text: Chaohu was formerly a prefecture-level city and is now a county-level city in central Anhui province, People's Republic of China. Embracing the Lake Chao, from which the city was named, Chaohu borders the provincial capital of Hefei to the northwest, Lu'an to the west, Anqing to the southwest, Tongling to the south, Wuhu to the southeast, and Ma'anshan and the province of Jiangsu to the east.

text: Chaohu

text: was

text: formerly

text: prefecture

text: level

text: city

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: county

text: level

text: city

text: in

text: central

text: Anhui

text: province

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: Embracing

text: the

text: Lake

text: Chao

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: named

text: Chaohu

text: borders

text: the

text: provincial

text: capital

text: of

text: Hefei

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Lu'an

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Anqing

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Tongling

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Wuhu

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: Ma'anshan

text: and

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Jiangsu

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Puyi (7 February 190617 October 1967), of the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan, commonly known as Henry Pu Yi, was the last Emperor of China and the twelfth and final ruler of the Qing dynasty. When a child, he ruled as the Xuantong Emperor from 1908 until his forced abdication on 12 February 1912, after the successful Xinhai Revolution. From 1 to 12 July 1917, he was briefly restored to the throne as emperor by the warlord Zhang Xun. In 1932, after the occupation of Manchuria the state of Manchukuo was established by Japan, and he was chosen to become 'Chief Executive' of the new state using the era-name of Datong (Ta-tung). In 1934, he was declared the Kangde Emperor (or Kang-te Emperor) of Manchukuo and ruled until the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945. After the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, Puyi was imprisoned as a war criminal for 10 years, wrote his memoirs and became a titular member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and the National People's Congress.

text: Puyi

text: February

text: October

text: of

text: the

text: Manchu

text: Aisin

text: Gioro

text: clan

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Henry

text: Pu

text: Yi

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: Emperor

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: the

text: twelfth

text: and

text: final

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: When

text: child

text: he

text: ruled

text: as

text: the

text: Xuantong

text: Emperor

text: from

text: until

text: his

text: forced

text: abdication

text: on

text: February

text: after

text: the

text: successful

text: Xinhai

text: Revolution

text: From

text: to

text: July

text: he

text: was

text: briefly

text: restored

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: as

text: emperor

text: by

text: the

text: warlord

text: Zhang

text: Xun

text: In

text: after

text: the

text: occupation

text: of

text: Manchuria

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Manchukuo

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: Japan

text: and

text: he

text: was

text: chosen

text: to

text: become

text: Chief

text: Executive

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: state

text: using

text: the

text: era

text: name

text: of

text: Datong

text: Ta

text: tung

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: declared

text: the

text: Kangde

text: Emperor

text: or

text: Kang

text: te

text: Emperor

text: of

text: Manchukuo

text: and

text: ruled

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: in

text: After

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: Puyi

text: was

text: imprisoned

text: as

text: war

text: criminal

text: for

text: years

text: wrote

text: his

text: memoirs

text: and

text: became

text: titular

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: People

text: 's

text: Political

text: Consultative

text: Conference

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: People

text: 's

text: Congress

text: Feng Yuxiang (6 November 1882  1 September 1948) was a warlord and leader in Republican China from Chaohu, Anhui. He served as Vice Premier of the Republic of China from 1928 to 1930. He was also known as the "Christian General" for his zeal to convert his troops and the "Betrayal General" for his penchant to break with the establishment. In 1911, he was an officer in the ranks of Yuan Shikai's Beiyang Army but joined forces with revolutionaries against the Qing Dynasty. He rose to high rank within Wu Peifu's Zhili warlord faction but launched the Beijing coup in 1924 that knocked Zhili out of power and brought Sun Yat-sen to Beijing. He joined the Nationalist Party (KMT), supported the Northern Expedition and became blood brothers with Chiang Kai-shek, but resisted Chiang's consolidation of power in the Central Plains War, and broke with Chiang again in resisting Japanese incursions in 1933. He spent his later years supporting the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang.

text: Feng

text: Yuxiang

text: November

text: September

text: was

text: warlord

text: and

text: leader

text: in

text: Republican

text: China

text: from

text: Chaohu

text: Anhui

text: He

text: served

text: as

text: Vice

text: Premier

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Christian

text: General

text: for

text: his

text: zeal

text: to

text: convert

text: his

text: troops

text: and

text: the

text: Betrayal

text: General

text: for

text: his

text: penchant

text: to

text: break

text: with

text: the

text: establishment

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: an

text: officer

text: in

text: the

text: ranks

text: of

text: Yuan

text: Shikai

text: 's

text: Beiyang

text: Army

text: but

text: joined

text: forces

text: with

text: revolutionaries

text: against

text: the

text: Qing

text: Dynasty

text: He

text: rose

text: to

text: high

text: rank

text: within

text: Wu

text: Peifu

text: 's

text: Zhili

text: warlord

text: faction

text: but

text: launched

text: the

text: Beijing

text: coup

text: in

text: that

text: knocked

text: Zhili

text: out

text: of

text: power

text: and

text: brought

text: Sun

text: Yat

text: sen

text: to

text: Beijing

text: He

text: joined

text: the

text: Nationalist

text: Party

text: KMT

text: supported

text: the

text: Northern

text: Expedition

text: and

text: became

text: blood

text: brothers

text: with

text: Chiang

text: Kai

text: shek

text: but

text: resisted

text: Chiang

text: 's

text: consolidation

text: of

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: Central

text: Plains

text: War

text: and

text: broke

text: with

text: Chiang

text: again

text: in

text: resisting

text: Japanese

text: incursions

text: in

text: He

text: spent

text: his

text: later

text: years

text: supporting

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: Committee

text: of

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: The , literally "Army of the Greater Japanese Empire", was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan, from 1871 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of War, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the navy. Later an Inspectorate General of Military (Army) Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army. During wartime or national emergencies, the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters (IGHQ), an ad-hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff, the minister of war, the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff, the inspector general of military aviation, and the inspector general of military training.

