text: Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity. This covers the ancient Mediterranean world, particularly ancient Greece and Rome. It encompasses the study of ancient languages, literature, philosophy, history, and archaeology. Traditionally in the West, the study of the Greek and Roman classics was considered one of the cornerstones of the humanities and a necessary part of a rounded education. Since the 20th century, however, Classics is no longer a part of a typical elite education.

text: Classics

text: or

text: classical

text: studies

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: This

text: covers

text: the

text: ancient

text: Mediterranean

text: world

text: particularly

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: Rome

text: It

text: encompasses

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: ancient

text: languages

text: literature

text: philosophy

text: history

text: and

text: archaeology

text: Traditionally

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: and

text: Roman

text: classics

text: was

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: cornerstones

text: of

text: the

text: humanities

text: and

text: necessary

text: part

text: of

text: rounded

text: education

text: Since

text: the

text: century

text: however

text: Classics

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: part

text: of

text: typical

text: elite

text: education

text: Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought. 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky.

text: Language

text: is

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: acquire

text: and

text: use

text: complex

text: systems

text: of

text: communication

text: particularly

text: the

text: human

text: ability

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: and

text: language

text: is

text: any

text: specific

text: example

text: of

text: such

text: system

text: The

text: scientific

text: study

text: of

text: language

text: is

text: called

text: linguistics

text: Questions

text: concerning

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: language

text: such

text: as

text: whether

text: words

text: can

text: represent

text: experience

text: have

text: been

text: debated

text: since

text: Gorgias

text: and

text: Plato

text: in

text: Ancient

text: Greece

text: Thinkers

text: such

text: as

text: Rousseau

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: language

text: originated

text: from

text: emotions

text: while

text: others

text: like

text: Kant

text: have

text: held

text: that

text: it

text: originated

text: from

text: rational

text: and

text: logical

text: thought

text: century

text: philosophers

text: such

text: as

text: Wittgenstein

text: argued

text: that

text: philosophy

text: is

text: really

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: language

text: Major

text: figures

text: in

text: linguistics

text: include

text: Ferdinand

text: de

text: Saussure

text: and

text: Noam

text: Chomsky

text: The University of California, Berkeley, (also referred to as Berkeley, UC Berkeley, and Cal) is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. Founded in 1868, Berkeley is the oldest of the ten research universities affiliated with the University of California system, and is often cited as the top public university in the United States and around the world.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: Berkeley

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Berkeley

text: UC

text: Berkeley

text: and

text: Cal

text: is

text: public

text: research

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Berkeley

text: California

text: Founded

text: in

text: Berkeley

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: of

text: the

text: ten

text: research

text: universities

text: affiliated

text: with

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: system

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: cited

text: as

text: the

text: top

text: public

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: Richard Newell Boyd (born 19 May 1942, Washington, D.C., USA; Ph.D. MIT 1970) is an American philosopher who has spent most of his career at Cornell University, though he also taught briefly at Harvard University, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and the University of California, Berkeley. He has also been a visiting professor at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand, and the University of Melbourne in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

text: Richard

text: Newell

text: Boyd

text: born

text: May

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: USA

text: Ph.D.

text: MIT

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: philosopher

text: who

text: has

text: spent

text: most

text: of

text: his

text: career

text: at

text: Cornell

text: University

text: though

text: he

text: also

text: taught

text: briefly

text: at

text: Harvard

text: University

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Michigan

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: and

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: Berkeley

text: He

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: visiting

text: professor

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Canterbury

text: in

text: Christchurch

text: New

text: Zealand

text: and

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Melbourne

text: in

text: Melbourne

text: Victoria

text: Australia

text: The University of Melbourne (informally Melbourne University) is a public research university located in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1853, it is Australia's second oldest university and the oldest in Victoria. Times Higher Education ranks Melbourne as 33rd in the world, while the Academic Ranking of World Universities places Melbourne 40th in the world (both first in Australia).

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Melbourne

text: informally

text: Melbourne

text: University

text: is

text: public

text: research

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Melbourne

text: Australia

text: Founded

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: Australia

text: 's

text: second

text: oldest

text: university

text: and

text: the

text: oldest

text: in

text: Victoria

text: Times

text: Higher

text: Education

text: ranks

text: Melbourne

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: while

text: the

text: Academic

text: Ranking

text: of

text: World

text: Universities

text: places

text: Melbourne

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: both

text: first

text: in

text: Australia

text: Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia. The name "Melbourne" refers to an urban agglomeration spanning which comprises the broader metropolitan area, as well as being the common name for its city centre. The metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. Melbourne consists of 31 municipalities. It has a population of 4,529,500 , and its inhabitants are called Melburnians.

text: Melbourne

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: state

text: of

text: Victoria

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Australia

text: The

text: name

text: Melbourne

text: refers

text: to

text: an

text: urban

text: agglomeration

text: spanning

text: which

text: comprises

text: the

text: broader

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: being

text: the

text: common

text: name

text: for

text: its

text: city

text: centre

text: The

text: metropolis

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: large

text: natural

text: bay

text: of

text: Port

text: Phillip

text: and

text: expands

text: into

text: the

text: hinterlands

text: towards

text: the

text: Dandenong

text: and

text: Macedon

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: Mornington

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: Yarra

text: Valley

text: Melbourne

text: consists

text: of

text: municipalities

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: its

text: inhabitants

text: are

text: called

text: Melburnians

text: Cornell University is an American private Ivy League and federal land-grant doctoral university located in Ithaca, New York. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledgefrom the classics to the sciences, and from the theoretical to the applied. These ideals, unconventional for the time, are captured in Cornell's motto, a popular 1865 Ezra Cornell quotation: "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study."

text: Cornell

text: University

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: private

text: Ivy

text: League

text: and

text: federal

text: land

text: grant

text: doctoral

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Ithaca

text: New

text: York

text: Founded

text: in

text: by

text: Ezra

text: Cornell

text: and

text: Andrew

text: Dickson

text: White

text: the

text: university

text: was

text: intended

text: to

text: teach

text: and

text: make

text: contributions

text: in

text: all

text: fields

text: of

text: knowledgefrom

text: the

text: classics

text: to

text: the

text: sciences

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: theoretical

text: to

text: the

text: applied

text: These

text: ideals

text: unconventional

text: for

text: the

text: time

text: are

text: captured

text: in

text: Cornell

text: 's

text: motto

text: popular

text: Ezra

text: Cornell

text: quotation

text: would

text: found

text: an

text: institution

text: where

text: any

text: person

text: can

text: find

text: instruction

text: in

text: any

text: study

text: Professor (commonly abbreviated as "prof.") is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, "professor" derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences, a teacher of the highest rank.

text: Professor

text: commonly

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: prof

text: is

text: an

text: academic

text: rank

text: at

text: universities

text: and

text: other

text: post

text: secondary

text: education

text: and

text: research

text: institutions

text: in

text: most

text: countries

text: Literally

text: professor

text: derives

text: from

text: Latin

text: as

text: person

text: who

text: professes

text: being

text: usually

text: an

text: expert

text: in

text: arts

text: or

text: sciences

text: teacher

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: rank

text: Ezra Cornell (January 11, 1807  December 9, 1874) was an American businessman, politician, philanthropist and educational administrator. He was the founder of Western Union and a co-founder of Cornell University. He also served as President of the New York Agriculture Society and as a New York state Senator.

text: Ezra

text: Cornell

text: January

text: December

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: businessman

text: politician

text: philanthropist

text: and

text: educational

text: administrator

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: Western

text: Union

text: and

text: co

text: founder

text: of

text: Cornell

text: University

text: He

text: also

text: served

text: as

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Agriculture

text: Society

text: and

text: as

text: New

text: York

text: state

text: Senator

text: Consciousness is difficult to define, though many people seem to think they know intuitively what it is. Attempts at definition have included: sentience, awareness, subjectivity, the ability to experience or to feel, wakefulness, having a sense of selfhood or soul, the fact that there is something "that it is like" to "have" or "be" it, and the executive control system of the mind, or the state or quality of awareness, or, of being aware of an external object or something within oneself. In contemporary philosophy its definition is often hinted at via the logical possibility of its absence, the philosophical zombie, which is defined as a being whose behavior and function are identical to one's own yet there is "no-one in there" experiencing it.

