text: Sir Henry Peter Francis Swinnerton-Dyer, 16th Baronet (born 2 August 1927), commonly known as Peter Swinnerton-Dyer, is an English mathematician specialising in number theory at University of Cambridge. As a mathematician he is best known for his part in the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture relating algebraic properties of elliptic curves to special values of L-functions, which was developed with Bryan Birch during the first half of the 1960s with the help of machine computation, and for his work on the Titan operating system.

text: Sir

text: Henry

text: Peter

text: Francis

text: Swinnerton

text: Dyer

text: Baronet

text: born

text: August

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Peter

text: Swinnerton

text: Dyer

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: mathematician

text: specialising

text: in

text: number

text: theory

text: at

text: University

text: of

text: Cambridge

text: As

text: mathematician

text: he

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: Birch

text: and

text: Swinnerton

text: Dyer

text: conjecture

text: relating

text: algebraic

text: properties

text: of

text: elliptic

text: curves

text: to

text: special

text: values

text: of

text: functions

text: which

text: was

text: developed

text: with

text: Bryan

text: Birch

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: with

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: machine

text: computation

text: and

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: on

text: the

text: Titan

text: operating

text: system

text: Number theory or, in older usage, arithmetic is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers. It is sometimes called "The Queen of Mathematics" because of its foundational place in the discipline. Number theorists study prime numbers as well as the properties of objects made out of integers (e.g., rational numbers) or defined as generalizations of the integers (e.g., algebraic integers).

text: Number

text: theory

text: or

text: in

text: older

text: usage

text: arithmetic

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: pure

text: mathematics

text: devoted

text: primarily

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: integers

text: It

text: is

text: sometimes

text: called

text: The

text: Queen

text: of

text: Mathematics

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: foundational

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: discipline

text: Number

text: theorists

text: study

text: prime

text: numbers

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: properties

text: of

text: objects

text: made

text: out

text: of

text: integers

text: e.g.

text: rational

text: numbers

text: or

text: defined

text: as

text: generalizations

text: of

text: the

text: integers

text: e.g.

text: algebraic

text: integers

text: Mathematics (from Greek  "máthma", knowledge, study, learning) is the study of topics such as quantity (numbers), structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics.

text: Mathematics

text: from

text: Greek

text: máthma

text: knowledge

text: study

text: learning

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: topics

text: such

text: as

text: quantity

text: numbers

text: structure

text: space

text: and

text: change

text: There

text: is

text: range

text: of

text: views

text: among

text: mathematicians

text: and

text: philosophers

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: exact

text: scope

text: and

text: definition

text: of

text: mathematics

text: The Clay Mathematics Institute (CMI) is a private, non-profit foundation, based in Peterborough, New Hampshire, United States. CMI's scientific activities are managed from the President's office in Oxford, United Kingdom. The institute is "dedicated to increasing and disseminating mathematical knowledge." It gives out various awards and sponsorships to promising mathematicians. The institute was founded in 1998 through the sponsorship of Boston businessman Landon T. Clay. Harvard mathematician Arthur Jaffe was the first president of CMI.

text: The

text: Clay

text: Mathematics

text: Institute

text: CMI

text: is

text: private

text: non

text: profit

text: foundation

text: based

text: in

text: Peterborough

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: United

text: States

text: CMI

text: 's

text: scientific

text: activities

text: are

text: managed

text: from

text: the

text: President

text: 's

text: office

text: in

text: Oxford

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: institute

text: is

text: dedicated

text: to

text: increasing

text: and

text: disseminating

text: mathematical

text: knowledge

text: It

text: gives

text: out

text: various

text: awards

text: and

text: sponsorships

text: to

text: promising

text: mathematicians

text: The

text: institute

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: through

text: the

text: sponsorship

text: of

text: Boston

text: businessman

text: Landon

text: Clay

text: Harvard

text: mathematician

text: Arthur

text: Jaffe

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: president

text: of

text: CMI

text: Sir Andrew John Wiles (born 11 April 1953) is a British mathematician and a Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Oxford, specialising in number theory. He is most notable for proving Fermat's Last Theorem, for which he received the 2016 Abel Prize. Wiles has received numerous other honours.

