text: Birds (Aves), also known as avian dinosaurs, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the bee hummingbird to the ostrich. They rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, at approximately ten thousand, with more than half of these being passerines, sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds.

text: Birds

text: Aves

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: avian

text: dinosaurs

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: endothermic

text: vertebrates

text: characterised

text: by

text: feathers

text: toothless

text: beaked

text: jaws

text: the

text: laying

text: of

text: hard

text: shelled

text: eggs

text: high

text: metabolic

text: rate

text: four

text: chambered

text: heart

text: and

text: lightweight

text: but

text: strong

text: skeleton

text: Birds

text: live

text: worldwide

text: and

text: range

text: in

text: size

text: from

text: the

text: bee

text: hummingbird

text: to

text: the

text: ostrich

text: They

text: rank

text: as

text: the

text: class

text: of

text: tetrapods

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: living

text: species

text: at

text: approximately

text: ten

text: thousand

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: these

text: being

text: passerines

text: sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: perching

text: birds

text: or

text: less

text: accurately

text: as

text: songbirds

text: Plumage ("feather") refers both to the layer of feathers that cover a bird and the pattern, colour, and arrangement of those feathers. The pattern and colours of plumage differ between species and subspecies, and may vary with age classes. Within species there can be different colour morphs.

text: Plumage

text: feather

text: refers

text: both

text: to

text: the

text: layer

text: of

text: feathers

text: that

text: cover

text: bird

text: and

text: the

text: pattern

text: colour

text: and

text: arrangement

text: of

text: those

text: feathers

text: The

text: pattern

text: and

text: colours

text: of

text: plumage

text: differ

text: between

text: species

text: and

text: subspecies

text: and

text: may

text: vary

text: with

text: age

text: classes

text: Within

text: species

text: there

text: can

text: be

text: different

text: colour

text: morphs

text: The common kingfisher ("Alcedo atthis") also known as the Eurasian kingfisher, and river kingfisher, is a small kingfisher with seven subspecies recognized within its wide distribution across Eurasia and North Africa. It is resident in much of its range, but migrates from areas where rivers freeze in winter.

text: The

text: common

text: kingfisher

text: Alcedo

text: atthis

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Eurasian

text: kingfisher

text: and

text: river

text: kingfisher

text: is

text: small

text: kingfisher

text: with

text: seven

text: subspecies

text: recognized

text: within

text: its

text: wide

text: distribution

text: across

text: Eurasia

text: and

text: North

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: resident

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: its

text: range

text: but

text: migrates

text: from

text: areas

text: where

text: rivers

text: freeze

text: in

text: winter

text: The river kingfishers or Alcedininae, are one of the three subfamilies of birds in the kingfisher group. The Alcedinidae once included all kingfishers, before the widespread recognition of Halcyoninae (tree kingfishers) and Cerylinae (water kingfishers). The subfamily is widespread through Africa and east and south Asia as far as Australia, with one species, the common kingfisher ("Alcedo atthis") also appearing in Europe and northern Asia. The origin of the family is thought to have been in Asia.

text: The

text: river

text: kingfishers

text: or

text: Alcedininae

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: subfamilies

text: of

text: birds

text: in

text: the

text: kingfisher

text: group

text: The

text: Alcedinidae

text: once

text: included

text: all

text: kingfishers

text: before

text: the

text: widespread

text: recognition

text: of

text: Halcyoninae

text: tree

text: kingfishers

text: and

text: Cerylinae

text: water

text: kingfishers

text: The

text: subfamily

text: is

text: widespread

text: through

text: Africa

text: and

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: Asia

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: Australia

text: with

text: one

text: species

text: the

text: common

text: kingfisher

text: Alcedo

text: atthis

text: also

text: appearing

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: northern

text: Asia

text: The

text: origin

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: Asia

text: The Coraciiformes are a group of usually colorful birds including the kingfishers, the bee-eaters, the rollers, the motmots, and the todies. They generally have syndactyly, with three forward-pointing toes (and toes 3 & 4 fused at their base), though in many kingfishers one of these is missing.

text: The

text: Coraciiformes

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: usually

text: colorful

text: birds

text: including

text: the

text: kingfishers

text: the

text: bee

text: eaters

text: the

text: rollers

text: the

text: motmots

text: and

text: the

text: todies

text: They

text: generally

text: have

text: syndactyly

text: with

text: three

text: forward

text: pointing

text: toes

text: and

text: toes

text: fused

text: at

text: their

text: base

text: though

text: in

text: many

text: kingfishers

text: one

text: of

text: these

text: is

text: missing

text: The water kingfishers or Cerylidae are one of the three families of kingfishers , and are also known as the cerylid kingfishers . All six American species are in this family . These are all specialist fish - eating species , unlike many representatives of the other two families , and it is likely that they are all descended from fish - eating kingfishers which founded populations in the New World . It was believed that the entire group evolved in the Americas , but this seems not to be true . The original ancestor possibly evolved in Africa -- at any rate in the Old World -- and the Chloroceryle species are the youngest ones . Not longer than 5 million years ago -- possibly as recently as 2.9 million years ago -- an Old World giant kingfisher became the ancestor of the belted and ringed kingfishers , and later , another species related to the pied kingfisher became the ancestor of the Chloroceryle green kingfishers after colonizing the Americas . While the evolutionary history of the water kingfishers in regard to their internal relationships is well resolved , it is not entirely clear whether they evolved from river kingfishers or tree kingfishers , and whether they immigrated across the Atlantic or the Pacific Ocean ( though the former seems more likely ) . There are 9 water kingfisher species in three genera : The four large crested kingfishers , Megaceryle , have a wide distribution in Africa , Asia and America . The belted kingfisher , M. alcyon , is the only kingfisher that is widespread in North America , though M. torquata may be found as far north as Texas and Arizona . giant kingfisher ( Megaceryle maxima ) crested kingfisher ( Megaceryle lugubris ) belted kingfisher ( Megaceryle alcyon ) ringed kingfisher ( Megaceryle torquata ) The pied kingfisher ( Ceryle rudis ) , the only member of Ceryle , is widespread in the tropical regions of the Old World . The four American green kingfishers ( Chloroceryle ) of tropical America . Amazon kingfisher ( Chloroceryle amazona ) green kingfisher ( Chloroceryle americana ) green - and - rufous kingfisher ( Chloroceryle inda ) American pygmy kingfisher ( Chloroceryle aenea )

