text:
East Germany, formally the German Democratic Republic or GDR, was an Eastern Bloc state during the Cold War period. From 1949 to 1990, it administered the region of Germany that was occupied by Soviet forces at the end of World War IIthe Soviet Occupation Zone of the Potsdam Agreement, bounded on the east by the OderNeisse line. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin, but did not include it; as a result, West Berlin remained outside the jurisdiction of the GDR.
The German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet Zone, while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones. East Germany was a satellite state of the Soviet Union. Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948, and the GDR began to function as a state on 7 October 1949. Soviet forces, however, remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Until 1989, the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party (SED), though other parties nominally participated in its alliance organisation, the National Front of Democratic Germany.

text: East

text: Germany

text: formally

text: the

text: German

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: or

text: GDR

text: was

text: an

text: Eastern

text: Bloc

text: state

text: during

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: period

text: From

text: to

text: it

text: administered

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Germany

text: that

text: was

text: occupied

text: by

text: Soviet

text: forces

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: IIthe

text: Soviet

text: Occupation

text: Zone

text: of

text: the

text: Potsdam

text: Agreement

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: OderNeisse

text: line

text: The

text: Soviet

text: zone

text: surrounded

text: West

text: Berlin

text: but

text: did

text: not

text: include

text: it

text: as

text: result

text: West

text: Berlin

text: remained

text: outside

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: GDR

text: The

text: German

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Zone

text: while

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: three

text: western

text: zones

text: East

text: Germany

text: was

text: satellite

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: Soviet

text: occupation

text: authorities

text: began

text: transferring

text: administrative

text: responsibility

text: to

text: German

text: communist

text: leaders

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: GDR

text: began

text: to

text: function

text: as

text: state

text: on

text: October

text: Soviet

text: forces

text: however

text: remained

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: throughout

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: Until

text: the

text: GDR

text: was

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Unity

text: Party

text: SED

text: though

text: other

text: parties

text: nominally

text: participated

text: in

text: its

text: alliance

text: organisation

text: the

text: National

text: Front

text: of

text: Democratic

text: Germany

text: Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. Germany's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin. Other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf.

text: Germany

text: officially

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: is

text: federal

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: central

text: western

text: Europe

text: It

text: includes

text: constituent

text: states

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: With

text: about

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: After

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: immigration

text: destination

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Germany

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: metropolis

text: is

text: Berlin

text: Other

text: major

text: cities

text: include

text: Hamburg

text: Munich

text: Cologne

text: Frankfurt

text: Stuttgart

text: and

text: Düsseldorf

text: In sports leagues, promotion and relegation is a process where teams are transferred between two divisions based on their performance for the completed season. The best-ranked team(s) in the lower division are "promoted" to the higher division for the next season, and the worst-ranked team(s) in the higher division are "relegated" to the lower division for the next season. In some leagues, playoffs or qualifying rounds are also used to determine rankings. This process can continue through several levels of divisions, with teams being exchanged between levels 1 and 2, levels 2 and 3, levels 3 and 4, and so on. During the season, teams that are high enough in the league table that they would qualify for promotion are sometimes said to be in the "promotion zone", and those at the bottom are in the "relegation zone" (or, colloquially, the "drop zone" or "facing the drop").

text: In

text: sports

text: leagues

text: promotion

text: and

text: relegation

text: is

text: process

text: where

text: teams

text: are

text: transferred

text: between

text: two

text: divisions

text: based

text: on

text: their

text: performance

text: for

text: the

text: completed

text: season

text: The

text: best

text: ranked

text: team(s

text: in

text: the

text: lower

text: division

text: are

text: promoted

text: to

text: the

text: higher

text: division

text: for

text: the

text: next

text: season

text: and

text: the

text: worst

text: ranked

text: team(s

text: in

text: the

text: higher

text: division

text: are

text: relegated

text: to

text: the

text: lower

text: division

text: for

text: the

text: next

text: season

text: In

text: some

text: leagues

text: playoffs

text: or

text: qualifying

text: rounds

text: are

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: determine

text: rankings

text: This

text: process

text: can

text: continue

text: through

text: several

text: levels

text: of

text: divisions

text: with

text: teams

text: being

text: exchanged

text: between

text: levels

text: and

text: levels

text: and

text: levels

text: and

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: During

text: the

text: season

text: teams

text: that

text: are

text: high

text: enough

text: in

text: the

text: league

text: table

text: that

text: they

text: would

text: qualify

text: for

text: promotion

text: are

text: sometimes

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: the

text: promotion

text: zone

text: and

text: those

text: at

text: the

text: bottom

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: relegation

text: zone

text: or

text: colloquially

text: the

text: drop

text: zone

text: or

text: facing

text: the

text: drop

text: Brandenburg (Lower Sorbian: "Bramborska") is one of the sixteen federated states of Germany. It lies in the northeast of the country covering an area of 29,478 square kilometers and has 2.48 million inhabitants. The capital and largest city is Potsdam. Brandenburg surrounds but does not include the national capital and city-state Berlin forming a metropolitan area.

text: Brandenburg

text: Lower

text: Sorbian

text: Bramborska

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: sixteen

text: federated

text: states

text: of

text: Germany

text: It

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: northeast

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: covering

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: kilometers

text: and

text: has

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Potsdam

text: Brandenburg

text: surrounds

text: but

text: does

text: not

text: include

text: the

text: national

text: capital

text: and

text: city

text: state

text: Berlin

text: forming

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: West Berlin was a city that existed in the period between the end of the Berlin Blockade on 12 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990 as a political enclave surrounded by East Berlin and East Germany. It was east of the Inner German border and only accessible by land from West Germany by narrow rail and highway corridors. It consisted of the American, British, and French occupation sectors established in 1945 and shared economic, political, legal, and sporting systems with West Germany, but was not "de jure" part of it. It had a special and unique legal status because its administration was formally conducted by the Western Allies. East Berlin, "de jure" occupied and administered by the Soviet Union, was the "de facto" capital of East Germany. The Berlin Wall, built in 1961, physically divided East and West Berlin until it fell in 1989.

