text: Major is a military rank of commissioned officer status, with corresponding ranks existing in many military forces throughout the world. When used unhyphenated, in conjunction with no other indicators, Major is one rank senior to that of an army Captain, and one rank subordinate or below the rank of Lieutenant colonel. It is considered the most junior of the field officer ranks.

text: Major

text: is

text: military

text: rank

text: of

text: commissioned

text: officer

text: status

text: with

text: corresponding

text: ranks

text: existing

text: in

text: many

text: military

text: forces

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: When

text: used

text: unhyphenated

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: no

text: other

text: indicators

text: Major

text: is

text: one

text: rank

text: senior

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: an

text: army

text: Captain

text: and

text: one

text: rank

text: subordinate

text: or

text: below

text: the

text: rank

text: of

text: Lieutenant

text: colonel

text: It

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: most

text: junior

text: of

text: the

text: field

text: officer

text: ranks

text: Lieutenant commander ( also hyphenated lieutenant - commander and abbreviated Lt Cdr , LtCdr . or LCDR ) is a commissioned officer rank in many navies . The rank is superior to a lieutenant and subordinate to a commander . The corresponding rank in most armies ( armed services ) and air forces is major , and in the Royal Air Force and other Commonwealth air forces is squadron leader . The NATO rank code is mostly OF - 3 . A lieutenant commander is a senior department officer or the executive officer ( second - in - command ) on many warships and smaller shore installation , or the commanding officer of a smaller ship / installation . They are also senior department officers in naval aviation squadrons .

text: Lieutenant

text: commander

text: also

text: hyphenated

text: lieutenant

text: commander

text: and

text: abbreviated

text: Lt

text: Cdr

text: LtCdr

text: or

text: LCDR

text: is

text: commissioned

text: officer

text: rank

text: in

text: many

text: navies

text: The

text: rank

text: is

text: superior

text: to

text: lieutenant

text: and

text: subordinate

text: to

text: commander

text: The

text: corresponding

text: rank

text: in

text: most

text: armies

text: armed

text: services

text: and

text: air

text: forces

text: is

text: major

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Royal

text: Air

text: Force

text: and

text: other

text: Commonwealth

text: air

text: forces

text: is

text: squadron

text: leader

text: The

text: NATO

text: rank

text: code

text: is

text: mostly

text: OF

text: lieutenant

text: commander

text: is

text: senior

text: department

text: officer

text: or

text: the

text: executive

text: officer

text: second

text: in

text: command

text: on

text: many

text: warships

text: and

text: smaller

text: shore

text: installation

text: or

text: the

text: commanding

text: officer

text: of

text: smaller

text: ship

text: installation

text: They

text: are

text: also

text: senior

text: department

text: officers

text: in

text: naval

text: aviation

text: squadrons

text: An army (from Latin "arma" "arms, weapons" via Old French "armée", "armed" (feminine)) or ground force is a fighting force that fights primarily on land. In the broadest sense, it is the land-based military branch, service branch or armed service of a nation or state. It may also include other branches of the military such as the air force via means of aviation corps. Within a national military force, the word army may also mean a field army. They differ from army reserves who are activated only during such times as war or natural disasters.

text: An

text: army

text: from

text: Latin

text: arma

text: arms

text: weapons

text: via

text: Old

text: French

text: armée

text: armed

text: feminine

text: or

text: ground

text: force

text: is

text: fighting

text: force

text: that

text: fights

text: primarily

text: on

text: land

text: In

text: the

text: broadest

text: sense

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: land

text: based

text: military

text: branch

text: service

text: branch

text: or

text: armed

text: service

text: of

text: nation

text: or

text: state

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: include

text: other

text: branches

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: air

text: force

text: via

text: means

text: of

text: aviation

text: corps

text: Within

text: national

text: military

text: force

text: the

text: word

text: army

text: may

text: also

text: mean

text: field

text: army

text: They

text: differ

text: from

text: army

text: reserves

text: who

text: are

text: activated

text: only

text: during

text: such

text: times

text: as

text: war

text: or

text: natural

text: disasters

text: Military ranks are a system of hierarchical relationships in armed forces, police, intelligence agencies or other institutions organized along military lines. Usually, uniforms denote the bearer's rank by particular insignia affixed to the uniforms. Ranking systems have been known for most of military history to be advantageous for military operations, in particular with regards to logistics, command, and coordination; as time continued and military operations became larger and more complex, military ranks increased and ranking systems themselves became more complex.

text: Military

text: ranks

text: are

text: system

text: of

text: hierarchical

text: relationships

text: in

text: armed

text: forces

text: police

text: intelligence

text: agencies

text: or

text: other

text: institutions

text: organized

text: along

text: military

text: lines

text: Usually

text: uniforms

text: denote

text: the

text: bearer

text: 's

text: rank

text: by

text: particular

text: insignia

text: affixed

text: to

text: the

text: uniforms

text: Ranking

text: systems

text: have

text: been

text: known

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: military

text: history

text: to

text: be

text: advantageous

text: for

text: military

text: operations

text: in

text: particular

text: with

text: regards

text: to

text: logistics

text: command

text: and

text: coordination

text: as

text: time

text: continued

text: and

text: military

text: operations

text: became

text: larger

text: and

text: more

text: complex

text: military

text: ranks

text: increased

text: and

text: ranking

text: systems

text: themselves

text: became

text: more

text: complex

text: The Battle of Britain (German: "die Luftschlacht um England", literally "Air battle for England") was a combat of the Second World War, when the Royal Air Force (RAF) defended the United Kingdom (UK) against the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) attacks from the end of June 1940. It is described as the first major campaign fought entirely by air forces. The British officially recognise its duration as from 10 July until 31 October 1940 that overlaps with the period of large-scale night attacks known as the Blitz, while German historians do not accept this subdivision and regard it as a campaign lasting from July 1940 to June 1941.

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Britain

text: German

text: die

text: Luftschlacht

text: um

text: England

text: literally

text: Air

text: battle

text: for

text: England

text: was

text: combat

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: when

text: the

text: Royal

text: Air

text: Force

text: RAF

text: defended

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: UK

text: against

text: the

text: German

text: Air

text: Force

text: Luftwaffe

text: attacks

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: June

text: It

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: major

text: campaign

text: fought

text: entirely

text: by

text: air

text: forces

text: The

text: British

text: officially

text: recognise

text: its

text: duration

text: as

text: from

text: July

text: until

text: October

text: that

text: overlaps

text: with

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: large

text: scale

text: night

text: attacks

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Blitz

text: while

text: German

text: historians

text: do

text: not

text: accept

text: this

text: subdivision

text: and

text: regard

text: it

text: as

text: campaign

text: lasting

text: from

text: July

text: to

text: June

text: Commander (French: "Commandeur") is a common naval and air force officer rank. Commander is also used as a rank or title in other formal organisations, including several police forces.

text: Commander

text: French

text: Commandeur

text: is

text: common

text: naval

text: and

text: air

text: force

text: officer

text: rank

text: Commander

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: as

text: rank

text: or

text: title

text: in

text: other

text: formal

text: organisations

text: including

text: several

text: police

text: forces

text: Squadron leader (Sqn Ldr in the RAF and PAF; SQNLDR in the RAAF and RNZAF; formerly sometimes S/L in all services) is a commissioned rank in the Royal Air Force and the air forces of many countries which have historical British influence. It is also sometimes used as the English translation of an equivalent rank in countries which have a non-English air force-specific rank structure.