text: Consciousness

text: is

text: difficult

text: to

text: define

text: though

text: many

text: people

text: seem

text: to

text: think

text: they

text: know

text: intuitively

text: what

text: it

text: is

text: Attempts

text: at

text: definition

text: have

text: included

text: sentience

text: awareness

text: subjectivity

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: experience

text: or

text: to

text: feel

text: wakefulness

text: having

text: sense

text: of

text: selfhood

text: or

text: soul

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: something

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: like

text: to

text: have

text: or

text: be

text: it

text: and

text: the

text: executive

text: control

text: system

text: of

text: the

text: mind

text: or

text: the

text: state

text: or

text: quality

text: of

text: awareness

text: or

text: of

text: being

text: aware

text: of

text: an

text: external

text: object

text: or

text: something

text: within

text: oneself

text: In

text: contemporary

text: philosophy

text: its

text: definition

text: is

text: often

text: hinted

text: at

text: via

text: the

text: logical

text: possibility

text: of

text: its

text: absence

text: the

text: philosophical

text: zombie

text: which

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: being

text: whose

text: behavior

text: and

text: function

text: are

text: identical

text: to

text: one

text: 's

text: own

text: yet

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: one

text: in

text: there

text: experiencing

text: it

text: Andrew Dickson White (November 7, 1832  November 4, 1918) was an American historian and educator, who was the cofounder of Cornell University and served as its first president for nearly two decades. He was known for expanding the scope of college curriculae. A politician, he had served as state senator in New York. He was later appointed as a US diplomat to Germany and Russia, among other responsibilities.

text: Andrew

text: Dickson

text: White

text: November

text: November

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: historian

text: and

text: educator

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: cofounder

text: of

text: Cornell

text: University

text: and

text: served

text: as

text: its

text: first

text: president

text: for

text: nearly

text: two

text: decades

text: He

text: was

text: known

text: for

text: expanding

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: college

text: curriculae

text: politician

text: he

text: had

text: served

text: as

text: state

text: senator

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: He

text: was

text: later

text: appointed

text: as

text: US

text: diplomat

text: to

text: Germany

text: and

text: Russia

text: among

text: other

text: responsibilities

text: Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.

text: Education

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: facilitating

text: learning

text: or

text: the

text: acquisition

text: of

text: knowledge

text: skills

text: values

text: beliefs

text: and

text: habits

text: Educational

text: methods

text: include

text: storytelling

text: discussion

text: teaching

text: training

text: and

text: directed

text: research

text: Education

text: frequently

text: takes

text: place

text: under

text: the

text: guidance

text: of

text: educators

text: but

text: learners

text: may

text: also

text: educate

text: themselves

text: Education

text: can

text: take

text: place

text: in

text: formal

text: or

text: informal

text: settings

text: and

text: any

text: experience

text: that

text: has

text: formative

text: effect

text: on

text: the

text: way

text: one

text: thinks

text: feels

text: or

text: acts

text: may

text: be

text: considered

text: educational

text: The

text: methodology

text: of

text: teaching

text: is

text: called

text: pedagogy

text: The John Locke Lectures are a series of annual lectures in philosophy given at the University of Oxford. They are one of the world's most prestigious academic lecture series, comparable to the Gifford Lectures given in Scottish universities. They were established in 1950 by the bequest of Henry Wilde.

text: The

text: John

text: Locke

text: Lectures

text: are

text: series

text: of

text: annual

text: lectures

text: in

text: philosophy

text: given

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Oxford

text: They

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: prestigious

text: academic

text: lecture

text: series

text: comparable

text: to

text: the

text: Gifford

text: Lectures

text: given

text: in

text: Scottish

text: universities

text: They

text: were

text: established

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: bequest

text: of

text: Henry

text: Wilde

text: Sir Karl Raimund Popper (28 July 1902  17 September 1994) was an Austrian-British philosopher and professor. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of the 20th century.

text: Sir

text: Karl

text: Raimund

text: Popper

text: July

text: September

text: was

text: an

text: Austrian

text: British

text: philosopher

text: and

text: professor

text: He

text: is

text: generally

text: regarded

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: philosophers

text: of

text: science

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

text: Science

text: is

text: systematic

text: enterprise

text: that

text: builds

text: and

text: organizes

text: knowledge

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: testable

text: explanations

text: and

text: predictions

text: about

text: the

text: universe

text: Sydney Shoemaker (born 1931) is an American philosopher. He was the Susan Linn Sage Professor of Philosophy at Cornell University. He holds a PhD from Cornell and BA from Reed. In 1971, he delivered the John Locke Lectures at Oxford University. He has worked primarily in the philosophy of mind and metaphysics, and has many classic papers in both of these areas (as well as their overlap). In "Functionalism and Qualia" (1975), he argues that functionalism about mental states can account for the qualitative character (or 'raw feel') of mental states. In "Self-Reference and Self-Awareness" (1968), he argues that the phenomenon of absolute 'Immunity to Error Through Misidentification' is what distinguishes self-attributions of mental states (such as "I see a canary") from self-attributions of physical states (such as "I weigh 200 pounds"). In metaphysics, he has defended the view that laws are metaphysically necessary, a position that follows from his view of properties as clusters of conditional causal powers. He has also applied his view of properties to the problem of mental causation. He also has distinguished contributions to the literature on self-knowledge and personal identity, where he defended a Lockean psychological continuity theory in his influential paper "Persons and their Pasts". In his recent work on the content of perception, he has argued for a distinctive version of internalist representationalism.

text: Sydney

text: Shoemaker

text: born

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: philosopher

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: Susan

text: Linn

text: Sage

text: Professor

text: of

text: Philosophy

text: at

text: Cornell

text: University

text: He

text: holds

text: PhD

text: from

text: Cornell

text: and

text: BA

text: from

text: Reed

text: In

text: he

text: delivered

text: the

text: John

text: Locke

text: Lectures

text: at

text: Oxford

text: University

text: He

text: has

text: worked

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: mind

text: and

text: metaphysics

text: and

text: has

text: many

text: classic

text: papers

text: in

text: both

text: of

text: these

text: areas

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: their

text: overlap

text: In

text: Functionalism

text: and

text: Qualia

text: he

text: argues

text: that

text: functionalism

text: about

text: mental

text: states

text: can

text: account

text: for

text: the

text: qualitative

text: character

text: or

text: raw

text: feel

text: of

text: mental

text: states

text: In

text: Self

text: Reference

text: and

text: Self

text: Awareness

text: he

text: argues

text: that

text: the

text: phenomenon

text: of

text: absolute

text: Immunity

text: to

text: Error

text: Through

text: Misidentification

text: is

text: what

text: distinguishes

text: self

text: attributions

text: of

text: mental

text: states

text: such

text: as

text: see

text: canary

text: from

text: self

text: attributions

text: of

text: physical

text: states

text: such

text: as

text: weigh

text: pounds

text: In

text: metaphysics

text: he

text: has

text: defended

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: laws

text: are

text: metaphysically

text: necessary

text: position

text: that

text: follows

text: from

text: his

text: view

text: of

text: properties

text: as

text: clusters

text: of

text: conditional

text: causal

text: powers

text: He

text: has

text: also

text: applied

text: his

text: view

text: of

text: properties

text: to

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: mental

text: causation

text: He

text: also

text: has

text: distinguished

text: contributions

text: to

text: the

text: literature

text: on

text: self

text: knowledge

text: and

text: personal

text: identity

text: where

text: he

text: defended

text: Lockean

text: psychological

text: continuity

text: theory

text: in

text: his

text: influential

text: paper

text: Persons

text: and

text: their

text: Pasts

text: In

text: his

text: recent

text: work

text: on

text: the

text: content

text: of

text: perception

text: he

text: has

text: argued

text: for

text: distinctive

text: version

text: of

text: internalist

text: representationalism

text: The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context. The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. The term "Ivy League" has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism.

text: The

text: Ivy

text: League

text: is

text: collegiate

text: athletic

text: conference

text: comprising

text: sports

text: teams

text: from

text: eight

text: private

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: Northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: conference

text: name

text: is

text: also

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: those

text: eight

text: schools

text: as

text: group

text: beyond

text: the

text: sports

text: context

text: The

text: eight

text: institutions

text: are

text: Brown

text: University

text: Columbia

text: University

text: Cornell

text: University

text: Dartmouth

text: College

text: Harvard

text: University

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: Princeton

text: University

text: and

text: Yale

text: University

text: The

text: term

text: Ivy

text: League

text: has

text: connotations

text: of

text: academic

text: excellence

text: selectivity

text: in

text: admissions

text: and

text: social

text: elitism

text: Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848  26 July 1925) was a German philosopher, logician, and mathematician.

