text: Israel , officially known as the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over the city of Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.

text: Israel

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Israel

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: on

text: the

text: southeastern

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: northern

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: It

text: has

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Lebanon

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Jordan

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Palestinian

text: territories

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Bank

text: and

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: west

text: respectively

text: and

text: Egypt

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: The

text: country

text: contains

text: geographically

text: diverse

text: features

text: within

text: its

text: relatively

text: small

text: area

text: Israel

text: 's

text: financial

text: and

text: technology

text: center

text: is

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: while

text: its

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: proclaimed

text: capital

text: is

text: Jerusalem

text: although

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: is

text: internationally

text: unrecognized

text: Johannes Kotkas ( February 3 , 1915 -- May 8 , 1998 ) was an Estonian amateur wrestler who won the gold medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics for the Soviet Union . Kotkas was born in Tartu . He won the gold medal at the 1938 , 1939 and 1947 European Championship . At the 1953 World Championship Kotkas won the silver medal

text: Johannes

text: Kotkas

text: February

text: May

text: was

text: an

text: Estonian

text: amateur

text: wrestler

text: who

text: won

text: the

text: gold

text: medal

text: at

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: for

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: Kotkas

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Tartu

text: He

text: won

text: the

text: gold

text: medal

text: at

text: the

text: and

text: European

text: Championship

text: At

text: the

text: World

text: Championship

text: Kotkas

text: won

text: the

text: silver

text: medal

text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: The 2008 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad and commonly known as Beijing 2008, was a major international multi-sport event that took place in Beijing, China, from 8 to 24 August 2008. A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) competed in 28 sports and 302 events (a total of one event more than the schedule of the 2004 Games). China became the 22nd nation to host the Olympic Games and the 18th to hold a Summer Olympic Games. It was the third time that the Summer Olympic Games were held in East Asia and Asia, after Tokyo, Japan, in 1964 and Seoul, South Korea, in 1988.

text: The

text: Summer

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Games

text: of

text: the

text: XXIX

text: Olympiad

text: and

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Beijing

text: was

text: major

text: international

text: multi

text: sport

text: event

text: that

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: Beijing

text: China

text: from

text: to

text: August

text: total

text: of

text: athletes

text: from

text: National

text: Olympic

text: Committees

text: NOCs

text: competed

text: in

text: sports

text: and

text: events

text: total

text: of

text: one

text: event

text: more

text: than

text: the

text: schedule

text: of

text: the

text: Games

text: China

text: became

text: the

text: nation

text: to

text: host

text: the

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: and

text: the

text: to

text: hold

text: Summer

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: third

text: time

text: that

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: were

text: held

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: and

text: Asia

text: after

text: Tokyo

text: Japan

text: in

text: and

text: Seoul

text: South

text: Korea

text: in

text: Helsinki  is the capital and largest city of Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland. Helsinki has a population of , an urban population of 1,214,210, and a metropolitan population of over 1.4 million, making it the most populous municipality and urban area in Finland. Helsinki is located some north of Tallinn, Estonia, east of Stockholm, Sweden, and west of Saint Petersburg, Russia. Helsinki has close historical connections with these three cities.

text: Helsinki

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Finland

text: It

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Uusimaa

text: in

text: southern

text: Finland

text: on

text: the

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: Helsinki

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: an

text: urban

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: metropolitan

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: municipality

text: and

text: urban

text: area

text: in

text: Finland

text: Helsinki

text: is

text: located

text: some

text: north

text: of

text: Tallinn

text: Estonia

text: east

text: of

text: Stockholm

text: Sweden

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Russia

text: Helsinki

text: has

text: close

text: historical

text: connections

text: with

text: these

text: three

text: cities

text: The 1952 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Helsinki, Finland, in 1952. Helsinki had been earlier selected to host the 1940 Summer Olympics, which were cancelled due to World War II. It is the northernmost city at which a summer Olympic Games have been held. It was also the Olympic Games at which the most number of world records were broken until surpassed by the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, Israel, Thailand, and Saarland made their Olympic debuts in Helsinki 1952.

text: The

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Games

text: of

text: the

text: XV

text: Olympiad

text: were

text: an

text: international

text: multi

text: sport

text: event

text: held

text: in

text: Helsinki

text: Finland

text: in

text: Helsinki

text: had

text: been

text: earlier

text: selected

text: to

text: host

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: which

text: were

text: cancelled

text: due

text: to

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: northernmost

text: city

text: at

text: which

text: summer

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: have

text: been

text: held

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: at

text: which

text: the

text: most

text: number

text: of

text: world

text: records

text: were

text: broken

text: until

text: surpassed

text: by

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: in

text: Beijing

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: Indonesia

text: Israel

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Saarland

text: made

text: their

text: Olympic

text: debuts

text: in

text: Helsinki

text: The 1940 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XII Olympiad, were originally scheduled to be held from 21 September to 6 October 1940, in Tokyo, Japan. They were rescheduled for Helsinki, Finland, to be held from July 20 to August 4, 1940, but were ultimately cancelled due to the outbreak of World War II.

text: The

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Games

text: of

text: the

text: XII

text: Olympiad

text: were

text: originally

text: scheduled

text: to

text: be

text: held

text: from

text: September

text: to

text: October

text: in

text: Tokyo

text: Japan

text: They

text: were

text: rescheduled

text: for

text: Helsinki

text: Finland

text: to

text: be

text: held

text: from

text: July

text: to

text: August

text: but

text: were

text: ultimately

text: cancelled

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Thailand (or  ), officially the Kingdom of Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total area of approximately , Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country. It is the 20th-most-populous country in the world, with around 66 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok.

text: Thailand

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Thailand

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Siam

text: is

text: country

text: at

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Indochinese

text: peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: With

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: Thailand

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: country

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: around

text: million

text: people

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Bangkok

text: Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland. Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finland's population is 5.5 million (2014), staying roughly on the same level over the past two decades. The majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union.

text: Finland

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Finland

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: peninsula

text: with

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Bothnia

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Sweden

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Norway

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Estonia

text: is

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: Finland

text: is

text: Nordic

text: country

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: geographical

text: region

text: of

text: Fennoscandia

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: Scandinavia

text: Finland

text: 's

text: population

text: is

text: million

text: staying

text: roughly

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: level

text: over

text: the

text: past

text: two

text: decades

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: is

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: region

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: area

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Indonesia (or ; Indonesian: ), officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the world's largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At , Indonesia is the world's 14th-largest country in terms of land area and world's 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea and land area. It has an estimated population of over 260 million people and is the world's fourth most populous country, the most populous Austronesian nation, as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country. The world's most populous island of Java contains more than half of the country's population.

text: Indonesia

text: or

text: Indonesian

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Indonesia

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: and

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: located

text: mainly

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: with

text: some

text: territories

text: in

text: Oceania

text: Situated

text: between

text: the

text: Indian

text: and

text: Pacific

text: oceans

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: island

text: country

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: seventeen

text: thousand

text: islands

text: At

text: Indonesia

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: combined

text: sea

text: and

text: land

text: area

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Austronesian

text: nation

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Muslim

text: majority

text: country

text: The

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: of

text: Java

text: contains

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: Beijing (formerly romanised as Peking) is the capital of the People's Republic of China and the world's third most populous city proper. It is also one of the world's most populous capital cities. The city, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighbouring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast; together the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China.

text: Beijing

text: formerly

text: romanised

text: as

text: Peking

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: proper

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: capital

text: cities

text: The

text: city

text: located

text: in

text: northern

text: China

text: is

text: governed

text: as

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipality

text: under

text: the

text: national

text: government

text: with

text: urban

text: suburban

text: and

text: rural

text: districts

text: Beijing

text: Municipality

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: Hebei

text: Province

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: neighbouring

text: Tianjin

text: Municipality

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: together

text: the

text: three

text: divisions

text: form

text: the

text: Jingjinji

text: metropolitan

text: region

text: and

text: the

text: national

text: capital

text: region

text: of

text: China

text: The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR " ) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party federation, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital.