text: The

text: literally

text: Army

text: of

text: the

text: Greater

text: Japanese

text: Empire

text: was

text: the

text: official

text: ground

text: based

text: armed

text: force

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: was

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Army

text: General

text: Staff

text: Office

text: and

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: War

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: nominally

text: subordinate

text: to

text: the

text: Emperor

text: of

text: Japan

text: as

text: supreme

text: commander

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: and

text: the

text: navy

text: Later

text: an

text: Inspectorate

text: General

text: of

text: Military

text: Army

text: Aviation

text: became

text: the

text: third

text: agency

text: with

text: oversight

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: During

text: wartime

text: or

text: national

text: emergencies

text: the

text: nominal

text: command

text: functions

text: of

text: the

text: emperor

text: would

text: be

text: centralized

text: in

text: an

text: Imperial

text: General

text: Headquarters

text: IGHQ

text: an

text: ad

text: hoc

text: body

text: consisting

text: of

text: the

text: chief

text: and

text: vice

text: chief

text: of

text: the

text: Army

text: General

text: Staff

text: the

text: minister

text: of

text: war

text: the

text: chief

text: and

text: vice

text: chief

text: of

text: the

text: Naval

text: General

text: Staff

text: the

text: inspector

text: general

text: of

text: military

text: aviation

text: and

text: the

text: inspector

text: general

text: of

text: military

text: training

text: The Zhili clique was one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang clique during the Republic of China's warlord era. This fragmentation followed the death of Yuan Shikai, who was the only person capable of keeping the Beiyang Army together. It was named for the general region of the clique's base of power, Zhili Province, now Hebei.

text: The

text: Zhili

text: clique

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: several

text: mutually

text: hostile

text: cliques

text: or

text: factions

text: that

text: split

text: from

text: the

text: Beiyang

text: clique

text: during

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: 's

text: warlord

text: era

text: This

text: fragmentation

text: followed

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Yuan

text: Shikai

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: person

text: capable

text: of

text: keeping

text: the

text: Beiyang

text: Army

text: together

text: It

text: was

text: named

text: for

text: the

text: general

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: clique

text: 's

text: base

text: of

text: power

text: Zhili

text: Province

text: now

text: Hebei

text: The National Revolutionary Army (NRA), sometimes shortened to Revolutionary Army () before 1928, and as National Army () after 1928, was the military arm of the Kuomintang (KMT, or the Chinese Nationalist Party) from 1925 until 1947 in the Republic of China. It also became the regular army of the ROC during the KMT's period of party rule beginning in 1928. It was renamed the Republic of China Armed Forces' () after the 1947 Constitution, which instituted civilian control of the military.

text: The

text: National

text: Revolutionary

text: Army

text: NRA

text: sometimes

text: shortened

text: to

text: Revolutionary

text: Army

text: before

text: and

text: as

text: National

text: Army

text: after

text: was

text: the

text: military

text: arm

text: of

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: KMT

text: or

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Nationalist

text: Party

text: from

text: until

text: in

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: It

text: also

text: became

text: the

text: regular

text: army

text: of

text: the

text: ROC

text: during

text: the

text: KMT

text: 's

text: period

text: of

text: party

text: rule

text: beginning

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: renamed

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: after

text: the

text: Constitution

text: which

text: instituted

text: civilian

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: Guangzhou , traditionally romanised as Canton, is the capital and largest city of the Province of Guangdong in southeastern China. Located on the Pearl River about north-northwest of Hong Kong and north of Macau, Guangzhou was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road and continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub.

text: Guangzhou

text: traditionally

text: romanised

text: as

text: Canton

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Guangdong

text: in

text: southeastern

text: China

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: Pearl

text: River

text: about

text: north

text: northwest

text: of

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: north

text: of

text: Macau

text: Guangzhou

text: was

text: major

text: terminus

text: of

text: the

text: maritime

text: Silk

text: Road

text: and

text: continues

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: major

text: port

text: and

text: transportation

text: hub

text: The Kuomintang (or ; KMT), often translated as the Nationalist Party of China or Chinese Nationalist Party, also spelled as Guomindang (GMD) by its Pinyin transliteration, is a major political party in the Republic of China, currently the second-largest in the country.

text: The

text: Kuomintang

text: or

text: KMT

text: often

text: translated

text: as

text: the

text: Nationalist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: or

text: Chinese

text: Nationalist

text: Party

text: also

text: spelled

text: as

text: Guomindang

text: GMD

text: by

text: its

text: Pinyin

text: transliteration

text: is

text: major

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: currently

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Baoding is a city in Hebei province, China, approximately southwest of the national capital, Beijing. At the 2010 census, Baoding City had 11,194,372 inhabitants out of which 2,176,857 lived in the built-up ("or metro") area made of 3 urban districts and Qingyuan and Mancheng counties largely being conurbated, on . Baoding is among 13 Chinese cities with a population of over 10 million, ranking seventh.

text: Baoding

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: Hebei

text: province

text: China

text: approximately

text: southwest

text: of

text: the

text: national

text: capital

text: Beijing

text: At

text: the

text: census

text: Baoding

text: City

text: had

text: inhabitants

text: out

text: of

text: which

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: built

text: up

text: or

text: metro

text: area

text: made

text: of

text: urban

text: districts

text: and

text: Qingyuan

text: and

text: Mancheng

text: counties

text: largely

text: being

text: conurbated

text: on

text: Baoding

text: is

text: among

text: Chinese

text: cities

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: ranking

text: seventh

text: The Central Plains War was a civil war within the factionalised Kuomintang (KMT) that broke out in 1930. It was fought between the forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the coalition of three military commanders who were previously allied with Chiang: Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, and Li Zongren. The war was fought across the Central Plains, a core region of China on the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the cradle of Chinese civilization.

