text: Pope Pius XII, born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (2 March 18769 October 1958), reigned as Pope from 2 March 1939 to his death in 1958. Before his election to the papacy, Pacelli served as secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, papal nuncio to Germany (19171929), and Cardinal Secretary of State, in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with European and Latin American nations, most notably the "Reichskonkordat" with Nazi Germany, with which most historians believe the Vatican sought to protect the Church in Germany while Adolf Hitler sought the destruction of "political Catholicism". A pre-war critic of Nazism, Pius XII lobbied world leaders to avoid war and, as Pope at the outbreak of war, issued "Summi Pontificatus", expressing dismay at the invasion of Poland, reiterating Church teaching against racial persecution and calling for love, compassion and charity to prevail over war.

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: XII

text: born

text: Eugenio

text: Maria

text: Giuseppe

text: Giovanni

text: Pacelli

text: March

text: October

text: reigned

text: as

text: Pope

text: from

text: March

text: to

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: Before

text: his

text: election

text: to

text: the

text: papacy

text: Pacelli

text: served

text: as

text: secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: Extraordinary

text: Ecclesiastical

text: Affairs

text: papal

text: nuncio

text: to

text: Germany

text: and

text: Cardinal

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: in

text: which

text: capacity

text: he

text: worked

text: to

text: conclude

text: treaties

text: with

text: European

text: and

text: Latin

text: American

text: nations

text: most

text: notably

text: the

text: Reichskonkordat

text: with

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: with

text: which

text: most

text: historians

text: believe

text: the

text: Vatican

text: sought

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: Church

text: in

text: Germany

text: while

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: sought

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: political

text: Catholicism

text: pre

text: war

text: critic

text: of

text: Nazism

text: Pius

text: XII

text: lobbied

text: world

text: leaders

text: to

text: avoid

text: war

text: and

text: as

text: Pope

text: at

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: war

text: issued

text: Summi

text: Pontificatus

text: expressing

text: dismay

text: at

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: Poland

text: reiterating

text: Church

text: teaching

text: against

text: racial

text: persecution

text: and

text: calling

text: for

text: love

text: compassion

text: and

text: charity

text: to

text: prevail

text: over

text: war

text: Summi Pontificatus is an encyclical of Pope Pius XII published on 20 October 1939. The encyclical is subtitled "On the Unity of Human Society." It was the first encyclical of Pius XII and was seen as setting "a tone" for his papacy. It critiques major errors at the time, such as ideologies of racism, cultural superiority and the totalitarian state. It also sets the theological framework for future encyclical letters, such as "Mystici corporis Christi" (1943). The encyclical laments the destruction of Poland, denounces the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and calls for a restoration of independent Poland.

text: Summi

text: Pontificatus

text: is

text: an

text: encyclical

text: of

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: XII

text: published

text: on

text: October

text: The

text: encyclical

text: is

text: subtitled

text: On

text: the

text: Unity

text: of

text: Human

text: Society

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: encyclical

text: of

text: Pius

text: XII

text: and

text: was

text: seen

text: as

text: setting

text: tone

text: for

text: his

text: papacy

text: It

text: critiques

text: major

text: errors

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: such

text: as

text: ideologies

text: of

text: racism

text: cultural

text: superiority

text: and

text: the

text: totalitarian

text: state

text: It

text: also

text: sets

text: the

text: theological

text: framework

text: for

text: future

text: encyclical

text: letters

text: such

text: as

text: Mystici

text: corporis

text: Christi

text: The

text: encyclical

text: laments

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: Poland

text: denounces

text: the

text: Molotov

text: Ribbentrop

text: Pact

text: and

text: calls

text: for

text: restoration

text: of

text: independent

text: Poland

text: The pope (from "pappas", a child's word for "father") is the Bishop of Rome and, therefore, the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. The primacy of the Roman bishop is largely derived from his role as the traditional successor to Saint Peter, to whom Jesus is supposed to have given the keys of Heaven and the powers of "binding and loosing", naming him as the "rock" upon which the church would be built. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI.

text: The

text: pope

text: from

text: pappas

text: child

text: 's

text: word

text: for

text: father

text: is

text: the

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Rome

text: and

text: therefore

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: worldwide

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: The

text: primacy

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: bishop

text: is

text: largely

text: derived

text: from

text: his

text: role

text: as

text: the

text: traditional

text: successor

text: to

text: Saint

text: Peter

text: to

text: whom

text: Jesus

text: is

text: supposed

text: to

text: have

text: given

text: the

text: keys

text: of

text: Heaven

text: and

text: the

text: powers

text: of

text: binding

text: and

text: loosing

text: naming

text: him

text: as

text: the

text: rock

text: upon

text: which

text: the

text: church

text: would

text: be

text: built

text: The

text: current

text: pope

text: is

text: Francis

text: who

text: was

text: elected

text: on

text: March

text: succeeding

text: Benedict

text: XVI

text: Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP). Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over nearly all aspects of life. The official name of the state was "Deutsches Reich" from 1933 to 1943 and "Großdeutsches Reich" ("Greater German Reich") from 1943 to 1945. The period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period (abbreviated as "NS-Zeit"). The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, ending World War II in Europe.

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: English

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: period

text: in

text: German

text: history

text: from

text: to

text: when

text: Germany

text: was

text: governed

text: by

text: dictatorship

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: and

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: NSDAP

text: Under

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: rule

text: Germany

text: was

text: transformed

text: into

text: fascist

text: state

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: took

text: totalitarian

text: control

text: over

text: nearly

text: all

text: aspects

text: of

text: life

text: The

text: official

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: was

text: Deutsches

text: Reich

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: Großdeutsches

text: Reich

text: Greater

text: German

text: Reich

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: period

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: under

text: the

text: names

text: the

text: Third

text: Reich

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Socialist

text: Period

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: NS

text: Zeit

text: The

text: Nazi

text: regime

text: came

text: to

text: an

text: end

text: after

text: the

text: Allied

text: Powers

text: defeated

text: Germany

text: in

text: May

text: ending

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: in

text: Europe

text: Pope Paul VI, born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (26 September 1897  6 August 1978), reigned as Pope from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978. Succeeding Pope John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms, and fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestants, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. Montini served in the Vatican's Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954. While in the Secretariat of State, Montini and Domenico Tardini were considered as the closest and most influential colleagues of Pope Pius XII, who in 1954 named him Archbishop of Milan, the largest Italian diocese. Montini later became the Secretary of the Italian Bishops Conference. John XXIII elevated him to the College of Cardinals in 1958, and after the death of John XXIII, Montini was considered one of his most likely successors.

