text: The National Executive Committee (NEC) is the chief administrative body of the Labour Party. Its composition has changed over the years, and includes representatives of affiliated trade unions, the Parliamentary Labour Party and European Parliamentary Labour Party, constituency Labour parties, and socialist societies, as well as "ex officio" members such as the Party Leader and Deputy Leader and several of their appointees.

text: The

text: National

text: Executive

text: Committee

text: NEC

text: is

text: the

text: chief

text: administrative

text: body

text: of

text: the

text: Labour

text: Party

text: Its

text: composition

text: has

text: changed

text: over

text: the

text: years

text: and

text: includes

text: representatives

text: of

text: affiliated

text: trade

text: unions

text: the

text: Parliamentary

text: Labour

text: Party

text: and

text: European

text: Parliamentary

text: Labour

text: Party

text: constituency

text: Labour

text: parties

text: and

text: socialist

text: societies

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: ex

text: officio

text: members

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Party

text: Leader

text: and

text: Deputy

text: Leader

text: and

text: several

text: of

text: their

text: appointees

text: The President of the Republic of South Africa is the head of state and head of government under the Constitution of South Africa. From 1961 to 1994, the head of state was called the State President.

text: The

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: and

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: under

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: From

text: to

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: was

text: called

text: the

text: State

text: President

text: The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of all 55 countries on the African continent. It was established on 26 May 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and launched on 9 July 2002 in South Africa, with the aim of replacing the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The most important decisions of the AU are made by the Assembly of the African Union, a semi-annual meeting of the heads of state and government of its member states. The AU's secretariat, the African Union Commission, is based in Addis Ababa.

text: The

text: African

text: Union

text: AU

text: is

text: continental

text: union

text: consisting

text: of

text: all

text: countries

text: on

text: the

text: African

text: continent

text: It

text: was

text: established

text: on

text: May

text: in

text: Addis

text: Ababa

text: Ethiopia

text: and

text: launched

text: on

text: July

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: with

text: the

text: aim

text: of

text: replacing

text: the

text: Organisation

text: of

text: African

text: Unity

text: OAU

text: The

text: most

text: important

text: decisions

text: of

text: the

text: AU

text: are

text: made

text: by

text: the

text: Assembly

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: semi

text: annual

text: meeting

text: of

text: the

text: heads

text: of

text: state

text: and

text: government

text: of

text: its

text: member

text: states

text: The

text: AU

text: 's

text: secretariat

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: Commission

text: is

text: based

text: in

text: Addis

text: Ababa

text:
Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki
(born 18 June 1942) is a South African politician who served nine years as the second post-apartheid President of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008. On 20 September 2008, with about nine months left in his second term, Mbeki announced his resignation after being recalled by the National Executive Committee of the ANC, following a conclusion by judge C. R. Nicholson of improper interference in the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), including the prosecution of Jacob Zuma for corruption. On 12 January 2009, the Supreme Court of Appeal unanimously overturned judge Nicholson's judgment but the resignation stood.

text: Thabo

text: Mvuyelwa

text: Mbeki

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: South

text: African

text: politician

text: who

text: served

text: nine

text: years

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: post

text: apartheid

text: President

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: from

text: June

text: to

text: September

text: On

text: September

text: with

text: about

text: nine

text: months

text: left

text: in

text: his

text: second

text: term

text: Mbeki

text: announced

text: his

text: resignation

text: after

text: being

text: recalled

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Executive

text: Committee

text: of

text: the

text: ANC

text: following

text: conclusion

text: by

text: judge

text: Nicholson

text: of

text: improper

text: interference

text: in

text: the

text: National

text: Prosecuting

text: Authority

text: NPA

text: including

text: the

text: prosecution

text: of

text: Jacob

text: Zuma

text: for

text: corruption

text: On

text: January

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeal

text: unanimously

text: overturned

text: judge

text: Nicholson

text: 's

text: judgment

text: but

text: the

text: resignation

text: stood

text: The Commission of the African Union acts as the executive/administrative branch or secretariat of the AU (and is somewhat analogous to the European Commission). It consists of a number of Commissioners dealing with different areas of policy. The Commission is headquartered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It should be distinguished from the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, (based in Banjul, Gambia), which is a separate body that reports to the African Union.

text: The

text: Commission

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: acts

text: as

text: the

text: executive

text: administrative

text: branch

text: or

text: secretariat

text: of

text: the

text: AU

text: and

text: is

text: somewhat

text: analogous

text: to

text: the

text: European

text: Commission

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: Commissioners

text: dealing

text: with

text: different

text: areas

text: of

text: policy

text: The

text: Commission

text: is

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Addis

text: Ababa

text: Ethiopia

text: It

text: should

text: be

text: distinguished

text: from

text: the

text: African

text: Commission

text: on

text: Human

text: and

text: Peoples

text: Rights

text: based

text: in

text: Banjul

text: Gambia

text: which

text: is

text: separate

text: body

text: that

text: reports

text: to

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act No. 108 of 1996), created a single National Prosecution Authority (NPA), which is governed by the National Prosecuting Authority Act (Act No. 32 of 1998). The Constitution, read with this Act, provides the NPA with the power to institute criminal proceedings on behalf of the State, to carry out any necessary functions incidental to institution of criminal proceedings and to discontinue criminal proceedings. The NPA is accountable to Parliament, while the final responsibility over the prosecuting authority lies with the Minister of Justice.

text: The

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: Act

text: No

text: of

text: created

text: single

text: National

text: Prosecution

text: Authority

text: NPA

text: which

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Prosecuting

text: Authority

text: Act

text: Act

text: No

text: of

text: The

text: Constitution

text: read

text: with

text: this

text: Act

text: provides

text: the

text: NPA

text: with

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: institute

text: criminal

text: proceedings

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: to

text: carry

text: out

text: any

text: necessary

text: functions

text: incidental

text: to

text: institution

text: of

text: criminal

text: proceedings

text: and

text: to

text: discontinue

text: criminal

text: proceedings

text: The

text: NPA

text: is

text: accountable

text: to

text: Parliament

text: while

text: the

text: final

text: responsibility

text: over

text: the

text: prosecuting

text: authority

text: lies

text: with

text: the

text: Minister

text: of

text: Justice

text: South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.

text: South

text: Africa

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: RSA

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: of

text: coastline

text: of

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: stretching

text: along

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Indian

text: Oceans

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: of

text: Namibia

text: Botswana

text: and

text: Zimbabwe

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: surrounding

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: South

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: with

text: close

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: nation

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: or

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: that

text: borders

text: both

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: About

text: percent

text: of

text: South

text: Africans

text: are

text: of

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: African

text: ancestry

text: divided

text: among

text: variety

text: of

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: speaking

text: different

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: nine

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: official

text: status

text: The

text: remaining

text: population

text: consists

text: of

text: Africa

text: 's

text: largest

text: communities

text: of

text: European

text: white

text: Asian

text: Indian

text: and

text: multiracial

text: coloured

text: ancestry

text: Ethiopia ('), officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"' (   , "yetiyoya Fdralaw Dmokirasyaw Rpebilk" ), is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north and northeast, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With nearly 100 million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world, as well as the second-most populous nation on the African continent after Nigeria. It occupies a total area of , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa.

text: Ethiopia

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Federal

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ethiopia

text: yetiyoya

text: Fdralaw

text: Dmokirasyaw

text: Rpebilk

text: is

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: It

text: shares

text: borders

text: with

text: Eritrea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: northeast

text: Djibouti

text: and

text: Somalia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Sudan

text: and

text: South

text: Sudan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Kenya

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: With

text: nearly

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Ethiopia

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: nation

text: on

text: the

text: African

text: continent

text: after

text: Nigeria

text: It

text: occupies

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Addis

text: Ababa

text: Addis Ababa (' , "new flower" "Natural Spring(s)") or Addis Abeba (the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority), is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia. It has a population of 3,384,569 according to the 2007 population census, with annual growth rate of 3.8%. This number has been increased from the originally published 2,738,248 figure and appears to be still largely underestimated.

text: Addis

text: Ababa

text: new

text: flower

text: Natural

text: Spring(s

text: or

text: Addis

text: Abeba

text: the

text: spelling

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: official

text: Ethiopian

text: Mapping

text: Authority

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Ethiopia

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: population

text: census

text: with

text: annual

text: growth

text: rate

text: of

text: This

text: number

text: has

text: been

text: increased

text: from

text: the

text: originally

text: published

text: figure

text: and

text: appears

text: to

text: be

text: still

text: largely

text: underestimated

text: Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma, GCB (born 12 April 1942) is the President of South Africa, elected by parliament following his party's victory in the 2009 general election. He was re-elected in the 2014 election.

text: Jacob

text: Gedleyihlekisa

text: Zuma

text: GCB

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: elected

text: by

text: parliament

text: following

text: his

text: party

text: 's

text: victory

text: in

text: the

text: general

text: election

text: He

text: was

text: re

text: elected

text: in

text: the

text: election

text: The Assembly of the African Union, which is formally known as the African Union Assembly of Heads of State and Government (AU-AHSG), is one of several decision-making bodies within the African Union. The other bodies are the Pan-African Parliament, the Executive Council consisting of foreign ministers of the AU members states, and the African Union Commission. The Chairperson of the Assembly has few formal functions, the most important of which is to preside at the Pan-African Parliament during the election and swearing in of the President of the Pan-African Parliament.

text: The

text: Assembly

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: which

text: is

text: formally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: Assembly

text: of

text: Heads

text: of

text: State

text: and

text: Government

text: AU

text: AHSG

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: several

text: decision

text: making

text: bodies

text: within

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: The

text: other

text: bodies

text: are

text: the

text: Pan

text: African

text: Parliament

text: the

text: Executive

text: Council

text: consisting

text: of

text: foreign

text: ministers

text: of

text: the

text: AU

text: members

text: states

text: and

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: Commission

text: The

text: Chairperson

text: of

text: the

text: Assembly

text: has

text: few

text: formal

text: functions

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: to

text: preside

text: at

text: the

text: Pan

text: African

text: Parliament

text: during

text: the

text: election

text: and

text: swearing

text: in

text: of

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Pan

text: African

text: Parliament

text: A continental union is a regional organization which facilitates pan-continental integration. Continental unions vary from collaborative intergovernmental organizations, to supranational politico-economic unions. Continental unions are a relatively new type of political entity in the history of human government. Throughout most of human history, political organization has been at the local level (i.e. tribal, city state) and in more recent centuries, the sub-regional ("regional")/sub-continental level (i.e. river system/basin empires, the modern "nation-state"); however, starting with the advent of better transportation, weapons and communication there was for the first time the ability for a union of member states to organize at the continental level. After the devastation of the first and second world wars in the middle of the 1900s, Europe began to slowly integrate with the founding of the "European Community", which became a political union covering much of the European continent (28 member states ).

text: continental

text: union

text: is

text: regional

text: organization

text: which

text: facilitates

text: pan

text: continental

text: integration

text: Continental

text: unions

text: vary

text: from

text: collaborative

text: intergovernmental

text: organizations

text: to

text: supranational

text: politico

text: economic

text: unions

text: Continental

text: unions

text: are

text: relatively

text: new

text: type

text: of

text: political

text: entity

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: human

text: government

text: Throughout

text: most

text: of

text: human

text: history

text: political

text: organization

text: has

text: been

text: at

text: the

text: local

text: level

text: i.e.

text: tribal

text: city

text: state

text: and

text: in

text: more

text: recent

text: centuries

text: the

text: sub

text: regional

text: regional")/sub

text: continental

text: level

text: i.e.

text: river

text: system

text: basin

text: empires

text: the

text: modern

text: nation

text: state

text: however

text: starting

text: with

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: better

text: transportation

text: weapons

text: and

text: communication

text: there

text: was

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: the

text: ability

text: for

text: union

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: to

text: organize

text: at

text: the

text: continental

text: level

text: After

text: the

text: devastation

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: and

text: second

text: world

text: wars

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: Europe

text: began

text: to

text: slowly

text: integrate

text: with

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Community

text: which

text: became

text: political

text: union

text: covering

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: continent

text: member

text: states

text: The Ethiopian Mapping Authority (EMA) is a branch of the Ethiopian government, a department within the Ministry of Interior, that is responsible for cartographic mapping and remote sensing activities in Ethiopia. During its early years, the EMA benefited from United States assistance, both in terms of financial assistance from the Point Four Programme and a comprehensive base mapping operation of the country undertaken by the United States Army. Today the EMA has expanded its operation to include a comprehensive map revision programme in addition to various phases of digital mapping and information technology.

text: The

text: Ethiopian

text: Mapping

text: Authority

text: EMA

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Ethiopian

text: government

text: department

text: within

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Interior

text: that

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: cartographic

text: mapping

text: and

text: remote

text: sensing

text: activities

text: in

text: Ethiopia

text: During

text: its

text: early

text: years

text: the

text: EMA

text: benefited

text: from

text: United

text: States

text: assistance

text: both

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: financial

text: assistance

text: from

text: the

text: Point

text: Four

text: Programme

text: and

text: comprehensive

text: base

text: mapping

text: operation

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: undertaken

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: Today

text: the

text: EMA

text: has

text: expanded

text: its

text: operation

text: to

text: include

text: comprehensive

text: map

text: revision

text: programme

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: various

text: phases

text: of

text: digital

text: mapping

text: and

text: information

text: technology

text: The Organisation of African Unity ( OAU ; French : Organisation de l'unité africaine ( OUA ) ) was established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa , with 32 signatory governments . It was disbanded on 9 July 2002 by its last chairperson , South African President Thabo Mbeki , and replaced by the African Union ( AU ) .

text: The

text: Organisation

text: of

text: African

text: Unity

text: OAU

text: French

text: Organisation

text: de

text: l'unité

text: africaine

text: OUA

text: was

text: established

text: on

text: May

text: in

text: Addis

text: Ababa

text: with

text: signatory

text: governments

text: It

text: was

text: disbanded

text: on

text: July

text: by

text: its

text: last

text: chairperson

text: South

text: African

text: President

text: Thabo

text: Mbeki

text: and

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: AU

question: instance_of organisation of african unity

answer: organization

text: organization

text: organization


text: Zaandam is a city in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It is the main city of the municipality of Zaanstad, and received city rights in 1811. It is located on the Zaan, close to the North Sea Canal, and is close to Amsterdam.

text: Zaandam

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: North

text: Holland

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: municipality

text: of

text: Zaanstad

text: and

text: received

text: city

text: rights

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Zaan

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: Canal

text: and

text: is

text: close

text: to

text: Amsterdam

text: The North Sea Canal is a Dutch ship canal from Amsterdam to the North Sea at IJmuiden, constructed between 1865 and 1876 to enable seafaring vessels to reach the port of Amsterdam. This man-made channel terminates at Amsterdam in the closed-off IJ Bay, which in turn connects to the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal.

text: The

text: North

text: Sea

text: Canal

text: is

text: Dutch

text: ship

text: canal

text: from

text: Amsterdam

text: to

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: at

text: IJmuiden

text: constructed

text: between

text: and

text: to

text: enable

text: seafaring

text: vessels

text: to

text: reach

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: Amsterdam

text: This

text: man

text: made

text: channel

text: terminates

text: at

text: Amsterdam

text: in

text: the

text: closed

text: off

text: IJ

text: Bay

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: connects

text: to

text: the

text: Amsterdam

text: Rhine

text: Canal

text: Zaanstad is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland, situated northwest of Amsterdam. Its main city is Zaandam. It is part of the conurbation and metropolitan area of Amsterdam. It had a population of in

text: Zaanstad

text: is

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: North

text: Holland

text: situated

text: northwest

text: of

text: Amsterdam

text: Its

text: main

text: city

text: is

text: Zaandam

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: conurbation

text: and

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: Amsterdam

text: It

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe. Asia covers an area of , about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population, but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4.4 billion people.

text: Asia

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: and

text: northern

text: hemispheres

text: and

text: sharing

text: the

text: continental

text: landmass

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: with

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: The

text: continent

text: which

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: civilizations

text: Asia

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: not

text: only

text: its

text: overall

text: large

text: size

text: and

text: population

text: but

text: also

text: dense

text: and

text: large

text: settlements

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: vast

text: barely

text: populated

text: regions

text: within

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: billion

text: people

text: Japan ("Nippon" or "Nihon" ; formally "" or "Nihon-koku", means "State of Japan") is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, It is lying off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland (east of China, Korea, Russia) and stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and near Taiwan in the southwest.

text: Japan

text: Nippon

text: or

text: Nihon

text: formally

text: or

text: Nihon

text: koku

text: means

text: State

text: of

text: Japan

text: is

text: sovereign

text: island

text: nation

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Asia

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: It

text: is

text: lying

text: off

text: the

text: eastern

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Asia

text: Mainland

text: east

text: of

text: China

text: Korea

text: Russia

text: and

text: stretching

text: from

text: the

text: Sea

text: of

text: Okhotsk

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: East

text: China

text: Sea

text: and

text: near

text: Taiwan

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: Pieter Bleeker ( July 10 , 1819 , Zaandam -- January 24 , 1878 , The Hague ) was a Dutch medical doctor , ichthyologist , and herpetologist . He was famous for the Atlas Ichthyologique des Orientales Neerlandaises , his monumental work on the fishes of East Asia ; it was published between 1862 and 1877 .

text: Pieter

text: Bleeker

text: July

text: Zaandam

text: January

text: The

text: Hague

text: was

text: Dutch

text: medical

text: doctor

text: ichthyologist

text: and

text: herpetologist

text: He

text: was

text: famous

text: for

text: the

text: Atlas

text: Ichthyologique

text: des

text: Orientales

text: Neerlandaises

text: his

text: monumental

text: work

text: on

text: the

text: fishes

text: of

text: East

text: Asia

text: it

text: was

text: published

text: between

text: and

text: North Holland (, West Frisian: "Noard-Holland") is a province in the northwest of the Netherlands. It is situated on the North Sea, north of South Holland and Utrecht, and west of Friesland and Flevoland. As of 2015, it has a population of 2,762,163 and a total area of .

text: North

text: Holland

text: West

text: Frisian

text: Noard

text: Holland

text: is

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: north

text: of

text: South

text: Holland

text: and

text: Utrecht

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: Friesland

text: and

text: Flevoland

text: As

text: of

text: it

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 847,176 within the city proper, 1,343,647 in the urban area, and 2,431,000 in the Amsterdam metropolitan area. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the northern part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe, with a population of approximately 7 million.

text: Amsterdam

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: municipality

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Its

text: status

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: is

text: mandated

text: by

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: although

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: which

text: is

text: The

text: Hague

text: Amsterdam

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: proper

text: in

text: the

text: urban

text: area

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Amsterdam

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: North

text: Holland

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: comprises

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Randstad

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: conurbations

text: in

text: Europe

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: million

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text: Mongolia (Mongolian: ["Monggol Ulus"] in Mongolian script; ["Mongol Uls"] in Mongolian Cyrillic) is a landlocked unitary sovereign state in East Asia. Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia, and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state. It is sandwiched between China to the south and Russia to the north. While it does not share a border with Kazakhstan, Mongolia is separated from it by only .

text: Mongolia

text: Mongolian

text: Monggol

text: Ulus

text: in

text: Mongolian

text: script

text: Mongol

text: Uls

text: in

text: Mongolian

text: Cyrillic

text: is

text: landlocked

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: Its

text: area

text: is

text: roughly

text: equivalent

text: with

text: the

text: historical

text: territory

text: of

text: Outer

text: Mongolia

text: and

text: that

text: term

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: current

text: state

text: It

text: is

text: sandwiched

text: between

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: While

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: share

text: border

text: with

text: Kazakhstan

text: Mongolia

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: it

text: by

text: only

text: A continent is one of several very large landmasses on Earth. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in size to smallest, they are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. In geology, areas of continental crust include regions covered with water.

text: continent

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: several

text: very

text: large

text: landmasses

text: on

text: Earth

text: Generally

text: identified

text: by

text: convention

text: rather

text: than

text: any

text: strict

text: criteria

text: up

text: to

text: seven

text: regions

text: are

text: commonly

text: regarded

text: as

text: continents

text: Ordered

text: from

text: largest

text: in

text: size

text: to

text: smallest

text: they

text: are

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: North

text: America

text: South

text: America

text: Antarctica

text: Europe

text: and

text: Australia

text: In

text: geology

text: areas

text: of

text: continental

text: crust

text: include

text: regions

text: covered

text: with

text: water

text: South Holland is a province in the midwestern Netherlands. It has a population of just over 3.6 million (as of 2015) and a population density of about , making it the country's most populous province and one of the world's most densely populated areas. Situated on the North Sea in the west of the Netherlands, South Holland covers an area of , of which is water. It borders North Holland to the north, Utrecht and Gelderland to the east, and North Brabant and Zeeland to the south. The provincial capital is The Hague, while its largest city is Rotterdam.

text: South

text: Holland

text: is

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: midwestern

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: just

text: over

text: million

text: as

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: density

text: of

text: about

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: province

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: areas

text: Situated

text: on

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: South

text: Holland

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: water

text: It

text: borders

text: North

text: Holland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Utrecht

text: and

text: Gelderland

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: North

text: Brabant

text: and

text: Zeeland

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: provincial

text: capital

text: is

text: The

text: Hague

text: while

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Rotterdam

text:
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a state in East Asia. Neighbors include China (officially the People's Republic of China, abbreviated as PRC) to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations, and the one with the largest economy.

text: Taiwan

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: ROC

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: Neighbors

text: include

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: PRC

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Japan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: the

text: Philippines

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Taiwan

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: and

text: the

text: one

text: with

text: the

text: largest

text: economy

text: A subregion is a part of a larger region or continent and is usually based on location. Cardinal directions, such as south or southern, are commonly used to define a subregion.

text: subregion

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: larger

text: region

text: or

text: continent

text: and

text: is

text: usually

text: based

text: on

text: location

text: Cardinal

text: directions

text: such

text: as

text: south

text: or

text: southern

text: are

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: define

text: subregion

text: South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula.

text: South

text: Korea

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: ROK

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: constituting

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Korean

text: Peninsula

text: Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total land area of and a population of over 7.3 million of various nationalities, it ranks as the world's fourth most densely populated sovereign state or territory.

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: officially

text: the

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Special

text: Administrative

text: Region

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: is

text: an

text: autonomous

text: territory

text: on

text: the

text: Pearl

text: River

text: Delta

text: of

text: East

text: Asia

text: Macau

text: lies

text: across

text: the

text: delta

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Chinese

text: province

text: of

text: Guangdong

text: borders

text: the

text: territory

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: With

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: of

text: various

text: nationalities

text: it

text: ranks

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: sovereign

text: state

text: or

text: territory

text: The Hague (or "<nowiki>'</nowiki>s-Gravenhage" ) is a city located in the western coast of the Netherlands, and the capital city of the province of South Holland.

text: The

text: Hague

text: or

text: nowiki>'</nowiki

text: Gravenhage

text: is

text: city

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: South

text: Holland

text: The Zaan is a small river in the province of North Holland in the northwestern Netherlands and the name of a district through which it runs. The river was originally a side arm of the IJ bay and travels 10 kilometers through the municipalities of Zaanstad ("Zaan City") and Wormerland north of Amsterdam, from West-Knollendam in the north to Zaandam in the south, where it empties into the IJ.

text: The

text: Zaan

text: is

text: small

text: river

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: North

text: Holland

text: in

text: the

text: northwestern

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: district

text: through

text: which

text: it

text: runs

text: The

text: river

text: was

text: originally

text: side

text: arm

text: of

text: the

text: IJ

text: bay

text: and

text: travels

text: kilometers

text: through

text: the

text: municipalities

text: of

text: Zaanstad

text: Zaan

text: City

text: and

text: Wormerland

text: north

text: of

text: Amsterdam

text: from

text: West

text: Knollendam

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: Zaandam

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: where

text: it

text: empties

text: into

text: the

text: IJ

text: East Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent, which can be defined in either geographical or ethno-cultural terms. Geographically and geopolitically, it includes China, Hong Kong, and Macao; Mongolia and Taiwan; North and South Korea; and Japan; it covers about , or about 28% of the Asian continent, about twice the area of Europe.

text: East

text: Asia

text: is

text: the

text: eastern

text: subregion

text: of

text: the

text: Asian

text: continent

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: defined

text: in

text: either

text: geographical

text: or

text: ethno

text: cultural

text: terms

text: Geographically

text: and

text: geopolitically

text: it

text: includes

text: China

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macao

text: Mongolia

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: Korea

text: and

text: Japan

text: it

text: covers

text: about

text: or

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: Asian

text: continent

text: about

text: twice

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: Europe

text: The Netherlands  is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three island territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing maritime borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Amsterdam is the country's capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of government and parliament. The name "Holland" is used to refer informally to the whole of the country of the Netherlands.

text: The

text: Netherlands

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: constituent

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: is

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: with

text: three

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: The

text: European

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: borders

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Belgium

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: sharing

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: Belgium

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Germany

text: The

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: are

text: Amsterdam

text: Rotterdam

text: The

text: Hague

text: and

text: Utrecht

text: Amsterdam

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: while

text: The

text: Hague

text: holds

text: the

text: Dutch

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: parliament

text: The

text: name

text: Holland

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: informally

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text: East is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west.

text: East

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: cardinal

text: directions

text: or

text: points

text: of

text: the

text: compass

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: opposite

text: direction

text: from

text: west

text: Korea is a historical state in East Asia, since 1945 divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea (officially the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea") and South Korea (officially the "Republic of Korea"). Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast. It is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the East Sea.

text: Korea

text: is

text: historical

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: since

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: distinct

text: sovereign

text: states

text: North

text: Korea

text: officially

text: the

text: Democratic

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: and

text: South

text: Korea

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: Korean

text: Peninsula

text: Korea

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Japan

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Korea

text: Strait

text: and

text: the

text: East

text: Sea

annotations: follows multiple

question: place_of_birth pieter bleeker

answer: zaanstad

text: zaanstad

text: zaanstad

text: zaanstad


text: The State Railways of the Turkish Republic or TCDD is the government-owned national railway carrier in the Republic of Turkey, headquartered in Ankara. The TCDD was formed on 1 June 1927 by the Turkish government to take over the administration of the existing rail lines within the borders of the Republic of Turkey after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, and to build new ones.

text: The

text: State

text: Railways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Republic

text: or

text: TCDD

text: is

text: the

text: government

text: owned

text: national

text: railway

text: carrier

text: in

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Turkey

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Ankara

text: The

text: TCDD

text: was

text: formed

text: on

text: June

text: by

text: the

text: Turkish

text: government

text: to

text: take

text: over

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: the

text: existing

text: rail

text: lines

text: within

text: the

text: borders

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Turkey

text: after

text: the

text: dissolution

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: and

text: to

text: build

text: new

text: ones

text: DH44100 was a series of six diesel - hydraulic shunters bought by the Turkish State Railways from Maschinenbau Kiel in 1955 . The units were very close to the DB Class V 65 used by Deutsche Bundesbahn .

text: was

text: series

text: of

text: six

text: diesel

text: hydraulic

text: shunters

text: bought

text: by

text: the

text: Turkish

text: State

text: Railways

text: from

text: Maschinenbau

text: Kiel

text: in

text: The

text: units

text: were

text: very

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: DB

text: Class

text: used

text: by

text: Deutsche

text: Bundesbahn

text: The Deutsche Bundesbahn or DB (German Federal Railway) was formed as the state railway of the newly established Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) on 7 September 1949 as a successor of the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (DRG). The DB remained the state railway of West Germany until after German reunification, when it was merged with the former East German Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR) to form Deutsche Bahn AG, which came into existence on 1 January 1994.

text: The

text: Deutsche

text: Bundesbahn

text: or

text: DB

text: German

text: Federal

text: Railway

text: was

text: formed

text: as

text: the

text: state

text: railway

text: of

text: the

text: newly

text: established

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: FRG

text: on

text: September

text: as

text: successor

text: of

text: the

text: Deutsche

text: Reichsbahn

text: Gesellschaft

text: DRG

text: The

text: DB

text: remained

text: the

text: state

text: railway

text: of

text: West

text: Germany

text: until

text: after

text: German

text: reunification

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: merged

text: with

text: the

text: former

text: East

text: German

text: Deutsche

text: Reichsbahn

text: DR

text: to

text: form

text: Deutsche

text: Bahn

text: AG

text: which

text: came

text: into

text: existence

text: on

text: January

text: The German reunification was the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic (GDR/East Germany) joined the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG/West Germany) to form the reunited nation of Germany, and when Berlin reunited into a single city, as provided by its then Grundgesetz constitution Article 23. The end of the unification process is officially referred to as German unity, celebrated on 3 October (German Unity Day). Following German reunification, Berlin was once again designated as the capital of united Germany.

text: The

text: German

text: reunification

text: was

text: the

text: process

text: in

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: German

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: GDR

text: East

text: Germany

text: joined

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: FRG

text: West

text: Germany

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: reunited

text: nation

text: of

text: Germany

text: and

text: when

text: Berlin

text: reunited

text: into

text: single

text: city

text: as

text: provided

text: by

text: its

text: then

text: Grundgesetz

text: constitution

text: Article

text: The

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: unification

text: process

text: is

text: officially

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: German

text: unity

text: celebrated

text: on

text: October

text: German

text: Unity

text: Day

text: Following

text: German

text: reunification

text: Berlin

text: was

text: once

text: again

text: designated

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: united

text: Germany

text: Deutsche Bahn AG (abbreviated as "DB", "DB AG" or "DBAG") is a German railway company. Headquartered in Berlin, it is a private joint-stock company (AG), with the Federal Republic of Germany being its single shareholder. Deutsche Bahn describes itself as the second-largest transport company in the world, after the German postal and logistics company Deutsche Post / DHL, and is the largest railway operator and infrastructure owner in Europe. It carries about two billion passengers each year.

text: Deutsche

text: Bahn

text: AG

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: DB

text: DB

text: AG

text: or

text: DBAG

text: is

text: German

text: railway

text: company

text: Headquartered

text: in

text: Berlin

text: it

text: is

text: private

text: joint

text: stock

text: company

text: AG

text: with

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: being

text: its

text: single

text: shareholder

text: Deutsche

text: Bahn

text: describes

text: itself

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: transport

text: company

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: after

text: the

text: German

text: postal

text: and

text: logistics

text: company

text: Deutsche

text: Post

text: DHL

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: railway

text: operator

text: and

text: infrastructure

text: owner

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: carries

text: about

text: two

text: billion

text: passengers

text: each

text: year

text: Maschinenbau Kiel GmbH designed, manufactured and marketed marine diesel engines, diesel locomotives and tracked vehicles under the MaK brand name. The three primary operating divisions of Maschinenbau Kiel GmbH were sold to different companies in the 1990s.

text: Maschinenbau

text: Kiel

text: GmbH

text: designed

text: manufactured

text: and

text: marketed

text: marine

text: diesel

text: engines

text: diesel

text: locomotives

text: and

text: tracked

text: vehicles

text: under

text: the

text: MaK

text: brand

text: name

text: The

text: three

text: primary

text: operating

text: divisions

text: of

text: Maschinenbau

text: Kiel

text: GmbH

text: were

text: sold

text: to

text: different

text: companies

text: in

text: the

text: A diesel locomotive is a type of railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine. Several types of diesel locomotive have been developed, differing mainly in the means by which mechanical power is conveyed to the driving wheels (drivers).

text: diesel

text: locomotive

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: railway

text: locomotive

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: prime

text: mover

text: is

text: diesel

text: engine

text: Several

text: types

text: of

text: diesel

text: locomotive

text: have

text: been

text: developed

text: differing

text: mainly

text: in

text: the

text: means

text: by

text: which

text: mechanical

text: power

text: is

text: conveyed

text: to

text: the

text: driving

text: wheels

text: drivers

text: The Ottoman Empire ('; Modern Turkish: ' or '), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey, was an empire founded at the end of the thirteenth century in northwestern Anatolia in the vicinity of Bilecik and Söüt by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: Modern

text: Turkish

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Empire

text: Ottoman

text: Turkey

text: was

text: an

text: empire

text: founded

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: thirteenth

text: century

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Anatolia

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Bilecik

text: and

text: Söüt

text: by

text: the

text: Oghuz

text: Turkish

text: tribal

text: leader

text: Osman

text: After

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: crossed

text: into

text: Europe

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Balkans

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Beylik

text: was

text: transformed

text: into

text: transcontinental

text: empire

text: The

text: Ottomans

text: ended

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: with

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: by

text: Mehmed

text: the

text: Conqueror

text: The DB Class V 65 locomotives (from 1968: Class 265) were German, eight-wheeled, rod-coupled diesel locomotives operated by Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) intended for light railway services and medium-heavy shunting duties. The 15 locomotives were delivered in 1956 by MaK (Kiel) to the DB.

text: The

text: DB

text: Class

text: locomotives

text: from

text: Class

text: were

text: German

text: eight

text: wheeled

text: rod

text: coupled

text: diesel

text: locomotives

text: operated

text: by

text: Deutsche

text: Bundesbahn

text: DB

text: intended

text: for

text: light

text: railway

text: services

text: and

text: medium

text: heavy

text: shunting

text: duties

text: The

text: locomotives

text: were

text: delivered

text: in

text: by

text: MaK

text: Kiel

text: to

text: the

text: DB

text: Kiel is the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 240,832 (June 2014).

text: Kiel

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: German

text: state

text: of

text: Schleswig

text: Holstein

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: June

text: Ankara ( ;  ), formerly known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of the Republic of Turkey. With a population of 4,587,558 in the urban center and 5,150,072 in its province , it is Turkey's second largest city after Istanbul.

text: Ankara

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Ancyra

text: and

text: Angora

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Turkey

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: the

text: urban

text: center

text: and

text: in

text: its

text: province

text: it

text: is

text: Turkey

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: after

text: Istanbul

annotations: likely multiple

question: subclass_of tcdd dh44100

answer: locomotive

text: locomotive

text: locomotive

text: locomotive


text: The Cleveland Rockers was a Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) team based in Cleveland, Ohio, that played from 1997 until 2003. The Rockers were one of the original eight franchises of the WNBA, which started in 1997. The owner was Gordon Gund, who at the time also owned the NBA's Cleveland Cavaliers. In September 2003, Gund announced that his Gund Arena Company would no longer operate the Rockers. The team folded after the 2003 season as the league was not able to find new ownership for the team.

text: The

text: Cleveland

text: Rockers

text: was

text: Women

text: 's

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: WNBA

text: team

text: based

text: in

text: Cleveland

text: Ohio

text: that

text: played

text: from

text: until

text: The

text: Rockers

text: were

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: eight

text: franchises

text: of

text: the

text: WNBA

text: which

text: started

text: in

text: The

text: owner

text: was

text: Gordon

text: Gund

text: who

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: also

text: owned

text: the

text: NBA

text: 's

text: Cleveland

text: Cavaliers

text: In

text: September

text: Gund

text: announced

text: that

text: his

text: Gund

text: Arena

text: Company

text: would

text: no

text: longer

text: operate

text: the

text: Rockers

text: The

text: team

text: folded

text: after

text: the

text: season

text: as

text: the

text: league

text: was

text: not

text: able

text: to

text: find

text: new

text: ownership

text: for

text: the

text: team

text: The Houston Comets were a Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) team based in Houston, Texas, United States. Formed in 1997, the team was one of the original eight WNBA teams and won the first four championships of the league's existence. The Comets were the first dynasty of the WNBA and won more championships than any other team in the WNBA. The team was folded and disbanded by the league in 2008 because new ownership could not be found.

text: The

text: Houston

text: Comets

text: were

text: Women

text: 's

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: WNBA

text: team

text: based

text: in

text: Houston

text: Texas

text: United

text: States

text: Formed

text: in

text: the

text: team

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: eight

text: WNBA

text: teams

text: and

text: won

text: the

text: first

text: four

text: championships

text: of

text: the

text: league

text: 's

text: existence

text: The

text: Comets

text: were

text: the

text: first

text: dynasty

text: of

text: the

text: WNBA

text: and

text: won

text: more

text: championships

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: team

text: in

text: the

text: WNBA

text: The

text: team

text: was

text: folded

text: and

text: disbanded

text: by

text: the

text: league

text: in

text: because

text: new

text: ownership

text: could

text: not

text: be

text: found

text: Los Angeles (Spanish for "The Angels"), officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A., is the second-most populous city in the United States (after New York City), the most populous city in California and the county seat of Los Angeles County. Situated in Southern California, Los Angeles is known for its mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, sprawling metropolis, and as a major center of the American entertainment industry. Los Angeles lies in a large coastal basin surrounded on three sides by mountains reaching up to and over .

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Spanish

text: for

text: The

text: Angels

text: officially

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: and

text: often

text: known

text: by

text: its

text: initials

text: L.A.

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: after

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: California

text: and

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: County

text: Situated

text: in

text: Southern

text: California

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: mediterranean

text: climate

text: ethnic

text: diversity

text: sprawling

text: metropolis

text: and

text: as

text: major

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: entertainment

text: industry

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: lies

text: in

text: large

text: coastal

text: basin

text: surrounded

text: on

text: three

text: sides

text: by

text: mountains

text: reaching

text: up

text: to

text: and

text: over

text: The Utah Starzz were a Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) team based in Salt Lake City, Utah. They began play in the 1997 WNBA season as one of the league's eight original teams. The Starzz relocated, in 2003, to San Antonio where the team became the San Antonio Silver Stars. The Starzz was the sister team to the NBA's Utah Jazz.

text: The

text: Utah

text: Starzz

text: were

text: Women

text: 's

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: WNBA

text: team

text: based

text: in

text: Salt

text: Lake

text: City

text: Utah

text: They

text: began

text: play

text: in

text: the

text: WNBA

text: season

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: league

text: 's

text: eight

text: original

text: teams

text: The

text: Starzz

text: relocated

text: in

text: to

text: San

text: Antonio

text: where

text: the

text: team

text: became

text: the

text: San

text: Antonio

text: Silver

text: Stars

text: The

text: Starzz

text: was

text: the

text: sister

text: team

text: to

text: the

text: NBA

text: 's

text: Utah

text: Jazz

text: The Sacramento Monarchs were a basketball team based in Sacramento, California. They played in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) from 1997 until folding on November 20, 2009. They played their home games at ARCO Arena.

text: The

text: Sacramento

text: Monarchs

text: were

text: basketball

text: team

text: based

text: in

text: Sacramento

text: California

text: They

text: played

text: in

text: the

text: Women

text: 's

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: WNBA

text: from

text: until

text: folding

text: on

text: November

text: They

text: played

text: their

text: home

text: games

text: at

text: ARCO

text: Arena

text: The 1997 WNBA Season was the Women's National Basketball Association's first in existence. It started off with 8 franchises: Charlotte Sting, Cleveland Rockers, Houston Comets, Los Angeles Sparks, New York Liberty, Phoenix Mercury, Sacramento Monarchs, and the Utah Starzz. It featured an inaugural game between the New York Liberty and the Los Angeles Sparks. The Sparks lost to the New York Liberty, 67-57. The attendance at the Forum was 14,284. The season ended with the Comets defeating the Liberty in a one-game series 65-51. Cynthia Cooper was named MVP of the game.

text: The

text: WNBA

text: Season

text: was

text: the

text: Women

text: 's

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: 's

text: first

text: in

text: existence

text: It

text: started

text: off

text: with

text: franchises

text: Charlotte

text: Sting

text: Cleveland

text: Rockers

text: Houston

text: Comets

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Sparks

text: New

text: York

text: Liberty

text: Phoenix

text: Mercury

text: Sacramento

text: Monarchs

text: and

text: the

text: Utah

text: Starzz

text: It

text: featured

text: an

text: inaugural

text: game

text: between

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Liberty

text: and

text: the

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Sparks

text: The

text: Sparks

text: lost

text: to

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Liberty

text: The

text: attendance

text: at

text: the

text: Forum

text: was

text: The

text: season

text: ended

text: with

text: the

text: Comets

text: defeating

text: the

text: Liberty

text: in

text: one

text: game

text: series

text: Cynthia

text: Cooper

text: was

text: named

text: MVP

text: of

text: the

text: game

text: The Phoenix Mercury is a professional basketball team based in Phoenix, Arizona, playing in the Western Conference in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). The team was founded before the league's inaugural 1997 season began; it is one of the eight original franchises. The team is owned by Robert Sarver, who also owns the Mercury's NBA counterpart, the Phoenix Suns.

text: The

text: Phoenix

text: Mercury

text: is

text: professional

text: basketball

text: team

text: based

text: in

text: Phoenix

text: Arizona

text: playing

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Conference

text: in

text: the

text: Women

text: 's

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: WNBA

text: The

text: team

text: was

text: founded

text: before

text: the

text: league

text: 's

text: inaugural

text: season

text: began

text: it

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: eight

text: original

text: franchises

text: The

text: team

text: is

text: owned

text: by

text: Robert

text: Sarver

text: who

text: also

text: owns

text: the

text: Mercury

text: 's

text: NBA

text: counterpart

text: the

text: Phoenix

text: Suns

text: The Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) is a professional basketball league in the United States. It currently is composed of twelve teams. The league was founded on April 24, 1996, as the women's counterpart to the National Basketball Association (NBA). League play started in 1997; the regular season is currently played from June to September with the All Star game being played midway through the season in July and the WNBA Finals at the end of September until the beginning of October.

text: The

text: Women

text: 's

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: WNBA

text: is

text: professional

text: basketball

text: league

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: currently

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: twelve

text: teams

text: The

text: league

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: April

text: as

text: the

text: women

text: 's

text: counterpart

text: to

text: the

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: NBA

text: League

text: play

text: started

text: in

text: the

text: regular

text: season

text: is

text: currently

text: played

text: from

text: June

text: to

text: September

text: with

text: the

text: All

text: Star

text: game

text: being

text: played

text: midway

text: through

text: the

text: season

text: in

text: July

text: and

text: the

text: WNBA

text: Finals

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: September

text: until

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: October

text: The Los Angeles Sparks are a professional Basketball team based in Los Angeles, California, playing in the Western Conference in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They are the current WNBA champions after defeating the Minnesota Lynx, 3-2, in the 2016 WNBA Finals. The team was founded before the league's inaugural 1997 season began. Like some other WNBA teams, the Sparks have the distinction of not being affiliated with an NBA counterpart, even though the market is shared with the Los Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers. As of 2015, the Sparks are the last franchise to win back-to-back titles.

text: The

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Sparks

text: are

text: professional

text: Basketball

text: team

text: based

text: in

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: California

text: playing

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Conference

text: in

text: the

text: Women

text: 's

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: WNBA

text: They

text: are

text: the

text: current

text: WNBA

text: champions

text: after

text: defeating

text: the

text: Minnesota

text: Lynx

text: in

text: the

text: WNBA

text: Finals

text: The

text: team

text: was

text: founded

text: before

text: the

text: league

text: 's

text: inaugural

text: season

text: began

text: Like

text: some

text: other

text: WNBA

text: teams

text: the

text: Sparks

text: have

text: the

text: distinction

text: of

text: not

text: being

text: affiliated

text: with

text: an

text: NBA

text: counterpart

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: market

text: is

text: shared

text: with

text: the

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Lakers

text: and

text: the

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Clippers

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: Sparks

text: are

text: the

text: last

text: franchise

text: to

text: win

text: back

text: to

text: back

text: titles

text: The 1997 WNBA season was the first season for the Los Angeles Sparks . The Sparks finished in second place in the Western Division with a record of 14 wins and 14 losses .

text: The

text: WNBA

text: season

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: season

text: for

text: the

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Sparks

text: The

text: Sparks

text: finished

text: in

text: second

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Division

text: with

text: record

text: of

text: wins

text: and

text: losses

text: The New York Liberty is a professional basketball team based in New York City, playing in the Eastern Conference in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). The team was founded in 1997 and is one of the eight original franchises of the league. The team is owned by The Madison Square Garden Company, who also owns the Liberty's National Basketball Association (NBA) counterpart, the New York Knicks. Home games are played at Madison Square Garden in the borough of Manhattan.

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Liberty

text: is

text: professional

text: basketball

text: team

text: based

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: playing

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Conference

text: in

text: the

text: Women

text: 's

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: WNBA

text: The

text: team

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: eight

text: original

text: franchises

text: of

text: the

text: league

text: The

text: team

text: is

text: owned

text: by

text: The

text: Madison

text: Square

text: Garden

text: Company

text: who

text: also

text: owns

text: the

text: Liberty

text: 's

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: NBA

text: counterpart

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Knicks

text: Home

text: games

text: are

text: played

text: at

text: Madison

text: Square

text: Garden

text: in

text: the

text: borough

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: The Charlotte Sting was a Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) franchise based in Charlotte, North Carolina and it was one of the league's eight original teams. The team folded on January 3, 2007.

text: The

text: Charlotte

text: Sting

text: was

text: Women

text: 's

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: WNBA

text: franchise

text: based

text: in

text: Charlotte

text: North

text: Carolina

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: league

text: 's

text: eight

text: original

text: teams

text: The

text: team

text: folded

text: on

text: January

annotations: follows single

question: sport 1997 los angeles sparks season

answer: basketball

text: basketball

text: basketball

text: basketball

text: basketball

text: basketball

text: basketball

text: basketball

text: basketball

text: basketball

text: basketball

text: basketball

text: basketball

text: basketball

text: basketball

text: basketball

text: basketball

text: basketball


text: Viacom Media Networks (formerly MTV Networks) is an American mass media division of Viacom that oversees the operations of many of its television channels and Internet brands, including Nickelodeon, BET, CMT, Comedy Central, VH1 and the original MTV channel in the United States. Its sister international division is Viacom International Media Networks.

text: Viacom

text: Media

text: Networks

text: formerly

text: MTV

text: Networks

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: mass

text: media

text: division

text: of

text: Viacom

text: that

text: oversees

text: the

text: operations

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: its

text: television

text: channels

text: and

text: Internet

text: brands

text: including

text: Nickelodeon

text: BET

text: CMT

text: Comedy

text: Central

text: and

text: the

text: original

text: MTV

text: channel

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Its

text: sister

text: international

text: division

text: is

text: Viacom

text: International

text: Media

text: Networks

text: Digital cable is any type of cable television distribution using digital video compression for USE. The technology was originally developed by General Instrument before being acquired by Motorola and subsequently acquired by ARRIS Group. Cable companies converted to digital systems during the 2000s, around the time that television signals were converted to the digital HDTV format, which was not compatible with earlier analog cable systems. In addition to providing higher resolution HD video, digital cable systems provide expanded services such as pay-per-view programming, cable internet access and cable telephone services. Most digital cable signals are encrypted, which reduced the high incidence of cable theft which occurred in analog systems.

text: Digital

text: cable

text: is

text: any

text: type

text: of

text: cable

text: television

text: distribution

text: using

text: digital

text: video

text: compression

text: for

text: USE

text: The

text: technology

text: was

text: originally

text: developed

text: by

text: General

text: Instrument

text: before

text: being

text: acquired

text: by

text: Motorola

text: and

text: subsequently

text: acquired

text: by

text: ARRIS

text: Group

text: Cable

text: companies

text: converted

text: to

text: digital

text: systems

text: during

text: the

text: around

text: the

text: time

text: that

text: television

text: signals

text: were

text: converted

text: to

text: the

text: digital

text: HDTV

text: format

text: which

text: was

text: not

text: compatible

text: with

text: earlier

text: analog

text: cable

text: systems

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: providing

text: higher

text: resolution

text: HD

text: video

text: digital

text: cable

text: systems

text: provide

text: expanded

text: services

text: such

text: as

text: pay

text: per

text: view

text: programming

text: cable

text: internet

text: access

text: and

text: cable

text: telephone

text: services

text: Most

text: digital

text: cable

text: signals

text: are

text: encrypted

text: which

text: reduced

text: the

text: high

text: incidence

text: of

text: cable

text: theft

text: which

text: occurred

text: in

text: analog

text: systems

text: Reality television is a genre of television programming that documents supposedly unscripted real-life situations, and often features an otherwise unknown cast of individuals who are typically not professional actors, although in some shows celebrities may participate. It differs from documentary television in that the focus tends to be on drama, personal conflict, and entertainment rather than educating viewers. The genre has various standard tropes, including "confessionals" (also called "talking heads" or "interview segments") used by cast members to express their thoughts, which often double as the shows' narration. In competition-based reality shows, a notable subset, there are other common elements such as one participant being eliminated per episode, a panel of judges, and the concept of "immunity from elimination."

text: Reality

text: television

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: television

text: programming

text: that

text: documents

text: supposedly

text: unscripted

text: real

text: life

text: situations

text: and

text: often

text: features

text: an

text: otherwise

text: unknown

text: cast

text: of

text: individuals

text: who

text: are

text: typically

text: not

text: professional

text: actors

text: although

text: in

text: some

text: shows

text: celebrities

text: may

text: participate

text: It

text: differs

text: from

text: documentary

text: television

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: focus

text: tends

text: to

text: be

text: on

text: drama

text: personal

text: conflict

text: and

text: entertainment

text: rather

text: than

text: educating

text: viewers

text: The

text: genre

text: has

text: various

text: standard

text: tropes

text: including

text: confessionals

text: also

text: called

text: talking

text: heads

text: or

text: interview

text: segments

text: used

text: by

text: cast

text: members

text: to

text: express

text: their

text: thoughts

text: which

text: often

text: double

text: as

text: the

text: shows

text: narration

text: In

text: competition

text: based

text: reality

text: shows

text: notable

text: subset

text: there

text: are

text: other

text: common

text: elements

text: such

text: as

text: one

text: participant

text: being

text: eliminated

text: per

text: episode

text: panel

text: of

text: judges

text: and

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: immunity

text: from

text: elimination

text: The Head began as an ongoing series that originally ran under the title MTV 's Oddities , on MTV . It has begun airing on MTV2 in August 2009 . It was released on DVD on December 15 , 2009 .

text: The

text: Head

text: began

text: as

text: an

text: ongoing

text: series

text: that

text: originally

text: ran

text: under

text: the

text: title

text: MTV

text: 's

text: Oddities

text: on

text: MTV

text: It

text: has

text: begun

text: airing

text: on

text: in

text: August

text: It

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: DVD

text: on

text: December

text: The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over a land area of just , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term "New York minute". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world.

text: The

text: City

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: often

text: called

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: or

text: simply

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: distributed

text: over

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: just

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: major

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Located

text: at

text: the

text: southern

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: agglomerations

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: global

text: power

text: city

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: exerts

text: significant

text: impact

text: upon

text: commerce

text: finance

text: media

text: art

text: fashion

text: research

text: technology

text: education

text: and

text: entertainment

text: its

text: fast

text: pace

text: defining

text: the

text: term

text: New

text: York

text: minute

text: Home

text: to

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: center

text: for

text: international

text: diplomacy

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: cultural

text: and

text: financial

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: MTV2 (formerly M2) is an American digital cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Global Entertainment Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom. The channel was initially broadcast over-the-air in selected markets, where the former all-request music channel known as The Box was broadcast. The channel was originally launched as a constant commercial-free music video channel, much like the original MTV channel; but once MTV started to change its focus from music to reality television in the 2000s, MTV2's focus changed as well, thus bringing music video programming away from both MTV and MTV2. Today, MTV2 broadcasts unscripted programming and syndicated television episodes from MTV and other networks.

