text: Father Dowling Mysteries (also known as Father Dowling Investigates in the United Kingdom) is an American television mystery series that aired from January 20, 1989 to May 2, 1991. Prior to the series, a TV movie aired on November 30, 1987. For its first season, the show was on NBC; it moved to ABC for its last two seasons.

text: Father

text: Dowling

text: Mysteries

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Father

text: Dowling

text: Investigates

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: television

text: mystery

text: series

text: that

text: aired

text: from

text: January

text: to

text: May

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: series

text: TV

text: movie

text: aired

text: on

text: November

text: For

text: its

text: first

text: season

text: the

text: show

text: was

text: on

text: NBC

text: it

text: moved

text: to

text: ABC

text: for

text: its

text: last

text: two

text: seasons

text: South Bend is a city in and the county seat of St. Joseph County, Indiana, United States, on the St. Joseph River near its southernmost bend, from which it derives its name. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total of 101,168 residents; its Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 318,586 and Combined Statistical Area of 721,296. It is the fourth-largest city in Indiana, serving as the economic and cultural hub of Northern Indiana. The highly ranked University of Notre Dame is located just to the north in unincorporated Notre Dame, Indiana and is an integral contributor to the region's economy.

text: South

text: Bend

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: St.

text: Joseph

text: County

text: Indiana

text: United

text: States

text: on

text: the

text: St.

text: Joseph

text: River

text: near

text: its

text: southernmost

text: bend

text: from

text: which

text: it

text: derives

text: its

text: name

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: census

text: the

text: city

text: had

text: total

text: of

text: residents

text: its

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: Combined

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: of

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Indiana

text: serving

text: as

text: the

text: economic

text: and

text: cultural

text: hub

text: of

text: Northern

text: Indiana

text: The

text: highly

text: ranked

text: University

text: of

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: is

text: located

text: just

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: in

text: unincorporated

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: Indiana

text: and

text: is

text: an

text: integral

text: contributor

text: to

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: economy

text: Philosophy (from Greek , "philosophia", literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The term was probably coined by Pythagoras (c. 570  c. 495 BC). Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument and systematic presentation. Classic philosophical questions include: Is it possible to know anything and to prove it? What is most real? However, philosophers might also pose more practical and concrete questions such as: Is there a best way to live? Is it better to be just or unjust (if one can get away with it)? Do humans have free will?

text: Philosophy

text: from

text: Greek

text: philosophia

text: literally

text: love

text: of

text: wisdom

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: general

text: and

text: fundamental

text: problems

text: concerning

text: matters

text: such

text: as

text: existence

text: knowledge

text: values

text: reason

text: mind

text: and

text: language

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: probably

text: coined

text: by

text: Pythagoras

text: BC

text: Philosophical

text: methods

text: include

text: questioning

text: critical

text: discussion

text: rational

text: argument

text: and

text: systematic

text: presentation

text: Classic

text: philosophical

text: questions

text: include

text: Is

text: it

text: possible

text: to

text: know

text: anything

text: and

text: to

text: prove

text: it

text: What

text: is

text: most

text: real

text: However

text: philosophers

text: might

text: also

text: pose

text: more

text: practical

text: and

text: concrete

text: questions

text: such

text: as

text: Is

text: there

text: best

text: way

text: to

text: live

text: Is

text: it

text: better

text: to

text: be

text: just

text: or

text: unjust

text: if

text: one

text: can

text: get

text: away

text: with

text: it

text: Do

text: humans

text: have

text: free

text: will

text: The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame ) is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, "Notre Dame du Lac" means "Our Lady of the Lake" and refers to the university's patron saint, the Virgin Mary. The main campus covers in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the "Word of Life" mural (commonly known as Touchdown Jesus), and the Basilica. The school was founded on November 26, 1842, by Father Edward Sorin, CSC, who was also its first president, as an all-male institution on land donated by the Bishop of Vincennes (Indiana). Today, many Holy Cross priests continue to work for the university, including the president of the university.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: du

text: Lac

text: or

text: simply

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: is

text: Catholic

text: research

text: university

text: located

text: adjacent

text: to

text: South

text: Bend

text: Indiana

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: In

text: French

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: du

text: Lac

text: means

text: Our

text: Lady

text: of

text: the

text: Lake

text: and

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: patron

text: saint

text: the

text: Virgin

text: Mary

text: The

text: main

text: campus

text: covers

text: in

text: suburban

text: setting

text: and

text: it

text: contains

text: number

text: of

text: recognizable

text: landmarks

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Golden

text: Dome

text: the

text: Word

text: of

text: Life

text: mural

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Touchdown

text: Jesus

text: and

text: the

text: Basilica

text: The

text: school

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: November

text: by

text: Father

text: Edward

text: Sorin

text: CSC

text: who

text: was

text: also

text: its

text: first

text: president

text: as

text: an

text: all

text: male

text: institution

text: on

text: land

text: donated

text: by

text: the

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Vincennes

text: Indiana

text: Today

text: many

text: Holy

text: Cross

text: priests

text: continue

text: to

text: work

text: for

text: the

text: university

text: including

text: the

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: university

text:
Esophageal cancer is cancer arising from the esophagusthe food pipe that runs between the throat and the stomach. Symptoms often include difficulty in swallowing and weight loss. Other symptoms may include pain when swallowing, a hoarse voice, enlarged lymph nodes ("glands") around the collarbone, a dry cough, and possibly coughing up or vomiting blood.
The two main sub-types of the disease are esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (often abbreviated to ESCC), which is more common in the developing world, and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), which is more common in the developed world. A number of less common types also occur. Squamous-cell carcinoma arises from the epithelial cells that line the esophagus. Adenocarcinoma arises from glandular cells present in the lower third of the esophagus, often where they have already transformed to intestinal cell type (a condition known as Barrett's esophagus). Causes of the squamous-cell type include tobacco, alcohol, very hot drinks, poor diet, and chewing betel nut. The most common causes of the adenocarcinoma type are smoking tobacco, obesity, and acid reflux.
The disease is diagnosed by biopsy done by an endoscope (a fiberoptic camera). Prevention includes stopping smoking and eating a healthy diet. Treatment is based on the cancer's stage and location, together with the person's general condition and individual preferences. Small localized squamous-cell cancers may be treated with surgery alone with the hope of a cure. In most other cases, chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy is used along with surgery. Larger tumors may have their growth slowed with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In the presence of extensive disease or if the affected person is not fit enough to undergo surgery, palliative care is often recommended.
As of 2012, esophageal cancer is the eighth-most common cancer globally with 456,000 new cases during the year. It caused about 400,000 deaths that year, up from 345,000 in 1990. Rates vary widely among countries, with about half of all cases occurring in China. It is around three times more common in men than in women. Outcomes are related to the extent of the disease and other medical conditions, but generally tend to be fairly poor, as diagnosis is often late. Five-year survival rates are around 13% to 18%.