text: Pope

text: Paul

text: VI

text: born

text: Giovanni

text: Battista

text: Enrico

text: Antonio

text: Maria

text: Montini

text: September

text: August

text: reigned

text: as

text: Pope

text: from

text: June

text: to

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: Succeeding

text: Pope

text: John

text: XXIII

text: he

text: continued

text: the

text: Second

text: Vatican

text: Council

text: which

text: he

text: closed

text: in

text: implementing

text: its

text: numerous

text: reforms

text: and

text: fostered

text: improved

text: ecumenical

text: relations

text: with

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: and

text: Protestants

text: which

text: resulted

text: in

text: many

text: historic

text: meetings

text: and

text: agreements

text: Montini

text: served

text: in

text: the

text: Vatican

text: 's

text: Secretariat

text: of

text: State

text: from

text: to

text: While

text: in

text: the

text: Secretariat

text: of

text: State

text: Montini

text: and

text: Domenico

text: Tardini

text: were

text: considered

text: as

text: the

text: closest

text: and

text: most

text: influential

text: colleagues

text: of

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: XII

text: who

text: in

text: named

text: him

text: Archbishop

text: of

text: Milan

text: the

text: largest

text: Italian

text: diocese

text: Montini

text: later

text: became

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Bishops

text: Conference

text: John

text: XXIII

text: elevated

text: him

text: to

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Cardinals

text: in

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: John

text: XXIII

text: Montini

text: was

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: most

text: likely

text: successors

text: The Italian Renaissance was the earliest manifestation of the general European Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy during the 14th century and lasted until the 16th century, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe. The term Renaissance is in essence a modern one that came into currency in the 19th century, in the work of historians such as Jules Michelet and Jacob Burckhardt. Although the origins of a movement that was confined largely to the literate culture of intellectual endeavor and patronage can be traced to the earlier part of the 14th century, many aspects of Italian culture and society remained largely Medieval; the Renaissance did not come into full swing until the end of the century. The French word "renaissance" ("Rinascimento" in Italian) means "Rebirth", and the era is best known for the renewed interest in the culture of classical antiquity after the period that Renaissance humanists labeled the Dark Ages.

text: The

text: Italian

text: Renaissance

text: was

text: the

text: earliest

text: manifestation

text: of

text: the

text: general

text: European

text: Renaissance

text: period

text: of

text: great

text: cultural

text: change

text: and

text: achievement

text: that

text: began

text: in

text: Italy

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: lasted

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: marking

text: the

text: transition

text: between

text: Medieval

text: and

text: Early

text: Modern

text: Europe

text: The

text: term

text: Renaissance

text: is

text: in

text: essence

text: modern

text: one

text: that

text: came

text: into

text: currency

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: in

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: historians

text: such

text: as

text: Jules

text: Michelet

text: and

text: Jacob

text: Burckhardt

text: Although

text: the

text: origins

text: of

text: movement

text: that

text: was

text: confined

text: largely

text: to

text: the

text: literate

text: culture

text: of

text: intellectual

text: endeavor

text: and

text: patronage

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: to

text: the

text: earlier

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: many

text: aspects

text: of

text: Italian

text: culture

text: and

text: society

text: remained

text: largely

text: Medieval

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: did

text: not

text: come

text: into

text: full

text: swing

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: French

text: word

text: renaissance

text: Rinascimento

text: in

text: Italian

text: means

text: Rebirth

text: and

text: the

text: era

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: renewed

text: interest

text: in

text: the

text: culture

text: of

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: after

text: the

text: period

text: that

text: Renaissance

text: humanists

text: labeled

text: the

text: Dark

text: Ages

text: Pope Pius XI, born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (31 May 1857  10 February 1939), reigned as Pope from 6 February 1922 to his death in 1939. He was the first sovereign of Vatican City from its creation as an independent state on 11 February 1929. He took as his papal motto, "Pax Christi in Regno Christi," translated "The Peace of Christ in the Kingdom of Christ."

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: XI

text: born

text: Ambrogio

text: Damiano

text: Achille

text: Ratti

text: May

text: February

text: reigned

text: as

text: Pope

text: from

text: February

text: to

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: sovereign

text: of

text: Vatican

text: City

text: from

text: its

text: creation

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: state

text: on

text: February

text: He

text: took

text: as

text: his

text: papal

text: motto

text: Pax

text: Christi

text: in

text: Regno

text: Christi

text: translated

text: The

text: Peace

text: of

text: Christ

text: in

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Christ

text: The Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican, or simply St. Peter's Basilica, is an Italian Renaissance church in Vatican City, the papal enclave within the city of Rome.

text: The

text: Papal

text: Basilica

text: of

text: St.

text: Peter

text: in

text: the

text: Vatican

text: or

text: simply

text: St.

text: Peter

text: 's

text: Basilica

text: is

text: an

text: Italian

text: Renaissance

text: church

text: in

text: Vatican

text: City

text: the

text: papal

text: enclave

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: The Second Vatican Ecumenical Council (more commonly known as the Second Vatican Council, or informally as Vatican II) addressed relations between the Catholic Church and the modern world. It was the twenty-first and most recent ecumenical council of the Catholic Church and the second to be held at St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. The council, through the Holy See, formally opened under the pontificate of Pope John XXIII on 11 October 1962 and closed under Pope Paul VI on the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on 8 December 1965.

text: The

text: Second

text: Vatican

text: Ecumenical

text: Council

text: more

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: Vatican

text: Council

text: or

text: informally

text: as

text: Vatican

text: II

text: addressed

text: relations

text: between

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: and

text: the

text: modern

text: world

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: twenty

text: first

text: and

text: most

text: recent

text: ecumenical

text: council

text: of

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: to

text: be

text: held

text: at

text: St.

text: Peter

text: 's

text: Basilica

text: in

text: the

text: Vatican

text: The

text: council

text: through

text: the

text: Holy

text: See

text: formally

text: opened

text: under

text: the

text: pontificate

text: of

text: Pope

text: John

text: XXIII

text: on

text: October

text: and

text: closed

text: under

text: Pope

text: Paul

text: VI

text: on

text: the

text: Feast

text: of

text: the

text: Immaculate

text: Conception

text: on

text: December

text: Pope Saint John XXIII (born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, ; 25 November 18813 June 1963) reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was the fourth of fourteen children born to a family of sharecroppers who lived in a village in Lombardy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, including papal nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice.

