text: Broadly speaking, pure mathematics is mathematics that studies entirely abstract concepts. This was a recognizable category of mathematical activity from the 19th century onwards, at variance with the trend towards meeting the needs of navigation, astronomy, physics, economics, engineering, and so on.

text: Broadly

text: speaking

text: pure

text: mathematics

text: is

text: mathematics

text: that

text: studies

text: entirely

text: abstract

text: concepts

text: This

text: was

text: recognizable

text: category

text: of

text: mathematical

text: activity

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: onwards

text: at

text: variance

text: with

text: the

text: trend

text: towards

text: meeting

text: the

text: needs

text: of

text: navigation

text: astronomy

text: physics

text: economics

text: engineering

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: Industry is the production of goods or related services within an economy. The major source of revenue of a group or company is the indicator of its relevant industry. When a large group has multiple sources of revenue generation, it is considered to be working in different industries. Manufacturing industry became a key sector of production and labour in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution, upsetting previous mercantile and feudal economies. This came through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the production of steel and coal.

text: Industry

text: is

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: goods

text: or

text: related

text: services

text: within

text: an

text: economy

text: The

text: major

text: source

text: of

text: revenue

text: of

text: group

text: or

text: company

text: is

text: the

text: indicator

text: of

text: its

text: relevant

text: industry

text: When

text: large

text: group

text: has

text: multiple

text: sources

text: of

text: revenue

text: generation

text: it

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: working

text: in

text: different

text: industries

text: Manufacturing

text: industry

text: became

text: key

text: sector

text: of

text: production

text: and

text: labour

text: in

text: European

text: and

text: North

text: American

text: countries

text: during

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: upsetting

text: previous

text: mercantile

text: and

text: feudal

text: economies

text: This

text: came

text: through

text: many

text: successive

text: rapid

text: advances

text: in

text: technology

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: steel

text: and

text: coal

text: In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is a self-contained sequence of actions to be performed. Algorithms perform calculation, data processing, and/or automated reasoning tasks.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: and

text: computer

text: science

text: an

text: algorithm

text: is

text: self

text: contained

text: sequence

text: of

text: actions

text: to

text: be

text: performed

text: Algorithms

text: perform

text: calculation

text: data

text: processing

text: and/or

text: automated

text: reasoning

text: tasks

text: Computational geometry is a branch of computer science devoted to the study of algorithms which can be stated in terms of geometry. Some purely geometrical problems arise out of the study of computational geometric algorithms, and such problems are also considered to be part of computational geometry. While modern computational geometry is a recent development, it is one of the oldest fields of computing with history stretching back to antiquity.

text: Computational

text: geometry

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: computer

text: science

text: devoted

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: algorithms

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: stated

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: geometry

text: Some

text: purely

text: geometrical

text: problems

text: arise

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: computational

text: geometric

text: algorithms

text: and

text: such

text: problems

text: are

text: also

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: part

text: of

text: computational

text: geometry

text: While

text: modern

text: computational

text: geometry

text: is

text: recent

text: development

text: it

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: fields

text: of

text: computing

text: with

text: history

text: stretching

text: back

text: to

text: antiquity

text: James McGill (October 6, 1744  December 19, 1813) was a British businessman and philanthropist best known for being the founder of McGill University, Montreal. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada for Montreal West in 1792 and was appointed to the Executive Council of Lower Canada in 1793. He was the first honorary Lieutenant-Colonel of The Canadian Grenadier Guards. He was also a prominent member of the Château Clique and one of the original founding members of the Beaver Club. His summer home stood within the Golden Square Mile.

text: James

text: McGill

text: October

text: December

text: was

text: British

text: businessman

text: and

text: philanthropist

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: being

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: McGill

text: University

text: Montreal

text: He

text: was

text: elected

text: to

text: the

text: Legislative

text: Assembly

text: of

text: Lower

text: Canada

text: for

text: Montreal

text: West

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: appointed

text: to

text: the

text: Executive

text: Council

text: of

text: Lower

text: Canada

text: in

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: honorary

text: Lieutenant

text: Colonel

text: of

text: The

text: Canadian

text: Grenadier

text: Guards

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: prominent

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Château

text: Clique

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: founding

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Beaver

text: Club

text: His

text: summer

text: home

text: stood

text: within

text: the

text: Golden

text: Square

text: Mile

text: , or is a national university in Kyoto, Japan. It is the second oldest Japanese university, one of Asia's highest ranked universities and one of Japan's National Seven Universities. One of Asias leading research-oriented institutions, Kyoto University is famed for producing world-class researchers, including ten Nobel Prize laureates, two Fields medalists and one Gauss Prize winner.

text: or

text: is

text: national

text: university

text: in

text: Kyoto

text: Japan

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: oldest

text: Japanese

text: university

text: one

text: of

text: Asia

text: 's

text: highest

text: ranked

text: universities

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: Japan

text: 's

text: National

text: Seven

text: Universities

text: One

text: of

text: Asias

text: leading

text: research

text: oriented

text: institutions

text: Kyoto

text: University

text: is

text: famed

text: for

text: producing

text: world

text: class

text: researchers

text: including

text: ten

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: laureates

text: two

text: Fields

text: medalists

text: and

text: one

text: Gauss

text: Prize

text: winner

text: Geometry (from the ; "geo-" "earth", "-metron" "measurement") is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer.

text: Geometry

text: from

text: the

text: geo-

text: earth

text: -metron

text: measurement

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: mathematics

text: concerned

text: with

text: questions

text: of

text: shape

text: size

text: relative

text: position

text: of

text: figures

text: and

text: the

text: properties

text: of

text: space

text: mathematician

text: who

text: works

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: geometry

text: is

text: called

text: geometer

text: The Island of Montreal, in southwestern Quebec, Canada, is located at the confluence of the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa rivers. It is separated from Île Jésus (Laval) by the Rivière des Prairies.

text: The

text: Island

text: of

text: Montreal

text: in

text: southwestern

text: Quebec

text: Canada

text: is

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Saint

text: Lawrence

text: and

text: Ottawa

text: rivers

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Île

text: Jésus

text: Laval

text: by

text: the

text: Rivière

text: des

text: Prairies

text: Canada (French: ) is a country in the northern half of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering , making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Canada's border with the United States is the world's longest land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. About four-fifths of the country's population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, its largest city is Toronto; other major urban areas include Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg and Hamilton.

text: Canada

text: French

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: half

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: Its

text: ten

text: provinces

text: and

text: three

text: territories

text: extend

text: from

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: to

text: the

text: Pacific

text: and

text: northward

text: into

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: covering

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: Canada

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: longest

text: land

text: border

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: cold

text: or

text: severely

text: cold

text: winter

text: climate

text: but

text: southerly

text: areas

text: are

text: warm

text: in

text: summer

text: Canada

text: is

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: its

text: land

text: territory

text: being

text: dominated

text: by

text: forest

text: and

text: tundra

text: and

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: About

text: four

text: fifths

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: urbanized

text: and

text: live

text: near

text: the

text: southern

text: border

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Ottawa

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Toronto

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Montreal

text: Vancouver

text: Calgary

text: Edmonton

text: Quebec

text: City

text: Winnipeg

text: and

text: Hamilton

text: McGill University is an English and French-language public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, ranked among the world's top 30 institutions. It was established in 1821 by royal charter, issued by King George IV of Great Britain. The University bears the name of James McGill, a prominent Montreal merchant from Scotland whose bequest in 1813 formed the university's precursor, McGill College.