text: The

text: water

text: kingfishers

text: or

text: Cerylidae

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: families

text: of

text: kingfishers

text: and

text: are

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: cerylid

text: kingfishers

text: All

text: six

text: American

text: species

text: are

text: in

text: this

text: family

text: These

text: are

text: all

text: specialist

text: fish

text: eating

text: species

text: unlike

text: many

text: representatives

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: two

text: families

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: likely

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: all

text: descended

text: from

text: fish

text: eating

text: kingfishers

text: which

text: founded

text: populations

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: It

text: was

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: entire

text: group

text: evolved

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: but

text: this

text: seems

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: true

text: The

text: original

text: ancestor

text: possibly

text: evolved

text: in

text: Africa

text: at

text: any

text: rate

text: in

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: and

text: the

text: Chloroceryle

text: species

text: are

text: the

text: youngest

text: ones

text: Not

text: longer

text: than

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: possibly

text: as

text: recently

text: as

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: an

text: Old

text: World

text: giant

text: kingfisher

text: became

text: the

text: ancestor

text: of

text: the

text: belted

text: and

text: ringed

text: kingfishers

text: and

text: later

text: another

text: species

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: pied

text: kingfisher

text: became

text: the

text: ancestor

text: of

text: the

text: Chloroceryle

text: green

text: kingfishers

text: after

text: colonizing

text: the

text: Americas

text: While

text: the

text: evolutionary

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: kingfishers

text: in

text: regard

text: to

text: their

text: internal

text: relationships

text: is

text: well

text: resolved

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: entirely

text: clear

text: whether

text: they

text: evolved

text: from

text: river

text: kingfishers

text: or

text: tree

text: kingfishers

text: and

text: whether

text: they

text: immigrated

text: across

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: or

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: though

text: the

text: former

text: seems

text: more

text: likely

text: There

text: are

text: water

text: kingfisher

text: species

text: in

text: three

text: genera

text: The

text: four

text: large

text: crested

text: kingfishers

text: Megaceryle

text: have

text: wide

text: distribution

text: in

text: Africa

text: Asia

text: and

text: America

text: The

text: belted

text: kingfisher

text: alcyon

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: kingfisher

text: that

text: is

text: widespread

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: though

text: torquata

text: may

text: be

text: found

text: as

text: far

text: north

text: as

text: Texas

text: and

text: Arizona

text: giant

text: kingfisher

text: Megaceryle

text: maxima

text: crested

text: kingfisher

text: Megaceryle

text: lugubris

text: belted

text: kingfisher

text: Megaceryle

text: alcyon

text: ringed

text: kingfisher

text: Megaceryle

text: torquata

text: The

text: pied

text: kingfisher

text: Ceryle

text: rudis

text: the

text: only

text: member

text: of

text: Ceryle

text: is

text: widespread

text: in

text: the

text: tropical

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: The

text: four

text: American

text: green

text: kingfishers

text: Chloroceryle

text: of

text: tropical

text: America

text: Amazon

text: kingfisher

text: Chloroceryle

text: amazona

text: green

text: kingfisher

text: Chloroceryle

text: americana

text: green

text: and

text: rufous

text: kingfisher

text: Chloroceryle

text: inda

text: American

text: pygmy

text: kingfisher

text: Chloroceryle

text: aenea

text: Kingfishers are a group of small to medium-sized, brightly colored birds in the order Coraciiformes. They have a cosmopolitan distribution, with most species found outside of the Americas. The group is treated either as a single family, the Alcedinidae, or as a suborder Alcedines containing three families, Alcedinidae (river kingfishers), Halcyonidae (tree kingfishers), and Cerylidae (water kingfishers). Roughly 90 species of kingfishers are described. All have large heads, long, sharp, pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails. Most species have bright plumage with few differences between the sexes. Most species are tropical in distribution, and a slight majority are found only in forests. They consume a wide range of prey, as well as fish, usually caught by swooping down from a perch. While kingfishers are usually thought to live near rivers and eat fish, most species live away from water and eat small invertebrates. Like other members of their order, they nest in cavities, usually tunnels dug into the natural or artificial banks in the ground. A quarter of all kingfishers nest in abandoned termite nests. A few species, principally insular forms, are threatened with extinction. In Britain, the word "kingfisher" normally refers to the common kingfisher.

text: Kingfishers

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: small

text: to

text: medium

text: sized

text: brightly

text: colored

text: birds

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: Coraciiformes

text: They

text: have

text: cosmopolitan

text: distribution

text: with

text: most

text: species

text: found

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: The

text: group

text: is

text: treated

text: either

text: as

text: single

text: family

text: the

text: Alcedinidae

text: or

text: as

text: suborder

text: Alcedines

text: containing

text: three

text: families

text: Alcedinidae

text: river

text: kingfishers

text: Halcyonidae

text: tree

text: kingfishers

text: and

text: Cerylidae

text: water

text: kingfishers

text: Roughly

text: species

text: of

text: kingfishers

text: are

text: described

text: All

text: have

text: large

text: heads

text: long

text: sharp

text: pointed

text: bills

text: short

text: legs

text: and

text: stubby

text: tails

text: Most

text: species

text: have

text: bright

text: plumage

text: with

text: few

text: differences

text: between

text: the

text: sexes

text: Most

text: species

text: are

text: tropical

text: in

text: distribution

text: and

text: slight

text: majority

text: are

text: found

text: only

text: in

text: forests

text: They

text: consume

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: prey

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: fish

text: usually

text: caught

text: by

text: swooping

text: down

text: from

text: perch

text: While

text: kingfishers

text: are

text: usually

text: thought

text: to

text: live

text: near

text: rivers

text: and

text: eat

text: fish

text: most

text: species

text: live

text: away

text: from

text: water

text: and

text: eat

text: small

text: invertebrates

text: Like

text: other

text: members

text: of

text: their

text: order

text: they

text: nest

text: in

text: cavities

text: usually

text: tunnels

text: dug

text: into

text: the

text: natural

text: or

text: artificial

text: banks

text: in

text: the

text: ground

text: quarter

text: of

text: all

text: kingfishers

text: nest

text: in

text: abandoned

text: termite

text: nests

text: few

text: species

text: principally

text: insular

text: forms

text: are

text: threatened

text: with

text: extinction

text: In

text: Britain

text: the

text: word

text: kingfisher

text: normally

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: common

text: kingfisher

question: parent_taxon water kingfisher

answer: alcedinidae

text: alcedinidae

text: alcedinidae

text: alcedinidae


text: Acipenser is a genus of sturgeons. With 17 species, many of which are threatened, it is the largest genus in the order Acipenseriformes.

text: Acipenser

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: sturgeons

text: With

text: species

text: many

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: threatened

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: genus

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: Acipenseriformes

text: Pseudoscaphirhynchus is a genus of fishes in the Acipenseridae family. The three species, all of which are threatened, are restricted to Central Asia.

text: Pseudoscaphirhynchus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: fishes

text: in

text: the

text: Acipenseridae

text: family

text: The

text: three

text: species

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: threatened

text: are

text: restricted

text: to

text: Central

text: Asia

text: The Maastrichtian is, in the ICS geologic timescale, the latest age (uppermost stage) of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series, the Cretaceous period or system, and of the Mesozoic era or erathem. It spanned the interval from . The Maastrichtian was preceded by the Campanian and succeeded by the Danian (part of the Paleogene and Paleocene).

text: The

text: Maastrichtian

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: ICS

text: geologic

text: timescale

text: the

text: latest

text: age

text: uppermost

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: Late

text: Cretaceous

text: epoch

text: or

text: Upper

text: Cretaceous

text: series

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: period

text: or

text: system

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: era

text: or

text: erathem

text: It

text: spanned

text: the

text: interval

text: from

text: The

text: Maastrichtian

text: was

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Campanian

text: and

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Danian

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Paleogene

text: and

text: Paleocene

text: The Triassic is a geologic period and system which spans 50.9 million years from the end of the Permian Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period Mya. The Triassic is the first period of the Mesozoic Era. Both the start and end of the period are marked by major extinction events. The Triassic was named in 1834 by Friedrich von Alberti, after the three distinct rock layers ("tri" meaning "three") that are found throughout Germany and northwestern Europered beds, capped by marine limestone, followed by a series of terrestrial mud- and sandstonescalled the "Trias".