text: Pope

text: Saint

text: John

text: XXIII

text: born

text: Angelo

text: Giuseppe

text: Roncalli

text: November

text: June

text: reigned

text: as

text: Pope

text: from

text: October

text: to

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: canonized

text: on

text: April

text: Angelo

text: Giuseppe

text: Roncalli

text: was

text: the

text: fourth

text: of

text: fourteen

text: children

text: born

text: to

text: family

text: of

text: sharecroppers

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: village

text: in

text: Lombardy

text: He

text: was

text: ordained

text: to

text: the

text: priesthood

text: on

text: August

text: and

text: served

text: in

text: number

text: of

text: posts

text: including

text: papal

text: nuncio

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: delegate

text: to

text: Bulgaria

text: Greece

text: and

text: Turkey

text: In

text: consistory

text: on

text: January

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: XII

text: made

text: Roncalli

text: cardinal

text: as

text: the

text: Cardinal

text: Priest

text: of

text: Santa

text: Prisca

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: naming

text: him

text: as

text: the

text: Patriarch

text: of

text: Venice

text: Domenico Tardini (29 February 1888  30 July 1961) was a longtime aide to Pope Pius XII in the Secretariat of State. Pope John XXIII named him Cardinal Secretary of State and, in this position the most prominent member of the Roman Curia in Vatican City.

text: Domenico

text: Tardini

text: February

text: July

text: was

text: longtime

text: aide

text: to

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: XII

text: in

text: the

text: Secretariat

text: of

text: State

text: Pope

text: John

text: XXIII

text: named

text: him

text: Cardinal

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: and

text: in

text: this

text: position

text: the

text: most

text: prominent

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Curia

text: in

text: Vatican

text: City

text: The Reichskonkordat ("Concordat between the Holy See and the German Reich") is a treaty negotiated between the Vatican and the emergent Nazi Germany. It was signed on 20 July 1933 by Cardinal Secretary of State (and later Pope Pius XII) Eugenio Pacelli on behalf of Pope Pius XI and Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen on behalf of President Paul von Hindenburg and the German government. It was ratified September 10, 1933 and it has been in force from that date right up until the current day. The treaty guarantees the rights of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany. When bishops take office Article 16 states they're required to take an oath of loyalty to the Governor or President of the German Reich established according to the constitution. The treaty also requires all clergy to abstain from working in and for political parties. Nazi breaches of the agreement began almost as soon as it had been signed and intensified afterwards leading to protest from the Church including in the 1937 "Mit brennender Sorge" encyclical of Pope Pius XI. The Nazis planned to eliminate the Church's influence by restricting its organizations to purely religious activities.

text: The

text: Reichskonkordat

text: Concordat

text: between

text: the

text: Holy

text: See

text: and

text: the

text: German

text: Reich

text: is

text: treaty

text: negotiated

text: between

text: the

text: Vatican

text: and

text: the

text: emergent

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: It

text: was

text: signed

text: on

text: July

text: by

text: Cardinal

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: and

text: later

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: XII

text: Eugenio

text: Pacelli

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: XI

text: and

text: Vice

text: Chancellor

text: Franz

text: von

text: Papen

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: President

text: Paul

text: von

text: Hindenburg

text: and

text: the

text: German

text: government

text: It

text: was

text: ratified

text: September

text: and

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: in

text: force

text: from

text: that

text: date

text: right

text: up

text: until

text: the

text: current

text: day

text: The

text: treaty

text: guarantees

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: in

text: Germany

text: When

text: bishops

text: take

text: office

text: Article

text: states

text: they

text: 're

text: required

text: to

text: take

text: an

text: oath

text: of

text: loyalty

text: to

text: the

text: Governor

text: or

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Reich

text: established

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: constitution

text: The

text: treaty

text: also

text: requires

text: all

text: clergy

text: to

text: abstain

text: from

text: working

text: in

text: and

text: for

text: political

text: parties

text: Nazi

text: breaches

text: of

text: the

text: agreement

text: began

text: almost

text: as

text: soon

text: as

text: it

text: had

text: been

text: signed

text: and

text: intensified

text: afterwards

text: leading

text: to

text: protest

text: from

text: the

text: Church

text: including

text: in

text: the

text: Mit

text: brennender

text: Sorge

text: encyclical

text: of

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: XI

text: The

text: Nazis

text: planned

text: to

text: eliminate

text: the

text: Church

text: 's

text: influence

text: by

text: restricting

text: its

text: organizations

text: to

text: purely

text: religious

text: activities

text: Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889  30 April 1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party ("Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei"; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of the German Reich, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was central to the Holocaust.

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: April

text: April

text: was

text: German

text: politician

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: Nationalsozialistische

text: Deutsche

text: Arbeiterpartei

text: NSDAP

text: Chancellor

text: of

text: Germany

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: Führer

text: Leader

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: from

text: to

text: As

text: dictator

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Reich

text: he

text: initiated

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: in

text: Europe

text: with

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: Poland

text: in

text: September

text: and

text: was

text: central

text: to

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: The Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope, commonly known as the Cardinal Secretary of State, presides over the Holy See Secretariat of State, which is the oldest and most important dicastery of the Roman Curia. The Secretariat of State performs all the political and diplomatic functions of the Holy See and the Vatican City.

text: The

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: of

text: His

text: Holiness

text: The

text: Pope

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Cardinal

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: presides

text: over

text: the

text: Holy

text: See

text: Secretariat

text: of

text: State

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: and

text: most

text: important

text: dicastery

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Curia

text: The

text: Secretariat

text: of

text: State

text: performs

text: all

text: the

text: political

text: and

text: diplomatic

text: functions

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: See

text: and

text: the

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Vatican City , officially Vatican City State or the State of Vatican City, is a walled enclave within the city of Rome. With an area of approximately 44 hectares (110 acres), and a population of 842, it is the smallest State in the world by both area and population, but formally it is not sovereign, sovereignty being held by the Holy See, the only entity of public international law that has diplomatic relations with almost every country in the world.

