text: The Neo-Babylonian Empire, also known as the Chaldean Empire, was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 626 BC and ended in 539 BC. During the preceding three centuries, Babylonia had been ruled by their fellow Akkadian speakers and northern neighbours, Assyria. A year after the death of the last strong Assyrian ruler, Assurbanipal, in 627 BC, the Assyrian empire spiralled into a series of brutal civil wars. Babylonia rebelled under Nabopolassar, a member of the Chaldean tribe which had migrated from the Levant to south eastern Babylonia in the early 9th century BC. In alliance with the Medes, Persians, Scythians and Cimmerians, they sacked the city of Nineveh in 612 BC, and the seat of empire was transferred to Babylonia for the first time since the death of Hammurabi in the mid 18th century BC. This period witnessed a general improvement in economic life and agricultural production, and a great flourishing of architectural projects, the arts and science.

text: The

text: Neo

text: Babylonian

text: Empire

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Chaldean

text: Empire

text: was

text: period

text: of

text: Mesopotamian

text: history

text: which

text: began

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: ended

text: in

text: BC

text: During

text: the

text: preceding

text: three

text: centuries

text: Babylonia

text: had

text: been

text: ruled

text: by

text: their

text: fellow

text: Akkadian

text: speakers

text: and

text: northern

text: neighbours

text: Assyria

text: year

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: strong

text: Assyrian

text: ruler

text: Assurbanipal

text: in

text: BC

text: the

text: Assyrian

text: empire

text: spiralled

text: into

text: series

text: of

text: brutal

text: civil

text: wars

text: Babylonia

text: rebelled

text: under

text: Nabopolassar

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Chaldean

text: tribe

text: which

text: had

text: migrated

text: from

text: the

text: Levant

text: to

text: south

text: eastern

text: Babylonia

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: BC

text: In

text: alliance

text: with

text: the

text: Medes

text: Persians

text: Scythians

text: and

text: Cimmerians

text: they

text: sacked

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Nineveh

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: empire

text: was

text: transferred

text: to

text: Babylonia

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: since

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Hammurabi

text: in

text: the

text: mid

text: century

text: BC

text: This

text: period

text: witnessed

text: general

text: improvement

text: in

text: economic

text: life

text: and

text: agricultural

text: production

text: and

text: great

text: flourishing

text: of

text: architectural

text: projects

text: the

text: arts

text: and

text: science

text: Etemenanki (Sumerian  "temple of the foundation of heaven and earth") was the name of a ziggurat dedicated to Marduk in the city of Babylon of the 6th century BCE Neo-Babylonian dynasty. Originally 91 meters in height, little remains of it now except ruins.

text: Etemenanki

text: Sumerian

text: temple

text: of

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: heaven

text: and

text: earth

text: was

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: ziggurat

text: dedicated

text: to

text: Marduk

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Babylon

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: Neo

text: Babylonian

text: dynasty

text: Originally

text: meters

text: in

text: height

text: little

text: remains

text: of

text: it

text: now

text: except

text: ruins

text: A Christian (or ) is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. "Christian" derives from the Koine Greek word "Christós" (), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term "mashiach".

text: Christian

text: or

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: follows

text: or

text: adheres

text: to

text: Christianity

text: an

text: Abrahamic

text: monotheistic

text: religion

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: life

text: and

text: teachings

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: Christian

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Koine

text: Greek

text: word

text: Christós

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: Biblical

text: Hebrew

text: term

text: mashiach

text: The Persian Gulf is a mediterranean sea in Western Asia. The body of water is an extension of the Indian Ocean (Gulf of Oman) through the Strait of Hormuz and lies between Iran to the northeast and the Arabian Peninsula to the southwest. The Shatt al-Arab river delta forms the northwest shoreline.

text: The

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: is

text: mediterranean

text: sea

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: The

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: is

text: an

text: extension

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Oman

text: through

text: the

text: Strait

text: of

text: Hormuz

text: and

text: lies

text: between

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Peninsula

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: The

text: Shatt

text: al

text: Arab

text: river

text: delta

text: forms

text: the

text: northwest

text: shoreline

text: A city-state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories. Historically, this included cities such as Rome, Athens, Carthage, and the Italian city-states during the Renaissancebut today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist, with some disagreement as to which are city-states. A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore, Monaco, and Vatican City.

text: city

text: state

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: that

text: consists

text: of

text: city

text: and

text: its

text: dependent

text: territories

text: Historically

text: this

text: included

text: cities

text: such

text: as

text: Rome

text: Athens

text: Carthage

text: and

text: the

text: Italian

text: city

text: states

text: during

text: the

text: Renaissancebut

text: today

text: only

text: handful

text: of

text: sovereign

text: city

text: states

text: exist

text: with

text: some

text: disagreement

text: as

text: to

text: which

text: are

text: city

text: states

text: great

text: deal

text: of

text: consensus

text: exists

text: that

text: the

text: term

text: properly

text: applies

text: to

text: Singapore

text: Monaco

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Babylon (or ; Aramaic: , "Babel", , "Bavel", , "Bbil") was a major city of ancient Mesopotamia in the fertile plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The city was built upon the Euphrates and divided in equal parts along its left and right banks, with steep embankments to contain the river's seasonal floods. Babylon was originally a small Semitic Akkadian city dating from the period of the Akkadian Empire c. 2300 BC.