text: McGill

text: University

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: and

text: French

text: language

text: public

text: research

text: university

text: in

text: Montreal

text: Quebec

text: Canada

text: ranked

text: among

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: top

text: institutions

text: It

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: by

text: royal

text: charter

text: issued

text: by

text: King

text: George

text: IV

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: The

text: University

text: bears

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: James

text: McGill

text: prominent

text: Montreal

text: merchant

text: from

text: Scotland

text: whose

text: bequest

text: in

text: formed

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: precursor

text: McGill

text: College

text:
Name.
In Japanese, the city has been called Ky, Miyako, or Ky no Miyako. In the 11th century, the city was renamed Kyoto ("capital city"), after the Chinese word for capital city, '. After the city of Edo was renamed Tokyo (meaning "Eastern Capital") in 1868, and the seat of the Emperor was transferred there, Kyoto was known for a short time as Saiky (meaning "Western Capital").

text: Name

text: In

text: Japanese

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: Ky

text: Miyako

text: or

text: Ky

text: no

text: Miyako

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: renamed

text: Kyoto

text: capital

text: city

text: after

text: the

text: Chinese

text: word

text: for

text: capital

text: city

text: After

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Edo

text: was

text: renamed

text: Tokyo

text: meaning

text: Eastern

text: Capital

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: Emperor

text: was

text: transferred

text: there

text: Kyoto

text: was

text: known

text: for

text: short

text: time

text: as

text: Saiky

text: meaning

text: Western

text: Capital

text: The Nobel Prize (; Swedish definite form, singular: "Nobelpriset") is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, and/or scientific advances.

text: The

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: Swedish

text: definite

text: form

text: singular

text: Nobelpriset

text: is

text: set

text: of

text: annual

text: international

text: awards

text: bestowed

text: in

text: number

text: of

text: categories

text: by

text: Swedish

text: and

text: Norwegian

text: institutions

text: in

text: recognition

text: of

text: academic

text: cultural

text: and/or

text: scientific

text: advances

text: Applied mathematics is a branch of mathematics that deals with mathematical methods that find use in science, engineering, business, computer science, and industry. Thus, applied mathematics is a combination of mathematical science and specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on practical problems by formulating and studying mathematical models. In the past, practical applications have motivated the development of mathematical theories, which then became the subject of study in pure mathematics where abstract concepts are studied for their own sake. The activity of applied mathematics is thus intimately connected with research in pure mathematics.

text: Applied

text: mathematics

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: mathematics

text: that

text: deals

text: with

text: mathematical

text: methods

text: that

text: find

text: use

text: in

text: science

text: engineering

text: business

text: computer

text: science

text: and

text: industry

text: Thus

text: applied

text: mathematics

text: is

text: combination

text: of

text: mathematical

text: science

text: and

text: specialized

text: knowledge

text: The

text: term

text: applied

text: mathematics

text: also

text: describes

text: the

text: professional

text: specialty

text: in

text: which

text: mathematicians

text: work

text: on

text: practical

text: problems

text: by

text: formulating

text: and

text: studying

text: mathematical

text: models

text: In

text: the

text: past

text: practical

text: applications

text: have

text: motivated

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: mathematical

text: theories

text: which

text: then

text: became

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: study

text: in

text: pure

text: mathematics

text: where

text: abstract

text: concepts

text: are

text: studied

text: for

text: their

text: own

text: sake

text: The

text: activity

text: of

text: applied

text: mathematics

text: is

text: thus

text: intimately

text: connected

text: with

text: research

text: in

text: pure

text: mathematics

text: David Michael Avis ( born March 20 , 1951 ) is a Canadian and British computer scientist known for his contributions to geometric computations . Avis is a professor in computational geometry and applied mathematics in the School of Computer Science , McGill University , in Montreal . Since 2010 , he belongs to Department of Communications and Computer Engineering , School of Informatics , Kyoto University . Avis received his Ph.D. in 1977 from Stanford University . He has published more than 70 journal papers and articles . Writing with Komei Fukuda , Avis proposed a reverse - search algorithm for the vertex enumeration problem ; their algorithm generates all of the vertices of a convex polytope . He has a collaboration article with Paul Erds . Therefore , his Erds number is 1 .

text: David

text: Michael

text: Avis

text: born

text: March

text: is

text: Canadian

text: and

text: British

text: computer

text: scientist

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: contributions

text: to

text: geometric

text: computations

text: Avis

text: is

text: professor

text: in

text: computational

text: geometry

text: and

text: applied

text: mathematics

text: in

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: Computer

text: Science

text: McGill

text: University

text: in

text: Montreal

text: Since

text: he

text: belongs

text: to

text: Department

text: of

text: Communications

text: and

text: Computer

text: Engineering

text: School

text: of

text: Informatics

text: Kyoto

text: University

text: Avis

text: received

text: his

text: Ph.D.

text: in

text: from

text: Stanford

text: University

text: He

text: has

text: published

text: more

text: than

text: journal

text: papers

text: and

text: articles

text: Writing

text: with

text: Komei

text: Fukuda

text: Avis

text: proposed

text: reverse

text: search

text: algorithm

text: for

text: the

text: vertex

text: enumeration

text: problem

text: their

text: algorithm

text: generates

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: vertices

text: of

text: convex

text: polytope

text: He

text: has

text: collaboration

text: article

text: with

text: Paul

text: Erds

text: Therefore

text: his

text: Erds

text: number

text: is

text: Japan ("Nippon" or "Nihon" ; formally "" or "Nihon-koku", means "State of Japan") is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, It is lying off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland (east of China, Korea, Russia) and stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and near Taiwan in the southwest.

text: Japan

text: Nippon

text: or

text: Nihon

text: formally

text: or

text: Nihon

text: koku

text: means

text: State

text: of

text: Japan

text: is

text: sovereign

text: island

text: nation

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Asia

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: It

text: is

text: lying

text: off

text: the

text: eastern

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Asia

text: Mainland

text: east

text: of

text: China

text: Korea

text: Russia

text: and

text: stretching

text: from

text: the

text: Sea

text: of

text: Okhotsk

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: East

text: China

text: Sea

text: and

text: near

text: Taiwan

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: Engineering is the application of mathematics and scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge in order to invent, innovate, design, build, maintain, research, and improve structures, machines, tools, systems, components, materials, processes, solutions, and organizations.

text: Engineering

text: is

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: mathematics

text: and

text: scientific

text: economic

text: social

text: and

text: practical

text: knowledge

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: invent

text: innovate

text: design

text: build

text: maintain

text: research

text: and

text: improve

text: structures

text: machines

text: tools

text: systems

text: components

text: materials

text: processes

text: solutions

text: and

text: organizations

text: Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

text: Science

text: is

text: systematic

text: enterprise

text: that

text: builds

text: and

text: organizes

text: knowledge

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: testable

text: explanations

text: and

text: predictions

text: about

text: the

text: universe

text: Montreal officially Montréal in both Canadian English and French, is the most populous municipality in Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada. Originally called "Ville-Marie", or "City of Mary," it is named after Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The city is on the Island of Montreal, which took its name from the same source as the city, and a few much smaller peripheral islands, the largest of which is Île Bizard. It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold snowy winters.

