text: In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is a self-contained sequence of actions to be performed. Algorithms perform calculation, data processing, and/or automated reasoning tasks.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: and

text: computer

text: science

text: an

text: algorithm

text: is

text: self

text: contained

text: sequence

text: of

text: actions

text: to

text: be

text: performed

text: Algorithms

text: perform

text: calculation

text: data

text: processing

text: and/or

text: automated

text: reasoning

text: tasks

text: RAND Corporation ("Research and development") is an American nonprofit global policy think tank originally formed by Douglas Aircraft Company to offer research and analysis to the United States Armed Forces. It is financed by the U.S. government and private endowment, corporations including the health care industry, universities and private individuals. The organization has expanded to work with other governments, private foundations, international organizations, and commercial organizations on a host of non-defense issues. RAND aims for interdisciplinary and quantitative problem solving via translating theoretical concepts from formal economics and the physical sciences into novel applications in other areas, that is, via applied science and operations research. Michael D. Rich is president and chief executive officer of the RAND Corporation.

text: RAND

text: Corporation

text: Research

text: and

text: development

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: nonprofit

text: global

text: policy

text: think

text: tank

text: originally

text: formed

text: by

text: Douglas

text: Aircraft

text: Company

text: to

text: offer

text: research

text: and

text: analysis

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: It

text: is

text: financed

text: by

text: the

text: U.S.

text: government

text: and

text: private

text: endowment

text: corporations

text: including

text: the

text: health

text: care

text: industry

text: universities

text: and

text: private

text: individuals

text: The

text: organization

text: has

text: expanded

text: to

text: work

text: with

text: other

text: governments

text: private

text: foundations

text: international

text: organizations

text: and

text: commercial

text: organizations

text: on

text: host

text: of

text: non

text: defense

text: issues

text: RAND

text: aims

text: for

text: interdisciplinary

text: and

text: quantitative

text: problem

text: solving

text: via

text: translating

text: theoretical

text: concepts

text: from

text: formal

text: economics

text: and

text: the

text: physical

text: sciences

text: into

text: novel

text: applications

text: in

text: other

text: areas

text: that

text: is

text: via

text: applied

text: science

text: and

text: operations

text: research

text: Michael

text: Rich

text: is

text: president

text: and

text: chief

text: executive

text: officer

text: of

text: the

text: RAND

text: Corporation

text: A think tank, policy institute, or research institute is an organization that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture. Most policy institutes are non-profit organizations, which some countries such as the United States and Canada provide with tax exempt status. Other think tanks are funded by governments, advocacy groups, or businesses, or derive revenue from consulting or research work related to their projects.

text: think

text: tank

text: policy

text: institute

text: or

text: research

text: institute

text: is

text: an

text: organization

text: that

text: performs

text: research

text: and

text: advocacy

text: concerning

text: topics

text: such

text: as

text: social

text: policy

text: political

text: strategy

text: economics

text: military

text: technology

text: and

text: culture

text: Most

text: policy

text: institutes

text: are

text: non

text: profit

text: organizations

text: which

text: some

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Canada

text: provide

text: with

text: tax

text: exempt

text: status

text: Other

text: think

text: tanks

text: are

text: funded

text: by

text: governments

text: advocacy

text: groups

text: or

text: businesses

text: or

text: derive

text: revenue

text: from

text: consulting

text: or

text: research

text: work

text: related

text: to

text: their

text: projects

text:
Psychology is the study of behavior and mind, embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as thought. It is an academic discipline and a social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases. In this field, a professional or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors.
Psychologists explore behavior and mental processes, including perception, cognition, attention, emotion (affect), intelligence, phenomenology, motivation (conation), brain functioning, and personality. This extends to interaction between people, such as interpersonal relationships, including psychological resilience, family resilience, and other areas. Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind. Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables. In addition, or in opposition, to employing empirical and deductive methods, someespecially clinical and counseling psychologistsat times rely upon symbolic interpretation and other inductive techniques. Psychology has been described as a "hub science", with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the social sciences, natural sciences, medicine, humanities, and philosophy.
While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems, it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in several spheres of human activity. By many accounts psychology ultimately aims to benefit society. The majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing in clinical, counseling, or school settings. Many do scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior, and typically work in university psychology departments or teach in other academic settings (e.g., medical schools, hospitals). Some are employed in industrial and organizational settings, or in other areas such as human development and aging, sports, health, and the media, as well as in forensic investigation and other aspects of law.

text: Psychology

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: behavior

text: and

text: mind

text: embracing

text: all

text: aspects

text: of

text: conscious

text: and

text: unconscious

text: experience

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: thought

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: academic

text: discipline

text: and

text: social

text: science

text: which

text: seeks

text: to

text: understand

text: individuals

text: and

text: groups

text: by

text: establishing

text: general

text: principles

text: and

text: researching

text: specific

text: cases

text: In

text: this

text: field

text: professional

text: or

text: researcher

text: is

text: called

text: psychologist

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: as

text: social

text: behavioral

text: or

text: cognitive

text: scientist

text: Psychologists

text: attempt

text: to

text: understand

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: mental

text: functions

text: in

text: individual

text: and

text: social

text: behavior

text: while

text: also

text: exploring

text: the

text: physiological

text: and

text: biological

text: processes

text: that

text: underlie

text: cognitive

text: functions

text: and

text: behaviors

text: Psychologists

text: explore

text: behavior

text: and

text: mental

text: processes

text: including

text: perception

text: cognition

text: attention

text: emotion

text: affect

text: intelligence

text: phenomenology

text: motivation

text: conation

text: brain

text: functioning

text: and

text: personality

text: This

text: extends

text: to

text: interaction

text: between

text: people

text: such

text: as

text: interpersonal

text: relationships

text: including

text: psychological

text: resilience

text: family

text: resilience

text: and

text: other

text: areas

text: Psychologists

text: of

text: diverse

text: orientations

text: also

text: consider

text: the

text: unconscious

text: mind

text: Psychologists

text: employ

text: empirical

text: methods

text: to

text: infer

text: causal

text: and

text: correlational

text: relationships

text: between

text: psychosocial

text: variables

text: In

text: addition

text: or

text: in

text: opposition

text: to

text: employing

text: empirical

text: and

text: deductive

text: methods

text: someespecially

text: clinical

text: and

text: counseling

text: psychologistsat

text: times

text: rely

text: upon

text: symbolic

text: interpretation

text: and

text: other

text: inductive

text: techniques

text: Psychology

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: hub

text: science

text: with

text: psychological

text: findings

text: linking

text: to

text: research

text: and

text: perspectives

text: from

text: the

text: social

text: sciences

text: natural

text: sciences

text: medicine

text: humanities

text: and

text: philosophy

text: While

text: psychological

text: knowledge

text: is

text: often

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: assessment

text: and

text: treatment

text: of

text: mental

text: health

text: problems

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: directed

text: towards

text: understanding

text: and

text: solving

text: problems

text: in

text: several

text: spheres

text: of

text: human

text: activity

text: By

text: many

text: accounts

text: psychology

text: ultimately

text: aims

text: to

text: benefit

text: society

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: psychologists

text: are

text: involved

text: in

text: some

text: kind

text: of

text: therapeutic

text: role

text: practicing

text: in

text: clinical

text: counseling

text: or

text: school

text: settings

text: Many

text: do

text: scientific

text: research

text: on

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: topics

text: related

text: to

text: mental

text: processes

text: and

text: behavior

text: and

text: typically

text: work

text: in

text: university

text: psychology

text: departments

text: or

text: teach

text: in

text: other

text: academic

text: settings

text: e.g.