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: officially

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republics

text: USSR

text: was

text: socialist

text: state

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: to

text: union

text: of

text: multiple

text: subnational

text: republics

text: its

text: government

text: and

text: economy

text: were

text: highly

text: centralized

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: was

text: one

text: party

text: federation

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: with

text: Moscow

text: as

text: its

text: capital

question: place_of_death johannes kotkas

answer: tallinn

text: tallinn


text: MILAN ("milan(e)" is French for kite) is a European anti-tank guided missile. Design of the MILAN started in 1962, it was ready for trials in 1971, and was accepted for service in 1972. It is a wire guided SACLOS (semi-automatic command to line-of-sight) missile, which means the sight of the launch unit has to be aimed at the target to guide the missile. The MILAN can be equipped with a MIRA or MILIS thermal sight to give it night-firing ability.

text: MILAN

text: milan(e

text: is

text: French

text: for

text: kite

text: is

text: European

text: anti

text: tank

text: guided

text: missile

text: Design

text: of

text: the

text: MILAN

text: started

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: ready

text: for

text: trials

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: accepted

text: for

text: service

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: wire

text: guided

text: SACLOS

text: semi

text: automatic

text: command

text: to

text: line

text: of

text: sight

text: missile

text: which

text: means

text: the

text: sight

text: of

text: the

text: launch

text: unit

text: has

text: to

text: be

text: aimed

text: at

text: the

text: target

text: to

text: guide

text: the

text: missile

text: The

text: MILAN

text: can

text: be

text: equipped

text: with

text: MIRA

text: or

text: MILIS

text: thermal

text: sight

text: to

text: give

text: it

text: night

text: firing

text: ability

text: Enrico Forlanini (13 December 1848  9 October 1930) was an Italian engineer, inventor and aeronautical pioneer, known for his works on helicopters, aircraft, hydrofoils and dirigibles. He was born in Milan. His older brother Carlo Forlanini was a physician.

text: Enrico

text: Forlanini

text: December

text: October

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: engineer

text: inventor

text: and

text: aeronautical

text: pioneer

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: works

text: on

text: helicopters

text: aircraft

text: hydrofoils

text: and

text: dirigibles

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Milan

text: His

text: older

text: brother

text: Carlo

text: Forlanini

text: was

text: physician

text: Carlo Forlanini (11 June 1847  26 May 1918) was an Italian physician. He was the elder brother of aviation pioneer Enrico Forlanini.

text: Carlo

text: Forlanini

text: June

text: May

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: physician

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: elder

text: brother

text: of

text: aviation

text: pioneer

text: Enrico

text: Forlanini

text: Enrico Forlanini ( December 13 , 1848 - October 9 , 1930 ) was an Italian engineer , inventor and aeronautical pioneer , well known for his works on helicopters , aircraft , hydrofoils and dirigibles . He was born in Milan . His older brother Carlo Forlanini was a famous Italian physician ( 1847 -- 1918 ) .

text: Enrico

text: Forlanini

text: December

text: October

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: engineer

text: inventor

text: and

text: aeronautical

text: pioneer

text: well

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: works

text: on

text: helicopters

text: aircraft

text: hydrofoils

text: and

text: dirigibles

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Milan

text: His

text: older

text: brother

text: Carlo

text: Forlanini

text: was

text: famous

text: Italian

text: physician

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

question: date_of_death enrico forlanini

answer: 9 october 1930

text: 9 october 1930


text: Mujangga ( Manchu : ; Chinese :  ; pinyin : Mùzhng' ; 1782 -- 1856 ) was a Manchu statesman of the late Qing dynasty . He belonged to the Bordered Blue Banner in the Eight Banners . He was awarded the highest degree in the imperial examination in 1805 and quickly rose in the ranks of the Qing government . He became a member of the Grand Council in 1828 and gradually grew to exercise a decisive influence on the Daoguang Emperor 's policies . Following the demise of Cao Zhenyong , Mujangga became the chief Grand Councillor in 1837 . As tensions in Sino - British relations rose in 1839 , he became one of the chief advocates of a conciliatory policy towards the British and following the outbreak of the First Opium War he moved to dismiss Lin Zexu from his position as imperial commissioner in September 1840 . Mujangga 's conciliatory policies created tensions with the allegedly more xenophobic heir apparent , and following his accession to the throne as the Xianfeng Emperor , Mujangga was dismissed from all his positions in 1851 .

text: Mujangga

text: Manchu

text: Chinese

text: pinyin

text: Mùzhng

text: was

text: Manchu

text: statesman

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: He

text: belonged

text: to

text: the

text: Bordered

text: Blue

text: Banner

text: in

text: the

text: Eight

text: Banners

text: He

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: highest

text: degree

text: in

text: the

text: imperial

text: examination

text: in

text: and

text: quickly

text: rose

text: in

text: the

text: ranks

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: government

text: He

text: became

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Council

text: in

text: and

text: gradually

text: grew

text: to

text: exercise

text: decisive

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: Daoguang

text: Emperor

text: 's

text: policies

text: Following

text: the

text: demise

text: of

text: Cao

text: Zhenyong

text: Mujangga

text: became

text: the

text: chief

text: Grand

text: Councillor

text: in

text: As

text: tensions

text: in

text: Sino

text: British

text: relations

text: rose

text: in

text: he

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: chief

text: advocates

text: of

text: conciliatory

text: policy

text: towards

text: the

text: British

text: and

text: following

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: Opium

text: War

text: he

text: moved

text: to

text: dismiss

text: Lin

text: Zexu

text: from

text: his

text: position

text: as

text: imperial

text: commissioner

text: in

text: September

text: Mujangga

text: 's

text: conciliatory

text: policies

text: created

text: tensions

text: with

text: the

text: allegedly

text: more

text: xenophobic

text: heir

text: apparent

text: and

text: following

text: his

text: accession

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: as

text: the

text: Xianfeng

text: Emperor

text: Mujangga

text: was

text: dismissed

text: from

text: all

text: his

text: positions

text: in

text: The Jurchen, also known by many variant names, were a Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria until around 1630, at which point they were reformed and combined with their neighbors as the Manchus. The Jurchen established the Jin Dynasty, whose empire conquered the Northern Song in 1127, gaining control of most of North China. Jin control over China lasted until their 1234 conquest by the Mongols. The Manchus would later conquer the Ming and establish the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until their overthrow in 1911.

text: The

text: Jurchen

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: many

text: variant

text: names

text: were

text: Tungusic

text: people

text: who

text: inhabited

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Manchuria

text: until

text: around

text: at

text: which

text: point

text: they

text: were

text: reformed

text: and

text: combined

text: with

text: their

text: neighbors

text: as

text: the

text: Manchus

text: The

text: Jurchen

text: established

text: the

text: Jin

text: Dynasty

text: whose

text: empire

text: conquered

text: the

text: Northern

text: Song

text: in

text: gaining

text: control

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: North

text: China

text: Jin

text: control

text: over

text: China

text: lasted

text: until

text: their

text: conquest

text: by

text: the

text: Mongols

text: The

text: Manchus

text: would

text: later

text: conquer

text: the

text: Ming

text: and

text: establish

text: the

text: Qing

text: Dynasty

text: which

text: ruled

text: China

text: until

text: their

text: overthrow

text: in

text: The First Opium War (, 183942), also known as the Opium War and the Anglo-Chinese War, was fought between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty over their conflicting viewpoints on diplomatic relations, trade, and the administration of justice for foreign nationals in China.

