text: In three-dimensional space, a Platonic solid is a regular, convex polyhedron. It is constructed by congruent regular polygonal faces with the same number of faces meeting at each vertex. Five solids meet those criteria:

text: In

text: three

text: dimensional

text: space

text: Platonic

text: solid

text: is

text: regular

text: convex

text: polyhedron

text: It

text: is

text: constructed

text: by

text: congruent

text: regular

text: polygonal

text: faces

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: number

text: of

text: faces

text: meeting

text: at

text: each

text: vertex

text: Five

text: solids

text: meet

text: those

text: criteria

text: In geometry, a face diagonal of a polyhedron is a diagonal on one of the faces, in contrast to a space diagonal passing through the interior of the polyhedron.

text: In

text: geometry

text: face

text: diagonal

text: of

text: polyhedron

text: is

text: diagonal

text: on

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: faces

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: space

text: diagonal

text: passing

text: through

text: the

text: interior

text: of

text: the

text: polyhedron

text: In Euclidean geometry, a regular polygon is a polygon that is equiangular (all angles are equal in measure) and equilateral (all sides have the same length). Regular polygons may be convex or star. In the limit, a sequence of regular polygons with an increasing number of sides becomes a circle, if the perimeter is fixed, or a regular apeirogon, if the edge length is fixed.

text: In

text: Euclidean

text: geometry

text: regular

text: polygon

text: is

text: polygon

text: that

text: is

text: equiangular

text: all

text: angles

text: are

text: equal

text: in

text: measure

text: and

text: equilateral

text: all

text: sides

text: have

text: the

text: same

text: length

text: Regular

text: polygons

text: may

text: be

text: convex

text: or

text: star

text: In

text: the

text: limit

text: sequence

text: of

text: regular

text: polygons

text: with

text: an

text: increasing

text: number

text: of

text: sides

text: becomes

text: circle

text: if

text: the

text: perimeter

text: is

text: fixed

text: or

text: regular

text: apeirogon

text: if

text: the

text: edge

text: length

text: is

text: fixed

text: A regular dodecahedron or pentagonal dodecahedron is a dodecahedron that is regular composed of twelve regular pentagonal faces, with three meeting at each vertex, and is represented by the Schläfli symbol {5,3}. It is one of the five Platonic solids. It has 12 faces, 20 vertices, 30 edges, and 160 diagonals (60 face diagonals, 100 space diagonals).

text: regular

text: dodecahedron

text: or

text: pentagonal

text: dodecahedron

text: is

text: dodecahedron

text: that

text: is

text: regular

text: composed

text: of

text: twelve

text: regular

text: pentagonal

text: faces

text: with

text: three

text: meeting

text: at

text: each

text: vertex

text: and

text: is

text: represented

text: by

text: the

text: Schläfli

text: symbol

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: Platonic

text: solids

text: It

text: has

text: faces

text: vertices

text: edges

text: and

text: diagonals

text: face

text: diagonals

text: space

text: diagonals

text: In geometry , a dodecahedron ( Greek  , from  ddeka `` twelve '' +  hédra `` base '' , `` seat '' or `` face '' ) is any polyhedron with twelve flat faces . The most familiar dodecahedron is the regular dodecahedron , which is a Platonic solid . There are also three regular star dodecahedra , which are constructed as stellations of the convex form . All of these have icosahedral symmetry , order 120 . The pyritohedron is an irregular pentagonal dodecahedron , having the same topology as the regular one but pyritohedral symmetry while the tetartoid has tetrahedral symmetry . The rhombic dodecahedron , seen as a limiting case of the pyritohedron has octahedral symmetry . The elongated dodecahedron and trapezo - rhombic dodecahedron variations , along with the rhombic dodecahedra are space - filling . There are a large number of other dodecahedra .

text: In

text: geometry

text: dodecahedron

text: Greek

text: from

text: ddeka

text: twelve

text: hédra

text: base

text: seat

text: or

text: face

text: is

text: any

text: polyhedron

text: with

text: twelve

text: flat

text: faces

text: The

text: most

text: familiar

text: dodecahedron

text: is

text: the

text: regular

text: dodecahedron

text: which

text: is

text: Platonic

text: solid

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: three

text: regular

text: star

text: dodecahedra

text: which

text: are

text: constructed

text: as

text: stellations

text: of

text: the

text: convex

text: form

text: All

text: of

text: these

text: have

text: icosahedral

text: symmetry

text: order

text: The

text: pyritohedron

text: is

text: an

text: irregular

text: pentagonal

text: dodecahedron

text: having

text: the

text: same

text: topology

text: as

text: the

text: regular

text: one

text: but

text: pyritohedral

text: symmetry

text: while

text: the

text: tetartoid

text: has

text: tetrahedral

text: symmetry

text: The

text: rhombic

text: dodecahedron

text: seen

text: as

text: limiting

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: pyritohedron

text: has

text: octahedral

text: symmetry

text: The

text: elongated

text: dodecahedron

text: and

text: trapezo

text: rhombic

text: dodecahedron

text: variations

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: rhombic

text: dodecahedra

text: are

text: space

text: filling

text: There

text: are

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: dodecahedra

text: In elementary geometry, a polyhedron (plural polyhedra or polyhedrons) is a solid in three dimensions with flat polygonal faces, straight edges and sharp corners or vertices. The word polyhedron comes from the Classical Greek , as "poly-" (stem of , "many") + "-hedron" (form of , "base" or "seat").

text: In

text: elementary

text: geometry

text: polyhedron

text: plural

text: polyhedra

text: or

text: polyhedrons

text: is

text: solid

text: in

text: three

text: dimensions

text: with

text: flat

text: polygonal

text: faces

text: straight

text: edges

text: and

text: sharp

text: corners

text: or

text: vertices

text: The

text: word

text: polyhedron

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Classical

text: Greek

text: as

text: poly-

text: stem

text: of

text: many

text: -hedron

text: form

text: of

text: base

text: or

text: seat

text: In geometry, a pentagon (from the Greek  "pente" and  "gonia", meaning "five" and "angle") is any five-sided polygon or 5-gon. The sum of the internal angles in a simple pentagon is 540°.