text: Vatican

text: City

text: officially

text: Vatican

text: City

text: State

text: or

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Vatican

text: City

text: is

text: walled

text: enclave

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: hectares

text: acres

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: State

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: both

text: area

text: and

text: population

text: but

text: formally

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: sovereign

text: sovereignty

text: being

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: Holy

text: See

text: the

text: only

text: entity

text: of

text: public

text: international

text: law

text: that

text: has

text: diplomatic

text: relations

text: with

text: almost

text: every

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Saint Peter 's tomb is a site under St. Peter 's Basilica that includes several graves and a structure said by Vatican authorities to have been built to memorialize the location of St. Peter 's grave . St. Peter 's tomb is near the west end of a complex of mausoleums that date between about AD 130 and AD 300 . The complex was partially torn down and filled with earth to provide a foundation for the building of the first St. Peter 's Basilica during the reign of Constantine I in about AD 330 . Though many bones have been found at the site of the 2nd - century shrine , as the result of two campaigns of archaeological excavation , Pope Pius XII stated in December 1950 that none could be confirmed to be Saint Peter 's with absolute certainty . Following the discovery of bones that had been transferred from a second tomb under the monument , on June 26 , 1968 Pope Paul VI claimed that the relics of St. Peter had been identified . The grave claimed by the Church to be that of St. Peter lies at the foot of the aedicula beneath the floor . The remains of four individuals and several farm animals were found in this grave . In 1953 , after the initial archeological efforts had been completed , another set of bones were found that were said to have been removed without the archeologists ' knowledge from a niche ( loculus ) in the north side of a wall ( the graffiti wall ) that abuts the red wall on the right of the aedicula . Subsequent testing indicated that these were the bones of a 60 - 70 - year - old man . Margherita Guarducci argued that these were the remains of St. Peter and that they had been moved into a niche in the graffiti wall from the grave under the aedicula `` at the time of Constantine , after the peace of the church '' ( 313 ) . Antonio Ferrua , the archaeologist who headed the excavation that uncovered what is known as St. Peter 's Tomb , said that he was n't convinced that the bones that were found were those of St. Peter . The upper image shows the area of the lower floor of St. Peter 's Basilica that lies above the site of St. Peter 's tomb . A portion of the aedicula that was part of St. Peter 's tomb rose above level of this floor and was made into the Niche of the Pallium which can be seen in the center of the image .

text: Saint

text: Peter

text: 's

text: tomb

text: is

text: site

text: under

text: St.

text: Peter

text: 's

text: Basilica

text: that

text: includes

text: several

text: graves

text: and

text: structure

text: said

text: by

text: Vatican

text: authorities

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: built

text: to

text: memorialize

text: the

text: location

text: of

text: St.

text: Peter

text: 's

text: grave

text: St.

text: Peter

text: 's

text: tomb

text: is

text: near

text: the

text: west

text: end

text: of

text: complex

text: of

text: mausoleums

text: that

text: date

text: between

text: about

text: AD

text: and

text: AD

text: The

text: complex

text: was

text: partially

text: torn

text: down

text: and

text: filled

text: with

text: earth

text: to

text: provide

text: foundation

text: for

text: the

text: building

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: St.

text: Peter

text: 's

text: Basilica

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Constantine

text: in

text: about

text: AD

text: Though

text: many

text: bones

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: shrine

text: as

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: two

text: campaigns

text: of

text: archaeological

text: excavation

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: XII

text: stated

text: in

text: December

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: confirmed

text: to

text: be

text: Saint

text: Peter

text: 's

text: with

text: absolute

text: certainty

text: Following

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: bones

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: transferred

text: from

text: second

text: tomb

text: under

text: the

text: monument

text: on

text: June

text: Pope

text: Paul

text: VI

text: claimed

text: that

text: the

text: relics

text: of

text: St.

text: Peter

text: had

text: been

text: identified

text: The

text: grave

text: claimed

text: by

text: the

text: Church

text: to

text: be

text: that

text: of

text: St.

text: Peter

text: lies

text: at

text: the

text: foot

text: of

text: the

text: aedicula

text: beneath

text: the

text: floor

text: The

text: remains

text: of

text: four

text: individuals

text: and

text: several

text: farm

text: animals

text: were

text: found

text: in

text: this

text: grave

text: In

text: after

text: the

text: initial

text: archeological

text: efforts

text: had

text: been

text: completed

text: another

text: set

text: of

text: bones

text: were

text: found

text: that

text: were

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: removed

text: without

text: the

text: archeologists

text: knowledge

text: from

text: niche

text: loculus

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: side

text: of

text: wall

text: the

text: graffiti

text: wall

text: that

text: abuts

text: the

text: red

text: wall

text: on

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: the

text: aedicula

text: Subsequent

text: testing

text: indicated

text: that

text: these

text: were

text: the

text: bones

text: of

text: year

text: old

text: man

text: Margherita

text: Guarducci

text: argued

text: that

text: these

text: were

text: the

text: remains

text: of

text: St.

text: Peter

text: and

text: that

text: they

text: had

text: been

text: moved

text: into

text: niche

text: in

text: the

text: graffiti

text: wall

text: from

text: the

text: grave

text: under

text: the

text: aedicula

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Constantine

text: after

text: the

text: peace

text: of

text: the

text: church

text: Antonio

text: Ferrua

text: the

text: archaeologist

text: who

text: headed

text: the

text: excavation

text: that

text: uncovered

text: what

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: St.

text: Peter

text: 's

text: Tomb

text: said

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: n't

text: convinced

text: that

text: the

text: bones

text: that

text: were

text: found

text: were

text: those

text: of

text: St.

text: Peter

text: The

text: upper

text: image

text: shows

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: lower

text: floor

text: of

text: St.

text: Peter

text: 's

text: Basilica

text: that

text: lies

text: above

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: St.

text: Peter

text: 's

text: tomb

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: aedicula

text: that

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: St.

text: Peter

text: 's

text: tomb

text: rose

text: above

text: level

text: of

text: this

text: floor

text: and

text: was

text: made

text: into

text: the

text: Niche

text: of

text: the

text: Pallium

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: image

text: Rome is a city and special "comune" (named "Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2,870,336 residents in , it is also the country's largest and most populated "comune" and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4.3 million residents. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of Tiber river. The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states.