text: Sir

text: Andrew

text: John

text: Wiles

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: British

text: mathematician

text: and

text: Royal

text: Society

text: Research

text: Professor

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Oxford

text: specialising

text: in

text: number

text: theory

text: He

text: is

text: most

text: notable

text: for

text: proving

text: Fermat

text: 's

text: Last

text: Theorem

text: for

text: which

text: he

text: received

text: the

text: Abel

text: Prize

text: Wiles

text: has

text: received

text: numerous

text: other

text: honours

text: Victor Alexandrovich Kolyvagin ( Russian :    ) is a Russian mathematician who wrote a series of papers on Euler systems , leading to breakthroughs on the Birch and Swinnerton - Dyer conjecture , and Iwasawa 's conjecture for cyclotomic fields . His work also influenced Andrew Wiles 's work on Fermat 's Last Theorem . Kolyvagin received his Ph.D. in Mathematics in 1981 from Moscow State University , where his advisor was Yuri I. Manin . He then worked at Steklov Institute of Mathematics in Moscow until 1994 . In 1990 he received the Chebyshev Prize of the USSR Academy of Sciences . Since 1994 he has been a professor of mathematics in the United States . He was a professor at Johns Hopkins University until 2002 when he became the first person to hold the Mina Rees Chair in mathematics at the Graduate Center Faculty at The City University of New York .

text: Victor

text: Alexandrovich

text: Kolyvagin

text: Russian

text: is

text: Russian

text: mathematician

text: who

text: wrote

text: series

text: of

text: papers

text: on

text: Euler

text: systems

text: leading

text: to

text: breakthroughs

text: on

text: the

text: Birch

text: and

text: Swinnerton

text: Dyer

text: conjecture

text: and

text: Iwasawa

text: 's

text: conjecture

text: for

text: cyclotomic

text: fields

text: His

text: work

text: also

text: influenced

text: Andrew

text: Wiles

text: 's

text: work

text: on

text: Fermat

text: 's

text: Last

text: Theorem

text: Kolyvagin

text: received

text: his

text: Ph.D.

text: in

text: Mathematics

text: in

text: from

text: Moscow

text: State

text: University

text: where

text: his

text: advisor

text: was

text: Yuri

text: Manin

text: He

text: then

text: worked

text: at

text: Steklov

text: Institute

text: of

text: Mathematics

text: in

text: Moscow

text: until

text: In

text: he

text: received

text: the

text: Chebyshev

text: Prize

text: of

text: the

text: USSR

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: Since

text: he

text: has

text: been

text: professor

text: of

text: mathematics

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: He

text: was

text: professor

text: at

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: University

text: until

text: when

text: he

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: to

text: hold

text: the

text: Mina

text: Rees

text: Chair

text: in

text: mathematics

text: at

text: the

text: Graduate

text: Center

text: Faculty

text: at

text: The

text: City

text: University

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: In mathematics, an elliptic curve is a plane algebraic curve defined by an equation of the form

text: In

text: mathematics

text: an

text: elliptic

text: curve

text: is

text: plane

text: algebraic

text: curve

text: defined

text: by

text: an

text: equation

text: of

text: the

text: form

text: In mathematics, an Euler system is a collection of compatible elements of Galois cohomology groups indexed by fields. They were introduced by in his work on Heegner points on modular elliptic curves, which was motivated by his earlier paper and the work of . Euler systems are named after Leonhard Euler because the factors relating different elements of an Euler system resemble the Euler factors of an Euler product.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: an

text: Euler

text: system

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: compatible

text: elements

text: of

text: Galois

text: cohomology

text: groups

text: indexed

text: by

text: fields

text: They

text: were

text: introduced

text: by

text: in

text: his

text: work

text: on

text: Heegner

text: points

text: on

text: modular

text: elliptic

text: curves

text: which

text: was

text: motivated

text: by

text: his

text: earlier

text: paper

text: and

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Euler

text: systems

text: are

text: named

text: after

text: Leonhard

text: Euler

text: because

text: the

text: factors

text: relating

text: different

text: elements

text: of

text: an

text: Euler

text: system

text: resemble

text: the

text: Euler

text: factors

text: of

text: an

text: Euler

text: product

text: The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University or simply Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England, United Kingdom. While having no known date of foundation, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's second-oldest university in continuous operation. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled northeast to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two "ancient universities" are frequently jointly referred to as "Oxbridge".