text: Friedrich

text: Ludwig

text: Gottlob

text: Frege

text: November

text: July

text: was

text: German

text: philosopher

text: logician

text: and

text: mathematician

text: Expert is defined differently in varying academic fields. Psychology defines an expert using superior performance; sociology considers that expertise is a label given to an individual by a group and is interested in the power held by experts; philosophy stresses the kind of knowledge held by experts but not novices. Informally, an expert is someone widely recognized as a reliable source of technique or skill whose faculty for judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely is accorded authority and status by peers or the public in a specific well-distinguished domain. An expert, more generally, is a person with extensive knowledge or ability based on research, experience, or occupation and in a particular area of study. Experts are called in for advice on their respective subject, but they do not always agree on the particulars of a field of study. An expert can be believed, by virtue of credential, training, education, profession, publication or experience, to have special knowledge of a subject beyond that of the average person, sufficient that others may officially (and legally) rely upon the individual's opinion. Historically, an expert was referred to as a sage (Sophos). The individual was usually a profound thinker distinguished for wisdom and sound judgment.

text: Expert

text: is

text: defined

text: differently

text: in

text: varying

text: academic

text: fields

text: Psychology

text: defines

text: an

text: expert

text: using

text: superior

text: performance

text: sociology

text: considers

text: that

text: expertise

text: is

text: label

text: given

text: to

text: an

text: individual

text: by

text: group

text: and

text: is

text: interested

text: in

text: the

text: power

text: held

text: by

text: experts

text: philosophy

text: stresses

text: the

text: kind

text: of

text: knowledge

text: held

text: by

text: experts

text: but

text: not

text: novices

text: Informally

text: an

text: expert

text: is

text: someone

text: widely

text: recognized

text: as

text: reliable

text: source

text: of

text: technique

text: or

text: skill

text: whose

text: faculty

text: for

text: judging

text: or

text: deciding

text: rightly

text: justly

text: or

text: wisely

text: is

text: accorded

text: authority

text: and

text: status

text: by

text: peers

text: or

text: the

text: public

text: in

text: specific

text: well

text: distinguished

text: domain

text: An

text: expert

text: more

text: generally

text: is

text: person

text: with

text: extensive

text: knowledge

text: or

text: ability

text: based

text: on

text: research

text: experience

text: or

text: occupation

text: and

text: in

text: particular

text: area

text: of

text: study

text: Experts

text: are

text: called

text: in

text: for

text: advice

text: on

text: their

text: respective

text: subject

text: but

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: always

text: agree

text: on

text: the

text: particulars

text: of

text: field

text: of

text: study

text: An

text: expert

text: can

text: be

text: believed

text: by

text: virtue

text: of

text: credential

text: training

text: education

text: profession

text: publication

text: or

text: experience

text: to

text: have

text: special

text: knowledge

text: of

text: subject

text: beyond

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: average

text: person

text: sufficient

text: that

text: others

text: may

text: officially

text: and

text: legally

text: rely

text: upon

text: the

text: individual

text: 's

text: opinion

text: Historically

text: an

text: expert

text: was

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: sage

text: Sophos

text: The

text: individual

text: was

text: usually

text: profound

text: thinker

text: distinguished

text: for

text: wisdom

text: and

text: sound

text: judgment

text: Hilary Kornblith is an American Professor of philosophy at the University of Massachusetts Amherst , USA , and one of contemporary epistemology 's most prominent proponents of naturalized epistemology . Kornblith received his B.A. from SUNY Buffalo in 1975 and his PhD from Cornell University in 1980 , where he studied under Sydney Shoemaker and Richard Boyd . Before coming to University of Massachusetts in 2003 , Kornblith taught at the University of Vermont , where he also chaired the department from 1991 to 1997 . His research interests include epistemology , metaphysics and the philosophy of mind . Apart from naturalized epistemology , his most recent work includes the role of intuitions in philosophical theorizing , the conflicts between internalism and externalism in epistemology , and the mental states of non-human animals .

text: Hilary

text: Kornblith

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: Professor

text: of

text: philosophy

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: Amherst

text: USA

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: contemporary

text: epistemology

text: 's

text: most

text: prominent

text: proponents

text: of

text: naturalized

text: epistemology

text: Kornblith

text: received

text: his

text: B.A.

text: from

text: SUNY

text: Buffalo

text: in

text: and

text: his

text: PhD

text: from

text: Cornell

text: University

text: in

text: where

text: he

text: studied

text: under

text: Sydney

text: Shoemaker

text: and

text: Richard

text: Boyd

text: Before

text: coming

text: to

text: University

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: in

text: Kornblith

text: taught

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Vermont

text: where

text: he

text: also

text: chaired

text: the

text: department

text: from

text: to

text: His

text: research

text: interests

text: include

text: epistemology

text: metaphysics

text: and

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: mind

text: Apart

text: from

text: naturalized

text: epistemology

text: his

text: most

text: recent

text: work

text: includes

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: intuitions

text: in

text: philosophical

text: theorizing

text: the

text: conflicts

text: between

text: internalism

text: and

text: externalism

text: in

text: epistemology

text: and

text: the

text: mental

text: states

text: of

text: non

text: human

text: animals

text: The University of Massachusetts Amherst (otherwise known as UMass Amherst or simply UMass) is a public research and land-grant university in Amherst, Massachusetts, United States, and the flagship of the University of Massachusetts system. With approximately 1,300 faculty members and more than 29,000 students, UMass Amherst is the largest public university in New England and is ranked as tied for the 27th best public university in the nation.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: Amherst

text: otherwise

text: known

text: as

text: UMass

text: Amherst

text: or

text: simply

text: UMass

text: is

text: public

text: research

text: and

text: land

text: grant

text: university

text: in

text: Amherst

text: Massachusetts

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: flagship

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: system

text: With

text: approximately

text: faculty

text: members

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: students

text: UMass

text: Amherst

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: public

text: university

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: and

text: is

text: ranked

text: as

text: tied

text: for

text: the

text: best

text: public

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text:
Naturalized epistemology, coined by W. V. O. Quine, is a collection of philosophic views concerned with the theory of knowledge that emphasize the role of natural scientific methods. This shared emphasis on scientific methods of studying knowledge shifts focus to the empirical processes of knowledge acquisition and away from many traditional philosophical questions. There are noteworthy distinctions within naturalized epistemology. Replacement naturalism maintains that traditional epistemology should be abandoned and replaced with the methodologies of the natural sciences. The general thesis of cooperative naturalism is that traditional epistemology can benefit in its inquiry by using the knowledge we have gained from the cognitive sciences. Substantive naturalism focuses on an asserted equality of facts of knowledge and natural facts.
Objections to naturalized epistemology have targeted features of the general project as well as characteristics of specific versions. Some objectors suggest that natural scientific knowledge cannot be circularly grounded by the knowledge obtained through cognitive science, which is itself a natural science. This objection from circularity has been aimed specifically at strict replacement naturalism. There are similar challenges to substance naturalism that maintain that the substance naturalists' thesis that all facts of knowledge are natural facts is not only circular but fails to accommodate certain facts. Several other objectors have found fault in the inability of naturalized methods to adequately address questions about what value forms of potential knowledge have or lack. Naturalized epistemology is generally opposed to the anti-psychologism of Immanuel Kant, Gottlob Frege, Karl Popper, Edmund Husserl and others.

text: Naturalized

text: epistemology

text: coined

text: by

text: Quine

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: philosophic

text: views

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: knowledge

text: that

text: emphasize

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: natural

text: scientific

text: methods

text: This

text: shared

text: emphasis

text: on

text: scientific

text: methods

text: of

text: studying

text: knowledge

text: shifts

text: focus

text: to

text: the

text: empirical

text: processes

text: of

text: knowledge

text: acquisition

text: and

text: away

text: from

text: many

text: traditional

text: philosophical

text: questions

text: There

text: are

text: noteworthy

text: distinctions

text: within

text: naturalized

text: epistemology

text: Replacement

text: naturalism

text: maintains

text: that

text: traditional

text: epistemology

text: should

text: be

text: abandoned

text: and

text: replaced

text: with

text: the

text: methodologies

text: of

text: the

text: natural

text: sciences

text: The

text: general

text: thesis

text: of

text: cooperative

text: naturalism

text: is

text: that

text: traditional

text: epistemology

text: can

text: benefit

text: in

text: its

text: inquiry

text: by

text: using

text: the

text: knowledge

text: we

text: have

text: gained

text: from

text: the

text: cognitive

text: sciences

text: Substantive

text: naturalism

text: focuses

text: on

text: an

text: asserted

text: equality

text: of

text: facts

text: of

text: knowledge

text: and

text: natural

text: facts

text: Objections

text: to

text: naturalized

text: epistemology

text: have

text: targeted

text: features

text: of

text: the

text: general

text: project

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: characteristics

text: of

text: specific

text: versions

text: Some

text: objectors

text: suggest

text: that

text: natural

text: scientific

text: knowledge

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: circularly

text: grounded

text: by

text: the

text: knowledge

text: obtained

text: through

text: cognitive

text: science

text: which

text: is

text: itself

text: natural

text: science

text: This

text: objection

text: from

text: circularity

text: has

text: been

text: aimed

text: specifically

text: at

text: strict

text: replacement

text: naturalism

text: There

text: are

text: similar

text: challenges

text: to

text: substance

text: naturalism

text: that

text: maintain

text: that

text: the

text: substance

text: naturalists

text: thesis

text: that

text: all

text: facts

text: of

text: knowledge

text: are

text: natural

text: facts

text: is

text: not

text: only

text: circular

text: but

text: fails

text: to

text: accommodate

text: certain

text: facts

text: Several

text: other

text: objectors

text: have

text: found

text: fault

text: in

text: the

text: inability

text: of

text: naturalized

text: methods

text: to

text: adequately

text: address

text: questions

text: about

text: what

text: value

text: forms

text: of

text: potential

text: knowledge

text: have

text: or

text: lack

text: Naturalized

text: epistemology

text: is

text: generally

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: anti

text: psychologism

text: of

text: Immanuel

text: Kant

text: Gottlob

text: Frege

text: Karl

text: Popper

text: Edmund

text: Husserl

text: and

text: others

text: Philosophy (from Greek , "philosophia", literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The term was probably coined by Pythagoras (c. 570  c. 495 BC). Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument and systematic presentation. Classic philosophical questions include: Is it possible to know anything and to prove it? What is most real? However, philosophers might also pose more practical and concrete questions such as: Is there a best way to live? Is it better to be just or unjust (if one can get away with it)? Do humans have free will?

text: Philosophy

text: from

text: Greek

text: philosophia

text: literally

text: love

text: of

text: wisdom

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: general

text: and

text: fundamental

text: problems

text: concerning

text: matters

text: such

text: as

text: existence

text: knowledge

text: values

text: reason

text: mind

text: and

text: language

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: probably

text: coined

text: by

text: Pythagoras

text: BC

text: Philosophical

text: methods

text: include

text: questioning

text: critical

text: discussion

text: rational

text: argument

text: and

text: systematic

text: presentation

text: Classic

text: philosophical

text: questions

text: include

text: Is

text: it

text: possible

text: to

text: know

text: anything

text: and

text: to

text: prove

text: it

text: What

text: is

text: most

text: real

text: However

text: philosophers

text: might

text: also

text: pose

text: more

text: practical

text: and

text: concrete

text: questions

text: such

text: as

text: Is

text: there

text: best

text: way

text: to

text: live

text: Is

text: it

text: better

text: to

text: be

text: just

text: or

text: unjust

text: if

text: one

text: can

text: get

text: away

text: with

text: it

text: Do

text: humans

text: have

text: free

text: will

text: Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy investigating the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it. Metaphysics attempts to answer two basic questions:

text: Metaphysics

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: philosophy

text: investigating

text: the

text: fundamental

text: nature

text: of

text: being

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: that

text: encompasses

text: it

text: Metaphysics

text: attempts

text: to

text: answer

text: two

text: basic

text: questions

text:
Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, applying logic, establishing and verifying facts, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information. It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, science, language, mathematics, and art and is normally considered to be a definitive characteristic of human nature.
Reason, or an aspect of it, is sometimes referred to as rationality.

text: Reason

text: is

text: the

text: capacity

text: for

text: consciously

text: making

text: sense

text: of

text: things

text: applying

text: logic

text: establishing

text: and

text: verifying

text: facts

text: and

text: changing

text: or

text: justifying

text: practices

text: institutions

text: and

text: beliefs

text: based

text: on

text: new

text: or

text: existing

text: information

text: It

text: is

text: closely

text: associated

text: with

text: such

text: characteristically

text: human

text: activities

text: as

text: philosophy

text: science

text: language

text: mathematics

text: and

text: art

text: and

text: is

text: normally

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: definitive

text: characteristic

text: of

text: human

text: nature

text: Reason

text: or

text: an

text: aspect

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: rationality

text: Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636, whose history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the world's most prestigious universities.

text: Harvard

text: University

text: is

text: private

text: Ivy

text: League

text: research

text: university

text: in

text: Cambridge

text: Massachusetts

text: established

text: in

text: whose

text: history

text: influence

text: and

text: wealth

text: have

text: made

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: prestigious

text: universities

text: The world is the planet Earth and all life upon it, including human civilization. In a philosophical context, the world is the whole of the physical Universe, or an ontological world. In a theological context, the "world" is the material or the profane sphere, as opposed to the celestial, spiritual, transcendent or sacred. The "end of the world" refers to scenarios of the final end of human history, often in religious contexts.

text: The

text: world

text: is

text: the

text: planet

text: Earth

text: and

text: all

text: life

text: upon

text: it

text: including

text: human

text: civilization

text: In

text: philosophical

text: context

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: Universe

text: or

text: an

text: ontological

text: world

text: In

text: theological

text: context

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: the

text: material

text: or

text: the

text: profane

text: sphere

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: celestial

text: spiritual

text: transcendent

text: or

text: sacred

text: The

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: refers

text: to

text: scenarios

text: of

text: the

text: final

text: end

text: of

text: human

text: history

text: often

text: in

text: religious

text: contexts

text: The University of Canterbury (postnominal abbreviation Cantuar. or Cant. for "Cantuariensis", the Latin name for Canterbury) in Christchurch is New Zealand's second oldest university. It was founded in 1873 as Canterbury College, the first constituent college of the University of New Zealand. Its original campus was in the central city, but in 1961 when it became an independent university it also began moving out of its original neo-gothic buildings, which were re-purposed as the Christchurch Arts Centre. The university now operates its main campus in the suburb of Ilam and offers degrees in Arts, Commerce, Education (physical education), Engineering, Fine Arts, Forestry, Health Sciences, Law, Music, Social Work, Speech and Language Pathology, Science, Sports Coaching and Teaching.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Canterbury

text: postnominal

text: abbreviation

text: Cantuar

text: or

text: Ca

text: nt

text: for

text: Cantuariensis

text: the

text: Latin

text: name

text: for

text: Canterbury

text: in

text: Christchurch

text: is

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: second

text: oldest

text: university

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: as

text: Canterbury

text: College

text: the

text: first

text: constituent

text: college

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Its

text: original

text: campus

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: city

text: but

text: in

text: when

text: it

text: became

text: an

text: independent

text: university

text: it

text: also

text: began

text: moving

text: out

text: of

text: its

text: original

text: neo

text: gothic

text: buildings

text: which

text: were

text: re

text: purposed

text: as

text: the

text: Christchurch

text: Arts

text: Centre

text: The

text: university

text: now

text: operates

text: its

text: main

text: campus

text: in

text: the

text: suburb

text: of

text: Ilam

text: and

text: offers

text: degrees

text: in

text: Arts

text: Commerce

text: Education

text: physical

text: education

text: Engineering

text: Fine

text: Arts

text: Forestry

text: Health

text: Sciences

text: Law

text: Music

text: Social

text: Work

text: Speech

text: and

text: Language

text: Pathology

text: Science

text: Sports

text: Coaching

text: and

text: Teaching

text: Pythagoras of Samos ( or simply ;  in Ionian Greek) was an Ionian Greek philosopher, mathematician, and the putative founder of the movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of the information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, so very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and travelled, visiting Egypt and Greece, and maybe India. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, in Magna Graecia, and there established some kind of school or guild. In 520 BC, he returned to Samos.

