text: The Netherlands  is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three island territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing maritime borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Amsterdam is the country's capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of government and parliament. The name "Holland" is used to refer informally to the whole of the country of the Netherlands.

text: The

text: Netherlands

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: constituent

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: is

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: with

text: three

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: The

text: European

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: borders

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Belgium

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: sharing

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: Belgium

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Germany

text: The

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: are

text: Amsterdam

text: Rotterdam

text: The

text: Hague

text: and

text: Utrecht

text: Amsterdam

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: while

text: The

text: Hague

text: holds

text: the

text: Dutch

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: parliament

text: The

text: name

text: Holland

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: informally

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The Dutch Chess Championship was officially established in 1909, although unofficial champions stretch back to the 1870s.

text: The

text: Dutch

text: Chess

text: Championship

text: was

text: officially

text: established

text: in

text: although

text: unofficial

text: champions

text: stretch

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: The Tata Steel Chess Tournament, formerly called the Corus chess tournament, takes place every year, usually in January, in a small town called Wijk aan Zee, part of the larger Beverwijk in the province of North Holland in the Netherlands. It was called the Hoogovens tournament until 1999 after which the Dutch sponsor Koninklijke Hoogovens merged with British Steel plc to form the Corus Group, which became Tata Steel Europe in 2007.

text: The

text: Tata

text: Steel

text: Chess

text: Tournament

text: formerly

text: called

text: the

text: Corus

text: chess

text: tournament

text: takes

text: place

text: every

text: year

text: usually

text: in

text: January

text: in

text: small

text: town

text: called

text: Wijk

text: aan

text: Zee

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: Beverwijk

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: North

text: Holland

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: was

text: called

text: the

text: Hoogovens

text: tournament

text: until

text: after

text: which

text: the

text: Dutch

text: sponsor

text: Koninklijke

text: Hoogovens

text: merged

text: with

text: British

text: Steel

text: plc

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: Corus

text: Group

text: which

text: became

text: Tata

text: Steel

text: Europe

text: in

text: The 2008 Corus chess tournament was a Grandmaster level chess tournament held in the de Moriaan Community Centre , Wijk aan Zee , Netherlands from 12 January to 28 January 2008 . It consisted of three main Grandmaster groups and the Honorary group , comprising former A group champions ; groups A , B and C were won respectively by Levon Aronian ( on tiebreak from Magnus Carlsen , after both finished with 8 points ) , Sergei Movsesian ( 9 points , one point ahead of Nigel Short and Étienne Bacrot ) and Fabiano Caruana ( 10 points , two ahead of Dimitri Reinderman and Parimarjan Negi ) . The Honorary group was won by Ljubomir Ljubojevi ( 4 points ) ahead of Viktor Korchnoi , Jan Timman ( both 3 ) and Lajos Portisch ( 2 ) .

text: The

text: Corus

text: chess

text: tournament

text: was

text: Grandmaster

text: level

text: chess

text: tournament

text: held

text: in

text: the

text: de

text: Moriaan

text: Community

text: Centre

text: Wijk

text: aan

text: Zee

text: Netherlands

text: from

text: January

text: to

text: January

text: It

text: consisted

text: of

text: three

text: main

text: Grandmaster

text: groups

text: and

text: the

text: Honorary

text: group

text: comprising

text: former

text: group

text: champions

text: groups

text: and

text: were

text: won

text: respectively

text: by

text: Levon

text: Aronian

text: on

text: tiebreak

text: from

text: Magnus

text: Carlsen

text: after

text: both

text: finished

text: with

text: points

text: Sergei

text: Movsesian

text: points

text: one

text: point

text: ahead

text: of

text: Nigel

text: Short

text: and

text: Étienne

text: Bacrot

text: and

text: Fabiano

text: Caruana

text: points

text: two

text: ahead

text: of

text: Dimitri

text: Reinderman

text: and

text: Parimarjan

text: Negi

text: The

text: Honorary

text: group

text: was

text: won

text: by

text: Ljubomir

text: Ljubojevi

text: points

text: ahead

text: of

text: Viktor

text: Korchnoi

text: Jan

text: Timman

text: both

text: and

text: Lajos

text: Portisch

text: Nigel David Short (born 1 June 1965) is an English chess grandmaster, chess columnist, chess coach and chess commentator. Short earned the Grandmaster title at the age of 19, and was ranked third in the world by FIDE from January 1988 to July 1989. In 1993 he became the first English player to play a World Chess Championship match, when he qualified to play Garry Kasparov in the World Chess Championship 1993 in London (Kasparov won, 12.5 to 7.5). As of January 2017, he is the oldest player ranked among FIDE's top 100 players and is ranked #65.

text: Nigel

text: David

text: Short

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: chess

text: grandmaster

text: chess

text: columnist

text: chess

text: coach

text: and

text: chess

text: commentator

text: Short

text: earned

text: the

text: Grandmaster

text: title

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: and

text: was

text: ranked

text: third

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: FIDE

text: from

text: January

text: to

text: July

text: In

text: he

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: English

text: player

text: to

text: play

text: World

text: Chess

text: Championship

text: match

text: when

text: he

text: qualified

text: to

text: play

text: Garry

text: Kasparov

text: in

text: the

text: World

text: Chess

text: Championship

text: in

text: London

text: Kasparov

text: won

text: to

text: As

text: of

text: January

text: he

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: player

text: ranked

text: among

text: FIDE

text: 's

text: top

text: players

text: and

text: is

text: ranked

text: Dimitri Reinderman (born August 12, 1972 in Hoorn) is a Dutch chess Grandmaster with an Elo rating of 2542. He shares the 3rd position with Sipke Ernst on the rating list of the KNSB, The Royal Netherlands Chess Association. Reinderman is a vegetarian.

text: Dimitri

text: Reinderman

text: born

text: August

text: in

text: Hoorn

text: is

text: Dutch

text: chess

text: Grandmaster

text: with

text: an

text: Elo

text: rating

text: of

text: He

text: shares

text: the

text: position

text: with

text: Sipke

text: Ernst

text: on

text: the

text: rating

text: list

text: of

text: the

text: KNSB

text: The

text: Royal

text: Netherlands

text: Chess

text: Association

text: Reinderman

text: is

text: vegetarian

text: Jan Timman (born 14 December 1951) is a Dutch chess Grandmaster who was one of the world's leading players from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. At the peak of his career he was considered to be the best non-Soviet player and was known as "The Best of the West". He has won the Dutch Chess Championship nine times and has been a Candidate for the World Championship several times. He lost the title match of the 1993 FIDE World Championship against Anatoly Karpov.

