text: Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc. is an American semiconductor company based in San Jose, California. Founded in 1957 as a division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument, it became a pioneer in the manufacturing of transistors and of integrated circuits. Schlumberger bought the firm in 1979 and sold it to National Semiconductor in 1987; Fairchild was spun off as an independent company again in 1997.

text: Fairchild

text: Semiconductor

text: International

text: Inc.

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: semiconductor

text: company

text: based

text: in

text: San

text: Jose

text: California

text: Founded

text: in

text: as

text: division

text: of

text: Fairchild

text: Camera

text: and

text: Instrument

text: it

text: became

text: pioneer

text: in

text: the

text: manufacturing

text: of

text: transistors

text: and

text: of

text: integrated

text: circuits

text: Schlumberger

text: bought

text: the

text: firm

text: in

text: and

text: sold

text: it

text: to

text: National

text: Semiconductor

text: in

text: Fairchild

text: was

text: spun

text: off

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: company

text: again

text: in

text:
Schlumberger Limited is the world's largest oilfield services company. Schlumberger employs approximately 100,000 people
representing more than 140 nationalities working in more than 85 countries. Schlumberger has four principal executive offices located in Paris, Houston, London, and the Hague.

text: Schlumberger

text: Limited

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: oilfield

text: services

text: company

text: Schlumberger

text: employs

text: approximately

text: people

text: representing

text: more

text: than

text: nationalities

text: working

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: countries

text: Schlumberger

text: has

text: four

text: principal

text: executive

text: offices

text: located

text: in

text: Paris

text: Houston

text: London

text: and

text: the

text: Hague

text: Complementary metal -- oxide -- semiconductor ( CMOS ) / sims / is a technology for constructing integrated circuits . CMOS technology is used in microprocessors , microcontrollers , static RAM , and other digital logic circuits . CMOS technology is also used for several analog circuits such as image sensors ( CMOS sensor ) , data converters , and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication . In 1963 , while working for Fairchild Semiconductor , Frank Wanlass patented CMOS ( US patent 3,356,858 ) . CMOS is also sometimes referred to as complementary - symmetry metal -- oxide -- semiconductor ( or COS - MOS ) . The words `` complementary - symmetry '' refer to the fact that the typical design style with CMOS uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p - type and n - type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors ( MOSFETs ) for logic functions . Two important characteristics of CMOS devices are high noise immunity and low static power consumption . Since one transistor of the pair is always off , the series combination draws significant power only momentarily during switching between on and off states . Consequently , CMOS devices do not produce as much waste heat as other forms of logic , for example transistor -- transistor logic ( TTL ) or NMOS logic , which normally have some standing current even when not changing state . CMOS also allows a high density of logic functions on a chip . It was primarily for this reason that CMOS became the most used technology to be implemented in VLSI chips . The phrase `` metal -- oxide -- semiconductor '' is a reference to the physical structure of certain field - effect transistors , having a metal gate electrode placed on top of an oxide insulator , which in turn is on top of a semiconductor material . Aluminium was once used but now the material is polysilicon . Other metal gates have made a comeback with the advent of high - k dielectric materials in the CMOS process , as announced by IBM and Intel for the 45 nanometer node and beyond .

