text: Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total land area of and a population of over 7.3 million of various nationalities, it ranks as the world's fourth most densely populated sovereign state or territory.

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: officially

text: the

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Special

text: Administrative

text: Region

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: is

text: an

text: autonomous

text: territory

text: on

text: the

text: Pearl

text: River

text: Delta

text: of

text: East

text: Asia

text: Macau

text: lies

text: across

text: the

text: delta

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Chinese

text: province

text: of

text: Guangdong

text: borders

text: the

text: territory

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: With

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: of

text: various

text: nationalities

text: it

text: ranks

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: sovereign

text: state

text: or

text: territory

text: East Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent, which can be defined in either geographical or ethno-cultural terms. Geographically and geopolitically, it includes China, Hong Kong, and Macao; Mongolia and Taiwan; North and South Korea; and Japan; it covers about , or about 28% of the Asian continent, about twice the area of Europe.

text: East

text: Asia

text: is

text: the

text: eastern

text: subregion

text: of

text: the

text: Asian

text: continent

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: defined

text: in

text: either

text: geographical

text: or

text: ethno

text: cultural

text: terms

text: Geographically

text: and

text: geopolitically

text: it

text: includes

text: China

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macao

text: Mongolia

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: Korea

text: and

text: Japan

text: it

text: covers

text: about

text: or

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: Asian

text: continent

text: about

text: twice

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: Europe

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text: The Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) was established in 1982 under the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation Ordinance for the purposes of operating the Kowloon-Canton Railway (KCR), and to construct and operate other new railways. On 2 December 2007, the MTR Corporation Limited, another railway operator in Hong Kong, took over the operation of the KCR network under a 50-year service concession agreement, which can be extended. Under the service concession, KCRC retains ownership of the KCR network with the MTR Corporation Limited making annual payments to KCRC for the right to operate the network. The KCRC is wholly owned by the Hong Kong Government and its activities are governed by the KCRC Ordinance as amended in 2007 by the Rail Merger Ordinance to enable the service concession agreement to be entered into with the MTR Corporation Limited.

text: The

text: Kowloon

text: Canton

text: Railway

text: Corporation

text: KCRC

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: under

text: the

text: Kowloon

text: Canton

text: Railway

text: Corporation

text: Ordinance

text: for

text: the

text: purposes

text: of

text: operating

text: the

text: Kowloon

text: Canton

text: Railway

text: KCR

text: and

text: to

text: construct

text: and

text: operate

text: other

text: new

text: railways

text: On

text: December

text: the

text: MTR

text: Corporation

text: Limited

text: another

text: railway

text: operator

text: in

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: took

text: over

text: the

text: operation

text: of

text: the

text: KCR

text: network

text: under

text: service

text: concession

text: agreement

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: extended

text: Under

text: the

text: service

text: concession

text: KCRC

text: retains

text: ownership

text: of

text: the

text: KCR

text: network

text: with

text: the

text: MTR

text: Corporation

text: Limited

text: making

text: annual

text: payments

text: to

text: KCRC

text: for

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: operate

text: the

text: network

text: The

text: KCRC

text: is

text: wholly

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Government

text: and

text: its

text: activities

text: are

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: KCRC

text: Ordinance

text: as

text: amended

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Rail

text: Merger

text: Ordinance

text: to

text: enable

text: the

text: service

text: concession

text: agreement

text: to

text: be

text: entered

text: into

text: with

text: the

text: MTR

text: Corporation

text: Limited

text: The Mass Transit Railway (MTR) is the rapid transit railway system of Hong Kong. Opened in 1979, the system now includes of rail with 161 stations, including 93 railway stations and 68 light rail stops. Operated by the MTR Corporation Limited (MTRCL), the MTR is one of the most profitable metro systems in the world, with a high farebox recovery ratio of 186%.

text: The

text: Mass

text: Transit

text: Railway

text: MTR

text: is

text: the

text: rapid

text: transit

text: railway

text: system

text: of

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Opened

text: in

text: the

text: system

text: now

text: includes

text: of

text: rail

text: with

text: stations

text: including

text: railway

text: stations

text: and

text: light

text: rail

text: stops

text: Operated

text: by

text: the

text: MTR

text: Corporation

text: Limited

text: MTRCL

text: the

text: MTR

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: profitable

text: metro

text: systems

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: high

text: farebox

text: recovery

text: ratio

text: of

text: A branch line is a secondary railway line which branches off a more important through route, usually a main line. A very short branch line may be called a spur line. David Blyth Hanna, the first president of the Canadian National Railway, said that although most branch lines cannot pay for themselves, they are essential to make main lines pay.

text: branch

text: line

text: is

text: secondary

text: railway

text: line

text: which

text: branches

text: off

text: more

text: important

text: through

text: route

text: usually

text: main

text: line

text: very

text: short

text: branch

text: line

text: may

text: be

text: called

text: spur

text: line

text: David

text: Blyth

text: Hanna

text: the

text: first

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: National

text: Railway

text: said

text: that

text: although

text: most

text: branch

text: lines

text: can

text: not

text: pay

text: for

text: themselves

text: they

text: are

text: essential

text: to

text: make

text: main

text: lines

text: pay

text: The Pearl River Delta (PRD), also known as Zhujiang Delta or Zhusanjiao, is the low-lying area surrounding the Pearl River estuary, where the Pearl River flows into the South China Sea. It is one of the most densely urbanised regions in the world and is an economic hub of China. This region is often considered an emerging megacity. The PRD is a megalopolis, with future development into a single mega metropolitan area, yet itself is at the southern end of a larger megalopolis running along the southern coast of China, which include metropolises such as Chaoshan, Zhangzhou-Xiamen, Quanzhou-Putian, and Fuzhou. The nine largest cities of PRD had a combined population of 57.15 million at the end of 2013, comprising 53.69% of the provincial population. According to the World Bank Group, the PRD has become the largest urban area in the world in both size and population.

