text: Canada (French: ) is a country in the northern half of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering , making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Canada's border with the United States is the world's longest land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. About four-fifths of the country's population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, its largest city is Toronto; other major urban areas include Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg and Hamilton.

text: Canada

text: French

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: half

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: Its

text: ten

text: provinces

text: and

text: three

text: territories

text: extend

text: from

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: to

text: the

text: Pacific

text: and

text: northward

text: into

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: covering

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: Canada

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: longest

text: land

text: border

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: cold

text: or

text: severely

text: cold

text: winter

text: climate

text: but

text: southerly

text: areas

text: are

text: warm

text: in

text: summer

text: Canada

text: is

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: its

text: land

text: territory

text: being

text: dominated

text: by

text: forest

text: and

text: tundra

text: and

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: About

text: four

text: fifths

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: urbanized

text: and

text: live

text: near

text: the

text: southern

text: border

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Ottawa

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Toronto

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Montreal

text: Vancouver

text: Calgary

text: Edmonton

text: Quebec

text: City

text: Winnipeg

text: and

text: Hamilton

text: The British Isles are a group of islands off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consist of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. Situated in the North Atlantic, the islands have a total area of approximately 315,159 km, and a combined population of just under 70 million. Two sovereign states are located on the islands: Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of the island with the same name) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The British Isles also include three Crown Dependencies: the Isle of Man and, by tradition, the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands, although the latter are not physically a part of the archipelago.

text: The

text: British

text: Isles

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: islands

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: continental

text: Europe

text: that

text: consist

text: of

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: Ireland

text: and

text: over

text: six

text: thousand

text: smaller

text: isles

text: Situated

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: the

text: islands

text: have

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: km

text: and

text: combined

text: population

text: of

text: just

text: under

text: million

text: Two

text: sovereign

text: states

text: are

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: islands

text: Ireland

text: which

text: covers

text: roughly

text: five

text: sixths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: The

text: British

text: Isles

text: also

text: include

text: three

text: Crown

text: Dependencies

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: and

text: by

text: tradition

text: the

text: Bailiwick

text: of

text: Jersey

text: and

text: the

text: Bailiwick

text: of

text: Guernsey

text: in

text: the

text: Channel

text: Islands

text: although

text: the

text: latter

text: are

text: not

text: physically

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: archipelago

text: The Ryanair Novice Chase is a Grade 1 National Hunt Steeplechase in Ireland which is open to horses aged five years or older . It is run at Punchestown over a distance of about 2 miles ( 3,219 metres ) , and during its running there are eleven fences to be jumped . The race is for novice chasers , and it is scheduled to take place each year during the Punchestown Festival in late April or early May . During the 1990s the event was sponsored by the Bank of Ireland and Tripleprint . It was promoted to Grade 1 status in 1998 , and its sponsorship was taken over by Swordlestown Stud in 2000 . The present sponsor , Ryanair , began supporting the race in 2010 . The field usually includes horses which ran previously in the Arkle Challenge Trophy at Cheltenham , and the last to win both races was Un de Sceaux in 2015 .

text: The

text: Ryanair

text: Novice

text: Chase

text: is

text: Grade

text: National

text: Hunt

text: Steeplechase

text: in

text: Ireland

text: which

text: is

text: open

text: to

text: horses

text: aged

text: five

text: years

text: or

text: older

text: It

text: is

text: run

text: at

text: Punchestown

text: over

text: distance

text: of

text: about

text: miles

text: metres

text: and

text: during

text: its

text: running

text: there

text: are

text: eleven

text: fences

text: to

text: be

text: jumped

text: The

text: race

text: is

text: for

text: novice

text: chasers

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: scheduled

text: to

text: take

text: place

text: each

text: year

text: during

text: the

text: Punchestown

text: Festival

text: in

text: late

text: April

text: or

text: early

text: May

text: During

text: the

text: the

text: event

text: was

text: sponsored

text: by

text: the

text: Bank

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: Tripleprint

text: It

text: was

text: promoted

text: to

text: Grade

text: status

text: in

text: and

text: its

text: sponsorship

text: was

text: taken

text: over

text: by

text: Swordlestown

text: Stud

text: in

text: The

text: present

text: sponsor

text: Ryanair

text: began

text: supporting

text: the

text: race

text: in

text: The

text: field

text: usually

text: includes

text: horses

text: which

text: ran

text: previously

text: in

text: the

text: Arkle

text: Challenge

text: Trophy

text: at

text: Cheltenham

text: and

text: the

text: last

text: to

text: win

text: both

text: races

text: was

text: Un

text: de

text: Sceaux

text: in

text: Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey. The city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, , was 1,904,806 people.

text: Dublin

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Dublin

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Leinster

text: on

text: Ireland

text: 's

text: east

text: coast

text: at

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Liffey

text: The

text: city

text: has

text: an

text: urban

text: area

text: population

text: of

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: Greater

text: Dublin

text: Area

text: was

text: people

text: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: UK

text: or

text: Britain

text: is

text: sovereign

text: country

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: Lying

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: mainland

text: it

text: includes

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: loosely

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: country

text: the

text: north

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: many

text: smaller

text: islands

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: that

text: shares

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: another

text: sovereign

text: statethe

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Apart

text: from

text: this

text: land

text: border

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: south

text: west

text: giving

text: it

text: the

text: longest

text: coastline

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Together

text: this

text: makes

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Great Britain, also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth-largest in the world. In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, comprise the British Isles archipelago.

text: Great

text: Britain

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Britain

text: is

text: large

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: off

text: the

text: northwest

text: coast

text: of

text: continental

text: Europe

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: European

text: island

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: the

text: island

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: after

text: Java

text: in

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: Honshu

text: in

text: Japan

text: The

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: is

text: situated

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: it

text: and

text: together

text: these

text: islands

text: along

text: with

text: over

text: smaller

text: surrounding

text: islands

text: comprise

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: archipelago

text: Ryanair Ltd. is an Irish low-cost airline headquartered in Swords, a suburb of Dublin, Ireland, with its primary operational bases at Dublin and London Stansted Airports. In 2016, Ryanair was both the largest European airline by scheduled passengers carried, and the busiest international airline by passenger numbers.

text: Ryanair

text: Ltd.