text: medical

text: schools

text: hospitals

text: Some

text: are

text: employed

text: in

text: industrial

text: and

text: organizational

text: settings

text: or

text: in

text: other

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: human

text: development

text: and

text: aging

text: sports

text: health

text: and

text: the

text: media

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: forensic

text: investigation

text: and

text: other

text: aspects

text: of

text: law

text: Operations research, or operational research in British usage, is a discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions. Further, the term 'operational analysis' is used in the British (and some British Commonwealth) military, as an intrinsic part of capability development, management and assurance. In particular, operational analysis forms part of the Combined Operational Effectiveness and Investment Appraisals (COEIA), which support British defence capability acquisition decision-making.

text: Operations

text: research

text: or

text: operational

text: research

text: in

text: British

text: usage

text: is

text: discipline

text: that

text: deals

text: with

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: advanced

text: analytical

text: methods

text: to

text: help

text: make

text: better

text: decisions

text: Further

text: the

text: term

text: operational

text: analysis

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: and

text: some

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: military

text: as

text: an

text: intrinsic

text: part

text: of

text: capability

text: development

text: management

text: and

text: assurance

text: In

text: particular

text: operational

text: analysis

text: forms

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Combined

text: Operational

text: Effectiveness

text: and

text: Investment

text: Appraisals

text: COEIA

text: which

text: support

text: British

text: defence

text: capability

text: acquisition

text: decision

text: making

text: Optical character recognition (also optical character reader, OCR) is the mechanical or electronic conversion of images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text, whether from a scanned document, a photo of a document, a scene-photo (for example the text on signs and billboards in a landscape photo) or from subtitle text superimposed on an image (for example from a television broadcast). It is widely used as a form of information entry from printed paper data records, whether passport documents, invoices, bank statements, computerised receipts, business cards, mail, printouts of static-data, or any suitable documentation. It is a common method of digitising printed texts so that they can be electronically edited, searched, stored more compactly, displayed on-line, and used in machine processes such as cognitive computing, machine translation, (extracted) text-to-speech, key data and text mining. OCR is a field of research in pattern recognition, artificial intelligence and computer vision.

text: Optical

text: character

text: recognition

text: also

text: optical

text: character

text: reader

text: OCR

text: is

text: the

text: mechanical

text: or

text: electronic

text: conversion

text: of

text: images

text: of

text: typed

text: handwritten

text: or

text: printed

text: text

text: into

text: machine

text: encoded

text: text

text: whether

text: from

text: scanned

text: document

text: photo

text: of

text: document

text: scene

text: photo

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: text

text: on

text: signs

text: and

text: billboards

text: in

text: landscape

text: photo

text: or

text: from

text: subtitle

text: text

text: superimposed

text: on

text: an

text: image

text: for

text: example

text: from

text: television

text: broadcast

text: It

text: is

text: widely

text: used

text: as

text: form

text: of

text: information

text: entry

text: from

text: printed

text: paper

text: data

text: records

text: whether

text: passport

text: documents

text: invoices

text: bank

text: statements

text: computerised

text: receipts

text: business

text: cards

text: mail

text: printouts

text: of

text: static

text: data

text: or

text: any

text: suitable

text: documentation

text: It

text: is

text: common

text: method

text: of

text: digitising

text: printed

text: texts

text: so

text: that

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: electronically

text: edited

text: searched

text: stored

text: more

text: compactly

text: displayed

text: on

text: line

text: and

text: used

text: in

text: machine

text: processes

text: such

text: as

text: cognitive

text: computing

text: machine

text: translation

text: extracted

text: text

text: to

text: speech

text: key

text: data

text: and

text: text

text: mining

text: OCR

text: is

text: field

text: of

text: research

text: in

text: pattern

text: recognition

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: and

text: computer

text: vision

text: Computer science is the study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the methodical procedures (or algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information. An alternate, more succinct definition of computer science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems.

text: Computer

text: science

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: theory

text: experimentation

text: and

text: engineering

text: that

text: form

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: design

text: and

text: use

text: of

text: computers

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: scientific

text: and

text: practical

text: approach

text: to

text: computation

text: and

text: its

text: applications

text: and

text: the

text: systematic

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: feasibility

text: structure

text: expression

text: and

text: mechanization

text: of

text: the

text: methodical

text: procedures

text: or

text: algorithms

text: that

text: underlie

text: the

text: acquisition

text: representation

text: processing

text: storage

text: communication

text: of

text: and

text: access

text: to

text: information

text: An

text: alternate

text: more

text: succinct

text: definition

text: of

text: computer

text: science

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: automating

text: algorithmic

text: processes

text: that

text: scale

text: computer

text: scientist

text: specializes

text: in

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: computation

text: and

text: the

text: design

text: of

text: computational

text: systems

text: An economist is a practitioner in the social science discipline of economics.

text: An

text: economist

text: is

text: practitioner

text: in

text: the

text: social

text: science

text: discipline

text: of

text: economics

text: Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition. Cognitive scientists study intelligence and behavior, with a focus on how nervous systems represent, process, and transform information. Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include language, perception, memory, attention, reasoning, and emotion; to understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as linguistics, psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. The fundamental concept of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."

text: Cognitive

text: science

text: is

text: the

text: interdisciplinary

text: scientific

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: mind

text: and

text: its

text: processes

text: It

text: examines

text: the

text: nature

text: the

text: tasks

text: and

text: the

text: functions

text: of

text: cognition

text: Cognitive

text: scientists

text: study

text: intelligence

text: and

text: behavior

text: with

text: focus

text: on

text: how

text: nervous

text: systems

text: represent

text: process

text: and

text: transform

text: information

text: Mental

text: faculties

text: of

text: concern

text: to

text: cognitive

text: scientists

text: include

text: language

text: perception

text: memory

text: attention

text: reasoning

text: and

text: emotion

text: to

text: understand

text: these

text: faculties

text: cognitive

text: scientists

text: borrow

text: from

text: fields

text: such

text: as

text: linguistics

text: psychology

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: philosophy

text: neuroscience

text: and

text: anthropology

text: The

text: typical

text: analysis

text: of

text: cognitive

text: science

text: spans

text: many

text: levels

text: of

text: organization

text: from

text: learning

text: and

text: decision

text: to

text: logic

text: and

text: planning

text: from

text: neural

text: circuitry

text: to

text: modular

text: brain

text: organization

text: The

text: fundamental

text: concept

text: of

text: cognitive

text: science

text: is

text: that

text: thinking

text: can

text: best

text: be

text: understood

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: representational

text: structures

text: in

text: the

text: mind

text: and

text: computational

text: procedures

text: that

text: operate

text: on

text: those

text: structures

text: Richard King Mellon (June 19, 1899  June 3, 1970), commonly known as R.K., was an American financier, general, and philanthropist from the Pittsburgh suburb of Ligonier, Pennsylvania.

text: Richard

text: King

text: Mellon

text: June

text: June

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: R.K.

