text: A starship, starcraft or interstellar spacecraft is a theoretical spacecraft designed for traveling between planetary systems, as opposed to a vehicle designed for orbital spaceflight or interplanetary travel.

text: starship

text: starcraft

text: or

text: interstellar

text: spacecraft

text: is

text: theoretical

text: spacecraft

text: designed

text: for

text: traveling

text: between

text: planetary

text: systems

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: vehicle

text: designed

text: for

text: orbital

text: spaceflight

text: or

text: interplanetary

text: travel

text: A star is a luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked eye from Earth during the night, appearing as a multitude of fixed luminous points in the sky due to their immense distance from Earth. Historically, the most prominent stars were grouped into constellations and asterisms, the brightest of which gained proper names. Astronomers have assembled star catalogues that identify the known stars and provide standardized stellar designations. However, most of the stars in the Universe, including all stars outside our galaxy, the Milky Way, are invisible to the naked eye from Earth. Indeed, most are invisible from Earth even through the most powerful telescopes.

text: star

text: is

text: luminous

text: sphere

text: of

text: plasma

text: held

text: together

text: by

text: its

text: own

text: gravity

text: The

text: nearest

text: star

text: to

text: Earth

text: is

text: the

text: Sun

text: Many

text: other

text: stars

text: are

text: visible

text: to

text: the

text: naked

text: eye

text: from

text: Earth

text: during

text: the

text: night

text: appearing

text: as

text: multitude

text: of

text: fixed

text: luminous

text: points

text: in

text: the

text: sky

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: immense

text: distance

text: from

text: Earth

text: Historically

text: the

text: most

text: prominent

text: stars

text: were

text: grouped

text: into

text: constellations

text: and

text: asterisms

text: the

text: brightest

text: of

text: which

text: gained

text: proper

text: names

text: Astronomers

text: have

text: assembled

text: star

text: catalogues

text: that

text: identify

text: the

text: known

text: stars

text: and

text: provide

text: standardized

text: stellar

text: designations

text: However

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: stars

text: in

text: the

text: Universe

text: including

text: all

text: stars

text: outside

text: our

text: galaxy

text: the

text: Milky

text: Way

text: are

text: invisible

text: to

text: the

text: naked

text: eye

text: from

text: Earth

text: Indeed

text: most

text: are

text: invisible

text: from

text: Earth

text: even

text: through

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: telescopes

text: Vacuum Diagrams is a collection of science fiction short stories written by Stephen Baxter. The collection connects the novels of the Xeelee Sequence and also shows the history of mankind in the Xeelee universe, and ultimately the universe. While each short story in the collection is self-contained, the stories are presented as being contained in the context of the first story, "Eve", about a man who is forced to witness the events in the short stories by a god-like being. "Eve" acts as a structure for the short stories, with an introduction at the beginning of "Vacuum Diagrams", short scenes occurring between each "era" (with "Eve" character explaining and introducing the next section), and an ending that wraps up the plot for the "Eve" story itself. "Vacuum Diagrams" won the Philip K. Dick Award in 1999.

text: Vacuum

text: Diagrams

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: science

text: fiction

text: short

text: stories

text: written

text: by

text: Stephen

text: Baxter

text: The

text: collection

text: connects

text: the

text: novels

text: of

text: the

text: Xeelee

text: Sequence

text: and

text: also

text: shows

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: mankind

text: in

text: the

text: Xeelee

text: universe

text: and

text: ultimately

text: the

text: universe

text: While

text: each

text: short

text: story

text: in

text: the

text: collection

text: is

text: self

text: contained

text: the

text: stories

text: are

text: presented

text: as

text: being

text: contained

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: story

text: Eve

text: about

text: man

text: who

text: is

text: forced

text: to

text: witness

text: the

text: events

text: in

text: the

text: short

text: stories

text: by

text: god

text: like

text: being

text: Eve

text: acts

text: as

text: structure

text: for

text: the

text: short

text: stories

text: with

text: an

text: introduction

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: Vacuum

text: Diagrams

text: short

text: scenes

text: occurring

text: between

text: each

text: era

text: with

text: Eve

text: character

text: explaining

text: and

text: introducing

text: the

text: next

text: section

text: and

text: an

text: ending

text: that

text: wraps

text: up

text: the

text: plot

text: for

text: the

text: Eve

text: story

text: itself

text: Vacuum

text: Diagrams

text: won

text: the

text: Philip

text: Dick

text: Award

text: in

text: Ring is a 1994 science fiction novel by author Stephen Baxter . Ring tells the story of the end of the universe and the saving of mankind from its destruction . Two parallel plots are followed throughout the novel : that of Lieserl , an AI exploring the interior of the sun , and that of the Great Northern , a generation ship on a five - million - year journey .

text: Ring

text: is

text: science

text: fiction

text: novel

text: by

text: author

text: Stephen

text: Baxter

text: Ring

text: tells

text: the

text: story

text: of

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: universe

text: and

text: the

text: saving

text: of

text: mankind

text: from

text: its

text: destruction

text: Two

text: parallel

text: plots

text: are

text: followed

text: throughout

text: the

text: novel

text: that

text: of

text: Lieserl

text: an

text: AI

text: exploring

text: the

text: interior

text: of

text: the

text: sun

text: and

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Northern

text: generation

text: ship

text: on

text: five

text: million

text: year

text: journey

text: Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars, where it is the last element to be produced with release of energy before the violent collapse of a supernova, which scatters the iron into space.