text: Montreal

text: officially

text: Montréal

text: in

text: both

text: Canadian

text: English

text: and

text: French

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: municipality

text: in

text: Quebec

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: Canada

text: Originally

text: called

text: Ville

text: Marie

text: or

text: City

text: of

text: Mary

text: it

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: Mount

text: Royal

text: the

text: triple

text: peaked

text: hill

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: on

text: the

text: Island

text: of

text: Montreal

text: which

text: took

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: source

text: as

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: few

text: much

text: smaller

text: peripheral

text: islands

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: Île

text: Bizard

text: It

text: has

text: distinct

text: four

text: season

text: continental

text: climate

text: with

text: warm

text: to

text: hot

text: summers

text: and

text: cold

text: snowy

text: winters

text: Mount Royal is a large volcanic-related hill or small mountain in the city of Montreal, immediately west of downtown Montreal, Quebec (in Canada), the city to which it gave its name.

text: Mount

text: Royal

text: is

text: large

text: volcanic

text: related

text: hill

text: or

text: small

text: mountain

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Montreal

text: immediately

text: west

text: of

text: downtown

text: Montreal

text: Quebec

text: in

text: Canada

text: the

text: city

text: to

text: which

text: it

text: gave

text: its

text: name

text: Quebec (pronounced or ) is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language.

text: Quebec

text: pronounced

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: province

text: of

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: to

text: have

text: predominantly

text: French

text: speaking

text: population

text: with

text: French

text: as

text: the

text: sole

text: provincial

text: official

text: language

text: Computer science is the study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the methodical procedures (or algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information. An alternate, more succinct definition of computer science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems.

text: Computer

text: science

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: theory

text: experimentation

text: and

text: engineering

text: that

text: form

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: design

text: and

text: use

text: of

text: computers

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: scientific

text: and

text: practical

text: approach

text: to

text: computation

text: and

text: its

text: applications

text: and

text: the

text: systematic

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: feasibility

text: structure

text: expression

text: and

text: mechanization

text: of

text: the

text: methodical

text: procedures

text: or

text: algorithms

text: that

text: underlie

text: the

text: acquisition

text: representation

text: processing

text: storage

text: communication

text: of

text: and

text: access

text: to

text: information

text: An

text: alternate

text: more

text: succinct

text: definition

text: of

text: computer

text: science

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: automating

text: algorithmic

text: processes

text: that

text: scale

text: computer

text: scientist

text: specializes

text: in

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: computation

text: and

text: the

text: design

text: of

text: computational

text: systems

text: A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as cities (with municipal charters) or universities and learned societies. Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment, as they have perpetual effect. Typically, a Royal Charter is produced as a high-quality work of calligraphy on vellum. The British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters. Of these about 750 remain in existence. The earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066, making it the oldest Royal Burgh in Scotland, followed by the University of Cambridge in 1231. Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown, a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity, on 7 April 2011.

text: royal

text: charter

text: is

text: formal

text: document

text: issued

text: by

text: monarch

text: as

text: letters

text: patent

text: granting

text: right

text: or

text: power

text: to

text: an

text: individual

text: or

text: body

text: corporate

text: They

text: were

text: and

text: are

text: still

text: used

text: to

text: establish

text: significant

text: organisations

text: such

text: as

text: cities

text: with

text: municipal

text: charters

text: or

text: universities

text: and

text: learned

text: societies

text: Charters

text: should

text: be

text: distinguished

text: from

text: warrants

text: and

text: letters

text: of

text: appointment

text: as

text: they

text: have

text: perpetual

text: effect

text: Typically

text: Royal

text: Charter

text: is

text: produced

text: as

text: high

text: quality

text: work

text: of

text: calligraphy

text: on

text: vellum

text: The

text: British

text: monarchy

text: has

text: issued

text: over

text: royal

text: charters

text: Of

text: these

text: about

text: remain

text: in

text: existence

text: The

text: earliest

text: was

text: to

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Tain

text: in

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: oldest

text: Royal

text: Burgh

text: in

text: Scotland

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Cambridge

text: in

text: Charters

text: continue

text: to

text: be

text: issued

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: Crown

text: recent

text: example

text: being

text: that

text: awarded

text: to

text: the

text: Chartered

text: Institute

text: for

text: the

text: Management

text: of

text: Sport

text: and

text: Physical

text: Activity

text: on

text: April

text: A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out an arbitrary set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. The ability of computers to follow a sequence of operations, called a "program", make computers very flexible and useful. Such computers are used as control systems for a very wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls, factory devices such as industrial robots and computer assisted design, but also in general purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones. The Internet is run on computers and it connects millions of other computers.

text: computer

text: is

text: device

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: instructed

text: to

text: carry

text: out

text: an

text: arbitrary

text: set

text: of

text: arithmetic

text: or

text: logical

text: operations

text: automatically

text: The

text: ability

text: of

text: computers

text: to

text: follow

text: sequence

text: of

text: operations

text: called

text: program

text: make

text: computers

text: very

text: flexible

text: and

text: useful

text: Such

text: computers

text: are

text: used

text: as

text: control

text: systems

text: for

text: very

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: consumer

text: devices

text: This

text: includes

text: simple

text: special

text: purpose

text: devices

text: like

text: microwave

text: ovens

text: and

text: remote

text: controls

text: factory

text: devices

text: such

text: as

text: industrial

text: robots

text: and

text: computer

text: assisted

text: design

text: but

text: also

text: in

text: general

text: purpose

text: devices

text: like

text: personal

text: computers

text: and

text: mobile

text: devices

text: such

text: as

text: smartphones

text: The

text: Internet

text: is

text: run

text: on

text: computers

text: and

text: it

text: connects

text: millions

text: of

text: other

text: computers

text:
A university ("a whole", "a corporation") is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which grants academic degrees in various subjects.
Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education.

text: university

text: whole

text: corporation

text: is

text: an

text: institution

text: of

text: higher

text: or

text: tertiary

text: education

text: and

text: research

text: which

text: grants

text: academic

text: degrees

text: in

text: various

text: subjects

text: Universities

text: typically

text: provide

text: undergraduate

text: education

text: and

text: postgraduate

text: education

text: A research university is a university that expects all its tenured and tenure-track faculty to continuously engage in research, as opposed to merely requiring it as a condition of an initial appointment or tenure. Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. On the one hand, research universities strive to recruit faculty who are the most brilliant minds in their disciplines in the world, and their students enjoy the opportunity to learn from such experts. On the other hand, new students are often disappointed to realize their undergraduate courses at research universities are overly academic and fail to provide vocational training with immediate "real world" applications; but many employers value degrees from research universities because they know that such coursework develops fundamental skills like critical thinking.

