text: Vocal range is the measure of the breadth of pitches that a human voice can phonate. Although the study of vocal range has little practical application in terms of speech, it is a topic of study within linguistics, phonetics, and speech and language pathology, particularly in relation to the study of tonal languages and certain types of vocal disorders. However, the most common application of the term "vocal range" is within the context of singing, where it is used as one of the major defining characteristics for classifying singing voices into groups known as voice types.

text: Vocal

text: range

text: is

text: the

text: measure

text: of

text: the

text: breadth

text: of

text: pitches

text: that

text: human

text: voice

text: can

text: phonate

text: Although

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: vocal

text: range

text: has

text: little

text: practical

text: application

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: speech

text: it

text: is

text: topic

text: of

text: study

text: within

text: linguistics

text: phonetics

text: and

text: speech

text: and

text: language

text: pathology

text: particularly

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: tonal

text: languages

text: and

text: certain

text: types

text: of

text: vocal

text: disorders

text: However

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: application

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: vocal

text: range

text: is

text: within

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: singing

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: defining

text: characteristics

text: for

text: classifying

text: singing

text: voices

text: into

text: groups

text: known

text: as

text: voice

text: types

text: A voice type is a particular human singing voice identified as having certain qualities or characteristics of vocal range, vocal weight, tessitura, vocal timbre, and vocal transition points ("passaggio"), such as breaks and lifts within the voice. Other considerations are physical characteristics, speech level, scientific testing, and vocal register. A singer's voice type is identified by a process known as voice classification, by which the human voice is evaluated and thereby designated into a particular voice type. The discipline of voice classification developed within European classical music and is not generally applicable to other forms of singing. Voice classification is often used within opera to associate possible roles with potential voices. Several different voice classification systems are available to identify voice types, including the German "Fach" system and the choral music system among many others; no system is universally applied or accepted.

text: voice

text: type

text: is

text: particular

text: human

text: singing

text: voice

text: identified

text: as

text: having

text: certain

text: qualities

text: or

text: characteristics

text: of

text: vocal

text: range

text: vocal

text: weight

text: tessitura

text: vocal

text: timbre

text: and

text: vocal

text: transition

text: points

text: passaggio

text: such

text: as

text: breaks

text: and

text: lifts

text: within

text: the

text: voice

text: Other

text: considerations

text: are

text: physical

text: characteristics

text: speech

text: level

text: scientific

text: testing

text: and

text: vocal

text: register

text: singer

text: 's

text: voice

text: type

text: is

text: identified

text: by

text: process

text: known

text: as

text: voice

text: classification

text: by

text: which

text: the

text: human

text: voice

text: is

text: evaluated

text: and

text: thereby

text: designated

text: into

text: particular

text: voice

text: type

text: The

text: discipline

text: of

text: voice

text: classification

text: developed

text: within

text: European

text: classical

text: music

text: and

text: is

text: not

text: generally

text: applicable

text: to

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: singing

text: Voice

text: classification

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: within

text: opera

text: to

text: associate

text: possible

text: roles

text: with

text: potential

text: voices

text: Several

text: different

text: voice

text: classification

text: systems

text: are

text: available

text: to

text: identify

text: voice

text: types

text: including

text: the

text: German

text: Fach

text: system

text: and

text: the

text: choral

text: music

text: system

text: among

text: many

text: others

text: no

text: system

text: is

text: universally

text: applied

text: or

text: accepted

text: Motown is an American record company. The record company was founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. as Tamla Records on January 12, 1958, and was incorporated as Motown Record Corporation on April 14, 1960, in Detroit, Michigan. The name, a portmanteau of "motor" and "town", has also become a nickname for Detroit. Motown played an important role in the racial integration of popular music as an African American-owned record label that achieved significant crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its subsidiary labels (including Tamla Motown, the brand used outside the US) were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as the Motown Sound, a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence. During the 1960s, Motown achieved spectacular success for a small record company: 79 records in the Top Ten of the "Billboard" Hot 100 record chart between 1960 and 1969.

text: Motown

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: record

text: company

text: The

text: record

text: company

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Berry

text: Gordy

text: Jr.

text: as

text: Tamla

text: Records

text: on

text: January

text: and

text: was

text: incorporated

text: as

text: Motown

text: Record

text: Corporation

text: on

text: April

text: in

text: Detroit

text: Michigan

text: The

text: name

text: portmanteau

text: of

text: motor

text: and

text: town

text: has

text: also

text: become

text: nickname

text: for

text: Detroit

text: Motown

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: racial

text: integration

text: of

text: popular

text: music

text: as

text: an

text: African

text: American

text: owned

text: record

text: label

text: that

text: achieved

text: significant

text: crossover

text: success

text: In

text: the

text: Motown

text: and

text: its

text: subsidiary

text: labels

text: including

text: Tamla

text: Motown

text: the

text: brand

text: used

text: outside

text: the

text: US

text: were

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: proponents

text: of

text: what

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Motown

text: Sound

text: style

text: of

text: soul

text: music

text: with

text: distinct

text: pop

text: influence

text: During

text: the

text: Motown

text: achieved

text: spectacular

text: success

text: for

text: small

text: record

text: company

text: records

text: in

text: the

text: Top

text: Ten

text: of

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: record

text: chart

text: between

text: and

text: Soul music (often referred to simply as soul) is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues and jazz. Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States; where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential in the civil rights era. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music and the music of Africa.

text: Soul

text: music

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: simply

text: as

text: soul

text: is

text: popular

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: It

text: combines

text: elements

text: of

text: African

text: American

text: gospel

text: music

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: and

text: jazz

text: Soul

text: music

text: became

text: popular

text: for

text: dancing

text: and

text: listening

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: where

text: record

text: labels

text: such

text: as

text: Motown

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Stax

text: were

text: influential

text: in

text: the

text: civil

text: rights

text: era

text: Soul

text: also

text: became

text: popular

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: directly

text: influencing

text: rock

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: Africa

text: Blue-eyed soul (also known as white soul) describes rhythm and blues and soul music performed by white artists. The term was coined in the mid-1960s, to describe white artists who performed soul and R&B that was similar to the music of the Motown and Stax record labels. Though many rhythm and blues radio stations would only play music by black musicians, some began to play music by white acts considered to have "soul feeling", which came to be called "blue-eyed soul".

text: Blue

text: eyed

text: soul

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: white

text: soul

text: describes

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: and

text: soul

text: music

text: performed

text: by

text: white

text: artists

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: coined

text: in

text: the

text: to

text: describe

text: white

text: artists

text: who

text: performed

text: soul

text: and

text: R&B

text: that

text: was

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: the

text: Motown

text: and

text: Stax

text: record

text: labels

text: Though

text: many

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: radio

text: stations

text: would

text: only

text: play

text: music

text: by

text: black

text: musicians

text: some

text: began

text: to

text: play

text: music

text: by

text: white

text: acts

text: considered

text: to

text: have

text: soul

text: feeling

text: which

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: called

text: blue

text: eyed

text: soul

text: Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist. Singers perform music (arias, recitatives, songs, etc.) that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists. Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument (as in art song or some jazz styles) up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Different singing styles include art music such as opera and Chinese opera, religious music styles such as gospel, traditional music styles, world music, jazz, blues and popular music styles such as pop and rock.

text: Singing

text: is

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: producing

text: musical

text: sounds

text: with

text: the

text: voice

text: and

text: augments

text: regular

text: speech

text: by

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: sustained

text: tonality

text: rhythm

text: and

text: variety

text: of

text: vocal

text: techniques

text: person

text: who

text: sings

text: is

text: called

text: singer

text: or

text: vocalist

text: Singers

text: perform

text: music

text: arias

text: recitatives

text: songs

text: etc

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: sung

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: accompaniment

text: by

text: musical

text: instruments

text: Singing

text: is

text: often

text: done

text: in

text: an

text: ensemble

text: of

text: musicians

text: such

text: as

text: choir

text: of

text: singers

text: or

text: band

text: of

text: instrumentalists

text: Singers

text: may

text: perform

text: as

text: soloists

text: or

text: accompanied

text: by

text: anything

text: from

text: single

text: instrument

text: as

text: in

text: art

text: song

text: or

text: some

text: jazz

text: styles

text: up

text: to

text: symphony

text: orchestra

text: or

text: big

text: band

text: Different

text: singing

text: styles

text: include

text: art

text: music

text: such

text: as

text: opera

text: and

text: Chinese

text: opera

text: religious

text: music

text: styles

text: such

text: as

text: gospel

text: traditional

text: music

text: styles

text: world

text: music

text: jazz

text: blues

text: and

text: popular

text: music

text: styles

text: such

text: as

text: pop

text: and

text: rock

text: The musical term alto, meaning "high" in (Latin: ), refers to the second highest part of a contrapuntal musical texture and is also applied to its associated vocal range, especially in choral music. More rarely it describes the highest male solo voice type (usually designated countertenor), and it is also the root word of contralto, the lowest standard female voice type. When designating instruments, "alto" likewise can refer either to the corresponding vocal range (alto flute and alto trombone) or to musical role (alto recorder and alto clarinet).

