text: The attack on Pearl Harbor, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, the Hawaii Operation or Operation AI by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, and Operation Z during planning, was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II.

text: The

text: attack

text: on

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: the

text: Hawaii

text: Operation

text: or

text: Operation

text: AI

text: by

text: the

text: Japanese

text: Imperial

text: General

text: Headquarters

text: and

text: Operation

text: during

text: planning

text: was

text: surprise

text: military

text: strike

text: by

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: Air

text: Service

text: against

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: naval

text: base

text: at

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: Hawaii

text: Territory

text: on

text: the

text: morning

text: of

text: December

text: The

text: attack

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: entry

text: into

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The Beiyang government (), also sometimes spelled "Peiyang Government", refers to the government of the Republic of China, which was in place in the capital city Beijing from 1912 to 1928. It was internationally recognized as the legitimate Chinese government. The name derives from the Beiyang Army, which dominated its politics with the rise of Yuan Shikai, who was a general of the previous imperial Qing government. After his death the army fractured into competing factions. Although the government and the state were nominally under civilian control under a constitution, the Beiyang generals were effectively in charge of it, with various factions vying for power. The government however enjoyed legitimacy abroad along with diplomatic recognition, had access to the tax and customs revenue, and could apply for foreign financial loans.

text: The

text: Beiyang

text: government

text: also

text: sometimes

text: spelled

text: Peiyang

text: Government

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: which

text: was

text: in

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: Beijing

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: was

text: internationally

text: recognized

text: as

text: the

text: legitimate

text: Chinese

text: government

text: The

text: name

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Beiyang

text: Army

text: which

text: dominated

text: its

text: politics

text: with

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: Yuan

text: Shikai

text: who

text: was

text: general

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: imperial

text: Qing

text: government

text: After

text: his

text: death

text: the

text: army

text: fractured

text: into

text: competing

text: factions

text: Although

text: the

text: government

text: and

text: the

text: state

text: were

text: nominally

text: under

text: civilian

text: control

text: under

text: constitution

text: the

text: Beiyang

text: generals

text: were

text: effectively

text: in

text: charge

text: of

text: it

text: with

text: various

text: factions

text: vying

text: for

text: power

text: The

text: government

text: however

text: enjoyed

text: legitimacy

text: abroad

text: along

text: with

text: diplomatic

text: recognition

text: had

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: tax

text: and

text: customs

text: revenue

text: and

text: could

text: apply

text: for

text: foreign

text: financial

text: loans

text: The Chinese Civil War was a civil war in China fought between forces loyal to the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China, and forces loyal to the Communist Party of China (CPC). The war began in August 1927, with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's Northern Expedition, and essentially ended when major hostilities ceased in 1950. It can generally be divided into two stages; the first being from 1927 to 1937, and the second being from 1946 to 1950 with the Second Sino-Japanese War separating them. The war was a major turning point in modern Chinese history, with the CPC gaining control of almost the entirety of Mainland China, establishing the People's Republic of China (PRC) to replace the KMT's Republic of China (ROC). It also caused a lasting political and military standoff between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait, with the ROC in Taiwan and the PRC in mainland China both officially claiming to be the legitimate government of all of China.

text: The

text: Chinese

text: Civil

text: War

text: was

text: civil

text: war

text: in

text: China

text: fought

text: between

text: forces

text: loyal

text: to

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: KMT)-led

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: forces

text: loyal

text: to

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: CPC

text: The

text: war

text: began

text: in

text: August

text: with

text: Generalissimo

text: Chiang

text: Kai

text: shek

text: 's

text: Northern

text: Expedition

text: and

text: essentially

text: ended

text: when

text: major

text: hostilities

text: ceased

text: in

text: It

text: can

text: generally

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: stages

text: the

text: first

text: being

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: being

text: from

text: to

text: with

text: the

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: separating

text: them

text: The

text: war

text: was

text: major

text: turning

text: point

text: in

text: modern

text: Chinese

text: history

text: with

text: the

text: CPC

text: gaining

text: control

text: of

text: almost

text: the

text: entirety

text: of

text: Mainland

text: China

text: establishing

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: to

text: replace

text: the

text: KMT

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: ROC

text: It

text: also

text: caused

text: lasting

text: political

text: and

text: military

text: standoff

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: Taiwan

text: Strait

text: with

text: the

text: ROC

text: in

text: Taiwan

text: and

text: the

text: PRC

text: in

text: mainland

text: China

text: both

text: officially

text: claiming

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: legitimate

text: government

text: of

text: all

text: of

text: China

text: The Nationalist government, officially the National Government of the Republic of China, refers to the government of the Republic of China between 1 July 1925 to 20 May 1948, led by the Kuomintang (KMT, Chinese Nationalist Party). The name derives from the Kuomintang's translated name "Nationalist Party". The government was in place until the Government of the Republic of China under the newly promulgated Constitution of the Republic of China was established in its place.

text: The

text: Nationalist

text: government

text: officially

text: the

text: National

text: Government

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: between

text: July

text: to

text: May

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: KMT

text: Chinese

text: Nationalist

text: Party

text: The

text: name

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: 's

text: translated

text: name

text: Nationalist

text: Party

text: The

text: government

text: was

text: in

text: place

text: until

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: under

text: the

text: newly

text: promulgated

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: its

text: place

text: The Kuomintang (or ; KMT), often translated as the Nationalist Party of China or Chinese Nationalist Party, also spelled as Guomindang (GMD) by its Pinyin transliteration, is a major political party in the Republic of China, currently the second-largest in the country.

text: The

text: Kuomintang

text: or

text: KMT

text: often

text: translated

text: as

text: the

text: Nationalist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: or

text: Chinese

text: Nationalist

text: Party

text: also

text: spelled

text: as

text: Guomindang

text: GMD

text: by

text: its

text: Pinyin

text: transliteration

text: is

text: major

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: currently

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: The Taiwan Strait, or Formosa Strait, is a wide strait separating the island of Taiwan (of the Republic of China) from mainland China (People's Republic of China). The strait is part of the South China Sea and connects to the East China Sea to the north. The narrowest part is wide.

text: The

text: Taiwan

text: Strait

text: or

text: Formosa

text: Strait

text: is

text: wide

text: strait

text: separating

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Taiwan

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: from

text: mainland

text: China

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: strait

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: and

text: connects

text: to

text: the

text: East

text: China

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: The

text: narrowest

text: part

text: is

text: wide

text: The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, or the 1939 Defensive War in Poland (or "Wojna obronna 1939 roku"), and alternatively the Poland Campaign or "Fall Weiss" in Germany (Case White), was a joint invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Free City of Danzig, the Soviet Union, and a small Slovak contingent, that marked the beginning of World War II in Europe. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the MolotovRibbentrop Pact, while the Soviet invasion commenced on 17 September following the Molotov-Tg agreement that terminated the Russian and Japanese hostilities in the east on 16 September. The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland under the terms of the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty.

text: The

text: Invasion

text: of

text: Poland

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: September

text: Campaign

text: or

text: the

text: Defensive

text: War

text: in

text: Poland

text: or

text: Wojna

text: obronna

text: roku

text: and

text: alternatively

text: the

text: Poland

text: Campaign

text: or

text: Fall

text: Weiss

text: in

text: Germany

text: Case

text: White

text: was

text: joint

text: invasion

text: of

text: Poland

text: by

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: the

text: Free

text: City

text: of

text: Danzig

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: and

text: small

text: Slovak

text: contingent

text: that

text: marked

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: in

text: Europe

text: The

text: German

text: invasion

text: began

text: on

text: September

text: one

text: week

text: after

text: the

text: signing

text: of

text: the

text: MolotovRibbentrop

text: Pact

text: while

text: the

text: Soviet

text: invasion

text: commenced

text: on

text: September

text: following

text: the

text: Molotov

text: Tg

text: agreement

text: that

text: terminated

text: the

text: Russian

text: and

text: Japanese

text: hostilities

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: on

text: September

text: The

text: campaign

text: ended

text: on

text: October

text: with

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: dividing

text: and

text: annexing

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: Poland

text: under

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Soviet

text: Frontier

text: Treaty

text: A warlord is a leader able to exercise military, economic, and political control over a subnational territory within a sovereign state due to his ability to mobilize loyal armed forces. These armed forces, usually considered militias, are loyal to the warlord rather than to the state regime. Warlords have existed throughout much of history, albeit in a variety of different capacities within the political, economic, and social structure of states or ungoverned territories.