text: Babylon

text: or

text: Aramaic

text: Babel

text: Bavel

text: Bbil

text: was

text: major

text: city

text: of

text: ancient

text: Mesopotamia

text: in

text: the

text: fertile

text: plain

text: between

text: the

text: Tigris

text: and

text: Euphrates

text: rivers

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: built

text: upon

text: the

text: Euphrates

text: and

text: divided

text: in

text: equal

text: parts

text: along

text: its

text: left

text: and

text: right

text: banks

text: with

text: steep

text: embankments

text: to

text: contain

text: the

text: river

text: 's

text: seasonal

text: floods

text: Babylon

text: was

text: originally

text: small

text: Semitic

text: Akkadian

text: city

text: dating

text: from

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Akkadian

text: Empire

text: BC

text: A ziggurat (; Akkadian "ziqqurat", D-stem of "zaqru" "to build on a raised area") was a massive structure built in ancient Mesopotamia and the western Iranian plateau. It had the form of a terraced step pyramid of successively receding stories or levels. Notable ziggurats include the Great Ziggurat of Ur near Nasiriyah, the Ziggurat of Aqar Quf near Baghdad, the now destroyed Etemenanki in Babylon, Chogha Zanbil in Khzestn and Sialk.

text: ziggurat

text: Akkadian

text: ziqqurat

text: stem

text: of

text: zaqru

text: to

text: build

text: on

text: raised

text: area

text: was

text: massive

text: structure

text: built

text: in

text: ancient

text: Mesopotamia

text: and

text: the

text: western

text: Iranian

text: plateau

text: It

text: had

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: terraced

text: step

text: pyramid

text: of

text: successively

text: receding

text: stories

text: or

text: levels

text: Notable

text: ziggurats

text: include

text: the

text: Great

text: Ziggurat

text: of

text: Ur

text: near

text: Nasiriyah

text: the

text: Ziggurat

text: of

text: Aqar

text: Quf

text: near

text: Baghdad

text: the

text: now

text: destroyed

text: Etemenanki

text: in

text: Babylon

text: Chogha

text: Zanbil

text: in

text: Khzestn

text: and

text: Sialk

text: Mesopotamia ("[land] between rivers"; from Ancient Armenian  (Mijagetq); "bild ar-rfidayn" "miyn rodn"; "Beth Nahrain" "land of rivers") is a name for the area of the TigrisEuphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq plus Kuwait, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish-Syrian and IranIraq borders.

text: Mesopotamia

text: land

text: between

text: rivers

text: from

text: Ancient

text: Armenian

text: Mijagetq

text: bild

text: ar

text: rfidayn

text: miyn

text: rodn

text: Beth

text: Nahrain

text: land

text: of

text: rivers

text: is

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: TigrisEuphrates

text: river

text: system

text: in

text: modern

text: days

text: roughly

text: corresponding

text: to

text: most

text: of

text: Iraq

text: plus

text: Kuwait

text: the

text: eastern

text: parts

text: of

text: Syria

text: Southeastern

text: Turkey

text: and

text: regions

text: along

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Syrian

text: and

text: IranIraq

text: borders

text: Nabonidus (Akkadian Nabû-naid, "Nabu is praised", ) was the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, reigning from 556539 BC.

text: Nabonidus

text: Akkadian

text: Nabû

text: naid

text: Nabu

text: is

text: praised

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: king

text: of

text: the

text: Neo

text: Babylonian

text: Empire

text: reigning

text: from

text: BC

text: Arabic (' or ' ) is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the "lingua franca" of the Arab world. Arabic also is a liturgical language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six official languages of the United Nations. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, and from northwestern Arabia to the Sinai in the south.

text: Arabic

text: or

text: is

text: Central

text: Semitic

text: language

text: that

text: was

text: first

text: spoken

text: in

text: Iron

text: Age

text: northwestern

text: Arabia

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: the

text: lingua

text: franca

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: Arabic

text: also

text: is

text: liturgical

text: language

text: of

text: billion

text: Muslims

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: six

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Arabs

text: term

text: initially

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: peoples

text: living

text: from

text: Mesopotamia

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: to

text: the

text: Anti

text: Lebanon

text: mountains

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: from

text: northwestern

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: Sinai

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: A pyramid (from "") is a structure whose outer surfaces are triangular and converge to a single point at the top, making the shape roughly a pyramid in the geometric sense. The base of a pyramid can be trilateral, quadrilateral, or any polygon shape, meaning that a pyramid has at least three outer triangular surfaces (at least four faces including the base). The square pyramid, with square base and four triangular outer surfaces, is a common version.

text: pyramid

text: from

text: is

text: structure

text: whose

text: outer

text: surfaces

text: are

text: triangular

text: and

text: converge

text: to

text: single

text: point

text: at

text: the

text: top

text: making

text: the

text: shape

text: roughly

text: pyramid

text: in

text: the

text: geometric

text: sense

text: The

text: base

text: of

text: pyramid

text: can

text: be

text: trilateral

text: quadrilateral

text: or

text: any

text: polygon

text: shape

text: meaning

text: that

text: pyramid

text: has

text: at

text: least

text: three

text: outer

text: triangular

text: surfaces

text: at

text: least

text: four

text: faces

text: including

text: the

text: base

text: The

text: square

text: pyramid

text: with

text: square

text: base

text: and

text: four

text: triangular

text: outer

text: surfaces

text: is

text: common

text: version

text: Iran (, also , ; ' ), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (' ), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the "de facto" Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; to the north by the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of , it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country. It is the only country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, make it of great geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic center.

text: Iran

text: also

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Persia

text: officially

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iran

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: by

text: Armenia

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: Nagorno

text: Karabakh

text: Republic

text: and

text: Azerbaijan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: by

text: Turkmenistan

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Oman

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Turkey

text: and

text: Iraq

text: Comprising

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Iran

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: with

text: both

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: and

text: an

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: coastline

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: central

text: location

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: and

text: Western

text: Asia

text: and

text: its

text: proximity

text: to

text: the

text: Strait

text: of

text: Hormuz

text: make

text: it

text: of

text: great

text: geostrategic

text: importance

text: Tehran

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: leading

text: economic

text: center

text: Sumer was the first urban civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and arguably the first civilization in the world with Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers were able to grow an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus of which enabled them to settle in one place.

text: Sumer

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: urban

text: civilization

text: in

text: the

text: historical

text: region

text: of

text: southern

text: Mesopotamia

text: modern

text: day

text: southern

text: Iraq

text: during

text: the

text: Chalcolithic

text: and

text: Early

text: Bronze

text: ages

text: and

text: arguably

text: the

text: first

text: civilization

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: Ancient

text: Egypt

text: and

text: the

text: Indus

text: Valley

text: Living

text: along

text: the

text: valleys

text: of

text: the

text: Tigris

text: and

text: Euphrates

text: Sumerian

text: farmers

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: grow

text: an

text: abundance

text: of

text: grain

text: and

text: other

text: crops

text: the

text: surplus

text: of

text: which

text: enabled

text: them

text: to

text: settle

text: in

text: one

text: place

text: The Kurds () also the Kurdish people are an ethnic group in the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a contiguous area spanning adjacent parts of eastern and southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), western Iran (Eastern or Iranian Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern or Iraqi Kurdistan), and northern Syria (Western Kurdistan or Rojava). The Kurds are culturally and linguistically closely related to the Iranian peoples and, as a result, are often themselves classified as an Iranian people.

text: The

text: Kurds

text: also

text: the

text: Kurdish

text: people

text: are

text: an

text: ethnic

text: group

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: mostly

text: inhabiting

text: contiguous

text: area

text: spanning

text: adjacent

text: parts

text: of

text: eastern

text: and

text: southeastern

text: Turkey

text: Northern

text: Kurdistan

text: western

text: Iran

text: Eastern

text: or

text: Iranian

text: Kurdistan

text: northern

text: Iraq

text: Southern

text: or

text: Iraqi

text: Kurdistan

text: and

text: northern

text: Syria

text: Western

text: Kurdistan

text: or

text: Rojava

text: The

text: Kurds

text: are

text: culturally

text: and

text: linguistically

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Iranian

text: peoples

text: and

text: as

text: result

text: are

text: often

text: themselves

text: classified

text: as

text: an

text: Iranian

text: people

text: Akkadian ("akkadû", ak-ka-du-u; logogram: URI ) is an extinct East Semitic language (part of the greater Afroasiatic language family) that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia. The earliest attested Semitic language, it used the cuneiform writing system, which was originally used to write the unrelated Ancient Sumerian, a language isolate. The language was named after the city of Akkad, a major centre of Mesopotamian civilization during the Akkadian Empire (ca. 23342154 BC), but the language itself precedes the founding of Akkad by many centuries.

text: Akkadian

text: akkadû

text: ak

text: ka

text: du

text: logogram

text: URI

text: is

text: an

text: extinct

text: East

text: Semitic

text: language

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: greater

text: Afroasiatic

text: language

text: family

text: that

text: was

text: spoken

text: in

text: ancient

text: Mesopotamia

text: The

text: earliest

text: attested

text: Semitic

text: language

text: it

text: used

text: the

text: cuneiform

text: writing

text: system

text: which

text: was

text: originally

text: used

text: to

text: write

text: the

text: unrelated

text: Ancient

text: Sumerian

text: language

text: isolate

text: The

text: language

text: was

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Akkad

text: major

text: centre

text: of

text: Mesopotamian

text: civilization

text: during

text: the

text: Akkadian

text: Empire

text: ca

text: BC

text: but

text: the

text: language

text: itself

text: precedes

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: Akkad

text: by

text: many

text: centuries

text: The Persian Plateau, or Iranian Plateau, is a geological formation in Western Asia and Central Asia. It is the part of the Eurasian Plate wedged between the Arabian and Indian plates, situated between the Zagros Mountains to the west, the Caspian Sea and the Kopet Dag to the north, the Armenian Highlands and the Caucasus mountains in the northwest, the Hormuz Strait and Persian gulf to the south and the Indus River to the east in Pakistan.

text: The

text: Persian

text: Plateau

text: or

text: Iranian

text: Plateau

text: is

text: geological

text: formation

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: and

text: Central

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Eurasian

text: Plate

text: wedged

text: between

text: the

text: Arabian

text: and

text: Indian

text: plates

text: situated

text: between

text: the

text: Zagros

text: Mountains

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Kopet

text: Dag

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Armenian

text: Highlands

text: and

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: mountains

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: the

text: Hormuz

text: Strait

text: and

text: Persian

text: gulf

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Indus

text: River

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: in

text: Pakistan

text: Western Asia, West Asia, Southwestern Asia or Southwest Asia is the westernmost subregion of Asia. The concept is in limited use, as it significantly overlaps with the Middle East (or Near East), the main difference being the exclusion of Egypt (which would be counted as part of North Africa). The term is sometimes used for the purposes of grouping countries in statistics.

text: Western

text: Asia

text: West

text: Asia

text: Southwestern

text: Asia

text: or

text: Southwest

text: Asia

text: is

text: the

text: westernmost

text: subregion

text: of

text: Asia

text: The

text: concept

text: is

text: in

text: limited

text: use

text: as

text: it

text: significantly

text: overlaps

text: with

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: or

text: Near

text: East

text: the

text: main

text: difference

text: being

text: the

text: exclusion

text: of

text: Egypt

text: which

text: would

text: be

text: counted

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: purposes

text: of

text: grouping

text: countries

text: in

text: statistics

text: Nabu is the patron god of scribes, wisdom and literature, being worshipped by the Assyrian and Babylonian people. He was identified as the son of the great god Marduk by the Babylonians and as the son of Ashur by the Assyrians.

text: Nabu

text: is

text: the

text: patron

text: god

text: of

text: scribes

text: wisdom

text: and

text: literature

text: being

text: worshipped

text: by

text: the

text: Assyrian

text: and

text: Babylonian

text: people

text: He

text: was

text: identified

text: as

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: god

text: Marduk

text: by

text: the

text: Babylonians

text: and

text: as

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Ashur

text: by

text: the

text: Assyrians

text: Baghdad is the capital of the Republic of Iraq. The population of Baghdad, , is approximately 7.216.040 making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab world (after Cairo, Egypt), and the second largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran, Iran).

text: Baghdad

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iraq

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: Baghdad

text: is

text: approximately

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Iraq

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: after

text: Cairo

text: Egypt

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: after

text: Tehran

text: Iran

text: Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: ), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Greece to the west; Bulgaria to the northwest; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the south. The Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia. Turkey's location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history.

text: Turkey

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Turkey

text: Turkish

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: mainly

text: in

text: Anatolia

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: with

text: smaller

text: portion

text: on

text: the

text: Balkan

text: peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Europe

text: Turkey

text: is

text: democratic

text: secular

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: with

text: diverse

text: cultural

text: heritage

text: Turkey

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: eight

text: countries

text: Greece

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Bulgaria

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Georgia

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Armenia

text: the

text: Azerbaijani

text: exclave

text: of

text: Nakhchivan

text: and

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Iraq

text: and

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: Aegean

text: Sea

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: Bosphorus

text: the

text: Sea

text: of

text: Marmara

text: and

text: the

text: Dardanelles

text: which

text: together

text: form

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: divide

text: Thrace

text: and

text: Anatolia

text: they

text: also

text: separate

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: Turkey

text: 's

text: location

text: has

text: given

text: it

text: geopolitical

text: and

text: strategic

text: importance

text: throughout

text: history

text: Assyria was a major Mesopotamian East Semitic-speaking kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East. It existed as an independent state from perhaps as early as the 25th century BC in the form of the Assur city-state, until its lapse between 612 BC and 599 BC, spanning the Early to Middle Bronze Age through to the late Iron Age.

text: Assyria

text: was

text: major

text: Mesopotamian

text: East

text: Semitic

text: speaking

text: kingdom

text: and

text: empire

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: It

text: existed

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: state

text: from

text: perhaps

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: Assur

text: city

text: state

text: until

text: its

text: lapse

text: between

text: BC

text: and

text: BC

text: spanning

text: the

text: Early

text: to

text: Middle

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: through

text: to

text: the

text: late

text: Iron

text: Age

text: Chogha Zanbil (Elamite: Dur Untash) is an ancient Elamite complex in the Khuzestan province of Iran. It is one of the few existent ziggurats outside of Mesopotamia. It lies approximately south-southeast of Dezful, south-east of Susa and north of Ahvaz.

text: Chogha

text: Zanbil

text: Elamite

text: Dur

text: Untash

text: is

text: an

text: ancient

text: Elamite

text: complex

text: in

text: the

text: Khuzestan

text: province

text: of

text: Iran

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: existent

text: ziggurats

text: outside

text: of

text: Mesopotamia

text: It

text: lies

text: approximately

text: south

text: southeast

text: of

text: Dezful

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: Susa

text: and

text: north

text: of

text: Ahvaz

text: Iraq (, or ; '; '), officially known as the Republic of Iraq ('; ') is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds; others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's 36 million citizens are Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish.

text: Iraq

text: or

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iraq

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: bordered

text: by

text: Turkey

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Kuwait

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Jordan

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Baghdad

text: The

text: main

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: are

text: Arabs

text: and

text: Kurds

text: others

text: include

text: Assyrians

text: Turkmen

text: Shabakis

text: Yazidis

text: Armenians

text: Mandeans

text: Circassians

text: and

text: Kawliya

text: Around

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: million

text: citizens

text: are

text: Muslims

text: with

text: Christianity

text: Yarsan

text: Yezidism

text: and

text: Mandeanism

text: also

text: present

text: The

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: Iraq

text: are

text: Arabic

text: and

text: Kurdish

text: Dhi Qar Governorate is a governorate in southern Iraq. The provincial capital is Nasiriyah. Prior to 1976 the governorate was known as Muntafiq Governorate. Dhi Qar was the heartland of the ancient Iraqi civilization of Sumer, and includes the ruins of Ur, Eridu, Lagash, Larsa, Girsu, Umma, and Bad-tibira. The southern area of the governorate is covered by Mesopotamian Marshes.

text: Dhi

text: Qar

text: Governorate

text: is

text: governorate

text: in

text: southern

text: Iraq

text: The

text: provincial

text: capital

text: is

text: Nasiriyah

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: governorate

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: Muntafiq

text: Governorate

text: Dhi

text: Qar

text: was

text: the

text: heartland

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Iraqi

text: civilization

text: of

text: Sumer

text: and

text: includes

text: the

text: ruins

text: of

text: Ur

text: Eridu

text: Lagash

text: Larsa

text: Girsu

text: Umma

text: and

text: Bad

text: tibira

text: The

text: southern

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: governorate

text: is

text: covered

text: by

text: Mesopotamian

text: Marshes

text:
Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). A small Amorite-ruled state emerged in 1894 BC, which contained at this time the minor city of Babylon. Babylon greatly expanded during the reign of Hammurabi in the first half of the 18th century BC, becoming a major capital city. During the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Babylonia was called "Mt Akkad" "the country of Akkad" in the Akkadian language.
It was often involved in rivalry with its older fellow Akkadian-speaking state of Assyria in northern Mesopotamia. Babylonia briefly became the major power in the region after Hammurabi (fl. c. 1792  1752 BC middle chronology, or c. 1696  1654 BC, short chronology) created a short-lived empire, succeeding the earlier Akkadian Empire, Third Dynasty of Ur, and Old Assyrian Empire; however, the Babylonian empire rapidly fell apart after the death of Hammurabi.

text: Babylonia

text: was

text: an

text: ancient

text: Akkadian

text: speaking

text: state

text: and

text: cultural

text: area

text: based

text: in

text: central

text: southern

text: Mesopotamia

text: present

text: day

text: Iraq

text: small

text: Amorite

text: ruled

text: state

text: emerged

text: in

text: BC

text: which

text: contained

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: the

text: minor

text: city

text: of

text: Babylon

text: Babylon

text: greatly

text: expanded

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Hammurabi

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: becoming

text: major

text: capital

text: city

text: During

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Hammurabi

text: and

text: afterwards

text: Babylonia

text: was

text: called

text: Mt

text: Akkad

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: Akkad

text: in

text: the

text: Akkadian

text: language

text: It

text: was

text: often

text: involved

text: in

text: rivalry

text: with

text: its

text: older

text: fellow

text: Akkadian

text: speaking

text: state

text: of

text: Assyria

text: in

text: northern

text: Mesopotamia

text: Babylonia

text: briefly

text: became

text: the

text: major

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: after

text: Hammurabi

text: fl

text: BC

text: middle

text: chronology

text: or

text: BC

text: short

text: chronology

text: created

text: short

text: lived

text: empire

text: succeeding

text: the

text: earlier

text: Akkadian

text: Empire

text: Third

text: Dynasty

text: of

text: Ur

text: and

text: Old

text: Assyrian

text: Empire

text: however

text: the

text: Babylonian

text: empire

text: rapidly

text: fell

text: apart

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Hammurabi

text: The Ziggurat ( or Great Ziggurat ) of Ur ( Sumerian : é - temen - ní - gùru `` Etemenniguru '' , meaning `` temple whose foundation creates aura '' ) is a Neo-Sumerian ziggurat in what was the city of Ur near Nasiriyah , in present - day Dhi Qar Province , Iraq . The structure was built during the Early Bronze Age ( 21st century BCE ) , but had crumbled to ruins by the 6th century BCE of the Neo-Babylonian period when it was restored by King Nabonidus . Its remains were excavated in the 1920s and 1930s by Sir Leonard Woolley . Under Saddam Hussein in the 1980s , they were encased by a partial reconstruction of the façade and the monumental staircase . The ziggurat of Ur is the best - preserved of those known from Iran and Iraq , besides the ziggurat of Dur Untash ( Chogha Zanbil ) . It is one of three well preserved structures of the Neo-Sumerian city of Ur , along with the Royal Mausolea and the Palace of Ur - Nammu ( the E-hursag ) .

text: The

text: Ziggurat

text: or

text: Great

text: Ziggurat

text: of

text: Ur

text: Sumerian

text: é

text: temen

text: ní

text: gùru

text: Etemenniguru

text: meaning

text: temple

text: whose

text: foundation

text: creates

text: aura

text: is

text: Neo

text: Sumerian

text: ziggurat

text: in

text: what

text: was

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Ur

text: near

text: Nasiriyah

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Dhi

text: Qar

text: Province

text: Iraq

text: The

text: structure

text: was

text: built

text: during

text: the

text: Early

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: century

text: BCE

text: but

text: had

text: crumbled

text: to

text: ruins

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: of

text: the

text: Neo

text: Babylonian

text: period

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: restored

text: by

text: King

text: Nabonidus

text: Its

text: remains

text: were

text: excavated

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: by

text: Sir

text: Leonard

text: Woolley

text: Under

text: Saddam

text: Hussein

text: in

text: the

text: they

text: were

text: encased

text: by

text: partial

text: reconstruction

text: of

text: the

text: façade

text: and

text: the

text: monumental

text: staircase

text: The

text: ziggurat

text: of

text: Ur

text: is

text: the

text: best

text: preserved

text: of

text: those

text: known

text: from

text: Iran

text: and

text: Iraq

text: besides

text: the

text: ziggurat

text: of

text: Dur

text: Untash

text: Chogha

text: Zanbil

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: well

text: preserved

text: structures

text: of

text: the

text: Neo

text: Sumerian

text: city

text: of

text: Ur

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Royal

text: Mausolea

text: and

text: the

text: Palace

text: of

text: Ur

text: Nammu

text: the

text: hursag

text: Arabs are a people inhabiting the Arab world. They primarily live in the Arab states in Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and western Indian Ocean islands.

text: Arabs

text: are

text: people

text: inhabiting

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: They

text: primarily

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: states

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: North

text: Africa

text: the

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: western

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: islands

text: The Circassians (Circassian: , "Adygekher") are a Northwest Caucasian ethnic group native to Circassia, many of whom were displaced in the course of the Russian conquest of the Caucasus in the 19th century, especially after the RussianCircassian War in 1864. In its narrowest sense, the term "Circassian" includes the twelve Adyghe (Circassian: , "Adyge") tribes (three democratic and nine aristocratic), i.e. Abzakh, Besleney, Bzhedug, Hatuqwai, Kabardian, Mamkhegh, Natukhai, Shapsug, Temirgoy, Ubykh, Yegeruqwai, and Zhaney, each one represented by a star on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. However, due to Soviet administrative divisions, Circassians were also designated as the following: "Adygeans" (Adyghe in Adygea), "Cherkessians" (Adyghe in Karachay-Cherkessia), "Kabardians" (Adyghe in Kabardino-Balkaria), "Shapsugians" (Adyghe in Krasnodar Krai) although all the four are essentially the same people residing in different political units.

text: The

text: Circassians

text: Circassian

text: Adygekher

text: are

text: Northwest

text: Caucasian

text: ethnic

text: group

text: native

text: to

text: Circassia

text: many

text: of

text: whom

text: were

text: displaced

text: in

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: especially

text: after

text: the

text: RussianCircassian

text: War

text: in

text: In

text: its

text: narrowest

text: sense

text: the

text: term

text: Circassian

text: includes

text: the

text: twelve

text: Adyghe

text: Circassian

text: Adyge

text: tribes

text: three

text: democratic

text: and

text: nine

text: aristocratic

text: i.e.

text: Abzakh

text: Besleney

text: Bzhedug

text: Hatuqwai

text: Kabardian

text: Mamkhegh

text: Natukhai

text: Shapsug

text: Temirgoy

text: Ubykh

text: Yegeruqwai

text: and

text: Zhaney

text: each

text: one

text: represented

text: by

text: star

text: on

text: the

text: green

text: and

text: gold

text: Circassian

text: flag

text: However

text: due

text: to

text: Soviet

text: administrative

text: divisions

text: Circassians

text: were

text: also

text: designated

text: as

text: the

text: following

text: Adygeans

text: Adyghe

text: in

text: Adygea

text: Cherkessians

text: Adyghe

text: in

text: Karachay

text: Cherkessia

text: Kabardians

text: Adyghe

text: in

text: Kabardino

text: Balkaria

text: Shapsugians

text: Adyghe

text: in

text: Krasnodar

text: Krai

text: although

text: all

text: the

text: four

text: are

text: essentially

text: the

text: same

text: people

text: residing

text: in

text: different

text: political

text: units

text: A step pyramid or stepped pyramid is an architectural structure that uses flat platforms, or steps, receding from the ground up, to achieve a completed shape similar to a geometric pyramid. Step pyramids are structures which characterized several cultures throughout history, in several locations throughout the world. These pyramids typically are large and made of several layers of stone. The term refers to pyramids of similar design that emerged separately from one another, as there are no firmly established connections between the different civilizations that built them.

text: step

text: pyramid

text: or

text: stepped

text: pyramid

text: is

text: an

text: architectural

text: structure

text: that

text: uses

text: flat

text: platforms

text: or

text: steps

text: receding

text: from

text: the

text: ground

text: up

text: to

text: achieve

text: completed

text: shape

text: similar

text: to

text: geometric

text: pyramid

text: Step

text: pyramids

text: are

text: structures

text: which

text: characterized

text: several

text: cultures

text: throughout

text: history

text: in

text: several

text: locations

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: These

text: pyramids

text: typically

text: are

text: large

text: and

text: made

text: of

text: several

text: layers

text: of

text: stone

text: The

text: term

text: refers

text: to

text: pyramids

text: of

text: similar

text: design

text: that

text: emerged

text: separately

text: from

text: one

text: another

text: as

text: there

text: are

text: no

text: firmly

text: established

text: connections

text: between

text: the

text: different

text: civilizations

text: that

text: built

text: them

text: Syria, officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (""), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. Syria's capital and largest city is Damascus.

text: Syria

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Syrian

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: bordering

text: Lebanon

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Turkey

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Iraq

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Jordan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Israel

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Syria

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Damascus

text: The Euphrates (Sumerian: : "Buranuna", : "Purattu", : "al-Furt", : "Prt", : "Yeprat", : "Perat", ) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia. Originating in eastern Turkey, the Euphrates flows through Syria and Iraq to join the Tigris in the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf.

text: The

text: Euphrates

text: Sumerian

text: Buranuna

text: Purattu

text: al

text: Furt

text: Prt

text: Yeprat

text: Perat

text: is

text: the

text: longest

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: historically

text: important

text: rivers

text: of

text: Western

text: Asia

text: Together

text: with

text: the

text: Tigris

text: it

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: defining

text: rivers

text: of

text: Mesopotamia

text: Originating

text: in

text: eastern

text: Turkey

text: the

text: Euphrates

text: flows

text: through

text: Syria

text: and

text: Iraq

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: Tigris

text: in

text: the

text: Shatt

text: al

text: Arab

text: which

text: empties

text: into

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: Saudi Arabia, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is an Arab sovereign state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula. With a land area of approximately , Saudi Arabia is geographically the fifth-largest state in Asia and second-largest state in the Arab world after Algeria. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen to the south. It is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba. It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert or barren landforms.

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: KSA

text: is

text: an

text: Arab

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: constituting

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Peninsula

text: With

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: is

text: geographically

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: Asia

text: and

text: second

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: after

text: Algeria

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Jordan

text: and

text: Iraq

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Kuwait

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Qatar

text: Bahrain

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Arab

text: Emirates

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Oman

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: Yemen

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Israel

text: and

text: Egypt

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: nation

text: with

text: both

text: Red

text: Sea

text: coast

text: and

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: coast

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: terrain

text: consists

text: of

text: arid

text: desert

text: or

text: barren

text: landforms

text: Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the world's largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, known as Christians. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah (the Christ) was prophesied in the Old Testament.

text: Christianity

text: is

text: monotheistic

text: religion

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: life

text: and

text: teachings

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: who

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: focal

text: point

text: for

text: the

text: religion

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: religion

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: followers

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: population

text: known

text: as

text: Christians

text: Christians

text: believe

text: that

text: Jesus

text: is

text: the

text: Son

text: of

text: God

text: and

text: the

text: savior

text: of

text: humanity

text: whose

text: coming

text: as

text: the

text: Messiah

text: the

text: Christ

text: was

text: prophesied

text: in

text: the

text: Old

text: Testament

text: The Yazidis (also Yezidis, "Êzidî") are an ethnically Kurdish religious community or an ethno-religious group indigenous to northern Mesopotamia (see also Ezidkhan) who are strictly endogamous. Their religion, "Yazidism" is linked to ancient Mesopotamian religions and combines aspects of Zoroastrianism, Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Yazidis who marry non-Yazidis are automatically considered to be converted to the religion of their spouse and therefore are not permitted to call themselves Yazidis. They live primarily in the Nineveh Province of Iraq. Additional communities in Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, Iran, and Syria have been in decline since the 1990s as a result of significant migration to Europe, especially to Germany. The Yazidis' cultural practices are observably Kurdish, and almost all speak Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish). The Soviet Union considered the Yazidis to be Kurds, as does Sharaf Khan Bidlisi's "Sheref-nameh" of 1597, which cites seven of the Kurdish tribes as being at least partly Yazidi, and Kurdish tribal confederations as containing substantial Yazidi sections.

text: The

text: Yazidis

text: also

text: Yezidis

text: Êzidî

text: are

text: an

text: ethnically

text: Kurdish

text: religious

text: community

text: or

text: an

text: ethno

text: religious

text: group

text: indigenous

text: to

text: northern

text: Mesopotamia

text: see

text: also

text: Ezidkhan

text: who

text: are

text: strictly

text: endogamous

text: Their

text: religion

text: Yazidism

text: is

text: linked

text: to

text: ancient

text: Mesopotamian

text: religions

text: and

text: combines

text: aspects

text: of

text: Zoroastrianism

text: Islam

text: Christianity

text: and

text: Judaism

text: Yazidis

text: who

text: marry

text: non

text: Yazidis

text: are

text: automatically

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: converted

text: to

text: the

text: religion

text: of

text: their

text: spouse

text: and

text: therefore

text: are

text: not

text: permitted

text: to

text: call

text: themselves

text: Yazidis

text: They

text: live

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: Nineveh

text: Province

text: of

text: Iraq

text: Additional

text: communities

text: in

text: Armenia

text: Georgia

text: Turkey

text: Iran

text: and

text: Syria

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: decline

text: since

text: the

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: significant

text: migration

text: to

text: Europe

text: especially

text: to

text: Germany

text: The

text: Yazidis

text: cultural

text: practices

text: are

text: observably

text: Kurdish

text: and

text: almost

text: all

text: speak

text: Kurmanji

text: Northern

text: Kurdish

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: considered

text: the

text: Yazidis

text: to

text: be

text: Kurds

text: as

text: does

text: Sharaf

text: Khan

text: Bidlisi

text: 's

text: Sheref

text: nameh

text: of

text: which

text: cites

text: seven

text: of

text: the

text: Kurdish

text: tribes

text: as

text: being

text: at

text: least

text: partly

text: Yazidi

text: and

text: Kurdish

text: tribal

text: confederations

text: as

text: containing

text: substantial

text: Yazidi

text: sections

text: Ur (Sumerian: "Urim"; Sumerian Cuneiform: or ; Akkadian: "Uru") was an important Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia, located at the site of modern Tell el-Muqayyar in south Iraq's Dhi Qar Governorate. Although Ur was once a coastal city near the mouth of the Euphrates on the Persian Gulf, the coastline has shifted and the city is now well inland, south of the Euphrates on its right bank, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Nasiriyah.

text: Ur

text: Sumerian

text: Urim

text: Sumerian

text: Cuneiform

text: or

text: Akkadian

text: Uru

text: was

text: an

text: important

text: Sumerian

text: city

text: state

text: in

text: ancient

text: Mesopotamia

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: modern

text: Tell

text: el

text: Muqayyar

text: in

text: south

text: Iraq

text: 's

text: Dhi

text: Qar

text: Governorate

text: Although

text: Ur

text: was

text: once

text: coastal

text: city

text: near

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: Euphrates

text: on

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: the

text: coastline

text: has

text: shifted

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: now

text: well

text: inland

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Euphrates

text: on

text: its

text: right

text: bank

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: from

text: Nasiriyah

text: Jordan ('), officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ('), is an Arab kingdom in Western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the east and south, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north, Israel, Palestine and the Dead Sea to the west and the Red Sea in its extreme south-west. Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe. The capital, Amman, is Jordan's most populous city as well as the country's economic, political and cultural centre.

text: Jordan

text: officially

text: The

text: Hashemite

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Jordan

text: is

text: an

text: Arab

text: kingdom

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: on

text: the

text: East

text: Bank

text: of

text: the

text: Jordan

text: River

text: Jordan

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: Iraq

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Israel

text: Palestine

text: and

text: the

text: Dead

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: in

text: its

text: extreme

text: south

text: west

text: Jordan

text: is

text: strategically

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: crossroads

text: of

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: and

text: Europe

text: The

text: capital

text: Amman

text: is

text: Jordan

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: economic

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: centre

text: Kuwait ('), officially the State of Kuwait ('), is a country in Western Asia. Situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, it shares borders with Iraq and Saudi Arabia. , Kuwait has a population of 4.2 million people; 1.3 million are Kuwaitis and 2.9 million are expatriates. Expatriates account for 70% of the population.

text: Kuwait

text: officially

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Kuwait

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: Situated

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: edge

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Arabia

text: at

text: the

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: it

text: shares

text: borders

text: with

text: Iraq

text: and

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: Kuwait

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: million

text: are

text: Kuwaitis

text: and

text: million

text: are

text: expatriates

text: Expatriates

text: account

text: for

text: of

text: the

text: population

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity ziggurat of ur

answer: dhi qar governorate

text: dhi qar governorate

text: dhi qar governorate