text: The

text: musical

text: term

text: alto

text: meaning

text: high

text: in

text: Latin

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: second

text: highest

text: part

text: of

text: contrapuntal

text: musical

text: texture

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: applied

text: to

text: its

text: associated

text: vocal

text: range

text: especially

text: in

text: choral

text: music

text: More

text: rarely

text: it

text: describes

text: the

text: highest

text: male

text: solo

text: voice

text: type

text: usually

text: designated

text: countertenor

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: root

text: word

text: of

text: contralto

text: the

text: lowest

text: standard

text: female

text: voice

text: type

text: When

text: designating

text: instruments

text: alto

text: likewise

text: can

text: refer

text: either

text: to

text: the

text: corresponding

text: vocal

text: range

text: alto

text: flute

text: and

text: alto

text: trombone

text: or

text: to

text: musical

text: role

text: alto

text: recorder

text: and

text: alto

text: clarinet

text:
A contralto is a type of classical female singing voice whose vocal range is the lowest female voice type.
The contralto's vocal range is fairly rare; similar to, but different from the alto, and almost identical to that of a countertenor, typically between the F below middle C (F in scientific pitch notation) to the second F above middle C (F), although at the extremes some voices can reach the E below middle C (E) or the second B above middle C (B). The contralto voice type is generally divided into the coloratura, lyric, and dramatic contralto.

text: contralto

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: classical

text: female

text: singing

text: voice

text: whose

text: vocal

text: range

text: is

text: the

text: lowest

text: female

text: voice

text: type

text: The

text: contralto

text: 's

text: vocal

text: range

text: is

text: fairly

text: rare

text: similar

text: to

text: but

text: different

text: from

text: the

text: alto

text: and

text: almost

text: identical

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: countertenor

text: typically

text: between

text: the

text: below

text: middle

text: in

text: scientific

text: pitch

text: notation

text: to

text: the

text: second

text: above

text: middle

text: although

text: at

text: the

text: extremes

text: some

text: voices

text: can

text: reach

text: the

text: below

text: middle

text: or

text: the

text: second

text: above

text: middle

text: The

text: contralto

text: voice

text: type

text: is

text: generally

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: coloratura

text: lyric

text: and

text: dramatic

text: contralto

text: Scientific pitch notation (or SPN, also known as "American Standard Pitch Notation" (ASPN) and "International Pitch Notation" (IPN)) is a method of specifying musical pitch by combining a musical note name (with accidental if needed) and a number identifying the pitch's octave.

text: Scientific

text: pitch

text: notation

text: or

text: SPN

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: American

text: Standard

text: Pitch

text: Notation

text: ASPN

text: and

text: International

text: Pitch

text: Notation

text: IPN

text: is

text: method

text: of

text: specifying

text: musical

text: pitch

text: by

text: combining

text: musical

text: note

text: name

text: with

text: accidental

text: if

text: needed

text: and

text: number

text: identifying

text: the

text: pitch

text: 's

text: octave

text:
Tenor is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range is one of the highest of the male voice types. The tenor's vocal range (in choral music) lies between C, the C one octave below middle C, and A, the A above middle C. In solo work, this range extends up to C, or "tenor high C". The low extreme for tenors is roughly A (two As below middle C). At the highest extreme, some tenors can sing up to two Fs above middle C (F).
The tenor voice type is generally divided into the "leggero" tenor, lyric tenor, spinto tenor, dramatic tenor, heldentenor, and tenor buffo or spieltenor.

text: Tenor

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: classical

text: male

text: singing

text: voice

text: whose

text: vocal

text: range

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: of

text: the

text: male

text: voice

text: types

text: The

text: tenor

text: 's

text: vocal

text: range

text: in

text: choral

text: music

text: lies

text: between

text: the

text: one

text: octave

text: below

text: middle

text: and

text: the

text: above

text: middle

text: In

text: solo

text: work

text: this

text: range

text: extends

text: up

text: to

text: or

text: tenor

text: high

text: The

text: low

text: extreme

text: for

text: tenors

text: is

text: roughly

text: two

text: As

text: below

text: middle

text: At

text: the

text: highest

text: extreme

text: some

text: tenors

text: can

text: sing

text: up

text: to

text: two

text: Fs

text: above

text: middle

text: The

text: tenor

text: voice

text: type

text: is

text: generally

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: leggero

text: tenor

text: lyric

text: tenor

text: spinto

text: tenor

text: dramatic

text: tenor

text: heldentenor

text: and

text: tenor

text: buffo

text: or

text: spieltenor

text: Coloratura has several meanings: The word is originally from Italian, literally meaning "coloring", and derives from the Latin word "colorare" ("to color"). When used in English, the term specifically refers to elaborate melody, particularly in vocal music and especially in operatic singing of the 18th and 19th centuries, with runs, trills, wide leaps, or similar virtuoso-like material. Its instrumental equivalent is ornamentation. It is also now widely used to refer to passages of such music, operatic roles in which such music plays a prominent part, and singers of these roles. (See also bel canto.)

text: Coloratura

text: has

text: several

text: meanings

text: The

text: word

text: is

text: originally

text: from

text: Italian

text: literally

text: meaning

text: coloring

text: and

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: word

text: colorare

text: to

text: color

text: When

text: used

text: in

text: English

text: the

text: term

text: specifically

text: refers

text: to

text: elaborate

text: melody

text: particularly

text: in

text: vocal

text: music

text: and

text: especially

text: in

text: operatic

text: singing

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: with

text: runs

text: trills

text: wide

text: leaps

text: or

text: similar

text: virtuoso

text: like

text: material

text: Its

text: instrumental

text: equivalent

text: is

text: ornamentation

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: now

text: widely

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: passages

text: of

text: such

text: music

text: operatic

text: roles

text: in

text: which

text: such

text: music

text: plays

text: prominent

text: part

text: and

text: singers

text: of

text: these

text: roles

text: See

text: also

text: bel

text: canto

text: A record label or record company is a brand or trademark associated with the marketing of music recordings and music videos. Often, a record label is also a publishing company that manages such brands and trademarks, coordinates the production, manufacture, distribution, marketing, promotion, and enforcement of copyright for sound recordings and music videos; conducts talent scouting and development of new artists ("artists and repertoire" or "A&R"); and maintains contracts with recording artists and their managers. The term "record label" derives from the circular label in the center of a vinyl record which prominently displays the manufacturer's name, along with other information.

text: record

text: label

text: or

text: record

text: company

text: is

text: brand

text: or

text: trademark

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: marketing

text: of

text: music

text: recordings

text: and

text: music

text: videos

text: Often

text: record

text: label

text: is

text: also

text: publishing

text: company

text: that

text: manages

text: such

text: brands

text: and

text: trademarks

text: coordinates

text: the

text: production

text: manufacture

text: distribution

text: marketing

text: promotion

text: and

text: enforcement

text: of

text: copyright

text: for

text: sound

text: recordings

text: and

text: music

text: videos

text: conducts

text: talent

text: scouting

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: new

text: artists

text: artists

text: and

text: repertoire

text: or

text: A&R

text: and

text: maintains

text: contracts

text: with

text: recording

text: artists

text: and

text: their

text: managers

text: The

text: term

text: record

text: label

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: circular

text: label

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: vinyl

text: record

text: which

text: prominently

text: displays

text: the

text: manufacturer

text: 's

text: name

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: information

text:
Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban African Americans, at a time when "urbane, rocking, jazz based music with a heavy, insistent beat" was becoming more popular.
In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, the bands usually consisted of piano, one or two guitars, bass, drums, saxophone, and sometimes background vocalists. R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, and sex.