text: The

text: Pearl

text: River

text: Delta

text: PRD

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Zhujiang

text: Delta

text: or

text: Zhusanjiao

text: is

text: the

text: low

text: lying

text: area

text: surrounding

text: the

text: Pearl

text: River

text: estuary

text: where

text: the

text: Pearl

text: River

text: flows

text: into

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: urbanised

text: regions

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: is

text: an

text: economic

text: hub

text: of

text: China

text: This

text: region

text: is

text: often

text: considered

text: an

text: emerging

text: megacity

text: The

text: PRD

text: is

text: megalopolis

text: with

text: future

text: development

text: into

text: single

text: mega

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: yet

text: itself

text: is

text: at

text: the

text: southern

text: end

text: of

text: larger

text: megalopolis

text: running

text: along

text: the

text: southern

text: coast

text: of

text: China

text: which

text: include

text: metropolises

text: such

text: as

text: Chaoshan

text: Zhangzhou

text: Xiamen

text: Quanzhou

text: Putian

text: and

text: Fuzhou

text: The

text: nine

text: largest

text: cities

text: of

text: PRD

text: had

text: combined

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: comprising

text: of

text: the

text: provincial

text: population

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: World

text: Bank

text: Group

text: the

text: PRD

text: has

text: become

text: the

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: both

text: size

text: and

text: population

text: The Ma On Shan Line is a branch line of the MTR East Rail Line in Hong Kong. It is coloured brown on the MTR map. Before 2 December 2007, the railway was operated by the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) as Ma On Shan Rail (abbreviated as ). Since the KCRC's merger of operations with the MTR Corporation, the line has been one of the ten lines of the MTR.

text: The

text: Ma

text: On

text: Shan

text: Line

text: is

text: branch

text: line

text: of

text: the

text: MTR

text: East

text: Rail

text: Line

text: in

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: It

text: is

text: coloured

text: brown

text: on

text: the

text: MTR

text: map

text: Before

text: December

text: the

text: railway

text: was

text: operated

text: by

text: the

text: Kowloon

text: Canton

text: Railway

text: Corporation

text: KCRC

text: as

text: Ma

text: On

text: Shan

text: Rail

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: Since

text: the

text: KCRC

text: 's

text: merger

text: of

text: operations

text: with

text: the

text: MTR

text: Corporation

text: the

text: line

text: has

text: been

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: ten

text: lines

text: of

text: the

text: MTR

text: MTR Corporation is a company listed on the Hong Kong Exchange, and a component of Hang Seng Index. MTR runs Hong Kong's Mass Transit Railway (MTR), and is also a major property developer and landlord in Hong Kong. It also invests in railways in different parts in the world, and has obtained contracts to operate rapid transit systems in London, Stockholm, Beijing, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Melbourne, and Sydney.

text: MTR

text: Corporation

text: is

text: company

text: listed

text: on

text: the

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Exchange

text: and

text: component

text: of

text: Hang

text: Seng

text: Index

text: MTR

text: runs

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: 's

text: Mass

text: Transit

text: Railway

text: MTR

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: major

text: property

text: developer

text: and

text: landlord

text: in

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: It

text: also

text: invests

text: in

text: railways

text: in

text: different

text: parts

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: has

text: obtained

text: contracts

text: to

text: operate

text: rapid

text: transit

text: systems

text: in

text: London

text: Stockholm

text: Beijing

text: Shenzhen

text: Hangzhou

text: Melbourne

text: and

text: Sydney

text: Sha Tin Wai Station is a station on the Ma On Shan Line in Sha Tin , Hong Kong . It was originally named as `` Sha Kok Street Station '' before the Ma On Shan Line operated , because it is exactly located at Sha Kok Street in Sha Tin . It serves residents living in Pok Hong Estate , Sha Kok Estate , Jat Min Chuen , Yue Shing Court , and also serves over 10 schools around the area , including kindergartens , primary schools and secondary schools . The name of the station is taken from a traditional walled Hakka village next to Pok Hong estate . The pattern featured on the platform pillar and glass barrier is a shot of Tsang Tai Uk traditional walled settlement .

text: Sha

text: Tin

text: Wai

text: Station

text: is

text: station

text: on

text: the

text: Ma

text: On

text: Shan

text: Line

text: in

text: Sha

text: Tin

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: It

text: was

text: originally

text: named

text: as

text: Sha

text: Kok

text: Street

text: Station

text: before

text: the

text: Ma

text: On

text: Shan

text: Line

text: operated

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: exactly

text: located

text: at

text: Sha

text: Kok

text: Street

text: in

text: Sha

text: Tin

text: It

text: serves

text: residents

text: living

text: in

text: Pok

text: Hong

text: Estate

text: Sha

text: Kok

text: Estate

text: Jat

text: Min

text: Chuen

text: Yue

text: Shing

text: Court

text: and

text: also

text: serves

text: over

text: schools

text: around

text: the

text: area

text: including

text: kindergartens

text: primary

text: schools

text: and

text: secondary

text: schools

text: The

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: station

text: is

text: taken

text: from

text: traditional

text: walled

text: Hakka

text: village

text: next

text: to

text: Pok

text: Hong

text: estate

text: The

text: pattern

text: featured

text: on

text: the

text: platform

text: pillar

text: and

text: glass

text: barrier

text: is

text: shot

text: of

text: Tsang

text: Tai

text: Uk

text: traditional

text: walled

text: settlement

annotations: likely multiple

question: operator sha tin wai station

answer: mtr corporation

text: mtr corporation

text: mtr corporation

text: mtr corporation

text: mtr corporation

text: mtr corporation

text: mtr corporation


text: The Xia dynasty (c. 2070  c. 1600 BCE) is the first dynasty in traditional Chinese history. It is described in ancient historical chronicles such as the "Bamboo Annals", the "Classic of History" and the "Records of the Grand Historian". According to tradition, the dynasty was established by the legendary Yu the Great after Shun, the last of the Five Emperors gave his throne to him. The Xia was later succeeded by the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 c. 1046 BCE).