text: Esophageal

text: cancer

text: is

text: cancer

text: arising

text: from

text: the

text: esophagusthe

text: food

text: pipe

text: that

text: runs

text: between

text: the

text: throat

text: and

text: the

text: stomach

text: Symptoms

text: often

text: include

text: difficulty

text: in

text: swallowing

text: and

text: weight

text: loss

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: pain

text: when

text: swallowing

text: hoarse

text: voice

text: enlarged

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: glands

text: around

text: the

text: collarbone

text: dry

text: cough

text: and

text: possibly

text: coughing

text: up

text: or

text: vomiting

text: blood

text: The

text: two

text: main

text: sub

text: types

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: are

text: esophageal

text: squamous

text: cell

text: carcinoma

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: ESCC

text: which

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: and

text: esophageal

text: adenocarcinoma

text: EAC

text: which

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: number

text: of

text: less

text: common

text: types

text: also

text: occur

text: Squamous

text: cell

text: carcinoma

text: arises

text: from

text: the

text: epithelial

text: cells

text: that

text: line

text: the

text: esophagus

text: Adenocarcinoma

text: arises

text: from

text: glandular

text: cells

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: lower

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: esophagus

text: often

text: where

text: they

text: have

text: already

text: transformed

text: to

text: intestinal

text: cell

text: type

text: condition

text: known

text: as

text: Barrett

text: 's

text: esophagus

text: Causes

text: of

text: the

text: squamous

text: cell

text: type

text: include

text: tobacco

text: alcohol

text: very

text: hot

text: drinks

text: poor

text: diet

text: and

text: chewing

text: betel

text: nut

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: causes

text: of

text: the

text: adenocarcinoma

text: type

text: are

text: smoking

text: tobacco

text: obesity

text: and

text: acid

text: reflux

text: The

text: disease

text: is

text: diagnosed

text: by

text: biopsy

text: done

text: by

text: an

text: endoscope

text: fiberoptic

text: camera

text: Prevention

text: includes

text: stopping

text: smoking

text: and

text: eating

text: healthy

text: diet

text: Treatment

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: cancer

text: 's

text: stage

text: and

text: location

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: person

text: 's

text: general

text: condition

text: and

text: individual

text: preferences

text: Small

text: localized

text: squamous

text: cell

text: cancers

text: may

text: be

text: treated

text: with

text: surgery

text: alone

text: with

text: the

text: hope

text: of

text: cure

text: In

text: most

text: other

text: cases

text: chemotherapy

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: is

text: used

text: along

text: with

text: surgery

text: Larger

text: tumors

text: may

text: have

text: their

text: growth

text: slowed

text: with

text: chemotherapy

text: and

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: In

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: extensive

text: disease

text: or

text: if

text: the

text: affected

text: person

text: is

text: not

text: fit

text: enough

text: to

text: undergo

text: surgery

text: palliative

text: care

text: is

text: often

text: recommended

text: As

text: of

text: esophageal

text: cancer

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: most

text: common

text: cancer

text: globally

text: with

text: new

text: cases

text: during

text: the

text: year

text: It

text: caused

text: about

text: deaths

text: that

text: year

text: up

text: from

text: in

text: Rates

text: vary

text: widely

text: among

text: countries

text: with

text: about

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: cases

text: occurring

text: in

text: China

text: It

text: is

text: around

text: three

text: times

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: men

text: than

text: in

text: women

text: Outcomes

text: are

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: extent

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: and

text: other

text: medical

text: conditions

text: but

text: generally

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: fairly

text: poor

text: as

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: often

text: late

text: Five

text: year

text: survival

text: rates

text: are

text: around

text: to

text: Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

text: Science

text: is

text: systematic

text: enterprise

text: that

text: builds

text: and

text: organizes

text: knowledge

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: testable

text: explanations

text: and

text: predictions

text: about

text: the

text: universe

text: A lymph node or lymph gland, is an ovoid or kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system, and of the adaptive immune system, that is widely present throughout the body. They are linked by the lymphatic vessels as a part of the circulatory system. Lymph nodes are major sites of B and T lymphocytes, and other white blood cells. Lymph nodes are important for the proper functioning of the immune system, acting as filters for foreign particles and cancer cells. Lymph nodes do not have a detoxification function, which is primarily dealt with by the liver and kidneys.

text: lymph

text: node

text: or

text: lymph

text: gland

text: is

text: an

text: ovoid

text: or

text: kidney

text: shaped

text: organ

text: of

text: the

text: lymphatic

text: system

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: adaptive

text: immune

text: system

text: that

text: is

text: widely

text: present

text: throughout

text: the

text: body

text: They

text: are

text: linked

text: by

text: the

text: lymphatic

text: vessels

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: circulatory

text: system

text: Lymph

text: nodes

text: are

text: major

text: sites

text: of

text: and

text: lymphocytes

text: and

text: other

text: white

text: blood

text: cells

text: Lymph

text: nodes

text: are

text: important

text: for

text: the

text: proper

text: functioning

text: of

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: acting

text: as

text: filters

text: for

text: foreign

text: particles

text: and

text: cancer

text: cells

text: Lymph

text: nodes

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: detoxification

text: function

text: which

text: is

text: primarily

text: dealt

text: with

text: by

text: the

text: liver

text: and

text: kidneys

text: A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist, and can also be analyzed chemically. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When only a sample of tissue is removed with preservation of the histological architecture of the tissues cells, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle in such a way that cells are removed without preserving the histological architecture of the tissue cells, the procedure is called a needle aspiration biopsy. Biopsies are most commonly performed for insight into possible cancerous and inflammatory conditions.

text: biopsy

text: is

text: medical

text: test

text: commonly

text: performed

text: by

text: surgeon

text: interventional

text: radiologist

text: or

text: an

text: interventional

text: cardiologist

text: involving

text: extraction

text: of

text: sample

text: cells

text: or

text: tissues

text: for

text: examination

text: to

text: determine

text: the

text: presence

text: or

text: extent

text: of

text: disease

text: The

text: tissue

text: is

text: generally

text: examined

text: under

text: microscope

text: by

text: pathologist

text: and

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: analyzed

text: chemically

text: When

text: an

text: entire

text: lump

text: or

text: suspicious

text: area

text: is

text: removed

text: the

text: procedure

text: is

text: called

text: an

text: excisional

text: biopsy

text: When

text: only

text: sample

text: of

text: tissue

text: is

text: removed

text: with

text: preservation

text: of

text: the

text: histological

text: architecture

text: of

text: the

text: tissues

text: cells

text: the

text: procedure

text: is

text: called

text: an

text: incisional

text: biopsy

text: or

text: core

text: biopsy

text: When

text: sample

text: of

text: tissue

text: or

text: fluid

text: is

text: removed

text: with

text: needle

text: in

text: such

text: way

text: that

text: cells

text: are

text: removed

text: without

text: preserving

text: the

text: histological

text: architecture

text: of

text: the

text: tissue

text: cells

text: the

text: procedure

text: is

text: called

text: needle

text: aspiration

text: biopsy

text: Biopsies

text: are

text: most

text: commonly

text: performed

text: for

text: insight

text: into

text: possible

text: cancerous

text: and

text: inflammatory

text: conditions

text: Adenocarcinoma (plural adenocarcinomas or adenocarcinomata ) is a type of cancerous tumor that can occur in several parts of the body. It is defined as neoplasia of epithelial tissue that has glandular origin, glandular characteristics, or both. Adenocarcinomas are part of the larger grouping of carcinomas, but are also sometimes called by more precise terms omitting the word, where these exist. Thus invasive ductal carcinoma, the most common form of breast cancer, is adenocarcinoma but does not use the term in its namehowever, esophageal adenocarcinoma does to distinguish it from the other common type of esophageal cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Several of the most common forms of cancer are adenocarcinomas, and the various sorts of adenocarcinoma vary greatly in all their aspects, so that few useful generalizations can be made about them.

text: Adenocarcinoma

text: plural

text: adenocarcinomas

text: or

text: adenocarcinomata

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: cancerous

text: tumor

text: that

text: can

text: occur

text: in

text: several

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: It

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: neoplasia

text: of

text: epithelial

text: tissue

text: that

text: has

text: glandular

text: origin

text: glandular

text: characteristics

text: or

text: both

text: Adenocarcinomas

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: grouping

text: of

text: carcinomas

text: but

text: are

text: also

text: sometimes

text: called

text: by

text: more

text: precise

text: terms

text: omitting

text: the

text: word

text: where

text: these

text: exist

text: Thus

text: invasive

text: ductal

text: carcinoma

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: form

text: of

text: breast

text: cancer

text: is

text: adenocarcinoma

text: but

text: does

text: not

text: use

text: the

text: term

text: in

text: its

text: namehowever

text: esophageal

text: adenocarcinoma

text: does

text: to

text: distinguish

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: other

text: common

text: type

text: of

text: esophageal

text: cancer

text: esophageal

text: squamous

text: cell

text: carcinoma

text: Several

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: forms

text: of

text: cancer

text: are

text: adenocarcinomas

text: and

text: the

text: various

text: sorts

text: of

text: adenocarcinoma

text: vary

text: greatly

text: in

text: all

text: their

text: aspects

text: so

text: that

text: few

text: useful

text: generalizations

text: can

text: be

text: made

text: about

text: them

text: Ralph Matthew McInerny ( February 24 , 1929 -- January 29 , 2010 ) was an American author and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame . McInerny was a Roman Catholic and the creator of the popular Father Dowling Mysteries books . He sometimes wrote under the pseudonyms of Harry Austin , Matthew FitzRalph , Ernan Mackey , Edward Mackin and Monica Quill . He died of esophageal cancer on January 29 , 2010 .

text: Ralph

text: Matthew

text: McInerny

text: February

text: January

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: author

text: and

text: Professor

text: of

text: Philosophy

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: McInerny

text: was

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: and

text: the

text: creator

text: of

text: the

text: popular

text: Father

text: Dowling

text: Mysteries

text: books

text: He

text: sometimes

text: wrote

text: under

text: the

text: pseudonyms

text: of

text: Harry

text: Austin

text: Matthew

text: FitzRalph

text: Ernan

text: Mackey

text: Edward

text: Mackin

text: and

text: Monica

text: Quill

text: He

text: died

text: of

text: esophageal

text: cancer

text: on

text: January

text: Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought. 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky.

text: Language

text: is

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: acquire

text: and

text: use

text: complex

text: systems

text: of

text: communication

text: particularly

text: the

text: human

text: ability

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: and

text: language

text: is

text: any

text: specific

text: example

text: of

text: such

text: system

text: The

text: scientific

text: study

text: of

text: language

text: is

text: called

text: linguistics

text: Questions

text: concerning

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: language

text: such

text: as

text: whether

text: words

text: can

text: represent

text: experience

text: have

text: been

text: debated

text: since

text: Gorgias

text: and

text: Plato

text: in

text: Ancient

text: Greece

text: Thinkers

text: such

text: as

text: Rousseau

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: language

text: originated

text: from

text: emotions

text: while

text: others

text: like

text: Kant

text: have

text: held

text: that

text: it

text: originated

text: from

text: rational

text: and

text: logical

text: thought

text: century

text: philosophers

text: such

text: as

text: Wittgenstein

text: argued

text: that

text: philosophy

text: is

text: really

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: language

text: Major

text: figures

text: in

text: linguistics

text: include

text: Ferdinand

text: de

text: Saussure

text: and

text: Noam

text: Chomsky

text: The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is headquartered in the Comcast Building (formerly known as the GE Building) at Rockefeller Center in New York City, with additional major offices near Los Angeles (at Universal City Plaza), Chicago (at the NBC Tower) and soon in Philadelphia at Comcast Innovation and Technology Center. The network is part of the Big Three television networks. NBC is sometimes referred to as the "Peacock Network", in reference to its stylized peacock logo, which was originally created in 1956 for its then-new color broadcasts and became the network's official emblem in 1979.