text: Iron

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: Fe

text: from

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: It

text: is

text: metal

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: transition

text: series

text: It

text: is

text: by

text: mass

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: element

text: on

text: Earth

text: forming

text: much

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: outer

text: and

text: inner

text: core

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: common

text: element

text: in

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: Its

text: abundance

text: in

text: rocky

text: planets

text: like

text: Earth

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: abundant

text: production

text: by

text: fusion

text: in

text: high

text: mass

text: stars

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: element

text: to

text: be

text: produced

text: with

text: release

text: of

text: energy

text: before

text: the

text: violent

text: collapse

text: of

text: supernova

text: which

text: scatters

text: the

text: iron

text: into

text: space

text: The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Of those objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest eight are the planets, with the remainder being significantly smaller objects, such as dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies. Of the objects that orbit the Sun indirectly, the moons, two are larger than the smallest planet, Mercury.

text: The

text: Solar

text: System

text: is

text: the

text: gravitationally

text: bound

text: system

text: comprising

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: the

text: objects

text: that

text: orbit

text: it

text: either

text: directly

text: or

text: indirectly

text: Of

text: those

text: objects

text: that

text: orbit

text: the

text: Sun

text: directly

text: the

text: largest

text: eight

text: are

text: the

text: planets

text: with

text: the

text: remainder

text: being

text: significantly

text: smaller

text: objects

text: such

text: as

text: dwarf

text: planets

text: and

text: small

text: Solar

text: System

text: bodies

text: Of

text: the

text: objects

text: that

text: orbit

text: the

text: Sun

text: indirectly

text: the

text: moons

text: two

text: are

text: larger

text: than

text: the

text: smallest

text: planet

text: Mercury

text: Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as other compounds. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula . This is an important part of the atmosphere and diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. Additionally, as oxides the element makes up almost half of the Earth's crust.

text: Oxygen

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: It

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: chalcogen

text: group

text: on

text: the

text: periodic

text: table

text: and

text: is

text: highly

text: reactive

text: nonmetal

text: and

text: oxidizing

text: agent

text: that

text: readily

text: forms

text: oxides

text: with

text: most

text: elements

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: compounds

text: By

text: mass

text: oxygen

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: abundant

text: element

text: in

text: the

text: universe

text: after

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: At

text: standard

text: temperature

text: and

text: pressure

text: two

text: atoms

text: of

text: the

text: element

text: bind

text: to

text: form

text: dioxygen

text: colorless

text: and

text: odorless

text: diatomic

text: gas

text: with

text: the

text: formula

text: This

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: diatomic

text: oxygen

text: gas

text: constitutes

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: atmosphere

text: Additionally

text: as

text: oxides

text: the

text: element

text: makes

text: up

text: almost

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass. Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed "protium" (name rarely used, symbol H), has one proton and no neutrons.

text: Hydrogen

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: chemical

text: symbol

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: With

text: an

text: atomic

text: weight

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: is

text: the

text: lightest

text: element

text: on

text: the

text: periodic

text: table

text: Its

text: monatomic

text: form

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: abundant

text: chemical

text: substance

text: in

text: the

text: Universe

text: constituting

text: roughly

text: of

text: all

text: baryonic

text: mass

text: Non

text: remnant

text: stars

text: are

text: mainly

text: composed

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: in

text: the

text: plasma

text: state

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: isotope

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: termed

text: protium

text: name

text: rarely

text: used

text: symbol

text: has

text: one

text: proton

text: and

text: no

text: neutrons

text: Life is a characteristic distinguishing physical entities having biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased, or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate. Various forms of life exist, such as plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria. The criteria can at times be ambiguous and may or may not define viruses, viroids, or potential artificial life as "living". Biology is the primary science concerned with the study of life, although many other sciences are involved.

text: Life

text: is

text: characteristic

text: distinguishing

text: physical

text: entities

text: having

text: biological

text: processes

text: such

text: as

text: signaling

text: and

text: self

text: sustaining

text: processes

text: from

text: those

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: either

text: because

text: such

text: functions

text: have

text: ceased

text: or

text: because

text: they

text: never

text: had

text: such

text: functions

text: and

text: are

text: classified

text: as

text: inanimate

text: Various

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: exist

text: such

text: as

text: plants

text: animals

text: fungi

text: protists

text: archaea

text: and

text: bacteria

text: The

text: criteria

text: can

text: at

text: times

text: be

text: ambiguous

text: and

text: may

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: define

text: viruses

text: viroids

text: or

text: potential

text: artificial

text: life

text: as

text: living

text: Biology

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: science

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: life

text: although

text: many

text: other

text: sciences

text: are

text: involved

text: Carbon (from "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalentmaking four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. Three isotopes occur naturally, C and C being stable, while C is a radioactive isotope, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity.

text: Carbon

text: from

text: coal

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: It

text: is

text: nonmetallic

text: and

text: tetravalentmaking

text: four

text: electrons

text: available

text: to

text: form

text: covalent

text: chemical

text: bonds

text: Three

text: isotopes

text: occur

text: naturally

text: and

text: being

text: stable

text: while

text: is

text: radioactive

text: isotope

text: decaying

text: with

text: half

text: life

text: of

text: about

text: years

text: Carbon

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: elements

text: known

text: since

text: antiquity

text: Earth, otherwise known as the world, is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets.

text: Earth

text: otherwise

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: planet

text: from

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: object

text: in

text: the

text: Universe

text: known

text: to

text: harbor

text: life

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: densest

text: planet

text: in

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: terrestrial

text: planets

text: Science fiction (often shortened to SF, sci-fi or scifi) is a genre of speculative fiction, typically dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a "literature of ideas." It usually avoids the supernatural, and unlike the related genre of fantasy, historically science fiction stories were intended to have a grounding in science-based fact or theory at the time the story was created, but this connection is now limited to hard science fiction.