text: The

text: Central

text: Plains

text: War

text: was

text: civil

text: war

text: within

text: the

text: factionalised

text: Kuomintang

text: KMT

text: that

text: broke

text: out

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: fought

text: between

text: the

text: forces

text: of

text: Chiang

text: Kai

text: shek

text: and

text: the

text: coalition

text: of

text: three

text: military

text: commanders

text: who

text: were

text: previously

text: allied

text: with

text: Chiang

text: Yan

text: Xishan

text: Feng

text: Yuxiang

text: and

text: Li

text: Zongren

text: The

text: war

text: was

text: fought

text: across

text: the

text: Central

text: Plains

text: core

text: region

text: of

text: China

text: on

text: the

text: lower

text: reaches

text: of

text: the

text: Yellow

text: River

text: and

text: the

text: cradle

text: of

text: Chinese

text: civilization

text: Yuan Shikai (16 September 1859  6 June 1916) was a Chinese general, politician and warlord, famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor, his autocratic rule as the first formal President of the Republic of China, and his short-lived attempt to restore monarchy in China, with himself as the Hongxian Emperor.

text: Yuan

text: Shikai

text: September

text: June

text: was

text: Chinese

text: general

text: politician

text: and

text: warlord

text: famous

text: for

text: his

text: influence

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: Qing

text: Dynasty

text: his

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: events

text: leading

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: abdication

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: Qing

text: Emperor

text: his

text: autocratic

text: rule

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: formal

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: his

text: short

text: lived

text: attempt

text: to

text: restore

text: monarchy

text: in

text: China

text: with

text: himself

text: as

text: the

text: Hongxian

text: Emperor

text: The Yellow River or Huang He is the second-longest river in Asia, following the Yangtze River, and the sixth-longest river system in the world at the estimated length of . Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai province of western China, it flows through nine provinces, and it empties into the Bohai Sea near the city of Dongying in Shandong province. The Yellow River basin has an eastwest extent of about and a northsouth extent of about . Its total basin area is about .

text: The

text: Yellow

text: River

text: or

text: Huang

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: longest

text: river

text: in

text: Asia

text: following

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: and

text: the

text: sixth

text: longest

text: river

text: system

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: at

text: the

text: estimated

text: length

text: of

text: Originating

text: in

text: the

text: Bayan

text: Har

text: Mountains

text: in

text: Qinghai

text: province

text: of

text: western

text: China

text: it

text: flows

text: through

text: nine

text: provinces

text: and

text: it

text: empties

text: into

text: the

text: Bohai

text: Sea

text: near

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Dongying

text: in

text: Shandong

text: province

text: The

text: Yellow

text: River

text: basin

text: has

text: an

text: eastwest

text: extent

text: of

text: about

text: and

text: northsouth

text: extent

text: of

text: about

text: Its

text: total

text: basin

text: area

text: is

text: about

text: Hu Jingyi  (18921925), Chinese general, warlord and military governor of Henan (192425) during the Warlord Era of China.

text: Hu

text: Jingyi

text: Chinese

text: general

text: warlord

text: and

text: military

text: governor

text: of

text: Henan

text: during

text: the

text: Warlord

text: Era

text: of

text: China

text: Japan ("Nippon" or "Nihon" ; formally "" or "Nihon-koku", means "State of Japan") is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, It is lying off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland (east of China, Korea, Russia) and stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and near Taiwan in the southwest.

text: Japan

text: Nippon

text: or

text: Nihon

text: formally

text: or

text: Nihon

text: koku

text: means

text: State

text: of

text: Japan

text: is

text: sovereign

text: island

text: nation

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Asia

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: It

text: is

text: lying

text: off

text: the

text: eastern

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Asia

text: Mainland

text: east

text: of

text: China

text: Korea

text: Russia

text: and

text: stretching

text: from

text: the

text: Sea

text: of

text: Okhotsk

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: East

text: China

text: Sea

text: and

text: near

text: Taiwan

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: The Beiyang Army (Pei-yang Army) was a powerful, Western-style Imperial Chinese Army established by the Qing Dynasty government in the late 19th century. It was the centerpiece of a general reconstruction of Qing China's military system. The Beiyang Army played a major role in Chinese politics for at least three decades and arguably right up to 1949. It made the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 possible, and, by dividing into warlord factions known as the Beiyang Clique (Pei-yang Clique), ushered in a period of regional division.

text: The

text: Beiyang

text: Army

text: Pei

text: yang

text: Army

text: was

text: powerful

text: Western

text: style

text: Imperial

text: Chinese

text: Army

text: established

text: by

text: the

text: Qing

text: Dynasty

text: government

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: centerpiece

text: of

text: general

text: reconstruction

text: of

text: Qing

text: China

text: 's

text: military

text: system

text: The

text: Beiyang

text: Army

text: played

text: major

text: role

text: in

text: Chinese

text: politics

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: three

text: decades

text: and

text: arguably

text: right

text: up

text: to

text: It

text: made

text: the

text: Xinhai

text: Revolution

text: of

text: possible

text: and

text: by

text: dividing

text: into

text: warlord

text: factions

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Beiyang

text: Clique

text: Pei

text: yang

text: Clique

text: ushered

text: in

text: period

text: of

text: regional

text: division

text: Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866  12 March 1925) was a Chinese physician, writer, philosopher, calligrapher and revolutionary, the first president and founding father of the Republic of China. As the foremost pioneer of the Republic of China, Sun is referred to as the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China (ROC), Hong Kong, Macau and the "forerunner of democratic revolution" in People's Republic of China (PRC). Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the years leading up to the Xinhai Revolution. He was appointed to serve as Provisional President of the Republic of China when it was founded in 1912. He later co-founded the Nationalist Party of China, serving as its first leader. Sun was a uniting figure in post-Imperial China, and he remains unique among 20th-century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait.

