text: Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844  25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, poet, philologist, and Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history. He began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. He became the youngest ever to hold the Chair of Classical Philology at the University of Basel in 1869, at the age of 24. Nietzsche resigned in 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life, and he completed much of his core writing in the following decade. In 1889, at age 44, he suffered a collapse and a complete loss of his mental faculties. He lived his remaining years in the care of his mother (until her death in 1897), and then with his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, and died in 1900.

text: Friedrich

text: Wilhelm

text: Nietzsche

text: October

text: August

text: was

text: German

text: philosopher

text: cultural

text: critic

text: poet

text: philologist

text: and

text: Latin

text: and

text: Greek

text: scholar

text: whose

text: work

text: has

text: exerted

text: profound

text: influence

text: on

text: Western

text: philosophy

text: and

text: modern

text: intellectual

text: history

text: He

text: began

text: his

text: career

text: as

text: classical

text: philologist

text: before

text: turning

text: to

text: philosophy

text: He

text: became

text: the

text: youngest

text: ever

text: to

text: hold

text: the

text: Chair

text: of

text: Classical

text: Philology

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Basel

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: Nietzsche

text: resigned

text: in

text: due

text: to

text: health

text: problems

text: that

text: plagued

text: him

text: most

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: and

text: he

text: completed

text: much

text: of

text: his

text: core

text: writing

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: decade

text: In

text: at

text: age

text: he

text: suffered

text: collapse

text: and

text: complete

text: loss

text: of

text: his

text: mental

text: faculties

text: He

text: lived

text: his

text: remaining

text: years

text: in

text: the

text: care

text: of

text: his

text: mother

text: until

text: her

text: death

text: in

text: and

text: then

text: with

text: his

text: sister

text: Elisabeth

text: Förster

text: Nietzsche

text: and

text: died

text: in

text: The Federal City of Bonn is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of 311,287. Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region, Germany's largest metropolitan area, with over 11 million inhabitants.

text: The

text: Federal

text: City

text: of

text: Bonn

text: is

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: of

text: North

text: Rhine

text: Westphalia

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: Bonn

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: southernmost

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: Ruhr

text: region

text: Germany

text: 's

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (13 December 1797  17 February 1856) was a German poet, journalist, essayist, and literary critic. He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of "Lieder" (art songs) by composers such as Robert Schumann and Franz Schubert. Heine's later verse and prose are distinguished by their satirical wit and irony. He is considered part of the Young Germany movement. His radical political views led to many of his works being banned by German authorities. Heine spent the last 25 years of his life as an expatriate in Paris.

text: Christian

text: Johann

text: Heinrich

text: Heine

text: December

text: February

text: was

text: German

text: poet

text: journalist

text: essayist

text: and

text: literary

text: critic

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: outside

text: Germany

text: for

text: his

text: early

text: lyric

text: poetry

text: which

text: was

text: set

text: to

text: music

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: Lieder

text: art

text: songs

text: by

text: composers

text: such

text: as

text: Robert

text: Schumann

text: and

text: Franz

text: Schubert

text: Heine

text: 's

text: later

text: verse

text: and

text: prose

text: are

text: distinguished

text: by

text: their

text: satirical

text: wit

text: and

text: irony

text: He

text: is

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Young

text: Germany

text: movement

text: His

text: radical

text: political

text: views

text: led

text: to

text: many

text: of

text: his

text: works

text: being

text: banned

text: by

text: German

text: authorities

text: Heine

text: spent

text: the

text: last

text: years

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: as

text: an

text: expatriate

text: in

text: Paris

text:
The Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize is a program of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (the German Research Foundation) which awards prizes to exceptional scientists and academics for their outstanding achievements in the field of research.
It was established in 1985 and up to ten prizes are awarded annually to individuals or research groups working at a research institution in Germany or at a German research institution abroad.