text: The

text: First

text: Opium

text: War

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Opium

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Chinese

text: War

text: was

text: fought

text: between

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: over

text: their

text: conflicting

text: viewpoints

text: on

text: diplomatic

text: relations

text: trade

text: and

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: justice

text: for

text: foreign

text: nationals

text: in

text: China

text: Scholar-officials, also known as Scholar-gentlemen, Scholar-bureaucrats or Scholar-gentry were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Han dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty. After the Sui dynasty these officials mostly came from the scholar-gentry ( "shnshì") who had earned academic degrees (such as "xiucai", "juren", or "jinshi") by passing the imperial examinations. The scholar-officials were schooled in calligraphy and Confucian texts. They dominated the government and local life of China until the middle of the 20th century. Historian Charles Moore concludes that:

text: Scholar

text: officials

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Scholar

text: gentlemen

text: Scholar

text: bureaucrats

text: or

text: Scholar

text: gentry

text: were

text: civil

text: servants

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: emperor

text: of

text: China

text: to

text: perform

text: day

text: to

text: day

text: governance

text: from

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: in

text: China

text: 's

text: last

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: After

text: the

text: Sui

text: dynasty

text: these

text: officials

text: mostly

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: scholar

text: gentry

text: shnshì

text: who

text: had

text: earned

text: academic

text: degrees

text: such

text: as

text: xiucai

text: juren

text: or

text: jinshi

text: by

text: passing

text: the

text: imperial

text: examinations

text: The

text: scholar

text: officials

text: were

text: schooled

text: in

text: calligraphy

text: and

text: Confucian

text: texts

text: They

text: dominated

text: the

text: government

text: and

text: local

text: life

text: of

text: China

text: until

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Historian

text: Charles

text: Moore

text: concludes

text: that

text: The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 1711  7 February 1799) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. Born Aisin Gioro Hongli, the fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1735 to 8 February 1796. On 8 February, he abdicated in favour of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor  a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power as the Emperor Emeritus (or Retired Emperor) until his death in 1799; he thus was the longest-reigning "de facto" ruler in the history of China, and dying at the age of 87, the longest-living. As a capable and cultured ruler inheriting a thriving empire, during his long reign the Qing Empire reached its most splendid and prosperous era, boasting a large population and economy, with various military campaigns expand its territory to the largest extent. In his late years, eclipsed in effectiveness of his rule, with rampant corruption and wastefulness in his court, and a stagnant civil society, the empire was in gradual decline.

text: The

text: Qianlong

text: Emperor

text: September

text: February

text: was

text: the

text: sixth

text: emperor

text: of

text: the

text: Manchu

text: led

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: Qing

text: emperor

text: to

text: rule

text: over

text: China

text: proper

text: Born

text: Aisin

text: Gioro

text: Hongli

text: the

text: fourth

text: son

text: of

text: the

text: Yongzheng

text: Emperor

text: he

text: reigned

text: officially

text: from

text: October

text: to

text: February

text: On

text: February

text: he

text: abdicated

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: his

text: son

text: the

text: Jiaqing

text: Emperor

text: filial

text: act

text: in

text: order

text: not

text: to

text: reign

text: longer

text: than

text: his

text: grandfather

text: the

text: illustrious

text: Kangxi

text: Emperor

text: Despite

text: his

text: retirement

text: however

text: he

text: retained

text: ultimate

text: power

text: as

text: the

text: Emperor

text: Emeritus

text: or

text: Retired

text: Emperor

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: he

text: thus

text: was

text: the

text: longest

text: reigning

text: de

text: facto

text: ruler

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: dying

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: the

text: longest

text: living

text: As

text: capable

text: and

text: cultured

text: ruler

text: inheriting

text: thriving

text: empire

text: during

text: his

text: long

text: reign

text: the

text: Qing

text: Empire

text: reached

text: its

text: most

text: splendid

text: and

text: prosperous

text: era

text: boasting

text: large

text: population

text: and

text: economy

text: with

text: various

text: military

text: campaigns

text: expand

text: its

text: territory

text: to

text: the

text: largest

text: extent

text: In

text: his

text: late

text: years

text: eclipsed

text: in

text: effectiveness

text: of

text: his

text: rule

text: with

text: rampant

text: corruption

text: and

text: wastefulness

text: in

text: his

text: court

text: and

text: stagnant

text: civil

text: society

text: the

text: empire

text: was

text: in

text: gradual

text: decline

text: Fuzhou, formerly romanized as Foochow, is the capital and one of the largest cities in Fujian province, China. Along with the many counties of Ningde, those of Fuzhou are considered to constitute the Mindong (lit. Eastern Fujian) linguistic and cultural area.

text: Fuzhou

text: formerly

text: romanized

text: as

text: Foochow

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: Fujian

text: province

text: China

text: Along

text: with

text: the

text: many

text: counties

text: of

text: Ningde

text: those

text: of

text: Fuzhou

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: constitute

text: the

text: Mindong

text: lit

text: Eastern

text: Fujian

text: linguistic

text: and

text: cultural

text: area

text: Cao Zhenyong (17551835) was a Chinese statesman of the Qing dynasty. He served in a leading position in the Grand Council under the Daoguang Emperor. He is widely believed to be responsible for the formalized style of government, which was promoted under the Daoguang Emperor's reign and contributed to the emperor's failure to reform the increasingly corrupt administration of the Qing Empire.

text: Cao

text: Zhenyong

text: was

text: Chinese

text: statesman

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: He

text: served

text: in

text: leading

text: position

text: in

text: the

text: Grand

text: Council

text: under

text: the

text: Daoguang

text: Emperor

text: He

text: is

text: widely

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: formalized

text: style

text: of

text: government

text: which

text: was

text: promoted

text: under

text: the

text: Daoguang

text: Emperor

text: 's

text: reign

text: and

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: emperor

text: 's

text: failure

text: to

text: reform

text: the

text: increasingly

text: corrupt

text: administration

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: Empire

text: The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, also called the Qing Empire or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state.

text: The

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: officially

text: the

text: Great

text: Qing

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Qing

text: Empire

text: or

text: the

text: Manchu

text: dynasty

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: of

text: China

text: ruling

text: from

text: to

text: with

text: brief

text: abortive

text: restoration

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: and

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: Qing

text: multi

text: cultural

text: empire

text: lasted

text: almost

text: three

text: centuries

text: and

text: formed

text: the

text: territorial

text: base

text: for

text: the

text: modern

text: Chinese

text: state

text:
The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China (206 BC220 AD), preceded by the Qin dynasty (221206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters".
It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (923 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BC  9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25220 AD).

text: The

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: of

text: China

text: AD

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Qin

text: dynasty

text: BC

text: and

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: AD

text: Spanning

text: over

text: four

text: centuries

text: the

text: Han

text: period

text: is

text: considered

text: golden

text: age

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: To

text: this

text: day

text: China

text: 's

text: majority

text: ethnic

text: group

text: refers

text: to

text: itself

text: as

text: the

text: Han

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: Chinese

text: script

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Han

text: characters

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: rebel

text: leader

text: Liu

text: Bang

text: known

text: posthumously

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Gaozu

text: of

text: Han

text: and

text: briefly

text: interrupted

text: by

text: the

text: Xin

text: dynasty

text: AD

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: regent

text: Wang

text: Mang

text: This

text: interregnum

text: separates

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: into

text: two

text: periods

text: the

text: Western

text: Han

text: or

text: Former

text: Han

text: BC

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: or

text: Later

text: Han

text: AD

text: A courtesy name ("zi"), also known as a style name, is a name bestowed upon one at adulthood in addition to one's given name. This practice is a tradition in East Asian cultures, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.

text: courtesy

text: name

text: zi

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: style

text: name

text: is

text: name

text: bestowed

text: upon

text: one

text: at

text: adulthood

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: one

text: 's

text: given

text: name

text: This

text: practice

text: is

text: tradition

text: in

text: East

text: Asian

text: cultures

text: including

text: China

text: Japan

text: Korea

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: The Xianfeng Emperor (17 July 183122 August 1861), personal name I-ju (or Yizhu), was the ninth Emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1850 to 1861.

text: The

text: Xianfeng

text: Emperor

text: July

text: August

text: personal

text: name

text: ju

text: or

text: Yizhu

text: was

text: the

text: ninth

text: Emperor

text: of

text: the

text: Manchu

text: led

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: seventh

text: Qing

text: emperor

text: to

text: rule

text: over

text: China

text: from

text: to

text: A civil servant or public servant is a person in the public sector employed for a government department or agency. The extent of civil servants of a state as part of the "civil service" varies from country to country. In the United Kingdom, for instance, only Crown (national government) employees are referred to as civil servants whereas county or city employees are not.

text: civil

text: servant

text: or

text: public

text: servant

text: is

text: person

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: sector

text: employed

text: for

text: government

text: department

text: or

text: agency

text: The

text: extent

text: of

text: civil

text: servants

text: of

text: state

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: civil

text: service

text: varies

text: from

text: country

text: to

text: country

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: for

text: instance

text: only

text: Crown

text: national

text: government

text: employees

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: civil

text: servants

text: whereas

text: county

text: or

text: city

text: employees

text: are

text: not

text: The Tang dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization, and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Its territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, rivaled that of the Han dynasty, and the Tang capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) was the most populous city in the world.

text: The

text: Tang

text: dynasty

text: was

text: an

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: of

text: China

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Sui

text: dynasty

text: and

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Five

text: Dynasties

text: and

text: Ten

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: It

text: is

text: generally

text: regarded

text: as

text: high

text: point

text: in

text: Chinese

text: civilization

text: and

text: golden

text: age

text: of

text: cosmopolitan

text: culture

text: Its

text: territory

text: acquired

text: through

text: the

text: military

text: campaigns

text: of

text: its

text: early

text: rulers

text: rivaled

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: Tang

text: capital

text: at

text: Chang'an

text: present

text: day

text: Xi'an

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text: The Green Standard Army (Manchu: "niowanggiyan turun i kwaran") was the name of a category of military units under the control of Qing dynasty China. It was made up mostly of ethnic Han soldiers and operated concurrently with the Manchu-Mongol-Han Eight Banner armies. In areas with a high concentration of Hui people, Muslims served as soldiers in the Green Standard Army. After the Qing consolidated control over China, the Green Standard Army was primarily used as a police force.

text: The

text: Green

text: Standard

text: Army

text: Manchu

text: niowanggiyan

text: turun

text: kwaran

text: was

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: category

text: of

text: military

text: units

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: China

text: It

text: was

text: made

text: up

text: mostly

text: of

text: ethnic

text: Han

text: soldiers

text: and

text: operated

text: concurrently

text: with

text: the

text: Manchu

text: Mongol

text: Han

text: Eight

text: Banner

text: armies

text: In

text: areas

text: with

text: high

text: concentration

text: of

text: Hui

text: people

text: Muslims

text: served

text: as

text: soldiers

text: in

text: the

text: Green

text: Standard

text: Army

text: After

text: the

text: Qing

text: consolidated

text: control

text: over

text: China

text: the

text: Green

text: Standard

text: Army

text: was

text: primarily

text: used

text: as

text: police

text: force

text: Hong Taiji (28November 159221 September1643), sometimes written as Huang Taiji and also referred to as Abahai in Western literature, was an Emperor of the Qing dynasty. He was responsible for consolidating the empire that his father Nurhaci had founded and laid the groundwork for the conquest of the Ming dynasty, although he died before this was accomplished. He was also responsible for changing the name of his people from Jurchen to Manchu in 1635, as well as that of the dynasty from Later Jin to Qing in 1636. The Qing dynasty lasted until 1912.

text: Hong

text: Taiji

text: sometimes

text: written

text: as

text: Huang

text: Taiji

text: and

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Abahai

text: in

text: Western

text: literature

text: was

text: an

text: Emperor

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: He

text: was

text: responsible

text: for

text: consolidating

text: the

text: empire

text: that

text: his

text: father

text: Nurhaci

text: had

text: founded

text: and

text: laid

text: the

text: groundwork

text: for

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: although

text: he

text: died

text: before

text: this

text: was

text: accomplished

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: responsible

text: for

text: changing

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: his

text: people

text: from

text: Jurchen

text: to

text: Manchu

text: in

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: dynasty

text: from

text: Later

text: Jin

text: to

text: Qing

text: in

text: The

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: lasted

text: until

text: The Chinese imperial examinations were a civil service examination system in Imperial China to select candidates for the state bureaucracy. Although there were imperial exams as early as the Han dynasty, the system became widely utilized as the major path to office only in the mid-Tang dynasty, and remained so until its abolition in 1905. Since the exams were based on knowledge of the classics and literary style, not technical expertise, successful candidates were generalists who shared a common language and culture, one shared even by those who failed. This common culture helped to unify the empire and the ideal of achievement by merit gave legitimacy to imperial rule, while leaving clear problems resulting from a systemic lack of technical and practical expertise.

text: The

text: Chinese

text: imperial

text: examinations

text: were

text: civil

text: service

text: examination

text: system

text: in

text: Imperial

text: China

text: to

text: select

text: candidates

text: for

text: the

text: state

text: bureaucracy

text: Although

text: there

text: were

text: imperial

text: exams

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: the

text: system

text: became

text: widely

text: utilized

text: as

text: the

text: major

text: path

text: to

text: office

text: only

text: in

text: the

text: mid

text: Tang

text: dynasty

text: and

text: remained

text: so

text: until

text: its

text: abolition

text: in

text: Since

text: the

text: exams

text: were

text: based

text: on

text: knowledge

text: of

text: the

text: classics

text: and

text: literary

text: style

text: not

text: technical

text: expertise

text: successful

text: candidates

text: were

text: generalists

text: who

text: shared

text: common

text: language

text: and

text: culture

text: one

text: shared

text: even

text: by

text: those

text: who

text: failed

text: This

text: common

text: culture

text: helped

text: to

text: unify

text: the

text: empire

text: and

text: the

text: ideal

text: of

text: achievement

text: by

text: merit

text: gave

text: legitimacy

text: to

text: imperial

text: rule

text: while

text: leaving

text: clear

text: problems

text: resulting

text: from

text: systemic

text: lack

text: of

text: technical

text: and

text: practical

text: expertise

text: The Daoguang Emperor (Manchu: , "Doro Eldengge Hwangdi" ; 16 September 1782  25 February 1850) was the eighth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1820 to 1850. His reign was marked by "external disaster and internal rebellion," that is, by the First Opium War, and the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion which nearly brought down the dynasty. The historian Jonathan Spence characterizes the Daoguang Emperor as a "well meaning but ineffective man," who promoted officials who "presented a purist view even if they had nothing to say about the domestic and foreign problems surrounding the dynasty."

text: The

text: Daoguang

text: Emperor

text: Manchu

text: Doro

text: Eldengge

text: Hwangdi

text: September

text: February

text: was

text: the

text: eighth

text: emperor

text: of

text: the

text: Manchu

text: led

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: sixth

text: Qing

text: emperor

text: to

text: rule

text: over

text: China

text: from

text: to

text: His

text: reign

text: was

text: marked

text: by

text: external

text: disaster

text: and

text: internal

text: rebellion

text: that

text: is

text: by

text: the

text: First

text: Opium

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Taiping

text: Rebellion

text: which

text: nearly

text: brought

text: down

text: the

text: dynasty

text: The

text: historian

text: Jonathan

text: Spence

text: characterizes

text: the

text: Daoguang

text: Emperor

text: as

text: well

text: meaning

text: but

text: ineffective

text: man

text: who

text: promoted

text: officials

text: who

text: presented

text: purist

text: view

text: even

text: if

text: they

text: had

text: nothing

text: to

text: say

text: about

text: the

text: domestic

text: and

text: foreign

text: problems

text: surrounding

text: the

text: dynasty

text: Jonathan Dermot Spence (born 11 August 1936) is a British-American historian and public intellectual specialising in Chinese history. He was Sterling Professor of History at Yale University from 1993 to 2008. His most widely read book is "The Search for Modern China", a survey of the last several hundred years of Chinese history based on his popular course at Yale. A prolific author, reviewer, and essayist, he has published more than a dozen books on China. He retired from Yale in 2008.