text: Rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: R&B

text: or

text: RnB

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: popular

text: African

text: American

text: music

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: originally

text: used

text: by

text: record

text: companies

text: to

text: describe

text: recordings

text: marketed

text: predominantly

text: to

text: urban

text: African

text: Americans

text: at

text: time

text: when

text: urbane

text: rocking

text: jazz

text: based

text: music

text: with

text: heavy

text: insistent

text: beat

text: was

text: becoming

text: more

text: popular

text: In

text: the

text: commercial

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: music

text: typical

text: of

text: the

text: through

text: the

text: the

text: bands

text: usually

text: consisted

text: of

text: piano

text: one

text: or

text: two

text: guitars

text: bass

text: drums

text: saxophone

text: and

text: sometimes

text: background

text: vocalists

text: R&B

text: lyrical

text: themes

text: often

text: encapsulate

text: the

text: African

text: American

text: experience

text: of

text: pain

text: and

text: the

text: quest

text: for

text: freedom

text: and

text: joy

text: Lyrics

text: focus

text: heavily

text: on

text: the

text: themes

text: of

text: triumphs

text: and

text: failures

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: relationships

text: freedom

text: economics

text: aspirations

text: and

text: sex

text: Rosemary Timothy Yuro ( August 4 , 1940 -- March 30 , 2004 ) , professionally known as Timi Yuro , was an American singer and songwriter . Sometimes called `` the little girl with the big voice , '' she is considered to be one of the first blue - eyed soul stylists of the rock era . According to one critic , `` her deep , strident , almost masculine voice , staggered delivery and the occasional sob created a compelling musical presence . '' Yuro possessed a contralto vocal range .

text: Rosemary

text: Timothy

text: Yuro

text: August

text: March

text: professionally

text: known

text: as

text: Timi

text: Yuro

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: singer

text: and

text: songwriter

text: Sometimes

text: called

text: the

text: little

text: girl

text: with

text: the

text: big

text: voice

text: she

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: blue

text: eyed

text: soul

text: stylists

text: of

text: the

text: rock

text: era

text: According

text: to

text: one

text: critic

text: her

text: deep

text: strident

text: almost

text: masculine

text: voice

text: staggered

text: delivery

text: and

text: the

text: occasional

text: sob

text: created

text: compelling

text: musical

text: presence

text: Yuro

text: possessed

text: contralto

text: vocal

text: range

question: genre timi yuro

answer: soul music

text: soul music

text: soul music

text: soul music

text: soul music


text: Martinsried is a section of Planegg, a municipality neighboring Munich, Germany. Martinsried lies about 15 km southwest of Munich's city center.

text: Martinsried

text: is

text: section

text: of

text: Planegg

text: municipality

text: neighboring

text: Munich

text: Germany

text: Martinsried

text: lies

text: about

text: km

text: southwest

text: of

text: Munich

text: 's

text: city

text: center

text: The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (abbreviated MPG) is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German research institutes founded in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and renamed the Max Planck Society in 1948 in honor of its former president, theoretical physicist Max Planck. The society is funded by the federal and state governments of Germany as well as other sources.

text: The

text: Max

text: Planck

text: Society

text: for

text: the

text: Advancement

text: of

text: Science

text: abbreviated

text: MPG

text: is

text: formally

text: independent

text: non

text: governmental

text: and

text: non

text: profit

text: association

text: of

text: German

text: research

text: institutes

text: founded

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: Kaiser

text: Wilhelm

text: Society

text: and

text: renamed

text: the

text: Max

text: Planck

text: Society

text: in

text: in

text: honor

text: of

text: its

text: former

text: president

text: theoretical

text: physicist

text: Max

text: Planck

text: The

text: society

text: is

text: funded

text: by

text: the

text: federal

text: and

text: state

text: governments

text: of

text: Germany

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: sources

text: Hartmut Wekerle ( born May 30 , 1944 ) is a German medical scientist and neurobiologist . He is director at the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology and head of the department Neuroimmunology . Hartmut Wekerle studied medicine at the University of Freiburg where he also gained his PhD . As a post-doctoral researcher , he worked at the Weizmann Institute of Science ( Israel ) and the Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology in Freiburg . Afterwards , he led the Research Group for Multiple Sclerosis at the Institute of Clinical Neurobiology at the University Hospital of the University of Würzburg . In 1988 , he was appointed director at the Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology .

text: Hartmut

text: Wekerle

text: born

text: May

text: is

text: German

text: medical

text: scientist

text: and

text: neurobiologist

text: He

text: is

text: director

text: at

text: the

text: Max

text: Planck

text: Institute

text: of

text: Neurobiology

text: and

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: department

text: Neuroimmunology

text: Hartmut

text: Wekerle

text: studied

text: medicine

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Freiburg

text: where

text: he

text: also

text: gained

text: his

text: PhD

text: As

text: post

text: doctoral

text: researcher

text: he

text: worked

text: at

text: the

text: Weizmann

text: Institute

text: of

text: Science

text: Israel

text: and

text: the

text: Max

text: Planck

text: Institute

text: for

text: Immunobiology

text: in

text: Freiburg

text: Afterwards

text: he

text: led

text: the

text: Research

text: Group

text: for

text: Multiple

text: Sclerosis

text: at

text: the

text: Institute

text: of

text: Clinical

text: Neurobiology

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: Hospital

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Würzburg

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: appointed

text: director

text: at

text: the

text: Max

text: Planck

text: Institute

text: for

text: Neurobiology

text: Munich (also in British English ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, and the 12th biggest city of the European Union, with a population of above 1.5 million. The Munich Metropolitan Region is home to 5.8 million people.

text: Munich

text: also

text: in

text: British

text: English

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: River

text: Isar

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Bavarian

text: Alps

text: Munich

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: after

text: Berlin

text: and

text: Hamburg

text: and

text: the

text: biggest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: above

text: million

text: The

text: Munich

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: The Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology is a research institute of the Max Planck Society located in Martinsried, a suburb of Munich in Germany. Research centers on the basic mechanisms and functions of the developing and adult nervous system. Main focus areas include the mechanisms of information processing and storage. It is one of 80 institute in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft).

text: The

text: Max

text: Planck

text: Institute

text: of

text: Neurobiology

text: is

text: research

text: institute

text: of

text: the

text: Max

text: Planck

text: Society

text: located

text: in

text: Martinsried

text: suburb

text: of

text: Munich

text: in

text: Germany

text: Research

text: centers

text: on

text: the

text: basic

text: mechanisms

text: and

text: functions

text: of

text: the

text: developing

text: and

text: adult

text: nervous

text: system

text: Main

text: focus

text: areas

text: include

text: the

text: mechanisms

text: of

text: information

text: processing

text: and

text: storage

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: institute

text: in

text: the

text: Max

text: Planck

text: Society

text: Max

text: Planck

text: Gesellschaft

annotations: follows multiple

question: work_location hartmut wekerle

answer: martinsried

text: martinsried

text: martinsried

text: martinsried


text: Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (15 February 1874  5 January 1922) was a polar explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic, and one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Born in Kilkea, Athy, County Kildare, Ireland, Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family moved to Sydenham in suburban south London when he was ten. His first experience of the polar regions was as third officer on Captain Robert Falcon Scott's Discovery Expedition 19011904, from which he was sent home early on health grounds, after he and his companions Scott and Edward Adrian Wilson set a new southern record by marching to latitude 82°S.

text: Sir

text: Ernest

text: Henry

text: Shackleton

text: February

text: January

text: was

text: polar

text: explorer

text: who

text: led

text: three

text: British

text: expeditions

text: to

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: principal

text: figures

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Heroic

text: Age

text: of

text: Antarctic

text: Exploration

text: Born

text: in

text: Kilkea

text: Athy

text: County

text: Kildare

text: Ireland

text: Shackleton

text: and

text: his

text: Anglo

text: Irish

text: family

text: moved

text: to

text: Sydenham

text: in

text: suburban

text: south

text: London

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: ten

text: His

text: first

text: experience

text: of

text: the

text: polar

text: regions

text: was

text: as

text: third

text: officer

text: on

text: Captain

text: Robert

text: Falcon

text: Scott

text: 's

text: Discovery

text: Expedition

text: from

text: which

text: he

text: was

text: sent

text: home

text: early

text: on

text: health

text: grounds

text: after

text: he

text: and

text: his

text: companions

text: Scott

text: and

text: Edward

text: Adrian

text: Wilson

text: set

text: new

text: southern

text: record

text: by

text: marching

text: to

text: latitude

text: Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the world's fifth-largest country by both area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection.