text: Rome

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: special

text: comune

text: named

text: Roma

text: Capitale

text: in

text: Italy

text: Rome

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Italy

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Lazio

text: region

text: With

text: residents

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populated

text: comune

text: and

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: by

text: population

text: within

text: city

text: limits

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: City

text: of

text: Rome

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: residents

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: western

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: within

text: Lazio

text: Latium

text: along

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: Tiber

text: river

text: The

text: Vatican

text: City

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: country

text: geographically

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: boundaries

text: of

text: Rome

text: the

text: only

text: existing

text: example

text: of

text: country

text: within

text: city

text: for

text: this

text: reason

text: Rome

text: has

text: been

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: capital

text: of

text: two

text: states

annotations: follows multiple

question: country saint peter's tomb

answer: vatican city

text: vatican city

text: vatican city

text: vatican city

text: vatican city

text: vatican city

text: vatican city

text: vatican city

text: vatican city


text: The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Along with the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle, the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to make the Earth capable of sustaining life; it describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere, including carbon sinks.

text: The

text: carbon

text: cycle

text: is

text: the

text: biogeochemical

text: cycle

text: by

text: which

text: carbon

text: is

text: exchanged

text: among

text: the

text: biosphere

text: pedosphere

text: geosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: and

text: atmosphere

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: Along

text: with

text: the

text: nitrogen

text: cycle

text: and

text: the

text: water

text: cycle

text: the

text: carbon

text: cycle

text: comprises

text: sequence

text: of

text: events

text: that

text: are

text: key

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: Earth

text: capable

text: of

text: sustaining

text: life

text: it

text: describes

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: carbon

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: recycled

text: and

text: reused

text: throughout

text: the

text: biosphere

text: including

text: carbon

text: sinks

text: The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying it a mediterranean sea or an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean. Alternatively, the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing World Ocean.

text: The

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: and

text: shallowest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: five

text: major

text: oceans

text: The

text: International

text: Hydrographic

text: Organization

text: IHO

text: recognizes

text: it

text: as

text: an

text: ocean

text: although

text: some

text: oceanographers

text: call

text: it

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Sea

text: classifying

text: it

text: mediterranean

text: sea

text: or

text: an

text: estuary

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Alternatively

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: the

text: northernmost

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: all

text: encompassing

text: World

text: Ocean

text: New Guinea (or, historically, "") is a large Island in the South West Pacific region.

text: New

text: Guinea

text: or

text: historically

text: is

text: large

text: Island

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: West

text: Pacific

text: region

text: Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney.

text: Australia

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Australia

text: is

text: country

text: comprising

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: continent

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Tasmania

text: and

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: islands

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sixth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: The

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: are

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: East

text: Timor

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: and

text: Vanuatu

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: Australia

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: Canberra

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: Sydney

text: Indonesia (or ; Indonesian: ), officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the world's largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At , Indonesia is the world's 14th-largest country in terms of land area and world's 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea and land area. It has an estimated population of over 260 million people and is the world's fourth most populous country, the most populous Austronesian nation, as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country. The world's most populous island of Java contains more than half of the country's population.

text: Indonesia

text: or

text: Indonesian

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Indonesia

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: and

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: located

text: mainly

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: with

text: some

text: territories

text: in

text: Oceania

text: Situated

text: between

text: the

text: Indian

text: and

text: Pacific

text: oceans

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: island

text: country

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: seventeen

text: thousand

text: islands

text: At

text: Indonesia

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: combined

text: sea

text: and

text: land

text: area

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Austronesian

text: nation

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Muslim

text: majority

text: country

text: The

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: of

text: Java

text: contains

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: An ocean (the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans. The word "sea" is often used interchangeably with "ocean" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.

text: An

text: ocean

text: the

text: sea

text: of

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: is

text: body

text: of

text: saline

text: water

text: that

text: composes

text: much

text: of

text: planet

text: 's

text: hydrosphere

text: On

text: Earth

text: an

text: ocean

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: conventional

text: divisions

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Ocean

text: which

text: covers

text: almost

text: of

text: its

text: surface

text: These

text: are

text: in

text: descending

text: order

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Atlantic

text: Indian

text: Southern

text: Antarctic

text: and

text: Arctic

text: Oceans

text: The

text: word

text: sea

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: interchangeably

text: with

text: ocean

text: in

text: American

text: English

text: but

text: strictly

text: speaking

text: sea

text: is

text: body

text: of

text: saline

text: water

text: generally

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: ocean

text: partly

text: or

text: fully

text: enclosed

text: by

text: land

text: North Maluku is a province of Indonesia. It covers the northern part of the Maluku Islands. The provincial capital is Sofifi, on Halmahera, and the largest population center is the island of Ternate.

text: North

text: Maluku

text: is

text: province

text: of

text: Indonesia

text: It

text: covers

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Maluku

text: Islands

text: The

text: provincial

text: capital

text: is

text: Sofifi

text: on

text: Halmahera

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: population

text: center

text: is

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ternate

text: Halmahera Sea is a regional sea located in the central eastern part of the Australasian Mediterranean Sea . It is centered at about 1 ° S and 129 ° E and is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the north , Halmahera to the west , Waigeo and Irian Jaya to the east , and the Seram Sea to the south . It covers about 95,000 km and its topography comprises a number of separate basins and ridges , the chief of which is the Halmahera Basin reaching a depth of 2039 m.

text: Halmahera

text: Sea

text: is

text: regional

text: sea

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Australasian

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: It

text: is

text: centered

text: at

text: about

text: and

text: and

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Halmahera

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Waigeo

text: and

text: Irian

text: Jaya

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Seram

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: It

text: covers

text: about

text: km

text: and

text: its

text: topography

text: comprises

text: number

text: of

text: separate

text: basins

text: and

text: ridges

text: the

text: chief

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: Halmahera

text: Basin

text: reaching

text: depth

text: of

text: The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.

text: The

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: It

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: or

text: depending

text: on

text: definition

text: to

text: Antarctica

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: Asia

text: and

text: Australia

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Americas

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: Waigeo is an island in West Papua province of eastern Indonesia. The island is also known as Amberi, or Waigiu. It is the largest of the four main islands in the Raja Ampat Islands archipelago, between Halmahera and about to the north-west coast of New Guinea. The Dampier Strait (a.k.a. Augusta's Strait) separates it from Batanta, and the Bougainville Strait from the Kawe Islands to its north-west. The "inner sea" that nearly cleaves the island in two is the Majoli Gulf.