text: The

text: National

text: Broadcasting

text: Company

text: NBC

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: commercial

text: broadcast

text: television

text: network

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: flagship

text: property

text: of

text: NBCUniversal

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: Comcast

text: The

text: network

text: is

text: headquartered

text: in

text: the

text: Comcast

text: Building

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: GE

text: Building

text: at

text: Rockefeller

text: Center

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: with

text: additional

text: major

text: offices

text: near

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: at

text: Universal

text: City

text: Plaza

text: Chicago

text: at

text: the

text: NBC

text: Tower

text: and

text: soon

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: at

text: Comcast

text: Innovation

text: and

text: Technology

text: Center

text: The

text: network

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Big

text: Three

text: television

text: networks

text: NBC

text: is

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Peacock

text: Network

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: its

text: stylized

text: peacock

text: logo

text: which

text: was

text: originally

text: created

text: in

text: for

text: its

text: then

text: new

text: color

text: broadcasts

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: network

text: 's

text: official

text: emblem

text: in

text: A patron saint, patroness saint, patron hallow or heavenly protector is a saint who in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy is regarded as the heavenly advocate of a nation, place, craft, activity, class, clan, family or person. Catholics believe that patron saints, having already transcended to the metaphysical, are able to intercede effectively for the needs of their special charges.

text: patron

text: saint

text: patroness

text: saint

text: patron

text: hallow

text: or

text: heavenly

text: protector

text: is

text: saint

text: who

text: in

text: Roman

text: Catholicism

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Orthodoxy

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: heavenly

text: advocate

text: of

text: nation

text: place

text: craft

text: activity

text: class

text: clan

text: family

text: or

text: person

text: Catholics

text: believe

text: that

text: patron

text: saints

text: having

text: already

text: transcended

text: to

text: the

text: metaphysical

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: intercede

text: effectively

text: for

text: the

text: needs

text: of

text: their

text: special

text: charges

text:
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity and drinking alcohol. Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants. In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human papillomavirus (HPV). These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell. Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops. Approximately 510% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person's parents. Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests. It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy.
Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat, and avoiding too much sunlight exposure. Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer. The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial. Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Pain and symptom management are an important part of care. Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease. The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment. In children under 15 at diagnosis the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80%. For cancer in the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66%.
In 2012 about 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred globally (not including skin cancer other than melanoma). It caused about 8.2 million deaths or 14.6% of human deaths. The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer. In females, the most common types are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and cervical cancer. If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancers each year it would account for around 40% of cases. In children, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and brain tumors are most common except in Africa where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often. In 2012, about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer. The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries. Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world. The financial costs of cancer were estimated at $1.16 trillion US dollars per year as of 2010.
Definitions.
Cancers are a large family of diseases that involve abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. They form a subset of neoplasms. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely.

text: Cancer

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: diseases

text: involving

text: abnormal

text: cell

text: growth

text: with

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: invade

text: or

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Not

text: all

text: tumors

text: are

text: cancerous

text: benign

text: tumors

text: do

text: not

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Possible

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: include

text: lump

text: abnormal

text: bleeding

text: prolonged

text: cough

text: unexplained

text: weight

text: loss

text: and

text: change

text: in

text: bowel

text: movements

text: While

text: these

text: symptoms

text: may

text: indicate

text: cancer

text: they

text: may

text: have

text: other

text: causes

text: Over

text: types

text: of

text: cancers

text: affect

text: humans

text: Tobacco

text: use

text: is

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: cancer

text: deaths

text: Another

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: obesity

text: poor

text: diet

text: lack

text: of

text: physical

text: activity

text: and

text: drinking

text: alcohol

text: Other

text: factors

text: include

text: certain

text: infections

text: exposure

text: to

text: ionizing

text: radiation

text: and

text: environmental

text: pollutants

text: In

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: nearly

text: of

text: cancers

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: infections

text: such

text: as

text: hepatitis

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: human

text: papillomavirus

text: HPV

text: These

text: factors

text: act

text: at

text: least

text: partly

text: by

text: changing

text: the

text: genes

text: of

text: cell

text: Typically

text: many

text: genetic

text: changes

text: are

text: required

text: before

text: cancer

text: develops

text: Approximately

text: of

text: cancers

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: inherited

text: genetic

text: defects

text: from

text: person

text: 's

text: parents

text: Cancer

text: can

text: be

text: detected

text: by

text: certain

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: or

text: screening

text: tests

text: It

text: is

text: then

text: typically

text: further

text: investigated

text: by

text: medical

text: imaging

text: and

text: confirmed

text: by

text: biopsy

text: Many

text: cancers

text: can

text: be

text: prevented

text: by

text: not

text: smoking

text: maintaining

text: healthy

text: weight

text: not

text: drinking

text: too

text: much

text: alcohol

text: eating

text: plenty

text: of

text: vegetables

text: fruits

text: and

text: whole

text: grains

text: vaccination

text: against

text: certain

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: not

text: eating

text: too

text: much

text: processed

text: and

text: red

text: meat

text: and

text: avoiding

text: too

text: much

text: sunlight

text: exposure

text: Early

text: detection

text: through

text: screening

text: is

text: useful

text: for

text: cervical

text: and

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: The

text: benefits

text: of

text: screening

text: in

text: breast

text: cancer

text: are

text: controversial

text: Cancer

text: is

text: often

text: treated

text: with

text: some

text: combination

text: of

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: surgery

text: chemotherapy

text: and

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: Pain

text: and

text: symptom

text: management

text: are

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: care

text: Palliative

text: care

text: is

text: particularly

text: important

text: in

text: people

text: with

text: advanced

text: disease

text: The

text: chance

text: of

text: survival

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: cancer

text: and

text: extent

text: of

text: disease

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: treatment

text: In

text: children

text: under

text: at

text: diagnosis

text: the

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rate

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: is

text: on

text: average

text: For

text: cancer

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: average

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rate

text: is

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: of

text: cancer

text: occurred

text: globally

text: not

text: including

text: skin

text: cancer

text: other

text: than

text: melanoma

text: It

text: caused

text: about

text: million

text: deaths

text: or

text: of

text: human

text: deaths

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: of

text: cancer

text: in

text: males

text: are

text: lung

text: cancer

text: prostate

text: cancer

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: and

text: stomach

text: cancer

text: In

text: females

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: are

text: breast

text: cancer

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: lung

text: cancer

text: and

text: cervical

text: cancer

text: If

text: skin

text: cancer

text: other

text: than

text: melanoma

text: were

text: included

text: in

text: total

text: new

text: cancers

text: each

text: year

text: it

text: would

text: account

text: for

text: around

text: of

text: cases

text: In

text: children

text: acute

text: lymphoblastic

text: leukaemia

text: and

text: brain

text: tumors

text: are

text: most

text: common

text: except

text: in

text: Africa

text: where

text: non

text: Hodgkin

text: lymphoma

text: occurs

text: more

text: often

text: In

text: about

text: children

text: under

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: were

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: cancer

text: The

text: risk

text: of

text: cancer

text: increases

text: significantly

text: with

text: age

text: and

text: many

text: cancers

text: occur

text: more

text: commonly

text: in

text: developed

text: countries

text: Rates

text: are

text: increasing

text: as

text: more

text: people

text: live

text: to

text: an

text: old

text: age

text: and

text: as

text: lifestyle

text: changes

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: The

text: financial

text: costs

text: of

text: cancer

text: were

text: estimated

text: at

text: trillion

text: US

text: dollars

text: per

text: year

text: as

text: of

text: Definitions

text: Cancers

text: are

text: large

text: family

text: of

text: diseases

text: that

text: involve

text: abnormal

text: cell

text: growth

text: with

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: invade

text: or

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: They

text: form

text: subset

text: of

text: neoplasms

text: neoplasm

text: or

text: tumor

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: cells

text: that

text: have

text: undergone

text: unregulated

text: growth

text: and

text: will

text: often

text: form

text: mass

text: or

text: lump

text: but

text: may

text: be

text: distributed

text: diffusely

text: Professor (commonly abbreviated as "prof.") is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, "professor" derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences, a teacher of the highest rank.