text: Complementary

text: metal

text: oxide

text: semiconductor

text: CMOS

text: sims

text: is

text: technology

text: for

text: constructing

text: integrated

text: circuits

text: CMOS

text: technology

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: microprocessors

text: microcontrollers

text: static

text: RAM

text: and

text: other

text: digital

text: logic

text: circuits

text: CMOS

text: technology

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: for

text: several

text: analog

text: circuits

text: such

text: as

text: image

text: sensors

text: CMOS

text: sensor

text: data

text: converters

text: and

text: highly

text: integrated

text: transceivers

text: for

text: many

text: types

text: of

text: communication

text: In

text: while

text: working

text: for

text: Fairchild

text: Semiconductor

text: Frank

text: Wanlass

text: patented

text: CMOS

text: US

text: patent

text: CMOS

text: is

text: also

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: complementary

text: symmetry

text: metal

text: oxide

text: semiconductor

text: or

text: COS

text: MOS

text: The

text: words

text: complementary

text: symmetry

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: the

text: typical

text: design

text: style

text: with

text: CMOS

text: uses

text: complementary

text: and

text: symmetrical

text: pairs

text: of

text: type

text: and

text: type

text: metal

text: oxide

text: semiconductor

text: field

text: effect

text: transistors

text: MOSFETs

text: for

text: logic

text: functions

text: Two

text: important

text: characteristics

text: of

text: CMOS

text: devices

text: are

text: high

text: noise

text: immunity

text: and

text: low

text: static

text: power

text: consumption

text: Since

text: one

text: transistor

text: of

text: the

text: pair

text: is

text: always

text: off

text: the

text: series

text: combination

text: draws

text: significant

text: power

text: only

text: momentarily

text: during

text: switching

text: between

text: on

text: and

text: off

text: states

text: Consequently

text: CMOS

text: devices

text: do

text: not

text: produce

text: as

text: much

text: waste

text: heat

text: as

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: logic

text: for

text: example

text: transistor

text: transistor

text: logic

text: TTL

text: or

text: NMOS

text: logic

text: which

text: normally

text: have

text: some

text: standing

text: current

text: even

text: when

text: not

text: changing

text: state

text: CMOS

text: also

text: allows

text: high

text: density

text: of

text: logic

text: functions

text: on

text: chip

text: It

text: was

text: primarily

text: for

text: this

text: reason

text: that

text: CMOS

text: became

text: the

text: most

text: used

text: technology

text: to

text: be

text: implemented

text: in

text: VLSI

text: chips

text: The

text: phrase

text: metal

text: oxide

text: semiconductor

text: is

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: physical

text: structure

text: of

text: certain

text: field

text: effect

text: transistors

text: having

text: metal

text: gate

text: electrode

text: placed

text: on

text: top

text: of

text: an

text: oxide

text: insulator

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: is

text: on

text: top

text: of

text: semiconductor

text: material

text: Aluminium

text: was

text: once

text: used

text: but

text: now

text: the

text: material

text: is

text: polysilicon

text: Other

text: metal

text: gates

text: have

text: made

text: comeback

text: with

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: high

text: dielectric

text: materials

text: in

text: the

text: CMOS

text: process

text: as

text: announced

text: by

text: IBM

text: and

text: Intel

text: for

text: the

text: nanometer

text: node

text: and

text: beyond

text: San Jose (Spanish for "Saint Joseph"), originally Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe and officially the City of San José, is the third-largest city by population in California, the tenth-largest by population in the United States, and the county seat of Santa Clara County. San Jose is the largest city in the Bay Area and the largest city in Northern California.

text: San

text: Jose

text: Spanish

text: for

text: Saint

text: Joseph

text: originally

text: Pueblo

text: de

text: San

text: José

text: de

text: Guadalupe

text: and

text: officially

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: San

text: José

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: city

text: by

text: population

text: in

text: California

text: the

text: tenth

text: largest

text: by

text: population

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Santa

text: Clara

text: County

text: San

text: Jose

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Bay

text: Area

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Northern

text: California

text: A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

text: transistor

text: is

text: semiconductor

text: device

text: used

text: to

text: amplify

text: or

text: switch

text: electronic

text: signals

text: and

text: electrical

text: power

text: It

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: semiconductor

text: material

text: usually

text: with

text: at

text: least

text: three

text: terminals

text: for

text: connection

text: to

text: an

text: external

text: circuit

text: voltage

text: or

text: current

text: applied

text: to

text: one

text: pair

text: of

text: the

text: transistor

text: 's

text: terminals

text: controls

text: the

text: current

text: through

text: another

text: pair

text: of

text: terminals

text: Because

text: the

text: controlled

text: output

text: power

text: can

text: be

text: higher

text: than

text: the

text: controlling

text: input

text: power

text: transistor

text: can

text: amplify

text: signal

text: Today

text: some

text: transistors

text: are

text: packaged

text: individually

text: but

text: many

text: more

text: are

text: found

text: embedded

text: in

text: integrated

text: circuits

text: National Semiconductor was an American semiconductor manufacturer which specialized in analog devices and subsystems, formerly with headquarters in Santa Clara, California, United States. The company produced power management integrated circuits, display drivers, audio and operational amplifiers, communication interface products and data conversion solutions. National's key markets included wireless handsets, displays and a variety of broad electronics markets, including medical, automotive, industrial and test and measurement applications.

text: National

text: Semiconductor

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: semiconductor

text: manufacturer

text: which

text: specialized

text: in

text: analog

text: devices

text: and

text: subsystems

text: formerly

text: with

text: headquarters

text: in

text: Santa

text: Clara

text: California

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: company

text: produced

text: power

text: management

text: integrated

text: circuits

text: display

text: drivers

text: audio

text: and

text: operational

text: amplifiers

text: communication

text: interface

text: products

text: and

text: data

text: conversion

text: solutions

text: National

text: 's

text: key

text: markets

text: included

text: wireless

text: handsets

text: displays

text: and

text: variety

text: of

text: broad

text: electronics

text: markets

text: including

text: medical

text: automotive

text: industrial

text: and

text: test

text: and

text: measurement

text: applications

text: An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip resulted in circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, cheaper, and faster than those constructed of discrete electronic components. The IC's mass production capability, reliability and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors. ICs are now used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size and low cost of ICs.