text: The

text: Xia

text: dynasty

text: BCE

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: dynasty

text: in

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: history

text: It

text: is

text: described

text: in

text: ancient

text: historical

text: chronicles

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Bamboo

text: Annals

text: the

text: Classic

text: of

text: History

text: and

text: the

text: Records

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Historian

text: According

text: to

text: tradition

text: the

text: dynasty

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: the

text: legendary

text: Yu

text: the

text: Great

text: after

text: Shun

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: the

text: Five

text: Emperors

text: gave

text: his

text: throne

text: to

text: him

text: The

text: Xia

text: was

text: later

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Shang

text: dynasty

text: BCE

text: The Shang dynasty or Yin dynasty, according to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC, succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Zhou dynasty. The classic account of the Shang comes from texts such as the "Book of Documents", "Bamboo Annals" and "Records of the Grand Historian". According to the traditional chronology based on calculations made approximately 2,000 years ago by Liu Xin, the Shang ruled from 1766 to 1122 BC, but according to the chronology based upon the "current text" of "Bamboo Annals", they ruled from 1556 to 1046 BC. The XiaShangZhou Chronology Project dated them from c. 1600 to 1046 BC.

text: The

text: Shang

text: dynasty

text: or

text: Yin

text: dynasty

text: according

text: to

text: traditional

text: historiography

text: ruled

text: in

text: the

text: Yellow

text: River

text: valley

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: millennium

text: BC

text: succeeding

text: the

text: Xia

text: dynasty

text: and

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: The

text: classic

text: account

text: of

text: the

text: Shang

text: comes

text: from

text: texts

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: Documents

text: Bamboo

text: Annals

text: and

text: Records

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Historian

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: traditional

text: chronology

text: based

text: on

text: calculations

text: made

text: approximately

text: years

text: ago

text: by

text: Liu

text: Xin

text: the

text: Shang

text: ruled

text: from

text: to

text: BC

text: but

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: chronology

text: based

text: upon

text: the

text: current

text: text

text: of

text: Bamboo

text: Annals

text: they

text: ruled

text: from

text: to

text: BC

text: The

text: XiaShangZhou

text: Chronology

text: Project

text: dated

text: them

text: from

text: to

text: BC

text: The Book of Documents (Shujing, earlier "Shu-king") or Classic of History, also known as the Shangshu, is one of the Five Classics of ancient Chinese literature. It is a collection of rhetorical prose attributed to figures of ancient China, and served as the foundation of Chinese political philosophy for over 2,000 years.

text: The

text: Book

text: of

text: Documents

text: Shujing

text: earlier

text: Shu

text: king

text: or

text: Classic

text: of

text: History

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Shangshu

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Five

text: Classics

text: of

text: ancient

text: Chinese

text: literature

text: It

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: rhetorical

text: prose

text: attributed

text: to

text: figures

text: of

text: ancient

text: China

text: and

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: Chinese

text: political

text: philosophy

text: for

text: over

text: years

text: The Zhou dynasty was a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang dynasty and preceded the Qin dynasty. Although the Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history, the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty, surnamed Ji, lasted only until 771 BC, a period known as the Western Zhou.

text: The

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: was

text: Chinese

text: dynasty

text: that

text: followed

text: the

text: Shang

text: dynasty

text: and

text: preceded

text: the

text: Qin

text: dynasty

text: Although

text: the

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: lasted

text: longer

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: dynasty

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: the

text: actual

text: political

text: and

text: military

text: control

text: of

text: China

text: by

text: the

text: dynasty

text: surnamed

text: Ji

text: lasted

text: only

text: until

text: BC

text: period

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Western

text: Zhou

text: Liu Xin (c. 50 BC  AD 23), courtesy name Zijun, was a Chinese astronomer, historian, and editor during the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 9) and Xin Dynasty (AD 923). He later changed his name to Liu Xiu due to the naming taboo of Emperor Ai of Han. He was the son of Confucian scholar Liu Xiang (776 BC) and an associate of other prominent thinkers such as the philosopher Huan Tan (d. 28 AD). Liu founded the Old Text school of Confucianism.

text: Liu

text: Xin

text: BC

text: AD

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Zijun

text: was

text: Chinese

text: astronomer

text: historian

text: and

text: editor

text: during

text: the

text: Western

text: Han

text: Dynasty

text: BC

text: AD

text: and

text: Xin

text: Dynasty

text: AD

text: He

text: later

text: changed

text: his

text: name

text: to

text: Liu

text: Xiu

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: naming

text: taboo

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Ai

text: of

text: Han

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Confucian

text: scholar

text: Liu

text: Xiang

text: BC

text: and

text: an

text: associate

text: of

text: other

text: prominent

text: thinkers

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: philosopher

text: Huan

text: Tan

text: AD

text: Liu

text: founded

text: the

text: Old

text: Text

text: school

text: of

text: Confucianism

text: The Records of the Grand Historian, now usually known as the Shjì ("The Scribe's Records"), is a monumental history of ancient China and the world finished around 94 BC by the Han dynasty official Sima Qian after having been started by his father, Sima Tan, Grand Astrologer to the imperial court. The work covers the world as it was then known to the Chinese and a 2500-year period from the age of the legendary Yellow Emperor to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han in the author's own time.

text: The

text: Records

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Historian

text: now

text: usually

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Shjì

text: The

text: Scribe

text: 's

text: Records

text: is

text: monumental

text: history

text: of

text: ancient

text: China

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: finished

text: around

text: BC

text: by

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: official

text: Sima

text: Qian

text: after

text: having

text: been

text: started

text: by

text: his

text: father

text: Sima

text: Tan

text: Grand

text: Astrologer

text: to

text: the

text: imperial

text: court

text: The

text: work

text: covers

text: the

text: world

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: then

text: known

text: to

text: the

text: Chinese

text: and

text: period

text: from

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: the

text: legendary

text: Yellow

text: Emperor

text: to

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Wu

text: of

text: Han

text: in

text: the

text: author

text: 's

text: own

text: time

text: Qiang Jia or Wo Jia ( Chinese :  ) was a Shang dynasty King of China . In the Records of the Grand Historian he was listed by Sima Qian as the fifteenth Shang king , succeeding his brother Zu Xin (  ) . He was enthroned in the year of Renyan (  ) with Bi (  ) as his capital . He ruled for about 25 years ( although other sources claim 20 years ) before his death . He was given the posthumous name Wo Jia and was succeeded by his nephew Zu Ding (  ) . Oracle script inscriptions on bones unearthed at Yinxu alternatively record that he was the fourteenth Shang king , given the posthumous name Qiang Jia (  ) .