text: Professor

text: commonly

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: prof

text: is

text: an

text: academic

text: rank

text: at

text: universities

text: and

text: other

text: post

text: secondary

text: education

text: and

text: research

text: institutions

text: in

text: most

text: countries

text: Literally

text: professor

text: derives

text: from

text: Latin

text: as

text: person

text: who

text: professes

text: being

text: usually

text: an

text: expert

text: in

text: arts

text: or

text: sciences

text: teacher

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: rank

text:
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height, is over , with the range defined as overweight. Some East Asian countries use lower values. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.
Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or mental illness. The view that obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is not generally supported. On average, obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass.
Obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social changes and personal choices. Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments. Diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods, such as those high in fat and sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber. Medications may be taken, along with a suitable diet, to reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption. If diet, exercise, and medication are not effective, a gastric balloon or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume or bowel length, leading to feeling full earlier or a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.
Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing rates in adults and children. In 2014, 600 million adults (13%) and 42 million children under the age of five were obese. Obesity is more common in women than men. Authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was seen as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history and still is in some parts of the world. In 2013, the American Medical Association classified obesity as a disease.

text: Obesity

text: is

text: medical

text: condition

text: in

text: which

text: excess

text: body

text: fat

text: has

text: accumulated

text: to

text: the

text: extent

text: that

text: it

text: may

text: have

text: negative

text: effect

text: on

text: health

text: People

text: are

text: generally

text: considered

text: obese

text: when

text: their

text: body

text: mass

text: index

text: BMI

text: measurement

text: obtained

text: by

text: dividing

text: person

text: 's

text: weight

text: by

text: the

text: square

text: of

text: the

text: person

text: 's

text: height

text: is

text: over

text: with

text: the

text: range

text: defined

text: as

text: overweight

text: Some

text: East

text: Asian

text: countries

text: use

text: lower

text: values

text: Obesity

text: increases

text: the

text: likelihood

text: of

text: various

text: diseases

text: particularly

text: heart

text: disease

text: type

text: diabetes

text: obstructive

text: sleep

text: apnea

text: certain

text: types

text: of

text: cancer

text: and

text: osteoarthritis

text: Obesity

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: caused

text: by

text: combination

text: of

text: excessive

text: food

text: intake

text: lack

text: of

text: physical

text: activity

text: and

text: genetic

text: susceptibility

text: few

text: cases

text: are

text: caused

text: primarily

text: by

text: genes

text: endocrine

text: disorders

text: medications

text: or

text: mental

text: illness

text: The

text: view

text: that

text: obese

text: people

text: eat

text: little

text: yet

text: gain

text: weight

text: due

text: to

text: slow

text: metabolism

text: is

text: not

text: generally

text: supported

text: On

text: average

text: obese

text: people

text: have

text: greater

text: energy

text: expenditure

text: than

text: their

text: thin

text: counterparts

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: energy

text: required

text: to

text: maintain

text: an

text: increased

text: body

text: mass

text: Obesity

text: is

text: mostly

text: preventable

text: through

text: combination

text: of

text: social

text: changes

text: and

text: personal

text: choices

text: Changes

text: to

text: diet

text: and

text: exercising

text: are

text: the

text: main

text: treatments

text: Diet

text: quality

text: can

text: be

text: improved

text: by

text: reducing

text: the

text: consumption

text: of

text: energy

text: dense

text: foods

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: high

text: in

text: fat

text: and

text: sugars

text: and

text: by

text: increasing

text: the

text: intake

text: of

text: dietary

text: fiber

text: Medications

text: may

text: be

text: taken

text: along

text: with

text: suitable

text: diet

text: to

text: reduce

text: appetite

text: or

text: decrease

text: fat

text: absorption

text: If

text: diet

text: exercise

text: and

text: medication

text: are

text: not

text: effective

text: gastric

text: balloon

text: or

text: surgery

text: may

text: be

text: performed

text: to

text: reduce

text: stomach

text: volume

text: or

text: bowel

text: length

text: leading

text: to

text: feeling

text: full

text: earlier

text: or

text: reduced

text: ability

text: to

text: absorb

text: nutrients

text: from

text: food

text: Obesity

text: is

text: leading

text: preventable

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: worldwide

text: with

text: increasing

text: rates

text: in

text: adults

text: and

text: children

text: In

text: million

text: adults

text: and

text: million

text: children

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: five

text: were

text: obese

text: Obesity

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: women

text: than

text: men

text: Authorities

text: view

text: it

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: serious

text: public

text: health

text: problems

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Obesity

text: is

text: stigmatized

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: world

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: though

text: it

text: was

text: seen

text: as

text: symbol

text: of

text: wealth

text: and

text: fertility

text: at

text: other

text: times

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: still

text: is

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: the

text: American

text: Medical

text: Association

text: classified

text: obesity

text: as

text: disease

text: Barrett's esophagus refers to an abnormal change (metaplasia) in the cells of the lower portion of the esophagus. It is characterized by the replacement of the normal stratified squamous epithelium lining of the esophagus by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells (which are usually found lower in the gastrointestinal tract). The medical significance of Barrett's esophagus is its strong association (about 0.5% per patient-year) with esophageal adenocarcinoma, a very often deadly cancer, because of which it is considered to be a premalignant condition.

text: Barrett

text: 's

text: esophagus

text: refers

text: to

text: an

text: abnormal

text: change

text: metaplasia

text: in

text: the

text: cells

text: of

text: the

text: lower

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: esophagus

text: It

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: the

text: replacement

text: of

text: the

text: normal

text: stratified

text: squamous

text: epithelium

text: lining

text: of

text: the

text: esophagus

text: by

text: simple

text: columnar

text: epithelium

text: with

text: goblet

text: cells

text: which

text: are

text: usually

text: found

text: lower

text: in

text: the

text: gastrointestinal

text: tract

text: The

text: medical

text: significance

text: of

text: Barrett

text: 's

text: esophagus

text: is

text: its

text: strong

text: association

text: about

text: per

text: patient

text: year

text: with

text: esophageal

text: adenocarcinoma

text: very

text: often

text: deadly

text: cancer

text: because

text: of

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: premalignant

text: condition

text: Edward Frederick Sorin, C.S.C. (February 6, 1814  October 31, 1893), a priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross, was the founder of the University of Notre Dame in Indiana and of St. Edward's University in Austin, Texas.

text: Edward

text: Frederick

text: Sorin

text: C.S.C.

text: February

text: October

text: priest

text: of

text: the

text: Congregation

text: of

text: Holy

text: Cross

text: was

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: in

text: Indiana

text: and

text: of

text: St.

text: Edward

text: 's

text: University

text: in

text: Austin

text: Texas

text: Pythagoras of Samos ( or simply ;  in Ionian Greek) was an Ionian Greek philosopher, mathematician, and the putative founder of the movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of the information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, so very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and travelled, visiting Egypt and Greece, and maybe India. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, in Magna Graecia, and there established some kind of school or guild. In 520 BC, he returned to Samos.

text: Pythagoras

text: of

text: Samos

text: or

text: simply

text: in

text: Ionian

text: Greek

text: was

text: an

text: Ionian

text: Greek

text: philosopher

text: mathematician

text: and

text: the

text: putative

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: movement

text: called

text: Pythagoreanism

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: information

text: about

text: Pythagoras

text: was

text: written

text: down

text: centuries

text: after

text: he

text: lived

text: so

text: very

text: little

text: reliable

text: information

text: is

text: known

text: about

text: him

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Samos

text: and

text: travelled

text: visiting

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Greece

text: and

text: maybe

text: India

text: Around

text: BC

text: he

text: moved

text: to

text: Croton

text: in

text: Magna

text: Graecia

text: and

text: there

text: established

text: some

text: kind

text: of

text: school

text: or

text: guild

text: In

text: BC

text: he

text: returned

text: to

text: Samos

annotations: likely single

question: place_of_death ralph mcinerny

answer: south bend

text: south bend

text: south bend


text: Ian Thomas Garner MacKaye (born April 16, 1962) is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, musician, record label owner and producer. Active since 1979, MacKaye is best known as the co-founder and owner of Dischord Records, a Washington, D.C.-based independent record label and the frontman of the influential hardcore punk band Minor Threat and the post-hardcore band Fugazi. MacKaye was also the frontman for the short lived bands The Teen Idles, Embrace and Pailhead, a collaboration with the band Ministry. MacKaye is a member of The Evens, a two-piece indie rock group he formed with his wife Amy Farina in 2001.