text: Jonathan

text: Dermot

text: Spence

text: born

text: August

text: is

text: British

text: American

text: historian

text: and

text: public

text: intellectual

text: specialising

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: He

text: was

text: Sterling

text: Professor

text: of

text: History

text: at

text: Yale

text: University

text: from

text: to

text: His

text: most

text: widely

text: read

text: book

text: is

text: The

text: Search

text: for

text: Modern

text: China

text: survey

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: several

text: hundred

text: years

text: of

text: Chinese

text: history

text: based

text: on

text: his

text: popular

text: course

text: at

text: Yale

text: prolific

text: author

text: reviewer

text: and

text: essayist

text: he

text: has

text: published

text: more

text: than

text: dozen

text: books

text: on

text: China

text: He

text: retired

text: from

text: Yale

text: in

text: The Eight Banners (in Manchu: "jakn gsa") were administrative/military divisions under the Qing dynasty into which all Manchu households were placed. In war, the Eight Banners functioned as armies, but the banner system was also the basic organizational framework of all of Manchu society. Created in the early 17th century by Nurhaci, the banner armies played an instrumental role in his unification of the fragmented Jurchen people (who would later be renamed the "Manchus" under Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji) and in the Qing dynasty's conquest of the Ming dynasty. As Mongol and Han forces were incorporated into the growing Qing military establishment, the Mongol Eight Banners and Han Eight Banners were created alongside the original Manchu banners. The banner armies were considered the elite forces of the Qing military, while the remainder of imperial troops were incorporated into the vast Green Standard Army. Membership in the banners became hereditary, and bannermen were granted land and income. After the defeat of the Ming dynasty, Qing emperors continued to rely on the Eight Banners in their subsequent military campaigns. After the Ten Great Campaigns of the Qianlong Emperor, the quality of banner troops gradually decreased, and by the 19th century the task of defending the empire had largely fallen upon regional armies such as the Xiang Army. Over time, the Eight Banners became synonymous with Manchu identity even as their military strength vanished.

text: The

text: Eight

text: Banners

text: in

text: Manchu

text: jakn

text: gsa

text: were

text: administrative

text: military

text: divisions

text: under

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: into

text: which

text: all

text: Manchu

text: households

text: were

text: placed

text: In

text: war

text: the

text: Eight

text: Banners

text: functioned

text: as

text: armies

text: but

text: the

text: banner

text: system

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: basic

text: organizational

text: framework

text: of

text: all

text: of

text: Manchu

text: society

text: Created

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: by

text: Nurhaci

text: the

text: banner

text: armies

text: played

text: an

text: instrumental

text: role

text: in

text: his

text: unification

text: of

text: the

text: fragmented

text: Jurchen

text: people

text: who

text: would

text: later

text: be

text: renamed

text: the

text: Manchus

text: under

text: Nurhaci

text: 's

text: son

text: Hong

text: Taiji

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: 's

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: As

text: Mongol

text: and

text: Han

text: forces

text: were

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: growing

text: Qing

text: military

text: establishment

text: the

text: Mongol

text: Eight

text: Banners

text: and

text: Han

text: Eight

text: Banners

text: were

text: created

text: alongside

text: the

text: original

text: Manchu

text: banners

text: The

text: banner

text: armies

text: were

text: considered

text: the

text: elite

text: forces

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: military

text: while

text: the

text: remainder

text: of

text: imperial

text: troops

text: were

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: vast

text: Green

text: Standard

text: Army

text: Membership

text: in

text: the

text: banners

text: became

text: hereditary

text: and

text: bannermen

text: were

text: granted

text: land

text: and

text: income

text: After

text: the

text: defeat

text: of

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: Qing

text: emperors

text: continued

text: to

text: rely

text: on

text: the

text: Eight

text: Banners

text: in

text: their

text: subsequent

text: military

text: campaigns

text: After

text: the

text: Ten

text: Great

text: Campaigns

text: of

text: the

text: Qianlong

text: Emperor

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: banner

text: troops

text: gradually

text: decreased

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: task

text: of

text: defending

text: the

text: empire

text: had

text: largely

text: fallen

text: upon

text: regional

text: armies

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Xiang

text: Army

text: Over

text: time

text: the

text: Eight

text: Banners

text: became

text: synonymous

text: with

text: Manchu

text: identity

text: even

text: as

text: their

text: military

text: strength

text: vanished

text: Lin Zexu (30 August 1785  22 November 1850), courtesy name Yuanfu, was a Chinese scholar-official of the Qing dynasty best known for his role in the First Opium War of 183942. He was from Fuzhou, Fujian Province. Lin's forceful opposition to the opium trade was a primary catalyst for the First Opium War. He is praised for his constant position on the "moral high ground" in his fight, but he is also blamed for a rigid approach which failed to account for the domestic and international complexities of the problem. The Daoguang Emperor endorsed the hardline policies advocated by Lin, but then blamed Lin for the resulting disastrous war.

text: Lin

text: Zexu

text: August

text: November

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Yuanfu

text: was

text: Chinese

text: scholar

text: official

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: First

text: Opium

text: War

text: of

text: He

text: was

text: from

text: Fuzhou

text: Fujian

text: Province

text: Lin

text: 's

text: forceful

text: opposition

text: to

text: the

text: opium

text: trade

text: was

text: primary

text: catalyst

text: for

text: the

text: First

text: Opium

text: War

text: He

text: is

text: praised

text: for

text: his

text: constant

text: position

text: on

text: the

text: moral

text: high

text: ground

text: in

text: his

text: fight

text: but

text: he

text: is

text: also

text: blamed

text: for

text: rigid

text: approach

text: which

text: failed

text: to

text: account

text: for

text: the

text: domestic

text: and

text: international

text: complexities

text: of

text: the

text: problem

text: The

text: Daoguang

text: Emperor

text: endorsed

text: the

text: hardline

text: policies

text: advocated

text: by

text: Lin

text: but

text: then

text: blamed

text: Lin

text: for

text: the

text: resulting

text: disastrous

text: war

text: The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Chinathen known as the for 276 years (13681644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming, described by some as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history," was the last imperial dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty), regimes loyal to the Ming throne  collectively called the Southern Ming  survived until 1683.

text: The

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: was

text: the

text: ruling

text: dynasty

text: of

text: Chinathen

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: for

text: years

text: following

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: Mongol

text: led

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: The

text: Ming

text: described

text: by

text: some

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: eras

text: of

text: orderly

text: government

text: and

text: social

text: stability

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: in

text: China

text: ruled

text: by

text: ethnic

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: Although

text: the

text: primary

text: capital

text: of

text: Beijing

text: fell

text: in

text: to

text: rebellion

text: led

text: by

text: Li

text: Zicheng

text: who

text: established

text: the

text: Shun

text: dynasty

text: soon

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: Manchu

text: led

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: regimes

text: loyal

text: to

text: the

text: Ming

text: throne

text: collectively

text: called

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ming

text: survived

text: until

text: The Taiping Rebellion or Taiping Civil War (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: "Taìpíng Tanguó Yùndòng", literally "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement") was a massive rebellion or civil war in China that lasted from 1850 to 1864 fought between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the millenarian movement of the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace. The Taiping Rebellion began in the southern province of Guangxi when local officials launched a campaign of persecution against a millenarian sect known as the God Worshipping Society led by Hong Xiuquan, who believed himself to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ. The war was mostly fought in the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, and Hubei, but over 14 years of war, the Taiping Army had marched through every regularized province of China proper except Gansu. The war was the largest in China since the Qing conquest in 1644, and ranks as one of the bloodiest wars in human history, the bloodiest civil war, and the largest conflict of the nineteenth century with estimates of war dead ranging from 20 to 70 million, to as much as 100 million, as well as millions more displaced.

text: The

text: Taiping

text: Rebellion

text: or

text: Taiping

text: Civil

text: War

text: simplified

text: Chinese

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: pinyin

text: Taìpíng

text: Tanguó

text: Yùndòng

text: literally

text: Taiping

text: Heavenly

text: Kingdom

text: Movement

text: was

text: massive

text: rebellion

text: or

text: civil

text: war

text: in

text: China

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: fought

text: between

text: the

text: established

text: Manchu

text: led

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: millenarian

text: movement

text: of

text: the

text: Heavenly

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Peace

text: The

text: Taiping

text: Rebellion

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: province

text: of

text: Guangxi

text: when

text: local

text: officials

text: launched

text: campaign

text: of

text: persecution

text: against

text: millenarian

text: sect

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: God

text: Worshipping

text: Society

text: led

text: by

text: Hong

text: Xiuquan

text: who

text: believed

text: himself

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: younger

text: brother

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: The

text: war

text: was

text: mostly

text: fought

text: in

text: the

text: provinces

text: of

text: Jiangsu

text: Zhejiang

text: Anhui

text: Jiangxi

text: and

text: Hubei

text: but

text: over

text: years

text: of

text: war

text: the

text: Taiping

text: Army

text: had

text: marched

text: through

text: every

text: regularized

text: province

text: of

text: China

text: proper

text: except

text: Gansu

text: The

text: war

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: China

text: since

text: the

text: Qing

text: conquest

text: in

text: and

text: ranks

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: bloodiest

text: wars

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: the

text: bloodiest

text: civil

text: war

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: conflict

text: of

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: with

text: estimates

text: of

text: war

text: dead

text: ranging

text: from

text: to

text: million

text: to

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: million

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: millions

text: more

text: displaced

text: The Ten Great Campaigns were a series of military campaigns launched by the Qing Empire of China in the midlate 18th century during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596). They included three to enlarge the area of Qing control in Central Asia: two against the Dzungars (175557) and the pacification of Xinjiang (175859). The other seven campaigns were more in the nature of police actions on frontiers already established: two wars to suppress Jinchuan rebels in Sichuan, another to suppress rebels in Taiwan (178788), and four expeditions abroad against the Burmese (176569), the Vietnamese (178889), and the Gurkhas in Nepal on the border between Tibet and India (179092), with the last counting as two.

text: The

text: Ten

text: Great

text: Campaigns

text: were

text: series

text: of

text: military

text: campaigns

text: launched

text: by

text: the

text: Qing

text: Empire

text: of

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: midlate

text: century

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: the

text: Qianlong

text: Emperor

text: They

text: included

text: three

text: to

text: enlarge

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: Qing

text: control

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: two

text: against

text: the

text: Dzungars

text: and

text: the

text: pacification

text: of

text: Xinjiang

text: The

text: other

text: seven

text: campaigns

text: were

text: more

text: in

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: police

text: actions

text: on

text: frontiers

text: already

text: established

text: two

text: wars

text: to

text: suppress

text: Jinchuan

text: rebels

text: in

text: Sichuan

text: another

text: to

text: suppress

text: rebels

text: in

text: Taiwan

text: and

text: four

text: expeditions

text: abroad

text: against

text: the

text: Burmese

text: the

text: Vietnamese

text: and

text: the

text: Gurkhas

text: in

text: Nepal

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: Tibet

text: and

text: India

text: with

text: the

text: last

text: counting

text: as

text: two

text: The Xiang Army was a standing army organized by Zeng Guofan from existing regional and village militia forces tuanlian to contain the Taiping rebellion in Qing China (1850 to 1864). The name is taken from the Hunan region where the Army was raised. The Army was financed through local nobles and gentry, as opposed to the centralized Manchu-led Qing dynasty. Although it was raised specifically to address problems in Hunan, the Army formed the core of the new Qing military establishment, and as such, forever weakened the Manchu influence within the military. This devolution of centralized command is commonly pointed to as a major reason for the eventual downfall of the Qing and the emergence of regional warlordism in China during the first half of the twentieth century.

text: The

text: Xiang

text: Army

text: was

text: standing

text: army

text: organized

text: by

text: Zeng

text: Guofan

text: from

text: existing

text: regional

text: and

text: village

text: militia

text: forces

text: tuanlian

text: to

text: contain

text: the

text: Taiping

text: rebellion

text: in

text: Qing

text: China

text: to

text: The

text: name

text: is

text: taken

text: from

text: the

text: Hunan

text: region

text: where

text: the

text: Army

text: was

text: raised

text: The

text: Army

text: was

text: financed

text: through

text: local

text: nobles

text: and

text: gentry

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: centralized

text: Manchu

text: led

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: Although

text: it

text: was

text: raised

text: specifically

text: to

text: address

text: problems

text: in

text: Hunan

text: the

text: Army

text: formed

text: the

text: core

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: Qing

text: military

text: establishment

text: and

text: as

text: such

text: forever

text: weakened

text: the

text: Manchu

text: influence

text: within

text: the

text: military

text: This

text: devolution

text: of

text: centralized

text: command

text: is

text: commonly

text: pointed

text: to

text: as

text: major

text: reason

text: for

text: the

text: eventual

text: downfall

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: and

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: regional

text: warlordism

text: in

text: China

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: twentieth

text: century

question: country_of_citizenship mujangga

answer: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

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text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

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text: china


text: Iai is a county (jude) of Romania, in Moldavia, with the administrative seat at Iai. It is the most populous county in Romania, after the Municipality of Bucharest (which has the same administrative level as that of a county).

text: Iai

text: is

text: county

text: jude

text: of

text: Romania

text: in

text: Moldavia

text: with

text: the

text: administrative

text: seat

text: at

text: Iai

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: county

text: in

text: Romania

text: after

text: the

text: Municipality

text: of

text: Bucharest

text: which

text: has

text: the

text: same

text: administrative

text: level

text: as

text: that

text: of

text: county

text: Cezar Petrescu ( Romanian pronunciation : ( tezar petresku ) ; December 1 , 1892 , Cotnari , Iai County -- March 9 , 1961 ) was a Romanian journalist , novelist and children 's writer . He was inspired by the works of Honoré de Balzac , attempting to write a Romanian novel cycle that would mirror Balzac 's La Comédie humaine . He was also under the influence of the Smntorul critique of Romanian society . As a journalist , Cezar Petrescu made himself known as one of the editors of the magazine Gândirea , alongside Nichifor Crainic and Lucian Blaga . For a long time , he was a member of the National Peasants ' Party , and wrote extensively for its press , especially for Aurora . His major work consists of novels such as Întunecare ( `` Darkening '' ; 1928 ) , Calea Victoriei ( the name of a Bucharest avenue ; 1930 ) , Dumenica orbului ( `` The Blind Man 's Sunday '' ; 1934 ) , and Noi vrem pmânt ( `` We Demand Land '' ; 1938 ) . Notwithstanding his prolific output as a novelist , Petrescu is mostly remembered for his children 's book Fram , ursul polar ( `` Fram , the polar bear '' -- the circus animal character was named after Fram , the ship used by Fridtjof Nansen on his expeditions ) . He is buried in Bellu cemetery , in Bucharest .