text: Qiang

text: Jia

text: or

text: Wo

text: Jia

text: Chinese

text: was

text: Shang

text: dynasty

text: King

text: of

text: China

text: In

text: the

text: Records

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Historian

text: he

text: was

text: listed

text: by

text: Sima

text: Qian

text: as

text: the

text: fifteenth

text: Shang

text: king

text: succeeding

text: his

text: brother

text: Zu

text: Xin

text: He

text: was

text: enthroned

text: in

text: the

text: year

text: of

text: Renyan

text: with

text: Bi

text: as

text: his

text: capital

text: He

text: ruled

text: for

text: about

text: years

text: although

text: other

text: sources

text: claim

text: years

text: before

text: his

text: death

text: He

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: posthumous

text: name

text: Wo

text: Jia

text: and

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: his

text: nephew

text: Zu

text: Ding

text: Oracle

text: script

text: inscriptions

text: on

text: bones

text: unearthed

text: at

text: Yinxu

text: alternatively

text: record

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: fourteenth

text: Shang

text: king

text: given

text: the

text: posthumous

text: name

text: Qiang

text: Jia

text: The XiaShangZhou Chronology Project was a multi-disciplinary project commissioned by the People's Republic of China in 1996 to determine with accuracy the location and time frame of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. Tsinghua University professor Li Xueqin was the director, and some 200 experts took part in the project, which correlated radiocarbon dating, archaeological dating methods, historical textual analysis, astronomy, and other methods to achieve greater temporal and geographic accuracy. Preliminary results of the project were released in November 2000. However, several of the project's methods and conclusions have been disputed by other scholars.

text: The

text: XiaShangZhou

text: Chronology

text: Project

text: was

text: multi

text: disciplinary

text: project

text: commissioned

text: by

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: in

text: to

text: determine

text: with

text: accuracy

text: the

text: location

text: and

text: time

text: frame

text: of

text: the

text: Xia

text: Shang

text: and

text: Zhou

text: dynasties

text: Tsinghua

text: University

text: professor

text: Li

text: Xueqin

text: was

text: the

text: director

text: and

text: some

text: experts

text: took

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: project

text: which

text: correlated

text: radiocarbon

text: dating

text: archaeological

text: dating

text: methods

text: historical

text: textual

text: analysis

text: astronomy

text: and

text: other

text: methods

text: to

text: achieve

text: greater

text: temporal

text: and

text: geographic

text: accuracy

text: Preliminary

text: results

text: of

text: the

text: project

text: were

text: released

text: in

text: November

text: However

text: several

text: of

text: the

text: project

text: 's

text: methods

text: and

text: conclusions

text: have

text: been

text: disputed

text: by

text: other

text: scholars

question: date_of_birth wo jia

answer: 1600 bce

text: 1600 bce


text: Ireland, also described as the Republic of Ireland ('), is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the eastern part of the island, and whose metropolitan area is home to around a third of the country's 4.75 million inhabitants. The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint George's Channel to the south-east, and the Irish Sea to the east. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The legislature, the ', consists of a lower house, ', an upper house, ', and an elected President (') who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state, but with some important powers and duties. The head of government is the ' (Prime Minister, literally 'Chief', a title not used in English), who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, and appoints other government ministers.

text: Ireland

text: also

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: north

text: western

text: Europe

text: occupying

text: about

text: five

text: sixths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Dublin

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: and

text: whose

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: around

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: The

text: state

text: shares

text: its

text: only

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: is

text: otherwise

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Saint

text: George

text: 's

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: The

text: legislature

text: the

text: consists

text: of

text: lower

text: house

text: an

text: upper

text: house

text: and

text: an

text: elected

text: President

text: who

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: largely

text: ceremonial

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: but

text: with

text: some

text: important

text: powers

text: and

text: duties

text: The

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: is

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: literally

text: Chief

text: title

text: not

text: used

text: in

text: English

text: who

text: is

text: elected

text: by

text: the

text: Dáil

text: and

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: President

text: and

text: appoints

text: other

text: government

text: ministers

text: An upper house, sometimes called a Senate, is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature (or one of three chambers of a tricameral legislature), the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller, and often has more restricted power, than the lower house. Examples of upper houses in countries include the UK's House of Lords, Canada's Senate, India's Rajya Sabha, Russia's Federation Council, Ireland's Seanad, Germany's Bundesrat and the United States Senate.

text: An

text: upper

text: house

text: sometimes

text: called

text: Senate

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: chambers

text: of

text: bicameral

text: legislature

text: or

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: chambers

text: of

text: tricameral

text: legislature

text: the

text: other

text: chamber

text: being

text: the

text: lower

text: house

text: The

text: house

text: formally

text: designated

text: as

text: the

text: upper

text: house

text: is

text: usually

text: smaller

text: and

text: often

text: has

text: more

text: restricted

text: power

text: than

text: the

text: lower

text: house

text: Examples

text: of

text: upper

text: houses

text: in

text: countries

text: include

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: House

text: of

text: Lords

text: Canada

text: 's

text: Senate

text: India

text: 's

text: Rajya

text: Sabha

text: Russia

text: 's

text: Federation

text: Council

text: Ireland

text: 's

text: Seanad

text: Germany

text: 's

text: Bundesrat

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Senate

text: The Netherlands  is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three island territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing maritime borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Amsterdam is the country's capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of government and parliament. The name "Holland" is used to refer informally to the whole of the country of the Netherlands.

text: The

text: Netherlands

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: constituent

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: is

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: with

text: three

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: The

text: European

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: borders

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Belgium

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: sharing

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: Belgium

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Germany

text: The

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: are

text: Amsterdam

text: Rotterdam

text: The

text: Hague

text: and

text: Utrecht

text: Amsterdam

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: while

text: The

text: Hague

text: holds

text: the

text: Dutch

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: parliament

text: The

text: name

text: Holland

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: informally

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The Northern Ireland Assembly (Ulster Scots: "Norlin Airlan Assemblie") is the devolved legislature of Northern Ireland. It has power to legislate in a wide range of areas that are not explicitly reserved to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and to appoint the Northern Ireland Executive. It sits at Parliament Buildings at Stormont in Belfast.

text: The

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: Assembly

text: Ulster

text: Scots

text: Norlin

text: Airlan

text: Assemblie

text: is

text: the

text: devolved

text: legislature

text: of

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: It

text: has

text: power

text: to

text: legislate

text: in

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: areas

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: explicitly

text: reserved

text: to

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: to

text: appoint

text: the

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: Executive

text: It

text: sits

text: at

text: Parliament

text: Buildings

text: at

text: Stormont

text: in

text: Belfast

text: Northern Ireland (; Ulster Scots: "") is a top-level constituent unit of the United Kingdom in the northeast of Ireland. It is variously described as a country, province, region, or "part" of the United Kingdom, amongst other terms. Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2011, its population was 1,810,863, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the UK's population. Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement, the Northern Ireland Assembly holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, while other areas are reserved for the British government. Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in some areas, and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to "put forward views and proposals" with "determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments".

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: Ulster

text: Scots

text: is

text: top

text: level

text: constituent

text: unit

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: in

text: the

text: northeast

text: of

text: Ireland

text: It

text: is

text: variously

text: described

text: as

text: country

text: province

text: region

text: or

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: amongst

text: other

text: terms

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: shares

text: border

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: west

text: with

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: In

text: its

text: population

text: was

text: constituting

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: total

text: population

text: and

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: population

text: Established

text: by

text: the

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: Act

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Good

text: Friday

text: Agreement

text: the

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: Assembly

text: holds

text: responsibility

text: for

text: range

text: of

text: devolved

text: policy

text: matters

text: while

text: other

text: areas

text: are

text: reserved

text: for

text: the

text: British

text: government

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: co

text: operates

text: with

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: in

text: some

text: areas

text: and

text: the

text: Agreement

text: granted

text: the

text: Republic

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: put

text: forward

text: views

text: and

text: proposals

text: with

text: determined

text: efforts

text: to

text: resolve

text: disagreements

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: governments

text: A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house.

text: lower

text: house

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: chambers

text: of

text: bicameral

text: legislature

text: the

text: other

text: chamber

text: being

text: the

text: upper

text: house

text: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign state in Europe . Lying off the north - western coast of the European mainland , it includes the island of Great Britain -- a term also applied loosely to refer to the whole country -- the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another state -- the Republic of Ireland . Apart from this land border , the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - southwest . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of 93,800 square miles ( 243,000 km2 ) , the UK is the 80th - largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th - largest in Europe . It is also is the 21st-most populous country , with an estimated 64.5 million inhabitants . The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance . Its capital city is London , an important global city and financial centre with an urban population of 10,310,000 , the fourth - largest in Europe and second - largest in the European Union . The current monarch -- since 6 February 1952 -- is Queen Elizabeth II. The UK consists of four countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . The latter three have devolved administrations , each with varying powers , based in their capitals , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively . The nearby Isle of Man , Bailiwick of Guernsey and Bailiwick of Jersey are not part of the United Kingdom , being Crown dependencies with the British Government responsible for defence and international representation . The relationships among the countries of the United Kingdom have changed over time . Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Acts of Union of 1536 and 1542 . A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain , which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 , five - sixths of Ireland seceded from the country , leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . The UK has fourteen Overseas Territories . These are the remnants of the British Empire which , at its height in the 1920s , encompassed almost a quarter of the world 's land mass and was the largest empire in history . British influence can be observed in the language , culture , and legal systems of many of its former colonies . The United Kingdom is a developed country and has the world 's fifth - largest economy by nominal GDP and tenth - largest economy by purchasing power parity . The UK is considered to have a high - income economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index , currently ranking 14th in the world . It was the world 's first industrialised country and the world 's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries . The UK remains a great power with considerable economic , cultural , military , scientific , and political influence internationally . It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fifth or sixth in the world . The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 . It has been a member state of the European Union ( EU ) and its predecessor , the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , since 1973 ; it is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Council of Europe , the G7 finance ministers , the G7 forum , the G20 , NATO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) .