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: financier

text: general

text: and

text: philanthropist

text: from

text: the

text: Pittsburgh

text: suburb

text: of

text: Ligonier

text: Pennsylvania

text: A programming language is a formal computer language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.

text: programming

text: language

text: is

text: formal

text: computer

text: language

text: designed

text: to

text: communicate

text: instructions

text: to

text: machine

text: particularly

text: computer

text: Programming

text: languages

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: create

text: programs

text: to

text: control

text: the

text: behavior

text: of

text: machine

text: or

text: to

text: express

text: algorithms

text: A psychologist is a professional who evaluates and studies behavior and mental processes (see also psychology). Typically, psychologists must have completed a university degree in psychology, which is a master's degree in some countries and a doctorate in others. This definition of psychologist is non-exclusive; in most jurisdictions, members of other professions (such as counselors and psychiatrists) can also evaluate, diagnose, treat, and study mental processes. Some psychologists, such as clinical and counseling psychologists, provide mental health care, and some psychologists, such as social or organizational psychologists conduct research and provide consultation services.

text: psychologist

text: is

text: professional

text: who

text: evaluates

text: and

text: studies

text: behavior

text: and

text: mental

text: processes

text: see

text: also

text: psychology

text: Typically

text: psychologists

text: must

text: have

text: completed

text: university

text: degree

text: in

text: psychology

text: which

text: is

text: master

text: 's

text: degree

text: in

text: some

text: countries

text: and

text: doctorate

text: in

text: others

text: This

text: definition

text: of

text: psychologist

text: is

text: non

text: exclusive

text: in

text: most

text: jurisdictions

text: members

text: of

text: other

text: professions

text: such

text: as

text: counselors

text: and

text: psychiatrists

text: can

text: also

text: evaluate

text: diagnose

text: treat

text: and

text: study

text: mental

text: processes

text: Some

text: psychologists

text: such

text: as

text: clinical

text: and

text: counseling

text: psychologists

text: provide

text: mental

text: health

text: care

text: and

text: some

text: psychologists

text: such

text: as

text: social

text: or

text: organizational

text: psychologists

text: conduct

text: research

text: and

text: provide

text: consultation

text: services

text: The JOHNNIAC was an early computer built by the RAND Corporation (not to be confused with Remington Rand, maker of the contemporaneous UNIVAC I computer) that was based on the von Neumann architecture that had been pioneered on the IAS machine. It was named in honor of von Neumann, short for John v. Neumann" Numerical Integrator and Automatic Computer". JOHNNIAC is arguably the longest-lived early computer, being used almost continuously from 1953 for over 13 years before finally being shut down on February 11, 1966, logging over 50,000 operational hours.

text: The

text: JOHNNIAC

text: was

text: an

text: early

text: computer

text: built

text: by

text: the

text: RAND

text: Corporation

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: Remington

text: Rand

text: maker

text: of

text: the

text: contemporaneous

text: UNIVAC

text: computer

text: that

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: von

text: Neumann

text: architecture

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: pioneered

text: on

text: the

text: IAS

text: machine

text: It

text: was

text: named

text: in

text: honor

text: of

text: von

text: Neumann

text: short

text: for

text: John

text: Neumann

text: Numerical

text: Integrator

text: and

text: Automatic

text: Computer

text: JOHNNIAC

text: is

text: arguably

text: the

text: longest

text: lived

text: early

text: computer

text: being

text: used

text: almost

text: continuously

text: from

text: for

text: over

text: years

text: before

text: finally

text: being

text: shut

text: down

text: on

text: February

text: logging

text: over

text: operational

text: hours

text: Logic Theorist is a computer program written in 1955 and 1956 by Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon and Cliff Shaw. It was the first program deliberately engineered to mimic the problem solving skills of a human being and is called "the first artificial intelligence program". It would eventually prove 38 of the first 52 theorems in Whitehead and Russell's "Principia Mathematica", and find new and more elegant proofs for some.

text: Logic

text: Theorist

text: is

text: computer

text: program

text: written

text: in

text: and

text: by

text: Allen

text: Newell

text: Herbert

text: Simon

text: and

text: Cliff

text: Shaw

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: program

text: deliberately

text: engineered

text: to

text: mimic

text: the

text: problem

text: solving

text: skills

text: of

text: human

text: being

text: and

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: first

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: program

text: It

text: would

text: eventually

text: prove

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: theorems

text: in

text: Whitehead

text: and

text: Russell

text: 's

text: Principia

text: Mathematica

text: and

text: find

text: new

text: and

text: more

text: elegant

text: proofs

text: for

text: some

text: General Problem Solver or G.P.S. was a computer program created in 1959 by Herbert A. Simon, J.C. Shaw, and Allen Newell intended to work as a universal problem solver machine. Any problem that can be expressed as a set of well-formed formulas (WFFs) or Horn clauses, and that constitute a directed graph with one or more sources ("viz.", axioms) and sinks ("viz.", desired conclusions), can be solved, in principle, by GPS. Proofs in the predicate logic and Euclidean geometry problem spaces are prime examples of the domain the applicability of GPS. of predicate logic theorems. It was based on Simon and Newell's theoretical work on logic machines. GPS was the first computer program which separated its knowledge of problems (rules represented as input data) from its strategy of how to solve problems (a generic solver engine). GPS was implemented in the third-order programming language, IPL.

text: General

text: Problem

text: Solver

text: or

text: G.P.S.

text: was

text: computer

text: program

text: created

text: in

text: by

text: Herbert

text: Simon

text: J.C.

text: Shaw

text: and

text: Allen

text: Newell

text: intended

text: to

text: work

text: as

text: universal

text: problem

text: solver

text: machine

text: Any

text: problem

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: expressed

text: as

text: set

text: of

text: well

text: formed

text: formulas

text: WFFs

text: or

text: Horn

text: clauses

text: and

text: that

text: constitute

text: directed

text: graph

text: with

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: sources

text: viz

text: axioms

text: and

text: sinks

text: viz

text: desired

text: conclusions

text: can

text: be

text: solved

text: in

text: principle

text: by

text: GPS

text: Proofs

text: in

text: the

text: predicate

text: logic

text: and

text: Euclidean

text: geometry

text: problem

text: spaces

text: are

text: prime

text: examples

text: of

text: the

text: domain

text: the

text: applicability

text: of

text: GPS

text: of

text: predicate

text: logic

text: theorems

text: It

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: Simon

text: and

text: Newell

text: 's

text: theoretical

text: work

text: on

text: logic

text: machines

text: GPS

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: computer

text: program

text: which

text: separated

text: its

text: knowledge

text: of

text: problems

text: rules

text: represented

text: as

text: input

text: data

text: from

text: its

text: strategy

text: of

text: how

text: to

text: solve

text: problems

text: generic

text: solver

text: engine

text: GPS

text: was

text: implemented

text: in

text: the

text: third

text: order

text: programming

text: language

text: IPL

text: Information Processing Language (IPL) is a programming language created by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert A. Simon at RAND Corporation and the Carnegie Institute of Technology at about 1956. Newell had the job of language specifier-application programmer, Shaw was the system programmer, and Simon took the job of application programmer-user.

text: Information

text: Processing

text: Language

text: IPL

text: is

text: programming

text: language

text: created

text: by

text: Allen

text: Newell

text: Cliff

text: Shaw

text: and

text: Herbert

text: Simon

text: at

text: RAND

text: Corporation

text: and

text: the

text: Carnegie

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: at

text: about

text: Newell

text: had

text: the

text: job

text: of

text: language

text: specifier

text: application

text: programmer

text: Shaw

text: was

text: the

text: system

text: programmer

text: and

text: Simon

text: took

text: the

text: job

text: of

text: application

text: programmer

text: user

text: Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916  February 9, 2001) was an American political scientist, economist, sociologist, psychologist, and computer scientist whose research ranged across the fields of cognitive psychology, cognitive science, computer science, public administration, economics, management, philosophy of science, sociology, and political science, unified by studies of decision-making. With almost a thousand highly cited publications, he was one of the most influential social scientists of the twentieth century. For many years he held the post of Richard King Mellon Professor at Carnegie Mellon University

text: Herbert

text: Alexander

text: Simon

text: June

text: February

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: political

text: scientist

text: economist

text: sociologist

text: psychologist

text: and

text: computer

text: scientist

text: whose

text: research

text: ranged

text: across

text: the

text: fields

text: of

text: cognitive

text: psychology

text: cognitive

text: science

text: computer

text: science

text: public

text: administration

text: economics

text: management

text: philosophy

text: of

text: science

text: sociology

text: and

text: political

text: science

text: unified

text: by

text: studies

text: of

text: decision

text: making

text: With

text: almost

text: thousand

text: highly

text: cited

text: publications

text: he

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: social

text: scientists

text: of

text: the

text: twentieth

text: century

text: For

text: many

text: years

text: he

text: held

text: the

text: post

text: of

text: Richard

text: King

text: Mellon

text: Professor

text: at

text: Carnegie

text: Mellon

text: University

text: In computer science, a data structure is a particular way of organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently.

text: In

text: computer

text: science

text: data

text: structure

text: is

text: particular

text: way

text: of

text: organizing

text: data

text: in

text: computer

text: so

text: that

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: efficiently

text: Economics (, ) is a social science concerned with the factors that determine the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term "economics" comes from the Ancient Greek from (', pronounced "eekos", "house") and (', "custom" or "law"), hence "rules of the house (hold for good management)". 'Political economy' was the earlier name for the subject, but economists in the late 19th century suggested "economics" as a shorter term for "economic science" to establish itself as a separate discipline outside of political science and other social sciences.

text: Economics

text: is

text: social

text: science

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: factors

text: that

text: determine

text: the

text: production

text: distribution

text: and

text: consumption

text: of

text: goods

text: and

text: services

text: The

text: term

text: economics

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: from

text: pronounced

text: eekos

text: house

text: and

text: custom

text: or

text: law

text: hence

text: rules

text: of

text: the

text: house

text: hold

text: for

text: good

text: management

text: Political

text: economy

text: was

text: the

text: earlier

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: subject

text: but

text: economists

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: suggested

text: economics

text: as

text: shorter

text: term

text: for

text: economic

text: science

text: to

text: establish

text: itself

text: as

text: separate

text: discipline

text: outside

text: of

text: political

text: science

text: and

text: other

text: social

text: sciences

text: A computer scientist is a scientist who has acquired the knowledge of computer science, the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their application.

text: computer

text: scientist

text: is

text: scientist

text: who

text: has

text: acquired

text: the

text: knowledge

text: of

text: computer

text: science

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: theoretical

text: foundations

text: of

text: information

text: and

text: computation

text: and

text: their

text: application

text: Public administration is the implementation of government policy and also an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service. As a "field of inquiry with a diverse scope" its "fundamental goal... is to advance management and policies so that government can function." Some of the various definitions which have been offered for the term are: "the management of public programs"; the "translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day"; and "the study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies."

text: Public

text: administration

text: is

text: the

text: implementation

text: of

text: government

text: policy

text: and

text: also

text: an

text: academic

text: discipline

text: that

text: studies

text: this

text: implementation

text: and

text: prepares

text: civil

text: servants

text: for

text: working

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: service

text: As

text: field

text: of

text: inquiry

text: with

text: diverse

text: scope

text: its

text: fundamental

text: goal

text: is

text: to

text: advance

text: management

text: and

text: policies

text: so

text: that

text: government

text: can

text: function

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: definitions

text: which

text: have

text: been

text: offered

text: for

text: the

text: term

text: are

text: the

text: management

text: of

text: public

text: programs

text: the

text: translation

text: of

text: politics

text: into

text: the

text: reality

text: that

text: citizens

text: see

text: every

text: day

text: and

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: government

text: decision

text: making

text: the

text: analysis

text: of

text: the

text: policies

text: themselves

text: the

text: various

text: inputs

text: that

text: have

text: produced

text: them

text: and

text: the

text: inputs

text: necessary

text: to

text: produce

text: alternative

text: policies

text: A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out an arbitrary set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. The ability of computers to follow a sequence of operations, called a "program", make computers very flexible and useful. Such computers are used as control systems for a very wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls, factory devices such as industrial robots and computer assisted design, but also in general purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones. The Internet is run on computers and it connects millions of other computers.

text: computer

text: is

text: device

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: instructed

text: to

text: carry

text: out

text: an

text: arbitrary

text: set

text: of

text: arithmetic

text: or

text: logical

text: operations

text: automatically

text: The

text: ability

text: of

text: computers

text: to

text: follow

text: sequence

text: of

text: operations

text: called

text: program

text: make

text: computers

text: very

text: flexible

text: and

text: useful

text: Such

text: computers

text: are

text: used

text: as

text: control

text: systems

text: for

text: very

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: consumer

text: devices

text: This

text: includes

text: simple

text: special

text: purpose

text: devices

text: like

text: microwave

text: ovens

text: and

text: remote

text: controls

text: factory

text: devices

text: such

text: as

text: industrial

text: robots

text: and

text: computer

text: assisted

text: design

text: but

text: also

text: in

text: general

text: purpose

text: devices

text: like

text: personal

text: computers

text: and

text: mobile

text: devices

text: such

text: as

text: smartphones

text: The

text: Internet

text: is

text: run

text: on

text: computers

text: and

text: it

text: connects

text: millions

text: of

text: other

text: computers

text: The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American aerospace manufacturer based in Southern California. It was founded in 1921 by Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. and later merged with McDonnell Aircraft in 1967 to form McDonnell Douglas. Douglas Aircraft Company largely operated as a division of McDonnell Douglas (MD) after the merger. MD later merged with Boeing in 1997.

text: The

text: Douglas

text: Aircraft

text: Company

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: aerospace

text: manufacturer

text: based

text: in

text: Southern

text: California

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Donald

text: Wills

text: Douglas

text: Sr

text: and

text: later

text: merged

text: with

text: McDonnell

text: Aircraft

text: in

text: to

text: form

text: McDonnell

text: Douglas

text: Douglas

text: Aircraft

text: Company

text: largely

text: operated

text: as

text: division

text: of

text: McDonnell

text: Douglas

text: MD

text: after

text: the

text: merger

text: MD

text: later

text: merged

text: with

text: Boeing

text: in

text: In computer programming, codice_1 (or ) is a fundamental function in most dialects of the Lisp programming language. codice_1 "constructs" memory objects which hold two values or pointers to values. These objects are referred to as (cons) cells, conses, non-atomic s-expressions ("NATSes"), or (cons) pairs. In Lisp jargon, the expression "to cons "x" onto "y"" means to construct a new object with codice_3. The resulting pair has a left half, referred to as the codice_4 (the first element, or content of address register), and a right half (the second element, or content of decrement register), referred to as the codice_5.

text: In

text: computer

text: programming

text: or

text: is

text: fundamental

text: function

text: in

text: most

text: dialects

text: of

text: the

text: Lisp

text: programming

text: language

text: constructs

text: memory

text: objects

text: which

text: hold

text: two

text: values

text: or

text: pointers

text: to

text: values

text: These

text: objects

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: cons

text: cells

text: conses

text: non

text: atomic

text: expressions

text: NATSes

text: or

text: cons

text: pairs

text: In

text: Lisp

text: jargon

text: the

text: expression

text: to

text: cons

text: onto

text: means

text: to

text: construct

text: new

text: object

text: with

text: The

text: resulting

text: pair

text: has

text: left

text: half

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: the

text: first

text: element

text: or

text: content

text: of

text: address

text: register

text: and

text: right

text: half

text: the

text: second

text: element

text: or

text: content

text: of

text: decrement

text: register

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text:
The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard. The President of the United States is the military's overall head, and helps form military policy with the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), a federal executive department, acting as the principal organ by which military policy is carried out.
From the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of national unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force. It played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a large standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold War's onset, created the modern U.S. military framework; the Act merged previously Cabinet-level Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment (renamed the Department of Defense in 1949), headed by the Secretary of Defense; and created the Department of the Air Force and National Security Council.

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: are

text: the

text: federal

text: armed

text: forces

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: They

text: consist

text: of

text: the

text: Army

text: Marine

text: Corps

text: Navy

text: Air

text: Force

text: and

text: Coast

text: Guard

text: The

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: the

text: military

text: 's

text: overall

text: head

text: and

text: helps

text: form

text: military

text: policy

text: with

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Department

text: of

text: Defense

text: DoD

text: federal

text: executive

text: department

text: acting

text: as

text: the

text: principal

text: organ

text: by

text: which

text: military

text: policy

text: is

text: carried

text: out

text: From

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: its

text: inception

text: the

text: military

text: played

text: decisive

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: sense

text: of

text: national

text: unity

text: and

text: identity

text: was

text: forged

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: victory

text: in

text: the

text: First

text: Barbary

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: Second

text: Barbary

text: War

text: Even

text: so

text: the

text: Founders

text: were

text: suspicious

text: of

text: permanent

text: military

text: force

text: It

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: Civil

text: War

text: where

text: leading

text: generals

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: were

text: picked

text: from

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: military

text: Not

text: until

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: did

text: large

text: standing

text: army

text: become

text: officially

text: established

text: The

text: National

text: Security

text: Act

text: of

text: adopted

text: following

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: and

text: during

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: 's

text: onset

text: created

text: the

text: modern

text: U.S.

text: military

text: framework

text: the

text: Act

text: merged

text: previously

text: Cabinet

text: level

text: Department

text: of

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: the

text: Navy

text: into

text: the

text: National

text: Military

text: Establishment

text: renamed

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: Defense

text: in

text: headed

text: by

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: Defense

text: and

text: created

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: the

text: Air

text: Force

text: and

text: National

text: Security

text: Council

text:
JOSS (an acronym for JOHNNIAC Open Shop System) was one of the very first interactive, time-sharing programming languages.
JOSS I, developed by J. Clifford Shaw at RAND was first implemented, in beta form, on the JOHNNIAC computer in May 1963. The full implementation was deployed in January 1964, supporting five terminals and the final version, supporting ten terminals, was deployed in January 1965.

text: JOSS

text: an

text: acronym

text: for

text: JOHNNIAC

text: Open

text: Shop

text: System

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: very

text: first

text: interactive

text: time

text: sharing

text: programming

text: languages

text: JOSS

text: developed

text: by

text: Clifford

text: Shaw

text: at

text: RAND

text: was

text: first

text: implemented

text: in

text: beta

text: form

text: on

text: the

text: JOHNNIAC

text: computer

text: in

text: May

text: The

text: full

text: implementation

text: was

text: deployed

text: in

text: January

text: supporting

text: five

text: terminals

text: and

text: the

text: final

text: version

text: supporting

text: ten

text: terminals

text: was

text: deployed

text: in

text: January

text: Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a chessboard, a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Chess is played by millions of people worldwide, both amateurs and professionals.

text: Chess

text: is

text: two

text: player

text: strategy

text: board

text: game

text: played

text: on

text: chessboard

text: checkered

text: gameboard

text: with

text: squares

text: arranged

text: in

text: an

text: eight

text: by

text: eight

text: grid

text: Chess

text: is

text: played

text: by

text: millions

text: of

text: people

text: worldwide

text: both

text: amateurs

text: and

text: professionals

text: Applied science is a discipline of science that applies existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications, like technology or inventions.

text: Applied

text: science

text: is

text: discipline

text: of

text: science

text: that

text: applies

text: existing

text: scientific

text: knowledge

text: to

text: develop

text: more

text: practical

text: applications

text: like

text: technology

text: or

text: inventions

text: Political science is a social science which deals with systems of government, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts and political behaviour. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics which is commonly thought of as determining of the distribution of power and resources. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works."

text: Political

text: science

text: is

text: social

text: science

text: which

text: deals

text: with

text: systems

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: the

text: analysis

text: of

text: political

text: activities

text: political

text: thoughts

text: and

text: political

text: behaviour

text: It

text: deals

text: extensively

text: with

text: the

text: theory

text: and

text: practice

text: of

text: politics

text: which

text: is

text: commonly

text: thought

text: of

text: as

text: determining

text: of

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: power

text: and

text: resources

text: Political

text: scientists

text: see

text: themselves

text: engaged

text: in

text: revealing

text: the

text: relationships

text: underlying

text: political

text: events

text: and

text: conditions

text: and

text: from

text: these

text: revelations

text: they

text: attempt

text: to

text: construct

text: general

text: principles

text: about

text: the

text: way

text: the

text: world

text: of

text: politics

text: works

text: Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines. In computer science, an ideal "intelligent" machine is a flexible rational agent that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving". As machines become increasingly capable, mental facilities once thought to require intelligence are removed from the definition. For example, optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an exemplar of "artificial intelligence", having become a routine technology. Capabilities currently classified as AI include successfully understanding human speech, competing at a high level in strategic game systems (such as Chess and Go), self-driving cars, and interpreting complex data. Some people also consider AI a danger to humanity if it progresses unabatedly.

text: Artificial

text: intelligence

text: AI

text: is

text: intelligence

text: exhibited

text: by

text: machines

text: In

text: computer

text: science

text: an

text: ideal

text: intelligent

text: machine

text: is

text: flexible

text: rational

text: agent

text: that

text: perceives

text: its

text: environment

text: and

text: takes

text: actions

text: that

text: maximize

text: its

text: chance

text: of

text: success

text: at

text: some

text: goal

text: Colloquially

text: the

text: term

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: is

text: applied

text: when

text: machine

text: mimics

text: cognitive

text: functions

text: that

text: humans

text: associate

text: with

text: other

text: human

text: minds

text: such

text: as

text: learning

text: and

text: problem

text: solving

text: As

text: machines

text: become

text: increasingly

text: capable

text: mental

text: facilities

text: once

text: thought

text: to

text: require

text: intelligence

text: are

text: removed

text: from

text: the

text: definition

text: For

text: example

text: optical

text: character

text: recognition

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: perceived

text: as

text: an

text: exemplar

text: of

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: having

text: become

text: routine

text: technology

text: Capabilities

text: currently

text: classified

text: as

text: AI

text: include

text: successfully

text: understanding

text: human

text: speech

text: competing

text: at

text: high

text: level

text: in

text: strategic

text: game

text: systems

text: such

text: as

text: Chess

text: and

text: Go

text: self

text: driving

text: cars

text: and

text: interpreting

text: complex

text: data

text: Some

text: people

text: also

text: consider

text: AI

text: danger

text: to

text: humanity

text: if

text: it

text: progresses

text: unabatedly

text: John Clifford Shaw ( 1922 -- 1991 ) was a systems programmer at the RAND Corporation . He is a coauthor of the first artificial intelligence program , the Logic Theorist , and was one of the developers of Information Processing Language , a programming language of the 1950s . It is considered the true `` father '' of the JOSS language . One of the most significant events that occurred in the programming was the development of the concept of list processing by Allen Newell , Herbert A. Simon and Cliff Shaw during the development of the language IPL - V. He invented the linked list , on which almost all of computer technology now depends .

text: John

text: Clifford

text: Shaw

text: was

text: systems

text: programmer

text: at

text: the

text: RAND

text: Corporation

text: He

text: is

text: coauthor

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: program

text: the

text: Logic

text: Theorist

text: and

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: developers

text: of

text: Information

text: Processing

text: Language

text: programming

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: It

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: true

text: father

text: of

text: the

text: JOSS

text: language

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: significant

text: events

text: that

text: occurred

text: in

text: the

text: programming

text: was

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: list

text: processing

text: by

text: Allen

text: Newell

text: Herbert

text: Simon

text: and

text: Cliff

text: Shaw

text: during

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: language

text: IPL

text: He

text: invented

text: the

text: linked

text: list

text: on

text: which

text: almost

text: all

text: of

text: computer

text: technology

text: now

text: depends

text: Philosophy of science is a branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. The central questions of this study concern what qualifies as science, the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultimate purpose of science. This discipline overlaps with metaphysics, ontology, and epistemology, for example, when it explores the relationship between science and truth.

text: Philosophy

text: of

text: science

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: philosophy

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: foundations

text: methods

text: and

text: implications

text: of

text: science

text: The

text: central

text: questions

text: of

text: this

text: study

text: concern

text: what

text: qualifies

text: as

text: science

text: the

text: reliability

text: of

text: scientific

text: theories

text: and

text: the

text: ultimate

text: purpose

text: of

text: science

text: This

text: discipline

text: overlaps

text: with

text: metaphysics

text: ontology

text: and

text: epistemology

text: for

text: example

text: when

text: it

text: explores

text: the

text: relationship

text: between

text: science

text: and

text: truth

text: Allen Newell (March 19, 1927  July 19, 1992) was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND Corporation and at Carnegie Mellon Universitys School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology. He contributed to the Information Processing Language (1956) and two of the earliest AI programs, the Logic Theory Machine (1956) and the General Problem Solver (1957) (with Herbert A. Simon). He was awarded the ACM's A.M. Turing Award along with Herbert A. Simon in 1975 for their basic contributions to artificial intelligence and the psychology of human cognition.

text: Allen

text: Newell

text: March

text: July

text: was

text: researcher

text: in

text: computer

text: science

text: and

text: cognitive

text: psychology

text: at

text: the

text: RAND

text: Corporation

text: and

text: at

text: Carnegie

text: Mellon

text: Universitys

text: School

text: of

text: Computer

text: Science

text: Tepper

text: School

text: of

text: Business

text: and

text: Department

text: of

text: Psychology

text: He

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: Information

text: Processing

text: Language

text: and

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: AI

text: programs

text: the

text: Logic

text: Theory

text: Machine

text: and

text: the

text: General

text: Problem

text: Solver

text: with

text: Herbert

text: Simon

text: He

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: ACM

text: 's

text: A.M.

text: Turing

text: Award

text: along

text: with

text: Herbert

text: Simon

text: in

text: for

text: their

text: basic

text: contributions

text: to

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: and

text: the

text: psychology

text: of

text: human

text: cognition

text: Carnegie Mellon University (Carnegie Mellon or CMU; or ) is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

text: Carnegie

text: Mellon

text: University

text: Carnegie

text: Mellon

text: or

text: CMU

text: or

text: is

text: private

text: research

text: university

text: in

text: Pittsburgh

text: Pennsylvania

text: Michael Rich is the President and Chief Executive Officer of the RAND Corporation, the institution's highest-ranking position, which he has held since November 2011. Rich became the fifth president and CEO of the Santa Monica, Calif.,-based research institution, succeeding James A. Thomson, who led RAND since 1989. His father, Ben Rich, was a prominent aeronautical engineer with the Lockheed Martin Skunk Works, most famous for developing the F-117A Nighthawk stealth fighter.

text: Michael

text: Rich

text: is

text: the

text: President

text: and

text: Chief

text: Executive

text: Officer

text: of

text: the

text: RAND

text: Corporation

text: the

text: institution

text: 's

text: highest

text: ranking

text: position

text: which

text: he

text: has

text: held

text: since

text: November

text: Rich

text: became

text: the

text: fifth

text: president

text: and

text: CEO

text: of

text: the

text: Santa

text: Monica

text: Calif

text: based

text: research

text: institution

text: succeeding

text: James

text: Thomson

text: who

text: led

text: RAND

text: since

text: His

text: father

text: Ben

text: Rich

text: was

text: prominent

text: aeronautical

text: engineer

text: with

text: the

text: Lockheed

text: Martin

text: Skunk

text: Works

text: most

text: famous

text: for

text: developing

text: the

text: Nighthawk

text: stealth

text: fighter

text: In economics, game theory, decision theory, and artificial intelligence, a rational agent is an agent that has clear preferences, models uncertainty via expected values of variables or functions of variables, and always chooses to perform the action with the optimal expected outcome for itself from among all feasible actions. A rational agent can be anything that makes decisions, typically a person, firm, machine, or software.

text: In

text: economics

text: game

text: theory

text: decision

text: theory

text: and

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: rational

text: agent

text: is

text: an

text: agent

text: that

text: has

text: clear

text: preferences

text: models

text: uncertainty

text: via

text: expected

text: values

text: of

text: variables

text: or

text: functions

text: of

text: variables

text: and

text: always

text: chooses

text: to

text: perform

text: the

text: action

text: with

text: the

text: optimal

text: expected

text: outcome

text: for

text: itself

text: from

text: among

text: all

text: feasible

text: actions

text: rational

text: agent

text: can

text: be

text: anything

text: that

text: makes

text: decisions

text: typically

text: person

text: firm

text: machine

text: or

text: software

text: A chief executive officer (CEO) describes the position of the most senior corporate officer, executive, leader or administrator in charge of managing an organization. CEOs lead a range of organizations, including public and private corporations, non-profit organizations and even some government organizations (e.g., Crown corporations). The CEO of a corporation or company typically reports to the board of directors and is charged with maximizing the value of the entity, which may include maximizing the share price, market share, revenues, or another element. In the non-profit and government sector, CEOs typically aim at achieving outcomes related to the organization's mission, such as reducing poverty, increasing literacy, etc. Titles also often given to the holder of CEO position include president, chief executive (CE) and managing director (MD).

text: chief

text: executive

text: officer

text: CEO

text: describes

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: senior

text: corporate

text: officer

text: executive

text: leader

text: or

text: administrator

text: in

text: charge

text: of

text: managing

text: an

text: organization

text: CEOs

text: lead

text: range

text: of

text: organizations

text: including

text: public

text: and

text: private

text: corporations

text: non

text: profit

text: organizations

text: and

text: even

text: some

text: government

text: organizations

text: e.g.

text: Crown

text: corporations

text: The

text: CEO

text: of

text: corporation

text: or

text: company

text: typically

text: reports

text: to

text: the

text: board

text: of

text: directors

text: and

text: is

text: charged

text: with

text: maximizing

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: entity

text: which

text: may

text: include

text: maximizing

text: the

text: share

text: price

text: market

text: share

text: revenues

text: or

text: another

text: element

text: In

text: the

text: non

text: profit

text: and

text: government

text: sector

text: CEOs

text: typically

text: aim

text: at

text: achieving

text: outcomes

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: organization

text: 's

text: mission

text: such

text: as

text: reducing

text: poverty

text: increasing

text: literacy

text: etc

text: Titles

text: also

text: often

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: holder

text: of

text: CEO

text: position

text: include

text: president

text: chief

text: executive

text: CE

text: and

text: managing

text: director

text: MD

text: In computer science, a linked list is a linear collection of data elements, called nodes, each pointing to the next node by means of a pointer. It is a data structure consisting of a group of nodes which together represent a sequence. Under the simplest form, each node is composed of data and a reference (in other words, a "link") to the next node in the sequence. This structure allows for efficient insertion or removal of elements from any position in the sequence during iteration. More complex variants add additional links, allowing efficient insertion or removal from arbitrary element references.