text: Brazil

text: officially

text: the

text: Federative

text: Republic

text: of

text: Brazil

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: both

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: Latin

text: America

text: As

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fifth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: both

text: area

text: and

text: population

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: to

text: have

text: Portuguese

text: as

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: Brazil

text: has

text: coastline

text: of

text: It

text: borders

text: all

text: other

text: South

text: American

text: countries

text: except

text: Ecuador

text: and

text: Chile

text: and

text: covers

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: land

text: area

text: Its

text: Amazon

text: River

text: basin

text: includes

text: vast

text: tropical

text: forest

text: home

text: to

text: diverse

text: wildlife

text: variety

text: of

text: ecological

text: systems

text: and

text: extensive

text: natural

text: resources

text: spanning

text: numerous

text: protected

text: habitats

text: This

text: unique

text: environmental

text: heritage

text: makes

text: Brazil

text: one

text: of

text: megadiverse

text: countries

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: significant

text: global

text: interest

text: and

text: debate

text: regarding

text: deforestation

text: and

text: environmental

text: protection

text: Captain Robert Falcon Scott, (6 June 1868  29 March 1912) was a British Royal Navy officer and explorer who led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 19011904, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 19101913. On the first expedition, he set a new southern record by marching to latitude 82°S and discovered the Polar Plateau, on which the South Pole is located. During the second venture, Scott led a party of five which reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, four weeks after Roald Amundsen's Norwegian expedition. On their return journey, Scott's party discovered plant fossils, proving Antarctica was once forested and joined to other continents. A planned meeting with supporting dog teams from the base camp failed, despite Scott's written instructions, and at a distance of 150 miles from their base camp and 11 miles from the next depot, Scott and his companions perished.

text: Captain

text: Robert

text: Falcon

text: Scott

text: June

text: March

text: was

text: British

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: officer

text: and

text: explorer

text: who

text: led

text: two

text: expeditions

text: to

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: regions

text: the

text: Discovery

text: Expedition

text: and

text: the

text: ill

text: fated

text: Terra

text: Nova

text: Expedition

text: On

text: the

text: first

text: expedition

text: he

text: set

text: new

text: southern

text: record

text: by

text: marching

text: to

text: latitude

text: and

text: discovered

text: the

text: Polar

text: Plateau

text: on

text: which

text: the

text: South

text: Pole

text: is

text: located

text: During

text: the

text: second

text: venture

text: Scott

text: led

text: party

text: of

text: five

text: which

text: reached

text: the

text: South

text: Pole

text: on

text: January

text: four

text: weeks

text: after

text: Roald

text: Amundsen

text: 's

text: Norwegian

text: expedition

text: On

text: their

text: return

text: journey

text: Scott

text: 's

text: party

text: discovered

text: plant

text: fossils

text: proving

text: Antarctica

text: was

text: once

text: forested

text: and

text: joined

text: to

text: other

text: continents

text: planned

text: meeting

text: with

text: supporting

text: dog

text: teams

text: from

text: the

text: base

text: camp

text: failed

text: despite

text: Scott

text: 's

text: written

text: instructions

text: and

text: at

text: distance

text: of

text: miles

text: from

text: their

text: base

text: camp

text: and

text: miles

text: from

text: the

text: next

text: depot

text: Scott

text: and

text: his

text: companions

text: perished

text: Edward Adrian Wilson FZS ("Uncle Bill") (23 July 1872  29 March 1912) was an English physician, polar explorer, natural historian, painter and ornithologist.

text: Edward

text: Adrian

text: Wilson

text: FZS

text: Uncle

text: Bill

text: July

text: March

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: physician

text: polar

text: explorer

text: natural

text: historian

text: painter

text: and

text: ornithologist

text: John William Vincent ( 1879 -- 19 January 1941 ) was an English seaman and member of Ernest Shackleton 's Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition . He was one of the five men who accompanied Shackleton on his epic crossing from Elephant Island to South Georgia and was one of only four of the crew of Endurance not to receive the Polar Medal .

text: John

text: William

text: Vincent

text: January

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: seaman

text: and

text: member

text: of

text: Ernest

text: Shackleton

text: 's

text: Imperial

text: Trans

text: Antarctic

text: Expedition

text: He

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: men

text: who

text: accompanied

text: Shackleton

text: on

text: his

text: epic

text: crossing

text: from

text: Elephant

text: Island

text: to

text: South

text: Georgia

text: and

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: four

text: of

text: the

text: crew

text: of

text: Endurance

text: not

text: to

text: receive

text: the

text: Polar

text: Medal

text: The British National Antarctic Expedition, 190104, generally known as the "Discovery" Expedition, was the first official British exploration of the Antarctic regions since James Clark Ross's voyage sixty years earlier. Organized on a large scale under a joint committee of the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), the new expedition aimed to carry out scientific research and geographical exploration in what was then largely an untouched continent. It launched the Antarctic careers of many who would become leading figures in the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, including Robert Falcon Scott who led the expedition, Ernest Shackleton, Edward Wilson, Frank Wild, Tom Crean and William Lashly.

text: The

text: British

text: National

text: Antarctic

text: Expedition

text: generally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Discovery

text: Expedition

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: official

text: British

text: exploration

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: regions

text: since

text: James

text: Clark

text: Ross

text: 's

text: voyage

text: sixty

text: years

text: earlier

text: Organized

text: on

text: large

text: scale

text: under

text: joint

text: committee

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: and

text: the

text: Royal

text: Geographical

text: Society

text: RGS

text: the

text: new

text: expedition

text: aimed

text: to

text: carry

text: out

text: scientific

text: research

text: and

text: geographical

text: exploration

text: in

text: what

text: was

text: then

text: largely

text: an

text: untouched

text: continent

text: It

text: launched

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: careers

text: of

text: many

text: who

text: would

text: become

text: leading

text: figures

text: in

text: the

text: Heroic

text: Age

text: of

text: Antarctic

text: Exploration

text: including

text: Robert

text: Falcon

text: Scott

text: who

text: led

text: the

text: expedition

text: Ernest

text: Shackleton

text: Edward

text: Wilson

text: Frank

text: Wild

text: Tom

text: Crean

text: and

text: William

text: Lashly

text: Cape Horn (Dutch: ), named after the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands, is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile, and is located on the small Hornos Island. Although not the most southerly point of South America (which are the Diego Ramírez Islands), Cape Horn marks the northern boundary of the Drake Passage and marks where the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans collide. For decades it was a major milestone on the clipper route, by which sailing ships carried trade around the world. The waters around Cape Horn are particularly hazardous, owing to strong winds, large waves, strong currents and icebergs; these dangers have made it notorious as a sailors' graveyard.

text: Cape

text: Horn

text: Dutch

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Hoorn

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: headland

text: of

text: the

text: Tierra

text: del

text: Fuego

text: archipelago

text: of

text: southern

text: Chile

text: and

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: small

text: Hornos

text: Island

text: Although

text: not

text: the

text: most

text: southerly

text: point

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: which

text: are

text: the

text: Diego

text: Ramírez

text: Islands

text: Cape

text: Horn

text: marks

text: the

text: northern

text: boundary

text: of

text: the

text: Drake

text: Passage

text: and

text: marks

text: where

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Pacific

text: Oceans

text: collide

text: For

text: decades

text: it

text: was

text: major

text: milestone

text: on

text: the

text: clipper

text: route

text: by

text: which

text: sailing

text: ships

text: carried

text: trade

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: waters

text: around

text: Cape

text: Horn

text: are

text: particularly

text: hazardous

text: owing

text: to

text: strong

text: winds

text: large

text: waves

text: strong

text: currents

text: and

text: icebergs

text: these

text: dangers

text: have

text: made

text: it

text: notorious

text: as

text: sailors

text: graveyard

text: The Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration was an era beginning at the end of the 19th century and closing with Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, the survivors stepping ashore in Wellington, New Zealand February 9, 1917. Historian Aant Elzinga gives the much later date of 1945, considering World War II to be the turning point in Antarctic research. During this period the Antarctic continent became the focus of an international effort that resulted in intensive scientific and geographical exploration and in which 17 major Antarctic expeditions were launched from ten countries. The common factor in these expeditions was the limited nature of the resources available to them before advances in transport and communication technologies revolutionized the work of exploration. This meant that each expedition became a feat of endurance that tested, and sometimes exceeded its personnel's physical and mental limits. The "heroic" label, bestowed later, recognized the adversities which had to be overcome by these pioneers, some of whom did not survive the experience; during this period 19 expedition members died.

