text: The Kingdom of Upper Burgundy was a Frankish dominion established in 888 by the Welf king Rudolph I of Burgundy on the territory of former Middle Francia. It grew out of the Carolingian margraviate of Transjurane Burgundy ("Transjurania") southeast of ('beyond') the Jura Mountains together with the adjacent County of Burgundy ("Franche-Comté") in the northwest. The adjective 'upper' refers to its location further up the Rhône river, as distinct from Lower Burgundy (Cisjurane Burgundy and Provence) and also from the Duchy of Burgundy west of the Saône river. Upper Burgundy was reunited with the Kingdom of Lower Burgundy in 933, and eventually merged into the Imperial Kingdom of Arles ("Arelat").

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Upper

text: Burgundy

text: was

text: Frankish

text: dominion

text: established

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Welf

text: king

text: Rudolph

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: on

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: former

text: Middle

text: Francia

text: It

text: grew

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: Carolingian

text: margraviate

text: of

text: Transjurane

text: Burgundy

text: Transjurania

text: southeast

text: of

text: beyond

text: the

text: Jura

text: Mountains

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: adjacent

text: County

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: Franche

text: Comté

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: The

text: adjective

text: upper

text: refers

text: to

text: its

text: location

text: further

text: up

text: the

text: Rhône

text: river

text: as

text: distinct

text: from

text: Lower

text: Burgundy

text: Cisjurane

text: Burgundy

text: and

text: Provence

text: and

text: also

text: from

text: the

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Saône

text: river

text: Upper

text: Burgundy

text: was

text: reunited

text: with

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Lower

text: Burgundy

text: in

text: and

text: eventually

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Arles

text: Arelat

text: The Duchy of Burgundy existed from 1032 as a successor of an ancient and prestigious patrimony and a large division of the lands of the Kingdom of the Burgundians. The duchy roughly conforms to the borders and territories of the modern region of Burgundy, but its dukes came to own considerable possession of numerous French and Imperial fiefs further north in the Low Countries collectively known as the Burgundian Netherlands. In its own right, it was one of the larger ducal territories that existed at the time of the emergence of Early Modern Europe from Medieval Europe, reminiscent of the Middle Frankish realm of Lotharingia.

text: The

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: existed

text: from

text: as

text: successor

text: of

text: an

text: ancient

text: and

text: prestigious

text: patrimony

text: and

text: large

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: lands

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Burgundians

text: The

text: duchy

text: roughly

text: conforms

text: to

text: the

text: borders

text: and

text: territories

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: region

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: but

text: its

text: dukes

text: came

text: to

text: own

text: considerable

text: possession

text: of

text: numerous

text: French

text: and

text: Imperial

text: fiefs

text: further

text: north

text: in

text: the

text: Low

text: Countries

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Burgundian

text: Netherlands

text: In

text: its

text: own

text: right

text: it

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: ducal

text: territories

text: that

text: existed

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: Early

text: Modern

text: Europe

text: from

text: Medieval

text: Europe

text: reminiscent

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Frankish

text: realm

text: of

text: Lotharingia

text: King of Italy (Latin: "Rex Italiae"; Italian: "Re d'Italia") was the title given to the ruler of the Kingdom of Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The first to take the title was Odoacer, a "barbarian" military leader, in the late 5th century, followed by the Ostrogothic kings up to the mid-6th century. With the Frankish conquest of Italy in the 8th century, the Carolingians assumed the title, which was maintained by subsequent Holy Roman Emperors throughout the Middle Ages. The last Emperor to claim the title was Charles V in the 16th century. During this period, the holders of the title were crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy.

text: King

text: of

text: Italy

text: Latin

text: Rex

text: Italiae

text: Italian

text: Re

text: d'Italia

text: was

text: the

text: title

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Italy

text: after

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: The

text: first

text: to

text: take

text: the

text: title

text: was

text: Odoacer

text: barbarian

text: military

text: leader

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Ostrogothic

text: kings

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: With

text: the

text: Frankish

text: conquest

text: of

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Carolingians

text: assumed

text: the

text: title

text: which

text: was

text: maintained

text: by

text: subsequent

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperors

text: throughout

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: The

text: last

text: Emperor

text: to

text: claim

text: the

text: title

text: was

text: Charles

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: the

text: holders

text: of

text: the

text: title

text: were

text: crowned

text: with

text: the

text: Iron

text: Crown

text: of

text: Lombardy

text:
Flavius Odoacer (433  493), also known as Flavius Odovacer, was a soldier
who in 476 became the first King of Italy (476493). His reign is commonly seen as marking the end of the Western Roman Empire. Though the real power in Italy was in his hands, he represented himself as the client of Julius Nepos and, after Nepos' death in 480, of the Emperor in Constantinople. Odoacer generally used the Roman honorific "patrician," granted by the Emperor Zeno, but is referred to as a king in many documents and he himself used it at least once and on another occasion it was used by the consul Basilius. Odoacer introduced few important changes into the administrative system of Italy. He had the support of the Roman Senate and was able to distribute land to his followers without much opposition. Unrest among his warriors led to violence in 477478, but no such disturbances occurred during the later period of his reign. Although Odoacer was an Arian Christian, he rarely intervened in the affairs of the orthodox and trinitarian state church of the Roman Empire.

text: Flavius

text: Odoacer

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Flavius

text: Odovacer

text: was

text: soldier

text: who

text: in

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: King

text: of

text: Italy

text: His

text: reign

text: is

text: commonly

text: seen

text: as

text: marking

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Though

text: the

text: real

text: power

text: in

text: Italy

text: was

text: in

text: his

text: hands

text: he

text: represented

text: himself

text: as

text: the

text: client

text: of

text: Julius

text: Nepos

text: and

text: after

text: Nepos

text: death

text: in

text: of

text: the

text: Emperor

text: in

text: Constantinople

text: Odoacer

text: generally

text: used

text: the

text: Roman

text: honorific

text: patrician

text: granted

text: by

text: the

text: Emperor

text: Zeno

text: but

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: king

text: in

text: many

text: documents

text: and

text: he

text: himself

text: used

text: it

text: at

text: least

text: once

text: and

text: on

text: another

text: occasion

text: it

text: was

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: consul

text: Basilius

text: Odoacer

text: introduced

text: few

text: important

text: changes

text: into

text: the

text: administrative

text: system

text: of

text: Italy

text: He

text: had

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: and

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: distribute

text: land

text: to

text: his

text: followers

text: without

text: much

text: opposition

text: Unrest

text: among

text: his

text: warriors

text: led

text: to

text: violence

text: in

text: but

text: no

text: such

text: disturbances

text: occurred

text: during

text: the

text: later

text: period

text: of

text: his

text: reign

text: Although

text: Odoacer

text: was

text: an

text: Arian

text: Christian

text: he

text: rarely

text: intervened

text: in

text: the

text: affairs

text: of

text: the

text: orthodox

text: and

text: trinitarian

text: state

text: church

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Rudolph I (859  October 25, 912) was King of Upper Burgundy from his election in 888 until his death.

text: Rudolph

text: October

text: was

text: King

text: of

text: Upper

text: Burgundy

text: from

text: his

text: election

text: in

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: Middle Francia was a short-lived (843-855) Frankish kingdom which was created in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun after an intermittent civil war between the grandsons of Charlemagne resulted in division of the united empire. Middle Francia was allocated to emperor Lothair I, the eldest son and successor of emperor Louis the Pious. His realm contained the imperial cities of Aachen, the residence of Charlemagne, as well as Pavia but lacked any geographic or ethnic cohesion which prevented it from surviving and forming a nucleus of a larger state, as was the case with West Francia and East Francia.

text: Middle

text: Francia

text: was

text: short

text: lived

text: Frankish

text: kingdom

text: which

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Verdun

text: after

text: an

text: intermittent

text: civil

text: war

text: between

text: the

text: grandsons

text: of

text: Charlemagne

text: resulted

text: in

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: united

text: empire

text: Middle

text: Francia

text: was

text: allocated

text: to

text: emperor

text: Lothair

text: the

text: eldest

text: son

text: and

text: successor

text: of

text: emperor

text: Louis

text: the

text: Pious

text: His

text: realm

text: contained

text: the

text: imperial

text: cities

text: of

text: Aachen

text: the

text: residence

text: of

text: Charlemagne

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Pavia

text: but

text: lacked

text: any

text: geographic

text: or

text: ethnic

text: cohesion

text: which

text: prevented

text: it

text: from

text: surviving

text: and

text: forming

text: nucleus

text: of

text: larger

text: state

text: as

text: was

text: the

text: case

text: with

text: West

text: Francia

text: and

text: East

text: Francia

text: The Kingdom of Italy was a state founded from 1861, when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, to 1946, when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic. The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state.

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Italy

text: was

text: state

text: founded

text: from

text: when

text: King

text: Victor

text: Emmanuel

text: II

text: of

text: Sardinia

text: was

text: proclaimed

text: King

text: of

text: Italy

text: to

text: when

text: constitutional

text: referendum

text: led

text: civil

text: discontent

text: to

text: abandon

text: the

text: monarchy

text: and

text: form

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: The

text: state

text: was

text: founded

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: unification

text: of

text: Italy

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Sardinia

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: its

text: legal

text: predecessor

text: state

text: Rudolph II ( c. 880 -- July 11 , 937 ) was king of Upper Burgundy ( 912 -- 937 ) , Lower Burgundy ( Provence ) ( 933 -- 937 ) , and Italy ( effective , 922 -- 926 -- claim abandoned 933 ) . He was the son of Rudolph I , king of Upper Burgundy , a member of the Elder House of Welf , and it is presumed that his mother was his father 's known wife , Guilla of Provence . He married Bertha of Swabia in 922 . Following his ascent to the throne in 912 , Rudolph was asked by several Italian nobles to intervene in Italy on their behalf against Emperor Berengar in 922 . Having entered Italy , he was crowned King of the Lombards at Pavia . In 923 , he defeated Berengar at Piacenza ; Berengar was murdered the following year , possibly at the instigation of Rudolph . The king then ruled Upper Burgundy and Italy together , residing alternately in both kingdoms . However , in 926 the Italian nobility turned against him and requested that Hugh of Arles , the effective ruler of Provence ( or Lower Burgundy ) , rule them instead . Rudolph returned to Upper Burgundy to protect himself , assuring Hugh 's coronation as King of Italy in the process . The two Burgundian kingdoms unified , Rudolph ruled until his death in 937 . He was succeeded by Conrad . After Rudolph 's death in 937 , his daughter Adelaide was married to Hugh 's son Lothair , while Hugh married Rudolph 's widow Bertha . Adelaide later became the second wife of Otto the Great , Holy Roman Emperor , and the mother of Otto II , Holy Roman Emperor .

text: Rudolph

text: II

text: July

text: was

text: king

text: of

text: Upper

text: Burgundy

text: Lower

text: Burgundy

text: Provence

text: and

text: Italy

text: effective

text: claim

text: abandoned

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Rudolph

text: king

text: of

text: Upper

text: Burgundy

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Elder

text: House

text: of

text: Welf

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: presumed

text: that

text: his

text: mother

text: was

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: known

text: wife

text: Guilla

text: of

text: Provence

text: He

text: married

text: Bertha

text: of

text: Swabia

text: in

text: Following

text: his

text: ascent

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: in

text: Rudolph

text: was

text: asked

text: by

text: several

text: Italian

text: nobles

text: to

text: intervene

text: in

text: Italy

text: on

text: their

text: behalf

text: against

text: Emperor

text: Berengar

text: in

text: Having

text: entered

text: Italy

text: he

text: was

text: crowned

text: King

text: of

text: the

text: Lombards

text: at

text: Pavia

text: In

text: he

text: defeated

text: Berengar

text: at

text: Piacenza

text: Berengar

text: was

text: murdered

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: possibly

text: at

text: the

text: instigation

text: of

text: Rudolph

text: The

text: king

text: then

text: ruled

text: Upper

text: Burgundy

text: and

text: Italy

text: together

text: residing

text: alternately

text: in

text: both

text: kingdoms

text: However

text: in

text: the

text: Italian

text: nobility

text: turned

text: against

text: him

text: and

text: requested

text: that

text: Hugh

text: of

text: Arles

text: the

text: effective

text: ruler

text: of

text: Provence

text: or

text: Lower

text: Burgundy

text: rule

text: them

text: instead

text: Rudolph

text: returned

text: to

text: Upper

text: Burgundy

text: to

text: protect

text: himself

text: assuring

text: Hugh

text: 's

text: coronation

text: as

text: King

text: of

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: process

text: The

text: two

text: Burgundian

text: kingdoms

text: unified

text: Rudolph

text: ruled

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: He

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: Conrad

text: After

text: Rudolph

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: his

text: daughter

text: Adelaide

text: was

text: married

text: to

text: Hugh

text: 's

text: son

text: Lothair

text: while

text: Hugh

text: married

text: Rudolph

text: 's

text: widow

text: Bertha

text: Adelaide

text: later

text: became

text: the

text: second

text: wife

text: of

text: Otto

text: the

text: Great

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: and

text: the

text: mother

text: of

text: Otto

text: II

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: Franche-Comté (literally "Free County", Frainc-Comtou dialect: "Fraintche-Comtè"; ) is a former administrative region and a traditional province of eastern France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It is composed of the modern departments of Doubs, Jura, Haute-Saône and the Territoire de Belfort. In 2009, its population was 1,168,208.

text: Franche

text: Comté

text: literally

text: Free

text: County

text: Frainc

text: Comtou

text: dialect

text: Fraintche

text: Comtè

text: is

text: former

text: administrative

text: region

text: and

text: traditional

text: province

text: of

text: eastern

text: France

text: Since

text: January

text: it

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: region

text: Bourgogne

text: Franche

text: Comté

text: It

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: departments

text: of

text: Doubs

text: Jura

text: Haute

text: Saône

text: and

text: the

text: Territoire

text: de

text: Belfort

text: In

text: its

text: population

text: was

text: The Kingdom of Arles ("Arelat") or Second Kingdom of Burgundy was a Frankish dominion established from lands of the early medieval Kingdom of the Burgundians in 933 by the merger of the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Burgundy under King Rudolf II.

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Arles

text: Arelat

text: or

text: Second

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: was

text: Frankish

text: dominion

text: established

text: from

text: lands

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: medieval

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Burgundians

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: merger

text: of

text: the

text: kingdoms

text: of

text: Upper

text: and

text: Lower

text: Burgundy

text: under

text: King

text: Rudolf

text: II

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur  or PACA is one of the 18 administrative regions of France. Its capital is Marseille.

text: Provence

text: Alpes

text: Côte

text: d'Azur

text: or

text: PACA

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: administrative

text: regions

text: of

text: France

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Marseille

text: The Free County of Burgundy was a medieval county (from 982 to 1678) of the Holy Roman Empire, within the modern region of , whose very name is still reminiscent of the title of its count: ('free count', denoting imperial immediacy, or ' in French, hence the term ' for his feudal principality). It should not be confused with the more westerly Duchy of Burgundy, a fiefdom of Francia since 843.

text: The

text: Free

text: County

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: was

text: medieval

text: county

text: from

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: within

text: the

text: modern

text: region

text: of

text: whose

text: very

text: name

text: is

text: still

text: reminiscent

text: of

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: its

text: count

text: free

text: count

text: denoting

text: imperial

text: immediacy

text: or

text: in

text: French

text: hence

text: the

text: term

text: for

text: his

text: feudal

text: principality

text: It

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: the

text: more

text: westerly

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: fiefdom

text: of

text: Francia

text: since

text: Provence (Provençal: "Provença" in classical norm or "Prouvènço" in Mistralian norm) is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône River to the west to the Italian border to the east, and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south. It largely corresponds with the modern administrative "région" of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, and includes the "départements" of Var, Bouches-du-Rhône, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and parts of Alpes-Maritimes and Vaucluse. The largest city of the region is Marseille.

