text:
A soprano is a type of classical female singing voice and has the highest vocal range of all voice types. The soprano's vocal range (using scientific pitch notation) is from approximately middle C (C) = 261 Hz to "high A" (A) =880 Hz in choral music, or to "soprano C" (C, two octaves above middle C) =1046 Hz or higher in operatic music. In four-part chorale style harmony, the soprano takes the highest part, which usually encompasses the melody.
The soprano voice type is generally divided into the coloratura, soubrette, lyric, spinto, and dramatic soprano. The lyric soprano is the most common female singing voice.

text: soprano

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: classical

text: female

text: singing

text: voice

text: and

text: has

text: the

text: highest

text: vocal

text: range

text: of

text: all

text: voice

text: types

text: The

text: soprano

text: 's

text: vocal

text: range

text: using

text: scientific

text: pitch

text: notation

text: is

text: from

text: approximately

text: middle

text: Hz

text: to

text: high

text: Hz

text: in

text: choral

text: music

text: or

text: to

text: soprano

text: two

text: octaves

text: above

text: middle

text: Hz

text: or

text: higher

text: in

text: operatic

text: music

text: In

text: four

text: part

text: chorale

text: style

text: harmony

text: the

text: soprano

text: takes

text: the

text: highest

text: part

text: which

text: usually

text: encompasses

text: the

text: melody

text: The

text: soprano

text: voice

text: type

text: is

text: generally

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: coloratura

text: soubrette

text: lyric

text: spinto

text: and

text: dramatic

text: soprano

text: The

text: lyric

text: soprano

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: female

text: singing

text: voice

text: Country pop is a subgenre of country music and pop music that was developed by members of the Country genre out of a desire to reach a larger, mainstream audience. By producing country songs that employed many styles and sounds found in pop music, the country music industry was effective in gaining new listeners without alienating its traditional country audience. It is a continuation of similar efforts that began in the late 1950s originally known as Nashville sound and later on Countrypolitan. By the mid-1970s, many country artists were transitioning to the pop-country sound which led to some records charting high on mainstream top 40 as well as country "Billboard" charts.

text: Country

text: pop

text: is

text: subgenre

text: of

text: country

text: music

text: and

text: pop

text: music

text: that

text: was

text: developed

text: by

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Country

text: genre

text: out

text: of

text: desire

text: to

text: reach

text: larger

text: mainstream

text: audience

text: By

text: producing

text: country

text: songs

text: that

text: employed

text: many

text: styles

text: and

text: sounds

text: found

text: in

text: pop

text: music

text: the

text: country

text: music

text: industry

text: was

text: effective

text: in

text: gaining

text: new

text: listeners

text: without

text: alienating

text: its

text: traditional

text: country

text: audience

text: It

text: is

text: continuation

text: of

text: similar

text: efforts

text: that

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: originally

text: known

text: as

text: Nashville

text: sound

text: and

text: later

text: on

text: Countrypolitan

text: By

text: the

text: many

text: country

text: artists

text: were

text: transitioning

text: to

text: the

text: pop

text: country

text: sound

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: some

text: records

text: charting

text: high

text: on

text: mainstream

text: top

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: country

text: Billboard

text: charts

text: The mandola (US and Canada) or tenor mandola (Ireland and UK) is a fretted, stringed musical instrument. It is to the mandolin what the viola is to the violin: the four double courses of strings tuned in fifths to the same pitches as the viola (C-G-D-A low-to-high), a fifth lower than a mandolin. The mandola, although now rarer, is the ancestor of the mandolin, the name of which means simply "little mandola".

text: The

text: mandola

text: US

text: and

text: Canada

text: or

text: tenor

text: mandola

text: Ireland

text: and

text: UK

text: is

text: fretted

text: stringed

text: musical

text: instrument

text: It

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: mandolin

text: what

text: the

text: viola

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: violin

text: the

text: four

text: double

text: courses

text: of

text: strings

text: tuned

text: in

text: fifths

text: to

text: the

text: same

text: pitches

text: as

text: the

text: viola

text: low

text: to

text: high

text: fifth

text: lower

text: than

text: mandolin

text: The

text: mandola

text: although

text: now

text: rarer

text: is

text: the

text: ancestor

text: of

text: the

text: mandolin

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: which

text: means

text: simply

text: little

text: mandola

text: An electric guitar is a fretted string instrument that uses a pickup to convert the vibration of its stringswhich are typically made of steel, and which occurs when a guitarist strums, plucks or fingerpicks the stringsinto electrical signals. The vibrations of the strings are sensed by a pickup, of which the most common type is the magnetic pickup, which uses the principle of direct electromagnetic induction. The signal generated by an electric guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is plugged into a guitar amplifier before being sent to a loudspeaker, which makes a sound loud enough to hear. The output of an electric guitar is an electric signal, and the signal can easily be altered by electronic circuits to add "color" to the sound or change the sound. Often the signal is modified using effects such as reverb and distortion and "overdrive", with the latter being a key element of the sound of the electric guitar as it is used in blues and rock music.

text: An

text: electric

text: guitar

text: is

text: fretted

text: string

text: instrument

text: that

text: uses

text: pickup

text: to

text: convert

text: the

text: vibration

text: of

text: its

text: stringswhich

text: are

text: typically

text: made

text: of

text: steel

text: and

text: which

text: occurs

text: when

text: guitarist

text: strums

text: plucks

text: or

text: fingerpicks

text: the

text: stringsinto

text: electrical

text: signals

text: The

text: vibrations

text: of

text: the

text: strings

text: are

text: sensed

text: by

text: pickup

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: is

text: the

text: magnetic

text: pickup

text: which

text: uses

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: direct

text: electromagnetic

text: induction

text: The

text: signal

text: generated

text: by

text: an

text: electric

text: guitar

text: is

text: too

text: weak

text: to

text: drive

text: loudspeaker

text: so

text: it

text: is

text: plugged

text: into

text: guitar

text: amplifier

text: before

text: being

text: sent

text: to

text: loudspeaker

text: which

text: makes

text: sound

text: loud

text: enough

text: to

text: hear

text: The

text: output

text: of

text: an

text: electric

text: guitar

text: is

text: an

text: electric

text: signal

text: and

text: the

text: signal

text: can

text: easily

text: be

text: altered

text: by

text: electronic

text: circuits

text: to

text: add

text: color

text: to

text: the

text: sound

text: or

text: change

text: the

text: sound

text: Often

text: the

text: signal

text: is

text: modified

text: using

text: effects

text: such

text: as

text: reverb

text: and

text: distortion

text: and

text: overdrive

text: with

text: the

text: latter

text: being

text: key

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: sound

text: of

text: the

text: electric

text: guitar

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: blues

text: and

text: rock

text: music

text: Sons of Sylvia , originally known as The Clark Brothers , was an American country pop trio composed of three brothers with the surname Clark : Adam ( guitar , mandolin ) , Ashley ( lead vocals , fiddle , mandolin , guitar ) and Austin ( background vocals , resonator guitar ) . All three , along with their three other brothers Aaron , Andrew , and Alan , originally comprised a sextet called The Clark Family Experience . Sons of Sylvia released its debut album in April 2010 .

text: Sons

text: of

text: Sylvia

text: originally

text: known

text: as

text: The

text: Clark

text: Brothers

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: country

text: pop

text: trio

text: composed

text: of

text: three

text: brothers

text: with

text: the

text: surname

text: Clark

text: Adam

text: guitar

text: mandolin

text: Ashley

text: lead

text: vocals

text: fiddle

text: mandolin

text: guitar

text: and

text: Austin

text: background

text: vocals

text: resonator

text: guitar

text: All

text: three

text: along

text: with

text: their

text: three

text: other

text: brothers

text: Aaron

text: Andrew

text: and

text: Alan

text: originally

text: comprised

text: sextet

text: called

text: The

text: Clark

text: Family

text: Experience

text: Sons

text: of

text: Sylvia

text: released

text: its

text: debut

text: album

text: in

text: April

text: Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the Western world as a softer alternative to rock and roll. The terms "popular music" and "pop music" are often used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular and includes many styles. "Pop" and "rock" were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were increasingly used in opposition from each other.