text: The

text: Heroic

text: Age

text: of

text: Antarctic

text: Exploration

text: was

text: an

text: era

text: beginning

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: closing

text: with

text: Shackleton

text: 's

text: Imperial

text: Trans

text: Antarctic

text: Expedition

text: the

text: survivors

text: stepping

text: ashore

text: in

text: Wellington

text: New

text: Zealand

text: February

text: Historian

text: Aant

text: Elzinga

text: gives

text: the

text: much

text: later

text: date

text: of

text: considering

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: turning

text: point

text: in

text: Antarctic

text: research

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: continent

text: became

text: the

text: focus

text: of

text: an

text: international

text: effort

text: that

text: resulted

text: in

text: intensive

text: scientific

text: and

text: geographical

text: exploration

text: and

text: in

text: which

text: major

text: Antarctic

text: expeditions

text: were

text: launched

text: from

text: ten

text: countries

text: The

text: common

text: factor

text: in

text: these

text: expeditions

text: was

text: the

text: limited

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: resources

text: available

text: to

text: them

text: before

text: advances

text: in

text: transport

text: and

text: communication

text: technologies

text: revolutionized

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: exploration

text: This

text: meant

text: that

text: each

text: expedition

text: became

text: feat

text: of

text: endurance

text: that

text: tested

text: and

text: sometimes

text: exceeded

text: its

text: personnel

text: 's

text: physical

text: and

text: mental

text: limits

text: The

text: heroic

text: label

text: bestowed

text: later

text: recognized

text: the

text: adversities

text: which

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: overcome

text: by

text: these

text: pioneers

text: some

text: of

text: whom

text: did

text: not

text: survive

text: the

text: experience

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: expedition

text: members

text: died

text: The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (191417), also known as the "Endurance" Expedition, is considered the last major expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Conceived by Sir Ernest Shackleton, the expedition was an attempt to make the first land crossing of the Antarctic continent. After the conquest of the South Pole by Roald Amundsen in 1911, this crossing remained, in Shackleton's words, the "one great main object of Antarctic journeyings". The expedition failed to accomplish this objective, but became recognised instead as an epic feat of endurance.

text: The

text: Imperial

text: Trans

text: Antarctic

text: Expedition

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Endurance

text: Expedition

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: last

text: major

text: expedition

text: of

text: the

text: Heroic

text: Age

text: of

text: Antarctic

text: Exploration

text: Conceived

text: by

text: Sir

text: Ernest

text: Shackleton

text: the

text: expedition

text: was

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: first

text: land

text: crossing

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: continent

text: After

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: Pole

text: by

text: Roald

text: Amundsen

text: in

text: this

text: crossing

text: remained

text: in

text: Shackleton

text: 's

text: words

text: the

text: one

text: great

text: main

text: object

text: of

text: Antarctic

text: journeyings

text: The

text: expedition

text: failed

text: to

text: accomplish

text: this

text: objective

text: but

text: became

text: recognised

text: instead

text: as

text: an

text: epic

text: feat

text: of

text: endurance

text: The Falkland Islands are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about east of South America's southern Patagonian coast, at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago, with an area of , comprises East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 smaller islands. As a British overseas territory, the Falklands have internal self-governance, and the United Kingdom takes responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. The islands' capital is Stanley on East Falkland.

text: The

text: Falkland

text: Islands

text: are

text: an

text: archipelago

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: Patagonian

text: Shelf

text: The

text: principal

text: islands

text: are

text: about

text: east

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: 's

text: southern

text: Patagonian

text: coast

text: at

text: latitude

text: of

text: about

text: The

text: archipelago

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: comprises

text: East

text: Falkland

text: West

text: Falkland

text: and

text: smaller

text: islands

text: As

text: British

text: overseas

text: territory

text: the

text: Falklands

text: have

text: internal

text: self

text: governance

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: takes

text: responsibility

text: for

text: their

text: defence

text: and

text: foreign

text: affairs

text: The

text: islands

text: capital

text: is

text: Stanley

text: on

text: East

text: Falkland

text: Elephant Island is an ice-covered mountainous island off the coast of Antarctica in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands, in the Southern Ocean. Its name was given by early explorers sighting elephant seals on its shores. The island is situated north-northeast of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, westsouthwest of South Georgia, south of the Falkland Islands, and southeast of Cape Horn. It is within the Antarctic claims of Argentina, Chile and the UK. Brazil has two shelters on the island, Goeldi and Wiltgen, supporting the work of up to six researchers each during the summer.

text: Elephant

text: Island

text: is

text: an

text: ice

text: covered

text: mountainous

text: island

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: in

text: the

text: outer

text: reaches

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: Shetland

text: Islands

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: Its

text: name

text: was

text: given

text: by

text: early

text: explorers

text: sighting

text: elephant

text: seals

text: on

text: its

text: shores

text: The

text: island

text: is

text: situated

text: north

text: northeast

text: of

text: the

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Peninsula

text: westsouthwest

text: of

text: South

text: Georgia

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Falkland

text: Islands

text: and

text: southeast

text: of

text: Cape

text: Horn

text: It

text: is

text: within

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: claims

text: of

text: Argentina

text: Chile

text: and

text: the

text: UK

text: Brazil

text: has

text: two

text: shelters

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: Goeldi

text: and

text: Wiltgen

text: supporting

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: up

text: to

text: six

text: researchers

text: each

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (16 July 1872  c. 18 June 1928) was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions. He led the Antarctic expedition of 191012 which was the first to reach the South Pole, on 14 December 1911. In 1926, he was the first expedition leader for the air expedition to the North Pole.

text: Roald

text: Engelbregt

text: Gravning

text: Amundsen

text: July

text: June

text: was

text: Norwegian

text: explorer

text: of

text: polar

text: regions

text: He

text: led

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: expedition

text: of

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: reach

text: the

text: South

text: Pole

text: on

text: December

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: expedition

text: leader

text: for

text: the

text: air

text: expedition

text: to

text: the

text: North

text: Pole

text: The South Shetland Islands are a group of Antarctic islands, lying about north of the Antarctic Peninsula, with a total area of . By the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, the islands' sovereignty is neither recognized nor disputed by the signatories and they are free for use by any signatory for non-military purposes.

text: The

text: South

text: Shetland

text: Islands

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: Antarctic

text: islands

text: lying

text: about

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Peninsula

text: with

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: By

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Treaty

text: of

text: the

text: islands

text: sovereignty

text: is

text: neither

text: recognized

text: nor

text: disputed

text: by

text: the

text: signatories

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: free

text: for

text: use

text: by

text: any

text: signatory

text: for

text: non

text: military

text: purposes

text: The Polar Medal is a medal awarded by the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. It was instituted in 1857 as the Arctic Medal and renamed the Polar Medal in 1904.

text: The

text: Polar

text: Medal

text: is

text: medal

text: awarded

text: by

text: the

text: Sovereign

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: was

text: instituted

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Medal

text: and

text: renamed

text: the

text: Polar

text: Medal

text: in

question: occupation john vincent

answer: explorer

text: explorer

text: explorer

text: explorer

text: explorer


text: Serrasalmidae is a family of characiform fishes , recently elevated to family status . It includes about 94 species . The name means `` serrated salmon family '' , which refers to the serrated keel running along the belly of these fish . Fish classified as Serrasalmidae are also known by these common names : pacu , piranha , and silver dollar . These common names generally designate differing dental characteristics and feeding habits .

text: Serrasalmidae

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: characiform

text: fishes

text: recently

text: elevated

text: to

text: family

text: status

text: It

text: includes

text: about

text: species

text: The

text: name

text: means

text: serrated

text: salmon

text: family

text: which

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: serrated

text: keel

text: running

text: along

text: the

text: belly

text: of

text: these

text: fish

text: Fish

text: classified

text: as

text: Serrasalmidae

text: are

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: these

text: common

text: names

text: pacu

text: piranha

text: and

text: silver

text: dollar

text: These

text: common

text: names

text: generally

text: designate

text: differing

text: dental

text: characteristics

text: and

text: feeding

text: habits

text: Salmon is the common name for several species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae. Other fish in the same family include trout, char, grayling and whitefish. Salmon are native to tributaries of the North Atlantic (genus "Salmo") and Pacific Ocean (genus "Oncorhynchus"). Many species of salmon have been introduced into non-native environments such as the Great Lakes of North America and Patagonia in South America. Salmon are intensively farmed in many parts of the world.