text: Science

text: fiction

text: often

text: shortened

text: to

text: SF

text: sci

text: fi

text: or

text: scifi

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: speculative

text: fiction

text: typically

text: dealing

text: with

text: imaginative

text: concepts

text: such

text: as

text: futuristic

text: science

text: and

text: technology

text: space

text: travel

text: time

text: travel

text: faster

text: than

text: light

text: travel

text: parallel

text: universes

text: and

text: extraterrestrial

text: life

text: Science

text: fiction

text: often

text: explores

text: the

text: potential

text: consequences

text: of

text: scientific

text: and

text: other

text: innovations

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: literature

text: of

text: ideas

text: It

text: usually

text: avoids

text: the

text: supernatural

text: and

text: unlike

text: the

text: related

text: genre

text: of

text: fantasy

text: historically

text: science

text: fiction

text: stories

text: were

text: intended

text: to

text: have

text: grounding

text: in

text: science

text: based

text: fact

text: or

text: theory

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: the

text: story

text: was

text: created

text: but

text: this

text: connection

text: is

text: now

text: limited

text: to

text: hard

text: science

text: fiction

text: An interstellar ark or Generation ship is a conceptual space vehicle designed for interstellar travel. Interstellar arks may be the most economically feasible method of traveling such distances. The ark has also been proposed as a potential habitat to preserve civilization and knowledge in the event of a global catastrophe.

text: An

text: interstellar

text: ark

text: or

text: Generation

text: ship

text: is

text: conceptual

text: space

text: vehicle

text: designed

text: for

text: interstellar

text: travel

text: Interstellar

text: arks

text: may

text: be

text: the

text: most

text: economically

text: feasible

text: method

text: of

text: traveling

text: such

text: distances

text: The

text: ark

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: proposed

text: as

text: potential

text: habitat

text: to

text: preserve

text: civilization

text: and

text: knowledge

text: in

text: the

text: event

text: of

text: global

text: catastrophe

text: Lieserl is the title of the fifth story in Stephen Baxter's science fiction anthology "Vacuum Diagrams". It was originally published in "Interzone" in 1993 and represents a small, but integral part of the novel, Ring.

text: Lieserl

text: is

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: the

text: fifth

text: story

text: in

text: Stephen

text: Baxter

text: 's

text: science

text: fiction

text: anthology

text: Vacuum

text: Diagrams

text: It

text: was

text: originally

text: published

text: in

text: Interzone

text: in

text: and

text: represents

text: small

text: but

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: novel

text: Ring

text: Helium is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements.

text: Helium

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: He

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: It

text: is

text: colorless

text: odorless

text: tasteless

text: non

text: toxic

text: inert

text: monatomic

text: gas

text: the

text: first

text: in

text: the

text: noble

text: gas

text: group

text: in

text: the

text: periodic

text: table

text: Its

text: boiling

text: point

text: is

text: the

text: lowest

text: among

text: all

text: the

text: elements

text:
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma, with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process.<ref name="doi10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040012"></ref> It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth. Its diameter is about 109 times that of Earth, and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth, accounting for about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System.
About three quarters of the Sun's mass consists of hydrogen (~73%); the rest is mostly helium (~25%), with much smaller quantities of heavier elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon, and iron.

text: The

text: Sun

text: is

text: the

text: star

text: at

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: It

text: is

text: nearly

text: perfect

text: sphere

text: of

text: hot

text: plasma

text: with

text: internal

text: convective

text: motion

text: that

text: generates

text: magnetic

text: field

text: via

text: dynamo

text: process.<ref

text: It

text: is

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: source

text: of

text: energy

text: for

text: life

text: on

text: Earth

text: Its

text: diameter

text: is

text: about

text: times

text: that

text: of

text: Earth

text: and

text: its

text: mass

text: is

text: about

text: times

text: that

text: of

text: Earth

text: accounting

text: for

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: mass

text: of

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: About

text: three

text: quarters

text: of

text: the

text: Sun

text: 's

text: mass

text: consists

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: the

text: rest

text: is

text: mostly

text: helium

text: with

text: much

text: smaller

text: quantities

text: of

text: heavier

text: elements

text: including

text: oxygen

text: carbon

text: neon

text: and

text: iron

text: A generation ship, or generation starship, is a hypothetical type of interstellar ark starship that travels at sub-light speed.

text: generation

text: ship

text: or

text: generation

text: starship

text: is

text: hypothetical

text: type

text: of

text: interstellar

text: ark

text: starship

text: that

text: travels

text: at

text: sub

text: light

text: speed

annotations: likely multiple

question: series ring

answer: xeelee sequence

text: xeelee sequence


text: Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 514,414 . It lies within the United Kingdom's second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.55 million. Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council.

text: Manchester

text: is

text: major

text: city

text: and

text: metropolitan

text: borough

text: in

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: England

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: It

text: lies

text: within

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: area

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: Manchester

text: is

text: fringed

text: by

text: the

text: Cheshire

text: Plain

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Pennines

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: and

text: an

text: arc

text: of

text: towns

text: with

text: which

text: it

text: forms

text: continuous

text: conurbation

text: The

text: local

text: authority

text: is

text: Manchester

text: City

text: Council

text: England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.

text: England

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Scotland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Wales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: northwest

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: England

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: continental

text: Europe

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: covers

text: five

text: eighths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: which

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: in

text: its

text: centre

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: includes

text: over

text: smaller

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: and

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: Manchester City Council is the local government authority for Manchester, a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England. It is composed of 96 councillors, three for each of the 32 electoral wards of Manchester. The council is controlled by the Labour Party and led by Sir Richard Leese. Sir Howard Bernstein is the chief executive. Many of the council's staff are based at Manchester Town Hall.