text: Sun

text: Yat

text: sen

text: November

text: March

text: was

text: Chinese

text: physician

text: writer

text: philosopher

text: calligrapher

text: and

text: revolutionary

text: the

text: first

text: president

text: and

text: founding

text: father

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: As

text: the

text: foremost

text: pioneer

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: Sun

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Father

text: of

text: the

text: Nation

text: in

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: ROC

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Macau

text: and

text: the

text: forerunner

text: of

text: democratic

text: revolution

text: in

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: Sun

text: played

text: an

text: instrumental

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: overthrow

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: during

text: the

text: years

text: leading

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: Xinhai

text: Revolution

text: He

text: was

text: appointed

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: Provisional

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: He

text: later

text: co

text: founded

text: the

text: Nationalist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: serving

text: as

text: its

text: first

text: leader

text: Sun

text: was

text: uniting

text: figure

text: in

text: post

text: Imperial

text: China

text: and

text: he

text: remains

text: unique

text: among

text: century

text: Chinese

text: politicians

text: for

text: being

text: widely

text: revered

text: amongst

text: the

text: people

text: from

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: Taiwan

text: Strait

text: The Northern Expedition, was a Kuomintang (KMT) military campaign, led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, from 192628. Its main objective was to unify China under its own control by ending the rule of the Beiyang government as well as the local warlords. It led to the end of the Warlord Era, the reunification of China in 1928 and the establishment of the Nanjing government.

text: The

text: Northern

text: Expedition

text: was

text: Kuomintang

text: KMT

text: military

text: campaign

text: led

text: by

text: Generalissimo

text: Chiang

text: Kai

text: shek

text: from

text: Its

text: main

text: objective

text: was

text: to

text: unify

text: China

text: under

text: its

text: own

text: control

text: by

text: ending

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: Beiyang

text: government

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: local

text: warlords

text: It

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Warlord

text: Era

text: the

text: reunification

text: of

text: China

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Nanjing

text: government

text: Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887  April 5, 1975), also romanized as Jiang Jieshi and known as Jiang Zhongzheng, was a Chinese political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975. Chiang was an influential member of the Kuomintang (KMT), the Chinese Nationalist Party, and was a close ally of Sun Yat-sen's. He became the Commandant of the Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy and took Sun's place as leader of the KMT, following the Canton Coup in early 1926. Having neutralized the party's left wing, Chiang then led Sun's long-postponed Northern Expedition, conquering or reaching accommodations with China's many warlords.

text: Chiang

text: Kai

text: shek

text: October

text: April

text: also

text: romanized

text: as

text: Jiang

text: Jieshi

text: and

text: known

text: as

text: Jiang

text: Zhongzheng

text: was

text: Chinese

text: political

text: and

text: military

text: leader

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: between

text: and

text: Chiang

text: was

text: an

text: influential

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: KMT

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Nationalist

text: Party

text: and

text: was

text: close

text: ally

text: of

text: Sun

text: Yat

text: sen

text: 's

text: He

text: became

text: the

text: Commandant

text: of

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: 's

text: Whampoa

text: Military

text: Academy

text: and

text: took

text: Sun

text: 's

text: place

text: as

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: KMT

text: following

text: the

text: Canton

text: Coup

text: in

text: early

text: Having

text: neutralized

text: the

text: party

text: 's

text: left

text: wing

text: Chiang

text: then

text: led

text: Sun

text: 's

text: long

text: postponed

text: Northern

text: Expedition

text: conquering

text: or

text: reaching

text: accommodations

text: with

text: China

text: 's

text: many

text: warlords

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text:
The Second Sino-Japanese War (September 18, 1931  September 9, 1945) was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from 1931 to 1945. The First Sino-Japanese War happened in 189495. In January 2017, the Chinese Government extended their official definition of the Second Sino-Japanese War back to September 18, 1931  the Invasion of Manchuria by Japan  as opposed to the traditional 1937 start date, defined by the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.
China fought Japan, with some economic help from Germany, the Soviet Union and the United States. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the war would merge into the greater conflict of World War II as a major front of what is broadly known as the Pacific War. One could call the Second Sino-Japanese War part of World War II, but the latter conflict is still mainly considered to have started in 1939 when France and the British Empire declared war on Nazi Germany following the invasion of Poland. The Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th century. It accounted for the majority of civilian and military casualties in the Pacific War, with anywhere between 10 and 25 million Chinese civilians and over 4 million Chinese and Japanese military personnel dying from war-related violence, famine, and other causes.

text: The

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: September

text: September

text: was

text: military

text: conflict

text: fought

text: primarily

text: between

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: First

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: happened

text: in

text: In

text: January

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Government

text: extended

text: their

text: official

text: definition

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: back

text: to

text: September

text: the

text: Invasion

text: of

text: Manchuria

text: by

text: Japan

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: traditional

text: start

text: date

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: Marco

text: Polo

text: Bridge

text: Incident

text: China

text: fought

text: Japan

text: with

text: some

text: economic

text: help

text: from

text: Germany

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: After

text: the

text: Japanese

text: attack

text: on

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: in

text: the

text: war

text: would

text: merge

text: into

text: the

text: greater

text: conflict

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: as

text: major

text: front

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: broadly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Pacific

text: War

text: One

text: could

text: call

text: the

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: part

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: but

text: the

text: latter

text: conflict

text: is

text: still

text: mainly

text: considered

text: to

text: have

text: started

text: in

text: when

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: declared

text: war

text: on

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: following

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: Poland

text: The

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: Asian

text: war

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: accounted

text: for

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: casualties

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: War

text: with

text: anywhere

text: between

text: and

text: million

text: Chinese

text: civilians

text: and

text: over

text: million

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Japanese

text: military

text: personnel

text: dying

text: from

text: war

text: related

text: violence

text: famine

text: and

text: other

text: causes

text: The Guominjun, a.k.a. Nationalist Army, KMC, or Northwest Army (), refers to the military faction founded by Feng Yuxiang, Hu Jingyi and Sun Yue during China's Warlord Era. It was formed when Feng betrayed the Zhili clique during the Second Zhili-Fengtian War with the Fengtian clique in 1924. The Guominjun occupied Beijing, captured Zhili leader Cao Kun and expelled former Qing Dynasty emperor Puyi from the Forbidden City.