text: West

text: Berlin

text: was

text: city

text: that

text: existed

text: in

text: the

text: period

text: between

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Berlin

text: Blockade

text: on

text: May

text: to

text: German

text: reunification

text: on

text: October

text: as

text: political

text: enclave

text: surrounded

text: by

text: East

text: Berlin

text: and

text: East

text: Germany

text: It

text: was

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Inner

text: German

text: border

text: and

text: only

text: accessible

text: by

text: land

text: from

text: West

text: Germany

text: by

text: narrow

text: rail

text: and

text: highway

text: corridors

text: It

text: consisted

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: British

text: and

text: French

text: occupation

text: sectors

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: shared

text: economic

text: political

text: legal

text: and

text: sporting

text: systems

text: with

text: West

text: Germany

text: but

text: was

text: not

text: de

text: jure

text: part

text: of

text: it

text: It

text: had

text: special

text: and

text: unique

text: legal

text: status

text: because

text: its

text: administration

text: was

text: formally

text: conducted

text: by

text: the

text: Western

text: Allies

text: East

text: Berlin

text: de

text: jure

text: occupied

text: and

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: was

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: capital

text: of

text: East

text: Germany

text: The

text: Berlin

text: Wall

text: built

text: in

text: physically

text: divided

text: East

text: and

text: West

text: Berlin

text: until

text: it

text: fell

text: in

text: Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million people, Berlin is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of rivers Spree and Havel, it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has about 6 million residents from more than 180 nations. Due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.

text: Berlin

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Germany

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: constituent

text: states

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: Berlin

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: proper

text: and

text: the

text: seventh

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Located

text: in

text: northeastern

text: Germany

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: rivers

text: Spree

text: and

text: Havel

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Berlin

text: Brandenburg

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: which

text: has

text: about

text: million

text: residents

text: from

text: more

text: than

text: nations

text: Due

text: to

text: its

text: location

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Plain

text: Berlin

text: is

text: influenced

text: by

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: Around

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: area

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: forests

text: parks

text: gardens

text: rivers

text: and

text: lakes

text: The Potsdam Agreement was the agreement between three of the Allies of World War II, United Kingdom, United States, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, for the military occupation and reconstruction of Germanyreferring to the German Reich with its pre-war 1937 borders including the former eastern territoriesand the entire European theatre of War territory. It also included Germany's demilitarisation, reparations and the prosecution of war criminals.

text: The

text: Potsdam

text: Agreement

text: was

text: the

text: agreement

text: between

text: three

text: of

text: the

text: Allies

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: United

text: States

text: Union

text: of

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republics

text: for

text: the

text: military

text: occupation

text: and

text: reconstruction

text: of

text: Germanyreferring

text: to

text: the

text: German

text: Reich

text: with

text: its

text: pre

text: war

text: borders

text: including

text: the

text: former

text: eastern

text: territoriesand

text: the

text: entire

text: European

text: theatre

text: of

text: War

text: territory

text: It

text: also

text: included

text: Germany

text: 's

text: demilitarisation

text: reparations

text: and

text: the

text: prosecution

text: of

text: war

text: criminals

text: The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR " ) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party federation, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital.

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: officially

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republics

text: USSR

text: was

text: socialist

text: state

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: to

text: union

text: of

text: multiple

text: subnational

text: republics

text: its

text: government

text: and

text: economy

text: were

text: highly

text: centralized

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: was

text: one

text: party

text: federation

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: with

text: Moscow

text: as

text: its

text: capital

text: The Berlin Wall was a barrier that divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), starting on 13 August 1961, the Wall completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989. Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and was completed in 1992. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, which circumscribed a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, "fakir beds" and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the Wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.

text: The

text: Berlin

text: Wall

text: was

text: barrier

text: that

text: divided

text: Berlin

text: from

text: to

text: Constructed

text: by

text: the

text: German

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: GDR

text: East

text: Germany

text: starting

text: on

text: August

text: the

text: Wall

text: completely

text: cut

text: off

text: by

text: land

text: West

text: Berlin

text: from

text: surrounding

text: East

text: Germany

text: and

text: from

text: East

text: Berlin

text: until

text: government

text: officials

text: opened

text: it

text: in

text: November

text: Its

text: demolition

text: officially

text: began

text: on

text: June

text: and

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: The

text: barrier

text: included

text: guard

text: towers

text: placed

text: along

text: large

text: concrete

text: walls

text: which

text: circumscribed

text: wide

text: area

text: later

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: death

text: strip

text: that

text: contained

text: anti

text: vehicle

text: trenches

text: fakir

text: beds

text: and

text: other

text: defenses

text: The

text: Eastern

text: Bloc

text: claimed

text: that

text: the

text: Wall

text: was

text: erected

text: to

text: protect

text: its

text: population

text: from

text: fascist

text: elements

text: conspiring

text: to

text: prevent

text: the

text: will

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: in

text: building

text: socialist

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Germany

text: In

text: practice

text: the

text: Wall

text: served

text: to

text: prevent

text: the

text: massive

text: emigration

text: and

text: defection

text: that

text: had

text: marked

text: East

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: communist

text: Eastern

text: Bloc

text: during

text: the

text: post

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: period

text: The German football league system, or league pyramid, refers to the hierarchically interconnected league system for the association football in Germany that in the 201617 season consists of 2,235 divisions having 31,645 teams, in which all divisions are bound together by the principle of promotion and relegation. The top three professional levels contain one division each. Below this, the semi-professional and amateur levels have progressively more parallel divisions, which each cover progressively smaller geographic areas. Teams that finish at the top of their division at the end of each season can rise higher in the pyramid, whilst those that finish at the bottom find themselves sinking further down. In theory it is possible for even the lowest local amateur club to rise to the top of the system and become German football champions one day. The number of teams promoted and relegated between the divisions varies, and promotion to the upper levels of the pyramid is usually contingent on meeting additional criteria, especially concerning appropriate facilities and finances.