text: Provence

text: Provençal

text: Provença

text: in

text: classical

text: norm

text: or

text: Prouvènço

text: in

text: Mistralian

text: norm

text: is

text: geographical

text: region

text: and

text: historical

text: province

text: of

text: southeastern

text: France

text: which

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: left

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: lower

text: Rhône

text: River

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: to

text: the

text: Italian

text: border

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: It

text: largely

text: corresponds

text: with

text: the

text: modern

text: administrative

text: région

text: of

text: Provence

text: Alpes

text: Côte

text: d'Azur

text: and

text: includes

text: the

text: départements

text: of

text: Var

text: Bouches

text: du

text: Rhône

text: Alpes

text: de

text: Haute

text: Provence

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: Alpes

text: Maritimes

text: and

text: Vaucluse

text: The

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: is

text: Marseille

text: In historiography, the Western Roman Empire consists of the western provinces of the Roman Empire at any one time during which they were administered by a separate independent Imperial court, coequal with (or only nominally subordinate to) that administering the eastern half. Both "Western Roman Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" (or "Byzantine Empire") are modern terms describing "de facto" independent entities; however, at no point did Romans consider the Empire split into two, but rather considered it a single state governed by two separate Imperial courts out of administrative expediency. The view that the Empire was impossible to govern by one emperor was established by Diocletian following the disastrous civil wars and disintegration of the Crisis of the 3rd century, and was instituted in Roman law by his introduction of the Tetrarchy in AD 285, a form of government which was legally to endure in one form or another for centuries. The Western Court was periodically abolished and recreated for the next two centuries until final abolition by the Emperor Zeno in 480, by which time there was little effective central control left in the area legally administered by the Western Court.

text: In

text: historiography

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: western

text: provinces

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: at

text: any

text: one

text: time

text: during

text: which

text: they

text: were

text: administered

text: by

text: separate

text: independent

text: Imperial

text: court

text: coequal

text: with

text: or

text: only

text: nominally

text: subordinate

text: to

text: that

text: administering

text: the

text: eastern

text: half

text: Both

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: or

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: are

text: modern

text: terms

text: describing

text: de

text: facto

text: independent

text: entities

text: however

text: at

text: no

text: point

text: did

text: Romans

text: consider

text: the

text: Empire

text: split

text: into

text: two

text: but

text: rather

text: considered

text: it

text: single

text: state

text: governed

text: by

text: two

text: separate

text: Imperial

text: courts

text: out

text: of

text: administrative

text: expediency

text: The

text: view

text: that

text: the

text: Empire

text: was

text: impossible

text: to

text: govern

text: by

text: one

text: emperor

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: Diocletian

text: following

text: the

text: disastrous

text: civil

text: wars

text: and

text: disintegration

text: of

text: the

text: Crisis

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: was

text: instituted

text: in

text: Roman

text: law

text: by

text: his

text: introduction

text: of

text: the

text: Tetrarchy

text: in

text: AD

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: which

text: was

text: legally

text: to

text: endure

text: in

text: one

text: form

text: or

text: another

text: for

text: centuries

text: The

text: Western

text: Court

text: was

text: periodically

text: abolished

text: and

text: recreated

text: for

text: the

text: next

text: two

text: centuries

text: until

text: final

text: abolition

text: by

text: the

text: Emperor

text: Zeno

text: in

text: by

text: which

text: time

text: there

text: was

text: little

text: effective

text: central

text: control

text: left

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: legally

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: Western

text: Court

text: Lower Burgundy was a historical kingdom in what is now southeastern France, so-called because it was lower down the Rhone Valley than Upper Burgundy. Lower Burgundy is sometimes called the Kingdom of Arelat or the Kingdom of Cisjurane Burgundy.

text: Lower

text: Burgundy

text: was

text: historical

text: kingdom

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: southeastern

text: France

text: so

text: called

text: because

text: it

text: was

text: lower

text: down

text: the

text: Rhone

text: Valley

text: than

text: Upper

text: Burgundy

text: Lower

text: Burgundy

text: is

text: sometimes

text: called

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Arelat

text: or

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Cisjurane

text: Burgundy

text: The Elder House of Welf was a Frankish noble dynasty of European rulers documented since the 9th century. Closely related to the Carolingian dynasty, it consisted of a Burgundian and a Swabian group. It has not been definitively clarified, however, whether the two groups formed one dynasty or whether they shared the same name by coincidence only. While the Elder House became extinct in the male line with the death of Duke Welf of Carinthia in 1055, his sister Kunigunde married into the Italian House of Este and became the ancestor of the (Younger) House of Welf.

text: The

text: Elder

text: House

text: of

text: Welf

text: was

text: Frankish

text: noble

text: dynasty

text: of

text: European

text: rulers

text: documented

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: Closely

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Carolingian

text: dynasty

text: it

text: consisted

text: of

text: Burgundian

text: and

text: Swabian

text: group

text: It

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: definitively

text: clarified

text: however

text: whether

text: the

text: two

text: groups

text: formed

text: one

text: dynasty

text: or

text: whether

text: they

text: shared

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: by

text: coincidence

text: only

text: While

text: the

text: Elder

text: House

text: became

text: extinct

text: in

text: the

text: male

text: line

text: with

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Duke

text: Welf

text: of

text: Carinthia

text: in

text: his

text: sister

text: Kunigunde

text: married

text: into

text: the

text: Italian

text: House

text: of

text: Este

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: ancestor

text: of

text: the

text: Younger

text: House

text: of

text: Welf

text: The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The name "Carolingian" (Medieval Latin "karolingi", an altered form of an unattested Old High German word *"karling, kerling", meaning "descendant of Charles", cf. MHG "kerlinc") derives from the Latinised name of Charles Martel: "Carolus". The dynasty consolidated its power in the mid 8th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and "dux et princeps Francorum" hereditary, and becoming the "de facto" rulers of the Franks as the real powers behind the Merovingian throne. In 751 the Merovingian dynasty, which had ruled the Germanic Franks was overthrown with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy, and a Carolingian Pepin the Short was crowned King of the Franks. The Carolingian dynasty reached its peak in 800 with the crowning of Charlemagne as the first Emperor of Romans in over three centuries. His death in 814 began an extended period of fragmentation of the Carolingian empire and decline that would eventually lead to the evolution of the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire.

text: The

text: Carolingian

text: dynasty

text: known

text: variously

text: as

text: the

text: Carlovingians

text: Carolingus

text: Carolings

text: or

text: Karlings

text: was

text: Frankish

text: noble

text: family

text: with

text: origins

text: in

text: the

text: Arnulfing

text: and

text: Pippinid

text: clans

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: The

text: name

text: Carolingian

text: Medieval

text: Latin

text: karolingi

text: an

text: altered

text: form

text: of

text: an

text: unattested

text: Old

text: High

text: German

text: word

text: karling

text: kerling

text: meaning

text: descendant

text: of

text: Charles

text: cf

text: MHG

text: kerlinc

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Latinised

text: name

text: of

text: Charles

text: Martel

text: Carolus

text: The

text: dynasty

text: consolidated

text: its

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: mid

text: century

text: eventually

text: making

text: the

text: offices

text: of

text: mayor

text: of

text: the

text: palace

text: and

text: dux

text: et

text: princeps

text: Francorum

text: hereditary

text: and

text: becoming

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: rulers

text: of

text: the

text: Franks

text: as

text: the

text: real

text: powers

text: behind

text: the

text: Merovingian

text: throne

text: In

text: the

text: Merovingian

text: dynasty

text: which

text: had

text: ruled

text: the

text: Germanic

text: Franks

text: was

text: overthrown

text: with

text: the

text: consent

text: of

text: the

text: Papacy

text: and

text: the

text: aristocracy

text: and

text: Carolingian

text: Pepin

text: the

text: Short

text: was

text: crowned

text: King

text: of

text: the

text: Franks

text: The

text: Carolingian

text: dynasty

text: reached

text: its

text: peak

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: crowning

text: of

text: Charlemagne

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: Emperor

text: of

text: Romans

text: in

text: over

text: three

text: centuries

text: His

text: death

text: in

text: began

text: an

text: extended

text: period

text: of

text: fragmentation

text: of

text: the

text: Carolingian

text: empire

text: and

text: decline

text: that

text: would

text: eventually

text: lead

text: to

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

annotations: follows single

question: date_of_birth rudolph ii of burgundy

answer: 888


text: A comic book or comicbook, also called comic magazine or simply comic, is a publication that consists of comic art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by brief descriptive prose and written narrative, usually dialog contained in word balloons emblematic of the comics art form. Although some origins in 18th century Japan and 1830s Europe, comic books were first popularized in the United States during the 1930s. The first modern comic book, "Famous Funnies", was released in the United States in 1933 and was a reprinting of earlier newspaper humor comic strips, which had established many of the story-telling devices used in comics. The term "comic book" derives from American comic books once being a compilation of comic strips of a humorous tone; however, this practice was replaced by featuring stories of all genres, usually not humorous in tone.

text: comic

text: book

text: or

text: comicbook

text: also

text: called

text: comic

text: magazine

text: or

text: simply

text: comic

text: is

text: publication

text: that

text: consists

text: of

text: comic

text: art

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: sequential

text: juxtaposed

text: panels

text: that

text: represent

text: individual

text: scenes

text: Panels

text: are

text: often

text: accompanied

text: by

text: brief

text: descriptive

text: prose

text: and

text: written

text: narrative

text: usually

text: dialog

text: contained

text: in

text: word

text: balloons

text: emblematic

text: of

text: the

text: comics

text: art

text: form

text: Although

text: some

text: origins

text: in

text: century

text: Japan

text: and

text: Europe

text: comic

text: books

text: were

text: first

text: popularized

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: during

text: the

text: The

text: first

text: modern

text: comic

text: book

text: Famous

text: Funnies

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: reprinting

text: of

text: earlier

text: newspaper

text: humor

text: comic

text: strips

text: which

text: had

text: established

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: story

text: telling

text: devices

text: used

text: in

text: comics

text: The

text: term

text: comic

text: book

text: derives

text: from

text: American

text: comic

text: books

text: once

text: being

text: compilation

text: of

text: comic

text: strips

text: of

text: humorous

text: tone

text: however

text: this

text: practice

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: featuring

text: stories

text: of

text: all

text: genres

text: usually

text: not

text: humorous

text: in

text: tone

text: Jughead Jones is one of the main characters created by Bob Montana in Archie Comics who first appeared in the first Archie story, from Pep Comics 22, December 1941. He is the son of Forsythe Jones II; in one of the early Archie newspaper comic strips, he himself is identified as Forsythe Pendleton Jones III (and in one strip, likely due to continuity error, as Forsythe Van Jones). He has a white sheepdog named Hot Dog and a younger sister, Forsythia "Jellybean" Jones.

text: Jughead

text: Jones

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: characters

text: created

text: by

text: Bob

text: Montana

text: in

text: Archie

text: Comics

text: who

text: first

text: appeared

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: Archie

text: story

text: from

text: Pep

text: Comics

text: December

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Forsythe

text: Jones

text: II

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: Archie

text: newspaper

text: comic

text: strips

text: he

text: himself

text: is

text: identified

text: as

text: Forsythe

text: Pendleton

text: Jones

text: III

text: and

text: in

text: one

text: strip

text: likely

text: due

text: to

text: continuity

text: error

text: as

text: Forsythe

text: Van

text: Jones

text: He

text: has

text: white

text: sheepdog

text: named

text: Hot

text: Dog

text: and

text: younger

text: sister

text: Forsythia

text: Jellybean

text: Jones

text: Cheryl Blossom is a fictional character of the Archie Comics universe. She is a wealthy teenage girl, the privileged daughter of a software engineer.

text: Cheryl

text: Blossom

text: is

text: fictional

text: character

text: of

text: the

text: Archie

text: Comics

text: universe

text: She

text: is

text: wealthy

text: teenage

text: girl

text: the

text: privileged

text: daughter

text: of

text: software

text: engineer

text: Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper is one of the main characters appearing in American comic books published by Archie Comics. The character was created by Bob Montana, and first appeared in Pep Comics #22 (cover-dated Dec. 1941), on the first page of the first "Archie" story, serving as a love interest to Archie Andrews. Betty's infatuation with Archie making her strive for his attention using whatever means possible has been one of the longest running themes in the comics. In 2011, Betty Cooper was ranked 66th in "Comics Buyer's Guide's" "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list.

text: Elizabeth

text: Betty

text: Cooper

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: characters

text: appearing

text: in

text: American

text: comic

text: books

text: published

text: by

text: Archie

text: Comics

text: The

text: character

text: was

text: created

text: by

text: Bob

text: Montana

text: and

text: first

text: appeared

text: in

text: Pep

text: Comics

text: cover

text: dated

text: Dec.

text: on

text: the

text: first

text: page

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: Archie

text: story

text: serving

text: as

text: love

text: interest

text: to

text: Archie

text: Andrews

text: Betty

text: 's

text: infatuation

text: with

text: Archie

text: making

text: her

text: strive

text: for

text: his

text: attention

text: using

text: whatever

text: means

text: possible

text: has

text: been

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: longest

text: running

text: themes

text: in

text: the

text: comics

text: In

text: Betty

text: Cooper

text: was

text: ranked

text: in

text: Comics

text: Buyer

text: 's

text: Guide

text: 's

text: Sexiest

text: Women

text: in

text: Comics

text: list

text: An American comic book is a thin (typically 32-page) periodical containing primarily comics content.

text: An

text: American

text: comic

text: book

text: is

text: thin

text: typically

text: periodical

text: containing

text: primarily

text: comics

text: content

text: Veronica Lodge (first appearance Pep Comics #26, April 1942) is one of the main characters in the Archie Comics books series.

text: Veronica

text: Lodge

text: first

text: appearance

text: Pep

text: Comics

text: April

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: characters

text: in

text: the

text: Archie

text: Comics

text: books

text: series

text: Sabrina the Teenage Witch is a comic book series published by Archie Comics about the adventures of a fictional teenager named Sabrina Spellman. Sabrina was created by writer George Gladir and artist Dan DeCarlo, and first appeared in "Archie's Madhouse" #22 (cover-dated Oct. 1962).

text: Sabrina

text: the

text: Teenage

text: Witch

text: is

text: comic

text: book

text: series

text: published

text: by

text: Archie

text: Comics

text: about

text: the

text: adventures

text: of

text: fictional

text: teenager

text: named

text: Sabrina

text: Spellman

text: Sabrina

text: was

text: created

text: by

text: writer

text: George

text: Gladir

text: and

text: artist

text: Dan

text: DeCarlo

text: and

text: first

text: appeared

text: in

text: Archie

text: 's

text: Madhouse

text: cover

text: dated

text: Oct.

text:
A comic strip is a sequence of drawings arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with text in balloons and captions. Traditionally, throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, these have been published in newspapers and magazines, with horizontal strips printed in black-and-white in daily newspapers, while Sunday newspapers offered longer sequences in special color comics sections. With the development of the internet, they began to appear online as web comics.
There were more than 200 different comic strips and daily cartoon panels in American newspapers alone each day for most of the 20th century, for a total of at least 7,300,000 episodes.

text: comic

text: strip

text: is

text: sequence

text: of

text: drawings

text: arranged

text: in

text: interrelated

text: panels

text: to

text: display

text: brief

text: humor

text: or

text: form

text: narrative

text: often

text: serialized

text: with

text: text

text: in

text: balloons

text: and

text: captions

text: Traditionally

text: throughout

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: into

text: the

text: these

text: have

text: been

text: published

text: in

text: newspapers

text: and

text: magazines

text: with

text: horizontal

text: strips

text: printed

text: in

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: in

text: daily

text: newspapers

text: while

text: Sunday

text: newspapers

text: offered

text: longer

text: sequences

text: in

text: special

text: color

text: comics

text: sections

text: With

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: internet

text: they

text: began

text: to

text: appear

text: online

text: as

text: web

text: comics

text: There

text: were

text: more

text: than

text: different

text: comic

text: strips

text: and

text: daily

text: cartoon

text: panels

text: in

text: American

text: newspapers

text: alone

text: each

text: day

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: for

text: total

text: of

text: at

text: least

text: episodes

text: Sabrina Spellman ( named Sabrina Sawyer in the 1996 TV film ) is the titular character from the Archie Comics comic book Sabrina the Teenage Witch . Sabrina was created by writer George Gladir and designed by artist Dan DeCarlo , and she first appeared in Archie 's Mad House # 22 in October 1962 .

text: Sabrina

text: Spellman

text: named

text: Sabrina

text: Sawyer

text: in

text: the

text: TV

text: film

text: is

text: the

text: titular

text: character

text: from

text: the

text: Archie

text: Comics

text: comic

text: book

text: Sabrina

text: the

text: Teenage

text: Witch

text: Sabrina

text: was

text: created

text: by

text: writer

text: George

text: Gladir

text: and

text: designed

text: by

text: artist

text: Dan

text: DeCarlo

text: and

text: she

text: first

text: appeared

text: in

text: Archie

text: 's

text: Mad

text: House

text: in

text: October

text: Archie Andrews, created in 1941 by publisher John L. Goldwater and artist Bob Montana in collaboration with writer Vic Bloom, is the main character in an American comic book series published by Archie Comics, as well as the long-running "Archie Andrews" radio series, a syndicated comic strip, "The Archie Show", and "Archie's Weird Mysteries".