text: Manchester

text: City

text: Council

text: is

text: the

text: local

text: government

text: authority

text: for

text: Manchester

text: city

text: and

text: metropolitan

text: borough

text: in

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: England

text: It

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: councillors

text: three

text: for

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: electoral

text: wards

text: of

text: Manchester

text: The

text: council

text: is

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: Labour

text: Party

text: and

text: led

text: by

text: Sir

text: Richard

text: Leese

text: Sir

text: Howard

text: Bernstein

text: is

text: the

text: chief

text: executive

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: council

text: 's

text: staff

text: are

text: based

text: at

text: Manchester

text: Town

text: Hall

text: A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England, and is a subdivision of a metropolitan county. Created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, metropolitan boroughs are defined in English law as metropolitan districts. However, all of them have been granted or regranted royal charters to give them borough status (as well as, in some cases, city status). Metropolitan boroughs have been effectively unitary authority areas since the abolition of the metropolitan county councils by the Local Government Act 1985. However, metropolitan boroughs pool much of their authority in joint boards and other arrangements that cover whole metropolitan counties, such as combined authorities.

text: metropolitan

text: borough

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: local

text: government

text: district

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: is

text: subdivision

text: of

text: metropolitan

text: county

text: Created

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Local

text: Government

text: Act

text: metropolitan

text: boroughs

text: are

text: defined

text: in

text: English

text: law

text: as

text: metropolitan

text: districts

text: However

text: all

text: of

text: them

text: have

text: been

text: granted

text: or

text: regranted

text: royal

text: charters

text: to

text: give

text: them

text: borough

text: status

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: city

text: status

text: Metropolitan

text: boroughs

text: have

text: been

text: effectively

text: unitary

text: authority

text: areas

text: since

text: the

text: abolition

text: of

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: county

text: councils

text: by

text: the

text: Local

text: Government

text: Act

text: However

text: metropolitan

text: boroughs

text: pool

text: much

text: of

text: their

text: authority

text: in

text: joint

text: boards

text: and

text: other

text: arrangements

text: that

text: cover

text: whole

text: metropolitan

text: counties

text: such

text: as

text: combined

text: authorities

text: Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2.8 million. It encompasses one of the largest metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom and comprises ten metropolitan boroughs: Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan, and the cities of Manchester and Salford. Greater Manchester was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972; and designated a City Region on 1 April 2011.

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: is

text: metropolitan

text: county

text: in

text: North

text: West

text: England

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: It

text: encompasses

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: comprises

text: ten

text: metropolitan

text: boroughs

text: Bolton

text: Bury

text: Oldham

text: Rochdale

text: Stockport

text: Tameside

text: Trafford

text: Wigan

text: and

text: the

text: cities

text: of

text: Manchester

text: and

text: Salford

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: was

text: created

text: on

text: April

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: Local

text: Government

text: Act

text: and

text: designated

text: City

text: Region

text: on

text: April

text: The Cheshire Plain is a relatively flat expanse of lowland almost entirely within the county of Cheshire in north-west England. It extends from the Mersey Valley in the north to the Shropshire Hills in the south, bounded by the hills of north Wales to the west and the foothills of the Pennines to the north-east. The Wirral Peninsula lies to the north-west whilst the plain merges with the South Lancashire Plain in the embayment occupied by Manchester to the north. In detail, the plain comprises two areas with distinct characters, the one to the west of the Mid Cheshire Ridge and the other, larger, part to its east.

text: The

text: Cheshire

text: Plain

text: is

text: relatively

text: flat

text: expanse

text: of

text: lowland

text: almost

text: entirely

text: within

text: the

text: county

text: of

text: Cheshire

text: in

text: north

text: west

text: England

text: It

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mersey

text: Valley

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: Shropshire

text: Hills

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: hills

text: of

text: north

text: Wales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: foothills

text: of

text: the

text: Pennines

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: The

text: Wirral

text: Peninsula

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: west

text: whilst

text: the

text: plain

text: merges

text: with

text: the

text: South

text: Lancashire

text: Plain

text: in

text: the

text: embayment

text: occupied

text: by

text: Manchester

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: In

text: detail

text: the

text: plain

text: comprises

text: two

text: areas

text: with

text: distinct

text: characters

text: the

text: one

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Mid

text: Cheshire

text: Ridge

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: larger

text: part

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: Andrew John Hughes ( born 2 January 1978 in Manchester ) is an English footballer who currently holds the position of First Team / Development Coach at Rotherham United . Known for his versatility , his main position is as a central midfielder , but he also played regularly at fullback during his career . Hughes played over 100 games for each of Notts County , Reading and Leeds United .

text: Andrew

text: John

text: Hughes

text: born

text: January

text: in

text: Manchester

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: footballer

text: who

text: currently

text: holds

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: First

text: Team

text: Development

text: Coach

text: at

text: Rotherham

text: United

text: Known

text: for

text: his

text: versatility

text: his

text: main

text: position

text: is

text: as

text: central

text: midfielder

text: but

text: he

text: also

text: played

text: regularly

text: at

text: fullback

text: during

text: his

text: career

text: Hughes

text: played

text: over

text: games

text: for

text: each

text: of

text: Notts

text: County

text: Reading

text: and

text: Leeds

text: United

text: The Pennines , also known as the Pennine Chain or Pennine Hills, are a range of mountains and hills in Northern England separating North West England from Yorkshire and North East England.

text: The

text: Pennines

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Pennine

text: Chain

text: or

text: Pennine

text: Hills

text: are

text: range

text: of

text: mountains

text: and

text: hills

text: in

text: Northern

text: England

text: separating

text: North

text: West

text: England

text: from

text: Yorkshire

text: and

text: North

text: East

text: England

text: Cheshire (or ; archaically the County Palatine of Chester; abbreviated Ches.) is a county in North West England, bordering Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south and Wales to the west (bordering Wrexham and Flintshire). Cheshire's county town is Chester; the largest town is Warrington.