text: In

text: computer

text: science

text: linked

text: list

text: is

text: linear

text: collection

text: of

text: data

text: elements

text: called

text: nodes

text: each

text: pointing

text: to

text: the

text: next

text: node

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: pointer

text: It

text: is

text: data

text: structure

text: consisting

text: of

text: group

text: of

text: nodes

text: which

text: together

text: represent

text: sequence

text: Under

text: the

text: simplest

text: form

text: each

text: node

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: data

text: and

text: reference

text: in

text: other

text: words

text: link

text: to

text: the

text: next

text: node

text: in

text: the

text: sequence

text: This

text: structure

text: allows

text: for

text: efficient

text: insertion

text: or

text: removal

text: of

text: elements

text: from

text: any

text: position

text: in

text: the

text: sequence

text: during

text: iteration

text: More

text: complex

text: variants

text: add

text: additional

text: links

text: allowing

text: efficient

text: insertion

text: or

text: removal

text: from

text: arbitrary

text: element

text: references

question: occupation cliff shaw

answer: engineer

text: engineer


text: Michael Reese Roper is the lead singer of the third-wave ska band Five Iron Frenzy. After the band disbanded in 2003, Reese released a single album using the moniker Roper. He is also part of the band Brave Saint Saturn, who released their third and final album, "Anti-Meridian", on September 15, 2008. In 2010 he directed, narrated, and edited the feature-length documentary "The Rise and Fall of Five Iron Frenzy". The documentary was released in April 2010 to critical acclaim, as a joint project of Asian Man Records and Department of Biophysics. Five Iron Frenzy regrouped in November 2011 with Roper as the lead singer. The band continues to play spot dates throughout the US at this time.

text: Michael

text: Reese

text: Roper

text: is

text: the

text: lead

text: singer

text: of

text: the

text: third

text: wave

text: ska

text: band

text: Five

text: Iron

text: Frenzy

text: After

text: the

text: band

text: disbanded

text: in

text: Reese

text: released

text: single

text: album

text: using

text: the

text: moniker

text: Roper

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: band

text: Brave

text: Saint

text: Saturn

text: who

text: released

text: their

text: third

text: and

text: final

text: album

text: Anti

text: Meridian

text: on

text: September

text: In

text: he

text: directed

text: narrated

text: and

text: edited

text: the

text: feature

text: length

text: documentary

text: The

text: Rise

text: and

text: Fall

text: of

text: Five

text: Iron

text: Frenzy

text: The

text: documentary

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: April

text: to

text: critical

text: acclaim

text: as

text: joint

text: project

text: of

text: Asian

text: Man

text: Records

text: and

text: Department

text: of

text: Biophysics

text: Five

text: Iron

text: Frenzy

text: regrouped

text: in

text: November

text: with

text: Roper

text: as

text: the

text: lead

text: singer

text: The

text: band

text: continues

text: to

text: play

text: spot

text: dates

text: throughout

text: the

text: US

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: Christian rock is a form of rock music that promotes Jesus and is typically performed by self-proclaimed Christian individuals and bands whose members focus the lyrics on matters of Christian faith. The extent to which their lyrics are explicitly Christian varies between bands. Many bands who perform Christian rock have ties to the contemporary Christian music labels, media outlets, and festivals, while other bands are independent.

text: Christian

text: rock

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: rock

text: music

text: that

text: promotes

text: Jesus

text: and

text: is

text: typically

text: performed

text: by

text: self

text: proclaimed

text: Christian

text: individuals

text: and

text: bands

text: whose

text: members

text: focus

text: the

text: lyrics

text: on

text: matters

text: of

text: Christian

text: faith

text: The

text: extent

text: to

text: which

text: their

text: lyrics

text: are

text: explicitly

text: Christian

text: varies

text: between

text: bands

text: Many

text: bands

text: who

text: perform

text: Christian

text: rock

text: have

text: ties

text: to

text: the

text: contemporary

text: Christian

text: music

text: labels

text: media

text: outlets

text: and

text: festivals

text: while

text: other

text: bands

text: are

text: independent

text: Andrew Dean Verdecchio or Andy Verdecchio ( born October 12 , 1974 in South Philadelphia ) is best known as the drummer of Christian band Five Iron Frenzy , using the stage name `` Chaka . '' He also has played with Brave Saint Saturn and Yellow Second . Near the end of Five Iron Frenzy 's lifespan , Verdecchio began to question his Christian faith and has since disassociated from Christianity .

text: Andrew

text: Dean

text: Verdecchio

text: or

text: Andy

text: Verdecchio

text: born

text: October

text: in

text: South

text: Philadelphia

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: drummer

text: of

text: Christian

text: band

text: Five

text: Iron

text: Frenzy

text: using

text: the

text: stage

text: name

text: Chaka

text: He

text: also

text: has

text: played

text: with

text: Brave

text: Saint

text: Saturn

text: and

text: Yellow

text: Second

text: Near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: Five

text: Iron

text: Frenzy

text: 's

text: lifespan

text: Verdecchio

text: began

text: to

text: question

text: his

text: Christian

text: faith

text: and

text: has

text: since

text: disassociated

text: from

text: Christianity

text: Christian ska is a form of Christian alternative rock, and subgenre of ska and ska-punk which is lyrically oriented toward contemporary Christian music. Though ska did not constitute a genre within the Christian music industry until after third wave ska had peaked in the general market, Christian ska continued to thrive independently into the early 2000s.

text: Christian

text: ska

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: Christian

text: alternative

text: rock

text: and

text: subgenre

text: of

text: ska

text: and

text: ska

text: punk

text: which

text: is

text: lyrically

text: oriented

text: toward

text: contemporary

text: Christian

text: music

text: Though

text: ska

text: did

text: not

text: constitute

text: genre

text: within

text: the

text: Christian

text: music

text: industry

text: until

text: after

text: third

text: wave

text: ska

text: had

text: peaked

text: in

text: the

text: general

text: market

text: Christian

text: ska

text: continued

text: to

text: thrive

text: independently

text: into

text: the

text: early

text: Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius about nine times that of Earth. Although it has only one-eighth the average density of Earth, with its larger volume Saturn is just over 95 times more massive. Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture; its astronomical symbol () represents the god's sickle.

text: Saturn

text: is

text: the

text: sixth

text: planet

text: from

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: after

text: Jupiter

text: It

text: is

text: gas

text: giant

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: radius

text: about

text: nine

text: times

text: that

text: of

text: Earth

text: Although

text: it

text: has

text: only

text: one

text: eighth

text: the

text: average

text: density

text: of

text: Earth

text: with

text: its

text: larger

text: volume

text: Saturn

text: is

text: just

text: over

text: times

text: more

text: massive

text: Saturn

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Roman

text: god

text: of

text: agriculture

text: its

text: astronomical

text: symbol

text: represents

text: the

text: god

text: 's

text: sickle

text: Ska punk is a fusion music genre that combines ska music and punk rock music.