text: Pop

text: music

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: popular

text: music

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: its

text: modern

text: form

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: as

text: softer

text: alternative

text: to

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: The

text: terms

text: popular

text: music

text: and

text: pop

text: music

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: interchangeably

text: although

text: the

text: former

text: describes

text: all

text: music

text: that

text: is

text: popular

text: and

text: includes

text: many

text: styles

text: Pop

text: and

text: rock

text: were

text: synonymous

text: terms

text: until

text: the

text: late

text: when

text: they

text: were

text: increasingly

text: used

text: in

text: opposition

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound and silence, which exist in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek  ("mousike"; "art of the Muses"). In its most general form, the activities describing music as an art form include the production of works of music (songs, tunes, symphonies, and so on), the criticism of music, the study of the history of music, and the aesthetic examination of music. Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound."

text: Music

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: and

text: cultural

text: activity

text: whose

text: medium

text: is

text: sound

text: and

text: silence

text: which

text: exist

text: in

text: time

text: The

text: common

text: elements

text: of

text: music

text: are

text: pitch

text: which

text: governs

text: melody

text: and

text: harmony

text: rhythm

text: and

text: its

text: associated

text: concepts

text: tempo

text: meter

text: and

text: articulation

text: dynamics

text: loudness

text: and

text: softness

text: and

text: the

text: sonic

text: qualities

text: of

text: timbre

text: and

text: texture

text: which

text: are

text: sometimes

text: termed

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: musical

text: sound

text: Different

text: styles

text: or

text: types

text: of

text: music

text: may

text: emphasize

text: de

text: emphasize

text: or

text: omit

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: elements

text: Music

text: is

text: performed

text: with

text: vast

text: range

text: of

text: instruments

text: and

text: vocal

text: techniques

text: ranging

text: from

text: singing

text: to

text: rapping

text: there

text: are

text: solely

text: instrumental

text: pieces

text: solely

text: vocal

text: pieces

text: such

text: as

text: songs

text: without

text: instrumental

text: accompaniment

text: and

text: pieces

text: that

text: combine

text: singing

text: and

text: instruments

text: The

text: word

text: derives

text: from

text: Greek

text: mousike

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: Muses

text: In

text: its

text: most

text: general

text: form

text: the

text: activities

text: describing

text: music

text: as

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: include

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: works

text: of

text: music

text: songs

text: tunes

text: symphonies

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: the

text: criticism

text: of

text: music

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: examination

text: of

text: music

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: and

text: Indian

text: philosophers

text: defined

text: music

text: as

text: tones

text: ordered

text: horizontally

text: as

text: melodies

text: and

text: vertically

text: as

text: harmonies

text: Common

text: sayings

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: harmony

text: of

text: the

text: spheres

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: music

text: to

text: my

text: ears

text: point

text: to

text: the

text: notion

text: that

text: music

text: is

text: often

text: ordered

text: and

text: pleasant

text: to

text: listen

text: to

text: However

text: century

text: composer

text: John

text: Cage

text: thought

text: that

text: any

text: sound

text: can

text: be

text: music

text: saying

text: for

text: example

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: noise

text: only

text: sound

text: Virginia (, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia) is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" due to its status as the first colonial possession established in mainland British America, and "Mother of Presidents" because eight U.S. presidents were born there, more than any other state. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's estimated population is over 8.3 million, which is slightly less than New York City.

text: Virginia

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Virginia

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Mid

text: Atlantic

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: historic

text: Southeast

text: Virginia

text: is

text: nicknamed

text: the

text: Old

text: Dominion

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: status

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: colonial

text: possession

text: established

text: in

text: mainland

text: British

text: America

text: and

text: Mother

text: of

text: Presidents

text: because

text: eight

text: U.S.

text: presidents

text: were

text: born

text: there

text: more

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: state

text: The

text: geography

text: and

text: climate

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: are

text: shaped

text: by

text: the

text: Blue

text: Ridge

text: Mountains

text: and

text: the

text: Chesapeake

text: Bay

text: which

text: provide

text: habitat

text: for

text: much

text: of

text: its

text: flora

text: and

text: fauna

text: The

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: is

text: Richmond

text: Virginia

text: Beach

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: and

text: Fairfax

text: County

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: political

text: subdivision

text: The

text: Commonwealth

text: 's

text: estimated

text: population

text: is

text: over

text: million

text: which

text: is

text: slightly

text: less

text: than

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: A resonator guitar or resophonic guitar is an acoustic guitar that produces sound by carrying string vibration through the bridge to one or more spun metal cones (resonators), instead of to the sound board (guitar top). Resonator guitars were originally designed to be louder than regular acoustic guitars, which were overwhelmed by horns and percussion instruments in dance orchestras. They became prized for their distinctive sound, however, and found life with several musical styles (most notably bluegrass and the blues) well after electric amplification solved the issue of inadequate guitar sound levels.

text: resonator

text: guitar

text: or

text: resophonic

text: guitar

text: is

text: an

text: acoustic

text: guitar

text: that

text: produces

text: sound

text: by

text: carrying

text: string

text: vibration

text: through

text: the

text: bridge

text: to

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: spun

text: metal

text: cones

text: resonators

text: instead

text: of

text: to

text: the

text: sound

text: board

text: guitar

text: top

text: Resonator

text: guitars

text: were

text: originally

text: designed

text: to

text: be

text: louder

text: than

text: regular

text: acoustic

text: guitars

text: which

text: were

text: overwhelmed

text: by

text: horns

text: and

text: percussion

text: instruments

text: in

text: dance

text: orchestras

text: They

text: became

text: prized

text: for

text: their

text: distinctive

text: sound

text: however

text: and

text: found

text: life

text: with

text: several

text: musical

text: styles

text: most

text: notably

text: bluegrass

text: and

text: the

text: blues

text: well

text: after

text: electric

text: amplification

text: solved

text: the

text: issue

text: of

text: inadequate

text: guitar

text: sound

text: levels

text: Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the southeastern genre of United States, such as folk music (especially Appalachian folk music), and blues music. Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms and harmonies accompanied by mostly string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, dobros and fiddles as well as harmonicas. According to Lindsey Starnes, the term "country music" gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term "hillbilly music"; it came to encompass Western music, which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots, in the mid-20th century. The term "country music" is used today to describe many styles and subgenres. The origins of country music are the folk music of working-class Americans, who blended popular songs, Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes, traditional English ballads, and cowboy songs, and various musical traditions from European immigrant communities. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, and second most popular in the morning commute in the United States.