text: The

text: Guominjun

text: a.k.a

text: Nationalist

text: Army

text: KMC

text: or

text: Northwest

text: Army

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: military

text: faction

text: founded

text: by

text: Feng

text: Yuxiang

text: Hu

text: Jingyi

text: and

text: Sun

text: Yue

text: during

text: China

text: 's

text: Warlord

text: Era

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: when

text: Feng

text: betrayed

text: the

text: Zhili

text: clique

text: during

text: the

text: Second

text: Zhili

text: Fengtian

text: War

text: with

text: the

text: Fengtian

text: clique

text: in

text: The

text: Guominjun

text: occupied

text: Beijing

text: captured

text: Zhili

text: leader

text: Cao

text: Kun

text: and

text: expelled

text: former

text: Qing

text: Dynasty

text: emperor

text: Puyi

text: from

text: the

text: Forbidden

text: City

text: Anhui is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China located in the eastern region of the country. Located across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huai River, it borders Jiangsu to the east, Zhejiang to the southeast, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei to the southwest, Henan to the northwest, and Shandong for a short section in the north. The provincial capital is Hefei.

text: Anhui

text: is

text: landlocked

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: Located

text: across

text: the

text: basins

text: of

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: and

text: the

text: Huai

text: River

text: it

text: borders

text: Jiangsu

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Zhejiang

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Jiangxi

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Hubei

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Henan

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: Shandong

text: for

text: short

text: section

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: The

text: provincial

text: capital

text: is

text: Hefei

text: The Fengtian Clique was one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang Clique in the Republic of China's Warlord Era. It was named for Fengtian Province (now Liaoning) and operated from a territorial base comprising the three northeastern provinces that made up Manchuria. It was led by warlord Zhang Zuolin, known as the "Grand Marshall;" it was supported by Japan. Between 1920 and 1921 it exercised control of Beijing jointly with the Zhili clique. However, tensions soon began building between the two cliques, and the Fengtian clique clashed with the Zhili clique for control of Beijing, which caused the First Zhili-Fengtian War (1922) and the Second Zhili-Fengtian War (1924). The power of the Fengtian Clique began to decrease in the midst of the Kuomintang's Northern Expedition. While retreating North Zhang Zuolin's Japanese sponsors blew up his train, killing him. After the assassination of Zhang Zuolin in 1928 by the Japanese, his son, Zhang Xueliang took over the leadership of the clique. Zhang Xueliang then went on to pledge himself and his army to the Kuomintang government in Nanking.

text: The

text: Fengtian

text: Clique

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: several

text: mutually

text: hostile

text: cliques

text: or

text: factions

text: that

text: split

text: from

text: the

text: Beiyang

text: Clique

text: in

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: 's

text: Warlord

text: Era

text: It

text: was

text: named

text: for

text: Fengtian

text: Province

text: now

text: Liaoning

text: and

text: operated

text: from

text: territorial

text: base

text: comprising

text: the

text: three

text: northeastern

text: provinces

text: that

text: made

text: up

text: Manchuria

text: It

text: was

text: led

text: by

text: warlord

text: Zhang

text: Zuolin

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Grand

text: Marshall

text: it

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: Japan

text: Between

text: and

text: it

text: exercised

text: control

text: of

text: Beijing

text: jointly

text: with

text: the

text: Zhili

text: clique

text: However

text: tensions

text: soon

text: began

text: building

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: cliques

text: and

text: the

text: Fengtian

text: clique

text: clashed

text: with

text: the

text: Zhili

text: clique

text: for

text: control

text: of

text: Beijing

text: which

text: caused

text: the

text: First

text: Zhili

text: Fengtian

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: Second

text: Zhili

text: Fengtian

text: War

text: The

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: Fengtian

text: Clique

text: began

text: to

text: decrease

text: in

text: the

text: midst

text: of

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: 's

text: Northern

text: Expedition

text: While

text: retreating

text: North

text: Zhang

text: Zuolin

text: 's

text: Japanese

text: sponsors

text: blew

text: up

text: his

text: train

text: killing

text: him

text: After

text: the

text: assassination

text: of

text: Zhang

text: Zuolin

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Japanese

text: his

text: son

text: Zhang

text: Xueliang

text: took

text: over

text: the

text: leadership

text: of

text: the

text: clique

text: Zhang

text: Xueliang

text: then

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: pledge

text: himself

text: and

text: his

text: army

text: to

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: government

text: in

text: Nanking

text: Baoding Military Academy was a military academy based in Baoding, Republican China, in the first two decades of the 20th century. For a time, it was the most important military academy in China, and its cadets played prominent roles in the political and military history of the Republic of China. The Baoding Military Academy closed in 1923, but served as a model for the Whampoa Military Academy, which was founded in Guangzhou in 1924. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, half of 300 divisions in China's armed forces were commanded by Whampoa graduates and one-third were Baoding cadets.

text: Baoding

text: Military

text: Academy

text: was

text: military

text: academy

text: based

text: in

text: Baoding

text: Republican

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: two

text: decades

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: For

text: time

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: military

text: academy

text: in

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: cadets

text: played

text: prominent

text: roles

text: in

text: the

text: political

text: and

text: military

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: Baoding

text: Military

text: Academy

text: closed

text: in

text: but

text: served

text: as

text: model

text: for

text: the

text: Whampoa

text: Military

text: Academy

text: which

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: Guangzhou

text: in

text: During

text: the

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: half

text: of

text: divisions

text: in

text: China

text: 's

text: armed

text: forces

text: were

text: commanded

text: by

text: Whampoa

text: graduates

text: and

text: one

text: third

text: were

text: Baoding

text: cadets

text: Wu Peifu or Wu P'ei-fu (April 22, 1874  December 4, 1939), was a major figure in the struggles between the warlords who dominated Republican China from 1916 to 1927.