text: In

text: geometry

text: pentagon

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: pente

text: and

text: gonia

text: meaning

text: five

text: and

text: angle

text: is

text: any

text: five

text: sided

text: polygon

text: or

text: The

text: sum

text: of

text: the

text: internal

text: angles

text: in

text: simple

text: pentagon

text: is

text: The Multinational Aircrew Electronic Warfare Tactics Facility Polygone - POLYGON is an Electronic Warfare Tactics Range located on the border between Germany and France. It is a tri-national facility operated by France, Germany and the United States.

text: The

text: Multinational

text: Aircrew

text: Electronic

text: Warfare

text: Tactics

text: Facility

text: Polygone

text: POLYGON

text: is

text: an

text: Electronic

text: Warfare

text: Tactics

text: Range

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: Germany

text: and

text: France

text: It

text: is

text: tri

text: national

text: facility

text: operated

text: by

text: France

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: A regular icosahedron has 60 rotational (or orientation-preserving) symmetries, and a symmetry order of 120 including transformations that combine a reflection and a rotation. A regular dodecahedron has the same set of symmetries, since it is the dual of the icosahedron.

text: regular

text: icosahedron

text: has

text: rotational

text: or

text: orientation

text: preserving

text: symmetries

text: and

text: symmetry

text: order

text: of

text: including

text: transformations

text: that

text: combine

text: reflection

text: and

text: rotation

text: regular

text: dodecahedron

text: has

text: the

text: same

text: set

text: of

text: symmetries

text: since

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: dual

text: of

text: the

text: icosahedron

text: In geometry a space diagonal (also interior diagonal, body diagonal or triagonal) of a polyhedron is a line connecting two vertices that are not on the same face. Space diagonals contrast with face diagonals, which connect vertices on the same face (but not on the same edge) as each other.

text: In

text: geometry

text: space

text: diagonal

text: also

text: interior

text: diagonal

text: body

text: diagonal

text: or

text: triagonal

text: of

text: polyhedron

text: is

text: line

text: connecting

text: two

text: vertices

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: face

text: Space

text: diagonals

text: contrast

text: with

text: face

text: diagonals

text: which

text: connect

text: vertices

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: face

text: but

text: not

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: edge

text: as

text: each

text: other

annotations: follows single

question: has_facet_polytope dodecahedron

answer: polygon

text: polygon

text: polygon

text: polygon

text: polygon


text: The Old Persian language is one of the two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan). Old Persian appears primarily in the inscriptions, clay tablets, and seals of the Achaemenid era (c. 600 BCE to 300 BCE). Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now present-day Iran, Romania (Gherla), Armenia, Bahrain, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt, the most important attestation by far being the contents of the Behistun Inscription (dated to 525 BCE). Recent research into the vast Persepolis Fortification Archive at the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago have unearthed Old Persian tablets (2007). This new text shows that the Old Persian language was a written language in use for practical recording and not only for royal display.

text: The

text: Old

text: Persian

text: language

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: directly

text: attested

text: Old

text: Iranian

text: languages

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: Avestan

text: Old

text: Persian

text: appears

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: inscriptions

text: clay

text: tablets

text: and

text: seals

text: of

text: the

text: Achaemenid

text: era

text: BCE

text: to

text: BCE

text: Examples

text: of

text: Old

text: Persian

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: present

text: day

text: Iran

text: Romania

text: Gherla

text: Armenia

text: Bahrain

text: Iraq

text: Turkey

text: and

text: Egypt

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: attestation

text: by

text: far

text: being

text: the

text: contents

text: of

text: the

text: Behistun

text: Inscription

text: dated

text: to

text: BCE

text: Recent

text: research

text: into

text: the

text: vast

text: Persepolis

text: Fortification

text: Archive

text: at

text: the

text: Oriental

text: Institute

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: have

text: unearthed

text: Old

text: Persian

text: tablets

text: This

text: new

text: text

text: shows

text: that

text: the

text: Old

text: Persian

text: language

text: was

text: written

text: language

text: in

text: use

text: for

text: practical

text: recording

text: and

text: not

text: only

text: for

text: royal

text: display

text: The Sasanian Empire (or ), also known as Sassanian, Sasanid, Sassanid or Neo-Persian Empire), known to its inhabitants as rnshahr in Middle Persian, was the last imperial dynasty in Persia (Iran) before the rise of Islam, ruled by and named after the Sasanian dynasty from 224 to 651 AD. The Sasanian Empire, which succeeded the Parthian Empire, was recognized as one of the leading world powers alongside its neighboring arch-rival the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than 400 years.

text: The

text: Sasanian

text: Empire

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Sassanian

text: Sasanid

text: Sassanid

text: or

text: Neo

text: Persian

text: Empire

text: known

text: to

text: its

text: inhabitants

text: as

text: rnshahr

text: in

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: in

text: Persia

text: Iran

text: before

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: Islam

text: ruled

text: by

text: and

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Sasanian

text: dynasty

text: from

text: to

text: AD

text: The

text: Sasanian

text: Empire

text: which

text: succeeded

text: the

text: Parthian

text: Empire

text: was

text: recognized

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: world

text: powers

text: alongside

text: its

text: neighboring

text: arch

text: rival

text: the

text: Roman

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: for

text: period

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language or ethnolect of southwestern Iran that during the Sasanian Empire (224654) became a prestige dialect and so came to be spoken in other regions of the empire as well. Middle Persian is classified as a Western Iranian language. It descends from Old Persian and is the linguistic ancestor of Modern Persian.

