text: Maximian (c. 250  c. July 310) was Roman Emperor from 286 to 305. He was "Caesar" from 285 to 286, then "Augustus" from 286 to 305. He shared the latter title with his co-emperor and superior, Diocletian, whose political brain complemented Maximian's military brawn. Maximian established his residence at Trier but spent most of his time on campaign. In the late summer of 285, he suppressed rebels in Gaul known as the Bagaudae. From 285 to 288, he fought against Germanic tribes along the Rhine frontier. Together with Diocletian, he launched a scorched earth campaign deep into Alamannic territory in 288, temporarily relieving the Rhine provinces from the threat of Germanic invasion.

text: Maximian

text: July

text: was

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: was

text: Caesar

text: from

text: to

text: then

text: Augustus

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: shared

text: the

text: latter

text: title

text: with

text: his

text: co

text: emperor

text: and

text: superior

text: Diocletian

text: whose

text: political

text: brain

text: complemented

text: Maximian

text: 's

text: military

text: brawn

text: Maximian

text: established

text: his

text: residence

text: at

text: Trier

text: but

text: spent

text: most

text: of

text: his

text: time

text: on

text: campaign

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: summer

text: of

text: he

text: suppressed

text: rebels

text: in

text: Gaul

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Bagaudae

text: From

text: to

text: he

text: fought

text: against

text: Germanic

text: tribes

text: along

text: the

text: Rhine

text: frontier

text: Together

text: with

text: Diocletian

text: he

text: launched

text: scorched

text: earth

text: campaign

text: deep

text: into

text: Alamannic

text: territory

text: in

text: temporarily

text: relieving

text: the

text: Rhine

text: provinces

text: from

text: the

text: threat

text: of

text: Germanic

text: invasion

text: Diocletian, born Diocles (244312), was a Roman emperor from 284 to 305. Born to a family of low status in the Roman province of Dalmatia, Diocletian rose through the ranks of the military to become cavalry commander to the Emperor Carus. After the deaths of Carus and his son Numerian on campaign in Persia, Diocletian was proclaimed emperor. The title was also claimed by Carus' other surviving son, Carinus, but Diocletian defeated him in the Battle of the Margus. Diocletian's reign stabilized the empire and marks the end of the Crisis of the Third Century. He appointed fellow officer Maximian as Augustus, co-emperor, in 286.

text: Diocletian

text: born

text: Diocles

text: was

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: from

text: to

text: Born

text: to

text: family

text: of

text: low

text: status

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: province

text: of

text: Dalmatia

text: Diocletian

text: rose

text: through

text: the

text: ranks

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: to

text: become

text: cavalry

text: commander

text: to

text: the

text: Emperor

text: Carus

text: After

text: the

text: deaths

text: of

text: Carus

text: and

text: his

text: son

text: Numerian

text: on

text: campaign

text: in

text: Persia

text: Diocletian

text: was

text: proclaimed

text: emperor

text: The

text: title

text: was

text: also

text: claimed

text: by

text: Carus

text: other

text: surviving

text: son

text: Carinus

text: but

text: Diocletian

text: defeated

text: him

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Margus

text: Diocletian

text: 's

text: reign

text: stabilized

text: the

text: empire

text: and

text: marks

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Crisis

text: of

text: the

text: Third

text: Century

text: He

text: appointed

text: fellow

text: officer

text: Maximian

text: as

text: Augustus

text: co

text: emperor

text: in

text: Aneto is the highest mountain in the Pyrenees and in Aragon, and Spain's third-highest mountain, reaching a height of . It stands in the Spanish province of Huesca, the northernmost of all three Aragonese provinces, 4 miles south of the French border. It forms the southernmost part of the Maladeta massif. It is also still locally known as "Pic de Néthou" in French, that name and its variants having been in general use until the beginning of the 20th century.

text: Aneto

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: mountain

text: in

text: the

text: Pyrenees

text: and

text: in

text: Aragon

text: and

text: Spain

text: 's

text: third

text: highest

text: mountain

text: reaching

text: height

text: of

text: It

text: stands

text: in

text: the

text: Spanish

text: province

text: of

text: Huesca

text: the

text: northernmost

text: of

text: all

text: three

text: Aragonese

text: provinces

text: miles

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: border

text: It

text: forms

text: the

text: southernmost

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Maladeta

text: massif

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: still

text: locally

text: known

text: as

text: Pic

text: de

text: Néthou

text: in

text: French

text: that

text: name

text: and

text: its

text: variants

text: having

text: been

text: in

text: general

text: use

text: until

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (AD 235284), was a period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasion, civil war, plague, and economic depression. The Crisis began with the assassination of Emperor Severus Alexander by his own troops in 235, initiating a 50-year period in which there were at least 26 claimants to the title of Emperor, mostly prominent Roman army generals, who assumed imperial power over all or part of the Empire. The same number of men became accepted by the Roman Senate as emperor during this period and so became legitimate emperors.

text: The

text: Crisis

text: of

text: the

text: Third

text: Century

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Military

text: Anarchy

text: or

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Crisis

text: AD

text: was

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: nearly

text: collapsed

text: under

text: the

text: combined

text: pressures

text: of

text: invasion

text: civil

text: war

text: plague

text: and

text: economic

text: depression

text: The

text: Crisis

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: assassination

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Severus

text: Alexander

text: by

text: his

text: own

text: troops

text: in

text: initiating

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: there

text: were

text: at

text: least

text: claimants

text: to

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: Emperor

text: mostly

text: prominent

text: Roman

text: army

text: generals

text: who

text: assumed

text: imperial

text: power

text: over

text: all

text: or

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: The

text: same

text: number

text: of

text: men

text: became

text: accepted

text: by

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: as

text: emperor

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: and

text: so

text: became

text: legitimate

text: emperors

text: Gascon is a dialect of Occitan. It is mostly spoken in Gascony and Béarn in southwestern France (in parts of the following French "départements": Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Hautes-Pyrénées, Landes, Gers, Gironde, Lot-et-Garonne, Haute-Garonne, and Ariège) and in the Aran Valley of Catalonia. It has about 250,000 speakers worldwide.