text: The

text: Gottfried

text: Wilhelm

text: Leibniz

text: Prize

text: is

text: program

text: of

text: the

text: Deutsche

text: Forschungsgemeinschaft

text: the

text: German

text: Research

text: Foundation

text: which

text: awards

text: prizes

text: to

text: exceptional

text: scientists

text: and

text: academics

text: for

text: their

text: outstanding

text: achievements

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: research

text: It

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: up

text: to

text: ten

text: prizes

text: are

text: awarded

text: annually

text: to

text: individuals

text: or

text: research

text: groups

text: working

text: at

text: research

text: institution

text: in

text: Germany

text: or

text: at

text: German

text: research

text: institution

text: abroad

text: Friedrich Ernst Krukenberg ( April 1 , 1871 - February 20 , 1946 ) was a German physician who was a native of Halle an der Saale . He was a brother to orthopedic surgeon Hermann Krukenberg ( 1863 - 1935 ) and Georg Heinrich Peter Krukenberg ( 1856 - 1899 ) , who was a professor of gynecology at the University of Bonn . Krukenberg originally studied in his native city of Halle , and continued his medical education at the University of Marburg , where he was a student of ophthalmologist Theodor Axenfeld ( 1867 - 1930 ) . At Marburg he also studied under pathologist Felix Jacob Marchand ( 1846 - 1928 ) , in whose department he described a fibrosarcoma of the ovary that was to become known as a Krukenberg tumor . In 1896 he published his findings in an article called Über das Fibrosarcoma ovarii mucocellulare ( carcinomatodes ) . Later , his interest turned to ophthalmology , and eventually he returned to Halle where he opened a private practice . The ophthalmic term `` Krukenberg 's spindle '' is named after him , which is a vertical , fusiform deposition of melanin pigmentation in the deep layers of the cornea .

text: Friedrich

text: Ernst

text: Krukenberg

text: April

text: February

text: was

text: German

text: physician

text: who

text: was

text: native

text: of

text: Halle

text: an

text: der

text: Saale

text: He

text: was

text: brother

text: to

text: orthopedic

text: surgeon

text: Hermann

text: Krukenberg

text: and

text: Georg

text: Heinrich

text: Peter

text: Krukenberg

text: who

text: was

text: professor

text: of

text: gynecology

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Bonn

text: Krukenberg

text: originally

text: studied

text: in

text: his

text: native

text: city

text: of

text: Halle

text: and

text: continued

text: his

text: medical

text: education

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Marburg

text: where

text: he

text: was

text: student

text: of

text: ophthalmologist

text: Theodor

text: Axenfeld

text: At

text: Marburg

text: he

text: also

text: studied

text: under

text: pathologist

text: Felix

text: Jacob

text: Marchand

text: in

text: whose

text: department

text: he

text: described

text: fibrosarcoma

text: of

text: the

text: ovary

text: that

text: was

text: to

text: become

text: known

text: as

text: Krukenberg

text: tumor

text: In

text: he

text: published

text: his

text: findings

text: in

text: an

text: article

text: called

text: Über

text: das

text: Fibrosarcoma

text: ovarii

text: mucocellulare

text: carcinomatodes

text: Later

text: his

text: interest

text: turned

text: to

text: ophthalmology

text: and

text: eventually

text: he

text: returned

text: to

text: Halle

text: where

text: he

text: opened

text: private

text: practice

text: The

text: ophthalmic

text: term

text: Krukenberg

text: 's

text: spindle

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: him

text: which

text: is

text: vertical

text: fusiform

text: deposition

text: of

text: melanin

text: pigmentation

text: in

text: the

text: deep

text: layers

text: of

text: the

text: cornea

text:
Calbe is a town in the district of Salzlandkreis, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
Geography.
It is situated on the Saale River, approx. north of Bernburg, and southeast of Magdeburg. It is known as Calbe an der Saale, to distinguish it from the smaller town of Kalbe on the Milde in the same state. Pop. (1905) 12,281.