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: is

text: the

text: Middle

text: Iranian

text: language

text: or

text: ethnolect

text: of

text: southwestern

text: Iran

text: that

text: during

text: the

text: Sasanian

text: Empire

text: became

text: prestige

text: dialect

text: and

text: so

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: spoken

text: in

text: other

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: as

text: well

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: is

text: classified

text: as

text: Western

text: Iranian

text: language

text: It

text: descends

text: from

text: Old

text: Persian

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: linguistic

text: ancestor

text: of

text: Modern

text: Persian

text: Azarmidokht ( Middle Persian : zarmgdukht , Persian :    ) was Sasanian queen of Persia from to 630 to 631 , and daughter of Khosrau II. She ruled Persia after her cousin Shapur - i Shahrvaraz .

text: Azarmidokht

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: zarmgdukht

text: Persian

text: was

text: Sasanian

text: queen

text: of

text: Persia

text: from

text: to

text: to

text: and

text: daughter

text: of

text: Khosrau

text: II

text: She

text: ruled

text: Persia

text: after

text: her

text: cousin

text: Shapur

text: Shahrvaraz

annotations: follows multiple

question: country_of_citizenship azarmidokht

answer: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran


text: The Communist Party of China (CPC) is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The CPC is the sole governing party of China, although it coexists alongside eight other legal parties that comprise the United Front; these parties, however, hold no real power or independence from the CPC. It was founded in 1921, chiefly by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao. The party grew quickly, and by 1949 the CPC had driven the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) government from mainland China after the Chinese Civil War, thus leading to the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The CPC is currently the world's second largest political party with a membership of 88.76 million as of 2016 (while the Indian Bharatiya Janata Party appears to have remained the largest with a membership of 110 million as of the previous year, 2015). It also controls the world's largest armed force, the People's Liberation Army.

text: The

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: CPC

text: is

text: the

text: founding

text: and

text: ruling

text: political

text: party

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: The

text: CPC

text: is

text: the

text: sole

text: governing

text: party

text: of

text: China

text: although

text: it

text: coexists

text: alongside

text: eight

text: other

text: legal

text: parties

text: that

text: comprise

text: the

text: United

text: Front

text: these

text: parties

text: however

text: hold

text: no

text: real

text: power

text: or

text: independence

text: from

text: the

text: CPC

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: chiefly

text: by

text: Chen

text: Duxiu

text: and

text: Li

text: Dazhao

text: The

text: party

text: grew

text: quickly

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: CPC

text: had

text: driven

text: the

text: nationalist

text: Kuomintang

text: KMT

text: government

text: from

text: mainland

text: China

text: after

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Civil

text: War

text: thus

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: CPC

text: is

text: currently

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: political

text: party

text: with

text: membership

text: of

text: million

text: as

text: of

text: while

text: the

text: Indian

text: Bharatiya

text: Janata

text: Party

text: appears

text: to

text: have

text: remained

text: the

text: largest

text: with

text: membership

text: of

text: million

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: year

text: It

text: also

text: controls

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: armed

text: force

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Liberation

text: Army

text: Chen Duxiu (October 8, 1879  May 27, 1942) was a Chinese revolutionary socialist, educator, philosopher, and author, who co-founded the Chinese Communist Party (with Li Dazhao) in 1921, serving from 1921 to 1927 as its first General Secretary. Chen was a leading figure in the anti-imperial Xinhai Revolution and the May Fourth Movement for Science and Democracy. Politically, he advocated the Trotskyist theory of Marxism.

text: Chen

text: Duxiu

text: October

text: May

text: was

text: Chinese

text: revolutionary

text: socialist

text: educator

text: philosopher

text: and

text: author

text: who

text: co

text: founded

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Communist

text: Party

text: with

text: Li

text: Dazhao

text: in

text: serving

text: from

text: to

text: as

text: its

text: first

text: General

text: Secretary

text: Chen

text: was

text: leading

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: anti

text: imperial

text: Xinhai

text: Revolution

text: and

text: the

text: May

text: Fourth

text: Movement

text: for

text: Science

text: and

text: Democracy

text: Politically

text: he

text: advocated

text: the

text: Trotskyist

text: theory

text: of

text: Marxism

text: A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. The party agrees on some proposed policies and programmes, with a view to promoting the collective good or furthering their supporters' interests.

text: political

text: party

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: come

text: together

text: to

text: contest

text: elections

text: and

text: hold

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: government

text: The

text: party

text: agrees

text: on

text: some

text: proposed

text: policies

text: and

text: programmes

text: with

text: view

text: to

text: promoting

text: the

text: collective

text: good

text: or

text: furthering

text: their

text: supporters

text: interests

text: The Chinese Civil War was a civil war in China fought between forces loyal to the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China, and forces loyal to the Communist Party of China (CPC). The war began in August 1927, with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's Northern Expedition, and essentially ended when major hostilities ceased in 1950. It can generally be divided into two stages; the first being from 1927 to 1937, and the second being from 1946 to 1950 with the Second Sino-Japanese War separating them. The war was a major turning point in modern Chinese history, with the CPC gaining control of almost the entirety of Mainland China, establishing the People's Republic of China (PRC) to replace the KMT's Republic of China (ROC). It also caused a lasting political and military standoff between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait, with the ROC in Taiwan and the PRC in mainland China both officially claiming to be the legitimate government of all of China.

text: The

text: Chinese

text: Civil

text: War

text: was

text: civil

text: war

text: in

text: China

text: fought

text: between

text: forces

text: loyal

text: to

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: KMT)-led

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: forces

text: loyal

text: to

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: CPC

text: The

text: war

text: began

text: in

text: August

text: with

text: Generalissimo

text: Chiang

text: Kai

text: shek

text: 's

text: Northern

text: Expedition

text: and

text: essentially

text: ended

text: when

text: major

text: hostilities

text: ceased

text: in

text: It

text: can

text: generally

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: stages

text: the

text: first

text: being

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: being

text: from

text: to

text: with

text: the

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: separating

text: them

text: The

text: war

text: was

text: major

text: turning

text: point

text: in

text: modern

text: Chinese

text: history

text: with

text: the

text: CPC

text: gaining

text: control

text: of

text: almost

text: the

text: entirety

text: of

text: Mainland

text: China

text: establishing

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: to

text: replace

text: the

text: KMT

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: ROC

text: It

text: also

text: caused

text: lasting

text: political

text: and

text: military

text: standoff

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: Taiwan

text: Strait

text: with

text: the

text: ROC

text: in

text: Taiwan

text: and

text: the

text: PRC

text: in

text: mainland

text: China

text: both

text: officially

text: claiming

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: legitimate

text: government

text: of

text: all

text: of

text: China

text: Joseph Zen Ze - kiun SDB ( born 12 January 1931 ) is a Chinese Cardinal of the Catholic Church , who served as the sixth Bishop of Hong Kong . He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2006 , and is famous for his outspokenness on issues regarding human rights , political freedom , and religious liberty , often attracting criticism from the Communist Party of China . He retired from his bishopric on 15 April 2009 .