text: Squadron

text: leader

text: Sqn

text: Ldr

text: in

text: the

text: RAF

text: and

text: PAF

text: SQNLDR

text: in

text: the

text: RAAF

text: and

text: RNZAF

text: formerly

text: sometimes

text: in

text: all

text: services

text: is

text: commissioned

text: rank

text: in

text: the

text: Royal

text: Air

text: Force

text: and

text: the

text: air

text: forces

text: of

text: many

text: countries

text: which

text: have

text: historical

text: British

text: influence

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: sometimes

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: English

text: translation

text: of

text: an

text: equivalent

text: rank

text: in

text: countries

text: which

text: have

text: non

text: English

text: air

text: force

text: specific

text: rank

text: structure

text: The military, also called the armed forces, are forces authorized to use deadly force, and weapons, to support the interests of the state and some or all of its citizens. The task of the military is usually defined as defense of the state and its citizens, and the prosecution of war against another state. The military may also have additional sanctioned and non-sanctioned functions within a society, including, the promotion of a political agenda, protecting corporate economic interests, internal population control, construction, emergency services, social ceremonies, and guarding important areas. The military can also function as a discrete subculture within a larger civil society, through the development of separate infrastructures, which may include housing, schools, utilities, food production and banking.

text: The

text: military

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: are

text: forces

text: authorized

text: to

text: use

text: deadly

text: force

text: and

text: weapons

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: interests

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: some

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: citizens

text: The

text: task

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: is

text: usually

text: defined

text: as

text: defense

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: its

text: citizens

text: and

text: the

text: prosecution

text: of

text: war

text: against

text: another

text: state

text: The

text: military

text: may

text: also

text: have

text: additional

text: sanctioned

text: and

text: non

text: sanctioned

text: functions

text: within

text: society

text: including

text: the

text: promotion

text: of

text: political

text: agenda

text: protecting

text: corporate

text: economic

text: interests

text: internal

text: population

text: control

text: construction

text: emergency

text: services

text: social

text: ceremonies

text: and

text: guarding

text: important

text: areas

text: The

text: military

text: can

text: also

text: function

text: as

text: discrete

text: subculture

text: within

text: larger

text: civil

text: society

text: through

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: separate

text: infrastructures

text: which

text: may

text: include

text: housing

text: schools

text: utilities

text: food

text: production

text: and

text: banking

text: A field officer, field grade officer, or senior officer is an army, marine, or air force commissioned officer senior in rank to a company officer but junior to a general officer. In most armies this corresponds to the ranks of major, lieutenant colonel and colonel, or their equivalents. Some countries also include brigadier in the definition.

text: field

text: officer

text: field

text: grade

text: officer

text: or

text: senior

text: officer

text: is

text: an

text: army

text: marine

text: or

text: air

text: force

text: commissioned

text: officer

text: senior

text: in

text: rank

text: to

text: company

text: officer

text: but

text: junior

text: to

text: general

text: officer

text: In

text: most

text: armies

text: this

text: corresponds

text: to

text: the

text: ranks

text: of

text: major

text: lieutenant

text: colonel

text: and

text: colonel

text: or

text: their

text: equivalents

text: Some

text: countries

text: also

text: include

text: brigadier

text: in

text: the

text: definition

text: The Central Powers , consisting of Germany, , the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria  hence also known as the Quadruple Alliance  was one of the two main factions during World War I (191418). It faced and was defeated by the Allied Powers that had formed around the Triple Entente, after which it was dissolved.

text: The

text: Central

text: Powers

text: consisting

text: of

text: Germany

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: and

text: Bulgaria

text: hence

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Quadruple

text: Alliance

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: main

text: factions

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: It

text: faced

text: and

text: was

text: defeated

text: by

text: the

text: Allied

text: Powers

text: that

text: had

text: formed

text: around

text: the

text: Triple

text: Entente

text: after

text: which

text: it

text: was

text: dissolved

text: The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's aerial warfare force. Formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, it is the oldest independent air force in the world. Following victory over the Central Powers in 1918 the RAF emerged as, at the time, the largest air force in the world. Since its formation, the RAF has taken a significant role in British military history, in particular, playing a large part in the Second World War where it fought its most famous campaign, the Battle of Britain.

text: The

text: Royal

text: Air

text: Force

text: RAF

text: is

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: aerial

text: warfare

text: force

text: Formed

text: towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: on

text: April

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: independent

text: air

text: force

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Following

text: victory

text: over

text: the

text: Central

text: Powers

text: in

text: the

text: RAF

text: emerged

text: as

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: the

text: largest

text: air

text: force

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Since

text: its

text: formation

text: the

text: RAF

text: has

text: taken

text: significant

text: role

text: in

text: British

text: military

text: history

text: in

text: particular

text: playing

text: large

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: where

text: it

text: fought

text: its

text: most

text: famous

text: campaign

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Britain

annotations: likely multiple

question: instance_of lieutenant commander

answer: military rank

text: military rank


text: Thailand (or  ), officially the Kingdom of Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total area of approximately , Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country. It is the 20th-most-populous country in the world, with around 66 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok.

text: Thailand

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Thailand

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Siam

text: is

text: country

text: at

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Indochinese

text: peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: With

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: Thailand

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: country

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: around

text: million

text: people

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Bangkok

text: The Karen, Kayin, Kariang or Yang people (; "Per Ploan Poe" or "Ploan" in Poe Karen and "Pwa Ka Nyaw" or "Kanyaw" in Sgaw Karen) refer to a number of individual Sino-Tibetan language speaking ethnic groups, many of which do not share a common language or culture. These Karen groups reside primarily in Karen State, southern and southeastern Myanmar. The Karen make up approximately 7 percent of the total Burmese population with approximately 5 million people. A large number of Karen have migrated to Thailand, having settled mostly on the ThailandMyanmar border.

text: The

text: Karen

text: Kayin

text: Kariang

text: or

text: Yang

text: people

text: Per

text: Ploan

text: Poe

text: or

text: Ploan

text: in

text: Poe

text: Karen

text: and

text: Pwa

text: Ka

text: Nyaw

text: or

text: Kanyaw

text: in

text: Sgaw

text: Karen

text: refer

text: to

text: number

text: of

text: individual

text: Sino

text: Tibetan

text: language

text: speaking

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: many

text: of

text: which

text: do

text: not

text: share

text: common

text: language

text: or

text: culture

text: These

text: Karen

text: groups

text: reside

text: primarily

text: in

text: Karen

text: State

text: southern

text: and

text: southeastern

text: Myanmar

text: The

text: Karen

text: make

text: up

text: approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: Burmese

text: population

text: with

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: Karen

text: have

text: migrated

text: to

text: Thailand

text: having

text: settled

text: mostly

text: on

text: the

text: ThailandMyanmar

text: border

text: Kawthoolei is the Karen name for the state that the Karen people of Myanmar have been trying to establish since the late 1940s. Kawthoolei roughly approximates to present-day Kayin State, although parts of the Burmese Ayeyarwady River delta with Karen populations have sometimes also been claimed. Kawthoolei, as a name, was penned during the time of former Karen leader Ba U Gyi, who was assassinated around the time of Burma's independence from Britain. Kawthoolei has also been spelled Kaw-thu-lay or Kawthoolie with the last syllable replacing the lay with lea. The name Kaw-thu-lay was used by the Government of the Union of Burma in drawing up its constitution which made provisions within a Karen State.

