

text: northwest

text: Russia

text: However

text: narrower

text: definitions

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: based

text: on

text: other

text: geographical

text: factors

text: such

text: as

text: climate

text: and

text: ecology

text: Greenland

text: geographically

text: part

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: is

text: politically

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Denmark

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: included

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: definition

text: The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari; Proto-Bulgarians) were semi-nomadic warrior Turkic tribes who flourished in the Pontic-Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 7th century. Emerging as nomadic equestrians in the Volga-Ural region, according to some researchers their roots can be traced to Central Asia. During their westward migration across the Eurasian steppe the Bulgars absorbed other ethnic groups and cultural influences, including Hunnic, Iranian and Indo-European people. Modern genetic research on Central Asian Turkic people and ethnic groups related to the Bulgars points to an affiliation with western Eurasian and European populations. The Bulgars spoke a Turkic language, i.e. Bulgar language of Oghuric branch. They preserved military titles, organization and customs of Eurasian steppes, as well as pagan shamanism and belief in the sky deity Tangra.

text: The

text: Bulgars

text: also

text: Bulghars

text: Bulgari

text: Bolgars

text: Bolghars

text: Bolgari

text: Proto

text: Bulgarians

text: were

text: semi

text: nomadic

text: warrior

text: Turkic

text: tribes

text: who

text: flourished

text: in

text: the

text: Pontic

text: Caspian

text: steppe

text: and

text: the

text: Volga

text: region

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: Emerging

text: as

text: nomadic

text: equestrians

text: in

text: the

text: Volga

text: Ural

text: region

text: according

text: to

text: some

text: researchers

text: their

text: roots

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: to

text: Central

text: Asia

text: During

text: their

text: westward

text: migration

text: across

text: the

text: Eurasian

text: steppe

text: the

text: Bulgars

text: absorbed

text: other

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: and

text: cultural

text: influences

text: including

text: Hunnic

text: Iranian

text: and

text: Indo

text: European

text: people

text: Modern

text: genetic

text: research

text: on

text: Central

text: Asian

text: Turkic

text: people

text: and

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Bulgars

text: points

text: to

text: an

text: affiliation

text: with

text: western

text: Eurasian

text: and

text: European

text: populations

text: The

text: Bulgars

text: spoke

text: Turkic

text: language

text: i.e.

text: Bulgar

text: language

text: of

text: Oghuric

text: branch

text: They

text: preserved

text: military

text: titles

text: organization

text: and

text: customs

text: of

text: Eurasian

text: steppes

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: pagan

text: shamanism

text: and

text: belief

text: in

text: the

text: sky

text: deity

text: Tangra

text: The Kuzari, full title The Book of Refutation and Proof in Support of the Abased Religion, also known as the Book of the Kuzari, is one of the most famous works of the medieval Spanish Jewish philosopher and poet Judah Halevi, completed around 1140. It is regarded as one the most important apologetic works of Jewish philosophy.

text: The

text: Kuzari

text: full

text: title

text: The

text: Book

text: of

text: Refutation

text: and

text: Proof

text: in

text: Support

text: of

text: the

text: Abased

text: Religion

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: the

text: Kuzari

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: works

text: of

text: the

text: medieval

text: Spanish

text: Jewish

text: philosopher

text: and

text: poet

text: Judah

text: Halevi

text: completed

text: around

text: It

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: one

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: apologetic

text: works

text: of

text: Jewish

text: philosophy

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text: Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.

text: Russia

text: from

text: the

text: Rus

text: also

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: At

text: Russia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: surface

text: area

text: covering

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: eighth

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: inhabited

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: most

text: populous

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: March

text: The

text: European

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: populated

text: and

text: urbanised

text: than

text: the

text: eastern

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: live

text: in

text: European

text: Russia

text: Russia

text: 's

text: capital

text: Moscow

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: centers

text: include

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Novosibirsk

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: and

text: Samara

text: The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or the steppes, is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome. It stretches from Romania, Moldova through Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang and Mongolia to Manchuria, with one major exclave located mostly in Hungary, the Puszta.