text: Joseph

text: Zen

text: Ze

text: kiun

text: SDB

text: born

text: January

text: is

text: Chinese

text: Cardinal

text: of

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: sixth

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: He

text: was

text: elevated

text: to

text: the

text: cardinalate

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: famous

text: for

text: his

text: outspokenness

text: on

text: issues

text: regarding

text: human

text: rights

text: political

text: freedom

text: and

text: religious

text: liberty

text: often

text: attracting

text: criticism

text: from

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: He

text: retired

text: from

text: his

text: bishopric

text: on

text: April

text: Mainland China, also known as the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is the geopolitical area under the direct jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It generally excludes the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau; however, it usually includes Hainan. The term "mainland China", which avoids calling the area simply "China" and thereby recognizing the founding of the PRC as "the" "China", was coined by the Kuomintang (KMT) after receiving control of Taiwan from Japan after World War II. By 1949, the KMT-led Republic of China (ROC) government was defeated in the Chinese Civil War in mainland China and fled to the island of Taiwan where the KMT pledged to "retake the Mainland". The KMT considers both sides of the Taiwan Strait (including Taiwan), as (one) "China" and one country, whereas Taiwan's Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) considers only mainland China as "China" and Taiwan (ROC) as "Taiwan" and maintains that they are different countries.

text: Mainland

text: China

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Chinese

text: mainland

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: mainland

text: is

text: the

text: geopolitical

text: area

text: under

text: the

text: direct

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: It

text: generally

text: excludes

text: the

text: Special

text: Administrative

text: Regions

text: of

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: however

text: it

text: usually

text: includes

text: Hainan

text: The

text: term

text: mainland

text: China

text: which

text: avoids

text: calling

text: the

text: area

text: simply

text: China

text: and

text: thereby

text: recognizing

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: the

text: PRC

text: as

text: the

text: China

text: was

text: coined

text: by

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: KMT

text: after

text: receiving

text: control

text: of

text: Taiwan

text: from

text: Japan

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: By

text: the

text: KMT

text: led

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: ROC

text: government

text: was

text: defeated

text: in

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Civil

text: War

text: in

text: mainland

text: China

text: and

text: fled

text: to

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Taiwan

text: where

text: the

text: KMT

text: pledged

text: to

text: retake

text: the

text: Mainland

text: The

text: KMT

text: considers

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: Taiwan

text: Strait

text: including

text: Taiwan

text: as

text: one

text: China

text: and

text: one

text: country

text: whereas

text: Taiwan

text: 's

text: Democratic

text: Progressive

text: Party

text: DPP

text: considers

text: only

text: mainland

text: China

text: as

text: China

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: ROC

text: as

text: Taiwan

text: and

text: maintains

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: different

text: countries

text: Li Dazhao (October 29, 1888  April 28, 1927) was a Chinese intellectual who co-founded the Communist Party of China with Chen Duxiu in 1921.

text: Li

text: Dazhao

text: October

text: April

text: was

text: Chinese

text: intellectual

text: who

text: co

text: founded

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: with

text: Chen

text: Duxiu

text: in

annotations: likely multiple

question: family_name joseph zen

answer: chen

text: chen

text: chen

text: chen

text: chen


text: Ghostbusters is a 1984 American supernatural comedy film directed and produced by Ivan Reitman and written by Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis. The film stars Bill Murray, Aykroyd and Ramis as three eccentric parapsychologists who start a ghost-catching business in New York City. Sigourney Weaver and Rick Moranis co-star as a client and her neighbor, and Ernie Hudson as the Ghostbusters' first recruit.

text: Ghostbusters

text: is

text: American

text: supernatural

text: comedy

text: film

text: directed

text: and

text: produced

text: by

text: Ivan

text: Reitman

text: and

text: written

text: by

text: Dan

text: Aykroyd

text: and

text: Harold

text: Ramis

text: The

text: film

text: stars

text: Bill

text: Murray

text: Aykroyd

text: and

text: Ramis

text: as

text: three

text: eccentric

text: parapsychologists

text: who

text: start

text: ghost

text: catching

text: business

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Sigourney

text: Weaver

text: and

text: Rick

text: Moranis

text: co

text: star

text: as

text: client

text: and

text: her

text: neighbor

text: and

text: Ernie

text: Hudson

text: as

text: the

text: Ghostbusters

text: first

text: recruit

text: The Last Siege : Never Surrender is a 1999 independent action / thriller starring Jeff Fahey and Ernie Hudson . The theatrical release was called Hijack but this was changed for the 2002 DVD release .

text: The

text: Last

text: Siege

text: Never

text: Surrender

text: is

text: independent

text: action

text: thriller

text: starring

text: Jeff

text: Fahey

text: and

text: Ernie

text: Hudson

text: The

text: theatrical

text: release

text: was

text: called

text: Hijack

text: but

text: this

text: was

text: changed

text: for

text: the

text: DVD

text: release

text: Frank J. Lapidus is a fictional character on the ABC television series "Lost" played by Jeff Fahey. Frank is introduced in the second episode of season four as a pilot hired on a mission to the island where Oceanic Flight 815 crashed. He aids the survivors of the crash against mercenary Martin Keamy (Kevin Durand) and helps to rescue a group who become known as the Oceanic Six. Three years later, Frank encounters the group again while working as a commercial airline pilot. His plane lands back on the island, and he is forcibly taken in by a group of his passengers headed by Ilana (Zuleikha Robinson) and Bram (Brad William Henke), who are working for the island's highest authority figure Jacob (Mark Pellegrino). In the series finale, he ultimately escapes the island with a few of his fellow inhabitants.