text: Country

text: music

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: United

text: States

text: popular

text: music

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: It

text: takes

text: its

text: roots

text: from

text: the

text: southeastern

text: genre

text: of

text: United

text: States

text: such

text: as

text: folk

text: music

text: especially

text: Appalachian

text: folk

text: music

text: and

text: blues

text: music

text: Blues

text: modes

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: extensively

text: throughout

text: its

text: recorded

text: history

text: Country

text: music

text: often

text: consists

text: of

text: ballads

text: and

text: dance

text: tunes

text: with

text: generally

text: simple

text: forms

text: and

text: harmonies

text: accompanied

text: by

text: mostly

text: string

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: banjos

text: electric

text: and

text: acoustic

text: guitars

text: dobros

text: and

text: fiddles

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: harmonicas

text: According

text: to

text: Lindsey

text: Starnes

text: the

text: term

text: country

text: music

text: gained

text: popularity

text: in

text: the

text: in

text: preference

text: to

text: the

text: earlier

text: term

text: hillbilly

text: music

text: it

text: came

text: to

text: encompass

text: Western

text: music

text: which

text: evolved

text: parallel

text: to

text: hillbilly

text: music

text: from

text: similar

text: roots

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: term

text: country

text: music

text: is

text: used

text: today

text: to

text: describe

text: many

text: styles

text: and

text: subgenres

text: The

text: origins

text: of

text: country

text: music

text: are

text: the

text: folk

text: music

text: of

text: working

text: class

text: Americans

text: who

text: blended

text: popular

text: songs

text: Irish

text: and

text: Celtic

text: fiddle

text: tunes

text: traditional

text: English

text: ballads

text: and

text: cowboy

text: songs

text: and

text: various

text: musical

text: traditions

text: from

text: European

text: immigrant

text: communities

text: In

text: country

text: music

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: listened

text: to

text: rush

text: hour

text: radio

text: genre

text: during

text: the

text: evening

text: commute

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: morning

text: commute

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The Clark Family Experience was an American country music band composed of six brothers, all with the surname Clark: Alan (guitar, vocals), Aaron (bass guitar, vocals), Adam (mandolin, vocals), Ashley (fiddle), Andrew (drums), and Austin (lap steel guitar, keyboards), all natives of the state of Virginia.

text: The

text: Clark

text: Family

text: Experience

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: country

text: music

text: band

text: composed

text: of

text: six

text: brothers

text: all

text: with

text: the

text: surname

text: Clark

text: Alan

text: guitar

text: vocals

text: Aaron

text: bass

text: guitar

text: vocals

text: Adam

text: mandolin

text: vocals

text: Ashley

text: fiddle

text: Andrew

text: drums

text: and

text: Austin

text: lap

text: steel

text: guitar

text: keyboards

text: all

text: natives

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Virginia

text: The viol , viola da gamba , or (informally) gamba, is any one of a family of bowed, fretted and stringed instruments that first appeared in Spain in the mid to late 15th century and was most popular in the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Early ancestors include the Arabic "rebab" and the medieval European vielle, but later, more direct possible ancestors include the Venetian "viole" and the 15th- and 16th-century Spanish "vihuela", a 6-course plucked instrument tuned like a lute (and also like a present-day viol) that looked like but was quite distinct from (at that time) the 4-course guitar (an earlier chordophone).

text: The

text: viol

text: viola

text: da

text: gamba

text: or

text: informally

text: gamba

text: is

text: any

text: one

text: of

text: family

text: of

text: bowed

text: fretted

text: and

text: stringed

text: instruments

text: that

text: first

text: appeared

text: in

text: Spain

text: in

text: the

text: mid

text: to

text: late

text: century

text: and

text: was

text: most

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: Baroque

text: periods

text: Early

text: ancestors

text: include

text: the

text: Arabic

text: rebab

text: and

text: the

text: medieval

text: European

text: vielle

text: but

text: later

text: more

text: direct

text: possible

text: ancestors

text: include

text: the

text: Venetian

text: viole

text: and

text: the

text: and

text: century

text: Spanish

text: vihuela

text: plucked

text: instrument

text: tuned

text: like

text: lute

text: and

text: also

text: like

text: present

text: day

text: viol

text: that

text: looked

text: like

text: but

text: was

text: quite

text: distinct

text: from

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: the

text: guitar

text: an

text: earlier

text: chordophone

text: Fiddle is another name for the bowed string musical instrument more often called a violin. It is also a colloquial term for the instrument used by players in all genres, including classical music. Fiddle playing, or fiddling, refers to various styles of music. Fiddle is also a common term among musicians who play folk music on the violin. The fiddle is part of many traditional (folk) styles of music which are aural traditions, taught 'by ear' rather than via written music. Fiddle is normally the term used for Irish Traditional Music.

text: Fiddle

text: is

text: another

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: bowed

text: string

text: musical

text: instrument

text: more

text: often

text: called

text: violin

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: colloquial

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: instrument

text: used

text: by

text: players

text: in

text: all

text: genres

text: including

text: classical

text: music

text: Fiddle

text: playing

text: or

text: fiddling

text: refers

text: to

text: various

text: styles

text: of

text: music

text: Fiddle

text: is

text: also

text: common

text: term

text: among

text: musicians

text: who

text: play

text: folk

text: music

text: on

text: the

text: violin

text: The

text: fiddle

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: many

text: traditional

text: folk

text: styles

text: of

text: music

text: which

text: are

text: aural

text: traditions

text: taught

text: by

text: ear

text: rather

text: than

text: via

text: written

text: music

text: Fiddle

text: is

text: normally

text: the

text: term

text: used

text: for

text: Irish

text: Traditional

text: Music

text: String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when the performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner.

text: String

text: instruments

text: stringed

text: instruments

text: or

text: chordophones

text: are

text: musical

text: instruments

text: that

text: produce

text: sound

text: from

text: vibrating

text: strings

text: when

text: the

text: performer

text: plays

text: or

text: sounds

text: the

text: strings

text: in

text: some

text: manner

text: The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a hollow wooden or plastic and wood box (for an acoustic guitar), or through electrical amplifier and a speaker (for an electric guitar). It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, thumb and/or fingernails of the right hand or with a pick while fretting (or pressing against the frets) the strings with the fingers of the left hand. The guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. The modern guitar was preceded by the gittern, the vihuela, the four-course Renaissance guitar, and the five-course baroque guitar, all of which contributed to the development of the modern six-string instrument.

text: The

text: guitar

text: is

text: musical

text: instrument

text: classified

text: as

text: string

text: instrument

text: with

text: anywhere

text: from

text: four

text: to

text: strings

text: usually

text: having

text: six

text: The

text: sound

text: is

text: projected

text: either

text: acoustically

text: using

text: hollow

text: wooden

text: or

text: plastic

text: and

text: wood

text: box

text: for

text: an

text: acoustic

text: guitar

text: or

text: through

text: electrical

text: amplifier

text: and

text: speaker

text: for

text: an

text: electric

text: guitar

text: It

text: is

text: typically

text: played

text: by

text: strumming

text: or

text: plucking

text: the

text: strings

text: with

text: the

text: fingers

text: thumb

text: and/or

text: fingernails

text: of

text: the

text: right

text: hand

text: or

text: with

text: pick

text: while

text: fretting

text: or

text: pressing

text: against

text: the

text: frets

text: the

text: strings

text: with

text: the

text: fingers

text: of

text: the

text: left

text: hand

text: The

text: guitar

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: chordophone

text: traditionally

text: constructed

text: from

text: wood

text: and

text: strung

text: with

text: either

text: gut

text: nylon

text: or

text: steel

text: strings

text: and

text: distinguished

text: from

text: other

text: chordophones

text: by

text: its

text: construction

text: and

text: tuning

text: The

text: modern

text: guitar

text: was

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: gittern

text: the

text: vihuela

text: the

text: four

text: course

text: Renaissance

text: guitar

text: and

text: the

text: five

text: course

text: baroque

text: guitar

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: six

text: string

text: instrument

text: A mandolin (; literally "small mandola") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 strings) course versions also exist. The courses are normally tuned in a succession of perfect fifths. It is the soprano member of a family that includes the mandola, octave mandolin, mandocello and mandobass.

text: mandolin

text: literally

text: small

text: mandola

text: is

text: musical

text: instrument

text: in

text: the

text: lute

text: family

text: and

text: is

text: usually

text: plucked

text: with

text: plectrum

text: or

text: pick

text: It

text: commonly

text: has

text: four

text: courses

text: of

text: doubled

text: metal

text: strings

text: tuned

text: in

text: unison

text: strings

text: although

text: five

text: strings

text: and

text: six

text: strings

text: course

text: versions

text: also

text: exist

text: The

text: courses

text: are

text: normally

text: tuned

text: in

text: succession

text: of

text: perfect

text: fifths

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: soprano

text: member

text: of

text: family

text: that

text: includes

text: the

text: mandola

text: octave

text: mandolin

text: mandocello

text: and

text: mandobass

text: In music, unison is two or more musical parts sounding the same pitch or at an octave interval, usually at the same time.

text: In

text: music

text: unison

text: is

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: musical

text: parts

text: sounding

text: the

text: same

text: pitch

text: or

text: at

text: an

text: octave

text: interval

text: usually

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: Mandobass is the largest (and least common) member of the mandolin family, sometimes used as the bass instrument in mandolin orchestras. It is so large that it usually isn't held in the lap, but supported on a spike which rests on the floor. The neck-scale length on a full-size mando-bass is similar to that of a standard orchestral double bass viol: about 43" (110 cm). The instrument is otherwise similar to the smaller, higher-pitched members of the mandolin family, having a fretted neck, a headstock with geared tuning machines, and a large resonating body oftenbut not alwaysshaped like that of other mandolins.

text: Mandobass

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: least

text: common

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: mandolin

text: family

text: sometimes

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: bass

text: instrument

text: in

text: mandolin

text: orchestras

text: It

text: is

text: so

text: large

text: that

text: it

text: usually

text: is

text: n't

text: held

text: in

text: the

text: lap

text: but

text: supported

text: on

text: spike

text: which

text: rests

text: on

text: the

text: floor

text: The

text: neck

text: scale

text: length

text: on

text: full

text: size

text: mando

text: bass

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: standard

text: orchestral

text: double

text: bass

text: viol

text: about

text: cm

text: The

text: instrument

text: is

text: otherwise

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: smaller

text: higher

text: pitched

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: mandolin

text: family

text: having

text: fretted

text: neck

text: headstock

text: with

text: geared

text: tuning

text: machines

text: and

text: large

text: resonating

text: body

text: oftenbut

text: not

text: alwaysshaped

text: like

text: that

text: of

text: other

text: mandolins

text: The mandocello is a plucked string instrument of the mandolin family. It has eight strings in four paired courses, tuned in fifths like a mandolin, but is larger, and tuned CC-GG-dd-aa (low to high in pitch). It can be described as being to the mandolin what the cello is to the violin.

text: The

text: mandocello

text: is

text: plucked

text: string

text: instrument

text: of

text: the

text: mandolin

text: family

text: It

text: has

text: eight

text: strings

text: in

text: four

text: paired

text: courses

text: tuned

text: in

text: fifths

text: like

text: mandolin

text: but

text: is

text: larger

text: and

text: tuned

text: CC

text: GG

text: dd

text: aa

text: low

text: to

text: high

text: in

text: pitch

text: It

text: can

text: be

text: described

text: as

text: being

text: to

text: the

text: mandolin

text: what

text: the

text: cello

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: violin

text: The violin is a wooden string instrument in the violin family. It is the smallest and highest-pitched instrument in the family in regular use. Smaller violin-type instruments are known, including the violino piccolo and the kit violin, but these are virtually unused in the 2010s. The violin typically has four strings tuned in perfect fifths, and is most commonly played by drawing a bow across its strings, though it can also be played by plucking the strings with the fingers (pizzicato). Violins are important instruments in a wide variety of musical genres. They are most prominent in the Western classical tradition and in many varieties of folk music. They are also frequently used in genres of folk including country music and bluegrass music and in jazz. Electric violins are used in some forms of rock music; further, the violin has come to be played in many non-Western music cultures, including Indian music and Iranian music. The violin is sometimes informally called a fiddle, particularly in Irish traditional music and bluegrass, but this nickname is also used regardless of the type of music played on it.

text: The

text: violin

text: is

text: wooden

text: string

text: instrument

text: in

text: the

text: violin

text: family

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: and

text: highest

text: pitched

text: instrument

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: in

text: regular

text: use

text: Smaller

text: violin

text: type

text: instruments

text: are

text: known

text: including

text: the

text: violino

text: piccolo

text: and

text: the

text: kit

text: violin

text: but

text: these

text: are

text: virtually

text: unused

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: violin

text: typically

text: has

text: four

text: strings

text: tuned

text: in

text: perfect

text: fifths

text: and

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: played

text: by

text: drawing

text: bow

text: across

text: its

text: strings

text: though

text: it

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: played

text: by

text: plucking

text: the

text: strings

text: with

text: the

text: fingers

text: pizzicato

text: Violins

text: are

text: important

text: instruments

text: in

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: musical

text: genres

text: They

text: are

text: most

text: prominent

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: classical

text: tradition

text: and

text: in

text: many

text: varieties

text: of

text: folk

text: music

text: They

text: are

text: also

text: frequently

text: used

text: in

text: genres

text: of

text: folk

text: including

text: country

text: music

text: and

text: bluegrass

text: music

text: and

text: in

text: jazz

text: Electric

text: violins

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: some

text: forms

text: of

text: rock

text: music

text: further

text: the

text: violin

text: has

text: come

text: to

text: be

text: played

text: in

text: many

text: non

text: Western

text: music

text: cultures

text: including

text: Indian

text: music

text: and

text: Iranian

text: music

text: The

text: violin

text: is

text: sometimes

text: informally

text: called

text: fiddle

text: particularly

text: in

text: Irish

text: traditional

text: music

text: and

text: bluegrass

text: but

text: this

text: nickname

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: regardless

text: of

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: music

text: played

text: on

text: it

text: A chordophone is a musical instrument that makes sound by way of a vibrating string or strings stretched between two points. It is one of the four main divisions of instruments in the original Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification.

text: chordophone

text: is

text: musical

text: instrument

text: that

text: makes

text: sound

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: vibrating

text: string

text: or

text: strings

text: stretched

text: between

text: two

text: points

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: main

text: divisions

text: of

text: instruments

text: in

text: the

text: original

text: Hornbostel

text: Sachs

text: scheme

text: of

text: musical

text: instrument

text: classification

text: Lute can refer generally to any string instrument having the strings running in a plane parallel to the sound table (in the HornbostelSachs system), more specifically to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either fretted or unfretted) and a deep round back, or more specifically to an instrument from the family of European lutes.

text: Lute

text: can

text: refer

text: generally

text: to

text: any

text: string

text: instrument

text: having

text: the

text: strings

text: running

text: in

text: plane

text: parallel

text: to

text: the

text: sound

text: table

text: in

text: the

text: HornbostelSachs

text: system

text: more

text: specifically

text: to

text: any

text: plucked

text: string

text: instrument

text: with

text: neck

text: either

text: fretted

text: or

text: unfretted

text: and

text: deep

text: round

text: back

text: or

text: more

text: specifically

text: to

text: an

text: instrument

text: from

text: the

text: family

text: of

text: European

text: lutes

text: Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs and European-American folk music. Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. The blues form, ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues and rock and roll, is characterized by the call-and-response pattern, the blues scale and specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues is the most common. Blue notes (or "worried notes"), usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also an essential part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove.

text: Blues

text: is

text: genre

text: and

text: musical

text: form

text: originated

text: by

text: African

text: Americans

text: in

text: the

text: Deep

text: South

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: around

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: genre

text: developed

text: from

text: roots

text: in

text: African

text: musical

text: traditions

text: African

text: American

text: work

text: songs

text: and

text: European

text: American

text: folk

text: music

text: Blues

text: incorporated

text: spirituals

text: work

text: songs

text: field

text: hollers

text: shouts

text: chants

text: and

text: rhymed

text: simple

text: narrative

text: ballads

text: The

text: blues

text: form

text: ubiquitous

text: in

text: jazz

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: and

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: the

text: call

text: and

text: response

text: pattern

text: the

text: blues

text: scale

text: and

text: specific

text: chord

text: progressions

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: twelve

text: bar

text: blues

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: Blue

text: notes

text: or

text: worried

text: notes

text: usually

text: thirds

text: or

text: fifths

text: flattened

text: in

text: pitch

text: are

text: also

text: an

text: essential

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: sound

text: Blues

text: shuffles

text: or

text: walking

text: bass

text: reinforce

text: the

text: trance

text: like

text: rhythm

text: and

text: form

text: repetitive

text: effect

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: groove

text: The octave mandolin is a fretted string instrument with four pairs of strings tuned in fifths, G, D, A, E (low to high), an octave below a mandolin. It has a 20 to 23-inch scale length and its construction is similar to other instruments in the mandolin family. Usually the courses are all unison pairs but the lower two may sometimes be strung as octave pairs with the higher-pitched octave string on top so that it is hit before the thicker lower-pitched string. Alternate tunings of G, D, A, D and A, D, A, D are often employed by Celtic musicians.

text: The

text: octave

text: mandolin

text: is

text: fretted

text: string

text: instrument

text: with

text: four

text: pairs

text: of

text: strings

text: tuned

text: in

text: fifths

text: low

text: to

text: high

text: an

text: octave

text: below

text: mandolin

text: It

text: has

text: to

text: scale

text: length

text: and

text: its

text: construction

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: other

text: instruments

text: in

text: the

text: mandolin

text: family

text: Usually

text: the

text: courses

text: are

text: all

text: unison

text: pairs

text: but

text: the

text: lower

text: two

text: may

text: sometimes

text: be

text: strung

text: as

text: octave

text: pairs

text: with

text: the

text: higher

text: pitched

text: octave

text: string

text: on

text: top

text: so

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: hit

text: before

text: the

text: thicker

text: lower

text: pitched

text: string

text: Alternate

text: tunings

text: of

text: and

text: are

text: often

text: employed

text: by

text: Celtic

text: musicians

text: A fret is a raised element on the neck of a stringed instrument. Frets usually extend across the full width of the neck. On most modern western fretted instruments, frets are metal strips inserted into the fingerboard. On some historical instruments and non-European instruments, frets are made of pieces of string tied around the neck.

text: fret

text: is

text: raised

text: element

text: on

text: the

text: neck

text: of

text: stringed

text: instrument

text: Frets

text: usually

text: extend

text: across

text: the

text: full

text: width

text: of

text: the

text: neck

text: On

text: most

text: modern

text: western

text: fretted

text: instruments

text: frets

text: are

text: metal

text: strips

text: inserted

text: into

text: the

text: fingerboard

text: On

text: some

text: historical

text: instruments

text: and

text: non

text: European

text: instruments

text: frets

text: are

text: made

text: of

text: pieces

text: of

text: string

text: tied

text: around

text: the

text: neck

text: A resonator is a device or system that exhibits resonance or resonant behavior, that is, it naturally oscillates at some frequencies, called its resonant frequencies, with greater amplitude than at others. The oscillations in a resonator can be either electromagnetic or mechanical (including acoustic). Resonators are used to either generate waves of specific frequencies or to select specific frequencies from a signal. Musical instruments use acoustic resonators that produce sound waves of specific tones. Another example is quartz crystals used in electronic devices such as radio transmitters and quartz watches to produce oscillations of very precise frequency.

text: resonator

text: is

text: device

text: or

text: system

text: that

text: exhibits

text: resonance

text: or

text: resonant

text: behavior

text: that

text: is

text: it

text: naturally

text: oscillates

text: at

text: some

text: frequencies

text: called

text: its

text: resonant

text: frequencies

text: with

text: greater

text: amplitude

text: than

text: at

text: others

text: The

text: oscillations

text: in

text: resonator

text: can

text: be

text: either

text: electromagnetic

text: or

text: mechanical

text: including

text: acoustic

text: Resonators

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: either

text: generate

text: waves

text: of

text: specific

text: frequencies

text: or

text: to

text: select

text: specific

text: frequencies

text: from

text: signal

text: Musical

text: instruments

text: use

text: acoustic

text: resonators

text: that

text: produce

text: sound

text: waves

text: of

text: specific

text: tones

text: Another

text: example

text: is

text: quartz

text: crystals

text: used

text: in

text: electronic

text: devices

text: such

text: as

text: radio

text: transmitters

text: and

text: quartz

text: watches

text: to

text: produce

text: oscillations

text: of

text: very

text: precise

text: frequency

text: The Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age.

text: The

text: Renaissance

text: was

text: period

text: in

text: European

text: history

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: cultural

text: bridge

text: between

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: modern

text: history

text: It

text: started

text: as

text: cultural

text: movement

text: in

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: Late

text: Medieval

text: period

text: and

text: later

text: spread

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Europe

text: marking

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Early

text: Modern

text: Age

text:
The gittern was a relatively small gut strung round-backed instrument that first appears in literature and pictorial representation during the 13th century in Western Europe (Iberian Peninsula, Italy, France, England). It is usually depicted played with a quill plectrum, as we can see clearly beginning in manuscript illuminations from the thirteenth century.
It was also called the guitarra in Spain, guiterne or guiterre in France, the chitarra in Italy and quintern in Germany. A popular instrument with court musicians, minstrels, and amateurs, the gittern is considered ancestral to the modern guitar; possibly other instruments like the mandore and gallichon.

text: The

text: gittern

text: was

text: relatively

text: small

text: gut

text: strung

text: round

text: backed

text: instrument

text: that

text: first

text: appears

text: in

text: literature

text: and

text: pictorial

text: representation

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: Italy

text: France

text: England

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: depicted

text: played

text: with

text: quill

text: plectrum

text: as

text: we

text: can

text: see

text: clearly

text: beginning

text: in

text: manuscript

text: illuminations

text: from

text: the

text: thirteenth

text: century

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: guitarra

text: in

text: Spain

text: guiterne

text: or

text: guiterre

text: in

text: France

text: the

text: chitarra

text: in

text: Italy

text: and

text: quintern

text: in

text: Germany

text: popular

text: instrument

text: with

text: court

text: musicians

text: minstrels

text: and

text: amateurs

text: the

text: gittern

text: is

text: considered

text: ancestral

text: to

text: the

text: modern

text: guitar

text: possibly

text: other

text: instruments

text: like

text: the

text: mandore

text: and

text: gallichon

text: The Baroque guitar (c. 16001750) is a string instrument with five courses of gut strings and moveable gut frets. The first (highest pitched) course sometimes used only a single string.

text: The

text: Baroque

text: guitar

text: is

text: string

text: instrument

text: with

text: five

text: courses

text: of

text: gut

text: strings

text: and

text: moveable

text: gut

text: frets

text: The

text: first

text: highest

text: pitched

text: course

text: sometimes

text: used

text: only

text: single

text: string

text: Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century but is often applied to music that is older than that. Some types of folk music are also called world music. "Traditional folk music" has been defined in several ways: as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers, or music performed by custom over a long period of time. It has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles.

text: Folk

text: music

text: includes

text: both

text: traditional

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: genre

text: that

text: evolved

text: from

text: it

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: folk

text: revival

text: The

text: term

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: but

text: is

text: often

text: applied

text: to

text: music

text: that

text: is

text: older

text: than

text: that

text: Some

text: types

text: of

text: folk

text: music

text: are

text: also

text: called

text: world

text: music

text: Traditional

text: folk

text: music

text: has

text: been

text: defined

text: in

text: several

text: ways

text: as

text: music

text: transmitted

text: orally

text: music

text: with

text: unknown

text: composers

text: or

text: music

text: performed

text: by

text: custom

text: over

text: long

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: contrasted

text: with

text: commercial

text: and

text: classical

text: styles

text: The Nashville sound originated during the mid 1950s as a subgenre of American country music, replacing the chart dominance of the rough honky tonk music which was most popular in the 1940s and 1950s with "smooth strings and choruses", "sophisticated background vocals" and "smooth tempos". It was an attempt "to revive country sales, which had been devastated by the rise of rock 'n' roll."

text: The

text: Nashville

text: sound

text: originated

text: during

text: the

text: mid

text: as

text: subgenre

text: of

text: American

text: country

text: music

text: replacing

text: the

text: chart

text: dominance

text: of

text: the

text: rough

text: honky

text: tonk

text: music

text: which

text: was

text: most

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: with

text: smooth

text: strings

text: and

text: choruses

text: sophisticated

text: background

text: vocals

text: and

text: smooth

text: tempos

text: It

text: was

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: revive

text: country

text: sales

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: devastated

text: by

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: rock

text: roll

text: The cello (; plural cellos or celli) or violoncello is a bowed string instrument with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. The strings from low to high are generally tuned to C, G, D and A, an octave lower than the viola. It is a member of the violin family of musical instruments, which also includes the violin and viola.

text: The

text: cello

text: plural

text: cellos

text: or

text: celli

text: or

text: violoncello

text: is

text: bowed

text: string

text: instrument

text: with

text: four

text: strings

text: tuned

text: in

text: perfect

text: fifths

text: The

text: strings

text: from

text: low

text: to

text: high

text: are

text: generally

text: tuned

text: to

text: and

text: an

text: octave

text: lower

text: than

text: the

text: viola

text: It

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: violin

text: family

text: of

text: musical

text: instruments

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: the

text: violin

text: and

text: viola

text: Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers, more specifically aliphatic or semi-aromatic polyamides. They can be melt-processed into fibers, films or shapes. The first example of nylon (nylon 6,6) was produced on February 28, 1935, by Wallace Carothers at DuPont's research facility at the DuPont Experimental Station. Nylon polymers have found significant commercial applications in fibers (apparel, flooring and rubber reinforcement), in shapes (molded parts for cars, electrical equipment, etc.), and in films (mostly for food packaging).<ref name="Materials/Polyamide"></ref>

text: Nylon

text: is

text: generic

text: designation

text: for

text: family

text: of

text: synthetic

text: polymers

text: more

text: specifically

text: aliphatic

text: or

text: semi

text: aromatic

text: polyamides

text: They

text: can

text: be

text: melt

text: processed

text: into

text: fibers

text: films

text: or

text: shapes

text: The

text: first

text: example

text: of

text: nylon

text: nylon

text: was

text: produced

text: on

text: February

text: by

text: Wallace

text: Carothers

text: at

text: DuPont

text: 's

text: research

text: facility

text: at

text: the

text: DuPont

text: Experimental

text: Station

text: Nylon

text: polymers

text: have

text: found

text: significant

text: commercial

text: applications

text: in

text: fibers

text: apparel

text: flooring

text: and

text: rubber

text: reinforcement

text: in

text: shapes

text: molded

text: parts

text: for

text: cars

text: electrical

text: equipment

text: etc

text: and

text: in

text: films

text: mostly

text: for

text: food

text: packaging).<ref

text: name="Materials

text: Polyamide"></ref

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

question: genre sons of sylvia

answer: country music

text: country music

text: country music

text: country music

text: country music

text: country music

text: country music

text: country music

text: country music

text: country music

text: country music

text: country music


text: The Radical Reformation was the response to what was believed to be the corruption in both the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Protestant movement led by Martin Luther and many others. Beginning in Germany and Switzerland in the 16th century, the Radical Reformation gave birth to many radical Protestant groups throughout Europe. The term covers both radical reformers like Thomas Müntzer, Andreas Karlstadt, groups like the Zwickau prophets and Anabaptist groups like the Hutterites and Mennonites.

text: The

text: Radical

text: Reformation

text: was

text: the

text: response

text: to

text: what

text: was

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: corruption

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: and

text: the

text: expanding

text: Magisterial

text: Protestant

text: movement

text: led

text: by

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: and

text: many

text: others

text: Beginning

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: Switzerland

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Radical

text: Reformation

text: gave

text: birth

text: to

text: many

text: radical

text: Protestant

text: groups

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: The

text: term

text: covers

text: both

text: radical

text: reformers

text: like

text: Thomas

text: Müntzer

text: Andreas

text: Karlstadt

text: groups

text: like

text: the

text: Zwickau

text: prophets

text: and

text: Anabaptist

text: groups

text: like

text: the

text: Hutterites

text: and

text: Mennonites

text:
Violence is defined by the World Health Organization as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation", although the group acknowledges that the inclusion of "the use of power" in its definition expands on the conventional understanding of the word. This definition involves intentionality with the committing of the act itself, irrespective of the outcome it produces. However, generally, anything that is excited in an injurious or damaging way may be described as violent even if not meant to be violence (by a person and against a person).
Globally, violence resulted in the deaths of an estimated 1.28 million people in 2013 up from 1.13 million in 1990. Of the deaths in 2013, roughly 842,000 were attributed to self-harm (suicide), 405,000 to interpersonal violence, and 31,000 to collective violence (war) and legal intervention. In Africa, out of every 100,000 people, each year an estimated 60.9 die a violent death. Corlin, past president of the American Medical Association said: "The United States leads the worldin the rate at which its children die from firearms." He concluded: "Gun violence is a threat to the public health of our country." For each single death due to violence, there are dozens of hospitalizations, hundreds of emergency department visits, and thousands of doctors' appointments. Furthermore, violence often has lifelong consequences for physical and mental health and social functioning and can slow economic and social development.
In 2013, assault by firearm was the leading cause of death due to interpersonal violence, with 180,000 such deaths estimated to have occurred. The same year, assault by sharp object resulted in roughly 114,000 deaths, with a remaining 110,000 deaths from personal violence being attributed to other causes.
Violence in many forms is preventable. There is a strong relationship between levels of violence and modifiable factors such as concentrated poverty, income and gender inequality, the harmful use of alcohol, and the absence of safe, stable, and nurturing relationships between children and parents. Strategies addressing the underlying causes of violence can be effective in preventing violence.

text: Violence

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: as

text: the

text: intentional

text: use

text: of

text: physical

text: force

text: or

text: power

text: threatened

text: or

text: actual

text: against

text: oneself

text: another

text: person

text: or

text: against

text: group

text: or

text: community

text: which

text: either

text: results

text: in

text: or

text: has

text: high

text: likelihood

text: of

text: resulting

text: in

text: injury

text: death

text: psychological

text: harm

text: maldevelopment

text: or

text: deprivation

text: although

text: the

text: group

text: acknowledges

text: that

text: the

text: inclusion

text: of

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: power

text: in

text: its

text: definition

text: expands

text: on

text: the

text: conventional

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: This

text: definition

text: involves

text: intentionality

text: with

text: the

text: committing

text: of

text: the

text: act

text: itself

text: irrespective

text: of

text: the

text: outcome

text: it

text: produces

text: However

text: generally

text: anything

text: that

text: is

text: excited

text: in

text: an

text: injurious

text: or

text: damaging

text: way

text: may

text: be

text: described

text: as

text: violent

text: even

text: if

text: not

text: meant

text: to

text: be

text: violence

text: by

text: person

text: and

text: against

text: person

text: Globally

text: violence

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: deaths

text: of

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: people

text: in

text: up

text: from

text: million

text: in

text: Of

text: the

text: deaths

text: in

text: roughly

text: were

text: attributed

text: to

text: self

text: harm

text: suicide

text: to

text: interpersonal

text: violence

text: and

text: to

text: collective

text: violence

text: war

text: and

text: legal

text: intervention

text: In

text: Africa

text: out

text: of

text: every

text: people

text: each

text: year

text: an

text: estimated

text: die

text: violent

text: death

text: Corlin

text: past

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Medical

text: Association

text: said

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: leads

text: the

text: worldin

text: the

text: rate

text: at

text: which

text: its

text: children

text: die

text: from

text: firearms

text: He

text: concluded

text: Gun

text: violence

text: is

text: threat

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: health

text: of

text: our

text: country

text: For

text: each

text: single

text: death

text: due

text: to

text: violence

text: there

text: are

text: dozens

text: of

text: hospitalizations

text: hundreds

text: of

text: emergency

text: department

text: visits

text: and

text: thousands

text: of

text: doctors

text: appointments

text: Furthermore

text: violence

text: often

text: has

text: lifelong

text: consequences

text: for

text: physical

text: and

text: mental

text: health

text: and

text: social

text: functioning

text: and

text: can

text: slow

text: economic

text: and

text: social

text: development

text: In

text: assault

text: by

text: firearm

text: was

text: the

text: leading

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: due

text: to

text: interpersonal

text: violence

text: with

text: such

text: deaths

text: estimated

text: to

text: have

text: occurred

text: The

text: same

text: year

text: assault

text: by

text: sharp

text: object

text: resulted

text: in

text: roughly

text: deaths

text: with

text: remaining

text: deaths

text: from

text: personal

text: violence

text: being

text: attributed

text: to

text: other

text: causes

text: Violence

text: in

text: many

text: forms

text: is

text: preventable

text: There

text: is

text: strong

text: relationship

text: between

text: levels

text: of

text: violence

text: and

text: modifiable

text: factors

text: such

text: as

text: concentrated

text: poverty

text: income

text: and

text: gender

text: inequality

text: the

text: harmful

text: use

text: of

text: alcohol

text: and

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: safe

text: stable

text: and

text: nurturing

text: relationships

text: between

text: children

text: and

text: parents

text: Strategies

text: addressing

text: the

text: underlying

text: causes

text: of

text: violence

text: can

text: be

text: effective

text: in

text: preventing

text: violence

text: Pacifism is opposition to war, militarism, or violence. The word "pacifism" was coined by the French peace campaigner Émile Arnaud (18641921) and adopted by other peace activists at the tenth Universal Peace Congress in Glasgow in 1901. A related term is "ahimsa" (to do no harm), which is a core philosophy in Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism. While modern connotations are recent, having been explicated since the 19th century, ancient references abound.

text: Pacifism

text: is

text: opposition

text: to

text: war

text: militarism

text: or

text: violence

text: The

text: word

text: pacifism

text: was

text: coined

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: peace

text: campaigner

text: Émile

text: Arnaud

text: and

text: adopted

text: by

text: other

text: peace

text: activists

text: at

text: the

text: tenth

text: Universal

text: Peace

text: Congress

text: in

text: Glasgow

text: in

text: related

text: term

text: is

text: ahimsa

text: to

text: do

text: no

text: harm

text: which

text: is

text: core

text: philosophy

text: in

text: Buddhism

text: Jainism

text: and

text: Hinduism

text: While

text: modern

text: connotations

text: are

text: recent

text: having

text: been

text: explicated

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: ancient

text: references

text: abound

text: Buddhism (or ) is a religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. Buddhism originated in India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, from where it spread through much of Asia, whereafter it declined in India during the middle ages. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (Pali: "The School of the Elders") and Mahayana (Sanskrit: "The Great Vehicle"). Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion, with over 500 million followers or 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists.

text: Buddhism

text: or

text: is

text: religion

text: and

text: dharma

text: that

text: encompasses

text: variety

text: of

text: traditions

text: beliefs

text: and

text: spiritual

text: practices

text: largely

text: based

text: on

text: teachings

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: Buddha

text: Buddhism

text: originated

text: in

text: India

text: sometime

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: BCE

text: from

text: where

text: it

text: spread

text: through

text: much

text: of

text: Asia

text: whereafter

text: it

text: declined

text: in

text: India

text: during

text: the

text: middle

text: ages

text: Two

text: major

text: extant

text: branches

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: are

text: generally

text: recognized

text: by

text: scholars

text: Theravada

text: Pali

text: The

text: School

text: of

text: the

text: Elders

text: and

text: Mahayana

text: Sanskrit

text: The

text: Great

text: Vehicle

text: Buddhism

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: largest

text: religion

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: followers

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: population

text: known

text: as

text: Buddhists

text: The Mennonites are Christian groups belonging to the church communities of Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (14961561) of Friesland (which today is a province of the Netherlands). Through his writings, Simons articulated and formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders. The early teachings of the Mennonites were founded on the belief in both the mission and ministry of Jesus, which the original Anabaptist followers held to with great conviction despite persecution by the various Roman Catholic and Protestant states. Rather than fight, the majority of these followers survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their radical belief in believer's baptism. Over the years, Mennonites have become known as one of the historic peace churches because of their commitment to pacifism.

text: The

text: Mennonites

text: are

text: Christian

text: groups

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: church

text: communities

text: of

text: Anabaptist

text: denominations

text: named

text: after

text: Menno

text: Simons

text: of

text: Friesland

text: which

text: today

text: is

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Through

text: his

text: writings

text: Simons

text: articulated

text: and

text: formalized

text: the

text: teachings

text: of

text: earlier

text: Swiss

text: founders

text: The

text: early

text: teachings

text: of

text: the

text: Mennonites

text: were

text: founded

text: on

text: the

text: belief

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: mission

text: and

text: ministry

text: of

text: Jesus

text: which

text: the

text: original

text: Anabaptist

text: followers

text: held

text: to

text: with

text: great

text: conviction

text: despite

text: persecution

text: by

text: the

text: various

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: and

text: Protestant

text: states

text: Rather

text: than

text: fight

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: these

text: followers

text: survived

text: by

text: fleeing

text: to

text: neighboring

text: states

text: where

text: ruling

text: families

text: were

text: tolerant

text: of

text: their

text: radical

text: belief

text: in

text: believer

text: 's

text: baptism

text: Over

text: the

text: years

text: Mennonites

text: have

text: become

text: known

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: historic

text: peace

text: churches

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: commitment

text: to

text: pacifism

text: Andreas Rudolph Bodenstein von Karlstadt (148624 December 1541), better known as Andreas Karlstadt or Andreas Carlstadt or Karolostadt, was a German Christian theologian during the Protestant Reformation. He was born in Karlstadt, Franconia.

text: Andreas

text: Rudolph

text: Bodenstein

text: von

text: Karlstadt

text: December

text: better

text: known

text: as

text: Andreas

text: Karlstadt

text: or

text: Andreas

text: Carlstadt

text: or

text: Karolostadt

text: was

text: German

text: Christian

text: theologian

text: during

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Karlstadt

text: Franconia

text: Thomas Müntzer (December 1489  27 May 1525) was a radical German preacher and theologian of the early Reformation whose opposition to both Luther and the Roman Catholic Church led to his open defiance of late-feudal authority in central Germany. Müntzer was foremost amongst those reformers who took issue with Luthers compromises with feudal authority. He became a leader of the German peasant and plebeian uprising of 1525, was captured after the battle of Frankenhausen, and was tortured and executed.