text: Pythagoras

text: of

text: Samos

text: or

text: simply

text: in

text: Ionian

text: Greek

text: was

text: an

text: Ionian

text: Greek

text: philosopher

text: mathematician

text: and

text: the

text: putative

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: movement

text: called

text: Pythagoreanism

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: information

text: about

text: Pythagoras

text: was

text: written

text: down

text: centuries

text: after

text: he

text: lived

text: so

text: very

text: little

text: reliable

text: information

text: is

text: known

text: about

text: him

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Samos

text: and

text: travelled

text: visiting

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Greece

text: and

text: maybe

text: India

text: Around

text: BC

text: he

text: moved

text: to

text: Croton

text: in

text: Magna

text: Graecia

text: and

text: there

text: established

text: some

text: kind

text: of

text: school

text: or

text: guild

text: In

text: BC

text: he

text: returned

text: to

text: Samos

text: A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside of either theology or science. The term "philosopher" comes from the Ancient Greek ("philosophos") meaning "lover of wisdom". The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (6th century BC).

text: philosopher

text: is

text: someone

text: who

text: practices

text: philosophy

text: which

text: involves

text: rational

text: inquiry

text: into

text: areas

text: that

text: are

text: outside

text: of

text: either

text: theology

text: or

text: science

text: The

text: term

text: philosopher

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: philosophos

text: meaning

text: lover

text: of

text: wisdom

text: The

text: coining

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: has

text: been

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: Greek

text: thinker

text: Pythagoras

text: century

text: BC

text: Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724  12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is considered a central figure in modern philosophy. Kant argued that the human mind creates the structure of human experience, that reason is the source of morality, that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment, that space and time are forms of our sensibility, and that the world as it is "in-itself" is independent of our concepts of it. Kant took himself to have effected a Copernican revolution in philosophy, akin to Copernicus' reversal of the age-old belief that the sun revolved around the earth. His beliefs continue to have a major influence on contemporary philosophy, especially the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political theory, and aesthetics.

text: Immanuel

text: Kant

text: April

text: February

text: was

text: German

text: philosopher

text: who

text: is

text: considered

text: central

text: figure

text: in

text: modern

text: philosophy

text: Kant

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: human

text: mind

text: creates

text: the

text: structure

text: of

text: human

text: experience

text: that

text: reason

text: is

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: morality

text: that

text: aesthetics

text: arises

text: from

text: faculty

text: of

text: disinterested

text: judgment

text: that

text: space

text: and

text: time

text: are

text: forms

text: of

text: our

text: sensibility

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: world

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: itself

text: is

text: independent

text: of

text: our

text: concepts

text: of

text: it

text: Kant

text: took

text: himself

text: to

text: have

text: effected

text: Copernican

text: revolution

text: in

text: philosophy

text: akin

text: to

text: Copernicus

text: reversal

text: of

text: the

text: age

text: old

text: belief

text: that

text: the

text: sun

text: revolved

text: around

text: the

text: earth

text: His

text: beliefs

text: continue

text: to

text: have

text: major

text: influence

text: on

text: contemporary

text: philosophy

text: especially

text: the

text: fields

text: of

text: metaphysics

text: epistemology

text: ethics

text: political

text: theory

text: and

text: aesthetics

text: Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, mental properties, consciousness, and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain. The mindbody problem, i.e. the relationship of the mind to the body, is commonly seen as one key issue in philosophy of mind, although there are other issues concerning the nature of the mind that do not involve its relation to the physical body, such as how consciousness is possible and the nature of particular mental states.

text: Philosophy

text: of

text: mind

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: philosophy

text: that

text: studies

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: mind

text: mental

text: events

text: mental

text: functions

text: mental

text: properties

text: consciousness

text: and

text: their

text: relationship

text: to

text: the

text: physical

text: body

text: particularly

text: the

text: brain

text: The

text: mindbody

text: problem

text: i.e.

text: the

text: relationship

text: of

text: the

text: mind

text: to

text: the

text: body

text: is

text: commonly

text: seen

text: as

text: one

text: key

text: issue

text: in

text: philosophy

text: of

text: mind

text: although

text: there

text: are

text: other

text: issues

text: concerning

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: mind

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: involve

text: its

text: relation

text: to

text: the

text: physical

text: body

text: such

text: as

text: how

text: consciousness

text: is

text: possible

text: and

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: particular

text: mental

text: states

text: Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition. Cognitive scientists study intelligence and behavior, with a focus on how nervous systems represent, process, and transform information. Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include language, perception, memory, attention, reasoning, and emotion; to understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as linguistics, psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. The fundamental concept of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."

text: Cognitive

text: science

text: is

text: the

text: interdisciplinary

text: scientific

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: mind

text: and

text: its

text: processes

text: It

text: examines

text: the

text: nature

text: the

text: tasks

text: and

text: the

text: functions

text: of

text: cognition

text: Cognitive

text: scientists

text: study

text: intelligence

text: and

text: behavior

text: with

text: focus

text: on

text: how

text: nervous

text: systems

text: represent

text: process

text: and

text: transform

text: information

text: Mental

text: faculties

text: of

text: concern

text: to

text: cognitive

text: scientists

text: include

text: language

text: perception

text: memory

text: attention

text: reasoning

text: and

text: emotion

text: to

text: understand

text: these

text: faculties

text: cognitive

text: scientists

text: borrow

text: from

text: fields

text: such

text: as

text: linguistics

text: psychology

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: philosophy

text: neuroscience

text: and

text: anthropology

text: The

text: typical

text: analysis

text: of

text: cognitive

text: science

text: spans

text: many

text: levels

text: of

text: organization

text: from

text: learning

text: and

text: decision

text: to

text: logic

text: and

text: planning

text: from

text: neural

text: circuitry

text: to

text: modular

text: brain

text: organization

text: The

text: fundamental

text: concept

text: of

text: cognitive

text: science

text: is

text: that

text: thinking

text: can

text: best

text: be

text: understood

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: representational

text: structures

text: in

text: the

text: mind

text: and

text: computational

text: procedures

text: that

text: operate

text: on

text: those

text: structures

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

question: occupation hilary kornblith

answer: philosopher

text: philosopher

text: philosopher

text: philosopher

text: philosopher

text: philosopher

text: philosopher

text: philosopher

text: philosopher


text: A population is the number of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.

text: population

text: is

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: organisms

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: group

text: or

text: species

text: which

text: live

text: in

text: particular

text: geographical

text: area

text: and

text: have

text: the

text: capability

text: of

text: interbreeding

text: The International Date Line (IDL) is an imaginary line of navigation on the surface of the Earth that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole and demarcates the change of one calendar day to the next. It passes through the middle of the Pacific Ocean, roughly following the 180° line of longitude but deviating to pass around some territories and island groups.

text: The

text: International

text: Date

text: Line

text: IDL

text: is

text: an

text: imaginary

text: line

text: of

text: navigation

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: that

text: runs

text: from

text: the

text: North

text: Pole

text: to

text: the

text: South

text: Pole

text: and

text: demarcates

text: the

text: change

text: of

text: one

text: calendar

text: day

text: to

text: the

text: next

text: It

text: passes

text: through

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: roughly

text: following

text: the

text: line

text: of

text: longitude

text: but

text: deviating

text: to

text: pass

text: around

text: some

text: territories

text: and

text: island

text: groups

text: Kiribati (or ), officially the Republic of Kiribati (Gilbertese: "Ribaberiki Kiribati"), is an island nation in the central Pacific Ocean. The permanent population is just over 100,000 (2011), more than half of whom live on Tarawa Atoll. The nation comprises 33 atolls and reef islands and one raised coral island, Banaba. They have a total land area of and are dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometers (1,351,000 square miles). Their spread straddles the equator and the 180th meridian, although the International Date Line is indented to bring the Line Islands in the same day as the Kiribati Islands. The International Date Line circumscribes Kiribati by swinging far to the east, almost reaching the 150°W meridian. Kiribati's easternmost islands, the southern Line Islands south of Hawaii, have the most advanced time on Earth, UTC+14 hours.