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Oxford

text: informally

text: Oxford

text: University

text: or

text: simply

text: Oxford

text: is

text: collegiate

text: research

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Oxford

text: England

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: While

text: having

text: no

text: known

text: date

text: of

text: foundation

text: there

text: is

text: evidence

text: of

text: teaching

text: as

text: far

text: back

text: as

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: oldest

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: oldest

text: university

text: in

text: continuous

text: operation

text: It

text: grew

text: rapidly

text: from

text: when

text: Henry

text: II

text: banned

text: English

text: students

text: from

text: attending

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Paris

text: After

text: disputes

text: between

text: students

text: and

text: Oxford

text: townsfolk

text: in

text: some

text: academics

text: fled

text: northeast

text: to

text: Cambridge

text: where

text: they

text: established

text: what

text: became

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Cambridge

text: The

text: two

text: ancient

text: universities

text: are

text: frequently

text: jointly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Oxbridge

text: Leonhard Euler (15 April 170718 September 1783) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engineer who made important and influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics like infinitesimal calculus and graph theory while also making pioneering contributions to several branches such as topology and analytic number theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also known for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, astronomy, and music theory.

text: Leonhard

text: Euler

text: April

text: September

text: was

text: Swiss

text: mathematician

text: physicist

text: astronomer

text: logician

text: and

text: engineer

text: who

text: made

text: important

text: and

text: influential

text: discoveries

text: in

text: many

text: branches

text: of

text: mathematics

text: like

text: infinitesimal

text: calculus

text: and

text: graph

text: theory

text: while

text: also

text: making

text: pioneering

text: contributions

text: to

text: several

text: branches

text: such

text: as

text: topology

text: and

text: analytic

text: number

text: theory

text: He

text: also

text: introduced

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: mathematical

text: terminology

text: and

text: notation

text: particularly

text: for

text: mathematical

text: analysis

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: notion

text: of

text: mathematical

text: function

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: in

text: mechanics

text: fluid

text: dynamics

text: optics

text: astronomy

text: and

text: music

text: theory

text: In number theory, Fermat's Last Theorem (sometimes called Fermat's conjecture, especially in older texts) states that no three positive integers , , and satisfy the equation for any integer value of greater than 2. The cases and have been known to have infinitely many solutions since antiquity.

text: In

text: number

text: theory

text: Fermat

text: 's

text: Last

text: Theorem

text: sometimes

text: called

text: Fermat

text: 's

text: conjecture

text: especially

text: in

text: older

text: texts

text: states

text: that

text: no

text: three

text: positive

text: integers

text: and

text: satisfy

text: the

text: equation

text: for

text: any

text: integer

text: value

text: of

text: greater

text: than

text: The

text: cases

text: and

text: have

text: been

text: known

text: to

text: have

text: infinitely

text: many

text: solutions

text: since

text: antiquity

text:
The President, Council and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, commonly known as the Royal Society, is a learned society for science and is possibly the oldest such society still in existence. Founded in November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II as "The Royal Society". The Society is the United Kingdom's and Commonwealth of Nations' Academy of Sciences and fulfills a number of roles; promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, fostering international and global cooperation, education and public engagement.
The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the Society's President, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the President are elected from and by its Fellows, the basic members of the society, who are themselves elected by existing Fellows. As of 2016, there are about 1,600 fellows, allowed to use the postnominal title FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society), with up to 52 new fellows appointed each year. There are also royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members, the last of which are allowed to use the postnominal title ForMemRS (Foreign Member of the Royal Society). The Royal Society President is Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, who took up the post on November 30, 2015.