text: Thomas

text: Müntzer

text: December

text: May

text: was

text: radical

text: German

text: preacher

text: and

text: theologian

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: Reformation

text: whose

text: opposition

text: to

text: both

text: Luther

text: and

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: led

text: to

text: his

text: open

text: defiance

text: of

text: late

text: feudal

text: authority

text: in

text: central

text: Germany

text: Müntzer

text: was

text: foremost

text: amongst

text: those

text: reformers

text: who

text: took

text: issue

text: with

text: Luthers

text: compromises

text: with

text: feudal

text: authority

text: He

text: became

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: peasant

text: and

text: plebeian

text: uprising

text: of

text: was

text: captured

text: after

text: the

text: battle

text: of

text: Frankenhausen

text: and

text: was

text: tortured

text: and

text: executed

text: The Zwickau prophets were three men from Zwickau of the Radical Reformation who were possibly involved in a disturbance in nearby Wittenberg and its reformation in early 1522.

text: The

text: Zwickau

text: prophets

text: were

text: three

text: men

text: from

text: Zwickau

text: of

text: the

text: Radical

text: Reformation

text: who

text: were

text: possibly

text: involved

text: in

text: disturbance

text: in

text: nearby

text: Wittenberg

text: and

text: its

text: reformation

text: in

text: early

text: Jakob Ammann (also Jacob Amman, Amann) (12 February 1644  between 1712 and 1730) was an Anabaptist leader and namesake of the Amish religious movement.

text: Jakob

text: Ammann

text: also

text: Jacob

text: Amman

text: Amann

text: February

text: between

text: and

text: was

text: an

text: Anabaptist

text: leader

text: and

text: namesake

text: of

text: the

text: Amish

text: religious

text: movement

text: The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.27 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history of Western civilisation. Headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the pope, its doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed. The Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments.

text: The

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: Christian

text: church

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: billion

text: members

text: worldwide

text: As

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: religious

text: institutions

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: it

text: has

text: played

text: prominent

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Western

text: civilisation

text: Headed

text: by

text: the

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Rome

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: pope

text: its

text: doctrines

text: are

text: summarised

text: in

text: the

text: Nicene

text: Creed

text: The

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: is

text: notable

text: within

text: Western

text: Christianity

text: for

text: its

text: sacred

text: tradition

text: and

text: seven

text: sacraments

text: Hinduism is a religion, or a way of life, found most notably in India and Nepal. Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, and some practitioners and scholars refer to it as "", "the eternal law," or the "eternal way," beyond human origins. Scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots and no founder. This "Hindu synthesis" started to develop between 500 BCE and 300 CE following the Vedic period (1500 BCE to 500 BCE).

text: Hinduism

text: is

text: religion

text: or

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: found

text: most

text: notably

text: in

text: India

text: and

text: Nepal

text: Hinduism

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: oldest

text: religion

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: some

text: practitioners

text: and

text: scholars

text: refer

text: to

text: it

text: as

text: the

text: eternal

text: law

text: or

text: the

text: eternal

text: way

text: beyond

text: human

text: origins

text: Scholars

text: regard

text: Hinduism

text: as

text: fusion

text: or

text: synthesis

text: of

text: various

text: Indian

text: cultures

text: and

text: traditions

text: with

text: diverse

text: roots

text: and

text: no

text: founder

text: This

text: Hindu

text: synthesis

text: started

text: to

text: develop

text: between

text: BCE

text: and

text: CE

text: following

text: the

text: Vedic

text: period

text: BCE

text: to

text: BCE

text:
Martin Luther (10 November 1483  18 February 1546), O.S.A., was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.
Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money, proposing an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his "Ninety-five Theses" of 1517. His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: November

text: February

text: O.S.A.

text: was

text: German

text: professor

text: of

text: theology

text: composer

text: priest

text: monk

text: and

text: seminal

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: Luther

text: came

text: to

text: reject

text: several

text: teachings

text: and

text: practices

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: He

text: strongly

text: disputed

text: the

text: claim

text: that

text: freedom

text: from

text: God

text: 's

text: punishment

text: for

text: sin

text: could

text: be

text: purchased

text: with

text: money

text: proposing

text: an

text: academic

text: discussion

text: of

text: the

text: practice

text: and

text: efficacy

text: of

text: indulgences

text: in

text: his

text: Ninety

text: five

text: Theses

text: of

text: His

text: refusal

text: to

text: renounce

text: all

text: of

text: his

text: writings

text: at

text: the

text: demand

text: of

text: Pope

text: Leo

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: Charles

text: at

text: the

text: Diet

text: of

text: Worms

text: in

text: resulted

text: in

text: his

text: excommunication

text: by

text: the

text: Pope

text: and

text: condemnation

text: as

text: an

text: outlaw

text: by

text: the

text: Emperor

text: Hutterites ( German : Hutterer ) are an ethno - religious group that is a communal branch of Anabaptists who , like the Amish and Mennonites , trace their roots to the Radical Reformation of the 16th century . Since the death of their namesake Jakob Hutter in 1536 , the beliefs of the Hutterites , especially living in a community of goods and absolute pacifism , have resulted in hundreds of years of diaspora in many countries . Nearly extinct by the 18th and 19th centuries , the Hutterites found a new home in North America . Over 125 years their population grew from 400 to around 42,000 . Today , most Hutterites live in Western Canada and the upper Great Plains of the U.S.

text: Hutterites

text: German

text: Hutterer

text: are

text: an

text: ethno

text: religious

text: group

text: that

text: is

text: communal

text: branch

text: of

text: Anabaptists

text: who

text: like

text: the

text: Amish

text: and

text: Mennonites

text: trace

text: their

text: roots

text: to

text: the

text: Radical

text: Reformation

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Since

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: their

text: namesake

text: Jakob

text: Hutter

text: in

text: the

text: beliefs

text: of

text: the

text: Hutterites

text: especially

text: living

text: in

text: community

text: of

text: goods

text: and

text: absolute

text: pacifism

text: have

text: resulted

text: in

text: hundreds

text: of

text: years

text: of

text: diaspora

text: in

text: many

text: countries

text: Nearly

text: extinct

text: by

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: the

text: Hutterites

text: found

text: new

text: home

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: Over

text: years

text: their

text: population

text: grew

text: from

text: to

text: around

text: Today

text: most

text: Hutterites

text: live

text: in

text: Western

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: upper

text: Great

text: Plains

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: The Amish (Pennsylvania Dutch: "Amisch") are a group of traditionalist Christian church fellowships with Swiss Anabaptist origins. They are closely related to, but distinct from, Mennonite churches. The Amish are known for simple living, plain dress, and reluctance to adopt many conveniences of modern technology. The history of the Amish church began with a schism in Switzerland within a group of Swiss and Alsatian Anabaptists in 1693 led by Jakob Ammann. Those who followed Ammann became known as Amish.

text: The

text: Amish

text: Pennsylvania

text: Dutch

text: Amisch

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: traditionalist

text: Christian

text: church

text: fellowships

text: with

text: Swiss

text: Anabaptist

text: origins

text: They

text: are

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: but

text: distinct

text: from

text: Mennonite

text: churches

text: The

text: Amish

text: are

text: known

text: for

text: simple

text: living

text: plain

text: dress

text: and

text: reluctance

text: to

text: adopt

text: many

text: conveniences

text: of

text: modern

text: technology

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Amish

text: church

text: began

text: with

text: schism

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: within

text: group

text: of

text: Swiss

text: and

text: Alsatian

text: Anabaptists

text: in

text: led

text: by

text: Jakob

text: Ammann

text: Those

text: who

text: followed

text: Ammann

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: Amish

question: inception hutterite

answer: 1525