text: The

text: Triassic

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: which

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Permian

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: Period

text: Mya

text: The

text: Triassic

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: Both

text: the

text: start

text: and

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: are

text: marked

text: by

text: major

text: extinction

text: events

text: The

text: Triassic

text: was

text: named

text: in

text: by

text: Friedrich

text: von

text: Alberti

text: after

text: the

text: three

text: distinct

text: rock

text: layers

text: tri

text: meaning

text: three

text: that

text: are

text: found

text: throughout

text: Germany

text: and

text: northwestern

text: Europered

text: beds

text: capped

text: by

text: marine

text: limestone

text: followed

text: by

text: series

text: of

text: terrestrial

text: mud-

text: and

text: sandstonescalled

text: the

text: Trias

text: Huso is a genus of large sturgeons from Eurasia. It contains two species, which both are critically endangered:

text: Huso

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: large

text: sturgeons

text: from

text: Eurasia

text: It

text: contains

text: two

text: species

text: which

text: both

text: are

text: critically

text: endangered

text: The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous series. An age is a unit of geochronology: it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in the stratigraphic column deposited during the corresponding age. Both age and stage bear the same name.

text: The

text: Cenomanian

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: ICS

text: geological

text: timescale

text: the

text: oldest

text: or

text: earliest

text: age

text: of

text: the

text: Late

text: Cretaceous

text: epoch

text: or

text: the

text: lowest

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: Upper

text: Cretaceous

text: series

text: An

text: age

text: is

text: unit

text: of

text: geochronology

text: it

text: is

text: unit

text: of

text: time

text: the

text: stage

text: is

text: unit

text: in

text: the

text: stratigraphic

text: column

text: deposited

text: during

text: the

text: corresponding

text: age

text: Both

text: age

text: and

text: stage

text: bear

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: The Paleogene (or ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Mya. It is the beginning of the Cenozoic Era of the present Phanerozoic Eon. The Paleogene is most notable for being the time during which mammals diversified from relatively small, simple forms into a large group of diverse animals in the wake of the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event that ended the preceding Cretaceous Period.

text: The

text: Paleogene

text: or

text: also

text: spelled

text: Palaeogene

text: or

text: Palæogene

text: informally

text: Lower

text: Tertiary

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: that

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Neogene

text: Period

text: Mya

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era

text: of

text: the

text: present

text: Phanerozoic

text: Eon

text: The

text: Paleogene

text: is

text: most

text: notable

text: for

text: being

text: the

text: time

text: during

text: which

text: mammals

text: diversified

text: from

text: relatively

text: small

text: simple

text: forms

text: into

text: large

text: group

text: of

text: diverse

text: animals

text: in

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: the

text: CretaceousPaleogene

text: extinction

text: event

text: that

text: ended

text: the

text: preceding

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text:
Sturgeon is the common name for the 27 species of fish belonging to the family Acipenseridae. Their evolution dates back to the Triassic some 245 to 208 million years ago. The family is grouped into four genera: "Acipenser", "Huso", "Scaphirhynchus" and "Pseudoscaphirhynchus". Four species may now be extinct. Two closely related species, "Polyodon spathula" (paddlefish) and "Psephurus gladius" (Chinese paddlefish, possibly extinct) are of the same order, Acipenseriformes, but are in the family Polyodontidae and are not considered to be "true" sturgeons. Both sturgeons and paddlefish have been referred to as "primitive fishes" because their morphological characteristics have remained relatively unchanged since the earliest fossil record. Sturgeons are native to subtropical, temperate and sub-Arctic rivers, lakes and coastlines of Eurasia and North America.
Sturgeons are long-lived, late-maturing fishes with distinctive characteristics, such as a heterocercal caudal fin similar to that of sharks, and an elongated spindle-like body that is smooth-skinned, scaleless and armored with 5 lateral rows of bony plates called scutes. Several species can grow quite large, typically ranging 712 feet (2-3 m) in length. The largest sturgeon on record was a Beluga female captured in the Volga estuary in 1827, weighing and long. Most sturgeons are anadromous bottom-feeders which migrate upstream to spawn but spend most of their lives feeding in river deltas and estuaries. Some species inhabit freshwater environments exclusively while others primarily inhabit marine environments near coastal areas, and are known to venture into open ocean.

text: Sturgeon

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: species

text: of

text: fish

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: family

text: Acipenseridae

text: Their

text: evolution

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Triassic

text: some

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The

text: family

text: is

text: grouped

text: into

text: four

text: genera

text: Acipenser

text: Huso

text: Scaphirhynchus

text: and

text: Pseudoscaphirhynchus

text: Four

text: species

text: may

text: now

text: be

text: extinct

text: Two

text: closely

text: related

text: species

text: Polyodon

text: spathula

text: paddlefish

text: and

text: Psephurus

text: gladius

text: Chinese

text: paddlefish

text: possibly

text: extinct

text: are

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: order

text: Acipenseriformes

text: but

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Polyodontidae

text: and

text: are

text: not

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: true

text: sturgeons

text: Both

text: sturgeons

text: and

text: paddlefish

text: have

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: primitive

text: fishes

text: because

text: their

text: morphological

text: characteristics

text: have

text: remained

text: relatively

text: unchanged

text: since

text: the

text: earliest

text: fossil

text: record

text: Sturgeons

text: are

text: native

text: to

text: subtropical

text: temperate

text: and

text: sub

text: Arctic

text: rivers

text: lakes

text: and

text: coastlines

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: and

text: North

text: America

text: Sturgeons

text: are

text: long

text: lived

text: late

text: maturing

text: fishes

text: with

text: distinctive

text: characteristics

text: such

text: as

text: heterocercal

text: caudal

text: fin

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: sharks

text: and

text: an

text: elongated

text: spindle

text: like

text: body

text: that

text: is

text: smooth

text: skinned

text: scaleless

text: and

text: armored

text: with

text: lateral

text: rows

text: of

text: bony

text: plates

text: called

text: scutes

text: Several

text: species

text: can

text: grow

text: quite

text: large

text: typically

text: ranging

text: feet

text: in

text: length

text: The

text: largest

text: sturgeon

text: on

text: record

text: was

text: Beluga

text: female

text: captured

text: in

text: the

text: Volga

text: estuary

text: in

text: weighing

text: and

text: long

text: Most

text: sturgeons

text: are

text: anadromous

text: bottom

text: feeders

text: which

text: migrate

text: upstream

text: to

text: spawn

text: but

text: spend

text: most

text: of

text: their

text: lives

text: feeding

text: in

text: river

text: deltas

text: and

text: estuaries

text: Some

text: species

text: inhabit

text: freshwater

text: environments

text: exclusively

text: while

text: others

text: primarily

text: inhabit

text: marine

text: environments

text: near

text: coastal

text: areas

text: and

text: are

text: known

text: to

text: venture

text: into

text: open

text: ocean

text: The Cretaceous is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period Mya. It is the last period of the Mesozoic Era. The Cretaceous Period is usually abbreviated K, for its German translation "Kreide" (chalk).

text: The

text: Cretaceous

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: that

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Paleogene

text: Period

text: Mya

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: The

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: is

text: usually

text: abbreviated

text: for

text: its

text: German

text: translation

text: Kreide

text: chalk

text: The Turonian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the second age in the Late Cretaceous epoch, or a stage in the Upper Cretaceous series. It spans the time between 93.9 ± 0.8 Ma and 89.8 ± 1 Ma (million years ago). The Turonian is preceded by the Cenomanian stage and underlies the Coniacian stage.