text: Cheshire

text: or

text: archaically

text: the

text: County

text: Palatine

text: of

text: Chester

text: abbreviated

text: Ches

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: North

text: West

text: England

text: bordering

text: Merseyside

text: and

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Derbyshire

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Staffordshire

text: and

text: Shropshire

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Wales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: bordering

text: Wrexham

text: and

text: Flintshire

text: Cheshire

text: 's

text: county

text: town

text: is

text: Chester

text: the

text: largest

text: town

text: is

text: Warrington

annotations: likely single

question: place_of_birth andrew hughes

answer: stockport

text: stockport


text: In the mathematical fields of linear algebra and functional analysis, the orthogonal complement of a subspace "W" of a vector space "V" equipped with a bilinear form "B" is the set "W" of all vectors in "V" that are orthogonal to every vector in "W". Informally, it is called the perp, short for perpendicular complement. It is a subspace of "V".

text: In

text: the

text: mathematical

text: fields

text: of

text: linear

text: algebra

text: and

text: functional

text: analysis

text: the

text: orthogonal

text: complement

text: of

text: subspace

text: of

text: vector

text: space

text: equipped

text: with

text: bilinear

text: form

text: is

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: all

text: vectors

text: in

text: that

text: are

text: orthogonal

text: to

text: every

text: vector

text: in

text: Informally

text: it

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: perp

text: short

text: for

text: perpendicular

text: complement

text: It

text: is

text: subspace

text: of

text: In the area of modern algebra known as group theory, the Monster group "M" (also known as the FischerGriess Monster, or the Friendly Giant) is the largest sporadic simple group, having order

text: In

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: modern

text: algebra

text: known

text: as

text: group

text: theory

text: the

text: Monster

text: group

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: FischerGriess

text: Monster

text: or

text: the

text: Friendly

text: Giant

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: sporadic

text: simple

text: group

text: having

text: order

text: In physics and mathematics, the dimension of a mathematical space (or object) is informally defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any point within it. Thus a line has a dimension of one because only one coordinate is needed to specify a point on itfor example, the point at 5 on a number line. A surface such as a plane or the surface of a cylinder or sphere has a dimension of two because two coordinates are needed to specify a point on itfor example, both a latitude and longitude are required to locate a point on the surface of a sphere. The inside of a cube, a cylinder or a sphere is three-dimensional because three coordinates are needed to locate a point within these spaces.

text: In

text: physics

text: and

text: mathematics

text: the

text: dimension

text: of

text: mathematical

text: space

text: or

text: object

text: is

text: informally

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: minimum

text: number

text: of

text: coordinates

text: needed

text: to

text: specify

text: any

text: point

text: within

text: it

text: Thus

text: line

text: has

text: dimension

text: of

text: one

text: because

text: only

text: one

text: coordinate

text: is

text: needed

text: to

text: specify

text: point

text: on

text: itfor

text: example

text: the

text: point

text: at

text: on

text: number

text: line

text: surface

text: such

text: as

text: plane

text: or

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: cylinder

text: or

text: sphere

text: has

text: dimension

text: of

text: two

text: because

text: two

text: coordinates

text: are

text: needed

text: to

text: specify

text: point

text: on

text: itfor

text: example

text: both

text: latitude

text: and

text: longitude

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: locate

text: point

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: sphere

text: The

text: inside

text: of

text: cube

text: cylinder

text: or

text: sphere

text: is

text: three

text: dimensional

text: because

text: three

text: coordinates

text: are

text: needed

text: to

text: locate

text: point

text: within

text: these

text: spaces

text: The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States fought from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America. The Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U.S. history.

text: The

text: American

text: Civil

text: War

text: was

text: civil

text: war

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: fought

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: Union

text: faced

text: secessionists

text: in

text: eleven

text: Southern

text: states

text: grouped

text: together

text: as

text: the

text: Confederate

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: The

text: Union

text: won

text: the

text: war

text: which

text: remains

text: the

text: bloodiest

text: in

text: U.S.

text: history

text: The Savannah River is a major river in the southeastern United States, forming most of the border between the states of South Carolina and Georgia. Two tributaries of the Savannah, the Tugaloo River and the Chattooga River, form the northernmost part of the border. The Savannah River drainage basin extends into the southeastern side of the Appalachian Mountains just inside North Carolina, bounded by the Eastern Continental Divide. The river is around long. It is formed by the confluence of the Tugaloo River and the Seneca River. Today this confluence is submerged beneath Lake Hartwell. The Tallulah Gorge is located on the Tallulah River, a tributary of the Tugaloo River that forms the northwest branch of the Savannah River.

text: The

text: Savannah

text: River

text: is

text: major

text: river

text: in

text: the

text: southeastern

text: United

text: States

text: forming

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: South

text: Carolina

text: and

text: Georgia

text: Two

text: tributaries

text: of

text: the

text: Savannah

text: the

text: Tugaloo

text: River

text: and

text: the

text: Chattooga

text: River

text: form

text: the

text: northernmost

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: border

text: The

text: Savannah

text: River

text: drainage

text: basin

text: extends

text: into

text: the

text: southeastern

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

text: just

text: inside

text: North

text: Carolina

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Continental

text: Divide

text: The

text: river

text: is

text: around

text: long

text: It

text: is

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Tugaloo

text: River

text: and

text: the

text: Seneca

text: River

text: Today

text: this

text: confluence

text: is

text: submerged

text: beneath

text: Lake

text: Hartwell

text: The

text: Tallulah

text: Gorge

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Tallulah

text: River

text: tributary

text: of

text: the

text: Tugaloo

text: River

text: that

text: forms

text: the

text: northwest

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Savannah

text: River

text:
In mathematics and abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups.
The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Groups recur throughout mathematics, and the methods of group theory have influenced many parts of algebra. Linear algebraic groups and Lie groups are two branches of group theory that have experienced advances and have become subject areas in their own right.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: and

text: abstract

text: algebra

text: group

text: theory

text: studies

text: the

text: algebraic

text: structures

text: known

text: as

text: groups

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: group

text: is

text: central

text: to

text: abstract

text: algebra

text: other

text: well

text: known

text: algebraic

text: structures

text: such

text: as

text: rings

text: fields

text: and

text: vector

text: spaces

text: can

text: all

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: groups

text: endowed

text: with

text: additional

text: operations

text: and

text: axioms

text: Groups

text: recur

text: throughout

text: mathematics

text: and

text: the

text: methods

text: of

text: group

text: theory

text: have

text: influenced

text: many

text: parts

text: of

text: algebra

text: Linear

text: algebraic

text: groups

text: and

text: Lie

text: groups

text: are

text: two

text: branches

text: of

text: group

text: theory

text: that

text: have

text: experienced

text: advances

text: and

text: have

text: become

text: subject

text: areas

text: in

text: their

text: own

text: right

text: The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America.