text: The

text: German

text: football

text: league

text: system

text: or

text: league

text: pyramid

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: hierarchically

text: interconnected

text: league

text: system

text: for

text: the

text: association

text: football

text: in

text: Germany

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: season

text: consists

text: of

text: divisions

text: having

text: teams

text: in

text: which

text: all

text: divisions

text: are

text: bound

text: together

text: by

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: promotion

text: and

text: relegation

text: The

text: top

text: three

text: professional

text: levels

text: contain

text: one

text: division

text: each

text: Below

text: this

text: the

text: semi

text: professional

text: and

text: amateur

text: levels

text: have

text: progressively

text: more

text: parallel

text: divisions

text: which

text: each

text: cover

text: progressively

text: smaller

text: geographic

text: areas

text: Teams

text: that

text: finish

text: at

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: their

text: division

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: each

text: season

text: can

text: rise

text: higher

text: in

text: the

text: pyramid

text: whilst

text: those

text: that

text: finish

text: at

text: the

text: bottom

text: find

text: themselves

text: sinking

text: further

text: down

text: In

text: theory

text: it

text: is

text: possible

text: for

text: even

text: the

text: lowest

text: local

text: amateur

text: club

text: to

text: rise

text: to

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: system

text: and

text: become

text: German

text: football

text: champions

text: one

text: day

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: teams

text: promoted

text: and

text: relegated

text: between

text: the

text: divisions

text: varies

text: and

text: promotion

text: to

text: the

text: upper

text: levels

text: of

text: the

text: pyramid

text: is

text: usually

text: contingent

text: on

text: meeting

text: additional

text: criteria

text: especially

text: concerning

text: appropriate

text: facilities

text: and

text: finances

text: East Berlin existed between 1949 and 1990 and consisted of the Soviet sector of Berlin established in 1945. The American, British, and French sectors became West Berlin, strongly associated with West Germany, while East Berlin was the "de facto" capital of East Germany. From 13 August 1961 until 9 November 1989, East Berlin was separated from West Berlin by the Berlin Wall.

text: East

text: Berlin

text: existed

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: consisted

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: sector

text: of

text: Berlin

text: established

text: in

text: The

text: American

text: British

text: and

text: French

text: sectors

text: became

text: West

text: Berlin

text: strongly

text: associated

text: with

text: West

text: Germany

text: while

text: East

text: Berlin

text: was

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: capital

text: of

text: East

text: Germany

text: From

text: August

text: until

text: November

text: East

text: Berlin

text: was

text: separated

text: from

text: West

text: Berlin

text: by

text: the

text: Berlin

text: Wall

text: The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.

text: The

text: European

text: Union

text: EU

text: is

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: union

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: that

text: are

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: The

text: EU

text: has

text: developed

text: an

text: internal

text: single

text: market

text: through

text: standardised

text: system

text: of

text: laws

text: that

text: apply

text: in

text: all

text: member

text: states

text: EU

text: policies

text: aim

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: free

text: movement

text: of

text: people

text: goods

text: services

text: and

text: capital

text: within

text: the

text: internal

text: market

text: enact

text: legislation

text: in

text: justice

text: and

text: home

text: affairs

text: and

text: maintain

text: common

text: policies

text: on

text: trade

text: agriculture

text: fisheries

text: and

text: regional

text: development

text: Within

text: the

text: Schengen

text: Area

text: passport

text: controls

text: have

text: been

text: abolished

text: monetary

text: union

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: came

text: into

text: full

text: force

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: EU

text: member

text: states

text: which

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: currency

text: The Soviet Occupation Zone ("Sovetskaya okkupatsionnaya zona Germanii", "Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany") was the area of central Germany occupied by the Soviet Union from 1945 on, at the end of World War II. On 7 October 1949 the German Democratic Republic (GDR), which became commonly referred to as East Germany, was established in the Soviet Occupation Zone.

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Occupation

text: Zone

text: Sovetskaya

text: okkupatsionnaya

text: zona

text: Germanii

text: Soviet

text: Occupation

text: Zone

text: of

text: Germany

text: was

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: central

text: Germany

text: occupied

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: from

text: on

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: On

text: October

text: the

text: German

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: GDR

text: which

text: became

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: East

text: Germany

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Occupation

text: Zone

text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: The NOFV - Oberliga is a division at step 5 of the German football league system . After the fall of the Berlin Wall , it became the successor of the DDR - Oberliga , and functions today as a 5th division in the former territory of East Germany and the city of Berlin . This league is named after the Nordostdeutscher Fußballverband ( NOFV - North - East German Football Association ) , the regional association of the DFB in the former East German territories . The league is currently split in two groups , north and south , the NOFV - Oberliga Nord and NOFV - Oberliga Süd . A third league , the NOFV - Oberliga Mitte existed from 1991 to 1994 .

text: The

text: NOFV

text: Oberliga

text: is

text: division

text: at

text: step

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: football

text: league

text: system

text: After

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Berlin

text: Wall

text: it

text: became

text: the

text: successor

text: of

text: the

text: DDR

text: Oberliga

text: and

text: functions

text: today

text: as

text: division

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: territory

text: of

text: East

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Berlin

text: This

text: league

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Nordostdeutscher

text: Fußballverband

text: NOFV

text: North

text: East

text: German

text: Football

text: Association

text: the

text: regional

text: association

text: of

text: the

text: DFB

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: East

text: German

text: territories

text: The

text: league

text: is

text: currently

text: split

text: in

text: two

text: groups

text: north

text: and

text: south

text: the

text: NOFV

text: Oberliga

text: Nord

text: and

text: NOFV

text: Oberliga

text: Süd

text: third

text: league

text: the

text: NOFV

text: Oberliga

text: Mitte

text: existed

text: from

text: to

text: The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others). Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period (the second half of the 20th century) between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine (a U.S. policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism) was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed.

text: The

text: Cold

text: War

text: was

text: state

text: of

text: political

text: and

text: military

text: tension

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: between

text: powers

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Bloc

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: and

text: its

text: satellite

text: states

text: and

text: powers

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Bloc

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: its

text: NATO

text: allies

text: and

text: others

text: Historians

text: do

text: not

text: fully

text: agree

text: on

text: the

text: dates

text: but

text: common

text: timeframe

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: between

text: the

text: year

text: the

text: Truman

text: Doctrine

text: U.S.

text: policy

text: pledging

text: to

text: aid

text: nations

text: threatened

text: by

text: Soviet

text: expansionism

text: was

text: announced

text: and

text: the

text: year

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: collapsed

text: The OderNeisse line is the international border between Germany and Poland. It was drawn at the Potsdam Conference in the aftermath of the Second World War and is primarily delineated along the Oder and Lusatian Neisse rivers in Central Europe, meeting the Baltic Sea to the north, just west of the Polish seaports of Szczecin and winoujcie (German: "Stettin" and "Swinemünde"). All prewar German territory east of the line and within the 1937 German boundaries (23.8% of the former Weimar Republic) were placed under International Law Administrative status, with most of it being made part of newly-Communist Poland. The small remainder, consisting of the territory surrounding the German city of Königsberg (now renamed Kaliningrad, in honour of Soviet head of state Mikhail Kalinin) in northern East Prussia, was allocated to the Soviet Union (as Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian SFSR, today the Russian Federation) after the war (pending the final World War II peace treaty for Germany). The vast majority of the native German population in these territories fled, or was killed or expelled by force. The OderNeisse line marked the border between the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) and Poland from 1950 to 1990. East Germany confirmed the border with Poland in 1950, while West Germany, after a period of refusal, finally accepted the border (with reservations) in 1970. In 1990 the newly reunified Germany and the Republic of Poland signed a treaty recognizing it as their border.