text: is

text: an

text: Irish

text: low

text: cost

text: airline

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Swords

text: suburb

text: of

text: Dublin

text: Ireland

text: with

text: its

text: primary

text: operational

text: bases

text: at

text: Dublin

text: and

text: London

text: Stansted

text: Airports

text: In

text: Ryanair

text: was

text: both

text: the

text: largest

text: European

text: airline

text: by

text: scheduled

text: passengers

text: carried

text: and

text: the

text: busiest

text: international

text: airline

text: by

text: passenger

text: numbers

text: A steeplechase is a distance horse race in which competitors are required to jump diverse fence and ditch obstacles. Steeplechasing is primarily conducted in Ireland (where it originated), the United Kingdom, Canada, United States, Australia and France. The name is derived from early races in which orientation of the course was by reference to a church steeple, jumping fences and ditches and generally traversing the many intervening obstacles in the countryside.

text: steeplechase

text: is

text: distance

text: horse

text: race

text: in

text: which

text: competitors

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: jump

text: diverse

text: fence

text: and

text: ditch

text: obstacles

text: Steeplechasing

text: is

text: primarily

text: conducted

text: in

text: Ireland

text: where

text: it

text: originated

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Canada

text: United

text: States

text: Australia

text: and

text: France

text: The

text: name

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: early

text: races

text: in

text: which

text: orientation

text: of

text: the

text: course

text: was

text: by

text: reference

text: to

text: church

text: steeple

text: jumping

text: fences

text: and

text: ditches

text: and

text: generally

text: traversing

text: the

text: many

text: intervening

text: obstacles

text: in

text: the

text: countryside

text: Ireland (Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth.

text: Ireland

text: Ulster

text: Scots

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Great

text: Britain

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Channel

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: and

text: St

text: George

text: 's

text: Channel

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: island

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: twentieth

text: largest

text: on

text: Earth

text: Earth, otherwise known as the world, is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets.

text: Earth

text: otherwise

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: planet

text: from

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: object

text: in

text: the

text: Universe

text: known

text: to

text: harbor

text: life

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: densest

text: planet

text: in

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: terrestrial

text: planets

text: The Irish Sea (, , , Ulster-Scots: "Airish Sea"), separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. It is connected to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the North Channel. Anglesey is the largest island within the Irish Sea, followed by the Isle of Man. The sea is occasionally, but rarely, referred to as the Manx Sea.

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: Ulster

text: Scots

text: Airish

text: Sea

text: separates

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: is

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: St

text: George

text: 's

text: Channel

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: Inner

text: Seas

text: off

text: the

text: West

text: Coast

text: of

text: Scotland

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Channel

text: Anglesey

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: island

text: within

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: The

text: sea

text: is

text: occasionally

text: but

text: rarely

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Manx

text: Sea

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney.

text: Australia

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Australia

text: is

text: country

text: comprising

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: continent

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Tasmania

text: and

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: islands

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sixth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: The

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: are

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: East

text: Timor

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: and

text: Vanuatu

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: Australia

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: Canberra

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: Sydney

text: An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait, and a small island off the coast may be called a holm. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago, e.g. the Philippines.

text: An

text: island

text: or

text: isle

text: is

text: any

text: piece

text: of

text: sub

text: continental

text: land

text: that

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: water

text: Very

text: small

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: emergent

text: land

text: features

text: on

text: atolls

text: can

text: be

text: called

text: islets

text: skerries

text: cays

text: or

text: keys

text: An

text: island

text: in

text: river

text: or

text: lake

text: island

text: may

text: be

text: called

text: an

text: eyot

text: or

text: ait

text: and

text: small

text: island

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: may

text: be

text: called

text: holm

text: grouping

text: of

text: geographically

text: or

text: geologically

text: related

text: islands

text: is

text: called

text: an

text: archipelago

text: e.g.

text: the

text: Philippines

text: St George's Channel is a sea channel connecting the Irish Sea to the north and the Celtic Sea to the southwest.

text: St

text: George

text: 's

text: Channel

text: is

text: sea

text: channel

text: connecting

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text: Ulster (or "Cúige Uladh" , Ulster Scots: "Ulstèr" or "Ulster") is a province in the north of the island of Ireland. In ancient Ireland, it was one of the fifths ruled by a "rí ruirech", or "king of over-kings".

text: Ulster

text: or

text: Cúige

text: Uladh

text: Ulster

text: Scots

text: Ulstèr

text: or

text: Ulster

text: is

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: In

text: ancient

text: Ireland

text: it

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: fifths

text: ruled

text: by

text: rí

text: ruirech

text: or

text: king

text: of

text: over

text: kings

text: London Stansted Airport is an international airport located at Stansted Mountfitchet in the local government district of Uttlesford in Essex, northeast of Central London and from the Hertfordshire border.

text: London

text: Stansted

text: Airport

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: airport

text: located

text: at

text: Stansted

text: Mountfitchet

text: in

text: the

text: local

text: government

text: district

text: of

text: Uttlesford

text: in

text: Essex

text: northeast

text: of

text: Central

text: London

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Hertfordshire

text: border

text: A steeple, in architecture, is a tall tower on a building, topped by a spire and often incorporating a belfry and other components. Steeples are very common on Christian churches and cathedrals and the use of the term generally connotes a religious structure. They may be stand-alone structures, or incorporated into the entrance or center of the building.

text: steeple

text: in

text: architecture

text: is

text: tall

text: tower

text: on

text: building

text: topped

text: by

text: spire

text: and

text: often

text: incorporating

text: belfry

text: and

text: other

text: components

text: Steeples

text: are

text: very

text: common

text: on

text: Christian

text: churches

text: and

text: cathedrals

text: and

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: generally

text: connotes

text: religious

text: structure

text: They

text: may

text: be

text: stand

text: alone

text: structures

text: or

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: entrance

text: or

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: building

question: instance_of ryanair novice chase

answer: horse race

text: horse race


text: Ringo Lam Ling-Tung (Cantonese: Lam Ling-tung), is a Hong Kong film director, producer, and screenwriter. Born in Hong Kong in 1955, Lam initially went to an acting school. After finding he preferred making films to acting, he went to Canada to study film. In 1983, he returned and began filming comedy films. After the commercial success of his film "Aces Go Places IV", he was allowed to develop his own film. Lam directed "City on Fire" in 1987, which led him to winning his first Hong Kong Film Award, and has been extensively referenced as the fundamental inspiration for Quentin Tarantino's first film, "Reservoir Dogs".