text: The

text: Turonian

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: ICS

text: geologic

text: timescale

text: the

text: second

text: age

text: in

text: the

text: Late

text: Cretaceous

text: epoch

text: or

text: stage

text: in

text: the

text: Upper

text: Cretaceous

text: series

text: It

text: spans

text: the

text: time

text: between

text: Ma

text: and

text: Ma

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The

text: Turonian

text: is

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Cenomanian

text: stage

text: and

text: underlies

text: the

text: Coniacian

text: stage

text: Acipenseriformes is an order of basal ray-finned fishes that includes the sturgeons and paddlefishes, as well as some extinct families.

text: Acipenseriformes

text: is

text: an

text: order

text: of

text: basal

text: ray

text: finned

text: fishes

text: that

text: includes

text: the

text: sturgeons

text: and

text: paddlefishes

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: some

text: extinct

text: families

text: Protoscaphirhynchus squamosus is an extinct sturgeon that lived from the Turonian to the Maastrichtian .

text: Protoscaphirhynchus

text: squamosus

text: is

text: an

text: extinct

text: sturgeon

text: that

text: lived

text: from

text: the

text: Turonian

text: to

text: the

text: Maastrichtian

text: Scaphirhynchus is a genus of sturgeons native to the United States of America. All species in this genus are considered to be threatened. The pallid sturgeon is Endangered and the Alabama sturgeon is Critically Endangered.

text: Scaphirhynchus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: sturgeons

text: native

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: All

text: species

text: in

text: this

text: genus

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: threatened

text: The

text: pallid

text: sturgeon

text: is

text: Endangered

text: and

text: the

text: Alabama

text: sturgeon

text: is

text: Critically

text: Endangered

annotations: follows single

question: parent_taxon protoscaphirhynchus

answer: acipenseridae

text: acipenseridae

text: acipenseridae


text: A chord progression or harmonic progression is a succession of musical chords. Chord progressions are the foundation of harmony in Western musical tradition.

text: chord

text: progression

text: or

text: harmonic

text: progression

text: is

text: succession

text: of

text: musical

text: chords

text: Chord

text: progressions

text: are

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: harmony

text: in

text: Western

text: musical

text: tradition

text: The classical guitar (also known as concert guitar, classical acoustic, nylon-string guitar, or Spanish guitar) is the member of the guitar family used in classical music. It is an acoustical wooden guitar with strings made of nylon, rather than the metal strings used in acoustic and electric guitars. The traditional classical guitar has twelve frets clear of the body and is held on the left leg, so that the hand that plucks or strums the strings does so near the back of the soundhole (this is called the classical position). The modern steel string guitar, on the other hand, usually has fourteen frets clear of the body (see Dreadnought) and is commonly played off the hip.

text: The

text: classical

text: guitar

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: concert

text: guitar

text: classical

text: acoustic

text: nylon

text: string

text: guitar

text: or

text: Spanish

text: guitar

text: is

text: the

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: guitar

text: family

text: used

text: in

text: classical

text: music

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: acoustical

text: wooden

text: guitar

text: with

text: strings

text: made

text: of

text: nylon

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: metal

text: strings

text: used

text: in

text: acoustic

text: and

text: electric

text: guitars

text: The

text: traditional

text: classical

text: guitar

text: has

text: twelve

text: frets

text: clear

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: and

text: is

text: held

text: on

text: the

text: left

text: leg

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: hand

text: that

text: plucks

text: or

text: strums

text: the

text: strings

text: does

text: so

text: near

text: the

text: back

text: of

text: the

text: soundhole

text: this

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: classical

text: position

text: The

text: modern

text: steel

text: string

text: guitar

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: usually

text: has

text: fourteen

text: frets

text: clear

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: see

text: Dreadnought

text: and

text: is

text: commonly

text: played

text: off

text: the

text: hip

text: Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the southeastern genre of United States, such as folk music (especially Appalachian folk music), and blues music. Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms and harmonies accompanied by mostly string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, dobros and fiddles as well as harmonicas. According to Lindsey Starnes, the term "country music" gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term "hillbilly music"; it came to encompass Western music, which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots, in the mid-20th century. The term "country music" is used today to describe many styles and subgenres. The origins of country music are the folk music of working-class Americans, who blended popular songs, Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes, traditional English ballads, and cowboy songs, and various musical traditions from European immigrant communities. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, and second most popular in the morning commute in the United States.

text: Country

text: music

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: United

text: States

text: popular

text: music

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: It

text: takes

text: its

text: roots

text: from

text: the

text: southeastern

text: genre

text: of

text: United

text: States

text: such

text: as

text: folk

text: music

text: especially

text: Appalachian

text: folk

text: music

text: and

text: blues

text: music

text: Blues

text: modes

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: extensively

text: throughout

text: its

text: recorded

text: history

text: Country

text: music

text: often

text: consists

text: of

text: ballads

text: and

text: dance

text: tunes

text: with

text: generally

text: simple

text: forms

text: and

text: harmonies

text: accompanied

text: by

text: mostly

text: string

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: banjos

text: electric

text: and

text: acoustic

text: guitars

text: dobros

text: and

text: fiddles

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: harmonicas

text: According

text: to

text: Lindsey

text: Starnes

text: the

text: term

text: country

text: music

text: gained

text: popularity

text: in

text: the

text: in

text: preference

text: to

text: the

text: earlier

text: term

text: hillbilly

text: music

text: it

text: came

text: to

text: encompass

text: Western

text: music

text: which

text: evolved

text: parallel

text: to

text: hillbilly

text: music

text: from

text: similar

text: roots

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: term

text: country

text: music

text: is

text: used

text: today

text: to

text: describe

text: many

text: styles

text: and

text: subgenres

text: The

text: origins

text: of

text: country

text: music

text: are

text: the

text: folk

text: music

text: of

text: working

text: class

text: Americans

text: who

text: blended

text: popular

text: songs

text: Irish

text: and

text: Celtic

text: fiddle

text: tunes

text: traditional

text: English

text: ballads

text: and

text: cowboy

text: songs

text: and

text: various

text: musical

text: traditions

text: from

text: European

text: immigrant

text: communities

text: In

text: country

text: music

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: listened

text: to

text: rush

text: hour

text: radio

text: genre

text: during

text: the

text: evening

text: commute

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: morning

text: commute

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: A song, most broadly, is a single (and often standalone) work of music that is typically intended to be sung by the human voice with distinct and fixed pitches and patterns using sound and silence and a variety of forms that often include the repetition of sections. Written words created specifically for music or for which music is specifically created, are called lyrics. If a pre-existing poem is set to composed music in classical music it is an art song. Songs that are sung on repeated pitches without distinct contours and patterns that rise and fall are called chants. Songs in a simple style that are learned informally are often referred to as folk songs. Songs that are composed for professional singers who sell their recordings or live shows to the mass market are called popular songs. These songs, which have broad appeal, are often composed by professional songwriters, composers and lyricists. Art songs are composed by trained classical composers for concert or recital performances. Songs are performed live and recorded on audio or video (or in some, cases, a song may be performed live and simultaneously recorded). Songs may also appear in plays, musical theatre, stage shows of any form, and within operas.