text: The

text: President

text: Council

text: and

text: Fellows

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: of

text: London

text: for

text: Improving

text: Natural

text: Knowledge

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: is

text: learned

text: society

text: for

text: science

text: and

text: is

text: possibly

text: the

text: oldest

text: such

text: society

text: still

text: in

text: existence

text: Founded

text: in

text: November

text: it

text: was

text: granted

text: royal

text: charter

text: by

text: King

text: Charles

text: II

text: as

text: The

text: Royal

text: Society

text: The

text: Society

text: is

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: and

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Nations

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: and

text: fulfills

text: number

text: of

text: roles

text: promoting

text: science

text: and

text: its

text: benefits

text: recognising

text: excellence

text: in

text: science

text: supporting

text: outstanding

text: science

text: providing

text: scientific

text: advice

text: for

text: policy

text: fostering

text: international

text: and

text: global

text: cooperation

text: education

text: and

text: public

text: engagement

text: The

text: society

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: its

text: Council

text: which

text: is

text: chaired

text: by

text: the

text: Society

text: 's

text: President

text: according

text: to

text: set

text: of

text: statutes

text: and

text: standing

text: orders

text: The

text: members

text: of

text: Council

text: and

text: the

text: President

text: are

text: elected

text: from

text: and

text: by

text: its

text: Fellows

text: the

text: basic

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: society

text: who

text: are

text: themselves

text: elected

text: by

text: existing

text: Fellows

text: As

text: of

text: there

text: are

text: about

text: fellows

text: allowed

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: postnominal

text: title

text: FRS

text: Fellow

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: with

text: up

text: to

text: new

text: fellows

text: appointed

text: each

text: year

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: royal

text: fellows

text: honorary

text: fellows

text: and

text: foreign

text: members

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: allowed

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: postnominal

text: title

text: ForMemRS

text: Foreign

text: Member

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: The

text: Royal

text: Society

text: President

text: is

text: Venkatraman

text: Ramakrishnan

text: who

text: took

text: up

text: the

text: post

text: on

text: November

text: In mathematics, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture describes the set of rational solutions to equations defining an elliptic curve. It is an open problem in the field of number theory and is widely recognized as one of the most challenging mathematical problems. The conjecture was chosen as one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems listed by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which has offered a $1,000,000 prize for the first correct proof. It is named after mathematicians Bryan Birch and Peter Swinnerton-Dyer who developed the conjecture during the first half of the 1960s with the help of machine computation. , only special cases of the conjecture have been proved.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: the

text: Birch

text: and

text: Swinnerton

text: Dyer

text: conjecture

text: describes

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: rational

text: solutions

text: to

text: equations

text: defining

text: an

text: elliptic

text: curve

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: open

text: problem

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: number

text: theory

text: and

text: is

text: widely

text: recognized

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: challenging

text: mathematical

text: problems

text: The

text: conjecture

text: was

text: chosen

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: seven

text: Millennium

text: Prize

text: Problems

text: listed

text: by

text: the

text: Clay

text: Mathematics

text: Institute

text: which

text: has

text: offered

text: prize

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: correct

text: proof

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: mathematicians

text: Bryan

text: Birch

text: and

text: Peter

text: Swinnerton

text: Dyer

text: who

text: developed

text: the

text: conjecture

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: with

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: machine

text: computation

text: only

text: special

text: cases

text: of

text: the

text: conjecture

text: have

text: been

text: proved

question: field_of_work victor kolyvagin

answer: number theory

text: number theory

text: number theory

text: number theory

text: number theory

text: number theory

text: number theory


text: Ludvig Immanuel Nobel (Russian:   ; Swedish: "Ludvig Emmanuel Nobel" ; 27 July 1831, Stockholm  12 April 1888, Cannes) was a Swedish-Russian engineer, a noted businessman and a humanitarian. One of the most prominent members of the Nobel family, he was the son of Immanuel Nobel (also an engineering pioneer) and the older brother of Alfred Nobel (founder of the Nobel Prize). With his brother Robert, he operated Branobel, an oil company in Baku, Azerbaijan which at one point produced 50% of the world's oil. He is credited with creating the Russian oil industry. Ludvig Nobel built the largest fortune of any of the Nobel brothers and was one of the world's richest men. Following the Bolshevik revolution, the communists confiscated the Nobel family's vast fortune in Russia.