text: The

text: American

text: Revolution

text: was

text: political

text: upheaval

text: that

text: took

text: place

text: between

text: and

text: during

text: which

text: colonists

text: in

text: the

text: Thirteen

text: American

text: Colonies

text: rejected

text: the

text: British

text: monarchy

text: and

text: aristocracy

text: overthrew

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: founded

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: The University of Michigan (U-M, UM, UMich, or U of M), frequently referred to simply as "Michigan," is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817 in Detroit as the "Catholepistemiad", or University of Michigania, 20 years before the Michigan Territory became a state, the University of Michigan is the state's oldest university. In 1821, the university was officially renamed the University of Michigan. It moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto of what is now known as Central Campus. Since its establishment in Ann Arbor, the university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than spread out over a Central Campus and North Campus, two satellite campuses in Flint and Dearborn, and a Center in Detroit. The University was a founding member of the Association of American Universities.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Michigan

text: UM

text: UMich

text: or

text: of

text: frequently

text: referred

text: to

text: simply

text: as

text: Michigan

text: is

text: public

text: research

text: university

text: in

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: Michigan

text: United

text: States

text: Founded

text: in

text: in

text: Detroit

text: as

text: the

text: Catholepistemiad

text: or

text: University

text: of

text: Michigania

text: years

text: before

text: the

text: Michigan

text: Territory

text: became

text: state

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Michigan

text: is

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: oldest

text: university

text: In

text: the

text: university

text: was

text: officially

text: renamed

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Michigan

text: It

text: moved

text: to

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: in

text: onto

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: Central

text: Campus

text: Since

text: its

text: establishment

text: in

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: the

text: university

text: campus

text: has

text: expanded

text: to

text: include

text: more

text: than

text: major

text: buildings

text: with

text: combined

text: area

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: spread

text: out

text: over

text: Central

text: Campus

text: and

text: North

text: Campus

text: two

text: satellite

text: campuses

text: in

text: Flint

text: and

text: Dearborn

text: and

text: Center

text: in

text: Detroit

text: The

text: University

text: was

text: founding

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Association

text: of

text: American

text: Universities

text: Robert Louis Griess , Jr. ( born 1945 , Savannah , Georgia ) is a mathematician working on finite simple groups and vertex algebras . Currently , Griess is a professor of mathematics at University of Michigan . He constructed the monster group using the Griess algebra . He received the AMS Leroy P. Steele Prize for a Seminal Contribution to Research in 2010 . In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society .

text: Robert

text: Louis

text: Griess

text: Jr.

text: born

text: Savannah

text: Georgia

text: is

text: mathematician

text: working

text: on

text: finite

text: simple

text: groups

text: and

text: vertex

text: algebras

text: Currently

text: Griess

text: is

text: professor

text: of

text: mathematics

text: at

text: University

text: of

text: Michigan

text: He

text: constructed

text: the

text: monster

text: group

text: using

text: the

text: Griess

text: algebra

text: He

text: received

text: the

text: AMS

text: Leroy

text: Steele

text: Prize

text: for

text: Seminal

text: Contribution

text: to

text: Research

text: in

text: In

text: he

text: became

text: fellow

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Mathematical

text: Society

text: In mathematics, the Griess algebra is a commutative non-associative algebra on a real vector space of dimension 196884 that has the Monster group "M" as its automorphism group. It is named after mathematician R. L. Griess, who constructed it in 1980 and subsequently used it in 1982 to construct "M". The Monster fixes (vectorwise) a 1-space in this algebra and acts absolutely irreducibly on the 196883-dimensional orthogonal complement of this 1-space.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: the

text: Griess

text: algebra

text: is

text: commutative

text: non

text: associative

text: algebra

text: on

text: real

text: vector

text: space

text: of

text: dimension

text: that

text: has

text: the

text: Monster

text: group

text: as

text: its

text: automorphism

text: group

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: mathematician

text: Griess

text: who

text: constructed

text: it

text: in

text: and

text: subsequently

text: used

text: it

text: in

text: to

text: construct

text: The

text: Monster

text: fixes

text: vectorwise

text: in

text: this

text: algebra

text: and

text: acts

text: absolutely

text: irreducibly

text: on

text: the

text: orthogonal

text: complement

text: of

text: this

text: The Association of American Universities (AAU) is an international organization of leading research universities devoted to maintaining a strong system of academic research and education. It consists of 60 universities in the United States (both public and private) and two universities in Canada.

text: The

text: Association

text: of

text: American

text: Universities

text: AAU

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: organization

text: of

text: leading

text: research

text: universities

text: devoted

text: to

text: maintaining

text: strong

text: system

text: of

text: academic

text: research

text: and

text: education

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: both

text: public

text: and

text: private

text: and

text: two

text: universities

text: in

text: Canada

text: A research university is a university that expects all its tenured and tenure-track faculty to continuously engage in research, as opposed to merely requiring it as a condition of an initial appointment or tenure. Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. On the one hand, research universities strive to recruit faculty who are the most brilliant minds in their disciplines in the world, and their students enjoy the opportunity to learn from such experts. On the other hand, new students are often disappointed to realize their undergraduate courses at research universities are overly academic and fail to provide vocational training with immediate "real world" applications; but many employers value degrees from research universities because they know that such coursework develops fundamental skills like critical thinking.