text: song

text: most

text: broadly

text: is

text: single

text: and

text: often

text: standalone

text: work

text: of

text: music

text: that

text: is

text: typically

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: sung

text: by

text: the

text: human

text: voice

text: with

text: distinct

text: and

text: fixed

text: pitches

text: and

text: patterns

text: using

text: sound

text: and

text: silence

text: and

text: variety

text: of

text: forms

text: that

text: often

text: include

text: the

text: repetition

text: of

text: sections

text: Written

text: words

text: created

text: specifically

text: for

text: music

text: or

text: for

text: which

text: music

text: is

text: specifically

text: created

text: are

text: called

text: lyrics

text: If

text: pre

text: existing

text: poem

text: is

text: set

text: to

text: composed

text: music

text: in

text: classical

text: music

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: song

text: Songs

text: that

text: are

text: sung

text: on

text: repeated

text: pitches

text: without

text: distinct

text: contours

text: and

text: patterns

text: that

text: rise

text: and

text: fall

text: are

text: called

text: chants

text: Songs

text: in

text: simple

text: style

text: that

text: are

text: learned

text: informally

text: are

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: folk

text: songs

text: Songs

text: that

text: are

text: composed

text: for

text: professional

text: singers

text: who

text: sell

text: their

text: recordings

text: or

text: live

text: shows

text: to

text: the

text: mass

text: market

text: are

text: called

text: popular

text: songs

text: These

text: songs

text: which

text: have

text: broad

text: appeal

text: are

text: often

text: composed

text: by

text: professional

text: songwriters

text: composers

text: and

text: lyricists

text: Art

text: songs

text: are

text: composed

text: by

text: trained

text: classical

text: composers

text: for

text: concert

text: or

text: recital

text: performances

text: Songs

text: are

text: performed

text: live

text: and

text: recorded

text: on

text: audio

text: or

text: video

text: or

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: song

text: may

text: be

text: performed

text: live

text: and

text: simultaneously

text: recorded

text: Songs

text: may

text: also

text: appear

text: in

text: plays

text: musical

text: theatre

text: stage

text: shows

text: of

text: any

text: form

text: and

text: within

text: operas

text: An acoustic guitar is a guitar that produces sound acousticallyby transmitting the vibration of the strings to the airas opposed to relying on electronic amplification (see electric guitar). The sound waves from the strings of an acoustic guitar resonate through the guitar's body, creating sound. This typically involves the use of a sound board and a sound box to strengthen the vibrations of the strings.

text: An

text: acoustic

text: guitar

text: is

text: guitar

text: that

text: produces

text: sound

text: acousticallyby

text: transmitting

text: the

text: vibration

text: of

text: the

text: strings

text: to

text: the

text: airas

text: opposed

text: to

text: relying

text: on

text: electronic

text: amplification

text: see

text: electric

text: guitar

text: The

text: sound

text: waves

text: from

text: the

text: strings

text: of

text: an

text: acoustic

text: guitar

text: resonate

text: through

text: the

text: guitar

text: 's

text: body

text: creating

text: sound

text: This

text: typically

text: involves

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: sound

text: board

text: and

text: sound

text: box

text: to

text: strengthen

text: the

text: vibrations

text: of

text: the

text: strings

text: Rockville is a city located in the central region of Montgomery County, Maryland. It is the county seat and is a major incorporated city of Montgomery County and forms part of the BaltimoreWashington metropolitan area. The 2010 census tabulated Rockville's population at 61,209, making it the third largest incorporated city in Maryland, behind Baltimore and Frederick. Rockville is the largest incorporated city in Montgomery County, Maryland, although the nearby census-designated place of Germantown is more populous.

text: Rockville

text: is

text: city

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: region

text: of

text: Montgomery

text: County

text: Maryland

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: and

text: is

text: major

text: incorporated

text: city

text: of

text: Montgomery

text: County

text: and

text: forms

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: BaltimoreWashington

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: The

text: census

text: tabulated

text: Rockville

text: 's

text: population

text: at

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: incorporated

text: city

text: in

text: Maryland

text: behind

text: Baltimore

text: and

text: Frederick

text: Rockville

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: incorporated

text: city

text: in

text: Montgomery

text: County

text: Maryland

text: although

text: the

text: nearby

text: census

text: designated

text: place

text: of

text: Germantown

text: is

text: more

text: populous

text: The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a hollow wooden or plastic and wood box (for an acoustic guitar), or through electrical amplifier and a speaker (for an electric guitar). It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, thumb and/or fingernails of the right hand or with a pick while fretting (or pressing against the frets) the strings with the fingers of the left hand. The guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. The modern guitar was preceded by the gittern, the vihuela, the four-course Renaissance guitar, and the five-course baroque guitar, all of which contributed to the development of the modern six-string instrument.

text: The

text: guitar

text: is

text: musical

text: instrument

text: classified

text: as

text: string

text: instrument

text: with

text: anywhere

text: from

text: four

text: to

text: strings

text: usually

text: having

text: six

text: The

text: sound

text: is

text: projected

text: either

text: acoustically

text: using

text: hollow

text: wooden

text: or

text: plastic

text: and

text: wood

text: box

text: for

text: an

text: acoustic

text: guitar

text: or

text: through

text: electrical

text: amplifier

text: and

text: speaker

text: for

text: an

text: electric

text: guitar

text: It

text: is

text: typically

text: played

text: by

text: strumming

text: or

text: plucking

text: the

text: strings

text: with

text: the

text: fingers

text: thumb

text: and/or

text: fingernails

text: of

text: the

text: right

text: hand

text: or

text: with

text: pick

text: while

text: fretting

text: or

text: pressing

text: against

text: the

text: frets

text: the

text: strings

text: with

text: the

text: fingers

text: of

text: the

text: left

text: hand

text: The

text: guitar

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: chordophone

text: traditionally

text: constructed

text: from

text: wood

text: and

text: strung

text: with

text: either

text: gut

text: nylon

text: or

text: steel

text: strings

text: and

text: distinguished

text: from

text: other

text: chordophones

text: by

text: its

text: construction

text: and

text: tuning

text: The

text: modern

text: guitar

text: was

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: gittern

text: the

text: vihuela

text: the

text: four

text: course

text: Renaissance

text: guitar

text: and

text: the

text: five

text: course

text: baroque

text: guitar

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: six

text: string

text: instrument

text: Dog Fashion Disco is an American metal band from Rockville, Maryland, United States, that was originally active from 1995 to 2007 before disbanding. The band officially reunited on October 10, 2013.

text: Dog

text: Fashion

text: Disco

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: metal

text: band

text: from

text: Rockville

text: Maryland

text: United

text: States

text: that

text: was

text: originally

text: active

text: from

text: to

text: before

text: disbanding

text: The

text: band

text: officially

text: reunited

text: on

text: October

text: Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people with little or no musical training. It stands in contrast to both art music and traditional or "folk" music. Art music was historically disseminated through the performances of written music, although since the beginning of the recording industry, it is also disseminated through recordings. Traditional music forms such as early blues songs or hymns were passed along orally, or to smaller, local audiences.

text: Popular

text: music

text: is

text: music

text: with

text: wide

text: appeal

text: that

text: is

text: typically

text: distributed

text: to

text: large

text: audiences

text: through

text: the

text: music

text: industry

text: These

text: forms

text: and

text: styles

text: can

text: be

text: enjoyed

text: and

text: performed

text: by

text: people

text: with

text: little

text: or

text: no

text: musical

text: training

text: It

text: stands

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: both

text: art

text: music

text: and

text: traditional

text: or

text: folk

text: music

text: Art

text: music

text: was

text: historically

text: disseminated

text: through

text: the

text: performances

text: of

text: written

text: music

text: although

text: since

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: recording

text: industry

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: disseminated

text: through

text: recordings

text: Traditional

text: music

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: early

text: blues

text: songs

text: or

text: hymns

text: were

text: passed

text: along

text: orally

text: or

text: to

text: smaller

text: local

text: audiences

text:
Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a more accurate term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the Classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common-practice period. The major time divisions of Western art music are as follows:
European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and some popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to indicate to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines, chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This can leave less room for practices such as improvisation and "ad libitum" ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular-music styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles adopt the song (strophic) form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can sustain larger forms and attain a high level of complexity.