text: Ludvig

text: Immanuel

text: Nobel

text: Russian

text: Swedish

text: Ludvig

text: Emmanuel

text: Nobel

text: July

text: Stockholm

text: April

text: Cannes

text: was

text: Swedish

text: Russian

text: engineer

text: noted

text: businessman

text: and

text: humanitarian

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: prominent

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Nobel

text: family

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Immanuel

text: Nobel

text: also

text: an

text: engineering

text: pioneer

text: and

text: the

text: older

text: brother

text: of

text: Alfred

text: Nobel

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: With

text: his

text: brother

text: Robert

text: he

text: operated

text: Branobel

text: an

text: oil

text: company

text: in

text: Baku

text: Azerbaijan

text: which

text: at

text: one

text: point

text: produced

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oil

text: He

text: is

text: credited

text: with

text: creating

text: the

text: Russian

text: oil

text: industry

text: Ludvig

text: Nobel

text: built

text: the

text: largest

text: fortune

text: of

text: any

text: of

text: the

text: Nobel

text: brothers

text: and

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: richest

text: men

text: Following

text: the

text: Bolshevik

text: revolution

text: the

text: communists

text: confiscated

text: the

text: Nobel

text: family

text: 's

text: vast

text: fortune

text: in

text: Russia

text: Emil Oskar Nobel (also Oscar; 1843  3 September 1864) was a member of the Nobel family, the youngest son of Immanuel Nobel, the younger, and of his wife Caroline Andrietta Ahlsell. He was brother of Robert Nobel, Ludvig Nobel and Alfred Nobel. Emil died on September 3, 1864, the victim of an explosion while experimenting with nitroglycerine in his father's factory in Heleneborg, Stockholm. His brother Alfred later managed to stabilize dynamite with diatomaceous earth. Alfred was not in the factory at the time of Emil's death.

text: Emil

text: Oskar

text: Nobel

text: also

text: Oscar

text: September

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Nobel

text: family

text: the

text: youngest

text: son

text: of

text: Immanuel

text: Nobel

text: the

text: younger

text: and

text: of

text: his

text: wife

text: Caroline

text: Andrietta

text: Ahlsell

text: He

text: was

text: brother

text: of

text: Robert

text: Nobel

text: Ludvig

text: Nobel

text: and

text: Alfred

text: Nobel

text: Emil

text: died

text: on

text: September

text: the

text: victim

text: of

text: an

text: explosion

text: while

text: experimenting

text: with

text: nitroglycerine

text: in

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: factory

text: in

text: Heleneborg

text: Stockholm

text: His

text: brother

text: Alfred

text: later

text: managed

text: to

text: stabilize

text: dynamite

text: with

text: diatomaceous

text: earth

text: Alfred

text: was

text: not

text: in

text: the

text: factory

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Emil

text: 's

text: death

text: Immanuel Nobel the Younger (24 March 1801  3 September 1872) was a Swedish engineer, architect, inventor and industrialist. He was the inventor of the rotary lathe used in plywood manufacturing. He was a member of the Nobel family and the father of Robert Nobel, Ludvig Nobel and Alfred Nobel. He also often experimented with nitroglycerin with his sons, which led to his son Emil Oskar Nobel's death because of an explosion at his father's factory Heleneborg in Stockholm in 1864.

text: Immanuel

text: Nobel

text: the

text: Younger

text: March

text: September

text: was

text: Swedish

text: engineer

text: architect

text: inventor

text: and

text: industrialist

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: inventor

text: of

text: the

text: rotary

text: lathe

text: used

text: in

text: plywood

text: manufacturing

text: He

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Nobel

text: family

text: and

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: Robert

text: Nobel

text: Ludvig

text: Nobel

text: and

text: Alfred

text: Nobel

text: He

text: also

text: often

text: experimented

text: with

text: nitroglycerin

text: with

text: his

text: sons

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: his

text: son

text: Emil

text: Oskar

text: Nobel

text: 's

text: death

text: because

text: of

text: an

text: explosion

text: at

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: factory

text: Heleneborg

text: in

text: Stockholm

text: in

text: The Nobel family is a prominent Swedish and Russian family closely related to the history both of Sweden and of Russia in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its legacy includes its outstanding contributions to philanthropy and to the development of the armament industry and of the oil industry. Some of its foremost members are Immanuel Nobel, the younger, engineer developer of underwater naval mines and inventor of the rotary lathe used to produce plywood, Ludvig Nobel, the founder of Branobel and one of the richest and most important men in Russia at his time, and Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite who left the major part of his estate to the creation of the Nobel Prizes.

