text: Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs and European-American folk music. Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. The blues form, ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues and rock and roll, is characterized by the call-and-response pattern, the blues scale and specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues is the most common. Blue notes (or "worried notes"), usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also an essential part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove.

text: Blues

text: is

text: genre

text: and

text: musical

text: form

text: originated

text: by

text: African

text: Americans

text: in

text: the

text: Deep

text: South

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: around

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: genre

text: developed

text: from

text: roots

text: in

text: African

text: musical

text: traditions

text: African

text: American

text: work

text: songs

text: and

text: European

text: American

text: folk

text: music

text: Blues

text: incorporated

text: spirituals

text: work

text: songs

text: field

text: hollers

text: shouts

text: chants

text: and

text: rhymed

text: simple

text: narrative

text: ballads

text: The

text: blues

text: form

text: ubiquitous

text: in

text: jazz

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: and

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: the

text: call

text: and

text: response

text: pattern

text: the

text: blues

text: scale

text: and

text: specific

text: chord

text: progressions

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: twelve

text: bar

text: blues

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: Blue

text: notes

text: or

text: worried

text: notes

text: usually

text: thirds

text: or

text: fifths

text: flattened

text: in

text: pitch

text: are

text: also

text: an

text: essential

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: sound

text: Blues

text: shuffles

text: or

text: walking

text: bass

text: reinforce

text: the

text: trance

text: like

text: rhythm

text: and

text: form

text: repetitive

text: effect

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: groove

text: The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument, in which the strings are struck by hammers. It is played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys (small levers) that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands to cause the hammers to strike the strings. Invented in about 1700 (the exact year is uncertain), the piano is widely employed in classical, jazz, traditional and popular music for solo and ensemble performances, accompaniment, and for composing, songwriting and rehearsals. Although the piano is very heavy and thus not portable and is expensive (in comparison with other widely used accompaniment instruments, such as the acoustic guitar), its musical versatility (i.e., its wide pitch range, ability to play chords with up to 10 notes, louder or softer notes and two or more independent musical lines at the same time), the large number of musicians and amateurs trained in playing it, and its wide availability in performance venues, schools and rehearsal spaces have made it one of the Western world's most familiar musical instruments.

text: The

text: piano

text: is

text: an

text: acoustic

text: stringed

text: musical

text: instrument

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: strings

text: are

text: struck

text: by

text: hammers

text: It

text: is

text: played

text: using

text: keyboard

text: which

text: is

text: row

text: of

text: keys

text: small

text: levers

text: that

text: the

text: performer

text: presses

text: down

text: or

text: strikes

text: with

text: the

text: fingers

text: and

text: thumbs

text: of

text: both

text: hands

text: to

text: cause

text: the

text: hammers

text: to

text: strike

text: the

text: strings

text: Invented

text: in

text: about

text: the

text: exact

text: year

text: is

text: uncertain

text: the

text: piano

text: is

text: widely

text: employed

text: in

text: classical

text: jazz

text: traditional

text: and

text: popular

text: music

text: for

text: solo

text: and

text: ensemble

text: performances

text: accompaniment

text: and

text: for

text: composing

text: songwriting

text: and

text: rehearsals

text: Although

text: the

text: piano

text: is

text: very

text: heavy

text: and

text: thus

text: not

text: portable

text: and

text: is

text: expensive

text: in

text: comparison

text: with

text: other

text: widely

text: used

text: accompaniment

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: acoustic

text: guitar

text: its

text: musical

text: versatility

text: i.e.

text: its

text: wide

text: pitch

text: range

text: ability

text: to

text: play

text: chords

text: with

text: up

text: to

text: notes

text: louder

text: or

text: softer

text: notes

text: and

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: independent

text: musical

text: lines

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: musicians

text: and

text: amateurs

text: trained

text: in

text: playing

text: it

text: and

text: its

text: wide

text: availability

text: in

text: performance

text: venues

text: schools

text: and

text: rehearsal

text: spaces

text: have

text: made

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: familiar

text: musical

text: instruments

text: A bandleader is the leader of a music group such as a rock or pop group or jazz quartet. The term is most commonly, though not exclusively, used with a group that plays popular music as a small combo or a big band, such as one which plays jazz, blues, rhythm and blues or rock and roll music. Most bandleaders are also performers with their own band, either as singers or as instrumentalists, playing an instrument such as electric guitar, piano, or other instruments.

text: bandleader

text: is

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: music

text: group

text: such

text: as

text: rock

text: or

text: pop

text: group

text: or

text: jazz

text: quartet

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: though

text: not

text: exclusively

text: used

text: with

text: group

text: that

text: plays

text: popular

text: music

text: as

text: small

text: combo

text: or

text: big

text: band

text: such

text: as

text: one

text: which

text: plays

text: jazz

text: blues

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: or

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: music

text: Most

text: bandleaders

text: are

text: also

text: performers

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: band

text: either

text: as

text: singers

text: or

text: as

text: instrumentalists

text: playing

text: an

text: instrument

text: such

text: as

text: electric

text: guitar

text: piano

text: or

text: other

text: instruments

text: Fiddle is another name for the bowed string musical instrument more often called a violin. It is also a colloquial term for the instrument used by players in all genres, including classical music. Fiddle playing, or fiddling, refers to various styles of music. Fiddle is also a common term among musicians who play folk music on the violin. The fiddle is part of many traditional (folk) styles of music which are aural traditions, taught 'by ear' rather than via written music. Fiddle is normally the term used for Irish Traditional Music.

text: Fiddle

text: is

text: another

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: bowed

text: string

text: musical

text: instrument

text: more

text: often

text: called

text: violin

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: colloquial

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: instrument

text: used

text: by

text: players

text: in

text: all

text: genres

text: including

text: classical

text: music

text: Fiddle

text: playing

text: or

text: fiddling

text: refers

text: to

text: various

text: styles

text: of

text: music

text: Fiddle

text: is

text: also

text: common

text: term

text: among

text: musicians

text: who

text: play

text: folk

text: music

text: on

text: the

text: violin

text: The

text: fiddle

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: many

text: traditional

text: folk

text: styles

text: of

text: music

text: which

text: are

text: aural

text: traditions

text: taught

text: by

text: ear

text: rather

text: than

text: via

text: written

text: music

text: Fiddle

text: is

text: normally

text: the

text: term

text: used

text: for

text: Irish

text: Traditional

text: Music

text:
A drum kitalso called a drum set, trap set, or simply drumsis a collection of drums and other percussion instruments, typically cymbals, which are set up on stands to be played by a single player with drumsticks held in both hands and the feet operating pedals that control the hi-hat cymbal and the beater for the bass drum. A drum kit consists of a mix of drums (categorized classically as membranophones, Hornbostel-Sachs high-level classification 2) and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell (classified as Hornbostel-Sachs high-level classification 1). In the 2000s, some kits also include electronic instruments (Hornbostel-Sachs classification 53) and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used.
A standard modern kit (for a right-handed player), as used in popular music and taught in music schools, contains:

text: drum

text: kitalso

text: called

text: drum

text: set

text: trap

text: set

text: or

text: simply

text: drumsis

text: collection

text: of

text: drums

text: and

text: other

text: percussion

text: instruments

text: typically

text: cymbals

text: which

text: are

text: set

text: up

text: on

text: stands

text: to

text: be

text: played

text: by

text: single

text: player

text: with

text: drumsticks

text: held

text: in

text: both

text: hands

text: and

text: the

text: feet

text: operating

text: pedals

text: that

text: control

text: the

text: hi

text: hat

text: cymbal

text: and

text: the

text: beater

text: for

text: the

text: bass

text: drum

text: drum

text: kit

text: consists

text: of

text: mix

text: of

text: drums

text: categorized

text: classically

text: as

text: membranophones

text: Hornbostel

text: Sachs

text: high

text: level

text: classification

text: and

text: idiophones

text: most

text: significantly

text: cymbals

text: but

text: also

text: including

text: the

text: woodblock

text: and

text: cowbell

text: classified

text: as

text: Hornbostel

text: Sachs

text: high

text: level

text: classification

text: In

text: the

text: some

text: kits

text: also

text: include

text: electronic

text: instruments

text: Hornbostel

text: Sachs

text: classification

text: and

text: both

text: hybrid

text: and

text: entirely

text: electronic

text: kits

text: are

text: used

text: standard

text: modern

text: kit

text: for

text: right

text: handed

text: player

text: as

text: used

text: in

text: popular

text: music

text: and

text: taught

text: in

text: music

text: schools

text: contains

text: A concert band, also called wind ensemble, symphonic band, wind symphony, wind orchestra, wind band, symphonic winds, symphony band, or symphonic wind ensemble, is a performing ensemble consisting of members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families of instruments, along with the double bass.

text: concert

text: band

text: also

text: called

text: wind

text: ensemble

text: symphonic

text: band

text: wind

text: symphony

text: wind

text: orchestra

text: wind

text: band

text: symphonic

text: winds

text: symphony

text: band

text: or

text: symphonic

text: wind

text: ensemble

text: is

text: performing

text: ensemble

text: consisting

text: of

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: woodwind

text: brass

text: and

text: percussion

text: families

text: of

text: instruments

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: double

text: bass

text: A song, most broadly, is a single (and often standalone) work of music that is typically intended to be sung by the human voice with distinct and fixed pitches and patterns using sound and silence and a variety of forms that often include the repetition of sections. Written words created specifically for music or for which music is specifically created, are called lyrics. If a pre-existing poem is set to composed music in classical music it is an art song. Songs that are sung on repeated pitches without distinct contours and patterns that rise and fall are called chants. Songs in a simple style that are learned informally are often referred to as folk songs. Songs that are composed for professional singers who sell their recordings or live shows to the mass market are called popular songs. These songs, which have broad appeal, are often composed by professional songwriters, composers and lyricists. Art songs are composed by trained classical composers for concert or recital performances. Songs are performed live and recorded on audio or video (or in some, cases, a song may be performed live and simultaneously recorded). Songs may also appear in plays, musical theatre, stage shows of any form, and within operas.

text: song

text: most

text: broadly

text: is

text: single

text: and

text: often

text: standalone

text: work

text: of

text: music

text: that

text: is

text: typically

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: sung

text: by

text: the

text: human

text: voice

text: with

text: distinct

text: and

text: fixed

text: pitches

text: and

text: patterns

text: using

text: sound

text: and

text: silence

text: and

text: variety

text: of

text: forms

text: that

text: often

text: include

text: the

text: repetition

text: of

text: sections

text: Written

text: words

text: created

text: specifically

text: for

text: music

text: or

text: for

text: which

text: music

text: is

text: specifically

text: created

text: are

text: called

text: lyrics

text: If

text: pre

text: existing

text: poem

text: is

text: set

text: to

text: composed

text: music

text: in

text: classical

text: music

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: song

text: Songs

text: that

text: are

text: sung

text: on

text: repeated

text: pitches

text: without

text: distinct

text: contours

text: and

text: patterns

text: that

text: rise

text: and

text: fall

text: are

text: called

text: chants

text: Songs

text: in

text: simple

text: style

text: that

text: are

text: learned

text: informally

text: are

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: folk

text: songs

text: Songs

text: that

text: are

text: composed

text: for

text: professional

text: singers

text: who

text: sell

text: their

text: recordings

text: or

text: live

text: shows

text: to

text: the

text: mass

text: market

text: are

text: called

text: popular

text: songs

text: These

text: songs

text: which

text: have

text: broad

text: appeal

text: are

text: often

text: composed

text: by

text: professional

text: songwriters

text: composers

text: and

text: lyricists

text: Art

text: songs

text: are

text: composed

text: by

text: trained

text: classical

text: composers

text: for

text: concert

text: or

text: recital

text: performances

text: Songs

text: are

text: performed

text: live

text: and

text: recorded

text: on

text: audio

text: or

text: video

text: or

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: song

text: may

text: be

text: performed

text: live

text: and

text: simultaneously

text: recorded

text: Songs

text: may

text: also

text: appear

text: in

text: plays

text: musical

text: theatre

text: stage

text: shows

text: of

text: any

text: form

text: and

text: within

text: operas

text: Harlow Wilcox ( January 28 , 1943 -- August 26 , 2002 ) was an American session musician from Norman , Oklahoma . In 1969 he released the instrumental single `` Groovy Grubworm '' on Plantation Records ( as Harlow Wilcox & the Oakies ) , which hit No. 30 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart late that year . Two albums followed . `` Groovy Grubworm '' has sold over a million copies and was nominated for a Grammy in 1969 . On August 26 , 2002 Wilcox died from a heart attack at his home in Oklahoma City .

text: Harlow

text: Wilcox

text: January

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: session

text: musician

text: from

text: Norman

text: Oklahoma

text: In

text: he

text: released

text: the

text: instrumental

text: single

text: Groovy

text: Grubworm

text: on

text: Plantation

text: Records

text: as

text: Harlow

text: Wilcox

text: the

text: Oakies

text: which

text: hit

text: No

text: on

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: chart

text: late

text: that

text: year

text: Two

text: albums

text: followed

text: Groovy

text: Grubworm

text: has

text: sold

text: over

text: million

text: copies

text: and

text: was

text: nominated

text: for

text: Grammy

text: in

text: On

text: August

text: Wilcox

text: died

text: from

text: heart

text: attack

text: at

text: his

text: home

text: in

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: A composer (Latin "compn"; literally "one who puts together") is a person who creates or writes music, which can be vocal music (for a singer or choir), instrumental music (e.g., for solo piano, string quartet, wind quintet or orchestra) or music which combines both instruments and voices (e.g., opera or art song, which is a singer accompanied by a pianist). The core meaning of the term refers to individuals who have contributed to the tradition of Western classical music through creation of works expressed in written musical notation (e.g., sheet music scores).

text: composer

text: Latin

text: compn

text: literally

text: one

text: who

text: puts

text: together

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: creates

text: or

text: writes

text: music

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: vocal

text: music

text: for

text: singer

text: or

text: choir

text: instrumental

text: music

text: e.g.

text: for

text: solo

text: piano

text: string

text: quartet

text: wind

text: quintet

text: or

text: orchestra

text: or

text: music

text: which

text: combines

text: both

text: instruments

text: and

text: voices

text: e.g.

text: opera

text: or

text: art

text: song

text: which

text: is

text: singer

text: accompanied

text: by

text: pianist

text: The

text: core

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: refers

text: to

text: individuals

text: who

text: have

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: tradition

text: of

text: Western

text: classical

text: music

text: through

text: creation

text: of

text: works

text: expressed

text: in

text: written

text: musical

text: notation

text: e.g.

text: sheet

text: music

text: scores

text: A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental and/or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instruments, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra. Some music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups. In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet). Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion.

text: musical

text: ensemble

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: music

text: group

text: or

text: musical

text: group

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: perform

text: instrumental

text: and/or

text: vocal

text: music

text: with

text: the

text: ensemble

text: typically

text: known

text: by

text: distinct

text: name

text: Some

text: music

text: ensembles

text: consist

text: solely

text: of

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: jazz

text: quartet

text: or

text: the

text: orchestra

text: Some

text: music

text: ensembles

text: consist

text: solely

text: of

text: singers

text: such

text: as

text: choirs

text: and

text: doo

text: wop

text: groups

text: In

text: both

text: popular

text: music

text: and

text: classical

text: music

text: there

text: are

text: ensembles

text: in

text: which

text: both

text: instrumentalists

text: and

text: singers

text: perform

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: rock

text: band

text: or

text: the

text: Baroque

text: chamber

text: group

text: for

text: basso

text: continuo

text: harpsichord

text: and

text: cello

text: and

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: singers

text: In

text: classical

text: music

text: trios

text: or

text: quartets

text: either

text: blend

text: the

text: sounds

text: of

text: musical

text: instrument

text: families

text: such

text: as

text: piano

text: strings

text: and

text: wind

text: instruments

text: or

text: group

text: together

text: instruments

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: instrument

text: family

text: such

text: as

text: string

text: ensembles

text: e.g.

text: string

text: quartet

text: or

text: wind

text: ensembles

text: e.g.

text: wind

text: quintet

text: Some

text: ensembles

text: blend

text: the

text: sounds

text: of

text: variety

text: of

text: instrument

text: families

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: orchestra

text: which

text: uses

text: string

text: section

text: brass

text: instruments

text: woodwinds

text: and

text: percussion

text: instruments

text: or

text: the

text: concert

text: band

text: which

text: uses

text: brass

text: woodwinds

text: and

text: percussion

text: The double bass or simply the bass (and numerous other names) is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra. It is a transposing instrument and is typically notated one octave higher than sounding to avoid excessive ledger lines below the staff. The double bass is the only modern bowed string instrument that is tuned in fourths (like a viol), rather than fifths, with strings usually tuned to E, A, D and G. The instrument's exact lineage is still a matter of some debate, with scholars divided on whether the bass is derived from the viol or the violin family.

text: The

text: double

text: bass

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: bass

text: and

text: numerous

text: other

text: names

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: lowest

text: pitched

text: bowed

text: string

text: instrument

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: symphony

text: orchestra

text: It

text: is

text: transposing

text: instrument

text: and

text: is

text: typically

text: notated

text: one

text: octave

text: higher

text: than

text: sounding

text: to

text: avoid

text: excessive

text: ledger

text: lines

text: below

text: the

text: staff

text: The

text: double

text: bass

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: modern

text: bowed

text: string

text: instrument

text: that

text: is

text: tuned

text: in

text: fourths

text: like

text: viol

text: rather

text: than

text: fifths

text: with

text: strings

text: usually

text: tuned

text: to

text: and

text: The

text: instrument

text: 's

text: exact

text: lineage

text: is

text: still

text: matter

text: of

text: some

text: debate

text: with

text: scholars

text: divided

text: on

text: whether

text: the

text: bass

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: viol

text: or

text: the

text: violin

text: family

text:
Session musicians, also called studio musicians, are professional instrumental performers who can be hired to play at live performances or in recording sessions. Many session musicians specialize in playing rhythm section instruments such as electric guitar, piano, electric bass, double bass, or drum kit. Some session musicians "double" on multiple instruments, such as electric bass and double bass or keyboards and guitar, a skill that enables them to play in a wider range of musical styles. Usually such musicians are not permanent members of a musical ensemble with the singers/soloists that they are accompanying and they often do not achieve individual fame in their own right as soloists or bandleaders. However, some backing bands of session musicians have become well known (e.g., The Wrecking Crew).
Skills and equipment.
The term is applied to performers working in many musical styles, ranging from rock, R&B and soul music to country music. Versatility and excellent technique (having strong rhythmic sense, playing notes and chords correctly, excellent intonation, etc.) are two of the most important skills of session musicians, as they may have to perform songs, tunes and pieces from a range of different styles in a range of different settings, often with little or no rehearsal time or personal practice time. As well,session musicians have an extensive knowledge of musical styles and idioms.

text: Session

text: musicians

text: also

text: called

text: studio

text: musicians

text: are

text: professional

text: instrumental

text: performers

text: who

text: can

text: be

text: hired

text: to

text: play

text: at

text: live

text: performances

text: or

text: in

text: recording

text: sessions

text: Many

text: session

text: musicians

text: specialize

text: in

text: playing

text: rhythm

text: section

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: electric

text: guitar

text: piano

text: electric

text: bass

text: double

text: bass

text: or

text: drum

text: kit

text: Some

text: session

text: musicians

text: double

text: on

text: multiple

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: electric

text: bass

text: and

text: double

text: bass

text: or

text: keyboards

text: and

text: guitar

text: skill

text: that

text: enables

text: them

text: to

text: play

text: in

text: wider

text: range

text: of

text: musical

text: styles

text: Usually

text: such

text: musicians

text: are

text: not

text: permanent

text: members

text: of

text: musical

text: ensemble

text: with

text: the

text: singers

text: soloists

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: accompanying

text: and

text: they

text: often

text: do

text: not

text: achieve

text: individual

text: fame

text: in

text: their

text: own

text: right

text: as

text: soloists

text: or

text: bandleaders

text: However

text: some

text: backing

text: bands

text: of

text: session

text: musicians

text: have

text: become

text: well

text: known

text: e.g.

text: The

text: Wrecking

text: Crew

text: Skills

text: and

text: equipment

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: applied

text: to

text: performers

text: working

text: in

text: many

text: musical

text: styles

text: ranging

text: from

text: rock

text: R&B

text: and

text: soul

text: music

text: to

text: country

text: music

text: Versatility

text: and

text: excellent

text: technique

text: having

text: strong

text: rhythmic

text: sense

text: playing

text: notes

text: and

text: chords

text: correctly

text: excellent

text: intonation

text: etc

text: are

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: skills

text: of

text: session

text: musicians

text: as

text: they

text: may

text: have

text: to

text: perform

text: songs

text: tunes

text: and

text: pieces

text: from

text: range

text: of

text: different

text: styles

text: in

text: range

text: of

text: different

text: settings

text: often

text: with

text: little

text: or

text: no

text: rehearsal

text: time

text: or

text: personal

text: practice

text: time

text: As

text: well

text: session

text: musicians

text: have

text: an

text: extensive

text: knowledge

text: of

text: musical

text: styles

text: and

text: idioms

text: Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist. Singers perform music (arias, recitatives, songs, etc.) that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists. Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument (as in art song or some jazz styles) up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Different singing styles include art music such as opera and Chinese opera, religious music styles such as gospel, traditional music styles, world music, jazz, blues and popular music styles such as pop and rock.

text: Singing

text: is

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: producing

text: musical

text: sounds

text: with

text: the

text: voice

text: and

text: augments

text: regular

text: speech

text: by

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: sustained

text: tonality

text: rhythm

text: and

text: variety

text: of

text: vocal

text: techniques

text: person

text: who

text: sings

text: is

text: called

text: singer

text: or

text: vocalist

text: Singers

text: perform

text: music

text: arias

text: recitatives

text: songs

text: etc

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: sung

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: accompaniment

text: by

text: musical

text: instruments

text: Singing

text: is

text: often

text: done

text: in

text: an

text: ensemble

text: of

text: musicians

text: such

text: as

text: choir

text: of

text: singers

text: or

text: band

text: of

text: instrumentalists

text: Singers

text: may

text: perform

text: as

text: soloists

text: or

text: accompanied

text: by

text: anything

text: from

text: single

text: instrument

text: as

text: in

text: art

text: song

text: or

text: some

text: jazz

text: styles

text: up

text: to

text: symphony

text: orchestra

text: or

text: big

text: band

text: Different

text: singing

text: styles

text: include

text: art

text: music

text: such

text: as

text: opera

text: and

text: Chinese

text: opera

text: religious

text: music

text: styles

text: such

text: as

text: gospel

text: traditional

text: music

text: styles

text: world

text: music

text: jazz

text: blues

text: and

text: popular

text: music

text: styles

text: such

text: as

text: pop

text: and

text: rock

text: Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the southeastern genre of United States, such as folk music (especially Appalachian folk music), and blues music. Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms and harmonies accompanied by mostly string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, dobros and fiddles as well as harmonicas. According to Lindsey Starnes, the term "country music" gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term "hillbilly music"; it came to encompass Western music, which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots, in the mid-20th century. The term "country music" is used today to describe many styles and subgenres. The origins of country music are the folk music of working-class Americans, who blended popular songs, Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes, traditional English ballads, and cowboy songs, and various musical traditions from European immigrant communities. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, and second most popular in the morning commute in the United States.

text: Country

text: music

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: United

text: States

text: popular

text: music

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: It

text: takes

text: its

text: roots

text: from

text: the

text: southeastern

text: genre

text: of

text: United

text: States

text: such

text: as

text: folk

text: music

text: especially

text: Appalachian

text: folk

text: music

text: and

text: blues

text: music

text: Blues

text: modes

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: extensively

text: throughout

text: its

text: recorded

text: history

text: Country

text: music

text: often

text: consists

text: of

text: ballads

text: and

text: dance

text: tunes

text: with

text: generally

text: simple

text: forms

text: and

text: harmonies

text: accompanied

text: by

text: mostly

text: string

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: banjos

text: electric

text: and

text: acoustic

text: guitars

text: dobros

text: and

text: fiddles

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: harmonicas

text: According

text: to

text: Lindsey

text: Starnes

text: the

text: term

text: country

text: music

text: gained

text: popularity

text: in

text: the

text: in

text: preference

text: to

text: the

text: earlier

text: term

text: hillbilly

text: music

text: it

text: came

text: to

text: encompass

text: Western

text: music

text: which

text: evolved

text: parallel

text: to

text: hillbilly

text: music

text: from

text: similar

text: roots

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: term

text: country

text: music

text: is

text: used

text: today

text: to

text: describe

text: many

text: styles

text: and

text: subgenres

text: The

text: origins

text: of

text: country

text: music

text: are

text: the

text: folk

text: music

text: of

text: working

text: class

text: Americans

text: who

text: blended

text: popular

text: songs

text: Irish

text: and

text: Celtic

text: fiddle

text: tunes

text: traditional

text: English

text: ballads

text: and

text: cowboy

text: songs

text: and

text: various

text: musical

text: traditions

text: from

text: European

text: immigrant

text: communities

text: In

text: country

text: music

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: listened

text: to

text: rush

text: hour

text: radio

text: genre

text: during

text: the

text: evening

text: commute

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: morning

text: commute

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound and silence, which exist in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek  ("mousike"; "art of the Muses"). In its most general form, the activities describing music as an art form include the production of works of music (songs, tunes, symphonies, and so on), the criticism of music, the study of the history of music, and the aesthetic examination of music. Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound."

text: Music

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: and

text: cultural

text: activity

text: whose

text: medium

text: is

text: sound

text: and

text: silence

text: which

text: exist

text: in

text: time

text: The

text: common

text: elements

text: of

text: music

text: are

text: pitch

text: which

text: governs

text: melody

text: and

text: harmony

text: rhythm

text: and

text: its

text: associated

text: concepts

text: tempo

text: meter

text: and

text: articulation

text: dynamics

text: loudness

text: and

text: softness

text: and

text: the

text: sonic

text: qualities

text: of

text: timbre

text: and

text: texture

text: which

text: are

text: sometimes

text: termed

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: musical

text: sound

text: Different

text: styles

text: or

text: types

text: of

text: music

text: may

text: emphasize

text: de

text: emphasize

text: or

text: omit

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: elements

text: Music

text: is

text: performed

text: with

text: vast

text: range

text: of

text: instruments

text: and

text: vocal

text: techniques

text: ranging

text: from

text: singing

text: to

text: rapping

text: there

text: are

text: solely

text: instrumental

text: pieces

text: solely

text: vocal

text: pieces

text: such

text: as

text: songs

text: without

text: instrumental

text: accompaniment

text: and

text: pieces

text: that

text: combine

text: singing

text: and

text: instruments

text: The

text: word

text: derives

text: from

text: Greek

text: mousike

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: Muses

text: In

text: its

text: most

text: general

text: form

text: the

text: activities

text: describing

text: music

text: as

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: include

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: works

text: of

text: music

text: songs

text: tunes

text: symphonies

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: the

text: criticism

text: of

text: music

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: examination

text: of

text: music

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: and

text: Indian

text: philosophers

text: defined

text: music

text: as

text: tones

text: ordered

text: horizontally

text: as

text: melodies

text: and

text: vertically

text: as

text: harmonies

text: Common

text: sayings

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: harmony

text: of

text: the

text: spheres

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: music

text: to

text: my

text: ears

text: point

text: to

text: the

text: notion

text: that

text: music

text: is

text: often

text: ordered

text: and

text: pleasant

text: to

text: listen

text: to

text: However

text: century

text: composer

text: John

text: Cage

text: thought

text: that

text: any

text: sound

text: can

text: be

text: music

text: saying

text: for

text: example

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: noise

text: only

text: sound

text: A rehearsal is an activity in the performing arts that occurs as preparation for a performance in music, theatre, dance and related arts, such as opera, musical theatre and film production. It is undertaken as a form of practising, to ensure that all details of the subsequent performance are adequately prepared and coordinated. The term "rehearsal" typically refers to ensemble activities undertaken by a group of people. For example, when a musician is preparing a piano concerto alone in their music studio, this is called "practicing", but when they begin to practice the concerto with an orchestra, this activity is called a "rehearsal". The music rehearsal takes place in a music rehearsal space.

text: rehearsal

text: is

text: an

text: activity

text: in

text: the

text: performing

text: arts

text: that

text: occurs

text: as

text: preparation

text: for

text: performance

text: in

text: music

text: theatre

text: dance

text: and

text: related

text: arts

text: such

text: as

text: opera

text: musical

text: theatre

text: and

text: film

text: production

text: It

text: is

text: undertaken

text: as

text: form

text: of

text: practising

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: all

text: details

text: of

text: the

text: subsequent

text: performance

text: are

text: adequately

text: prepared

text: and

text: coordinated

text: The

text: term

text: rehearsal

text: typically

text: refers

text: to

text: ensemble

text: activities

text: undertaken

text: by

text: group

text: of

text: people

text: For

text: example

text: when

text: musician

text: is

text: preparing

text: piano

text: concerto

text: alone

text: in

text: their

text: music

text: studio

text: this

text: is

text: called

text: practicing

text: but

text: when

text: they

text: begin

text: to

text: practice

text: the

text: concerto

text: with

text: an

text: orchestra

text: this

text: activity

text: is

text: called

text: rehearsal

text: The

text: music

text: rehearsal

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: music

text: rehearsal

text: space

text: An instrumental is a musical composition or recording without lyrics, or singing, although it might include some inarticulate vocals, such as shouted backup vocals in a Big Band setting. The music is primarily or exclusively produced by musical instruments. An instrumental can exist in music notation, after it is written by a composer; in the mind of the composer (especially in cases where the composer herself will perform the piece, as in the case of a blues solo guitarist or a folk music fiddle player); as a piece that is performed live by a single instrumentalist or a musical ensemble, which could range in size from a duo or trio to a large Big Band, concert band or orchestra.

text: An

text: instrumental

text: is

text: musical

text: composition

text: or

text: recording

text: without

text: lyrics

text: or

text: singing

text: although

text: it

text: might

text: include

text: some

text: inarticulate

text: vocals

text: such

text: as

text: shouted

text: backup

text: vocals

text: in

text: Big

text: Band

text: setting

text: The

text: music

text: is

text: primarily

text: or

text: exclusively

text: produced

text: by

text: musical

text: instruments

text: An

text: instrumental

text: can

text: exist

text: in

text: music

text: notation

text: after

text: it

text: is

text: written

text: by

text: composer

text: in

text: the

text: mind

text: of

text: the

text: composer

text: especially

text: in

text: cases

text: where

text: the

text: composer

text: herself

text: will

text: perform

text: the

text: piece

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: blues

text: solo

text: guitarist

text: or

text: folk

text: music

text: fiddle

text: player

text: as

text: piece

text: that

text: is

text: performed

text: live

text: by

text: single

text: instrumentalist

text: or

text: musical

text: ensemble

text: which

text: could

text: range

text: in

text: size

text: from

text: duo

text: or

text: trio

text: to

text: large

text: Big

text: Band

text: concert

text: band

text: or

text: orchestra

text: A rhythm section (also called a backup band) is a group of musicians within a music ensemble or band who provide the underlying rhythm and pulse of the accompaniment, providing a rhythmic reference and "beat" for the rest of the band. Many of the rhythm section instruments, such as keyboard instruments and guitars, are also used to play the chord progression upon which the song is based. The bass instrument (either double bass or electric bass, or another low-register instrument, such as synth bass, depending on the group and its style of music) plays the low-pitched bassline that supports the chord progression, typically by emphasizing the roots of the chords (and to a lesser degree the fifths and thirds of the chords).

text: rhythm

text: section

text: also

text: called

text: backup

text: band

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: musicians

text: within

text: music

text: ensemble

text: or

text: band

text: who

text: provide

text: the

text: underlying

text: rhythm

text: and

text: pulse

text: of

text: the

text: accompaniment

text: providing

text: rhythmic

text: reference

text: and

text: beat

text: for

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: band

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: rhythm

text: section

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: keyboard

text: instruments

text: and

text: guitars

text: are

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: play

text: the

text: chord

text: progression

text: upon

text: which

text: the

text: song

text: is

text: based

text: The

text: bass

text: instrument

text: either

text: double

text: bass

text: or

text: electric

text: bass

text: or

text: another

text: low

text: register

text: instrument

text: such

text: as

text: synth

text: bass

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: group

text: and

text: its

text: style

text: of

text: music

text: plays

text: the

text: low

text: pitched

text: bassline

text: that

text: supports

text: the

text: chord

text: progression

text: typically

text: by

text: emphasizing

text: the

text: roots

text: of

text: the

text: chords

text: and

text: to

text: lesser

text: degree

text: the

text: fifths

text: and

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: chords

text: An orchestra is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which features string instruments such as violin, viola, cello and double bass, as well as brass, woodwinds, and percussion instruments, grouped in sections. Other instruments such as the piano and celesta may sometimes appear in a fifth keyboard section or may stand alone, as may the concert harp and, for performances of some modern compositions, electronic instruments.

text: An

text: orchestra

text: is

text: large

text: instrumental

text: ensemble

text: typical

text: of

text: classical

text: music

text: which

text: features

text: string

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: violin

text: viola

text: cello

text: and

text: double

text: bass

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: brass

text: woodwinds

text: and

text: percussion

text: instruments

text: grouped

text: in

text: sections

text: Other

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: piano

text: and

text: celesta

text: may

text: sometimes

text: appear

text: in

text: fifth

text: keyboard

text: section

text: or

text: may

text: stand

text: alone

text: as

text: may

text: the

text: concert

text: harp

text: and

text: for

text: performances

text: of

text: some

text: modern

text: compositions

text: electronic

text: instruments

text: An electric guitar is a fretted string instrument that uses a pickup to convert the vibration of its stringswhich are typically made of steel, and which occurs when a guitarist strums, plucks or fingerpicks the stringsinto electrical signals. The vibrations of the strings are sensed by a pickup, of which the most common type is the magnetic pickup, which uses the principle of direct electromagnetic induction. The signal generated by an electric guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is plugged into a guitar amplifier before being sent to a loudspeaker, which makes a sound loud enough to hear. The output of an electric guitar is an electric signal, and the signal can easily be altered by electronic circuits to add "color" to the sound or change the sound. Often the signal is modified using effects such as reverb and distortion and "overdrive", with the latter being a key element of the sound of the electric guitar as it is used in blues and rock music.

text: An

text: electric

text: guitar

text: is

text: fretted

text: string

text: instrument

text: that

text: uses

text: pickup

text: to

text: convert

text: the

text: vibration

text: of

text: its

text: stringswhich

text: are

text: typically

text: made

text: of

text: steel

text: and

text: which

text: occurs

text: when

text: guitarist

text: strums

text: plucks

text: or

text: fingerpicks

text: the

text: stringsinto

text: electrical

text: signals

text: The

text: vibrations

text: of

text: the

text: strings

text: are

text: sensed

text: by

text: pickup

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: is

text: the

text: magnetic

text: pickup

text: which

text: uses

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: direct

text: electromagnetic

text: induction

text: The

text: signal

text: generated

text: by

text: an

text: electric

text: guitar

text: is

text: too

text: weak

text: to

text: drive

text: loudspeaker

text: so

text: it

text: is

text: plugged

text: into

text: guitar

text: amplifier

text: before

text: being

text: sent

text: to

text: loudspeaker

text: which

text: makes

text: sound

text: loud

text: enough

text: to

text: hear

text: The

text: output

text: of

text: an

text: electric

text: guitar

text: is

text: an

text: electric

text: signal

text: and

text: the

text: signal

text: can

text: easily

text: be

text: altered

text: by

text: electronic

text: circuits

text: to

text: add

text: color

text: to

text: the

text: sound

text: or

text: change

text: the

text: sound

text: Often

text: the

text: signal

text: is

text: modified

text: using

text: effects

text: such

text: as

text: reverb

text: and

text: distortion

text: and

text: overdrive

text: with

text: the

text: latter

text: being

text: key

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: sound

text: of

text: the

text: electric

text: guitar

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: blues

text: and

text: rock

text: music

annotations: likely single

question: instrument harlow wilcox

answer: guitar

text: guitar

text: guitar

text: guitar

text: guitar

text: guitar

text: guitar

text: guitar

text: guitar

text: guitar


text: Mexico - Tenochtitlan ( Spanish : México - Tenochtitlan , Spanish pronunciation : ( mexiko tenottitan ) ) , commonly known as Tenochtitlan ( Classical Nahuatl : Tenchtitlan ( tenottitan ) ) was an Aztec altepetl ( city - state ) located on an island in Lake Texcoco , in the Valley of Mexico . Founded on June 20 of 1325 , it became the capital of the expanding Mexican Empire in the 15th century , until captured by the Spanish in 1521 . At its peak it was the largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas . It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . Today the ruins of Tenochtitlan are located in Mexico City 's downtown . Tenochtitlan was one of two Mexican altepetl ( city - states ) on the island , the other being Tlatelolco .

text: Mexico

text: Tenochtitlan

text: Spanish

text: México

text: Tenochtitlan

text: Spanish

text: pronunciation

text: mexiko

text: tenottitan

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Tenochtitlan

text: Classical

text: Nahuatl

text: Tenchtitlan

text: tenottitan

text: was

text: an

text: Aztec

text: altepetl

text: city

text: state

text: located

text: on

text: an

text: island

text: in

text: Lake

text: Texcoco

text: in

text: the

text: Valley

text: of

text: Mexico

text: Founded

text: on

text: June

text: of

text: it

text: became

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: expanding

text: Mexican

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: until

text: captured

text: by

text: the

text: Spanish

text: in

text: At

text: its

text: peak

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Pre

text: Columbian

text: Americas

text: It

text: subsequently

text: became

text: cabecera

text: of

text: the

text: Viceroyalty

text: of

text: New

text: Spain

text: Today

text: the

text: ruins

text: of

text: Tenochtitlan

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: Mexico

text: City

text: 's

text: downtown

text: Tenochtitlan

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: Mexican

text: altepetl

text: city

text: states

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: Tlatelolco

text: Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, and often referred to as the "Lion City" or the "Little Red Dot", is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia, and the world's only island city-state. It lies one degree (137 km) north of the equator, south of the southernmost tip of continental Asia and peninsular Malaysia, with Indonesia's Riau Islands to the south. Singapore's territory consists of a diamond-shaped main island along with 62 other islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23% (130 km), and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora, parks and gardens.

text: Singapore

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Singapore

text: and

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Lion

text: City

text: or

text: the

text: Little

text: Red

text: Dot

text: is

text: sovereign

text: city

text: state

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: only

text: island

text: city

text: state

text: It

text: lies

text: one

text: degree

text: km

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: equator

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: southernmost

text: tip

text: of

text: continental

text: Asia

text: and

text: peninsular

text: Malaysia

text: with

text: Indonesia

text: 's

text: Riau

text: Islands

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Singapore

text: 's

text: territory

text: consists

text: of

text: diamond

text: shaped

text: main

text: island

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: islets

text: Since

text: independence

text: extensive

text: land

text: reclamation

text: has

text: increased

text: its

text: total

text: size

text: by

text: km

text: and

text: its

text: greening

text: policy

text: has

text: covered

text: the

text: densely

text: populated

text: island

text: with

text: tropical

text: flora

text: parks

text: and

text: gardens

text: Athens ("Athína" ) is the capital and largest city of Greece. Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years, and its earliest human presence starting somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennia BC. Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus, which had been a distinct city prior to its 5th century BC incorporation with Athens. A centre for the arts, learning and philosophy, home of Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum, it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy, largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent, and in particular the Romans. In modern times, Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic, financial, industrial, maritime, political and cultural life in Greece. In 2015, Athens was ranked the world's 29th richest city by purchasing power and the 67th most expensive in a UBS study.

text: Athens

text: Athína

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Greece

text: Athens

text: dominates

text: the

text: Attica

text: region

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oldest

text: cities

text: with

text: its

text: recorded

text: history

text: spanning

text: over

text: years

text: and

text: its

text: earliest

text: human

text: presence

text: starting

text: somewhere

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: millennia

text: BC

text: Classical

text: Athens

text: was

text: powerful

text: city

text: state

text: that

text: emerged

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: the

text: seagoing

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: Piraeus

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: distinct

text: city

text: prior

text: to

text: its

text: century

text: BC

text: incorporation

text: with

text: Athens

text: centre

text: for

text: the

text: arts

text: learning

text: and

text: philosophy

text: home

text: of

text: Plato

text: 's

text: Academy

text: and

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: Lyceum

text: it

text: is

text: widely

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: cradle

text: of

text: Western

text: civilization

text: and

text: the

text: birthplace

text: of

text: democracy

text: largely

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: continent

text: and

text: in

text: particular

text: the

text: Romans

text: In

text: modern

text: times

text: Athens

text: is

text: large

text: cosmopolitan

text: metropolis

text: and

text: central

text: to

text: economic

text: financial

text: industrial

text: maritime

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: life

text: in

text: Greece

text: In

text: Athens

text: was

text: ranked

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: richest

text: city

text: by

text: purchasing

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: expensive

text: in

text: UBS

text: study

text: A common year starting on Tuesday is any non-leap year (i.e. a year with 365 days) that begins on Tuesday, 1 January, and ends on Tuesday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is F. The most recent year of such kind was 2013 and the next one will be 2019 in the Gregorian calendar or, likewise, 2014 and 2025 in the obsolete Julian calendar, see below for more.

text: common

text: year

text: starting

text: on

text: Tuesday

text: is

text: any

text: non

text: leap

text: year

text: i.e.

text: year

text: with

text: days

text: that

text: begins

text: on

text: Tuesday

text: January

text: and

text: ends

text: on

text: Tuesday

text: December

text: Its

text: dominical

text: letter

text: hence

text: is

text: The

text: most

text: recent

text: year

text: of

text: such

text: kind

text: was

text: and

text: the

text: next

text: one

text: will

text: be

text: in

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: calendar

text: or

text: likewise

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: obsolete

text: Julian

text: calendar

text: see

text: below

text: for

text: more

text: A city-state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories. Historically, this included cities such as Rome, Athens, Carthage, and the Italian city-states during the Renaissancebut today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist, with some disagreement as to which are city-states. A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore, Monaco, and Vatican City.

text: city

text: state

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: that

text: consists

text: of

text: city

text: and

text: its

text: dependent

text: territories

text: Historically

text: this

text: included

text: cities

text: such

text: as

text: Rome

text: Athens

text: Carthage

text: and

text: the

text: Italian

text: city

text: states

text: during

text: the

text: Renaissancebut

text: today

text: only

text: handful

text: of

text: sovereign

text: city

text: states

text: exist

text: with

text: some

text: disagreement

text: as

text: to

text: which

text: are

text: city

text: states

text: great

text: deal

text: of

text: consensus

text: exists

text: that

text: the

text: term

text: properly

text: applies

text: to

text: Singapore

text: Monaco

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: The Toltec culture is an archaeological Mesoamerican culture that dominated a state centered in Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico in the early post-classic period of Mesoamerican chronology (ca 9001168 CE). The later Aztec culture saw the Toltecs as their intellectual and cultural predecessors and described Toltec culture emanating from "Tlln" (Nahuatl for Tula) as the epitome of civilization; indeed in the Nahuatl language the word "Tltcatl" (singular) or "Tltcah" (plural) came to take on the meaning "artisan". The Aztec oral and pictographic tradition also described the history of the Toltec Empire, giving lists of rulers and their exploits.

text: The

text: Toltec

text: culture

text: is

text: an

text: archaeological

text: Mesoamerican

text: culture

text: that

text: dominated

text: state

text: centered

text: in

text: Tula

text: Hidalgo

text: Mexico

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: post

text: classic

text: period

text: of

text: Mesoamerican

text: chronology

text: ca

text: CE

text: The

text: later

text: Aztec

text: culture

text: saw

text: the

text: Toltecs

text: as

text: their

text: intellectual

text: and

text: cultural

text: predecessors

text: and

text: described

text: Toltec

text: culture

text: emanating

text: from

text: Tlln

text: Nahuatl

text: for

text: Tula

text: as

text: the

text: epitome

text: of

text: civilization

text: indeed

text: in

text: the

text: Nahuatl

text: language

text: the

text: word

text: Tltcatl

text: singular

text: or

text: Tltcah

text: plural

text: came

text: to

text: take

text: on

text: the

text: meaning

text: artisan

text: The

text: Aztec

text: oral

text: and

text: pictographic

text: tradition

text: also

text: described

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Toltec

text: Empire

text: giving

text: lists

text: of

text: rulers

text: and

text: their

text: exploits

text: The Aztec Empire, or the Triple Alliance (]), began as an alliance of three Nahua "altepetl" city-states: Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Mexico-Texcoco, and Mexico-Tlacopan. These three city-states ruled the area in and around the Valley of Mexico from 1428 until they were defeated by the combined forces of the Spanish "conquistadores" and their native allies under Hernán Cortés in 1521.

text: The

text: Aztec

text: Empire

text: or

text: the

text: Triple

text: Alliance

text: began

text: as

text: an

text: alliance

text: of

text: three

text: Nahua

text: altepetl

text: city

text: states

text: Mexico

text: Tenochtitlan

text: Mexico

text: Texcoco

text: and

text: Mexico

text: Tlacopan

text: These

text: three

text: city

text: states

text: ruled

text: the

text: area

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: Valley

text: of

text: Mexico

text: from

text: until

text: they

text: were

text: defeated

text: by

text: the

text: combined

text: forces

text: of

text: the

text: Spanish

text: conquistadores

text: and

text: their

text: native

text: allies

text: under

text: Hernán

text: Cortés

text: in

text: Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate, located on the French Riviera in Western Europe. France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea. Monaco has an area of and a population of about 37,800; it is the second smallest and the most densely populated country in the world. Monaco has a land border of , a coastline of , and a width that varies between . The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel, in the Les Révoires "Ward", which is above sea level. Monaco's most populous "Quartier" is Monte Carlo and the most populous "Ward" is Larvotto/Bas Moulins. Through land reclamation, Monaco's land mass has expanded by twenty percent. Monaco is known as a playground for the rich and famous, due to its tax laws. In 2014, it was noted about 30% of the population was made up of millionaires, more than in Zürich or Geneva.

text: Monaco

text: officially

text: the

text: Principality

text: of

text: Monaco

text: is

text: sovereign

text: city

text: state

text: and

text: microstate

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: French

text: Riviera

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: France

text: borders

text: the

text: country

text: on

text: three

text: sides

text: while

text: the

text: other

text: side

text: borders

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Monaco

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: smallest

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Monaco

text: has

text: land

text: border

text: of

text: coastline

text: of

text: and

text: width

text: that

text: varies

text: between

text: The

text: highest

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: narrow

text: pathway

text: named

text: Chemin

text: des

text: Révoires

text: on

text: the

text: slopes

text: of

text: Mont

text: Agel

text: in

text: the

text: Les

text: Révoires

text: Ward

text: which

text: is

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: Monaco

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: Quartier

text: is

text: Monte

text: Carlo

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Ward

text: is

text: Larvotto

text: Bas

text: Moulins

text: Through

text: land

text: reclamation

text: Monaco

text: 's

text: land

text: mass

text: has

text: expanded

text: by

text: twenty

text: percent

text: Monaco

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: playground

text: for

text: the

text: rich

text: and

text: famous

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: tax

text: laws

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: noted

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: was

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: millionaires

text: more

text: than

text: in

text: Zürich

text: or

text: Geneva

text: The Valley of Mexico is a highlands plateau in central Mexico roughly coterminous with the present-day Distrito Federal and the eastern half of the State of Mexico. Surrounded by mountains and volcanoes, the Valley of Mexico was a centre for several pre-Columbian civilizations, including Teotihuacan, the Toltec, and the Aztec. The ancient Aztec term "Anahuac (Land Between the Waters) " and the phrase Basin of Mexico are both used at times to refer to the Valley of Mexico. The Basin of Mexico became a well known site that epitomized the scene of early Classic Mesoamerican cultural development as well.

text: The

text: Valley

text: of

text: Mexico

text: is

text: highlands

text: plateau

text: in

text: central

text: Mexico

text: roughly

text: coterminous

text: with

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: Distrito

text: Federal

text: and

text: the

text: eastern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Mexico

text: Surrounded

text: by

text: mountains

text: and

text: volcanoes

text: the

text: Valley

text: of

text: Mexico

text: was

text: centre

text: for

text: several

text: pre

text: Columbian

text: civilizations

text: including

text: Teotihuacan

text: the

text: Toltec

text: and

text: the

text: Aztec

text: The

text: ancient

text: Aztec

text: term

text: Anahuac

text: Land

text: Between

text: the

text: Waters

text: and

text: the

text: phrase

text: Basin

text: of

text: Mexico

text: are

text: both

text: used

text: at

text: times

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: Valley

text: of

text: Mexico

text: The

text: Basin

text: of

text: Mexico

text: became

text: well

text: known

text: site

text: that

text: epitomized

text: the

text: scene

text: of

text: early

text: Classic

text: Mesoamerican

text: cultural

text: development

text: as

text: well

text: The Mexica (Nahuatl: "Mxihcah", ; the singular is "Mxihcatl" ) or Mexicas were an indigenous people of the Valley of Mexico, known today as the rulers of the Aztec Empire.

text: The

text: Mexica

text: Nahuatl

text: Mxihcah

text: the

text: singular

text: is

text: Mxihcatl

text: or

text: Mexicas

text: were

text: an

text: indigenous

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: Valley

text: of

text: Mexico

text: known

text: today

text: as

text: the

text: rulers

text: of

text: the

text: Aztec

text: Empire

text: Year 1325 (MCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

text: Year

text: MCCCXXV

text: was

text: common

text: year

text: starting

text: on

text: Tuesday

text: link

text: will

text: display

text: the

text: full

text: calendar

text: of

text: the

text: Julian

text: calendar

text: The Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC (708 AUC), was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 45 BC (AUC 709) (shortly before the Roman conquest of Egypt), by edict. It was the predominant calendar in the Roman world, most of Europe, and in European settlements in the Americas and elsewhere, until it was refined and gradually replaced by the Gregorian calendar, promulgated in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. The Julian calendar gains against the mean tropical year at the rate of one day in 128 years. For the Gregorian the figure is one day in 3,030 years. The difference in the average length of the year between Julian (365.25 days) and Gregorian (365.2425 days) is 0.002%.

text: The

text: Julian

text: calendar

text: proposed

text: by

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: in

text: BC

text: AUC

text: was

text: reform

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: calendar

text: It

text: took

text: effect

text: on

text: January

text: BC

text: AUC

text: shortly

text: before

text: the

text: Roman

text: conquest

text: of

text: Egypt

text: by

text: edict

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: predominant

text: calendar

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: world

text: most

text: of

text: Europe

text: and

text: in

text: European

text: settlements

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: and

text: elsewhere

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: refined

text: and

text: gradually

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: calendar

text: promulgated

text: in

text: by

text: Pope

text: Gregory

text: XIII

text: The

text: Julian

text: calendar

text: gains

text: against

text: the

text: mean

text: tropical

text: year

text: at

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: one

text: day

text: in

text: years

text: For

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: the

text: figure

text: is

text: one

text: day

text: in

text: years

text: The

text: difference

text: in

text: the

text: average

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: between

text: Julian

text: days

text: and

text: Gregorian

text: days

text: is

annotations: follows single

question: dissolved_or_abolished tenochtitlan

answer: 1428


text: Measurement is the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or event, which can be compared with other objects or events. The scope and application of a measurement is dependent on the context and discipline. In the natural sciences and engineering, measurements do not apply to nominal properties of objects or events, which is consistent with the guidelines of the "International vocabulary of metrology" published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. However, in other fields such as statistics as well as the social and behavioral sciences, measurements can have multiple levels, which would include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.

text: Measurement

text: is

text: the

text: assignment

text: of

text: number

text: to

text: characteristic

text: of

text: an

text: object

text: or

text: event

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: compared

text: with

text: other

text: objects

text: or

text: events

text: The

text: scope

text: and

text: application

text: of

text: measurement

text: is

text: dependent

text: on

text: the

text: context

text: and

text: discipline

text: In

text: the

text: natural

text: sciences

text: and

text: engineering

text: measurements

text: do

text: not

text: apply

text: to

text: nominal

text: properties

text: of

text: objects

text: or

text: events

text: which

text: is

text: consistent

text: with

text: the

text: guidelines

text: of

text: the

text: International

text: vocabulary

text: of

text: metrology

text: published

text: by

text: the

text: International

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Weights

text: and

text: Measures

text: However

text: in

text: other

text: fields

text: such

text: as

text: statistics

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: social

text: and

text: behavioral

text: sciences

text: measurements

text: can

text: have

text: multiple

text: levels

text: which

text: would

text: include

text: nominal

text: ordinal

text: interval

text: and

text: ratio

text: scales

text: A symbol is a mark, sign, or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship. Symbols allow people to go beyond what is known or seen by creating linkages between otherwise very different concepts and experiences. All communication (and data processing) is achieved through the use of symbols.Symbols take the form of words, sounds, gestures, ideas or visual images and are used to convey other ideas and beliefs. For example, a red octagon may be a symbol for "STOP". On a map, a blue line might represent a river. Numerals are symbols for numbers. Alphabetic letters may be symbols for sounds. Personal names are symbols representing individuals. A red rose may symbolize love and compassion. The variable 'x', in a mathematical equation, may symbolize the position of a particle in space.