text: Ringo

text: Lam

text: Ling

text: Tung

text: Cantonese

text: Lam

text: Ling

text: tung

text: is

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: film

text: director

text: producer

text: and

text: screenwriter

text: Born

text: in

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: in

text: Lam

text: initially

text: went

text: to

text: an

text: acting

text: school

text: After

text: finding

text: he

text: preferred

text: making

text: films

text: to

text: acting

text: he

text: went

text: to

text: Canada

text: to

text: study

text: film

text: In

text: he

text: returned

text: and

text: began

text: filming

text: comedy

text: films

text: After

text: the

text: commercial

text: success

text: of

text: his

text: film

text: Aces

text: Go

text: Places

text: IV

text: he

text: was

text: allowed

text: to

text: develop

text: his

text: own

text: film

text: Lam

text: directed

text: City

text: on

text: Fire

text: in

text: which

text: led

text: him

text: to

text: winning

text: his

text: first

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Film

text: Award

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: extensively

text: referenced

text: as

text: the

text: fundamental

text: inspiration

text: for

text: Quentin

text: Tarantino

text: 's

text: first

text: film

text: Reservoir

text: Dogs

text: Martin Charles Scorsese (born November 17, 1942) is an American director, producer, screenwriter, actor, and film historian, whose career spans more than 53 years. Scorsese's body of work addresses such themes as Sicilian-American identity, Roman Catholic concepts of guilt and redemption, faith, machismo, modern crime, and gang conflict. Many of his films are also known for their depiction of violence and liberal use of profanity.

text: Martin

text: Charles

text: Scorsese

text: born

text: November

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: director

text: producer

text: screenwriter

text: actor

text: and

text: film

text: historian

text: whose

text: career

text: spans

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: Scorsese

text: 's

text: body

text: of

text: work

text: addresses

text: such

text: themes

text: as

text: Sicilian

text: American

text: identity

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: concepts

text: of

text: guilt

text: and

text: redemption

text: faith

text: machismo

text: modern

text: crime

text: and

text: gang

text: conflict

text: Many

text: of

text: his

text: films

text: are

text: also

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: depiction

text: of

text: violence

text: and

text: liberal

text: use

text: of

text: profanity

text: Andrew Lau Wai-Keung (born 4 April 1960) is a Hong Kong film director, producer, and cinematographer. Lau began his career in the 1980s and 1990s, serving as a cinematographer to filmmakers such as Ringo Lam, Wong Jing and Wong Kar-wai. In the 1990s, Lau decided to have more creative freedom as a cinematographer by becoming a film director and producer. Apart from making films in his native Hong Kong, Lau has also made films in China, Korea and the United States. A highly prolific filmmaker, Lau has made films in a variety of genres, and is most notable in the West for his action and crime films which include the "Young and Dangerous" film series, the "Infernal Affairs" trilogy (the latter co-directed together with Alan Mak), and "Revenge of the Green Dragons" (executive produced by Martin Scorsese).

text: Andrew

text: Lau

text: Wai

text: Keung

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: film

text: director

text: producer

text: and

text: cinematographer

text: Lau

text: began

text: his

text: career

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: serving

text: as

text: cinematographer

text: to

text: filmmakers

text: such

text: as

text: Ringo

text: Lam

text: Wong

text: Jing

text: and

text: Wong

text: Kar

text: wai

text: In

text: the

text: Lau

text: decided

text: to

text: have

text: more

text: creative

text: freedom

text: as

text: cinematographer

text: by

text: becoming

text: film

text: director

text: and

text: producer

text: Apart

text: from

text: making

text: films

text: in

text: his

text: native

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Lau

text: has

text: also

text: made

text: films

text: in

text: China

text: Korea

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: highly

text: prolific

text: filmmaker

text: Lau

text: has

text: made

text: films

text: in

text: variety

text: of

text: genres

text: and

text: is

text: most

text: notable

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: for

text: his

text: action

text: and

text: crime

text: films

text: which

text: include

text: the

text: Young

text: and

text: Dangerous

text: film

text: series

text: the

text: Infernal

text: Affairs

text: trilogy

text: the

text: latter

text: co

text: directed

text: together

text: with

text: Alan

text: Mak

text: and

text: Revenge

text: of

text: the

text: Green

text: Dragons

text: executive

text: produced

text: by

text: Martin

text: Scorsese

text: The Park is a 2003 Hong Kong horror film originally released in 3 - D. The film was directed and produced by Andrew Lau . The film was shown at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival as part of the midnight screenings .

text: The

text: Park

text: is

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: horror

text: film

text: originally

text: released

text: in

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: directed

text: and

text: produced

text: by

text: Andrew

text: Lau

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: shown

text: at

text: the

text: Sundance

text: Film

text: Festival

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: midnight

text: screenings

text: Infernal Affairs is a 2002 Hong Kong crime-thriller film directed by Andrew Lau and Alan Mak. It tells the story of a police officer who infiltrates a triad, and a police officer secretly working for the same gang. The Chinese title means ""The Unceasing Path"", a reference to Avici, the lowest level of Hell in Buddhism, where one endures suffering incessantly. The English title is a word play, combining the law enforcement term "internal affairs"  typically the division of any law enforcement agency that would be responsible for (among other things) finding a mole  with the adjective "infernal", meant in this case as a reference not to fires or infernos in general, but specifically to the inferno of Hell ("Inferno" being the Italian word for "Hell"). Thus, the English title is both a phonetic pun and  like the Chinese title  an allusion to a place or condition of eternal suffering. "Infernal Affairs" is the first in the Infernal Affairs series and was followed by "Infernal Affairs II" and "Infernal Affairs III".

text: Infernal

text: Affairs

text: is

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: crime

text: thriller

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Andrew

text: Lau

text: and

text: Alan

text: Mak

text: It

text: tells

text: the

text: story

text: of

text: police

text: officer

text: who

text: infiltrates

text: triad

text: and

text: police

text: officer

text: secretly

text: working

text: for

text: the

text: same

text: gang

text: The

text: Chinese

text: title

text: means

text: The

text: Unceasing

text: Path

text: reference

text: to

text: Avici

text: the

text: lowest

text: level

text: of

text: Hell

text: in

text: Buddhism

text: where

text: one

text: endures

text: suffering

text: incessantly

text: The

text: English

text: title

text: is

text: word

text: play

text: combining

text: the

text: law

text: enforcement

text: term

text: internal

text: affairs

text: typically

text: the

text: division

text: of

text: any

text: law

text: enforcement

text: agency

text: that

text: would

text: be

text: responsible

text: for

text: among

text: other

text: things

text: finding

text: mole

text: with

text: the

text: adjective

text: infernal

text: meant

text: in

text: this

text: case

text: as

text: reference

text: not

text: to

text: fires

text: or

text: infernos

text: in

text: general

text: but

text: specifically

text: to

text: the

text: inferno

text: of

text: Hell

text: Inferno

text: being

text: the

text: Italian

text: word

text: for

text: Hell

text: Thus

text: the

text: English

text: title

text: is

text: both

text: phonetic

text: pun

text: and

text: like

text: the

text: Chinese

text: title

text: an

text: allusion

text: to

text: place

text: or

text: condition

text: of

text: eternal

text: suffering

text: Infernal

text: Affairs

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: in

text: the

text: Infernal

text: Affairs

text: series

text: and

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: Infernal

text: Affairs

text: II

text: and

text: Infernal

text: Affairs

text: III

annotations: likely multiple

annotations: likely single

question: original_language_of_work the park

answer: chinese

text: chinese

text: chinese


text: A city-state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories. Historically, this included cities such as Rome, Athens, Carthage, and the Italian city-states during the Renaissancebut today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist, with some disagreement as to which are city-states. A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore, Monaco, and Vatican City.