text: Archie

text: Andrews

text: created

text: in

text: by

text: publisher

text: John

text: Goldwater

text: and

text: artist

text: Bob

text: Montana

text: in

text: collaboration

text: with

text: writer

text: Vic

text: Bloom

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: character

text: in

text: an

text: American

text: comic

text: book

text: series

text: published

text: by

text: Archie

text: Comics

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: long

text: running

text: Archie

text: Andrews

text: radio

text: series

text: syndicated

text: comic

text: strip

text: The

text: Archie

text: Show

text: and

text: Archie

text: 's

text: Weird

text: Mysteries

text: Famous Funnies is an American publication of the 1930s that represents what popular culture historians consider the first true American comic book, following seminal precursors.

text: Famous

text: Funnies

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: publication

text: of

text: the

text: that

text: represents

text: what

text: popular

text: culture

text: historians

text: consider

text: the

text: first

text: true

text: American

text: comic

text: book

text: following

text: seminal

text: precursors

text: Daniel S. DeCarlo (December 12, 1919  December 18, 2001) was an American cartoonist best known as the artist who developed the look of Archie Comics in the late 1950s and early 1960s, modernizing the characters to their contemporary appearance and establishing the publisher's house style up until his death. As well, he is the generally recognized co-creator of the characters Sabrina the Teenage Witch, Josie and the Pussycats (with the lead character named for his wife), and Cheryl Blossom.

text: Daniel

text: DeCarlo

text: December

text: December

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: cartoonist

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: artist

text: who

text: developed

text: the

text: look

text: of

text: Archie

text: Comics

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: modernizing

text: the

text: characters

text: to

text: their

text: contemporary

text: appearance

text: and

text: establishing

text: the

text: publisher

text: 's

text: house

text: style

text: up

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: As

text: well

text: he

text: is

text: the

text: generally

text: recognized

text: co

text: creator

text: of

text: the

text: characters

text: Sabrina

text: the

text: Teenage

text: Witch

text: Josie

text: and

text: the

text: Pussycats

text: with

text: the

text: lead

text: character

text: named

text: for

text: his

text: wife

text: and

text: Cheryl

text: Blossom

text: A cartoonist (also comic strip creator) is a visual artist who specializes in drawing cartoons. This work is often created for entertainment, political commentary, or advertising. Cartoonists may work in many formats, such as animation, booklets, comic strips, comic books, editorial cartoons, graphic novels, manuals, gag cartoons, graphic design, illustrations, storyboards, posters, shirts, books, advertisements, greeting cards, magazines, newspapers, and video game packaging.

text: cartoonist

text: also

text: comic

text: strip

text: creator

text: is

text: visual

text: artist

text: who

text: specializes

text: in

text: drawing

text: cartoons

text: This

text: work

text: is

text: often

text: created

text: for

text: entertainment

text: political

text: commentary

text: or

text: advertising

text: Cartoonists

text: may

text: work

text: in

text: many

text: formats

text: such

text: as

text: animation

text: booklets

text: comic

text: strips

text: comic

text: books

text: editorial

text: cartoons

text: graphic

text: novels

text: manuals

text: gag

text: cartoons

text: graphic

text: design

text: illustrations

text: storyboards

text: posters

text: shirts

text: books

text: advertisements

text: greeting

text: cards

text: magazines

text: newspapers

text: and

text: video

text: game

text: packaging

text: Archie Comic Publications, Inc. is an American comic book publisher headquartered in Pelham, New York. The company is known for its many titles featuring fictional teenagers including Archie Andrews, Jughead Jones, Betty Cooper, Veronica Lodge, Sabrina Spellman, and Josie and the Pussycats.

text: Archie

text: Comic

text: Publications

text: Inc.

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: comic

text: book

text: publisher

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Pelham

text: New

text: York

text: The

text: company

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: many

text: titles

text: featuring

text: fictional

text: teenagers

text: including

text: Archie

text: Andrews

text: Jughead

text: Jones

text: Betty

text: Cooper

text: Veronica

text: Lodge

text: Sabrina

text: Spellman

text: and

text: Josie

text: and

text: the

text: Pussycats

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: instance_of sabrina spellman

answer: fictional character

text: fictional character


text: A weevil is a type of beetle from the Curculionoidea superfamily. They are usually small, less than , and herbivorous. Over 60,000 species are in several families, mostly in the family Curculionidae (the true weevils). Some other beetles, although not closely related, bear the name "weevil", such as the biscuit weevil ("Stegobium paniceum"), which belongs to the family Anobiidae.

text: weevil

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: beetle

text: from

text: the

text: Curculionoidea

text: superfamily

text: They

text: are

text: usually

text: small

text: less

text: than

text: and

text: herbivorous

text: Over

text: species

text: are

text: in

text: several

text: families

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Curculionidae

text: the

text: true

text: weevils

text: Some

text: other

text: beetles

text: although

text: not

text: closely

text: related

text: bear

text: the

text: name

text: weevil

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: biscuit

text: weevil

text: Stegobium

text: paniceum

text: which

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: family

text: Anobiidae

text: In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis. An organism consists of one or more cells; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism. Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms. Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs.

text: In

text: biology

text: an

text: organism

text: is

text: any

text: contiguous

text: living

text: system

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: animal

text: plant

text: fungus

text: archaeon

text: or

text: bacterium

text: All

text: known

text: types

text: of

text: organisms

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: some

text: degree

text: of

text: response

text: to

text: stimuli

text: reproduction

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: and

text: homeostasis

text: An

text: organism

text: consists

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: cells

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: one

text: cell

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: unicellular

text: organism

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: multicellular

text: organism

text: Most

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: are

text: of

text: microscopic

text: scale

text: and

text: are

text: thus

text: loosely

text: described

text: as

text: microorganisms

text: Humans

text: are

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: trillions

text: of

text: cells

text: grouped

text: into

text: specialized

text: tissues

text: and

text: organs

text: Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two morphologically distinct types of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse together, involving a female's large ovum (or egg) and a male's smaller sperm. Each gamete contains half the number of chromosomes of normal cells. They are created by a specialized type of cell division, which only occurs in eukaryotic cells, known as meiosis. The two gametes fuse during fertilization to produce DNA replication and the creation of a single-celled zygote which includes genetic material from both gametes. In a process called genetic recombination, genetic material (DNA) joins up so that homologous chromosome sequences are aligned with each other, and this is followed by exchange of genetic information. Two rounds of cell division then produce four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes from each original parent cell, and the same number of chromosomes as both parents, though self-fertilization can occur. For instance, in human reproduction each human cell contains 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs, except gamete cells, which only contain 23 chromosomes, so the child will have 23 chromosomes from each parent genetically recombined into 23 pairs. Cell division initiates the development of a new individual organism in multicellular organisms, including animals and plants, for the vast majority of whom this is the primary method of reproduction.

text: Sexual

text: reproduction

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: reproduction

text: where

text: two

text: morphologically

text: distinct

text: types

text: of

text: specialized

text: reproductive

text: cells

text: called

text: gametes

text: fuse

text: together

text: involving

text: female

text: 's

text: large

text: ovum

text: or

text: egg

text: and

text: male

text: 's

text: smaller

text: sperm

text: Each

text: gamete

text: contains

text: half

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: chromosomes

text: of

text: normal

text: cells

text: They

text: are

text: created

text: by

text: specialized

text: type

text: of

text: cell

text: division

text: which

text: only

text: occurs

text: in

text: eukaryotic

text: cells

text: known

text: as

text: meiosis

text: The

text: two

text: gametes

text: fuse

text: during

text: fertilization

text: to

text: produce

text: DNA

text: replication

text: and

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: single

text: celled

text: zygote

text: which

text: includes

text: genetic

text: material

text: from

text: both

text: gametes

text: In

text: process

text: called

text: genetic

text: recombination

text: genetic

text: material

text: DNA

text: joins

text: up

text: so

text: that

text: homologous

text: chromosome

text: sequences

text: are

text: aligned

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: and

text: this

text: is

text: followed

text: by

text: exchange

text: of

text: genetic

text: information

text: Two

text: rounds

text: of

text: cell

text: division

text: then

text: produce

text: four

text: daughter

text: cells

text: with

text: half

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: chromosomes

text: from

text: each

text: original

text: parent

text: cell

text: and

text: the

text: same

text: number

text: of

text: chromosomes

text: as

text: both

text: parents

text: though

text: self

text: fertilization

text: can

text: occur

text: For

text: instance

text: in

text: human

text: reproduction

text: each

text: human

text: cell

text: contains

text: chromosomes

text: pairs

text: except

text: gamete

text: cells

text: which

text: only

text: contain

text: chromosomes

text: so

text: the

text: child

text: will

text: have

text: chromosomes

text: from

text: each

text: parent

text: genetically

text: recombined

text: into

text: pairs

text: Cell

text: division

text: initiates

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: new

text: individual

text: organism

text: in

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: including

text: animals

text: and

text: plants

text: for

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: whom

text: this

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: method

text: of

text: reproduction

text: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix.