text: Ian

text: Thomas

text: Garner

text: MacKaye

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: guitarist

text: musician

text: record

text: label

text: owner

text: and

text: producer

text: Active

text: since

text: MacKaye

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: co

text: founder

text: and

text: owner

text: of

text: Dischord

text: Records

text: Washington

text: D.C

text: based

text: independent

text: record

text: label

text: and

text: the

text: frontman

text: of

text: the

text: influential

text: hardcore

text: punk

text: band

text: Minor

text: Threat

text: and

text: the

text: post

text: hardcore

text: band

text: Fugazi

text: MacKaye

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: frontman

text: for

text: the

text: short

text: lived

text: bands

text: The

text: Teen

text: Idles

text: Embrace

text: and

text: Pailhead

text: collaboration

text: with

text: the

text: band

text: Ministry

text: MacKaye

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: The

text: Evens

text: two

text: piece

text: indie

text: rock

text: group

text: he

text: formed

text: with

text: his

text: wife

text: Amy

text: Farina

text: in

text: Indie rock is a genre of alternative rock that originated in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1980s. Indie rock encapsulates indie pop and lo-fi, among others. Originally used to describe record labels, the term became associated with the music they produced and was initially used interchangeably with alternative rock. As grunge and punk revival bands in the US, and then Britpop bands in the UK, broke into the mainstream in the 1990s, it came to be used to identify those acts that retained an outsider and underground perspective. In the 2000s, as a result of changes in the music industry and the growing importance of the Internet, some indie rock acts began to enjoy commercial success, leading to questions about its meaningfulness as a term.

text: Indie

text: rock

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: alternative

text: rock

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: in

text: the

text: Indie

text: rock

text: encapsulates

text: indie

text: pop

text: and

text: lo

text: fi

text: among

text: others

text: Originally

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: record

text: labels

text: the

text: term

text: became

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: music

text: they

text: produced

text: and

text: was

text: initially

text: used

text: interchangeably

text: with

text: alternative

text: rock

text: As

text: grunge

text: and

text: punk

text: revival

text: bands

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: and

text: then

text: Britpop

text: bands

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: broke

text: into

text: the

text: mainstream

text: in

text: the

text: it

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: identify

text: those

text: acts

text: that

text: retained

text: an

text: outsider

text: and

text: underground

text: perspective

text: In

text: the

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: music

text: industry

text: and

text: the

text: growing

text: importance

text: of

text: the

text: Internet

text: some

text: indie

text: rock

text: acts

text: began

text: to

text: enjoy

text: commercial

text: success

text: leading

text: to

text: questions

text: about

text: its

text: meaningfulness

text: as

text: term

text: The LP (from "long playing" or "long play") is an analog sound storage medium, a vinyl record format characterized by a speed of rpm, a 12 or 10 inch (30 or 25 cm) diameter, and use of the "microgroove" groove specification. Introduced by Columbia in 1948, it was soon adopted as a new standard by the entire record industry. Apart from a few relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound, it has remained the standard format for vinyl albums.

text: The

text: LP

text: from

text: long

text: playing

text: or

text: long

text: play

text: is

text: an

text: analog

text: sound

text: storage

text: medium

text: vinyl

text: record

text: format

text: characterized

text: by

text: speed

text: of

text: rpm

text: or

text: inch

text: or

text: cm

text: diameter

text: and

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: microgroove

text: groove

text: specification

text: Introduced

text: by

text: Columbia

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: soon

text: adopted

text: as

text: new

text: standard

text: by

text: the

text: entire

text: record

text: industry

text: Apart

text: from

text: few

text: relatively

text: minor

text: refinements

text: and

text: the

text: important

text: later

text: addition

text: of

text: stereophonic

text: sound

text: it

text: has

text: remained

text: the

text: standard

text: format

text: for

text: vinyl

text: albums

text: Dischord Records is a Washington, D.C.-based independent record label specializing in the independent punk rock music of the D.C.-area music scene. The label is co-owned by Ian MacKaye and Jeff Nelson, who founded Dischord in 1980 to release "Minor Disturbance" by The Teen Idles. Along with other independent American labels such as Twin/Tone, Touch and Go Records, and SST Records, Dischord helped to spearhead the nationwide network of underground bands that formed the pre-Nirvana indie-rock scene. These labels presided over the shift from the hardcore punk that then dominated the American underground scene to the more diverse styles of alternative rock that were emerging.

text: Dischord

text: Records

text: is

text: Washington

text: D.C

text: based

text: independent

text: record

text: label

text: specializing

text: in

text: the

text: independent

text: punk

text: rock

text: music

text: of

text: the

text: D.C

text: area

text: music

text: scene

text: The

text: label

text: is

text: co

text: owned

text: by

text: Ian

text: MacKaye

text: and

text: Jeff

text: Nelson

text: who

text: founded

text: Dischord

text: in

text: to

text: release

text: Minor

text: Disturbance

text: by

text: The

text: Teen

text: Idles

text: Along

text: with

text: other

text: independent

text: American

text: labels

text: such

text: as

text: Twin

text: Tone

text: Touch

text: and

text: Go

text: Records

text: and

text: SST

text: Records

text: Dischord

text: helped

text: to

text: spearhead

text: the

text: nationwide

text: network

text: of

text: underground

text: bands

text: that

text: formed

text: the

text: pre

text: Nirvana

text: indie

text: rock

text: scene

text: These

text: labels

text: presided

text: over

text: the

text: shift

text: from

text: the

text: hardcore

text: punk

text: that

text: then

text: dominated

text: the

text: American

text: underground

text: scene

text: to

text: the

text: more

text: diverse

text: styles

text: of

text: alternative

text: rock

text: that

text: were

text: emerging

text: Post-hardcore is a punk rock music genre that derives from hardcore punk, maintaining hardcore's aggression and intensity, but emphasizes a greater degree of creative expression initially inspired by post-punk and noise rock. Like post-punk, the term has been applied to a broad constellation of groups. The genre took shape in the mid to late 1980s with releases by bands from cities that had established hardcore scenes, such as Fugazi from Washington, D.C. as well as groups such as Big Black and Jawbox that stuck closer to post-hardcore's noise rock roots.

text: Post

text: hardcore

text: is

text: punk

text: rock

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: derives

text: from

text: hardcore

text: punk

text: maintaining

text: hardcore

text: 's

text: aggression

text: and

text: intensity

text: but

text: emphasizes

text: greater

text: degree

text: of

text: creative

text: expression

text: initially

text: inspired

text: by

text: post

text: punk

text: and

text: noise

text: rock

text: Like

text: post

text: punk

text: the

text: term

text: has

text: been

text: applied

text: to

text: broad

text: constellation

text: of

text: groups

text: The

text: genre

text: took

text: shape

text: in

text: the

text: mid

text: to

text: late

text: with

text: releases

text: by

text: bands

text: from

text: cities

text: that

text: had

text: established

text: hardcore

text: scenes

text: such

text: as

text: Fugazi

text: from

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: groups

text: such

text: as

text: Big

text: Black

text: and

text: Jawbox

text: that

text: stuck

text: closer

text: to

text: post

text: hardcore

text: 's

text: noise

text: rock

text: roots

text: Pailhead was a short-lived side project of the industrial metal band Ministry that featured Dischord Records founder and former Minor Threat frontman Ian MacKaye on vocals. The band's sound was a dark combination of menacing industrial beats and hardcore punk, predating what Ministry would later do with Jello Biafra in another side project, Lard.

text: Pailhead

text: was

text: short

text: lived

text: side

text: project

text: of

text: the

text: industrial

text: metal

text: band

text: Ministry

text: that

text: featured

text: Dischord

text: Records

text: founder

text: and

text: former

text: Minor

text: Threat

text: frontman

text: Ian

text: MacKaye

text: on

text: vocals

text: The

text: band

text: 's

text: sound

text: was

text: dark

text: combination

text: of

text: menacing

text: industrial

text: beats

text: and

text: hardcore

text: punk

text: predating

text: what

text: Ministry

text: would

text: later

text: do

text: with

text: Jello

text: Biafra

text: in

text: another

text: side

text: project

text: Lard

text: A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side, with text and/or images printed in ink. A single sheet within a book is a leaf, and each side of a leaf is a page. A set of text-filled or illustrated pages produced in electronic format is known as an electronic book, or e-book.

text: book

text: is

text: set

text: of

text: written

text: printed

text: illustrated

text: or

text: blank

text: sheets

text: made

text: of

text: paper

text: parchment

text: or

text: other

text: materials

text: fastened

text: together

text: to

text: hinge

text: at

text: one

text: side

text: with

text: text

text: and/or

text: images

text: printed

text: in

text: ink

text: single

text: sheet

text: within

text: book

text: is

text: leaf

text: and

text: each

text: side

text: of

text: leaf

text: is

text: page

text: set

text: of

text: text

text: filled

text: or

text: illustrated

text: pages

text: produced

text: in

text: electronic

text: format

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: electronic

text: book

text: or

text: book

text: MPEG-1 and/or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players and computing devices.

text: and/or

text: Audio

text: Layer

text: III

text: more

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: is

text: an

text: audio

text: coding

text: format

text: for

text: digital

text: audio

text: which

text: uses

text: form

text: of

text: lossy

text: data

text: compression

text: It

text: is

text: common

text: audio

text: format

text: for

text: consumer

text: audio

text: streaming

text: or

text: storage

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: de

text: facto

text: standard

text: of

text: digital

text: audio

text: compression

text: for

text: the

text: transfer

text: and

text: playback

text: of

text: music

text: on

text: most

text: digital

text: audio

text: players

text: and

text: computing

text: devices

text: The Evens are a Washington, D.C. indie-rock duo, formed in the fall of 2001, comprising partners Ian MacKaye (guitars, vocals) (of Fugazi, formerly of Minor Threat) and Amy Farina (drums, vocals) (formerly of The Warmers). After Ian MacKaye's band Fugazi entered a hiatus, The Evens began practicing extensively, and eventually played a few shows and recorded a self-titled album, released in March 2005 on MacKaye's label, Dischord Records. The Evens are known for their unusual choices in venues for performances and the stylistic change from what many have dubbed the "D.C." or "Dischord" sound. "The Washington Post" has described the sound as "what happens when post-hardcore becomes post-post-hardcore."