text: The

text: OderNeisse

text: line

text: is

text: the

text: international

text: border

text: between

text: Germany

text: and

text: Poland

text: It

text: was

text: drawn

text: at

text: the

text: Potsdam

text: Conference

text: in

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: and

text: is

text: primarily

text: delineated

text: along

text: the

text: Oder

text: and

text: Lusatian

text: Neisse

text: rivers

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: meeting

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: just

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Polish

text: seaports

text: of

text: Szczecin

text: and

text: winoujcie

text: German

text: Stettin

text: and

text: Swinemünde

text: All

text: prewar

text: German

text: territory

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: line

text: and

text: within

text: the

text: German

text: boundaries

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: were

text: placed

text: under

text: International

text: Law

text: Administrative

text: status

text: with

text: most

text: of

text: it

text: being

text: made

text: part

text: of

text: newly

text: Communist

text: Poland

text: The

text: small

text: remainder

text: consisting

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: surrounding

text: the

text: German

text: city

text: of

text: Königsberg

text: now

text: renamed

text: Kaliningrad

text: in

text: honour

text: of

text: Soviet

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: Mikhail

text: Kalinin

text: in

text: northern

text: East

text: Prussia

text: was

text: allocated

text: to

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: as

text: Kaliningrad

text: Oblast

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: SFSR

text: today

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: after

text: the

text: war

text: pending

text: the

text: final

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: peace

text: treaty

text: for

text: Germany

text: The

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: native

text: German

text: population

text: in

text: these

text: territories

text: fled

text: or

text: was

text: killed

text: or

text: expelled

text: by

text: force

text: The

text: OderNeisse

text: line

text: marked

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: the

text: German

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: East

text: Germany

text: and

text: Poland

text: from

text: to

text: East

text: Germany

text: confirmed

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: Poland

text: in

text: while

text: West

text: Germany

text: after

text: period

text: of

text: refusal

text: finally

text: accepted

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: reservations

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: newly

text: reunified

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Poland

text: signed

text: treaty

text: recognizing

text: it

text: as

text: their

text: border

annotations: likely single

question: inception nofv-oberliga

answer: 1990


text: Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus. They are generally produced in the process of alpha decay, but may also be produced in other ways. Alpha particles are named after the first letter in the Greek alphabet, . The symbol for the alpha particle is  or . Because they are identical to helium nuclei, they are also sometimes written as or indicating a helium ion with a +2 charge (missing its two electrons). If the ion gains electrons from its environment, the alpha particle can be written as a normal (electrically neutral) helium atom .

text: Alpha

text: particles

text: consist

text: of

text: two

text: protons

text: and

text: two

text: neutrons

text: bound

text: together

text: into

text: particle

text: identical

text: to

text: helium

text: nucleus

text: They

text: are

text: generally

text: produced

text: in

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: alpha

text: decay

text: but

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: produced

text: in

text: other

text: ways

text: Alpha

text: particles

text: are

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: first

text: letter

text: in

text: the

text: Greek

text: alphabet

text: The

text: symbol

text: for

text: the

text: alpha

text: particle

text: is

text: or

text: Because

text: they

text: are

text: identical

text: to

text: helium

text: nuclei

text: they

text: are

text: also

text: sometimes

text: written

text: as

text: or

text: indicating

text: helium

text: ion

text: with

text: charge

text: missing

text: its

text: two

text: electrons

text: If

text: the

text: ion

text: gains

text: electrons

text: from

text: its

text: environment

text: the

text: alpha

text: particle

text: can

text: be

text: written

text: as

text: normal

text: electrically

text: neutral

text: helium

text: atom

text: The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context. The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. The term "Ivy League" has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism.

text: The

text: Ivy

text: League

text: is

text: collegiate

text: athletic

text: conference

text: comprising

text: sports

text: teams

text: from

text: eight

text: private

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: Northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: conference

text: name

text: is

text: also

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: those

text: eight

text: schools

text: as

text: group

text: beyond

text: the

text: sports

text: context

text: The

text: eight

text: institutions

text: are

text: Brown

text: University

text: Columbia

text: University

text: Cornell

text: University

text: Dartmouth

text: College

text: Harvard

text: University

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: Princeton

text: University

text: and

text: Yale

text: University

text: The

text: term

text: Ivy

text: League

text: has

text: connotations

text: of

text: academic

text: excellence

text: selectivity

text: in

text: admissions

text: and

text: social

text: elitism

text: Cornell University is an American private Ivy League and federal land-grant doctoral university located in Ithaca, New York. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledgefrom the classics to the sciences, and from the theoretical to the applied. These ideals, unconventional for the time, are captured in Cornell's motto, a popular 1865 Ezra Cornell quotation: "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study."

text: Cornell

text: University

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: private

text: Ivy

text: League

text: and

text: federal

text: land

text: grant

text: doctoral

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Ithaca

text: New

text: York

text: Founded

text: in

text: by

text: Ezra

text: Cornell

text: and

text: Andrew

text: Dickson

text: White

text: the

text: university

text: was

text: intended

text: to

text: teach

text: and

text: make

text: contributions

text: in

text: all

text: fields

text: of

text: knowledgefrom

text: the

text: classics

text: to

text: the

text: sciences

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: theoretical

text: to

text: the

text: applied

text: These

text: ideals

text: unconventional

text: for

text: the

text: time

text: are

text: captured

text: in

text: Cornell

text: 's

text: motto

text: popular

text: Ezra

text: Cornell

text: quotation

text: would

text: found

text: an

text: institution

text: where

text: any

text: person

text: can

text: find

text: instruction

text: in

text: any

text: study

text: Gamma ray (also called gamma radiation), denoted by the lower-case Greek letter gamma ( or formula_1 ), is penetrating electromagnetic radiation of a kind arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It consists of photons in the highest observed range of photon energy. Paul Villard, a French chemist and physicist, discovered gamma radiation in 1900 while studying radiation emitted by radium. In 1903, Ernest Rutherford named this radiation "gamma rays". Rutherford had previously discovered two other types of radioactive decay, which he named alpha and beta rays.