text: warlord

text: is

text: leader

text: able

text: to

text: exercise

text: military

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: control

text: over

text: subnational

text: territory

text: within

text: sovereign

text: state

text: due

text: to

text: his

text: ability

text: to

text: mobilize

text: loyal

text: armed

text: forces

text: These

text: armed

text: forces

text: usually

text: considered

text: militias

text: are

text: loyal

text: to

text: the

text: warlord

text: rather

text: than

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: regime

text: Warlords

text: have

text: existed

text: throughout

text: much

text: of

text: history

text: albeit

text: in

text: variety

text: of

text: different

text: capacities

text: within

text: the

text: political

text: economic

text: and

text: social

text: structure

text: of

text: states

text: or

text: ungoverned

text: territories

text: Hu Lien ( traditional Chinese :  ; simplified Chinese :  ; pinyin : Hú Lin ; 1907 -- 1977 ) was a Chinese Nationalist general who participated in the Northern Expedition , anti-communist Encirclement Campaigns , Second Sino - Japanese War and Chinese Civil War .

text: Hu

text: Lien

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: simplified

text: Chinese

text: pinyin

text: Hú

text: Lin

text: was

text: Chinese

text: Nationalist

text: general

text: who

text: participated

text: in

text: the

text: Northern

text: Expedition

text: anti

text: communist

text: Encirclement

text: Campaigns

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: and

text: Chinese

text: Civil

text: War

text: The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR " ) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party federation, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital.

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: officially

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republics

text: USSR

text: was

text: socialist

text: state

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: to

text: union

text: of

text: multiple

text: subnational

text: republics

text: its

text: government

text: and

text: economy

text: were

text: highly

text: centralized

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: was

text: one

text: party

text: federation

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: with

text: Moscow

text: as

text: its

text: capital

text:
A civil war, also known as an intrastate war in polemology, is a war between organized groups within the same state or country, or, less commonly, between two countries created from a formerly united state.
The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region or to change government policies.
The term is a calque of the Latin "bellum civile" which was used to refer to the various civil wars of the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC.

text: civil

text: war

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: intrastate

text: war

text: in

text: polemology

text: is

text: war

text: between

text: organized

text: groups

text: within

text: the

text: same

text: state

text: or

text: country

text: or

text: less

text: commonly

text: between

text: two

text: countries

text: created

text: from

text: formerly

text: united

text: state

text: The

text: aim

text: of

text: one

text: side

text: may

text: be

text: to

text: take

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: or

text: region

text: to

text: achieve

text: independence

text: for

text: region

text: or

text: to

text: change

text: government

text: policies

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: calque

text: of

text: the

text: Latin

text: bellum

text: civile

text: which

text: was

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: various

text: civil

text: wars

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: The Northern Expedition, was a Kuomintang (KMT) military campaign, led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, from 192628. Its main objective was to unify China under its own control by ending the rule of the Beiyang government as well as the local warlords. It led to the end of the Warlord Era, the reunification of China in 1928 and the establishment of the Nanjing government.

text: The

text: Northern

text: Expedition

text: was

text: Kuomintang

text: KMT

text: military

text: campaign

text: led

text: by

text: Generalissimo

text: Chiang

text: Kai

text: shek

text: from

text: Its

text: main

text: objective

text: was

text: to

text: unify

text: China

text: under

text: its

text: own

text: control

text: by

text: ending

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: Beiyang

text: government

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: local

text: warlords

text: It

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Warlord

text: Era

text: the

text: reunification

text: of

text: China

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Nanjing

text: government

text: Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The U.S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet and the right to maintain a repair and coaling station for ships here in 1887. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941 was the immediate cause of the United States' entry into World War II.

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: is

text: lagoon

text: harbor

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Oahu

text: Hawaii

text: west

text: of

text: Honolulu

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: harbor

text: and

text: surrounding

text: lands

text: is

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: deep

text: water

text: naval

text: base

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Pacific

text: Fleet

text: The

text: U.S.

text: government

text: first

text: obtained

text: exclusive

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: inlet

text: and

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: maintain

text: repair

text: and

text: coaling

text: station

text: for

text: ships

text: here

text: in

text: The

text: attack

text: on

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: by

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: on

text: December

text: was

text: the

text: immediate

text: cause

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: entry

text: into

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The Communist Party of China (CPC) is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The CPC is the sole governing party of China, although it coexists alongside eight other legal parties that comprise the United Front; these parties, however, hold no real power or independence from the CPC. It was founded in 1921, chiefly by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao. The party grew quickly, and by 1949 the CPC had driven the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) government from mainland China after the Chinese Civil War, thus leading to the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The CPC is currently the world's second largest political party with a membership of 88.76 million as of 2016 (while the Indian Bharatiya Janata Party appears to have remained the largest with a membership of 110 million as of the previous year, 2015). It also controls the world's largest armed force, the People's Liberation Army.

text: The

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: CPC

text: is

text: the

text: founding

text: and

text: ruling

text: political

text: party

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: The

text: CPC

text: is

text: the

text: sole

text: governing

text: party

text: of

text: China

text: although

text: it

text: coexists

text: alongside

text: eight

text: other

text: legal

text: parties

text: that

text: comprise

text: the

text: United

text: Front

text: these

text: parties

text: however

text: hold

text: no

text: real

text: power

text: or

text: independence

text: from

text: the

text: CPC

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: chiefly

text: by

text: Chen

text: Duxiu

text: and

text: Li

text: Dazhao

text: The

text: party

text: grew

text: quickly

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: CPC

text: had

text: driven

text: the

text: nationalist

text: Kuomintang

text: KMT

text: government

text: from

text: mainland

text: China

text: after

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Civil

text: War

text: thus

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: CPC

text: is

text: currently

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: political

text: party

text: with

text: membership

text: of

text: million

text: as

text: of

text: while

text: the

text: Indian

text: Bharatiya

text: Janata

text: Party

text: appears

text: to

text: have

text: remained

text: the

text: largest

text: with

text: membership

text: of

text: million

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: year

text: It

text: also

text: controls

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: armed

text: force

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Liberation

text: Army

text: Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887  April 5, 1975), also romanized as Jiang Jieshi and known as Jiang Zhongzheng, was a Chinese political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975. Chiang was an influential member of the Kuomintang (KMT), the Chinese Nationalist Party, and was a close ally of Sun Yat-sen's. He became the Commandant of the Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy and took Sun's place as leader of the KMT, following the Canton Coup in early 1926. Having neutralized the party's left wing, Chiang then led Sun's long-postponed Northern Expedition, conquering or reaching accommodations with China's many warlords.

text: Chiang

text: Kai

text: shek

text: October

text: April

text: also

text: romanized

text: as

text: Jiang

text: Jieshi

text: and

text: known

text: as

text: Jiang

text: Zhongzheng

text: was

text: Chinese

text: political

text: and

text: military

text: leader

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: between

text: and

text: Chiang

text: was

text: an

text: influential

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: KMT

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Nationalist

text: Party

text: and

text: was

text: close

text: ally

text: of

text: Sun

text: Yat

text: sen

text: 's

text: He

text: became

text: the

text: Commandant

text: of

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: 's

text: Whampoa

text: Military

text: Academy

text: and

text: took

text: Sun

text: 's

text: place

text: as

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: KMT

text: following

text: the

text: Canton

text: Coup

text: in

text: early

text: Having

text: neutralized

text: the

text: party

text: 's

text: left

text: wing

text: Chiang

text: then

text: led

text: Sun

text: 's

text: long

text: postponed

text: Northern

text: Expedition

text: conquering

text: or

text: reaching

text: accommodations

text: with

text: China

text: 's

text: many

text: warlords

text: Generalissimo (, , ) is a military rank of the highest degree, superior to field marshal and other five-star ranks in the countries where they are used. The word "generalissimo" is Italian and is the absolute superlative of "generale" ('general'), thus meaning "the highest-ranking of all generals".

text: Generalissimo

text: is

text: military

text: rank

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: degree

text: superior

text: to

text: field

text: marshal

text: and

text: other

text: five

text: star

text: ranks

text: in

text: the

text: countries

text: where

text: they

text: are

text: used

text: The

text: word

text: generalissimo

text: is

text: Italian

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: absolute

text: superlative

text: of

text: generale

text: general

text: thus

text: meaning

text: the

text: highest

text: ranking

text: of

text: all

text: generals

text: Encirclement Campaigns refers to campaigns launched by forces of the Chinese Nationalist Government against forces of the Communist Party of China during the Chinese Civil War. The campaigns were launched between the late 1920s to the mid-1930s with the goal of isolating and destroying the developing Chinese Red Army, with the Nationalist forces launched encirclement campaigns against Communist bases in several separate locations in the Republic of China.

text: Encirclement

text: Campaigns

text: refers

text: to

text: campaigns

text: launched

text: by

text: forces

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Nationalist

text: Government

text: against

text: forces

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: during

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Civil

text: War

text: The

text: campaigns

text: were

text: launched

text: between

text: the

text: late

text: to

text: the

text: with

text: the

text: goal

text: of

text: isolating

text: and

text: destroying

text: the

text: developing

text: Chinese

text: Red

text: Army

text: with

text: the

text: Nationalist

text: forces

text: launched

text: encirclement

text: campaigns

text: against

text: Communist

text: bases

text: in

text: several

text: separate

text: locations

text: in

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text:
The Marco Polo Bridge Incident, also known by several other names, was a battle between the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army and the Imperial Japanese Army. It is often used as the marker for the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War (19371945).
Names.
In English, the battle is usually known as the "Marco Polo Bridge Incident". The Marco Polo Bridge is an eleven-arch granite bridge, an architecturally significant structure first erected under the Jin and later restored by the Kangxi Emperor in 1698. It gained its Western name from its appearance in Marco Polo's record of his travels. The name is less often expressed as the

text: The

text: Marco

text: Polo

text: Bridge

text: Incident

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: several

text: other

text: names

text: was

text: battle

text: between

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: 's

text: National

text: Revolutionary

text: Army

text: and

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Army

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: marker

text: for

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: Names

text: In

text: English

text: the

text: battle

text: is

text: usually

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Marco

text: Polo

text: Bridge

text: Incident

text: The

text: Marco

text: Polo

text: Bridge

text: is

text: an

text: eleven

text: arch

text: granite

text: bridge

text: an

text: architecturally

text: significant

text: structure

text: first

text: erected

text: under

text: the

text: Jin

text: and

text: later

text: restored

text: by

text: the

text: Kangxi

text: Emperor

text: in

text: It

text: gained

text: its

text: Western

text: name

text: from

text: its

text: appearance

text: in

text: Marco

text: Polo

text: 's

text: record

text: of

text: his

text: travels

text: The

text: name

text: is

text: less

text: often

text: expressed

text: as

text: the

text: Nanjing, formerly romanized as Nanking and Nankin, is the city situated in the heartland of lower Yangtze River region in China, which has long been a major centre of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism. It is the capital city of Jiangsu province of People's Republic of China and the second largest city in the east China region, with acreage about 6600 square kilometers and a total population of 8,230,000. The inner area of Nanjing enclosed by the city wall is Nanjing City (), with acreage of 55 km, while Nanjing Metropolitan Region includes surrounding cities and areas, with acreage over 60 thousand km and population over 30 million.

text: Nanjing

text: formerly

text: romanized

text: as

text: Nanking

text: and

text: Nankin

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: heartland

text: of

text: lower

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: region

text: in

text: China

text: which

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: major

text: centre

text: of

text: culture

text: education

text: research

text: politics

text: economy

text: transport

text: networks

text: and

text: tourism

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Jiangsu

text: province

text: of

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: China

text: region

text: with

text: acreage

text: about

text: square

text: kilometers

text: and

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: The

text: inner

text: area

text: of

text: Nanjing

text: enclosed

text: by

text: the

text: city

text: wall

text: is

text: Nanjing

text: City

text: with

text: acreage

text: of

text: km

text: while

text: Nanjing

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: includes

text: surrounding

text: cities

text: and

text: areas

text: with

text: acreage

text: over

text: thousand

text: km

text: and

text: population

text: over

text: million

text: Manchuria is a modern name, first created by Japanese, given to a large geographic region in Northeast Asia. Depending on the context, Manchuria can either refer to a region that falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or a larger region divided between China and Russia. The region that falls entirely within modern China is now usually referred to as Northeast China in China, although "Manchuria" is widely used outside of China to denote the geographical and historical region. This region is the traditional homeland of the Xianbei, Khitan, and Jurchen (later called Manchu) peoples, who built several states historically, although no term for "Manchuria" exists in the Manchu language, which originally referred to the area as the "Three Eastern Provinces".

text: Manchuria

text: is

text: modern

text: name

text: first

text: created

text: by

text: Japanese

text: given

text: to

text: large

text: geographic

text: region

text: in

text: Northeast

text: Asia

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: context

text: Manchuria

text: can

text: either

text: refer

text: to

text: region

text: that

text: falls

text: entirely

text: within

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: or

text: larger

text: region

text: divided

text: between

text: China

text: and

text: Russia

text: The

text: region

text: that

text: falls

text: entirely

text: within

text: modern

text: China

text: is

text: now

text: usually

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Northeast

text: China

text: in

text: China

text: although

text: Manchuria

text: is

text: widely

text: used

text: outside

text: of

text: China

text: to

text: denote

text: the

text: geographical

text: and

text: historical

text: region

text: This

text: region

text: is

text: the

text: traditional

text: homeland

text: of

text: the

text: Xianbei

text: Khitan

text: and

text: Jurchen

text: later

text: called

text: Manchu

text: peoples

text: who

text: built

text: several

text: states

text: historically

text: although

text: no

text: term

text: for

text: Manchuria

text: exists

text: in

text: the

text: Manchu

text: language

text: which

text: originally

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: as

text: the

text: Three

text: Eastern

text: Provinces

text: Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. Germany's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin. Other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf.

text: Germany

text: officially

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: is

text: federal

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: central

text: western

text: Europe

text: It

text: includes

text: constituent

text: states

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: With

text: about

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: After

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: immigration

text: destination

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Germany

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: metropolis

text: is

text: Berlin

text: Other

text: major

text: cities

text: include

text: Hamburg

text: Munich

text: Cologne

text: Frankfurt

text: Stuttgart

text: and

text: Düsseldorf

text: Mainland China, also known as the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is the geopolitical area under the direct jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It generally excludes the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau; however, it usually includes Hainan. The term "mainland China", which avoids calling the area simply "China" and thereby recognizing the founding of the PRC as "the" "China", was coined by the Kuomintang (KMT) after receiving control of Taiwan from Japan after World War II. By 1949, the KMT-led Republic of China (ROC) government was defeated in the Chinese Civil War in mainland China and fled to the island of Taiwan where the KMT pledged to "retake the Mainland". The KMT considers both sides of the Taiwan Strait (including Taiwan), as (one) "China" and one country, whereas Taiwan's Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) considers only mainland China as "China" and Taiwan (ROC) as "Taiwan" and maintains that they are different countries.

text: Mainland

text: China

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Chinese

text: mainland

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: mainland

text: is

text: the

text: geopolitical

text: area

text: under

text: the

text: direct

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: It

text: generally

text: excludes

text: the

text: Special

text: Administrative

text: Regions

text: of

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: however

text: it

text: usually

text: includes

text: Hainan

text: The

text: term

text: mainland

text: China

text: which

text: avoids

text: calling

text: the

text: area

text: simply

text: China

text: and

text: thereby

text: recognizing

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: the

text: PRC

text: as

text: the

text: China

text: was

text: coined

text: by

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: KMT

text: after

text: receiving

text: control

text: of

text: Taiwan

text: from

text: Japan

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: By

text: the

text: KMT

text: led

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: ROC

text: government

text: was

text: defeated

text: in

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Civil

text: War

text: in

text: mainland

text: China

text: and

text: fled

text: to

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Taiwan

text: where

text: the

text: KMT

text: pledged

text: to

text: retake

text: the

text: Mainland

text: The

text: KMT

text: considers

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: Taiwan

text: Strait

text: including

text: Taiwan

text: as

text: one

text: China

text: and

text: one

text: country

text: whereas

text: Taiwan

text: 's

text: Democratic

text: Progressive

text: Party

text: DPP

text: considers

text: only

text: mainland

text: China

text: as

text: China

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: ROC

text: as

text: Taiwan

text: and

text: maintains

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: different

text: countries

text: Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP). Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over nearly all aspects of life. The official name of the state was "Deutsches Reich" from 1933 to 1943 and "Großdeutsches Reich" ("Greater German Reich") from 1943 to 1945. The period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period (abbreviated as "NS-Zeit"). The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, ending World War II in Europe.

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: English

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: period

text: in

text: German

text: history

text: from

text: to

text: when

text: Germany

text: was

text: governed

text: by

text: dictatorship

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: and

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: NSDAP

text: Under

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: rule

text: Germany

text: was

text: transformed

text: into

text: fascist

text: state

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: took

text: totalitarian

text: control

text: over

text: nearly

text: all

text: aspects

text: of

text: life

text: The

text: official

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: was

text: Deutsches

text: Reich

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: Großdeutsches

text: Reich

text: Greater

text: German

text: Reich

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: period

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: under

text: the

text: names

text: the

text: Third

text: Reich

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Socialist

text: Period

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: NS

text: Zeit

text: The

text: Nazi

text: regime

text: came

text: to

text: an

text: end

text: after

text: the

text: Allied

text: Powers

text: defeated

text: Germany

text: in

text: May

text: ending

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: in

text: Europe

text: The Warlord Era (19161928) was a period in the history of the Republic of China when the control of the country was divided among its military cliques in the mainland regions of Sichuan, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gansu, Yunnan and Xinjiang.

text: The

text: Warlord

text: Era

text: was

text: period

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: when

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: was

text: divided

text: among

text: its

text: military

text: cliques

text: in

text: the

text: mainland

text: regions

text: of

text: Sichuan

text: Shanxi

text: Qinghai

text: Ningxia

text: Guangdong

text: Guangxi

text: Gansu

text: Yunnan

text: and

text: Xinjiang

text: World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved.

text: World

text: War

text: WWI

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: or

text: the

text: Great

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: originating

text: in

text: Europe

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: July

text: to

text: November

text: More

text: than

text: million

text: military

text: personnel

text: including

text: million

text: Europeans

text: were

text: mobilised

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: wars

text: in

text: history

text: Over

text: nine

text: million

text: combatants

text: and

text: seven

text: million

text: civilians

text: died

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: including

text: the

text: victims

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: genocides

text: casualty

text: rate

text: exacerbated

text: by

text: the

text: belligerents

text: technological

text: and

text: industrial

text: sophistication

text: and

text: the

text: tactical

text: stalemate

text: caused

text: by

text: gruelling

text: trench

text: warfare

text: It

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflicts

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: paved

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: major

text: political

text: changes

text: including

text: revolutions

text: in

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: nations

text: involved

text:
The Second Sino-Japanese War (September 18, 1931  September 9, 1945) was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from 1931 to 1945. The First Sino-Japanese War happened in 189495. In January 2017, the Chinese Government extended their official definition of the Second Sino-Japanese War back to September 18, 1931  the Invasion of Manchuria by Japan  as opposed to the traditional 1937 start date, defined by the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.
China fought Japan, with some economic help from Germany, the Soviet Union and the United States. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the war would merge into the greater conflict of World War II as a major front of what is broadly known as the Pacific War. One could call the Second Sino-Japanese War part of World War II, but the latter conflict is still mainly considered to have started in 1939 when France and the British Empire declared war on Nazi Germany following the invasion of Poland. The Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th century. It accounted for the majority of civilian and military casualties in the Pacific War, with anywhere between 10 and 25 million Chinese civilians and over 4 million Chinese and Japanese military personnel dying from war-related violence, famine, and other causes.

text: The

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: September

text: September

text: was

text: military

text: conflict

text: fought

text: primarily

text: between

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: First

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: happened

text: in

text: In

text: January

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Government

text: extended

text: their

text: official

text: definition

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: back

text: to

text: September

text: the

text: Invasion

text: of

text: Manchuria

text: by

text: Japan

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: traditional

text: start

text: date

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: Marco

text: Polo

text: Bridge

text: Incident

text: China

text: fought

text: Japan

text: with

text: some

text: economic

text: help

text: from

text: Germany

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: After

text: the

text: Japanese

text: attack

text: on

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: in

text: the

text: war

text: would

text: merge

text: into

text: the

text: greater

text: conflict

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: as

text: major

text: front

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: broadly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Pacific

text: War

text: One

text: could

text: call

text: the

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: part

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: but

text: the

text: latter

text: conflict

text: is

text: still

text: mainly

text: considered

text: to

text: have

text: started

text: in

text: when

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: declared

text: war

text: on

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: following

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: Poland

text: The

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: Asian

text: war

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: accounted

text: for

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: casualties

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: War

text: with

text: anywhere

text: between

text: and

text: million

text: Chinese

text: civilians

text: and

text: over

text: million

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Japanese

text: military

text: personnel

text: dying

text: from

text: war

text: related

text: violence

text: famine

text: and

text: other

text: causes

annotations: likely multiple

question: member_of_political_party hu lien

answer: kuomintang

text: kuomintang

text: kuomintang

text: kuomintang

text: kuomintang

text: kuomintang

text: kuomintang

text: kuomintang

text: kuomintang

text: kuomintang


text: The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands ('), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces ('), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces ('), Seven Provinces ('), Federated Dutch Provinces ('), and Dutch Federation (').

text: The

text: Dutch

text: Republic

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Seven

text: United

text: Netherlands

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Netherlands

text: or

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Seven

text: United

text: Provinces

text: was

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: existing

text: from

text: when

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: separated

text: from

text: Spanish

text: rule

text: until

text: It

text: preceded

text: the

text: Batavian

text: Republic

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Holland

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: ultimately

text: the

text: modern

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Alternative

text: names

text: include

text: the

text: United

text: Provinces

text: Seven

text: Provinces

text: Federated

text: Dutch

text: Provinces

text: and

text: Dutch

text: Federation

text: Philip the Good (; 31 July 1396  15 June 1467) was Duke of Burgundy as Philip III from 1419 until his death. He was a member of a cadet line of the Valois dynasty, to which all the 15th-century kings of France belonged. During his reign, Burgundy reached the apex of its prosperity and prestige and became a leading center of the arts. Philip is known in history for his administrative reforms, his patronage of Flemish artists such as Jan van Eyck and Franco-Flemish composers such as Gilles Binchois, and the capture of Joan of Arc. In political affairs, he alternated between alliances with the English and the French in an attempt to improve his dynasty's position. As ruler of Flanders, Brabant, Limburg, Artois, Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, Friesland and Namur, he played an important role in the history of the Low Countries.

text: Philip

text: the

text: Good

text: July

text: June

text: was

text: Duke

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: as

text: Philip

text: III

text: from

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: He

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: cadet

text: line

text: of

text: the

text: Valois

text: dynasty

text: to

text: which

text: all

text: the

text: century

text: kings

text: of

text: France

text: belonged

text: During

text: his

text: reign

text: Burgundy

text: reached

text: the

text: apex

text: of

text: its

text: prosperity

text: and

text: prestige

text: and

text: became

text: leading

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: arts

text: Philip

text: is

text: known

text: in

text: history

text: for

text: his

text: administrative

text: reforms

text: his

text: patronage

text: of

text: Flemish

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: Jan

text: van

text: Eyck

text: and

text: Franco

text: Flemish

text: composers

text: such

text: as

text: Gilles

text: Binchois

text: and

text: the

text: capture

text: of

text: Joan

text: of

text: Arc

text: In

text: political

text: affairs

text: he

text: alternated

text: between

text: alliances

text: with

text: the

text: English

text: and

text: the

text: French

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: improve

text: his

text: dynasty

text: 's

text: position

text: As

text: ruler

text: of

text: Flanders

text: Brabant

text: Limburg

text: Artois

text: Hainaut

text: Holland

text: Zeeland

text: Friesland

text: and

text: Namur

text: he

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Low

text: Countries

text: Rogier van der Weyden ( Dutch : ( roir vn dr id ( n ) ) ) or Roger de la Pasture ( 1399 or 1400 -- 18 June 1464 ) was an Early Netherlandish painter . His surviving works consist mainly of religious triptychs , altarpieces and commissioned single and diptych portraits . Although his life was generally uneventful , he was highly successful and internationally famous in his lifetime . His paintings were exported -- or taken -- to Italy and Spain , and he received commissions from , amongst others , Philip the Good , Netherlandish nobility and foreign princes . By the latter half of the 15th century , he had eclipsed Jan van Eyck in popularity . However his fame lasted only until the 17th century , and largely due to changing taste , he was almost totally forgotten by the mid- 18th century . His reputation was slowly rebuilt during the following 200 years ; today he is known , with Robert Campin and van Eyck , as the third ( by birth date ) of the three great Early Flemish artists ( ' Vlaamse Primitieven ' or ' Flemish Primitives ' ) , and widely as the most influential Northern painter of the 15th century . Karel van Mander wrote that the great artistic contribution of Rogier van der Weyden lies in his ideas , his composition and rendering of the soul 's expression through pain , happiness or anger , and the tempering of this emotional testimony to the subject matter of his work . There are few certain facts of van der Weyden 's life . What is known of him beyond this has been woven together from secondary sources , and some of it is contestable . However the paintings now attributed to him are generally accepted , despite a tendency in the 19th century to attribute his work to others . Van der Weyden worked from life models , and his observations were acute , yet he often idealised certain elements of his models ' facial features , and they are typically statuesque , especially in his triptychs . All of his forms are rendered with rich , warm colourisation and a sympathetic expression , while he is known for his expressive pathos and naturalism . His portraits tend to be half length and half profile , and he is as sympathetic here as in his religious triptychs . Van der Weyden used an unusually broad range of colours and varied tones ; in his finest work the same tone is not repeated in any other area of the canvas ; even the whites are varied .

text: Rogier

text: van

text: der

text: Weyden

text: Dutch

text: roir

text: vn

text: dr

text: or

text: Roger

text: de

text: la

text: Pasture

text: or

text: June

text: was

text: an

text: Early

text: Netherlandish

text: painter

text: His

text: surviving

text: works

text: consist

text: mainly

text: of

text: religious

text: triptychs

text: altarpieces

text: and

text: commissioned

text: single

text: and

text: diptych

text: portraits

text: Although

text: his

text: life

text: was

text: generally

text: uneventful

text: he

text: was

text: highly

text: successful

text: and

text: internationally

text: famous

text: in

text: his

text: lifetime

text: His

text: paintings

text: were

text: exported

text: or

text: taken

text: to

text: Italy

text: and

text: Spain

text: and

text: he

text: received

text: commissions

text: from

text: amongst

text: others

text: Philip

text: the

text: Good

text: Netherlandish

text: nobility

text: and

text: foreign

text: princes

text: By

text: the

text: latter

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: he

text: had

text: eclipsed

text: Jan

text: van

text: Eyck

text: in

text: popularity

text: However

text: his

text: fame

text: lasted

text: only

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: largely

text: due

text: to

text: changing

text: taste

text: he

text: was

text: almost

text: totally

text: forgotten

text: by

text: the

text: mid-

text: century

text: His

text: reputation

text: was

text: slowly

text: rebuilt

text: during

text: the

text: following

text: years

text: today

text: he

text: is

text: known

text: with

text: Robert

text: Campin

text: and

text: van

text: Eyck

text: as

text: the

text: third

text: by

text: birth

text: date

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: great

text: Early

text: Flemish

text: artists

text: Vlaamse

text: Primitieven

text: or

text: Flemish

text: Primitives

text: and

text: widely

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: Northern

text: painter

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Karel

text: van

text: Mander

text: wrote

text: that

text: the

text: great

text: artistic

text: contribution

text: of

text: Rogier

text: van

text: der

text: Weyden

text: lies

text: in

text: his

text: ideas

text: his

text: composition

text: and

text: rendering

text: of

text: the

text: soul

text: 's

text: expression

text: through

text: pain

text: happiness

text: or

text: anger

text: and

text: the

text: tempering

text: of

text: this

text: emotional

text: testimony

text: to

text: the

text: subject

text: matter

text: of

text: his

text: work

text: There

text: are

text: few

text: certain

text: facts

text: of

text: van

text: der

text: Weyden

text: 's

text: life

text: What

text: is

text: known

text: of

text: him

text: beyond

text: this

text: has

text: been

text: woven

text: together

text: from

text: secondary

text: sources

text: and

text: some

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: contestable

text: However

text: the

text: paintings

text: now

text: attributed

text: to

text: him

text: are

text: generally

text: accepted

text: despite

text: tendency

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: attribute

text: his

text: work

text: to

text: others

text: Van

text: der

text: Weyden

text: worked

text: from

text: life

text: models

text: and

text: his

text: observations

text: were

text: acute

text: yet

text: he

text: often

text: idealised

text: certain

text: elements

text: of

text: his

text: models

text: facial

text: features

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: typically

text: statuesque

text: especially

text: in

text: his

text: triptychs

text: All

text: of

text: his

text: forms

text: are

text: rendered

text: with

text: rich

text: warm

text: colourisation

text: and

text: sympathetic

text: expression

text: while

text: he

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: expressive

text: pathos

text: and

text: naturalism

text: His

text: portraits

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: half

text: length

text: and

text: half

text: profile

text: and

text: he

text: is

text: as

text: sympathetic

text: here

text: as

text: in

text: his

text: religious

text: triptychs

text: Van

text: der

text: Weyden

text: used

text: an

text: unusually

text: broad

text: range

text: of

text: colours

text: and

text: varied

text: tones

text: in

text: his

text: finest

text: work

text: the

text: same

text: tone

text: is

text: not

text: repeated

text: in

text: any

text: other

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: canvas

text: even

text: the

text: whites

text: are

text: varied

text: The Northern Renaissance was the Renaissance that occurred in Europe north of the Alps. Before 1497, Italian Renaissance humanism had little influence outside Italy. From the late 15th century, its ideas spread around Europe. This influenced the German Renaissance, French Renaissance, English Renaissance, Renaissance in the Low Countries, Polish Renaissance and other national and localized movements, each with different characteristics and strengths.

text: The

text: Northern

text: Renaissance

text: was

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: that

text: occurred

text: in

text: Europe

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Alps

text: Before

text: Italian

text: Renaissance

text: humanism

text: had

text: little

text: influence

text: outside

text: Italy

text: From

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: its

text: ideas

text: spread

text: around

text: Europe

text: This

text: influenced

text: the

text: German

text: Renaissance

text: French

text: Renaissance

text: English

text: Renaissance

text: Renaissance

text: in

text: the

text: Low

text: Countries

text: Polish

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: other

text: national

text: and

text: localized

text: movements

text: each

text: with

text: different

text: characteristics

text: and

text: strengths

text: Karel van Mander (I) or Carel van Mander I (alternative name spellings: Carel van Mandere, Karel Van Mander and Carel Van Mander) (May 1548  2 September 1606) was a Flemish painter, poet, art historian and art theoretician, who established himself in the Dutch Republic in the latter part of his life. He is mainly remembered as a biographer of Early Netherlandish painters and Northern Renaissance artists in his "Schilder-boeck". As an artist and art theoretician he played a significant role in the spread and development of Northern Mannerism in the Dutch Republic.

text: Karel

text: van

text: Mander

text: or

text: Carel

text: van

text: Mander

text: alternative

text: name

text: spellings

text: Carel

text: van

text: Mandere

text: Karel

text: Van

text: Mander

text: and

text: Carel

text: Van

text: Mander

text: May

text: September

text: was

text: Flemish

text: painter

text: poet

text: art

text: historian

text: and

text: art

text: theoretician

text: who

text: established

text: himself

text: in

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Republic

text: in

text: the

text: latter

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: He

text: is

text: mainly

text: remembered

text: as

text: biographer

text: of

text: Early

text: Netherlandish

text: painters

text: and

text: Northern

text: Renaissance

text: artists

text: in

text: his

text: Schilder

text: boeck

text: As

text: an

text: artist

text: and

text: art

text: theoretician

text: he

text: played

text: significant

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: spread

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: Northern

text: Mannerism

text: in

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Republic

text: Jan van Eyck (before c. 1390  9 July 1441) was a Flemish/Netherlandish painter active in Bruges. He is often considered one of the founders of Early Netherlandish painting school and one of the most significant representatives of Northern Renaissance art. The few surviving records of his early life indicate that he was born c. 13801390, most likely in Maaseik. He took employment in the Hague as painter and "Valet de chambre" with John III the Pitiless, ruler of Holland and Hainaut in the Hague around 1422, when he was already a master painter with workshop assistants. After John's death in 1425 he was employed in Lille as court painter to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, until 1429 before moving to Bruges, where he lived until his death. He was highly regarded by Philip, and undertook a number of diplomatic visits abroad, including to Lisbon in 1428 to explore the possibility of a marriage contract between the duke and Isabella of Portugal.

text: Jan

text: van

text: Eyck

text: before

text: July

text: was

text: Flemish

text: Netherlandish

text: painter

text: active

text: in

text: Bruges

text: He

text: is

text: often

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: founders

text: of

text: Early

text: Netherlandish

text: painting

text: school

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: significant

text: representatives

text: of

text: Northern

text: Renaissance

text: art

text: The

text: few

text: surviving

text: records

text: of

text: his

text: early

text: life

text: indicate

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: born

text: most

text: likely

text: in

text: Maaseik

text: He

text: took

text: employment

text: in

text: the

text: Hague

text: as

text: painter

text: and

text: Valet

text: de

text: chambre

text: with

text: John

text: III

text: the

text: Pitiless

text: ruler

text: of

text: Holland

text: and

text: Hainaut

text: in

text: the

text: Hague

text: around

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: already

text: master

text: painter

text: with

text: workshop

text: assistants

text: After

text: John

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: he

text: was

text: employed

text: in

text: Lille

text: as

text: court

text: painter

text: to

text: Philip

text: the

text: Good

text: Duke

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: until

text: before

text: moving

text: to

text: Bruges

text: where

text: he

text: lived

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: He

text: was

text: highly

text: regarded

text: by

text: Philip

text: and

text: undertook

text: number

text: of

text: diplomatic

text: visits

text: abroad

text: including

text: to

text: Lisbon

text: in

text: to

text: explore

text: the

text: possibility

text: of

text: marriage

text: contract

text: between

text: the

text: duke

text: and

text: Isabella

text: of

text: Portugal

text: Robert Campin (c. 1375  26 April 1444), now usually identified as the artist known as the Master of Flémalle, is usually considered the first great master of Flemish and Early Netherlandish painting. His identity and the attribution of the paintings in the "Campin group" has been a matter of controversy for decades. His life is relatively well documented for the period, but he did not sign his paintings, and none could be securely connected with him, whilst a corpus of work attached to the unidentified "Master of Flémalle".

text: Robert

text: Campin

text: April

text: now

text: usually

text: identified

text: as

text: the

text: artist

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Master

text: of

text: Flémalle

text: is

text: usually

text: considered

text: the

text: first

text: great

text: master

text: of

text: Flemish

text: and

text: Early

text: Netherlandish

text: painting

text: His

text: identity

text: and

text: the

text: attribution

text: of

text: the

text: paintings

text: in

text: the

text: Campin

text: group

text: has

text: been

text: matter

text: of

text: controversy

text: for

text: decades

text: His

text: life

text: is

text: relatively

text: well

text: documented

text: for

text: the

text: period

text: but

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: sign

text: his

text: paintings

text: and

text: could

text: be

text: securely

text: connected

text: with

text: him

text: whilst

text: corpus

text: of

text: work

text: attached

text: to

text: the

text: unidentified

text: Master

text: of

text: Flémalle

text:
A diptych (from the Greek ,
"di" "two" + "ptych" "fold") is any object with two flat plates attached at a hinge. For example, the standard notebook and school exercise book of the ancient world was a diptych consisting of a pair of such plates that contained a recessed space filled with wax. Writing was accomplished by scratching the wax surface with a stylus. When the notes were no longer needed, the wax could be slightly heated and then smoothed to allow reuse. Ordinary versions had wooden frames, but more luxurious diptychs were crafted with more expensive materials.

text: diptych

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: di

text: two

text: ptych

text: fold

text: is

text: any

text: object

text: with

text: two

text: flat

text: plates

text: attached

text: at

text: hinge

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: standard

text: notebook

text: and

text: school

text: exercise

text: book

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: world

text: was

text: diptych

text: consisting

text: of

text: pair

text: of

text: such

text: plates

text: that

text: contained

text: recessed

text: space

text: filled

text: with

text: wax

text: Writing

text: was

text: accomplished

text: by

text: scratching

text: the

text: wax

text: surface

text: with

text: stylus

text: When

text: the

text: notes

text: were

text: no

text: longer

text: needed

text: the

text: wax

text: could

text: be

text: slightly

text: heated

text: and

text: then

text: smoothed

text: to

text: allow

text: reuse

text: Ordinary

text: versions

text: had

text: wooden

text: frames

text: but

text: more

text: luxurious

text: diptychs

text: were

text: crafted

text: with

text: more

text: expensive

text: materials

text: Duke of Burgundy was a title borne by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy, a small portion of traditional lands of Burgundians west of river Saône which in 843 was allotted to Charles the Bald's kingdom of West Franks. Under the Ancien Régime, the Duke of Burgundy was the premier lay peer of the kingdom of France.

text: Duke

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: was

text: title

text: borne

text: by

text: the

text: rulers

text: of

text: the

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: small

text: portion

text: of

text: traditional

text: lands

text: of

text: Burgundians

text: west

text: of

text: river

text: Saône

text: which

text: in

text: was

text: allotted

text: to

text: Charles

text: the

text: Bald

text: 's

text: kingdom

text: of

text: West

text: Franks

text: Under

text: the

text: Ancien

text: Régime

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: was

text: the

text: premier

text: lay

text: peer

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: France

text: Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are hydrophobic, malleable solids near ambient temperatures. They include higher alkanes and lipids, typically with melting points above about 40 °C (104 °F), melting to give low viscosity liquids. Waxes are insoluble in water but soluble in organic, nonpolar solvents. Natural waxes of different types are produced by plants and animals and occur in petroleum.

text: Waxes

text: are

text: diverse

text: class

text: of

text: organic

text: compounds

text: that

text: are

text: hydrophobic

text: malleable

text: solids

text: near

text: ambient

text: temperatures

text: They

text: include

text: higher

text: alkanes

text: and

text: lipids

text: typically

text: with

text: melting

text: points

text: above

text: about

text: melting

text: to

text: give

text: low

text: viscosity

text: liquids

text: Waxes

text: are

text: insoluble

text: in

text: water

text: but

text: soluble

text: in

text: organic

text: nonpolar

text: solvents

text: Natural

text: waxes

text: of

text: different

text: types

text: are

text: produced

text: by

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: and

text: occur

text: in

text: petroleum

text: Maaseik (Limburgs: Mezeik) is a town and municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg. Both in size (close to 77 km²) as in population (around 25,000 inhabitants, of whom ca. 3,000 non-Belgian), it is the 8th largest municipality in Limburg. The town is the seat of the administrative arrondissement of Maaseik ("kieskanton"). Internationally, Maaseik is known as the assumed birthplace of the famous Flemish painters Jan and Hubert van Eyck.

text: Maaseik

text: Limburgs

text: Mezeik

text: is

text: town

text: and

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: Belgian

text: province

text: of

text: Limburg

text: Both

text: in

text: size

text: close

text: to

text: as

text: in

text: population

text: around

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: whom

text: ca

text: non

text: Belgian

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: municipality

text: in

text: Limburg

text: The

text: town

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: administrative

text: arrondissement

text: of

text: Maaseik

text: kieskanton

text: Internationally

text: Maaseik

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: assumed

text: birthplace

text: of

text: the

text: famous

text: Flemish

text: painters

text: Jan

text: and

text: Hubert

text: van

text: Eyck

text: Flémalle is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Liége. On January 1, 2006, Flémalle had a total population of 25,140. The total area is 36.68 km² which gives a population density of 685 inhabitants per km².

text: Flémalle

text: is

text: Walloon

text: municipality

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Belgian

text: province

text: of

text: Liége

text: On

text: January

text: Flémalle

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: The

text: total

text: area

text: is

text: which

text: gives

text: population

text: density

text: of

text: inhabitants

text: per

text: Artois (adjective Artesian) is a region of northern France. Its territory has an area of around 4,000 km² and a population of about one million. Its principal cities are Arras (Dutch: "Atrecht"), Saint-Omer, Lens and Béthune.

text: Artois

text: adjective

text: Artesian

text: is

text: region

text: of

text: northern

text: France

text: Its

text: territory

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: around

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: one

text: million

text: Its

text: principal

text: cities

text: are

text: Arras

text: Dutch

text: Atrecht

text: Saint

text: Omer

text: Lens

text: and

text: Béthune

text: Gilles de Binche (called Binchois; also known as Gilles de Bins; ca. 1400  20 September 1460), was a Netherlandish composer, one of the earliest members of the Burgundian school and one of the three most famous composers of the early 15th century. While often ranked behind his contemporaries Guillaume Dufay and John Dunstable by contemporary scholars, his works were still cited, borrowed and used as source material after his death.

text: Gilles

text: de

text: Binche

text: called

text: Binchois

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Gilles

text: de

text: Bins

text: ca

text: September

text: was

text: Netherlandish

text: composer

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Burgundian

text: school

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: most

text: famous

text: composers

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: While

text: often

text: ranked

text: behind

text: his

text: contemporaries

text: Guillaume

text: Dufay

text: and

text: John

text: Dunstable

text: by

text: contemporary

text: scholars

text: his

text: works

text: were

text: still

text: cited

text: borrowed

text: and

text: used

text: as

text: source

text: material

text: after

text: his

text: death

text: Early Netherlandish painting refers to the work of artists, sometimes known as the Flemish Primitives, active in the Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands during the 15th- and 16th-century Northern Renaissance; especially in the flourishing cities of Bruges, Ghent, Tournai and Brussels. Their work follows the International Gothic style and begins approximately with Robert Campin and Jan van Eyck in the early 1420s. It lasts at least until the death of Gerard David in 1523, although many scholars extend it to the start of the Dutch Revolt in 1566 or 1568 (Max J. Friedländer's acclaimed surveys run through Pieter Bruegel the Elder). Early Netherlandish painting coincides with the Early and High Italian Renaissance but is seen as an independent artistic culture, separate from the Renaissance humanism that characterised developments in Italy. Because these painters represent the culmination of the northern European medieval artistic heritage and the incorporation of Renaissance ideals, they are sometimes categorised as belonging to both the Early Renaissance and Late Gothic.

text: Early

text: Netherlandish

text: painting

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: artists

text: sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Flemish

text: Primitives

text: active

text: in

text: the

text: Burgundian

text: and

text: Habsburg

text: Netherlands

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: century

text: Northern

text: Renaissance

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: flourishing

text: cities

text: of

text: Bruges

text: Ghent

text: Tournai

text: and

text: Brussels

text: Their

text: work

text: follows

text: the

text: International

text: Gothic

text: style

text: and

text: begins

text: approximately

text: with

text: Robert

text: Campin

text: and

text: Jan

text: van

text: Eyck

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: It

text: lasts

text: at

text: least

text: until

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Gerard

text: David

text: in

text: although

text: many

text: scholars

text: extend

text: it

text: to

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Revolt

text: in

text: or

text: Max

text: Friedländer

text: 's

text: acclaimed

text: surveys

text: run

text: through

text: Pieter

text: Bruegel

text: the

text: Elder

text: Early

text: Netherlandish

text: painting

text: coincides

text: with

text: the

text: Early

text: and

text: High

text: Italian

text: Renaissance

text: but

text: is

text: seen

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: artistic

text: culture

text: separate

text: from

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: humanism

text: that

text: characterised

text: developments

text: in

text: Italy

text: Because

text: these

text: painters

text: represent

text: the

text: culmination

text: of

text: the

text: northern

text: European

text: medieval

text: artistic

text: heritage

text: and

text: the

text: incorporation

text: of

text: Renaissance

text: ideals

text: they

text: are

text: sometimes

text: categorised

text: as

text: belonging

text: to

text: both

text: the

text: Early

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: Late

text: Gothic

text: Joan of Arc (; 6 January c. 1412  30 May 1431), nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans", is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint. Joan of Arc was born to Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée, a peasant family, at Domrémy in north-east France. Joan said she received visions of the Archangel Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine of Alexandria instructing her to support Charles VII and recover France from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. The uncrowned King Charles VII sent Joan to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence after the siege was lifted only nine days later. Several additional swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at Reims. This long-awaited event boosted French morale and paved the way for the final French victory.

text: Joan

text: of

text: Arc

text: January

text: May

text: nicknamed

text: The

text: Maid

text: of

text: Orléans

text: is

text: considered

text: heroine

text: of

text: France

text: for

text: her

text: role

text: during

text: the

text: Lancastrian

text: phase

text: of

text: the

text: Hundred

text: Years

text: War

text: and

text: was

text: canonized

text: as

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: saint

text: Joan

text: of

text: Arc

text: was

text: born

text: to

text: Jacques

text: d'Arc

text: and

text: Isabelle

text: Romée

text: peasant

text: family

text: at

text: Domrémy

text: in

text: north

text: east

text: France

text: Joan

text: said

text: she

text: received

text: visions

text: of

text: the

text: Archangel

text: Michael

text: Saint

text: Margaret

text: and

text: Saint

text: Catherine

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: instructing

text: her

text: to

text: support

text: Charles

text: VII

text: and

text: recover

text: France

text: from

text: English

text: domination

text: late

text: in

text: the

text: Hundred

text: Years

text: War

text: The

text: uncrowned

text: King

text: Charles

text: VII

text: sent

text: Joan

text: to

text: the

text: siege

text: of

text: Orléans

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: relief

text: mission

text: She

text: gained

text: prominence

text: after

text: the

text: siege

text: was

text: lifted

text: only

text: nine

text: days

text: later

text: Several

text: additional

text: swift

text: victories

text: led

text: to

text: Charles

text: VII

text: 's

text: coronation

text: at

text: Reims

text: This

text: long

text: awaited

text: event

text: boosted

text: French

text: morale

text: and

text: paved

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: the

text: final

text: French

text: victory

text: Zeeland (Zeelandic: "Zeêland" ) is the westernmost province of the Netherlands. The province, located in the south-west of the country, consists of a number of islands and peninsulas (hence its name, meaning "sea-land") and a strip bordering Belgium. Its capital is Middelburg. Its area is about , of which almost is water, and it has a population of about 380,000.

text: Zeeland

text: Zeelandic

text: Zeêland

text: is

text: the

text: westernmost

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: province

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: consists

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: islands

text: and

text: peninsulas

text: hence

text: its

text: name

text: meaning

text: sea

text: land

text: and

text: strip

text: bordering

text: Belgium

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Middelburg

text: Its

text: area

text: is

text: about

text: of

text: which

text: almost

text: is

text: water

text: and

text: it

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: Friesland (official) or Frisia is a province in the northwest of the Netherlands. It is situated west of Groningen, northwest of Drenthe and Overijssel, north of Flevoland, northeast of North Holland, and south of the North Sea. In 2010, the province had a population of 646,000 and a total area of .

text: Friesland

text: official

text: or

text: Frisia

text: is

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: west

text: of

text: Groningen

text: northwest

text: of

text: Drenthe

text: and

text: Overijssel

text: north

text: of

text: Flevoland

text: northeast

text: of

text: North

text: Holland

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: In

text: the

text: province

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: total

text: area

text: of

question: date_of_birth rogier van der weyden

answer: 1390


text: The Verve Pipe is an American rock band now based out of West Michigan. It was formed in 1992 in East Lansing by Brian Vander Ark, Brad Vander Ark, Brian Stout and Donny Brown.

text: The

text: Verve

text: Pipe

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: rock

text: band

text: now

text: based

text: out

text: of

text: West

text: Michigan

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: in

text: East

text: Lansing

text: by

text: Brian

text: Vander

text: Ark

text: Brad

text: Vander

text: Ark

text: Brian

text: Stout

text: and

text: Donny

text: Brown

text: Sarah Bettens (born 23 September 1972) is the lead singer of the Belgian band K's Choice. Sarah and her brother Gert Bettens are the two best-known faces of the band. She is known for her enigmatic, husky voice. The band is popular in Belgium, the Netherlands and France, and has toured in the U.S. with The Verve Pipe, Tonic, Alanis Morissette and the Indigo Girls, as well as on their own. Bettens has maintained a successful solo career as well by providing vocals for movie soundtracks, including "Underworld", "Wild Things", "Zus and Zo" and more recently "Leef!".

text: Sarah

text: Bettens

text: born

text: September

text: is

text: the

text: lead

text: singer

text: of

text: the

text: Belgian

text: band

text: 's

text: Choice

text: Sarah

text: and

text: her

text: brother

text: Gert

text: Bettens

text: are

text: the

text: two

text: best

text: known

text: faces

text: of

text: the

text: band

text: She

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: her

text: enigmatic

text: husky

text: voice

text: The

text: band

text: is

text: popular

text: in

text: Belgium

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: France

text: and

text: has

text: toured

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: with

text: The

text: Verve

text: Pipe

text: Tonic

text: Alanis

text: Morissette

text: and

text: the

text: Indigo

text: Girls

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: on

text: their

text: own

text: Bettens

text: has

text: maintained

text: successful

text: solo

text: career

text: as

text: well

text: by

text: providing

text: vocals

text: for

text: movie

text: soundtracks

text: including

text: Underworld

text: Wild

text: Things

text: Zus

text: and

text: Zo

text: and

text: more

text: recently

text: Leef

text: Eric Grossman (born November 25, 1964, New York) is an American musician, best known for playing bass and recording gold and platinum albums with the Belgian band K's Choice.

text: Eric

text: Grossman

text: born

text: November

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: musician

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: playing

text: bass

text: and

text: recording

text: gold

text: and

text: platinum

text: albums

text: with

text: the

text: Belgian

text: band

text: 's

text: Choice

text: Gert Bettens ( born 19 March 1970 ) is the lead guitarist of the Belgian band K 's Choice . He , with his sister Sarah Bettens , is the face of the band . The band is popular in Europe and had toured in the U.S. with The Verve Pipe , Tonic , Alanis Morissette and the Indigo Girls , as well as on their own . In 2003 K 's Choice decided to split ways , but then reformed in 2009 . Bettens was born in Merksem . After more than a decade of composing , recording and touring all around the world with one of the most successful Belgian bands , in addition to many side projects as a songwriter , guitarist and producer , Gert is making his comeback in the music scene with his first solo project . Along with some self - respected musicians , Gert founded Woodface . Written in his backyard studio and recorded at Jet Studios in Brussels , `` Good Morning Hope '' sheds light on the wide range of Gert 's musical influences and tastes , blending power - driven rock with intimate singer - songwriter compositions . This contrast is probably the only similarity to his former band . Driven by Gert 's original sound and voice , there is a fusion of styles . The album stretches from typical 1970s rock - tinged guitar bands like The Who and Led Zeppelin to the dulcet sounds of Crowded House , The Smiths and The Beatles . Some songs embrace the drive of more contemporary critical favorites such as David Gray , Eels and the late Elliott Smith . The colourful palette of sounds was recorded by Werner Pensaert who also engineered the K 's Choice platinum record Paradise in Me .

text: Gert

text: Bettens

text: born

text: March

text: is

text: the

text: lead

text: guitarist

text: of

text: the

text: Belgian

text: band

text: 's

text: Choice

text: He

text: with

text: his

text: sister

text: Sarah

text: Bettens

text: is

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: the

text: band

text: The

text: band

text: is

text: popular

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: had

text: toured

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: with

text: The

text: Verve

text: Pipe

text: Tonic

text: Alanis

text: Morissette

text: and

text: the

text: Indigo

text: Girls

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: on

text: their

text: own

text: In

text: 's

text: Choice

text: decided

text: to

text: split

text: ways

text: but

text: then

text: reformed

text: in

text: Bettens

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Merksem

text: After

text: more

text: than

text: decade

text: of

text: composing

text: recording

text: and

text: touring

text: all

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: Belgian

text: bands

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: many

text: side

text: projects

text: as

text: songwriter

text: guitarist

text: and

text: producer

text: Gert

text: is

text: making

text: his

text: comeback

text: in

text: the

text: music

text: scene

text: with

text: his

text: first

text: solo

text: project

text: Along

text: with

text: some

text: self

text: respected

text: musicians

text: Gert

text: founded

text: Woodface

text: Written

text: in

text: his

text: backyard

text: studio

text: and

text: recorded

text: at

text: Jet

text: Studios

text: in

text: Brussels

text: Good

text: Morning

text: Hope

text: sheds

text: light

text: on

text: the

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: Gert

text: 's

text: musical

text: influences

text: and

text: tastes

text: blending

text: power

text: driven

text: rock

text: with

text: intimate

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: compositions

text: This

text: contrast

text: is

text: probably

text: the

text: only

text: similarity

text: to

text: his

text: former

text: band

text: Driven

text: by

text: Gert

text: 's

text: original

text: sound

text: and

text: voice

text: there

text: is

text: fusion

text: of

text: styles

text: The

text: album

text: stretches

text: from

text: typical

text: rock

text: tinged

text: guitar

text: bands

text: like

text: The

text: Who

text: and

text: Led

text: Zeppelin

text: to

text: the

text: dulcet

text: sounds

text: of

text: Crowded

text: House

text: The

text: Smiths

text: and

text: The

text: Beatles

text: Some

text: songs

text: embrace

text: the

text: drive

text: of

text: more

text: contemporary

text: critical

text: favorites

text: such

text: as

text: David

text: Gray

text: Eels

text: and

text: the

text: late

text: Elliott

text: Smith

text: The

text: colourful

text: palette

text: of

text: sounds

text: was

text: recorded

text: by

text: Werner

text: Pensaert

text: who

text: also

text: engineered

text: the

text: 's

text: Choice

text: platinum

text: record

text: Paradise

text: in

text: Me

text: Indigo Girls are a Grammy Award-winning folk rock music American duo consisting of Amy Ray and Emily Saliers. They met in elementary school and began performing together as high school students in Decatur, Georgia, part of the Atlanta metropolitan area. They started performing with the name Indigo Girls as students at Emory University, performing weekly at The Dugout, a bar in Emory Village.

text: Indigo

text: Girls

text: are

text: Grammy

text: Award

text: winning

text: folk

text: rock

text: music

text: American

text: duo

text: consisting

text: of

text: Amy

text: Ray

text: and

text: Emily

text: Saliers

text: They

text: met

text: in

text: elementary

text: school

text: and

text: began

text: performing

text: together

text: as

text: high

text: school

text: students

text: in

text: Decatur

text: Georgia

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Atlanta

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: They

text: started

text: performing

text: with

text: the

text: name

text: Indigo

text: Girls

text: as

text: students

text: at

text: Emory

text: University

text: performing

text: weekly

text: at

text: The

text: Dugout

text: bar

text: in

text: Emory

text: Village

text: Alanis Nadine Morissette (born June 1, 1974) is a Canadian-American alternative rock singer-songwriter, musician, multi-instrumentalist, record producer, and actress. Morissette began her career in Canada in the early 1990s, with two commercially successful dance-pop albums. Afterwards, she moved to Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, and in 1995 released "Jagged Little Pill", a more rock-oriented album which sold more than 33 million units globally and is her most critically acclaimed work. Her following album, "Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie", was released in 1998.

text: Alanis

text: Nadine

text: Morissette

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: Canadian

text: American

text: alternative

text: rock

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: musician

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: record

text: producer

text: and

text: actress

text: Morissette

text: began

text: her

text: career

text: in

text: Canada

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: with

text: two

text: commercially

text: successful

text: dance

text: pop

text: albums

text: Afterwards

text: she

text: moved

text: to

text: Holmby

text: Hills

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: and

text: in

text: released

text: Jagged

text: Little

text: Pill

text: more

text: rock

text: oriented

text: album

text: which

text: sold

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: units

text: globally

text: and

text: is

text: her

text: most

text: critically

text: acclaimed

text: work

text: Her

text: following

text: album

text: Supposed

text: Former

text: Infatuation

text: Junkie

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of and has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups: the Dutch-speaking, mostly Flemish community, which constitutes about 59% of the population, and the French-speaking, mostly Walloon population, which comprises 41% of all Belgians. Additionally, there is a small group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area, and bordering Germany.

text: Belgium

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Belgium

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: bordered

text: by

text: France

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Germany

text: Luxembourg

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: It

text: is

text: small

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: which

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: Straddling

text: the

text: cultural

text: boundary

text: between

text: Germanic

text: and

text: Latin

text: Europe

text: Belgium

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: two

text: main

text: linguistic

text: groups

text: the

text: Dutch

text: speaking

text: mostly

text: Flemish

text: community

text: which

text: constitutes

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: and

text: the

text: French

text: speaking

text: mostly

text: Walloon

text: population

text: which

text: comprises

text: of

text: all

text: Belgians

text: Additionally

text: there

text: is

text: small

text: group

text: of

text: German

text: speakers

text: who

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: Cantons

text: located

text: around

text: the

text: High

text: Fens

text: area

text: and

text: bordering

text: Germany

text: K's Choice is a Belgian rock band from Antwerp, formed in the mid-1990s. The band's core members are siblings Sarah Bettens (lead vocals, guitar) and Gert Bettens (guitar, keyboard, vocals). They are joined by Eric Grossman (bass), Thomas Vanelslander (lead guitar), Reinout Swinnen (keys) and Koen Liekens (drums). The band has produced gold and platinum albums.

text: 's

text: Choice

text: is

text: Belgian

text: rock

text: band

text: from

text: Antwerp

text: formed

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: band

text: 's

text: core

text: members

text: are

text: siblings

text: Sarah

text: Bettens

text: lead

text: vocals

text: guitar

text: and

text: Gert

text: Bettens

text: guitar

text: keyboard

text: vocals

text: They

text: are

text: joined

text: by

text: Eric

text: Grossman

text: bass

text: Thomas

text: Vanelslander

text: lead

text: guitar

text: Reinout

text: Swinnen

text: keys

text: and

text: Koen

text: Liekens

text: drums

text: The

text: band

text: has

text: produced

text: gold

text: and

text: platinum

text: albums

annotations: follows multiple

question: place_of_birth gert bettens

answer: antwerp

text: antwerp