text: Gascon

text: is

text: dialect

text: of

text: Occitan

text: It

text: is

text: mostly

text: spoken

text: in

text: Gascony

text: and

text: Béarn

text: in

text: southwestern

text: France

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: following

text: French

text: départements

text: Pyrénées

text: Atlantiques

text: Hautes

text: Pyrénées

text: Landes

text: Gers

text: Gironde

text: Lot

text: et

text: Garonne

text: Haute

text: Garonne

text: and

text: Ariège

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Aran

text: Valley

text: of

text: Catalonia

text: It

text: has

text: about

text: speakers

text: worldwide

text: Spain, officially the Kingdom of Spain, is a sovereign state largely located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, with two large archipelagos, the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands off the North African Atlantic coast, two cities Ceuta and Melilla in the North African mainland and several small islands in the Alboran Sea near the Moroccan coast. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. It is the only European country to have a border with an African country (Morocco) and its African territory accounts for nearly 5% of its population, mostly in the Canary Islands but also in Ceuta and Melilla.

text: Spain

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Spain

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: largely

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: southwestern

text: Europe

text: with

text: two

text: large

text: archipelagos

text: the

text: Balearic

text: Islands

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Canary

text: Islands

text: off

text: the

text: North

text: African

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: two

text: cities

text: Ceuta

text: and

text: Melilla

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: African

text: mainland

text: and

text: several

text: small

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: Alboran

text: Sea

text: near

text: the

text: Moroccan

text: coast

text: Its

text: mainland

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: except

text: for

text: small

text: land

text: boundary

text: with

text: Gibraltar

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: northeast

text: by

text: France

text: Andorra

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Biscay

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: northwest

text: by

text: Portugal

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: European

text: country

text: to

text: have

text: border

text: with

text: an

text: African

text: country

text: Morocco

text: and

text: its

text: African

text: territory

text: accounts

text: for

text: nearly

text: of

text: its

text: population

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: Canary

text: Islands

text: but

text: also

text: in

text: Ceuta

text: and

text: Melilla

text: The Iberian Peninsula , also known as Iberia , is located in the southwest corner of Europe. The peninsula is principally divided between Portugal and Spain, comprising most of their territory. It also includes Andorra and a small part of France along the peninsula's northeastern edge, as well as Gibraltar on its south coast, a small peninsula which forms an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. With an area of approximately , it is the second largest European peninsula, after the Scandinavian.

text: The

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Iberia

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: corner

text: of

text: Europe

text: The

text: peninsula

text: is

text: principally

text: divided

text: between

text: Portugal

text: and

text: Spain

text: comprising

text: most

text: of

text: their

text: territory

text: It

text: also

text: includes

text: Andorra

text: and

text: small

text: part

text: of

text: France

text: along

text: the

text: peninsula

text: 's

text: northeastern

text: edge

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Gibraltar

text: on

text: its

text: south

text: coast

text: small

text: peninsula

text: which

text: forms

text: an

text: overseas

text: territory

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: European

text: peninsula

text: after

text: the

text: Scandinavian

text: Gallia Aquitania, also known as Aquitaine or Aquitaine Gaul, was a province of the Roman Empire. It lies in present-day southwest France, where it gives its name to the modern region of Aquitaine. It was bordered by the provinces of Gallia Lugdunensis, Gallia Narbonensis, and Hispania Tarraconensis.

text: Gallia

text: Aquitania

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Aquitaine

text: or

text: Aquitaine

text: Gaul

text: was

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: It

text: lies

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: southwest

text: France

text: where

text: it

text: gives

text: its

text: name

text: to

text: the

text: modern

text: region

text: of

text: Aquitaine

text: It

text: was

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: provinces

text: of

text: Gallia

text: Lugdunensis

text: Gallia

text: Narbonensis

text: and

text: Hispania

text: Tarraconensis

text: Strabo ("Strabn"; 64 or 63 BC) was a Greek geographer, philosopher, and historian who lived in Asia Minor during the transitional period of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

text: Strabo

text: Strabn

text: or

text: BC

text: was

text: Greek

text: geographer

text: philosopher

text: and

text: historian

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: Asia

text: Minor

text: during

text: the

text: transitional

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: into

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Gallia Lugdunensis (French: Gaule Lyonnaise) was a province of the Roman Empire in what is now the modern country of France, part of the Celtic territory of Gaul formerly known as Celtica. It is named after its capital Lugdunum (today's Lyon), possibly Roman Europe's major city west of Italy, and a major imperial mint. Outside Lugdunum was the Condate Altar, where representatives of the Three Gauls met to celebrate the cult of "Rome and Augustus".

text: Gallia

text: Lugdunensis

text: French

text: Gaule

text: Lyonnaise

text: was

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: the

text: modern

text: country

text: of

text: France

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Celtic

text: territory

text: of

text: Gaul

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Celtica

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: its

text: capital

text: Lugdunum

text: today

text: 's

text: Lyon

text: possibly

text: Roman

text: Europe

text: 's

text: major

text: city

text: west

text: of

text: Italy

text: and

text: major

text: imperial

text: mint

text: Outside

text: Lugdunum

text: was

text: the

text: Condate

text: Altar

text: where

text: representatives

text: of

text: the

text: Three

text: Gauls

text: met

text: to

text: celebrate

text: the

text: cult

text: of

text: Rome

text: and

text: Augustus

text: The Battle of the Margus was fought in July 285 between the armies of Roman Emperors Diocletian and Carinus in the valley of the Margus River (today Great Morava) in Moesia (present day Serbia).