text: The

text: Eurasian

text: Steppe

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Great

text: Steppe

text: or

text: the

text: steppes

text: is

text: the

text: vast

text: steppe

text: ecoregion

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: in

text: the

text: temperate

text: grasslands

text: savannas

text: and

text: shrublands

text: biome

text: It

text: stretches

text: from

text: Romania

text: Moldova

text: through

text: Ukraine

text: Russia

text: Kazakhstan

text: Xinjiang

text: and

text: Mongolia

text: to

text: Manchuria

text: with

text: one

text: major

text: exclave

text: located

text: mostly

text: in

text: Hungary

text: the

text: Puszta

text: Bolghar was intermittently capital of Volga Bulgaria from the 8th to the 15th centuries, along with Bilyar and Nur-Suvar. It was situated on the bank of the Volga River, about 30 km downstream from its confluence with the Kama River and some 130 km from modern Kazan in what is now Spassky District. West of it lies a small modern town, since 1991 known as Bolgar. The UNESCO World Heritage Committee declared ancient Bolghar hill fort as a World Heritage Site in 2014.

text: Bolghar

text: was

text: intermittently

text: capital

text: of

text: Volga

text: Bulgaria

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: centuries

text: along

text: with

text: Bilyar

text: and

text: Nur

text: Suvar

text: It

text: was

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Volga

text: River

text: about

text: km

text: downstream

text: from

text: its

text: confluence

text: with

text: the

text: Kama

text: River

text: and

text: some

text: km

text: from

text: modern

text: Kazan

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Spassky

text: District

text: West

text: of

text: it

text: lies

text: small

text: modern

text: town

text: since

text: known

text: as

text: Bolgar

text: The

text: UNESCO

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Committee

text: declared

text: ancient

text: Bolghar

text: hill

text: fort

text: as

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Site

text: in

text: Volga Region (Povolzhye, literally: "along the Volga") is a historical region in Russia that encompasses territories adjacent to the flow of the Volga River. It is usually classified into:

text: Volga

text: Region

text: Povolzhye

text: literally

text: along

text: the

text: Volga

text: is

text: historical

text: region

text: in

text: Russia

text: that

text: encompasses

text: territories

text: adjacent

text: to

text: the

text: flow

text: of

text: the

text: Volga

text: River

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: classified

text: into

text: The Turkic languages are a language family of at least thirty-five languages, spoken by Turkic peoples from Southeastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China. The Turkic languages originated in a region spanning Western China to Mongolia from where it expanded to Central Asia and farther west.

text: The

text: Turkic

text: languages

text: are

text: language

text: family

text: of

text: at

text: least

text: thirty

text: five

text: languages

text: spoken

text: by

text: Turkic

text: peoples

text: from

text: Southeastern

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: to

text: Siberia

text: and

text: Western

text: China

text: The

text: Turkic

text: languages

text: originated

text: in

text: region

text: spanning

text: Western

text: China

text: to

text: Mongolia

text: from

text: where

text: it

text: expanded

text: to

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: farther

text: west

text: The Silk Road or Silk Route was an ancient network of trade routes that were for centuries central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the East and West from China to the Mediterranean Sea.

text: The

text: Silk

text: Road

text: or

text: Silk

text: Route

text: was

text: an

text: ancient

text: network

text: of

text: trade

text: routes

text: that

text: were

text: for

text: centuries

text: central

text: to

text: cultural

text: interaction

text: through

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: Asian

text: continent

text: connecting

text: the

text: East

text: and

text: West

text: from

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: The Onours or Ours (, ; Onurs, urs; "ten tribes", "tribes"), were Turkic nomadic equestrians who flourished in the Pontic-Caspian steppe and the Volga region between 5th and 7th century, and spoke Ohuric language.

text: The

text: Onours

text: or

text: Ours

text: Onurs

text: urs

text: ten

text: tribes

text: tribes

text: were

text: Turkic

text: nomadic

text: equestrians

text: who

text: flourished

text: in

text: the

text: Pontic

text: Caspian

text: steppe

text: and

text: the

text: Volga

text: region

text: between

text: and

text: century

text: and

text: spoke

text: Ohuric

text: language

text: A polity is any kind of political entity. It is a group of people who are collectively united by a self-reflected cohesive force such as identity, who have a capacity to mobilise resources, and are organised by some form of institutionalised hierarchy.