text: Jan

text: Timman

text: born

text: December

text: is

text: Dutch

text: chess

text: Grandmaster

text: who

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: leading

text: players

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: At

text: the

text: peak

text: of

text: his

text: career

text: he

text: was

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: best

text: non

text: Soviet

text: player

text: and

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: The

text: Best

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: He

text: has

text: won

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Chess

text: Championship

text: nine

text: times

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: Candidate

text: for

text: the

text: World

text: Championship

text: several

text: times

text: He

text: lost

text: the

text: title

text: match

text: of

text: the

text: FIDE

text: World

text: Championship

text: against

text: Anatoly

text: Karpov

text: Wijk aan Zee is a small town on the coast of the North Sea in the municipality of Beverwijk in the province of North Holland of the Netherlands. The prestigious Tata Steel Chess Tournament (formerly called the Corus chess tournament or the Hoogovens tournament) takes place there every year.

text: Wijk

text: aan

text: Zee

text: is

text: small

text: town

text: on

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: municipality

text: of

text: Beverwijk

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: North

text: Holland

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: prestigious

text: Tata

text: Steel

text: Chess

text: Tournament

text: formerly

text: called

text: the

text: Corus

text: chess

text: tournament

text: or

text: the

text: Hoogovens

text: tournament

text: takes

text: place

text: there

text: every

text: year

text: Lajos Portisch (born 4 April 1937) is a Hungarian chess Grandmaster, whose positional style earned him the nickname, the "Hungarian Botvinnik". One of the strongest non-Soviet players from the early 1960s into the late 1980s, he participated in twelve consecutive Interzonals from 1962 through 1993, qualifying for the World Chess Championship Candidates' cycle a total of eight times (1965, 1968, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1985, and 1988). Portisch set several all-time records in Chess Olympiads. In Hungarian Chess Championships, he either shared the title or won it outright a total of eight times (1958, 1959, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1971, 1975, and 1981). He won many strong international tournaments during his career. In 2004, Portisch was awarded the 'Nemzet Sportoloja', Hungary's highest national sports achievement award.

text: Lajos

text: Portisch

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: Hungarian

text: chess

text: Grandmaster

text: whose

text: positional

text: style

text: earned

text: him

text: the

text: nickname

text: the

text: Hungarian

text: Botvinnik

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: strongest

text: non

text: Soviet

text: players

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: into

text: the

text: late

text: he

text: participated

text: in

text: twelve

text: consecutive

text: Interzonals

text: from

text: through

text: qualifying

text: for

text: the

text: World

text: Chess

text: Championship

text: Candidates

text: cycle

text: total

text: of

text: eight

text: times

text: and

text: Portisch

text: set

text: several

text: all

text: time

text: records

text: in

text: Chess

text: Olympiads

text: In

text: Hungarian

text: Chess

text: Championships

text: he

text: either

text: shared

text: the

text: title

text: or

text: won

text: it

text: outright

text: total

text: of

text: eight

text: times

text: and

text: He

text: won

text: many

text: strong

text: international

text: tournaments

text: during

text: his

text: career

text: In

text: Portisch

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Nemzet

text: Sportoloja

text: Hungary

text: 's

text: highest

text: national

text: sports

text: achievement

text: award

text: The Czech Republic, also known by the short name Czechia, is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of with mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate. It is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague, with over 1.2 million residents. The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia.

text: The

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: the

text: short

text: name

text: Czechia

text: is

text: nation

text: state

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: bordered

text: by

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Austria

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Slovakia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Poland

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: The

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: with

text: mostly

text: temperate

text: continental

text: climate

text: and

text: oceanic

text: climate

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: has

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Prague

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: residents

text: The

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: includes

text: the

text: historical

text: territories

text: of

text: Bohemia

text: Moravia

text: and

text: Czech

text: Silesia

text: Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. Slovakia's territory spans about and is mostly mountainous. The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks. The capital and largest city is Bratislava. The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family.

text: Slovakia

text: officially

text: the

text: Slovak

text: Republic

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: and

text: Austria

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Poland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Ukraine

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Hungary

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Slovakia

text: 's

text: territory

text: spans

text: about

text: and

text: is

text: mostly

text: mountainous

text: The

text: population

text: is

text: over

text: million

text: and

text: comprises

text: mostly

text: ethnic

text: Slovaks

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Bratislava

text: The

text: official

text: language

text: is

text: Slovak

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Slavic

text: language

text: family

text: Lille  is a city in northern France, in French Flanders. On the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region and the prefecture of the Nord department.

text: Lille

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: northern

text: France

text: in

text: French

text: Flanders

text: On

text: the

text: Deûle

text: River

text: near

text: France

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: Belgium

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Hauts

text: de

text: France

text: region

text: and

text: the

text: prefecture

text: of

text: the

text: Nord

text: department

text: Tbilisi, commonly known by its former name Tiflis, and often mispronounced as "Tiblisi", is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of roughly 1.5 million inhabitants. Founded in the 5th century by the monarch of Georgia's ancient precursor the Kingdom of Iberia, Tbilisi has since served, with intermissions, as the capital of various Georgian kingdoms and republics. Under Russian rule, from 1801 to 1917 Tiflis was the seat of the Imperial Viceroy governing both sides of the entire Caucasus.

text: Tbilisi

text: commonly

text: known

text: by

text: its

text: former

text: name

text: Tiflis

text: and

text: often

text: mispronounced

text: as

text: Tiblisi

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Georgia

text: lying

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: Kura

text: River

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: roughly

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Founded

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: by

text: the

text: monarch

text: of

text: Georgia

text: 's

text: ancient

text: precursor

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Iberia

text: Tbilisi

text: has

text: since

text: served

text: with

text: intermissions

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: various

text: Georgian

text: kingdoms

text: and

text: republics

text: Under

text: Russian

text: rule

text: from

text: to

text: Tiflis

text: was

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Viceroy

text: governing

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: Caucasus

text: The Fédération Internationale des Échecs or World Chess Federation is an international organization that connects the various national chess federations around the world and acts as the governing body of international chess competition. It is usually referred to as FIDE, its French acronym.

text: The

text: Fédération

text: Internationale

text: des

text: Échecs

text: or

text: World

text: Chess

text: Federation

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: organization

text: that

text: connects

text: the

text: various

text: national

text: chess

text: federations

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: acts

text: as

text: the

text: governing

text: body

text: of

text: international

text: chess

text: competition

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: FIDE

text: its

text: French

text: acronym

text: Armenia ( tr. "Hayastan"), officially the Republic of Armenia (tr. "Hayastani Hanrapetutyun"), is a sovereign state in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located in Western Asia on the "Armenian Highlands", it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Russia and Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.

text: Armenia

text: tr

text: Hayastan

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Armenia

text: tr

text: Hayastani

text: Hanrapetutyun

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Caucasus

text: region

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Located

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: on

text: the

text: Armenian

text: Highlands

text: it

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Turkey

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Russia

text: and

text: Georgia

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Azerbaijan

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Iran

text: and

text: Azerbaijan

text: 's

text: exclave

text: of

text: Nakhchivan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: North Holland (, West Frisian: "Noard-Holland") is a province in the northwest of the Netherlands. It is situated on the North Sea, north of South Holland and Utrecht, and west of Friesland and Flevoland. As of 2015, it has a population of 2,762,163 and a total area of .