text: city

text: state

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: that

text: consists

text: of

text: city

text: and

text: its

text: dependent

text: territories

text: Historically

text: this

text: included

text: cities

text: such

text: as

text: Rome

text: Athens

text: Carthage

text: and

text: the

text: Italian

text: city

text: states

text: during

text: the

text: Renaissancebut

text: today

text: only

text: handful

text: of

text: sovereign

text: city

text: states

text: exist

text: with

text: some

text: disagreement

text: as

text: to

text: which

text: are

text: city

text: states

text: great

text: deal

text: of

text: consensus

text: exists

text: that

text: the

text: term

text: properly

text: applies

text: to

text: Singapore

text: Monaco

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Adad - nirari II is generally considered to be the first King of Assyria in the Neo-Assyrian period . Adad - nirari II 's father was Ashur - dan II , whom he succeeded after a minor dynastic struggle . It is probable that the accession encouraged revolts amongst Assyria 's nominal vassals . He firmly subjugated the areas previously under only nominal Assyrian vassalage , conquering and deporting troublesome Aramean following a battle at the junction of the Khabur and Euphrates in 910 BCE . After subduing Neo-Hittite and Hurrian populations in the north to far - off places . Adad - nirari II then twice attacked and defeated Shamash - mudammiq of Babylonia , annexing a large area of land north of the Diyala River and the towns of Ht and Zanqu in mid Mesopotamia in the same year . He made further gains over Babylonia under Nabu - shuma - ukin I later in his reign . He also campaigned to the west , subjugating the Aramean cities of Kadmuh and Nisibin . Along with vast amounts of treasure collected , he also secured the Kabur river region . His reign was a period of returning prosperity to the Middle East region following expansion of Phoenician and Aramaean trade routes , linking Anatolia , Egypt under the Libyan 22nd Dynasty , Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean .

text: Adad

text: nirari

text: II

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: King

text: of

text: Assyria

text: in

text: the

text: Neo

text: Assyrian

text: period

text: Adad

text: nirari

text: II

text: 's

text: father

text: was

text: Ashur

text: dan

text: II

text: whom

text: he

text: succeeded

text: after

text: minor

text: dynastic

text: struggle

text: It

text: is

text: probable

text: that

text: the

text: accession

text: encouraged

text: revolts

text: amongst

text: Assyria

text: 's

text: nominal

text: vassals

text: He

text: firmly

text: subjugated

text: the

text: areas

text: previously

text: under

text: only

text: nominal

text: Assyrian

text: vassalage

text: conquering

text: and

text: deporting

text: troublesome

text: Aramean

text: following

text: battle

text: at

text: the

text: junction

text: of

text: the

text: Khabur

text: and

text: Euphrates

text: in

text: BCE

text: After

text: subduing

text: Neo

text: Hittite

text: and

text: Hurrian

text: populations

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: far

text: off

text: places

text: Adad

text: nirari

text: II

text: then

text: twice

text: attacked

text: and

text: defeated

text: Shamash

text: mudammiq

text: of

text: Babylonia

text: annexing

text: large

text: area

text: of

text: land

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Diyala

text: River

text: and

text: the

text: towns

text: of

text: Ht

text: and

text: Zanqu

text: in

text: mid

text: Mesopotamia

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: He

text: made

text: further

text: gains

text: over

text: Babylonia

text: under

text: Nabu

text: shuma

text: ukin

text: later

text: in

text: his

text: reign

text: He

text: also

text: campaigned

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: subjugating

text: the

text: Aramean

text: cities

text: of

text: Kadmuh

text: and

text: Nisibin

text: Along

text: with

text: vast

text: amounts

text: of

text: treasure

text: collected

text: he

text: also

text: secured

text: the

text: Kabur

text: river

text: region

text: His

text: reign

text: was

text: period

text: of

text: returning

text: prosperity

text: to

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: region

text: following

text: expansion

text: of

text: Phoenician

text: and

text: Aramaean

text: trade

text: routes

text: linking

text: Anatolia

text: Egypt

text: under

text: the

text: Libyan

text: Dynasty

text: Mesopotamia

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Aššur (Akkadian; 'shr; : shr : shr, Kurdish Asûr), also known as Ashur and Qal'at Sherqat, was an Assyrian city, capital of the Old Assyrian Empire (20251750 BC), Middle Assyrian Empire (13651050 BC), and for a time, the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911605 BC). The remains of the city are situated on the western bank of the Tigris River, north of the confluence with the tributary Little Zab River, in modern-day Iraq, more precisely in the Al-Shirqat District in the Saladin Governorate.

text: Aššur

text: Akkadian

text: shr

text: shr

text: shr

text: Kurdish

text: Asûr

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Ashur

text: and

text: Qal'at

text: Sherqat

text: was

text: an

text: Assyrian

text: city

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: Assyrian

text: Empire

text: BC

text: Middle

text: Assyrian

text: Empire

text: BC

text: and

text: for

text: time

text: the

text: Neo

text: Assyrian

text: Empire

text: BC

text: The

text: remains

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: are

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Tigris

text: River

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: confluence

text: with

text: the

text: tributary

text: Little

text: Zab

text: River

text: in

text: modern

text: day

text: Iraq

text: more

text: precisely

text: in

text: the

text: Al

text: Shirqat

text: District

text: in

text: the

text: Saladin

text: Governorate

text: Assyria was a major Mesopotamian East Semitic-speaking kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East. It existed as an independent state from perhaps as early as the 25th century BC in the form of the Assur city-state, until its lapse between 612 BC and 599 BC, spanning the Early to Middle Bronze Age through to the late Iron Age.