text: Ska

text: punk

text: is

text: fusion

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: combines

text: ska

text: music

text: and

text: punk

text: rock

text: music

text: Power pop is a popular musical genre that draws its inspiration from 1960s British and American rock music. It typically incorporates a combination of musical devices such as strong melodies, clear vocals and crisp vocal harmonies, economical arrangements and prominent guitar riffs. Instrumental solos are usually kept to a minimum, and blues elements are largely downplayed.

text: Power

text: pop

text: is

text: popular

text: musical

text: genre

text: that

text: draws

text: its

text: inspiration

text: from

text: British

text: and

text: American

text: rock

text: music

text: It

text: typically

text: incorporates

text: combination

text: of

text: musical

text: devices

text: such

text: as

text: strong

text: melodies

text: clear

text: vocals

text: and

text: crisp

text: vocal

text: harmonies

text: economical

text: arrangements

text: and

text: prominent

text: guitar

text: riffs

text: Instrumental

text: solos

text: are

text: usually

text: kept

text: to

text: minimum

text: and

text: blues

text: elements

text: are

text: largely

text: downplayed

text: Five Iron Frenzy (informally referred to as Five Iron or FIF) is a Christian ska punk band formed in Denver, Colorado in 1995.

text: Five

text: Iron

text: Frenzy

text: informally

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Five

text: Iron

text: or

text: FIF

text: is

text: Christian

text: ska

text: punk

text: band

text: formed

text: in

text: Denver

text: Colorado

text: in

text: Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, and the Mountain States. Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 22nd most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,456,574 on July 1, 2015, an increase of 8.50% since the 2010 United States Census.

text: Colorado

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: encompassing

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: northeastern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Colorado

text: Plateau

text: and

text: the

text: western

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Plains

text: Colorado

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: Southwestern

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: Mountain

text: States

text: Colorado

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: extensive

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: estimates

text: that

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Colorado

text: was

text: on

text: July

text: an

text: increase

text: of

text: since

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text:
Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado. Denver is located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the "Mile-High City" because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it one of the highest major cities in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone, passes directly through Denver Union Station.
Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U.S. city, and with a 2.8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U.S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2015 population of 4,757,713. Denver is the most populous city within a radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U.S. News & World Report.

text: Denver

text: officially

text: the

text: City

text: and

text: County

text: of

text: Denver

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: municipality

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Colorado

text: Denver

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Platte

text: River

text: Valley

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: High

text: Plains

text: just

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Front

text: Range

text: of

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: The

text: Denver

text: downtown

text: district

text: is

text: located

text: immediately

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: Cherry

text: Creek

text: with

text: the

text: South

text: Platte

text: River

text: approximately

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: foothills

text: of

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: Denver

text: is

text: nicknamed

text: the

text: Mile

text: High

text: City

text: because

text: its

text: official

text: elevation

text: is

text: exactly

text: one

text: mile

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: making

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: major

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: meridian

text: west

text: of

text: Greenwich

text: the

text: longitudinal

text: reference

text: for

text: the

text: Mountain

text: Time

text: Zone

text: passes

text: directly

text: through

text: Denver

text: Union

text: Station

text: Denver

text: is

text: ranked

text: as

text: Beta-

text: world

text: city

text: by

text: the

text: Globalization

text: and

text: World

text: Cities

text: Research

text: Network

text: With

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: Denver

text: ranks

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: U.S.

text: city

text: and

text: with

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: fastest

text: growing

text: major

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: Denver

text: Aurora

text: Lakewood

text: CO

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: had

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: ranked

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: U.S.

text: metropolitan

text: statistical

text: area

text: The

text: Denver

text: Aurora

text: CO

text: Combined

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: had

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: which

text: ranks

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: U.S.

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: Denver

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Front

text: Range

text: Urban

text: Corridor

text: an

text: oblong

text: urban

text: region

text: stretching

text: across

text: two

text: states

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: Denver

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: within

text: radius

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Mountain

text: West

text: after

text: Phoenix

text: Arizona

text: In

text: Denver

text: was

text: named

text: the

text: best

text: place

text: to

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: USA

text: by

text: U.S.

text: News

text: World

text: Report

text: Yellow Second was a melodic power pop band from Denver, Colorado formed in 1999 by Scott Kerr and Andrew Verdecchio, both members of the ska band Five Iron Frenzy.

text: Yellow

text: Second

text: was

text: melodic

text: power

text: pop

text: band

text: from

text: Denver

text: Colorado

text: formed

text: in

text: by

text: Scott

text: Kerr

text: and

text: Andrew

text: Verdecchio

text: both

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: ska

text: band

text: Five

text: Iron

text: Frenzy

text: Ska (Jamaican ) is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggae. Ska combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and blues. It is characterized by a walking bass line accented with rhythms on the off-beat. Ska developed in Jamaica in the 1960s when Prince Buster, Clement "Coxsone" Dodd, and Duke Reid formed sound systems to play American rhythm & blues and then began recording their own songs. Some suggest ska dates to earlier times, however. In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with British mods. Later it became popular with many skinheads.

text: Ska

text: Jamaican

text: is

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: Jamaica

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: precursor

text: to

text: rocksteady

text: and

text: reggae

text: Ska

text: combined

text: elements

text: of

text: Caribbean

text: mento

text: and

text: calypso

text: with

text: American

text: jazz

text: and

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: It

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: walking

text: bass

text: line

text: accented

text: with

text: rhythms

text: on

text: the

text: off

text: beat

text: Ska

text: developed

text: in

text: Jamaica

text: in

text: the

text: when

text: Prince

text: Buster

text: Clement

text: Coxsone

text: Dodd

text: and

text: Duke

text: Reid

text: formed

text: sound

text: systems

text: to

text: play

text: American

text: rhythm

text: blues

text: and

text: then

text: began

text: recording

text: their

text: own

text: songs

text: Some

text: suggest

text: ska

text: dates

text: to

text: earlier

text: times

text: however

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: ska

text: was

text: the

text: dominant

text: music

text: genre

text: of

text: Jamaica

text: and

text: was

text: popular

text: with

text: British

text: mods

text: Later

text: it

text: became

text: popular

text: with

text: many

text: skinheads

text: Brave Saint Saturn (stylized as braveSaintSaturn, brave saint saturn or BS2) is a Christian rock band formed in Denver, Colorado in 1999. The band is a side-project of former members of Five Iron Frenzy started by Reese Roper. The band calls their music style "astro-rock", although Roper has stated that this "doesn't mean anything". The trilogy of albums are meant to artfully represent early life, adversity, and death.

text: Brave

text: Saint

text: Saturn

text: stylized

text: as

text: braveSaintSaturn

text: brave

text: saint

text: saturn

text: or

text: is

text: Christian

text: rock

text: band

text: formed

text: in

text: Denver

text: Colorado

text: in

text: The

text: band

text: is

text: side

text: project

text: of

text: former

text: members

text: of

text: Five

text: Iron

text: Frenzy

text: started

text: by

text: Reese

text: Roper

text: The

text: band

text: calls

text: their

text: music

text: style

text: astro

text: rock

text: although

text: Roper

text: has

text: stated

text: that

text: this

text: does

text: n't

text: mean

text: anything

text: The

text: trilogy

text: of

text: albums

text: are

text: meant

text: to

text: artfully

text: represent

text: early

text: life

text: adversity

text: and

text: death

annotations: likely multiple

question: genre andrew verdecchio

answer: ska

text: ska

text: ska

text: ska

text: ska

text: ska

text: ska

text: ska

text: ska

text: ska

text: ska

text: ska

text: ska

text: ska

text: ska

text: ska

text: ska