text: Frank

text: Lapidus

text: is

text: fictional

text: character

text: on

text: the

text: ABC

text: television

text: series

text: Lost

text: played

text: by

text: Jeff

text: Fahey

text: Frank

text: is

text: introduced

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: episode

text: of

text: season

text: four

text: as

text: pilot

text: hired

text: on

text: mission

text: to

text: the

text: island

text: where

text: Oceanic

text: Flight

text: crashed

text: He

text: aids

text: the

text: survivors

text: of

text: the

text: crash

text: against

text: mercenary

text: Martin

text: Keamy

text: Kevin

text: Durand

text: and

text: helps

text: to

text: rescue

text: group

text: who

text: become

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Oceanic

text: Six

text: Three

text: years

text: later

text: Frank

text: encounters

text: the

text: group

text: again

text: while

text: working

text: as

text: commercial

text: airline

text: pilot

text: His

text: plane

text: lands

text: back

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: and

text: he

text: is

text: forcibly

text: taken

text: in

text: by

text: group

text: of

text: his

text: passengers

text: headed

text: by

text: Ilana

text: Zuleikha

text: Robinson

text: and

text: Bram

text: Brad

text: William

text: Henke

text: who

text: are

text: working

text: for

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: highest

text: authority

text: figure

text: Jacob

text: Mark

text: Pellegrino

text: In

text: the

text: series

text: finale

text: he

text: ultimately

text: escapes

text: the

text: island

text: with

text: few

text: of

text: his

text: fellow

text: inhabitants

text: A character actor or character actress is a supporting actor who plays unusual, interesting, or eccentric characters. The term, often contrasted with that of leading actor, is somewhat abstract and open to interpretation. In a literal sense, all actors can be considered character actors since they all play "characters", but in the usual sense it is an actor who plays a distinctive and important supporting role.

text: character

text: actor

text: or

text: character

text: actress

text: is

text: supporting

text: actor

text: who

text: plays

text: unusual

text: interesting

text: or

text: eccentric

text: characters

text: The

text: term

text: often

text: contrasted

text: with

text: that

text: of

text: leading

text: actor

text: is

text: somewhat

text: abstract

text: and

text: open

text: to

text: interpretation

text: In

text: literal

text: sense

text: all

text: actors

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: character

text: actors

text: since

text: they

text: all

text: play

text: characters

text: but

text: in

text: the

text: usual

text: sense

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: actor

text: who

text: plays

text: distinctive

text: and

text: important

text: supporting

text: role

text: Home Box Office (HBO) is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. Programming featured on the network consists primarily of theatrically released motion pictures and original television series, along with made-for-cable movies and documentaries, boxing matches, and occasional stand-up comedy and concert specials.

text: Home

text: Box

text: Office

text: HBO

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: premium

text: cable

text: and

text: satellite

text: television

text: network

text: that

text: is

text: owned

text: by

text: Time

text: Warner

text: through

text: its

text: respective

text: flagship

text: company

text: Home

text: Box

text: Office

text: Inc.

text: Programming

text: featured

text: on

text: the

text: network

text: consists

text: primarily

text: of

text: theatrically

text: released

text: motion

text: pictures

text: and

text: original

text: television

text: series

text: along

text: with

text: made

text: for

text: cable

text: movies

text: and

text: documentaries

text: boxing

text: matches

text: and

text: occasional

text: stand

text: up

text: comedy

text: and

text: concert

text: specials

text: The Marshal is an American action-drama television series that aired on ABC for two brief seasons in 1995. The show starred Jeff Fahey as the title character, a United States Marshal charged with pursuing fugitives across the nation. In 1995, the episode "Hitwoman" was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Editing for a Series.

text: The

text: Marshal

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: action

text: drama

text: television

text: series

text: that

text: aired

text: on

text: ABC

text: for

text: two

text: brief

text: seasons

text: in

text: The

text: show

text: starred

text: Jeff

text: Fahey

text: as

text: the

text: title

text: character

text: United

text: States

text: Marshal

text: charged

text: with

text: pursuing

text: fugitives

text: across

text: the

text: nation

text: In

text: the

text: episode

text: Hitwoman

text: was

text: nominated

text: for

text: an

text: Emmy

text: Award

text: for

text: Outstanding

text: Individual

text: Achievement

text: in

text: Sound

text: Editing

text: for

text: Series

text: A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession. The process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. A film is created by photographing actual scenes with a motion picture camera; by photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional animation techniques; by means of CGI and computer animation; or by a combination of some or all of these techniques and other visual effects.

text: film

text: also

text: called

text: movie

text: motion

text: picture

text: theatrical

text: film

text: or

text: photoplay

text: is

text: series

text: of

text: still

text: images

text: which

text: when

text: shown

text: on

text: screen

text: creates

text: the

text: illusion

text: of

text: moving

text: images

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: phi

text: phenomenon

text: This

text: optical

text: illusion

text: causes

text: the

text: audience

text: to

text: perceive

text: continuous

text: motion

text: between

text: separate

text: objects

text: viewed

text: rapidly

text: in

text: succession

text: The

text: process

text: of

text: filmmaking

text: is

text: both

text: an

text: art

text: and

text: an

text: industry

text: film

text: is

text: created

text: by

text: photographing

text: actual

text: scenes

text: with

text: motion

text: picture

text: camera

text: by

text: photographing

text: drawings

text: or

text: miniature

text: models

text: using

text: traditional

text: animation

text: techniques

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: CGI

text: and

text: computer

text: animation

text: or

text: by

text: combination

text: of

text: some

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: techniques

text: and

text: other

text: visual

text: effects

text: Winston Zeddemore is a fictional character appearing in the "Ghostbusters" films, TV series, and video games. He was played by Ernie Hudson in both movies and was voiced by Arsenio Hall in the first two seasons of "The Real Ghostbusters". Buster Jones provided Winston's voice in the remaining seasons, and he reprised the role in a cameo on "Extreme Ghostbusters". Hudson returned to provide his appearance and voice to Zeddemore in 2009's "".

text: Winston

text: Zeddemore

text: is

text: fictional

text: character

text: appearing

text: in

text: the

text: Ghostbusters

text: films

text: TV

text: series

text: and

text: video

text: games

text: He

text: was

text: played

text: by

text: Ernie

text: Hudson

text: in

text: both

text: movies

text: and

text: was

text: voiced

text: by

text: Arsenio

text: Hall

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: two

text: seasons

text: of

text: The

text: Real

text: Ghostbusters

text: Buster

text: Jones

text: provided

text: Winston

text: 's

text: voice

text: in

text: the

text: remaining

text: seasons

text: and

text: he

text: reprised

text: the

text: role

text: in

text: cameo

text: on

text: Extreme

text: Ghostbusters

text: Hudson

text: returned

text: to

text: provide

text: his

text: appearance

text: and

text: voice

text: to

text: Zeddemore

text: in

text: 's

text: Earnest Lee "Ernie" Hudson (born December 17, 1945) is an American character actor. Having appeared in dozens of film and television roles throughout his career, he is perhaps best known for his roles as Winston Zeddemore in the "Ghostbusters" film series, Sergeant Darryl Albrecht in "The Crow" (1994), and Warden Leo Glynn on HBO's "Oz".

text: Earnest

text: Lee

text: Ernie

text: Hudson

text: born

text: December

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: character

text: actor

text: Having

text: appeared

text: in

text: dozens

text: of

text: film

text: and

text: television

text: roles

text: throughout

text: his

text: career

text: he

text: is

text: perhaps

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: roles

text: as

text: Winston

text: Zeddemore

text: in

text: the

text: Ghostbusters

text: film

text: series

text: Sergeant

text: Darryl

text: Albrecht

text: in

text: The

text: Crow

text: and

text: Warden

text: Leo

text: Glynn

text: on

text: HBO

text: 's

text: Oz

text: Jeffrey David "Jeff" Fahey (born November 29, 1952) is an American film and television actor. He has portrayed Captain Frank Lapidus on the ABC series "Lost" and the title role of Deputy Marshal Winston MacBride on "The Marshal". He is also known for his humanitarian work with orphans and refugees.

text: Jeffrey

text: David

text: Jeff

text: Fahey

text: born

text: November

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: film

text: and

text: television

text: actor

text: He

text: has

text: portrayed

text: Captain

text: Frank

text: Lapidus

text: on

text: the

text: ABC

text: series

text: Lost

text: and

text: the

text: title

text: role

text: of

text: Deputy

text: Marshal

text: Winston

text: MacBride

text: on

text: The

text: Marshal

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: humanitarian

text: work

text: with

text: orphans

text: and

text: refugees

question: instance_of the last siege: never surrender

answer: film

text: film

text: film

text: film

text: film

text: film

text: film

text: film

text: film


text:
Giovanni Villani (1276 or 1280  1348) was an Italian banker, official, diplomat and chronicler from Florence who wrote the "Nuova Cronica" ("New Chronicles") on the history of Florence. He was a leading statesman of Florence but later gained an unsavory reputation and served time in prison as a result of the bankruptcy of a trading and banking company he worked for. His interest in and elaboration of economic details, statistical information, and political and psychological insight mark him as a more modern chronicler of late medieval Europe. His "Cronica" is viewed as the first introduction of statistics as a positive element in history.
However, historian Kenneth R. Bartlett notes that, in contrast to his Renaissance-era successors, "his reliance on such elements as divine providence links Villani closely with the medieval vernacular chronicle tradition." In recurring themes made implicit through significant events described in his "Cronica", Villani also emphasized three assumptions about the relationship of sin and morality to historical events, these being that excess brings disaster, that forces of right and wrong are in constant struggle, and that events are directly influenced by the will of God.

text: Giovanni

text: Villani

text: or

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: banker

text: official

text: diplomat

text: and

text: chronicler

text: from

text: Florence

text: who

text: wrote

text: the

text: Nuova

text: Cronica

text: New

text: Chronicles

text: on

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Florence

text: He

text: was

text: leading

text: statesman

text: of

text: Florence

text: but

text: later

text: gained

text: an

text: unsavory

text: reputation

text: and

text: served

text: time

text: in

text: prison

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: bankruptcy

text: of

text: trading

text: and

text: banking

text: company

text: he

text: worked

text: for

text: His

text: interest

text: in

text: and

text: elaboration

text: of

text: economic

text: details

text: statistical

text: information

text: and

text: political

text: and

text: psychological

text: insight

text: mark

text: him

text: as

text: more

text: modern

text: chronicler

text: of

text: late

text: medieval

text: Europe

text: His

text: Cronica

text: is

text: viewed

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: introduction

text: of

text: statistics

text: as

text: positive

text: element

text: in

text: history

text: However

text: historian

text: Kenneth

text: Bartlett

text: notes

text: that

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: his

text: Renaissance

text: era

text: successors

text: his

text: reliance

text: on

text: such

text: elements

text: as

text: divine

text: providence

text: links

text: Villani

text: closely

text: with

text: the

text: medieval

text: vernacular

text: chronicle

text: tradition

text: In

text: recurring

text: themes

text: made

text: implicit

text: through

text: significant

text: events

text: described

text: in

text: his

text: Cronica

text: Villani

text: also

text: emphasized

text: three

text: assumptions

text: about

text: the

text: relationship

text: of

text: sin

text: and

text: morality

text: to

text: historical

text: events

text: these

text: being

text: that

text: excess

text: brings

text: disaster

text: that

text: forces

text: of

text: right

text: and

text: wrong

text: are

text: in

text: constant

text: struggle

text: and

text: that

text: events

text: are

text: directly

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: will

text: of

text: God

text:
The Nuova Cronica or New Chronicles is a 14th-century history of Florence created in a year-by-year linear format and written by the Florentine banker and official Giovanni Villani (c. 1276 or 12801348).
The idea came to him after attending the first Jubilee in the city of Rome, in 1300, where he realized that Rome's many historical achievements were well-known, and he desired to lay out a history of the origins of his own city of Florence. In his "Cronica", Villani described in detail the many building projects of the city, statistical information on population, ordinances, commerce and trade, education, and religious facilities. He also described several disasters such as famines, floods, fires, and the pandemic of the Black Death in 1348, which would take his own life. Villani's work on the "Cronica" was continued by his brother and nephew after his death. It has been described as the first introduction of statistics as a positive element in history.