text: research

text: university

text: is

text: university

text: that

text: expects

text: all

text: its

text: tenured

text: and

text: tenure

text: track

text: faculty

text: to

text: continuously

text: engage

text: in

text: research

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: merely

text: requiring

text: it

text: as

text: condition

text: of

text: an

text: initial

text: appointment

text: or

text: tenure

text: Such

text: universities

text: can

text: be

text: recognized

text: by

text: their

text: strong

text: focus

text: on

text: innovative

text: research

text: and

text: the

text: prestige

text: of

text: their

text: brand

text: names

text: On

text: the

text: one

text: hand

text: research

text: universities

text: strive

text: to

text: recruit

text: faculty

text: who

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: brilliant

text: minds

text: in

text: their

text: disciplines

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: their

text: students

text: enjoy

text: the

text: opportunity

text: to

text: learn

text: from

text: such

text: experts

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: new

text: students

text: are

text: often

text: disappointed

text: to

text: realize

text: their

text: undergraduate

text: courses

text: at

text: research

text: universities

text: are

text: overly

text: academic

text: and

text: fail

text: to

text: provide

text: vocational

text: training

text: with

text: immediate

text: real

text: world

text: applications

text: but

text: many

text: employers

text: value

text: degrees

text: from

text: research

text: universities

text: because

text: they

text: know

text: that

text: such

text: coursework

text: develops

text: fundamental

text: skills

text: like

text: critical

text: thinking

text: Mathematics (from Greek  "máthma", knowledge, study, learning) is the study of topics such as quantity (numbers), structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics.

text: Mathematics

text: from

text: Greek

text: máthma

text: knowledge

text: study

text: learning

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: topics

text: such

text: as

text: quantity

text: numbers

text: structure

text: space

text: and

text: change

text: There

text: is

text: range

text: of

text: views

text: among

text: mathematicians

text: and

text: philosophers

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: exact

text: scope

text: and

text: definition

text: of

text: mathematics

text: Savannah is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County. Established in 1733 on the Savannah River, the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia. A strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War, Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport. It is Georgia's fifth-largest city and third-largest metropolitan area.

text: Savannah

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Georgia

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Chatham

text: County

text: Established

text: in

text: on

text: the

text: Savannah

text: River

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Savannah

text: became

text: the

text: British

text: colonial

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Georgia

text: and

text: later

text: the

text: first

text: state

text: capital

text: of

text: Georgia

text: strategic

text: port

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: Revolution

text: and

text: during

text: the

text: American

text: Civil

text: War

text: Savannah

text: is

text: today

text: an

text: industrial

text: center

text: and

text: an

text: important

text: Atlantic

text: seaport

text: It

text: is

text: Georgia

text: 's

text: fifth

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: third

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

annotations: follows multiple

question: field_of_work robert griess

answer: group theory

text: group theory

text: group theory

text: group theory

text: group theory


text: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: UK

text: or

text: Britain

text: is

text: sovereign

text: country

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: Lying

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: mainland

text: it

text: includes

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: loosely

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: country

text: the

text: north

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: many

text: smaller

text: islands

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: that

text: shares

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: another

text: sovereign

text: statethe

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Apart

text: from

text: this

text: land

text: border

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: south

text: west

text: giving

text: it

text: the

text: longest

text: coastline

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Together

text: this

text: makes

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: United Kingdom company law regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act 2006. Also governed by the Insolvency Act 1986, the UK Corporate Governance Code, European Union Directives and court cases, the company is the primary legal vehicle to organise and run business. Tracing their modern history to the late Industrial Revolution, public companies now employ more people and generate more of wealth in the United Kingdom economy than any other form of organisation. The United Kingdom was the first country to draft modern corporation statutes, where through a simple registration procedure any investors could incorporate, limit liability to their commercial creditors in the event of business insolvency, and where management was delegated to a centralised board of directors. An influential model within Europe, the Commonwealth and as an international standard setter, UK law has always given people broad freedom to design the internal company rules, so long as the mandatory minimum rights of investors under its legislation are complied with.

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: company

text: law

text: regulates

text: corporations

text: formed

text: under

text: the

text: Companies

text: Act

text: Also

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Insolvency

text: Act

text: the

text: UK

text: Corporate

text: Governance

text: Code

text: European

text: Union

text: Directives

text: and

text: court

text: cases

text: the

text: company

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: legal

text: vehicle

text: to

text: organise

text: and

text: run

text: business

text: Tracing

text: their

text: modern

text: history

text: to

text: the

text: late

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: public

text: companies

text: now

text: employ

text: more

text: people

text: and

text: generate

text: more

text: of

text: wealth

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: economy

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: form

text: of

text: organisation

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: country

text: to

text: draft

text: modern

text: corporation

text: statutes

text: where

text: through

text: simple

text: registration

text: procedure

text: any

text: investors

text: could

text: incorporate

text: limit

text: liability

text: to

text: their

text: commercial

text: creditors

text: in

text: the

text: event

text: of

text: business

text: insolvency

text: and

text: where

text: management

text: was

text: delegated

text: to

text: centralised

text: board

text: of

text: directors

text: An

text: influential

text: model

text: within

text: Europe

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: and

text: as

text: an

text: international

text: standard

text: setter

text: UK

text: law

text: has

text: always

text: given

text: people

text: broad

text: freedom

text: to

text: design

text: the

text: internal

text: company

text: rules

text: so

text: long

text: as

text: the

text: mandatory

text: minimum

text: rights

text: of

text: investors

text: under

text: its

text: legislation

text: are

text: complied

text: with

text: EirGrid plc is the state - owned electric power transmission operator in Ireland . It is a public limited company registered under the Companies Acts ; its shares are held by the Minister for Communications , Energy and Natural Resources who appoints the board and the Minister for Finance . It is one of a number of Irish state - sponsored bodies and is regulated by the Commission for Energy Regulation .