text: North

text: Holland

text: West

text: Frisian

text: Noard

text: Holland

text: is

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: north

text: of

text: South

text: Holland

text: and

text: Utrecht

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: Friesland

text: and

text: Flevoland

text: As

text: of

text: it

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: Ljubomir Ljubojevi (Serbian Cyrillic:  ) is a Serbian Grandmaster of chess.

text: Ljubomir

text: Ljubojevi

text: Serbian

text: Cyrillic

text: is

text: Serbian

text: Grandmaster

text: of

text: chess

text: Levon Grigori Aronian (born 6 October 1982) is an Armenian chess Grandmaster. On the March 2014 FIDE rating list, he was ranked number two in the world and had an Elo rating of 2830, making him the fourth highest rated player in history.

text: Levon

text: Grigori

text: Aronian

text: born

text: October

text: is

text: an

text: Armenian

text: chess

text: Grandmaster

text: On

text: the

text: March

text: FIDE

text: rating

text: list

text: he

text: was

text: ranked

text: number

text: two

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: had

text: an

text: Elo

text: rating

text: of

text: making

text: him

text: the

text: fourth

text: highest

text: rated

text: player

text: in

text: history

text: Fabiano Luigi Caruana (born July 30, 1992) is an Italian-American chess grandmaster, former chess prodigy, and currently the second-highest ranked player in the world. He played for the US until 2005, when he switched to Italy, and he subsequently switched back to the US in 2015. He is the current US champion.

text: Fabiano

text: Luigi

text: Caruana

text: born

text: July

text: is

text: an

text: Italian

text: American

text: chess

text: grandmaster

text: former

text: chess

text: prodigy

text: and

text: currently

text: the

text: second

text: highest

text: ranked

text: player

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: He

text: played

text: for

text: the

text: US

text: until

text: when

text: he

text: switched

text: to

text: Italy

text: and

text: he

text: subsequently

text: switched

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: US

text: in

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: current

text: US

text: champion

text: The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric (or "shelf") sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. It is more than long and wide, with an area of around .

text: The

text: North

text: Sea

text: is

text: marginal

text: sea

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: located

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: Scandinavia

text: Germany

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Belgium

text: and

text: France

text: An

text: epeiric

text: or

text: shelf

text: sea

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: continental

text: shelf

text: it

text: connects

text: to

text: the

text: ocean

text: through

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Norwegian

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: long

text: and

text: wide

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: around

text: Sergey Alexandrovich Karjakin ( born 12 January 1990) is a Russian (formerly representing Ukraine) chess grandmaster. He is a former chess prodigy and holds the record for the world's youngest grandmaster, having qualified for this title at the age of 12 years and 7 months.

text: Sergey

text: Alexandrovich

text: Karjakin

text: born

text: January

text: is

text: Russian

text: formerly

text: representing

text: Ukraine

text: chess

text: grandmaster

text: He

text: is

text: former

text: chess

text: prodigy

text: and

text: holds

text: the

text: record

text: for

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: youngest

text: grandmaster

text: having

text: qualified

text: for

text: this

text: title

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: years

text: and

text: months

text: Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov (born May 23, 1951) is a Russian chess grandmaster and former World Champion. He was the official world champion from 1975 to 1985 when he was defeated by Garry Kasparov. He played three matches against Kasparov for the title from 1986 to 1990, before becoming FIDE World Champion once again after Kasparov broke away from FIDE in 1993. He held the title until 1999, when he resigned his title in protest against FIDE's new world championship rules. For his decades-long standing among the world's elite, Karpov is considered by many to be one of the greatest players of all time.

text: Anatoly

text: Yevgenyevich

text: Karpov

text: born

text: May

text: is

text: Russian

text: chess

text: grandmaster

text: and

text: former

text: World

text: Champion

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: official

text: world

text: champion

text: from

text: to

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: defeated

text: by

text: Garry

text: Kasparov

text: He

text: played

text: three

text: matches

text: against

text: Kasparov

text: for

text: the

text: title

text: from

text: to

text: before

text: becoming

text: FIDE

text: World

text: Champion

text: once

text: again

text: after

text: Kasparov

text: broke

text: away

text: from

text: FIDE

text: in

text: He

text: held

text: the

text: title

text: until

text: when

text: he

text: resigned

text: his

text: title

text: in

text: protest

text: against

text: FIDE

text: 's

text: new

text: world

text: championship

text: rules

text: For

text: his

text: decades

text: long

text: standing

text: among

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: elite

text: Karpov

text: is

text: considered

text: by

text: many

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: players

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: Étienne Bacrot (born 22 January 1983 in Lille) is a French chess grandmaster and former chess prodigy.

text: Étienne

text: Bacrot

text: born

text: January

text: in

text: Lille

text: is

text: French

text: chess

text: grandmaster

text: and

text: former

text: chess

text: prodigy

text: The inaugural Hungarian Chess Championship was held in the city of Gyr in 1906. Initially, there was no governing body responsible for its organisation, until the formation of the Hungarian Chess Federation. The HCF first appeared in 1911, but failed to establish itself properly until 1923.

text: The

text: inaugural

text: Hungarian

text: Chess

text: Championship

text: was

text: held

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Gyr

text: in

text: Initially

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: governing

text: body

text: responsible

text: for

text: its

text: organisation

text: until

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: Hungarian

text: Chess

text: Federation

text: The

text: HCF

text: first

text: appeared

text: in

text: but

text: failed

text: to

text: establish

text: itself

text: properly

text: until

text: Sergei Movsesian (born 3 November 1978 in Tbilisi) is an Armenian chess Grandmaster who played for the Czech Republic for most of his career. Later he represented Slovakia which offered him citizenship. On December 30, 2010 Movsesian started to represent his ancestral country of Armenia. He was a member of the gold medal-winning Armenian team at the 2011 World Team Chess Championship in Ningbo.

text: Sergei

text: Movsesian

text: born

text: November

text: in

text: Tbilisi

text: is

text: an

text: Armenian

text: chess

text: Grandmaster

text: who

text: played

text: for

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: his

text: career

text: Later

text: he

text: represented

text: Slovakia

text: which

text: offered

text: him

text: citizenship

text: On

text: December

text: Movsesian

text: started

text: to

text: represent

text: his

text: ancestral

text: country

text: of

text: Armenia

text: He

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: gold

text: medal

text: winning

text: Armenian

text: team

text: at

text: the

text: World

text: Team

text: Chess

text: Championship

text: in

text: Ningbo

text: Garry Kimovich Kasparov (; born Garik Kimovich Weinstein, 13 April 1963) is a Russian chess grandmaster, former World Chess Champion, writer, and political activist, whom many consider to be the greatest chess player of all time. From 1986 until his retirement in 2005, Kasparov was ranked world No. 1 for 225 out of 228 months. His peak rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013. Kasparov also holds records for consecutive professional tournament victories (15) and Chess Oscars (11).