text: Wu

text: Peifu

text: or

text: Wu

text: P'ei

text: fu

text: April

text: December

text: was

text: major

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: struggles

text: between

text: the

text: warlords

text: who

text: dominated

text: Republican

text: China

text: from

text: to

text: The Battle of Xinkou was the second of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Xinkou

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: engagements

text: between

text: the

text: National

text: Revolutionary

text: Army

text: and

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Army

text: during

text: the

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: Yan Xishan (or Yen Hsi-shan, ; 8 October 1883  22 July 1960) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. Yan effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province, Yan Xishan survived the machinations of Yuan Shikai, the Warlord Era, the Nationalist Era, the Japanese invasion of China, and the subsequent civil war, being forced from office only when the Nationalist armies with which he was aligned had completely lost control of the Chinese mainland, isolating Shanxi from any source of economic or military supply. Yan has been viewed by Western biographers as a transitional figure who advocated using Western technology to protect Chinese traditions, while at the same time reforming older political, social, and economic conditions in a way that paved the way for the radical changes that would occur after his rule.

text: Yan

text: Xishan

text: or

text: Yen

text: Hsi

text: shan

text: October

text: July

text: was

text: Chinese

text: warlord

text: who

text: served

text: in

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: Yan

text: effectively

text: controlled

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Shanxi

text: from

text: the

text: Xinhai

text: Revolution

text: to

text: the

text: Communist

text: victory

text: in

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Civil

text: War

text: As

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: relatively

text: small

text: poor

text: remote

text: province

text: Yan

text: Xishan

text: survived

text: the

text: machinations

text: of

text: Yuan

text: Shikai

text: the

text: Warlord

text: Era

text: the

text: Nationalist

text: Era

text: the

text: Japanese

text: invasion

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: the

text: subsequent

text: civil

text: war

text: being

text: forced

text: from

text: office

text: only

text: when

text: the

text: Nationalist

text: armies

text: with

text: which

text: he

text: was

text: aligned

text: had

text: completely

text: lost

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: mainland

text: isolating

text: Shanxi

text: from

text: any

text: source

text: of

text: economic

text: or

text: military

text: supply

text: Yan

text: has

text: been

text: viewed

text: by

text: Western

text: biographers

text: as

text: transitional

text: figure

text: who

text: advocated

text: using

text: Western

text: technology

text: to

text: protect

text: Chinese

text: traditions

text: while

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: reforming

text: older

text: political

text: social

text: and

text: economic

text: conditions

text: in

text: way

text: that

text: paved

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: the

text: radical

text: changes

text: that

text: would

text: occur

text: after

text: his

text: rule

text:
A civil war, also known as an intrastate war in polemology, is a war between organized groups within the same state or country, or, less commonly, between two countries created from a formerly united state.
The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region or to change government policies.
The term is a calque of the Latin "bellum civile" which was used to refer to the various civil wars of the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC.

text: civil

text: war

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: intrastate

text: war

text: in

text: polemology

text: is

text: war

text: between

text: organized

text: groups

text: within

text: the

text: same

text: state

text: or

text: country

text: or

text: less

text: commonly

text: between

text: two

text: countries

text: created

text: from

text: formerly

text: united

text: state

text: The

text: aim

text: of

text: one

text: side

text: may

text: be

text: to

text: take

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: or

text: region

text: to

text: achieve

text: independence

text: for

text: region

text: or

text: to

text: change

text: government

text: policies

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: calque

text: of

text: the

text: Latin

text: bellum

text: civile

text: which

text: was

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: various

text: civil

text: wars

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynastythe years 1420 to 1912. It is located in the centre of Beijing, China, and now houses the Palace Museum. It served as the home of emperors and their households as well as the ceremonial and political centre of Chinese government for almost 500 years.

text: The

text: Forbidden

text: City

text: was

text: the

text: Chinese

text: imperial

text: palace

text: from

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynastythe

text: years

text: to

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: Beijing

text: China

text: and

text: now

text: houses

text: the

text: Palace

text: Museum

text: It

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: emperors

text: and

text: their

text: households

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: ceremonial

text: and

text: political

text: centre

text: of

text: Chinese

text: government

text: for

text: almost

text: years

text: Li Zongren or Li Tsung-jen (13 August 1890  30 January 1969), courtesy name Delin (Te-lin; ), was a prominent Guangxi warlord and Kuomintang (KMT) military commander during the Northern Expedition, Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War. He served as vice-president and acting president of the Republic of China under the 1947 Chinese Constitution.

text: Li

text: Zongren

text: or

text: Li

text: Tsung

text: jen

text: August

text: January

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Delin

text: Te

text: lin

text: was

text: prominent

text: Guangxi

text: warlord

text: and

text: Kuomintang

text: KMT

text: military

text: commander

text: during

text: the

text: Northern

text: Expedition

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: and

text: Chinese

text: Civil

text: War

text: He

text: served

text: as

text: vice

text: president

text: and

text: acting

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: under

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Constitution

text: The Beijing coup refers to the October 1924 "coup d'état" by Feng Yuxiang against Chinese President Cao Kun, leader of the Zhili warlord faction. Feng called it the Capital Revolution. The coup occurred at a crucial moment in the Second ZhiliFengtian War and allowed the pro-Japanese Fengtian clique to defeat the previously dominant Zhili clique. Followed by a brief period of liberalization under Huang Fu, on November 23 this government was replaced by a conservative, pro-Japanese government led by Duan Qirui. The coup alienated many liberal Chinese from the Beijing government.