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Margus

text: was

text: fought

text: in

text: July

text: between

text: the

text: armies

text: of

text: Roman

text: Emperors

text: Diocletian

text: and

text: Carinus

text: in

text: the

text: valley

text: of

text: the

text: Margus

text: River

text: today

text: Great

text: Morava

text: in

text: Moesia

text: present

text: day

text: Serbia

text: The Bay of Biscay (Basque: "Bizkaiko Golkoa," ) is a gulf of the northeast Atlantic Ocean located south of the Celtic Sea. It lies along the western coast of France from Brest south to the Spanish border, and the northern coast of Spain west to Cape Ortegal.

text: The

text: Bay

text: of

text: Biscay

text: Basque

text: Bizkaiko

text: Golkoa

text: is

text: gulf

text: of

text: the

text: northeast

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: located

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: It

text: lies

text: along

text: the

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: France

text: from

text: Brest

text: south

text: to

text: the

text: Spanish

text: border

text: and

text: the

text: northern

text: coast

text: of

text: Spain

text: west

text: to

text: Cape

text: Ortegal

text: A natural border is a border between states or their subdivisions which is concomitant with natural formations such as rivers, mountain ranges, or deserts. The "doctrine of natural boundaries" developed in Western culture in the 17th century being based upon the "natural" ideas of Rousseau and developing concepts of nationalism. The similar concept in China developed earlier from natural zones of control.

text: natural

text: border

text: is

text: border

text: between

text: states

text: or

text: their

text: subdivisions

text: which

text: is

text: concomitant

text: with

text: natural

text: formations

text: such

text: as

text: rivers

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: or

text: deserts

text: The

text: doctrine

text: of

text: natural

text: boundaries

text: developed

text: in

text: Western

text: culture

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: being

text: based

text: upon

text: the

text: natural

text: ideas

text: of

text: Rousseau

text: and

text: developing

text: concepts

text: of

text: nationalism

text: The

text: similar

text: concept

text: in

text: China

text: developed

text: earlier

text: from

text: natural

text: zones

text: of

text: control

text: Hispania Tarraconensis was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania. It encompassed much of the Mediterranean coast of modern Spain along with the central plateau. Southern Spain, the region now called Andalusia, was the province of "Hispania Baetica". On the Atlantic west lay the province of Lusitania, partially coincident with modern-day Portugal.

text: Hispania

text: Tarraconensis

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: Roman

text: provinces

text: in

text: Hispania

text: It

text: encompassed

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: coast

text: of

text: modern

text: Spain

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: central

text: plateau

text: Southern

text: Spain

text: the

text: region

text: now

text: called

text: Andalusia

text: was

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Hispania

text: Baetica

text: On

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: west

text: lay

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Lusitania

text: partially

text: coincident

text: with

text: modern

text: day

text: Portugal

text: The Mediterranean Sea (pronounced ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a separate body of water.

text: The

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: pronounced

text: is

text: sea

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Basin

text: and

text: almost

text: completely

text: enclosed

text: by

text: land

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: Southern

text: Europe

text: and

text: Anatolia

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Levant

text: The

text: sea

text: is

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: although

text: it

text: is

text: usually

text: identified

text: as

text: separate

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: Gallia Narbonensis (Latin for "Gaul of Narbonne", from its chief settlement) was a Roman province located in what is now Languedoc and Provence, in southern France. It was also known as Provincia Nostra ("our Province"), from its having been the first Roman province north of the Alps, and as Gallia Transalpina ("Transalpine Gaul"), distinguishing it from Cisalpine Gaul in northern Italy. It became a Roman province in the late 2nd century BC. Its boundaries were roughly defined by the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Cévennes and Alps to the north and west. The western region of Gallia Narbonensis was known as Septimania.

text: Gallia

text: Narbonensis

text: Latin

text: for

text: Gaul

text: of

text: Narbonne

text: from

text: its

text: chief

text: settlement

text: was

text: Roman

text: province

text: located

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Languedoc

text: and

text: Provence

text: in

text: southern

text: France

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Provincia

text: Nostra

text: our

text: Province

text: from

text: its

text: having

text: been

text: the

text: first

text: Roman

text: province

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Alps

text: and

text: as

text: Gallia

text: Transalpina

text: Transalpine

text: Gaul

text: distinguishing

text: it

text: from

text: Cisalpine

text: Gaul

text: in

text: northern

text: Italy

text: It

text: became

text: Roman

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: BC

text: Its

text: boundaries

text: were

text: roughly

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Cévennes

text: and

text: Alps

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: west

text: The

text: western

text: region

text: of

text: Gallia

text: Narbonensis

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: Septimania

text: Cap de Creus is a peninsula and a headland located at the far northeast of Catalonia, some south from the French border. The cape lies in the municipal area of Cadaqués, and the nearest large town is Figueres, capital of the Alt Empordà and birthplace of Salvador Dalí. Cap de Creus is the easternmost point of Catalonia and therefore of mainland Spain and the Iberian Peninsula.

text: Cap

text: de

text: Creus

text: is

text: peninsula

text: and

text: headland

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: far

text: northeast

text: of

text: Catalonia

text: some

text: south

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: border

text: The

text: cape

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: municipal

text: area

text: of

text: Cadaqués

text: and

text: the

text: nearest

text: large

text: town

text: is

text: Figueres

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Alt

text: Empordà

text: and

text: birthplace

text: of

text: Salvador

text: Dalí

text: Cap

text: de

text: Creus

text: is

text: the

text: easternmost

text: point

text: of

text: Catalonia

text: and

text: therefore

text: of

text: mainland

text: Spain

text: and

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: The Roman Empire (Koine and Medieval Greek:   , tr. ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title "Augustus", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Koine

text: and

text: Medieval

text: Greek

text: tr

text: was

text: the

text: post

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: characterized

text: by

text: government

text: headed

text: by

text: emperors

text: and

text: large

text: territorial

text: holdings

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: in

text: Europe

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: BC

text: AD

text: with

text: Constantinople

text: New

text: Rome

text: becoming

text: the

text: largest

text: around

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: populace

text: grew

text: to

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: old

text: republic

text: which

text: preceded

text: it

text: was

text: severely

text: destabilized

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: and

text: political

text: conflict

text: during

text: which

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: perpetual

text: dictator

text: and

text: then

text: assassinated

text: in

text: BC

text: Civil

text: wars

text: and

text: executions

text: continued

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: victory

text: of

text: Octavian

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: adopted

text: son

text: over

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: Cleopatra

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: power

text: was

text: then

text: unassailable

text: and

text: in

text: BC

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: formally

text: granted

text: him

text: overarching

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: title

text: Augustus

text: effectively

text: marking

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: Gaius Julius Caesar (13 July 100 BC  15 March 44 BC), known as Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician, general, and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.