text: Assyria

text: was

text: major

text: Mesopotamian

text: East

text: Semitic

text: speaking

text: kingdom

text: and

text: empire

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: It

text: existed

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: state

text: from

text: perhaps

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: Assur

text: city

text: state

text: until

text: its

text: lapse

text: between

text: BC

text: and

text: BC

text: spanning

text: the

text: Early

text: to

text: Middle

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: through

text: to

text: the

text: late

text: Iron

text: Age

text: The Iron Age is an archaeological era, referring to a period of time in the prehistory and protohistory of the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) when the dominant toolmaking material was iron. It is commonly preceded by the Bronze Age in Europe and Asia with exceptions and the Stone Age in Africa. Meteoric iron has been used by humans since at least 3200 BC, but ancient iron production did not become widespread until the ability to smelt iron ore, remove impurities and regulate the amount of carbon in the alloy were developed. The start of the Iron Age proper is considered by many to fall between around 1200 BC to 600 BC, depending on the region. In most parts of the world, its end is defined by the widespread adoption of writing, and therefore marks the transition from prehistory to history.

text: The

text: Iron

text: Age

text: is

text: an

text: archaeological

text: era

text: referring

text: to

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: prehistory

text: and

text: protohistory

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: Afro

text: Eurasia

text: when

text: the

text: dominant

text: toolmaking

text: material

text: was

text: iron

text: It

text: is

text: commonly

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: with

text: exceptions

text: and

text: the

text: Stone

text: Age

text: in

text: Africa

text: Meteoric

text: iron

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: by

text: humans

text: since

text: at

text: least

text: BC

text: but

text: ancient

text: iron

text: production

text: did

text: not

text: become

text: widespread

text: until

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: smelt

text: iron

text: ore

text: remove

text: impurities

text: and

text: regulate

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: carbon

text: in

text: the

text: alloy

text: were

text: developed

text: The

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Iron

text: Age

text: proper

text: is

text: considered

text: by

text: many

text: to

text: fall

text: between

text: around

text: BC

text: to

text: BC

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: region

text: In

text: most

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: its

text: end

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: widespread

text: adoption

text: of

text: writing

text: and

text: therefore

text: marks

text: the

text: transition

text: from

text: prehistory

text: to

text: history

text: An empire is defined as "an aggregate of nations or people ruled over by an emperor or other powerful sovereign or government, usually a territory of greater extent than a kingdom, as the former British Empire, French Empire, Brazilian Empire, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire or Roman Empire." An empire can be made solely of contiguous territories such as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, or of territories far remote from the homeland, such as a colonial empire.

text: An

text: empire

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: an

text: aggregate

text: of

text: nations

text: or

text: people

text: ruled

text: over

text: by

text: an

text: emperor

text: or

text: other

text: powerful

text: sovereign

text: or

text: government

text: usually

text: territory

text: of

text: greater

text: extent

text: than

text: kingdom

text: as

text: the

text: former

text: British

text: Empire

text: French

text: Empire

text: Brazilian

text: Empire

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: or

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: An

text: empire

text: can

text: be

text: made

text: solely

text: of

text: contiguous

text: territories

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Austro

text: Hungarian

text: Empire

text: or

text: of

text: territories

text: far

text: remote

text: from

text: the

text: homeland

text: such

text: as

text: colonial

text: empire

text: Near East is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English and has been replaced by the terms "Middle East" and "West Asia".

text: Near

text: East

text: is

text: geographical

text: term

text: that

text: roughly

text: encompasses

text: Western

text: Asia

text: Despite

text: having

text: varying

text: definitions

text: within

text: different

text: academic

text: circles

text: the

text: term

text: was

text: originally

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: maximum

text: extent

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: The

text: term

text: has

text: fallen

text: into

text: disuse

text: in

text: English

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: terms

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: West

text: Asia

annotations: follows single

question: occupation adad-nirari ii

answer: sovereign

text: sovereign

text: sovereign

text: sovereign


text: London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom, as well as the most populous city proper in the European Union. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it "Londinium". London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its medieval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, "London" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which today largely makes up Greater London, governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.

text: London

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: proper

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Standing

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: London

text: has

text: been

text: major

text: settlement

text: for

text: two

text: millennia

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: who

text: named

text: it

text: Londinium

text: London

text: 's

text: ancient

text: core

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: largely

text: retains

text: its

text: medieval

text: boundaries

text: Since

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: century

text: London

text: has

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: metropolis

text: around

text: this

text: core

text: historically

text: split

text: between

text: Middlesex

text: Essex

text: Surrey

text: Kent

text: and

text: Hertfordshire

text: which

text: today

text: largely

text: makes

text: up

text: Greater

text: London

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Mayor

text: of

text: London

text: and

text: the

text: London

text: Assembly

text: Kensington is a district within the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in West London. The north east is taken up by Kensington Gardens, once private, as the name suggests, but today a public park with Italian and Dutch gardens, public buildings such as the Albert Memorial, the Serpentine Gallery and Speke's monument.

text: Kensington

text: is

text: district

text: within

text: the

text: Royal

text: Borough

text: of

text: Kensington

text: and

text: Chelsea

text: in

text: West

text: London

text: The

text: north

text: east

text: is

text: taken

text: up

text: by

text: Kensington

text: Gardens

text: once

text: private

text: as

text: the

text: name

text: suggests

text: but

text: today

text: public

text: park

text: with

text: Italian

text: and

text: Dutch

text: gardens

text: public

text: buildings

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Albert

text: Memorial

text: the

text: Serpentine

text: Gallery

text: and

text: Speke

text: 's

text: monument

text: Jermyn Street is a one-way street in the St James's area of the City of Westminster in London, England. It is to the south of, parallel, and adjacent to Piccadilly.

text: Jermyn

text: Street

text: is

text: one

text: way

text: street

text: in

text: the

text: St

text: James

text: 's

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Westminster

text: in

text: London

text: England

text: It

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: parallel

text: and

text: adjacent

text: to

text: Piccadilly

text: The City of Westminster is an Inner London borough which also holds city status. It occupies much of the central area of Greater London including most of the West End. It is to the west of and adjoining the ancient City of London, directly to the east of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, and its southern boundary is the River Thames. It was created with the 1965 establishment of Greater London. Upon creation, Westminster was awarded city status, which had been previously held by the smaller Metropolitan Borough of Westminster.

text: The

text: City

text: of

text: Westminster

text: is

text: an

text: Inner

text: London

text: borough

text: which

text: also

text: holds

text: city

text: status

text: It

text: occupies

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: area

text: of

text: Greater

text: London

text: including

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: End

text: It

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: and

text: adjoining

text: the

text: ancient

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: directly

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Borough

text: of

text: Kensington

text: and

text: Chelsea

text: and

text: its

text: southern

text: boundary

text: is

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: It

text: was

text: created

text: with

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: Greater

text: London

text: Upon

text: creation

text: Westminster

text: was

text: awarded

text: city

text: status

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: previously

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: smaller

text: Metropolitan

text: Borough

text: of

text: Westminster

text: Exhibition Road is a street in South Kensington, London which is home to several major museums and academic establishments.