text: Salmon

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: name

text: for

text: several

text: species

text: of

text: ray

text: finned

text: fish

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Salmonidae

text: Other

text: fish

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: family

text: include

text: trout

text: char

text: grayling

text: and

text: whitefish

text: Salmon

text: are

text: native

text: to

text: tributaries

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: genus

text: Salmo

text: and

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: genus

text: Oncorhynchus

text: Many

text: species

text: of

text: salmon

text: have

text: been

text: introduced

text: into

text: non

text: native

text: environments

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: Patagonia

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: Salmon

text: are

text: intensively

text: farmed

text: in

text: many

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Characidae, the characids or characins is a family of freshwater subtropical and tropical fish, belonging to the order Characiformes. The name "characins" is the historical one, but scientists today tend to prefer "characids" to reflect their status as a by and large monophyletic group at family rank. To arrive there, this family has undergone much systematic and taxonomic change. Among those fishes that remain in the Characidae for the time being are the tetras, comprising the very similar genera "Hemigrammus" and "Hyphessobrycon", as well as a few related forms such as the cave and neon tetras. Fish of this family are important as food and also include popular aquarium fish species.

text: Characidae

text: the

text: characids

text: or

text: characins

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: freshwater

text: subtropical

text: and

text: tropical

text: fish

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: order

text: Characiformes

text: The

text: name

text: characins

text: is

text: the

text: historical

text: one

text: but

text: scientists

text: today

text: tend

text: to

text: prefer

text: characids

text: to

text: reflect

text: their

text: status

text: as

text: by

text: and

text: large

text: monophyletic

text: group

text: at

text: family

text: rank

text: To

text: arrive

text: there

text: this

text: family

text: has

text: undergone

text: much

text: systematic

text: and

text: taxonomic

text: change

text: Among

text: those

text: fishes

text: that

text: remain

text: in

text: the

text: Characidae

text: for

text: the

text: time

text: being

text: are

text: the

text: tetras

text: comprising

text: the

text: very

text: similar

text: genera

text: Hemigrammus

text: and

text: Hyphessobrycon

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: few

text: related

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: cave

text: and

text: neon

text: tetras

text: Fish

text: of

text: this

text: family

text: are

text: important

text: as

text: food

text: and

text: also

text: include

text: popular

text: aquarium

text: fish

text: species

text: Salmo is a genus of fish in the salmon family Salmonidae that includes the European species of salmon and trout, among them the familiar Atlantic salmon "Salmo salar" and the brown trout "Salmo trutta". The natural distribution of "Salmo" also extends to Northern Africa and to Western Asia around the Black Sea basin. The single "Salmo" species naturally found in the Atlantic North America is the Atlantic salmon, whereas the salmon and trout of the Pacific basin belong to another genus, "Oncorhynchus". The generic name "Salmo" derives from the Latin "salm" (salmon). The number of distinct species and subspecies in "Salmo" is a debated issue. Atlantic salmon and brown trout are widespread species, while most of the other taxa are narrowly distributed forms endemic to single watersheds.

text: Salmo

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: fish

text: in

text: the

text: salmon

text: family

text: Salmonidae

text: that

text: includes

text: the

text: European

text: species

text: of

text: salmon

text: and

text: trout

text: among

text: them

text: the

text: familiar

text: Atlantic

text: salmon

text: Salmo

text: salar

text: and

text: the

text: brown

text: trout

text: Salmo

text: trutta

text: The

text: natural

text: distribution

text: of

text: Salmo

text: also

text: extends

text: to

text: Northern

text: Africa

text: and

text: to

text: Western

text: Asia

text: around

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: basin

text: The

text: single

text: Salmo

text: species

text: naturally

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: North

text: America

text: is

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: salmon

text: whereas

text: the

text: salmon

text: and

text: trout

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: basin

text: belong

text: to

text: another

text: genus

text: Oncorhynchus

text: The

text: generic

text: name

text: Salmo

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: salm

text: salmon

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: distinct

text: species

text: and

text: subspecies

text: in

text: Salmo

text: is

text: debated

text: issue

text: Atlantic

text: salmon

text: and

text: brown

text: trout

text: are

text: widespread

text: species

text: while

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: taxa

text: are

text: narrowly

text: distributed

text: forms

text: endemic

text: to

text: single

text: watersheds

text: Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a federal republic located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia on the west, Brazil on the south, Guyana on the east, and the islands of Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east. Venezuela's territory covers around with an estimated population . Venezuela is considered a state with extremely high biodiversity (currently ranks 7th in the world's list of nations with the most number of species), with habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rain-forest in the south, via extensive "llanos" plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.

text: Venezuela

text: officially

text: the

text: Bolivarian

text: Republic

text: of

text: Venezuela

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: northern

text: coast

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Colombia

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: Brazil

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: Guyana

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Trinidad

text: and

text: Tobago

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: Venezuela

text: 's

text: territory

text: covers

text: around

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: Venezuela

text: is

text: considered

text: state

text: with

text: extremely

text: high

text: biodiversity

text: currently

text: ranks

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: list

text: of

text: nations

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: number

text: of

text: species

text: with

text: habitats

text: ranging

text: from

text: the

text: Andes

text: Mountains

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: to

text: the

text: Amazon

text: Basin

text: rain

text: forest

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: via

text: extensive

text: llanos

text: plains

text: and

text: Caribbean

text: coast

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: and

text: the

text: Orinoco

text: River

text: Delta

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: A fish is any member of a group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. They form a sister group to the tunicates, together forming the olfactores. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Tetrapods emerged within lobe-finned fishes, so cladistically they are fish as well. However, traditionally fish are rendered obsolete or paraphyletic by excluding the tetrapods (i.e., the amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals which all descended from within the same ancestry). Because in this manner the term "fish" is defined negatively as a paraphyletic group, it is not considered a formal taxonomic grouping in systematic biology. The traditional term pisces (also ichthyes) is considered a typological, but not a phylogenetic classification.

text: fish

text: is

text: any

text: member

text: of

text: group

text: of

text: organisms

text: that

text: consist

text: of

text: all

text: gill

text: bearing

text: aquatic

text: craniate

text: animals

text: that

text: lack

text: limbs

text: with

text: digits

text: They

text: form

text: sister

text: group

text: to

text: the

text: tunicates

text: together

text: forming

text: the

text: olfactores

text: Included

text: in

text: this

text: definition

text: are

text: the

text: living

text: hagfish

text: lampreys

text: and

text: cartilaginous

text: and

text: bony

text: fish

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: various

text: extinct

text: related

text: groups

text: Tetrapods

text: emerged

text: within

text: lobe

text: finned

text: fishes

text: so

text: cladistically

text: they

text: are

text: fish

text: as

text: well

text: However

text: traditionally

text: fish

text: are

text: rendered

text: obsolete

text: or

text: paraphyletic

text: by

text: excluding

text: the

text: tetrapods

text: i.e.

text: the

text: amphibians

text: reptiles

text: birds

text: and

text: mammals

text: which

text: all

text: descended

text: from

text: within

text: the

text: same

text: ancestry

text: Because

text: in

text: this

text: manner

text: the

text: term

text: fish

text: is

text: defined

text: negatively

text: as

text: paraphyletic

text: group

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: considered

text: formal

text: taxonomic

text: grouping

text: in

text: systematic

text: biology

text: The

text: traditional

text: term

text: pisces

text: also

text: ichthyes

text: is

text: considered

text: typological

text: but

text: not

text: phylogenetic

text: classification

text: Trout is the common name for a number of species of freshwater fish belonging to the genera "Oncorhynchus", "Salmo" and "Salvelinus", all of the subfamily Salmoninae of the family Salmonidae. The word "trout" is also used as part of the name of some non-salmonid fish such as "Cynoscion nebulosus", the spotted seatrout or speckled trout.

text: Trout

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: name

text: for

text: number

text: of

text: species

text: of

text: freshwater

text: fish

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: genera

text: Oncorhynchus

text: Salmo

text: and

text: Salvelinus

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Salmoninae

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: Salmonidae

text: The

text: word

text: trout

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: some

text: non

text: salmonid

text: fish

text: such

text: as

text: Cynoscion

text: nebulosus

text: the

text: spotted

text: seatrout

text: or

text: speckled

text: trout

text: A piranha or piraña (, or  ) is a member of family Characidae in order Characiformes, an omnivorous freshwater fish that inhabits South American rivers. In Venezuela, they are called caribes. They are known for their sharp teeth and powerful jaws.