text: Classical

text: music

text: is

text: art

text: music

text: produced

text: or

text: rooted

text: in

text: the

text: traditions

text: of

text: Western

text: music

text: including

text: both

text: liturgical

text: religious

text: and

text: secular

text: music

text: While

text: more

text: accurate

text: term

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: period

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: Classical

text: period

text: this

text: article

text: is

text: about

text: the

text: broad

text: span

text: of

text: time

text: from

text: roughly

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: Classical

text: period

text: and

text: various

text: other

text: periods

text: The

text: central

text: norms

text: of

text: this

text: tradition

text: became

text: codified

text: between

text: and

text: which

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: common

text: practice

text: period

text: The

text: major

text: time

text: divisions

text: of

text: Western

text: art

text: music

text: are

text: as

text: follows

text: European

text: art

text: music

text: is

text: largely

text: distinguished

text: from

text: many

text: other

text: non

text: European

text: and

text: some

text: popular

text: musical

text: forms

text: by

text: its

text: system

text: of

text: staff

text: notation

text: in

text: use

text: since

text: about

text: the

text: century

text: Western

text: staff

text: notation

text: is

text: used

text: by

text: composers

text: to

text: indicate

text: to

text: the

text: performer

text: the

text: pitches

text: e.g.

text: melodies

text: basslines

text: chords

text: tempo

text: meter

text: and

text: rhythms

text: for

text: piece

text: of

text: music

text: This

text: can

text: leave

text: less

text: room

text: for

text: practices

text: such

text: as

text: improvisation

text: and

text: ad

text: libitum

text: ornamentation

text: which

text: are

text: frequently

text: heard

text: in

text: non

text: European

text: art

text: music

text: and

text: in

text: popular

text: music

text: styles

text: such

text: as

text: jazz

text: and

text: blues

text: Another

text: difference

text: is

text: that

text: whereas

text: most

text: popular

text: styles

text: adopt

text: the

text: song

text: strophic

text: form

text: classical

text: music

text: has

text: been

text: noted

text: for

text: its

text: development

text: of

text: highly

text: sophisticated

text: forms

text: of

text: instrumental

text: music

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: concerto

text: symphony

text: sonata

text: and

text: mixed

text: vocal

text: and

text: instrumental

text: styles

text: such

text: as

text: opera

text: which

text: since

text: they

text: are

text: written

text: down

text: can

text: sustain

text: larger

text: forms

text: and

text: attain

text: high

text: level

text: of

text: complexity

text: A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the latter term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the music industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies. Pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers  songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own music publishers, while others have outside publishers.

text: songwriter

text: is

text: an

text: individual

text: who

text: writes

text: the

text: lyrics

text: melodies

text: and

text: chord

text: progressions

text: for

text: songs

text: typically

text: for

text: popular

text: music

text: genre

text: such

text: as

text: rock

text: or

text: country

text: music

text: songwriter

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: called

text: composer

text: although

text: the

text: latter

text: term

text: tends

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: mainly

text: for

text: individuals

text: from

text: the

text: classical

text: music

text: genre

text: The

text: pressure

text: from

text: the

text: music

text: industry

text: to

text: produce

text: popular

text: hits

text: means

text: that

text: songwriting

text: is

text: often

text: an

text: activity

text: for

text: which

text: the

text: tasks

text: are

text: distributed

text: between

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: For

text: example

text: songwriter

text: who

text: excels

text: at

text: writing

text: lyrics

text: might

text: be

text: paired

text: with

text: songwriter

text: with

text: gift

text: for

text: creating

text: original

text: melodies

text: Pop

text: songs

text: may

text: be

text: written

text: by

text: group

text: members

text: from

text: the

text: band

text: or

text: by

text: staff

text: writers

text: songwriters

text: directly

text: employed

text: by

text: music

text: publishers

text: Some

text: songwriters

text: serve

text: as

text: their

text: own

text: music

text: publishers

text: while

text: others

text: have

text: outside

text: publishers

text: The music industry consists of the companies and individuals that earn money by creating new songs and pieces and selling live concerts and shows, audio and video recordings, compositions and sheet music, and the organizations and associations that aid and represent creators. Among the many individuals and organizations that operate in the industry are: the songwriters and composers who create new songs and musical pieces; the singers, musicians, conductors and bandleaders who perform the music; the companies and professionals who create and sell recorded music and/or sheet music (e.g., music publishers, music producers, recording studios, engineers, record labels, retail and online music stores, performance rights organizations); and those that help organize and present live music performances (sound engineers, booking agents, promoters, music venues, road crew).

text: The

text: music

text: industry

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: companies

text: and

text: individuals

text: that

text: earn

text: money

text: by

text: creating

text: new

text: songs

text: and

text: pieces

text: and

text: selling

text: live

text: concerts

text: and

text: shows

text: audio

text: and

text: video

text: recordings

text: compositions

text: and

text: sheet

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: organizations

text: and

text: associations

text: that

text: aid

text: and

text: represent

text: creators

text: Among

text: the

text: many

text: individuals

text: and

text: organizations

text: that

text: operate

text: in

text: the

text: industry

text: are

text: the

text: songwriters

text: and

text: composers

text: who

text: create

text: new

text: songs

text: and

text: musical

text: pieces

text: the

text: singers

text: musicians

text: conductors

text: and

text: bandleaders

text: who

text: perform

text: the

text: music

text: the

text: companies

text: and

text: professionals

text: who

text: create

text: and

text: sell

text: recorded

text: music

text: and/or

text: sheet

text: music

text: e.g.

text: music

text: publishers

text: music

text: producers

text: recording

text: studios

text: engineers

text: record

text: labels

text: retail

text: and

text: online

text: music

text: stores

text: performance

text: rights

text: organizations

text: and

text: those

text: that

text: help

text: organize

text: and

text: present

text: live

text: music

text: performances

text: sound

text: engineers

text: booking

text: agents

text: promoters

text: music

text: venues

text: road

text: crew

text: A composer (Latin "compn"; literally "one who puts together") is a person who creates or writes music, which can be vocal music (for a singer or choir), instrumental music (e.g., for solo piano, string quartet, wind quintet or orchestra) or music which combines both instruments and voices (e.g., opera or art song, which is a singer accompanied by a pianist). The core meaning of the term refers to individuals who have contributed to the tradition of Western classical music through creation of works expressed in written musical notation (e.g., sheet music scores).

text: composer

text: Latin

text: compn

text: literally

text: one

text: who

text: puts

text: together

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: creates

text: or

text: writes

text: music

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: vocal

text: music

text: for

text: singer

text: or

text: choir

text: instrumental

text: music

text: e.g.

text: for

text: solo

text: piano

text: string

text: quartet

text: wind

text: quintet

text: or

text: orchestra

text: or

text: music

text: which

text: combines

text: both

text: instruments

text: and

text: voices

text: e.g.

text: opera

text: or

text: art

text: song

text: which

text: is

text: singer

text: accompanied

text: by

text: pianist

text: The

text: core

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: refers

text: to

text: individuals

text: who

text: have

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: tradition

text: of

text: Western

text: classical

text: music

text: through

text: creation

text: of

text: works

text: expressed

text: in

text: written

text: musical

text: notation

text: e.g.