text: Gamma

text: ray

text: also

text: called

text: gamma

text: radiation

text: denoted

text: by

text: the

text: lower

text: case

text: Greek

text: letter

text: gamma

text: or

text: is

text: penetrating

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: of

text: kind

text: arising

text: from

text: the

text: radioactive

text: decay

text: of

text: atomic

text: nuclei

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: photons

text: in

text: the

text: highest

text: observed

text: range

text: of

text: photon

text: energy

text: Paul

text: Villard

text: French

text: chemist

text: and

text: physicist

text: discovered

text: gamma

text: radiation

text: in

text: while

text: studying

text: radiation

text: emitted

text: by

text: radium

text: In

text: Ernest

text: Rutherford

text: named

text: this

text: radiation

text: gamma

text: rays

text: Rutherford

text: had

text: previously

text: discovered

text: two

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: radioactive

text: decay

text: which

text: he

text: named

text: alpha

text: and

text: beta

text: rays

text: Ezra Cornell (January 11, 1807  December 9, 1874) was an American businessman, politician, philanthropist and educational administrator. He was the founder of Western Union and a co-founder of Cornell University. He also served as President of the New York Agriculture Society and as a New York state Senator.

text: Ezra

text: Cornell

text: January

text: December

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: businessman

text: politician

text: philanthropist

text: and

text: educational

text: administrator

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: Western

text: Union

text: and

text: co

text: founder

text: of

text: Cornell

text: University

text: He

text: also

text: served

text: as

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Agriculture

text: Society

text: and

text: as

text: New

text: York

text: state

text: Senator

text: Ithaca is a city in the Southern Tier-Finger Lakes region of New York. It is the seat of Tompkins County, as well as the largest community in the Ithaca-Tompkins County metropolitan area. This area contains the municipalities of the Town of Ithaca, the village of Cayuga Heights, and other towns and villages in Tompkins County. The city of Ithaca is located on the southern shore of Cayuga Lake, in Central New York. It is named for the Greek island of Ithaca.

text: Ithaca

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Tier

text: Finger

text: Lakes

text: region

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: Tompkins

text: County

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: community

text: in

text: the

text: Ithaca

text: Tompkins

text: County

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: This

text: area

text: contains

text: the

text: municipalities

text: of

text: the

text: Town

text: of

text: Ithaca

text: the

text: village

text: of

text: Cayuga

text: Heights

text: and

text: other

text: towns

text: and

text: villages

text: in

text: Tompkins

text: County

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Ithaca

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: shore

text: of

text: Cayuga

text: Lake

text: in

text: Central

text: New

text: York

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: for

text: the

text: Greek

text: island

text: of

text: Ithaca

text: Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

text: Science

text: is

text: systematic

text: enterprise

text: that

text: builds

text: and

text: organizes

text: knowledge

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: testable

text: explanations

text: and

text: predictions

text: about

text: the

text: universe

text: Andrew Dickson White (November 7, 1832  November 4, 1918) was an American historian and educator, who was the cofounder of Cornell University and served as its first president for nearly two decades. He was known for expanding the scope of college curriculae. A politician, he had served as state senator in New York. He was later appointed as a US diplomat to Germany and Russia, among other responsibilities.

text: Andrew

text: Dickson

text: White

text: November

text: November

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: historian

text: and

text: educator

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: cofounder

text: of

text: Cornell

text: University

text: and

text: served

text: as

text: its

text: first

text: president

text: for

text: nearly

text: two

text: decades

text: He

text: was

text: known

text: for

text: expanding

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: college

text: curriculae

text: politician

text: he

text: had

text: served

text: as

text: state

text: senator

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: He

text: was

text: later

text: appointed

text: as

text: US

text: diplomat

text: to

text: Germany

text: and

text: Russia

text: among

text: other

text: responsibilities

text: David Delano Clark ( February 10 , 1924 -- December 22 , 1997 ) was a nuclear physicist best known for his work at Cornell University building nuclear reactors and using them to perform neutron activation analysis .

text: David

text: Delano

text: Clark

text: February

text: December

text: was

text: nuclear

text: physicist

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: at

text: Cornell

text: University

text: building

text: nuclear

text: reactors

text: and

text: using

text: them

text: to

text: perform

text: neutron

text: activation

text: analysis

text: Neutron activation is the process in which neutron radiation induces radioactivity in materials, and occurs when atomic nuclei capture free neutrons, becoming heavier and entering excited states. The excited nucleus often decays immediately by emitting gamma rays, or particles such as beta particles, alpha particles, fission products and neutrons (in nuclear fission). Thus, the process of neutron capture, even after any intermediate decay, often results in the formation of an unstable activation product. Such radioactive nuclei can exhibit half-lives ranging from small fractions of a second to many years.

text: Neutron

text: activation

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: in

text: which

text: neutron

text: radiation

text: induces

text: radioactivity

text: in

text: materials

text: and

text: occurs

text: when

text: atomic

text: nuclei

text: capture

text: free

text: neutrons

text: becoming

text: heavier

text: and

text: entering

text: excited

text: states

text: The

text: excited

text: nucleus

text: often

text: decays

text: immediately

text: by

text: emitting

text: gamma

text: rays

text: or

text: particles

text: such

text: as

text: beta

text: particles

text: alpha

text: particles

text: fission

text: products

text: and

text: neutrons

text: in

text: nuclear

text: fission

text: Thus

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: neutron

text: capture

text: even

text: after

text: any

text: intermediate

text: decay

text: often

text: results

text: in

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: an

text: unstable

text: activation

text: product

text: Such

text: radioactive

text: nuclei

text: can

text: exhibit

text: half

text: lives

text: ranging

text: from

text: small

text: fractions

text: of

text: second

text: to

text: many

text: years

text: Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity. This covers the ancient Mediterranean world, particularly ancient Greece and Rome. It encompasses the study of ancient languages, literature, philosophy, history, and archaeology. Traditionally in the West, the study of the Greek and Roman classics was considered one of the cornerstones of the humanities and a necessary part of a rounded education. Since the 20th century, however, Classics is no longer a part of a typical elite education.