text: Gaius

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: July

text: BC

text: March

text: BC

text: known

text: as

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: was

text: Roman

text: politician

text: general

text: and

text: notable

text: author

text: of

text: Latin

text: prose

text: He

text: played

text: critical

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: events

text: that

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: demise

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: and

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Aquitaine ( Poitevin-Saintongeais : "Aguiéne"), archaic "Guyenne"/"Guienne" (Occitan: "Guiana") was a traditional region of France, and was an administrative region of France until 1 January 2016. It is now part of the new region Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is situated in the south-western part of Metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain. It is composed of the five departments of Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Landes and Gironde. In the Middle Ages, Aquitaine was a kingdom and a duchy, whose boundaries fluctuated considerably.

text: Aquitaine

text: Poitevin

text: Saintongeais

text: Aguiéne

text: archaic

text: Guyenne"/"Guienne

text: Occitan

text: Guiana

text: was

text: traditional

text: region

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: was

text: an

text: administrative

text: region

text: of

text: France

text: until

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: now

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: region

text: Nouvelle

text: Aquitaine

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: Metropolitan

text: France

text: along

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: the

text: Pyrenees

text: mountain

text: range

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: Spain

text: It

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: departments

text: of

text: Dordogne

text: Lot

text: et

text: Garonne

text: Pyrénées

text: Atlantiques

text: Landes

text: and

text: Gironde

text: In

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Aquitaine

text: was

text: kingdom

text: and

text: duchy

text: whose

text: boundaries

text: fluctuated

text: considerably

text: The Aquitanians (Latin: Aquitani) were a people living in what is now southern Aquitaine and southwestern Midi-Pyrénées, France, called Gallia Aquitania by the Romans in the region between the Pyrenees, the Atlantic ocean, and the Garonne, present-day southwestern France. They were an ancient non-Indo-European population that lived in the northern slopes of the Pyrenees. They spoke the Aquitanian language, related to Old Basque. Classical authors such as Julius Caesar and Strabo clearly distinguish them from the other peoples of Gaul and Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula). With the process of Romanization, in the centuries of Roman Empire, they adopted the Latin Language (Vulgar Latin) and Roman civilization. Their old language, the Aquitanian language, was the substrate for the Gascon language (one of the Romance languages) spoken in Gascony.

text: The

text: Aquitanians

text: Latin

text: Aquitani

text: were

text: people

text: living

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: southern

text: Aquitaine

text: and

text: southwestern

text: Midi

text: Pyrénées

text: France

text: called

text: Gallia

text: Aquitania

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: between

text: the

text: Pyrenees

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: ocean

text: and

text: the

text: Garonne

text: present

text: day

text: southwestern

text: France

text: They

text: were

text: an

text: ancient

text: non

text: Indo

text: European

text: population

text: that

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: slopes

text: of

text: the

text: Pyrenees

text: They

text: spoke

text: the

text: Aquitanian

text: language

text: related

text: to

text: Old

text: Basque

text: Classical

text: authors

text: such

text: as

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: and

text: Strabo

text: clearly

text: distinguish

text: them

text: from

text: the

text: other

text: peoples

text: of

text: Gaul

text: and

text: Hispania

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: With

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: Romanization

text: in

text: the

text: centuries

text: of

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: they

text: adopted

text: the

text: Latin

text: Language

text: Vulgar

text: Latin

text: and

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: Their

text: old

text: language

text: the

text: Aquitanian

text: language

text: was

text: the

text: substrate

text: for

text: the

text: Gascon

text: language

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Romance

text: languages

text: spoken

text: in

text: Gascony

text: The Pyrenees (, , , , or ) is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between France and Spain. Reaching a height of altitude at the peak of Aneto, the range separates the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe, and extends for about from the Bay of Biscay (Cap Higuer) to the Mediterranean Sea (Cap de Creus).

text: The

text: Pyrenees

text: or

text: is

text: range

text: of

text: mountains

text: in

text: southwest

text: Europe

text: that

text: forms

text: natural

text: border

text: between

text: France

text: and

text: Spain

text: Reaching

text: height

text: of

text: altitude

text: at

text: the

text: peak

text: of

text: Aneto

text: the

text: range

text: separates

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: from

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: continental

text: Europe

text: and

text: extends

text: for

text: about

text: from

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Biscay

text: Cap

text: Higuer

text: to

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Cap

text: de

text: Creus

text: The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the "New World".

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceans

text: with

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: It

text: covers

text: approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: and

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: water

text: surface

text: area

text: It

text: separates

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: from

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: Midi-Pyrénées (Occitan: "Miègjorn-Pirenèus" or "Mieidia-Pirenèus") is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Occitanie. It was the largest region of Metropolitan France by area, larger than the Netherlands or Denmark.

text: Midi

text: Pyrénées

text: Occitan

text: Miègjorn

text: Pirenèus

text: or

text: Mieidia

text: Pirenèus

text: is

text: former

text: administrative

text: region

text: of

text: France

text: Since

text: January

text: it

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: region

text: Occitanie

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: region

text: of

text: Metropolitan

text: France

text: by

text: area

text: larger

text: than

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: or

text: Denmark

text: The Aquitanian language was spoken on both sides of the western Pyrenees in ancient Aquitaine (approximately between the Pyrenees and the Garonne, the region later known as Gascony) and in the areas south of the Pyrenees in the valleys of the Basque Country before the Roman conquest. It probably survived in Aquitania until the Early Middle Ages.