text: sheet

text: music

text: scores

text: An electric guitar is a fretted string instrument that uses a pickup to convert the vibration of its stringswhich are typically made of steel, and which occurs when a guitarist strums, plucks or fingerpicks the stringsinto electrical signals. The vibrations of the strings are sensed by a pickup, of which the most common type is the magnetic pickup, which uses the principle of direct electromagnetic induction. The signal generated by an electric guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is plugged into a guitar amplifier before being sent to a loudspeaker, which makes a sound loud enough to hear. The output of an electric guitar is an electric signal, and the signal can easily be altered by electronic circuits to add "color" to the sound or change the sound. Often the signal is modified using effects such as reverb and distortion and "overdrive", with the latter being a key element of the sound of the electric guitar as it is used in blues and rock music.

text: An

text: electric

text: guitar

text: is

text: fretted

text: string

text: instrument

text: that

text: uses

text: pickup

text: to

text: convert

text: the

text: vibration

text: of

text: its

text: stringswhich

text: are

text: typically

text: made

text: of

text: steel

text: and

text: which

text: occurs

text: when

text: guitarist

text: strums

text: plucks

text: or

text: fingerpicks

text: the

text: stringsinto

text: electrical

text: signals

text: The

text: vibrations

text: of

text: the

text: strings

text: are

text: sensed

text: by

text: pickup

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: is

text: the

text: magnetic

text: pickup

text: which

text: uses

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: direct

text: electromagnetic

text: induction

text: The

text: signal

text: generated

text: by

text: an

text: electric

text: guitar

text: is

text: too

text: weak

text: to

text: drive

text: loudspeaker

text: so

text: it

text: is

text: plugged

text: into

text: guitar

text: amplifier

text: before

text: being

text: sent

text: to

text: loudspeaker

text: which

text: makes

text: sound

text: loud

text: enough

text: to

text: hear

text: The

text: output

text: of

text: an

text: electric

text: guitar

text: is

text: an

text: electric

text: signal

text: and

text: the

text: signal

text: can

text: easily

text: be

text: altered

text: by

text: electronic

text: circuits

text: to

text: add

text: color

text: to

text: the

text: sound

text: or

text: change

text: the

text: sound

text: Often

text: the

text: signal

text: is

text: modified

text: using

text: effects

text: such

text: as

text: reverb

text: and

text: distortion

text: and

text: overdrive

text: with

text: the

text: latter

text: being

text: key

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: sound

text: of

text: the

text: electric

text: guitar

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: blues

text: and

text: rock

text: music

text: Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist. Singers perform music (arias, recitatives, songs, etc.) that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists. Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument (as in art song or some jazz styles) up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Different singing styles include art music such as opera and Chinese opera, religious music styles such as gospel, traditional music styles, world music, jazz, blues and popular music styles such as pop and rock.

text: Singing

text: is

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: producing

text: musical

text: sounds

text: with

text: the

text: voice

text: and

text: augments

text: regular

text: speech

text: by

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: sustained

text: tonality

text: rhythm

text: and

text: variety

text: of

text: vocal

text: techniques

text: person

text: who

text: sings

text: is

text: called

text: singer

text: or

text: vocalist

text: Singers

text: perform

text: music

text: arias

text: recitatives

text: songs

text: etc

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: sung

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: accompaniment

text: by

text: musical

text: instruments

text: Singing

text: is

text: often

text: done

text: in

text: an

text: ensemble

text: of

text: musicians

text: such

text: as

text: choir

text: of

text: singers

text: or

text: band

text: of

text: instrumentalists

text: Singers

text: may

text: perform

text: as

text: soloists

text: or

text: accompanied

text: by

text: anything

text: from

text: single

text: instrument

text: as

text: in

text: art

text: song

text: or

text: some

text: jazz

text: styles

text: up

text: to

text: symphony

text: orchestra

text: or

text: big

text: band

text: Different

text: singing

text: styles

text: include

text: art

text: music

text: such

text: as

text: opera

text: and

text: Chinese

text: opera

text: religious

text: music

text: styles

text: such

text: as

text: gospel

text: traditional

text: music

text: styles

text: world

text: music

text: jazz

text: blues

text: and

text: popular

text: music

text: styles

text: such

text: as

text: pop

text: and

text: rock

text: A guitarist (or a guitar player) is a person who plays the guitar. Guitarists may play a variety of guitar family instruments such as classical guitars, acoustic guitars, electric guitars, and bass guitars. Some guitarists accompany themselves on the guitar by singing or playing the harmonica.

text: guitarist

text: or

text: guitar

text: player

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: plays

text: the

text: guitar

text: Guitarists

text: may

text: play

text: variety

text: of

text: guitar

text: family

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: classical

text: guitars

text: acoustic

text: guitars

text: electric

text: guitars

text: and

text: bass

text: guitars

text: Some

text: guitarists

text: accompany

text: themselves

text: on

text: the

text: guitar

text: by

text: singing

text: or

text: playing

text: the

text: harmonica

text: Polkadot Cadaver is a band formed by members of the Rockville, Maryland rock band Dog Fashion Disco. The band is stylistically similar to Dog Fashion Disco and inherited many of their fans, who like Dog Fashion Disco, produce much of Polkadot Cadaver's artwork.

text: Polkadot

text: Cadaver

text: is

text: band

text: formed

text: by

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Rockville

text: Maryland

text: rock

text: band

text: Dog

text: Fashion

text: Disco

text: The

text: band

text: is

text: stylistically

text: similar

text: to

text: Dog

text: Fashion

text: Disco

text: and

text: inherited

text: many

text: of

text: their

text: fans

text: who

text: like

text: Dog

text: Fashion

text: Disco

text: produce

text: much

text: of

text: Polkadot

text: Cadaver

text: 's

text: artwork

text: Lyrics are words that make up a song usually consisting of verses and choruses. The writer of lyrics is a lyricist. The words to an extended musical composition such as an opera are, however, usually known as a "libretto" and their writer, as a "librettist". The meaning of lyrics can either be explicit or implicit. Some lyrics are abstract, almost unintelligible, and, in such cases, their explication emphasizes form, articulation, meter, and symmetry of expression. Rappers can also create lyrics with a variation of rhyming words or words that create and tell a story or song.

text: Lyrics

text: are

text: words

text: that

text: make

text: up

text: song

text: usually

text: consisting

text: of

text: verses

text: and

text: choruses

text: The

text: writer

text: of

text: lyrics

text: is

text: lyricist

text: The

text: words

text: to

text: an

text: extended

text: musical

text: composition

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: opera

text: are

text: however

text: usually

text: known

text: as

text: libretto

text: and

text: their

text: writer

text: as

text: librettist

text: The

text: meaning

text: of

text: lyrics

text: can

text: either

text: be

text: explicit

text: or

text: implicit

text: Some

text: lyrics

text: are

text: abstract

text: almost

text: unintelligible

text: and

text: in

text: such

text: cases

text: their

text: explication

text: emphasizes

text: form

text: articulation

text: meter

text: and

text: symmetry

text: of

text: expression

text: Rappers

text: can

text: also

text: create

text: lyrics

text: with

text: variation

text: of

text: rhyming

text: words

text: or

text: words

text: that

text: create

text: and

text: tell

text: story

text: or

text: song

text: Todd Smith is an American Vocalist , Songwriter , and Guitarist , who most notably fronts the band Dog Fashion Disco . Smith is currently involved with the bands Polkadot Cadaver , Knives Out ! , and solo project El - Creepo ! .