text: Classics

text: or

text: classical

text: studies

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: This

text: covers

text: the

text: ancient

text: Mediterranean

text: world

text: particularly

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: Rome

text: It

text: encompasses

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: ancient

text: languages

text: literature

text: philosophy

text: history

text: and

text: archaeology

text: Traditionally

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: and

text: Roman

text: classics

text: was

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: cornerstones

text: of

text: the

text: humanities

text: and

text: necessary

text: part

text: of

text: rounded

text: education

text: Since

text: the

text: century

text: however

text: Classics

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: part

text: of

text: typical

text: elite

text: education

question: place_of_death david delano clark

answer: ithaca

text: ithaca

text: ithaca

text: ithaca

text: ithaca

text: ithaca

text: ithaca


text: Morning Runner were an English alternative rock band , formed in 2003 in Reading . The band comprised vocalist / guitarist Matthew Jonathan Greener , drummer Ali Clewer , bassist Tom Derrett and pianist Chris `` Field '' Wheatcroft . They released one album , Wilderness Is Paradise Now , following top 20 single `` Burning Benches '' , before splitting up in late 2007 due to commercial pressures from their record label , Parlophone .

text: Morning

text: Runner

text: were

text: an

text: English

text: alternative

text: rock

text: band

text: formed

text: in

text: in

text: Reading

text: The

text: band

text: comprised

text: vocalist

text: guitarist

text: Matthew

text: Jonathan

text: Greener

text: drummer

text: Ali

text: Clewer

text: bassist

text: Tom

text: Derrett

text: and

text: pianist

text: Chris

text: Field

text: Wheatcroft

text: They

text: released

text: one

text: album

text: Wilderness

text: Is

text: Paradise

text: Now

text: following

text: top

text: single

text: Burning

text: Benches

text: before

text: splitting

text: up

text: in

text: late

text: due

text: to

text: commercial

text: pressures

text: from

text: their

text: record

text: label

text: Parlophone

text: Punk rock (or simply "punk") is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid 1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as "proto-punk" music, punk rock bands rejected perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock. Punk bands typically use short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic; many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels.

text: Punk

text: rock

text: or

text: simply

text: punk

text: is

text: rock

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: to

text: mid

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Australia

text: Rooted

text: in

text: garage

text: rock

text: and

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: proto

text: punk

text: music

text: punk

text: rock

text: bands

text: rejected

text: perceived

text: excesses

text: of

text: mainstream

text: rock

text: Punk

text: bands

text: typically

text: use

text: short

text: or

text: fast

text: paced

text: songs

text: with

text: hard

text: edged

text: melodies

text: and

text: singing

text: styles

text: stripped

text: down

text: instrumentation

text: and

text: often

text: political

text: anti

text: establishment

text: lyrics

text: Punk

text: embraces

text: DIY

text: ethic

text: many

text: bands

text: self

text: produce

text: recordings

text: and

text: distribute

text: them

text: through

text: informal

text: channels

text: Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative) is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word "alternative" refers to the genre's distinction from mainstream rock music. The term's original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their collective debt to either the musical style or simply the independent, D.I.Y. ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music. At times, "alternative" has been used as a catch-all description for music from underground rock artists that receives mainstream recognition, or for any music, whether rock or not, that is seen to be descended from punk rock (including some examples of punk itself, as well as new wave, and post-punk).

text: Alternative

text: rock

text: also

text: called

text: alternative

text: music

text: alt

text: rock

text: or

text: simply

text: alternative

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: rock

text: music

text: that

text: emerged

text: from

text: the

text: independent

text: music

text: underground

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: became

text: widely

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: In

text: this

text: instance

text: the

text: word

text: alternative

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: genre

text: 's

text: distinction

text: from

text: mainstream

text: rock

text: music

text: The

text: term

text: 's

text: original

text: meaning

text: was

text: broader

text: referring

text: to

text: generation

text: of

text: musicians

text: unified

text: by

text: their

text: collective

text: debt

text: to

text: either

text: the

text: musical

text: style

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: independent

text: D.I.Y.

text: ethos

text: of

text: punk

text: rock

text: which

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: laid

text: the

text: groundwork

text: for

text: alternative

text: music

text: At

text: times

text: alternative

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: catch

text: all

text: description

text: for

text: music

text: from

text: underground

text: rock

text: artists

text: that

text: receives

text: mainstream

text: recognition

text: or

text: for

text: any

text: music

text: whether

text: rock

text: or

text: not

text: that

text: is

text: seen

text: to

text: be

text: descended

text: from

text: punk

text: rock

text: including

text: some

text: examples

text: of

text: punk

text: itself

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: new

text: wave

text: and

text: post

text: punk

text: Post-punk (originally "new musick") is a broad type of rock music that emerged from the punk movement of the 1970s, in which artists departed from punk rock's raw, accessible style to pursue a variety of avant-garde sensibilities. Attempting to break from rock tradition, post-punk artists experimented with sources such as electronic music, black dance music and the avant-garde, as well as novel recording technology and production techniques. The movement also saw the frequent intersection of music with art and politics, as artists incorporated ideas from sources such as modernist literature, critical theory, cinema, and performance art. Accompanying these musical developments were communities that produced independent record labels, visual art, multimedia performances and fanzines in conjunction with the music.

text: Post

text: punk

text: originally

text: new

text: musick

text: is

text: broad

text: type

text: of

text: rock

text: music

text: that

text: emerged

text: from

text: the

text: punk

text: movement

text: of

text: the

text: in

text: which

text: artists

text: departed

text: from

text: punk

text: rock

text: 's

text: raw

text: accessible

text: style

text: to

text: pursue

text: variety

text: of

text: avant

text: garde

text: sensibilities

text: Attempting

text: to

text: break

text: from

text: rock

text: tradition

text: post

text: punk

text: artists

text: experimented

text: with

text: sources

text: such

text: as

text: electronic

text: music

text: black

text: dance

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: avant

text: garde

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: novel

text: recording

text: technology

text: and

text: production

text: techniques

text: The

text: movement

text: also

text: saw

text: the

text: frequent

text: intersection

text: of

text: music

text: with

text: art

text: and

text: politics

text: as

text: artists

text: incorporated

text: ideas

text: from

text: sources

text: such

text: as

text: modernist

text: literature

text: critical

text: theory

text: cinema

text: and

text: performance

text: art

text: Accompanying

text: these

text: musical

text: developments

text: were

text: communities

text: that

text: produced

text: independent

text: record

text: labels

text: visual

text: art

text: multimedia

text: performances

text: and

text: fanzines

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: the

text: music

text: Independent music (often shortened to indie music or indie) is music produced independently from major commercial record labels or their subsidiaries, a process that may include an autonomous, do-it-yourself approach to recording and publishing. The term "indie" is sometimes also used to describe a genre (such as indie rock and indie pop); as a genre term, "indie" may include music that is not independently produced, and most independent music artists do not fall into a single, defined musical style or genre, and usually create music that can be categorized into other genres.

text: Independent

text: music

text: often

text: shortened

text: to

text: indie

text: music

text: or

text: indie

text: is

text: music

text: produced

text: independently

text: from

text: major

text: commercial

text: record

text: labels

text: or

text: their

text: subsidiaries

text: process

text: that

text: may

text: include

text: an

text: autonomous

text: do

text: it

text: yourself

text: approach

text: to

text: recording

text: and

text: publishing

text: The

text: term

text: indie

text: is

text: sometimes

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: genre

text: such

text: as

text: indie

text: rock

text: and

text: indie

text: pop

text: as

text: genre

text: term

text: indie

text: may

text: include

text: music

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: independently

text: produced

text: and

text: most

text: independent

text: music

text: artists

text: do

text: not

text: fall

text: into

text: single

text: defined

text: musical

text: style

text: or

text: genre

text: and

text: usually

text: create

text: music

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: categorized

text: into

text: other

text: genres

text: Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in the United States in the 1950s, and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has its roots in 1940s' and 1950s' rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as electric blues and folk, and incorporated influences from jazz, classical and other musical sources.

text: Rock

text: music

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: popular

text: music

text: that

text: originated

text: as

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: developed

text: into

text: range

text: of

text: different

text: styles

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: later

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: has

text: its

text: roots

text: in

text: and

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: itself

text: heavily

text: influenced

text: by

text: blues

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: and

text: country

text: music

text: Rock

text: music

text: also

text: drew

text: strongly

text: on

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: genres

text: such

text: as

text: electric

text: blues

text: and

text: folk

text: and

text: incorporated

text: influences

text: from

text: jazz

text: classical

text: and

text: other

text: musical

text: sources

annotations: likely multiple

question: genre morning runner

answer: indie rock

text: indie rock


text: François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who has been President of the French Republic and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra since taking office in 2012. Hollande was previously the First Secretary of the French Socialist Party from 1997 to 2008, the mayor of Tulle from 2001 to 2008, and the President of the Corrèze General Council from 2008 to 2012. Hollande also served in the National Assembly of France twice for the department of Corrèze's 1st Constituency from 1988 to 1993, and again from 1997 to 2012.

text: François

text: Gérard

text: Georges

text: Nicolas

text: Hollande

text: born

text: August

text: is

text: French

text: politician

text: who

text: has

text: been

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: and

text: ex

text: officio

text: Co

text: Prince

text: of

text: Andorra

text: since

text: taking

text: office

text: in

text: Hollande

text: was

text: previously

text: the

text: First

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Socialist

text: Party

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: mayor

text: of

text: Tulle

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Corrèze

text: General

text: Council

text: from

text: to

text: Hollande

text: also

text: served

text: in

text: the

text: National

text: Assembly

text: of

text: France

text: twice

text: for

text: the

text: department

text: of

text: Corrèze

text: 's

text: Constituency

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: again

text: from

text: to

text: French Guiana (pronounced or ), officially called Guiana, is an overseas department and region of France, located on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas. It borders Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west. Its area has a very low population density of only 3 inhabitants per km, with half of its 244,118 inhabitants in 2013 living in the metropolitan area of Cayenne, its capital. By land area, it is the second largest region of France and the largest outermost region within the European Union.

text: French

text: Guiana

text: pronounced

text: or

text: officially

text: called

text: Guiana

text: is

text: an

text: overseas

text: department

text: and

text: region

text: of

text: France

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: in

text: the

text: Guyanas

text: It

text: borders

text: Brazil

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: Suriname

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Its

text: area

text: has

text: very

text: low

text: population

text: density

text: of

text: only

text: inhabitants

text: per

text: km

text: with

text: half

text: of

text: its

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: Cayenne

text: its

text: capital

text: By

text: land

text: area

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: region

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: outermost

text: region

text: within

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the world's fifth-largest country by both area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection.

text: Brazil

text: officially

text: the

text: Federative

text: Republic

text: of

text: Brazil

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: both

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: Latin

text: America

text: As

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fifth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: both

text: area

text: and

text: population

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: to

text: have

text: Portuguese

text: as

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: Brazil

text: has

text: coastline

text: of

text: It

text: borders

text: all

text: other

text: South

text: American

text: countries

text: except

text: Ecuador

text: and

text: Chile

text: and

text: covers

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: land

text: area

text: Its

text: Amazon

text: River

text: basin

text: includes

text: vast

text: tropical

text: forest

text: home

text: to

text: diverse

text: wildlife

text: variety

text: of

text: ecological

text: systems

text: and

text: extensive

text: natural

text: resources

text: spanning

text: numerous

text: protected

text: habitats

text: This

text: unique

text: environmental

text: heritage

text: makes

text: Brazil

text: one

text: of

text: megadiverse

text: countries

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: significant

text: global

text: interest

text: and

text: debate

text: regarding

text: deforestation

text: and

text: environmental

text: protection

text: South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is the model used in nations that speak Romance languages. The reference to South America instead of other regions (like Latin America or the Southern Cone) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics (in particular, the rise of Brazil).

text: South

text: America

text: is

text: continent

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: hemisphere

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: hemisphere

text: with

text: relatively

text: small

text: portion

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: hemisphere

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: considered

text: subcontinent

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: model

text: used

text: in

text: nations

text: that

text: speak

text: Romance

text: languages

text: The

text: reference

text: to

text: South

text: America

text: instead

text: of

text: other

text: regions

text: like

text: Latin

text: America

text: or

text: the

text: Southern

text: Cone

text: has

text: increased

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: decades

text: due

text: to

text: changing

text: geopolitical

text: dynamics

text: in

text: particular

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: Brazil

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: Walwari ( French pronunciation :  ( wal.wa.i ) ) is a political party in the French département d'outre - mer of French Guiana , created in 1993 by Christiane Taubira and Roland Delannon . The party has one seat in the French National Assembly in the group of the Socialist Party ; it is aligned with the Left Radical Party .