text: The

text: Nobel

text: family

text: is

text: prominent

text: Swedish

text: and

text: Russian

text: family

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: history

text: both

text: of

text: Sweden

text: and

text: of

text: Russia

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: Its

text: legacy

text: includes

text: its

text: outstanding

text: contributions

text: to

text: philanthropy

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: armament

text: industry

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: oil

text: industry

text: Some

text: of

text: its

text: foremost

text: members

text: are

text: Immanuel

text: Nobel

text: the

text: younger

text: engineer

text: developer

text: of

text: underwater

text: naval

text: mines

text: and

text: inventor

text: of

text: the

text: rotary

text: lathe

text: used

text: to

text: produce

text: plywood

text: Ludvig

text: Nobel

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: Branobel

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: richest

text: and

text: most

text: important

text: men

text: in

text: Russia

text: at

text: his

text: time

text: and

text: Alfred

text: Nobel

text: the

text: inventor

text: of

text: dynamite

text: who

text: left

text: the

text: major

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: estate

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prizes

text: Stockholm (or ) is the capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the Nordic countries; 932,917 people live in the municipality, approximately 1.5 million in the urban area, and 2.3 million in the metropolitan area. The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has been settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC, and was founded as a city in 1252 by a Swedish statesman Birger Jarl. It is also the capital of Stockholm County.

text: Stockholm

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Sweden

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Nordic

text: countries

text: people

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: municipality

text: approximately

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: urban

text: area

text: and

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: spread

text: across

text: islands

text: on

text: the

text: coast

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: of

text: Sweden

text: at

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: Lake

text: Mälaren

text: by

text: the

text: Stockholm

text: archipelago

text: and

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: The

text: area

text: has

text: been

text: settled

text: since

text: the

text: Stone

text: Age

text: in

text: the

text: millennium

text: BC

text: and

text: was

text: founded

text: as

text: city

text: in

text: by

text: Swedish

text: statesman

text: Birger

text: Jarl

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Stockholm

text: County

text: Robert Hjalmar Nobel ( / nobl / ; Swedish : ( nbl ) ; August 4 1829 -- August 7 1896 ) was the oldest son of Immanuel Nobel and his wife Caroline Andrietta Ahlsell , brother of Ludvig and Alfred Nobel . He was working for his brother Ludvig when he bought an interest in an oil refinery in Baku , Azerbaijan in 1876 . He and his brother started Branobel , which was an important early oil company that controlled a large amount of Russian output .

text: Robert

text: Hjalmar

text: Nobel

text: nobl

text: Swedish

text: nbl

text: August

text: August

text: was

text: the

text: oldest

text: son

text: of

text: Immanuel

text: Nobel

text: and

text: his

text: wife

text: Caroline

text: Andrietta

text: Ahlsell

text: brother

text: of

text: Ludvig

text: and

text: Alfred

text: Nobel

text: He

text: was

text: working

text: for

text: his

text: brother

text: Ludvig

text: when

text: he

text: bought

text: an

text: interest

text: in

text: an

text: oil

text: refinery

text: in

text: Baku

text: Azerbaijan

text: in

text: He

text: and

text: his

text: brother

text: started

text: Branobel

text: which

text: was

text: an

text: important

text: early

text: oil

text: company

text: that

text: controlled

text: large

text: amount

text: of

text: Russian

text: output

annotations: follows multiple

question: child robert nobel

answer: ludvig nobel

text: ludvig nobel

text: ludvig nobel

text: ludvig nobel

text: ludvig nobel


text: Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding.

text: Baseball

text: is

text: bat

text: and

text: ball

text: game

text: played

text: between

text: two

text: teams

text: of

text: nine

text: players

text: each

text: who

text: take

text: turns

text: batting

text: and

text: fielding

text: Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Geographically located in the south central part of the country, Texas shares borders with the U.S. states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the southwest, while the Gulf of Mexico is to the southeast.

text: Texas

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: by

text: both

text: area

text: and

text: population

text: Geographically

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: central

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: Texas

text: shares

text: borders

text: with

text: the

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Arkansas

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Oklahoma

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: New

text: Mexico

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mexican

text: states

text: of

text: Chihuahua

text: Coahuila

text: Nuevo

text: León

text: and

text: Tamaulipas

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: while

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles). Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent's court. The object of the game is to play the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return. The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while the opposite player will.