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: UK

text: or

text: Britain

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Europe

text: Lying

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: mainland

text: it

text: includes

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: term

text: also

text: applied

text: loosely

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: country

text: the

text: north

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: many

text: smaller

text: islands

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: that

text: shares

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: another

text: state

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Apart

text: from

text: this

text: land

text: border

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: southwest

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: miles

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: is

text: constitutional

text: monarchy

text: with

text: parliamentary

text: system

text: of

text: governance

text: Its

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: London

text: an

text: important

text: global

text: city

text: and

text: financial

text: centre

text: with

text: an

text: urban

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: second

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: The

text: current

text: monarch

text: since

text: February

text: is

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: II

text: The

text: UK

text: consists

text: of

text: four

text: countries

text: England

text: Scotland

text: Wales

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: The

text: latter

text: three

text: have

text: devolved

text: administrations

text: each

text: with

text: varying

text: powers

text: based

text: in

text: their

text: capitals

text: Edinburgh

text: Cardiff

text: and

text: Belfast

text: respectively

text: The

text: nearby

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: Bailiwick

text: of

text: Guernsey

text: and

text: Bailiwick

text: of

text: Jersey

text: are

text: not

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: being

text: Crown

text: dependencies

text: with

text: the

text: British

text: Government

text: responsible

text: for

text: defence

text: and

text: international

text: representation

text: The

text: relationships

text: among

text: the

text: countries

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: have

text: changed

text: over

text: time

text: Wales

text: was

text: annexed

text: by

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: England

text: under

text: the

text: Acts

text: of

text: Union

text: of

text: and

text: treaty

text: between

text: England

text: and

text: Scotland

text: resulted

text: in

text: in

text: unified

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: which

text: merged

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Ireland

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: In

text: five

text: sixths

text: of

text: Ireland

text: seceded

text: from

text: the

text: country

text: leaving

text: the

text: present

text: formulation

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: The

text: UK

text: has

text: fourteen

text: Overseas

text: Territories

text: These

text: are

text: the

text: remnants

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: which

text: at

text: its

text: height

text: in

text: the

text: encompassed

text: almost

text: quarter

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: land

text: mass

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: empire

text: in

text: history

text: British

text: influence

text: can

text: be

text: observed

text: in

text: the

text: language

text: culture

text: and

text: legal

text: systems

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: its

text: former

text: colonies

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: is

text: developed

text: country

text: and

text: has

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fifth

text: largest

text: economy

text: by

text: nominal

text: GDP

text: and

text: tenth

text: largest

text: economy

text: by

text: purchasing

text: power

text: parity

text: The

text: UK

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: have

text: high

text: income

text: economy

text: and

text: is

text: categorised

text: as

text: very

text: high

text: in

text: the

text: Human

text: Development

text: Index

text: currently

text: ranking

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: industrialised

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: foremost

text: power

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: The

text: UK

text: remains

text: great

text: power

text: with

text: considerable

text: economic

text: cultural

text: military

text: scientific

text: and

text: political

text: influence

text: internationally

text: It

text: is

text: recognised

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: state

text: and

text: its

text: military

text: expenditure

text: ranks

text: fifth

text: or

text: sixth

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: UK

text: has

text: been

text: permanent

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Security

text: Council

text: since

text: its

text: first

text: session

text: in

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: EU

text: and

text: its

text: predecessor

text: the

text: European

text: Economic

text: Community

text: EEC

text: since

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Nations

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Europe

text: the

text: finance

text: ministers

text: the

text: forum

text: the

text: NATO

text: the

text: Organisation

text: for

text: Economic

text: Co

text: operation

text: and

text: Development

text: OECD

text: and

text: the

text: World

text: Trade

text: Organization

text: WTO

text: The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (c.47) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which established a devolved legislature for Northern Ireland, the Northern Ireland Assembly, after decades of direct rule from Westminster.

text: The

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: Act

text: is

text: an

text: Act

text: of

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: which

text: established

text: devolved

text: legislature

text: for

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: the

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: Assembly

text: after

text: decades

text: of

text: direct

text: rule

text: from

text: Westminster

text: A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament). There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics. Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state, with the head of government holding real power, much like constitutional monarchies. Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government, much like presidential systems, but with a dependency upon parliamentary power.

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: is

text: republic

text: that

text: operates

text: under

text: parliamentary

text: system

text: of

text: government

text: where

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: the

text: government

text: derives

text: its

text: legitimacy

text: from

text: and

text: is

text: accountable

text: to

text: the

text: legislature

text: the

text: parliament

text: There

text: are

text: number

text: of

text: variations

text: of

text: parliamentary

text: republics

text: Most

text: have

text: clear

text: differentiation

text: between

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: with

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: holding

text: real

text: power

text: much

text: like

text: constitutional

text: monarchies

text: Some

text: have

text: combined

text: the

text: roles

text: of

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: and

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: much

text: like

text: presidential

text: systems

text: but

text: with

text: dependency

text: upon

text: parliamentary

text: power

text: The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament: the Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland. They put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between commissioners representing the parliaments of the two countries. By the two Acts, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotlandwhich at the time were separate states with separate legislatures, but with the same monarchwere, in the words of the Treaty, "United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain".

text: The

text: Acts

text: of

text: Union

text: were

text: two

text: Acts

text: of

text: Parliament

text: the

text: Union

text: with

text: Scotland

text: Act

text: passed

text: by

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Union

text: with

text: England

text: Act

text: passed

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: Scotland

text: They

text: put

text: into

text: effect

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Union

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: agreed

text: on

text: July

text: following

text: negotiation

text: between

text: commissioners

text: representing

text: the

text: parliaments

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: countries

text: By

text: the

text: two

text: Acts

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Scotlandwhich

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: were

text: separate

text: states

text: with

text: separate

text: legislatures

text: but

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: monarchwere

text: in

text: the

text: words

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: United

text: into

text: One

text: Kingdom

text: by

text: the

text: Name

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric (or "shelf") sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. It is more than long and wide, with an area of around .

text: The

text: North

text: Sea

text: is

text: marginal

text: sea

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: located

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: Scandinavia

text: Germany

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Belgium

text: and

text: France

text: An

text: epeiric

text: or

text: shelf

text: sea

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: continental

text: shelf

text: it

text: connects

text: to

text: the

text: ocean

text: through

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Norwegian

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: long

text: and

text: wide

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: around

text: The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially Great Britain , was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800. The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706, ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands. It did not include Ireland, which remained a separate realm. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster. The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I, bringing about a "Union of the Crowns". Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714, the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover.

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: officially

text: Great

text: Britain

text: was

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: from

text: May

text: to

text: December

text: The

text: state

text: came

text: into

text: being

text: following

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Union

text: in

text: ratified

text: by

text: the

text: Acts

text: of

text: Union

text: which

text: united

text: the

text: kingdoms

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: Scotland

text: to

text: form

text: single

text: kingdom

text: encompassing

text: the

text: whole

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: its

text: outlying

text: islands

text: It

text: did

text: not

text: include

text: Ireland

text: which

text: remained

text: separate

text: realm

text: The

text: unitary

text: state

text: was

text: governed

text: by

text: single

text: parliament

text: and

text: government

text: that

text: was

text: based

text: in

text: Westminster

text: The

text: former

text: kingdoms

text: had

text: been

text: in

text: personal

text: union

text: since

text: James

text: VI

text: King

text: of

text: Scots

text: became

text: King

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: King

text: of

text: Ireland

text: in

text: following

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: bringing

text: about

text: Union

text: of

text: the

text: Crowns

text: Also

text: after

text: the

text: accession

text: of

text: George

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: in

text: the

text: kingdom

text: was

text: in

text: personal

text: union

text: with

text: the

text: Electorate

text: of

text: Hanover

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

question: legislative_body united kingdom

answer: parliament of the united kingdom

text: parliament of the united kingdom

text: parliament of the united kingdom


text: Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. Unlike buses or trams, rapid transit systems are electric railways that operate on an exclusive right-of-way, which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles of any sort, and which is often grade separated in tunnels or on elevated railways.

