text:
Malnutrition or malnourishment is a condition that results from eating a diet in which nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems. It may involve calories, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins or minerals. Not enough nutrients is called undernutrition or undernourishment while too much is called overnutrition. Malnutrition is often used specifically to refer to undernutrition where there is not enough calories, protein, or micronutrients. If undernutrition occurs during pregnancy, or before two years of age, it may result in permanent problems with physical and mental development. Extreme undernourishment, known as starvation, may have symptoms that include: a short height, thin body, very poor energy levels, and swollen legs and abdomen. People also often get infections and are frequently cold. The symptoms of micronutrient deficiencies depend on the micronutrient that is lacking.
Undernourishment is most often due to not enough high-quality food being available to eat. This is often related to high food prices and poverty. A lack of breastfeeding may contribute, as may a number of infectious diseases such as: gastroenteritis, pneumonia, malaria, and measles, which increase nutrient requirements. There are two main types of undernutrition: protein-energy malnutrition and dietary deficiencies. Protein-energy malnutrition has two severe forms: marasmus (a lack of protein and calories) and kwashiorkor (a lack of just protein). Common micronutrient deficiencies include: a lack of iron, iodine, and vitamin A. During pregnancy, due to the body's increased need, deficiencies may become more common. In some developing countries, overnutrition in the form of obesity is beginning to present within the same communities as undernutrition. Other causes of malnutrition include anorexia nervosa and bariatric surgery.
Efforts to improve nutrition are some of the most effective forms of development aid. Breastfeeding can reduce rates of malnutrition and death in children, and efforts to promote the practice increase the rates of breastfeeding. In young children, providing food (in addition to breastmilk) between six months and two years of age improves outcomes. There is also good evidence supporting the supplementation of a number of micronutrients to women during pregnancy and among young children in the developing world. To get food to people who need it most, both delivering food and providing money so people can buy food within local markets are effective. Simply feeding students at school is insufficient. Management of severe malnutrition within the person's home with ready-to-use therapeutic foods is possible much of the time. In those who have severe malnutrition complicated by other health problems, treatment in a hospital setting is recommended. This often involves managing low blood sugar and body temperature, addressing dehydration, and gradual feeding. Routine antibiotics are usually recommended due to the high risk of infection. Longer-term measures include: improving agricultural practices, reducing poverty, improving sanitation, and the empowerment of women.
There were 793 million undernourished people in the world in 2015 (13% of the total population). This is a reduction of 216 million people since 1990 when 23% were undernourished. In 2012 it was estimated that another billion people had a lack of vitamins and minerals. In 2013, protein-energy malnutrition was estimated to have resulted in 469,000 deathsdown from 510,000 deaths in 1990. Other nutritional deficiencies, which include iodine deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, result in another 84,000 deaths. In 2010, malnutrition was the cause of 1.4% of all disability adjusted life years. About a third of deaths in children are believed to be due to undernutrition, although the deaths are rarely labelled as such. In 2010, it was estimated to have contributed to about 1.5 million deaths in women and children, though some estimate the number may be greater than 3 million. An additional 165 million children were estimated to have stunted growth from malnutrition in 2013. Undernutrition is more common in developing countries. Certain groups have higher rates of undernutrition, including womenin particular while pregnant or breastfeedingchildren under five years of age, and the elderly. In the elderly, undernutrition becomes more common due to physical, psychological, and social factors.

text: Malnutrition

text: or

text: malnourishment

text: is

text: condition

text: that

text: results

text: from

text: eating

text: diet

text: in

text: which

text: nutrients

text: are

text: either

text: not

text: enough

text: or

text: are

text: too

text: much

text: such

text: that

text: the

text: diet

text: causes

text: health

text: problems

text: It

text: may

text: involve

text: calories

text: protein

text: carbohydrates

text: vitamins

text: or

text: minerals

text: Not

text: enough

text: nutrients

text: is

text: called

text: undernutrition

text: or

text: undernourishment

text: while

text: too

text: much

text: is

text: called

text: overnutrition

text: Malnutrition

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: specifically

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: undernutrition

text: where

text: there

text: is

text: not

text: enough

text: calories

text: protein

text: or

text: micronutrients

text: If

text: undernutrition

text: occurs

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: or

text: before

text: two

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: it

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: permanent

text: problems

text: with

text: physical

text: and

text: mental

text: development

text: Extreme

text: undernourishment

text: known

text: as

text: starvation

text: may

text: have

text: symptoms

text: that

text: include

text: short

text: height

text: thin

text: body

text: very

text: poor

text: energy

text: levels

text: and

text: swollen

text: legs

text: and

text: abdomen

text: People

text: also

text: often

text: get

text: infections

text: and

text: are

text: frequently

text: cold

text: The

text: symptoms

text: of

text: micronutrient

text: deficiencies

text: depend

text: on

text: the

text: micronutrient

text: that

text: is

text: lacking

text: Undernourishment

text: is

text: most

text: often

text: due

text: to

text: not

text: enough

text: high

text: quality

text: food

text: being

text: available

text: to

text: eat

text: This

text: is

text: often

text: related

text: to

text: high

text: food

text: prices

text: and

text: poverty

text: lack

text: of

text: breastfeeding

text: may

text: contribute

text: as

text: may

text: number

text: of

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: gastroenteritis

text: pneumonia

text: malaria

text: and

text: measles

text: which

text: increase

text: nutrient

text: requirements

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: undernutrition

text: protein

text: energy

text: malnutrition

text: and

text: dietary

text: deficiencies

text: Protein

text: energy

text: malnutrition

text: has

text: two

text: severe

text: forms

text: marasmus

text: lack

text: of

text: protein

text: and

text: calories

text: and

text: kwashiorkor

text: lack

text: of

text: just

text: protein

text: Common

text: micronutrient

text: deficiencies

text: include

text: lack

text: of

text: iron

text: iodine

text: and

text: vitamin

text: During

text: pregnancy

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: increased

text: need

text: deficiencies

text: may

text: become

text: more

text: common

text: In

text: some

text: developing

text: countries

text: overnutrition

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: obesity

text: is

text: beginning

text: to

text: present

text: within

text: the

text: same

text: communities

text: as

text: undernutrition

text: Other

text: causes

text: of

text: malnutrition

text: include

text: anorexia

text: nervosa

text: and

text: bariatric

text: surgery

text: Efforts

text: to

text: improve

text: nutrition

text: are

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: effective

text: forms

text: of

text: development

text: aid

text: Breastfeeding

text: can

text: reduce

text: rates

text: of

text: malnutrition

text: and

text: death

text: in

text: children

text: and

text: efforts

text: to

text: promote

text: the

text: practice

text: increase

text: the

text: rates

text: of

text: breastfeeding

text: In

text: young

text: children

text: providing

text: food

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: breastmilk

text: between

text: six

text: months

text: and

text: two

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: improves

text: outcomes

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: good

text: evidence

text: supporting

text: the

text: supplementation

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: micronutrients

text: to

text: women

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: and

text: among

text: young

text: children

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: To

text: get

text: food

text: to

text: people

text: who

text: need

text: it

text: most

text: both

text: delivering

text: food

text: and

text: providing

text: money

text: so

text: people

text: can

text: buy

text: food

text: within

text: local

text: markets

text: are

text: effective

text: Simply

text: feeding

text: students

text: at

text: school

text: is

text: insufficient

text: Management

text: of

text: severe

text: malnutrition

text: within

text: the

text: person

text: 's

text: home

text: with

text: ready

text: to

text: use

text: therapeutic

text: foods

text: is

text: possible

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: In

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: severe

text: malnutrition

text: complicated

text: by

text: other

text: health

text: problems

text: treatment

text: in

text: hospital

text: setting

text: is

text: recommended

text: This

text: often

text: involves

text: managing

text: low

text: blood

text: sugar

text: and

text: body

text: temperature

text: addressing

text: dehydration

text: and

text: gradual

text: feeding

text: Routine

text: antibiotics

text: are

text: usually

text: recommended

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: high

text: risk

text: of

text: infection

text: Longer

text: term

text: measures

text: include

text: improving

text: agricultural

text: practices

text: reducing

text: poverty

text: improving

text: sanitation

text: and

text: the

text: empowerment

text: of

text: women

text: There

text: were

text: million

text: undernourished

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: population

text: This

text: is

text: reduction

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: since

text: when

text: were

text: undernourished

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: estimated

text: that

text: another

text: billion

text: people

text: had

text: lack

text: of

text: vitamins

text: and

text: minerals

text: In

text: protein

text: energy

text: malnutrition

text: was

text: estimated

text: to

text: have

text: resulted

text: in

text: deathsdown

text: from

text: deaths

text: in

text: Other

text: nutritional

text: deficiencies

text: which

text: include

text: iodine

text: deficiency

text: and

text: iron

text: deficiency

text: anemia

text: result

text: in

text: another

text: deaths

text: In

text: malnutrition

text: was

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: of

text: all

text: disability

text: adjusted

text: life

text: years

text: About

text: third

text: of

text: deaths

text: in

text: children

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: undernutrition

text: although

text: the

text: deaths

text: are

text: rarely

text: labelled

text: as

text: such

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: estimated

text: to

text: have

text: contributed

text: to

text: about

text: million

text: deaths

text: in

text: women

text: and

text: children

text: though

text: some

text: estimate

text: the

text: number

text: may

text: be

text: greater

text: than

text: million

text: An

text: additional

text: million

text: children

text: were

text: estimated

text: to

text: have

text: stunted

text: growth

text: from

text: malnutrition

text: in

text: Undernutrition

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: Certain

text: groups

text: have

text: higher

text: rates

text: of

text: undernutrition

text: including

text: womenin

text: particular

text: while

text: pregnant

text: or

text: breastfeedingchildren

text: under

text: five

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: and

text: the

text: elderly

text: In

text: the

text: elderly

text: undernutrition

text: becomes

text: more

text: common

text: due

text: to

text: physical

text: psychological

text: and

text: social

text: factors

text:
Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis is the condition that occurs due to excessive thyroid hormone of any cause and therefore includes hyperthyroidism. Some, however, use the terms interchangeably. Signs and symptoms vary between people and may include irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems, a fast heartbeat, heat intolerance, diarrhea, enlargement of the thyroid, and weight loss. Symptoms are typically less in the old and during pregnancy. An uncommon complication is thyroid storm in which an event such as an infection results in worsening symptoms such as confusion and a high temperature and often results in death. The opposite is hypothyroidism, when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.
Graves' disease is the cause of about 50% to 80% of the cases of hyperthyroidism in the United States. Other causes include multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, inflammation of the thyroid, eating too much iodine, and too much synthetic thyroid hormone. A less common cause is a pituitary adenoma. The diagnosis may be suspected based on signs and symptoms and then confirmed with blood tests. Typically blood tests show a low thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and raised T or T. Radioiodine uptake by the thyroid, thyroid scan, and TSI antibodies may help determine the cause.
Treatment depends partly on the cause and severity of disease. There are three main treatment options: radioiodine therapy, medications, and thyroid surgery. Radioiodine therapy involves taking iodine-131 by mouth which is then concentrated in and destroys the thyroid over weeks to months. The resulting hypothyroidism is treated with synthetic thyroid hormone. Medications such as beta blockers may control the symptoms, and anti-thyroid medications such as methimazole may temporarily help people while other treatments are having effect. Surgery to remove the thyroid is another option. This may be used in those with very large thyroids or when cancer is a concern. In the United States hyperthyroidism affects about 1.2% of the population. It occurs between two and ten times more often in women. Onset is commonly between 20 and 50 years of age. Overall the disease is more common in those over the age of 60 years.

text: Hyperthyroidism

text: is

text: the

text: condition

text: that

text: occurs

text: due

text: to

text: excessive

text: production

text: of

text: thyroid

text: hormone

text: by

text: the

text: thyroid

text: gland

text: Thyrotoxicosis

text: is

text: the

text: condition

text: that

text: occurs

text: due

text: to

text: excessive

text: thyroid

text: hormone

text: of

text: any

text: cause

text: and

text: therefore

text: includes

text: hyperthyroidism

text: Some

text: however

text: use

text: the

text: terms

text: interchangeably

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: vary

text: between

text: people

text: and

text: may

text: include

text: irritability

text: muscle

text: weakness

text: sleeping

text: problems

text: fast

text: heartbeat

text: heat

text: intolerance

text: diarrhea

text: enlargement

text: of

text: the

text: thyroid

text: and

text: weight

text: loss

text: Symptoms

text: are

text: typically

text: less

text: in

text: the

text: old

text: and

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: An

text: uncommon

text: complication

text: is

text: thyroid

text: storm

text: in

text: which

text: an

text: event

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: infection

text: results

text: in

text: worsening

text: symptoms

text: such

text: as

text: confusion

text: and

text: high

text: temperature

text: and

text: often

text: results

text: in

text: death

text: The

text: opposite

text: is

text: hypothyroidism

text: when

text: the

text: thyroid

text: gland

text: does

text: not

text: make

text: enough

text: thyroid

text: hormone

text: Graves

text: disease

text: is

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: about

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: cases

text: of

text: hyperthyroidism

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Other

text: causes

text: include

text: multinodular

text: goiter

text: toxic

text: adenoma

text: inflammation

text: of

text: the

text: thyroid

text: eating

text: too

text: much

text: iodine

text: and

text: too

text: much

text: synthetic

text: thyroid

text: hormone

text: less

text: common

text: cause

text: is

text: pituitary

text: adenoma

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: may

text: be

text: suspected

text: based

text: on

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: and

text: then

text: confirmed

text: with

text: blood

text: tests

text: Typically

text: blood

text: tests

text: show

text: low

text: thyroid

text: stimulating

text: hormone

text: TSH

text: and

text: raised

text: or

text: Radioiodine

text: uptake

text: by

text: the

text: thyroid

text: thyroid

text: scan

text: and

text: TSI

text: antibodies

text: may

text: help

text: determine

text: the

text: cause

text: Treatment

text: depends

text: partly

text: on

text: the

text: cause

text: and

text: severity

text: of

text: disease

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: main

text: treatment

text: options

text: radioiodine

text: therapy

text: medications

text: and

text: thyroid

text: surgery

text: Radioiodine

text: therapy

text: involves

text: taking

text: by

text: mouth

text: which

text: is

text: then

text: concentrated

text: in

text: and

text: destroys

text: the

text: thyroid

text: over

text: weeks

text: to

text: months

text: The

text: resulting

text: hypothyroidism

text: is

text: treated

text: with

text: synthetic

text: thyroid

text: hormone

text: Medications

text: such

text: as

text: beta

text: blockers

text: may

text: control

text: the

text: symptoms

text: and

text: anti

text: thyroid

text: medications

text: such

text: as

text: methimazole

text: may

text: temporarily

text: help

text: people

text: while

text: other

text: treatments

text: are

text: having

text: effect

text: Surgery

text: to

text: remove

text: the

text: thyroid

text: is

text: another

text: option

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: very

text: large

text: thyroids

text: or

text: when

text: cancer

text: is

text: concern

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: hyperthyroidism

text: affects

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: It

text: occurs

text: between

text: two

text: and

text: ten

text: times

text: more

text: often

text: in

text: women

text: Onset

text: is

text: commonly

text: between

text: and

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: Overall

text: the

text: disease

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: those

text: over

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: years

text:
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce. Infectious disease, also known as transmissible disease or communicable disease, is illness resulting from an infection.
Infections are caused by infectious agents including viruses, viroids, prions, bacteria, nematodes such as parasitic roundworms and pinworms, arthropods such as ticks, mites, fleas, and lice, fungi such as ringworm, and other macroparasites such as tapeworms and other helminths.

text: Infection

text: is

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: 's

text: body

text: tissues

text: by

text: disease

text: causing

text: agents

text: their

text: multiplication

text: and

text: the

text: reaction

text: of

text: host

text: tissues

text: to

text: these

text: organisms

text: and

text: the

text: toxins

text: they

text: produce

text: Infectious

text: disease

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: transmissible

text: disease

text: or

text: communicable

text: disease

text: is

text: illness

text: resulting

text: from

text: an

text: infection

text: Infections

text: are

text: caused

text: by

text: infectious

text: agents

text: including

text: viruses

text: viroids

text: prions

text: bacteria

text: nematodes

text: such

text: as

text: parasitic

text: roundworms

text: and

text: pinworms

text: arthropods

text: such

text: as

text: ticks

text: mites

text: fleas

text: and

text: lice

text: fungi

text: such

text: as

text: ringworm

text: and

text: other

text: macroparasites

text: such

text: as

text: tapeworms

text: and

text: other

text: helminths

text:
Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Often it is in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat, or feeling tired. About 30% of people have atypical symptoms, with women more likely than men to present atypically. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. An MI may cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat (including serious types), cardiogenic shock, or cardiac arrest.
Most MIs occur due to coronary artery disease. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol intake, among others. The mechanism of an MI often involves the complete blockage of a coronary artery caused by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque. MIs are less commonly caused by coronary artery spasms, which may be due to cocaine, significant emotional stress, and extreme cold, among others. A number of tests are useful to help with diagnosis, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests, and coronary angiography. An ECG may confirm an ST elevation MI if ST elevation is present. Commonly used blood tests include troponin and less often creatine kinase MB.
Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI. Nitroglycerin or opioids may be used to help with chest pain; however, they do not improve overall outcomes. Supplemental oxygen should be used in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath. In ST elevation MIs treatments which attempt to restore blood flow to the heart are typically recommended and include angioplasty, where the arteries are pushed open, or thrombolysis, where the blockage is removed using medications. People who have a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) are often managed with the blood thinner heparin, with the additional use of angioplasty in those at high risk. In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes, bypass surgery (CABG) may be recommended rather than angioplasty. After an MI, lifestyle modifications, along with long term treatment with aspirin, beta blockers, and statins, are typically recommended.
Worldwide, about 8.6 million myocardial infarctions occurred in 2013. More than 3 million people had an ST elevation MI and more than 4 million had an NSTEMI. STEMIs occur about twice as often in men as women. About one million people have an MI each year in the United States. In the developed world the risk of death in those who have had an STEMI is about 10%. Rates of MI for a given age have decreased globally between 1990 and 2010.

text: Myocardial

text: infarction

text: MI

text: or

text: acute

text: myocardial

text: infarction

text: AMI

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: heart

text: attack

text: occurs

text: when

text: blood

text: flow

text: stops

text: to

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: causing

text: damage

text: to

text: the

text: heart

text: muscle

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: symptom

text: is

text: chest

text: pain

text: or

text: discomfort

text: which

text: may

text: travel

text: into

text: the

text: shoulder

text: arm

text: back

text: neck

text: or

text: jaw

text: Often

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: or

text: left

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: chest

text: and

text: lasts

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: few

text: minutes

text: The

text: discomfort

text: may

text: occasionally

text: feel

text: like

text: heartburn

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: nausea

text: feeling

text: faint

text: cold

text: sweat

text: or

text: feeling

text: tired

text: About

text: of

text: people

text: have

text: atypical

text: symptoms

text: with

text: women

text: more

text: likely

text: than

text: men

text: to

text: present

text: atypically

text: Among

text: those

text: over

text: years

text: old

text: about

text: have

text: had

text: an

text: MI

text: with

text: little

text: or

text: no

text: history

text: of

text: symptoms

text: An

text: MI

text: may

text: cause

text: heart

text: failure

text: an

text: irregular

text: heartbeat

text: including

text: serious

text: types

text: cardiogenic

text: shock

text: or

text: cardiac

text: arrest

text: Most

text: MIs

text: occur

text: due

text: to

text: coronary

text: artery

text: disease

text: Risk

text: factors

text: include

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: smoking

text: diabetes

text: lack

text: of

text: exercise

text: obesity

text: high

text: blood

text: cholesterol

text: poor

text: diet

text: and

text: excessive

text: alcohol

text: intake

text: among

text: others

text: The

text: mechanism

text: of

text: an

text: MI

text: often

text: involves

text: the

text: complete

text: blockage

text: of

text: coronary

text: artery

text: caused

text: by

text: rupture

text: of

text: an

text: atherosclerotic

text: plaque

text: MIs

text: are

text: less

text: commonly

text: caused

text: by

text: coronary

text: artery

text: spasms

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: cocaine

text: significant

text: emotional

text: stress

text: and

text: extreme

text: cold

text: among

text: others

text: number

text: of

text: tests

text: are

text: useful

text: to

text: help

text: with

text: diagnosis

text: including

text: electrocardiograms

text: ECGs

text: blood

text: tests

text: and

text: coronary

text: angiography

text: An

text: ECG

text: may

text: confirm

text: an

text: ST

text: elevation

text: MI

text: if

text: ST

text: elevation

text: is

text: present

text: Commonly

text: used

text: blood

text: tests

text: include

text: troponin

text: and

text: less

text: often

text: creatine

text: kinase

text: MB

text: Aspirin

text: is

text: an

text: appropriate

text: immediate

text: treatment

text: for

text: suspected

text: MI

text: Nitroglycerin

text: or

text: opioids

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: help

text: with

text: chest

text: pain

text: however

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: improve

text: overall

text: outcomes

text: Supplemental

text: oxygen

text: should

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: low

text: oxygen

text: levels

text: or

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: In

text: ST

text: elevation

text: MIs

text: treatments

text: which

text: attempt

text: to

text: restore

text: blood

text: flow

text: to

text: the

text: heart

text: are

text: typically

text: recommended

text: and

text: include

text: angioplasty

text: where

text: the

text: arteries

text: are

text: pushed

text: open

text: or

text: thrombolysis

text: where

text: the

text: blockage

text: is

text: removed

text: using

text: medications

text: People

text: who

text: have

text: non

text: ST

text: elevation

text: myocardial

text: infarction

text: NSTEMI

text: are

text: often

text: managed

text: with

text: the

text: blood

text: thinner

text: heparin

text: with

text: the

text: additional

text: use

text: of

text: angioplasty

text: in

text: those

text: at

text: high

text: risk

text: In

text: people

text: with

text: blockages

text: of

text: multiple

text: coronary

text: arteries

text: and

text: diabetes

text: bypass

text: surgery

text: CABG

text: may

text: be

text: recommended

text: rather

text: than

text: angioplasty

text: After

text: an

text: MI

text: lifestyle

text: modifications

text: along

text: with

text: long

text: term

text: treatment

text: with

text: aspirin

text: beta

text: blockers

text: and

text: statins

text: are

text: typically

text: recommended

text: Worldwide

text: about

text: million

text: myocardial

text: infarctions

text: occurred

text: in

text: More

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: had

text: an

text: ST

text: elevation

text: MI

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: had

text: an

text: NSTEMI

text: STEMIs

text: occur

text: about

text: twice

text: as

text: often

text: in

text: men

text: as

text: women

text: About

text: one

text: million

text: people

text: have

text: an

text: MI

text: each

text: year

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: In

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: death

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: had

text: an

text: STEMI

text: is

text: about

text: Rates

text: of

text: MI

text: for

text: given

text: age

text: have

text: decreased

text: globally

text: between

text: and

text:
In medicine, a pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of the heartbeat by trained fingertips. The pulse may be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be compressed against a bone, such as at the neck (carotid artery), on the inside of the elbow (brachial artery), at the wrist (radial artery), at the groin (femoral artery), behind the knee (popliteal artery), near the ankle joint (posterior tibial artery), and on foot (dorsalis pedis artery). Pulse (or the count of arterial pulse per minute) is equivalent to measuring the heart rate. The heart rate can also be measured by listening to the heart beat directly (auscultation), traditionally using a stethoscope and counting it for a minute. The radial pulse is commonly measured using three fingers. This has a reason: the finger closest to the heart is used to occlude the pulse pressure, the middle finger is used get a crude estimate of the blood pressure, and the finger most distal to the heart (usually the ring finger) is used to nullify the effect of the ulnar pulse as the two arteries are connected via the palmar arches (superficial and deep).
The study of the pulse is known as sphygmology.

text: In

text: medicine

text: pulse

text: represents

text: the

text: tactile

text: arterial

text: palpation

text: of

text: the

text: heartbeat

text: by

text: trained

text: fingertips

text: The

text: pulse

text: may

text: be

text: palpated

text: in

text: any

text: place

text: that

text: allows

text: an

text: artery

text: to

text: be

text: compressed

text: against

text: bone

text: such

text: as

text: at

text: the

text: neck

text: carotid

text: artery

text: on

text: the

text: inside

text: of

text: the

text: elbow

text: brachial

text: artery

text: at

text: the

text: wrist

text: radial

text: artery

text: at

text: the

text: groin

text: femoral

text: artery

text: behind

text: the

text: knee

text: popliteal

text: artery

text: near

text: the

text: ankle

text: joint

text: posterior

text: tibial

text: artery

text: and

text: on

text: foot

text: dorsalis

text: pedis

text: artery

text: Pulse

text: or

text: the

text: count

text: of

text: arterial

text: pulse

text: per

text: minute

text: is

text: equivalent

text: to

text: measuring

text: the

text: heart

text: rate

text: The

text: heart

text: rate

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: measured

text: by

text: listening

text: to

text: the

text: heart

text: beat

text: directly

text: auscultation

text: traditionally

text: using

text: stethoscope

text: and

text: counting

text: it

text: for

text: minute

text: The

text: radial

text: pulse

text: is

text: commonly

text: measured

text: using

text: three

text: fingers

text: This

text: has

text: reason

text: the

text: finger

text: closest

text: to

text: the

text: heart

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: occlude

text: the

text: pulse

text: pressure

text: the

text: middle

text: finger

text: is

text: used

text: get

text: crude

text: estimate

text: of

text: the

text: blood

text: pressure

text: and

text: the

text: finger

text: most

text: distal

text: to

text: the

text: heart

text: usually

text: the

text: ring

text: finger

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: nullify

text: the

text: effect

text: of

text: the

text: ulnar

text: pulse

text: as

text: the

text: two

text: arteries

text: are

text: connected

text: via

text: the

text: palmar

text: arches

text: superficial

text: and

text: deep

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: pulse

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: sphygmology

text: Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG*) is the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time using electrodes placed on the skin. These electrodes detect the tiny electrical changes on the skin that arise from the heart muscle's electrophysiologic pattern of depolarizing during each heartbeat. It is a very commonly performed cardiology test.

text: Electrocardiography

text: ECG

text: or

text: EKG

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: recording

text: the

text: electrical

text: activity

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: over

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: using

text: electrodes

text: placed

text: on

text: the

text: skin

text: These

text: electrodes

text: detect

text: the

text: tiny

text: electrical

text: changes

text: on

text: the

text: skin

text: that

text: arise

text: from

text: the

text: heart

text: muscle

text: 's

text: electrophysiologic

text: pattern

text: of

text: depolarizing

text: during

text: each

text: heartbeat

text: It

text: is

text: very

text: commonly

text: performed

text: cardiology

text: test

text:
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity and drinking alcohol. Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants. In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human papillomavirus (HPV). These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell. Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops. Approximately 510% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person's parents. Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests. It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy.
Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat, and avoiding too much sunlight exposure. Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer. The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial. Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Pain and symptom management are an important part of care. Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease. The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment. In children under 15 at diagnosis the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80%. For cancer in the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66%.
In 2012 about 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred globally (not including skin cancer other than melanoma). It caused about 8.2 million deaths or 14.6% of human deaths. The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer. In females, the most common types are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and cervical cancer. If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancers each year it would account for around 40% of cases. In children, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and brain tumors are most common except in Africa where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often. In 2012, about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer. The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries. Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world. The financial costs of cancer were estimated at $1.16 trillion US dollars per year as of 2010.
Definitions.
Cancers are a large family of diseases that involve abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. They form a subset of neoplasms. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely.

text: Cancer

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: diseases

text: involving

text: abnormal

text: cell

text: growth

text: with

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: invade

text: or

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Not

text: all

text: tumors

text: are

text: cancerous

text: benign

text: tumors

text: do

text: not

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Possible

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: include

text: lump

text: abnormal

text: bleeding

text: prolonged

text: cough

text: unexplained

text: weight

text: loss

text: and

text: change

text: in

text: bowel

text: movements

text: While

text: these

text: symptoms

text: may

text: indicate

text: cancer

text: they

text: may

text: have

text: other

text: causes

text: Over

text: types

text: of

text: cancers

text: affect

text: humans

text: Tobacco

text: use

text: is

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: cancer

text: deaths

text: Another

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: obesity

text: poor

text: diet

text: lack

text: of

text: physical

text: activity

text: and

text: drinking

text: alcohol

text: Other

text: factors

text: include

text: certain

text: infections

text: exposure

text: to

text: ionizing

text: radiation

text: and

text: environmental

text: pollutants

text: In

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: nearly

text: of

text: cancers

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: infections

text: such

text: as

text: hepatitis

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: human

text: papillomavirus

text: HPV

text: These

text: factors

text: act

text: at

text: least

text: partly

text: by

text: changing

text: the

text: genes

text: of

text: cell

text: Typically

text: many

text: genetic

text: changes

text: are

text: required

text: before

text: cancer

text: develops

text: Approximately

text: of

text: cancers

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: inherited

text: genetic

text: defects

text: from

text: person

text: 's

text: parents

text: Cancer

text: can

text: be

text: detected

text: by

text: certain

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: or

text: screening

text: tests

text: It

text: is

text: then

text: typically

text: further

text: investigated

text: by

text: medical

text: imaging

text: and

text: confirmed

text: by

text: biopsy

text: Many

text: cancers

text: can

text: be

text: prevented

text: by

text: not

text: smoking

text: maintaining

text: healthy

text: weight

text: not

text: drinking

text: too

text: much

text: alcohol

text: eating

text: plenty

text: of

text: vegetables

text: fruits

text: and

text: whole

text: grains

text: vaccination

text: against

text: certain

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: not

text: eating

text: too

text: much

text: processed

text: and

text: red

text: meat

text: and

text: avoiding

text: too

text: much

text: sunlight

text: exposure

text: Early

text: detection

text: through

text: screening

text: is

text: useful

text: for

text: cervical

text: and

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: The

text: benefits

text: of

text: screening

text: in

text: breast

text: cancer

text: are

text: controversial

text: Cancer

text: is

text: often

text: treated

text: with

text: some

text: combination

text: of

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: surgery

text: chemotherapy

text: and

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: Pain

text: and

text: symptom

text: management

text: are

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: care

text: Palliative

text: care

text: is

text: particularly

text: important

text: in

text: people

text: with

text: advanced

text: disease

text: The

text: chance

text: of

text: survival

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: cancer

text: and

text: extent

text: of

text: disease

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: treatment

text: In

text: children

text: under

text: at

text: diagnosis

text: the

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rate

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: is

text: on

text: average

text: For

text: cancer

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: average

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rate

text: is

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: of

text: cancer

text: occurred

text: globally

text: not

text: including

text: skin

text: cancer

text: other

text: than

text: melanoma

text: It

text: caused

text: about

text: million

text: deaths

text: or

text: of

text: human

text: deaths

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: of

text: cancer

text: in

text: males

text: are

text: lung

text: cancer

text: prostate

text: cancer

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: and

text: stomach

text: cancer

text: In

text: females

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: are

text: breast

text: cancer

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: lung

text: cancer

text: and

text: cervical

text: cancer

text: If

text: skin

text: cancer

text: other

text: than

text: melanoma

text: were

text: included

text: in

text: total

text: new

text: cancers

text: each

text: year

text: it

text: would

text: account

text: for

text: around

text: of

text: cases

text: In

text: children

text: acute

text: lymphoblastic

text: leukaemia

text: and

text: brain

text: tumors

text: are

text: most

text: common

text: except

text: in

text: Africa

text: where

text: non

text: Hodgkin

text: lymphoma

text: occurs

text: more

text: often

text: In

text: about

text: children

text: under

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: were

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: cancer

text: The

text: risk

text: of

text: cancer

text: increases

text: significantly

text: with

text: age

text: and

text: many

text: cancers

text: occur

text: more

text: commonly

text: in

text: developed

text: countries

text: Rates

text: are

text: increasing

text: as

text: more

text: people

text: live

text: to

text: an

text: old

text: age

text: and

text: as

text: lifestyle

text: changes

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: The

text: financial

text: costs

text: of

text: cancer

text: were

text: estimated

text: at

text: trillion

text: US

text: dollars

text: per

text: year

text: as

text: of

text: Definitions

text: Cancers

text: are

text: large

text: family

text: of

text: diseases

text: that

text: involve

text: abnormal

text: cell

text: growth

text: with

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: invade

text: or

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: They

text: form

text: subset

text: of

text: neoplasms

text: neoplasm

text: or

text: tumor

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: cells

text: that

text: have

text: undergone

text: unregulated

text: growth

text: and

text: will

text: often

text: form

text: mass

text: or

text: lump

text: but

text: may

text: be

text: distributed

text: diffusely

text:
Stroke is when poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. They result in part of the brain not functioning properly. Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include an inability to move or feel on one side of the body, problems understanding or speaking, feeling like the world is spinning, or loss of vision to one side. Signs and symptoms often appear soon after the stroke has occurred. If symptoms last less than one or two hours it is known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or mini-stroke. A hemorrhagic stroke may also be associated with a severe headache. The symptoms of a stroke can be permanent. Long-term complications may include pneumonia or loss of bladder control.
The main risk factor for stroke is high blood pressure. Other risk factors include tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, previous TIA, and atrial fibrillation. An ischemic stroke is typically caused by blockage of a blood vessel, though there are also less common causes. A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by either bleeding directly into the brain or into the space between the brain's membranes. Bleeding may occur due to a ruptured brain aneurysm. Diagnosis is typically with medical imaging such as a CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan along with a physical exam. Other tests such as an electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood tests are done to determine risk factors and rule out other possible causes. Low blood sugar may cause similar symptoms.
Prevention includes decreasing risk factors, as well as possibly aspirin, statins, surgery to open up the arteries to the brain in those with problematic narrowing, and warfarin in those with atrial fibrillation. A stroke or TIA often requires emergency care. An ischemic stroke, if detected within three to four and half hours, may be treatable with a medication that can break down the clot. Aspirin should be used. Some hemorrhagic strokes benefit from surgery. Treatment to try recover lost function is called stroke rehabilitation and ideally takes place in a stroke unit; however, these are not available in much of the world.
In 2013 approximately 6.9 million people had an ischemic stroke and 3.4 million people had a hemorrhagic stroke. In 2010 there were about 33 million people who had previously had a stroke and were still alive. Between 1990 and 2010 the number of strokes which occurred each year decreased by approximately 10% in the developed world and increased by 10% in the developing world. In 2013, stroke was the second most frequent cause of death after coronary artery disease, accounting for 6.4 million deaths (12% of the total). About 3.3 million deaths resulted from ischemic stroke while 3.2 million deaths resulted from hemorrhagic stroke. About half of people who have had a stroke live less than one year. Overall, two thirds of strokes occurred in those over 65 years old.

text: Stroke

text: is

text: when

text: poor

text: blood

text: flow

text: to

text: the

text: brain

text: results

text: in

text: cell

text: death

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: stroke

text: ischemic

text: due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: blood

text: flow

text: and

text: hemorrhagic

text: due

text: to

text: bleeding

text: They

text: result

text: in

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: not

text: functioning

text: properly

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: of

text: stroke

text: may

text: include

text: an

text: inability

text: to

text: move

text: or

text: feel

text: on

text: one

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: problems

text: understanding

text: or

text: speaking

text: feeling

text: like

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: spinning

text: or

text: loss

text: of

text: vision

text: to

text: one

text: side

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: often

text: appear

text: soon

text: after

text: the

text: stroke

text: has

text: occurred

text: If

text: symptoms

text: last

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: or

text: two

text: hours

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: transient

text: ischemic

text: attack

text: TIA

text: or

text: mini

text: stroke

text: hemorrhagic

text: stroke

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: associated

text: with

text: severe

text: headache

text: The

text: symptoms

text: of

text: stroke

text: can

text: be

text: permanent

text: Long

text: term

text: complications

text: may

text: include

text: pneumonia

text: or

text: loss

text: of

text: bladder

text: control

text: The

text: main

text: risk

text: factor

text: for

text: stroke

text: is

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: Other

text: risk

text: factors

text: include

text: tobacco

text: smoking

text: obesity

text: high

text: blood

text: cholesterol

text: diabetes

text: mellitus

text: previous

text: TIA

text: and

text: atrial

text: fibrillation

text: An

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: is

text: typically

text: caused

text: by

text: blockage

text: of

text: blood

text: vessel

text: though

text: there

text: are

text: also

text: less

text: common

text: causes

text: hemorrhagic

text: stroke

text: is

text: caused

text: by

text: either

text: bleeding

text: directly

text: into

text: the

text: brain

text: or

text: into

text: the

text: space

text: between

text: the

text: brain

text: 's

text: membranes

text: Bleeding

text: may

text: occur

text: due

text: to

text: ruptured

text: brain

text: aneurysm

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: typically

text: with

text: medical

text: imaging

text: such

text: as

text: CT

text: scan

text: or

text: magnetic

text: resonance

text: imaging

text: MRI

text: scan

text: along

text: with

text: physical

text: exam

text: Other

text: tests

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: electrocardiogram

text: ECG

text: and

text: blood

text: tests

text: are

text: done

text: to

text: determine

text: risk

text: factors

text: and

text: rule

text: out

text: other

text: possible

text: causes

text: Low

text: blood

text: sugar

text: may

text: cause

text: similar

text: symptoms

text: Prevention

text: includes

text: decreasing

text: risk

text: factors

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: possibly

text: aspirin

text: statins

text: surgery

text: to

text: open

text: up

text: the

text: arteries

text: to

text: the

text: brain

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: problematic

text: narrowing

text: and

text: warfarin

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: atrial

text: fibrillation

text: stroke

text: or

text: TIA

text: often

text: requires

text: emergency

text: care

text: An

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: if

text: detected

text: within

text: three

text: to

text: four

text: and

text: half

text: hours

text: may

text: be

text: treatable

text: with

text: medication

text: that

text: can

text: break

text: down

text: the

text: clot

text: Aspirin

text: should

text: be

text: used

text: Some

text: hemorrhagic

text: strokes

text: benefit

text: from

text: surgery

text: Treatment

text: to

text: try

text: recover

text: lost

text: function

text: is

text: called

text: stroke

text: rehabilitation

text: and

text: ideally

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: stroke

text: unit

text: however

text: these

text: are

text: not

text: available

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: had

text: an

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: and

text: million

text: people

text: had

text: hemorrhagic

text: stroke

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: who

text: had

text: previously

text: had

text: stroke

text: and

text: were

text: still

text: alive

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: strokes

text: which

text: occurred

text: each

text: year

text: decreased

text: by

text: approximately

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: and

text: increased

text: by

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: In

text: stroke

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: frequent

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: after

text: coronary

text: artery

text: disease

text: accounting

text: for

text: million

text: deaths

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: About

text: million

text: deaths

text: resulted

text: from

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: while

text: million

text: deaths

text: resulted

text: from

text: hemorrhagic

text: stroke

text: About

text: half

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: have

text: had

text: stroke

text: live

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: year

text: Overall

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: strokes

text: occurred

text: in

text: those

text: over

text: years

text: old

text:
Dementia, also known as senility, is a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that is great enough to affect a person's daily functioning. Other common symptoms include emotional problems, problems with language, and a decrease in motivation. A person's consciousness is usually not affected. A dementia diagnosis requires a change from a person's usual mental functioning and a greater decline than one would expect due to aging. These diseases also have a significant effect on a person's caregivers.
The most common type of dementia is Alzheimer's disease, which makes up 50% to 70% of cases. Other common types include vascular dementia (25%), Lewy body dementia (15%), and frontotemporal dementia. Less common causes include normal pressure hydrocephalus, Parkinson's disease, syphilis, and CreutzfeldtJakob disease among others. More than one type of dementia may exist in the same person. A small proportion of cases run in families. In the DSM-5, dementia was reclassified as a neurocognitive disorder, with various degrees of severity. Diagnosis is usually based on history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood work used to rule out other possible causes. The mini mental state examination is one commonly used cognitive test. Efforts to prevent dementia include trying to decrease risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, and obesity. Screening the general population for the disorder is not recommended.
There is no cure for dementia. Cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil are often used and may be beneficial in mild to moderate disorder. Overall benefit, however, may be minor. For people with dementia and those who care for them many measures can improve their lives. Cognitive and behavioral interventions may be appropriate. Educating and providing emotional support to the caregiver is important. Exercise programs may be beneficial with respect to activities of daily living and potentially improve outcomes. Treatment of behavioral problems with antipsychotics is common but not usually recommended due to the little benefit and side effects, including an increased risk of death.
Globally, dementia affects 47.5 million people. About 10% of people develop the disorder at some point in their lives. It becomes more common with age. About 3% of people between the ages of 6574 have dementia, 19% between 75 and 84 and nearly half of those over 85 years of age. In 2013 dementia resulted in about 1.7 million deaths up from 0.8 million in 1990. As more people are living longer, dementia is becoming more common in the population as a whole. For people of a specific age, however, it may be becoming less frequent, at least in the developed world, due to a decrease in risk factors. It is one of the most common causes of disability among the old. It is believed to result in economic costs of 604 billion USD a year. People with dementia are often physically or chemically restrained to a greater degree than necessary, raising issues of human rights. Social stigma against those affected is common.

text: Dementia

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: senility

text: is

text: broad

text: category

text: of

text: brain

text: diseases

text: that

text: cause

text: long

text: term

text: and

text: often

text: gradual

text: decrease

text: in

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: think

text: and

text: remember

text: that

text: is

text: great

text: enough

text: to

text: affect

text: person

text: 's

text: daily

text: functioning

text: Other

text: common

text: symptoms

text: include

text: emotional

text: problems

text: problems

text: with

text: language

text: and

text: decrease

text: in

text: motivation

text: person

text: 's

text: consciousness

text: is

text: usually

text: not

text: affected

text: dementia

text: diagnosis

text: requires

text: change

text: from

text: person

text: 's

text: usual

text: mental

text: functioning

text: and

text: greater

text: decline

text: than

text: one

text: would

text: expect

text: due

text: to

text: aging

text: These

text: diseases

text: also

text: have

text: significant

text: effect

text: on

text: person

text: 's

text: caregivers

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: of

text: dementia

text: is

text: Alzheimer

text: 's

text: disease

text: which

text: makes

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: cases

text: Other

text: common

text: types

text: include

text: vascular

text: dementia

text: Lewy

text: body

text: dementia

text: and

text: frontotemporal

text: dementia

text: Less

text: common

text: causes

text: include

text: normal

text: pressure

text: hydrocephalus

text: Parkinson

text: 's

text: disease

text: syphilis

text: and

text: CreutzfeldtJakob

text: disease

text: among

text: others

text: More

text: than

text: one

text: type

text: of

text: dementia

text: may

text: exist

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: person

text: small

text: proportion

text: of

text: cases

text: run

text: in

text: families

text: In

text: the

text: dementia

text: was

text: reclassified

text: as

text: neurocognitive

text: disorder

text: with

text: various

text: degrees

text: of

text: severity

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: usually

text: based

text: on

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: illness

text: and

text: cognitive

text: testing

text: with

text: medical

text: imaging

text: and

text: blood

text: work

text: used

text: to

text: rule

text: out

text: other

text: possible

text: causes

text: The

text: mini

text: mental

text: state

text: examination

text: is

text: one

text: commonly

text: used

text: cognitive

text: test

text: Efforts

text: to

text: prevent

text: dementia

text: include

text: trying

text: to

text: decrease

text: risk

text: factors

text: such

text: as

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: smoking

text: diabetes

text: and

text: obesity

text: Screening

text: the

text: general

text: population

text: for

text: the

text: disorder

text: is

text: not

text: recommended

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: cure

text: for

text: dementia

text: Cholinesterase

text: inhibitors

text: such

text: as

text: donepezil

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: beneficial

text: in

text: mild

text: to

text: moderate

text: disorder

text: Overall

text: benefit

text: however

text: may

text: be

text: minor

text: For

text: people

text: with

text: dementia

text: and

text: those

text: who

text: care

text: for

text: them

text: many

text: measures

text: can

text: improve

text: their

text: lives

text: Cognitive

text: and

text: behavioral

text: interventions

text: may

text: be

text: appropriate

text: Educating

text: and

text: providing

text: emotional

text: support

text: to

text: the

text: caregiver

text: is

text: important

text: Exercise

text: programs

text: may

text: be

text: beneficial

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: activities

text: of

text: daily

text: living

text: and

text: potentially

text: improve

text: outcomes

text: Treatment

text: of

text: behavioral

text: problems

text: with

text: antipsychotics

text: is

text: common

text: but

text: not

text: usually

text: recommended

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: little

text: benefit

text: and

text: side

text: effects

text: including

text: an

text: increased

text: risk

text: of

text: death

text: Globally

text: dementia

text: affects

text: million

text: people

text: About

text: of

text: people

text: develop

text: the

text: disorder

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: in

text: their

text: lives

text: It

text: becomes

text: more

text: common

text: with

text: age

text: About

text: of

text: people

text: between

text: the

text: ages

text: of

text: have

text: dementia

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: nearly

text: half

text: of

text: those

text: over

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: In

text: dementia

text: resulted

text: in

text: about

text: million

text: deaths

text: up

text: from

text: million

text: in

text: As

text: more

text: people

text: are

text: living

text: longer

text: dementia

text: is

text: becoming

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: population

text: as

text: whole

text: For

text: people

text: of

text: specific

text: age

text: however

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: becoming

text: less

text: frequent

text: at

text: least

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: due

text: to

text: decrease

text: in

text: risk

text: factors

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: causes

text: of

text: disability

text: among

text: the

text: old

text: It

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: result

text: in

text: economic

text: costs

text: of

text: billion

text: USD

text: year

text: People

text: with

text: dementia

text: are

text: often

text: physically

text: or

text: chemically

text: restrained

text: to

text: greater

text: degree

text: than

text: necessary

text: raising

text: issues

text: of

text: human

text: rights

text: Social

text: stigma

text: against

text: those

text: affected

text: is

text: common

text:
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an abnormally fast heart rhythm arising from improper electrical activity in the upper part of the heart. There are four main types: atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), atrial flutter, and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Symptoms may include palpitations, feeling faint, sweating, shortness of breath, or chest pain.
They start from either the atria or atrioventricular node. They are generally due to one of two mechanisms: re-entry or increased automaticity. The other type of fast heart rhythm is ventricular arrhythmiasrapid rhythms that start within the ventricle. Diagnosis is typically by electrocardiogram (ECG), holter monitor, or event monitor. Blood tests may be done to rule out specific underlying causes such as hyperthyroidism or electrolyte abnormalities.
Specific treatments depend on the type of SVT. They can include medications, medical procedures, or surgery. Vagal maneuvers or a procedure known as catheter ablation may be effective in certain types. For atrial fibrillation calcium channel blockers or beta blockers may be used. Long term some people benefit from blood thinners such as aspirin or warfarin. Atrial fibrillation affects about 25 per 1000 people, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia 2.3 per 1000, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome 2 per 1000, and atrial flutter 0.8 per 1000.

text: Supraventricular

text: tachycardia

text: SVT

text: is

text: an

text: abnormally

text: fast

text: heart

text: rhythm

text: arising

text: from

text: improper

text: electrical

text: activity

text: in

text: the

text: upper

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: There

text: are

text: four

text: main

text: types

text: atrial

text: fibrillation

text: paroxysmal

text: supraventricular

text: tachycardia

text: PSVT

text: atrial

text: flutter

text: and

text: Wolff

text: Parkinson

text: White

text: syndrome

text: Symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: palpitations

text: feeling

text: faint

text: sweating

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: or

text: chest

text: pain

text: They

text: start

text: from

text: either

text: the

text: atria

text: or

text: atrioventricular

text: node

text: They

text: are

text: generally

text: due

text: to

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: mechanisms

text: re

text: entry

text: or

text: increased

text: automaticity

text: The

text: other

text: type

text: of

text: fast

text: heart

text: rhythm

text: is

text: ventricular

text: arrhythmiasrapid

text: rhythms

text: that

text: start

text: within

text: the

text: ventricle

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: typically

text: by

text: electrocardiogram

text: ECG

text: holter

text: monitor

text: or

text: event

text: monitor

text: Blood

text: tests

text: may

text: be

text: done

text: to

text: rule

text: out

text: specific

text: underlying

text: causes

text: such

text: as

text: hyperthyroidism

text: or

text: electrolyte

text: abnormalities

text: Specific

text: treatments

text: depend

text: on

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: SVT

text: They

text: can

text: include

text: medications

text: medical

text: procedures

text: or

text: surgery

text: Vagal

text: maneuvers

text: or

text: procedure

text: known

text: as

text: catheter

text: ablation

text: may

text: be

text: effective

text: in

text: certain

text: types

text: For

text: atrial

text: fibrillation

text: calcium

text: channel

text: blockers

text: or

text: beta

text: blockers

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: Long

text: term

text: some

text: people

text: benefit

text: from

text: blood

text: thinners

text: such

text: as

text: aspirin

text: or

text: warfarin

text: Atrial

text: fibrillation

text: affects

text: about

text: per

text: people

text: paroxysmal

text: supraventricular

text: tachycardia

text: per

text: Wolff

text: Parkinson

text: White

text: syndrome

text: per

text: and

text: atrial

text: flutter

text: per

text: A ventricular assist device (VAD) is an electromechanical device for assisting cardiac circulation, which is used either to partially or to completely replace the function of a failing heart. The function of VADs is different from that of artificial cardiac pacemakers; some are for short-term use, typically for patients recovering from myocardial infarction (heart attack) and for patients recovering from cardiac surgery; some are for long-term use (months to years to perpetuity), typically for patients suffering from advanced congestive heart failure.

text: ventricular

text: assist

text: device

text: VAD

text: is

text: an

text: electromechanical

text: device

text: for

text: assisting

text: cardiac

text: circulation

text: which

text: is

text: used

text: either

text: to

text: partially

text: or

text: to

text: completely

text: replace

text: the

text: function

text: of

text: failing

text: heart

text: The

text: function

text: of

text: VADs

text: is

text: different

text: from

text: that

text: of

text: artificial

text: cardiac

text: pacemakers

text: some

text: are

text: for

text: short

text: term

text: use

text: typically

text: for

text: patients

text: recovering

text: from

text: myocardial

text: infarction

text: heart

text: attack

text: and

text: for

text: patients

text: recovering

text: from

text: cardiac

text: surgery

text: some

text: are

text: for

text: long

text: term

text: use

text: months

text: to

text: years

text: to

text: perpetuity

text: typically

text: for

text: patients

text: suffering

text: from

text: advanced

text: congestive

text: heart

text: failure

text: Medicine (British English ; American English ) is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. The word "medicine" is derived from Latin "medicus", meaning "a physician". Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

text: Medicine

text: British

text: English

text: American

text: English

text: is

text: the

text: science

text: and

text: practice

text: of

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: treatment

text: and

text: prevention

text: of

text: disease

text: The

text: word

text: medicine

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: Latin

text: medicus

text: meaning

text: physician

text: Medicine

text: encompasses

text: variety

text: of

text: health

text: care

text: practices

text: evolved

text: to

text: maintain

text: and

text: restore

text: health

text: by

text: the

text: prevention

text: and

text: treatment

text: of

text: illness

text: Contemporary

text: medicine

text: applies

text: biomedical

text: sciences

text: biomedical

text: research

text: genetics

text: and

text: medical

text: technology

text: to

text: diagnose

text: treat

text: and

text: prevent

text: injury

text: and

text: disease

text: typically

text: through

text: pharmaceuticals

text: or

text: surgery

text: but

text: also

text: through

text: therapies

text: as

text: diverse

text: as

text: psychotherapy

text: external

text: splints

text: and

text: traction

text: medical

text: devices

text: biologics

text: and

text: ionizing

text: radiation

text: amongst

text: others

text:
Rheumatic fever (RF), also known as acute rheumatic fever (ARF), is an inflammatory disease that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain. The disease typically develops two to four weeks after a streptococcal throat infection. Signs and symptoms include fever, multiple painful joints, involuntary muscle movements, and occasionally a characteristic non-itchy rash known as erythema marginatum. The heart is involved in about half of cases. Damage to the heart valves, known as rheumatic heart disease (RHD), usually occurs after repeated attacks but can sometimes occur after one. The damaged valves may result in heart failure, atrial fibrillation and infection of the valves.
Rheumatic fever may occur following an infection of the throat by the bacterium "Streptococcus pyogenes". If the infection is untreated rheumatic fever can occur in up to three percent of people. The underlying mechanism is believed to involve the production of antibodies against a person's own tissues. Due to their genetics, some people are more likely to get the disease when exposed to the bacteria than others. Other risk factors include malnutrition and poverty. Diagnosis of RF is often based on the presence of signs and symptoms in combination with evidence of a recent streptococcal infection.
Treating people who have strep throat with antibiotics, such as penicillin, decreases the risk of developing rheumatic fever. In order to avoid antibiotic misuse this often involves testing people with sore throats for the infection, which may not be available in the developing world. Other preventive measures include improved sanitation. In those with rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, prolonged periods of antibiotics are sometimes recommended. Gradual return to normal activities may occur following an attack. Once RHD develops, treatment is more difficult. Occasionally valve replacement surgery or valve repair is required. Otherwise complications are treated as per normal.
Rheumatic fever occurs in about 325,000 children each year and about 18 million people currently have rheumatic heart disease. Those who develop RF are most often between the ages of 5 and 14, with 20% of first-time attacks occurring in adults. The disease is most common in the developing world and among indigenous peoples in the developed world. In 2013 it resulted in 275,000 deaths down from 374,000 deaths in 1990. Most deaths occur in the developing world where as many as 12.5% of people affected may die each year. Descriptions of the condition are believed to date back to at least the 5th century BCE in the writings of Hippocrates. The disease is so named because its symptoms are similar to those of some rheumatic disorders.

text: Rheumatic

text: fever

text: RF

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: acute

text: rheumatic

text: fever

text: ARF

text: is

text: an

text: inflammatory

text: disease

text: that

text: can

text: involve

text: the

text: heart

text: joints

text: skin

text: and

text: brain

text: The

text: disease

text: typically

text: develops

text: two

text: to

text: four

text: weeks

text: after

text: streptococcal

text: throat

text: infection

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: include

text: fever

text: multiple

text: painful

text: joints

text: involuntary

text: muscle

text: movements

text: and

text: occasionally

text: characteristic

text: non

text: itchy

text: rash

text: known

text: as

text: erythema

text: marginatum

text: The

text: heart

text: is

text: involved

text: in

text: about

text: half

text: of

text: cases

text: Damage

text: to

text: the

text: heart

text: valves

text: known

text: as

text: rheumatic

text: heart

text: disease

text: RHD

text: usually

text: occurs

text: after

text: repeated

text: attacks

text: but

text: can

text: sometimes

text: occur

text: after

text: one

text: The

text: damaged

text: valves

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: heart

text: failure

text: atrial

text: fibrillation

text: and

text: infection

text: of

text: the

text: valves

text: Rheumatic

text: fever

text: may

text: occur

text: following

text: an

text: infection

text: of

text: the

text: throat

text: by

text: the

text: bacterium

text: Streptococcus

text: pyogenes

text: If

text: the

text: infection

text: is

text: untreated

text: rheumatic

text: fever

text: can

text: occur

text: in

text: up

text: to

text: three

text: percent

text: of

text: people

text: The

text: underlying

text: mechanism

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: involve

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: antibodies

text: against

text: person

text: 's

text: own

text: tissues

text: Due

text: to

text: their

text: genetics

text: some

text: people

text: are

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: get

text: the

text: disease

text: when

text: exposed

text: to

text: the

text: bacteria

text: than

text: others

text: Other

text: risk

text: factors

text: include

text: malnutrition

text: and

text: poverty

text: Diagnosis

text: of

text: RF

text: is

text: often

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: in

text: combination

text: with

text: evidence

text: of

text: recent

text: streptococcal

text: infection

text: Treating

text: people

text: who

text: have

text: strep

text: throat

text: with

text: antibiotics

text: such

text: as

text: penicillin

text: decreases

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: developing

text: rheumatic

text: fever

text: In

text: order

text: to

text: avoid

text: antibiotic

text: misuse

text: this

text: often

text: involves

text: testing

text: people

text: with

text: sore

text: throats

text: for

text: the

text: infection

text: which

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: available

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: Other

text: preventive

text: measures

text: include

text: improved

text: sanitation

text: In

text: those

text: with

text: rheumatic

text: fever

text: and

text: rheumatic

text: heart

text: disease

text: prolonged

text: periods

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: are

text: sometimes

text: recommended

text: Gradual

text: return

text: to

text: normal

text: activities

text: may

text: occur

text: following

text: an

text: attack

text: Once

text: RHD

text: develops

text: treatment

text: is

text: more

text: difficult

text: Occasionally

text: valve

text: replacement

text: surgery

text: or

text: valve

text: repair

text: is

text: required

text: Otherwise

text: complications

text: are

text: treated

text: as

text: per

text: normal

text: Rheumatic

text: fever

text: occurs

text: in

text: about

text: children

text: each

text: year

text: and

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: currently

text: have

text: rheumatic

text: heart

text: disease

text: Those

text: who

text: develop

text: RF

text: are

text: most

text: often

text: between

text: the

text: ages

text: of

text: and

text: with

text: of

text: first

text: time

text: attacks

text: occurring

text: in

text: adults

text: The

text: disease

text: is

text: most

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: and

text: among

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: In

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: down

text: from

text: deaths

text: in

text: Most

text: deaths

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: where

text: as

text: many

text: as

text: of

text: people

text: affected

text: may

text: die

text: each

text: year

text: Descriptions

text: of

text: the

text: condition

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: date

text: back

text: to

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: in

text: the

text: writings

text: of

text: Hippocrates

text: The

text: disease

text: is

text: so

text: named

text: because

text: its

text: symptoms

text: are

text: similar

text: to

text: those

text: of

text: some

text: rheumatic

text: disorders

text:
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain. This typically causes increased pressure inside the skull. Older people may have headaches, double vision, poor balance, urinary incontinence, personality changes, or mental impairment. In babies there may be a rapid increase in head size. Other symptoms may include vomiting, sleepiness, seizures, and downward pointing of the eyes.
Hydrocephalus can occur due to birth defects or be acquired later in life. Associated birth defects include neural tube defects and those that result in aqueductal stenosis. Other causes include meningitis, brain tumors, traumatic brain injury, intraventricular hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. There are four types of hydrocephalus: communicating, non-communicating, ex-vacuo, and normal pressure. Diagnosis is typically by examination and medical imaging.
Hydrocephalus is typically treated by the surgical placement of a shunt system. A procedure called a third ventriculostomy may be an option in a few people. Complications from shunts may include overdrainage, underdrainage, mechanical failure, infection, or obstruction. This may require replacement. Outcomes are variable; however, many live normal lives. Without treatment death may occur.
About one to two per 1,000 newborns have hydrocephalus. Rates in the developing world may be more. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is estimated to affect about 5 per 100,000 people with rates increasing with age. Description of hydrocephalus by Hippocrates date back more than 2000 years. The word "hydrocephalus" is .

text: Hydrocephalus

text: is

text: condition

text: in

text: which

text: there

text: is

text: an

text: abnormal

text: accumulation

text: of

text: cerebrospinal

text: fluid

text: CSF

text: within

text: the

text: brain

text: This

text: typically

text: causes

text: increased

text: pressure

text: inside

text: the

text: skull

text: Older

text: people

text: may

text: have

text: headaches

text: double

text: vision

text: poor

text: balance

text: urinary

text: incontinence

text: personality

text: changes

text: or

text: mental

text: impairment

text: In

text: babies

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: rapid

text: increase

text: in

text: head

text: size

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: vomiting

text: sleepiness

text: seizures

text: and

text: downward

text: pointing

text: of

text: the

text: eyes

text: Hydrocephalus

text: can

text: occur

text: due

text: to

text: birth

text: defects

text: or

text: be

text: acquired

text: later

text: in

text: life

text: Associated

text: birth

text: defects

text: include

text: neural

text: tube

text: defects

text: and

text: those

text: that

text: result

text: in

text: aqueductal

text: stenosis

text: Other

text: causes

text: include

text: meningitis

text: brain

text: tumors

text: traumatic

text: brain

text: injury

text: intraventricular

text: hemorrhage

text: and

text: subarachnoid

text: hemorrhage

text: There

text: are

text: four

text: types

text: of

text: hydrocephalus

text: communicating

text: non

text: communicating

text: ex

text: vacuo

text: and

text: normal

text: pressure

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: typically

text: by

text: examination

text: and

text: medical

text: imaging

text: Hydrocephalus

text: is

text: typically

text: treated

text: by

text: the

text: surgical

text: placement

text: of

text: shunt

text: system

text: procedure

text: called

text: third

text: ventriculostomy

text: may

text: be

text: an

text: option

text: in

text: few

text: people

text: Complications

text: from

text: shunts

text: may

text: include

text: overdrainage

text: underdrainage

text: mechanical

text: failure

text: infection

text: or

text: obstruction

text: This

text: may

text: require

text: replacement

text: Outcomes

text: are

text: variable

text: however

text: many

text: live

text: normal

text: lives

text: Without

text: treatment

text: death

text: may

text: occur

text: About

text: one

text: to

text: two

text: per

text: newborns

text: have

text: hydrocephalus

text: Rates

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: may

text: be

text: more

text: Normal

text: pressure

text: hydrocephalus

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: affect

text: about

text: per

text: people

text: with

text: rates

text: increasing

text: with

text: age

text: Description

text: of

text: hydrocephalus

text: by

text: Hippocrates

text: date

text: back

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: The

text: word

text: hydrocephalus

text: is

text:
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height, is over , with the range defined as overweight. Some East Asian countries use lower values. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.
Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or mental illness. The view that obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is not generally supported. On average, obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass.
Obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social changes and personal choices. Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments. Diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods, such as those high in fat and sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber. Medications may be taken, along with a suitable diet, to reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption. If diet, exercise, and medication are not effective, a gastric balloon or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume or bowel length, leading to feeling full earlier or a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.
Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing rates in adults and children. In 2014, 600 million adults (13%) and 42 million children under the age of five were obese. Obesity is more common in women than men. Authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was seen as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history and still is in some parts of the world. In 2013, the American Medical Association classified obesity as a disease.

text: Obesity

text: is

text: medical

text: condition

text: in

text: which

text: excess

text: body

text: fat

text: has

text: accumulated

text: to

text: the

text: extent

text: that

text: it

text: may

text: have

text: negative

text: effect

text: on

text: health

text: People

text: are

text: generally

text: considered

text: obese

text: when

text: their

text: body

text: mass

text: index

text: BMI

text: measurement

text: obtained

text: by

text: dividing

text: person

text: 's

text: weight

text: by

text: the

text: square

text: of

text: the

text: person

text: 's

text: height

text: is

text: over

text: with

text: the

text: range

text: defined

text: as

text: overweight

text: Some

text: East

text: Asian

text: countries

text: use

text: lower

text: values

text: Obesity

text: increases

text: the

text: likelihood

text: of

text: various

text: diseases

text: particularly

text: heart

text: disease

text: type

text: diabetes

text: obstructive

text: sleep

text: apnea

text: certain

text: types

text: of

text: cancer

text: and

text: osteoarthritis

text: Obesity

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: caused

text: by

text: combination

text: of

text: excessive

text: food

text: intake

text: lack

text: of

text: physical

text: activity

text: and

text: genetic

text: susceptibility

text: few

text: cases

text: are

text: caused

text: primarily

text: by

text: genes

text: endocrine

text: disorders

text: medications

text: or

text: mental

text: illness

text: The

text: view

text: that

text: obese

text: people

text: eat

text: little

text: yet

text: gain

text: weight

text: due

text: to

text: slow

text: metabolism

text: is

text: not

text: generally

text: supported

text: On

text: average

text: obese

text: people

text: have

text: greater

text: energy

text: expenditure

text: than

text: their

text: thin

text: counterparts

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: energy

text: required

text: to

text: maintain

text: an

text: increased

text: body

text: mass

text: Obesity

text: is

text: mostly

text: preventable

text: through

text: combination

text: of

text: social

text: changes

text: and

text: personal

text: choices

text: Changes

text: to

text: diet

text: and

text: exercising

text: are

text: the

text: main

text: treatments

text: Diet

text: quality

text: can

text: be

text: improved

text: by

text: reducing

text: the

text: consumption

text: of

text: energy

text: dense

text: foods

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: high

text: in

text: fat

text: and

text: sugars

text: and

text: by

text: increasing

text: the

text: intake

text: of

text: dietary

text: fiber

text: Medications

text: may

text: be

text: taken

text: along

text: with

text: suitable

text: diet

text: to

text: reduce

text: appetite

text: or

text: decrease

text: fat

text: absorption

text: If

text: diet

text: exercise

text: and

text: medication

text: are

text: not

text: effective

text: gastric

text: balloon

text: or

text: surgery

text: may

text: be

text: performed

text: to

text: reduce

text: stomach

text: volume

text: or

text: bowel

text: length

text: leading

text: to

text: feeling

text: full

text: earlier

text: or

text: reduced

text: ability

text: to

text: absorb

text: nutrients

text: from

text: food

text: Obesity

text: is

text: leading

text: preventable

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: worldwide

text: with

text: increasing

text: rates

text: in

text: adults

text: and

text: children

text: In

text: million

text: adults

text: and

text: million

text: children

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: five

text: were

text: obese

text: Obesity

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: women

text: than

text: men

text: Authorities

text: view

text: it

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: serious

text: public

text: health

text: problems

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Obesity

text: is

text: stigmatized

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: world

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: though

text: it

text: was

text: seen

text: as

text: symbol

text: of

text: wealth

text: and

text: fertility

text: at

text: other

text: times

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: still

text: is

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: the

text: American

text: Medical

text: Association

text: classified

text: obesity

text: as

text: disease

text:
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium "Treponema pallidum" subspecies "pallidum". The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary). The primary stage classically presents with a single chancre (a firm, painless, non-itchy skin ulceration) but there may be multiple sores. In secondary syphilis a diffuse rash occurs, which frequently involves the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. There may also be sores in the mouth or vagina. In latent syphilis, which can last for years, there are few or no symptoms. In tertiary syphilis there are gummas (soft non-cancerous growths), neurological, or heart symptoms. Syphilis has been known as "the great imitator" as it may cause symptoms similar to many other diseases.
Syphilis is most commonly spread through sexual activity. It may also be transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy or at birth, resulting in congenital syphilis. Other human diseases caused by related "Treponema pallidum" subspecies include yaws (subspecies "pertenue"), pinta (subspecies "carateum"), and bejel (subspecies "endemicum"). Diagnosis is usually made by using blood tests; the bacteria can also be detected using dark field microscopy. The Center for Disease Control recommends all pregnant women be tested.
The risk of syphilis can be decreased by latex condom use, or not having sex. Syphilis can be effectively treated with antibiotics. The preferred antibiotic for most cases is benzathine penicillin G injected into a muscle. In those who have a severe penicillin allergy, doxycycline or tetracycline may be used. In those with neurosyphilis, intravenous penicillin G potassium or ceftriaxone is recommended. During treatment people may develop fever, headache, and muscle pains, a reaction known as Jarisch-Herxheimer.
In 2012, about 0.5% of adults were infected with syphilis with 6 million new cases. During 2010, it caused about 113,000 deaths, down from 202,000 in 1990. After decreasing dramatically with the availability of penicillin in the 1940s, rates of infection have increased since the turn of the millennium in many countries, often in combination with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This is believed to be partly due to increased promiscuity, prostitution, decreasing use of condoms, and unsafe sexual practices among men who have sex with men. In 2015, Cuba became the first country in the world to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of syphilis.
Signs and symptoms.
Syphilis can present in one of four different stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary, and may also occur congenitally. It was referred to as "the great imitator" by Sir William Osler due to its varied presentations.

text: Syphilis

text: is

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infection

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: bacterium

text: Treponema

text: pallidum

text: subspecies

text: pallidum

text: The

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: of

text: syphilis

text: vary

text: depending

text: in

text: which

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: stages

text: it

text: presents

text: primary

text: secondary

text: latent

text: and

text: tertiary

text: The

text: primary

text: stage

text: classically

text: presents

text: with

text: single

text: chancre

text: firm

text: painless

text: non

text: itchy

text: skin

text: ulceration

text: but

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: multiple

text: sores

text: In

text: secondary

text: syphilis

text: diffuse

text: rash

text: occurs

text: which

text: frequently

text: involves

text: the

text: palms

text: of

text: the

text: hands

text: and

text: soles

text: of

text: the

text: feet

text: There

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: sores

text: in

text: the

text: mouth

text: or

text: vagina

text: In

text: latent

text: syphilis

text: which

text: can

text: last

text: for

text: years

text: there

text: are

text: few

text: or

text: no

text: symptoms

text: In

text: tertiary

text: syphilis

text: there

text: are

text: gummas

text: soft

text: non

text: cancerous

text: growths

text: neurological

text: or

text: heart

text: symptoms

text: Syphilis

text: has

text: been

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: great

text: imitator

text: as

text: it

text: may

text: cause

text: symptoms

text: similar

text: to

text: many

text: other

text: diseases

text: Syphilis

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: spread

text: through

text: sexual

text: activity

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: transmitted

text: from

text: mother

text: to

text: baby

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: or

text: at

text: birth

text: resulting

text: in

text: congenital

text: syphilis

text: Other

text: human

text: diseases

text: caused

text: by

text: related

text: Treponema

text: pallidum

text: subspecies

text: include

text: yaws

text: subspecies

text: pertenue

text: pinta

text: subspecies

text: carateum

text: and

text: bejel

text: subspecies

text: endemicum

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: usually

text: made

text: by

text: using

text: blood

text: tests

text: the

text: bacteria

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: detected

text: using

text: dark

text: field

text: microscopy

text: The

text: Center

text: for

text: Disease

text: Control

text: recommends

text: all

text: pregnant

text: women

text: be

text: tested

text: The

text: risk

text: of

text: syphilis

text: can

text: be

text: decreased

text: by

text: latex

text: condom

text: use

text: or

text: not

text: having

text: sex

text: Syphilis

text: can

text: be

text: effectively

text: treated

text: with

text: antibiotics

text: The

text: preferred

text: antibiotic

text: for

text: most

text: cases

text: is

text: benzathine

text: penicillin

text: injected

text: into

text: muscle

text: In

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: severe

text: penicillin

text: allergy

text: doxycycline

text: or

text: tetracycline

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: In

text: those

text: with

text: neurosyphilis

text: intravenous

text: penicillin

text: potassium

text: or

text: ceftriaxone

text: is

text: recommended

text: During

text: treatment

text: people

text: may

text: develop

text: fever

text: headache

text: and

text: muscle

text: pains

text: reaction

text: known

text: as

text: Jarisch

text: Herxheimer

text: In

text: about

text: of

text: adults

text: were

text: infected

text: with

text: syphilis

text: with

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: During

text: it

text: caused

text: about

text: deaths

text: down

text: from

text: in

text: After

text: decreasing

text: dramatically

text: with

text: the

text: availability

text: of

text: penicillin

text: in

text: the

text: rates

text: of

text: infection

text: have

text: increased

text: since

text: the

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: millennium

text: in

text: many

text: countries

text: often

text: in

text: combination

text: with

text: human

text: immunodeficiency

text: virus

text: HIV

text: This

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: partly

text: due

text: to

text: increased

text: promiscuity

text: prostitution

text: decreasing

text: use

text: of

text: condoms

text: and

text: unsafe

text: sexual

text: practices

text: among

text: men

text: who

text: have

text: sex

text: with

text: men

text: In

text: Cuba

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: eliminate

text: mother

text: to

text: child

text: transmission

text: of

text: syphilis

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: Syphilis

text: can

text: present

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: four

text: different

text: stages

text: primary

text: secondary

text: latent

text: and

text: tertiary

text: and

text: may

text: also

text: occur

text: congenitally

text: It

text: was

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: great

text: imitator

text: by

text: Sir

text: William

text: Osler

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: varied

text: presentations

text: In epidemiology, a risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection. Sometimes, determinant is also used, being a variable associated with either increased or decreased risk.

text: In

text: epidemiology

text: risk

text: factor

text: is

text: variable

text: associated

text: with

text: an

text: increased

text: risk

text: of

text: disease

text: or

text: infection

text: Sometimes

text: determinant

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: being

text: variable

text: associated

text: with

text: either

text: increased

text: or

text: decreased

text: risk

text: Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology). Medical imaging seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones, as well as to diagnose and treat disease. Medical imaging also establishes a database of normal anatomy and physiology to make it possible to identify abnormalities. Although imaging of removed organs and tissues can be performed for medical reasons, such procedures are usually considered part of pathology instead of medical imaging.

text: Medical

text: imaging

text: is

text: the

text: technique

text: and

text: process

text: of

text: creating

text: visual

text: representations

text: of

text: the

text: interior

text: of

text: body

text: for

text: clinical

text: analysis

text: and

text: medical

text: intervention

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: visual

text: representation

text: of

text: the

text: function

text: of

text: some

text: organs

text: or

text: tissues

text: physiology

text: Medical

text: imaging

text: seeks

text: to

text: reveal

text: internal

text: structures

text: hidden

text: by

text: the

text: skin

text: and

text: bones

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: to

text: diagnose

text: and

text: treat

text: disease

text: Medical

text: imaging

text: also

text: establishes

text: database

text: of

text: normal

text: anatomy

text: and

text: physiology

text: to

text: make

text: it

text: possible

text: to

text: identify

text: abnormalities

text: Although

text: imaging

text: of

text: removed

text: organs

text: and

text: tissues

text: can

text: be

text: performed

text: for

text: medical

text: reasons

text: such

text: procedures

text: are

text: usually

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: pathology

text: instead

text: of

text: medical

text: imaging

text:
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of joint disease that results from breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone. The most common symptoms are joint pain and stiffness. Initially, symptoms may occur only following exercise, but over time may become constant. Other symptoms may include joint swelling, decreased range of motion, and when the back is affected weakness or numbness of the arms and legs. The most commonly involved joints are those near the ends of the fingers, at the base of the thumb, neck, lower back, knee, and hips. Joints on one side of the body are often more affected than those on the other. Usually the symptoms come on over years. It can affect work and normal daily activities. Unlike other types of arthritis, only the joints are typically affected.
Causes include previous joint injury, abnormal joint or limb development, and inherited factors. Risk is greater in those who are overweight, have one leg of a different length, and have jobs that result in high levels of joint stress. Osteoarthritis is believed to be caused by mechanical stress on the joint and low grade inflammatory processes. It develops as cartilage is lost and the underlying bone becomes affected. As pain may make it difficult to exercise, muscle loss may occur. Diagnosis is typically based on signs and symptoms, with medical imaging and other tests occasionally used to either support or rule out other problems. In contrast to rheumatoid arthritis, which is primarily an inflammatory condition, in osteoarthritis, the joints do not typically become hot or red.
Treatment includes exercise, efforts to decrease joint stress, support groups, and pain medications. Efforts to decrease joint stress include resting and the use of a cane. Weight loss may help in those who are overweight. Pain medications may include paracetamol (acetaminophen) as well as NSAIDs such as naproxen or ibuprofen. Long-term opioid use is generally discouraged due to lack of information on benefits as well as risks of addiction and other side effects. If pain interferes with normal life despite other treatments, joint replacement surgery may help. An artificial joint typically lasts 10 to 15 years.
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis with disease of the knee and hip affecting about 3.8% of people as of 2010. Among those over 60 years old, about 10% of males and 18% of females are affected. It is the cause of about 2% of years lived with disability. In Australia, about 1.9 million people are affected, and in the United States, 30 to 52.5 million people are affected. It becomes more common in both sexes as people become older.

text: Osteoarthritis

text: OA

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: joint

text: disease

text: that

text: results

text: from

text: breakdown

text: of

text: joint

text: cartilage

text: and

text: underlying

text: bone

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: symptoms

text: are

text: joint

text: pain

text: and

text: stiffness

text: Initially

text: symptoms

text: may

text: occur

text: only

text: following

text: exercise

text: but

text: over

text: time

text: may

text: become

text: constant

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: joint

text: swelling

text: decreased

text: range

text: of

text: motion

text: and

text: when

text: the

text: back

text: is

text: affected

text: weakness

text: or

text: numbness

text: of

text: the

text: arms

text: and

text: legs

text: The

text: most

text: commonly

text: involved

text: joints

text: are

text: those

text: near

text: the

text: ends

text: of

text: the

text: fingers

text: at

text: the

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: thumb

text: neck

text: lower

text: back

text: knee

text: and

text: hips

text: Joints

text: on

text: one

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: are

text: often

text: more

text: affected

text: than

text: those

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: Usually

text: the

text: symptoms

text: come

text: on

text: over

text: years

text: It

text: can

text: affect

text: work

text: and

text: normal

text: daily

text: activities

text: Unlike

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: arthritis

text: only

text: the

text: joints

text: are

text: typically

text: affected

text: Causes

text: include

text: previous

text: joint

text: injury

text: abnormal

text: joint

text: or

text: limb

text: development

text: and

text: inherited

text: factors

text: Risk

text: is

text: greater

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: overweight

text: have

text: one

text: leg

text: of

text: different

text: length

text: and

text: have

text: jobs

text: that

text: result

text: in

text: high

text: levels

text: of

text: joint

text: stress

text: Osteoarthritis

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: mechanical

text: stress

text: on

text: the

text: joint

text: and

text: low

text: grade

text: inflammatory

text: processes

text: It

text: develops

text: as

text: cartilage

text: is

text: lost

text: and

text: the

text: underlying

text: bone

text: becomes

text: affected

text: As

text: pain

text: may

text: make

text: it

text: difficult

text: to

text: exercise

text: muscle

text: loss

text: may

text: occur

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: typically

text: based

text: on

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: with

text: medical

text: imaging

text: and

text: other

text: tests

text: occasionally

text: used

text: to

text: either

text: support

text: or

text: rule

text: out

text: other

text: problems

text: In

text: contrast

text: to

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: which

text: is

text: primarily

text: an

text: inflammatory

text: condition

text: in

text: osteoarthritis

text: the

text: joints

text: do

text: not

text: typically

text: become

text: hot

text: or

text: red

text: Treatment

text: includes

text: exercise

text: efforts

text: to

text: decrease

text: joint

text: stress

text: support

text: groups

text: and

text: pain

text: medications

text: Efforts

text: to

text: decrease

text: joint

text: stress

text: include

text: resting

text: and

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: cane

text: Weight

text: loss

text: may

text: help

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: overweight

text: Pain

text: medications

text: may

text: include

text: paracetamol

text: acetaminophen

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: NSAIDs

text: such

text: as

text: naproxen

text: or

text: ibuprofen

text: Long

text: term

text: opioid

text: use

text: is

text: generally

text: discouraged

text: due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: information

text: on

text: benefits

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: risks

text: of

text: addiction

text: and

text: other

text: side

text: effects

text: If

text: pain

text: interferes

text: with

text: normal

text: life

text: despite

text: other

text: treatments

text: joint

text: replacement

text: surgery

text: may

text: help

text: An

text: artificial

text: joint

text: typically

text: lasts

text: to

text: years

text: Osteoarthritis

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: form

text: of

text: arthritis

text: with

text: disease

text: of

text: the

text: knee

text: and

text: hip

text: affecting

text: about

text: of

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: Among

text: those

text: over

text: years

text: old

text: about

text: of

text: males

text: and

text: of

text: females

text: are

text: affected

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: years

text: lived

text: with

text: disability

text: In

text: Australia

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: are

text: affected

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: are

text: affected

text: It

text: becomes

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: both

text: sexes

text: as

text: people

text: become

text: older

text:
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system. The symptoms generally come on slowly over time. Early in the disease, the most obvious are shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, and difficulty with walking. Thinking and behavioral problems may also occur. Dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease. Depression and anxiety are also common occurring in more than a third of people with PD. Other symptoms include sensory, sleep, and emotional problems. The main motor symptoms are collectively called "parkinsonism", or a "parkinsonian syndrome".
The cause of Parkinson's disease is generally unknown, but believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors. Those with a family member affected are more likely to get the disease themselves. There is also an increased risk in people exposed to certain pesticides and among those who have had prior head injuries while there is a reduced risk in tobacco smokers and those who drink coffee or tea. The motor symptoms of the disease result from the death of cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain. This results in not enough dopamine in these areas. The reason for this cell death is poorly understood, but involves the build-up of proteins into Lewy bodies in the neurons. Diagnosis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms, with tests such as neuroimaging being used to rule out other diseases.
There is no cure for Parkinson's disease. Initial treatment is typically with the antiparkinson medication L-DOPA (levodopa), with dopamine agonists being used once levodopa becomes less effective. As the disease progresses and neurons continue to be lost, these medications become less effective while at the same time they produce a complication marked by involuntary writhing movements. Diet and some forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms. Surgery to place microelectrodes for deep brain stimulation has been used to reduce motor symptoms in severe cases where drugs are ineffective. Evidence for treatments for the non-movement-related symptoms of PD, such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems, is less strong.
In 2013, PD was present in 53 million people and resulted in about 103,000 deaths globally. Parkinson's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60, of which about one percent are affected. Males are more often affected than females. When it is seen in people before the age of 40 or 50, it is called young onset PD. The average life expectancy following diagnosis is between 7 and 14 years. The disease is named after the English doctor James Parkinson, who published the first detailed description in "An Essay on the Shaking Palsy", in 1817. Public awareness campaigns include World Parkinson's Day (on the birthday of James Parkinson, 11 April) and the use of a red tulip as the symbol of the disease. People with parkinsonism who have increased the public's awareness of the condition include actor Michael J. Fox, Olympic cyclist Davis Phinney, and late professional boxer Muhammad Ali.

text: Parkinson

text: 's

text: disease

text: PD

text: is

text: long

text: term

text: degenerative

text: disorder

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: nervous

text: system

text: that

text: mainly

text: affects

text: the

text: motor

text: system

text: The

text: symptoms

text: generally

text: come

text: on

text: slowly

text: over

text: time

text: Early

text: in

text: the

text: disease

text: the

text: most

text: obvious

text: are

text: shaking

text: rigidity

text: slowness

text: of

text: movement

text: and

text: difficulty

text: with

text: walking

text: Thinking

text: and

text: behavioral

text: problems

text: may

text: also

text: occur

text: Dementia

text: becomes

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: advanced

text: stages

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: Depression

text: and

text: anxiety

text: are

text: also

text: common

text: occurring

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: third

text: of

text: people

text: with

text: PD

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: include

text: sensory

text: sleep

text: and

text: emotional

text: problems

text: The

text: main

text: motor

text: symptoms

text: are

text: collectively

text: called

text: parkinsonism

text: or

text: parkinsonian

text: syndrome

text: The

text: cause

text: of

text: Parkinson

text: 's

text: disease

text: is

text: generally

text: unknown

text: but

text: believed

text: to

text: involve

text: both

text: genetic

text: and

text: environmental

text: factors

text: Those

text: with

text: family

text: member

text: affected

text: are

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: get

text: the

text: disease

text: themselves

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: an

text: increased

text: risk

text: in

text: people

text: exposed

text: to

text: certain

text: pesticides

text: and

text: among

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: had

text: prior

text: head

text: injuries

text: while

text: there

text: is

text: reduced

text: risk

text: in

text: tobacco

text: smokers

text: and

text: those

text: who

text: drink

text: coffee

text: or

text: tea

text: The

text: motor

text: symptoms

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: result

text: from

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: substantia

text: nigra

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: midbrain

text: This

text: results

text: in

text: not

text: enough

text: dopamine

text: in

text: these

text: areas

text: The

text: reason

text: for

text: this

text: cell

text: death

text: is

text: poorly

text: understood

text: but

text: involves

text: the

text: build

text: up

text: of

text: proteins

text: into

text: Lewy

text: bodies

text: in

text: the

text: neurons

text: Diagnosis

text: of

text: typical

text: cases

text: is

text: mainly

text: based

text: on

text: symptoms

text: with

text: tests

text: such

text: as

text: neuroimaging

text: being

text: used

text: to

text: rule

text: out

text: other

text: diseases

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: cure

text: for

text: Parkinson

text: 's

text: disease

text: Initial

text: treatment

text: is

text: typically

text: with

text: the

text: antiparkinson

text: medication

text: DOPA

text: levodopa

text: with

text: dopamine

text: agonists

text: being

text: used

text: once

text: levodopa

text: becomes

text: less

text: effective

text: As

text: the

text: disease

text: progresses

text: and

text: neurons

text: continue

text: to

text: be

text: lost

text: these

text: medications

text: become

text: less

text: effective

text: while

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: they

text: produce

text: complication

text: marked

text: by

text: involuntary

text: writhing

text: movements

text: Diet

text: and

text: some

text: forms

text: of

text: rehabilitation

text: have

text: shown

text: some

text: effectiveness

text: at

text: improving

text: symptoms

text: Surgery

text: to

text: place

text: microelectrodes

text: for

text: deep

text: brain

text: stimulation

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: reduce

text: motor

text: symptoms

text: in

text: severe

text: cases

text: where

text: drugs

text: are

text: ineffective

text: Evidence

text: for

text: treatments

text: for

text: the

text: non

text: movement

text: related

text: symptoms

text: of

text: PD

text: such

text: as

text: sleep

text: disturbances

text: and

text: emotional

text: problems

text: is

text: less

text: strong

text: In

text: PD

text: was

text: present

text: in

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: resulted

text: in

text: about

text: deaths

text: globally

text: Parkinson

text: 's

text: disease

text: typically

text: occurs

text: in

text: people

text: over

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: of

text: which

text: about

text: one

text: percent

text: are

text: affected

text: Males

text: are

text: more

text: often

text: affected

text: than

text: females

text: When

text: it

text: is

text: seen

text: in

text: people

text: before

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: or

text: it

text: is

text: called

text: young

text: onset

text: PD

text: The

text: average

text: life

text: expectancy

text: following

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: between

text: and

text: years

text: The

text: disease

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: English

text: doctor

text: James

text: Parkinson

text: who

text: published

text: the

text: first

text: detailed

text: description

text: in

text: An

text: Essay

text: on

text: the

text: Shaking

text: Palsy

text: in

text: Public

text: awareness

text: campaigns

text: include

text: World

text: Parkinson

text: 's

text: Day

text: on

text: the

text: birthday

text: of

text: James

text: Parkinson

text: April

text: and

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: red

text: tulip

text: as

text: the

text: symbol

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: People

text: with

text: parkinsonism

text: who

text: have

text: increased

text: the

text: public

text: 's

text: awareness

text: of

text: the

text: condition

text: include

text: actor

text: Michael

text: Fox

text: Olympic

text: cyclist

text: Davis

text: Phinney

text: and

text: late

text: professional

text: boxer

text: Muhammad

text: Ali

text: Atrial fibrillation ( AF or A-fib ) is an abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid and irregular beating . Often it starts as brief periods of abnormal beating which become longer and possibly constant over time . Most episodes have no symptoms . Occasionally there may be heart palpitations , fainting , shortness of breath , or chest pain . The disease increases the risk of heart failure , dementia , and stroke . It is a type of supraventricular tachycardia . Hypertension and valvular heart disease are the most common alterable risk factors for AF. Other heart - related risk factors include heart failure , coronary artery disease , cardiomyopathy , and congenital heart disease . In the developing world valvular heart disease often occurs as a result of rheumatic fever . Lung - related risk factors include COPD , obesity , and sleep apnea . Other factors include excess alcohol intake , diabetes mellitus , and thyrotoxicosis . However , half of cases are not associated with one of these risks . A diagnosis is made by feeling the pulse and may be confirmed using an electrocardiogram ( ECG ) . The typical ECG shows no P waves and an irregular ventricular rate . AF is often treated with medications to slow the heart rate to a near normal range ( known as rate control ) or to convert the rhythm to normal sinus rhythm ( known as rhythm control ) . Electrical cardioversion can also be used to convert AF to a normal sinus rhythm and is often used emergently if the person is unstable . Ablation may prevent recurrence in some people . Depending on the risk of stroke either aspirin or anti-clotting medications such as warfarin or a novel oral anticoagulant may be recommended . While these medications reduce this risk , they increase rates of major bleeding . Atrial fibrillation is the most common serious abnormal heart rhythm . In Europe and North America , as of 2014 , it affects about 2 % to 3 % of the population . This is an increase from 0.4 to 1 % of the population around 2005 . In the developing world about 0.6 % of males and 0.4 % of females are affected . The percentage of people with AF increases with age with 0.14 % under 50 years old , 4 % between 60 and 70 years old , and 14 % over 80 years old being affected . A-fib and atrial flutter resulted in 112,000 deaths in 2013 , up from 29,000 in 1990 . The first known report of an irregular pulse was by Jean - Baptiste de Sénac in 1749 . This was first documented by ECG in 1909 by Thomas Lewis .