text: research

text: university

text: is

text: university

text: that

text: expects

text: all

text: its

text: tenured

text: and

text: tenure

text: track

text: faculty

text: to

text: continuously

text: engage

text: in

text: research

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: merely

text: requiring

text: it

text: as

text: condition

text: of

text: an

text: initial

text: appointment

text: or

text: tenure

text: Such

text: universities

text: can

text: be

text: recognized

text: by

text: their

text: strong

text: focus

text: on

text: innovative

text: research

text: and

text: the

text: prestige

text: of

text: their

text: brand

text: names

text: On

text: the

text: one

text: hand

text: research

text: universities

text: strive

text: to

text: recruit

text: faculty

text: who

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: brilliant

text: minds

text: in

text: their

text: disciplines

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: their

text: students

text: enjoy

text: the

text: opportunity

text: to

text: learn

text: from

text: such

text: experts

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: new

text: students

text: are

text: often

text: disappointed

text: to

text: realize

text: their

text: undergraduate

text: courses

text: at

text: research

text: universities

text: are

text: overly

text: academic

text: and

text: fail

text: to

text: provide

text: vocational

text: training

text: with

text: immediate

text: real

text: world

text: applications

text: but

text: many

text: employers

text: value

text: degrees

text: from

text: research

text: universities

text: because

text: they

text: know

text: that

text: such

text: coursework

text: develops

text: fundamental

text: skills

text: like

text: critical

text: thinking

annotations: follows single

annotations: likely single

question: occupation david avis

answer: mathematician

text: mathematician


text:
Weimar Republic is an unofficial, historical designation for the German state between 1919 and 1933. The name derives from the city of Weimar, where its constitutional assembly first took place. The official name of the state was still "Deutsches Reich"; it had remained unchanged since 1871. In English the country was usually known simply as Germany.
A national assembly was convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for the "Deutsches Reich" was written, and adopted on 11 August 1919. In its fourteen years, the Weimar Republic faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremism (with paramilitaries  both left- and right-wing); and contentious relationships with the victors of the First World War. The people of Germany blamed the Weimar Republic rather than their wartime leaders for the country's defeat and for the humiliating terms of the Treaty of Versailles. However, the Weimar Republic government successfully reformed the currency, unified tax policies, and organized the railway system. Weimar Germany eliminated most of the requirements of the Treaty of Versailles; it never completely met its disarmament requirements, and eventually paid only a small portion of the war reparations (by twice restructuring its debt through the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan). Under the Locarno Treaties, Germany accepted the western borders of the republic, but continued to dispute the Eastern border.

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: is

text: an

text: unofficial

text: historical

text: designation

text: for

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: between

text: and

text: The

text: name

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Weimar

text: where

text: its

text: constitutional

text: assembly

text: first

text: took

text: place

text: The

text: official

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: was

text: still

text: Deutsches

text: Reich

text: it

text: had

text: remained

text: unchanged

text: since

text: In

text: English

text: the

text: country

text: was

text: usually

text: known

text: simply

text: as

text: Germany

text: national

text: assembly

text: was

text: convened

text: in

text: Weimar

text: where

text: new

text: constitution

text: for

text: the

text: Deutsches

text: Reich

text: was

text: written

text: and

text: adopted

text: on

text: August

text: In

text: its

text: fourteen

text: years

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: faced

text: numerous

text: problems

text: including

text: hyperinflation

text: political

text: extremism

text: with

text: paramilitaries

text: both

text: left-

text: and

text: right

text: wing

text: and

text: contentious

text: relationships

text: with

text: the

text: victors

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: The

text: people

text: of

text: Germany

text: blamed

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: rather

text: than

text: their

text: wartime

text: leaders

text: for

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: defeat

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: humiliating

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: However

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: government

text: successfully

text: reformed

text: the

text: currency

text: unified

text: tax

text: policies

text: and

text: organized

text: the

text: railway

text: system

text: Weimar

text: Germany

text: eliminated

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: requirements

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: it

text: never

text: completely

text: met

text: its

text: disarmament

text: requirements

text: and

text: eventually

text: paid

text: only

text: small

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: reparations

text: by

text: twice

text: restructuring

text: its

text: debt

text: through

text: the

text: Dawes

text: Plan

text: and

text: the

text: Young

text: Plan

text: Under

text: the

text: Locarno

text: Treaties

text: Germany

text: accepted

text: the

text: western

text: borders

text: of

text: the

text: republic

text: but

text: continued

text: to

text: dispute

text: the

text: Eastern

text: border

text: Holstein-Glückstadt or Schleswig-Holstein-Glückstadt is the historiographical name, as well as contemporary shorthand name, for the parts of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein that were ruled by the Kings of Denmark in their function as dukes of Schleswig and Holstein, thus also known as Royal Schleswig-Holstein. Other parts of the duchies were ruled by the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. The territories of Holstein-Glückstadt are located in present-day Denmark and Germany. The main centre of administration was Segeberg and from 1648 Glückstadt (founded in 1617) on the River Elbe.

text: Holstein

text: Glückstadt

text: or

text: Schleswig

text: Holstein

text: Glückstadt

text: is

text: the

text: historiographical

text: name

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: contemporary

text: shorthand

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: duchies

text: of

text: Schleswig

text: and

text: Holstein

text: that

text: were

text: ruled

text: by

text: the

text: Kings

text: of

text: Denmark

text: in

text: their

text: function

text: as

text: dukes

text: of

text: Schleswig

text: and

text: Holstein

text: thus

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Royal

text: Schleswig

text: Holstein

text: Other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: duchies

text: were

text: ruled

text: by

text: the

text: Dukes

text: of

text: Schleswig

text: Holstein

text: Gottorp

text: The

text: territories

text: of

text: Holstein

text: Glückstadt

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Denmark

text: and

text: Germany

text: The

text: main

text: centre

text: of

text: administration

text: was

text: Segeberg

text: and

text: from

text: Glückstadt

text: founded

text: in

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Elbe

text: The German Empire (officially ') was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in November 1918, when Germany became a federal republic (the Weimar Republic).

text: The

text: German

text: Empire

text: officially

text: was

text: the

text: historical

text: German

text: nation

text: state

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: the

text: unification

text: of

text: Germany

text: in

text: to

text: the

text: abdication

text: of

text: Kaiser

text: Wilhelm

text: II

text: in

text: November

text: when

text: Germany

text: became

text: federal

text: republic

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France. Princes of the German states gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm I of Prussia as German Emperor after the French capitulation in the Franco-Prussian War. Unofficially, the "de facto" transition of most of the German-speaking populations into a federated organization of states had been developing for some time through alliances formal and informal between princely rulersbut in fits and starts; self-interests of the various parties hampered the process over nearly a century of autocratic experimentation, beginning in the era of the Napoleonic Wars, which saw the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (1806), and the subsequent rise of German nationalism.

text: The

text: unification

text: of

text: Germany

text: into

text: politically

text: and

text: administratively

text: integrated

text: nation

text: state

text: officially

text: occurred

text: on

text: January

text: in

text: the

text: Hall

text: of

text: Mirrors

text: at

text: the

text: Palace

text: of

text: Versailles

text: in

text: France

text: Princes

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: states

text: gathered

text: there

text: to

text: proclaim

text: Wilhelm

text: of

text: Prussia

text: as

text: German

text: Emperor

text: after

text: the

text: French

text: capitulation

text: in

text: the

text: Franco

text: Prussian

text: War

text: Unofficially

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: transition

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: speaking

text: populations

text: into

text: federated

text: organization

text: of

text: states

text: had

text: been

text: developing

text: for

text: some

text: time

text: through

text: alliances

text: formal

text: and

text: informal

text: between

text: princely

text: rulersbut

text: in

text: fits

text: and

text: starts

text: self

text: interests

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: parties

text: hampered

text: the

text: process

text: over

text: nearly

text: century

text: of

text: autocratic

text: experimentation

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: era

text: of

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: which

text: saw

text: the

text: dissolution

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: the

text: subsequent

text: rise

text: of

text: German

text: nationalism

text: The North German Confederation was a confederation of 22 previously independent states of northern Germany, with nearly 30 million inhabitants. It was the first modern German nation state and the basis for the later German Empire (18711918), when several south German states such as Bavaria joined.

text: The

text: North

text: German

text: Confederation

text: was

text: confederation

text: of

text: previously

text: independent

text: states

text: of

text: northern

text: Germany

text: with

text: nearly

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: modern

text: German

text: nation

text: state

text: and

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: later

text: German

text: Empire

text: when

text: several

text: south

text: German

text: states

text: such

text: as

text: Bavaria

text: joined

text: The Holy Roman Empire was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806. The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany, though it also came to include the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Burgundy, the Kingdom of Italy, and numerous other territories.

text: The

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: was

text: multi

text: ethnic

text: complex

text: of

text: territories

text: in

text: central

text: Europe

text: that

text: developed

text: during

text: the

text: Early

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: continued

text: until

text: its

text: dissolution

text: in

text: The

text: largest

text: territory

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: after

text: was

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Germany

text: though

text: it

text: also

text: came

text: to

text: include

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Bohemia

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Italy

text: and

text: numerous

text: other

text: territories

text: The Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin was a duchy in northern Germany created in 1701, when Frederick William and Adolphus Frederick II divided the Duchy of Mecklenburg between Schwerin and Strelitz. Ruled by the successors of the Nikloting House of Mecklenburg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin remained a state of the Holy Roman Empire along the Baltic Sea littoral between Holstein-Glückstadt and Duchy of Pomerania.

text: The

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Mecklenburg

text: Schwerin

text: was

text: duchy

text: in

text: northern

text: Germany

text: created

text: in

text: when

text: Frederick

text: William

text: and

text: Adolphus

text: Frederick

text: II

text: divided

text: the

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Mecklenburg

text: between

text: Schwerin

text: and

text: Strelitz

text: Ruled

text: by

text: the

text: successors

text: of

text: the

text: Nikloting

text: House

text: of

text: Mecklenburg

text: Mecklenburg

text: Schwerin

text: remained

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: along

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: littoral

text: between

text: Holstein

text: Glückstadt

text: and

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Pomerania

text: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (far more often known as Mecklenburg-West Pomerania in English) (also shortened to Meck-Pomm) is a federated state in northern Germany. The capital city is Schwerin. The state was formed through the merger of the historic regions of Mecklenburg and Vorpommern after the Second World War, dissolved in 1952 and recreated at the time of the German reunification in 1990.

text: Mecklenburg

text: Vorpommern

text: far

text: more

text: often

text: known

text: as

text: Mecklenburg

text: West

text: Pomerania

text: in

text: English

text: also

text: shortened

text: to

text: Meck

text: Pomm

text: is

text: federated

text: state

text: in

text: northern

text: Germany

text: The

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Schwerin

text: The

text: state

text: was

text: formed

text: through

text: the

text: merger

text: of

text: the

text: historic

text: regions

text: of

text: Mecklenburg

text: and

text: Vorpommern

text: after

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: dissolved

text: in

text: and

text: recreated

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: reunification

text: in

text: The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg - Schwerin was a territory in Northern Germany held by the House of Mecklenburg residing at Schwerin . It was a sovereign member state of the German Confederation and became a federated state of the North German Confederation and finally of the German Empire in 1871 .

text: The

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Mecklenburg

text: Schwerin

text: was

text: territory

text: in

text: Northern

text: Germany

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Mecklenburg

text: residing

text: at

text: Schwerin

text: It

text: was

text: sovereign

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Confederation

text: and

text: became

text: federated

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: German

text: Confederation

text: and

text: finally

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Empire

text: in

text: The German Confederation was an association of 39 German states in Central Europe, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries and to replace the former Holy Roman Empire. Most historians have judged the Confederation to have been weak and ineffective, as well as an obstacle to the creation of a German nation-state. It collapsed due to the rivalry between Prussia and Austria, warfare, the 1848 revolution, and the inability of the multiple members to compromise.

text: The

text: German

text: Confederation

text: was

text: an

text: association

text: of

text: German

text: states

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: created

text: by

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: in

text: to

text: coordinate

text: the

text: economies

text: of

text: separate

text: German

text: speaking

text: countries

text: and

text: to

text: replace

text: the

text: former

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Most

text: historians

text: have

text: judged

text: the

text: Confederation

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: weak

text: and

text: ineffective

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: an

text: obstacle

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: German

text: nation

text: state

text: It

text: collapsed

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: rivalry

text: between

text: Prussia

text: and

text: Austria

text: warfare

text: the

text: revolution

text: and

text: the

text: inability

text: of

text: the

text: multiple

text: members

text: to

text: compromise

text: The Baltic Sea (  ; ) is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Scandinavia, Finland, the Baltic countries, and the North European Plain. It includes the Gulf of Bothnia, the Bay of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga, and the Bay of Gdask. The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 10°E to 30°E longitude. A mediterranean sea of the Atlantic, with limited water exchange between the two bodies, the Baltic Sea drains through the Danish islands into the Kattegat by way of the straits of Øresund, the Great Belt, and the Little Belt.

text: The

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: is

text: sea

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: enclosed

text: by

text: Scandinavia

text: Finland

text: the

text: Baltic

text: countries

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: European

text: Plain

text: It

text: includes

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Bothnia

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bothnia

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Riga

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Gdask

text: The

text: sea

text: stretches

text: from

text: to

text: latitude

text: and

text: from

text: to

text: longitude

text: mediterranean

text: sea

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: with

text: limited

text: water

text: exchange

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: bodies

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: drains

text: through

text: the

text: Danish

text: islands

text: into

text: the

text: Kattegat

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: the

text: straits

text: of

text: Øresund

text: the

text: Great

text: Belt

text: and

text: the

text: Little

text: Belt

text:
The Congress of Vienna (German: "Wiener Kongress") was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814. The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. The goal was not simply to restore old boundaries but to resize the main powers so they could balance each other off and remain at peace. The leaders were conservatives with little use for republicanism or revolution, both of which threatened to upset the status quo in Europe. France lost all its recent conquests, while Prussia, Austria and Russia made major territorial gains. Prussia added smaller German states in the west, Swedish Pomerania and 60% of the Kingdom of Saxony; Austria gained Venice and much of northern Italy. Russia gained parts of Poland. The new Kingdom of the Netherlands had been created just months before, and included formerly Austrian territory that in 1830 became Belgium.
The immediate background was Napoleonic France's defeat and surrender in May 1814, which brought an end to twenty-five years of nearly continuous war. Negotiations continued despite the outbreak of fighting triggered by Napoleon's dramatic return from exile and resumption of power in France during the Hundred Days of MarchJuly 1815. The Congress's "Final Act" was signed nine days before his final defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815.

text: The

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: German

text: Wiener

text: Kongress

text: was

text: conference

text: of

text: ambassadors

text: of

text: European

text: states

text: chaired

text: by

text: Austrian

text: statesman

text: Klemens

text: von

text: Metternich

text: and

text: held

text: in

text: Vienna

text: from

text: November

text: to

text: June

text: though

text: the

text: delegates

text: had

text: arrived

text: and

text: were

text: already

text: negotiating

text: by

text: late

text: September

text: The

text: objective

text: of

text: the

text: Congress

text: was

text: to

text: provide

text: long

text: term

text: peace

text: plan

text: for

text: Europe

text: by

text: settling

text: critical

text: issues

text: arising

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: Revolutionary

text: Wars

text: and

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: The

text: goal

text: was

text: not

text: simply

text: to

text: restore

text: old

text: boundaries

text: but

text: to

text: resize

text: the

text: main

text: powers

text: so

text: they

text: could

text: balance

text: each

text: other

text: off

text: and

text: remain

text: at

text: peace

text: The

text: leaders

text: were

text: conservatives

text: with

text: little

text: use

text: for

text: republicanism

text: or

text: revolution

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: threatened

text: to

text: upset

text: the

text: status

text: quo

text: in

text: Europe

text: France

text: lost

text: all

text: its

text: recent

text: conquests

text: while

text: Prussia

text: Austria

text: and

text: Russia

text: made

text: major

text: territorial

text: gains

text: Prussia

text: added

text: smaller

text: German

text: states

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: Swedish

text: Pomerania

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Saxony

text: Austria

text: gained

text: Venice

text: and

text: much

text: of

text: northern

text: Italy

text: Russia

text: gained

text: parts

text: of

text: Poland

text: The

text: new

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: had

text: been

text: created

text: just

text: months

text: before

text: and

text: included

text: formerly

text: Austrian

text: territory

text: that

text: in

text: became

text: Belgium

text: The

text: immediate

text: background

text: was

text: Napoleonic

text: France

text: 's

text: defeat

text: and

text: surrender

text: in

text: May

text: which

text: brought

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: twenty

text: five

text: years

text: of

text: nearly

text: continuous

text: war

text: Negotiations

text: continued

text: despite

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: fighting

text: triggered

text: by

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: dramatic

text: return

text: from

text: exile

text: and

text: resumption

text: of

text: power

text: in

text: France

text: during

text: the

text: Hundred

text: Days

text: of

text: MarchJuly

text: The

text: Congress

text: 's

text: Final

text: Act

text: was

text: signed

text: nine

text: days

text: before

text: his

text: final

text: defeat

text: at

text: Waterloo

text: on

text: June

text: Bavaria  is a federal state of Germany. Located in the German southeast with an area of 70,548 square kilometres (27,200 sq mi), Bavaria is the largest German state. Its territory comprises roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany, and, with 12.9 million inhabitants, it is Germany's second most populous state. Munich, Bavaria's capital and largest city, is the third largest city in Germany.

text: Bavaria

text: is

text: federal

text: state

text: of

text: Germany

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: southeast

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: Bavaria

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: German

text: state

text: Its

text: territory

text: comprises

text: roughly

text: fifth

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: Germany

text: and

text: with

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: Germany

text: 's

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: Munich

text: Bavaria

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: The House of Mecklenburg, also known as Nikloting, is a North German dynasty that ruled until 1918 in the Mecklenburg region, being among the longest-ruling families of Europe.

text: The

text: House

text: of

text: Mecklenburg

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Nikloting

text: is

text: North

text: German

text: dynasty

text: that

text: ruled

text: until

text: in

text: the

text: Mecklenburg

text: region

text: being

text: among

text: the

text: longest

text: ruling

text: families

text: of

text: Europe

text: Schwerin (or , Mecklenburgian Swerin, Latin Suerina) is the capital and second-largest city of the northern German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The population is 91,583 (as of December 31, 2013) and 98.000 as of July 2016.

text: Schwerin

text: or

text: Mecklenburgian

text: Swerin

text: Latin

text: Suerina

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: northern

text: German

text: state

text: of

text: Mecklenburg

text: Vorpommern

text: The

text: population

text: is

text: as

text: of

text: December

text: and

text: as

text: of

text: July

text: Niklot or Nyklot (1090  August 1160) was a pagan chief or prince of the Slavic Obotrites and an ancestor of the House of Mecklenburg. He became chief of the Obotrite confederacy, including the Kissini and the Circipani, between the years 1130 and 1131. He remained in this position until his death in 1160. At the same time he was Lord of ("Herr zu") Schwerin, Quetzin and Malchow. For nearly 30 years he resisted Saxon princes, especially Henry the Lion during the Wendish Crusade. He fought the conversion of the pagan Polabian Slavs to Christianity.

text: Niklot

text: or

text: Nyklot

text: August

text: was

text: pagan

text: chief

text: or

text: prince

text: of

text: the

text: Slavic

text: Obotrites

text: and

text: an

text: ancestor

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Mecklenburg

text: He

text: became

text: chief

text: of

text: the

text: Obotrite

text: confederacy

text: including

text: the

text: Kissini

text: and

text: the

text: Circipani

text: between

text: the

text: years

text: and

text: He

text: remained

text: in

text: this

text: position

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: he

text: was

text: Lord

text: of

text: Herr

text: zu

text: Schwerin

text: Quetzin

text: and

text: Malchow

text: For

text: nearly

text: years

text: he

text: resisted

text: Saxon

text: princes

text: especially

text: Henry

text: the

text: Lion

text: during

text: the

text: Wendish

text: Crusade

text: He

text: fought

text: the

text: conversion

text: of

text: the

text: pagan

text: Polabian

text: Slavs

text: to

text: Christianity

text: Wismar is a port and Hanseatic city in Northern Germany on the Baltic Sea, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It is located about east of Lübeck and north of Schwerin, and is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Its natural harbour, located in the Bay of Wismar, is well-protected by a promontory. The population was 42,219 in 2013. It is the capital of the district of Nordwestmecklenburg.

text: Wismar

text: is

text: port

text: and

text: Hanseatic

text: city

text: in

text: Northern

text: Germany

text: on

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Mecklenburg

text: Vorpommern

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: about

text: east

text: of

text: Lübeck

text: and

text: north

text: of

text: Schwerin

text: and

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Hamburg

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: Its

text: natural

text: harbour

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Wismar

text: is

text: well

text: protected

text: by

text: promontory

text: The

text: population

text: was

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: district

text: of

text: Nordwestmecklenburg

text: Mecklenburg (locally , Low German: "Mkel(n)borg" ) is a historical region in northern Germany comprising the western and larger part of the federal-state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The largest cities of the region are Rostock, Schwerin, Neubrandenburg, Wismar and Güstrow.

text: Mecklenburg

text: locally

text: Low

text: German

text: Mkel(n)borg

text: is

text: historical

text: region

text: in

text: northern

text: Germany

text: comprising

text: the

text: western

text: and

text: larger

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: state

text: Mecklenburg

text: Vorpommern

text: The

text: largest

text: cities

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: are

text: Rostock

text: Schwerin

text: Neubrandenburg

text: Wismar

text: and

text: Güstrow

annotations: likely multiple

question: dissolved_or_abolished grand duchy of mecklenburg-schwerin

answer: 1933


text: The Historical Dictionary of Switzerland is an encyclopedia on the history of Switzerland that aims to take into account the results of modern historical research in a manner accessible to a broader audience . The encyclopedia is published by a foundation under the patronage of the Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences ( SAGW / ASSH ) and the Swiss Historical Society ( SGG - SHH ) and is financed by national research grants . Besides a staff of 35 at the central offices , the contributors include 100 academic advisors , 2500 historians and 100 translators .

text: The

text: Historical

text: Dictionary

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: is

text: an

text: encyclopedia

text: on

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: that

text: aims

text: to

text: take

text: into

text: account

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: modern

text: historical

text: research

text: in

text: manner

text: accessible

text: to

text: broader

text: audience

text: The

text: encyclopedia

text: is

text: published

text: by

text: foundation

text: under

text: the

text: patronage

text: of

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Academy

text: of

text: Humanities

text: and

text: Social

text: Sciences

text: SAGW

text: ASSH

text: and

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Historical

text: Society

text: SGG

text: SHH

text: and

text: is

text: financed

text: by

text: national

text: research

text: grants

text: Besides

text: staff

text: of

text: at

text: the

text: central

text: offices

text: the

text: contributors

text: include

text: academic

text: advisors

text: historians

text: and

text: translators

text: A dictionary is a collection of words in one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, phonetics, pronunciations, translation, etc. or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another, sometimes known as a lexicon. It is a lexicographical product which shows inter-relationships among the data.

text: dictionary

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: words

text: in

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: specific

text: languages

text: often

text: arranged

text: alphabetically

text: or

text: by

text: radical

text: and

text: stroke

text: for

text: ideographic

text: languages

text: which

text: may

text: include

text: information

text: on

text: definitions

text: usage

text: etymologies

text: phonetics

text: pronunciations

text: translation

text: etc

text: or

text: book

text: of

text: words

text: in

text: one

text: language

text: with

text: their

text: equivalents

text: in

text: another

text: sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: lexicon

text: It

text: is

text: lexicographical

text: product

text: which

text: shows

text: inter

text: relationships

text: among

text: the

text: data

text:
In linguistics, a word is the smallest element that can be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts deeply with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: "oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect"), or several ("rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected"), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are "-s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed").
A complex word will typically include a root and one or more affixes ("rock-s, red-ness, quick-ly, run-ning, un-expect-ed"), or more than one root in a compound ("black-board, rat-race"). Words can be put together to build larger elements of language, such as phrases ("a red rock"), clauses ("I threw a rock"), and sentences ("He threw a rock too, but he missed").

text: In

text: linguistics

text: word

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: element

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: uttered

text: in

text: isolation

text: with

text: semantic

text: or

text: pragmatic

text: content

text: with

text: literal

text: or

text: practical

text: meaning

text: This

text: contrasts

text: deeply

text: with

text: morpheme

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: unit

text: of

text: meaning

text: but

text: will

text: not

text: necessarily

text: stand

text: on

text: its

text: own

text: word

text: may

text: consist

text: of

text: single

text: morpheme

text: for

text: example

text: oh

text: rock

text: red

text: quick

text: run

text: expect

text: or

text: several

text: rocks

text: redness

text: quickly

text: running

text: unexpected

text: whereas

text: morpheme

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: stand

text: on

text: its

text: own

text: as

text: word

text: in

text: the

text: words

text: just

text: mentioned

text: these

text: are

text: -s

text: -ness

text: -ly

text: -ing

text: un-

text: -ed

text: complex

text: word

text: will

text: typically

text: include

text: root

text: and

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: affixes

text: rock

text: red

text: ness

text: quick

text: ly

text: run

text: ning

text: un

text: expect

text: ed

text: or

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: root

text: in

text: compound

text: black

text: board

text: rat

text: race

text: Words

text: can

text: be

text: put

text: together

text: to

text: build

text: larger

text: elements

text: of

text: language

text: such

text: as

text: phrases

text: red

text: rock

text: clauses

text: threw

text: rock

text: and

text: sentences

text: He

text: threw

text: rock

text: too

text: but

text: he

text: missed

text: A republic (from ) is a sovereign state, country, or government which is organized with a form of government in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power according to the rule of law. In modern times, the definition of a republic commonly refers to a government which excludes a monarch. Currently, 147 of the world's 206 sovereign states use the word "republic" as part of their official names; not all of these are republics in the sense of having elected governments, nor do all nations with elected governments use the word "republic" in their names.

text: republic

text: from

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: country

text: or

text: government

text: which

text: is

text: organized

text: with

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: in

text: which

text: power

text: resides

text: in

text: elected

text: individuals

text: representing

text: the

text: citizen

text: body

text: and

text: government

text: leaders

text: exercise

text: power

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: In

text: modern

text: times

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: republic

text: commonly

text: refers

text: to

text: government

text: which

text: excludes

text: monarch

text: Currently

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sovereign

text: states

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: republic

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: official

text: names

text: not

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: are

text: republics

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: having

text: elected

text: governments

text: nor

text: do

text: all

text: nations

text: with

text: elected

text: governments

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: republic

text: in

text: their

text: names

text: Information is that which informs. In other words, it is the answer to a question of some kind. It is thus related to data and knowledge, as data represents values attributed to parameters, and knowledge signifies understanding of real things or abstract concepts. As it regards data, the information's existence is not necessarily coupled to an observer (it exists beyond an event horizon, for example), while in the case of knowledge, the information requires a cognitive observer.

text: Information

text: is

text: that

text: which

text: informs

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: answer

text: to

text: question

text: of

text: some

text: kind

text: It

text: is

text: thus

text: related

text: to

text: data

text: and

text: knowledge

text: as

text: data

text: represents

text: values

text: attributed

text: to

text: parameters

text: and

text: knowledge

text: signifies

text: understanding

text: of

text: real

text: things

text: or

text: abstract

text: concepts

text: As

text: it

text: regards

text: data

text: the

text: information

text: 's

text: existence

text: is

text: not

text: necessarily

text: coupled

text: to

text: an

text: observer

text: it

text: exists

text: beyond

text: an

text: event

text: horizon

text: for

text: example

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: knowledge

text: the

text: information

text: requires

text: cognitive

text: observer

text: Æ (minuscule: æ) is a grapheme named æsc or ash, formed from the letters "a" and "e", originally a ligature representing a Latin diphthong. It has been promoted to the full status of a letter in the alphabets of some languages, including Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic, and Faroese. As a letter of the Old English Latin alphabet, it was called "æsc" ("ash tree") after the Anglo-Saxon futhorc rune  which it transliterated; its traditional name in English is still ash . It was also used in Old Swedish before being changed to ä. Variants include    .

text: Æ

text: minuscule

text: æ

text: is

text: grapheme

text: named

text: æsc

text: or

text: ash

text: formed

text: from

text: the

text: letters

text: and

text: originally

text: ligature

text: representing

text: Latin

text: diphthong

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: promoted

text: to

text: the

text: full

text: status

text: of

text: letter

text: in

text: the

text: alphabets

text: of

text: some

text: languages

text: including

text: Norwegian

text: Danish

text: Icelandic

text: and

text: Faroese

text: As

text: letter

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: English

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: it

text: was

text: called

text: æsc

text: ash

text: tree

text: after

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: futhorc

text: rune

text: which

text: it

text: transliterated

text: its

text: traditional

text: name

text: in

text: English

text: is

text: still

text: ash

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: Old

text: Swedish

text: before

text: being

text: changed

text: to

text: ä.

text: Variants

text: include

text: Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning.

text: Knowledge

text: is

text: familiarity

text: awareness

text: or

text: understanding

text: of

text: someone

text: or

text: something

text: such

text: as

text: facts

text: information

text: descriptions

text: or

text: skills

text: which

text: is

text: acquired

text: through

text: experience

text: or

text: education

text: by

text: perceiving

text: discovering

text: or

text: learning

text: A reference work is a book or periodical (or its electronic equivalent) to which one can refer for information. The information is intended to be found quickly when needed. Reference works are usually "referred" to for particular pieces of information, rather than read beginning to end. The writing style used in these works is informative; the authors avoid use of the first person, and emphasize facts. Many reference works are compiled by a team of contributors whose work is coordinated by one or more editors rather than by an individual author. Indices are commonly provided in many types of reference work. Updated editions are usually published as needed, in some cases annually (e.g. "Whitaker's Almanack", "Who's Who"). Reference works include dictionaries, thesauruses, encyclopedias, almanacs, bibliographies, and catalogs (e.g. catalogs of libraries, museums or the works of individual artists). Many reference works are available in electronic form and can be obtained as application software, CD-ROMs, DVDs, or online through the Internet.

text: reference

text: work

text: is

text: book

text: or

text: periodical

text: or

text: its

text: electronic

text: equivalent

text: to

text: which

text: one

text: can

text: refer

text: for

text: information

text: The

text: information

text: is

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: found

text: quickly

text: when

text: needed

text: Reference

text: works

text: are

text: usually

text: referred

text: to

text: for

text: particular

text: pieces

text: of

text: information

text: rather

text: than

text: read

text: beginning

text: to

text: end

text: The

text: writing

text: style

text: used

text: in

text: these

text: works

text: is

text: informative

text: the

text: authors

text: avoid

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: and

text: emphasize

text: facts

text: Many

text: reference

text: works

text: are

text: compiled

text: by

text: team

text: of

text: contributors

text: whose

text: work

text: is

text: coordinated

text: by

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: editors

text: rather

text: than

text: by

text: an

text: individual

text: author

text: Indices

text: are

text: commonly

text: provided

text: in

text: many

text: types

text: of

text: reference

text: work

text: Updated

text: editions

text: are

text: usually

text: published

text: as

text: needed

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: annually

text: e.g.

text: Whitaker

text: 's

text: Almanack

text: Who

text: 's

text: Who

text: Reference

text: works

text: include

text: dictionaries

text: thesauruses

text: encyclopedias

text: almanacs

text: bibliographies

text: and

text: catalogs

text: e.g.

text: catalogs

text: of

text: libraries

text: museums

text: or

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: individual

text: artists

text: Many

text: reference

text: works

text: are

text: available

text: in

text: electronic

text: form

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: obtained

text: as

text: application

text: software

text: CD

text: ROMs

text: DVDs

text: or

text: online

text: through

text: the

text: Internet

text:
An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia (also spelled encyclopædia, see spelling differences) is a type of reference work or compendium holding a comprehensive summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge.
Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries, which are usually accessed alphabetically by article name. Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Generally speaking, unlike dictionary entries which focus on linguistic information about words, encyclopedia articles focus on factual information concerning the subject for which the article is named.

text: An

text: encyclopedia

text: or

text: encyclopaedia

text: also

text: spelled

text: encyclopædia

text: see

text: spelling

text: differences

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: reference

text: work

text: or

text: compendium

text: holding

text: comprehensive

text: summary

text: of

text: information

text: from

text: either

text: all

text: branches

text: of

text: knowledge

text: or

text: particular

text: branch

text: of

text: knowledge

text: Encyclopedias

text: are

text: divided

text: into

text: articles

text: or

text: entries

text: which

text: are

text: usually

text: accessed

text: alphabetically

text: by

text: article

text: name

text: Encyclopedia

text: entries

text: are

text: longer

text: and

text: more

text: detailed

text: than

text: those

text: in

text: most

text: dictionaries

text: Generally

text: speaking

text: unlike

text: dictionary

text: entries

text: which

text: focus

text: on

text: linguistic

text: information

text: about

text: words

text: encyclopedia

text: articles

text: focus

text: on

text: factual

text: information

text: concerning

text: the

text: subject

text: for

text: which

text: the

text: article

text: is

text: named

text: A compendium (plural: compendia) is a concise compilation of a body of knowledge. A compendium may summarize a larger work. In most cases the body of knowledge will concern a specific field of human interest or endeavour (for example: hydrogeology, logology, ichthyology, phytosociology or myrmecology), while a general encyclopedia can be referred to as a "compendium of all human knowledge".

text: compendium

text: plural

text: compendia

text: is

text: concise

text: compilation

text: of

text: body

text: of

text: knowledge

text: compendium

text: may

text: summarize

text: larger

text: work

text: In

text: most

text: cases

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: knowledge

text: will

text: concern

text: specific

text: field

text: of

text: human

text: interest

text: or

text: endeavour

text: for

text: example

text: hydrogeology

text: logology

text: ichthyology

text: phytosociology

text: or

text: myrmecology

text: while

text: general

text: encyclopedia

text: can

text: be

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: compendium

text: of

text: all

text: human

text: knowledge

text: A fact is something that has really occurred or is actually correct. The usual test for a statement of fact is verifiabilitythat is, whether it can be demonstrated to correspond to experience. Standard reference works are often used to check facts. Scientific facts are verified by repeatable careful observation or measurement (by experiments or other means).

text: fact

text: is

text: something

text: that

text: has

text: really

text: occurred

text: or

text: is

text: actually

text: correct

text: The

text: usual

text: test

text: for

text: statement

text: of

text: fact

text: is

text: verifiabilitythat

text: is

text: whether

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: demonstrated

text: to

text: correspond

text: to

text: experience

text: Standard

text: reference

text: works

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: check

text: facts

text: Scientific

text: facts

text: are

text: verified

text: by

text: repeatable

text: careful

text: observation

text: or

text: measurement

text: by

text: experiments

text: or

text: other

text: means

text: Since 1848, the Swiss Confederation has been a federal state of relatively autonomous cantons, some of which have a history of confederacy that goes back more than 700 years, putting them among the world's oldest surviving republics.

text: Since

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Confederation

text: has

text: been

text: federal

text: state

text: of

text: relatively

text: autonomous

text: cantons

text: some

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: history

text: of

text: confederacy

text: that

text: goes

text: back

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: putting

text: them

text: among

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oldest

text: surviving

text: republics

question: genre historical dictionary of switzerland

answer: reference work

text: reference work

text: reference work

text: reference work