text: The

text: Aquitanian

text: language

text: was

text: spoken

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: western

text: Pyrenees

text: in

text: ancient

text: Aquitaine

text: approximately

text: between

text: the

text: Pyrenees

text: and

text: the

text: Garonne

text: the

text: region

text: later

text: known

text: as

text: Gascony

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: areas

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Pyrenees

text: in

text: the

text: valleys

text: of

text: the

text: Basque

text: Country

text: before

text: the

text: Roman

text: conquest

text: It

text: probably

text: survived

text: in

text: Aquitania

text: until

text: the

text: Early

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Gascony (Gascon: "Gasconha" ) is an area of southwest France that was part of the "Province of Guyenne and Gascony" prior to the French Revolution. The region is vaguely defined, and the distinction between Guyenne and Gascony is unclear; by some they are seen to overlap, while others consider Gascony a part of Guyenne. Most definitions put Gascony east and south of Bordeaux.

text: Gascony

text: Gascon

text: Gasconha

text: is

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: southwest

text: France

text: that

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Guyenne

text: and

text: Gascony

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: The

text: region

text: is

text: vaguely

text: defined

text: and

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: Guyenne

text: and

text: Gascony

text: is

text: unclear

text: by

text: some

text: they

text: are

text: seen

text: to

text: overlap

text: while

text: others

text: consider

text: Gascony

text: part

text: of

text: Guyenne

text: Most

text: definitions

text: put

text: Gascony

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: Bordeaux

text: Latin (Latin: ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets.

text: Latin

text: Latin

text: is

text: classical

text: language

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Italic

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: The

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Etruscan

text: and

text: Greek

text: alphabets

text: The Principate is the name sometimes given to the first period of the Roman Empire from the beginning of the reign of Augustus in about 30 BC to the Crisis of the Third Century in 284 AD, after which it evolved into the so-called "Dominate".

text: The

text: Principate

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: sometimes

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: from

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Augustus

text: in

text: about

text: BC

text: to

text: the

text: Crisis

text: of

text: the

text: Third

text: Century

text: in

text: AD

text: after

text: which

text: it

text: evolved

text: into

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: Dominate

text: Hispania was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. Under the Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. During the Principate, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Baetica and Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Tarraconensis. Subsequently, the western part of Tarraconensis was split off, first as Hispania Nova, later renamed Callaecia (or Gallaecia, whence modern Galicia). From Diocletian's Tetrarchy (AD 284) onwards, the south of remaining Tarraconensis was again split off as Carthaginensis, and probably then too the Balearic Islands and all the resulting provinces formed one civil diocese under the "vicarius" for the Hispaniae (that is, the Celtic provinces). The name, Hispania, was also used in the period of Visigothic rule.

text: Hispania

text: was

text: the

text: Roman

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: Under

text: the

text: Republic

text: Hispania

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: provinces

text: Hispania

text: Citerior

text: and

text: Hispania

text: Ulterior

text: During

text: the

text: Principate

text: Hispania

text: Ulterior

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: new

text: provinces

text: Baetica

text: and

text: Lusitania

text: while

text: Hispania

text: Citerior

text: was

text: renamed

text: Tarraconensis

text: Subsequently

text: the

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: Tarraconensis

text: was

text: split

text: off

text: first

text: as

text: Hispania

text: Nova

text: later

text: renamed

text: Callaecia

text: or

text: Gallaecia

text: whence

text: modern

text: Galicia

text: From

text: Diocletian

text: 's

text: Tetrarchy

text: AD

text: onwards

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: remaining

text: Tarraconensis

text: was

text: again

text: split

text: off

text: as

text: Carthaginensis

text: and

text: probably

text: then

text: too

text: the

text: Balearic

text: Islands

text: and

text: all

text: the

text: resulting

text: provinces

text: formed

text: one

text: civil

text: diocese

text: under

text: the

text: vicarius

text: for

text: the

text: Hispaniae

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: Celtic

text: provinces

text: The

text: name

text: Hispania

text: was

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: Visigothic

text: rule

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: The Garonne (; in Occitan, Catalan, Portuguese and Spanish: "Garona"; or "Garunna") is a river in southwest France and northern Spain, with a length of . It flows into the Atlantic Ocean at Bordeaux.

text: The

text: Garonne

text: in

text: Occitan

text: Catalan

text: Portuguese

text: and

text: Spanish

text: Garona

text: or

text: Garunna

text: is

text: river

text: in

text: southwest

text: France

text: and

text: northern

text: Spain

text: with

text: length

text: of

text: It

text: flows

text: into

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: at

text: Bordeaux

text: The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period (starting in 27 BC). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history. Often when a given Roman is described as becoming "emperor" in English, it reflects his taking of the title "Augustus" or "Caesar". Another title often used was "imperator", originally a military honorific. Early Emperors also used the title "princeps" (first citizen). Emperors frequently amassed republican titles, notably "Princeps Senatus", "Consul" and "Pontifex Maximus".

text: The

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: was

text: the

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: during

text: the

text: imperial

text: period

text: starting

text: in

text: BC

text: The

text: emperors

text: used

text: variety

text: of

text: different

text: titles

text: throughout

text: history

text: Often

text: when

text: given

text: Roman

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: becoming

text: emperor

text: in

text: English

text: it

text: reflects

text: his

text: taking

text: of

text: the

text: title

text: Augustus

text: or

text: Caesar

text: Another

text: title

text: often

text: used

text: was

text: imperator

text: originally

text: military

text: honorific

text: Early

text: Emperors

text: also

text: used

text: the

text: title

text: princeps

text: first

text: citizen

text: Emperors

text: frequently

text: amassed

text: republican

text: titles

text: notably

text: Princeps

text: Senatus

text: Consul

text: and

text: Pontifex

text: Maximus

text: Augustus (23 September 63 BC  19 August 14 AD) was the founder of the Roman Principate and considered the first Emperor, controlling the Roman Empire from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.

text: Augustus

text: September

text: BC

text: August

text: AD

text: was

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Principate

text: and

text: considered

text: the

text: first

text: Emperor

text: controlling

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: from

text: BC

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: AD

text: Novempopulania ( Latin for `` country of the nine peoples '' ) was one of the provinces created by Diocletian out of Gallia Aquitania , being also called Aquitania Tertia . The area of Novempopulania was historically the first one to receive the name of Aquitania , as it was here where the original Aquitani dwelt primarily . The territory extended within the triangular area outlined by the River Garonna , the Pyrenees and the ocean , as described by Caesar in De bello gallico for Gallia Aquitania . In his work , Caesar describes the Aquitani as being different in language and body make - up from their northerly neighbours and more similar to the Iberians . Yet province Aquitania was enlarged by Augustus , and it began to signify a larger and more diverse territory .

text: Novempopulania

text: Latin

text: for

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: peoples

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: provinces

text: created

text: by

text: Diocletian

text: out

text: of

text: Gallia

text: Aquitania

text: being

text: also

text: called

text: Aquitania

text: Tertia

text: The

text: area

text: of

text: Novempopulania

text: was

text: historically

text: the

text: first

text: one

text: to

text: receive

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: Aquitania

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: here

text: where

text: the

text: original

text: Aquitani

text: dwelt

text: primarily

text: The

text: territory

text: extended

text: within

text: the

text: triangular

text: area

text: outlined

text: by

text: the

text: River

text: Garonna

text: the

text: Pyrenees

text: and

text: the

text: ocean

text: as

text: described

text: by

text: Caesar

text: in

text: De

text: bello

text: gallico

text: for

text: Gallia

text: Aquitania

text: In

text: his

text: work

text: Caesar

text: describes

text: the

text: Aquitani

text: as

text: being

text: different

text: in

text: language

text: and

text: body

text: make

text: up

text: from

text: their

text: northerly

text: neighbours

text: and

text: more

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: Iberians

text: Yet

text: province

text: Aquitania

text: was

text: enlarged

text: by

text: Augustus

text: and

text: it

text: began

text: to

text: signify

text: larger

text: and

text: more

text: diverse

text: territory

text:
Gaul (Latin: "Gallia") was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands, Central Italy and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine. It covered an area of 190,800 mi² or 494,169 km². According to the testimony of Julius Caesar, Gaul was divided into three parts: Gallia Celtica, Belgica and Aquitania.
Archaeologically, the Gauls were bearers of the La Tène culture, which extended across all of Gaul, as well as east to Raetia, Noricum, Pannonia and southwestern Germania during the 5th to 1st centuries BC.
During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, Gaul fell under Roman rule: Gallia Cisalpina was conquered in 203 BC and Gallia Narbonensis in 123 BC. Gaul was invaded after 120 BC by the Cimbri and the Teutons, who were in turn defeated by the Romans by 103 BC. Julius Caesar finally subdued the remaining parts of Gaul in his campaigns of 58 to 51 BC.

text: Gaul

text: Latin

text: Gallia

text: was

text: region

text: of

text: Western

text: Europe

text: during

text: the

text: Iron

text: Age

text: that

text: was

text: inhabited

text: by

text: Celtic

text: tribes

text: encompassing

text: present

text: day

text: France

text: Luxembourg

text: Belgium

text: most

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: Northern

text: Italy

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Central

text: Italy

text: and

text: Germany

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: It

text: covered

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: or

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: testimony

text: of

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: Gaul

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: parts

text: Gallia

text: Celtica

text: Belgica

text: and

text: Aquitania

text: Archaeologically

text: the

text: Gauls

text: were

text: bearers

text: of

text: the

text: La

text: Tène

text: culture

text: which

text: extended

text: across

text: all

text: of

text: Gaul

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: east

text: to

text: Raetia

text: Noricum

text: Pannonia

text: and

text: southwestern

text: Germania

text: during

text: the

text: to

text: centuries

text: BC

text: During

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: BC

text: Gaul

text: fell

text: under

text: Roman

text: rule

text: Gallia

text: Cisalpina

text: was

text: conquered

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: Gallia

text: Narbonensis

text: in

text: BC

text: Gaul

text: was

text: invaded

text: after

text: BC

text: by

text: the

text: Cimbri

text: and

text: the

text: Teutons

text: who

text: were

text: in

text: turn

text: defeated

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: by

text: BC

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: finally

text: subdued

text: the

text: remaining

text: parts

text: of

text: Gaul

text: in

text: his

text: campaigns

text: of

text: to

text: BC

text: The Indo-European languages are a language family of several hundred related languages and dialects. There are about 445 living Indo-European languages, according to the estimate by "Ethnologue", with over two-thirds (313) of them belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch. The most widely spoken Indo-European languages by native speakers are Spanish, English, Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu), Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, Persian and Punjabi, each with over 100 million speakers. Today, 46% of the human population speaks an Indo-European language natively, by far the highest of any language family.

text: The

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: are

text: language

text: family

text: of

text: several

text: hundred

text: related

text: languages

text: and

text: dialects

text: There

text: are

text: about

text: living

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: estimate

text: by

text: Ethnologue

text: with

text: over

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: them

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Indo

text: Iranian

text: branch

text: The

text: most

text: widely

text: spoken

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: by

text: native

text: speakers

text: are

text: Spanish

text: English

text: Hindustani

text: Hindi

text: and

text: Urdu

text: Portuguese

text: Bengali

text: Russian

text: Persian

text: and

text: Punjabi

text: each

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: speakers

text: Today

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: speaks

text: an

text: Indo

text: European

text: language

text: natively

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: highest

text: of

text: any

text: language

text: family

text: A Gallus (pl. Galli) was a eunuch priest of the Phrygian goddess Cybele and her consort Attis, whose worship was incorporated into the state religious practices of ancient Rome.