text: Garry

text: Kimovich

text: Kasparov

text: born

text: Garik

text: Kimovich

text: Weinstein

text: April

text: is

text: Russian

text: chess

text: grandmaster

text: former

text: World

text: Chess

text: Champion

text: writer

text: and

text: political

text: activist

text: whom

text: many

text: consider

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: greatest

text: chess

text: player

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: From

text: until

text: his

text: retirement

text: in

text: Kasparov

text: was

text: ranked

text: world

text: No

text: for

text: out

text: of

text: months

text: His

text: peak

text: rating

text: of

text: achieved

text: in

text: was

text: the

text: highest

text: recorded

text: until

text: being

text: surpassed

text: by

text: Magnus

text: Carlsen

text: in

text: Kasparov

text: also

text: holds

text: records

text: for

text: consecutive

text: professional

text: tournament

text: victories

text: and

text: Chess

text: Oscars

text: Sven Magnus Øen Carlsen (born 30 November 1990) is a Norwegian chess grandmaster, and the current World Chess Champion. Carlsen was a child chess prodigy who became a chess grandmaster in 2004, at the age of 13 years and 148 days. This made him the third-youngest grandmaster in history. Carlsen's play continued to improve and by 2007 he was holding his own against the world's best grandmasters in tournaments.

text: Sven

text: Magnus

text: Øen

text: Carlsen

text: born

text: November

text: is

text: Norwegian

text: chess

text: grandmaster

text: and

text: the

text: current

text: World

text: Chess

text: Champion

text: Carlsen

text: was

text: child

text: chess

text: prodigy

text: who

text: became

text: chess

text: grandmaster

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: years

text: and

text: days

text: This

text: made

text: him

text: the

text: third

text: youngest

text: grandmaster

text: in

text: history

text: Carlsen

text: 's

text: play

text: continued

text: to

text: improve

text: and

text: by

text: he

text: was

text: holding

text: his

text: own

text: against

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: best

text: grandmasters

text: in

text: tournaments

text: Parimarjan Negi (born 9 February 1993) is a chess grandmaster (GM) from India, a former Asian and Indian champion. He achieved the GM title at the age of 13 years and 142 days (13 years, 4 months, and 20 days) in 2006, becoming the second youngest chess grandmaster ever, second only to Sergey Karjakin.

text: Parimarjan

text: Negi

text: born

text: February

text: is

text: chess

text: grandmaster

text: GM

text: from

text: India

text: former

text: Asian

text: and

text: Indian

text: champion

text: He

text: achieved

text: the

text: GM

text: title

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: years

text: and

text: days

text: years

text: months

text: and

text: days

text: in

text: becoming

text: the

text: second

text: youngest

text: chess

text: grandmaster

text: ever

text: second

text: only

text: to

text: Sergey

text: Karjakin

question: language_of_work_or_name corus 2008 chess tournament

answer: russian

text: russian

text: russian

text: russian

text: russian


text: A sports league is a group of sports teams or individual athletes that compete against each other in a specific sport. At its simplest, it may be a local group of amateur athletes who form teams among themselves and compete on weekends; at its most complex, it can be an international professional league making large amounts of money and involving dozens of teams and thousands of players.

text: sports

text: league

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: sports

text: teams

text: or

text: individual

text: athletes

text: that

text: compete

text: against

text: each

text: other

text: in

text: specific

text: sport

text: At

text: its

text: simplest

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: local

text: group

text: of

text: amateur

text: athletes

text: who

text: form

text: teams

text: among

text: themselves

text: and

text: compete

text: on

text: weekends

text: at

text: its

text: most

text: complex

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: an

text: international

text: professional

text: league

text: making

text: large

text: amounts

text: of

text: money

text: and

text: involving

text: dozens

text: of

text: teams

text: and

text: thousands

text: of

text: players

text: The Saskatchewan Roughriders are a professional Canadian football team based in Regina, Saskatchewan. The Roughriders play in the West Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

text: The

text: Saskatchewan

text: Roughriders

text: are

text: professional

text: Canadian

text: football

text: team

text: based

text: in

text: Regina

text: Saskatchewan

text: The

text: Roughriders

text: play

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: Division

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: CFL

text: Leron Mitchell ( born November 24 , 1981 ) is a former professional Canadian football defensive back . He most last played in the Canadian Football League for the Saskatchewan Roughriders .

text: Leron

text: Mitchell

text: born

text: November

text: is

text: former

text: professional

text: Canadian

text: football

text: defensive

text: back

text: He

text: most

text: last

text: played

text: in

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: for

text: the

text: Saskatchewan

text: Roughriders

text: American football, referred to as football in the United States and Canada, and also known as gridiron, is a sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end. The offense, the team with control of the oval-shaped football, attempts to advance down the field by running with or passing the ball, while the team without control of the ball, the defense, aims to stop their advance and take control of the ball for themselves. The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team; if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent's goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins.

text: American

text: football

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: football

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Canada

text: and

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: gridiron

text: is

text: sport

text: played

text: by

text: two

text: teams

text: of

text: eleven

text: players

text: on

text: rectangular

text: field

text: with

text: goalposts

text: at

text: each

text: end

text: The

text: offense

text: the

text: team

text: with

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: oval

text: shaped

text: football

text: attempts

text: to

text: advance

text: down

text: the

text: field

text: by

text: running

text: with

text: or

text: passing

text: the

text: ball

text: while

text: the

text: team

text: without

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: ball

text: the

text: defense

text: aims

text: to

text: stop

text: their

text: advance

text: and

text: take

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: ball

text: for

text: themselves

text: The

text: offense

text: must

text: advance

text: at

text: least

text: ten

text: yards

text: in

text: four

text: downs

text: or

text: plays

text: or

text: else

text: they

text: turn

text: over

text: the

text: football

text: to

text: the

text: opposing

text: team

text: if

text: they

text: succeed

text: they

text: are

text: given

text: new

text: set

text: of

text: four

text: downs

text: Points

text: are

text: primarily

text: scored

text: by

text: advancing

text: the

text: ball

text: into

text: the

text: opposing

text: team

text: 's

text: end

text: zone

text: for

text: touchdown

text: or

text: kicking

text: the

text: ball

text: through

text: the

text: opponent

text: 's

text: goalposts

text: for

text: field

text: goal

text: The

text: team

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: points

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: game

text: wins

text: The Grey Cup is the name of both the championship game of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing Canadian football. It is contested between the winners of the CFL's East and West Divisional playoffs and is one of Canadian television's largest annual sporting events. The Toronto Argonauts have 16 championships, more than any other team. The latest, the 104th Grey Cup, took place in Toronto, Ontario, on November 27, 2016, when the Ottawa Redblacks defeated the Calgary Stampeders 3933 in overtime.