text: The

text: Beijing

text: coup

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: October

text: coup

text: d'état

text: by

text: Feng

text: Yuxiang

text: against

text: Chinese

text: President

text: Cao

text: Kun

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Zhili

text: warlord

text: faction

text: Feng

text: called

text: it

text: the

text: Capital

text: Revolution

text: The

text: coup

text: occurred

text: at

text: crucial

text: moment

text: in

text: the

text: Second

text: ZhiliFengtian

text: War

text: and

text: allowed

text: the

text: pro

text: Japanese

text: Fengtian

text: clique

text: to

text: defeat

text: the

text: previously

text: dominant

text: Zhili

text: clique

text: Followed

text: by

text: brief

text: period

text: of

text: liberalization

text: under

text: Huang

text: Fu

text: on

text: November

text: this

text: government

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: conservative

text: pro

text: Japanese

text: government

text: led

text: by

text: Duan

text: Qirui

text: The

text: coup

text: alienated

text: many

text: liberal

text: Chinese

text: from

text: the

text: Beijing

text: government

text: The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, also called the Qing Empire or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state.

text: The

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: officially

text: the

text: Great

text: Qing

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Qing

text: Empire

text: or

text: the

text: Manchu

text: dynasty

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: of

text: China

text: ruling

text: from

text: to

text: with

text: brief

text: abortive

text: restoration

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: and

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: Qing

text: multi

text: cultural

text: empire

text: lasted

text: almost

text: three

text: centuries

text: and

text: formed

text: the

text: territorial

text: base

text: for

text: the

text: modern

text: Chinese

text: state

text: Cao Kun (Courtesy name: Zhongshan ()) (December 12, 1862  May 15, 1938) was a President of Republic China and military leader of the Zhili clique in the Beiyang Army; he also served as trustee of the Catholic University of Peking.

text: Cao

text: Kun

text: Courtesy

text: name

text: Zhongshan

text: December

text: May

text: was

text: President

text: of

text: Republic

text: China

text: and

text: military

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Zhili

text: clique

text: in

text: the

text: Beiyang

text: Army

text: he

text: also

text: served

text: as

text: trustee

text: of

text: the

text: Catholic

text: University

text: of

text: Peking

text: Hao Mengling ( 1892 -- 1937 ) was a Chinese general who distinguished himself first in the Northern Expedition and then in the Battle of Xinkou . Born on 18 February 1892 into a family of poor farmers , Hao ran away from his apprenticeship at a grocery shop to join the army when he was just a child . After he graduated from Baoding Military Academy , he joined Feng Yuxiang ' Guominjun along with his mentor Wei Yisan (  ) in 1921 . In 1926 , he participated in the Northern Expedition as commanding officer of 26th Bde 4th Army , and his outstanding command earned him a promotion to CO of 2nd Division and then 54th Division . After the Central Plains War he was promoted to CO of 9th Army . Hao relinquished his command in 1937 after battling communist forces for decades , but returned after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident . By the time he got back to the front line from Sichuan , the IJA had already broken through Yanmen Pass and were converging on Xinkou . Under Wei Lihuang 's 14th Army Group , Hao led his 9th Army and Shanxi clique 's 19th , 35th and 61st Armies in the defense of Xinkou . During the battle , Hao 's staff suggested to him to change to ordinary soldier 's uniform for safety reasons , but Hao refused , a refusal that caused his death in the following battle . After five days of intense battle that saw horrific casualties on both sides , Hao , who personally led a counter offensive , decided to survey the front , during which he had to reach another isolated section of Chinese controlled mountain ridge . There were two trails , one was shorter and direct , but a stretch of 20 metres of this trail located at the front line and thus was exposed to the enemy fire . Another trail was completely in Chinese control and out of reach of the enemy fire , but it would take much longer time to reach the destination if this path was taken . Refusing his staff 's suggestion for the same reason of boosting morale just like the way he had refused to change to ordinary soldier 's uniform , Hao made a fateful decision to take the first trail and his entire staff followed in the hope of offering some protection in numbers so that enemy sniper would not be so easily picking out their commanding officer . Everyone was betting on that the enemy often chose not bother to fire upon the Chinese soldiers dashing through the 20 metres stretch at the night based on the past experience . During their 20 metres dash on the exposed trail , Hao and his staff were spotted by the enemy , who were able to clearly see that Hao was a general under the bright moonlight because of the reflection of metal stars and buttons of his uniform . Instead of snipers , an enemy machine gun team 200 metres away immediately fired upon the Chinese , killing Hao and his entire staff , along with CO of 54th Division , Liu Jiaqi (  ) . Hao was the first army commander - level officer to die during the war , and his death , as well as other at that fateful night struck a serious blow to the Chinese defenders ' morale . With the most senior commanding officers and all of their staff killed , not only the planned counter offensive failed to materialize , the Chinese defense soon collapsed : the Chinese troops were driven from their positions on the very next day , and were forced to retreat further , but they did manage to stop the enemy at their newly established positions . In recent Chinese movies portraying Hao 's heroic action , Hao appeared as a strong built tough man character who were respected and even feared by his subordinates , which is far from the truth . In reality , Hao was an extremely polite meek person who wore glasses , with an apparent nerdy look , and his subordinates would not have hesitated to die for him not because of fear and respect , but out of love and admiration .