text: Waigeo

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: in

text: West

text: Papua

text: province

text: of

text: eastern

text: Indonesia

text: The

text: island

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Amberi

text: or

text: Waigiu

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: main

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: Raja

text: Ampat

text: Islands

text: archipelago

text: between

text: Halmahera

text: and

text: about

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: west

text: coast

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: The

text: Dampier

text: Strait

text: a.k.a

text: Augusta

text: 's

text: Strait

text: separates

text: it

text: from

text: Batanta

text: and

text: the

text: Bougainville

text: Strait

text: from

text: the

text: Kawe

text: Islands

text: to

text: its

text: north

text: west

text: The

text: inner

text: sea

text: that

text: nearly

text: cleaves

text: the

text: island

text: in

text: two

text: is

text: the

text: Majoli

text: Gulf

text: The Americas, also collectively called America, encompass the totality of the continents of North America and South America. Together they make up most of Earth's western hemisphere and comprise the "New World".

text: The

text: Americas

text: also

text: collectively

text: called

text: America

text: encompass

text: the

text: totality

text: of

text: the

text: continents

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: Together

text: they

text: make

text: up

text: most

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: western

text: hemisphere

text: and

text: comprise

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait, and a small island off the coast may be called a holm. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago, e.g. the Philippines.

text: An

text: island

text: or

text: isle

text: is

text: any

text: piece

text: of

text: sub

text: continental

text: land

text: that

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: water

text: Very

text: small

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: emergent

text: land

text: features

text: on

text: atolls

text: can

text: be

text: called

text: islets

text: skerries

text: cays

text: or

text: keys

text: An

text: island

text: in

text: river

text: or

text: lake

text: island

text: may

text: be

text: called

text: an

text: eyot

text: or

text: ait

text: and

text: small

text: island

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: may

text: be

text: called

text: holm

text: grouping

text: of

text: geographically

text: or

text: geologically

text: related

text: islands

text: is

text: called

text: an

text: archipelago

text: e.g.

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Antarctica (US English , UK English or ) is Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At , it is the fifth-largest continent. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.

text: Antarctica

text: US

text: English

text: UK

text: English

text: or

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: southernmost

text: continent

text: It

text: contains

text: the

text: geographic

text: South

text: Pole

text: and

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

text: almost

text: entirely

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Circle

text: and

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: At

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: continent

text: For

text: comparison

text: Antarctica

text: is

text: nearly

text: twice

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: Australia

text: About

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: is

text: covered

text: by

text: ice

text: that

text: averages

text: in

text: thickness

text: which

text: extends

text: to

text: all

text: but

text: the

text: northernmost

text: reaches

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Peninsula

text: Located off the northwest tip of Bird's Head Peninsula on the island of New Guinea, in Indonesia's West Papua province, Raja Ampat, or the "Four Kings", is an archipelago comprising over 1,500 small islands, cays, and shoals surrounding the four main islands of Misool, Salawati, Batanta, and Waigeo, and the smaller island of Kofiau. The Raja Ampat archipelago is the part of Coral Triangle which contains the richest marine biodiversity on earth.

text: Located

text: off

text: the

text: northwest

text: tip

text: of

text: Bird

text: 's

text: Head

text: Peninsula

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: in

text: Indonesia

text: 's

text: West

text: Papua

text: province

text: Raja

text: Ampat

text: or

text: the

text: Four

text: Kings

text: is

text: an

text: archipelago

text: comprising

text: over

text: small

text: islands

text: cays

text: and

text: shoals

text: surrounding

text: the

text: four

text: main

text: islands

text: of

text: Misool

text: Salawati

text: Batanta

text: and

text: Waigeo

text: and

text: the

text: smaller

text: island

text: of

text: Kofiau

text: The

text: Raja

text: Ampat

text: archipelago

text: is

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: Coral

text: Triangle

text: which

text: contains

text: the

text: richest

text: marine

text: biodiversity

text: on

text: earth

text: Earth, otherwise known as the world, is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets.

text: Earth

text: otherwise

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: planet

text: from

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: object

text: in

text: the

text: Universe

text: known

text: to

text: harbor

text: life

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: densest

text: planet

text: in

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: terrestrial

text: planets

text: Oceanography (compound of the Greek words  meaning "ocean" and  meaning "write"), also known as oceanology, is the study of the physical and the biological aspects of the ocean. It is an Earth science covering a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within: astronomy, biology, chemistry, climatology, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past.

text: Oceanography

text: compound

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: words

text: meaning

text: ocean

text: and

text: meaning

text: write

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: oceanology

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: and

text: the

text: biological

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: ocean

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: Earth

text: science

text: covering

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: topics

text: including

text: ecosystem

text: dynamics

text: ocean

text: currents

text: waves

text: and

text: geophysical

text: fluid

text: dynamics

text: plate

text: tectonics

text: and

text: the

text: geology

text: of

text: the

text: sea

text: floor

text: and

text: fluxes

text: of

text: various

text: chemical

text: substances

text: and

text: physical

text: properties

text: within

text: the

text: ocean

text: and

text: across

text: its

text: boundaries

text: These

text: diverse

text: topics

text: reflect

text: multiple

text: disciplines

text: that

text: oceanographers

text: blend

text: to

text: further

text: knowledge

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: ocean

text: and

text: understanding

text: of

text: processes

text: within

text: astronomy

text: biology

text: chemistry

text: climatology

text: geography

text: geology

text: hydrology

text: meteorology

text: and

text: physics

text: Paleoceanography

text: studies

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: oceans

text: in

text: the

text: geologic

text: past

text: The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica. As such, it is regarded as the fourth-largest of the five principal oceanic divisions: smaller than the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean. This ocean zone is where cold, northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix with warmer subantarctic waters.

text: The

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Ocean

text: or

text: the

text: Austral

text: Ocean

text: comprises

text: the

text: southernmost

text: waters

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Ocean

text: generally

text: taken

text: to

text: be

text: south

text: of

text: latitude

text: and

text: encircling

text: Antarctica

text: As

text: such

text: it

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: principal

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: smaller

text: than

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Indian

text: Oceans

text: but

text: larger

text: than

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: This

text: ocean

text: zone

text: is

text: where

text: cold

text: northward

text: flowing

text: waters

text: from

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: mix

text: with

text: warmer

text: subantarctic

text: waters

text: The Arctic (or ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Alaska (United States), Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost-containing tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places.