text: The

text: Grey

text: Cup

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: championship

text: game

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: CFL

text: and

text: the

text: trophy

text: awarded

text: to

text: the

text: victorious

text: team

text: playing

text: Canadian

text: football

text: It

text: is

text: contested

text: between

text: the

text: winners

text: of

text: the

text: CFL

text: 's

text: East

text: and

text: West

text: Divisional

text: playoffs

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: Canadian

text: television

text: 's

text: largest

text: annual

text: sporting

text: events

text: The

text: Toronto

text: Argonauts

text: have

text: championships

text: more

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: team

text: The

text: latest

text: the

text: Grey

text: Cup

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: Toronto

text: Ontario

text: on

text: November

text: when

text: the

text: Ottawa

text: Redblacks

text: defeated

text: the

text: Calgary

text: Stampeders

text: in

text: overtime

text: The Canadian Football League (CFL LCF) is a professional sports league in Canada. The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football, a form of gridiron football closely related to American football. Its nine teams, which are located in nine separate cities, are divided into two divisions: the East Division, with four teams, and the West Division with five teams. As of 2016, the league features a 20-week regular season, which traditionally runs from late June to early November; each team plays 18 games with at least two bye weeks. Following the regular season, six teams compete in the league's three-week divisional playoffs, which culminate in the late-November Grey Cup championship, the country's largest annual sports and television event.

text: The

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: CFL

text: LCF

text: is

text: professional

text: sports

text: league

text: in

text: Canada

text: The

text: CFL

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: level

text: of

text: competition

text: in

text: Canadian

text: football

text: form

text: of

text: gridiron

text: football

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: American

text: football

text: Its

text: nine

text: teams

text: which

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: nine

text: separate

text: cities

text: are

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: divisions

text: the

text: East

text: Division

text: with

text: four

text: teams

text: and

text: the

text: West

text: Division

text: with

text: five

text: teams

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: league

text: features

text: regular

text: season

text: which

text: traditionally

text: runs

text: from

text: late

text: June

text: to

text: early

text: November

text: each

text: team

text: plays

text: games

text: with

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: bye

text: weeks

text: Following

text: the

text: regular

text: season

text: six

text: teams

text: compete

text: in

text: the

text: league

text: 's

text: three

text: week

text: divisional

text: playoffs

text: which

text: culminate

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: November

text: Grey

text: Cup

text: championship

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: annual

text: sports

text: and

text: television

text: event

question: member_of_sports_team leron mitchell

answer: toronto argonauts

text: toronto argonauts


text: The Suda or Souda is a large 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Suidas. It is an encyclopedic lexicon, written in Greek, with 30,000 entries, many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval Christian compilers. The derivation is probably from the Byzantine Greek word "souda", meaning "fortress" or "stronghold," with the alternate name, "Suidas", stemming from an error made by Eustathius, who mistook the title for the author's name.

text: The

text: Suda

text: or

text: Souda

text: is

text: large

text: century

text: Byzantine

text: encyclopedia

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Mediterranean

text: world

text: formerly

text: attributed

text: to

text: an

text: author

text: called

text: Suidas

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: encyclopedic

text: lexicon

text: written

text: in

text: Greek

text: with

text: entries

text: many

text: drawing

text: from

text: ancient

text: sources

text: that

text: have

text: since

text: been

text: lost

text: and

text: often

text: derived

text: from

text: medieval

text: Christian

text: compilers

text: The

text: derivation

text: is

text: probably

text: from

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Greek

text: word

text: souda

text: meaning

text: fortress

text: or

text: stronghold

text: with

text: the

text: alternate

text: name

text: Suidas

text: stemming

text: from

text: an

text: error

text: made

text: by

text: Eustathius

text: who

text: mistook

text: the

text: title

text: for

text: the

text: author

text: 's

text: name

text: Euclid of Megara (also Euclides, Eucleides c. 435  c. 365 BCE) was a Greek Socratic philosopher who founded the Megarian school of philosophy. He was a pupil of Socrates in the late 5th century BCE, and was present at his death. He held the supreme good to be one, eternal and unchangeable, and denied the existence of anything contrary to the good. Editors and translators in the Middle Ages often confused him with Euclid of Alexandria when discussing the latter's "Elements".

text: Euclid

text: of

text: Megara

text: also

text: Euclides

text: Eucleides

text: BCE

text: was

text: Greek

text: Socratic

text: philosopher

text: who

text: founded

text: the

text: Megarian

text: school

text: of

text: philosophy

text: He

text: was

text: pupil

text: of

text: Socrates

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: BCE

text: and

text: was

text: present

text: at

text: his

text: death

text: He

text: held

text: the

text: supreme

text: good

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: eternal

text: and

text: unchangeable

text: and

text: denied

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: anything

text: contrary

text: to

text: the

text: good

text: Editors

text: and

text: translators

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: often

text: confused

text: him

text: with

text: Euclid

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: when

text: discussing

text: the

text: latter

text: 's

text: Elements

text: The province of Cosenza is a province in the Calabria region of Italy. Its provincial capital is the city of Cosenza. It contains 155 "comuni" ("comune"), listed at comunes of the Province of Cosenza.

text: The

text: province

text: of

text: Cosenza

text: is

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: Calabria

text: region

text: of

text: Italy

text: Its

text: provincial

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Cosenza

text: It

text: contains

text: comuni

text: comune

text: listed

text: at

text: comunes

text: of

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Cosenza

text: Claudius Ptolemy ("Klaúdios Ptolemaîos", ; ) was a Greek writer, known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in the city of Alexandria in the Roman province of Egypt, wrote in Koine Greek, and held Roman citizenship. Beyond that, few reliable details of his life are known. His birthplace has been given as Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid in an uncorroborated statement by the 14th-century astronomer Theodore Meliteniotes. This is a very late attestation, however, and there is no other reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168.

text: Claudius

text: Ptolemy

text: Klaúdios

text: Ptolemaîos

text: was

text: Greek

text: writer

text: known

text: as

text: mathematician

text: astronomer

text: geographer

text: astrologer

text: and

text: poet

text: of

text: single

text: epigram

text: in

text: the

text: Greek

text: Anthology

text: He

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: province

text: of

text: Egypt

text: wrote

text: in

text: Koine

text: Greek

text: and

text: held

text: Roman

text: citizenship

text: Beyond

text: that

text: few

text: reliable

text: details

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: are

text: known

text: His

text: birthplace

text: has

text: been

text: given

text: as

text: Ptolemais

text: Hermiou

text: in

text: the

text: Thebaid

text: in

text: an

text: uncorroborated

text: statement

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: astronomer

text: Theodore

text: Meliteniotes

text: This

text: is

text: very

text: late

text: attestation

text: however

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: other

text: reason

text: to

text: suppose

text: that

text: he

text: ever

text: lived

text: anywhere

text: else

text: than

text: Alexandria

text: where

text: he

text: died

text: around

text: AD

text: Pyrrho ("Pyrrn", c. 360 BC  c. 270 BC), was a Greek philosopher of Classical Antiquity and is credited as being the first Greek skeptic philosopher.

text: Pyrrho

text: Pyrrn

text: BC

text: BC

text: was

text: Greek

text: philosopher

text: of

text: Classical

text: Antiquity

text: and

text: is

text: credited

text: as

text: being

text: the

text: first

text: Greek

text: skeptic

text: philosopher

text: Megara is a historic town and a municipality in West Attica, Greece. It lies in the northern section of the Isthmus of Corinth opposite the island of Salamis, which belonged to Megara in archaic times, before being taken by Athens. Megara was one of the four districts of Attica, embodied in the four mythic sons of King Pandion II, of whom Nisos was the ruler of Megara. Megara was also a trade port, its people using their ships and wealth as a way to gain leverage on armies of neighboring poleis. Megara specialized in the exportation of wool and other animal products including livestock such as horses. It possessed two harbors, Pegae, to the west on the Corinthian Gulf and Nisaea, to the east on the Saronic Gulf of the Aegean Sea.