text: The

text: Evens

text: are

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: indie

text: rock

text: duo

text: formed

text: in

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: comprising

text: partners

text: Ian

text: MacKaye

text: guitars

text: vocals

text: of

text: Fugazi

text: formerly

text: of

text: Minor

text: Threat

text: and

text: Amy

text: Farina

text: drums

text: vocals

text: formerly

text: of

text: The

text: Warmers

text: After

text: Ian

text: MacKaye

text: 's

text: band

text: Fugazi

text: entered

text: hiatus

text: The

text: Evens

text: began

text: practicing

text: extensively

text: and

text: eventually

text: played

text: few

text: shows

text: and

text: recorded

text: self

text: titled

text: album

text: released

text: in

text: March

text: on

text: MacKaye

text: 's

text: label

text: Dischord

text: Records

text: The

text: Evens

text: are

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: unusual

text: choices

text: in

text: venues

text: for

text: performances

text: and

text: the

text: stylistic

text: change

text: from

text: what

text: many

text: have

text: dubbed

text: the

text: D.C.

text: or

text: Dischord

text: sound

text: The

text: Washington

text: Post

text: has

text: described

text: the

text: sound

text: as

text: what

text: happens

text: when

text: post

text: hardcore

text: becomes

text: post

text: post

text: hardcore

text: Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format released in 1982 and co-developed by Philips and Sony. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982, when the first commercially available CD player was released in Japan.

text: Compact

text: disc

text: CD

text: is

text: digital

text: optical

text: disc

text: data

text: storage

text: format

text: released

text: in

text: and

text: co

text: developed

text: by

text: Philips

text: and

text: Sony

text: The

text: format

text: was

text: originally

text: developed

text: to

text: store

text: and

text: play

text: only

text: sound

text: recordings

text: but

text: was

text: later

text: adapted

text: for

text: storage

text: of

text: data

text: CD

text: ROM

text: Several

text: other

text: formats

text: were

text: further

text: derived

text: from

text: these

text: including

text: write

text: once

text: audio

text: and

text: data

text: storage

text: CD

text: rewritable

text: media

text: CD

text: RW

text: Video

text: Compact

text: Disc

text: VCD

text: Super

text: Video

text: Compact

text: Disc

text: SVCD

text: Photo

text: CD

text: PictureCD

text: CD

text: and

text: Enhanced

text: Music

text: CD

text: Audio

text: CD

text: players

text: have

text: been

text: commercially

text: available

text: since

text: October

text: when

text: the

text: first

text: commercially

text: available

text: CD

text: player

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: Japan

text: Hardcore punk (often abbreviated to hardcore) is a punk rock music genre that originated in the late 1970s. It is generally faster, harder, and more aggressive than other forms of punk rock. Its roots can be traced to earlier punk scenes in San Francisco and Southern California which arose as a reaction against the still predominant hippie cultural climate of the time and was also inspired by New York punk rock and early proto-punk. New York punk had a harder-edged sound than its San Francisco counterpart, featuring anti-art expressions of masculine anger, energy and subversive humor. Hardcore punk generally disavows commercialism, the established music industry and "anything similar to the characteristics of mainstream rock" and often addresses social and political topics.

text: Hardcore

text: punk

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: hardcore

text: is

text: punk

text: rock

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: It

text: is

text: generally

text: faster

text: harder

text: and

text: more

text: aggressive

text: than

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: punk

text: rock

text: Its

text: roots

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: to

text: earlier

text: punk

text: scenes

text: in

text: San

text: Francisco

text: and

text: Southern

text: California

text: which

text: arose

text: as

text: reaction

text: against

text: the

text: still

text: predominant

text: hippie

text: cultural

text: climate

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: and

text: was

text: also

text: inspired

text: by

text: New

text: York

text: punk

text: rock

text: and

text: early

text: proto

text: punk

text: New

text: York

text: punk

text: had

text: harder

text: edged

text: sound

text: than

text: its

text: San

text: Francisco

text: counterpart

text: featuring

text: anti

text: art

text: expressions

text: of

text: masculine

text: anger

text: energy

text: and

text: subversive

text: humor

text: Hardcore

text: punk

text: generally

text: disavows

text: commercialism

text: the

text: established

text: music

text: industry

text: and

text: anything

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: characteristics

text: of

text: mainstream

text: rock

text: and

text: often

text: addresses

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: topics

text: No Kill No Beep Beep was the debut album from Q and Not U that was released on October 24 , 2000 . It was produced and engineered by Ian MacKaye and Don Zientara . Photography by Shawn Brackbill .

text: No

text: Kill

text: No

text: Beep

text: Beep

text: was

text: the

text: debut

text: album

text: from

text: and

text: Not

text: that

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: October

text: It

text: was

text: produced

text: and

text: engineered

text: by

text: Ian

text: MacKaye

text: and

text: Don

text: Zientara

text: Photography

text: by

text: Shawn

text: Brackbill

text: Q and Not U was a post-hardcore band from Washington, D.C., signed to Dischord Records. Members John Davis, Harris Klahr, Christopher Richards, and Matt Borlik formed the band in 1998. After Borlik's departure following the release of their first album, the band went on to record two more critically acclaimed LPs as a three-piece, exploring aspects of dance-punk, and other disparate musical styles. Q and Not U disbanded in September 2005 after completing their touring commitments and a short farewell stand at Washington, D.C. venue The Black Cat.

text: and

text: Not

text: was

text: post

text: hardcore

text: band

text: from

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: signed

text: to

text: Dischord

text: Records

text: Members

text: John

text: Davis

text: Harris

text: Klahr

text: Christopher

text: Richards

text: and

text: Matt

text: Borlik

text: formed

text: the

text: band

text: in

text: After

text: Borlik

text: 's

text: departure

text: following

text: the

text: release

text: of

text: their

text: first

text: album

text: the

text: band

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: record

text: two

text: more

text: critically

text: acclaimed

text: LPs

text: as

text: three

text: piece

text: exploring

text: aspects

text: of

text: dance

text: punk

text: and

text: other

text: disparate

text: musical

text: styles

text: and

text: Not

text: disbanded

text: in

text: September

text: after

text: completing

text: their

text: touring

text: commitments

text: and

text: short

text: farewell

text: stand

text: at

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: venue

text: The

text: Black

text: Cat

text: Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, then from 1948 as vinyl LP records played at  rpm. Vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc (CD) and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl.

text: Albums

text: of

text: recorded

text: music

text: were

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: first

text: as

text: books

text: of

text: individual

text: records

text: then

text: from

text: as

text: vinyl

text: LP

text: records

text: played

text: at

text: rpm

text: Vinyl

text: LPs

text: are

text: still

text: issued

text: though

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: album

text: sales

text: have

text: mostly

text: focused

text: on

text: compact

text: disc

text: CD

text: and

text: formats

text: The

text: audio

text: cassette

text: was

text: format

text: used

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: through

text: to

text: the

text: alongside

text: vinyl

text: The Teen Idles were an American hardcore punk band formed in Washington, D.C. in September 1979. Consisting of teenagers Nathan Strejcek, Geordie Grindle, Ian MacKaye and Jeff Nelson, the Idles' recorded two demo sessions and the 1980 "Minor Disturbance" EP before they broke up in November 1980. The influential independent record label Dischord Records was originally created with the sole purpose of releasing the Teen Idles 7" record. They were an early landmark in the D.C. hardcore movement, and MacKaye and Nelson would later form the seminal punk outfit Minor Threat.

text: The

text: Teen

text: Idles

text: were

text: an

text: American

text: hardcore

text: punk

text: band

text: formed

text: in

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: in

text: September

text: Consisting

text: of

text: teenagers

text: Nathan

text: Strejcek

text: Geordie

text: Grindle

text: Ian

text: MacKaye

text: and

text: Jeff

text: Nelson

text: the

text: Idles

text: recorded

text: two

text: demo

text: sessions

text: and

text: the

text: Minor

text: Disturbance

text: EP

text: before

text: they

text: broke

text: up

text: in

text: November

text: The

text: influential

text: independent

text: record

text: label

text: Dischord

text: Records

text: was

text: originally

text: created

text: with

text: the

text: sole

text: purpose

text: of

text: releasing

text: the

text: Teen

text: Idles

text: record

text: They

text: were

text: an

text: early

text: landmark

text: in

text: the

text: D.C.