text: Kawthoolei

text: is

text: the

text: Karen

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: state

text: that

text: the

text: Karen

text: people

text: of

text: Myanmar

text: have

text: been

text: trying

text: to

text: establish

text: since

text: the

text: late

text: Kawthoolei

text: roughly

text: approximates

text: to

text: present

text: day

text: Kayin

text: State

text: although

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Burmese

text: Ayeyarwady

text: River

text: delta

text: with

text: Karen

text: populations

text: have

text: sometimes

text: also

text: been

text: claimed

text: Kawthoolei

text: as

text: name

text: was

text: penned

text: during

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: former

text: Karen

text: leader

text: Ba

text: Gyi

text: who

text: was

text: assassinated

text: around

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Burma

text: 's

text: independence

text: from

text: Britain

text: Kawthoolei

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: spelled

text: Kaw

text: thu

text: lay

text: or

text: Kawthoolie

text: with

text: the

text: last

text: syllable

text: replacing

text: the

text: lay

text: with

text: lea

text: The

text: name

text: Kaw

text: thu

text: lay

text: was

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Burma

text: in

text: drawing

text: up

text: its

text: constitution

text: which

text: made

text: provisions

text: within

text: Karen

text: State

text: In this Burmese name , Naw is an honorific . Naw Zipporah Sein ( Burmese :  ) is a Karen political activist and Vice-President of the Karen National Union . Zipporah Sein was born in 1955 in Kayin State , Burma , and trained as a teacher before fleeing to Thailand in 1995 . From 1998 to 2008 , she was the coordinator and executive secretary of the Karen Women 's Organization , which describes its mission as helping Karen women refugees . She has been called a `` heroine '' by the Political Heroes website .

text: In

text: this

text: Burmese

text: name

text: Naw

text: is

text: an

text: honorific

text: Naw

text: Zipporah

text: Sein

text: Burmese

text: is

text: Karen

text: political

text: activist

text: and

text: Vice

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Karen

text: National

text: Union

text: Zipporah

text: Sein

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: in

text: Kayin

text: State

text: Burma

text: and

text: trained

text: as

text: teacher

text: before

text: fleeing

text: to

text: Thailand

text: in

text: From

text: to

text: she

text: was

text: the

text: coordinator

text: and

text: executive

text: secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Karen

text: Women

text: 's

text: Organization

text: which

text: describes

text: its

text: mission

text: as

text: helping

text: Karen

text: women

text: refugees

text: She

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: heroine

text: by

text: the

text: Political

text: Heroes

text: website

text: Bangkok is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. It is known in Thai as "Krung Thep Maha Nakhon" (pronounced ) or simply . The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in Central Thailand, and has a population of over 8 million, or 12.6 percent of the country's population. Over 14 million people (22.2 percent) live within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region, making Bangkok an extreme primate city, significantly dwarfing Thailand's other urban centres in terms of importance. There are 581 high-rise buildings in the city, ranking number 5 in the world.

text: Bangkok

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: Thailand

text: It

text: is

text: known

text: in

text: Thai

text: as

text: Krung

text: Thep

text: Maha

text: Nakhon

text: pronounced

text: or

text: simply

text: The

text: city

text: occupies

text: in

text: the

text: Chao

text: Phraya

text: River

text: delta

text: in

text: Central

text: Thailand

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: or

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: Over

text: million

text: people

text: percent

text: live

text: within

text: the

text: surrounding

text: Bangkok

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: making

text: Bangkok

text: an

text: extreme

text: primate

text: city

text: significantly

text: dwarfing

text: Thailand

text: 's

text: other

text: urban

text: centres

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: importance

text: There

text: are

text: high

text: rise

text: buildings

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: ranking

text: number

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The Karen National Liberation Army (abbreviated KNLA) is the military branch of the Karen National Union (KNU), which campaigns for the self-determination of the Karen people of Myanmar (Burma). The KNLA has been fighting the Burmese government since 1949.

text: The

text: Karen

text: National

text: Liberation

text: Army

text: abbreviated

text: KNLA

text: is

text: the

text: military

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Karen

text: National

text: Union

text: KNU

text: which

text: campaigns

text: for

text: the

text: self

text: determination

text: of

text: the

text: Karen

text: people

text: of

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: The

text: KNLA

text: has

text: been

text: fighting

text: the

text: Burmese

text: government

text: since

text: Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. The region lies near the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic and volcanic activity. Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions:

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: or

text: Southeastern

text: Asia

text: is

text: subregion

text: of

text: Asia

text: consisting

text: of

text: the

text: countries

text: that

text: are

text: geographically

text: south

text: of

text: China

text: east

text: of

text: India

text: west

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: north

text: of

text: Australia

text: The

text: region

text: lies

text: near

text: the

text: intersection

text: of

text: geological

text: plates

text: with

text: heavy

text: seismic

text: and

text: volcanic

text: activity

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: consists

text: of

text: two

text: geographic

text: regions

text: The Karen National Union (abbreviated KNU) is a political organisation with an armed wing, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) that represents the Karen people of Burma. It operates in mountainous eastern Burma, and has underground networks in other areas of Burma where Karen people live as a minority group. In the Karen language, this area is called Kawthoolei. Some of the Karen, led primarily by the Karen National Union (KNU), have waged a war against the central government since early 1949. The aim of the KNU at first was independence. Since 1976 the armed group has called for a federal system rather than an independent Karen State.

text: The

text: Karen

text: National

text: Union

text: abbreviated

text: KNU

text: is

text: political

text: organisation

text: with

text: an

text: armed

text: wing

text: the

text: Karen

text: National

text: Liberation

text: Army

text: KNLA

text: that

text: represents

text: the

text: Karen

text: people

text: of

text: Burma

text: It

text: operates

text: in

text: mountainous

text: eastern

text: Burma

text: and

text: has

text: underground

text: networks

text: in

text: other

text: areas

text: of

text: Burma

text: where

text: Karen

text: people

text: live

text: as

text: minority

text: group

text: In

text: the

text: Karen

text: language

text: this

text: area

text: is

text: called

text: Kawthoolei

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: Karen

text: led

text: primarily

text: by

text: the

text: Karen

text: National

text: Union

text: KNU

text: have

text: waged

text: war

text: against

text: the

text: central

text: government

text: since

text: early

text: The

text: aim

text: of

text: the

text: KNU

text: at

text: first

text: was

text: independence

text: Since

text: the

text: armed

text: group

text: has

text: called

text: for

text: federal

text: system

text: rather

text: than

text: an

text: independent

text: Karen

text: State

annotations: follows multiple

question: country_of_citizenship naw zipporah sein

answer: myanmar

text: myanmar

text: myanmar

text: myanmar


text: Generalstabsarzt and Admiralstabsarzt are in German armed forces the rank designations of the second highest grad of the generals rank group.

text: Generalstabsarzt

text: and

text: Admiralstabsarzt

text: are

text: in

text: German

text: armed

text: forces

text: the

text: rank

text: designations

text: of

text: the

text: second

text: highest

text: grad

text: of

text: the

text: generals

text: rank

text: group

text: The Holocaust (from the Greek ': "hólos", "whole" and "kaustós", "burnt"), also referred to as the Shoah"' (Hebrew: , "HaShoah", "the catastrophe"), was a genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews. The victims included 1.5 million children and represented about two-thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe. Some definitions of the Holocaust include the additional five million non-Jewish victims of Nazi mass murders, bringing the total to about 11 million. Killings took place throughout Nazi Germany, German-occupied territories, and territories held by allies of Nazi Germany.