text: Megara

text: is

text: historic

text: town

text: and

text: municipality

text: in

text: West

text: Attica

text: Greece

text: It

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: Isthmus

text: of

text: Corinth

text: opposite

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Salamis

text: which

text: belonged

text: to

text: Megara

text: in

text: archaic

text: times

text: before

text: being

text: taken

text: by

text: Athens

text: Megara

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: districts

text: of

text: Attica

text: embodied

text: in

text: the

text: four

text: mythic

text: sons

text: of

text: King

text: Pandion

text: II

text: of

text: whom

text: Nisos

text: was

text: the

text: ruler

text: of

text: Megara

text: Megara

text: was

text: also

text: trade

text: port

text: its

text: people

text: using

text: their

text: ships

text: and

text: wealth

text: as

text: way

text: to

text: gain

text: leverage

text: on

text: armies

text: of

text: neighboring

text: poleis

text: Megara

text: specialized

text: in

text: the

text: exportation

text: of

text: wool

text: and

text: other

text: animal

text: products

text: including

text: livestock

text: such

text: as

text: horses

text: It

text: possessed

text: two

text: harbors

text: Pegae

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: on

text: the

text: Corinthian

text: Gulf

text: and

text: Nisaea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: on

text: the

text: Saronic

text: Gulf

text: of

text: the

text: Aegean

text: Sea

text: Magna Graecia (; Latin meaning "Great Greece", , "Megál Hellás") was the name given by the Romans to the coastal areas of Southern Italy in the present-day regions of Campania, Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria and Sicily that were extensively populated by Greek settlers; particularly the Achaean settlements of Croton, and Sybaris, and to the north, the settlements of Cumae and Neapolis. The settlers who began arriving in the 8th century BC brought with them their Hellenic civilization, which was to leave a lasting imprint in Italy, such as in the culture of ancient Rome. Most notably the Roman poet Ovid referred to the south of Italy as "Magna Graecia" in his poem "Fasti".

text: Magna

text: Graecia

text: Latin

text: meaning

text: Great

text: Greece

text: Megál

text: Hellás

text: was

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: to

text: the

text: coastal

text: areas

text: of

text: Southern

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: regions

text: of

text: Campania

text: Apulia

text: Basilicata

text: Calabria

text: and

text: Sicily

text: that

text: were

text: extensively

text: populated

text: by

text: Greek

text: settlers

text: particularly

text: the

text: Achaean

text: settlements

text: of

text: Croton

text: and

text: Sybaris

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: settlements

text: of

text: Cumae

text: and

text: Neapolis

text: The

text: settlers

text: who

text: began

text: arriving

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: brought

text: with

text: them

text: their

text: Hellenic

text: civilization

text: which

text: was

text: to

text: leave

text: lasting

text: imprint

text: in

text: Italy

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: culture

text: of

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: Most

text: notably

text: the

text: Roman

text: poet

text: Ovid

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: Italy

text: as

text: Magna

text: Graecia

text: in

text: his

text: poem

text: Fasti

text: Clinomachus ( Greek :  ; 4th - century BCE ) , was a Megarian philosopher from Thurii . He is said by Diogenes Laërtius to have been the first who composed treatises on the fundamental principles of dialectics , and he is described as the founder of the Dialectical school . According to the Suda , he was the disciple of Euclid of Megara , and he taught Bryson , the teacher of Pyrrho . He thus lived towards the earlier half of the 4th century BC.

text: Clinomachus

text: Greek

text: century

text: BCE

text: was

text: Megarian

text: philosopher

text: from

text: Thurii

text: He

text: is

text: said

text: by

text: Diogenes

text: Laërtius

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: the

text: first

text: who

text: composed

text: treatises

text: on

text: the

text: fundamental

text: principles

text: of

text: dialectics

text: and

text: he

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Dialectical

text: school

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Suda

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: disciple

text: of

text: Euclid

text: of

text: Megara

text: and

text: he

text: taught

text: Bryson

text: the

text: teacher

text: of

text: Pyrrho

text: He

text: thus

text: lived

text: towards

text: the

text: earlier

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: Calabria (' in Calabrian, ' in Calabrian Greek, in Greek, ' in Arbëresh), known in antiquity as Bruttium or formerly as Italia, is a region in Southern Italy, forming the "toe" of the Italian Peninsula.

text: Calabria

text: in

text: Calabrian

text: in

text: Calabrian

text: Greek

text: in

text: Greek

text: in

text: Arbëresh

text: known

text: in

text: antiquity

text: as

text: Bruttium

text: or

text: formerly

text: as

text: Italia

text: is

text: region

text: in

text: Southern

text: Italy

text: forming

text: the

text: toe

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: The Megarian school of philosophy, which flourished in the 4th century BC, was founded by Euclides of Megara, one of the pupils of Socrates. Its ethical teachings were derived from Socrates, recognizing a single good, which was apparently combined with the Eleatic doctrine of Unity. Some of Euclides' successors developed logic to such an extent that they became a separate school, known as the Dialectical school. Their work on modal logic, logical conditionals, and propositional logic played an important role in the development of logic in antiquity.

text: The

text: Megarian

text: school

text: of

text: philosophy

text: which

text: flourished

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Euclides

text: of

text: Megara

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: pupils

text: of

text: Socrates

text: Its

text: ethical

text: teachings

text: were

text: derived

text: from

text: Socrates

text: recognizing

text: single

text: good

text: which

text: was

text: apparently

text: combined

text: with

text: the

text: Eleatic

text: doctrine

text: of

text: Unity

text: Some

text: of

text: Euclides

text: successors

text: developed

text: logic

text: to

text: such

text: an

text: extent

text: that

text: they

text: became

text: separate

text: school

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Dialectical

text: school

text: Their

text: work

text: on

text: modal

text: logic

text: logical

text: conditionals

text: and

text: propositional

text: logic

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: logic

text: in

text: antiquity

text: Souda is a town and former municipality in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Chania, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of . It is an important ferry and naval port at the head of Souda Bay.

text: Souda

text: is

text: town

text: and

text: former

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: Chania

text: regional

text: unit

text: Crete

text: Greece

text: Since

text: the

text: local

text: government

text: reform

text: it

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: municipality

text: Chania

text: of

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: municipal

text: unit

text: The

text: municipal

text: unit

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: ferry

text: and

text: naval

text: port

text: at

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: Souda

text: Bay

text: Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as "lo Stivale" (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state.

text: Italy

text: officially

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Italy

text: shares

text: open

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovenia

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Italy

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: shape

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: Italy

text: as

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: EU

text: member

text: state

text: In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.