text: The

text: Nuova

text: Cronica

text: or

text: New

text: Chronicles

text: is

text: century

text: history

text: of

text: Florence

text: created

text: in

text: year

text: by

text: year

text: linear

text: format

text: and

text: written

text: by

text: the

text: Florentine

text: banker

text: and

text: official

text: Giovanni

text: Villani

text: or

text: The

text: idea

text: came

text: to

text: him

text: after

text: attending

text: the

text: first

text: Jubilee

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: in

text: where

text: he

text: realized

text: that

text: Rome

text: 's

text: many

text: historical

text: achievements

text: were

text: well

text: known

text: and

text: he

text: desired

text: to

text: lay

text: out

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: origins

text: of

text: his

text: own

text: city

text: of

text: Florence

text: In

text: his

text: Cronica

text: Villani

text: described

text: in

text: detail

text: the

text: many

text: building

text: projects

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: statistical

text: information

text: on

text: population

text: ordinances

text: commerce

text: and

text: trade

text: education

text: and

text: religious

text: facilities

text: He

text: also

text: described

text: several

text: disasters

text: such

text: as

text: famines

text: floods

text: fires

text: and

text: the

text: pandemic

text: of

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: in

text: which

text: would

text: take

text: his

text: own

text: life

text: Villani

text: 's

text: work

text: on

text: the

text: Cronica

text: was

text: continued

text: by

text: his

text: brother

text: and

text: nephew

text: after

text: his

text: death

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: introduction

text: of

text: statistics

text: as

text: positive

text: element

text: in

text: history

text: A pandemic (from Greek  "pan" "all" and  "demos" "people") is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide. A widespread endemic disease that is stable in terms of how many people are getting sick from it is not a pandemic. Further, flu pandemics generally exclude recurrences of seasonal flu. Throughout history, there have been a number of pandemics, such as smallpox and tuberculosis. One of the most devastating pandemics was the Black Death, killing over 75 million people in 1350. The most recent pandemics include the HIV pandemic as well as the 1918 and 2009 H1N1 pandemics.

text: pandemic

text: from

text: Greek

text: pan

text: all

text: and

text: demos

text: people

text: is

text: an

text: epidemic

text: of

text: infectious

text: disease

text: that

text: has

text: spread

text: through

text: human

text: populations

text: across

text: large

text: region

text: for

text: instance

text: multiple

text: continents

text: or

text: even

text: worldwide

text: widespread

text: endemic

text: disease

text: that

text: is

text: stable

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: how

text: many

text: people

text: are

text: getting

text: sick

text: from

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: pandemic

text: Further

text: flu

text: pandemics

text: generally

text: exclude

text: recurrences

text: of

text: seasonal

text: flu

text: Throughout

text: history

text: there

text: have

text: been

text: number

text: of

text: pandemics

text: such

text: as

text: smallpox

text: and

text: tuberculosis

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: devastating

text: pandemics

text: was

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: killing

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: in

text: The

text: most

text: recent

text: pandemics

text: include

text: the

text: HIV

text: pandemic

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: and

text: pandemics

text:
Kenneth R. Bartlett (born 1948) is a Renaissance historian, author, public lecturer and professor of History and Renaissance Studies at Victoria College in the University of Toronto. He received his PhD from the University of Toronto in 1978, and then assumed a position in the department of History before moving into the administration as Assistant to the President of the University of Toronto and subsequently Acting Vice-President Institutional Relations. In 1985 he returned to full-time academic work at Victoria College. He was the founding director of the Office of Teaching Advancement (now CTSI), and the director of the Faculty of Arts and Science's faculty programs, which include the First-Year Seminars, the Research Opportunities Program and the Independent Experiential Study Program, which won the Northrop Frye Award for excellence and innovation in linking teacher and research. Professor Bartlett was also the founding director of U of T's Art Centre, and served as a trustee for the Gardiner Museum of Ceramic Art for fifteen years. He has been the recipient of the Victoria University Excellence in Teaching Award, the Students Administrative Council and Association of Part-Time Students Undergraduate Teaching Award (on two occasions), and the Faculty of Arts and Science Outstanding Teaching Award. In 2005, Professor Bartlett was awarded both the prestigious 3M National Teaching Fellowship and a University of Toronto Arbor Award. In 2007 he was awarded an inaugural LIFT Award by the Province of Ontario and was a finalist in the TVO Best Lecturer Competition. In addition to teaching, he has published many monographs and over 35 scholarly articles and contributions to books, and several editions and translations of Renaissance texts and a recent book on historiography. He has served as the editor of Renaissance and Reformation/Renaissance et Réforme, and President of the Canadian Society for Renaissance Studies. He has produced five video series for the Teaching Company on various aspects of Italian Renaissance culture, European civilization and European travel, and has also appeared on television series such as Museum Secrets.
Together with his wife, Dr Gillian Bartlett, he leads cultural tours of Europe either sponsored by museums or universities or through the partnership they founded, Bartlett Cultural Connections.
Selected Publications
The Experience of History (2017)
A Short History of the Italian Renaissance (2013)
The English in Italy 1525-1558: A Study in Culture and Politics (1991)
The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance (First edition, 1992; revised edition, 2011)
The Northern Renaissance and the Reformation (with M. McGlynn, 2014)