text: Todd

text: Smith

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: Vocalist

text: Songwriter

text: and

text: Guitarist

text: who

text: most

text: notably

text: fronts

text: the

text: band

text: Dog

text: Fashion

text: Disco

text: Smith

text: is

text: currently

text: involved

text: with

text: the

text: bands

text: Polkadot

text: Cadaver

text: Knives

text: Out

text: and

text: solo

text: project

text: El

text: Creepo

text: Maryland is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington, D.C. to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. The state's largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are "Old Line State", the "Free State", and the "Chesapeake Bay State". The state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England.

text: Maryland

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Mid

text: Atlantic

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: bordering

text: Virginia

text: West

text: Virginia

text: and

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: and

text: west

text: Pennsylvania

text: to

text: its

text: north

text: and

text: Delaware

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: The

text: state

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Baltimore

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Annapolis

text: Among

text: its

text: occasional

text: nicknames

text: are

text: Old

text: Line

text: State

text: the

text: Free

text: State

text: and

text: the

text: Chesapeake

text: Bay

text: State

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: Henrietta

text: Maria

text: of

text: France

text: the

text: wife

text: of

text: Charles

text: of

text: England

annotations: likely multiple

question: place_of_birth todd smith

answer: rockville

text: rockville

text: rockville

text: rockville

text: rockville

text: rockville


text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text:
Val Parnell (14 February 1892  22 September 1972), born as Valentine Charles Parnell, was a British television managing director and presenter, actor and theatrical impresario.
A former staple of stage production, his career started in television with the launch of the ITV network in 1955.

text: Val

text: Parnell

text: February

text: September

text: born

text: as

text: Valentine

text: Charles

text: Parnell

text: was

text: British

text: television

text: managing

text: director

text: and

text: presenter

text: actor

text: and

text: theatrical

text: impresario

text: former

text: staple

text: of

text: stage

text: production

text: his

text: career

text: started

text: in

text: television

text: with

text: the

text: launch

text: of

text: the

text: ITV

text: network

text: in

text: Chesney Allen ( 5 April 1894 -- 13 November 1982 ) was a popular English entertainer of the Second World War period . He is best remembered for his double act with Bud Flanagan , Flanagan and Allen .

text: Chesney

text: Allen

text: April

text: November

text: was

text: popular

text: English

text: entertainer

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: period

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: remembered

text: for

text: his

text: double

text: act

text: with

text: Bud

text: Flanagan

text: Flanagan

text: and

text: Allen

text: Music hall is a type of British theatrical entertainment that was popular from the early Victorian era circa 1850 and lasting until 1960. It involved a mixture of popular songs, comedy, speciality acts, and variety entertainment. The term is derived from a type of theatre or venue in which such entertainment took place. British music hall was similar to American vaudeville, featuring rousing songs and comic acts, while in the United Kingdom the term "vaudeville"' referred to more working-class types of entertainment that would have been termed "burlesque" in America.

text: Music

text: hall

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: British

text: theatrical

text: entertainment

text: that

text: was

text: popular

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: Victorian

text: era

text: circa

text: and

text: lasting

text: until

text: It

text: involved

text: mixture

text: of

text: popular

text: songs

text: comedy

text: speciality

text: acts

text: and

text: variety

text: entertainment

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: type

text: of

text: theatre

text: or

text: venue

text: in

text: which

text: such

text: entertainment

text: took

text: place

text: British

text: music

text: hall

text: was

text: similar

text: to

text: American

text: vaudeville

text: featuring

text: rousing

text: songs

text: and

text: comic

text: acts

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: term

text: vaudeville

text: referred

text: to

text: more

text: working

text: class

text: types

text: of

text: entertainment

text: that

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: termed

text: burlesque

text: in

text: America

text: A double act, also known as a comedy duo, is a comic pairing in which humor is derived from the uneven relationship between two partners, usually of the same gender, age, ethnic origin and profession but drastically different in terms of personality or behavior. Often one of the members of the duothe straight man, feed, dead wood, or stoogeis portrayed as reasonable and serious, while the other onethe funny man, banana man or comicis portrayed as funny, less educated or less intelligent, silly, or unorthodox. If the audience identifies primarily with one character, the other will often be referred to as a comic foil. The term "feed" comes from the way a straight man is wont to set up jokes and "feed" them to his partner.

text: double

text: act

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: comedy

text: duo

text: is

text: comic

text: pairing

text: in

text: which

text: humor

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: uneven

text: relationship

text: between

text: two

text: partners

text: usually

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: gender

text: age

text: ethnic

text: origin

text: and

text: profession

text: but

text: drastically

text: different

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: personality

text: or

text: behavior

text: Often

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: duothe

text: straight

text: man

text: feed

text: dead

text: wood

text: or

text: stoogeis

text: portrayed

text: as

text: reasonable

text: and

text: serious

text: while

text: the

text: other

text: onethe

text: funny

text: man

text: banana

text: man

text: or

text: comicis

text: portrayed

text: as

text: funny

text: less

text: educated

text: or

text: less

text: intelligent

text: silly

text: or

text: unorthodox

text: If

text: the

text: audience

text: identifies

text: primarily

text: with

text: one

text: character

text: the

text: other

text: will

text: often

text: be

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: comic

text: foil

text: The

text: term

text: feed

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: way

text: straight

text: man

text: is

text: wo

text: nt

text: to

text: set

text: up

text: jokes

text: and

text: feed

text: them

text: to

text: his

text: partner

text: Bud Flanagan, (14 October 1896  20 October 1968) was a popular English music hall and vaudeville entertainer and comedian, and later a television and film actor, he was best known as a double act with Chesney Allen. Flanagan was famous as a wartime entertainer and his achievements were recognised when he was awarded the Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1959.

text: Bud

text: Flanagan

text: October

text: October

text: was

text: popular

text: English

text: music

text: hall

text: and

text: vaudeville

text: entertainer

text: and

text: comedian

text: and

text: later

text: television

text: and

text: film

text: actor

text: he

text: was

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: double

text: act

text: with

text: Chesney

text: Allen

text: Flanagan

text: was

text: famous

text: as

text: wartime

text: entertainer

text: and

text: his

text: achievements

text: were

text: recognised

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Officer

text: of

text: the

text: Most

text: Excellent

text: Order

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: OBE

text: in

text: Florrie Forde (16 August 1875  18 April 1940), born Flora May Augusta Flannagan, was an Australian popular singer and entertainer. She was one of the most popular stars of the early 20th century music hall.

text: Florrie

text: Forde

text: August

text: April

text: born

text: Flora

text: May

text: Augusta

text: Flannagan

text: was

text: an

text: Australian

text: popular

text: singer

text: and

text: entertainer

text: She

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: stars

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: music

text: hall

text: Flanagan and Allen were a British singing and comedy double act popular during World War II. Its members were Bud Flanagan (18961968) and Chesney Allen (18931982). They were first paired in a Florrie Forde revue, and were booked by Val Parnell to appear at the Holborn Empire in 1929.

text: Flanagan

text: and

text: Allen

text: were

text: British

text: singing

text: and

text: comedy

text: double

text: act

text: popular

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Its

text: members

text: were

text: Bud

text: Flanagan

text: and

text: Chesney

text: Allen

text: They

text: were

text: first

text: paired

text: in

text: Florrie

text: Forde

text: revue

text: and

text: were

text: booked

text: by

text: Val

text: Parnell

text: to

text: appear

text: at

text: the

text: Holborn

text: Empire

text: in

annotations: follows multiple

question: occupation chesney allen

answer: comedian

text: comedian