text: Tennis

text: is

text: racket

text: sport

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: played

text: individually

text: against

text: single

text: opponent

text: singles

text: or

text: between

text: two

text: teams

text: of

text: two

text: players

text: each

text: doubles

text: Each

text: player

text: uses

text: tennis

text: racket

text: that

text: is

text: strung

text: with

text: cord

text: to

text: strike

text: hollow

text: rubber

text: ball

text: covered

text: with

text: felt

text: over

text: or

text: around

text: net

text: and

text: into

text: the

text: opponent

text: 's

text: court

text: The

text: object

text: of

text: the

text: game

text: is

text: to

text: play

text: the

text: ball

text: in

text: such

text: way

text: that

text: the

text: opponent

text: is

text: not

text: able

text: to

text: play

text: valid

text: return

text: The

text: player

text: who

text: is

text: unable

text: to

text: return

text: the

text: ball

text: will

text: not

text: gain

text: point

text: while

text: the

text: opposite

text: player

text: will

text: Mississippi is a state in the southern region of the United States, with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico. Its western border is formed by the Mississippi River.

text: Mississippi

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: part

text: of

text: its

text: southern

text: border

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: Its

text: western

text: border

text: is

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: The American Southwest Conference (ASC) is a college athletic conference, founded in 1996, whose member schools compete in the NCAA's Division III. The schools are located in Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas and Mississippi. The conference competes in baseball, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's cross country, football, men's and women's golf, men's and women's soccer, softball, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's track and field and women's volleyball.

text: The

text: American

text: Southwest

text: Conference

text: ASC

text: is

text: college

text: athletic

text: conference

text: founded

text: in

text: whose

text: member

text: schools

text: compete

text: in

text: the

text: NCAA

text: 's

text: Division

text: III

text: The

text: schools

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: Texas

text: Louisiana

text: Arkansas

text: and

text: Mississippi

text: The

text: conference

text: competes

text: in

text: baseball

text: men

text: 's

text: and

text: women

text: 's

text: basketball

text: men

text: 's

text: and

text: women

text: 's

text: cross

text: country

text: football

text: men

text: 's

text: and

text: women

text: 's

text: golf

text: men

text: 's

text: and

text: women

text: 's

text: soccer

text: softball

text: men

text: 's

text: and

text: women

text: 's

text: tennis

text: men

text: 's

text: and

text: women

text: 's

text: track

text: and

text: field

text: and

text: women

text: 's

text: volleyball

text: Arkansas is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Its name is of Siouan derivation from the language of the Osage denoting their related kin, the Quapaw Indians. The state's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta.

text: Arkansas

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southeastern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Its

text: name

text: is

text: of

text: Siouan

text: derivation

text: from

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: Osage

text: denoting

text: their

text: related

text: kin

text: the

text: Quapaw

text: Indians

text: The

text: state

text: 's

text: diverse

text: geography

text: ranges

text: from

text: the

text: mountainous

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: Ozark

text: and

text: the

text: Ouachita

text: Mountains

text: which

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Interior

text: Highlands

text: to

text: the

text: densely

text: forested

text: land

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Arkansas

text: Timberlands

text: to

text: the

text: eastern

text: lowlands

text: along

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: and

text: the

text: Arkansas

text: Delta

text: Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. The name is derived from the sport's typical venue: a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place. Track and field is categorised under the umbrella sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running, and race walking.

text: Track

text: and

text: field

text: is

text: sport

text: which

text: includes

text: athletic

text: contests

text: established

text: on

text: the

text: skills

text: of

text: running

text: jumping

text: and

text: throwing

text: The

text: name

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: sport

text: 's

text: typical

text: venue

text: stadium

text: with

text: an

text: oval

text: running

text: track

text: enclosing

text: grass

text: field

text: where

text: the

text: throwing

text: and

text: jumping

text: events

text: take

text: place

text: Track

text: and

text: field

text: is

text: categorised

text: under

text: the

text: umbrella

text: sport

text: of

text: athletics

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: road

text: running

text: cross

text: country

text: running

text: and

text: race

text: walking

text: Mountaineer Baseball Field is a baseball venue located in Kerrville , TX and home to the Schreiner Mountaineers of the American Southwest Conference .