text: Gallus

text: pl

text: Galli

text: was

text: eunuch

text: priest

text: of

text: the

text: Phrygian

text: goddess

text: Cybele

text: and

text: her

text: consort

text: Attis

text: whose

text: worship

text: was

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: state

text: religious

text: practices

text: of

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

annotations: follows multiple

question: country novempopulania

answer: ancient rome

text: ancient rome


text: Georges Thines , a Belgian scientist , was awarded the Francqui Prize on Human Sciences in 1971 for his work on experimental psychology at the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology of the Universite Catholique de Louvain .

text: Georges

text: Thines

text: Belgian

text: scientist

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Francqui

text: Prize

text: on

text: Human

text: Sciences

text: in

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: on

text: experimental

text: psychology

text: at

text: the

text: Laboratory

text: of

text: Experimental

text: Psychology

text: of

text: the

text: Universite

text: Catholique

text: de

text: Louvain

text: The Francqui Foundation was founded in 1932 by Emile Francqui and Herbert Hoover with the goal "to further the development of higher education and scientific research in Belgium". The foundation is a private foundation under the legal form of a Belgian "Institution of Public Utility". The Francqui Foundation wants to encourage the prestige of disinterested fundamental research.

text: The

text: Francqui

text: Foundation

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Emile

text: Francqui

text: and

text: Herbert

text: Hoover

text: with

text: the

text: goal

text: to

text: further

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: and

text: scientific

text: research

text: in

text: Belgium

text: The

text: foundation

text: is

text: private

text: foundation

text: under

text: the

text: legal

text: form

text: of

text: Belgian

text: Institution

text: of

text: Public

text: Utility

text: The

text: Francqui

text: Foundation

text: wants

text: to

text: encourage

text: the

text: prestige

text: of

text: disinterested

text: fundamental

text: research

text: The Francqui Prize is a prestigious Belgian scholarly and scientific prize named after Émile Francqui. Normally annually since 1933, the Francqui Foundation awards it in recognition of the achievements of a scholar or scientist, who at the start of the year still had to be under 50. It currently represents a sum of 250,000 Euros and is awarded in the following three-year rotation of subjects: exact sciences, social sciences or humanities, and biological or medical sciences.

text: The

text: Francqui

text: Prize

text: is

text: prestigious

text: Belgian

text: scholarly

text: and

text: scientific

text: prize

text: named

text: after

text: Émile

text: Francqui

text: Normally

text: annually

text: since

text: the

text: Francqui

text: Foundation

text: awards

text: it

text: in

text: recognition

text: of

text: the

text: achievements

text: of

text: scholar

text: or

text: scientist

text: who

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: still

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: under

text: It

text: currently

text: represents

text: sum

text: of

text: Euros

text: and

text: is

text: awarded

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: three

text: year

text: rotation

text: of

text: subjects

text: exact

text: sciences

text: social

text: sciences

text: or

text: humanities

text: and

text: biological

text: or

text: medical

text: sciences

text: Social science is a major category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society. It in turn has many branches, each of which is considered a "social science". The main social sciences include economics, political science, human geography, demography, and sociology. In a wider sense, social science also includes some fields in the humanities such as anthropology, archaeology, jurisprudence, history, and linguistics. The term is also sometimes used to refer specifically to the field of sociology, the original 'science of society', established in the 19th century. A more detailed list of sub-disciplines within the social sciences can be found at Outline of social science.

text: Social

text: science

text: is

text: major

text: category

text: of

text: academic

text: disciplines

text: concerned

text: with

text: society

text: and

text: the

text: relationships

text: among

text: individuals

text: within

text: society

text: It

text: in

text: turn

text: has

text: many

text: branches

text: each

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: considered

text: social

text: science

text: The

text: main

text: social

text: sciences

text: include

text: economics

text: political

text: science

text: human

text: geography

text: demography

text: and

text: sociology

text: In

text: wider

text: sense

text: social

text: science

text: also

text: includes

text: some

text: fields

text: in

text: the

text: humanities

text: such

text: as

text: anthropology

text: archaeology

text: jurisprudence

text: history

text: and

text: linguistics

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: also

text: sometimes

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: specifically

text: to

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: sociology

text: the

text: original

text: science

text: of

text: society

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: more

text: detailed

text: list

text: of

text: sub

text: disciplines

text: within

text: the

text: social

text: sciences

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: at

text: Outline

text: of

text: social

text: science

text: Medicine (British English ; American English ) is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. The word "medicine" is derived from Latin "medicus", meaning "a physician". Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

text: Medicine

text: British

text: English

text: American

text: English

text: is

text: the

text: science

text: and

text: practice

text: of

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: treatment

text: and

text: prevention

text: of

text: disease

text: The

text: word

text: medicine

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: Latin

text: medicus

text: meaning

text: physician

text: Medicine

text: encompasses

text: variety

text: of

text: health

text: care

text: practices

text: evolved

text: to

text: maintain

text: and

text: restore

text: health

text: by

text: the

text: prevention

text: and

text: treatment

text: of

text: illness

text: Contemporary

text: medicine

text: applies

text: biomedical

text: sciences

text: biomedical

text: research

text: genetics

text: and

text: medical

text: technology

text: to

text: diagnose

text: treat

text: and

text: prevent

text: injury

text: and

text: disease

text: typically

text: through

text: pharmaceuticals

text: or

text: surgery

text: but

text: also

text: through

text: therapies

text: as

text: diverse

text: as

text: psychotherapy

text: external

text: splints

text: and

text: traction

text: medical

text: devices

text: biologics

text: and

text: ionizing

text: radiation

text: amongst

text: others

text: The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency.