text: Exhibition

text: Road

text: is

text: street

text: in

text: South

text: Kensington

text: London

text: which

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: several

text: major

text: museums

text: and

text: academic

text: establishments

text: The Geological Museum ( originally The Museum of Practical Geology , started in 1835 ) is one of the oldest single science museums in the world and now part of the Natural History Museum in London . It transferred from Jermyn Street to Exhibition Road , South Kensington in 1935 in a building designed by Sir Richard Allison and John Hatton Markham of the Office of Works .

text: The

text: Geological

text: Museum

text: originally

text: The

text: Museum

text: of

text: Practical

text: Geology

text: started

text: in

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: single

text: science

text: museums

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: now

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Natural

text: History

text: Museum

text: in

text: London

text: It

text: transferred

text: from

text: Jermyn

text: Street

text: to

text: Exhibition

text: Road

text: South

text: Kensington

text: in

text: in

text: building

text: designed

text: by

text: Sir

text: Richard

text: Allison

text: and

text: John

text: Hatton

text: Markham

text: of

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: Works

text: Piccadilly is a road in the City of Westminster, London to the south of Mayfair, between Hyde Park Corner in the west and Piccadilly Circus in the east. It is part of the A4 road that connects central London to Hammersmith, Earl's Court, Heathrow Airport and the M4 motorway westward. St James's is to the south of the eastern section, while the western section is built up only on the northern side. At just under in length, Piccadilly is one of the widest and straightest streets in central London.

text: Piccadilly

text: is

text: road

text: in

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Westminster

text: London

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: Mayfair

text: between

text: Hyde

text: Park

text: Corner

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Piccadilly

text: Circus

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: road

text: that

text: connects

text: central

text: London

text: to

text: Hammersmith

text: Earl

text: 's

text: Court

text: Heathrow

text: Airport

text: and

text: the

text: motorway

text: westward

text: St

text: James

text: 's

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: eastern

text: section

text: while

text: the

text: western

text: section

text: is

text: built

text: up

text: only

text: on

text: the

text: northern

text: side

text: At

text: just

text: under

text: in

text: length

text: Piccadilly

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: widest

text: and

text: straightest

text: streets

text: in

text: central

text: London

text: Charing Cross denotes the junction of Strand, Whitehall and Cockspur Street, just south of Trafalgar Square in central London. It gives its name to several landmarks, including Charing Cross railway station, one of the main London rail terminals.

text: Charing

text: Cross

text: denotes

text: the

text: junction

text: of

text: Strand

text: Whitehall

text: and

text: Cockspur

text: Street

text: just

text: south

text: of

text: Trafalgar

text: Square

text: in

text: central

text: London

text: It

text: gives

text: its

text: name

text: to

text: several

text: landmarks

text: including

text: Charing

text: Cross

text: railway

text: station

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: London

text: rail

text: terminals

text: The Office of Works was established in the English Royal household in 1378 to oversee the building of the royal castles and residences. In 1832 it became the Works Department within the Office of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues, Works and Buildings. It was reconstituted as a government department in 1851 and became part of the Ministry of Works in 1940.

text: The

text: Office

text: of

text: Works

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: Royal

text: household

text: in

text: to

text: oversee

text: the

text: building

text: of

text: the

text: royal

text: castles

text: and

text: residences

text: In

text: it

text: became

text: the

text: Works

text: Department

text: within

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: Woods

text: Forests

text: Land

text: Revenues

text: Works

text: and

text: Buildings

text: It

text: was

text: reconstituted

text: as

text: government

text: department

text: in

text: and

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Works

text: in

text: St James's is a central district in the City of Westminster, London, forming part of the West End. In the 17th century the area developed as a residential location for the British aristocracy and around the 19th century was the focus of the development of gentlemen's clubs. Anciently part of the parish of St Martin in the Fields, much of it formed the parish of St James from 1685 to 1922. Since the Second World War the area has transitioned from residential to commercial use.

text: St

text: James

text: 's

text: is

text: central

text: district

text: in

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Westminster

text: London

text: forming

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: End

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: area

text: developed

text: as

text: residential

text: location

text: for

text: the

text: British

text: aristocracy

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: century

text: was

text: the

text: focus

text: of

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: gentlemen

text: 's

text: clubs

text: Anciently

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: parish

text: of

text: St

text: Martin

text: in

text: the

text: Fields

text: much

text: of

text: it

text: formed

text: the

text: parish

text: of

text: St

text: James

text: from

text: to

text: Since

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: the

text: area

text: has

text: transitioned

text: from

text: residential

text: to

text: commercial

text: use

text: The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea (often abbreviated to RBKC) is an inner London borough of Royal borough status, to the west of the centre. As the smallest borough in London and the second smallest district in England, this urban area is one of the most densely populated in the United Kingdom.

text: The

text: Royal

text: Borough

text: of

text: Kensington

text: and

text: Chelsea

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: RBKC

text: is

text: an

text: inner

text: London

text: borough

text: of

text: Royal

text: borough

text: status

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: centre

text: As

text: the

text: smallest

text: borough

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: smallest

text: district

text: in

text: England

text: this

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: South Kensington is a district of West London in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the City of Westminster. It is a built-up area 2.4 miles (3.9 km) west- south-west of Charing Cross.

text: South

text: Kensington

text: is

text: district

text: of

text: West

text: London

text: in

text: the

text: Royal

text: Borough

text: of

text: Kensington

text: and

text: Chelsea

text: and

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Westminster

text: It

text: is

text: built

text: up

text: area

text: miles

text: km

text: west-

text: south

text: west

text: of

text: Charing

text: Cross

annotations: follows multiple

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity geological museum

answer: royal borough of kensington and chelsea

text: royal borough of kensington and chelsea

text: royal borough of kensington and chelsea

text: royal borough of kensington and chelsea

text: royal borough of kensington and chelsea


text: A warez group is a tightly organised group of people involved in creating and/or distributing warez such as movies, music or software ("warez") in The Scene. There are different types of these groups in the Scene: "release groups" and "courier groups". Groups often compete, as being the first to bring out a new quality release can bring status and respect - a type of "vanity contest". The warez groups care about the image others have of them. The primary motivation of warez groups is not monetary gain, but the excitement of breaking rules and beating competitors. Although at least two Scene groups have been asking for bitcoin donations, PoWeRUp and spamTV. Individual members of these groups are usually also the authors of cracks and keygens.