text: The

text: Arctic

text: or

text: is

text: polar

text: region

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: northernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Earth

text: The

text: Arctic

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: adjacent

text: seas

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: Alaska

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: Finland

text: Greenland

text: Denmark

text: Iceland

text: Norway

text: Russia

text: and

text: Sweden

text: Land

text: within

text: the

text: Arctic

text: region

text: has

text: seasonally

text: varying

text: snow

text: and

text: ice

text: cover

text: with

text: predominantly

text: treeless

text: permafrost

text: containing

text: tundra

text: Arctic

text: seas

text: contain

text: seasonal

text: sea

text: ice

text: in

text: many

text: places

text: The Maluku Islands or the Moluccas are an archipelago within Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi, west of New Guinea, and north and east of Timor. The islands were also the historical core of the Spice Islands known to the Chinese and Europeans, but this term usually included other adjacent areas such as Sulawesi. The name was due to the nutmeg, mace and cloves that were originally exclusively found there, and the presence of these sparked colonial interest from Europe in the 16th century.

text: The

text: Maluku

text: Islands

text: or

text: the

text: Moluccas

text: are

text: an

text: archipelago

text: within

text: Indonesia

text: Tectonically

text: they

text: are

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Halmahera

text: Plate

text: within

text: the

text: Molucca

text: Sea

text: Collision

text: Zone

text: Geographically

text: they

text: are

text: located

text: east

text: of

text: Sulawesi

text: west

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: of

text: Timor

text: The

text: islands

text: were

text: also

text: the

text: historical

text: core

text: of

text: the

text: Spice

text: Islands

text: known

text: to

text: the

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Europeans

text: but

text: this

text: term

text: usually

text: included

text: other

text: adjacent

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: Sulawesi

text: The

text: name

text: was

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: nutmeg

text: mace

text: and

text: cloves

text: that

text: were

text: originally

text: exclusively

text: found

text: there

text: and

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: these

text: sparked

text: colonial

text: interest

text: from

text: Europe

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The Antarctic (US English , UK English or and or ) is a polar region, specifically the region around the Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises in the strict sense the continent of Antarctica and the island territories located on the Antarctic Plate. In a broader sense the Antarctic region include the ice shelves, waters, and island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, a zone approximately wide varying in latitude seasonally. The region covers some 20% of the Southern Hemisphere, of which 5.5% (14 million km) is the surface area of the Antarctic continent itself. All of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude are administrated under the Antarctic Treaty System. In a biogeographic sense, the Antarctic ecozone is one of eight ecozones of the Earth's land surface.

text: The

text: Antarctic

text: US

text: English

text: UK

text: English

text: or

text: and

text: or

text: is

text: polar

text: region

text: specifically

text: the

text: region

text: around

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: South

text: Pole

text: opposite

text: the

text: Arctic

text: region

text: around

text: the

text: North

text: Pole

text: The

text: Antarctic

text: comprises

text: in

text: the

text: strict

text: sense

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: and

text: the

text: island

text: territories

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Plate

text: In

text: broader

text: sense

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: region

text: include

text: the

text: ice

text: shelves

text: waters

text: and

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: situated

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Convergence

text: zone

text: approximately

text: wide

text: varying

text: in

text: latitude

text: seasonally

text: The

text: region

text: covers

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

text: of

text: which

text: million

text: km

text: is

text: the

text: surface

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: continent

text: itself

text: All

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: and

text: ice

text: shelves

text: south

text: of

text: latitude

text: are

text: administrated

text: under

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Treaty

text: System

text: In

text: biogeographic

text: sense

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: ecozone

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: eight

text: ecozones

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: land

text: surface

text: Halmahera, formerly known as Jilolo, Gilolo, or Jailolo, is the largest island in the Maluku Islands. It is part of the North Maluku province of Indonesia and Sofifi, the capital of the province, is located on the west coast of the island.

text: Halmahera

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Jilolo

text: Gilolo

text: or

text: Jailolo

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: Maluku

text: Islands

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Maluku

text: province

text: of

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: Sofifi

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: island

text:
Red is the color at the longer-wavelengths end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange, at the opposite end from violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620740 nanometers.
Light with a longer wavelength than red but shorter than terahertz radiation and microwave is called infrared.

text: Red

text: is

text: the

text: color

text: at

text: the

text: longer

text: wavelengths

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: spectrum

text: of

text: visible

text: light

text: next

text: to

text: orange

text: at

text: the

text: opposite

text: end

text: from

text: violet

text: Red

text: color

text: has

text: predominant

text: light

text: wavelength

text: of

text: roughly

text: nanometers

text: Light

text: with

text: longer

text: wavelength

text: than

text: red

text: but

text: shorter

text: than

text: terahertz

text: radiation

text: and

text: microwave

text: is

text: called

text: infrared

text: Batanta is one of the four major islands in the Raja Ampat Islands in West Papua province, Indonesia. Its area is 453 km² and its highest point is 1184 m. The Pitt Strait separates it from Salawati, while the Dampier Strait separates it from Waigeo.

text: Batanta

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: Raja

text: Ampat

text: Islands

text: in

text: West

text: Papua

text: province

text: Indonesia

text: Its

text: area

text: is

text: and

text: its

text: highest

text: point

text: is

text: The

text: Pitt

text: Strait

text: separates

text: it

text: from

text: Salawati

text: while

text: the

text: Dampier

text: Strait

text: separates

text: it

text: from

text: Waigeo

text: A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, "the sea" is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic watersconsidered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been traveled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the seaoceanographydates broadly to the British "Challenger" expedition of the 1870s. The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sectionsincluding the International Hydrographic Organization's four named oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean; smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as "seas".