text: In

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Europe

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: or

text: medieval

text: period

text: lasted

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: The

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: is

text: the

text: middle

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: traditional

text: divisions

text: of

text: Western

text: history

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: the

text: medieval

text: period

text: and

text: the

text: modern

text: period

text: The

text: medieval

text: period

text: is

text: itself

text: subdivided

text: into

text: the

text: Early

text: High

text: and

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Thurii, called also by some Latin writers Thurium (compare in Ptolemy), for a time also Copia and Copiae, was a city of Magna Graecia, situated on the Tarentine gulf, within a short distance of the site of Sybaris, whose place it may be considered as having taken. The ruins of the city can be found in the Sybaris archaeological park near Sibari in the Province of Cosenza, Calabria, Italy.

text: Thurii

text: called

text: also

text: by

text: some

text: Latin

text: writers

text: Thurium

text: compare

text: in

text: Ptolemy

text: for

text: time

text: also

text: Copia

text: and

text: Copiae

text: was

text: city

text: of

text: Magna

text: Graecia

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: Tarentine

text: gulf

text: within

text: short

text: distance

text: of

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: Sybaris

text: whose

text: place

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: considered

text: as

text: having

text: taken

text: The

text: ruins

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Sybaris

text: archaeological

text: park

text: near

text: Sibari

text: in

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Cosenza

text: Calabria

text: Italy

text: Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is a term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world. It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and Southwestern Asia.

text: Classical

text: antiquity

text: also

text: the

text: classical

text: era

text: classical

text: period

text: or

text: classical

text: age

text: is

text: term

text: for

text: long

text: period

text: of

text: cultural

text: history

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: comprising

text: the

text: interlocking

text: civilizations

text: of

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: Greek

text: and

text: Roman

text: society

text: flourished

text: and

text: wielded

text: great

text: influence

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: Southwestern

text: Asia

annotations: likely multiple

question: country_of_citizenship clinomachus

answer: greece

text: greece

text: greece

text: greece

text: greece


text: Rome is a city and special "comune" (named "Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2,870,336 residents in , it is also the country's largest and most populated "comune" and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4.3 million residents. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of Tiber river. The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states.

text: Rome

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: special

text: comune

text: named

text: Roma

text: Capitale

text: in

text: Italy

text: Rome

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Italy

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Lazio

text: region

text: With

text: residents

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populated

text: comune

text: and

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: by

text: population

text: within

text: city

text: limits

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: City

text: of

text: Rome

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: residents

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: western

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: within

text: Lazio

text: Latium

text: along

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: Tiber

text: river

text: The

text: Vatican

text: City

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: country

text: geographically

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: boundaries

text: of

text: Rome

text: the

text: only

text: existing

text: example

text: of

text: country

text: within

text: city

text: for

text: this

text: reason

text: Rome

text: has

text: been

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: capital

text: of

text: two

text: states

text: Umberto Benigni was a Catholic priest and Church historian , who was born on 30 March 1862 in Perugia , Italy and died on 27 February 1934 in Rome .

text: Umberto

text: Benigni

text: was

text: Catholic

text: priest

text: and

text: Church

text: historian

text: who

text: was

text: born

text: on

text: March

text: in

text: Perugia

text: Italy

text: and

text: died

text: on

text: February

text: in

text: Rome

text: San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino, also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, is an enclaved microstate surrounded by Italy, situated on the Italian Peninsula on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains. Its size is just over , with a population of 33,562. Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest city is Dogana. San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe.

text: San

text: Marino

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: San

text: Marino

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Most

text: Serene

text: Republic

text: of

text: San

text: Marino

text: is

text: an

text: enclaved

text: microstate

text: surrounded

text: by

text: Italy

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: on

text: the

text: northeastern

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Apennine

text: Mountains

text: Its

text: size

text: is

text: just

text: over

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Dogana

text: San

text: Marino

text: has

text: the

text: smallest

text: population

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Europe

text: The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency.

text: The

text: euro

text: sign

text: code

text: EUR

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: currency

text: of

text: the

text: eurozone

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Austria

text: Belgium

text: Cyprus

text: Estonia

text: Finland

text: France

text: Germany

text: Greece

text: Ireland

text: Italy

text: Latvia

text: Lithuania

text: Luxembourg

text: Malta

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Portugal

text: Slovakia

text: Slovenia

text: and

text: Spain

text: The

text: currency

text: is

text: also

text: officially

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: institutions

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: four

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: unilaterally

text: by

text: two

text: others

text: and

text: is

text: consequently

text: used

text: daily

text: by

text: some

text: million

text: Europeans

text: Outside

text: of

text: Europe

text: number

text: of

text: overseas

text: territories

text: of

text: EU

text: members

text: also

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: as

text: their

text: currency

text: The Umbri were an Italic tribe of ancient Italy. A region called Umbria still exists and is now occupied by Italian speakers. It is somewhat smaller than the ancient Umbria.

text: The

text: Umbri

text: were

text: an

text: Italic

text: tribe

text: of

text: ancient

text: Italy

text: region

text: called

text: Umbria

text: still

text: exists

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: occupied

text: by

text: Italian

text: speakers

text: It

text: is

text: somewhat

text: smaller

text: than

text: the

text: ancient

text: Umbria

text: Umbria, is a region of historic and modern central Italy. It is the only Italian region having neither a coastline nor a border with other countries. It includes the Lake Trasimeno, Marmore's Falls, and is crossed by the River Tiber. The regional capital is Perugia. Umbria is known for its landscapes, traditions, history, culinary delights, artistic legacy, and influence on culture.

text: Umbria

text: is

text: region

text: of

text: historic

text: and

text: modern

text: central

text: Italy

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: Italian

text: region

text: having

text: neither

text: coastline

text: nor

text: border

text: with

text: other

text: countries

text: It

text: includes

text: the

text: Lake

text: Trasimeno

text: Marmore

text: 's

text: Falls

text: and

text: is

text: crossed

text: by

text: the

text: River

text: Tiber

text: The

text: regional

text: capital

text: is

text: Perugia

text: Umbria

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: landscapes

text: traditions

text: history

text: culinary

text: delights

text: artistic

text: legacy

text: and

text: influence

text: on

text: culture

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula ("Penisola appenninica") is the central and the smallest of the three large peninsulas of Southern Europe (between the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula). It extends from the Po Valley in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south. The peninsula's shape gives it the nickname "lo Stivale" (the Boot). Three smaller peninsulas contribute to this characteristic shape, namely Calabria (the "toe"), Salento (the "heel") and Gargano (the "spur").