text: Cezar

text: Petrescu

text: Romanian

text: pronunciation

text: tezar

text: petresku

text: December

text: Cotnari

text: Iai

text: County

text: March

text: was

text: Romanian

text: journalist

text: novelist

text: and

text: children

text: 's

text: writer

text: He

text: was

text: inspired

text: by

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: Honoré

text: de

text: Balzac

text: attempting

text: to

text: write

text: Romanian

text: novel

text: cycle

text: that

text: would

text: mirror

text: Balzac

text: 's

text: La

text: Comédie

text: humaine

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Smntorul

text: critique

text: of

text: Romanian

text: society

text: As

text: journalist

text: Cezar

text: Petrescu

text: made

text: himself

text: known

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: editors

text: of

text: the

text: magazine

text: Gândirea

text: alongside

text: Nichifor

text: Crainic

text: and

text: Lucian

text: Blaga

text: For

text: long

text: time

text: he

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Peasants

text: Party

text: and

text: wrote

text: extensively

text: for

text: its

text: press

text: especially

text: for

text: Aurora

text: His

text: major

text: work

text: consists

text: of

text: novels

text: such

text: as

text: Întunecare

text: Darkening

text: Calea

text: Victoriei

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: Bucharest

text: avenue

text: Dumenica

text: orbului

text: The

text: Blind

text: Man

text: 's

text: Sunday

text: and

text: Noi

text: vrem

text: pmânt

text: We

text: Demand

text: Land

text: Notwithstanding

text: his

text: prolific

text: output

text: as

text: novelist

text: Petrescu

text: is

text: mostly

text: remembered

text: for

text: his

text: children

text: 's

text: book

text: Fram

text: ursul

text: polar

text: Fram

text: the

text: polar

text: bear

text: the

text: circus

text: animal

text: character

text: was

text: named

text: after

text: Fram

text: the

text: ship

text: used

text: by

text: Fridtjof

text: Nansen

text: on

text: his

text: expeditions

text: He

text: is

text: buried

text: in

text: Bellu

text: cemetery

text: in

text: Bucharest

text: Cotnari is a village and the center of the eponymous commune in Iai County, Romania, in the historical region of Moldavia. It is located north-west of Iai and south of Hârlu, in a major wine-producing region of Romania, and is famous for the wine variety known as "Gras de Cotnari". Cârjoaia, the forest of Dumbrava Roie, and other sites in Cotnari are regional tourist spots.

text: Cotnari

text: is

text: village

text: and

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: eponymous

text: commune

text: in

text: Iai

text: County

text: Romania

text: in

text: the

text: historical

text: region

text: of

text: Moldavia

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: north

text: west

text: of

text: Iai

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: Hârlu

text: in

text: major

text: wine

text: producing

text: region

text: of

text: Romania

text: and

text: is

text: famous

text: for

text: the

text: wine

text: variety

text: known

text: as

text: Gras

text: de

text: Cotnari

text: Cârjoaia

text: the

text: forest

text: of

text: Dumbrava

text: Roie

text: and

text: other

text: sites

text: in

text: Cotnari

text: are

text: regional

text: tourist

text: spots

text: Romania is a sovereign state located in Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, and Moldova. It has an area of and a temperate-continental climate. With 19.94 million inhabitants, the country is the seventh-most-populous member state of the European Union. The capital and largest city, Bucharest, with its 1,883,425 inhabitants is the sixth-largest city in the EU.

text: Romania

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: Southeastern

text: Europe

text: It

text: borders

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: Bulgaria

text: Ukraine

text: Hungary

text: Serbia

text: and

text: Moldova

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: temperate

text: continental

text: climate

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: most

text: populous

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: Bucharest

text: with

text: its

text: inhabitants

text: is

text: the

text: sixth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: EU

text: Hârlu (also spelled "Hîrlu",  ) is a town in Iai County, Moldavia, Romania. the estimated population is 11,271. It was the capital city of Moldova in the 15th century. One village, Pârcovaci, is administered by the town.

text: Hârlu

text: also

text: spelled

text: Hîrlu

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: Iai

text: County

text: Moldavia

text: Romania

text: the

text: estimated

text: population

text: is

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Moldova

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: One

text: village

text: Pârcovaci

text: is

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: town

text: Iai (also referred to as Jassy or Iassy) is the largest city in eastern Romania and the seat of Iai County. Located in the historical region of Moldavia, Iai has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Romanian social, cultural, academic and artistic life. The city was the capital of the Principality of Moldavia from 1564 to 1859, then of the United Principalities from 1859 to 1862, and the capital of Romania from 1916 to 1918.

text: Iai

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Jassy

text: or

text: Iassy

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: eastern

text: Romania

text: and

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: Iai

text: County

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: historical

text: region

text: of

text: Moldavia

text: Iai

text: has

text: traditionally

text: been

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: centres

text: of

text: Romanian

text: social

text: cultural

text: academic

text: and

text: artistic

text: life

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Principality

text: of

text: Moldavia

text: from

text: to

text: then

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Principalities

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Romania

text: from

text: to

text: Gras de Cotnari is a Romanian wine variety associated with the Cotnari wine region, in Iai County (historical region of Moldavia), where it has been grown ever since the rule of Prince Stephen the Great (14571504).

text: Gras

text: de

text: Cotnari

text: is

text: Romanian

text: wine

text: variety

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: Cotnari

text: wine

text: region

text: in

text: Iai

text: County

text: historical

text: region

text: of

text: Moldavia

text: where

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: grown

text: ever

text: since

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: Prince

text: Stephen

text: the

text: Great

text: Moldavia (or "", Romanian Cyrillic alphabet: ) is a historical region, and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester river. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak) and all of Bukovina.

text: Moldavia

text: or

text: Romanian

text: Cyrillic

text: alphabet

text: is

text: historical

text: region

text: and

text: former

text: principality

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: corresponding

text: to

text: the

text: territory

text: between

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Carpathians

text: and

text: the

text: Dniester

text: river

text: An

text: initially

text: independent

text: and

text: later

text: autonomous

text: state

text: it

text: existed

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: when

text: it

text: united

text: with

text: Wallachia

text: as

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: Romanian

text: state

text: at

text: various

text: times

text: Moldavia

text: included

text: the

text: regions

text: of

text: Bessarabia

text: with

text: the

text: Budjak

text: and

text: all

text: of

text: Bukovina

question: place_of_birth cezar petrescu

answer: iași


text: Frosting on the Beater is the third album by the Seattle rock group The Posies, released in 1993. It featured a heavier, more intense sound than the band's prior works, in part due to production duties being handled by Don Fleming. "Dream All Day," "Solar Sister" and "Definite Door" were released as singles, with the first two getting moderate airplay and the third being the band's only single to break the UK Top 75. "Flavor of the Month" was a swipe at the many overnight-sensation grunge bands in The Posies' hometown of Seattle. "Coming Right Along" appeared on the soundtrack to the movie "The Basketball Diaries" (1995, Island Records). "Dream All Day" was later used as the title of the band's best-of compilation, released in 2000. Frosting On The Beater was the last album original drummer Mike Musburger appeared on.