text: Rapid

text: transit

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: heavy

text: rail

text: metro

text: subway

text: tube

text: or

text: underground

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: high

text: capacity

text: public

text: transport

text: generally

text: found

text: in

text: urban

text: areas

text: Unlike

text: buses

text: or

text: trams

text: rapid

text: transit

text: systems

text: are

text: electric

text: railways

text: that

text: operate

text: on

text: an

text: exclusive

text: right

text: of

text: way

text: which

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: accessed

text: by

text: pedestrians

text: or

text: other

text: vehicles

text: of

text: any

text: sort

text: and

text: which

text: is

text: often

text: grade

text: separated

text: in

text: tunnels

text: or

text: on

text: elevated

text: railways

text: The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority, a subsidiary agency of the state-run Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Opened in 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the world's oldest public transit systems, one of the world's most used metro systems, and the metro system with the most stations. It offers service 24 hours per day and every day of the year.

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Subway

text: is

text: rapid

text: transit

text: system

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: leased

text: to

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Transit

text: Authority

text: subsidiary

text: agency

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: run

text: Metropolitan

text: Transportation

text: Authority

text: MTA

text: Opened

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Subway

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oldest

text: public

text: transit

text: systems

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: used

text: metro

text: systems

text: and

text: the

text: metro

text: system

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: stations

text: It

text: offers

text: service

text: hours

text: per

text: day

text: and

text: every

text: day

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: Long Island City (L.I.C.) is the westernmost residential and commercial neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens. L.I.C. is noted for its rapid and ongoing residential growth and gentrification, its waterfront parks, and its thriving arts community. L.I.C. has among the highest concentration of art galleries, art institutions, and studio space of any neighborhood in New York City. It is bordered by Astoria to the north; the East River to the west; Hazen Street, 49th Street, and New Calvary Cemetery in Sunnyside to the east; and Newtown Creekwhich separates Queens from Greenpoint, Brooklynto the south. It originally was the seat of government of Newtown Township, and remains the largest neighborhood in Queens. The area is part of Queens Community Board 1, located north of the Queensboro Bridge and Queens Plaza; it is also of Queens Community Board 2 to the south.

text: Long

text: Island

text: City

text: L.I.C.

text: is

text: the

text: westernmost

text: residential

text: and

text: commercial

text: neighborhood

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: borough

text: of

text: Queens

text: L.I.C.

text: is

text: noted

text: for

text: its

text: rapid

text: and

text: ongoing

text: residential

text: growth

text: and

text: gentrification

text: its

text: waterfront

text: parks

text: and

text: its

text: thriving

text: arts

text: community

text: L.I.C.

text: has

text: among

text: the

text: highest

text: concentration

text: of

text: art

text: galleries

text: art

text: institutions

text: and

text: studio

text: space

text: of

text: any

text: neighborhood

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Astoria

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: East

text: River

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Hazen

text: Street

text: Street

text: and

text: New

text: Calvary

text: Cemetery

text: in

text: Sunnyside

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Newtown

text: Creekwhich

text: separates

text: Queens

text: from

text: Greenpoint

text: Brooklynto

text: the

text: south

text: It

text: originally

text: was

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: of

text: Newtown

text: Township

text: and

text: remains

text: the

text: largest

text: neighborhood

text: in

text: Queens

text: The

text: area

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: Queens

text: Community

text: Board

text: located

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Queensboro

text: Bridge

text: and

text: Queens

text: Plaza

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: of

text: Queens

text: Community

text: Board

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Broadway is a local station on the BMT Astoria Line . It is served by the N train at all times , and by additional Q train on weekdays .

text: Broadway

text: is

text: local

text: station

text: on

text: the

text: BMT

text: Astoria

text: Line

text: It

text: is

text: served

text: by

text: the

text: train

text: at

text: all

text: times

text: and

text: by

text: additional

text: train

text: on

text: weekdays

text: Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City. It is geographically adjacent to the borough of Brooklyn at the southwestern end of Long Island, and to Nassau County further east on Long Island; in addition, Queens shares water borders with the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx. Coterminous with Queens County since 1899, the borough of Queens is the second-largest in population (after Brooklyn), with a census-estimated 2,339,150 residents in 2015, approximately 48% of them foreign-born. Queens County also is the second-most populous county in the U.S. state of New York, behind the neighboring borough of Brooklyn, which is coterminous with Kings County. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated county among New York City's boroughs, as well as in the United States. If each of New York City's boroughs were an independent city, Queens also would be the nation's fourth most populous city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens is the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.

text: Queens

text: is

text: the

text: easternmost

text: and

text: largest

text: in

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: boroughs

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: It

text: is

text: geographically

text: adjacent

text: to

text: the

text: borough

text: of

text: Brooklyn

text: at

text: the

text: southwestern

text: end

text: of

text: Long

text: Island

text: and

text: to

text: Nassau

text: County

text: further

text: east

text: on

text: Long

text: Island

text: in

text: addition

text: Queens

text: shares

text: water

text: borders

text: with

text: the

text: boroughs

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: and

text: the

text: Bronx

text: Coterminous

text: with

text: Queens

text: County

text: since

text: the

text: borough

text: of

text: Queens

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: in

text: population

text: after

text: Brooklyn

text: with

text: census

text: estimated

text: residents

text: in

text: approximately

text: of

text: them

text: foreign

text: born

text: Queens

text: County

text: also

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: county

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: behind

text: the

text: neighboring

text: borough

text: of

text: Brooklyn

text: which

text: is

text: coterminous

text: with

text: Kings

text: County

text: Queens

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: county

text: among

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: 's

text: boroughs

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: If

text: each

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: 's

text: boroughs

text: were

text: an

text: independent

text: city

text: Queens

text: also

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: after

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Chicago

text: and

text: Brooklyn

text: Queens

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: ethnically

text: diverse

text: urban

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The Astoria Line is a rapid transit line of the BMT Division of the New York City Subway, serving the Queens neighborhood of Astoria. It runs south from Ditmars Boulevard in Astoria to 39th Avenue in Long Island City above 31st Street. It then turns west and serves Queensboro Plaza over Queens Plaza.