text: hardcore

text: movement

text: and

text: MacKaye

text: and

text: Nelson

text: would

text: later

text: form

text: the

text: seminal

text: punk

text: outfit

text: Minor

text: Threat

text: Dance-punk (also known as disco-punk or punk funk) is a music genre that emerged in the late 1970s, and is closely associated with the post-punk and new wave movements.

text: Dance

text: punk

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: disco

text: punk

text: or

text: punk

text: funk

text: is

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: is

text: closely

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: post

text: punk

text: and

text: new

text: wave

text: movements

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: record_label no kill no beep beep

answer: dischord records

text: dischord records

text: dischord records

text: dischord records

text: dischord records

text: dischord records

text: dischord records


text: Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (commonly abbreviated as E. T. A. Hoffmann; born Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann; 24 January 177625 June 1822) was a Prussian Romantic author of fantasy and horror, a jurist, composer, music critic, draftsman and caricaturist. His stories form the basis of Jacques Offenbach's famous opera "The Tales of Hoffmann", in which Hoffmann appears (heavily fictionalized) as the hero. He is also the author of the novella "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King", on which the famous ballet "The Nutcracker" is based. The ballet "Coppélia" is based on two other stories that Hoffmann wrote, while Schumann's "Kreisleriana" is based on Hoffmann's character Johannes Kreisler.

text: Ernst

text: Theodor

text: Amadeus

text: Hoffmann

text: commonly

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: Hoffmann

text: born

text: Ernst

text: Theodor

text: Wilhelm

text: Hoffmann

text: January

text: June

text: was

text: Prussian

text: Romantic

text: author

text: of

text: fantasy

text: and

text: horror

text: jurist

text: composer

text: music

text: critic

text: draftsman

text: and

text: caricaturist

text: His

text: stories

text: form

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: Jacques

text: Offenbach

text: 's

text: famous

text: opera

text: The

text: Tales

text: of

text: Hoffmann

text: in

text: which

text: Hoffmann

text: appears

text: heavily

text: fictionalized

text: as

text: the

text: hero

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: novella

text: The

text: Nutcracker

text: and

text: the

text: Mouse

text: King

text: on

text: which

text: the

text: famous

text: ballet

text: The

text: Nutcracker

text: is

text: based

text: The

text: ballet

text: Coppélia

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: two

text: other

text: stories

text: that

text: Hoffmann

text: wrote

text: while

text: Schumann

text: 's

text: Kreisleriana

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: Hoffmann

text: 's

text: character

text: Johannes

text: Kreisler

text: JURIST is an online legal news service hosted by the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, powered by a staff of more than 60 law students working in Pittsburgh and other US locations under the direction of founding Publisher & Editor-in-Chief Professor Bernard Hibbitts, Acting Executive Director Andrew Morgan, Research Director Jaclyn Belczyk, Technical Director Jeremiah Lee, Managing Editor Joseph Macklin and Chief of Staff Steven Wildberger. It features continuously updated US and international legal news and expert commentary. JURIST is dedicated to advancing civic education, supporting sound decision-making and promoting the rule of law by objectively reporting, documenting and analyzing important legal developments as they happen. JURIST seeks to encourage teaching, learning, and scholarship within the legal community and in the general community.

text: JURIST

text: is

text: an

text: online

text: legal

text: news

text: service

text: hosted

text: by

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pittsburgh

text: School

text: of

text: Law

text: powered

text: by

text: staff

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: law

text: students

text: working

text: in

text: Pittsburgh

text: and

text: other

text: US

text: locations

text: under

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: founding

text: Publisher

text: Editor

text: in

text: Chief

text: Professor

text: Bernard

text: Hibbitts

text: Acting

text: Executive

text: Director

text: Andrew

text: Morgan

text: Research

text: Director

text: Jaclyn

text: Belczyk

text: Technical

text: Director

text: Jeremiah

text: Lee

text: Managing

text: Editor

text: Joseph

text: Macklin

text: and

text: Chief

text: of

text: Staff

text: Steven

text: Wildberger

text: It

text: features

text: continuously

text: updated

text: US

text: and

text: international

text: legal

text: news

text: and

text: expert

text: commentary

text: JURIST

text: is

text: dedicated

text: to

text: advancing

text: civic

text: education

text: supporting

text: sound

text: decision

text: making

text: and

text: promoting

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: by

text: objectively

text: reporting

text: documenting

text: and

text: analyzing

text: important

text: legal

text: developments

text: as

text: they

text: happen

text: JURIST

text: seeks

text: to

text: encourage

text: teaching

text: learning

text: and

text: scholarship

text: within

text: the

text: legal

text: community

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: general

text: community

text: Barbie in the Nutcracker is a 2001 computer animated direct - to - video Barbie film directed by Owen Hurley . It was the first Barbie film since 1987 's Barbie and the Rockers : Out of this World . It is also the first in the Barbie film series of computer animated Barbie films , all of which feature the voice of Kelly Sheridan as the Barbie . The story is loosely adapted from E. T. A. Hoffmann 's story The Nutcracker and the Mouse King and music based from Tchaikovsky 's ballet The Nutcracker .

text: Barbie

text: in

text: the

text: Nutcracker

text: is

text: computer

text: animated

text: direct

text: to

text: video

text: Barbie

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Owen

text: Hurley

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: Barbie

text: film

text: since

text: 's

text: Barbie

text: and

text: the

text: Rockers

text: Out

text: of

text: this

text: World

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: first

text: in

text: the

text: Barbie

text: film

text: series

text: of

text: computer

text: animated

text: Barbie

text: films

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: feature

text: the

text: voice

text: of

text: Kelly

text: Sheridan

text: as

text: the

text: Barbie

text: The

text: story

text: is

text: loosely

text: adapted

text: from

text: Hoffmann

text: 's

text: story

text: The

text: Nutcracker

text: and

text: the

text: Mouse

text: King

text: and

text: music

text: based

text: from

text: Tchaikovsky

text: 's

text: ballet

text: The

text: Nutcracker

text: Kreisleriana, Op. 16, is a composition in eight movements by Robert Schumann for solo piano, subtitled "." It was written in only four days in April 1838 and a revised version appeared in 1850. The work was dedicated to Frédéric Chopin, but when a copy was sent to the Polish composer, "he commented favorably only on the design of the title page". "Kreisleriana" is a very dramatic work and is considered to be one of Schumann's finest compositions. In 1839, soon after publishing it, Schumann called it in a letter "my favourite work," remarking that "The title conveys nothing to any but Germans. Kreisler is one of E. T. A. Hoffmann's creations, an eccentric, wild, and witty conductor." In 1843, when he had moved from writing for solo piano to much larger works, in particular "Paradise and the Peri", he still listed it as one of his best piano works

text: Kreisleriana

text: Op

text: is

text: composition

text: in

text: eight

text: movements

text: by

text: Robert

text: Schumann

text: for

text: solo

text: piano

text: subtitled

text: It

text: was

text: written

text: in

text: only

text: four

text: days

text: in

text: April

text: and

text: revised

text: version

text: appeared

text: in

text: The

text: work

text: was

text: dedicated

text: to

text: Frédéric

text: Chopin

text: but

text: when

text: copy

text: was

text: sent

text: to

text: the

text: Polish

text: composer

text: he

text: commented

text: favorably

text: only

text: on

text: the

text: design

text: of

text: the

text: title

text: page

text: Kreisleriana

text: is

text: very

text: dramatic

text: work

text: and

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: Schumann

text: 's

text: finest

text: compositions

text: In

text: soon

text: after

text: publishing

text: it

text: Schumann

text: called

text: it

text: in

text: letter

text: my

text: favourite

text: work

text: remarking

text: that

text: The

text: title

text: conveys

text: nothing

text: to

text: any

text: but

text: Germans

text: Kreisler

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: Hoffmann

text: 's

text: creations

text: an

text: eccentric

text: wild

text: and

text: witty

text: conductor

text: In

text: when

text: he

text: had

text: moved

text: from

text: writing

text: for

text: solo

text: piano

text: to

text: much

text: larger

text: works

text: in

text: particular

text: Paradise

text: and

text: the

text: Peri

text: he

text: still

text: listed

text: it

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: best

text: piano

text: works

text: The Tales of Hoffmann (French: ) is an " by Jacques Offenbach. The French libretto was written by Jules Barbier, based on three short stories by E. T. A. Hoffmann, who is the protagonist of the story. It was Offenbach's final work, as he died a year before the premiere.

text: The

text: Tales

text: of

text: Hoffmann

text: French

text: is

text: an

text: by

text: Jacques

text: Offenbach

text: The

text: French

text: libretto

text: was

text: written

text: by

text: Jules

text: Barbier

text: based

text: on

text: three

text: short

text: stories

text: by

text: Hoffmann

text: who

text: is

text: the

text: protagonist

text: of

text: the

text: story

text: It

text: was

text: Offenbach

text: 's

text: final

text: work

text: as

text: he

text: died

text: year

text: before

text: the

text: premiere

text: "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King" is a story written in 1816 by German author E. T. A. Hoffmann, in which young Marie Stahlbaum's favorite Christmas toy, the Nutcracker, comes alive and, after defeating the evil Mouse King in battle, whisks her away to a magical kingdom populated by dolls. In 1892, the Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and choreographers Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov turned Alexandre Dumas père's adaptation of the story into the ballet "The Nutcracker", which became one of Tchaikovsky's most famous compositions, and perhaps the most popular ballet in the world.