text: Frosting

text: on

text: the

text: Beater

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: album

text: by

text: the

text: Seattle

text: rock

text: group

text: The

text: Posies

text: released

text: in

text: It

text: featured

text: heavier

text: more

text: intense

text: sound

text: than

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: prior

text: works

text: in

text: part

text: due

text: to

text: production

text: duties

text: being

text: handled

text: by

text: Don

text: Fleming

text: Dream

text: All

text: Day

text: Solar

text: Sister

text: and

text: Definite

text: Door

text: were

text: released

text: as

text: singles

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: two

text: getting

text: moderate

text: airplay

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: being

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: only

text: single

text: to

text: break

text: the

text: UK

text: Top

text: Flavor

text: of

text: the

text: Month

text: was

text: swipe

text: at

text: the

text: many

text: overnight

text: sensation

text: grunge

text: bands

text: in

text: The

text: Posies

text: hometown

text: of

text: Seattle

text: Coming

text: Right

text: Along

text: appeared

text: on

text: the

text: soundtrack

text: to

text: the

text: movie

text: The

text: Basketball

text: Diaries

text: Island

text: Records

text: Dream

text: All

text: Day

text: was

text: later

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: best

text: of

text: compilation

text: released

text: in

text: Frosting

text: On

text: The

text: Beater

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: album

text: original

text: drummer

text: Mike

text: Musburger

text: appeared

text: on

text: Jonathan Paul "Jon" Auer (born September 29, 1969) is an American musician who co-founded the power pop band The Posies, along with Ken Stringfellow. Auer and Stringfellow have also been a part of the rejuvenated Big Star.

text: Jonathan

text: Paul

text: Jon

text: Auer

text: born

text: September

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: musician

text: who

text: co

text: founded

text: the

text: power

text: pop

text: band

text: The

text: Posies

text: along

text: with

text: Ken

text: Stringfellow

text: Auer

text: and

text: Stringfellow

text: have

text: also

text: been

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: rejuvenated

text: Big

text: Star

text: The Posies are an American power pop group. The band was formed in 1987 in Bellingham, Washington by primary songwriters Jon Auer and Ken Stringfellow. They are best known for their radio hits "Golden Blunders" (from "Dear 23"), as well as "Dream All Day", "Solar Sister" and "Flavor of the Month" (from "Frosting on the Beater").

text: The

text: Posies

text: are

text: an

text: American

text: power

text: pop

text: group

text: The

text: band

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: in

text: Bellingham

text: Washington

text: by

text: primary

text: songwriters

text: Jon

text: Auer

text: and

text: Ken

text: Stringfellow

text: They

text: are

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: radio

text: hits

text: Golden

text: Blunders

text: from

text: Dear

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Dream

text: All

text: Day

text: Solar

text: Sister

text: and

text: Flavor

text: of

text: the

text: Month

text: from

text: Frosting

text: on

text: the

text: Beater

text: Dear 23 is the major label debut by Seattle Alternative rock/grunge/power pop band The Posies. "Apology" appears in "" along with "I May Hate you Sometimes" from their first album, "Failure".

text: Dear

text: is

text: the

text: major

text: label

text: debut

text: by

text: Seattle

text: Alternative

text: rock

text: grunge

text: power

text: pop

text: band

text: The

text: Posies

text: Apology

text: appears

text: in

text: along

text: with

text: May

text: Hate

text: you

text: Sometimes

text: from

text: their

text: first

text: album

text: Failure

text: Power pop is a popular musical genre that draws its inspiration from 1960s British and American rock music. It typically incorporates a combination of musical devices such as strong melodies, clear vocals and crisp vocal harmonies, economical arrangements and prominent guitar riffs. Instrumental solos are usually kept to a minimum, and blues elements are largely downplayed.

text: Power

text: pop

text: is

text: popular

text: musical

text: genre

text: that

text: draws

text: its

text: inspiration

text: from

text: British

text: and

text: American

text: rock

text: music

text: It

text: typically

text: incorporates

text: combination

text: of

text: musical

text: devices

text: such

text: as

text: strong

text: melodies

text: clear

text: vocals

text: and

text: crisp

text: vocal

text: harmonies

text: economical

text: arrangements

text: and

text: prominent

text: guitar

text: riffs

text: Instrumental

text: solos

text: are

text: usually

text: kept

text: to

text: minimum

text: and

text: blues

text: elements

text: are

text: largely

text: downplayed

text:
Kenneth Stuart Stringfellow (born October 30, 1968) is an American singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, arranger, and producer. Best known for his work with The Posies, R.E.M., and the re-formed Big Star, Stringfellow's discography includes more than 200 albums.
Early life and education.
Stringfellow was born in Hollywood, California. His father, a television executive, relocated the family frequently as his career developed, and Stringfellow went to elementary schools in New York, Chicago, and Detroit. After his parents divorced, in 1978, he moved to Bellingham, Washington. In high school, Stringfellow, who had learned to play piano at nine and guitar at 11, met Jon Auer, with whom he would later form The Posies.

text: Kenneth

text: Stuart

text: Stringfellow

text: born

text: October

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: arranger

text: and

text: producer

text: Best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: with

text: The

text: Posies

text: R.E.M.

text: and

text: the

text: re

text: formed

text: Big

text: Star

text: Stringfellow

text: 's

text: discography

text: includes

text: more

text: than

text: albums

text: Early

text: life

text: and

text: education

text: Stringfellow

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Hollywood

text: California

text: His

text: father

text: television

text: executive

text: relocated

text: the

text: family

text: frequently

text: as

text: his

text: career

text: developed

text: and

text: Stringfellow

text: went

text: to

text: elementary

text: schools

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: Chicago

text: and

text: Detroit

text: After

text: his

text: parents

text: divorced

text: in

text: he

text: moved

text: to

text: Bellingham

text: Washington

text: In

text: high

text: school

text: Stringfellow

text: who

text: had

text: learned

text: to

text: play

text: piano

text: at

text: nine

text: and

text: guitar

text: at

text: met

text: Jon

text: Auer

text: with

text: whom

text: he

text: would

text: later

text: form

text: The

text: Posies

text: At Least , at Last is an album from the band The Posies , released in 2000 . At Least , at Last is a box set containing a `` history '' of The Posies b - sides , demos and outtakes from 1987 - 1998 on four discs . Published by Not Lame records , this box set was produced to satisfy fans after the reported `` demise '' of the band in 2000 . Although the band has since reformed with the release of an E.P. and a new album , the box set has been a `` holy grail '' in most Posies fans collections . This set is currently out of print and The Posies have no intention to re-publish it . Some highlights on the boxed set include a cover of Blondies ' song `` Dreaming '' and a song recorded for the television program Bill Nye the Science Guy , entitled `` Oceanic Exploration '' . Also included in the set are liner notes for each song written by both founding members .

text: At

text: Least

text: at

text: Last

text: is

text: an

text: album

text: from

text: the

text: band

text: The

text: Posies

text: released

text: in

text: At

text: Least

text: at

text: Last

text: is

text: box

text: set

text: containing

text: history

text: of

text: The

text: Posies

text: sides

text: demos

text: and

text: outtakes

text: from

text: on

text: four

text: discs

text: Published

text: by

text: Not

text: Lame

text: records

text: this

text: box

text: set

text: was

text: produced

text: to

text: satisfy

text: fans

text: after

text: the

text: reported

text: demise

text: of

text: the

text: band

text: in

text: Although

text: the

text: band

text: has

text: since

text: reformed

text: with

text: the

text: release

text: of

text: an

text: E.P.

text: and

text: new

text: album

text: the

text: box

text: set

text: has

text: been

text: holy

text: grail

text: in

text: most

text: Posies

text: fans

text: collections

text: This

text: set

text: is

text: currently

text: out

text: of

text: print

text: and

text: The

text: Posies

text: have

text: no

text: intention

text: to

text: re

text: publish

text: it

text: Some

text: highlights

text: on

text: the

text: boxed

text: set

text: include

text: cover

text: of

text: Blondies

text: song

text: Dreaming

text: and

text: song

text: recorded

text: for

text: the

text: television

text: program

text: Bill

text: Nye

text: the

text: Science

text: Guy

text: entitled

text: Oceanic

text: Exploration

text: Also

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: set

text: are

text: liner

text: notes

text: for

text: each

text: song

text: written

text: by

text: both

text: founding

text: members

question: genre at least

answer: power pop

text: power pop

text: power pop

text: power pop

text: power pop