text: sea

text: is

text: large

text: body

text: of

text: salt

text: water

text: that

text: is

text: surrounded

text: in

text: whole

text: or

text: in

text: part

text: by

text: land

text: More

text: broadly

text: the

text: sea

text: is

text: the

text: interconnected

text: system

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: salty

text: oceanic

text: watersconsidered

text: as

text: one

text: global

text: ocean

text: or

text: as

text: several

text: principal

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: The

text: sea

text: moderates

text: Earth

text: 's

text: climate

text: and

text: has

text: important

text: roles

text: in

text: the

text: water

text: cycle

text: carbon

text: cycle

text: and

text: nitrogen

text: cycle

text: Although

text: the

text: sea

text: has

text: been

text: traveled

text: and

text: explored

text: since

text: prehistory

text: the

text: modern

text: scientific

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: seaoceanographydates

text: broadly

text: to

text: the

text: British

text: Challenger

text: expedition

text: of

text: the

text: The

text: sea

text: is

text: conventionally

text: divided

text: into

text: up

text: to

text: five

text: large

text: oceanic

text: sectionsincluding

text: the

text: International

text: Hydrographic

text: Organization

text: 's

text: four

text: named

text: oceans

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: Indian

text: and

text: Arctic

text: and

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: smaller

text: second

text: order

text: sections

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: seas

annotations: follows single

question: country halmahera sea

answer: indonesia

text: indonesia

text: indonesia

text: indonesia

text: indonesia

text: indonesia

text: indonesia

text: indonesia

text: indonesia

text: indonesia

text: indonesia


text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: Hiroshima is perhaps best known as the first city in history to be targeted by a nuclear weapon when the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dropped an atomic bomb on the city (and later on Nagasaki) at 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, near the end of World War II.

text: Hiroshima

text: is

text: perhaps

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: city

text: in

text: history

text: to

text: be

text: targeted

text: by

text: nuclear

text: weapon

text: when

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: Air

text: Forces

text: USAAF

text: dropped

text: an

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: later

text: on

text: Nagasaki

text: at

text: a.m.

text: on

text: August

text: near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying its morale or its economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both. It is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize strategic bombers, long- or medium-range missiles, or nuclear-armed fighter-bomber aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to the enemy's war-making capability.

text: Strategic

text: bombing

text: is

text: military

text: strategy

text: used

text: in

text: total

text: war

text: with

text: the

text: goal

text: of

text: defeating

text: the

text: enemy

text: by

text: destroying

text: its

text: morale

text: or

text: its

text: economic

text: ability

text: to

text: produce

text: and

text: transport

text: materiel

text: to

text: the

text: theatres

text: of

text: military

text: operations

text: or

text: both

text: It

text: is

text: systematically

text: organized

text: and

text: executed

text: attack

text: from

text: the

text: air

text: which

text: can

text: utilize

text: strategic

text: bombers

text: long-

text: or

text: medium

text: range

text: missiles

text: or

text: nuclear

text: armed

text: fighter

text: bomber

text: aircraft

text: to

text: attack

text: targets

text: deemed

text: vital

text: to

text: the

text: enemy

text: 's

text: war

text: making

text: capability

text: Hambledon is a small village and civil parish in the county of Hampshire in England, situated about north of Portsmouth.

text: Hambledon

text: is

text: small

text: village

text: and

text: civil

text: parish

text: in

text: the

text: county

text: of

text: Hampshire

text: in

text: England

text: situated

text: about

text: north

text: of

text: Portsmouth

text: Hampshire (; abbreviated Hants, archaically known as the County of Southampton) is a county on the southern coast of England in the United Kingdom. The county town of Hampshire is Winchester, the former capital city of England. Hampshire is the most populous ceremonial county in the United Kingdom (excluding the metropolitan counties) with almost half of the county's population living within the South Hampshire conurbation which includes the cities of Southampton and Portsmouth. The larger South Hampshire metropolitan area has a population of 1,547,000. Hampshire is notable for housing the birthplaces of the Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force. It is bordered by Dorset to the west, Wiltshire to the north-west, Berkshire to the north, Surrey to the north-east, and West Sussex to the east. The southern boundary is the coastline of the English Channel and the Solent, facing the Isle of Wight.

text: Hampshire

text: abbreviated

text: Hants

text: archaically

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: County

text: of

text: Southampton

text: is

text: county

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: coast

text: of

text: England

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: county

text: town

text: of

text: Hampshire

text: is

text: Winchester

text: the

text: former

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: England

text: Hampshire

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: ceremonial

text: county

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: excluding

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: counties

text: with

text: almost

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: 's

text: population

text: living

text: within

text: the

text: South

text: Hampshire

text: conurbation

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: cities

text: of

text: Southampton

text: and

text: Portsmouth

text: The

text: larger

text: South

text: Hampshire

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: Hampshire

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: housing

text: the

text: birthplaces

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: British

text: Army

text: and

text: Royal

text: Air

text: Force

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Dorset

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Wiltshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: west

text: Berkshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Surrey

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: West

text: Sussex

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: The

text: southern

text: boundary

text: is

text: the

text: coastline

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: Solent

text: facing

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: The Very Rev ( George ) Stephen Nason was an eminent Anglican Priest in the middle decades of the 20th Century . He was born on 30 March 1901 and educated at Shrewsbury and Pembroke College , Cambridge . Ordained in 1927 he was a Curate at St Luke 's Battersea followed by a period as Rector of Bamford . He then served his country during World War II as a Chaplain in the RNVR after which he was Dean of Gibraltar . Returning to England in 1950 he became Rural Dean of Greenwich and Deptford , following which he was Vicar of St Peter and St Paul , Hambledon , Hampshire . He died on 13 March 1975 .

text: The

text: Very

text: Rev

text: George

text: Stephen

text: Nason

text: was

text: an

text: eminent

text: Anglican

text: Priest

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: decades

text: of

text: the

text: Century

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: on

text: March

text: and

text: educated

text: at

text: Shrewsbury

text: and

text: Pembroke

text: College

text: Cambridge

text: Ordained

text: in

text: he

text: was

text: Curate

text: at

text: St

text: Luke

text: 's

text: Battersea

text: followed

text: by

text: period

text: as

text: Rector

text: of

text: Bamford

text: He

text: then

text: served

text: his

text: country

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: as

text: Chaplain

text: in

text: the

text: RNVR

text: after

text: which

text: he

text: was

text: Dean

text: of

text: Gibraltar

text: Returning

text: to

text: England

text: in

text: he

text: became

text: Rural

text: Dean

text: of

text: Greenwich

text: and

text: Deptford

text: following

text: which

text: he

text: was

text: Vicar

text: of

text: St

text: Peter

text: and

text: St

text: Paul

text: Hambledon

text: Hampshire

text: He

text: died

text: on

text: March

question: military_branch stephen nason

answer: royal navy

text: royal navy