text: The

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: or

text: Apennine

text: Peninsula

text: Penisola

text: appenninica

text: is

text: the

text: central

text: and

text: the

text: smallest

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: large

text: peninsulas

text: of

text: Southern

text: Europe

text: between

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: the

text: Balkan

text: Peninsula

text: It

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Po

text: Valley

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: central

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: peninsula

text: 's

text: shape

text: gives

text: it

text: the

text: nickname

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: Three

text: smaller

text: peninsulas

text: contribute

text: to

text: this

text: characteristic

text: shape

text: namely

text: Calabria

text: the

text: toe

text: Salento

text: the

text: heel

text: and

text: Gargano

text: the

text: spur

text:
Perugia is the capital city of both the region of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the river Tiber, and of the province of Perugia.
The city is located about north of Rome and south-east of Florence. It covers a high hilltop and part of the valleys around the area. The region of Umbria is bordered by Tuscany, Lazio, and Marche.
The history of Perugia goes back to the Etruscan period; Perugia was one of the main Etruscan cities.
The city is also known as the universities town, with the University of Perugia founded in 1308 (about 34,000 students), the University for Foreigners (5,000 students), and some smaller colleges such the Academy of Fine Arts "Pietro Vannucci" public athenaeum founded in 1573, the Perugia University Institute of Linguistic Mediation for translators and interpreters, the Music Conservatory of Perugia, founded in 1788, and others Institutes.

text: Perugia

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Umbria

text: in

text: central

text: Italy

text: crossed

text: by

text: the

text: river

text: Tiber

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Perugia

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: about

text: north

text: of

text: Rome

text: and

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: Florence

text: It

text: covers

text: high

text: hilltop

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: valleys

text: around

text: the

text: area

text: The

text: region

text: of

text: Umbria

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Tuscany

text: Lazio

text: and

text: Marche

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: Perugia

text: goes

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Etruscan

text: period

text: Perugia

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: Etruscan

text: cities

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: universities

text: town

text: with

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Perugia

text: founded

text: in

text: about

text: students

text: the

text: University

text: for

text: Foreigners

text: students

text: and

text: some

text: smaller

text: colleges

text: such

text: the

text: Academy

text: of

text: Fine

text: Arts

text: Pietro

text: Vannucci

text: public

text: athenaeum

text: founded

text: in

text: the

text: Perugia

text: University

text: Institute

text: of

text: Linguistic

text: Mediation

text: for

text: translators

text: and

text: interpreters

text: the

text: Music

text: Conservatory

text: of

text: Perugia

text: founded

text: in

text: and

text: others

text: Institutes

text: The Tiber (Latin "Tiberis", Italian "") is the third-longest river in Italy, rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia-Romagna and flowing through Umbria and Lazio, where it is joined by the Aniene river, to the Tyrrhenian Sea, between Ostia and Fiumicino. It drains a basin estimated at . The river has achieved lasting fame as the main watercourse of the city of Rome, founded on its eastern banks.

text: The

text: Tiber

text: Latin

text: Tiberis

text: Italian

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: longest

text: river

text: in

text: Italy

text: rising

text: in

text: the

text: Apennine

text: Mountains

text: in

text: Emilia

text: Romagna

text: and

text: flowing

text: through

text: Umbria

text: and

text: Lazio

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: joined

text: by

text: the

text: Aniene

text: river

text: to

text: the

text: Tyrrhenian

text: Sea

text: between

text: Ostia

text: and

text: Fiumicino

text: It

text: drains

text: basin

text: estimated

text: at

text: The

text: river

text: has

text: achieved

text: lasting

text: fame

text: as

text: the

text: main

text: watercourse

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: founded

text: on

text: its

text: eastern

text: banks

text: Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: "RS"), is a nation state in southern Central Europe, located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. It covers and has a population of 2.06 million. It is a parliamentary republic and a member of the United Nations, European Union, and NATO. The capital and largest city is Ljubljana.

text: Slovenia

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Slovenia

text: Slovene

text: abbr

text: RS

text: is

text: nation

text: state

text: in

text: southern

text: Central

text: Europe

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: crossroads

text: of

text: main

text: European

text: cultural

text: and

text: trade

text: routes

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Italy

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Austria

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Hungary

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Croatia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: southeast

text: and

text: the

text: Adriatic

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: It

text: covers

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: It

text: is

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: and

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: NATO

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Ljubljana

text: Latium is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire. Latium was originally a small triangle of fertile, volcanic soil on which resided the tribe of the Latins or Latians. It was located on the left bank (east and south) of the Tiber river, extending northward to the Anio river (a left-bank tributary of the Tiber) and southeastward to the Pomptina Palus (Pontine Marshes, now the Pontine Fields) as far south as the Circeian promontory. The right bank of the Tiber was occupied by the Etruscan city of Veii, and the other borders were occupied by Italic tribes. Subsequently, Rome defeated Veii and then its Italic neighbors, expanding Latium to the Apennine Mountains in the northeast and to the opposite end of the marsh in the southeast. The modern descendant, the Italian "Regione" of Lazio, also called "Latium" in Latin, and occasionally in modern English, is somewhat larger still, but not as much as double the original Latium.

text: Latium

text: is

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: central

text: western

text: Italy

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: was

text: founded

text: and

text: grew

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Latium

text: was

text: originally

text: small

text: triangle

text: of

text: fertile

text: volcanic

text: soil

text: on

text: which

text: resided

text: the

text: tribe

text: of

text: the

text: Latins

text: or

text: Latians

text: It

text: was

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: left

text: bank

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Tiber

text: river

text: extending

text: northward

text: to

text: the

text: Anio

text: river

text: left

text: bank

text: tributary

text: of

text: the

text: Tiber

text: and

text: southeastward

text: to

text: the

text: Pomptina

text: Palus

text: Pontine

text: Marshes

text: now

text: the

text: Pontine

text: Fields

text: as

text: far

text: south

text: as

text: the

text: Circeian

text: promontory

text: The

text: right

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Tiber

text: was

text: occupied

text: by

text: the

text: Etruscan

text: city

text: of

text: Veii

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: borders

text: were

text: occupied

text: by

text: Italic

text: tribes

text: Subsequently

text: Rome

text: defeated

text: Veii

text: and

text: then

text: its

text: Italic

text: neighbors

text: expanding

text: Latium

text: to

text: the

text: Apennine

text: Mountains

text: in

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: opposite

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: marsh

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: The

text: modern

text: descendant

text: the

text: Italian

text: Regione

text: of

text: Lazio

text: also

text: called

text: Latium

text: in

text: Latin

text: and

text: occasionally

text: in

text: modern

text: English

text: is

text: somewhat

text: larger

text: still

text: but

text: not

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: double

text: the

text: original

text: Latium

text: Italy

text: officially

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Italy

text: shares

text: open

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovenia

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Italy

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: shape

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: Italy

text: as

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: EU

text: member

text: state

text: University of Perugia (Italian "Università degli Studi di Perugia") is a public-owned university based in Perugia, Italy. It was founded in 1308, as attested by the Bull issued by Pope Clement V certifying the birth of the Studium Generale.

text: University

text: of

text: Perugia

text: Italian

text: Università

text: degli

text: Studi

text: di

text: Perugia

text: is

text: public

text: owned

text: university

text: based

text: in

text: Perugia

text: Italy

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: as

text: attested

text: by

text: the

text: Bull

text: issued

text: by

text: Pope

text: Clement

text: certifying

text: the

text: birth

text: of

text: the

text: Studium

text: Generale

annotations: follows multiple

question: languages_spoken_or_written umberto benigni

answer: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian