text: In general, a rural area or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. The Health Resources and Services Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services defines the word "rural" as encompassing "...all population, housing, and territory not included within an urban area. Whatever is not urban is considered rural."

text: In

text: general

text: rural

text: area

text: or

text: countryside

text: is

text: geographic

text: area

text: that

text: is

text: located

text: outside

text: towns

text: and

text: cities

text: The

text: Health

text: Resources

text: and

text: Services

text: Administration

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Department

text: of

text: Health

text: and

text: Human

text: Services

text: defines

text: the

text: word

text: rural

text: as

text: encompassing

text: all

text: population

text: housing

text: and

text: territory

text: not

text: included

text: within

text: an

text: urban

text: area

text: Whatever

text: is

text: not

text: urban

text: is

text: considered

text: rural

text: Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes impacts on biophysical environments, biodiversity, and other resources. The term "anthropogenic" designates an effect or object resulting from human activity. The term was first used in the technical sense by Russian geologist Alexey Pavlov, and was first used in English by British ecologist Arthur Tansley in reference to human influences on climax plant communities. The atmospheric scientist Paul Crutzen introduced the term "anthropocene" in the mid-1970s. The term is sometimes used in the context of pollution emissions that are produced as a result of human activities but applies broadly to all major human impacts on the environment.

text: Human

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: environment

text: or

text: anthropogenic

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: environment

text: includes

text: impacts

text: on

text: biophysical

text: environments

text: biodiversity

text: and

text: other

text: resources

text: The

text: term

text: anthropogenic

text: designates

text: an

text: effect

text: or

text: object

text: resulting

text: from

text: human

text: activity

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: first

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: technical

text: sense

text: by

text: Russian

text: geologist

text: Alexey

text: Pavlov

text: and

text: was

text: first

text: used

text: in

text: English

text: by

text: British

text: ecologist

text: Arthur

text: Tansley

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: human

text: influences

text: on

text: climax

text: plant

text: communities

text: The

text: atmospheric

text: scientist

text: Paul

text: Crutzen

text: introduced

text: the

text: term

text: anthropocene

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: pollution

text: emissions

text: that

text: are

text: produced

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: human

text: activities

text: but

text: applies

text: broadly

text: to

text: all

text: major

text: human

text: impacts

text: on

text: the

text: environment

text: The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency.

text: The

text: euro

text: sign

text: code

text: EUR

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: currency

text: of

text: the

text: eurozone

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Austria

text: Belgium

text: Cyprus

text: Estonia

text: Finland

text: France

text: Germany

text: Greece

text: Ireland

text: Italy

text: Latvia

text: Lithuania

text: Luxembourg

text: Malta

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Portugal

text: Slovakia

text: Slovenia

text: and

text: Spain

text: The

text: currency

text: is

text: also

text: officially

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: institutions

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: four

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: unilaterally

text: by

text: two

text: others

text: and

text: is

text: consequently

text: used

text: daily

text: by

text: some

text: million

text: Europeans

text: Outside

text: of

text: Europe

text: number

text: of

text: overseas

text: territories

text: of

text: EU

text: members

text: also

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: as

text: their

text: currency

text:
Urban sociology is the sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas. It is a normative discipline of sociology seeking to study the structures, processes, changes and problems of an urban area and by doing so provide inputs for urban planning and policy making. In other words, it is the sociological study of cities and their role in the development of society.
Like most areas of sociology, urban sociologists use statistical analysis, observation, social theory, interviews, and other methods to study a range of topics, including migration and demographic trends, economics, poverty, race relations and economic trends.

text: Urban

text: sociology

text: is

text: the

text: sociological

text: study

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: human

text: interaction

text: in

text: metropolitan

text: areas

text: It

text: is

text: normative

text: discipline

text: of

text: sociology

text: seeking

text: to

text: study

text: the

text: structures

text: processes

text: changes

text: and

text: problems

text: of

text: an

text: urban

text: area

text: and

text: by

text: doing

text: so

text: provide

text: inputs

text: for

text: urban

text: planning

text: and

text: policy

text: making

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: sociological

text: study

text: of

text: cities

text: and

text: their

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: society

text: Like

text: most

text: areas

text: of

text: sociology

text: urban

text: sociologists

text: use

text: statistical

text: analysis

text: observation

text: social

text: theory

text: interviews

text: and

text: other

text: methods

text: to

text: study

text: range

text: of

text: topics

text: including

text: migration

text: and

text: demographic

text: trends

text: economics

text: poverty

text: race

text: relations

text: and

text: economic

text: trends

text: A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size definition for what constitutes a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world.

text: town

text: is

text: human

text: settlement

text: larger

text: than

text: village

text: but

text: smaller

text: than

text: city

text: The

text: size

text: definition

text: for

text: what

text: constitutes

text: town

text: varies

text: considerably

text: in

text: different

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament). There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics. Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state, with the head of government holding real power, much like constitutional monarchies. Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government, much like presidential systems, but with a dependency upon parliamentary power.

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: is

text: republic

text: that

text: operates

text: under

text: parliamentary

text: system

text: of

text: government

text: where

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: the

text: government

text: derives

text: its

text: legitimacy

text: from

text: and

text: is

text: accountable

text: to

text: the

text: legislature

text: the

text: parliament

text: There

text: are

text: number

text: of

text: variations

text: of

text: parliamentary

text: republics

text: Most

text: have

text: clear

text: differentiation

text: between

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: with

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: holding

text: real

text: power

text: much

text: like

text: constitutional

text: monarchies

text: Some

text: have

text: combined

text: the

text: roles

text: of

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: and

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: much

text: like

text: presidential

text: systems

text: but

text: with

text: dependency

text: upon

text: parliamentary

text: power

text: Cosenza is a city in the Calabria region of Southern Italy. The city proper has a population of 71,000, while the urban area counts over 268,000 inhabitants. It is the capital of the Province of Cosenza, which has a population of around 735,000.

text: Cosenza

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Calabria

text: region

text: of

text: Southern

text: Italy

text: The

text: city

text: proper

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: while

text: the

text: urban

text: area

text: counts

text: over

text: inhabitants

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Cosenza

text: which

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: around

text: Infrastructure refers to structures, systems, and facilities serving the economy of a business, industry, country, city, town, or area, including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function.

text: Infrastructure

text: refers

text: to

text: structures

text: systems

text: and

text: facilities

text: serving

text: the

text: economy

text: of

text: business

text: industry

text: country

text: city

text: town

text: or

text: area

text: including

text: the

text: services

text: and

text: facilities

text: necessary

text: for

text: its

text: economy

text: to

text: function

text: Rende is a town and comune in Calabria , southern Italy , home to the headquarters of the University of Calabria . It has a population of about 35,000 , or more than 60,000 if the university students living there are taken into account . It is divided in two parts : the old town , which is stands on a high hill , and the modern area , on level ground , which is part of the urban area of Cosenza and is the centre of the city 's economy .

text: Rende

text: is

text: town

text: and

text: comune

text: in

text: Calabria

text: southern

text: Italy

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Calabria

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: or

text: more

text: than

text: if

text: the

text: university

text: students

text: living

text: there

text: are

text: taken

text: into

text: account

text: It

text: is

text: divided

text: in

text: two

text: parts

text: the

text: old

text: town

text: which

text: is

text: stands

text: on

text: high

text: hill

text: and

text: the

text: modern

text: area

text: on

text: level

text: ground

text: which

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: urban

text: area

text: of

text: Cosenza

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: economy

text: San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino, also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, is an enclaved microstate surrounded by Italy, situated on the Italian Peninsula on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains. Its size is just over , with a population of 33,562. Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest city is Dogana. San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe.

text: San

text: Marino

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: San

text: Marino

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Most

text: Serene

text: Republic

text: of

text: San

text: Marino

text: is

text: an

text: enclaved

text: microstate

text: surrounded

text: by

text: Italy

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: on

text: the

text: northeastern

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Apennine

text: Mountains

text: Its

text: size

text: is

text: just

text: over

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Dogana

text: San

text: Marino

text: has

text: the

text: smallest

text: population

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Europe

text: An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, towns, conurbations or suburbs. In urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The creation of early predecessors of urban areas during the urban revolution led to the creation of human civilization with modern urban planning, which along with other human activities such as exploitation of natural resources leads to human impact on the environment.

text: An

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: human

text: settlement

text: with

text: high

text: population

text: density

text: and

text: infrastructure

text: of

text: built

text: environment

text: Urban

text: areas

text: are

text: created

text: through

text: urbanization

text: and

text: are

text: categorized

text: by

text: urban

text: morphology

text: as

text: cities

text: towns

text: conurbations

text: or

text: suburbs

text: In

text: urbanism

text: the

text: term

text: contrasts

text: to

text: rural

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: villages

text: and

text: hamlets

text: and

text: in

text: urban

text: sociology

text: or

text: urban

text: anthropology

text: it

text: contrasts

text: with

text: natural

text: environment

text: The

text: creation

text: of

text: early

text: predecessors

text: of

text: urban

text: areas

text: during

text: the

text: urban

text: revolution

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: human

text: civilization

text: with

text: modern

text: urban

text: planning

text: which

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: human

text: activities

text: such

text: as

text: exploitation

text: of

text: natural

text: resources

text: leads

text: to

text: human

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: environment

text: The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally. The term is most often applied to the Earth or some part of Earth. This environment encompasses the interaction of all living species, climate, weather, and natural resources that affect human survival and economic activity.

text: The

text: natural

text: environment

text: encompasses

text: all

text: living

text: and

text: non

text: living

text: things

text: occurring

text: naturally

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: most

text: often

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: Earth

text: or

text: some

text: part

text: of

text: Earth

text: This

text: environment

text: encompasses

text: the

text: interaction

text: of

text: all

text: living

text: species

text: climate

text: weather

text: and

text: natural

text: resources

text: that

text: affect

text: human

text: survival

text: and

text: economic

text: activity

text: An administrative division, unit, entity, area or region, also referred to as a subnational entity, constituent unit, or country subdivision, is a portion of a country or other region delineated for the purpose of administration. Administrative divisions are granted a certain degree of autonomy and are usually required to manage themselves through their own local governments. Countries are divided up into these smaller units to make managing their land and the affairs of their people easier. For example, a country may be divided into provinces, which, in turn, are divided into counties, which, in turn, may be divided in whole or in part into municipalities; and so on.

text: An

text: administrative

text: division

text: unit

text: entity

text: area

text: or

text: region

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: subnational

text: entity

text: constituent

text: unit

text: or

text: country

text: subdivision

text: is

text: portion

text: of

text: country

text: or

text: other

text: region

text: delineated

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: administration

text: Administrative

text: divisions

text: are

text: granted

text: certain

text: degree

text: of

text: autonomy

text: and

text: are

text: usually

text: required

text: to

text: manage

text: themselves

text: through

text: their

text: own

text: local

text: governments

text: Countries

text: are

text: divided

text: up

text: into

text: these

text: smaller

text: units

text: to

text: make

text: managing

text: their

text: land

text: and

text: the

text: affairs

text: of

text: their

text: people

text: easier

text: For

text: example

text: country

text: may

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: provinces

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: are

text: divided

text: into

text: counties

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: may

text: be

text: divided

text: in

text: whole

text: or

text: in

text: part

text: into

text: municipalities

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area. In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urbanised area, in which transportation has developed to link areas to create a single urban labour market or travel to work area.

text: conurbation

text: is

text: region

text: comprising

text: number

text: of

text: cities

text: large

text: towns

text: and

text: other

text: urban

text: areas

text: that

text: through

text: population

text: growth

text: and

text: physical

text: expansion

text: have

text: merged

text: to

text: form

text: one

text: continuous

text: urban

text: or

text: industrially

text: developed

text: area

text: In

text: most

text: cases

text: conurbation

text: is

text: polycentric

text: urbanised

text: area

text: in

text: which

text: transportation

text: has

text: developed

text: to

text: link

text: areas

text: to

text: create

text: single

text: urban

text: labour

text: market

text: or

text: travel

text: to

text: work

text: area

text:
The University of Calabria ("Università della Calabria", UNICAL) is a state-run university in Italy. Located in Arcavacata, a hamlet of Rende in the suburb of Cosenza, the university was founded in 1972. Among its founders there were Beniamino Andreatta, Giorgio Gagliani, Pietro Bucci and Paolo Sylos Labini.
It currently has about 35,000 students, 800 teaching and research staff and about 700 administrative staff.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Calabria

text: Università

text: della

text: Calabria

text: UNICAL

text: is

text: state

text: run

text: university

text: in

text: Italy

text: Located

text: in

text: Arcavacata

text: hamlet

text: of

text: Rende

text: in

text: the

text: suburb

text: of

text: Cosenza

text: the

text: university

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: Among

text: its

text: founders

text: there

text: were

text: Beniamino

text: Andreatta

text: Giorgio

text: Gagliani

text: Pietro

text: Bucci

text: and

text: Paolo

text: Sylos

text: Labini

text: It

text: currently

text: has

text: about

text: students

text: teaching

text: and

text: research

text: staff

text: and

text: about

text: administrative

text: staff

text:
The word township is used to refer to various kinds of settlements in different countries. While a "township" may be associated with an urban area, there are many exceptions to this rule. In Australia, Canada, and the United States, they may be settlements too small to be considered urban.
Australia.
In Australia, the designation of "township" traditionally refers to a small town or a small community in a rural district; such a place in Britain might qualify as a village or a hamlet. The term refers purely to the settlement; it does not refer to a unit of government; townships are governed as part of a larger (e.g., shire or city) council.

text: The

text: word

text: township

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: various

text: kinds

text: of

text: settlements

text: in

text: different

text: countries

text: While

text: township

text: may

text: be

text: associated

text: with

text: an

text: urban

text: area

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: exceptions

text: to

text: this

text: rule

text: In

text: Australia

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: they

text: may

text: be

text: settlements

text: too

text: small

text: to

text: be

text: considered

text: urban

text: Australia

text: In

text: Australia

text: the

text: designation

text: of

text: township

text: traditionally

text: refers

text: to

text: small

text: town

text: or

text: small

text: community

text: in

text: rural

text: district

text: such

text: place

text: in

text: Britain

text: might

text: qualify

text: as

text: village

text: or

text: hamlet

text: The

text: term

text: refers

text: purely

text: to

text: the

text: settlement

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: refer

text: to

text: unit

text: of

text: government

text: townships

text: are

text: governed

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: larger

text: e.g.

text: shire

text: or

text: city

text: council

text: Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans. It is a key geographical term.

text: Population

text: density

text: in

text: agriculture

text: standing

text: stock

text: and

text: standing

text: crop

text: is

text: measurement

text: of

text: population

text: per

text: unit

text: area

text: or

text: unit

text: volume

text: it

text: is

text: quantity

text: of

text: type

text: number

text: density

text: It

text: is

text: frequently

text: applied

text: to

text: living

text: organisms

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: to

text: humans

text: It

text: is

text: key

text: geographical

text: term

text:
Urban morphology is the study of the form of human settlements and the process of their formation and transformation. The study seeks to understand the spatial structure and character of a metropolitan area, city, town or village by examining the patterns of its component parts and the pro\
, ownership or control and occupation. Typically, analysis of physical form focuses on street pattern, lot (or, in the UK, plot) pattern and building pattern, sometimes referred to collectively as urban grain. Analysis of specific settlements is usually undertaken using cartographic sources and the process of development is deduced from comparison of historic maps.
Special attention is given to how the physical form of a city changes over time and to how different cities compare to each other. Another significant part of this subfield deals with the study of the social forms which are expressed in the physical layout of a city, and, conversely, how physical form produces or reproduces various social forms.

text: Urban

text: morphology

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: human

text: settlements

text: and

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: their

text: formation

text: and

text: transformation

text: The

text: study

text: seeks

text: to

text: understand

text: the

text: spatial

text: structure

text: and

text: character

text: of

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: city

text: town

text: or

text: village

text: by

text: examining

text: the

text: patterns

text: of

text: its

text: component

text: parts

text: and

text: the

text: pro\

text: ownership

text: or

text: control

text: and

text: occupation

text: Typically

text: analysis

text: of

text: physical

text: form

text: focuses

text: on

text: street

text: pattern

text: lot

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: plot

text: pattern

text: and

text: building

text: pattern

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: collectively

text: as

text: urban

text: grain

text: Analysis

text: of

text: specific

text: settlements

text: is

text: usually

text: undertaken

text: using

text: cartographic

text: sources

text: and

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: development

text: is

text: deduced

text: from

text: comparison

text: of

text: historic

text: maps

text: Special

text: attention

text: is

text: given

text: to

text: how

text: the

text: physical

text: form

text: of

text: city

text: changes

text: over

text: time

text: and

text: to

text: how

text: different

text: cities

text: compare

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: Another

text: significant

text: part

text: of

text: this

text: subfield

text: deals

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: social

text: forms

text: which

text: are

text: expressed

text: in

text: the

text: physical

text: layout

text: of

text: city

text: and

text: conversely

text: how

text: physical

text: form

text: produces

text: or

text: reproduces

text: various

text: social

text: forms

text: A municipality is usually a single urban administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and state laws, to which it is subordinate. It is to be distinguished from the county, which may encompass rural territory and/or numerous small communities such as towns, villages and hamlets. The term "municipality" may also mean the governing or ruling body of a given municipality. A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district. The term is derived from French "municipalité" and Latin "municipalis".

text: municipality

text: is

text: usually

text: single

text: urban

text: administrative

text: division

text: having

text: corporate

text: status

text: and

text: powers

text: of

text: self

text: government

text: or

text: jurisdiction

text: as

text: granted

text: by

text: national

text: and

text: state

text: laws

text: to

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: subordinate

text: It

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: distinguished

text: from

text: the

text: county

text: which

text: may

text: encompass

text: rural

text: territory

text: and/or

text: numerous

text: small

text: communities

text: such

text: as

text: towns

text: villages

text: and

text: hamlets

text: The

text: term

text: municipality

text: may

text: also

text: mean

text: the

text: governing

text: or

text: ruling

text: body

text: of

text: given

text: municipality

text: municipality

text: is

text: general

text: purpose

text: administrative

text: subdivision

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: special

text: purpose

text: district

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: French

text: municipalité

text: and

text: Latin

text: municipalis

text: The exploitation of natural resources is the use of natural resources for economic growth, sometimes with a negative connotation of accompanying environmental degradation. It started to emerge on an industrial scale in the 19th century as the extraction and processing of raw materials (such as in mining, steam power, and machinery) developed much further than it had in preindustrial eras. During the 20th century, energy consumption rapidly increased. Today, about 80% of the worlds energy consumption is sustained by the extraction of fossil fuels, which consists of oil, coal and gas. Another non-renewable resource that is exploited by humans is subsoil minerals such as precious metals that are mainly used in the production of industrial commodities. Intensive agriculture is an example of a mode of production that hinders many aspects of the natural environment, for example the degradation of forests in a terrestrial ecosystem and water pollution in an aquatic ecosystem. As the world population rises and economic growth occurs, the depletion of natural resources influenced by the unsustainable extraction of raw materials becomes an increasing concern.

text: The

text: exploitation

text: of

text: natural

text: resources

text: is

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: natural

text: resources

text: for

text: economic

text: growth

text: sometimes

text: with

text: negative

text: connotation

text: of

text: accompanying

text: environmental

text: degradation

text: It

text: started

text: to

text: emerge

text: on

text: an

text: industrial

text: scale

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: as

text: the

text: extraction

text: and

text: processing

text: of

text: raw

text: materials

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: mining

text: steam

text: power

text: and

text: machinery

text: developed

text: much

text: further

text: than

text: it

text: had

text: in

text: preindustrial

text: eras

text: During

text: the

text: century

text: energy

text: consumption

text: rapidly

text: increased

text: Today

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: worlds

text: energy

text: consumption

text: is

text: sustained

text: by

text: the

text: extraction

text: of

text: fossil

text: fuels

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: oil

text: coal

text: and

text: gas

text: Another

text: non

text: renewable

text: resource

text: that

text: is

text: exploited

text: by

text: humans

text: is

text: subsoil

text: minerals

text: such

text: as

text: precious

text: metals

text: that

text: are

text: mainly

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: industrial

text: commodities

text: Intensive

text: agriculture

text: is

text: an

text: example

text: of

text: mode

text: of

text: production

text: that

text: hinders

text: many

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: natural

text: environment

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: degradation

text: of

text: forests

text: in

text: terrestrial

text: ecosystem

text: and

text: water

text: pollution

text: in

text: an

text: aquatic

text: ecosystem

text: As

text: the

text: world

text: population

text: rises

text: and

text: economic

text: growth

text: occurs

text: the

text: depletion

text: of

text: natural

text: resources

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: unsustainable

text: extraction

text: of

text: raw

text: materials

text: becomes

text: an

text: increasing

text: concern

text: Urban anthropology is a subset of anthropology concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, urban space, social relations,and neoliberalism. The field has become consolidated in the 1960s and 1970s.

text: Urban

text: anthropology

text: is

text: subset

text: of

text: anthropology

text: concerned

text: with

text: issues

text: of

text: urbanization

text: poverty

text: urban

text: space

text: social

text: relations

text: and

text: neoliberalism

text: The

text: field

text: has

text: become

text: consolidated

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: The province of Cosenza is a province in the Calabria region of Italy. Its provincial capital is the city of Cosenza. It contains 155 "comuni" ("comune"), listed at comunes of the Province of Cosenza.

text: The

text: province

text: of

text: Cosenza

text: is

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: Calabria

text: region

text: of

text: Italy

text: Its

text: provincial

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Cosenza

text: It

text: contains

text: comuni

text: comune

text: listed

text: at

text: comunes

text: of

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Cosenza

text: Southern Italy or Mezzogiorno (literally "midday") is the traditional term for the southern regions of Italy, encompassing the southern section of the continental Italian Peninsula, the island of Sicily, and usually the island of Sardinia. It generally coincides with the administrative regions of Abruzzo, Apulia, Basilicata, Campania, Calabria, Molise, Sicily, and Sardinia. Some also include the most southern and eastern parts of Lazio (Sora, Cassino, Gaeta, Cittaducale and Amatrice districts) within the "Mezzogiorno", because these territories were also part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The island of Sardinia, although for cultural and historical reasons having less in common with the aforementioned regions, is frequently included as Southern Italy or "Mezzogiorno", often for statistical and economical purposes.

text: Southern

text: Italy

text: or

text: Mezzogiorno

text: literally

text: midday

text: is

text: the

text: traditional

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: southern

text: regions

text: of

text: Italy

text: encompassing

text: the

text: southern

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: continental

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Sicily

text: and

text: usually

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Sardinia

text: It

text: generally

text: coincides

text: with

text: the

text: administrative

text: regions

text: of

text: Abruzzo

text: Apulia

text: Basilicata

text: Campania

text: Calabria

text: Molise

text: Sicily

text: and

text: Sardinia

text: Some

text: also

text: include

text: the

text: most

text: southern

text: and

text: eastern

text: parts

text: of

text: Lazio

text: Sora

text: Cassino

text: Gaeta

text: Cittaducale

text: and

text: Amatrice

text: districts

text: within

text: the

text: Mezzogiorno

text: because

text: these

text: territories

text: were

text: also

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Two

text: Sicilies

text: The

text: island

text: of

text: Sardinia

text: although

text: for

text: cultural

text: and

text: historical

text: reasons

text: having

text: less

text: in

text: common

text: with

text: the

text: aforementioned

text: regions

text: is

text: frequently

text: included

text: as

text: Southern

text: Italy

text: or

text: Mezzogiorno

text: often

text: for

text: statistical

text: and

text: economical

text: purposes

text: A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Though often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods. Villages are normally permanent, with fixed dwellings; however, transient villages can occur. Further, the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape, as a dispersed settlement.

text: village

text: is

text: clustered

text: human

text: settlement

text: or

text: community

text: larger

text: than

text: hamlet

text: but

text: smaller

text: than

text: town

text: with

text: population

text: ranging

text: from

text: few

text: hundred

text: to

text: few

text: thousand

text: Though

text: often

text: located

text: in

text: rural

text: areas

text: the

text: term

text: urban

text: village

text: is

text: also

text: applied

text: to

text: certain

text: urban

text: neighbourhoods

text: Villages

text: are

text: normally

text: permanent

text: with

text: fixed

text: dwellings

text: however

text: transient

text: villages

text: can

text: occur

text: Further

text: the

text: dwellings

text: of

text: village

text: are

text: fairly

text: close

text: to

text: one

text: another

text: not

text: scattered

text: broadly

text: over

text: the

text: landscape

text: as

text: dispersed

text: settlement

text: Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change. It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central areas. The United Nations projected that half of the world's population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008. It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized. That is equivalent to approximately 3 billion urbanites by 2050, much of which will occur in Africa and Asia. Notably, the United Nations has also recently projected that nearly all global population growth from 2016 to 2030 will be absorbed by cities, about 1.1 billion new urbanites over the next 14 years.

text: Urbanization

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: population

text: shift

text: from

text: rural

text: to

text: urban

text: areas

text: the

text: gradual

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: proportion

text: of

text: people

text: living

text: in

text: urban

text: areas

text: and

text: the

text: ways

text: in

text: which

text: each

text: society

text: adapts

text: to

text: the

text: change

text: It

text: is

text: predominantly

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: towns

text: and

text: cities

text: are

text: formed

text: and

text: become

text: larger

text: as

text: more

text: people

text: begin

text: living

text: and

text: working

text: in

text: central

text: areas

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: projected

text: that

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: would

text: live

text: in

text: urban

text: areas

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: It

text: is

text: predicted

text: that

text: by

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: will

text: be

text: urbanized

text: That

text: is

text: equivalent

text: to

text: approximately

text: billion

text: urbanites

text: by

text: much

text: of

text: which

text: will

text: occur

text: in

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: Notably

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: has

text: also

text: recently

text: projected

text: that

text: nearly

text: all

text: global

text: population

text: growth

text: from

text: to

text: will

text: be

text: absorbed

text: by

text: cities

text: about

text: billion

text: new

text: urbanites

text: over

text: the

text: next

text: years

text: A civilization, or civilisation (see spelling differences), is any complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, symbolic communication forms (typically, writing systems), and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment by a cultural elite. Civilizations are intimately associated with and often further defined by other socio-politico-economic characteristics, including centralization, the domestication of both humans and other organisms, specialization of labour, culturally ingrained ideologies of progress and supremacism, monumental architecture, taxation, societal dependence upon farming as an agricultural practice, and expansionism.

text: civilization

text: or

text: civilisation

text: see

text: spelling

text: differences

text: is

text: any

text: complex

text: society

text: characterized

text: by

text: urban

text: development

text: social

text: stratification

text: symbolic

text: communication

text: forms

text: typically

text: writing

text: systems

text: and

text: perceived

text: separation

text: from

text: and

text: domination

text: over

text: the

text: natural

text: environment

text: by

text: cultural

text: elite

text: Civilizations

text: are

text: intimately

text: associated

text: with

text: and

text: often

text: further

text: defined

text: by

text: other

text: socio

text: politico

text: economic

text: characteristics

text: including

text: centralization

text: the

text: domestication

text: of

text: both

text: humans

text: and

text: other

text: organisms

text: specialization

text: of

text: labour

text: culturally

text: ingrained

text: ideologies

text: of

text: progress

text: and

text: supremacism

text: monumental

text: architecture

text: taxation

text: societal

text: dependence

text: upon

text: farming

text: as

text: an

text: agricultural

text: practice

text: and

text: expansionism

text: A boot is a type of footwear and a specific type of shoe. Most boots mainly cover the foot and the ankle, while some also cover some part of the lower calf. Some boots extend up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee or even the hip. Most boots have a heel that is clearly distinguishable from the rest of the sole, even if the two are made of one piece. Traditionally made of leather or rubber, modern boots are made from a variety of materials. Boots are worn both for their functionality  protecting the foot and leg from water, extreme cold, mud or hazards (e.g., work boots may protect wearers from chemicals or use a steel toe) or providing additional ankle support for strenuous activities with added traction requirements (e.g., hiking)  and for reasons of style and fashion.

text: boot

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: footwear

text: and

text: specific

text: type

text: of

text: shoe

text: Most

text: boots

text: mainly

text: cover

text: the

text: foot

text: and

text: the

text: ankle

text: while

text: some

text: also

text: cover

text: some

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: lower

text: calf

text: Some

text: boots

text: extend

text: up

text: the

text: leg

text: sometimes

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: the

text: knee

text: or

text: even

text: the

text: hip

text: Most

text: boots

text: have

text: heel

text: that

text: is

text: clearly

text: distinguishable

text: from

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: sole

text: even

text: if

text: the

text: two

text: are

text: made

text: of

text: one

text: piece

text: Traditionally

text: made

text: of

text: leather

text: or

text: rubber

text: modern

text: boots

text: are

text: made

text: from

text: variety

text: of

text: materials

text: Boots

text: are

text: worn

text: both

text: for

text: their

text: functionality

text: protecting

text: the

text: foot

text: and

text: leg

text: from

text: water

text: extreme

text: cold

text: mud

text: or

text: hazards

text: e.g.

text: work

text: boots

text: may

text: protect

text: wearers

text: from

text: chemicals

text: or

text: use

text: steel

text: toe

text: or

text: providing

text: additional

text: ankle

text: support

text: for

text: strenuous

text: activities

text: with

text: added

text: traction

text: requirements

text: e.g.

text: hiking

text: and

text: for

text: reasons

text: of

text: style

text: and

text: fashion

text: A mediterranean climate or dry summer climate is the climate typical of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin. The lands around the Mediterranean Sea form the largest area where this climate type is found, but it also is found in most of coastal California, in parts of Western and South Australia, in southwestern South Africa, sections of Central Asia, and in central Chile.

text: mediterranean

text: climate

text: or

text: dry

text: summer

text: climate

text: is

text: the

text: climate

text: typical

text: of

text: the

text: lands

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Basin

text: The

text: lands

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: form

text: the

text: largest

text: area

text: where

text: this

text: climate

text: type

text: is

text: found

text: but

text: it

text: also

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: most

text: of

text: coastal

text: California

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: Western

text: and

text: South

text: Australia

text: in

text: southwestern

text: South

text: Africa

text: sections

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: in

text: central

text: Chile

text:
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities.
The country is situated in Western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities are to be found: among them are the two global cities and economic centres Zürich and Geneva.

text: Switzerland

text: officially

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Confederation

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: cantons

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Bern

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: authorities

text: The

text: country

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: Western

text: Central

text: Europe

text: and

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Italy

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: France

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Austria

text: and

text: Liechtenstein

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Switzerland

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: geographically

text: divided

text: between

text: the

text: Alps

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Plateau

text: and

text: the

text: Jura

text: spanning

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: While

text: the

text: Alps

text: occupy

text: the

text: greater

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: the

text: Swiss

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: eight

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: concentrated

text: mostly

text: on

text: the

text: plateau

text: where

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: are

text: to

text: be

text: found

text: among

text: them

text: are

text: the

text: two

text: global

text: cities

text: and

text: economic

text: centres

text: Zürich

text: and

text: Geneva

text: The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula ("Penisola appenninica") is the central and the smallest of the three large peninsulas of Southern Europe (between the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula). It extends from the Po Valley in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south. The peninsula's shape gives it the nickname "lo Stivale" (the Boot). Three smaller peninsulas contribute to this characteristic shape, namely Calabria (the "toe"), Salento (the "heel") and Gargano (the "spur").

text: The

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: or

text: Apennine

text: Peninsula

text: Penisola

text: appenninica

text: is

text: the

text: central

text: and

text: the

text: smallest

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: large

text: peninsulas

text: of

text: Southern

text: Europe

text: between

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: the

text: Balkan

text: Peninsula

text: It

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Po

text: Valley

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: central

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: peninsula

text: 's

text: shape

text: gives

text: it

text: the

text: nickname

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: Three

text: smaller

text: peninsulas

text: contribute

text: to

text: this

text: characteristic

text: shape

text: namely

text: Calabria

text: the

text: toe

text: Salento

text: the

text: heel

text: and

text: Gargano

text: the

text: spur

text: The world is the planet Earth and all life upon it, including human civilization. In a philosophical context, the world is the whole of the physical Universe, or an ontological world. In a theological context, the "world" is the material or the profane sphere, as opposed to the celestial, spiritual, transcendent or sacred. The "end of the world" refers to scenarios of the final end of human history, often in religious contexts.

text: The

text: world

text: is

text: the

text: planet

text: Earth

text: and

text: all

text: life

text: upon

text: it

text: including

text: human

text: civilization

text: In

text: philosophical

text: context

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: Universe

text: or

text: an

text: ontological

text: world

text: In

text: theological

text: context

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: the

text: material

text: or

text: the

text: profane

text: sphere

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: celestial

text: spiritual

text: transcendent

text: or

text: sacred

text: The

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: refers

text: to

text: scenarios

text: of

text: the

text: final

text: end

text: of

text: human

text: history

text: often

text: in

text: religious

text: contexts

text: In social science, the term built environment refers to the man-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from buildings and parks. It has been defined as "the humanitarian-made space in which people live, work, and recreate on a day-to-day basis." The "built environment encompasses places and spaces created or modified by people including buildings, parks, and transportation systems." In recent years, public health research has expanded the definition of "built environment" to include healthy food access, community gardens,mental health, "walkability" and "bikeability."

text: In

text: social

text: science

text: the

text: term

text: built

text: environment

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: man

text: made

text: surroundings

text: that

text: provide

text: the

text: setting

text: for

text: human

text: activity

text: ranging

text: in

text: scale

text: from

text: buildings

text: and

text: parks

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: humanitarian

text: made

text: space

text: in

text: which

text: people

text: live

text: work

text: and

text: recreate

text: on

text: day

text: to

text: day

text: basis

text: The

text: built

text: environment

text: encompasses

text: places

text: and

text: spaces

text: created

text: or

text: modified

text: by

text: people

text: including

text: buildings

text: parks

text: and

text: transportation

text: systems

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: public

text: health

text: research

text: has

text: expanded

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: built

text: environment

text: to

text: include

text: healthy

text: food

text: access

text: community

text: gardens

text: mental

text: health

text: walkability

text: and

text: bikeability

text: Italy

text: officially

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Italy

text: shares

text: open

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovenia

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Italy

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: shape

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: Italy

text: as

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: EU

text: member

text: state

text: Urbanism is the study of the characteristic ways of interaction of inhabitants of towns and cities (urban areas) with the built environment. It is a direct component of disciplines such as urban planning (the physical design and management of urban structures) and urban sociology (the study of urban life and culture). However, in some contexts internationally Urbanism is synonymous with Urban Planning, and the Urbanist refers to a Urban Planner.

text: Urbanism

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: characteristic

text: ways

text: of

text: interaction

text: of

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: towns

text: and

text: cities

text: urban

text: areas

text: with

text: the

text: built

text: environment

text: It

text: is

text: direct

text: component

text: of

text: disciplines

text: such

text: as

text: urban

text: planning

text: the

text: physical

text: design

text: and

text: management

text: of

text: urban

text: structures

text: and

text: urban

text: sociology

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: urban

text: life

text: and

text: culture

text: However

text: in

text: some

text: contexts

text: internationally

text: Urbanism

text: is

text: synonymous

text: with

text: Urban

text: Planning

text: and

text: the

text: Urbanist

text: refers

text: to

text: Urban

text: Planner

text: The Mediterranean Sea (pronounced ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a separate body of water.

text: The

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: pronounced

text: is

text: sea

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Basin

text: and

text: almost

text: completely

text: enclosed

text: by

text: land

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: Southern

text: Europe

text: and

text: Anatolia

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Levant

text: The

text: sea

text: is

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: although

text: it

text: is

text: usually

text: identified

text: as

text: separate

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: "RS"), is a nation state in southern Central Europe, located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. It covers and has a population of 2.06 million. It is a parliamentary republic and a member of the United Nations, European Union, and NATO. The capital and largest city is Ljubljana.

text: Slovenia

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Slovenia

text: Slovene

text: abbr

text: RS

text: is

text: nation

text: state

text: in

text: southern

text: Central

text: Europe

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: crossroads

text: of

text: main

text: European

text: cultural

text: and

text: trade

text: routes

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Italy

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Austria

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Hungary

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Croatia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: southeast

text: and

text: the

text: Adriatic

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: It

text: covers

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: It

text: is

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: and

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: NATO

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Ljubljana

text: The (plural: "") is a basic administrative division in Italy, roughly equivalent to a township or municipality.

text: The

text: plural

text: is

text: basic

text: administrative

text: division

text: in

text: Italy

text: roughly

text: equivalent

text: to

text: township

text: or

text: municipality

text: Vatican City , officially Vatican City State or the State of Vatican City, is a walled enclave within the city of Rome. With an area of approximately 44 hectares (110 acres), and a population of 842, it is the smallest State in the world by both area and population, but formally it is not sovereign, sovereignty being held by the Holy See, the only entity of public international law that has diplomatic relations with almost every country in the world.

text: Vatican

text: City

text: officially

text: Vatican

text: City

text: State

text: or

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Vatican

text: City

text: is

text: walled

text: enclave

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: hectares

text: acres

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: State

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: both

text: area

text: and

text: population

text: but

text: formally

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: sovereign

text: sovereignty

text: being

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: Holy

text: See

text: the

text: only

text: entity

text: of

text: public

text: international

text: law

text: that

text: has

text: diplomatic

text: relations

text: with

text: almost

text: every

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: Calabria (' in Calabrian, ' in Calabrian Greek, in Greek, ' in Arbëresh), known in antiquity as Bruttium or formerly as Italia, is a region in Southern Italy, forming the "toe" of the Italian Peninsula.

text: Calabria

text: in

text: Calabrian

text: in

text: Calabrian

text: Greek

text: in

text: Greek

text: in

text: Arbëresh

text: known

text: in

text: antiquity

text: as

text: Bruttium

text: or

text: formerly

text: as

text: Italia

text: is

text: region

text: in

text: Southern

text: Italy

text: forming

text: the

text: toe

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: The Calabrian dialect of Greek, or Greek-Bovesian, is the variety of Italiot Greek used by the ethnic Griko people in Calabria, as opposed to the Italiot Greek dialect spoken in the Grecìa Salentina. Both are remnants of the Ancient and Byzantine Greek colonization of the region. They are frequently lumped together as "Italiot Greek" (Katoitaliótika), Grecanic or Griko, but they have different histories.

text: The

text: Calabrian

text: dialect

text: of

text: Greek

text: or

text: Greek

text: Bovesian

text: is

text: the

text: variety

text: of

text: Italiot

text: Greek

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: ethnic

text: Griko

text: people

text: in

text: Calabria

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: Italiot

text: Greek

text: dialect

text: spoken

text: in

text: the

text: Grecìa

text: Salentina

text: Both

text: are

text: remnants

text: of

text: the

text: Ancient

text: and

text: Byzantine

text: Greek

text: colonization

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: They

text: are

text: frequently

text: lumped

text: together

text: as

text: Italiot

text: Greek

text: Katoitaliótika

text: Grecanic

text: or

text: Griko

text: but

text: they

text: have

text: different

text: histories

text: In geography, statistics and archaeology, a settlement, locality or populated place is a community in which people live. A settlement can range in size from a small number of dwellings grouped together to the largest of cities with surrounding urbanized areas. Settlements may include hamlets, villages, towns and cities. A settlement may have known historical properties such as the date or era in which it was first settled, or first settled by a particular people.

text: In

text: geography

text: statistics

text: and

text: archaeology

text: settlement

text: locality

text: or

text: populated

text: place

text: is

text: community

text: in

text: which

text: people

text: live

text: settlement

text: can

text: range

text: in

text: size

text: from

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: dwellings

text: grouped

text: together

text: to

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: cities

text: with

text: surrounding

text: urbanized

text: areas

text: Settlements

text: may

text: include

text: hamlets

text: villages

text: towns

text: and

text: cities

text: settlement

text: may

text: have

text: known

text: historical

text: properties

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: date

text: or

text: era

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: was

text: first

text: settled

text: or

text: first

text: settled

text: by

text: particular

text: people

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity rende

answer: province of cosenza

text: province of cosenza

text: province of cosenza

text: province of cosenza


text: Arthur Leonard Schawlow (May 5, 1921  April 28, 1999) was an American physicist. He shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics with Nicolaas Bloembergen and Kai Siegbahn for his work on lasers.

text: Arthur

text: Leonard

text: Schawlow

text: May

text: April

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: physicist

text: He

text: shared

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Physics

text: with

text: Nicolaas

text: Bloembergen

text: and

text: Kai

text: Siegbahn

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: on

text: lasers

text: In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) refers to the waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field, propagating (radiating) through space carrying electromagnetic radiant energy. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visible) light, ultraviolet, X-, and gamma radiation.

text: In

text: physics

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: EM

text: radiation

text: or

text: EMR

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: waves

text: or

text: their

text: quanta

text: photons

text: of

text: the

text: electromagnetic

text: field

text: propagating

text: radiating

text: through

text: space

text: carrying

text: electromagnetic

text: radiant

text: energy

text: It

text: includes

text: radio

text: waves

text: microwaves

text: infrared

text: visible

text: light

text: ultraviolet

text: X-

text: and

text: gamma

text: radiation

text: Canadian Jews or, alternatively, Jewish Canadians are Canadian citizens of the Jewish faith or Jewish ethnicity. Jewish Canadians are a part of the greater Jewish diaspora and form the fourth largest Jewish community in the world, exceeded only by those in Israel, the United States, and France. As of 2011, Statistics Canada listed 329,500 adherents to the Jewish religion in Canada and 309,650 who claimed Jewish as an ethnicity. One does not necessarily include the other and studies which have attempted to combine the two streams have arrived at figures in excess of 375,000 Jews in Canada. This total would account for approximately 1.1% of the Canadian population.

text: Canadian

text: Jews

text: or

text: alternatively

text: Jewish

text: Canadians

text: are

text: Canadian

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: faith

text: or

text: Jewish

text: ethnicity

text: Jewish

text: Canadians

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: greater

text: Jewish

text: diaspora

text: and

text: form

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: Jewish

text: community

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: exceeded

text: only

text: by

text: those

text: in

text: Israel

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: France

text: As

text: of

text: Statistics

text: Canada

text: listed

text: adherents

text: to

text: the

text: Jewish

text: religion

text: in

text: Canada

text: and

text: who

text: claimed

text: Jewish

text: as

text: an

text: ethnicity

text: One

text: does

text: not

text: necessarily

text: include

text: the

text: other

text: and

text: studies

text: which

text: have

text: attempted

text: to

text: combine

text: the

text: two

text: streams

text: have

text: arrived

text: at

text: figures

text: in

text: excess

text: of

text: Jews

text: in

text: Canada

text: This

text: total

text: would

text: account

text: for

text: approximately

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: population

text: Isaac David Abella ( born June 20 , 1934 in Toronto , Ontario ) is Professor of Physics at The University of Chicago . He specializes in laser physics , quantum optics , and spectroscopy . Isaac is the cousin of Irving Abella . Abella received his Bachelor of Arts degree ( 1957 ) from the University of Toronto , Master of Arts ( 1959 ) degree , and Ph.D. ( 1963 ) in Physics from Columbia University in New York . He studied under Charles H. Townes and was involved in the early research work of laser development . Notably , Abella 's thesis under Townes was among the earliest work on two - photon absorption . He was married to the late Mary Ann Abella , Professor of Art , Chicago State University . He has a son Benjamin , and daughter , Sarah . Abella is known for his work with laser coherent transients , where photon echo techniques are used to probe metastable excited states in rare gas mixtures such as helium , neon , and argon . These states are produced in a weakly ionized RF plasma discharge , and nitrogen - pumped dye lasers are used to generate the coherent super-position states . The University of Chicago . He is also known for his work in spectroscopy of rare - earth laser materials . Samples of YLF and YAG crystals doped with erbium , thulium , and holmium are being studied with selective laser excitation in the region of 780 nm , the erbium bands . These materials can be efficiently optically pumped by the AlGaAs - GaAs laser diode arrays , but dye laser excitation is used instead . He is interested in the energy transfer process : Er to Tm , to Ho , which concentrates energy emission at 2.085 µm at room temperature and at liquid nitrogen . The process is a radiationless , almost resonant transfer of energy between sites and depends on the relative concentrations of the rare earth ions . In particular his experimental interests are measuring decay rates , excited state absorption , and branching ratios and detailed theories of such processes .

text: Isaac

text: David

text: Abella

text: born

text: June

text: in

text: Toronto

text: Ontario

text: is

text: Professor

text: of

text: Physics

text: at

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: He

text: specializes

text: in

text: laser

text: physics

text: quantum

text: optics

text: and

text: spectroscopy

text: Isaac

text: is

text: the

text: cousin

text: of

text: Irving

text: Abella

text: Abella

text: received

text: his

text: Bachelor

text: of

text: Arts

text: degree

text: from

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Toronto

text: Master

text: of

text: Arts

text: degree

text: and

text: Ph.D.

text: in

text: Physics

text: from

text: Columbia

text: University

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: He

text: studied

text: under

text: Charles

text: Townes

text: and

text: was

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: research

text: work

text: of

text: laser

text: development

text: Notably

text: Abella

text: 's

text: thesis

text: under

text: Townes

text: was

text: among

text: the

text: earliest

text: work

text: on

text: two

text: photon

text: absorption

text: He

text: was

text: married

text: to

text: the

text: late

text: Mary

text: Ann

text: Abella

text: Professor

text: of

text: Art

text: Chicago

text: State

text: University

text: He

text: has

text: son

text: Benjamin

text: and

text: daughter

text: Sarah

text: Abella

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: with

text: laser

text: coherent

text: transients

text: where

text: photon

text: echo

text: techniques

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: probe

text: metastable

text: excited

text: states

text: in

text: rare

text: gas

text: mixtures

text: such

text: as

text: helium

text: neon

text: and

text: argon

text: These

text: states

text: are

text: produced

text: in

text: weakly

text: ionized

text: RF

text: plasma

text: discharge

text: and

text: nitrogen

text: pumped

text: dye

text: lasers

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: generate

text: the

text: coherent

text: super

text: position

text: states

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: in

text: spectroscopy

text: of

text: rare

text: earth

text: laser

text: materials

text: Samples

text: of

text: YLF

text: and

text: YAG

text: crystals

text: doped

text: with

text: erbium

text: thulium

text: and

text: holmium

text: are

text: being

text: studied

text: with

text: selective

text: laser

text: excitation

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: nm

text: the

text: erbium

text: bands

text: These

text: materials

text: can

text: be

text: efficiently

text: optically

text: pumped

text: by

text: the

text: AlGaAs

text: GaAs

text: laser

text: diode

text: arrays

text: but

text: dye

text: laser

text: excitation

text: is

text: used

text: instead

text: He

text: is

text: interested

text: in

text: the

text: energy

text: transfer

text: process

text: Er

text: to

text: Tm

text: to

text: Ho

text: which

text: concentrates

text: energy

text: emission

text: at

text: µm

text: at

text: room

text: temperature

text: and

text: at

text: liquid

text: nitrogen

text: The

text: process

text: is

text: radiationless

text: almost

text: resonant

text: transfer

text: of

text: energy

text: between

text: sites

text: and

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: relative

text: concentrations

text: of

text: the

text: rare

text: earth

text: ions

text: In

text: particular

text: his

text: experimental

text: interests

text: are

text: measuring

text: decay

text: rates

text: excited

text: state

text: absorption

text: and

text: branching

text: ratios

text: and

text: detailed

text: theories

text: of

text: such

text: processes

text: A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation". The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow. A laser differs from other sources of light in that it emits light "coherently". Spatial coherence allows a laser to be focused to a tight spot, enabling applications such as laser cutting and lithography. Spatial coherence also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances (collimation), enabling applications such as laser pointers. Lasers can also have high temporal coherence, which allows them to emit light with a very narrow spectrum, i.e., they can emit a single color of light. Temporal coherence can be used to produce pulses of light as short as a femtosecond.

text: laser

text: is

text: device

text: that

text: emits

text: light

text: through

text: process

text: of

text: optical

text: amplification

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: stimulated

text: emission

text: of

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: The

text: term

text: laser

text: originated

text: as

text: an

text: acronym

text: for

text: light

text: amplification

text: by

text: stimulated

text: emission

text: of

text: radiation

text: The

text: first

text: laser

text: was

text: built

text: in

text: by

text: Theodore

text: Maiman

text: at

text: Hughes

text: Research

text: Laboratories

text: based

text: on

text: theoretical

text: work

text: by

text: Charles

text: Hard

text: Townes

text: and

text: Arthur

text: Leonard

text: Schawlow

text: laser

text: differs

text: from

text: other

text: sources

text: of

text: light

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: emits

text: light

text: coherently

text: Spatial

text: coherence

text: allows

text: laser

text: to

text: be

text: focused

text: to

text: tight

text: spot

text: enabling

text: applications

text: such

text: as

text: laser

text: cutting

text: and

text: lithography

text: Spatial

text: coherence

text: also

text: allows

text: laser

text: beam

text: to

text: stay

text: narrow

text: over

text: great

text: distances

text: collimation

text: enabling

text: applications

text: such

text: as

text: laser

text: pointers

text: Lasers

text: can

text: also

text: have

text: high

text: temporal

text: coherence

text: which

text: allows

text: them

text: to

text: emit

text: light

text: with

text: very

text: narrow

text: spectrum

text: i.e.

text: they

text: can

text: emit

text: single

text: color

text: of

text: light

text: Temporal

text: coherence

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: produce

text: pulses

text: of

text: light

text: as

text: short

text: as

text: femtosecond

text: In the classical physics observed in everyday life, if something has mass and takes up space, it is said to be composed of matter; this includes atoms (and thus molecules) and anything made up of these, but not other energy phenomena or waves such as light or sound. More generally, however, in (modern) physics, matter is not a fundamental concept because a universal definition of it is elusive: elementary constituents of atoms may not take up space individually, and massless particles may be composed to form objects that have mass (even when at rest).

text: In

text: the

text: classical

text: physics

text: observed

text: in

text: everyday

text: life

text: if

text: something

text: has

text: mass

text: and

text: takes

text: up

text: space

text: it

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: composed

text: of

text: matter

text: this

text: includes

text: atoms

text: and

text: thus

text: molecules

text: and

text: anything

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: these

text: but

text: not

text: other

text: energy

text: phenomena

text: or

text: waves

text: such

text: as

text: light

text: or

text: sound

text: More

text: generally

text: however

text: in

text: modern

text: physics

text: matter

text: is

text: not

text: fundamental

text: concept

text: because

text: universal

text: definition

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: elusive

text: elementary

text: constituents

text: of

text: atoms

text: may

text: not

text: take

text: up

text: space

text: individually

text: and

text: massless

text: particles

text: may

text: be

text: composed

text: to

text: form

text: objects

text: that

text: have

text: mass

text: even

text: when

text: at

text: rest

text: Stimulated emission is the process by which an incoming photon of a specific frequency can interact with an excited atomic electron (or other excited molecular state), causing it to drop to a lower energy level. The liberated energy transfers to the electromagnetic field, creating a new photon with a phase, frequency, polarization, and direction of travel that are all identical to the photons of the incident wave. This is in contrast to spontaneous emission, which occurs at random intervals without regard to the ambient electromagnetic field.

text: Stimulated

text: emission

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: an

text: incoming

text: photon

text: of

text: specific

text: frequency

text: can

text: interact

text: with

text: an

text: excited

text: atomic

text: electron

text: or

text: other

text: excited

text: molecular

text: state

text: causing

text: it

text: to

text: drop

text: to

text: lower

text: energy

text: level

text: The

text: liberated

text: energy

text: transfers

text: to

text: the

text: electromagnetic

text: field

text: creating

text: new

text: photon

text: with

text: phase

text: frequency

text: polarization

text: and

text: direction

text: of

text: travel

text: that

text: are

text: all

text: identical

text: to

text: the

text: photons

text: of

text: the

text: incident

text: wave

text: This

text: is

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: spontaneous

text: emission

text: which

text: occurs

text: at

text: random

text: intervals

text: without

text: regard

text: to

text: the

text: ambient

text: electromagnetic

text: field

text: In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. This includes:

text: In

text: physics

text: radiation

text: is

text: the

text: emission

text: or

text: transmission

text: of

text: energy

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: waves

text: or

text: particles

text: through

text: space

text: or

text: through

text: material

text: medium

text: This

text: includes

text:
In physics, the wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the spatial period of the wavethe distance over which the wave's shape repeats,
and thus the inverse of the spatial frequency. It is usually determined by considering the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase, such as crests, troughs, or zero crossings and is a characteristic of both traveling waves and standing waves, as well as other spatial wave patterns.
Wavelength is commonly designated by the Greek letter "lambda" (). The concept can also be applied to periodic waves of non-sinusoidal shape.
The term "wavelength" is also sometimes applied to modulated waves, and to the sinusoidal envelopes of modulated waves or waves formed by interference of several sinusoids.

text: In

text: physics

text: the

text: wavelength

text: of

text: sinusoidal

text: wave

text: is

text: the

text: spatial

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: wavethe

text: distance

text: over

text: which

text: the

text: wave

text: 's

text: shape

text: repeats

text: and

text: thus

text: the

text: inverse

text: of

text: the

text: spatial

text: frequency

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: determined

text: by

text: considering

text: the

text: distance

text: between

text: consecutive

text: corresponding

text: points

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: phase

text: such

text: as

text: crests

text: troughs

text: or

text: zero

text: crossings

text: and

text: is

text: characteristic

text: of

text: both

text: traveling

text: waves

text: and

text: standing

text: waves

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: spatial

text: wave

text: patterns

text: Wavelength

text: is

text: commonly

text: designated

text: by

text: the

text: Greek

text: letter

text: lambda

text: The

text: concept

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: applied

text: to

text: periodic

text: waves

text: of

text: non

text: sinusoidal

text: shape

text: The

text: term

text: wavelength

text: is

text: also

text: sometimes

text: applied

text: to

text: modulated

text: waves

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: sinusoidal

text: envelopes

text: of

text: modulated

text: waves

text: or

text: waves

text: formed

text: by

text: interference

text: of

text: several

text: sinusoids

text: Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to cut materials, and is typically used for industrial manufacturing applications, but is also starting to be used by schools, small businesses, and hobbyists. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high-power laser most commonly through optics. The laser optics and CNC (computer numerical control) are used to direct the material or the laser beam generated. A typical commercial laser for cutting materials would involve a motion control system to follow a CNC or G-code of the pattern to be cut onto the material. The focused laser beam is directed at the material, which then either melts, burns, vaporizes away, or is blown away by a jet of gas, leaving an edge with a high-quality surface finish. Industrial laser cutters are used to cut flat-sheet material as well as structural and piping materials.

text: Laser

text: cutting

text: is

text: technology

text: that

text: uses

text: laser

text: to

text: cut

text: materials

text: and

text: is

text: typically

text: used

text: for

text: industrial

text: manufacturing

text: applications

text: but

text: is

text: also

text: starting

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: by

text: schools

text: small

text: businesses

text: and

text: hobbyists

text: Laser

text: cutting

text: works

text: by

text: directing

text: the

text: output

text: of

text: high

text: power

text: laser

text: most

text: commonly

text: through

text: optics

text: The

text: laser

text: optics

text: and

text: CNC

text: computer

text: numerical

text: control

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: direct

text: the

text: material

text: or

text: the

text: laser

text: beam

text: generated

text: typical

text: commercial

text: laser

text: for

text: cutting

text: materials

text: would

text: involve

text: motion

text: control

text: system

text: to

text: follow

text: CNC

text: or

text: code

text: of

text: the

text: pattern

text: to

text: be

text: cut

text: onto

text: the

text: material

text: The

text: focused

text: laser

text: beam

text: is

text: directed

text: at

text: the

text: material

text: which

text: then

text: either

text: melts

text: burns

text: vaporizes

text: away

text: or

text: is

text: blown

text: away

text: by

text: jet

text: of

text: gas

text: leaving

text: an

text: edge

text: with

text: high

text: quality

text: surface

text: finish

text: Industrial

text: laser

text: cutters

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: cut

text: flat

text: sheet

text: material

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: structural

text: and

text: piping

text: materials

text: Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation. Historically, spectroscopy originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, by a prism. Later the concept was expanded greatly to include any interaction with radiative energy as a function of its wavelength or frequency. Spectroscopic data is often represented by an emission spectrum, a plot of the response of interest as a function of wavelength or frequency.

text: Spectroscopy

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: interaction

text: between

text: matter

text: and

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: Historically

text: spectroscopy

text: originated

text: through

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: visible

text: light

text: dispersed

text: according

text: to

text: its

text: wavelength

text: by

text: prism

text: Later

text: the

text: concept

text: was

text: expanded

text: greatly

text: to

text: include

text: any

text: interaction

text: with

text: radiative

text: energy

text: as

text: function

text: of

text: its

text: wavelength

text: or

text: frequency

text: Spectroscopic

text: data

text: is

text: often

text: represented

text: by

text: an

text: emission

text: spectrum

text: plot

text: of

text: the

text: response

text: of

text: interest

text: as

text: function

text: of

text: wavelength

text: or

text: frequency

text: Irving Martin Abella, (born July 2, 1940) is a Canadian writer, historian and academic. He specializes in the history of the Jews in Canada and the Canadian labour movement

text: Irving

text: Martin

text: Abella

text: born

text: July

text: is

text: Canadian

text: writer

text: historian

text: and

text: academic

text: He

text: specializes

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Jews

text: in

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: labour

text: movement

text: Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency and angular frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency. For example, if a newborn baby's heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its periodthe time interval between beatsis half a second (that is, 60 seconds divided by 120 beats). Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as mechanical vibrations, audio (sound) signals, radio waves, and light.

text: Frequency

text: is

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: occurrences

text: of

text: repeating

text: event

text: per

text: unit

text: time

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: temporal

text: frequency

text: which

text: emphasizes

text: the

text: contrast

text: to

text: spatial

text: frequency

text: and

text: angular

text: frequency

text: The

text: period

text: is

text: the

text: duration

text: of

text: time

text: of

text: one

text: cycle

text: in

text: repeating

text: event

text: so

text: the

text: period

text: is

text: the

text: reciprocal

text: of

text: the

text: frequency

text: For

text: example

text: if

text: newborn

text: baby

text: 's

text: heart

text: beats

text: at

text: frequency

text: of

text: times

text: minute

text: its

text: periodthe

text: time

text: interval

text: between

text: beatsis

text: half

text: second

text: that

text: is

text: seconds

text: divided

text: by

text: beats

text: Frequency

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: parameter

text: used

text: in

text: science

text: and

text: engineering

text: to

text: specify

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: oscillatory

text: and

text: vibratory

text: phenomena

text: such

text: as

text: mechanical

text: vibrations

text: audio

text: sound

text: signals

text: radio

text: waves

text: and

text: light

question: occupation isaac abella

answer: physicist

text: physicist