text: The

text: euro

text: sign

text: code

text: EUR

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: currency

text: of

text: the

text: eurozone

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Austria

text: Belgium

text: Cyprus

text: Estonia

text: Finland

text: France

text: Germany

text: Greece

text: Ireland

text: Italy

text: Latvia

text: Lithuania

text: Luxembourg

text: Malta

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Portugal

text: Slovakia

text: Slovenia

text: and

text: Spain

text: The

text: currency

text: is

text: also

text: officially

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: institutions

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: four

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: unilaterally

text: by

text: two

text: others

text: and

text: is

text: consequently

text: used

text: daily

text: by

text: some

text: million

text: Europeans

text: Outside

text: of

text: Europe

text: number

text: of

text: overseas

text: territories

text: of

text: EU

text: members

text: also

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: as

text: their

text: currency

text: Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human culture. In the Middle Ages, the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now called classics, the main area of secular study in universities at the time. Today, the humanities are more frequently contrasted with natural and sometimes social sciences as well as professional training.

text: Humanities

text: are

text: academic

text: disciplines

text: that

text: study

text: aspects

text: of

text: human

text: culture

text: In

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: the

text: term

text: contrasted

text: with

text: divinity

text: and

text: referred

text: to

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: called

text: classics

text: the

text: main

text: area

text: of

text: secular

text: study

text: in

text: universities

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: Today

text: the

text: humanities

text: are

text: more

text: frequently

text: contrasted

text: with

text: natural

text: and

text: sometimes

text: social

text: sciences

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: professional

text: training

text:
Psychology is the study of behavior and mind, embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as thought. It is an academic discipline and a social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases. In this field, a professional or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors.
Psychologists explore behavior and mental processes, including perception, cognition, attention, emotion (affect), intelligence, phenomenology, motivation (conation), brain functioning, and personality. This extends to interaction between people, such as interpersonal relationships, including psychological resilience, family resilience, and other areas. Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind. Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables. In addition, or in opposition, to employing empirical and deductive methods, someespecially clinical and counseling psychologistsat times rely upon symbolic interpretation and other inductive techniques. Psychology has been described as a "hub science", with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the social sciences, natural sciences, medicine, humanities, and philosophy.
While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems, it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in several spheres of human activity. By many accounts psychology ultimately aims to benefit society. The majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing in clinical, counseling, or school settings. Many do scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior, and typically work in university psychology departments or teach in other academic settings (e.g., medical schools, hospitals). Some are employed in industrial and organizational settings, or in other areas such as human development and aging, sports, health, and the media, as well as in forensic investigation and other aspects of law.

text: Psychology

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: behavior

text: and

text: mind

text: embracing

text: all

text: aspects

text: of

text: conscious

text: and

text: unconscious

text: experience

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: thought

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: academic

text: discipline

text: and

text: social

text: science

text: which

text: seeks

text: to

text: understand

text: individuals

text: and

text: groups

text: by

text: establishing

text: general

text: principles

text: and

text: researching

text: specific

text: cases

text: In

text: this

text: field

text: professional

text: or

text: researcher

text: is

text: called

text: psychologist

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: as

text: social

text: behavioral

text: or

text: cognitive

text: scientist

text: Psychologists

text: attempt

text: to

text: understand

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: mental

text: functions

text: in

text: individual

text: and

text: social

text: behavior

text: while

text: also

text: exploring

text: the

text: physiological

text: and

text: biological

text: processes

text: that

text: underlie

text: cognitive

text: functions

text: and

text: behaviors

text: Psychologists

text: explore

text: behavior

text: and

text: mental

text: processes

text: including

text: perception

text: cognition

text: attention

text: emotion

text: affect

text: intelligence

text: phenomenology

text: motivation

text: conation

text: brain

text: functioning

text: and

text: personality

text: This

text: extends

text: to

text: interaction

text: between

text: people

text: such

text: as

text: interpersonal

text: relationships

text: including

text: psychological

text: resilience

text: family

text: resilience

text: and

text: other

text: areas

text: Psychologists

text: of

text: diverse

text: orientations

text: also

text: consider

text: the

text: unconscious

text: mind

text: Psychologists

text: employ

text: empirical

text: methods

text: to

text: infer

text: causal

text: and

text: correlational

text: relationships

text: between

text: psychosocial

text: variables

text: In

text: addition

text: or

text: in

text: opposition

text: to

text: employing

text: empirical

text: and

text: deductive

text: methods

text: someespecially

text: clinical

text: and

text: counseling

text: psychologistsat

text: times

text: rely

text: upon

text: symbolic

text: interpretation

text: and

text: other

text: inductive

text: techniques

text: Psychology

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: hub

text: science

text: with

text: psychological

text: findings

text: linking

text: to

text: research

text: and

text: perspectives

text: from

text: the

text: social

text: sciences

text: natural

text: sciences

text: medicine

text: humanities

text: and

text: philosophy

text: While

text: psychological

text: knowledge

text: is

text: often

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: assessment

text: and

text: treatment

text: of

text: mental

text: health

text: problems

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: directed

text: towards

text: understanding

text: and

text: solving

text: problems

text: in

text: several

text: spheres

text: of

text: human

text: activity

text: By

text: many

text: accounts

text: psychology

text: ultimately

text: aims

text: to

text: benefit

text: society

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: psychologists

text: are

text: involved

text: in

text: some

text: kind

text: of

text: therapeutic

text: role

text: practicing

text: in

text: clinical

text: counseling

text: or

text: school

text: settings

text: Many

text: do

text: scientific

text: research

text: on

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: topics

text: related

text: to

text: mental

text: processes

text: and

text: behavior

text: and

text: typically

text: work

text: in

text: university

text: psychology

text: departments

text: or

text: teach

text: in

text: other

text: academic

text: settings

text: e.g.

text: medical

text: schools

text: hospitals

text: Some

text: are

text: employed

text: in

text: industrial

text: and

text: organizational

text: settings

text: or

text: in

text: other

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: human

text: development

text: and

text: aging

text: sports

text: health

text: and

text: the

text: media

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: forensic

text: investigation

text: and

text: other

text: aspects

text: of

text: law

annotations: likely multiple

annotations: follows single

question: country_of_citizenship georges thines

answer: belgium

text: belgium

text: belgium