text: Atrial

text: fibrillation

text: AF

text: or

text: fib

text: is

text: an

text: abnormal

text: heart

text: rhythm

text: characterized

text: by

text: rapid

text: and

text: irregular

text: beating

text: Often

text: it

text: starts

text: as

text: brief

text: periods

text: of

text: abnormal

text: beating

text: which

text: become

text: longer

text: and

text: possibly

text: constant

text: over

text: time

text: Most

text: episodes

text: have

text: no

text: symptoms

text: Occasionally

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: heart

text: palpitations

text: fainting

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: or

text: chest

text: pain

text: The

text: disease

text: increases

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: heart

text: failure

text: dementia

text: and

text: stroke

text: It

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: supraventricular

text: tachycardia

text: Hypertension

text: and

text: valvular

text: heart

text: disease

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: alterable

text: risk

text: factors

text: for

text: AF

text: Other

text: heart

text: related

text: risk

text: factors

text: include

text: heart

text: failure

text: coronary

text: artery

text: disease

text: cardiomyopathy

text: and

text: congenital

text: heart

text: disease

text: In

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: valvular

text: heart

text: disease

text: often

text: occurs

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: rheumatic

text: fever

text: Lung

text: related

text: risk

text: factors

text: include

text: COPD

text: obesity

text: and

text: sleep

text: apnea

text: Other

text: factors

text: include

text: excess

text: alcohol

text: intake

text: diabetes

text: mellitus

text: and

text: thyrotoxicosis

text: However

text: half

text: of

text: cases

text: are

text: not

text: associated

text: with

text: one

text: of

text: these

text: risks

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: made

text: by

text: feeling

text: the

text: pulse

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: confirmed

text: using

text: an

text: electrocardiogram

text: ECG

text: The

text: typical

text: ECG

text: shows

text: no

text: waves

text: and

text: an

text: irregular

text: ventricular

text: rate

text: AF

text: is

text: often

text: treated

text: with

text: medications

text: to

text: slow

text: the

text: heart

text: rate

text: to

text: near

text: normal

text: range

text: known

text: as

text: rate

text: control

text: or

text: to

text: convert

text: the

text: rhythm

text: to

text: normal

text: sinus

text: rhythm

text: known

text: as

text: rhythm

text: control

text: Electrical

text: cardioversion

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: convert

text: AF

text: to

text: normal

text: sinus

text: rhythm

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: emergently

text: if

text: the

text: person

text: is

text: unstable

text: Ablation

text: may

text: prevent

text: recurrence

text: in

text: some

text: people

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: stroke

text: either

text: aspirin

text: or

text: anti

text: clotting

text: medications

text: such

text: as

text: warfarin

text: or

text: novel

text: oral

text: anticoagulant

text: may

text: be

text: recommended

text: While

text: these

text: medications

text: reduce

text: this

text: risk

text: they

text: increase

text: rates

text: of

text: major

text: bleeding

text: Atrial

text: fibrillation

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: serious

text: abnormal

text: heart

text: rhythm

text: In

text: Europe

text: and

text: North

text: America

text: as

text: of

text: it

text: affects

text: about

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: This

text: is

text: an

text: increase

text: from

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: around

text: In

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: about

text: of

text: males

text: and

text: of

text: females

text: are

text: affected

text: The

text: percentage

text: of

text: people

text: with

text: AF

text: increases

text: with

text: age

text: with

text: under

text: years

text: old

text: between

text: and

text: years

text: old

text: and

text: over

text: years

text: old

text: being

text: affected

text: fib

text: and

text: atrial

text: flutter

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: in

text: up

text: from

text: in

text: The

text: first

text: known

text: report

text: of

text: an

text: irregular

text: pulse

text: was

text: by

text: Jean

text: Baptiste

text: de

text: Sénac

text: in

text: This

text: was

text: first

text: documented

text: by

text: ECG

text: in

text: by

text: Thomas

text: Lewis

text:
Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs. Signs and symptoms commonly include shortness of breath, excessive tiredness, and leg swelling. The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise, while lying down, and may wake the person at night. A limited ability to exercise is also a common feature. Chest pain, including angina, does not typically occur due to heart failure.
Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, excess alcohol use, infection, and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause. These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the functioning of the heart. There are two main types of heart failure: "heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction" and "heart failure with normal ejection fraction" depending on whether the ability of the left ventricle to contract is affected, or the heart's ability to relax. The severity of disease is usually graded by the degree of problems with exercise. Heart failure is not the same as myocardial infarction (in which part of the heart muscle dies) or cardiac arrest (in which blood flow stops altogether). Other diseases that may have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity, kidney failure, liver problems, anemia, and thyroid disease.
The condition is diagnosed based on the history of the symptoms and a physical examination with confirmation by echocardiography. Blood tests, electrocardiography, and chest radiography may be useful to determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the disease. In people with chronic stable mild heart failure, treatment commonly consists of lifestyle modifications such as stopping smoking, physical exercise, and dietary changes, as well as medications. In those with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers along with beta blockers are recommended. For those with severe disease, aldosterone antagonists, or hydralazine with a nitrate may be used. Diuretics are useful for preventing fluid retention. Sometimes, depending on the cause, an implanted device such as a pacemaker or an implantable cardiac defibrillator may be recommended. In some moderate or severe cases cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may be suggested or cardiac contractility modulation may be of benefit. A ventricular assist device or occasionally a heart transplant may be recommended in those with severe disease despite all other measures.
Heart failure is a common, costly, and potentially fatal condition. In developed countries, around 2% of adults have heart failure and in those over the age of 65, this increases to 610%. In the year after diagnosis the risk of death is about 35% after which it decreases to below 10% each year. This is similar to the risks with a number of types of cancer. In the United Kingdom the disease is the reason for 5% of emergency hospital admissions. Heart failure has been known since ancient times with the Ebers papyrus commenting on it around 1550 BCE.

text: Heart

text: failure

text: HF

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: congestive

text: heart

text: failure

text: CHF

text: occurs

text: when

text: the

text: heart

text: is

text: unable

text: to

text: pump

text: sufficiently

text: to

text: maintain

text: blood

text: flow

text: to

text: meet

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: needs

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: commonly

text: include

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: excessive

text: tiredness

text: and

text: leg

text: swelling

text: The

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: is

text: usually

text: worse

text: with

text: exercise

text: while

text: lying

text: down

text: and

text: may

text: wake

text: the

text: person

text: at

text: night

text: limited

text: ability

text: to

text: exercise

text: is

text: also

text: common

text: feature

text: Chest

text: pain

text: including

text: angina

text: does

text: not

text: typically

text: occur

text: due

text: to

text: heart

text: failure

text: Common

text: causes

text: of

text: heart

text: failure

text: include

text: coronary

text: artery

text: disease

text: including

text: previous

text: myocardial

text: infarction

text: heart

text: attack

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: atrial

text: fibrillation

text: valvular

text: heart

text: disease

text: excess

text: alcohol

text: use

text: infection

text: and

text: cardiomyopathy

text: of

text: an

text: unknown

text: cause

text: These

text: cause

text: heart

text: failure

text: by

text: changing

text: either

text: the

text: structure

text: or

text: the

text: functioning

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: heart

text: failure

text: heart

text: failure

text: due

text: to

text: left

text: ventricular

text: dysfunction

text: and

text: heart

text: failure

text: with

text: normal

text: ejection

text: fraction

text: depending

text: on

text: whether

text: the

text: ability

text: of

text: the

text: left

text: ventricle

text: to

text: contract

text: is

text: affected

text: or

text: the

text: heart

text: 's

text: ability

text: to

text: relax

text: The

text: severity

text: of

text: disease

text: is

text: usually

text: graded

text: by

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: problems

text: with

text: exercise

text: Heart

text: failure

text: is

text: not

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: myocardial

text: infarction

text: in

text: which

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: muscle

text: dies

text: or

text: cardiac

text: arrest

text: in

text: which

text: blood

text: flow

text: stops

text: altogether

text: Other

text: diseases

text: that

text: may

text: have

text: symptoms

text: similar

text: to

text: heart

text: failure

text: include

text: obesity

text: kidney

text: failure

text: liver

text: problems

text: anemia

text: and

text: thyroid

text: disease

text: The

text: condition

text: is

text: diagnosed

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: symptoms

text: and

text: physical

text: examination

text: with

text: confirmation

text: by

text: echocardiography

text: Blood

text: tests

text: electrocardiography

text: and

text: chest

text: radiography

text: may

text: be

text: useful

text: to

text: determine

text: the

text: underlying

text: cause

text: Treatment

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: severity

text: and

text: cause

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: In

text: people

text: with

text: chronic

text: stable

text: mild

text: heart

text: failure

text: treatment

text: commonly

text: consists

text: of

text: lifestyle

text: modifications

text: such

text: as

text: stopping

text: smoking

text: physical

text: exercise

text: and

text: dietary

text: changes

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: medications

text: In

text: those

text: with

text: heart

text: failure

text: due

text: to

text: left

text: ventricular

text: dysfunction

text: angiotensin

text: converting

text: enzyme

text: inhibitors

text: or

text: angiotensin

text: receptor

text: blockers

text: along

text: with

text: beta

text: blockers

text: are

text: recommended

text: For

text: those

text: with

text: severe

text: disease

text: aldosterone

text: antagonists

text: or

text: hydralazine

text: with

text: nitrate

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: Diuretics

text: are

text: useful

text: for

text: preventing

text: fluid

text: retention

text: Sometimes

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: cause

text: an

text: implanted

text: device

text: such

text: as

text: pacemaker

text: or

text: an

text: implantable

text: cardiac

text: defibrillator

text: may

text: be

text: recommended

text: In

text: some

text: moderate

text: or

text: severe

text: cases

text: cardiac

text: resynchronization

text: therapy

text: CRT

text: may

text: be

text: suggested

text: or

text: cardiac

text: contractility

text: modulation

text: may

text: be

text: of

text: benefit

text: ventricular

text: assist

text: device

text: or

text: occasionally

text: heart

text: transplant

text: may

text: be

text: recommended

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: severe

text: disease

text: despite

text: all

text: other

text: measures

text: Heart

text: failure

text: is

text: common

text: costly

text: and

text: potentially

text: fatal

text: condition

text: In

text: developed

text: countries

text: around

text: of

text: adults

text: have

text: heart

text: failure

text: and

text: in

text: those

text: over

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: this

text: increases

text: to

text: In

text: the

text: year

text: after

text: diagnosis

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: death

text: is

text: about

text: after

text: which

text: it

text: decreases

text: to

text: below

text: each

text: year

text: This

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: risks

text: with

text: number

text: of

text: types

text: of

text: cancer

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: disease

text: is

text: the

text: reason

text: for

text: of

text: emergency

text: hospital

text: admissions

text: Heart

text: failure

text: has

text: been

text: known

text: since

text: ancient

text: times

text: with

text: the

text: Ebers

text: papyrus

text: commenting

text: on

text: it

text: around

text: BCE

text:
Sleep apnea, also spelled sleep apnoea, is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or periods of shallow breathing during sleep. Each pause can last for a few seconds to several minutes and they happen many times a night. In the most common form, this follows loud snoring. There may be a choking or snorting sound as breathing resumes. As it disrupts normal sleep, those affected are often sleepy or tired during the day. In children it may cause problems in school or hyperactivity.
There are three forms of sleep apnea: obstructive (OSA), central (CSA), and a combination of the two called mixed. OSA is the most common form. Risk factors for OSA include being overweight, a family history of the condition, allergies, and enlarged tonsils. In OSA, breathing is interrupted by a blockage of airflow, while in CSA breathing stops due to a lack of effort to breathe. People with sleep apnea are often not aware they have it. Often it is first observed by a family member. Sleep apnea is often diagnosed with an overnight sleep study. For a diagnosis of sleep apnea, more than five episodes an hour must occur.
Treatment may include lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, breathing devices, and surgery. Lifestyle changes may include avoiding alcohol, weight loss, stopping smoking, and sleeping on their side. Breathing devices include the use of a CPAP machine. Without treatment sleep apnea may increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, diabetes, heart failure, irregular heartbeat, obesity, and motor vehicle collisions.
OSA affects 1-6% of adults and 2% of children. It affects males about twice as often as females. While people at any age can be affected it occurs most commonly among those 55 to 60 years old. Central sleep apnea affects less than one percent of people. A type of central sleep apnea was described in the German myth of Ondine's curse where when asleep the person would forget to breathe.
Signs and symptoms.
People with sleep apnea have problems with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), impaired alertness, and vision problems. OSA may increase risk for driving accidents and work-related accidents. If OSA is not treated, people are at increased risk of other health problems, such as diabetes. Even death could occur from untreated OSA due to lack of oxygen to the body. Moreover, people are examined using "standard test batteries" in order to further identify parts of the brain that may be adversely affected by sleep apnea, including those that govern:

text: Sleep

text: apnea

text: also

text: spelled

text: sleep

text: apnoea

text: is

text: sleep

text: disorder

text: characterized

text: by

text: pauses

text: in

text: breathing

text: or

text: periods

text: of

text: shallow

text: breathing

text: during

text: sleep

text: Each

text: pause

text: can

text: last

text: for

text: few

text: seconds

text: to

text: several

text: minutes

text: and

text: they

text: happen

text: many

text: times

text: night

text: In

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: form

text: this

text: follows

text: loud

text: snoring

text: There

text: may

text: be

text: choking

text: or

text: snorting

text: sound

text: as

text: breathing

text: resumes

text: As

text: it

text: disrupts

text: normal

text: sleep

text: those

text: affected

text: are

text: often

text: sleepy

text: or

text: tired

text: during

text: the

text: day

text: In

text: children

text: it

text: may

text: cause

text: problems

text: in

text: school

text: or

text: hyperactivity

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: forms

text: of

text: sleep

text: apnea

text: obstructive

text: OSA

text: central

text: CSA

text: and

text: combination

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: called

text: mixed

text: OSA

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: form

text: Risk

text: factors

text: for

text: OSA

text: include

text: being

text: overweight

text: family

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: condition

text: allergies

text: and

text: enlarged

text: tonsils

text: In

text: OSA

text: breathing

text: is

text: interrupted

text: by

text: blockage

text: of

text: airflow

text: while

text: in

text: CSA

text: breathing

text: stops

text: due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: effort

text: to

text: breathe

text: People

text: with

text: sleep

text: apnea

text: are

text: often

text: not

text: aware

text: they

text: have

text: it

text: Often

text: it

text: is

text: first

text: observed

text: by

text: family

text: member

text: Sleep

text: apnea

text: is

text: often

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: an

text: overnight

text: sleep

text: study

text: For

text: diagnosis

text: of

text: sleep

text: apnea

text: more

text: than

text: five

text: episodes

text: an

text: hour

text: must

text: occur

text: Treatment

text: may

text: include

text: lifestyle

text: changes

text: mouthpieces

text: breathing

text: devices

text: and

text: surgery

text: Lifestyle

text: changes

text: may

text: include

text: avoiding

text: alcohol

text: weight

text: loss

text: stopping

text: smoking

text: and

text: sleeping

text: on

text: their

text: side

text: Breathing

text: devices

text: include

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: CPAP

text: machine

text: Without

text: treatment

text: sleep

text: apnea

text: may

text: increase

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: heart

text: attack

text: stroke

text: diabetes

text: heart

text: failure

text: irregular

text: heartbeat

text: obesity

text: and

text: motor

text: vehicle

text: collisions

text: OSA

text: affects

text: of

text: adults

text: and

text: of

text: children

text: It

text: affects

text: males

text: about

text: twice

text: as

text: often

text: as

text: females

text: While

text: people

text: at

text: any

text: age

text: can

text: be

text: affected

text: it

text: occurs

text: most

text: commonly

text: among

text: those

text: to

text: years

text: old

text: Central

text: sleep

text: apnea

text: affects

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: percent

text: of

text: people

text: type

text: of

text: central

text: sleep

text: apnea

text: was

text: described

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: myth

text: of

text: Ondine

text: 's

text: curse

text: where

text: when

text: asleep

text: the

text: person

text: would

text: forget

text: to

text: breathe

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: People

text: with

text: sleep

text: apnea

text: have

text: problems

text: with

text: excessive

text: daytime

text: sleepiness

text: EDS

text: impaired

text: alertness

text: and

text: vision

text: problems

text: OSA

text: may

text: increase

text: risk

text: for

text: driving

text: accidents

text: and

text: work

text: related

text: accidents

text: If

text: OSA

text: is

text: not

text: treated

text: people

text: are

text: at

text: increased

text: risk

text: of

text: other

text: health

text: problems

text: such

text: as

text: diabetes

text: Even

text: death

text: could

text: occur

text: from

text: untreated

text: OSA

text: due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: oxygen

text: to

text: the

text: body

text: Moreover

text: people

text: are

text: examined

text: using

text: standard

text: test

text: batteries

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: further

text: identify

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: adversely

text: affected

text: by

text: sleep

text: apnea

text: including

text: those

text: that

text: govern

text:
Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the function of the thyroid gland (the endocrine organ found at the front of the neck that produces thyroid hormones). The symptoms of thyroid disease vary depending on the type. There are four general types: 1) hypothyroidism (low function) caused by not having enough thyroid hormones, (2) hyperthyroidism (high function) caused by having too much thyroid hormones, 3) structural abnormalities, most commonly an enlargement of the thyroid gland, 3) tumors which can be benign or cancerous, and 4) abnormal thyroid function tests without any clinical symptoms. Common hypothyroid symptoms include fatigue, low energy, weight gain, inability to tolerate the cold, slow heart rate, dry skin and constipation. Common hyperthyroid symptoms include irritability, weight loss, fast heartbeat, heat intolerance, diarrhea, and enlargement of the thyroid. In both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, there may be swelling of a part of the neck, which is also known as goiter.
Diagnosis can often be made through laboratory tests. The first is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is generally below normal in hyperthyroidism and above normal in hypothyroidism. The other useful laboratory test is non-protein-bound thyroxine or free T4. Total and free triiodothyronine (T3) levels are less commonly used. Anti-thyroid autoantibodies can also be used, where elevated anti-thyroglobulin and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies are commonly found in hypothyroidism from Hashimoto's thyroiditis and TSH-receptor antibodies are found in hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease. Procedures such as ultrasound, biopsy and a radioiodine scanning and uptake study may also be used to help with the diagnosis.
Treatment of thyroid disease varies based on the disorder. Levothyroxine is the mainstay of treatment for people with hypothyroidism, while people with hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease can be managed with iodine therapy, antithyroid medication, or surgical removal of the thyroid gland. Thyroid surgery may also be performed to remove a thyroid nodule or lobe for biopsy, or if there is a goiter that is unsightly or obstructs nearby structures.
Hypothyroidism affects 3-10% percent of adults, with a higher incidence in women and the elderly. An estimated one-third of the world's population currently lives in areas of low dietary iodine levels, making iodine-deficiency the most common cause of hypothyroidism and endemic goiter. In regions of severe iodine deficiency, the prevalence of goiter is as high as 80%. In areas where iodine-deficiency is not found, the most common type of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune subtype called Hashimoto's thyroiditis, with a prevalence of 1-2%. As for hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, another autoimmune condition, is the most common type with a prevalence of 0.5% in males and 3% in females. Although thyroid nodules are common, thyroid cancer is rare. Thyroid cancer accounts for less than 1% of all cancer in the UK, though it is the most common endocrine tumor and makes up greater than 90% of all cancers of the endocrine glands.

text: Thyroid

text: disease

text: is

text: medical

text: condition

text: that

text: affects

text: the

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: thyroid

text: gland

text: the

text: endocrine

text: organ

text: found

text: at

text: the

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: neck

text: that

text: produces

text: thyroid

text: hormones

text: The

text: symptoms

text: of

text: thyroid

text: disease

text: vary

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: type

text: There

text: are

text: four

text: general

text: types

text: hypothyroidism

text: low

text: function

text: caused

text: by

text: not

text: having

text: enough

text: thyroid

text: hormones

text: hyperthyroidism

text: high

text: function

text: caused

text: by

text: having

text: too

text: much

text: thyroid

text: hormones

text: structural

text: abnormalities

text: most

text: commonly

text: an

text: enlargement

text: of

text: the

text: thyroid

text: gland

text: tumors

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: benign

text: or

text: cancerous

text: and

text: abnormal

text: thyroid

text: function

text: tests

text: without

text: any

text: clinical

text: symptoms

text: Common

text: hypothyroid

text: symptoms

text: include

text: fatigue

text: low

text: energy

text: weight

text: gain

text: inability

text: to

text: tolerate

text: the

text: cold

text: slow

text: heart

text: rate

text: dry

text: skin

text: and

text: constipation

text: Common

text: hyperthyroid

text: symptoms

text: include

text: irritability

text: weight

text: loss

text: fast

text: heartbeat

text: heat

text: intolerance

text: diarrhea

text: and

text: enlargement

text: of

text: the

text: thyroid

text: In

text: both

text: hypothyroidism

text: and

text: hyperthyroidism

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: swelling

text: of

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: neck

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: goiter

text: Diagnosis

text: can

text: often

text: be

text: made

text: through

text: laboratory

text: tests

text: The

text: first

text: is

text: thyroid

text: stimulating

text: hormone

text: TSH

text: which

text: is

text: generally

text: below

text: normal

text: in

text: hyperthyroidism

text: and

text: above

text: normal

text: in

text: hypothyroidism

text: The

text: other

text: useful

text: laboratory

text: test

text: is

text: non

text: protein

text: bound

text: thyroxine

text: or

text: free

text: Total

text: and

text: free

text: triiodothyronine

text: levels

text: are

text: less

text: commonly

text: used

text: Anti

text: thyroid

text: autoantibodies

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: where

text: elevated

text: anti

text: thyroglobulin

text: and

text: anti

text: thyroid

text: peroxidase

text: antibodies

text: are

text: commonly

text: found

text: in

text: hypothyroidism

text: from

text: Hashimoto

text: 's

text: thyroiditis

text: and

text: TSH

text: receptor

text: antibodies

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: hyperthyroidism

text: caused

text: by

text: Graves

text: disease

text: Procedures

text: such

text: as

text: ultrasound

text: biopsy

text: and

text: radioiodine

text: scanning

text: and

text: uptake

text: study

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: help

text: with

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: Treatment

text: of

text: thyroid

text: disease

text: varies

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: disorder

text: Levothyroxine

text: is

text: the

text: mainstay

text: of

text: treatment

text: for

text: people

text: with

text: hypothyroidism

text: while

text: people

text: with

text: hyperthyroidism

text: caused

text: by

text: Graves

text: disease

text: can

text: be

text: managed

text: with

text: iodine

text: therapy

text: antithyroid

text: medication

text: or

text: surgical

text: removal

text: of

text: the

text: thyroid

text: gland

text: Thyroid

text: surgery

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: performed

text: to

text: remove

text: thyroid

text: nodule

text: or

text: lobe

text: for

text: biopsy

text: or

text: if

text: there

text: is

text: goiter

text: that

text: is

text: unsightly

text: or

text: obstructs

text: nearby

text: structures

text: Hypothyroidism

text: affects

text: percent

text: of

text: adults

text: with

text: higher

text: incidence

text: in

text: women

text: and

text: the

text: elderly

text: An

text: estimated

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: currently

text: lives

text: in

text: areas

text: of

text: low

text: dietary

text: iodine

text: levels

text: making

text: iodine

text: deficiency

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: hypothyroidism

text: and

text: endemic

text: goiter

text: In

text: regions

text: of

text: severe

text: iodine

text: deficiency

text: the

text: prevalence

text: of

text: goiter

text: is

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: In

text: areas

text: where

text: iodine

text: deficiency

text: is

text: not

text: found

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: of

text: hypothyroidism

text: is

text: an

text: autoimmune

text: subtype

text: called

text: Hashimoto

text: 's

text: thyroiditis

text: with

text: prevalence

text: of

text: As

text: for

text: hyperthyroidism

text: Graves

text: disease

text: another

text: autoimmune

text: condition

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: with

text: prevalence

text: of

text: in

text: males

text: and

text: in

text: females

text: Although

text: thyroid

text: nodules

text: are

text: common

text: thyroid

text: cancer

text: is

text: rare

text: Thyroid

text: cancer

text: accounts

text: for

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: all

text: cancer

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: though

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: endocrine

text: tumor

text: and

text: makes

text: up

text: greater

text: than

text: of

text: all

text: cancers

text: of

text: the

text: endocrine

text: glands

text:
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. Typical signs and symptoms include a varying severity and combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing, depending on the underlying cause.
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Risk factors include other lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis, COPD, and asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke, or a weak immune system. Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination. Chest X-ray, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community, hospital, or health care associated pneumonia.
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low.
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about 4 million deaths per year. Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death". With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend".

text: Pneumonia

text: is

text: an

text: inflammatory

text: condition

text: of

text: the

text: lung

text: affecting

text: primarily

text: the

text: microscopic

text: air

text: sacs

text: known

text: as

text: alveoli

text: Typical

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: include

text: varying

text: severity

text: and

text: combination

text: of

text: productive

text: or

text: dry

text: cough

text: chest

text: pain

text: fever

text: and

text: trouble

text: breathing

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: underlying

text: cause

text: Pneumonia

text: is

text: usually

text: caused

text: by

text: infection

text: with

text: viruses

text: or

text: bacteria

text: and

text: less

text: commonly

text: by

text: other

text: microorganisms

text: certain

text: medications

text: and

text: conditions

text: such

text: as

text: autoimmune

text: diseases

text: Risk

text: factors

text: include

text: other

text: lung

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: cystic

text: fibrosis

text: COPD

text: and

text: asthma

text: diabetes

text: heart

text: failure

text: history

text: of

text: smoking

text: poor

text: ability

text: to

text: cough

text: such

text: as

text: following

text: stroke

text: or

text: weak

text: immune

text: system

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: often

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: symptoms

text: and

text: physical

text: examination

text: Chest

text: ray

text: blood

text: tests

text: and

text: culture

text: of

text: the

text: sputum

text: may

text: help

text: confirm

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: The

text: disease

text: may

text: be

text: classified

text: by

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: acquired

text: with

text: community

text: hospital

text: or

text: health

text: care

text: associated

text: pneumonia

text: Vaccines

text: to

text: prevent

text: certain

text: types

text: of

text: pneumonia

text: are

text: available

text: Other

text: methods

text: of

text: prevention

text: include

text: handwashing

text: and

text: not

text: smoking

text: Treatment

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: underlying

text: cause

text: Pneumonia

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: bacteria

text: is

text: treated

text: with

text: antibiotics

text: If

text: the

text: pneumonia

text: is

text: severe

text: the

text: affected

text: person

text: is

text: generally

text: hospitalized

text: Oxygen

text: therapy

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: if

text: oxygen

text: levels

text: are

text: low

text: Pneumonia

text: affects

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: globally

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: and

text: results

text: in

text: about

text: million

text: deaths

text: per

text: year

text: Pneumonia

text: was

text: regarded

text: by

text: William

text: Osler

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: as

text: the

text: captain

text: of

text: the

text: men

text: of

text: death

text: With

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: and

text: vaccines

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: survival

text: improved

text: Nevertheless

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: and

text: among

text: the

text: very

text: old

text: the

text: very

text: young

text: and

text: the

text: chronically

text: ill

text: pneumonia

text: remains

text: leading

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: Pneumonia

text: often

text: shortens

text: suffering

text: among

text: those

text: already

text: close

text: to

text: death

text: and

text: has

text: thus

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: old

text: man

text: 's

text: friend

annotations: follows single

question: medical_specialty atrial fibrillation

answer: cardiology

text: cardiology