text: polity

text: is

text: any

text: kind

text: of

text: political

text: entity

text: It

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: are

text: collectively

text: united

text: by

text: self

text: reflected

text: cohesive

text: force

text: such

text: as

text: identity

text: who

text: have

text: capacity

text: to

text: mobilise

text: resources

text: and

text: are

text: organised

text: by

text: some

text: form

text: of

text: institutionalised

text: hierarchy

text: The Crimean Peninsula ("Krymskiy poluostrov;" , "Kryms'ky pivostriv"), also known simply as Crimea ( "Krym" "Krym"), is a major land mass on the northern coast of the Black Sea that is almost completely surrounded by both the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov to the northeast. The peninsula is located south of the Ukrainian region of Kherson and west of the Russian region of Kuban. It is connected to Kherson Oblast by the Isthmus of Perekop and is separated from Kuban by the Strait of Kerch. The Arabat Spit is located to the northeast, a narrow strip of land that separates a system of lagoons named Sivash from the Sea of Azov.

text: The

text: Crimean

text: Peninsula

text: Krymskiy

text: poluostrov

text: Kryms'ky

text: pivostriv

text: also

text: known

text: simply

text: as

text: Crimea

text: Krym

text: Krym

text: is

text: major

text: land

text: mass

text: on

text: the

text: northern

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: that

text: is

text: almost

text: completely

text: surrounded

text: by

text: both

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: smaller

text: Sea

text: of

text: Azov

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: The

text: peninsula

text: is

text: located

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Ukrainian

text: region

text: of

text: Kherson

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: region

text: of

text: Kuban

text: It

text: is

text: connected

text: to

text: Kherson

text: Oblast

text: by

text: the

text: Isthmus

text: of

text: Perekop

text: and

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Kuban

text: by

text: the

text: Strait

text: of

text: Kerch

text: The

text: Arabat

text: Spit

text: is

text: located

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: narrow

text: strip

text: of

text: land

text: that

text: separates

text: system

text: of

text: lagoons

text: named

text: Sivash

text: from

text: the

text: Sea

text: of

text: Azov

text: Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population in July 2015 was (though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press), making Kiev the 7th most populous city in Europe.

text: Kiev

text: or

text: Kyiv

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Ukraine

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: central

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: Dnieper

text: River

text: The

text: population

text: in

text: July

text: was

text: though

text: higher

text: estimated

text: numbers

text: have

text: been

text: cited

text: in

text: the

text: press

text: making

text: Kiev

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Europe

text: The Khazars (, , ("Kuzarim"), (khazar), , , , ) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people, who created what for its duration was the most powerful polity to emerge from the breakup of the Western Turkic Kaganate. Astride a major artery of commerce between northern Europe and southwestern Asia, Khazaria became one of the foremost trading emporia of the medieval world, commanding the western marches of the Silk Road and playing a key commercial role as a crossroad between China, the Middle East and Kievan Rus'. For some three centuries (c. 650965) the Khazars dominated the vast area extending from the Volga-Don steppes to the eastern Crimea and the northern Caucasus.

text: The

text: Khazars

text: Kuzarim

text: khazar

text: were

text: semi

text: nomadic

text: Turkic

text: people

text: who

text: created

text: what

text: for

text: its

text: duration

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: polity

text: to

text: emerge

text: from

text: the

text: breakup

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Turkic

text: Kaganate

text: Astride

text: major

text: artery

text: of

text: commerce

text: between

text: northern

text: Europe

text: and

text: southwestern

text: Asia

text: Khazaria

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: foremost

text: trading

text: emporia

text: of

text: the

text: medieval

text: world

text: commanding

text: the

text: western

text: marches

text: of

text: the

text: Silk

text: Road

text: and

text: playing

text: key

text: commercial

text: role

text: as

text: crossroad

text: between

text: China

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: For

text: some

text: three

text: centuries

text: the

text: Khazars

text: dominated

text: the

text: vast

text: area

text: extending

text: from

text: the

text: Volga

text: Don

text: steppes

text: to

text: the

text: eastern

text: Crimea

text: and

text: the

text: northern

text: Caucasus

text: Kievan Rus' (, ) was a loose federation of East Slavic tribes in Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century, under the reign of the Rurik dynasty. The modern peoples of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural ancestors.