text: Mountaineer

text: Baseball

text: Field

text: is

text: baseball

text: venue

text: located

text: in

text: Kerrville

text: TX

text: and

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Schreiner

text: Mountaineers

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Southwest

text: Conference

text: Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules. It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964.

text: Volleyball

text: is

text: team

text: sport

text: in

text: which

text: two

text: teams

text: of

text: six

text: players

text: are

text: separated

text: by

text: net

text: Each

text: team

text: tries

text: to

text: score

text: points

text: by

text: grounding

text: ball

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: team

text: 's

text: court

text: under

text: organized

text: rules

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: official

text: program

text: of

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: since

text: Louisiana (or  ; Louisiana Creole: "Léta de la Lwizyàn") is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are the local government's equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, and the largest by total area is Plaquemines. Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south.

text: Louisiana

text: or

text: Louisiana

text: Creole

text: Léta

text: de

text: la

text: Lwizyàn

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Louisiana

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: extensive

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Baton

text: Rouge

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: New

text: Orleans

text: Louisiana

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: with

text: political

text: subdivisions

text: termed

text: parishes

text: which

text: are

text: the

text: local

text: government

text: 's

text: equivalent

text: to

text: counties

text: The

text: largest

text: parish

text: by

text: population

text: is

text: East

text: Baton

text: Rouge

text: Parish

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: is

text: Plaquemines

text: Louisiana

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Arkansas

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Mississippi

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Texas

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Golf is a club and ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible.

text: Golf

text: is

text: club

text: and

text: ball

text: sport

text: in

text: which

text: players

text: use

text: various

text: clubs

text: to

text: hit

text: balls

text: into

text: series

text: of

text: holes

text: on

text: course

text: in

text: as

text: few

text: strokes

text: as

text: possible

text: Basketball is a sport that is played by two teams of five players on a rectangular court. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop in diameter and mounted at a height of to backboards at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, who would be the first basketball coach of the Kansas Jayhawks, one of the most successful programs in the game's history.

text: Basketball

text: is

text: sport

text: that

text: is

text: played

text: by

text: two

text: teams

text: of

text: five

text: players

text: on

text: rectangular

text: court

text: The

text: objective

text: is

text: to

text: shoot

text: ball

text: through

text: hoop

text: in

text: diameter

text: and

text: mounted

text: at

text: height

text: of

text: to

text: backboards

text: at

text: each

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: court

text: The

text: game

text: was

text: invented

text: in

text: by

text: Dr.

text: James

text: Naismith

text: who

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: basketball

text: coach

text: of

text: the

text: Kansas

text: Jayhawks

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: programs

text: in

text: the

text: game

text: 's

text: history

text: A tournament held in 1933 at the Chicago World's Fair spurred interest in the game. The Amateur Softball Association (ASA) of America (founded 1933) governs the game in the United States and sponsors annual sectional and World Series championships. The World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC) regulates rules of play in more than 110 countries, including the United States and Canada; before the WBSC was formed in 2013, the International Softball Federation filled this role. Women's fastpitch softball became a Summer Olympic sport in 1996, but it (and baseball) were dropped from the 2012 Games; they will be reinstated for the 2020 Games.

text: tournament

text: held

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: Chicago

text: World

text: 's

text: Fair

text: spurred

text: interest

text: in

text: the

text: game

text: The

text: Amateur

text: Softball

text: Association

text: ASA

text: of

text: America

text: founded

text: governs

text: the

text: game

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: sponsors

text: annual

text: sectional

text: and

text: World

text: Series

text: championships

text: The

text: World

text: Baseball

text: Softball

text: Confederation

text: WBSC

text: regulates

text: rules

text: of

text: play

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: countries

text: including

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Canada

text: before

text: the

text: WBSC

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: the

text: International

text: Softball

text: Federation

text: filled

text: this

text: role

text: Women

text: 's

text: fastpitch

text: softball

text: became

text: Summer

text: Olympic

text: sport

text: in

text: but

text: it

text: and

text: baseball

text: were

text: dropped

text: from

text: the

text: Games

text: they

text: will

text: be

text: reinstated

text: for

text: the

text: Games

annotations: follows single

annotations: likely single

question: instance_of mountaineer baseball field

answer: stadium

text: stadium