text: Walwari

text: French

text: pronunciation

text: wal.wa.i

text: is

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: département

text: d'outre

text: mer

text: of

text: French

text: Guiana

text: created

text: in

text: by

text: Christiane

text: Taubira

text: and

text: Roland

text: Delannon

text: The

text: party

text: has

text: one

text: seat

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: National

text: Assembly

text: in

text: the

text: group

text: of

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Party

text: it

text: is

text: aligned

text: with

text: the

text: Left

text: Radical

text: Party

text: Cayenne is the capital city of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. The city stands on a former island at the mouth of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic coast. The city's motto is "fert aurum industria" which means "work brings wealth".

text: Cayenne

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: French

text: Guiana

text: an

text: overseas

text: region

text: and

text: department

text: of

text: France

text: located

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: The

text: city

text: stands

text: on

text: former

text: island

text: at

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: Cayenne

text: River

text: on

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: motto

text: is

text: fert

text: aurum

text: industria

text: which

text: means

text: work

text: brings

text: wealth

text: Christiane Taubira or Christiane Taubira-Delannon (born 2 February 1952, Cayenne, French Guiana) is a French politician who on 15 May 2012, was appointed Minister of Justice of France in the Ayrault Government under President François Hollande. She resigned from office on January 27, 2016.

text: Christiane

text: Taubira

text: or

text: Christiane

text: Taubira

text: Delannon

text: born

text: February

text: Cayenne

text: French

text: Guiana

text: is

text: French

text: politician

text: who

text: on

text: May

text: was

text: appointed

text: Minister

text: of

text: Justice

text: of

text: France

text: in

text: the

text: Ayrault

text: Government

text: under

text: President

text: François

text: Hollande

text: She

text: resigned

text: from

text: office

text: on

text: January

text: Suriname (or , also spelled Surinam), officially known as the Republic of Suriname, is a sovereign state on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America. It is bordered by French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west and Brazil to the south. At just under , it is the smallest country in South America. Suriname has a population of approximately 566,000, most of whom live on the country's north coast, in and around the capital and largest city, Paramaribo.

text: Suriname

text: or

text: also

text: spelled

text: Surinam

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Suriname

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: on

text: the

text: northeastern

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: French

text: Guiana

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Guyana

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Brazil

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: At

text: just

text: under

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: Suriname

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: most

text: of

text: whom

text: live

text: on

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: north

text: coast

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: Paramaribo

text: The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.

text: The

text: European

text: Union

text: EU

text: is

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: union

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: that

text: are

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: The

text: EU

text: has

text: developed

text: an

text: internal

text: single

text: market

text: through

text: standardised

text: system

text: of

text: laws

text: that

text: apply

text: in

text: all

text: member

text: states

text: EU

text: policies

text: aim

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: free

text: movement

text: of

text: people

text: goods

text: services

text: and

text: capital

text: within

text: the

text: internal

text: market

text: enact

text: legislation

text: in

text: justice

text: and

text: home

text: affairs

text: and

text: maintain

text: common

text: policies

text: on

text: trade

text: agriculture

text: fisheries

text: and

text: regional

text: development

text: Within

text: the

text: Schengen

text: Area

text: passport

text: controls

text: have

text: been

text: abolished

text: monetary

text: union

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: came

text: into

text: full

text: force

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: EU

text: member

text: states

text: which

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: currency

text: Guyana (pronounced or ), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, is a sovereign state on the northern mainland of South America. It is, however, included in the Caribbean Region due to its strong cultural, historical, and political ties with the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Brazil to the south and southwest, Suriname to the east and Venezuela to the west. With , Guyana is the fourth-smallest country on mainland South America after Uruguay, Suriname and French Guiana.

text: Guyana

text: pronounced

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Co

text: operative

text: Republic

text: of

text: Guyana

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: on

text: the

text: northern

text: mainland

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: It

text: is

text: however

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Region

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: strong

text: cultural

text: historical

text: and

text: political

text: ties

text: with

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Community

text: CARICOM

text: Guyana

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Brazil

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: southwest

text: Suriname

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Venezuela

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: With

text: Guyana

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: smallest

text: country

text: on

text: mainland

text: South

text: America

text: after

text: Uruguay

text: Suriname

text: and

text: French

text: Guiana

text: An overseas department (or "DOM") is a department of France that is outside metropolitan France. They have nearly the same political status as metropolitan departments, although they have special constitutional provisions that allow them greater autonomy and are excluded from certain domestic statistics, such as the unemployment rate. The overseas departments should not be confused with the overseas collectivities which have a particular status. As integral parts of France and the European Union, overseas departments are represented in the National Assembly, Senate, and Economic and Social Council, vote to elect members of the European Parliament (MEP), and also use the euro as their currency. Each overseas department is also an overseas region.

text: An

text: overseas

text: department

text: or

text: DOM

text: is

text: department

text: of

text: France

text: that

text: is

text: outside

text: metropolitan

text: France

text: They

text: have

text: nearly

text: the

text: same

text: political

text: status

text: as

text: metropolitan

text: departments

text: although

text: they

text: have

text: special

text: constitutional

text: provisions

text: that

text: allow

text: them

text: greater

text: autonomy

text: and

text: are

text: excluded

text: from

text: certain

text: domestic

text: statistics

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: unemployment

text: rate

text: The

text: overseas

text: departments

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: the

text: overseas

text: collectivities

text: which

text: have

text: particular

text: status

text: As

text: integral

text: parts

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: overseas

text: departments

text: are

text: represented

text: in

text: the

text: National

text: Assembly

text: Senate

text: and

text: Economic

text: and

text: Social

text: Council

text: vote

text: to

text: elect

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Parliament

text: MEP

text: and

text: also

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: as

text: their

text: currency

text: Each

text: overseas

text: department

text: is

text: also

text: an

text: overseas

text: region

annotations: follows multiple

question: headquarters_location walwari

answer: cayenne

text: cayenne

text: cayenne

text: cayenne

text: cayenne