text: warez

text: group

text: is

text: tightly

text: organised

text: group

text: of

text: people

text: involved

text: in

text: creating

text: and/or

text: distributing

text: warez

text: such

text: as

text: movies

text: music

text: or

text: software

text: warez

text: in

text: The

text: Scene

text: There

text: are

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: these

text: groups

text: in

text: the

text: Scene

text: release

text: groups

text: and

text: courier

text: groups

text: Groups

text: often

text: compete

text: as

text: being

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: bring

text: out

text: new

text: quality

text: release

text: can

text: bring

text: status

text: and

text: respect

text: type

text: of

text: vanity

text: contest

text: The

text: warez

text: groups

text: care

text: about

text: the

text: image

text: others

text: have

text: of

text: them

text: The

text: primary

text: motivation

text: of

text: warez

text: groups

text: is

text: not

text: monetary

text: gain

text: but

text: the

text: excitement

text: of

text: breaking

text: rules

text: and

text: beating

text: competitors

text: Although

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: Scene

text: groups

text: have

text: been

text: asking

text: for

text: bitcoin

text: donations

text: PoWeRUp

text: and

text: spamTV

text: Individual

text: members

text: of

text: these

text: groups

text: are

text: usually

text: also

text: the

text: authors

text: of

text: cracks

text: and

text: keygens

text: Operation FastLink is a coordination of four separate, simultaneous undercover investigations by the FBI, the FBI Cyber Division, the U.S. Department of Justice, the Computer Crimes and Intellectual Property Section (CCIPS) of the Criminal Division and Interpol. The four different investigations have not been publicly enumerated, but the U.S. Department of Justice has said in at least one press release that "Operation Higher Education" is the largest component, with participation from twelve nations. Mention has also been made of an investigation into pre-release music groups led by FBI agents from the Washington Field Office. As of March 6, 2009, the Federal Bureau of Investigation states that Operation FastLink has yielded 60 convictions. The raids occurred in similar fashion to those from Operation Buccaneer and Operation Site Down. Other somewhat-related law enforcement actions include Operation Gridlock and Operation D-Elite.

text: Operation

text: FastLink

text: is

text: coordination

text: of

text: four

text: separate

text: simultaneous

text: undercover

text: investigations

text: by

text: the

text: FBI

text: the

text: FBI

text: Cyber

text: Division

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Department

text: of

text: Justice

text: the

text: Computer

text: Crimes

text: and

text: Intellectual

text: Property

text: Section

text: CCIPS

text: of

text: the

text: Criminal

text: Division

text: and

text: Interpol

text: The

text: four

text: different

text: investigations

text: have

text: not

text: been

text: publicly

text: enumerated

text: but

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Department

text: of

text: Justice

text: has

text: said

text: in

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: press

text: release

text: that

text: Operation

text: Higher

text: Education

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: component

text: with

text: participation

text: from

text: twelve

text: nations

text: Mention

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: made

text: of

text: an

text: investigation

text: into

text: pre

text: release

text: music

text: groups

text: led

text: by

text: FBI

text: agents

text: from

text: the

text: Washington

text: Field

text: Office

text: As

text: of

text: March

text: the

text: Federal

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Investigation

text: states

text: that

text: Operation

text: FastLink

text: has

text: yielded

text: convictions

text: The

text: raids

text: occurred

text: in

text: similar

text: fashion

text: to

text: those

text: from

text: Operation

text: Buccaneer

text: and

text: Operation

text: Site

text: Down

text: Other

text: somewhat

text: related

text: law

text: enforcement

text: actions

text: include

text: Operation

text: Gridlock

text: and

text: Operation

text: Elite

text: Computer software, or simply software, is that part of a computer system that consists of encoded information or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built.

text: Computer

text: software

text: or

text: simply

text: software

text: is

text: that

text: part

text: of

text: computer

text: system

text: that

text: consists

text: of

text: encoded

text: information

text: or

text: computer

text: instructions

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: physical

text: hardware

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: system

text: is

text: built

text: The International Criminal Police Organization, ICPO or INTERPOL, is an intergovernmental organization facilitating international police cooperation. It was established as the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) in 1923; it chose INTERPOL as its telegraphic address in 1946, and made it its common name in 1956.

text: The

text: International

text: Criminal

text: Police

text: Organization

text: ICPO

text: or

text: INTERPOL

text: is

text: an

text: intergovernmental

text: organization

text: facilitating

text: international

text: police

text: cooperation

text: It

text: was

text: established

text: as

text: the

text: International

text: Criminal

text: Police

text: Commission

text: ICPC

text: in

text: it

text: chose

text: INTERPOL

text: as

text: its

text: telegraphic

text: address

text: in

text: and

text: made

text: it

text: its

text: common

text: name

text: in

text: Operation Site Down is the umbrella name for a law enforcement initiative conducted by the FBI and law enforcement agents from ten other countries which resulted in a raid on targets on June 29, 2005. Three separate undercover investigations were involved, based in Chicago (Operation Jolly Roger), Charlotte and San Jose (Operation Copycat). The raid consisted of approximately 70 searches in the United States and approximately 20 others in ten other countries in an effort to disrupt and dismantle many of the leading warez groups which distribute and trade in copyrighted software, movies, music and games on the Internet.

text: Operation

text: Site

text: Down

text: is

text: the

text: umbrella

text: name

text: for

text: law

text: enforcement

text: initiative

text: conducted

text: by

text: the

text: FBI

text: and

text: law

text: enforcement

text: agents

text: from

text: ten

text: other

text: countries

text: which

text: resulted

text: in

text: raid

text: on

text: targets

text: on

text: June

text: Three

text: separate

text: undercover

text: investigations

text: were

text: involved

text: based

text: in

text: Chicago

text: Operation

text: Jolly

text: Roger

text: Charlotte

text: and

text: San

text: Jose

text: Operation

text: Copycat

text: The

text: raid

text: consisted

text: of

text: approximately

text: searches

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: approximately

text: others

text: in

text: ten

text: other

text: countries

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: disrupt

text: and

text: dismantle

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: warez

text: groups

text: which

text: distribute

text: and

text: trade

text: in

text: copyrighted

text: software

text: movies

text: music

text: and

text: games

text: on

text: the

text: Internet

text: The Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI, is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nation's prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Justice, the FBI is concurrently a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U.S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, the FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes.