text: Kiribati

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Kiribati

text: Gilbertese

text: Ribaberiki

text: Kiribati

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: nation

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: The

text: permanent

text: population

text: is

text: just

text: over

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: whom

text: live

text: on

text: Tarawa

text: Atoll

text: The

text: nation

text: comprises

text: atolls

text: and

text: reef

text: islands

text: and

text: one

text: raised

text: coral

text: island

text: Banaba

text: They

text: have

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: are

text: dispersed

text: over

text: million

text: square

text: kilometers

text: square

text: miles

text: Their

text: spread

text: straddles

text: the

text: equator

text: and

text: the

text: meridian

text: although

text: the

text: International

text: Date

text: Line

text: is

text: indented

text: to

text: bring

text: the

text: Line

text: Islands

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: day

text: as

text: the

text: Kiribati

text: Islands

text: The

text: International

text: Date

text: Line

text: circumscribes

text: Kiribati

text: by

text: swinging

text: far

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: almost

text: reaching

text: the

text: meridian

text: Kiribati

text: 's

text: easternmost

text: islands

text: the

text: southern

text: Line

text: Islands

text: south

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: have

text: the

text: most

text: advanced

text: time

text: on

text: Earth

text: hours

text: The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.

text: The

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: It

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: or

text: depending

text: on

text: definition

text: to

text: Antarctica

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: Asia

text: and

text: Australia

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Americas

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: The Equator usually refers to an imaginary line on the Earth's surface equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole, dividing the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. The Equator is about long; some 78.7% lies across water and 21.3% over land.

text: The

text: Equator

text: usually

text: refers

text: to

text: an

text: imaginary

text: line

text: on

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: equidistant

text: from

text: the

text: North

text: Pole

text: and

text: South

text: Pole

text: dividing

text: the

text: Earth

text: into

text: the

text: Northern

text: Hemisphere

text: and

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

text: The

text: Equator

text: is

text: about

text: long

text: some

text: lies

text: across

text: water

text: and

text: over

text: land

text: The 180th meridian or antimeridian is the meridian 180° east or west of the Prime Meridian, with which it forms a great circle dividing the earth into the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. It is common to both east longitude and west longitude. It is used as the basis for the International Date Line because it for the most part passes through the open waters of the Pacific Ocean. However, the meridian passes through Russia and Fiji as well as Antarctica.

text: The

text: meridian

text: or

text: antimeridian

text: is

text: the

text: meridian

text: east

text: or

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Prime

text: Meridian

text: with

text: which

text: it

text: forms

text: great

text: circle

text: dividing

text: the

text: earth

text: into

text: the

text: Western

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Hemispheres

text: It

text: is

text: common

text: to

text: both

text: east

text: longitude

text: and

text: west

text: longitude

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: International

text: Date

text: Line

text: because

text: it

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: part

text: passes

text: through

text: the

text: open

text: waters

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: However

text: the

text: meridian

text: passes

text: through

text: Russia

text: and

text: Fiji

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Antarctica

text: Tarawa is an atoll and the capital of the Republic of Kiribati, in the central Pacific Ocean. It comprises North Tarawa, which has much in common with other, more remote islands of the Gilberts group; and South Tarawa, which is home to 50,182  half of the country's total population. The atoll is best known by outsiders as the site of the Battle of Tarawa during World War II.

text: Tarawa

text: is

text: an

text: atoll

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Kiribati

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: It

text: comprises

text: North

text: Tarawa

text: which

text: has

text: much

text: in

text: common

text: with

text: other

text: more

text: remote

text: islands

text: of

text: the

text: Gilberts

text: group

text: and

text: South

text: Tarawa

text: which

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: total

text: population

text: The

text: atoll

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: by

text: outsiders

text: as

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Tarawa

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Abemama ( Apamama ) , or for a short time after appearing on European maps , Roger Simpson Island , is an atoll , one of the Gilberts group in Kiribati , and is located 152 kilometres southeast of Tarawa and just north of the Equator . Abemama has an area of 27.37 square kilometres and a population of 3,213 as of 2010 . The islets surround a deep lagoon . The eastern part of the atoll of Abemama is linked together by causeways making automobile traffic possible between the different islets . The outlying islands of Abatiku and Biike are situated on the southwestern side of the atoll . The village of Kariatebike serves as the government center for the atoll which includes an administration building , the police station and a hospital . Abemama was formerly known as Roger Simpson Island , Dundas Island , Hopper Island , or Simpson Island .

text: Abemama

text: Apamama

text: or

text: for

text: short

text: time

text: after

text: appearing

text: on

text: European

text: maps

text: Roger

text: Simpson

text: Island

text: is

text: an

text: atoll

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Gilberts

text: group

text: in

text: Kiribati

text: and

text: is

text: located

text: kilometres

text: southeast

text: of

text: Tarawa

text: and

text: just

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Equator

text: Abemama

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: kilometres

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: as

text: of

text: The

text: islets

text: surround

text: deep

text: lagoon

text: The

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: atoll

text: of

text: Abemama

text: is

text: linked

text: together

text: by

text: causeways

text: making

text: automobile

text: traffic

text: possible

text: between

text: the

text: different

text: islets

text: The

text: outlying

text: islands

text: of

text: Abatiku

text: and

text: Biike

text: are

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: southwestern

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: atoll

text: The

text: village

text: of

text: Kariatebike

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: government

text: center

text: for

text: the

text: atoll

text: which

text: includes

text: an

text: administration

text: building

text: the

text: police

text: station

text: and

text: hospital

text: Abemama

text: was

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Roger

text: Simpson

text: Island

text: Dundas

text: Island

text: Hopper

text: Island

text: or

text: Simpson

text: Island

text: The Line Islands, Teraina Islands or Equatorial Islands, is a chain of atolls (with partially or fully enclosed lagoons) and coral islands (with a surrounding reef). Kingman Reef is a largely submerged and Filippo Reef is shown on some maps, although its existence is doubted. The islands were formed by volcanic activity and are located in the central Pacific Ocean, south of the Hawaiian Islands. The 11 islands stretch for in a northwestsoutheast direction, making it one of the longest island chains of the world. Eight of the islands form part of Kiribati, while the remaining three are United States territories grouped with the United States Minor Outlying Islands. Only Kiritimati and Tabuaeran atolls and Teraina Island have a permanent population.

text: The

text: Line

text: Islands

text: Teraina

text: Islands

text: or

text: Equatorial

text: Islands

text: is

text: chain

text: of

text: atolls

text: with

text: partially

text: or

text: fully

text: enclosed

text: lagoons

text: and

text: coral

text: islands

text: with

text: surrounding

text: reef

text: Kingman

text: Reef

text: is

text: largely

text: submerged

text: and

text: Filippo

text: Reef

text: is

text: shown

text: on

text: some

text: maps

text: although

text: its

text: existence

text: is

text: doubted

text: The

text: islands

text: were

text: formed

text: by

text: volcanic

text: activity

text: and

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Hawaiian

text: Islands

text: The

text: islands

text: stretch

text: for

text: in

text: northwestsoutheast

text: direction

text: making

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: longest

text: island

text: chains

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Eight

text: of

text: the

text: islands

text: form

text: part

text: of

text: Kiribati

text: while

text: the

text: remaining

text: three

text: are

text: United

text: States

text: territories

text: grouped

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Minor

text: Outlying

text: Islands

text: Only

text: Kiritimati

text: and

text: Tabuaeran

text: atolls

text: and

text: Teraina

text: Island

text: have

text: permanent

text: population

text: A reef is a bar of rock, sand, coral or similar material, lying beneath the surface of water. Reefs may be up to below the surface.

text: reef

text: is

text: bar

text: of

text: rock

text: sand

text: coral

text: or

text: similar

text: material

text: lying

text: beneath

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: water

text: Reefs

text: may

text: be

text: up

text: to

text: below

text: the

text: surface

text: Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21, 1959. Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U.S. state not located in the Americas.

text: Hawaii

text: is

text: the

text: and

text: most

text: recent

text: state

text: to

text: have

text: joined

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: having

text: received

text: statehood

text: on

text: August

text: Hawaii

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: U.S.