text: Deoxyribonucleic

text: acid

text: DNA

text: is

text: molecule

text: that

text: carries

text: the

text: genetic

text: instructions

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: growth

text: development

text: functioning

text: and

text: reproduction

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: living

text: organisms

text: and

text: many

text: viruses

text: DNA

text: and

text: RNA

text: are

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: alongside

text: proteins

text: lipids

text: and

text: complex

text: carbohydrates

text: polysaccharides

text: they

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: types

text: of

text: macromolecules

text: that

text: are

text: essential

text: for

text: all

text: known

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: Most

text: DNA

text: molecules

text: consist

text: of

text: two

text: biopolymer

text: strands

text: coiled

text: around

text: each

text: other

text: to

text: form

text: double

text: helix

text: In biology, a species (abbreviated sp., with the plural form species abbreviated spp.) is the basic unit of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. While this definition is often adequate, looked at more closely it is often problematic. For example, in a species complex, the boundaries between closely related species become unclear or disappear altogether. Other ways of defining species include similarity of DNA, morphology, or ecological niche. The presence of locally adaptive traits may further subdivide species into infraspecific taxa such as subspecies.

text: In

text: biology

text: species

text: abbreviated

text: sp

text: with

text: the

text: plural

text: form

text: species

text: abbreviated

text: spp

text: is

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: biological

text: classification

text: and

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: species

text: is

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: group

text: of

text: organisms

text: in

text: which

text: two

text: individuals

text: can

text: produce

text: fertile

text: offspring

text: typically

text: by

text: sexual

text: reproduction

text: While

text: this

text: definition

text: is

text: often

text: adequate

text: looked

text: at

text: more

text: closely

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: problematic

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: species

text: complex

text: the

text: boundaries

text: between

text: closely

text: related

text: species

text: become

text: unclear

text: or

text: disappear

text: altogether

text: Other

text: ways

text: of

text: defining

text: species

text: include

text: similarity

text: of

text: DNA

text: morphology

text: or

text: ecological

text: niche

text: The

text: presence

text: of

text: locally

text: adaptive

text: traits

text: may

text: further

text: subdivide

text: species

text: into

text: infraspecific

text: taxa

text: such

text: as

text: subspecies

text: Lixinae is a subfamily of true weevils , included in the Molytinae in many older treatments . They are mainly root feeders , although some develop in flower buds or stems . Several species are used in biological control of invasive weeds , namely knapweeds ( Centaurea ) . Characteristics include tarsal claws that are fused at the base , and labial palps are short and telescoping . The body is elongate shape , as for some other weevils . Each tibia bears an uncus ( small hook ) on its distal end . The rostrum is forwardly directed .

text: Lixinae

text: is

text: subfamily

text: of

text: true

text: weevils

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: Molytinae

text: in

text: many

text: older

text: treatments

text: They

text: are

text: mainly

text: root

text: feeders

text: although

text: some

text: develop

text: in

text: flower

text: buds

text: or

text: stems

text: Several

text: species

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: biological

text: control

text: of

text: invasive

text: weeds

text: namely

text: knapweeds

text: Centaurea

text: Characteristics

text: include

text: tarsal

text: claws

text: that

text: are

text: fused

text: at

text: the

text: base

text: and

text: labial

text: palps

text: are

text: short

text: and

text: telescoping

text: The

text: body

text: is

text: elongate

text: shape

text: as

text: for

text: some

text: other

text: weevils

text: Each

text: tibia

text: bears

text: an

text: uncus

text: small

text: hook

text: on

text: its

text: distal

text: end

text: The

text: rostrum

text: is

text: forwardly

text: directed

text: Molytinae is a subfamily of weevils described by Carl Johan Schönherr in 1823.

text: Molytinae

text: is

text: subfamily

text: of

text: weevils

text: described

text: by

text: Carl

text: Johan

text: Schönherr

text: in

question: parent_taxon lixinae

answer: curculionidae

text: curculionidae


text: Kansas City is the largest city in Missouri and the sixth largest city in the Midwest. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city had an estimated population of 475,378 in 2015, making it the 36th largest city by population in the United States. It is the anchor city of the Kansas City metropolitan area, which straddles the KansasMissouri border. Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west. On June 1, 1850 the town of Kansas was incorporated; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory. Confusion between the two ensued and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon thereafter.

text: Kansas

text: City

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Missouri

text: and

text: the

text: sixth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Midwest

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: the

text: city

text: had

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: by

text: population

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: anchor

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Kansas

text: City

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: which

text: straddles

text: the

text: KansasMissouri

text: border

text: Kansas

text: City

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: the

text: as

text: Missouri

text: River

text: port

text: at

text: its

text: confluence

text: with

text: the

text: Kansas

text: River

text: coming

text: in

text: from

text: the

text: west

text: On

text: June

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Kansas

text: was

text: incorporated

text: shortly

text: after

text: came

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Kansas

text: Territory

text: Confusion

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: ensued

text: and

text: the

text: name

text: Kansas

text: City

text: was

text: assigned

text: to

text: distinguish

text: them

text: soon

text: thereafter

text: Interstate 29 (I-29) is an Interstate Highway in the Midwestern United States. I-29 runs from Kansas City, Missouri, at a junction with Interstate 35 and Interstate 70, to the CanadaUS border near Pembina, North Dakota, where it connects with Manitoba Highway 75.

text: Interstate

text: is

text: an

text: Interstate

text: Highway

text: in

text: the

text: Midwestern

text: United

text: States

text: runs

text: from

text: Kansas

text: City

text: Missouri

text: at

text: junction

text: with

text: Interstate

text: and

text: Interstate

text: to

text: the

text: CanadaUS

text: border

text: near

text: Pembina

text: North

text: Dakota

text: where

text: it

text: connects

text: with

text: Manitoba

text: Highway

text: North Dakota (locally ) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.

text: North

text: Dakota

text: locally

text: is

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: having

text: been

text: admitted

text: to

text: the

text: union

text: on

text: November

text: Pembina is a city in Pembina County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 592 at the 2010 census. Pembina is located south of the CanadaUS border. Interstate 29 passes on the west side of Pembina, leading north to the CanadaUS border at Emerson, Manitoba and south to the cities of Grand Forks and Fargo. The Pembina-Emerson border crossing is the busiest between Blaine, Washington and Detroit, Michigan and the fifth busiest along the Canada-United States border. It is one of three 24-hour ports of entry in North Dakota, the others being Portal and Dunseith. The Emerson-Noyes border crossing, located to the east on the Minnesota side of the Red River, also processed cross border traffic until its closure in 2006.

text: Pembina

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: Pembina

text: County

text: North

text: Dakota

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: population

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: census

text: Pembina

text: is

text: located

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: CanadaUS

text: border

text: Interstate

text: passes

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: side

text: of

text: Pembina

text: leading

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: CanadaUS

text: border

text: at

text: Emerson

text: Manitoba

text: and

text: south

text: to

text: the

text: cities

text: of

text: Grand

text: Forks

text: and

text: Fargo

text: The

text: Pembina

text: Emerson

text: border

text: crossing

text: is

text: the

text: busiest

text: between

text: Blaine

text: Washington

text: and

text: Detroit

text: Michigan

text: and

text: the

text: fifth

text: busiest

text: along

text: the

text: Canada

text: United

text: States

text: border

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: ports

text: of

text: entry

text: in

text: North

text: Dakota

text: the

text: others

text: being

text: Portal

text: and

text: Dunseith

text: The

text: Emerson

text: Noyes

text: border

text: crossing

text: located

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: on

text: the

text: Minnesota

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Red

text: River

text: also

text: processed

text: cross

text: border

text: traffic

text: until

text: its

text: closure

text: in

text: South Dakota Highway 115 ( SD 115 ) was created from the routing of US 77 , `` Old 77 '' , when its alignment was moved west to become Interstate 29 around 1980 and SD 15 's route from US 18 to Sioux Falls . SD 115 routes from its intersection with US 18 about 13 miles ( 21 km ) south of Sioux Falls to Interstate 29 three miles west of Dell Rapids . It is about 40.5 miles ( 65.2 km ) in length . SD 115 was designated a POW / MIA Memorial Highway in 2000 . The segment south of Sioux Falls to US 18 was originally designated part of the Custer Battlefield Highway when it was designated SD 15 .