text: Calbe

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: the

text: district

text: of

text: Salzlandkreis

text: in

text: Saxony

text: Anhalt

text: Germany

text: Geography

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: Saale

text: River

text: approx

text: north

text: of

text: Bernburg

text: and

text: southeast

text: of

text: Magdeburg

text: It

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Calbe

text: an

text: der

text: Saale

text: to

text: distinguish

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: smaller

text: town

text: of

text: Kalbe

text: on

text: the

text: Milde

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: state

text: Pop

text: Hermann Krukenberg (21 June 1863  3 October 1935) was a German surgeon who was a native of Calbe, Province of Saxony, Germany. He was the brother of pathologist Friedrich Ernst Krukenberg (18711946).

text: Hermann

text: Krukenberg

text: June

text: October

text: was

text: German

text: surgeon

text: who

text: was

text: native

text: of

text: Calbe

text: Province

text: of

text: Saxony

text: Germany

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: brother

text: of

text: pathologist

text: Friedrich

text: Ernst

text: Krukenberg

text: The Province of Saxony, also known as Prussian Saxony ("Preußische Sachsen"), was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and later the Free State of Prussia from 1816 until 1945. Its capital was Magdeburg.

text: The

text: Province

text: of

text: Saxony

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Prussian

text: Saxony

text: Preußische

text: Sachsen

text: was

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Prussia

text: and

text: later

text: the

text: Free

text: State

text: of

text: Prussia

text: from

text: until

text: Its

text: capital

text: was

text: Magdeburg

text: Pope Benedict XVI (; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger on 16 April 1927) reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church from 2005 to 2013. He was elected pope on 19 April 2005, was inaugurated on 24 April 2005 and renounced the Petrine office on 28 February 2013. Benedict's election occurred in a papal conclave following the death of Pope John Paul II.

text: Pope

text: Benedict

text: XVI

text: born

text: Joseph

text: Aloisius

text: Ratzinger

text: on

text: April

text: reigned

text: as

text: Pope

text: of

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: was

text: elected

text: pope

text: on

text: April

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: on

text: April

text: and

text: renounced

text: the

text: Petrine

text: office

text: on

text: February

text: Benedict

text: 's

text: election

text: occurred

text: in

text: papal

text: conclave

text: following

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Pope

text: John

text: Paul

text: II

text: Times Higher Education World University Rankings is an annual publication of university rankings by "Times Higher Education (THE)" magazine. The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) to publish the joint "THEQS World University Rankings" from 2004 to 2009 before it turned to Thomson Reuters for a new ranking system. The publication now comprises the world's overall, subject, and reputation rankings, alongside three regional league tables, "Asia", "Latin America", and "BRICS & Emerging Economies" which are generated by consistent methodology. It is considered as one of the most widely observed university measures together with "Academic Ranking of World Universities" and "QS World University Rankings". It is praised for having a new improved methodology but undermining non-English-instructing institutions and being commercialized are the major criticisms.