text: The

text: Federal

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Investigation

text: or

text: FBI

text: is

text: the

text: domestic

text: intelligence

text: and

text: security

text: service

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: which

text: simultaneously

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: prime

text: federal

text: law

text: enforcement

text: agency

text: Operating

text: under

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Department

text: of

text: Justice

text: the

text: FBI

text: is

text: concurrently

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Intelligence

text: Community

text: and

text: reports

text: to

text: both

text: the

text: Attorney

text: General

text: and

text: the

text: Director

text: of

text: National

text: Intelligence

text: leading

text: U.S.

text: counterterrorism

text: counterintelligence

text: and

text: criminal

text: investigative

text: organization

text: the

text: FBI

text: has

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: violations

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: categories

text: of

text: federal

text: crimes

text: Operation D-Elite was an operation by agents of the FBI and U.S. Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement against leading members of EliteTorrents, a BitTorrent tracker site, resulting in five months of prison, five months of home arrest, and a $3,000 fine against Grant T. Stanley on October 17, 2006. Another administrator of the site, Scott McCausland, received the same sentence on December 19, 2006.

text: Operation

text: Elite

text: was

text: an

text: operation

text: by

text: agents

text: of

text: the

text: FBI

text: and

text: U.S.

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Immigration

text: and

text: Customs

text: Enforcement

text: against

text: leading

text: members

text: of

text: EliteTorrents

text: BitTorrent

text: tracker

text: site

text: resulting

text: in

text: five

text: months

text: of

text: prison

text: five

text: months

text: of

text: home

text: arrest

text: and

text: fine

text: against

text: Grant

text: Stanley

text: on

text: October

text: Another

text: administrator

text: of

text: the

text: site

text: Scott

text: McCausland

text: received

text: the

text: same

text: sentence

text: on

text: December

text: CLASS ( CLS ) was a warez group that existed between January 1 , 1997 and January 9 , 2004 . The group was the target of federal raids such as Operation Fastlink .

text: CLASS

text: CLS

text: was

text: warez

text: group

text: that

text: existed

text: between

text: January

text: and

text: January

text: The

text: group

text: was

text: the

text: target

text: of

text: federal

text: raids

text: such

text: as

text: Operation

text: Fastlink

text: A key generator (key-gen) is a computer program that generates a product licensing key, such as a serial number, necessary to activate for use a software application. Keygens may be legitimately distributed by software manufacturers for licensing software in commercial environments where software has been licensed in bulk for an entire site or enterprise, or they may be distributed illegitimately in circumstances of copyright infringement or software piracy. Illegitimate key generators are typically distributed by software crackers in the warez scene and demoscene. These keygens often play chiptunes in the background and have artistic user interfaces.

text: key

text: generator

text: key

text: gen

text: is

text: computer

text: program

text: that

text: generates

text: product

text: licensing

text: key

text: such

text: as

text: serial

text: number

text: necessary

text: to

text: activate

text: for

text: use

text: software

text: application

text: Keygens

text: may

text: be

text: legitimately

text: distributed

text: by

text: software

text: manufacturers

text: for

text: licensing

text: software

text: in

text: commercial

text: environments

text: where

text: software

text: has

text: been

text: licensed

text: in

text: bulk

text: for

text: an

text: entire

text: site

text: or

text: enterprise

text: or

text: they

text: may

text: be

text: distributed

text: illegitimately

text: in

text: circumstances

text: of

text: copyright

text: infringement

text: or

text: software

text: piracy

text: Illegitimate

text: key

text: generators

text: are

text: typically

text: distributed

text: by

text: software

text: crackers

text: in

text: the

text: warez

text: scene

text: and

text: demoscene

text: These

text: keygens

text: often

text: play

text: chiptunes

text: in

text: the

text: background

text: and

text: have

text: artistic

text: user

text: interfaces

text: Warez is a common computing and broader cultural term referring to pirated software (i.e. illegally copied, often after deactivation of anti-piracy measures) that is distributed via the Internet. Warez is used most commonly as a noun, a plural form of "ware" (short for computer software), and is intended to be pronounced like the word wares, . The circumvention of copy protection (cracking) is an essential step in generating warez, and based on this common mechanism, the software-focused definition has been extended to include other copyright-protected materials, including movies and games. The global array of warez groups has been referred to as "The Scene," deriving from its earlier description as "the warez scene." Distribution and trade of copyrighted works without payment of fees or royalties generally violates national and international copyright laws and agreements. The term warez covers supported as well as unsupported (abandonware) items, and legal prohibitions governing creation and distribution of warez cover both profit-driven and "enthusiast" generators and distributors of such items.

text: Warez

text: is

text: common

text: computing

text: and

text: broader

text: cultural

text: term

text: referring

text: to

text: pirated

text: software

text: i.e.

text: illegally

text: copied

text: often

text: after

text: deactivation

text: of

text: anti

text: piracy

text: measures

text: that

text: is

text: distributed

text: via

text: the

text: Internet

text: Warez

text: is

text: used

text: most

text: commonly

text: as

text: noun

text: plural

text: form

text: of

text: ware

text: short

text: for

text: computer

text: software

text: and

text: is

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: pronounced

text: like

text: the

text: word

text: wares

text: The

text: circumvention

text: of

text: copy

text: protection

text: cracking

text: is

text: an

text: essential

text: step

text: in

text: generating

text: warez

text: and

text: based

text: on

text: this

text: common

text: mechanism

text: the

text: software

text: focused

text: definition

text: has

text: been

text: extended

text: to

text: include

text: other

text: copyright

text: protected

text: materials

text: including

text: movies

text: and

text: games

text: The

text: global

text: array

text: of

text: warez

text: groups

text: has

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: The

text: Scene

text: deriving

text: from

text: its

text: earlier

text: description

text: as

text: the

text: warez

text: scene

text: Distribution

text: and

text: trade

text: of

text: copyrighted

text: works

text: without

text: payment

text: of

text: fees

text: or

text: royalties

text: generally

text: violates

text: national

text: and

text: international

text: copyright

text: laws

text: and

text: agreements

text: The

text: term

text: warez

text: covers

text: supported

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: unsupported

text: abandonware

text: items

text: and

text: legal

text: prohibitions

text: governing

text: creation

text: and

text: distribution

text: of

text: warez

text: cover

text: both

text: profit

text: driven

text: and

text: enthusiast

text: generators

text: and

text: distributors

text: of

text: such

text: items

text: Operation Buccaneer is an "ongoing international copyright piracy investigation and prosecution" undertaken by the United States federal government.

text: Operation

text: Buccaneer

text: is

text: an

text: ongoing

text: international

text: copyright

text: piracy

text: investigation

text: and

text: prosecution

text: undertaken

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: federal

text: government

question: instance_of class

answer: organization

text: organization

text: organization

text: organization