text: symbol

text: is

text: mark

text: sign

text: or

text: word

text: that

text: indicates

text: signifies

text: or

text: is

text: understood

text: as

text: representing

text: an

text: idea

text: object

text: or

text: relationship

text: Symbols

text: allow

text: people

text: to

text: go

text: beyond

text: what

text: is

text: known

text: or

text: seen

text: by

text: creating

text: linkages

text: between

text: otherwise

text: very

text: different

text: concepts

text: and

text: experiences

text: All

text: communication

text: and

text: data

text: processing

text: is

text: achieved

text: through

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: symbols

text: Symbols

text: take

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: words

text: sounds

text: gestures

text: ideas

text: or

text: visual

text: images

text: and

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: convey

text: other

text: ideas

text: and

text: beliefs

text: For

text: example

text: red

text: octagon

text: may

text: be

text: symbol

text: for

text: STOP

text: On

text: map

text: blue

text: line

text: might

text: represent

text: river

text: Numerals

text: are

text: symbols

text: for

text: numbers

text: Alphabetic

text: letters

text: may

text: be

text: symbols

text: for

text: sounds

text: Personal

text: names

text: are

text: symbols

text: representing

text: individuals

text: red

text: rose

text: may

text: symbolize

text: love

text: and

text: compassion

text: The

text: variable

text: in

text: mathematical

text: equation

text: may

text: symbolize

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: particle

text: in

text: space

text: A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same quantity. Any other value of that quantity can be expressed as a simple multiple of the unit of measurement.

text: unit

text: of

text: measurement

text: is

text: definite

text: magnitude

text: of

text: quantity

text: defined

text: and

text: adopted

text: by

text: convention

text: or

text: by

text: law

text: that

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: standard

text: for

text: measurement

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: quantity

text: Any

text: other

text: value

text: of

text: that

text: quantity

text: can

text: be

text: expressed

text: as

text: simple

text: multiple

text: of

text: the

text: unit

text: of

text: measurement

text: A system of measurement is a collection of units of measurement and rules relating them to each other. Systems of measurement have historically been important, regulated and defined for the purposes of science and commerce. Systems of measurement in modern use include the metric system, the imperial system, and United States customary units.

text: system

text: of

text: measurement

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: units

text: of

text: measurement

text: and

text: rules

text: relating

text: them

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: Systems

text: of

text: measurement

text: have

text: historically

text: been

text: important

text: regulated

text: and

text: defined

text: for

text: the

text: purposes

text: of

text: science

text: and

text: commerce

text: Systems

text: of

text: measurement

text: in

text: modern

text: use

text: include

text: the

text: metric

text: system

text: the

text: imperial

text: system

text: and

text: United

text: States

text: customary

text: units

text: The International System of Units (; abbreviated as SI) is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement. It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built on seven base units. The system also establishes a set of twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying multiples and fractions of the units.

text: The

text: International

text: System

text: of

text: Units

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: SI

text: is

text: the

text: modern

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: metric

text: system

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: used

text: system

text: of

text: measurement

text: It

text: comprises

text: coherent

text: system

text: of

text: units

text: of

text: measurement

text: built

text: on

text: seven

text: base

text: units

text: The

text: system

text: also

text: establishes

text: set

text: of

text: twenty

text: prefixes

text: to

text: the

text: unit

text: names

text: and

text: unit

text: symbols

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: when

text: specifying

text: multiples

text: and

text: fractions

text: of

text: the

text: units

text: Quantity is a property that can exist as a magnitude or multitude. Quantities can be compared in terms of "more", "less", or "equal", or by assigning a numerical value in terms of a unit of measurement. Quantity is among the basic classes of things along with quality, substance, change, and relation. Some quantities are such by their inner nature (as number), while others are functioning as states (properties, dimensions, attributes) of things such as heavy and light, long and short, broad and narrow, small and great, or much and little. A small quantity is sometimes referred to as a quantulum.

text: Quantity

text: is

text: property

text: that

text: can

text: exist

text: as

text: magnitude

text: or

text: multitude

text: Quantities

text: can

text: be

text: compared

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: more

text: less

text: or

text: equal

text: or

text: by

text: assigning

text: numerical

text: value

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: unit

text: of

text: measurement

text: Quantity

text: is

text: among

text: the

text: basic

text: classes

text: of

text: things

text: along

text: with

text: quality

text: substance

text: change

text: and

text: relation

text: Some

text: quantities

text: are

text: such

text: by

text: their

text: inner

text: nature

text: as

text: number

text: while

text: others

text: are

text: functioning

text: as

text: states

text: properties

text: dimensions

text: attributes

text: of

text: things

text: such

text: as

text: heavy

text: and

text: light

text: long

text: and

text: short

text: broad

text: and

text: narrow

text: small

text: and

text: great

text: or

text: much

text: and

text: little

text: small

text: quantity

text: is

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: quantulum

text: The metric system is an internationally agreed decimal system of measurement. It was originally based on the and the introduced by the French First Republic in 1799, but over the years the definitions of the metre and the kilogram have been refined, and the metric system has been extended to incorporate many more units. Although a number of variants of the metric system emerged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the term is now often used as a synonym for "SI" or the "International System of Units"the official system of measurement in almost every country in the world.

text: The

text: metric

text: system

text: is

text: an

text: internationally

text: agreed

text: decimal

text: system

text: of

text: measurement

text: It

text: was

text: originally

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: introduced

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: First

text: Republic

text: in

text: but

text: over

text: the

text: years

text: the

text: definitions

text: of

text: the

text: metre

text: and

text: the

text: kilogram

text: have

text: been

text: refined

text: and

text: the

text: metric

text: system

text: has

text: been

text: extended

text: to

text: incorporate

text: many

text: more

text: units

text: Although

text: number

text: of

text: variants

text: of

text: the

text: metric

text: system

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: nineteenth

text: and

text: early

text: twentieth

text: centuries

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: now

text: often

text: used

text: as

text: synonym

text: for

text: SI

text: or

text: the

text: International

text: System

text: of

text: Units"the

text: official

text: system

text: of

text: measurement

text: in

text: almost

text: every

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The International System of Units ( SI ) specifies a set of seven base units from which all other SI units of measurement are derived . Each of these other units ( SI derived units ) is either dimensionless or can be expressed as a product of ( positive or negative , but usually integral ) powers of one or more of the base units . For example , the SI derived unit of area is the square metre ( m2 ) , and the SI derived unit of density is the kilogram per cubic metre ( kg / m3 or kg m  3 ) . The degree Celsius ( see the table below ) has a somewhat unclear status , and is arguably an exception to this rule . The names of SI units are written in lowercase . The symbols for units named after persons , however , are always written with an uppercase initial letter ( e.g. the symbol for the hertz is `` Hz '' ; but the symbol for the metre is `` m '' ) .

text: The

text: International

text: System

text: of

text: Units

text: SI

text: specifies

text: set

text: of

text: seven

text: base

text: units

text: from

text: which

text: all

text: other

text: SI

text: units

text: of

text: measurement

text: are

text: derived

text: Each

text: of

text: these

text: other

text: units

text: SI

text: derived

text: units

text: is

text: either

text: dimensionless

text: or

text: can

text: be

text: expressed

text: as

text: product

text: of

text: positive

text: or

text: negative

text: but

text: usually

text: integral

text: powers

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: of

text: the

text: base

text: units

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: SI

text: derived

text: unit

text: of

text: area

text: is

text: the

text: square

text: metre

text: and

text: the

text: SI

text: derived

text: unit

text: of

text: density

text: is

text: the

text: kilogram

text: per

text: cubic

text: metre

text: kg

text: or

text: kg

text: The

text: degree

text: Celsius

text: see

text: the

text: table

text: below

text: has

text: somewhat

text: unclear

text: status

text: and

text: is

text: arguably

text: an

text: exception

text: to

text: this

text: rule

text: The

text: names

text: of

text: SI

text: units

text: are

text: written

text: in

text: lowercase

text: The

text: symbols

text: for

text: units

text: named

text: after

text: persons

text: however

text: are

text: always

text: written

text: with

text: an

text: uppercase

text: initial

text: letter

text: e.g.

text: the

text: symbol

text: for

text: the

text: hertz

text: is

text: Hz

text: but

text: the

text: symbol

text: for

text: the

text: metre

text: is

annotations: follows multiple

question: subclass_of si derived unit

answer: unit of measurement

text: unit of measurement

text: unit of measurement

text: unit of measurement