text: Hao

text: Mengling

text: was

text: Chinese

text: general

text: who

text: distinguished

text: himself

text: first

text: in

text: the

text: Northern

text: Expedition

text: and

text: then

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Xinkou

text: Born

text: on

text: February

text: into

text: family

text: of

text: poor

text: farmers

text: Hao

text: ran

text: away

text: from

text: his

text: apprenticeship

text: at

text: grocery

text: shop

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: army

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: just

text: child

text: After

text: he

text: graduated

text: from

text: Baoding

text: Military

text: Academy

text: he

text: joined

text: Feng

text: Yuxiang

text: Guominjun

text: along

text: with

text: his

text: mentor

text: Wei

text: Yisan

text: in

text: In

text: he

text: participated

text: in

text: the

text: Northern

text: Expedition

text: as

text: commanding

text: officer

text: of

text: Bde

text: Army

text: and

text: his

text: outstanding

text: command

text: earned

text: him

text: promotion

text: to

text: CO

text: of

text: Division

text: and

text: then

text: Division

text: After

text: the

text: Central

text: Plains

text: War

text: he

text: was

text: promoted

text: to

text: CO

text: of

text: Army

text: Hao

text: relinquished

text: his

text: command

text: in

text: after

text: battling

text: communist

text: forces

text: for

text: decades

text: but

text: returned

text: after

text: the

text: Marco

text: Polo

text: Bridge

text: Incident

text: By

text: the

text: time

text: he

text: got

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: front

text: line

text: from

text: Sichuan

text: the

text: IJA

text: had

text: already

text: broken

text: through

text: Yanmen

text: Pass

text: and

text: were

text: converging

text: on

text: Xinkou

text: Under

text: Wei

text: Lihuang

text: 's

text: Army

text: Group

text: Hao

text: led

text: his

text: Army

text: and

text: Shanxi

text: clique

text: 's

text: and

text: Armies

text: in

text: the

text: defense

text: of

text: Xinkou

text: During

text: the

text: battle

text: Hao

text: 's

text: staff

text: suggested

text: to

text: him

text: to

text: change

text: to

text: ordinary

text: soldier

text: 's

text: uniform

text: for

text: safety

text: reasons

text: but

text: Hao

text: refused

text: refusal

text: that

text: caused

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: battle

text: After

text: five

text: days

text: of

text: intense

text: battle

text: that

text: saw

text: horrific

text: casualties

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: Hao

text: who

text: personally

text: led

text: counter

text: offensive

text: decided

text: to

text: survey

text: the

text: front

text: during

text: which

text: he

text: had

text: to

text: reach

text: another

text: isolated

text: section

text: of

text: Chinese

text: controlled

text: mountain

text: ridge

text: There

text: were

text: two

text: trails

text: one

text: was

text: shorter

text: and

text: direct

text: but

text: stretch

text: of

text: metres

text: of

text: this

text: trail

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: front

text: line

text: and

text: thus

text: was

text: exposed

text: to

text: the

text: enemy

text: fire

text: Another

text: trail

text: was

text: completely

text: in

text: Chinese

text: control

text: and

text: out

text: of

text: reach

text: of

text: the

text: enemy

text: fire

text: but

text: it

text: would

text: take

text: much

text: longer

text: time

text: to

text: reach

text: the

text: destination

text: if

text: this

text: path

text: was

text: taken

text: Refusing

text: his

text: staff

text: 's

text: suggestion

text: for

text: the

text: same

text: reason

text: of

text: boosting

text: morale

text: just

text: like

text: the

text: way

text: he

text: had

text: refused

text: to

text: change

text: to

text: ordinary

text: soldier

text: 's

text: uniform

text: Hao

text: made

text: fateful

text: decision

text: to

text: take

text: the

text: first

text: trail

text: and

text: his

text: entire

text: staff

text: followed

text: in

text: the

text: hope

text: of

text: offering

text: some

text: protection

text: in

text: numbers

text: so

text: that

text: enemy

text: sniper

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: so

text: easily

text: picking

text: out

text: their

text: commanding

text: officer

text: Everyone

text: was

text: betting

text: on

text: that

text: the

text: enemy

text: often

text: chose

text: not

text: bother

text: to

text: fire

text: upon

text: the

text: Chinese

text: soldiers

text: dashing

text: through

text: the

text: metres

text: stretch

text: at

text: the

text: night

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: past

text: experience

text: During

text: their

text: metres

text: dash

text: on

text: the

text: exposed

text: trail

text: Hao

text: and

text: his

text: staff

text: were

text: spotted

text: by

text: the

text: enemy

text: who

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: clearly

text: see

text: that

text: Hao

text: was

text: general

text: under

text: the

text: bright

text: moonlight

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: reflection

text: of

text: metal

text: stars

text: and

text: buttons

text: of

text: his

text: uniform

text: Instead

text: of

text: snipers

text: an

text: enemy

text: machine

text: gun

text: team

text: metres

text: away

text: immediately

text: fired

text: upon

text: the

text: Chinese

text: killing

text: Hao

text: and

text: his

text: entire

text: staff

text: along

text: with

text: CO

text: of

text: Division

text: Liu

text: Jiaqi

text: Hao

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: army

text: commander

text: level

text: officer

text: to

text: die

text: during

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: his

text: death

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: at

text: that

text: fateful

text: night

text: struck

text: serious

text: blow

text: to

text: the

text: Chinese

text: defenders

text: morale

text: With

text: the

text: most

text: senior

text: commanding

text: officers

text: and

text: all

text: of

text: their

text: staff

text: killed

text: not

text: only

text: the

text: planned

text: counter

text: offensive

text: failed

text: to

text: materialize

text: the

text: Chinese

text: defense

text: soon

text: collapsed

text: the

text: Chinese

text: troops

text: were

text: driven

text: from

text: their

text: positions

text: on

text: the

text: very

text: next

text: day

text: and

text: were

text: forced

text: to

text: retreat

text: further

text: but

text: they

text: did

text: manage

text: to

text: stop

text: the

text: enemy

text: at

text: their

text: newly

text: established

text: positions

text: In

text: recent

text: Chinese

text: movies

text: portraying

text: Hao

text: 's

text: heroic

text: action

text: Hao

text: appeared

text: as

text: strong

text: built

text: tough

text: man

text: character

text: who

text: were

text: respected

text: and

text: even

text: feared

text: by

text: his

text: subordinates

text: which

text: is

text: far

text: from

text: the

text: truth

text: In

text: reality

text: Hao

text: was

text: an

text: extremely

text: polite

text: meek

text: person

text: who

text: wore

text: glasses

text: with

text: an

text: apparent

text: nerdy

text: look

text: and

text: his

text: subordinates

text: would

text: not

text: have

text: hesitated

text: to

text: die

text: for

text: him

text: not

text: because

text: of

text: fear

text: and

text: respect

text: but

text: out

text: of

text: love

text: and

text: admiration

annotations: likely single

question: place_of_death hao mengling

answer: hebei

text: hebei

text: hebei