text: South

text: Dakota

text: Highway

text: SD

text: was

text: created

text: from

text: the

text: routing

text: of

text: US

text: Old

text: when

text: its

text: alignment

text: was

text: moved

text: west

text: to

text: become

text: Interstate

text: around

text: and

text: SD

text: 's

text: route

text: from

text: US

text: to

text: Sioux

text: Falls

text: SD

text: routes

text: from

text: its

text: intersection

text: with

text: US

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: south

text: of

text: Sioux

text: Falls

text: to

text: Interstate

text: three

text: miles

text: west

text: of

text: Dell

text: Rapids

text: It

text: is

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: in

text: length

text: SD

text: was

text: designated

text: POW

text: MIA

text: Memorial

text: Highway

text: in

text: The

text: segment

text: south

text: of

text: Sioux

text: Falls

text: to

text: US

text: was

text: originally

text: designated

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Custer

text: Battlefield

text: Highway

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: designated

text: SD

text: Canada (French: ) is a country in the northern half of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering , making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Canada's border with the United States is the world's longest land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. About four-fifths of the country's population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, its largest city is Toronto; other major urban areas include Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg and Hamilton.

text: Canada

text: French

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: half

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: Its

text: ten

text: provinces

text: and

text: three

text: territories

text: extend

text: from

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: to

text: the

text: Pacific

text: and

text: northward

text: into

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: covering

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: Canada

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: longest

text: land

text: border

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: cold

text: or

text: severely

text: cold

text: winter

text: climate

text: but

text: southerly

text: areas

text: are

text: warm

text: in

text: summer

text: Canada

text: is

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: its

text: land

text: territory

text: being

text: dominated

text: by

text: forest

text: and

text: tundra

text: and

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: About

text: four

text: fifths

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: urbanized

text: and

text: live

text: near

text: the

text: southern

text: border

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Ottawa

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Toronto

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Montreal

text: Vancouver

text: Calgary

text: Edmonton

text: Quebec

text: City

text: Winnipeg

text: and

text: Hamilton

text: Interstate 35 (IH-35 or I-35) is a major northsouth Interstate Highway in the central United States. I-35 stretches from Laredo, Texas, on the AmericanMexican border to Duluth, Minnesota, at Minnesota Highway 61 (London Road) and 26th Avenue East. Many Interstate Highways formerly had splits or spurs indicated with suffixed letters (N/S/E/W), and I-35 was the only one that still had such divisions, before the recent opening of I-69C, I-69E, and I-69W in South Texas. In two stretches, both through twin cities, the highway splits into Interstate 35Eat Dallas and at Saint Paul, Minnesotaand Interstate 35Wat Fort Worth, Texas, and at Minneapolis.

text: Interstate

text: or

text: is

text: major

text: northsouth

text: Interstate

text: Highway

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: United

text: States

text: stretches

text: from

text: Laredo

text: Texas

text: on

text: the

text: AmericanMexican

text: border

text: to

text: Duluth

text: Minnesota

text: at

text: Minnesota

text: Highway

text: London

text: Road

text: and

text: Avenue

text: East

text: Many

text: Interstate

text: Highways

text: formerly

text: had

text: splits

text: or

text: spurs

text: indicated

text: with

text: suffixed

text: letters

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: that

text: still

text: had

text: such

text: divisions

text: before

text: the

text: recent

text: opening

text: of

text: and

text: in

text: South

text: Texas

text: In

text: two

text: stretches

text: both

text: through

text: twin

text: cities

text: the

text: highway

text: splits

text: into

text: Interstate

text: Dallas

text: and

text: at

text: Saint

text: Paul

text: Minnesotaand

text: Interstate

text: Fort

text: Worth

text: Texas

text: and

text: at

text: Minneapolis

text: Manitoba is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada. It is one of the three prairie provinces (with Alberta and Saskatchewan) and Canada's fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.3 million people. Manitoba covers with a widely varied landscape. The province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west, the territories of Nunavut to the north, and Northwest Territories to the northwest, and the US states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south.

text: Manitoba

text: is

text: province

text: at

text: the

text: longitudinal

text: centre

text: of

text: Canada

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: prairie

text: provinces

text: with

text: Alberta

text: and

text: Saskatchewan

text: and

text: Canada

text: 's

text: fifth

text: most

text: populous

text: province

text: with

text: its

text: estimated

text: million

text: people

text: Manitoba

text: covers

text: with

text: widely

text: varied

text: landscape

text: The

text: province

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: provinces

text: of

text: Ontario

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Saskatchewan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: territories

text: of

text: Nunavut

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Northwest

text: Territories

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: the

text: US

text: states

text: of

text: North

text: Dakota

text: and

text: Minnesota

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Provincial Trunk Highway 75 (PTH 75, also officially known as the Lord Selkirk Highway) is the main highway from Winnipeg, Manitoba, to the CanadaU.S. border, where it connects with Interstate 29.

text: Provincial

text: Trunk

text: Highway

text: PTH

text: also

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Lord

text: Selkirk

text: Highway

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: highway

text: from

text: Winnipeg

text: Manitoba

text: to

text: the

text: CanadaU.S.

text: border

text: where

text: it

text: connects

text: with

text: Interstate

text: Interstate 70 (I-70) is a major Interstate Highway in the United States that runs from I-15 near Cove Fort, Utah to I-695 near Baltimore, Maryland. I-70 approximately traces the path of U.S. Route 40 (US 40, the old National Road) east of the Rocky Mountains. West of the Rockies, the route of I-70 was derived from multiple sources. The Interstate runs through many major cities that include Denver, Kansas City, St. Louis, Indianapolis, Columbus, Pittsburgh and Baltimore.

text: Interstate

text: is

text: major

text: Interstate

text: Highway

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: that

text: runs

text: from

text: near

text: Cove

text: Fort

text: Utah

text: to

text: near

text: Baltimore

text: Maryland

text: approximately

text: traces

text: the

text: path

text: of

text: U.S.

text: Route

text: US

text: the

text: old

text: National

text: Road

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: West

text: of

text: the

text: Rockies

text: the

text: route

text: of

text: was

text: derived

text: from

text: multiple

text: sources

text: The

text: Interstate

text: runs

text: through

text: many

text: major

text: cities

text: that

text: include

text: Denver

text: Kansas

text: City

text: St.

text: Louis

text: Indianapolis

text: Columbus

text: Pittsburgh

text: and

text: Baltimore

annotations: likely single

question: instance_of south dakota highway 115

answer: road

text: road

text: road


text: Nueva Ecija (: 034900000) is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is the city of Palayan. Nueva Ecija borders, from the south clockwise, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya and Aurora.

text: Nueva

text: Ecija

text: is

text: landlocked

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Central

text: Luzon

text: region

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Palayan

text: Nueva

text: Ecija

text: borders

text: from

text: the

text: south

text: clockwise

text: Bulacan

text: Pampanga

text: Tarlac

text: Pangasinan

text: Nueva

text: Vizcaya

text: and

text: Aurora

text: Central Luzon , designated as Region III, is an administrative region in the Philippines, primarily serving to organize the 7 provinces of the vast central plains of the island of Luzon (the largest island), for administrative convenience. The region contains the largest plain in the country and produces most of the country's rice supply, earning itself the nickname "Rice Granary of the Philippines". Its provinces are: Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac and Zambales.

text: Central

text: Luzon

text: designated

text: as

text: Region

text: III

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: primarily

text: serving

text: to

text: organize

text: the

text: provinces

text: of

text: the

text: vast

text: central

text: plains

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Luzon

text: the

text: largest

text: island

text: for

text: administrative

text: convenience

text: The

text: region

text: contains

text: the

text: largest

text: plain

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: produces

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: rice

text: supply

text: earning

text: itself

text: the

text: nickname

text: Rice

text: Granary

text: of

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Its

text: provinces

text: are

text: Aurora

text: Bataan

text: Bulacan

text: Nueva

text: Ecija

text: Pampanga

text: Tarlac

text: and

text: Zambales

text: Zambales is a province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region in the island of Luzon. Its capital is Iba. Zambales borders Pangasinan to the north, Tarlac and Pampanga to the east, Bataan to the south and the South China Sea to the west. With a land area of , Zambales is the second largest among the seven provinces of Central Luzon. The province is noted for its mangoes, which are abundant from January to April.