text: piranha

text: or

text: piraña

text: or

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: family

text: Characidae

text: in

text: order

text: Characiformes

text: an

text: omnivorous

text: freshwater

text: fish

text: that

text: inhabits

text: South

text: American

text: rivers

text: In

text: Venezuela

text: they

text: are

text: called

text: caribes

text: They

text: are

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: sharp

text: teeth

text: and

text: powerful

text: jaws

text: The Great Lakes (also called the Laurentian Great Lakes, or the Great Lakes of North America) are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the CanadaUnited States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron (or MichiganHuron), Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth, containing 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume. The total surface is , and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is . Due to their sea-like characteristics (rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons) the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as "inland seas". Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area, and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country. The southern half of the Great Lakes is bordered by the Great Lakes Megalopolis.

text: The

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Laurentian

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: or

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: are

text: series

text: of

text: interconnected

text: freshwater

text: lakes

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: upper

text: mid

text: east

text: region

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: on

text: the

text: CanadaUnited

text: States

text: border

text: which

text: connect

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: through

text: the

text: Saint

text: Lawrence

text: River

text: Consisting

text: of

text: Lakes

text: Superior

text: Michigan

text: Huron

text: or

text: MichiganHuron

text: Erie

text: and

text: Ontario

text: they

text: form

text: the

text: largest

text: group

text: of

text: freshwater

text: lakes

text: on

text: Earth

text: containing

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: surface

text: fresh

text: water

text: by

text: volume

text: The

text: total

text: surface

text: is

text: and

text: the

text: total

text: volume

text: measured

text: at

text: the

text: low

text: water

text: datum

text: is

text: Due

text: to

text: their

text: sea

text: like

text: characteristics

text: rolling

text: waves

text: sustained

text: winds

text: strong

text: currents

text: great

text: depths

text: and

text: distant

text: horizons

text: the

text: five

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: have

text: also

text: long

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: inland

text: seas

text: Lake

text: Superior

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: lake

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: area

text: and

text: Lake

text: Michigan

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: lake

text: that

text: is

text: entirely

text: within

text: one

text: country

text: The

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: Megalopolis

text: Salmonidae is a family of ray-finned fish, the only living family currently placed in the order Salmoniformes. It includes salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings, which collectively are known as the salmonids. The Atlantic salmon and trout of the genus "Salmo" give the family and order their names.

text: Salmonidae

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: ray

text: finned

text: fish

text: the

text: only

text: living

text: family

text: currently

text: placed

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: Salmoniformes

text: It

text: includes

text: salmon

text: trout

text: chars

text: freshwater

text: whitefishes

text: and

text: graylings

text: which

text: collectively

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: salmonids

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: salmon

text: and

text: trout

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Salmo

text: give

text: the

text: family

text: and

text: order

text: their

text: names

text: Characiformes is an order of ray-finned fish, comprising the characins and their allies. Grouped in 18 recognized families, there are more than two thousand different species, including the well-known piranha and tetras.

text: Characiformes

text: is

text: an

text: order

text: of

text: ray

text: finned

text: fish

text: comprising

text: the

text: characins

text: and

text: their

text: allies

text: Grouped

text: in

text: recognized

text: families

text: there

text: are

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: thousand

text: different

text: species

text: including

text: the

text: well

text: known

text: piranha

text: and

text: tetras

text: Oncorhynchus is a genus of fish in the family Salmonidae; it contains the Pacific salmon and Pacific trout. The name of the genus is derived from the Greek "onkos" ("hook") and "rynchos" ("nose"), in reference to the hooked jaws of males in the mating season (the "kype").

text: Oncorhynchus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: fish

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Salmonidae

text: it

text: contains

text: the

text: Pacific

text: salmon

text: and

text: Pacific

text: trout

text: The

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: onkos

text: hook

text: and

text: rynchos

text: nose

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: hooked

text: jaws

text: of

text: males

text: in

text: the

text: mating

text: season

text: the

text: kype

text: Pacu is a common name used in the aquarium trade to refer to several common species of omnivorous South American freshwater fish that are related to the piranha. Pacu and piranha do not have similar teeth, the main difference being jaw alignment; piranha have pointed, razor-sharp teeth in a pronounced underbite, whereas pacu have squarer, straighter teeth, which are uncannily similar to human teeth, and a less severe underbite, or a slight overbite. Pacu, unlike some types of piranha, actually feed on plants and not flesh. Additionally, full-grown pacu are much larger than piranha, reaching up to and in the wild.

text: Pacu

text: is

text: common

text: name

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: aquarium

text: trade

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: several

text: common

text: species

text: of

text: omnivorous

text: South

text: American

text: freshwater

text: fish

text: that

text: are

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: piranha

text: Pacu

text: and

text: piranha

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: similar

text: teeth

text: the

text: main

text: difference

text: being

text: jaw

text: alignment

text: piranha

text: have

text: pointed

text: razor

text: sharp

text: teeth

text: in

text: pronounced

text: underbite

text: whereas

text: pacu

text: have

text: squarer

text: straighter

text: teeth

text: which

text: are

text: uncannily

text: similar

text: to

text: human

text: teeth

text: and

text: less

text: severe

text: underbite

text: or

text: slight

text: overbite

text: Pacu

text: unlike

text: some

text: types

text: of

text: piranha

text: actually

text: feed

text: on

text: plants

text: and

text: not

text: flesh

text: Additionally

text: full

text: grown

text: pacu

text: are

text: much

text: larger

text: than

text: piranha

text: reaching

text: up

text: to

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: wild

text: Patagonia is a sparsely populated region located at the southern end of South America, shared by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes mountains as well as the deserts, steppes and grasslands east of this southern portion of the Andes. Patagonia has two coasts; a western one towards the Pacific Ocean and an eastern one towards the Atlantic Ocean.

text: Patagonia

text: is

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: region

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: southern

text: end

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: shared

text: by

text: Argentina

text: and

text: Chile

text: The

text: region

text: comprises

text: the

text: southern

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: Andes

text: mountains

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: deserts

text: steppes

text: and

text: grasslands

text: east

text: of

text: this

text: southern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Andes

text: Patagonia

text: has

text: two

text: coasts

text: western

text: one

text: towards

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: and

text: an

text: eastern

text: one

text: towards

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

annotations: likely multiple

annotations: follows single

question: parent_taxon serrasalmidae

answer: characiformes

text: characiformes

text: characiformes

text: characiformes


text: Grunge (sometimes referred to as the Seattle sound) is a subgenre of alternative rock that emerged during the in the American state of Washington, particularly in Seattle. The early grunge movement revolved around Seattle's independent record label Sub Pop, but by the early 1990s its popularity had spread, with grunge acts in California and other parts of the U.S. building strong followings and signing major record deals.

text: Grunge

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Seattle

text: sound

text: is

text: subgenre

text: of

text: alternative

text: rock

text: that

text: emerged

text: during

text: the

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: state

text: of

text: Washington

text: particularly

text: in

text: Seattle

text: The

text: early

text: grunge

text: movement

text: revolved

text: around

text: Seattle

text: 's

text: independent

text: record

text: label

text: Sub

text: Pop

text: but

text: by

text: the

text: early

text: its

text: popularity

text: had

text: spread

text: with

text: grunge

text: acts

text: in

text: California

text: and

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: building

text: strong

text: followings

text: and

text: signing

text: major

text: record

text: deals

text: Republic Records is an American record company that operates as a division of Universal Music Group. The label was endowed by Monte Lipman and Avery Lipman in 1995; it was later paired into the Universal Motown Republic Group in 1999. After the separation of Motown Records from Universal Motown Records, the Universal Motown Republic Group was shuttered, the label was temporarily reincarnated as Universal Republic Records in 2006, until it was revived in late 2012. The label's main offices are located in New York City, New York, United States, other offices of the record label are located at the Interscope Center in Santa Monica, California, U.S.

text: Republic

text: Records

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: record

text: company

text: that

text: operates

text: as

text: division

text: of

text: Universal

text: Music

text: Group

text: The

text: label

text: was

text: endowed

text: by

text: Monte

text: Lipman

text: and

text: Avery

text: Lipman

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: later

text: paired

text: into

text: the

text: Universal

text: Motown

text: Republic

text: Group

text: in

text: After

text: the

text: separation

text: of

text: Motown

text: Records

text: from

text: Universal

text: Motown

text: Records

text: the

text: Universal

text: Motown

text: Republic

text: Group

text: was

text: shuttered

text: the

text: label

text: was

text: temporarily

text: reincarnated

text: as

text: Universal

text: Republic

text: Records

text: in

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: revived

text: in

text: late

text: The

text: label

text: 's

text: main

text: offices

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: New

text: York

text: United

text: States

text: other

text: offices

text: of

text: the

text: record

text: label

text: are

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: Interscope

text: Center

text: in

text: Santa

text: Monica

text: California

text: U.S.