text: The

text: Nutcracker

text: and

text: the

text: Mouse

text: King

text: is

text: story

text: written

text: in

text: by

text: German

text: author

text: Hoffmann

text: in

text: which

text: young

text: Marie

text: Stahlbaum

text: 's

text: favorite

text: Christmas

text: toy

text: the

text: Nutcracker

text: comes

text: alive

text: and

text: after

text: defeating

text: the

text: evil

text: Mouse

text: King

text: in

text: battle

text: whisks

text: her

text: away

text: to

text: magical

text: kingdom

text: populated

text: by

text: dolls

text: In

text: the

text: Russian

text: composer

text: Pyotr

text: Ilyich

text: Tchaikovsky

text: and

text: choreographers

text: Marius

text: Petipa

text: and

text: Lev

text: Ivanov

text: turned

text: Alexandre

text: Dumas

text: père

text: 's

text: adaptation

text: of

text: the

text: story

text: into

text: the

text: ballet

text: The

text: Nutcracker

text: which

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: Tchaikovsky

text: 's

text: most

text: famous

text: compositions

text: and

text: perhaps

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: ballet

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (tr. "Pëtr Il'i ajkovskij"; 25 April/7 May 1840  25 October/6 November 1893), often anglicized as Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, was a Russian composer of the late-Romantic period, some of whose works are among the most popular music in the classical repertoire. He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally, bolstered by his appearances as a guest conductor in Europe and the United States. Tchaikovsky was honored in 1884, by Emperor Alexander III, and awarded a lifetime pension.

text: Pyotr

text: Ilyich

text: Tchaikovsky

text: tr

text: Pëtr

text: Il'i

text: ajkovskij

text: May

text: November

text: often

text: anglicized

text: as

text: Peter

text: Ilyich

text: Tchaikovsky

text: was

text: Russian

text: composer

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: Romantic

text: period

text: some

text: of

text: whose

text: works

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: music

text: in

text: the

text: classical

text: repertoire

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: Russian

text: composer

text: whose

text: music

text: made

text: lasting

text: impression

text: internationally

text: bolstered

text: by

text: his

text: appearances

text: as

text: guest

text: conductor

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Tchaikovsky

text: was

text: honored

text: in

text: by

text: Emperor

text: Alexander

text: III

text: and

text: awarded

text: lifetime

text: pension

text: Direct-to-video or straight-to-video (also known as direct-to-VHS, direct-to-DVD, direct-to-Blu-ray, direct-to-digital, etc.) refers to the release of a film to the public immediately on home video formats rather than a theatrical release or television broadcast. Because inferior sequels or prequels of larger-budget films may be released direct to video, references to direct-to-video releases are often pejorative. Direct-to-video release has also become profitable for independent filmmakers and smaller companies.

text: Direct

text: to

text: video

text: or

text: straight

text: to

text: video

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: direct

text: to

text: VHS

text: direct

text: to

text: DVD

text: direct

text: to

text: Blu

text: ray

text: direct

text: to

text: digital

text: etc

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: release

text: of

text: film

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: immediately

text: on

text: home

text: video

text: formats

text: rather

text: than

text: theatrical

text: release

text: or

text: television

text: broadcast

text: Because

text: inferior

text: sequels

text: or

text: prequels

text: of

text: larger

text: budget

text: films

text: may

text: be

text: released

text: direct

text: to

text: video

text: references

text: to

text: direct

text: to

text: video

text: releases

text: are

text: often

text: pejorative

text: Direct

text: to

text: video

text: release

text: has

text: also

text: become

text: profitable

text: for

text: independent

text: filmmakers

text: and

text: smaller

text: companies

text: Coppélia is a comic ballet originally choreographed by Arthur Saint-Léon to the music of Léo Delibes, with libretto by Charles-Louis-Étienne Nuitter. Nuitter's libretto and mise-en-scène was based upon two stories by E. T. A. Hoffmann: "Der Sandmann" ("The Sandman") and "Die Puppe" ("The Doll"). In Greek, "" means "girl, young lady". "Coppélia" premiered on 25 May 1870 at the Théâtre Impérial l'Opéra, with the 16-year-old Giuseppina Bozzacchi in the principal role of Swanhilde. The costumes were designed by Paul Lormier and Alfred Albert, the scenery by Charles-Antoine Cambon (Act I, scene 1; Act II, scene 1), and Édouard Desplechin and Jean-Baptiste Lavastre (Act I, scene 2).

text: Coppélia

text: is

text: comic

text: ballet

text: originally

text: choreographed

text: by

text: Arthur

text: Saint

text: Léon

text: to

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: Léo

text: Delibes

text: with

text: libretto

text: by

text: Charles

text: Louis

text: Étienne

text: Nuitter

text: Nuitter

text: 's

text: libretto

text: and

text: mise

text: en

text: scène

text: was

text: based

text: upon

text: two

text: stories

text: by

text: Hoffmann

text: Der

text: Sandmann

text: The

text: Sandman

text: and

text: Die

text: Puppe

text: The

text: Doll

text: In

text: Greek

text: means

text: girl

text: young

text: lady

text: Coppélia

text: premiered

text: on

text: May

text: at

text: the

text: Théâtre

text: Impérial

text: l'Opéra

text: with

text: the

text: old

text: Giuseppina

text: Bozzacchi

text: in

text: the

text: principal

text: role

text: of

text: Swanhilde

text: The

text: costumes

text: were

text: designed

text: by

text: Paul

text: Lormier

text: and

text: Alfred

text: Albert

text: the

text: scenery

text: by

text: Charles

text: Antoine

text: Cambon

text: Act

text: scene

text: Act

text: II

text: scene

text: and

text: Édouard

text: Desplechin

text: and

text: Jean

text: Baptiste

text: Lavastre

text: Act

text: scene

text: The Nutcracker (/ "Shchelkunchik, Balet-feyeriya") is a two-act ballet, originally choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov with a score by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (op. 71). The libretto is adapted from E.T.A. Hoffmann's story "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King", by way of Alexandre Dumas' adapted story 'The Nutcracker'. It was given its première at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg on Sunday, December 18, 1892, on a double-bill with Tchaikovsky's opera "Iolanta".

text: The

text: Nutcracker

text: Shchelkunchik

text: Balet

text: feyeriya

text: is

text: two

text: act

text: ballet

text: originally

text: choreographed

text: by

text: Marius

text: Petipa

text: and

text: Lev

text: Ivanov

text: with

text: score

text: by

text: Pyotr

text: Ilyich

text: Tchaikovsky

text: op

text: The

text: libretto

text: is

text: adapted

text: from

text: E.T.A.

text: Hoffmann

text: 's

text: story

text: The

text: Nutcracker

text: and

text: the

text: Mouse

text: King

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: Alexandre

text: Dumas

text: adapted

text: story

text: The

text: Nutcracker

text: It

text: was

text: given

text: its

text: première

text: at

text: the

text: Mariinsky

text: Theatre

text: in

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: on

text: Sunday

text: December

text: on

text: double

text: bill

text: with

text: Tchaikovsky

text: 's

text: opera

text: Iolanta

text: Jacques Offenbach (20 June 1819  5 October 1880) was a German-born French composer, cellist and impresario of the romantic period. He is remembered for his nearly 100 operettas of the 1850s1870s and his uncompleted opera "The Tales of Hoffmann". He was a powerful influence on later composers of the operetta genre, particularly Johann Strauss, Jr. and Arthur Sullivan. His best-known works were continually revived during the 20th century, and many of his operettas continue to be staged in the 21st. "The Tales of Hoffman" remains part of the standard opera repertory.

text: Jacques

text: Offenbach

text: June

text: October

text: was

text: German

text: born

text: French

text: composer

text: cellist

text: and

text: impresario

text: of

text: the

text: romantic

text: period

text: He

text: is

text: remembered

text: for

text: his

text: nearly

text: operettas

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: his

text: uncompleted

text: opera

text: The

text: Tales

text: of

text: Hoffmann

text: He

text: was

text: powerful

text: influence

text: on

text: later

text: composers

text: of

text: the

text: operetta

text: genre

text: particularly

text: Johann

text: Strauss

text: Jr.

text: and

text: Arthur

text: Sullivan

text: His

text: best

text: known

text: works

text: were

text: continually

text: revived

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: many

text: of

text: his

text: operettas

text: continue

text: to

text: be

text: staged

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: Tales

text: of

text: Hoffman

text: remains

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: standard

text: opera

text: repertory

question: composer barbie in the nutcracker

answer: pyotr ilyich tchaikovsky

text: pyotr ilyich tchaikovsky

text: pyotr ilyich tchaikovsky

text: pyotr ilyich tchaikovsky