text: formerly

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: digital

text: cable

text: and

text: satellite

text: television

text: channel

text: owned

text: by

text: Viacom

text: Global

text: Entertainment

text: Group

text: unit

text: of

text: the

text: Viacom

text: Media

text: Networks

text: division

text: of

text: Viacom

text: The

text: channel

text: was

text: initially

text: broadcast

text: over

text: the

text: air

text: in

text: selected

text: markets

text: where

text: the

text: former

text: all

text: request

text: music

text: channel

text: known

text: as

text: The

text: Box

text: was

text: broadcast

text: The

text: channel

text: was

text: originally

text: launched

text: as

text: constant

text: commercial

text: free

text: music

text: video

text: channel

text: much

text: like

text: the

text: original

text: MTV

text: channel

text: but

text: once

text: MTV

text: started

text: to

text: change

text: its

text: focus

text: from

text: music

text: to

text: reality

text: television

text: in

text: the

text: 's

text: focus

text: changed

text: as

text: well

text: thus

text: bringing

text: music

text: video

text: programming

text: away

text: from

text: both

text: MTV

text: and

text: Today

text: broadcasts

text: unscripted

text: programming

text: and

text: syndicated

text: television

text: episodes

text: from

text: MTV

text: and

text: other

text: networks

text: Viacom, Inc. (known simply as Viacom) is an American media conglomerate with interests primarily in cinema and cable television. It is currently the world's sixth largest broadcasting and cable company in terms of revenue, behind Comcast, The Walt Disney Company, Time Warner, 21st Century Fox and CBS Corporation, respectively. Voting control of Viacom is held by National Amusements, Inc., a privately owned theater company controlled by the billionaire Sumner Redstone. Redstone also holds via National Amusements a controlling stake in CBS Corporation.

text: Viacom

text: Inc.

text: known

text: simply

text: as

text: Viacom

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: media

text: conglomerate

text: with

text: interests

text: primarily

text: in

text: cinema

text: and

text: cable

text: television

text: It

text: is

text: currently

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sixth

text: largest

text: broadcasting

text: and

text: cable

text: company

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: revenue

text: behind

text: Comcast

text: The

text: Walt

text: Disney

text: Company

text: Time

text: Warner

text: Century

text: Fox

text: and

text: CBS

text: Corporation

text: respectively

text: Voting

text: control

text: of

text: Viacom

text: is

text: held

text: by

text: National

text: Amusements

text: Inc.

text: privately

text: owned

text: theater

text: company

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: billionaire

text: Sumner

text: Redstone

text: Redstone

text: also

text: holds

text: via

text: National

text: Amusements

text: controlling

text: stake

text: in

text: CBS

text: Corporation

text: A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are primarily made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to become more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food and other products. Although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by various terms including "illustrated song", "filmed insert", "promotional (promo) film", "promotional clip", "promotional video", "song video", "song clip" or "film clip". Since the creation and increased popularity of YouTube, mainstream artists now promote new music videos by releasing trailers of short promos on the site for their upcoming song and music video. Consequentially, YouTube has been converted into a social media platform for celebrities and artists to market themselves to their fans

text: music

text: video

text: is

text: short

text: film

text: integrating

text: song

text: and

text: imagery

text: produced

text: for

text: promotional

text: or

text: artistic

text: purposes

text: Modern

text: music

text: videos

text: are

text: primarily

text: made

text: and

text: used

text: as

text: marketing

text: device

text: intended

text: to

text: promote

text: the

text: sale

text: of

text: music

text: recordings

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: cases

text: where

text: songs

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: tie

text: in

text: marketing

text: campaigns

text: that

text: allow

text: them

text: to

text: become

text: more

text: than

text: just

text: song

text: Tie

text: ins

text: and

text: merchandising

text: could

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: toys

text: or

text: marketing

text: campaigns

text: for

text: food

text: and

text: other

text: products

text: Although

text: the

text: origins

text: of

text: music

text: videos

text: date

text: back

text: to

text: musical

text: short

text: films

text: that

text: first

text: appeared

text: in

text: the

text: they

text: came

text: into

text: prominence

text: in

text: the

text: when

text: MTV

text: based

text: their

text: format

text: around

text: the

text: medium

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: these

text: works

text: were

text: described

text: by

text: various

text: terms

text: including

text: illustrated

text: song

text: filmed

text: insert

text: promotional

text: promo

text: film

text: promotional

text: clip

text: promotional

text: video

text: song

text: video

text: song

text: clip

text: or

text: film

text: clip

text: Since

text: the

text: creation

text: and

text: increased

text: popularity

text: of

text: YouTube

text: mainstream

text: artists

text: now

text: promote

text: new

text: music

text: videos

text: by

text: releasing

text: trailers

text: of

text: short

text: promos

text: on

text: the

text: site

text: for

text: their

text: upcoming

text: song

text: and

text: music

text: video

text: Consequentially

text: YouTube

text: has

text: been

text: converted

text: into

text: social

text: media

text: platform

text: for

text: celebrities

text: and

text: artists

text: to

text: market

text: themselves

text: to

text: their

text: fans

text: Satellite television is  according to "article 1.39" of the International Telecommunication Unions (ITU) ITU Radio Regulations (RR)  a "Broadcasting-satellite service".

text: Satellite

text: television

text: is

text: according

text: to

text: article

text: of

text: the

text: International

text: Telecommunication

text: Unions

text: ITU

text: ITU

text: Radio

text: Regulations

text: RR

text: Broadcasting

text: satellite

text: service

text: MTV (originally an initialism of Music Television) is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks (a division of Viacom) and headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1, 1981, the channel originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as "video jockeys" (VJs). In its early years, MTV's main target demographic was young adults, but today it is primarily towards teenagers, high school students and college students. MTV has toned down its music video programming significantly in recent years, and its programming now consists mainly of original reality, comedy and drama programming and some off-network syndicated programs and films, with limited music video programming in off-peak time periods. It has received criticism towards this change of focus, both by certain segments of its audience and musicians. MTV's influence on its audience, including issues involving censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years.

text: MTV

text: originally

text: an

text: initialism

text: of

text: Music

text: Television

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: cable

text: and

text: satellite

text: television

text: channel

text: owned

text: by

text: Viacom

text: Media

text: Networks

text: division

text: of

text: Viacom

text: and

text: headquartered

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Launched

text: on

text: August

text: the

text: channel

text: originally

text: aired

text: music

text: videos

text: as

text: guided

text: by

text: television

text: personalities

text: known

text: as

text: video

text: jockeys

text: VJs

text: In

text: its

text: early

text: years

text: MTV

text: 's

text: main

text: target

text: demographic

text: was

text: young

text: adults

text: but

text: today

text: it

text: is

text: primarily

text: towards

text: teenagers

text: high

text: school

text: students

text: and

text: college

text: students

text: MTV

text: has

text: toned

text: down

text: its

text: music

text: video

text: programming

text: significantly

text: in

text: recent

text: years

text: and

text: its

text: programming

text: now

text: consists

text: mainly

text: of

text: original

text: reality

text: comedy

text: and

text: drama

text: programming

text: and

text: some

text: off

text: network

text: syndicated

text: programs

text: and

text: films

text: with

text: limited

text: music

text: video

text: programming

text: in

text: off

text: peak

text: time

text: periods

text: It

text: has

text: received

text: criticism

text: towards

text: this

text: change

text: of

text: focus

text: both

text: by

text: certain

text: segments

text: of

text: its

text: audience

text: and

text: musicians

text: MTV

text: 's

text: influence

text: on

text: its

text: audience

text: including

text: issues

text: involving

text: censorship

text: and

text: social

text: activism

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: subject

text: of

text: debate

text: for

text: several

text: years

question: genre the head

answer: comedy

text: comedy

text: comedy