text: Kenneth

text: Bartlett

text: born

text: is

text: Renaissance

text: historian

text: author

text: public

text: lecturer

text: and

text: professor

text: of

text: History

text: and

text: Renaissance

text: Studies

text: at

text: Victoria

text: College

text: in

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Toronto

text: He

text: received

text: his

text: PhD

text: from

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Toronto

text: in

text: and

text: then

text: assumed

text: position

text: in

text: the

text: department

text: of

text: History

text: before

text: moving

text: into

text: the

text: administration

text: as

text: Assistant

text: to

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Toronto

text: and

text: subsequently

text: Acting

text: Vice

text: President

text: Institutional

text: Relations

text: In

text: he

text: returned

text: to

text: full

text: time

text: academic

text: work

text: at

text: Victoria

text: College

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: founding

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: Teaching

text: Advancement

text: now

text: CTSI

text: and

text: the

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: Faculty

text: of

text: Arts

text: and

text: Science

text: 's

text: faculty

text: programs

text: which

text: include

text: the

text: First

text: Year

text: Seminars

text: the

text: Research

text: Opportunities

text: Program

text: and

text: the

text: Independent

text: Experiential

text: Study

text: Program

text: which

text: won

text: the

text: Northrop

text: Frye

text: Award

text: for

text: excellence

text: and

text: innovation

text: in

text: linking

text: teacher

text: and

text: research

text: Professor

text: Bartlett

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: founding

text: director

text: of

text: of

text: 's

text: Art

text: Centre

text: and

text: served

text: as

text: trustee

text: for

text: the

text: Gardiner

text: Museum

text: of

text: Ceramic

text: Art

text: for

text: fifteen

text: years

text: He

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: recipient

text: of

text: the

text: Victoria

text: University

text: Excellence

text: in

text: Teaching

text: Award

text: the

text: Students

text: Administrative

text: Council

text: and

text: Association

text: of

text: Part

text: Time

text: Students

text: Undergraduate

text: Teaching

text: Award

text: on

text: two

text: occasions

text: and

text: the

text: Faculty

text: of

text: Arts

text: and

text: Science

text: Outstanding

text: Teaching

text: Award

text: In

text: Professor

text: Bartlett

text: was

text: awarded

text: both

text: the

text: prestigious

text: National

text: Teaching

text: Fellowship

text: and

text: University

text: of

text: Toronto

text: Arbor

text: Award

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: awarded

text: an

text: inaugural

text: LIFT

text: Award

text: by

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Ontario

text: and

text: was

text: finalist

text: in

text: the

text: TVO

text: Best

text: Lecturer

text: Competition

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: teaching

text: he

text: has

text: published

text: many

text: monographs

text: and

text: over

text: scholarly

text: articles

text: and

text: contributions

text: to

text: books

text: and

text: several

text: editions

text: and

text: translations

text: of

text: Renaissance

text: texts

text: and

text: recent

text: book

text: on

text: historiography

text: He

text: has

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: editor

text: of

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: Reformation

text: Renaissance

text: et

text: Réforme

text: and

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Society

text: for

text: Renaissance

text: Studies

text: He

text: has

text: produced

text: five

text: video

text: series

text: for

text: the

text: Teaching

text: Company

text: on

text: various

text: aspects

text: of

text: Italian

text: Renaissance

text: culture

text: European

text: civilization

text: and

text: European

text: travel

text: and

text: has

text: also

text: appeared

text: on

text: television

text: series

text: such

text: as

text: Museum

text: Secrets

text: Together

text: with

text: his

text: wife

text: Dr

text: Gillian

text: Bartlett

text: he

text: leads

text: cultural

text: tours

text: of

text: Europe

text: either

text: sponsored

text: by

text: museums

text: or

text: universities

text: or

text: through

text: the

text: partnership

text: they

text: founded

text: Bartlett

text: Cultural

text: Connections

text: Selected

text: Publications

text: The

text: Experience

text: of

text: History

text: Short

text: History

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Renaissance

text: The

text: English

text: in

text: Italy

text: Study

text: in

text: Culture

text: and

text: Politics

text: The

text: Civilization

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Renaissance

text: First

text: edition

text: revised

text: edition

text: The

text: Northern

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: the

text: Reformation

text: with

text: McGlynn

text: A chronicle (from Greek , from , "chronos", "time") is a historical account of facts and events ranged in chronological order, as in a time line. Typically, equal weight is given for historically important events and local events, the purpose being the recording of events that occurred, seen from the perspective of the chronicler. This is in contrast to a narrative or history, which sets selected events in a meaningful interpretive context and excludes those the author does not see as important.

text: chronicle

text: from

text: Greek

text: from

text: chronos

text: time

text: is

text: historical

text: account

text: of

text: facts

text: and

text: events

text: ranged

text: in

text: chronological

text: order

text: as

text: in

text: time

text: line

text: Typically

text: equal

text: weight

text: is

text: given

text: for

text: historically

text: important

text: events

text: and

text: local

text: events

text: the

text: purpose

text: being

text: the

text: recording

text: of

text: events

text: that

text: occurred

text: seen

text: from

text: the

text: perspective

text: of

text: the

text: chronicler

text: This

text: is

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: narrative

text: or

text: history

text: which

text: sets

text: selected

text: events

text: in

text: meaningful

text: interpretive

text: context

text: and

text: excludes

text: those

text: the

text: author

text: does

text: not

text: see

text: as

text: important

text: Florence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the Metropolitan City of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants, expanding to over 1,520,000 in the metropolitan area.

text: Florence

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: region

text: of

text: Tuscany

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: City

text: of

text: Florence

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Tuscany

text: with

text: inhabitants

text: expanding

text: to

text: over

text: in

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: Filippo Villani ( fl . end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century ) was a chronicler of Florence . Son of the chronicler Matteo Villani , he extended the original Nuova Cronica of his uncle Giovanni Villani down to 1364 .

text: Filippo

text: Villani

text: fl

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: was

text: chronicler

text: of

text: Florence

text: Son

text: of

text: the

text: chronicler

text: Matteo

text: Villani

text: he

text: extended

text: the

text: original

text: Nuova

text: Cronica

text: of

text: his

text: uncle

text: Giovanni

text: Villani

text: down

text: to

text: Florence (Italian: "Firenze") is a major historical city in Italy, distinguished as one of the most outstanding economic, cultural, political and artistic centres in the peninsula from the late Middle Ages to the Renaissance.

text: Florence

text: Italian

text: Firenze

text: is

text: major

text: historical

text: city

text: in

text: Italy

text: distinguished

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: outstanding

text: economic

text: cultural

text: political

text: and

text: artistic

text: centres

text: in

text: the

text: peninsula

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: to

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: Rome is a city and special "comune" (named "Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2,870,336 residents in , it is also the country's largest and most populated "comune" and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4.3 million residents. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of Tiber river. The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states.

text: Rome

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: special

text: comune

text: named

text: Roma

text: Capitale

text: in

text: Italy

text: Rome

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Italy

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Lazio

text: region

text: With

text: residents

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populated

text: comune

text: and

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: by

text: population

text: within

text: city

text: limits

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: City

text: of

text: Rome

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: residents

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: western

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: within

text: Lazio

text: Latium

text: along

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: Tiber

text: river

text: The

text: Vatican

text: City

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: country

text: geographically

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: boundaries

text: of

text: Rome

text: the

text: only

text: existing

text: example

text: of

text: country

text: within

text: city

text: for

text: this

text: reason

text: Rome

text: has

text: been

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: capital

text: of

text: two

text: states

question: languages_spoken_or_written filippo villani

answer: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian