text: Alfonso John Romero (born October 28, 1967) is an American director, designer, programmer, and developer in the video game industry. He is best known as a co-founder of id Software and designer for many of their games, including "Wolfenstein 3D", "Dangerous Dave", "", "Doom" and "Quake". His game designs and development tools, along with new programming techniques created and implemented by id Software's lead programmer John D. Carmack, led to a mass popularization of the first person shooter, or FPS, in the 1990s. He is credited with coining the FPS multiplayer term "deathmatch".

text: Alfonso

text: John

text: Romero

text: born

text: October

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: director

text: designer

text: programmer

text: and

text: developer

text: in

text: the

text: video

text: game

text: industry

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: co

text: founder

text: of

text: Software

text: and

text: designer

text: for

text: many

text: of

text: their

text: games

text: including

text: Wolfenstein

text: Dangerous

text: Dave

text: Doom

text: and

text: Quake

text: His

text: game

text: designs

text: and

text: development

text: tools

text: along

text: with

text: new

text: programming

text: techniques

text: created

text: and

text: implemented

text: by

text: Software

text: 's

text: lead

text: programmer

text: John

text: Carmack

text: led

text: to

text: mass

text: popularization

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: shooter

text: or

text: FPS

text: in

text: the

text: He

text: is

text: credited

text: with

text: coining

text: the

text: FPS

text: multiplayer

text: term

text: deathmatch

text: Dallas is a major city in the state of Texas and is the largest urban center of the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the United States. The city proper ranks ninth in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. The city's prominence arose from its historical importance as a center for the oil and cotton industries, and its position along numerous railroad lines. The bulk of the city is in Dallas County, of which it is the county seat; however, sections of the city are located in Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties. According to the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 1,197,816. The United States Census Bureau's estimate for the city's population increased to 1,300,092 as of July 1, 2015.

text: Dallas

text: is

text: major

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Texas

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: urban

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: city

text: proper

text: ranks

text: ninth

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: and

text: third

text: in

text: Texas

text: after

text: Houston

text: and

text: San

text: Antonio

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: prominence

text: arose

text: from

text: its

text: historical

text: importance

text: as

text: center

text: for

text: the

text: oil

text: and

text: cotton

text: industries

text: and

text: its

text: position

text: along

text: numerous

text: railroad

text: lines

text: The

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: in

text: Dallas

text: County

text: of

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: however

text: sections

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: Collin

text: Denton

text: Kaufman

text: and

text: Rockwall

text: counties

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: the

text: city

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: 's

text: estimate

text: for

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: population

text: increased

text: to

text: as

text: of

text: July

text: Nerve Software, LLC is an American video game developer that was co-founded by ex-id Software employee Brandon James. Many of the original employees at Nerve were previously employed by Rogue Entertainment, another U.S. based software company.

text: Nerve

text: Software

text: LLC

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: video

text: game

text: developer

text: that

text: was

text: co

text: founded

text: by

text: ex

text: id

text: Software

text: employee

text: Brandon

text: James

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: employees

text: at

text: Nerve

text: were

text: previously

text: employed

text: by

text: Rogue

text: Entertainment

text: another

text: U.S.

text: based

text: software

text: company

text: Softdisk is a software and Internet company based in Shreveport, Louisiana. Founded in 1981, its original products were disk magazines (which they termed "magazettes", for "magazine on diskette"). They were affiliated and partly owned by paper magazine "Softalk" at their founding, but survived its demise.

text: Softdisk

text: is

text: software

text: and

text: Internet

text: company

text: based

text: in

text: Shreveport

text: Louisiana

text: Founded

text: in

text: its

text: original

text: products

text: were

text: disk

text: magazines

text: which

text: they

text: termed

text: magazettes

text: for

text: magazine

text: on

text: diskette

text: They

text: were

text: affiliated

text: and

text: partly

text: owned

text: by

text: paper

text: magazine

text: Softalk

text: at

text: their

text: founding

text: but

text: survived

text: its

text: demise

text: id Software LLC (formerly id Software, Inc., ; see Company name) is an American video game developer headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The company was founded on February 1, 1991, by four members of the computer company Softdisk, programmers John Carmack and John Romero, game designer Tom Hall, and artist Adrian Carmack (no relation to John Carmack). Business manager Jay Wilbur was also involved.

text: Software

text: LLC

text: formerly

text: Software

text: Inc.

text: see

text: Company

text: name

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: video

text: game

text: developer

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Dallas

text: Texas

text: The

text: company

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: February

text: by

text: four

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: computer

text: company

text: Softdisk

text: programmers

text: John

text: Carmack

text: and

text: John

text: Romero

text: game

text: designer

text: Tom

text: Hall

text: and

text: artist

text: Adrian

text: Carmack

text: no

text: relation

text: to

text: John

text: Carmack

text: Business

text: manager

text: Jay

text: Wilbur

text: was

text: also

text: involved

text: Rogue Entertainment was a computer game developer based in Dallas , Texas , which was active in the late 1990s . It was founded by Rich Fleider , Steve Maines , and Jim Molinets in 1994 . Rogue Entertainment 's office was in the same building as id Software , all of their games used game engines created by id Software , and two of their games were expansions for id Software 's Quake series of games . Many former Rogue Entertainment employees moved to Nerve Software after Rogue Entertainment shut down .

text: Rogue

text: Entertainment

text: was

text: computer

text: game

text: developer

text: based

text: in

text: Dallas

text: Texas

text: which

text: was

text: active

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Rich

text: Fleider

text: Steve

text: Maines

text: and

text: Jim

text: Molinets

text: in

text: Rogue

text: Entertainment

text: 's

text: office

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: building

text: as

text: Software

text: all

text: of

text: their

text: games

text: used

text: game

text: engines

text: created

text: by

text: Software

text: and

text: two

text: of

text: their

text: games

text: were

text: expansions

text: for

text: Software

text: 's

text: Quake

text: series

text: of

text: games

text: Many

text: former

text: Rogue

text: Entertainment

text: employees

text: moved

text: to

text: Nerve

text: Software

text: after

text: Rogue

text: Entertainment

text: shut

text: down

text: A video game developer is a software developer that specializes in video game development  the process and related disciplines of creating video games. A game developer can range from one person who undertakes all tasks to a large business with employee responsibilities split between individual disciplines, such as programming, design, art, testing, etc. Most game development companies have video game publisher financial and usually marketing support. Self-funded developers are known as independent or indie developers and usually make indie games.

text: video

text: game

text: developer

text: is

text: software

text: developer

text: that

text: specializes

text: in

text: video

text: game

text: development

text: the

text: process

text: and

text: related

text: disciplines

text: of

text: creating

text: video

text: games

text: game

text: developer

text: can

text: range

text: from

text: one

text: person

text: who

text: undertakes

text: all

text: tasks

text: to

text: large

text: business

text: with

text: employee

text: responsibilities

text: split

text: between

text: individual

text: disciplines

text: such

text: as

text: programming

text: design

text: art

text: testing

text: etc

text: Most

text: game

text: development

text: companies

text: have

text: video

text: game

text: publisher

text: financial

text: and

text: usually

text: marketing

text: support

text: Self

text: funded

text: developers

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: independent

text: or

text: indie

text: developers

text: and

text: usually

text: make

text: indie

text: games

text: Tom A. Hall (born September 2, 1964) is a game designer born in Wisconsin. He attended the University of WisconsinMadison, where he earned a B.S. in Computer Science.

text: Tom

text: Hall

text: born

text: September

text: is

text: game

text: designer

text: born

text: in

text: Wisconsin

text: He

text: attended

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: WisconsinMadison

text: where

text: he

text: earned

text: B.S.

text: in

text: Computer

text: Science

text: Adrian Carmack (born May 5, 1969) is one of the four founders of id Software, along with Tom Hall, John Romero, and John Carmack (no relation). He had worked there as an artist. He was a major stock owner of id Software until he left the company.

text: Adrian

text: Carmack

text: born

text: May

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: founders

text: of

text: Software

text: along

text: with

text: Tom

text: Hall

text: John

text: Romero

text: and

text: John

text: Carmack

text: no

text: relation

text: He

text: had

text: worked

text: there

text: as

text: an

text: artist

text: He

text: was

text: major

text: stock

text: owner

text: of

text: Software

text: until

text: he

text: left

text: the

text: company

text: John D. Carmack (born August 20, 1970) is an American game programmer, aerospace and virtual reality engineer. He co-founded id Software. Carmack was the lead programmer of the id video games "Commander Keen", "Wolfenstein 3D", "Doom", "Quake", "Rage" and their sequels. Carmack is best known for his innovations in 3D graphics, such as his famous Carmack's Reverse algorithm for shadow volumes, and is also a rocketry enthusiast and the founder and lead engineer of Armadillo Aerospace. In August 2013, Carmack took the position of CTO at Oculus VR, which in 2014 became a subsidiary of Facebook.

text: John

text: Carmack

text: born

text: August

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: game

text: programmer

text: aerospace

text: and

text: virtual

text: reality

text: engineer

text: He

text: co

text: founded

text: Software

text: Carmack

text: was

text: the

text: lead

text: programmer

text: of

text: the

text: video

text: games

text: Commander

text: Keen

text: Wolfenstein

text: Doom

text: Quake

text: Rage

text: and

text: their

text: sequels

text: Carmack

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: innovations

text: in

text: graphics

text: such

text: as

text: his

text: famous

text: Carmack

text: 's

text: Reverse

text: algorithm

text: for

text: shadow

text: volumes

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: rocketry

text: enthusiast

text: and

text: the

text: founder

text: and

text: lead

text: engineer

text: of

text: Armadillo

text: Aerospace

text: In

text: August

text: Carmack

text: took

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: CTO

text: at

text: Oculus

text: VR

text: which

text: in

text: became

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: Facebook

question: industry rogue entertainment

answer: video game industry

text: video game industry


text: MPEG-1 and/or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players and computing devices.

text: and/or

text: Audio

text: Layer

text: III

text: more

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: is

text: an

text: audio

text: coding

text: format

text: for

text: digital

text: audio

text: which

text: uses

text: form

text: of

text: lossy

text: data

text: compression

text: It

text: is

text: common

text: audio

text: format

text: for

text: consumer

text: audio

text: streaming

text: or

text: storage

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: de

text: facto

text: standard

text: of

text: digital

text: audio

text: compression

text: for

text: the

text: transfer

text: and

text: playback

text: of

text: music

text: on

text: most

text: digital

text: audio

text: players

text: and

text: computing

text: devices

text: Paris (French: ) is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of and a population in 2013 of 2,229,621 within its administrative limits. The city is both a commune and department, and forms the centre and headquarters of the Île-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an area of and a population in 2014 of 12,005,077, comprising 18.2 percent of the population of France.

text: Paris

text: French

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: France

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: in

text: of

text: within

text: its

text: administrative

text: limits

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: both

text: commune

text: and

text: department

text: and

text: forms

text: the

text: centre

text: and

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: Île

text: de

text: France

text: or

text: Paris

text: Region

text: which

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: in

text: of

text: comprising

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: France

text: The English Channel ("the Sleeve" [hence ] "Sea of Brittany" "British Sea"), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and joins the southern part of the North Sea to the rest of the Atlantic Ocean.

text: The

text: English

text: Channel

text: the

text: Sleeve

text: hence

text: Sea

text: of

text: Brittany

text: British

text: Sea

text: also

text: called

text: simply

text: the

text: Channel

text: is

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: that

text: separates

text: southern

text: England

text: from

text: northern

text: France

text: and

text: joins

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Wir sind Helden (German for "We are heroes") was a German pop rock band that was established in 2000 in Hamburg and based in Berlin. The band was composed of lead singer and guitarist Judith Holofernes, drummer Pola Roy, bassist Mark Tavassol and keyboardist/guitarist Jean-Michel Tourette.

text: Wir

text: sind

text: Helden

text: German

text: for

text: We

text: are

text: heroes

text: was

text: German

text: pop

text: rock

text: band

text: that

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: in

text: Hamburg

text: and

text: based

text: in

text: Berlin

text: The

text: band

text: was

text: composed

text: of

text: lead

text: singer

text: and

text: guitarist

text: Judith

text: Holofernes

text: drummer

text: Pola

text: Roy

text: bassist

text: Mark

text: Tavassol

text: and

text: keyboardist

text: guitarist

text: Jean

text: Michel

text: Tourette

text: Die Reklamation (German for "The Complaint") is the debut album of the German band Wir sind Helden, released on 7 July 2003 by Labels, a subsidiary of EMI. It sold over 800,000 copies in Germany and reached four times Platinum.

text: Die

text: Reklamation

text: German

text: for

text: The

text: Complaint

text: is

text: the

text: debut

text: album

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: band

text: Wir

text: sind

text: Helden

text: released

text: on

text: July

text: by

text: Labels

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: EMI

text: It

text: sold

text: over

text: copies

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: reached

text: four

text: times

text: Platinum

text: Pop rock is rock music with a lighter, smoother approach that is more reminiscent of commercial pop music. Originating in the 1950s as an alternative to rock and roll, early pop rock was influenced by the beat, arrangements, and style of rock and roll (and sometimes doo wop), but placed a greater emphasis on professional songwriting and recording craft. The detractors of pop rock often deride it as a slick, commercial product, less authentic than rock music.

text: Pop

text: rock

text: is

text: rock

text: music

text: with

text: lighter

text: smoother

text: approach

text: that

text: is

text: more

text: reminiscent

text: of

text: commercial

text: pop

text: music

text: Originating

text: in

text: the

text: as

text: an

text: alternative

text: to

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: early

text: pop

text: rock

text: was

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: beat

text: arrangements

text: and

text: style

text: of

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: and

text: sometimes

text: doo

text: wop

text: but

text: placed

text: greater

text: emphasis

text: on

text: professional

text: songwriting

text: and

text: recording

text: craft

text: The

text: detractors

text: of

text: pop

text: rock

text: often

text: deride

text: it

text: as

text: slick

text: commercial

text: product

text: less

text: authentic

text: than

text: rock

text: music

text: The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency.

text: The

text: euro

text: sign

text: code

text: EUR

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: currency

text: of

text: the

text: eurozone

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Austria

text: Belgium

text: Cyprus

text: Estonia

text: Finland

text: France

text: Germany

text: Greece

text: Ireland

text: Italy

text: Latvia

text: Lithuania

text: Luxembourg

text: Malta

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Portugal

text: Slovakia

text: Slovenia

text: and

text: Spain

text: The

text: currency

text: is

text: also

text: officially

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: institutions

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: four

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: unilaterally

text: by

text: two

text: others

text: and

text: is

text: consequently

text: used

text: daily

text: by

text: some

text: million

text: Europeans

text: Outside

text: of

text: Europe

text: number

text: of

text: overseas

text: territories

text: of

text: EU

text: members

text: also

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: as

text: their

text: currency

text: The Mediterranean Sea (pronounced ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a separate body of water.

text: The

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: pronounced

text: is

text: sea

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Basin

text: and

text: almost

text: completely

text: enclosed

text: by

text: land

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: Southern

text: Europe

text: and

text: Anatolia

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Levant

text: The

text: sea

text: is

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: although

text: it

text: is

text: usually

text: identified

text: as

text: separate

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: Von hier an blind (German for "Blind from here on") is the second album by Wir sind Helden, released on 4 April 2005 in Germany. The album entered the German top 100 album charts at #1 on 18 April and remained in the top 10 for twenty weeks. It also reached #1 in Austria, and #5 in Switzerland. The album also reached #16 on the iTunes' US album charts.

text: Von

text: hier

text: an

text: blind

text: German

text: for

text: Blind

text: from

text: here

text: on

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: album

text: by

text: Wir

text: sind

text: Helden

text: released

text: on

text: April

text: in

text: Germany

text: The

text: album

text: entered

text: the

text: German

text: top

text: album

text: charts

text: at

text: on

text: April

text: and

text: remained

text: in

text: the

text: top

text: for

text: twenty

text: weeks

text: It

text: also

text: reached

text: in

text: Austria

text: and

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: The

text: album

text: also

text: reached

text: on

text: the

text: iTunes

text: US

text: album

text: charts

text: The LP (from "long playing" or "long play") is an analog sound storage medium, a vinyl record format characterized by a speed of rpm, a 12 or 10 inch (30 or 25 cm) diameter, and use of the "microgroove" groove specification. Introduced by Columbia in 1948, it was soon adopted as a new standard by the entire record industry. Apart from a few relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound, it has remained the standard format for vinyl albums.

text: The

text: LP

text: from

text: long

text: playing

text: or

text: long

text: play

text: is

text: an

text: analog

text: sound

text: storage

text: medium

text: vinyl

text: record

text: format

text: characterized

text: by

text: speed

text: of

text: rpm

text: or

text: inch

text: or

text: cm

text: diameter

text: and

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: microgroove

text: groove

text: specification

text: Introduced

text: by

text: Columbia

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: soon

text: adopted

text: as

text: new

text: standard

text: by

text: the

text: entire

text: record

text: industry

text: Apart

text: from

text: few

text: relatively

text: minor

text: refinements

text: and

text: the

text: important

text: later

text: addition

text: of

text: stereophonic

text: sound

text: it

text: has

text: remained

text: the

text: standard

text: format

text: for

text: vinyl

text: albums

text: Judith Holfelder-Roy (née Holfelder-von der Tann; born 12 November 1976), known by her stage name Judith Holofernes, is a German singer, guitarist, songwriter and author. She is best recognized as the lead singer of Wir sind Helden, a German pop rock band that came to fame in Germany following the release of the song "Guten Tag" in 2002. The band received critical acclaim owing in part to Holofernes' lyrics, which are characterized by their playful use of words and their often sociocritical nature.

text: Judith

text: Holfelder

text: Roy

text: née

text: Holfelder

text: von

text: der

text: Tann

text: born

text: November

text: known

text: by

text: her

text: stage

text: name

text: Judith

text: Holofernes

text: is

text: German

text: singer

text: guitarist

text: songwriter

text: and

text: author

text: She

text: is

text: best

text: recognized

text: as

text: the

text: lead

text: singer

text: of

text: Wir

text: sind

text: Helden

text: German

text: pop

text: rock

text: band

text: that

text: came

text: to

text: fame

text: in

text: Germany

text: following

text: the

text: release

text: of

text: the

text: song

text: Guten

text: Tag

text: in

text: The

text: band

text: received

text: critical

text: acclaim

text: owing

text: in

text: part

text: to

text: Holofernes

text: lyrics

text: which

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: their

text: playful

text: use

text: of

text: words

text: and

text: their

text: often

text: sociocritical

text: nature

text: A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side, with text and/or images printed in ink. A single sheet within a book is a leaf, and each side of a leaf is a page. A set of text-filled or illustrated pages produced in electronic format is known as an electronic book, or e-book.

text: book

text: is

text: set

text: of

text: written

text: printed

text: illustrated

text: or

text: blank

text: sheets

text: made

text: of

text: paper

text: parchment

text: or

text: other

text: materials

text: fastened

text: together

text: to

text: hinge

text: at

text: one

text: side

text: with

text: text

text: and/or

text: images

text: printed

text: in

text: ink

text: single

text: sheet

text: within

text: book

text: is

text: leaf

text: and

text: each

text: side

text: of

text: leaf

text: is

text: page

text: set

text: of

text: text

text: filled

text: or

text: illustrated

text: pages

text: produced

text: in

text: electronic

text: format

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: electronic

text: book

text: or

text: book

text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text: Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. Germany's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin. Other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf.

text: Germany

text: officially

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: is

text: federal

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: central

text: western

text: Europe

text: It

text: includes

text: constituent

text: states

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: With

text: about

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: After

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: immigration

text: destination

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Germany

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: metropolis

text: is

text: Berlin

text: Other

text: major

text: cities

text: include

text: Hamburg

text: Munich

text: Cologne

text: Frankfurt

text: Stuttgart

text: and

text: Düsseldorf

text: French Guiana (pronounced or ), officially called Guiana, is an overseas department and region of France, located on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas. It borders Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west. Its area has a very low population density of only 3 inhabitants per km, with half of its 244,118 inhabitants in 2013 living in the metropolitan area of Cayenne, its capital. By land area, it is the second largest region of France and the largest outermost region within the European Union.

text: French

text: Guiana

text: pronounced

text: or

text: officially

text: called

text: Guiana

text: is

text: an

text: overseas

text: department

text: and

text: region

text: of

text: France

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: in

text: the

text: Guyanas

text: It

text: borders

text: Brazil

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: Suriname

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Its

text: area

text: has

text: very

text: low

text: population

text: density

text: of

text: only

text: inhabitants

text: per

text: km

text: with

text: half

text: of

text: its

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: Cayenne

text: its

text: capital

text: By

text: land

text: area

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: region

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: outermost

text: region

text: within

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Bordeaux (Gascon Occitan: "") is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.

text: Bordeaux

text: Gascon

text: Occitan

text: is

text: port

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: Garonne

text: River

text: in

text: the

text: Gironde

text: department

text: in

text: southwestern

text: France

text:
The Rhine (, , ) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the
Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands.
The largest city on the river Rhine is Cologne, Germany, with a population of more than 1,050,000 people. It is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about , with an average discharge of about .

text: The

text: Rhine

text: is

text: European

text: river

text: that

text: begins

text: in

text: the

text: Swiss

text: canton

text: of

text: Graubünden

text: in

text: the

text: southeastern

text: Swiss

text: Alps

text: forms

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Austrian

text: Swiss

text: Liechtenstein

text: Swiss

text: German

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: Franco

text: German

text: border

text: then

text: flows

text: through

text: the

text: Rhineland

text: and

text: eventually

text: empties

text: into

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: largest

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: river

text: Rhine

text: is

text: Cologne

text: Germany

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: people

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: longest

text: river

text: in

text: Central

text: and

text: Western

text: Europe

text: after

text: the

text: Danube

text: at

text: about

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: discharge

text: of

text: about

text: Lyon or (more archaically) Lyons (or  ) is a city in east-central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, about from Paris and from Marseille. Inhabitants of the city are called "Lyonnais".

text: Lyon

text: or

text: more

text: archaically

text: Lyons

text: or

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: east

text: central

text: France

text: in

text: the

text: Auvergne

text: Rhône

text: Alpes

text: region

text: about

text: from

text: Paris

text: and

text: from

text: Marseille

text: Inhabitants

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: are

text: called

text: Lyonnais

text: Lille  is a city in northern France, in French Flanders. On the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region and the prefecture of the Nord department.

text: Lille

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: northern

text: France

text: in

text: French

text: Flanders

text: On

text: the

text: Deûle

text: River

text: near

text: France

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: Belgium

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Hauts

text: de

text: France

text: region

text: and

text: the

text: prefecture

text: of

text: the

text: Nord

text: department

text: Hamburg (local pronunciation ; Low German/Low Saxon: "Hamborg" ), officially "Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg" (Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg), is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. It is the second smallest German state by area. Its population is over 1.7 million people, and the wider Hamburg Metropolitan Region covers more than 5.1 million inhabitants. The city is situated on the river Elbe.

text: Hamburg

text: local

text: pronunciation

text: Low

text: German

text: Low

text: Saxon

text: Hamborg

text: officially

text: Freie

text: und

text: Hansestadt

text: Hamburg

text: Free

text: and

text: Hanseatic

text: City

text: of

text: Hamburg

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: smallest

text: German

text: state

text: by

text: area

text: Its

text: population

text: is

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: wider

text: Hamburg

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: covers

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: river

text: Elbe

text: EMI (officially EMI Group Limited, originally an initialism for Electric and Musical Industries and often known as EMI Records and EMI Music) was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and family of record labels in the recording industry and was one of the big four record companies (now the big three). Its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a major publishing arm, EMI Music Publishingalso based in London with offices globally.

text: EMI

text: officially

text: EMI

text: Group

text: Limited

text: originally

text: an

text: initialism

text: for

text: Electric

text: and

text: Musical

text: Industries

text: and

text: often

text: known

text: as

text: EMI

text: Records

text: and

text: EMI

text: Music

text: was

text: British

text: multinational

text: conglomerate

text: founded

text: in

text: March

text: and

text: was

text: based

text: in

text: London

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: its

text: break

text: up

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: business

text: group

text: and

text: family

text: of

text: record

text: labels

text: in

text: the

text: recording

text: industry

text: and

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: big

text: four

text: record

text: companies

text: now

text: the

text: big

text: three

text: Its

text: EMI

text: Records

text: Ltd.

text: group

text: of

text: record

text: labels

text: included

text: EMI

text: Records

text: Parlophone

text: Virgin

text: Records

text: and

text: Capitol

text: Records

text: EMI

text: also

text: had

text: major

text: publishing

text: arm

text: EMI

text: Music

text: Publishingalso

text: based

text: in

text: London

text: with

text: offices

text: globally

text: Wir sind Helden ( German for We are heroes ) is the third album by Wir sind Helden , released on 29 May 2006 in France . The album consisted of a number of tracks from their first two albums ( Die Reklamation and Von hier an blind ) along with French versions of some songs . The album was the group 's first official release in France , and included all singles preceding its release , though none charted in France .

text: Wir

text: sind

text: Helden

text: German

text: for

text: We

text: are

text: heroes

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: album

text: by

text: Wir

text: sind

text: Helden

text: released

text: on

text: May

text: in

text: France

text: The

text: album

text: consisted

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: tracks

text: from

text: their

text: first

text: two

text: albums

text: Die

text: Reklamation

text: and

text: Von

text: hier

text: an

text: blind

text: along

text: with

text: French

text: versions

text: of

text: some

text: songs

text: The

text: album

text: was

text: the

text: group

text: 's

text: first

text: official

text: release

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: included

text: all

text: singles

text: preceding

text: its

text: release

text: though

text: charted

text: in

text: France

text:
Toulouse is the capital city of the southwestern French department of Haute-Garonne, as well as of the Occitanie region. The city lies on the banks of the River Garonne, from the Mediterranean Sea, from the Atlantic Ocean, and from Paris. It is the fourth-largest city in France with 466,297 inhabitants in January 2014.
The Toulouse Metro area is, with 1 312 304 inhabitants as of 2014, France's 4th metropolitan area after Paris, Lyon and Marseille and ahead of Lille and Bordeaux.

text: Toulouse

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: southwestern

text: French

text: department

text: of

text: Haute

text: Garonne

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: Occitanie

text: region

text: The

text: city

text: lies

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Garonne

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: from

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: from

text: Paris

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: France

text: with

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: January

text: The

text: Toulouse

text: Metro

text: area

text: is

text: with

text: inhabitants

text: as

text: of

text: France

text: 's

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: after

text: Paris

text: Lyon

text: and

text: Marseille

text: and

text: ahead

text: of

text: Lille

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million people, Berlin is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of rivers Spree and Havel, it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has about 6 million residents from more than 180 nations. Due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.

text: Berlin

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Germany

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: constituent

text: states

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: Berlin

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: proper

text: and

text: the

text: seventh

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Located

text: in

text: northeastern

text: Germany

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: rivers

text: Spree

text: and

text: Havel

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Berlin

text: Brandenburg

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: which

text: has

text: about

text: million

text: residents

text: from

text: more

text: than

text: nations

text: Due

text: to

text: its

text: location

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Plain

text: Berlin

text: is

text: influenced

text: by

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: Around

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: area

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: forests

text: parks

text: gardens

text: rivers

text: and

text: lakes

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, then from 1948 as vinyl LP records played at  rpm. Vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc (CD) and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl.

text: Albums

text: of

text: recorded

text: music

text: were

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: first

text: as

text: books

text: of

text: individual

text: records

text: then

text: from

text: as

text: vinyl

text: LP

text: records

text: played

text: at

text: rpm

text: Vinyl

text: LPs

text: are

text: still

text: issued

text: though

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: album

text: sales

text: have

text: mostly

text: focused

text: on

text: compact

text: disc

text: CD

text: and

text: formats

text: The

text: audio

text: cassette

text: was

text: format

text: used

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: through

text: to

text: the

text: alongside

text: vinyl

text: Nice (; Niçard , classical norm, or "", nonstandard,  ) is the fifth most populous city in France and the capital of the Alpes-Maritimes "département". The urban area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits, with a population of about 1 million on an area of . Located in the French Riviera, on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, at the foot of the Alps, Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast and the second-largest city in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region after Marseille. Nice is about 13 kilometres (8 miles) from the principality of Monaco, and its airport is a gateway to the principality as well.

text: Nice

text: Niçard

text: classical

text: norm

text: or

text: nonstandard

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Alpes

text: Maritimes

text: département

text: The

text: urban

text: area

text: of

text: Nice

text: extends

text: beyond

text: the

text: administrative

text: city

text: limits

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: on

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: Riviera

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: coast

text: of

text: France

text: on

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: at

text: the

text: foot

text: of

text: the

text: Alps

text: Nice

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: French

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: coast

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Provence

text: Alpes

text: Côte

text: d'Azur

text: region

text: after

text: Marseille

text: Nice

text: is

text: about

text: kilometres

text: miles

text: from

text: the

text: principality

text: of

text: Monaco

text: and

text: its

text: airport

text: is

text: gateway

text: to

text: the

text: principality

text: as

text: well

text: Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format released in 1982 and co-developed by Philips and Sony. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982, when the first commercially available CD player was released in Japan.

text: Compact

text: disc

text: CD

text: is

text: digital

text: optical

text: disc

text: data

text: storage

text: format

text: released

text: in

text: and

text: co

text: developed

text: by

text: Philips

text: and

text: Sony

text: The

text: format

text: was

text: originally

text: developed

text: to

text: store

text: and

text: play

text: only

text: sound

text: recordings

text: but

text: was

text: later

text: adapted

text: for

text: storage

text: of

text: data

text: CD

text: ROM

text: Several

text: other

text: formats

text: were

text: further

text: derived

text: from

text: these

text: including

text: write

text: once

text: audio

text: and

text: data

text: storage

text: CD

text: rewritable

text: media

text: CD

text: RW

text: Video

text: Compact

text: Disc

text: VCD

text: Super

text: Video

text: Compact

text: Disc

text: SVCD

text: Photo

text: CD

text: PictureCD

text: CD

text: and

text: Enhanced

text: Music

text: CD

text: Audio

text: CD

text: players

text: have

text: been

text: commercially

text: available

text: since

text: October

text: when

text: the

text: first

text: commercially

text: available

text: CD

text: player

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: Japan

text: The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric (or "shelf") sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. It is more than long and wide, with an area of around .

text: The

text: North

text: Sea

text: is

text: marginal

text: sea

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: located

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: Scandinavia

text: Germany

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Belgium

text: and

text: France

text: An

text: epeiric

text: or

text: shelf

text: sea

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: continental

text: shelf

text: it

text: connects

text: to

text: the

text: ocean

text: through

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Norwegian

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: long

text: and

text: wide

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: around

annotations: likely multiple

question: record_label wir sind helden

answer: virgin records

text: virgin records


text: Quiet storm is a radio format and a subgenre of contemporary R&B music that is characterized by understated, mellow dynamics, slow tempos, and relaxed rhythms. It was pioneered in the mid-1970s by Melvin Lindsey, while he was an intern at the radio station WHUR-FM in Washington, D.C.. This style of R&B music is named for Smokey Robinson's 1976 single "Quiet Storm".

text: Quiet

text: storm

text: is

text: radio

text: format

text: and

text: subgenre

text: of

text: contemporary

text: R&B

text: music

text: that

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: understated

text: mellow

text: dynamics

text: slow

text: tempos

text: and

text: relaxed

text: rhythms

text: It

text: was

text: pioneered

text: in

text: the

text: by

text: Melvin

text: Lindsey

text: while

text: he

text: was

text: an

text: intern

text: at

text: the

text: radio

text: station

text: WHUR

text: FM

text: in

text: Washington

text: D.C

text: This

text: style

text: of

text: R&B

text: music

text: is

text: named

text: for

text: Smokey

text: Robinson

text: 's

text: single

text: Quiet

text: Storm

text: The Nashville Kats were an Arena Football League team, located in Nashville, Tennessee. They were last coached by Pat Sperduto, who coached the team's original incarnation to two ArenaBowl appearances prior to the original franchise's move to Atlanta in 2002 (then becoming the Georgia Force). Sperduto also coached the second incarnation of the Nashville Kats following their return to the Arena Football League as an expansion team in 2005.

text: The

text: Nashville

text: Kats

text: were

text: an

text: Arena

text: Football

text: League

text: team

text: located

text: in

text: Nashville

text: Tennessee

text: They

text: were

text: last

text: coached

text: by

text: Pat

text: Sperduto

text: who

text: coached

text: the

text: team

text: 's

text: original

text: incarnation

text: to

text: two

text: ArenaBowl

text: appearances

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: original

text: franchise

text: 's

text: move

text: to

text: Atlanta

text: in

text: then

text: becoming

text: the

text: Georgia

text: Force

text: Sperduto

text: also

text: coached

text: the

text: second

text: incarnation

text: of

text: the

text: Nashville

text: Kats

text: following

text: their

text: return

text: to

text: the

text: Arena

text: Football

text: League

text: as

text: an

text: expansion

text: team

text: in

text: The Grand Rapids Rampage was an arena football team based in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The team began play in 1998 in the Arena Football League as an expansion team. They were last coached by Steve Thonn. Their home arena was the Van Andel Arena.

text: The

text: Grand

text: Rapids

text: Rampage

text: was

text: an

text: arena

text: football

text: team

text: based

text: in

text: Grand

text: Rapids

text: Michigan

text: The

text: team

text: began

text: play

text: in

text: in

text: the

text: Arena

text: Football

text: League

text: as

text: an

text: expansion

text: team

text: They

text: were

text: last

text: coached

text: by

text: Steve

text: Thonn

text: Their

text: home

text: arena

text: was

text: the

text: Van

text: Andel

text: Arena

text: The ArenaBowl is the Arena Football League's championship game. It currently airs on ESPN. From 1987 to 2004, the ArenaBowl was hosted by either the team with the better regular-season record or the higher seeding in the playoffs. From ArenaBowl XIX in 2005 until ArenaBowl XXII in 2008, the game was played at a neutral site. When the AFL returned from a bankruptcy-induced hiatus in 2010, the original format was used for this and the next season; for 2012 and 2013, the game returned to being played at a neutral site. In 2014, it was announced that the ArenaBowl would return to the format in which the higher-seeded team would host the game.

text: The

text: ArenaBowl

text: is

text: the

text: Arena

text: Football

text: League

text: 's

text: championship

text: game

text: It

text: currently

text: airs

text: on

text: ESPN

text: From

text: to

text: the

text: ArenaBowl

text: was

text: hosted

text: by

text: either

text: the

text: team

text: with

text: the

text: better

text: regular

text: season

text: record

text: or

text: the

text: higher

text: seeding

text: in

text: the

text: playoffs

text: From

text: ArenaBowl

text: XIX

text: in

text: until

text: ArenaBowl

text: XXII

text: in

text: the

text: game

text: was

text: played

text: at

text: neutral

text: site

text: When

text: the

text: AFL

text: returned

text: from

text: bankruptcy

text: induced

text: hiatus

text: in

text: the

text: original

text: format

text: was

text: used

text: for

text: this

text: and

text: the

text: next

text: season

text: for

text: and

text: the

text: game

text: returned

text: to

text: being

text: played

text: at

text: neutral

text: site

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: announced

text: that

text: the

text: ArenaBowl

text: would

text: return

text: to

text: the

text: format

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: higher

text: seeded

text: team

text: would

text: host

text: the

text: game

text: Arena football is a variety of indoor gridiron football played by the Arena Football League (AFL) and China Arena Football League (CAFL). It used to be a proprietary game (the rights to which were owned by Gridiron Enterprises) but the patent expired in 2007. The game is played indoors on a smaller field than American or Canadian outdoor football, resulting in a faster and higher-scoring game. The sport was invented in 1981, and patented in 1987, by James F. Foster, Jr., a former executive of the National Football League and the United States Football League. Though not the only variant of indoor American football, it is the most widely known, and the one on which most other forms of modern indoor football are at least partially based.

text: Arena

text: football

text: is

text: variety

text: of

text: indoor

text: gridiron

text: football

text: played

text: by

text: the

text: Arena

text: Football

text: League

text: AFL

text: and

text: China

text: Arena

text: Football

text: League

text: CAFL

text: It

text: used

text: to

text: be

text: proprietary

text: game

text: the

text: rights

text: to

text: which

text: were

text: owned

text: by

text: Gridiron

text: Enterprises

text: but

text: the

text: patent

text: expired

text: in

text: The

text: game

text: is

text: played

text: indoors

text: on

text: smaller

text: field

text: than

text: American

text: or

text: Canadian

text: outdoor

text: football

text: resulting

text: in

text: faster

text: and

text: higher

text: scoring

text: game

text: The

text: sport

text: was

text: invented

text: in

text: and

text: patented

text: in

text: by

text: James

text: Foster

text: Jr.

text: former

text: executive

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Football

text: League

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Football

text: League

text: Though

text: not

text: the

text: only

text: variant

text: of

text: indoor

text: American

text: football

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: known

text: and

text: the

text: one

text: on

text: which

text: most

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: modern

text: indoor

text: football

text: are

text: at

text: least

text: partially

text: based

text: The Arena Football League (AFL) is a professional indoor American football league in the United States. It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the National Football League (NFL). The AFL plays a proprietary code known as arena football, a form of indoor American football played on a 66-by-28 yard field (about a quarter of the surface area of an NFL field), with rules encouraging offensive performance, resulting in a faster-paced and higher-scoring game. The sport was invented in the early 1980s and patented by Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League (USFL) and the NFL.

text: The

text: Arena

text: Football

text: League

text: AFL

text: is

text: professional

text: indoor

text: American

text: football

text: league

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Jim

text: Foster

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: third

text: longest

text: running

text: professional

text: football

text: league

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: after

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: CFL

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Football

text: League

text: NFL

text: The

text: AFL

text: plays

text: proprietary

text: code

text: known

text: as

text: arena

text: football

text: form

text: of

text: indoor

text: American

text: football

text: played

text: on

text: yard

text: field

text: about

text: quarter

text: of

text: the

text: surface

text: area

text: of

text: an

text: NFL

text: field

text: with

text: rules

text: encouraging

text: offensive

text: performance

text: resulting

text: in

text: faster

text: paced

text: and

text: higher

text: scoring

text: game

text: The

text: sport

text: was

text: invented

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: patented

text: by

text: Foster

text: former

text: executive

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Football

text: League

text: USFL

text: and

text: the

text: NFL

text: Philadelphia soul, sometimes called Philly soul, the Philadelphia sound or Sweet Philly, is a genre of soul music characterized by funk influences and lush instrumental arrangements, often featuring sweeping strings and piercing horns. The subtle sound of a vibraphone can often be heard in the background of Philly soul songs. The genre laid the groundwork for disco and what are now considered quiet storm and smooth jazz by fusing the R&B rhythm sections of the 1960s with the pop vocal tradition, and featuring a slightly more pronounced jazz influence in its melodic structures and arrangements.

text: Philadelphia

text: soul

text: sometimes

text: called

text: Philly

text: soul

text: the

text: Philadelphia

text: sound

text: or

text: Sweet

text: Philly

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: soul

text: music

text: characterized

text: by

text: funk

text: influences

text: and

text: lush

text: instrumental

text: arrangements

text: often

text: featuring

text: sweeping

text: strings

text: and

text: piercing

text: horns

text: The

text: subtle

text: sound

text: of

text: vibraphone

text: can

text: often

text: be

text: heard

text: in

text: the

text: background

text: of

text: Philly

text: soul

text: songs

text: The

text: genre

text: laid

text: the

text: groundwork

text: for

text: disco

text: and

text: what

text: are

text: now

text: considered

text: quiet

text: storm

text: and

text: smooth

text: jazz

text: by

text: fusing

text: the

text: R&B

text: rhythm

text: sections

text: of

text: the

text: with

text: the

text: pop

text: vocal

text: tradition

text: and

text: featuring

text: slightly

text: more

text: pronounced

text: jazz

text: influence

text: in

text: its

text: melodic

text: structures

text: and

text: arrangements

text: The Corpus Christi Sharks were a 2007 expansion member of the af2 . They played their home games at the American Bank Center . Michael Trigg was the team 's head coach . Trigg previously was a head coach in the Arena Football League with the Milwaukee Mustangs , Grand Rapids Rampage and Philadelphia Soul , coaching the Rampage to victory in ArenaBowl XV . The Sharks folded in October 2009 . The team is not to be confused with the Corpus Christi Hammerheads of the Indoor Football League , the American Bank Center 's former tenant now playing again at the American Bank Center , as the Sharks have since folded , there is n't competition in trying to schedule games that might occur on the same day .

text: The

text: Corpus

text: Christi

text: Sharks

text: were

text: expansion

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: They

text: played

text: their

text: home

text: games

text: at

text: the

text: American

text: Bank

text: Center

text: Michael

text: Trigg

text: was

text: the

text: team

text: 's

text: head

text: coach

text: Trigg

text: previously

text: was

text: head

text: coach

text: in

text: the

text: Arena

text: Football

text: League

text: with

text: the

text: Milwaukee

text: Mustangs

text: Grand

text: Rapids

text: Rampage

text: and

text: Philadelphia

text: Soul

text: coaching

text: the

text: Rampage

text: to

text: victory

text: in

text: ArenaBowl

text: XV

text: The

text: Sharks

text: folded

text: in

text: October

text: The

text: team

text: is

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: the

text: Corpus

text: Christi

text: Hammerheads

text: of

text: the

text: Indoor

text: Football

text: League

text: the

text: American

text: Bank

text: Center

text: 's

text: former

text: tenant

text: now

text: playing

text: again

text: at

text: the

text: American

text: Bank

text: Center

text: as

text: the

text: Sharks

text: have

text: since

text: folded

text: there

text: is

text: n't

text: competition

text: in

text: trying

text: to

text: schedule

text: games

text: that

text: might

text: occur

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: day

text: AF2 (often styled as af2, and short for Arena Football 2) was the name of the Arena Football League's developmental league; it was founded in 1999 and played its first season in 2000. Like its parent AFL, the AF2 played using the same arena football rules and style of play. League seasons ran from April through July with the postseason and ArenaCup championship in August. The AF2 continued to operate while the AFL suspended operations for its 2009 season. The league was effectively disbanded in September 2009 when no team committed to playing in 2010, but several of the stronger franchises transferred into the reconstituted AFL.

text: often

text: styled

text: as

text: and

text: short

text: for

text: Arena

text: Football

text: was

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: Arena

text: Football

text: League

text: 's

text: developmental

text: league

text: it

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: and

text: played

text: its

text: first

text: season

text: in

text: Like

text: its

text: parent

text: AFL

text: the

text: played

text: using

text: the

text: same

text: arena

text: football

text: rules

text: and

text: style

text: of

text: play

text: League

text: seasons

text: ran

text: from

text: April

text: through

text: July

text: with

text: the

text: postseason

text: and

text: ArenaCup

text: championship

text: in

text: August

text: The

text: continued

text: to

text: operate

text: while

text: the

text: AFL

text: suspended

text: operations

text: for

text: its

text: season

text: The

text: league

text: was

text: effectively

text: disbanded

text: in

text: September

text: when

text: no

text: team

text: committed

text: to

text: playing

text: in

text: but

text: several

text: of

text: the

text: stronger

text: franchises

text: transferred

text: into

text: the

text: reconstituted

text: AFL

text: Grand Rapids is the second-largest city in Michigan, and the largest city in West Michigan. It is on the Grand River about east of Lake Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 188,040. In 2010, the Grand Rapids metropolitan area had a population of 1,005,648, and the combined statistical area of Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland had a population of 1,321,557. Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County, Michigan.

text: Grand

text: Rapids

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Michigan

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: West

text: Michigan

text: It

text: is

text: on

text: the

text: Grand

text: River

text: about

text: east

text: of

text: Lake

text: Michigan

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: census

text: the

text: city

text: population

text: was

text: In

text: the

text: Grand

text: Rapids

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: the

text: combined

text: statistical

text: area

text: of

text: Grand

text: Rapids

text: Muskegon

text: Holland

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: Grand

text: Rapids

text: is

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Kent

text: County

text: Michigan

text: The ArenaCup was the af2's championship game. For the league's first five years, it was held at the arena of the higher seeded team. However, the 2005 ArenaCup was the first to be played at a neutral site in Bossier City, Louisiana. The 2006 ArenaCup was played in Coliseo de Puerto Rico in San Juan. On August 25, 2007, ArenaCup 8 returned to Bossier City, LA. ArenaCup 9 was played at the arena of the higher seeded team, the Spokane Shock. ArenaCup 10 was held at the Orleans Arena in Paradise, Nevada.

text: The

text: ArenaCup

text: was

text: the

text: 's

text: championship

text: game

text: For

text: the

text: league

text: 's

text: first

text: five

text: years

text: it

text: was

text: held

text: at

text: the

text: arena

text: of

text: the

text: higher

text: seeded

text: team

text: However

text: the

text: ArenaCup

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: be

text: played

text: at

text: neutral

text: site

text: in

text: Bossier

text: City

text: Louisiana

text: The

text: ArenaCup

text: was

text: played

text: in

text: Coliseo

text: de

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: in

text: San

text: Juan

text: On

text: August

text: ArenaCup

text: returned

text: to

text: Bossier

text: City

text: LA

text: ArenaCup

text: was

text: played

text: at

text: the

text: arena

text: of

text: the

text: higher

text: seeded

text: team

text: the

text: Spokane

text: Shock

text: ArenaCup

text: was

text: held

text: at

text: the

text: Orleans

text: Arena

text: in

text: Paradise

text: Nevada

text: Van Andel Arena is a 10,834-seat multi-purpose arena, situated in the Heartside district of Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States. After a $75 million construction effort, the arena opened on October 8, 1996, and since has attracted over five million patrons. It is home to the Grand Rapids Griffins of the American Hockey League, the top minor league affiliate of the Detroit Red Wings. It was also the home court of the now defunct Grand Rapids Hoops of the Continental Basketball Association from 1996 to 2001 and the Grand Rapids Rampage of the Arena Football League from 1998 to 2008.

text: Van

text: Andel

text: Arena

text: is

text: multi

text: purpose

text: arena

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: Heartside

text: district

text: of

text: Grand

text: Rapids

text: Michigan

text: United

text: States

text: After

text: million

text: construction

text: effort

text: the

text: arena

text: opened

text: on

text: October

text: and

text: since

text: has

text: attracted

text: over

text: five

text: million

text: patrons

text: It

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Grand

text: Rapids

text: Griffins

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Hockey

text: League

text: the

text: top

text: minor

text: league

text: affiliate

text: of

text: the

text: Detroit

text: Red

text: Wings

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: home

text: court

text: of

text: the

text: now

text: defunct

text: Grand

text: Rapids

text: Hoops

text: of

text: the

text: Continental

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: the

text: Grand

text: Rapids

text: Rampage

text: of

text: the

text: Arena

text: Football

text: League

text: from

text: to

text:
Game summary.
The Grand Rapids Rampage scored an ArenaBowl-record (at the time) 64 points as they sent a sellout crowd home from Van Andel Arena happy with a 64-42 victory over the Nashville Kats to claim their first ArenaBowl title in team history.

text: Game

text: summary

text: The

text: Grand

text: Rapids

text: Rampage

text: scored

text: an

text: ArenaBowl

text: record

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: points

text: as

text: they

text: sent

text: sellout

text: crowd

text: home

text: from

text: Van

text: Andel

text: Arena

text: happy

text: with

text: victory

text: over

text: the

text: Nashville

text: Kats

text: to

text: claim

text: their

text: first

text: ArenaBowl

text: title

text: in

text: team

text: history

text: Steve Thonn (pronounced TUN) is the former head coach of the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League (AFL). Steve is also a former AFL player and the former head coach of the AFL's Grand Rapids Rampage. As a player he played WR/DB for the Chicago Bruisers (1988) and the Albany Firebirds (19901993). He was the offensive coordinator of the Georgia Force from 2004 to 2007 before being hired as the Rampage head coach. He was also the head coach of the Houston Thunderbears from 1998 to 2001.

text: Steve

text: Thonn

text: pronounced

text: TUN

text: is

text: the

text: former

text: head

text: coach

text: of

text: the

text: Cleveland

text: Gladiators

text: of

text: the

text: Arena

text: Football

text: League

text: AFL

text: Steve

text: is

text: also

text: former

text: AFL

text: player

text: and

text: the

text: former

text: head

text: coach

text: of

text: the

text: AFL

text: 's

text: Grand

text: Rapids

text: Rampage

text: As

text: player

text: he

text: played

text: WR

text: DB

text: for

text: the

text: Chicago

text: Bruisers

text: and

text: the

text: Albany

text: Firebirds

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: offensive

text: coordinator

text: of

text: the

text: Georgia

text: Force

text: from

text: to

text: before

text: being

text: hired

text: as

text: the

text: Rampage

text: head

text: coach

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: head

text: coach

text: of

text: the

text: Houston

text: Thunderbears

text: from

text: to

question: inception corpus christi sharks

answer: 2006