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: Oceania

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: composed

text: entirely

text: of

text: islands

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: northernmost

text: island

text: group

text: in

text: Polynesia

text: occupying

text: most

text: of

text: an

text: archipelago

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: Hawaii

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: U.S.

text: state

text: not

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

question: instance_of abemama

answer: island group

text: island group


text: Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a federal republic located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia on the west, Brazil on the south, Guyana on the east, and the islands of Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east. Venezuela's territory covers around with an estimated population . Venezuela is considered a state with extremely high biodiversity (currently ranks 7th in the world's list of nations with the most number of species), with habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rain-forest in the south, via extensive "llanos" plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.

text: Venezuela

text: officially

text: the

text: Bolivarian

text: Republic

text: of

text: Venezuela

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: northern

text: coast

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Colombia

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: Brazil

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: Guyana

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Trinidad

text: and

text: Tobago

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: Venezuela

text: 's

text: territory

text: covers

text: around

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: Venezuela

text: is

text: considered

text: state

text: with

text: extremely

text: high

text: biodiversity

text: currently

text: ranks

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: list

text: of

text: nations

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: number

text: of

text: species

text: with

text: habitats

text: ranging

text: from

text: the

text: Andes

text: Mountains

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: to

text: the

text: Amazon

text: Basin

text: rain

text: forest

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: via

text: extensive

text: llanos

text: plains

text: and

text: Caribbean

text: coast

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: and

text: the

text: Orinoco

text: River

text: Delta

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: Sint Anna Bay, or Santa Anna Bay, (Dutch: "Sint Annabaai") is a deep channel approximately one mile long and up to 1,000 feet wide, located on the island of Curaçao between the two parts of Willemstad, Punda and Otrobanda.

text: Sint

text: Anna

text: Bay

text: or

text: Santa

text: Anna

text: Bay

text: Dutch

text: Sint

text: Annabaai

text: is

text: deep

text: channel

text: approximately

text: one

text: mile

text: long

text: and

text: up

text: to

text: feet

text: wide

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Curaçao

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: parts

text: of

text: Willemstad

text: Punda

text: and

text: Otrobanda

text: Queen Juliana Bridge is a four lane road bridge across St. Anna Bay in Willemstad , the capital of Curaçao and formerly , the Netherlands Antilles . The bridge is named after Queen Juliana of the Netherlands . The original bridge collapsed in 1967 killing fifteen workers , and got replaced . The current bridge opened on Queen 's Day , April 30 , 1974 . Reaching a height of 56.4 m ( 185 feet ) above the water at its apex ( to accommodate ships entering the narrow harbour ) , the bridge is the highest in the Caribbean . It weighs 3,400 tons . The view from the apex includes the entire panorama of Punda , Otrobanda , and the Schottegat and is one of the highest vantage points on the island .

text: Queen

text: Juliana

text: Bridge

text: is

text: four

text: lane

text: road

text: bridge

text: across

text: St.

text: Anna

text: Bay

text: in

text: Willemstad

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Curaçao

text: and

text: formerly

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Antilles

text: The

text: bridge

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: Queen

text: Juliana

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: original

text: bridge

text: collapsed

text: in

text: killing

text: fifteen

text: workers

text: and

text: got

text: replaced

text: The

text: current

text: bridge

text: opened

text: on

text: Queen

text: 's

text: Day

text: April

text: Reaching

text: height

text: of

text: feet

text: above

text: the

text: water

text: at

text: its

text: apex

text: to

text: accommodate

text: ships

text: entering

text: the

text: narrow

text: harbour

text: the

text: bridge

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: in

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: It

text: weighs

text: tons

text: The

text: view

text: from

text: the

text: apex

text: includes

text: the

text: entire

text: panorama

text: of

text: Punda

text: Otrobanda

text: and

text: the

text: Schottegat

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: vantage

text: points

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: Curaçao (or  ; Papiamentu: "Kòrsou") is a Lesser Antilles island country in the southern Caribbean Sea and the Dutch Caribbean region, approximately north of the Venezuelan coast. It is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

text: Curaçao

text: or

text: Papiamentu

text: Kòrsou

text: is

text: Lesser

text: Antilles

text: island

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: Caribbean

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Caribbean

text: region

text: approximately

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Venezuelan

text: coast

text: It

text: is

text: constituent

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Willemstad is the capital city of Curaçao, an island in the southern Caribbean Sea that forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Formerly the capital of the Netherlands Antilles prior to its dissolution in 2010, it has an estimated population of 150,000. The historic centre of the city consists of four quarters: the Punda and Otrobanda, which are separated by the Sint Anna Bay, an inlet that leads into the large natural harbour called the Schottegat, as well as the Scharloo and Pietermaai Smal quarters, which are across from each other on the smaller Waaigat harbour. Willemstad is home to the Curaçao synagogue, the oldest surviving synagogue in the Americas. The city centre, with its unique architecture and harbour entry, has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

text: Willemstad

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Curaçao

text: an

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: Caribbean

text: Sea

text: that

text: forms

text: constituent

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Formerly

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Antilles

text: prior

text: to

text: its

text: dissolution

text: in

text: it

text: has

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: The

text: historic

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: consists

text: of

text: four

text: quarters

text: the

text: Punda

text: and

text: Otrobanda

text: which

text: are

text: separated

text: by

text: the

text: Sint

text: Anna

text: Bay

text: an

text: inlet

text: that

text: leads

text: into

text: the

text: large

text: natural

text: harbour

text: called

text: the

text: Schottegat

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Scharloo

text: and

text: Pietermaai

text: Smal

text: quarters

text: which

text: are

text: across

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: on

text: the

text: smaller

text: Waaigat

text: harbour

text: Willemstad

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Curaçao

text: synagogue

text: the

text: oldest

text: surviving

text: synagogue

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: The

text: city

text: centre

text: with

text: its

text: unique

text: architecture

text: and

text: harbour

text: entry

text: has

text: been

text: designated

text: UNESCO

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Site

question: crosses queen juliana bridge

answer: sint anna bay

text: sint anna bay

text: sint anna bay


text: A municipality is usually a single urban administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and state laws, to which it is subordinate. It is to be distinguished from the county, which may encompass rural territory and/or numerous small communities such as towns, villages and hamlets. The term "municipality" may also mean the governing or ruling body of a given municipality. A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district. The term is derived from French "municipalité" and Latin "municipalis".

text: municipality

text: is

text: usually

text: single

text: urban

text: administrative

text: division

text: having

text: corporate

text: status

text: and

text: powers

text: of

text: self

text: government

text: or

text: jurisdiction

text: as

text: granted

text: by

text: national

text: and

text: state

text: laws

text: to

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: subordinate

text: It

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: distinguished

text: from

text: the

text: county

text: which

text: may

text: encompass

text: rural

text: territory

text: and/or

text: numerous

text: small

text: communities

text: such

text: as

text: towns

text: villages

text: and

text: hamlets

text: The

text: term

text: municipality

text: may

text: also

text: mean

text: the

text: governing

text: or

text: ruling

text: body

text: of

text: given

text: municipality

text: municipality

text: is

text: general

text: purpose

text: administrative

text: subdivision

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: special

text: purpose

text: district

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: French

text: municipalité

text: and

text: Latin

text: municipalis

text: 's-Hertogenbosch (literally "The Duke's Forest" in English, and historically in French: Bois-le-Duc), colloquially known as Den Bosch (literally "The Forest" in English), is a city and municipality in the southern Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of North Brabant.

text: Hertogenbosch

text: literally

text: The

text: Duke

text: 's

text: Forest

text: in

text: English

text: and

text: historically

text: in

text: French

text: Bois

text: le

text: Duc

text: colloquially

text: known

text: as

text: Den

text: Bosch

text: literally

text: The

text: Forest

text: in

text: English

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: North

text: Brabant

text: The West Pole is the ninth studio album by The Gathering. It is the first album to feature the new vocalist Silje Wergeland, previous front woman of Octavia Sperati. This album also includes two guest singers, Dutch Anne van den Hoogen and Mexican Marcela Bovio (Stream of Passion), as well as other guest musicians. Music videos were made of the songs "All You Are" and "No Bird Call".