text: Zambales

text: is

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Central

text: Luzon

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Luzon

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Iba

text: Zambales

text: borders

text: Pangasinan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Tarlac

text: and

text: Pampanga

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Bataan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: With

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: Zambales

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: among

text: the

text: seven

text: provinces

text: of

text: Central

text: Luzon

text: The

text: province

text: is

text: noted

text: for

text: its

text: mangoes

text: which

text: are

text: abundant

text: from

text: January

text: to

text: April

text: Manila (or ), officially City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines.

text: Manila

text: or

text: officially

text: City

text: of

text: Manila

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Ilocos Sur is a province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region in Luzon. Vigan City, located on the mouth of the Mestizo River is the provincial capital. Ilocos Sur is bordered by Ilocos Norte and Abra to the north, Mountain Province to the east, La Union and Benguet to the south and the South China Sea to the west.

text: Ilocos

text: Sur

text: is

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Ilocos

text: Region

text: in

text: Luzon

text: Vigan

text: City

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: Mestizo

text: River

text: is

text: the

text: provincial

text: capital

text: Ilocos

text: Sur

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Ilocos

text: Norte

text: and

text: Abra

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Mountain

text: Province

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: La

text: Union

text: and

text: Benguet

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Cervantes is a fourth class municipality in the province of Ilocos Sur, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 16,573 people.

text: Cervantes

text: is

text: fourth

text: class

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Ilocos

text: Sur

text: Philippines

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: it

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: people

text: The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. Bounded by the South China Sea on the west, the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest, the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Vietnam to the west, Palau to the east and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south.

text: The

text: Philippines

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Philippines

text: is

text: sovereign

text: island

text: country

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: about

text: islands

text: that

text: are

text: categorized

text: broadly

text: under

text: three

text: main

text: geographical

text: divisions

text: from

text: north

text: to

text: south

text: Luzon

text: Visayas

text: and

text: Mindanao

text: The

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Philippines

text: is

text: Manila

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: is

text: Quezon

text: City

text: both

text: part

text: of

text: Metro

text: Manila

text: Bounded

text: by

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Philippine

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Celebes

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: the

text: Philippines

text: shares

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: Taiwan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Vietnam

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Palau

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Tarlac  is a landlocked province located in the Central Luzon region in the Philippines. It is bounded on the north by the province of Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija on the east, Zambales on the west and Pampanga in the south. The province comprises three congressional districts and is subdivided into 17 municipalities and one city, Tarlac City, which is the provincial capital.

text: Tarlac

text: is

text: landlocked

text: province

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Central

text: Luzon

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Pangasinan

text: Nueva

text: Ecija

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: Zambales

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Pampanga

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: province

text: comprises

text: three

text: congressional

text: districts

text: and

text: is

text: subdivided

text: into

text: municipalities

text: and

text: one

text: city

text: Tarlac

text: City

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: provincial

text: capital

text: Manila Bay is a natural harbour which serves the Port of Manila (on Luzon), in the Philippines. Strategically located around the capital city of the Philippines, Manila Bay facilitated commerce and trade between the Philippines and its neighbouring countries, becoming the gateway for socio-economic development even prior to Spanish occupation. With an area of , and a coastline of , Manila Bay is situated in the western part of Luzon and is bounded by Cavite and Metro Manila on the east, Bulacan and Pampanga on the north, and Bataan on the west and northwest. Manila Bay drains approximately of watershed area, with the Pampanga River contributing about 49% of the freshwater influx. With an average depth of , it is estimated to have a total volume of 28.9 billion cubic metres (28.9 cubic km). Entrance to the bay is wide and expands to a width of . However, width of the bay varies from at its mouth and expanding to at its widest point.

text: Manila

text: Bay

text: is

text: natural

text: harbour

text: which

text: serves

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: Manila

text: on

text: Luzon

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Strategically

text: located

text: around

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Manila

text: Bay

text: facilitated

text: commerce

text: and

text: trade

text: between

text: the

text: Philippines

text: and

text: its

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: becoming

text: the

text: gateway

text: for

text: socio

text: economic

text: development

text: even

text: prior

text: to

text: Spanish

text: occupation

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: coastline

text: of

text: Manila

text: Bay

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: Luzon

text: and

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: Cavite

text: and

text: Metro

text: Manila

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: Bulacan

text: and

text: Pampanga

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Bataan

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: northwest

text: Manila

text: Bay

text: drains

text: approximately

text: of

text: watershed

text: area

text: with

text: the

text: Pampanga

text: River

text: contributing

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: freshwater

text: influx

text: With

text: an

text: average

text: depth

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: have

text: total

text: volume

text: of

text: billion

text: cubic

text: metres

text: cubic

text: km

text: Entrance

text: to

text: the

text: bay

text: is

text: wide

text: and

text: expands

text: to

text: width

text: of

text: However

text: width

text: of

text: the

text: bay

text: varies

text: from

text: at

text: its

text: mouth

text: and

text: expanding

text: to

text: at

text: its

text: widest

text: point

text: Alma Moreno ( born Vanessa Moreno Lacsamana on May 25 , 1959 ) is a Filipina actress and politician . She was born in Cervantes , Ilocos Sur to Frank Lacsamana , from Pampanga , and Jean Moreno .

text: Alma

text: Moreno

text: born

text: Vanessa

text: Moreno

text: Lacsamana

text: on

text: May

text: is

text: Filipina

text: actress

text: and

text: politician

text: She

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Cervantes

text: Ilocos

text: Sur

text: to

text: Frank

text: Lacsamana

text: from

text: Pampanga

text: and

text: Jean

text: Moreno

text: Pampanga or "Pampaga" is a province in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. Lying on the northern shore of Manila Bay, Pampanga is bordered by Tarlac to the north, Nueva Ecija to the northeast, Bulacan to the east, the Manila Bay to the central-south, Bataan to the southwest and Zambales to the west. Its capital is the City of San Fernando. Angeles City, while geographically within Pampanga, is classified as a first-class, highly urbanized city and is governed independently of the province.

text: Pampanga

text: or

text: Pampaga

text: is

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: Central

text: Luzon

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Lying

text: on

text: the

text: northern

text: shore

text: of

text: Manila

text: Bay

text: Pampanga

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Tarlac

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Nueva

text: Ecija

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Bulacan

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Manila

text: Bay

text: to

text: the

text: central

text: south

text: Bataan

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: Zambales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: San

text: Fernando

text: Angeles

text: City

text: while

text: geographically

text: within

text: Pampanga

text: is

text: classified

text: as

text: first

text: class

text: highly

text: urbanized

text: city

text: and

text: is

text: governed

text: independently

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: Bataan is a province situated in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. Its capital is the City of Balanga. Occupying the entire Bataan Peninsula on Luzon, Bataan is bordered by the provinces of Zambales and Pampanga to the north. The peninsula faces the South China Sea to the west and Subic Bay to the north-west, and encloses Manila Bay to the east.

text: Bataan

text: is

text: province

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: Central

text: Luzon

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Balanga

text: Occupying

text: the

text: entire

text: Bataan

text: Peninsula

text: on

text: Luzon

text: Bataan

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: provinces

text: of

text: Zambales

text: and

text: Pampanga

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: The

text: peninsula

text: faces

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Subic

text: Bay

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: west

text: and

text: encloses

text: Manila

text: Bay

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Bulacan (PSGC: 031400000) is a province in the Philippines, located in the Central Luzon Region (Region III) in the island of Luzon, north of Manila (the nation's capital), and part of the Metro Luzon Urban Beltway Super Region. Bulacan was established on August 15, 1578.

text: Bulacan

text: PSGC

text: is

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Central

text: Luzon

text: Region

text: Region

text: III

text: in

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Luzon

text: north

text: of

text: Manila

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Metro

text: Luzon

text: Urban

text: Beltway

text: Super

text: Region

text: Bulacan

text: was

text: established

text: on

text: August

question: country_of_citizenship alma moreno

answer: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines

text: philippines