text: An

text: integrated

text: circuit

text: or

text: monolithic

text: integrated

text: circuit

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: an

text: IC

text: chip

text: or

text: microchip

text: is

text: set

text: of

text: electronic

text: circuits

text: on

text: one

text: small

text: flat

text: piece

text: or

text: chip

text: of

text: semiconductor

text: material

text: normally

text: silicon

text: The

text: integration

text: of

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: tiny

text: transistors

text: into

text: small

text: chip

text: resulted

text: in

text: circuits

text: that

text: are

text: orders

text: of

text: magnitude

text: smaller

text: cheaper

text: and

text: faster

text: than

text: those

text: constructed

text: of

text: discrete

text: electronic

text: components

text: The

text: IC

text: 's

text: mass

text: production

text: capability

text: reliability

text: and

text: building

text: block

text: approach

text: to

text: circuit

text: design

text: ensured

text: the

text: rapid

text: adoption

text: of

text: standardized

text: ICs

text: in

text: place

text: of

text: designs

text: using

text: discrete

text: transistors

text: ICs

text: are

text: now

text: used

text: in

text: virtually

text: all

text: electronic

text: equipment

text: and

text: have

text: revolutionized

text: the

text: world

text: of

text: electronics

text: Computers

text: mobile

text: phones

text: and

text: other

text: digital

text: home

text: appliances

text: are

text: now

text: inextricable

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: structure

text: of

text: modern

text: societies

text: made

text: possible

text: by

text: the

text: small

text: size

text: and

text: low

text: cost

text: of

text: ICs

text: Dr. Frank Marion Wanlass (May 17, 1933 in Thatcher, AZ  September 9, 2010 in Santa Clara), CA, was an American electrical engineer. He obtained his PhD from the University of Utah. He invented CMOS logic circuits in 1963 while working at Fairchild Semiconductor. He was given for "Low Stand-By Power Complementary Field Effect Circuitry" in 1967.

text: Dr.

text: Frank

text: Marion

text: Wanlass

text: May

text: in

text: Thatcher

text: AZ

text: September

text: in

text: Santa

text: Clara

text: CA

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: electrical

text: engineer

text: He

text: obtained

text: his

text: PhD

text: from

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Utah

text: He

text: invented

text: CMOS

text: logic

text: circuits

text: in

text: while

text: working

text: at

text: Fairchild

text: Semiconductor

text: He

text: was

text: given

text: for

text: Low

text: Stand

text: By

text: Power

text: Complementary

text: Field

text: Effect

text: Circuitry

text: in

text:
Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation was a company founded by Sherman Fairchild. It was based on the East Coast of the United States, and provided research and development for flash photography equipment. The technology was primarily used for DOD spy satellites.
The firm was known for its manufacture of semiconductors.

text: Fairchild

text: Camera

text: and

text: Instrument

text: Corporation

text: was

text: company

text: founded

text: by

text: Sherman

text: Fairchild

text: It

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: East

text: Coast

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: provided

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: for

text: flash

text: photography

text: equipment

text: The

text: technology

text: was

text: primarily

text: used

text: for

text: DOD

text: spy

text: satellites

text: The

text: firm

text: was

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: manufacture

text: of

text: semiconductors

text: Semiconductors are crystalline or amorphous solids with distinct electrical characteristics. They are of high electrical resistance   higher than typical resistance materials, but still of much lower resistance than insulators. Their resistance decreases as their temperature increases, which is behavior opposite to that of a metal. Finally, their conducting properties may be altered in useful ways by the deliberate, controlled introduction of impurities ("doping") into the crystal structure, which lowers its resistance but also permits the creation of semiconductor junctions between differently-doped regions of the extrinsic semiconductor crystal. The behavior of charge carriers which include electrons, ions and electron holes at these junctions is the basis of diodes, transistors and all modern electronics.

text: Semiconductors

text: are

text: crystalline

text: or

text: amorphous

text: solids

text: with

text: distinct

text: electrical

text: characteristics

text: They

text: are

text: of

text: high

text: electrical

text: resistance

text: higher

text: than

text: typical

text: resistance

text: materials

text: but

text: still

text: of

text: much

text: lower

text: resistance

text: than

text: insulators

text: Their

text: resistance

text: decreases

text: as

text: their

text: temperature

text: increases

text: which

text: is

text: behavior

text: opposite

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: metal

text: Finally

text: their

text: conducting

text: properties

text: may

text: be

text: altered

text: in

text: useful

text: ways

text: by

text: the

text: deliberate

text: controlled

text: introduction

text: of

text: impurities

text: doping

text: into

text: the

text: crystal

text: structure

text: which

text: lowers

text: its

text: resistance

text: but

text: also

text: permits

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: semiconductor

text: junctions

text: between

text: differently

text: doped

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: extrinsic

text: semiconductor

text: crystal

text: The

text: behavior

text: of

text: charge

text: carriers

text: which

text: include

text: electrons

text: ions

text: and

text: electron

text: holes

text: at

text: these

text: junctions

text: is

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: diodes

text: transistors

text: and

text: all

text: modern

text: electronics

question: subclass_of cmos

answer: semiconductor device

text: semiconductor device