text: The

text: Holocaust

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: hólos

text: whole

text: and

text: kaustós

text: burnt

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Shoah

text: Hebrew

text: HaShoah

text: the

text: catastrophe

text: was

text: genocide

text: in

text: which

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: and

text: its

text: collaborators

text: killed

text: about

text: six

text: million

text: Jews

text: The

text: victims

text: included

text: million

text: children

text: and

text: represented

text: about

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: million

text: Jews

text: who

text: had

text: resided

text: in

text: Europe

text: Some

text: definitions

text: of

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: include

text: the

text: additional

text: five

text: million

text: non

text: Jewish

text: victims

text: of

text: Nazi

text: mass

text: murders

text: bringing

text: the

text: total

text: to

text: about

text: million

text: Killings

text: took

text: place

text: throughout

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: German

text: occupied

text: territories

text: and

text: territories

text: held

text: by

text: allies

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: Total war is warfare that includes any and all civilian-associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets, mobilizes all of the resources of society to fight the war, and gives priority to warfare over non-combatant needs. The American-English Dictionary defines total war as "war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded."

text: Total

text: war

text: is

text: warfare

text: that

text: includes

text: any

text: and

text: all

text: civilian

text: associated

text: resources

text: and

text: infrastructure

text: as

text: legitimate

text: military

text: targets

text: mobilizes

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: resources

text: of

text: society

text: to

text: fight

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: gives

text: priority

text: to

text: warfare

text: over

text: non

text: combatant

text: needs

text: The

text: American

text: English

text: Dictionary

text: defines

text: total

text: war

text: as

text: war

text: that

text: is

text: unrestricted

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: weapons

text: used

text: the

text: territory

text: or

text: combatants

text: involved

text: or

text: the

text: objectives

text: pursued

text: especially

text: one

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: war

text: are

text: disregarded

text: A military alliance is an international agreement concerning national security, when the contracting parties promise to support each other in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance. Military alliances differ from coalitions, as coalitions are formed for a crisis that are already known.

text: military

text: alliance

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: agreement

text: concerning

text: national

text: security

text: when

text: the

text: contracting

text: parties

text: promise

text: to

text: support

text: each

text: other

text: in

text: case

text: of

text: crisis

text: that

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: identified

text: in

text: advance

text: Military

text: alliances

text: differ

text: from

text: coalitions

text: as

text: coalitions

text: are

text: formed

text: for

text: crisis

text: that

text: are

text: already

text: known

text: The German Navy (or simply ) is the navy of Germany and part of the unified "Bundeswehr" ("Federal Defense"), the German Armed Forces. The German Navy was originally known as the "Bundesmarine" ("Federal Navy") from 1956 until 1995 when "Deutsche Marine" ("German Navy") became the official name with respect to the 1990 incorporation of the East German "Volksmarine" ("People's Navy"). It is deeply integrated into the NATO alliance. Its primary mission is protection of Germany's territorial waters and maritime infrastructure as well as sea lines of communication. Apart from this, the German Navy participates in peacekeeping operations, and renders humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.

text: The

text: German

text: Navy

text: or

text: simply

text: is

text: the

text: navy

text: of

text: Germany

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: unified

text: Bundeswehr

text: Federal

text: Defense

text: the

text: German

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: The

text: German

text: Navy

text: was

text: originally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Bundesmarine

text: Federal

text: Navy

text: from

text: until

text: when

text: Deutsche

text: Marine

text: German

text: Navy

text: became

text: the

text: official

text: name

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: the

text: incorporation

text: of

text: the

text: East

text: German

text: Volksmarine

text: People

text: 's

text: Navy

text: It

text: is

text: deeply

text: integrated

text: into

text: the

text: NATO

text: alliance

text: Its

text: primary

text: mission

text: is

text: protection

text: of

text: Germany

text: 's

text: territorial

text: waters

text: and

text: maritime

text: infrastructure

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: sea

text: lines

text: of

text: communication

text: Apart

text: from

text: this

text: the

text: German

text: Navy

text: participates

text: in

text: peacekeeping

text: operations

text: and

text: renders

text: humanitarian

text: assistance

text: and

text: disaster

text: relief

text: Otto Schulz ( 12 March 1900 -- 28 March 1974 ) was a Konteradmiral with the Kriegsmarine ( the German navy ) during World War II and a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) . The Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership .

text: Otto

text: Schulz

text: March

text: March

text: was

text: Konteradmiral

text: with

text: the

text: Kriegsmarine

text: the

text: German

text: navy

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: and

text: recipient

text: of

text: the

text: Knight

text: 's

text: Cross

text: of

text: the

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: Ritterkreuz

text: des

text: Eisernen

text: Kreuzes

text: The

text: Knight

text: 's

text: Cross

text: of

text: the

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: was

text: awarded

text: to

text: recognise

text: extreme

text: battlefield

text: bravery

text: or

text: successful

text: military

text: leadership

text: The German Empire (officially ') was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in November 1918, when Germany became a federal republic (the Weimar Republic).

text: The

text: German

text: Empire

text: officially

text: was

text: the

text: historical

text: German

text: nation

text: state

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: the

text: unification

text: of

text: Germany

text: in

text: to

text: the

text: abdication

text: of

text: Kaiser

text: Wilhelm

text: II

text: in

text: November

text: when

text: Germany

text: became

text: federal

text: republic

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: The United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively, during the final stage of World War II. The United States had dropped the bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history.

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: dropped

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: on

text: the

text: Japanese

text: cities

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: on

text: August

text: and

text: respectively

text: during

text: the

text: final

text: stage

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: had

text: dropped

text: the

text: bombs

text: with

text: the

text: consent

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: as

text: outlined

text: in

text: the

text: Quebec

text: Agreement

text: The

text: two

text: bombings

text: which

text: killed

text: at

text: least

text: people

text: remain

text: the

text: only

text: use

text: of

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: for

text: warfare

text: in

text: history

text: The Reichsmarine ("Navy of the Realm") was the name of the German Navy during the Weimar Republic and first two years of Nazi Germany. It was the naval branch of the "Reichswehr", existing from 1919 to 1935. In 1935, it became known as the "Kriegsmarine", a branch of the Wehrmacht; a change implemented by Adolf Hitler.

text: The

text: Reichsmarine

text: Navy

text: of

text: the

text: Realm

text: was

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Navy

text: during

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: and

text: first

text: two

text: years

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: naval

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Reichswehr

text: existing

text: from

text: to

text: In

text: it

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kriegsmarine

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Wehrmacht

text: change

text: implemented

text: by

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: Hiroshima is perhaps best known as the first city in history to be targeted by a nuclear weapon when the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dropped an atomic bomb on the city (and later on Nagasaki) at 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, near the end of World War II.

text: Hiroshima

text: is

text: perhaps

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: city

text: in

text: history

text: to

text: be

text: targeted

text: by

text: nuclear

text: weapon

text: when

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: Air

text: Forces

text: USAAF

text: dropped

text: an

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: later

text: on

text: Nagasaki

text: at

text: a.m.

text: on

text: August

text: near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text:
The Iron Cross (abbreviated EK) was a military decoration in the Kingdom of Prussia, and later in the German Empire (18711918) and Nazi Germany (19331945). It was established by King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia in March 1813 backdated to the birthday of his late wife Queen Louise on 10 March 1813 during the Napoleonic Wars (EK 1813). Louise was the first person to receive this decoration (posthumous). The recommissioned Iron Cross was also awarded during the Franco-Prussian War (EK 1870), World War I (EK 1914), and World War II (EK 1939, re-introduced with a swastika added in the center).
The Iron Cross was normally a military decoration only, though there were instances of it being awarded to civilians for performing military functions. Two examples of this were civilian test pilots Hanna Reitsch who was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class and 1st Class and Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, who was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class, for their actions as pilots during World War II.

text: The

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: abbreviated

text: EK

text: was

text: military

text: decoration

text: in

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Prussia

text: and

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: Empire

text: and

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: It

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: King

text: Friedrich

text: Wilhelm

text: III

text: of

text: Prussia

text: in

text: March

text: backdated

text: to

text: the

text: birthday

text: of

text: his

text: late

text: wife

text: Queen

text: Louise

text: on

text: March

text: during

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: EK

text: Louise

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: to

text: receive

text: this

text: decoration

text: posthumous

text: The

text: recommissioned

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: was

text: also

text: awarded

text: during

text: the

text: Franco

text: Prussian

text: War

text: EK

text: World

text: War

text: EK

text: and

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: EK

text: re

text: introduced

text: with

text: swastika

text: added

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: The

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: was

text: normally

text: military

text: decoration

text: only

text: though

text: there

text: were

text: instances

text: of

text: it

text: being

text: awarded

text: to

text: civilians

text: for

text: performing

text: military

text: functions

text: Two

text: examples

text: of

text: this

text: were

text: civilian

text: test

text: pilots

text: Hanna

text: Reitsch

text: who

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: Class

text: and

text: Class

text: and

text: Melitta

text: Schenk

text: Gräfin

text: von

text: Stauffenberg

text: who

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: Class

text: for

text: their

text: actions

text: as

text: pilots

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The swastika (also known outside the Indian subcontinent as the Hakenkreuz, gammadion cross, cross cramponnée, croix gammée, fylfot, or tetraskelion) (as a character  or ) is an ancient religious symbol originating from the Indian subcontinent, that generally takes the form of an equilateral cross with four legs each bent at 90 degrees. It is considered to be a sacred and auspicious symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism and dates back at least 11,000 years. It continues to be commonly used as a religious symbol in religions native to the Indian subcontinent, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.

text: The

text: swastika

text: also

text: known

text: outside

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: as

text: the

text: Hakenkreuz

text: gammadion

text: cross

text: cross

text: cramponnée

text: croix

text: gammée

text: fylfot

text: or

text: tetraskelion

text: as

text: character

text: or

text: is

text: an

text: ancient

text: religious

text: symbol

text: originating

text: from

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: that

text: generally

text: takes

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: an

text: equilateral

text: cross

text: with

text: four

text: legs

text: each

text: bent

text: at

text: degrees

text: It

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: sacred

text: and

text: auspicious

text: symbol

text: in

text: Hinduism

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: Jainism

text: and

text: dates

text: back

text: at

text: least

text: years

text: It

text: continues

text: to

text: be

text: commonly

text: used

text: as

text: religious

text: symbol

text: in

text: religions

text: native

text: to

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: such

text: as

text: Hinduism

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: Jainism

text: The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, primarily led and financed by the United Kingdom. The wars resulted from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and the Revolutionary Wars, which had raged on for years before concluding with the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. The resumption of hostilities the following year paved the way for more than a decade of constant warfare often categorized into five conflicts: the War of the Third Coalition (1805), the War of the Fourth Coalition (1806-7), the War of the Fifth Coalition (1809), the War of the Sixth Coalition (1813), and the War of the Seventh Coalition (1815). The Napoleonic Wars had profound consequences for global and European history, leading to the spread of nationalism and liberalism, the rise of the British Empire as the world's premier power, the independence movements in Latin America and the collapse of the Spanish Empire, the fundamental reorganization of German and Italian territories into larger states, and the establishment of radically new methods in warfare.

text: The

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: were

text: series

text: of

text: major

text: conflicts

text: pitting

text: the

text: French

text: Empire

text: and

text: its

text: allies

text: led

text: by

text: Napoleon

text: against

text: fluctuating

text: array

text: of

text: European

text: powers

text: formed

text: into

text: various

text: coalitions

text: primarily

text: led

text: and

text: financed

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: wars

text: resulted

text: from

text: the

text: unresolved

text: disputes

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: and

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: Wars

text: which

text: had

text: raged

text: on

text: for

text: years

text: before

text: concluding

text: with

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Amiens

text: in

text: The

text: resumption

text: of

text: hostilities

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: paved

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: decade

text: of

text: constant

text: warfare

text: often

text: categorized

text: into

text: five

text: conflicts

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Third

text: Coalition

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Fourth

text: Coalition

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Fifth

text: Coalition

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Sixth

text: Coalition

text: and

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Seventh

text: Coalition

text: The

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: had

text: profound

text: consequences

text: for

text: global

text: and

text: European

text: history

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: nationalism

text: and

text: liberalism

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: premier

text: power

text: the

text: independence

text: movements

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Empire

text: the

text: fundamental

text: reorganization

text: of

text: German

text: and

text: Italian

text: territories

text: into

text: larger

text: states

text: and

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: radically

text: new

text: methods

text: in

text: warfare

text: Generalmajor, short GenMaj, (en: major general) is the third highest general officer rank in the German Army ("Heer"), German Air Force ("Luftwaffe"). This rank is also used in the Austrian Armed Forces, but is abbreviated as GenMjr.

text: Generalmajor

text: short

text: GenMaj

text: en

text: major

text: general

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: highest

text: general

text: officer

text: rank

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: Army

text: Heer

text: German

text: Air

text: Force

text: Luftwaffe

text: This

text: rank

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: Austrian

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: but

text: is

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: GenMjr

text: The Luftwaffe was the aerial warfare branch of the combined German Wehrmacht military forces during World War II. Germany's military air arms during the First World War, the "Luftstreitkräfte" of the Army and the "Marine-Fliegerabteilung" of the Navy, had been disbanded in May 1920 as a result of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles which stated that Germany was forbidden to have any air force.

text: The

text: Luftwaffe

text: was

text: the

text: aerial

text: warfare

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: combined

text: German

text: Wehrmacht

text: military

text: forces

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Germany

text: 's

text: military

text: air

text: arms

text: during

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: the

text: Luftstreitkräfte

text: of

text: the

text: Army

text: and

text: the

text: Marine

text: Fliegerabteilung

text: of

text: the

text: Navy

text: had

text: been

text: disbanded

text: in

text: May

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: which

text: stated

text: that

text: Germany

text: was

text: forbidden

text: to

text: have

text: any

text: air

text: force

text: German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and (co-) official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol (Italy), the German-speaking Community of Belgium, and Liechtenstein; it is also an official, but not majority language of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, and English. It is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English.

text: German

text: is

text: West

text: Germanic

text: language

text: that

text: is

text: mainly

text: spoken

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: spoken

text: and

text: co-

text: official

text: language

text: in

text: Germany

text: Austria

text: Switzerland

text: South

text: Tyrol

text: Italy

text: the

text: German

text: speaking

text: Community

text: of

text: Belgium

text: and

text: Liechtenstein

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: an

text: official

text: but

text: not

text: majority

text: language

text: of

text: Luxembourg

text: Major

text: languages

text: which

text: are

text: most

text: similar

text: to

text: German

text: include

text: other

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Germanic

text: language

text: branch

text: such

text: as

text: Afrikaans

text: Dutch

text: and

text: English

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: widely

text: spoken

text: Germanic

text: language

text: after

text: English

text: The Wehrmacht (lit. "defence force") was the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1946. It consisted of the "Heer" (army), the "Kriegsmarine" (navy) and the "Luftwaffe" (air force). The designation "Wehrmacht" for Nazi Germany's military replaced the previously used term, "Reichswehr" (191935), and was the manifestation of Nazi Germany's efforts to rearm the nation to a greater extent than the Treaty of Versailles permitted.

text: The

text: Wehrmacht

text: lit

text: defence

text: force

text: was

text: the

text: unified

text: armed

text: forces

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: consisted

text: of

text: the

text: Heer

text: army

text: the

text: Kriegsmarine

text: navy

text: and

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: air

text: force

text: The

text: designation

text: Wehrmacht

text: for

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: 's

text: military

text: replaced

text: the

text: previously

text: used

text: term

text: Reichswehr

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: manifestation

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: 's

text: efforts

text: to

text: rearm

text: the

text: nation

text: to

text: greater

text: extent

text: than

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: permitted

text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: The Kriegsmarine ("War Navy") was the navy of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It superseded the "Kaiserliche Marine" (German Imperial Navy) of World War I and the inter-war "Reichsmarine". The "Kriegsmarine" was one of three official branchesalong with the "Heer (Army)" and the "Luftwaffe (Air Force)"of the Wehrmacht, the armed forces of Nazi Germany.

text: The

text: Kriegsmarine

text: War

text: Navy

text: was

text: the

text: navy

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: superseded

text: the

text: Kaiserliche

text: Marine

text: German

text: Imperial

text: Navy

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: inter

text: war

text: Reichsmarine

text: The

text: Kriegsmarine

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: official

text: branchesalong

text: with

text: the

text: Heer

text: Army

text: and

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: Air

text: Force)"of

text: the

text: Wehrmacht

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: Konteradmiral, abbreviated KAdm or KADM, is the second lowest naval flag officer rank in the German Navy. It is equivalent to "Generalmajor" in the "Heer" and "Luftwaffe" or to "Admiralstabsarzt" and "Generalstabsarzt" in the "Zentraler Sanitätsdienst der Bundeswehr".

text: Konteradmiral

text: abbreviated

text: KAdm

text: or

text: KADM

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: lowest

text: naval

text: flag

text: officer

text: rank

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: Navy

text: It

text: is

text: equivalent

text: to

text: Generalmajor

text: in

text: the

text: Heer

text: and

text: Luftwaffe

text: or

text: to

text: Admiralstabsarzt

text: and

text: Generalstabsarzt

text: in

text: the

text: Zentraler

text: Sanitätsdienst

text: der

text: Bundeswehr

text: Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP). Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over nearly all aspects of life. The official name of the state was "Deutsches Reich" from 1933 to 1943 and "Großdeutsches Reich" ("Greater German Reich") from 1943 to 1945. The period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period (abbreviated as "NS-Zeit"). The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, ending World War II in Europe.

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: English

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: period

text: in

text: German

text: history

text: from

text: to

text: when

text: Germany

text: was

text: governed

text: by

text: dictatorship

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: and

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: NSDAP

text: Under

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: rule

text: Germany

text: was

text: transformed

text: into

text: fascist

text: state

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: took

text: totalitarian

text: control

text: over

text: nearly

text: all

text: aspects

text: of

text: life

text: The

text: official

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: was

text: Deutsches

text: Reich

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: Großdeutsches

text: Reich

text: Greater

text: German

text: Reich

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: period

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: under

text: the

text: names

text: the

text: Third

text: Reich

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Socialist

text: Period

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: NS

text: Zeit

text: The

text: Nazi

text: regime

text: came

text: to

text: an

text: end

text: after

text: the

text: Allied

text: Powers

text: defeated

text: Germany

text: in

text: May

text: ending

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: in

text: Europe

text: In politics and military planning, a war effort refers to a coordinated mobilization of society's resourcesboth industrial and humantowards the support of a military force. Depending on the militarization of the culture, the relative size of the armed forces and the society supporting them, the style of government, and the popular support for the military objectives, such war effort can range from a small industry to complete command of society.

text: In

text: politics

text: and

text: military

text: planning

text: war

text: effort

text: refers

text: to

text: coordinated

text: mobilization

text: of

text: society

text: 's

text: resourcesboth

text: industrial

text: and

text: humantowards

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: military

text: force

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: militarization

text: of

text: the

text: culture

text: the

text: relative

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: and

text: the

text: society

text: supporting

text: them

text: the

text: style

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: the

text: popular

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: military

text: objectives

text: such

text: war

text: effort

text: can

text: range

text: from

text: small

text: industry

text: to

text: complete

text: command

text: of

text: society

text: During World War II, the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second and, to date, last city in the world to experience a nuclear attack.

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: American

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: made

text: Nagasaki

text: the

text: second

text: and

text: to

text: date

text: last

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: experience

text: nuclear

text: attack

text: Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying its morale or its economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both. It is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize strategic bombers, long- or medium-range missiles, or nuclear-armed fighter-bomber aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to the enemy's war-making capability.

text: Strategic

text: bombing

text: is

text: military

text: strategy

text: used

text: in

text: total

text: war

text: with

text: the

text: goal

text: of

text: defeating

text: the

text: enemy

text: by

text: destroying

text: its

text: morale

text: or

text: its

text: economic

text: ability

text: to

text: produce

text: and

text: transport

text: materiel

text: to

text: the

text: theatres

text: of

text: military

text: operations

text: or

text: both

text: It

text: is

text: systematically

text: organized

text: and

text: executed

text: attack

text: from

text: the

text: air

text: which

text: can

text: utilize

text: strategic

text: bombers

text: long-

text: or

text: medium

text: range

text: missiles

text: or

text: nuclear

text: armed

text: fighter

text: bomber

text: aircraft

text: to

text: attack

text: targets

text: deemed

text: vital

text: to

text: the

text: enemy

text: 's

text: war

text: making

text: capability

text: World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved.

text: World

text: War

text: WWI

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: or

text: the

text: Great

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: originating

text: in

text: Europe

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: July

text: to

text: November

text: More

text: than

text: million

text: military

text: personnel

text: including

text: million

text: Europeans

text: were

text: mobilised

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: wars

text: in

text: history

text: Over

text: nine

text: million

text: combatants

text: and

text: seven

text: million

text: civilians

text: died

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: including

text: the

text: victims

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: genocides

text: casualty

text: rate

text: exacerbated

text: by

text: the

text: belligerents

text: technological

text: and

text: industrial

text: sophistication

text: and

text: the

text: tactical

text: stalemate

text: caused

text: by

text: gruelling

text: trench

text: warfare

text: It

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflicts

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: paved

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: major

text: political

text: changes

text: including

text: revolutions

text: in

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: nations

text: involved

text: A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions.

text: great

text: power

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: that

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: having

text: the

text: ability

text: and

text: expertise

text: to

text: exert

text: its

text: influence

text: on

text: global

text: scale

text: Great

text: powers

text: characteristically

text: possess

text: military

text: and

text: economic

text: strength

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: diplomatic

text: and

text: soft

text: power

text: influence

text: which

text: may

text: cause

text: middle

text: or

text: small

text: powers

text: to

text: consider

text: the

text: great

text: powers

text: opinions

text: before

text: taking

text: actions

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: International

text: relations

text: theorists

text: have

text: posited

text: that

text: great

text: power

text: status

text: can

text: be

text: characterized

text: into

text: power

text: capabilities

text: spatial

text: aspects

text: and

text: status

text: dimensions

text: Hanna Reitsch (29 March 1912  24 August 1979) was Germany's most famous female aviator and test pilot, starting in the early 1930s. During the Nazi era she served as an international representative for the regime. In the 1960s she was sponsored by the West German foreign office as a technical adviser in Ghana and elsewhere.

text: Hanna

text: Reitsch

text: March

text: August

text: was

text: Germany

text: 's

text: most

text: famous

text: female

text: aviator

text: and

text: test

text: pilot

text: starting

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: During

text: the

text: Nazi

text: era

text: she

text: served

text: as

text: an

text: international

text: representative

text: for

text: the

text: regime

text: In

text: the

text: she

text: was

text: sponsored

text: by

text: the

text: West

text: German

text: foreign

text: office

text: as

text: technical

text: adviser

text: in

text: Ghana

text: and

text: elsewhere

text: Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, born Melitta Schiller (9 January 1903  8 April 1945), was a German Aviator who served as a test pilot in the Luftwaffe before and during World War II.

text: Melitta

text: Schenk

text: Gräfin

text: von

text: Stauffenberg

text: born

text: Melitta

text: Schiller

text: January

text: April

text: was

text: German

text: Aviator

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: test

text: pilot

text: in

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: before

text: and

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German language: "Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes"), or simply the Knight's Cross ("Ritterkreuz"), and its variants were the highest awards in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II.

text: The

text: Knight

text: 's

text: Cross

text: of

text: the

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: German

text: language

text: Ritterkreuz

text: des

text: Eisernen

text: Kreuzes

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: Knight

text: 's

text: Cross

text: Ritterkreuz

text: and

text: its

text: variants

text: were

text: the

text: highest

text: awards

text: in

text: the

text: military

text: and

text: paramilitary

text: forces

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: A navy or maritime force is a fleet of waterborne military vessels (watercraft) and its associated naval aviation, both sea-based and land-based. It is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions. It includes anything conducted by surface ships, amphibious ships, submarines, and seaborne aviation, as well as ancillary support, communications, training, and other fields; recent developments have included space-related operations. The strategic offensive role of a navy is projection of force into areas beyond a country's shores (for example, to protect sea-lanes, ferry troops, or attack other navies, ports, or shore installations). The strategic defensive purpose of a navy is to frustrate seaborne projection-of-force by enemies. The strategic task of the navy also may incorporate nuclear deterrence by use of Submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Naval operations can be broadly divided between riverine and littoral applications (brown-water navy), open-ocean applications (blue-water navy), and something in between (green-water navy), although these distinctions are more about strategic scope than tactical or operational division.

text: navy

text: or

text: maritime

text: force

text: is

text: fleet

text: of

text: waterborne

text: military

text: vessels

text: watercraft

text: and

text: its

text: associated

text: naval

text: aviation

text: both

text: sea

text: based

text: and

text: land

text: based

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: branch

text: of

text: nation

text: 's

text: armed

text: forces

text: principally

text: designated

text: for

text: naval

text: and

text: amphibious

text: warfare

text: namely

text: lake

text: borne

text: riverine

text: littoral

text: or

text: ocean

text: borne

text: combat

text: operations

text: and

text: related

text: functions

text: It

text: includes

text: anything

text: conducted

text: by

text: surface

text: ships

text: amphibious

text: ships

text: submarines

text: and

text: seaborne

text: aviation

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: ancillary

text: support

text: communications

text: training

text: and

text: other

text: fields

text: recent

text: developments

text: have

text: included

text: space

text: related

text: operations

text: The

text: strategic

text: offensive

text: role

text: of

text: navy

text: is

text: projection

text: of

text: force

text: into

text: areas

text: beyond

text: country

text: 's

text: shores

text: for

text: example

text: to

text: protect

text: sea

text: lanes

text: ferry

text: troops

text: or

text: attack

text: other

text: navies

text: ports

text: or

text: shore

text: installations

text: The

text: strategic

text: defensive

text: purpose

text: of

text: navy

text: is

text: to

text: frustrate

text: seaborne

text: projection

text: of

text: force

text: by

text: enemies

text: The

text: strategic

text: task

text: of

text: the

text: navy

text: also

text: may

text: incorporate

text: nuclear

text: deterrence

text: by

text: use

text: of

text: Submarine

text: launched

text: ballistic

text: missiles

text: Naval

text: operations

text: can

text: be

text: broadly

text: divided

text: between

text: riverine

text: and

text: littoral

text: applications

text: brown

text: water

text: navy

text: open

text: ocean

text: applications

text: blue

text: water

text: navy

text: and

text: something

text: in

text: between

text: green

text: water

text: navy

text: although

text: these

text: distinctions

text: are

text: more

text: about

text: strategic

text: scope

text: than

text: tactical

text: or

text: operational

text: division

text: The Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918 and included parts of present-day Germany, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Denmark, Belgium and the Czech Republic. It was the driving force behind the unification of Germany in 1871 and was the leading state of the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918. Although it took its name from the region called Prussia, it was based in the Margraviate of Brandenburg, where its capital was Berlin.

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Prussia

text: was

text: German

text: kingdom

text: that

text: constituted

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Prussia

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: included

text: parts

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Germany

text: Poland

text: Russia

text: Lithuania

text: Denmark

text: Belgium

text: and

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: driving

text: force

text: behind

text: the

text: unification

text: of

text: Germany

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: leading

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Empire

text: until

text: its

text: dissolution

text: in

text: Although

text: it

text: took

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: region

text: called

text: Prussia

text: it

text: was

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: Margraviate

text: of

text: Brandenburg

text: where

text: its

text: capital

text: was

text: Berlin

text: The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire of Napoleon III and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification and French fears of the shift in the European balance of power that would result if the Prussians succeeded. Some historians argue that the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck deliberately provoked a French attack in order to draw the southern German statesBaden, Württemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadtinto an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia, while others contend that Bismarck did not plan anything and merely exploited the circumstances as they unfolded.

text: The

text: Franco

text: Prussian

text: War

text: or

text: Franco

text: German

text: War

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: France

text: as

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: July

text: was

text: conflict

text: between

text: the

text: Second

text: French

text: Empire

text: of

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: and

text: the

text: German

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: German

text: Confederation

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Prussia

text: The

text: conflict

text: was

text: caused

text: by

text: Prussian

text: ambitions

text: to

text: extend

text: German

text: unification

text: and

text: French

text: fears

text: of

text: the

text: shift

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: balance

text: of

text: power

text: that

text: would

text: result

text: if

text: the

text: Prussians

text: succeeded

text: Some

text: historians

text: argue

text: that

text: the

text: Prussian

text: chancellor

text: Otto

text: von

text: Bismarck

text: deliberately

text: provoked

text: French

text: attack

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: draw

text: the

text: southern

text: German

text: statesBaden

text: Württemberg

text: Bavaria

text: and

text: Hesse

text: Darmstadtinto

text: an

text: alliance

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: German

text: Confederation

text: dominated

text: by

text: Prussia

text: while

text: others

text: contend

text: that

text: Bismarck

text: did

text: not

text: plan

text: anything

text: and

text: merely

text: exploited

text: the

text: circumstances

text: as

text: they

text: unfolded

question: place_of_birth otto schulz

answer: darmstadt


text: Tajikistan (, or ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan ("Çumhuriji Toçikiston"), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013, and an area of . It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.

text: Tajikistan

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Tajikistan

text: Çumhuriji

text: Toçikiston

text: is

text: mountainous

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: people

text: in

text: and

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Afghanistan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Uzbekistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Pakistan

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: separated

text: by

text: the

text: narrow

text: Wakhan

text: Corridor

text: Traditional

text: homelands

text: of

text: Tajik

text: people

text: included

text: present

text: day

text: Tajikistan

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Uzbekistan

text: Alp - Tegin , ( Persian :    ; Alp Tegn , Turkic for brave prince ) sometimes spelled as Alptigin , was a Turkic slave commander of the Samanid Empire , who would later become the semi-independent governor of Ghazna from 962 until his death in 963 . Before becoming governor of Ghazni , Alp - Tegin was the commander - in - chief ( sipahsalar ) of the Samanid army in Khorasan . In a political fallout over succession of the Samanids he crossed the Hindu Kush mountains southward and captured Ghazna , located strategically between Kabul and Kandahar in present - day Afghanistan , and thereby establishing his own principality , which , however , was still under Samanid authority . He was succeeded by his son , Abu Ishaq Ibrahim .

text: Alp

text: Tegin

text: Persian

text: Alp

text: Tegn

text: Turkic

text: for

text: brave

text: prince

text: sometimes

text: spelled

text: as

text: Alptigin

text: was

text: Turkic

text: slave

text: commander

text: of

text: the

text: Samanid

text: Empire

text: who

text: would

text: later

text: become

text: the

text: semi

text: independent

text: governor

text: of

text: Ghazna

text: from

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: Before

text: becoming

text: governor

text: of

text: Ghazni

text: Alp

text: Tegin

text: was

text: the

text: commander

text: in

text: chief

text: sipahsalar

text: of

text: the

text: Samanid

text: army

text: in

text: Khorasan

text: In

text: political

text: fallout

text: over

text: succession

text: of

text: the

text: Samanids

text: he

text: crossed

text: the

text: Hindu

text: Kush

text: mountains

text: southward

text: and

text: captured

text: Ghazna

text: located

text: strategically

text: between

text: Kabul

text: and

text: Kandahar

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: thereby

text: establishing

text: his

text: own

text: principality

text: which

text: however

text: was

text: still

text: under

text: Samanid

text: authority

text: He

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: his

text: son

text: Abu

text: Ishaq

text: Ibrahim

text: Turkmenistan (or  ); formerly known as Turkmenia is a country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north and east, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west.

text: Turkmenistan

text: or

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Turkmenia

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: bordered

text: by

text: Kazakhstan

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Uzbekistan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: Afghanistan

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Kyrgyzstan (; "Kyrgyzstan"), officially the Kyrgyz Republic ("Krgz Respublikas"; "Kyrgyzskaya Respublika"), formerly known as Kirghizia, is a country in Central Asia. Landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west and southwest, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek.

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: officially

text: the

text: Kyrgyz

text: Republic

text: Krgz

text: Respublikas

text: Kyrgyzskaya

text: Respublika

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Kirghizia

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: Landlocked

text: and

text: mountainous

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Kazakhstan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Uzbekistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: southwest

text: Tajikistan

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Bishkek

text: The Samanid Empire ("Smniyn"), also known as the Samanid dynasty, Samanid Emirate, or simply Samanids, was a Sunni Iranian empire, ruling from 819 to 999. The empire was mostly centered in Khorasan and Transoxiana during its existence, but at its greatest extent, the empire encompassed all of today's Afghanistan, and large parts of Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Pakistan.

text: The

text: Samanid

text: Empire

text: Smniyn

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Samanid

text: dynasty

text: Samanid

text: Emirate

text: or

text: simply

text: Samanids

text: was

text: Sunni

text: Iranian

text: empire

text: ruling

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: empire

text: was

text: mostly

text: centered

text: in

text: Khorasan

text: and

text: Transoxiana

text: during

text: its

text: existence

text: but

text: at

text: its

text: greatest

text: extent

text: the

text: empire

text: encompassed

text: all

text: of

text: today

text: 's

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: large

text: parts

text: of

text: Iran

text: Turkmenistan

text: Uzbekistan

text: Tajikistan

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: Kazakhstan

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: Pakistan (or ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a federal parliamentary republic in South Asia on crossroads of Central Asia and Western Asia. It is the sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 200 million people. It is the 36th largest country in the world in terms of area with an area covering . Pakistan has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast respectively. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman.

text: Pakistan

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: is

text: federal

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: on

text: crossroads

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: Western

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: sixth

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: population

text: exceeding

text: million

text: people

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: area

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: covering

text: Pakistan

text: has

text: coastline

text: along

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Oman

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: India

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Afghanistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: far

text: northeast

text: respectively

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Tajikistan

text: by

text: Afghanistan

text: 's

text: narrow

text: Wakhan

text: Corridor

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: also

text: shares

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Oman

text: Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia. It is a unitary, constitutional, presidential republic, comprising twelve provinces, one autonomous republic and a capital city. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Tajikistan to the southeast; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest.

text: Uzbekistan

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Uzbekistan

text: is

text: doubly

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: constitutional

text: presidential

text: republic

text: comprising

text: twelve

text: provinces

text: one

text: autonomous

text: republic

text: and

text: capital

text: city

text: Uzbekistan

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: five

text: landlocked

text: countries

text: Kazakhstan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Tajikistan

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Afghanistan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Turkmenistan

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari: , "Afnistn"), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. It has a population of approximately 32 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast. Its territory covers , making it the 41st largest country in the world.

text: Afghanistan

text: Pashto

text: Dari

text: Afnistn

text: officially

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Afghanistan

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: within

text: South

text: Asia

text: and

text: Central

text: Asia

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: million

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Pakistan

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: Iran

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: Turkmenistan

text: Uzbekistan

text: and

text: Tajikistan

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: far

text: northeast

text: Its

text: territory

text: covers

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Kazakhstan ( "Qazaqstan",  "Kazakhstan"), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan ("Qazaqstan Respwblïkas" "Respublika Kazakhstan"), is a transcontinental country in northern Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of . Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.

text: Kazakhstan

text: Qazaqstan

text: Kazakhstan

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Kazakhstan

text: Qazaqstan

text: Respwblïkas

text: Respublika

text: Kazakhstan

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: in

text: northern

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: Kazakhstan

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: landlocked

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Kazakhstan

text: is

text: the

text: dominant

text: nation

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: economically

text: generating

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: GDP

text: primarily

text: through

text: its

text: oil

text: gas

text: industry

text: It

text: also

text: has

text: vast

text: mineral

text: resources

text: Iran (, also , ; ' ), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (' ), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the "de facto" Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; to the north by the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of , it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country. It is the only country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, make it of great geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic center.

text: Iran

text: also

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Persia

text: officially

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iran

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: by

text: Armenia

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: Nagorno

text: Karabakh

text: Republic

text: and

text: Azerbaijan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: by

text: Turkmenistan

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Oman

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Turkey

text: and

text: Iraq

text: Comprising

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Iran

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: with

text: both

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: and

text: an

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: coastline

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: central

text: location

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: and

text: Western

text: Asia

text: and

text: its

text: proximity

text: to

text: the

text: Strait

text: of

text: Hormuz

text: make

text: it

text: of

text: great

text: geostrategic

text: importance

text: Tehran

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: leading

text: economic

text: center

annotations: follows single

question: country_of_citizenship alp-tegin

answer: turkey

text: turkey