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: was

text: loose

text: federation

text: of

text: East

text: Slavic

text: tribes

text: in

text: Europe

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: under

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: the

text: Rurik

text: dynasty

text: The

text: modern

text: peoples

text: of

text: Belarus

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: Russia

text: all

text: claim

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: as

text: their

text: cultural

text: ancestors

text: The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region at the border of Europe and Asia, situated between the Black and the Caspian seas.

text: The

text: Caucasus

text: or

text: Caucasia

text: is

text: region

text: at

text: the

text: border

text: of

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: situated

text: between

text: the

text: Black

text: and

text: the

text: Caspian

text: seas

text: Chuvash is a Turkic language spoken in central Russia, primarily in the Chuvash Republic and adjacent areas. It is the only surviving member of the Oghur branch of Turkic languages, and thus makes up one full half of the Turkic language family. Because of this, Chuvash has diverged considerably from the other Turkic languages, which typically demonstrate mutual intelligibility among one another to varying degrees.

text: Chuvash

text: is

text: Turkic

text: language

text: spoken

text: in

text: central

text: Russia

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: Chuvash

text: Republic

text: and

text: adjacent

text: areas

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: surviving

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Oghur

text: branch

text: of

text: Turkic

text: languages

text: and

text: thus

text: makes

text: up

text: one

text: full

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Turkic

text: language

text: family

text: Because

text: of

text: this

text: Chuvash

text: has

text: diverged

text: considerably

text: from

text: the

text: other

text: Turkic

text: languages

text: which

text: typically

text: demonstrate

text: mutual

text: intelligibility

text: among

text: one

text: another

text: to

text: varying

text: degrees

text: The Oghur or Ouric languages ( also known as Bulgar , Pre-Proto Bulgaric , Hunno - Bulgarian , Hunno - Turkic , or Lir - Turkic and r - Turkic ) are a branch of the Turkic language family . The only extant member of the group is the Chuvash language . Languages from this family were spoken in some nomadic tribal confederations , such as those of the Onogurs , Bulgars , and Khazars . Some scholars consider Hunnic a similar language .

text: The

text: Oghur

text: or

text: Ouric

text: languages

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Bulgar

text: Pre

text: Proto

text: Bulgaric

text: Hunno

text: Bulgarian

text: Hunno

text: Turkic

text: or

text: Lir

text: Turkic

text: and

text: Turkic

text: are

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Turkic

text: language

text: family

text: The

text: only

text: extant

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: is

text: the

text: Chuvash

text: language

text: Languages

text: from

text: this

text: family

text: were

text: spoken

text: in

text: some

text: nomadic

text: tribal

text: confederations

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: Onogurs

text: Bulgars

text: and

text: Khazars

text: Some

text: scholars

text: consider

text: Hunnic

text: similar

text: language

text: The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is "Middle-Eastern" and the derived noun is "Middle-Easterner". The term has come into wider usage as a replacement of the term Near East (as opposed to Far East) beginning in the early 20th century.

text: The

text: Middle

text: East

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: region

text: centered

text: on

text: Western

text: Asia

text: and

text: Egypt

text: The

text: corresponding

text: adjective

text: is

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: and

text: the

text: derived

text: noun

text: is

text: Middle

text: Easterner

text: The

text: term

text: has

text: come

text: into

text: wider

text: usage

text: as

text: replacement

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: Near

text: East

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: Far

text: East

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Bulgar (also spelled "Bolar", "Bulghar") is an extinct language which was spoken by the Bulgars.

text: Bulgar

text: also

text: spelled

text: Bolar

text: Bulghar

text: is

text: an

text: extinct

text: language

text: which

text: was

text: spoken

text: by

text: the

text: Bulgars

text: Shamanism (or ) is a practice that involves a practitioner reaching altered states of consciousness in order to perceive and interact with a spirit world and channel these transcendental energies into this world.

text: Shamanism

text: or

text: is

text: practice

text: that

text: involves

text: practitioner

text: reaching

text: altered

text: states

text: of

text: consciousness

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: perceive

text: and

text: interact

text: with

text: spirit

text: world

text: and

text: channel

text: these

text: transcendental

text: energies

text: into

text: this

text: world

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

question: part_of oghur languages

answer: turkic languages

text: turkic languages

text: turkic languages

text: turkic languages

text: turkic languages