text: Adam Herz (born September 10, 1972) is an American screenwriter and producer. He founded the production company "Terra Firma Films" in 2003 with a first-look deal at Universal Studios.

text: Adam

text: Herz

text: born

text: September

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: screenwriter

text: and

text: producer

text: He

text: founded

text: the

text: production

text: company

text: Terra

text: Firma

text: Films

text: in

text: with

text: first

text: look

text: deal

text: at

text: Universal

text: Studios

text: 3 Doors Down is an American rock band from Escatawpa, Mississippi, that formed in 1996. The band originally consisted of Brad Arnold (lead vocals/drums), Todd Harrell (bass), and Matt Roberts (lead guitar, backing vocals). They were soon joined by rhythm guitarist Chris Henderson. The band rose to international fame with their first single, "Kryptonite", which charted in the top three on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. The band then signed with Republic Records and released their debut album, "The Better Life", in 2000. The album was the 11th-best-selling album of the year and was certified 6x platinum in the United States. They were later joined by drummer Richard Liles, who played during the tour for their first album.

text: Doors

text: Down

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: rock

text: band

text: from

text: Escatawpa

text: Mississippi

text: that

text: formed

text: in

text: The

text: band

text: originally

text: consisted

text: of

text: Brad

text: Arnold

text: lead

text: vocals

text: drums

text: Todd

text: Harrell

text: bass

text: and

text: Matt

text: Roberts

text: lead

text: guitar

text: backing

text: vocals

text: They

text: were

text: soon

text: joined

text: by

text: rhythm

text: guitarist

text: Chris

text: Henderson

text: The

text: band

text: rose

text: to

text: international

text: fame

text: with

text: their

text: first

text: single

text: Kryptonite

text: which

text: charted

text: in

text: the

text: top

text: three

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: chart

text: The

text: band

text: then

text: signed

text: with

text: Republic

text: Records

text: and

text: released

text: their

text: debut

text: album

text: The

text: Better

text: Life

text: in

text: The

text: album

text: was

text: the

text: best

text: selling

text: album

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: and

text: was

text: certified

text: platinum

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: They

text: were

text: later

text: joined

text: by

text: drummer

text: Richard

text: Liles

text: who

text: played

text: during

text: the

text: tour

text: for

text: their

text: first

text: album

text: Post-grunge is a style of rock music that began in the 1990s and is considered a subgenre of alternative rock and hard rock. Originally, "post-grunge" was an informal and even pejorative label used to describe bands that emulated the grunge sound of Nirvana and Pearl Jam, such as Bush, Candlebox and Collective Soul.

text: Post

text: grunge

text: is

text: style

text: of

text: rock

text: music

text: that

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: is

text: considered

text: subgenre

text: of

text: alternative

text: rock

text: and

text: hard

text: rock

text: Originally

text: post

text: grunge

text: was

text: an

text: informal

text: and

text: even

text: pejorative

text: label

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: bands

text: that

text: emulated

text: the

text: grunge

text: sound

text: of

text: Nirvana

text: and

text: Pearl

text: Jam

text: such

text: as

text: Bush

text: Candlebox

text: and

text: Collective

text: Soul

text: American Pie 2 is a 2001 American sex comedy film and the sequel to the 1999 film "American Pie" and the second film in the "American Pie" film series. It was written by Adam Herz and David H. Steinberg and directed by James B. Rogers. The film picks up the story of the five friends from the first film as they reunite during the summer after their first year of college. It was released in the United States on August 10, 2001, and grossed over $145 million in the US and $142 million overseas on a budget of $30 million. It was followed by another sequel, "American Wedding".

text: American

text: Pie

text: is

text: American

text: sex

text: comedy

text: film

text: and

text: the

text: sequel

text: to

text: the

text: film

text: American

text: Pie

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: film

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: Pie

text: film

text: series

text: It

text: was

text: written

text: by

text: Adam

text: Herz

text: and

text: David

text: Steinberg

text: and

text: directed

text: by

text: James

text: Rogers

text: The

text: film

text: picks

text: up

text: the

text: story

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: friends

text: from

text: the

text: first

text: film

text: as

text: they

text: reunite

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: after

text: their

text: first

text: year

text: of

text: college

text: It

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: on

text: August

text: and

text: grossed

text: over

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: and

text: million

text: overseas

text: on

text: budget

text: of

text: million

text: It

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: another

text: sequel

text: American

text: Wedding

text: `` Be Like That '' is a song recorded by the American post-grunge band 3 Doors Down . It was released in June 2001 as the fourth single from the album , The Better Life . It peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the U.S. for the week ending November 10 , 2001 . A version of the song with minor lyrical changes was made , for the movie American Pie 2 , and was featured on the movie 's soundtrack .

text: Be

text: Like

text: That

text: is

text: song

text: recorded

text: by

text: the

text: American

text: post

text: grunge

text: band

text: Doors

text: Down

text: It

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: June

text: as

text: the

text: fourth

text: single

text: from

text: the

text: album

text: The

text: Better

text: Life

text: It

text: peaked

text: at

text: number

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: chart

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: for

text: the

text: week

text: ending

text: November

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: song

text: with

text: minor

text: lyrical

text: changes

text: was

text: made

text: for

text: the

text: movie

text: American

text: Pie

text: and

text: was

text: featured

text: on

text: the

text: movie

text: 's

text: soundtrack

text: Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in the United States in the 1950s, and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has its roots in 1940s' and 1950s' rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as electric blues and folk, and incorporated influences from jazz, classical and other musical sources.

text: Rock

text: music

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: popular

text: music

text: that

text: originated

text: as

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: developed

text: into

text: range

text: of

text: different

text: styles

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: later

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: has

text: its

text: roots

text: in

text: and

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: itself

text: heavily

text: influenced

text: by

text: blues

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: and

text: country

text: music

text: Rock

text: music

text: also

text: drew

text: strongly

text: on

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: genres

text: such

text: as

text: electric

text: blues

text: and

text: folk

text: and

text: incorporated

text: influences

text: from

text: jazz

text: classical

text: and

text: other

text: musical

text: sources

text: The Better Life is the debut studio album by American rock band 3 Doors Down, released on February 8th, 2000. It has become 6 times Platinum since release. This is the only album on which lead singer Brad Arnold played drums. "Kryptonite", "Loser", and "Be Like That" all reached the "Billboard" Hot 100 charts, peaking at  3,  55, and  24, respectively. "The Better Life" sold over 6 million copies worldwide.

text: The

text: Better

text: Life

text: is

text: the

text: debut

text: studio

text: album

text: by

text: American

text: rock

text: band

text: Doors

text: Down

text: released

text: on

text: February

text: It

text: has

text: become

text: times

text: Platinum

text: since

text: release

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: album

text: on

text: which

text: lead

text: singer

text: Brad

text: Arnold

text: played

text: drums

text: Kryptonite

text: Loser

text: and

text: Be

text: Like

text: That

text: all

text: reached

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: charts

text: peaking

text: at

text: and

text: respectively

text: The

text: Better

text: Life

text: sold

text: over

text: million

text: copies

text: worldwide

text: David H. Steinberg is a writer, director, and producer for film and television. He wrote the screenplays for "American Pie 2", "Slackers", "National Lampoon's Barely Legal", "" and "The Simpsons".

text: David

text: Steinberg

text: is

text: writer

text: director

text: and

text: producer

text: for

text: film

text: and

text: television

text: He

text: wrote

text: the

text: screenplays

text: for

text: American

text: Pie

text: Slackers

text: National

text: Lampoon

text: 's

text: Barely

text: Legal

text: and

text: The

text: Simpsons

text: College (Latin: "collegium") is an educational institution or a constituent part of one. A college may be a degree-awarding tertiary educational institution, a part of a collegiate or federal university, or an institution offering vocational education.

text: College

text: Latin

text: collegium

text: is

text: an

text: educational

text: institution

text: or

text: constituent

text: part

text: of

text: one

text: college

text: may

text: be

text: degree

text: awarding

text: tertiary

text: educational

text: institution

text: part

text: of

text: collegiate

text: or

text: federal

text: university

text: or

text: an

text: institution

text: offering

text: vocational

text: education

question: record_label be like that

answer: republic records

text: republic records

text: republic records

text: republic records