text: The

text: West

text: Pole

text: is

text: the

text: ninth

text: studio

text: album

text: by

text: The

text: Gathering

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: album

text: to

text: feature

text: the

text: new

text: vocalist

text: Silje

text: Wergeland

text: previous

text: front

text: woman

text: of

text: Octavia

text: Sperati

text: This

text: album

text: also

text: includes

text: two

text: guest

text: singers

text: Dutch

text: Anne

text: van

text: den

text: Hoogen

text: and

text: Mexican

text: Marcela

text: Bovio

text: Stream

text: of

text: Passion

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: guest

text: musicians

text: Music

text: videos

text: were

text: made

text: of

text: the

text: songs

text: All

text: You

text: Are

text: and

text: No

text: Bird

text: Call

text: Marjolein Kooijman ( born May 3 , 1980 in 's - Hertogenbosch ) is a Dutch bass player . She was a member of The Gathering from 2004 to 2014 and worked on four studio albums , Home , The West Pole , Disclosure , and Afterwords .

text: Marjolein

text: Kooijman

text: born

text: May

text: in

text: 's

text: Hertogenbosch

text: is

text: Dutch

text: bass

text: player

text: She

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: The

text: Gathering

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: worked

text: on

text: four

text: studio

text: albums

text: Home

text: The

text: West

text: Pole

text: Disclosure

text: and

text: Afterwords

text: Silje Wergeland (born November 9, 1974 in Bergen, Norway) is a Norwegian singer, songwriter and pianist. She is best known as the current the lead vocalist of the Dutch progressive/alternative rock band The Gathering since 2009. She was also the frontwoman of Norwegian doom/gothic metal band Octavia Sperati.

text: Silje

text: Wergeland

text: born

text: November

text: in

text: Bergen

text: Norway

text: is

text: Norwegian

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: and

text: pianist

text: She

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: current

text: the

text: lead

text: vocalist

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: progressive

text: alternative

text: rock

text: band

text: The

text: Gathering

text: since

text: She

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: frontwoman

text: of

text: Norwegian

text: doom

text: gothic

text: metal

text: band

text: Octavia

text: Sperati

text: Stream of Passion was a Dutch progressive metal band with symphonic, latin and gothic influences founded by guitarist and composer Arjen Anthony Lucassen and Mexican singer, violinist, and songwriter Marcela Bovio.

text: Stream

text: of

text: Passion

text: was

text: Dutch

text: progressive

text: metal

text: band

text: with

text: symphonic

text: latin

text: and

text: gothic

text: influences

text: founded

text: by

text: guitarist

text: and

text: composer

text: Arjen

text: Anthony

text: Lucassen

text: and

text: Mexican

text: singer

text: violinist

text: and

text: songwriter

text: Marcela

text: Bovio

text:
Noord Brabant, also unofficially called Brabant, is a province in the south of the Netherlands. It borders the provinces of South Holland and Gelderland to the north, Limburg to the east, Zeeland to the west, and the Belgian provinces of Antwerp and Limburg to the south. The northern border follows the Meuse (Maas) river westward to its mouth in the Hollands Diep strait, part of the RhineMeuseScheldt delta.
History.
The Duchy of Brabant was a state of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1183 or 1190. It developed from the Landgraviate of Brabant and formed the heart of the historic Low Countries, part of the Burgundian Netherlands from 1430 and of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1482, until it was split up after the Dutch revolt. After the War of Independence, Catholics in the Southern Netherlands were systematically and officially discriminated against by the Northern Protestant government until the second half of the 20th century, which had a major influence on the economic and cultural development of the southern part of the Netherlands.
Present-day North Brabant (Staats-Brabant) was adjudicated to the Generality Lands of the Dutch Republic according to the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, while the reduced duchy remained in existence with the Southern Netherlands until it was conquered by French Revolutionary forces in 1794.

text: Noord

text: Brabant

text: also

text: unofficially

text: called

text: Brabant

text: is

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: borders

text: the

text: provinces

text: of

text: South

text: Holland

text: and

text: Gelderland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Limburg

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Zeeland

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Belgian

text: provinces

text: of

text: Antwerp

text: and

text: Limburg

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: northern

text: border

text: follows

text: the

text: Meuse

text: Maas

text: river

text: westward

text: to

text: its

text: mouth

text: in

text: the

text: Hollands

text: Diep

text: strait

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: RhineMeuseScheldt

text: delta

text: History

text: The

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Brabant

text: was

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: established

text: in

text: or

text: It

text: developed

text: from

text: the

text: Landgraviate

text: of

text: Brabant

text: and

text: formed

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: historic

text: Low

text: Countries

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Burgundian

text: Netherlands

text: from

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Habsburg

text: Netherlands

text: from

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: split

text: up

text: after

text: the

text: Dutch

text: revolt

text: After

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: Catholics

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Netherlands

text: were

text: systematically

text: and

text: officially

text: discriminated

text: against

text: by

text: the

text: Northern

text: Protestant

text: government

text: until

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: which

text: had

text: major

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: economic

text: and

text: cultural

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Present

text: day

text: North

text: Brabant

text: Staats

text: Brabant

text: was

text: adjudicated

text: to

text: the

text: Generality

text: Lands

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Republic

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Peace

text: of

text: Westphalia

text: while

text: the

text: reduced

text: duchy

text: remained

text: in

text: existence

text: with

text: the

text: Southern

text: Netherlands

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: conquered

text: by

text: French

text: Revolutionary

text: forces

text: in

text: Octavia Sperati, formerly known as Octavia, is a gothic metal band from Bergen, Norway.

text: Octavia

text: Sperati

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Octavia

text: is

text: gothic

text: metal

text: band

text: from

text: Bergen

text: Norway

text:
Marcela Alejandra Bovio García (born October 17, 1979 in Monterrey, Nuevo León) is a Mexican soprano singer, songwriter and violinist. She was one of the founding members of the Mexican band Elfonía, she responded to a "casting call" of sorts for relatively unknown singers to be featured on Arjen Lucassen's Ayreon album "The Human Equation" where she landed the part of "Wife". She also sang on the bonus disc of the re-release of the first Ayreon album "The Final Experiment".
Later, she was picked as the lead singer of another Lucassen project, Stream of Passion (in which she also plays the violin, one of the defining sounds of the band) who have released four full-length albums; "Embrace the Storm", "The Flame Within", "Darker Days" and "A War of Our Own", as well as a live album, "Live in the Real World". They amicably disbanded in December 2016.

text: Marcela

text: Alejandra

text: Bovio

text: García

text: born

text: October

text: in

text: Monterrey

text: Nuevo

text: León

text: is

text: Mexican

text: soprano

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: and

text: violinist

text: She

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: founding

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Mexican

text: band

text: Elfonía

text: she

text: responded

text: to

text: casting

text: call

text: of

text: sorts

text: for

text: relatively

text: unknown

text: singers

text: to

text: be

text: featured

text: on

text: Arjen

text: Lucassen

text: 's

text: Ayreon

text: album

text: The

text: Human

text: Equation

text: where

text: she

text: landed

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: Wife

text: She

text: also

text: sang

text: on

text: the

text: bonus

text: disc

text: of

text: the

text: re

text: release

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: Ayreon

text: album

text: The

text: Final

text: Experiment

text: Later

text: she

text: was

text: picked

text: as

text: the

text: lead

text: singer

text: of

text: another

text: Lucassen

text: project

text: Stream

text: of

text: Passion

text: in

text: which

text: she

text: also

text: plays

text: the

text: violin

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: defining

text: sounds

text: of

text: the

text: band

text: who

text: have

text: released

text: four

text: full

text: length

text: albums

text: Embrace

text: the

text: Storm

text: The

text: Flame

text: Within

text: Darker

text: Days

text: and

text: War

text: of

text: Our

text: Own

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: live

text: album

text: Live

text: in

text: the

text: Real

text: World

text: They

text: amicably

text: disbanded

text: in

text: December

text: The Netherlands  is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three island territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing maritime borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Amsterdam is the country's capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of government and parliament. The name "Holland" is used to refer informally to the whole of the country of the Netherlands.

text: The

text: Netherlands

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: constituent

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: is

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: with

text: three

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: The

text: European

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: borders

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Belgium

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: sharing

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: Belgium

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Germany

text: The

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: are

text: Amsterdam

text: Rotterdam

text: The

text: Hague

text: and

text: Utrecht

text: Amsterdam

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: while

text: The

text: Hague

text: holds

text: the

text: Dutch

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: parliament

text: The

text: name

text: Holland

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: informally

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

annotations: likely single

question: occupation marjolein kooijman

answer: guitarist

text: guitarist