text: EirGrid

text: plc

text: is

text: the

text: state

text: owned

text: electric

text: power

text: transmission

text: operator

text: in

text: Ireland

text: It

text: is

text: public

text: limited

text: company

text: registered

text: under

text: the

text: Companies

text: Acts

text: its

text: shares

text: are

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: Minister

text: for

text: Communications

text: Energy

text: and

text: Natural

text: Resources

text: who

text: appoints

text: the

text: board

text: and

text: the

text: Minister

text: for

text: Finance

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: Irish

text: state

text: sponsored

text: bodies

text: and

text: is

text: regulated

text: by

text: the

text: Commission

text: for

text: Energy

text: Regulation

text: The Commission for Energy Regulation (CER) is Ireland's independent energy regulator. The CER has a wide range of economic, customer protection and safety responsibilities in energy. At a high-level, the CER's overall mission, acting in the interests of consumers, is to ensure that:

text: The

text: Commission

text: for

text: Energy

text: Regulation

text: CER

text: is

text: Ireland

text: 's

text: independent

text: energy

text: regulator

text: The

text: CER

text: has

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: economic

text: customer

text: protection

text: and

text: safety

text: responsibilities

text: in

text: energy

text: At

text: high

text: level

text: the

text: CER

text: 's

text: overall

text: mission

text: acting

text: in

text: the

text: interests

text: of

text: consumers

text: is

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from a generating site, such as a power plant, to an electrical substation. The interconnected lines which facilitate this movement are known as a transmission network. This is distinct from the local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to as electric power distribution. The combined transmission and distribution network is known as the "power grid" in North America, or just "the grid". In the United Kingdom, the network is known as the "National Grid".

text: Electric

text: power

text: transmission

text: is

text: the

text: bulk

text: movement

text: of

text: electrical

text: energy

text: from

text: generating

text: site

text: such

text: as

text: power

text: plant

text: to

text: an

text: electrical

text: substation

text: The

text: interconnected

text: lines

text: which

text: facilitate

text: this

text: movement

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: transmission

text: network

text: This

text: is

text: distinct

text: from

text: the

text: local

text: wiring

text: between

text: high

text: voltage

text: substations

text: and

text: customers

text: which

text: is

text: typically

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: electric

text: power

text: distribution

text: The

text: combined

text: transmission

text: and

text: distribution

text: network

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: power

text: grid

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: or

text: just

text: the

text: grid

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: network

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: National

text: Grid

text: A public limited company (legally abbreviated to plc) is a type of public company under United Kingdom company law, some Commonwealth jurisdictions, and the Republic of Ireland. It is a limited liability company whose shares may be freely sold and traded to the public (although a plc may also be privately held, often by another plc), with a minimum share capital of £50,000 and the letters PLC after its name. Similar companies in the United States are called "publicly traded companies". Public limited companies will also have a separate legal identity.

text: public

text: limited

text: company

text: legally

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: plc

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: public

text: company

text: under

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: company

text: law

text: some

text: Commonwealth

text: jurisdictions

text: and

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: It

text: is

text: limited

text: liability

text: company

text: whose

text: shares

text: may

text: be

text: freely

text: sold

text: and

text: traded

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: although

text: plc

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: privately

text: held

text: often

text: by

text: another

text: plc

text: with

text: minimum

text: share

text: capital

text: of

text: and

text: the

text: letters

text: PLC

text: after

text: its

text: name

text: Similar

text: companies

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: are

text: called

text: publicly

text: traded

text: companies

text: Public

text: limited

text: companies

text: will

text: also

text: have

text: separate

text: legal

text: identity

text: North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.

text: North

text: America

text: is

text: continent

text: entirely

text: within

text: the

text: Northern

text: Hemisphere

text: and

text: almost

text: all

text: within

text: the

text: Western

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: considered

text: northern

text: subcontinent

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Sea

text: Ireland (Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth.

text: Ireland

text: Ulster

text: Scots

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Great

text: Britain

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Channel

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: and

text: St

text: George

text: 's

text: Channel

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: island

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: twentieth

text: largest

text: on

text: Earth

text: Ireland, also described as the Republic of Ireland ('), is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the eastern part of the island, and whose metropolitan area is home to around a third of the country's 4.75 million inhabitants. The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint George's Channel to the south-east, and the Irish Sea to the east. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The legislature, the ', consists of a lower house, ', an upper house, ', and an elected President (') who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state, but with some important powers and duties. The head of government is the ' (Prime Minister, literally 'Chief', a title not used in English), who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, and appoints other government ministers.

text: Ireland

text: also

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: north

text: western

text: Europe

text: occupying

text: about

text: five

text: sixths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Dublin

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: and

text: whose

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: around

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: The

text: state

text: shares

text: its

text: only

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: is

text: otherwise

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Saint

text: George

text: 's

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: The

text: legislature

text: the

text: consists

text: of

text: lower

text: house

text: an

text: upper

text: house

text: and

text: an

text: elected

text: President

text: who

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: largely

text: ceremonial

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: but

text: with

text: some

text: important

text: powers

text: and

text: duties

text: The

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: is

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: literally

text: Chief

text: title

text: not

text: used

text: in

text: English

text: who

text: is

text: elected

text: by

text: the

text: Dáil

text: and

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: President

text: and

text: appoints

text: other

text: government

text: ministers

question: headquarters_location eirgrid

answer: dublin

text: dublin