text: The London Assembly is an elected body, part of the Greater London Authority, that scrutinises the activities of the Mayor of London and has the power, with a two-thirds majority, to amend the Mayor's annual budget and to reject the Mayor's draft statutory strategies. The assembly was established in 2000 and meets at City Hall on the South Bank of the River Thames, close to Tower Bridge. The assembly is also able to investigate other issues of importance to Londoners (transport, environmental matters, etc.), publish its findings and recommendations, and make proposals to the Mayor.

text: The

text: London

text: Assembly

text: is

text: an

text: elected

text: body

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Greater

text: London

text: Authority

text: that

text: scrutinises

text: the

text: activities

text: of

text: the

text: Mayor

text: of

text: London

text: and

text: has

text: the

text: power

text: with

text: two

text: thirds

text: majority

text: to

text: amend

text: the

text: Mayor

text: 's

text: annual

text: budget

text: and

text: to

text: reject

text: the

text: Mayor

text: 's

text: draft

text: statutory

text: strategies

text: The

text: assembly

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: meets

text: at

text: City

text: Hall

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: Bank

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: close

text: to

text: Tower

text: Bridge

text: The

text: assembly

text: is

text: also

text: able

text: to

text: investigate

text: other

text: issues

text: of

text: importance

text: to

text: Londoners

text: transport

text: environmental

text: matters

text: etc

text: publish

text: its

text: findings

text: and

text: recommendations

text: and

text: make

text: proposals

text: to

text: the

text: Mayor

text: Hertfordshire (often abbreviated Herts) is a county in southern England, bordered by Bedfordshire to the north, Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Essex to the east, Buckinghamshire to the west and Greater London to the south. For government statistical purposes, it is placed in the East of England region.

text: Hertfordshire

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: Herts

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: southern

text: England

text: bordered

text: by

text: Bedfordshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Cambridgeshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: Essex

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Buckinghamshire

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Greater

text: London

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: For

text: government

text: statistical

text: purposes

text: it

text: is

text: placed

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: of

text: England

text: region

text: Trafalgar Square is a public square in the City of Westminster, Central London, built around the area formerly known as Charing Cross. Its name commemorates the Battle of Trafalgar, a British naval victory in the Napoleonic Wars with France and Spain that took place on 21 October 1805 off the coast of Cape Trafalgar, Spain.

text: Trafalgar

text: Square

text: is

text: public

text: square

text: in

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Westminster

text: Central

text: London

text: built

text: around

text: the

text: area

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Charing

text: Cross

text: Its

text: name

text: commemorates

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Trafalgar

text: British

text: naval

text: victory

text: in

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: with

text: France

text: and

text: Spain

text: that

text: took

text: place

text: on

text: October

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Cape

text: Trafalgar

text: Spain

text: The Board of Admiralty was established in 1628 when Charles I put the office of Lord High Admiral into commission to exercise the office of the Lord High Admiral. As that position was not always occupied, the purpose was to enable management of the day to day operational requirements of the Royal Navy; at that point administrative control of the navy was still the responsibility of the Navy Board, established in 1546. This system remained in place until 1832, when the Board of Admiralty became the sole authority charged with both administrative and operational control of the navy when the Navy Board was abolished. The term Admiralty has become synonymous with the command and control of the Royal Navy, partly personified in the Board of Admiralty and in the Admiralty buildings in London from where operations were in large part directed. It existed until 1964 when the office of First Lord of the Admiralty was finally abolished and the functions of the Lords Commissioners were transferred to the new Admiralty Board and the tri-service Defence Council of the United Kingdom.

text: The

text: Board

text: of

text: Admiralty

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: when

text: Charles

text: put

text: the

text: office

text: of

text: Lord

text: High

text: Admiral

text: into

text: commission

text: to

text: exercise

text: the

text: office

text: of

text: the

text: Lord

text: High

text: Admiral

text: As

text: that

text: position

text: was

text: not

text: always

text: occupied

text: the

text: purpose

text: was

text: to

text: enable

text: management

text: of

text: the

text: day

text: to

text: day

text: operational

text: requirements

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: at

text: that

text: point

text: administrative

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: navy

text: was

text: still

text: the

text: responsibility

text: of

text: the

text: Navy

text: Board

text: established

text: in

text: This

text: system

text: remained

text: in

text: place

text: until

text: when

text: the

text: Board

text: of

text: Admiralty

text: became

text: the

text: sole

text: authority

text: charged

text: with

text: both

text: administrative

text: and

text: operational

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: navy

text: when

text: the

text: Navy

text: Board

text: was

text: abolished

text: The

text: term

text: Admiralty

text: has

text: become

text: synonymous

text: with

text: the

text: command

text: and

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: partly

text: personified

text: in

text: the

text: Board

text: of

text: Admiralty

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Admiralty

text: buildings

text: in

text: London

text: from

text: where

text: operations

text: were

text: in

text: large

text: part

text: directed

text: It

text: existed

text: until

text: when

text: the

text: office

text: of

text: First

text: Lord

text: of

text: the

text: Admiralty

text: was

text: finally

text: abolished

text: and

text: the

text: functions

text: of

text: the

text: Lords

text: Commissioners

text: were

text: transferred

text: to

text: the

text: new

text: Admiralty

text: Board

text: and

text: the

text: tri

text: service

text: Defence

text: Council

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: UK

text: or

text: Britain

text: is

text: sovereign

text: country

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: Lying

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: mainland

text: it

text: includes

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: loosely

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: country

text: the

text: north

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: many

text: smaller

text: islands

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: that

text: shares

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: another

text: sovereign

text: statethe

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Apart

text: from

text: this

text: land

text: border

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: south

text: west

text: giving

text: it

text: the

text: longest

text: coastline

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Together

text: this

text: makes

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Parliament Square is a square at the northwest end of the Palace of Westminster in London. It features a large open green area in the centre with trees to its west and it contains eleven statues of statesmen and other notable individuals.

text: Parliament

text: Square

text: is

text: square

text: at

text: the

text: northwest

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Palace

text: of

text: Westminster

text: in

text: London

text: It

text: features

text: large

text: open

text: green

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: centre

text: with

text: trees

text: to

text: its

text: west

text: and

text: it

text: contains

text: eleven

text: statues

text: of

text: statesmen

text: and

text: other

text: notable

text: individuals

text: Head of government is a generic term used for either the highest or second highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, (commonly referred to as countries, nations or nation-states) who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments. The term "head of government" is often differentiated from the term "head of state", (e.g. as in article 7 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, article 1 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents and the United Nations protocol list), as they may be separate positions, individuals, and/or roles depending on the country.

text: Head

text: of

text: government

text: is

text: generic

text: term

text: used

text: for

text: either

text: the

text: highest

text: or

text: second

text: highest

text: official

text: in

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: of

text: sovereign

text: state

text: federated

text: state

text: or

text: self

text: governing

text: colony

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: countries

text: nations

text: or

text: nation

text: states

text: who

text: often

text: presides

text: over

text: cabinet

text: group

text: of

text: ministers

text: or

text: secretaries

text: who

text: lead

text: executive

text: departments

text: The

text: term

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: is

text: often

text: differentiated

text: from

text: the

text: term

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: e.g.

text: as

text: in

text: article

text: of

text: the

text: Vienna

text: Convention

text: on

text: the

text: Law

text: of

text: Treaties

text: article

text: of

text: the

text: Convention

text: on

text: the

text: Prevention

text: and

text: Punishment

text: of

text: Crimes

text: against

text: Internationally

text: Protected

text: Persons

text: including

text: Diplomatic

text: Agents

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: protocol

text: list

text: as

text: they

text: may

text: be

text: separate

text: positions

text: individuals

text: and/or

text: roles

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: country

text: London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom, as well as the most populous city proper in the European Union. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it "Londinium". London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its medieval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, "London" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which today largely makes up Greater London, governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.

text: London

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: proper

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Standing

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: London

text: has

text: been

text: major

text: settlement

text: for

text: two

text: millennia

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: who

text: named

text: it

text: Londinium

text: London

text: 's

text: ancient

text: core

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: largely

text: retains

text: its

text: medieval

text: boundaries

text: Since

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: century

text: London

text: has

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: metropolis

text: around

text: this

text: core

text: historically

text: split

text: between

text: Middlesex

text: Essex

text: Surrey

text: Kent

text: and

text: Hertfordshire

text: which

text: today

text: largely

text: makes

text: up

text: Greater

text: London

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Mayor

text: of

text: London

text: and

text: the

text: London

text: Assembly

text: The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, % of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered , % of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, the phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" was often used to describe the British Empire, because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.

text: The

text: British

text: Empire

text: comprised

text: the

text: dominions

text: colonies

text: protectorates

text: mandates

text: and

text: other

text: territories

text: ruled

text: or

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: its

text: predecessor

text: states

text: It

text: originated

text: with

text: the

text: overseas

text: possessions

text: and

text: trading

text: posts

text: established

text: by

text: England

text: between

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: At

text: its

text: height

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: empire

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: for

text: over

text: century

text: was

text: the

text: foremost

text: global

text: power

text: By

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: held

text: sway

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: population

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: and

text: by

text: it

text: covered

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: As

text: result

text: its

text: political

text: legal

text: linguistic

text: and

text: cultural

text: legacy

text: is

text: widespread

text: At

text: the

text: peak

text: of

text: its

text: power

text: the

text: phrase

text: the

text: empire

text: on

text: which

text: the

text: sun

text: never

text: sets

text: was

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: because

text: its

text: expanse

text: around

text: the

text: globe

text: meant

text: that

text: the

text: sun

text: was

text: always

text: shining

text: on

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: territories

text: Whitehall is a road in the City of Westminster, Central London, which forms the first part of the A3212 road from Trafalgar Square to Chelsea. It is the main thoroughfare running south from Trafalgar Square towards Parliament Square. The street is recognised as the centre of Her Majesty's Government and is lined with numerous departments and ministries including the Ministry of Defence, Horse Guards and the Cabinet Office. Consequently, the name "Whitehall" is used as a metonym for British central governmental administration, and the geographic name for the surrounding area.

text: Whitehall

text: is

text: road

text: in

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Westminster

text: Central

text: London

text: which

text: forms

text: the

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: road

text: from

text: Trafalgar

text: Square

text: to

text: Chelsea

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: thoroughfare

text: running

text: south

text: from

text: Trafalgar

text: Square

text: towards

text: Parliament

text: Square

text: The

text: street

text: is

text: recognised

text: as

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: Her

text: Majesty

text: 's

text: Government

text: and

text: is

text: lined

text: with

text: numerous

text: departments

text: and

text: ministries

text: including

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: Horse

text: Guards

text: and

text: the

text: Cabinet

text: Office

text: Consequently

text: the

text: name

text: Whitehall

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: metonym

text: for

text: British

text: central

text: governmental

text: administration

text: and

text: the

text: geographic

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: surrounding

text: area

text: Great Britain, also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth-largest in the world. In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, comprise the British Isles archipelago.

text: Great

text: Britain

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Britain

text: is

text: large

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: off

text: the

text: northwest

text: coast

text: of

text: continental

text: Europe

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: European

text: island

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: the

text: island

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: after

text: Java

text: in

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: Honshu

text: in

text: Japan

text: The

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: is

text: situated

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: it

text: and

text: together

text: these

text: islands

text: along

text: with

text: over

text: smaller

text: surrounding

text: islands

text: comprise

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: archipelago

text: Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north west, Surrey to the west, East Sussex to the south west, and Essex across the Thames Estuary to the north. The county town is Maidstone.

text: Kent

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: South

text: East

text: England

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: home

text: counties

text: It

text: borders

text: Greater

text: London

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: west

text: Surrey

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: East

text: Sussex

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: and

text: Essex

text: across

text: the

text: Thames

text: Estuary

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: The

text: county

text: town

text: is

text: Maidstone

text: The Admiralty was the government department responsible for the command of the Royal Navy in the Kingdom of England, and later in Great Britain, and from 1709 and until 1964 in the United Kingdom and former British Empire. Originally exercised by a single person, the Lord High Admiral, the Admiralty was, from the early 18th century onwards, almost invariably put "in commission" and exercised by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, who sat on the Board of Admiralty.

text: The

text: Admiralty

text: was

text: the

text: government

text: department

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: in

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: later

text: in

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: from

text: and

text: until

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: former

text: British

text: Empire

text: Originally

text: exercised

text: by

text: single

text: person

text: the

text: Lord

text: High

text: Admiral

text: the

text: Admiralty

text: was

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: onwards

text: almost

text: invariably

text: put

text: in

text: commission

text: and

text: exercised

text: by

text: the

text: Lords

text: Commissioners

text: of

text: the

text: Admiralty

text: who

text: sat

text: on

text: the

text: Board

text: of

text: Admiralty

text: Admiralty House in London is a Grade I listed building facing Whitehall , currently used for UK government functions and as ministerial flats . It was opened in 1788 and until 1964 was the official residence of the First Lords of the Admiralty .

text: Admiralty

text: House

text: in

text: London

text: is

text: Grade

text: listed

text: building

text: facing

text: Whitehall

text: currently

text: used

text: for

text: UK

text: government

text: functions

text: and

text: as

text: ministerial

text: flats

text: It

text: was

text: opened

text: in

text: and

text: until

text: was

text: the

text: official

text: residence

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: Lords

text: of

text: the

text: Admiralty

text: A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. In developing the current Constitution of France (1958), former French president Charles de Gaulle said the head of state should embody "the spirit of the nation" (""). In some countries, typically those with parliamentary governments, the head of state is a ceremonial figurehead that does not actually guide day-to-day government activities and may not even be empowered to exercise any kind of political authority (e.g., Queen Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom). In other countries, the head of state is also the head of government, such as in the U.S., where the president is both a public figurehead and the actual highest ranking political leader who, in practice, oversees the executive branch.

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: or

text: chief

text: of

text: state

text: is

text: the

text: public

text: persona

text: that

text: officially

text: represents

text: the

text: national

text: unity

text: and

text: legitimacy

text: of

text: sovereign

text: state

text: In

text: developing

text: the

text: current

text: Constitution

text: of

text: France

text: former

text: French

text: president

text: Charles

text: de

text: Gaulle

text: said

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: should

text: embody

text: the

text: spirit

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: In

text: some

text: countries

text: typically

text: those

text: with

text: parliamentary

text: governments

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: is

text: ceremonial

text: figurehead

text: that

text: does

text: not

text: actually

text: guide

text: day

text: to

text: day

text: government

text: activities

text: and

text: may

text: not

text: even

text: be

text: empowered

text: to

text: exercise

text: any

text: kind

text: of

text: political

text: authority

text: e.g.

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: II

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: In

text: other

text: countries

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: where

text: the

text: president

text: is

text: both

text: public

text: figurehead

text: and

text: the

text: actual

text: highest

text: ranking

text: political

text: leader

text: who

text: in

text: practice

text: oversees

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: The Mayor of London is an elected politician who, along with the London Assembly of 25 members, is accountable for the strategic government of Greater London. The current mayor is Sadiq Khan, who took up office on 9 May 2016. The position had been held by Ken Livingstone from the creation of the role on 4 May 2000 until he was defeated in 2008 by Boris Johnson, who served two terms before being succeeded by Khan.

text: The

text: Mayor

text: of

text: London

text: is

text: an

text: elected

text: politician

text: who

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: London

text: Assembly

text: of

text: members

text: is

text: accountable

text: for

text: the

text: strategic

text: government

text: of

text: Greater

text: London

text: The

text: current

text: mayor

text: is

text: Sadiq

text: Khan

text: who

text: took

text: up

text: office

text: on

text: May

text: The

text: position

text: had

text: been

text: held

text: by

text: Ken

text: Livingstone

text: from

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: role

text: on

text: May

text: until

text: he

text: was

text: defeated

text: in

text: by

text: Boris

text: Johnson

text: who

text: served

text: two

text: terms

text: before

text: being

text: succeeded

text: by

text: Khan

text: The City of London is a city and county within London. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, but the agglomeration has since grown far beyond the City's borders. The City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London, though it remains a notable part of central London. Administratively, it forms one of the 33 local authority districts of Greater London; however, the City of London is not a London borough, a status reserved for the other 32 districts (including London's only other city, the City of Westminster).

text: The

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: county

text: within

text: London

text: It

text: constituted

text: most

text: of

text: London

text: from

text: its

text: settlement

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: to

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: but

text: the

text: agglomeration

text: has

text: since

text: grown

text: far

text: beyond

text: the

text: City

text: 's

text: borders

text: The

text: City

text: is

text: now

text: only

text: tiny

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: metropolis

text: of

text: London

text: though

text: it

text: remains

text: notable

text: part

text: of

text: central

text: London

text: Administratively

text: it

text: forms

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: authority

text: districts

text: of

text: Greater

text: London

text: however

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: is

text: not

text: London

text: borough

text: status

text: reserved

text: for

text: the

text: other

text: districts

text: including

text: London

text: 's

text: only

text: other

text: city

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Westminster

text: Londinium was a settlement established on the current site of the City of London around  43. Its bridge over the River Thames turned the city into a road nexus and major port, serving as a major commercial centre in Roman Britain until its abandonment during the 5th century.

text: Londinium

text: was

text: settlement

text: established

text: on

text: the

text: current

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: around

text: Its

text: bridge

text: over

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: turned

text: the

text: city

text: into

text: road

text: nexus

text: and

text: major

text: port

text: serving

text: as

text: major

text: commercial

text: centre

text: in

text: Roman

text: Britain

text: until

text: its

text: abandonment

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: The River Thames is a river that flows through southern England. At , it is the longest river entirely in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn. It also flows through Oxford (where it is called Isis), Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway, derived from its long tidal reach up to Teddington Lock. It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire, and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary. The Thames drains the whole of Greater London.

text: The

text: River

text: Thames

text: is

text: river

text: that

text: flows

text: through

text: southern

text: England

text: At

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: longest

text: river

text: entirely

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: longest

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: after

text: the

text: River

text: Severn

text: It

text: also

text: flows

text: through

text: Oxford

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: called

text: Isis

text: Reading

text: Henley

text: on

text: Thames

text: and

text: Windsor

text: The

text: lower

text: reaches

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: are

text: called

text: the

text: Tideway

text: derived

text: from

text: its

text: long

text: tidal

text: reach

text: up

text: to

text: Teddington

text: Lock

text: It

text: rises

text: at

text: Thames

text: Head

text: in

text: Gloucestershire

text: and

text: flows

text: into

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: via

text: the

text: Thames

text: Estuary

text: The

text: Thames

text: drains

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: Greater

text: London

text: The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.

text: The

text: European

text: Union

text: EU

text: is

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: union

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: that

text: are

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: The

text: EU

text: has

text: developed

text: an

text: internal

text: single

text: market

text: through

text: standardised

text: system

text: of

text: laws

text: that

text: apply

text: in

text: all

text: member

text: states

text: EU

text: policies

text: aim

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: free

text: movement

text: of

text: people

text: goods

text: services

text: and

text: capital

text: within

text: the

text: internal

text: market

text: enact

text: legislation

text: in

text: justice

text: and

text: home

text: affairs

text: and

text: maintain

text: common

text: policies

text: on

text: trade

text: agriculture

text: fisheries

text: and

text: regional

text: development

text: Within

text: the

text: Schengen

text: Area

text: passport

text: controls

text: have

text: been

text: abolished

text: monetary

text: union

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: came

text: into

text: full

text: force

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: EU

text: member

text: states

text: which

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: currency

text: England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.

text: England

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Scotland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Wales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: northwest

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: England

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: continental

text: Europe

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: covers

text: five

text: eighths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: which

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: in

text: its

text: centre

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: includes

text: over

text: smaller

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: and

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years War against the kingdom of France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is known as the Senior Service.

text: The

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: RN

text: is

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: naval

text: warfare

text: force

text: Although

text: warships

text: were

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: English

text: kings

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: medieval

text: period

text: the

text: first

text: major

text: maritime

text: engagements

text: were

text: fought

text: in

text: the

text: Hundred

text: Years

text: War

text: against

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: France

text: The

text: modern

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: traces

text: its

text: origins

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: the

text: oldest

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: armed

text: services

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Senior

text: Service

text: Surrey is a county in the south east of England and also one of the home counties bordering Greater London. Surrey shares borders with Kent to the east, East Sussex to the south-east, West Sussex to the south, Hampshire to the west and south-west and Berkshire to the north-west. The county town is Guildford. Surrey County Council sits extraterritorially at Kingston upon Thames, administered as part of Greater London since 1965. With a resident population of 1.1 million, Surrey is the most densely populated and third most populated county in the South East region, after Kent and Hampshire.

text: Surrey

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: also

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: home

text: counties

text: bordering

text: Greater

text: London

text: Surrey

text: shares

text: borders

text: with

text: Kent

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: East

text: Sussex

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: West

text: Sussex

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Hampshire

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: west

text: and

text: Berkshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: west

text: The

text: county

text: town

text: is

text: Guildford

text: Surrey

text: County

text: Council

text: sits

text: extraterritorially

text: at

text: Kingston

text: upon

text: Thames

text: administered

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: Greater

text: London

text: since

text: With

text: resident

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: Surrey

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: and

text: third

text: most

text: populated

text: county

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: East

text: region

text: after

text: Kent

text: and

text: Hampshire

text: The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the 10th centurywhen it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdomsuntil 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: England

text: was

text: sovereign

text: state

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: from

text: the

text: centurywhen

text: it

text: emerged

text: from

text: various

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: kingdomsuntil

text: when

text: it

text: united

text: with

text: Scotland

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: An official residence is the residence at which a nation's head of state, head of government, governor or other senior figure officially resides. It may or may not be the same location where the individual conducts work-related functions, or actually lives.

text: An

text: official

text: residence

text: is

text: the

text: residence

text: at

text: which

text: nation

text: 's

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: governor

text: or

text: other

text: senior

text: figure

text: officially

text: resides

text: It

text: may

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: the

text: same

text: location

text: where

text: the

text: individual

text: conducts

text: work

text: related

text: functions

text: or

text: actually

text: lives

text: Middlesex (abbreviation: Middx) was a county in southeast England that is now mostly part of Greater London, with small sections in neighbouring counties. It was established in the Anglo-Saxon system from the territory of the Middle Saxons, and existed as an official unit until 1965. The historic county included land stretching north of the River Thames from east to west of the City of London with the rivers Colne and Lea and a ridge of hills as the other boundaries. The largely low-lying county, dominated by clay in its north and alluvium on gravel in its south, was the second smallest by area in 1831.

text: Middlesex

text: abbreviation

text: Middx

text: was

text: county

text: in

text: southeast

text: England

text: that

text: is

text: now

text: mostly

text: part

text: of

text: Greater

text: London

text: with

text: small

text: sections

text: in

text: neighbouring

text: counties

text: It

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: system

text: from

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Saxons

text: and

text: existed

text: as

text: an

text: official

text: unit

text: until

text: The

text: historic

text: county

text: included

text: land

text: stretching

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: from

text: east

text: to

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: with

text: the

text: rivers

text: Colne

text: and

text: Lea

text: and

text: ridge

text: of

text: hills

text: as

text: the

text: other

text: boundaries

text: The

text: largely

text: low

text: lying

text: county

text: dominated

text: by

text: clay

text: in

text: its

text: north

text: and

text: alluvium

text: on

text: gravel

text: in

text: its

text: south

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: smallest

text: by

text: area

text: in

text: Central London is the innermost part of London, England. There is no official definition of its area but its characteristics are understood to include a high density built environment, high land values, an elevated daytime population and a concentration of regionally, nationally and internationally significant organisations and facilities. Over time a number of definitions have been used to define the scope of central London for statistics, urban planning and local government.

text: Central

text: London

text: is

text: the

text: innermost

text: part

text: of

text: London

text: England

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: official

text: definition

text: of

text: its

text: area

text: but

text: its

text: characteristics

text: are

text: understood

text: to

text: include

text: high

text: density

text: built

text: environment

text: high

text: land

text: values

text: an

text: elevated

text: daytime

text: population

text: and

text: concentration

text: of

text: regionally

text: nationally

text: and

text: internationally

text: significant

text: organisations

text: and

text: facilities

text: Over

text: time

text: number

text: of

text: definitions

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: define

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: central

text: London

text: for

text: statistics

text: urban

text: planning

text: and

text: local

text: government

text:
The Cabinet Office is a department of the Government of the United Kingdom responsible for supporting the Prime Minister and Cabinet of the United Kingdom.
It is composed of various units that support Cabinet committees and which co-ordinate the delivery of government objectives via other departments. It currently has just over 2,000 staff, most of whom work in Whitehall. Staff working in the Prime Minister's Office are part of the Cabinet Office.

text: The

text: Cabinet

text: Office

text: is

text: department

text: of

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: responsible

text: for

text: supporting

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: and

text: Cabinet

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: various

text: units

text: that

text: support

text: Cabinet

text: committees

text: and

text: which

text: co

text: ordinate

text: the

text: delivery

text: of

text: government

text: objectives

text: via

text: other

text: departments

text: It

text: currently

text: has

text: just

text: over

text: staff

text: most

text: of

text: whom

text: work

text: in

text: Whitehall

text: Staff

text: working

text: in

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: 's

text: Office

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Cabinet

text: Office

text: The City of Westminster is an Inner London borough which also holds city status. It occupies much of the central area of Greater London including most of the West End. It is to the west of and adjoining the ancient City of London, directly to the east of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, and its southern boundary is the River Thames. It was created with the 1965 establishment of Greater London. Upon creation, Westminster was awarded city status, which had been previously held by the smaller Metropolitan Borough of Westminster.

text: The

text: City

text: of

text: Westminster

text: is

text: an

text: Inner

text: London

text: borough

text: which

text: also

text: holds

text: city

text: status

text: It

text: occupies

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: area

text: of

text: Greater

text: London

text: including

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: End

text: It

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: and

text: adjoining

text: the

text: ancient

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: directly

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Borough

text: of

text: Kensington

text: and

text: Chelsea

text: and

text: its

text: southern

text: boundary

text: is

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: It

text: was

text: created

text: with

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: Greater

text: London

text: Upon

text: creation

text: Westminster

text: was

text: awarded

text: city

text: status

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: previously

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: smaller

text: Metropolitan

text: Borough

text: of

text: Westminster

annotations: follows single

question: owned_by admiralty house

answer: government of the united kingdom

text: government of the united kingdom


text: An ultrahazardous activity in the common law of torts is one that is so inherently dangerous that a person engaged in such an activity can be held strictly liable for injuries caused to another person , even if the person engaged in the activity took every reasonable precaution to prevent others from being injured . In the Restatement of the Law 2d , Torts 2d , the term has been abandoned in favor of the phrase `` inherently dangerous activity . ''

text: An

text: ultrahazardous

text: activity

text: in

text: the

text: common

text: law

text: of

text: torts

text: is

text: one

text: that

text: is

text: so

text: inherently

text: dangerous

text: that

text: person

text: engaged

text: in

text: such

text: an

text: activity

text: can

text: be

text: held

text: strictly

text: liable

text: for

text: injuries

text: caused

text: to

text: another

text: person

text: even

text: if

text: the

text: person

text: engaged

text: in

text: the

text: activity

text: took

text: every

text: reasonable

text: precaution

text: to

text: prevent

text: others

text: from

text: being

text: injured

text: In

text: the

text: Restatement

text: of

text: the

text: Law

text: Torts

text: the

text: term

text: has

text: been

text: abandoned

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: the

text: phrase

text: inherently

text: dangerous

text: activity

text: A statute is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that governs a state, city or country. Typically, statutes command or prohibit something, or declare policy. Statutes are rules made by legislative bodies; they are distinguished from case law or precedent, which is decided by courts, and regulations issued by government agencies. Statute law is written by a government's legislative body and signed into law by its executive.

text: statute

text: is

text: formal

text: written

text: enactment

text: of

text: legislative

text: authority

text: that

text: governs

text: state

text: city

text: or

text: country

text: Typically

text: statutes

text: command

text: or

text: prohibit

text: something

text: or

text: declare

text: policy

text: Statutes

text: are

text: rules

text: made

text: by

text: legislative

text: bodies

text: they

text: are

text: distinguished

text: from

text: case

text: law

text: or

text: precedent

text: which

text: is

text: decided

text: by

text: courts

text: and

text: regulations

text: issued

text: by

text: government

text: agencies

text: Statute

text: law

text: is

text: written

text: by

text: government

text: 's

text: legislative

text: body

text: and

text: signed

text: into

text: law

text: by

text: its

text: executive

text: Delict (from Latin "dlictum", past participle of "dlinquere" to be at fault, offend) is a term in civil law jurisdictions for a civil wrong consisting of an intentional or negligent breach of duty of care that inflicts loss or harm and which triggers legal liability for the wrongdoer; however, its meaning varies from one jurisdiction to another. Other civil wrongs include breach of contract and breach of trust. Liability is imposed on the basis of moral responsibility, i.e. a duty of care or to act, and fault ("culpa") is the main element of liability. The term is used in mixed legal systems such as Scotland, South Africa, Louisiana and the Philippines, but "tort" is the equivalent legal term used in common law jurisdictions.

text: Delict

text: from

text: Latin

text: dlictum

text: past

text: participle

text: of

text: dlinquere

text: to

text: be

text: at

text: fault

text: offend

text: is

text: term

text: in

text: civil

text: law

text: jurisdictions

text: for

text: civil

text: wrong

text: consisting

text: of

text: an

text: intentional

text: or

text: negligent

text: breach

text: of

text: duty

text: of

text: care

text: that

text: inflicts

text: loss

text: or

text: harm

text: and

text: which

text: triggers

text: legal

text: liability

text: for

text: the

text: wrongdoer

text: however

text: its

text: meaning

text: varies

text: from

text: one

text: jurisdiction

text: to

text: another

text: Other

text: civil

text: wrongs

text: include

text: breach

text: of

text: contract

text: and

text: breach

text: of

text: trust

text: Liability

text: is

text: imposed

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: moral

text: responsibility

text: i.e.

text: duty

text: of

text: care

text: or

text: to

text: act

text: and

text: fault

text: culpa

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: element

text: of

text: liability

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: mixed

text: legal

text: systems

text: such

text: as

text: Scotland

text: South

text: Africa

text: Louisiana

text: and

text: the

text: Philippines

text: but

text: tort

text: is

text: the

text: equivalent

text: legal

text: term

text: used

text: in

text: common

text: law

text: jurisdictions

text: Case law is the set of existing rulings which made new interpretations of law and, therefore, can be cited as precedents. In some countries, such as the United States, the term is exclusively used for judicial decisions of selected appellate courts, courts of first instance, and other bodies discharging judicial functions. In other countries, such as most European countries, the term is applied to any set of rulings on law which is guided by previous rulings, for example, "patent office case law". These interpretations are distinguished from statutory law which are the statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies; regulatory law which are regulations established by governmental agencies based on statutes; and in some states, common law which are the generally accepted laws carried to the colonies and former colonies of England (USA, Australia, etc.). Trials and hearings which are not selected as 'courts of first impression' do not have rulings that become case law; therefore, these rulings cannot be precedents for future court decisions.

text: Case

text: law

text: is

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: existing

text: rulings

text: which

text: made

text: new

text: interpretations

text: of

text: law

text: and

text: therefore

text: can

text: be

text: cited

text: as

text: precedents

text: In

text: some

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: exclusively

text: used

text: for

text: judicial

text: decisions

text: of

text: selected

text: appellate

text: courts

text: courts

text: of

text: first

text: instance

text: and

text: other

text: bodies

text: discharging

text: judicial

text: functions

text: In

text: other

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: most

text: European

text: countries

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: applied

text: to

text: any

text: set

text: of

text: rulings

text: on

text: law

text: which

text: is

text: guided

text: by

text: previous

text: rulings

text: for

text: example

text: patent

text: office

text: case

text: law

text: These

text: interpretations

text: are

text: distinguished

text: from

text: statutory

text: law

text: which

text: are

text: the

text: statutes

text: and

text: codes

text: enacted

text: by

text: legislative

text: bodies

text: regulatory

text: law

text: which

text: are

text: regulations

text: established

text: by

text: governmental

text: agencies

text: based

text: on

text: statutes

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: states

text: common

text: law

text: which

text: are

text: the

text: generally

text: accepted

text: laws

text: carried

text: to

text: the

text: colonies

text: and

text: former

text: colonies

text: of

text: England

text: USA

text: Australia

text: etc

text: Trials

text: and

text: hearings

text: which

text: are

text: not

text: selected

text: as

text: courts

text: of

text: first

text: impression

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: rulings

text: that

text: become

text: case

text: law

text: therefore

text: these

text: rulings

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: precedents

text: for

text: future

text: court

text: decisions

text: A tort, in common law jurisdictions, is a civil wrong that unfairly causes someone else to suffer loss or harm resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the tortious act, called a tortfeasor. Although crimes may be torts, the cause of legal action is not necessarily a crime, as the harm may be due to negligence which does not amount to criminal negligence. The victim of the harm can recover their loss as damages in a lawsuit. In order to prevail, the plaintiff in the lawsuit, commonly referred to as the injured party, must show that the actions or lack of action was the legally recognizable cause of the harm. The equivalent of tort in civil law jurisdictions is delict.

text: tort

text: in

text: common

text: law

text: jurisdictions

text: is

text: civil

text: wrong

text: that

text: unfairly

text: causes

text: someone

text: else

text: to

text: suffer

text: loss

text: or

text: harm

text: resulting

text: in

text: legal

text: liability

text: for

text: the

text: person

text: who

text: commits

text: the

text: tortious

text: act

text: called

text: tortfeasor

text: Although

text: crimes

text: may

text: be

text: torts

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: legal

text: action

text: is

text: not

text: necessarily

text: crime

text: as

text: the

text: harm

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: negligence

text: which

text: does

text: not

text: amount

text: to

text: criminal

text: negligence

text: The

text: victim

text: of

text: the

text: harm

text: can

text: recover

text: their

text: loss

text: as

text: damages

text: in

text: lawsuit

text: In

text: order

text: to

text: prevail

text: the

text: plaintiff

text: in

text: the

text: lawsuit

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: injured

text: party

text: must

text: show

text: that

text: the

text: actions

text: or

text: lack

text: of

text: action

text: was

text: the

text: legally

text: recognizable

text: cause

text: of

text: the

text: harm

text: The

text: equivalent

text: of

text: tort

text: in

text: civil

text: law

text: jurisdictions

text: is

text: delict

text:
A tribunal, generally, is any person or institution with authority to judge, adjudicate on, or determine claims or disputeswhether or not it is called a tribunal in its title.
For example, an advocate who appears before a court with a single judge could describe that judge as 'their tribunal'. Many governmental bodies that are titled 'tribunals' are so described to emphasize that they are not courts of normal jurisdiction. For example, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda is a body specially constituted under international law; in Great Britain, employment tribunals are bodies set up to hear specific employment disputes. Private judicial bodies are also often styled 'tribunals'. The word "tribunal" is not conclusive of a body's function. For example, in Great Britain, the Employment Appeal Tribunal is a superior court of record.

text: tribunal

text: generally

text: is

text: any

text: person

text: or

text: institution

text: with

text: authority

text: to

text: judge

text: adjudicate

text: on

text: or

text: determine

text: claims

text: or

text: disputeswhether

text: or

text: not

text: it

text: is

text: called

text: tribunal

text: in

text: its

text: title

text: For

text: example

text: an

text: advocate

text: who

text: appears

text: before

text: court

text: with

text: single

text: judge

text: could

text: describe

text: that

text: judge

text: as

text: their

text: tribunal

text: Many

text: governmental

text: bodies

text: that

text: are

text: titled

text: tribunals

text: are

text: so

text: described

text: to

text: emphasize

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: not

text: courts

text: of

text: normal

text: jurisdiction

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: International

text: Criminal

text: Tribunal

text: for

text: Rwanda

text: is

text: body

text: specially

text: constituted

text: under

text: international

text: law

text: in

text: Great

text: Britain

text: employment

text: tribunals

text: are

text: bodies

text: set

text: up

text: to

text: hear

text: specific

text: employment

text: disputes

text: Private

text: judicial

text: bodies

text: are

text: also

text: often

text: styled

text: tribunals

text: The

text: word

text: tribunal

text: is

text: not

text: conclusive

text: of

text: body

text: 's

text: function

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: Great

text: Britain

text: the

text: Employment

text: Appeal

text: Tribunal

text: is

text: superior

text: court

text: of

text: record

text: A judge presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a panel of judges. The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, and training of judges vary widely across different jurisdictions. The judge is supposed to conduct the trial impartially and in an open court. The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the barristers of the case, assesses the credibility and arguments of the parties, and then issues a ruling on the matter at hand based on his or her interpretation of the law and his or her own personal judgment. In some jurisdictions, the judge's powers may be shared with a jury. In inquisitorial systems of criminal investigation, a judge might also be an examining magistrate.

text: judge

text: presides

text: over

text: court

text: proceedings

text: either

text: alone

text: or

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: panel

text: of

text: judges

text: The

text: powers

text: functions

text: method

text: of

text: appointment

text: discipline

text: and

text: training

text: of

text: judges

text: vary

text: widely

text: across

text: different

text: jurisdictions

text: The

text: judge

text: is

text: supposed

text: to

text: conduct

text: the

text: trial

text: impartially

text: and

text: in

text: an

text: open

text: court

text: The

text: judge

text: hears

text: all

text: the

text: witnesses

text: and

text: any

text: other

text: evidence

text: presented

text: by

text: the

text: barristers

text: of

text: the

text: case

text: assesses

text: the

text: credibility

text: and

text: arguments

text: of

text: the

text: parties

text: and

text: then

text: issues

text: ruling

text: on

text: the

text: matter

text: at

text: hand

text: based

text: on

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: interpretation

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: and

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: own

text: personal

text: judgment

text: In

text: some

text: jurisdictions

text: the

text: judge

text: 's

text: powers

text: may

text: be

text: shared

text: with

text: jury

text: In

text: inquisitorial

text: systems

text: of

text: criminal

text: investigation

text: judge

text: might

text: also

text: be

text: an

text: examining

text: magistrate

text: In legal systems based on common law, a precedent, or authority, is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts . Common law legal systems place great value on deciding cases according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar and predictable outcomes, and observance of precedent is the mechanism by which that goal is attained. The principle by which judges are bound to precedents is known as stare decisis. Black's Law Dictionary defines "precedent" as a "rule of law established for the first time by a court for a particular type of case and thereafter referred to in deciding similar cases." Common law precedent is a third kind of law, on equal footing with statutory law (statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies), and Delegated legislation (in U.K. parlance) or regulatory law (in U.S. parlance) (regulations promulgated by executive branch agencies).

text: In

text: legal

text: systems

text: based

text: on

text: common

text: law

text: precedent

text: or

text: authority

text: is

text: principle

text: or

text: rule

text: established

text: in

text: previous

text: legal

text: case

text: that

text: is

text: either

text: binding

text: on

text: or

text: persuasive

text: for

text: court

text: or

text: other

text: tribunal

text: when

text: deciding

text: subsequent

text: cases

text: with

text: similar

text: issues

text: or

text: facts

text: Common

text: law

text: legal

text: systems

text: place

text: great

text: value

text: on

text: deciding

text: cases

text: according

text: to

text: consistent

text: principled

text: rules

text: so

text: that

text: similar

text: facts

text: will

text: yield

text: similar

text: and

text: predictable

text: outcomes

text: and

text: observance

text: of

text: precedent

text: is

text: the

text: mechanism

text: by

text: which

text: that

text: goal

text: is

text: attained

text: The

text: principle

text: by

text: which

text: judges

text: are

text: bound

text: to

text: precedents

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: stare

text: decisis

text: Black

text: 's

text: Law

text: Dictionary

text: defines

text: precedent

text: as

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: established

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: by

text: court

text: for

text: particular

text: type

text: of

text: case

text: and

text: thereafter

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: deciding

text: similar

text: cases

text: Common

text: law

text: precedent

text: is

text: third

text: kind

text: of

text: law

text: on

text: equal

text: footing

text: with

text: statutory

text: law

text: statutes

text: and

text: codes

text: enacted

text: by

text: legislative

text: bodies

text: and

text: Delegated

text: legislation

text: in

text: U.K.

text: parlance

text: or

text: regulatory

text: law

text: in

text: U.S.

text: parlance

text: regulations

text: promulgated

text: by

text: executive

text: branch

text: agencies

text: Common law (also known as case law or precedent) is law developed by judges, courts, and similar tribunals, stated in decisions that nominally decide individual cases but that in addition have precedential effect on future cases. Common law is a third branch of law, in contrast to and on equal footing with statutes which are adopted through the legislative process, and regulations which are promulgated by the executive branch. In cases where the parties disagree on what the law is, a common law court looks to past precedential decisions of relevant courts. If a similar dispute has been resolved in the past, the court is usually bound to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision (a principle known as "stare decisis"). If, however, the court finds that the current dispute is fundamentally distinct from all previous cases (called a "matter of first impression"), judges have the authority and duty to resolve the issue (one party or the other has to win, and on disagreements of law, judges make that decision). Resolution of the issue in one case becomes precedent that binds future courts. "Stare decisis", the principle that cases should be decided according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar results, lies at the heart of all common law systems.

text: Common

text: law

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: case

text: law

text: or

text: precedent

text: is

text: law

text: developed

text: by

text: judges

text: courts

text: and

text: similar

text: tribunals

text: stated

text: in

text: decisions

text: that

text: nominally

text: decide

text: individual

text: cases

text: but

text: that

text: in

text: addition

text: have

text: precedential

text: effect

text: on

text: future

text: cases

text: Common

text: law

text: is

text: third

text: branch

text: of

text: law

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: and

text: on

text: equal

text: footing

text: with

text: statutes

text: which

text: are

text: adopted

text: through

text: the

text: legislative

text: process

text: and

text: regulations

text: which

text: are

text: promulgated

text: by

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: In

text: cases

text: where

text: the

text: parties

text: disagree

text: on

text: what

text: the

text: law

text: is

text: common

text: law

text: court

text: looks

text: to

text: past

text: precedential

text: decisions

text: of

text: relevant

text: courts

text: If

text: similar

text: dispute

text: has

text: been

text: resolved

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: the

text: court

text: is

text: usually

text: bound

text: to

text: follow

text: the

text: reasoning

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: prior

text: decision

text: principle

text: known

text: as

text: stare

text: decisis

text: If

text: however

text: the

text: court

text: finds

text: that

text: the

text: current

text: dispute

text: is

text: fundamentally

text: distinct

text: from

text: all

text: previous

text: cases

text: called

text: matter

text: of

text: first

text: impression

text: judges

text: have

text: the

text: authority

text: and

text: duty

text: to

text: resolve

text: the

text: issue

text: one

text: party

text: or

text: the

text: other

text: has

text: to

text: win

text: and

text: on

text: disagreements

text: of

text: law

text: judges

text: make

text: that

text: decision

text: Resolution

text: of

text: the

text: issue

text: in

text: one

text: case

text: becomes

text: precedent

text: that

text: binds

text: future

text: courts

text: Stare

text: decisis

text: the

text: principle

text: that

text: cases

text: should

text: be

text: decided

text: according

text: to

text: consistent

text: principled

text: rules

text: so

text: that

text: similar

text: facts

text: will

text: yield

text: similar

text: results

text: lies

text: at

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: all

text: common

text: law

text: systems

annotations: likely multiple

annotations: follows multiple

question: instance_of ultrahazardous activity

answer: legal term

text: legal term


text: Lobate debris aprons (LDAs) are geological features on Mars, first seen by the Viking Orbiters, consisting of piles of rock debris below cliffs. These features have a convex topography and a gentle slope from cliffs or escarpments, which suggest flow away from the steep source cliff. In addition, lobate debris aprons can show surface lineations as do rock glaciers on the Earth.

text: Lobate

text: debris

text: aprons

text: LDAs

text: are

text: geological

text: features

text: on

text: Mars

text: first

text: seen

text: by

text: the

text: Viking

text: Orbiters

text: consisting

text: of

text: piles

text: of

text: rock

text: debris

text: below

text: cliffs

text: These

text: features

text: have

text: convex

text: topography

text: and

text: gentle

text: slope

text: from

text: cliffs

text: or

text: escarpments

text: which

text: suggest

text: flow

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: steep

text: source

text: cliff

text: In

text: addition

text: lobate

text: debris

text: aprons

text: can

text: show

text: surface

text: lineations

text: as

text: do

text: rock

text: glaciers

text: on

text: the

text: Earth

text: Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is a multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit. The spacecraft was built by Lockheed Martin under the supervision of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The mission is managed by the California Institute of Technology, at the JPL, in La Cañada Flintridge, California, for the NASA Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. It was launched August 12, 2005, and attained Martian orbit on March 10, 2006. In November 2006, after five months of aerobraking, it entered its final science orbit and began its primary science phase. As MRO entered orbit, it joined five other active spacecraft that were either in orbit or on the planet's surface: "Mars Global Surveyor", "Mars Express", "2001 Mars Odyssey", and the two Mars Exploration Rovers ("Spirit" and "Opportunity"); at the time, this set a record for the most operational spacecraft in the immediate vicinity of Mars. "Mars Global Surveyor" and the "Spirit" rover have since ceased to function; the remainder remain operational as of September 2016.

text: Mars

text: Reconnaissance

text: Orbiter

text: MRO

text: is

text: multipurpose

text: spacecraft

text: designed

text: to

text: conduct

text: reconnaissance

text: and

text: exploration

text: of

text: Mars

text: from

text: orbit

text: The

text: spacecraft

text: was

text: built

text: by

text: Lockheed

text: Martin

text: under

text: the

text: supervision

text: of

text: the

text: Jet

text: Propulsion

text: Laboratory

text: JPL

text: The

text: mission

text: is

text: managed

text: by

text: the

text: California

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: at

text: the

text: JPL

text: in

text: La

text: Cañada

text: Flintridge

text: California

text: for

text: the

text: NASA

text: Science

text: Mission

text: Directorate

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: It

text: was

text: launched

text: August

text: and

text: attained

text: Martian

text: orbit

text: on

text: March

text: In

text: November

text: after

text: five

text: months

text: of

text: aerobraking

text: it

text: entered

text: its

text: final

text: science

text: orbit

text: and

text: began

text: its

text: primary

text: science

text: phase

text: As

text: MRO

text: entered

text: orbit

text: it

text: joined

text: five

text: other

text: active

text: spacecraft

text: that

text: were

text: either

text: in

text: orbit

text: or

text: on

text: the

text: planet

text: 's

text: surface

text: Mars

text: Global

text: Surveyor

text: Mars

text: Express

text: Mars

text: Odyssey

text: and

text: the

text: two

text: Mars

text: Exploration

text: Rovers

text: Spirit

text: and

text: Opportunity

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: this

text: set

text: record

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: operational

text: spacecraft

text: in

text: the

text: immediate

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Mars

text: Mars

text: Global

text: Surveyor

text: and

text: the

text: Spirit

text: rover

text: have

text: since

text: ceased

text: to

text: function

text: the

text: remainder

text: remain

text: operational

text: as

text: of

text: September

text: Gilbert is a large Martian crater located in the south of the planet in the area of Promethei Terra . It is one of several large craters in the heavily pock - marked upland region . It was named in 1973 in honour of American geologist Grove K. Gilbert .

text: Gilbert

text: is

text: large

text: Martian

text: crater

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: planet

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: Promethei

text: Terra

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: several

text: large

text: craters

text: in

text: the

text: heavily

text: pock

text: marked

text: upland

text: region

text: It

text: was

text: named

text: in

text: in

text: honour

text: of

text: American

text: geologist

text: Grove

text: Gilbert

text:
Promethei Terra is a large Martian region covering 3300 km at its broadest extent. It lies to the east of the massive Hellas basin. Like much of the southern part of the planet it is a heavily cratered, highland region. Promethei Terra was named for a classic albedo feature of Mars, with the original name derived from that of the Greek god Prometheus. Promethei Terra lies mostly in the Hellas quadrangle of Mars.
Lobate debris aprons.
One very important feature common in Promethei Terra are piles of material surrounding cliffs. These materials are called lobate debris aprons (LDAs). Recently, research with the Shallow Radar on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has provided strong evidence that the LDAs are glaciers that are covered with a thin layer of rocks. Large amounts of water ice are believed to be in the LDAs. Available evidence strongly suggests this area accumulated snow in the past. When the tilt (obliquity) of Mars increases the southern ice cap releases large amounts of water vapor. Climate models predict that when this occurs water vapor condenses and falls where LDAs are located. The tilt of the earth changes little because our relatively large moon keeps it stable. The two tiny Martian moons do not stabilize its planet, so the rotational axis of Mars undergoes large variations. It has been known for some time that Mars undergoes many large changes in its tilt or obliquity because its two small moons lack the gravity to stabilize it, as our moon stabilizes Earth; at times the tilt has even been greater than 80 degrees

text: Promethei

text: Terra

text: is

text: large

text: Martian

text: region

text: covering

text: km

text: at

text: its

text: broadest

text: extent

text: It

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: massive

text: Hellas

text: basin

text: Like

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: planet

text: it

text: is

text: heavily

text: cratered

text: highland

text: region

text: Promethei

text: Terra

text: was

text: named

text: for

text: classic

text: albedo

text: feature

text: of

text: Mars

text: with

text: the

text: original

text: name

text: derived

text: from

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: god

text: Prometheus

text: Promethei

text: Terra

text: lies

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: Hellas

text: quadrangle

text: of

text: Mars

text: Lobate

text: debris

text: aprons

text: One

text: very

text: important

text: feature

text: common

text: in

text: Promethei

text: Terra

text: are

text: piles

text: of

text: material

text: surrounding

text: cliffs

text: These

text: materials

text: are

text: called

text: lobate

text: debris

text: aprons

text: LDAs

text: Recently

text: research

text: with

text: the

text: Shallow

text: Radar

text: on

text: the

text: Mars

text: Reconnaissance

text: Orbiter

text: has

text: provided

text: strong

text: evidence

text: that

text: the

text: LDAs

text: are

text: glaciers

text: that

text: are

text: covered

text: with

text: thin

text: layer

text: of

text: rocks

text: Large

text: amounts

text: of

text: water

text: ice

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: the

text: LDAs

text: Available

text: evidence

text: strongly

text: suggests

text: this

text: area

text: accumulated

text: snow

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: When

text: the

text: tilt

text: obliquity

text: of

text: Mars

text: increases

text: the

text: southern

text: ice

text: cap

text: releases

text: large

text: amounts

text: of

text: water

text: vapor

text: Climate

text: models

text: predict

text: that

text: when

text: this

text: occurs

text: water

text: vapor

text: condenses

text: and

text: falls

text: where

text: LDAs

text: are

text: located

text: The

text: tilt

text: of

text: the

text: earth

text: changes

text: little

text: because

text: our

text: relatively

text: large

text: moon

text: keeps

text: it

text: stable

text: The

text: two

text: tiny

text: Martian

text: moons

text: do

text: not

text: stabilize

text: its

text: planet

text: so

text: the

text: rotational

text: axis

text: of

text: Mars

text: undergoes

text: large

text: variations

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: known

text: for

text: some

text: time

text: that

text: Mars

text: undergoes

text: many

text: large

text: changes

text: in

text: its

text: tilt

text: or

text: obliquity

text: because

text: its

text: two

text: small

text: moons

text: lack

text: the

text: gravity

text: to

text: stabilize

text: it

text: as

text: our

text: moon

text: stabilizes

text: Earth

text: at

text: times

text: the

text: tilt

text: has

text: even

text: been

text: greater

text: than

text: degrees

text:
The Hellas quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program. The Hellas quadrangle is also referred to as MC-28 (Mars Chart-28).
The Hellas quadrangle covers the area from 240° to 300° west longitude and 30° to 65° south latitude on the planet Mars. Within the Hellas quadrangle lies the classic features Hellas Planitia and Promethei Terra. Many interesting and mysterious features have been discovered in the Hellas quadrangle, including the giant river valleys Dao Vallis, Niger Vallis, Harmakhis, and Reull Vallisall of which may have contributed water to a lake in the Hellas basin in the distant past. Many places in the Hellas quadrangle show signs of ice in the ground, especially places with glacier-like flow features.

text: The

text: Hellas

text: quadrangle

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: series

text: of

text: quadrangle

text: maps

text: of

text: Mars

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Geological

text: Survey

text: USGS

text: Astrogeology

text: Research

text: Program

text: The

text: Hellas

text: quadrangle

text: is

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Mars

text: The

text: Hellas

text: quadrangle

text: covers

text: the

text: area

text: from

text: to

text: west

text: longitude

text: and

text: to

text: south

text: latitude

text: on

text: the

text: planet

text: Mars

text: Within

text: the

text: Hellas

text: quadrangle

text: lies

text: the

text: classic

text: features

text: Hellas

text: Planitia

text: and

text: Promethei

text: Terra

text: Many

text: interesting

text: and

text: mysterious

text: features

text: have

text: been

text: discovered

text: in

text: the

text: Hellas

text: quadrangle

text: including

text: the

text: giant

text: river

text: valleys

text: Dao

text: Vallis

text: Niger

text: Vallis

text: Harmakhis

text: and

text: Reull

text: Vallisall

text: of

text: which

text: may

text: have

text: contributed

text: water

text: to

text: lake

text: in

text: the

text: Hellas

text: basin

text: in

text: the

text: distant

text: past

text: Many

text: places

text: in

text: the

text: Hellas

text: quadrangle

text: show

text: signs

text: of

text: ice

text: in

text: the

text: ground

text: especially

text: places

text: with

text: glacier

text: like

text: flow

text: features

text: Prometheus ( meaning "forethought") is a Titan in Greek mythology, best known as the deity in Greek mythology who was the creator of mankind and its greatest benefactor, who stole fire from Mount Olympus and gave it to mankind.

text: Prometheus

text: meaning

text: forethought

text: is

text: Titan

text: in

text: Greek

text: mythology

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: deity

text: in

text: Greek

text: mythology

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: creator

text: of

text: mankind

text: and

text: its

text: greatest

text: benefactor

text: who

text: stole

text: fire

text: from

text: Mount

text: Olympus

text: and

text: gave

text: it

text: to

text: mankind

question: located_on_astronomical_body gilbert

answer: mars

text: mars

text: mars

text: mars

text: mars

text: mars

text: mars

text: mars

text: mars

text: mars

text: mars

text: mars

text: mars

text: mars

text: mars

text: mars

text: mars

text: mars

text: mars