text: The

text: Astoria

text: Line

text: is

text: rapid

text: transit

text: line

text: of

text: the

text: BMT

text: Division

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Subway

text: serving

text: the

text: Queens

text: neighborhood

text: of

text: Astoria

text: It

text: runs

text: south

text: from

text: Ditmars

text: Boulevard

text: in

text: Astoria

text: to

text: Avenue

text: in

text: Long

text: Island

text: City

text: above

text: Street

text: It

text: then

text: turns

text: west

text: and

text: serves

text: Queensboro

text: Plaza

text: over

text: Queens

text: Plaza

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity broadway

answer: queens

text: queens

text: queens

text: queens

text: queens

text: queens

text: queens

text: queens

text: queens

text: queens

text: queens

text: queens

text: queens

text: queens

text: queens

text: queens

text: queens


text: British Ceylon (Sinhala: , "Britanya Lankava"; Tamil:  , "Birithaniya Ilangai"), known contemporaneously as Ceylon, was a British Crown colony between 1802 and 1948. At first the area it covered did not include the Kingdom of Kandy, which was a protectorate from 1815, but from 1817 to 1948 the British possessions included the whole island of Ceylon, now the nation of Sri Lanka.

text: British

text: Ceylon

text: Sinhala

text: Britanya

text: Lankava

text: Tamil

text: Birithaniya

text: Ilangai

text: known

text: contemporaneously

text: as

text: Ceylon

text: was

text: British

text: Crown

text: colony

text: between

text: and

text: At

text: first

text: the

text: area

text: it

text: covered

text: did

text: not

text: include

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Kandy

text: which

text: was

text: protectorate

text: from

text: but

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: British

text: possessions

text: included

text: the

text: whole

text: island

text: of

text: Ceylon

text: now

text: the

text: nation

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: A Crown colony, also known in the 17th century as royal colony and since 2002 known as British Overseas Territories, was a type of colonial administration of the overseas territories of the British Empire.

text: Crown

text: colony

text: also

text: known

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: as

text: royal

text: colony

text: and

text: since

text: known

text: as

text: British

text: Overseas

text: Territories

text: was

text: type

text: of

text: colonial

text: administration

text: of

text: the

text: overseas

text: territories

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: Kingdom of Kandy was an independent monarchy of the island of Lanka, located in the central and eastern portion of the island. It was founded in the late 15th century and endured until the early 19th century. Initially a client kingdom of the Kingdom of Kotte, Kandy gradually established itself as an independent force during the tumultuous 16th and 17th centuries, allying at various times with the Jaffna Kingdom, the Madurai Nayak Dynasty of South India, Sitawaka, the Portuguese and the Dutch to ensure its survival. From the 1590s, it was the sole independent native polity on the island of Sri Lanka, and through a combination of hit-and-run tactics and diplomacy kept European colonial forces at bay, before finally succumbing to final, British colonial rule in 1818. The kingdom was absorbed into the British Empire as a protectorate following the Kandyan Convention of 1815, and definitively lost its autonomy following the Uva Rebellion of 1817.

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Kandy

text: was

text: an

text: independent

text: monarchy

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Lanka

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: and

text: eastern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: and

text: endured

text: until

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Initially

text: client

text: kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Kotte

text: Kandy

text: gradually

text: established

text: itself

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: force

text: during

text: the

text: tumultuous

text: and

text: centuries

text: allying

text: at

text: various

text: times

text: with

text: the

text: Jaffna

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: Madurai

text: Nayak

text: Dynasty

text: of

text: South

text: India

text: Sitawaka

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: and

text: the

text: Dutch

text: to

text: ensure

text: its

text: survival

text: From

text: the

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: sole

text: independent

text: native

text: polity

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: through

text: combination

text: of

text: hit

text: and

text: run

text: tactics

text: and

text: diplomacy

text: kept

text: European

text: colonial

text: forces

text: at

text: bay

text: before

text: finally

text: succumbing

text: to

text: final

text: British

text: colonial

text: rule

text: in

text: The

text: kingdom

text: was

text: absorbed

text: into

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: as

text: protectorate

text: following

text: the

text: Kandyan

text: Convention

text: of

text: and

text: definitively

text: lost

text: its

text: autonomy

text: following

text: the

text: Uva

text: Rebellion

text: of

text: The Governor of Ceylon was an official who ruled British Ceylon during the British colonial period between 1798 and 1948 . Upon the end of British rule and the creation of Dominion of Ceylon in 1948 , this office was replaced by the Governor - General , who represented the British Monarch and not the Government of the United Kingdom as did the Governor . The office of Governor - General was itself abolished in 1972 and replaced by the post of President when Sri Lanka became a Republic .

text: The

text: Governor

text: of

text: Ceylon

text: was

text: an

text: official

text: who

text: ruled

text: British

text: Ceylon

text: during

text: the

text: British

text: colonial

text: period

text: between

text: and

text: Upon

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: British

text: rule

text: and

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: Dominion

text: of

text: Ceylon

text: in

text: this

text: office

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: Governor

text: General

text: who

text: represented

text: the

text: British

text: Monarch

text: and

text: not

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: as

text: did

text: the

text: Governor

text: The

text: office

text: of

text: Governor

text: General

text: was

text: itself

text: abolished

text: in

text: and

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: post

text: of

text: President

text: when

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: became

text: Republic

text: Sri Lanka (or ; Sinhalese:   ', Tamil:  "Ilakai"), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (formerly known as Ceylon), is an island country in South Asia near south-east India. Sri Lanka has maritime borders with India to the northwest and the Maldives to the southwest.

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: or

text: Sinhalese

text: Tamil

text: Ilakai

text: officially

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Ceylon

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: near

text: south

text: east

text: India

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: has

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: India

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

question: country governors of british ceylon

answer: british empire

text: british empire

text: british empire