text: Times

text: Higher

text: Education

text: World

text: University

text: Rankings

text: is

text: an

text: annual

text: publication

text: of

text: university

text: rankings

text: by

text: Times

text: Higher

text: Education

text: THE

text: magazine

text: The

text: publisher

text: had

text: collaborated

text: with

text: Quacquarelli

text: Symonds

text: QS

text: to

text: publish

text: the

text: joint

text: THEQS

text: World

text: University

text: Rankings

text: from

text: to

text: before

text: it

text: turned

text: to

text: Thomson

text: Reuters

text: for

text: new

text: ranking

text: system

text: The

text: publication

text: now

text: comprises

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: overall

text: subject

text: and

text: reputation

text: rankings

text: alongside

text: three

text: regional

text: league

text: tables

text: Asia

text: Latin

text: America

text: and

text: BRICS

text: Emerging

text: Economies

text: which

text: are

text: generated

text: by

text: consistent

text: methodology

text: It

text: is

text: considered

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: observed

text: university

text: measures

text: together

text: with

text: Academic

text: Ranking

text: of

text: World

text: Universities

text: and

text: QS

text: World

text: University

text: Rankings

text: It

text: is

text: praised

text: for

text: having

text: new

text: improved

text: methodology

text: but

text: undermining

text: non

text: English

text: instructing

text: institutions

text: and

text: being

text: commercialized

text: are

text: the

text: major

text: criticisms

text: Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (5 January 1876  19 April 1967) was a German statesman who served as the first post-war Chancellor of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1963. He led his country from the ruins of World War II to a productive and prosperous nation that forged close relations with France, the United Kingdom and the United States. During his years in power West Germany achieved democracy, stability, international respect and economic prosperity (""Wirtschaftswunder"", German for "economic miracle"). He was the first leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), a Christian Democratic party that under his leadership became, and has since usually been the most influential party in the country.

text: Konrad

text: Hermann

text: Joseph

text: Adenauer

text: January

text: April

text: was

text: German

text: statesman

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: post

text: war

text: Chancellor

text: of

text: Germany

text: West

text: Germany

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: led

text: his

text: country

text: from

text: the

text: ruins

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: to

text: productive

text: and

text: prosperous

text: nation

text: that

text: forged

text: close

text: relations

text: with

text: France

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: During

text: his

text: years

text: in

text: power

text: West

text: Germany

text: achieved

text: democracy

text: stability

text: international

text: respect

text: and

text: economic

text: prosperity

text: Wirtschaftswunder

text: German

text: for

text: economic

text: miracle

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Christian

text: Democratic

text: Union

text: CDU

text: Christian

text: Democratic

text: party

text: that

text: under

text: his

text: leadership

text: became

text: and

text: has

text: since

text: usually

text: been

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: party

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Karl Marx (5 May 1818  14 March 1883) was a German-born scientist, philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Born in Trier to a middle-class family, he later studied political economy and Hegelian philosophy. As an adult, Marx became stateless and spent much of his life in London, England, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and published various works, the most well-known being the 1848 pamphlet "The Communist Manifesto". His work has since influenced subsequent intellectual, economic, and political history.

text: Karl

text: Marx

text: May

text: March

text: was

text: German

text: born

text: scientist

text: philosopher

text: economist

text: sociologist

text: journalist

text: and

text: revolutionary

text: socialist

text: Born

text: in

text: Trier

text: to

text: middle

text: class

text: family

text: he

text: later

text: studied

text: political

text: economy

text: and

text: Hegelian

text: philosophy

text: As

text: an

text: adult

text: Marx

text: became

text: stateless

text: and

text: spent

text: much

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: in

text: London

text: England

text: where

text: he

text: continued

text: to

text: develop

text: his

text: thought

text: in

text: collaboration

text: with

text: German

text: thinker

text: Friedrich

text: Engels

text: and

text: published

text: various

text: works

text: the

text: most

text: well

text: known

text: being

text: the

text: pamphlet

text: The

text: Communist

text: Manifesto

text: His

text: work

text: has

text: since

text: influenced

text: subsequent

text: intellectual

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: history

text: The University of Bonn is a public research university located in Bonn, Germany. Founded in its present form in 1818, as the linear successor of earlier academic institutions, the University of Bonn is today one of the leading universities in Germany. The University of Bonn offers a large number of undergraduate and graduate programs in a range of subjects. Its library holds more than five million volumes. The University of Bonn has 544 professors and 32,500 students. Among its notable alumni and faculty are seven Nobel Laureates, three Fields Medalist, twelve Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners, Prince Albert, Pope Benedict XVI, Frederick III, Karl Marx, Heinrich Heine, Friedrich Nietzsche, Konrad Adenauer, and Joseph Schumpeter. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2016 and the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2015 ranked the University of Bonn as one of the 100 best universities in the world.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Bonn

text: is

text: public

text: research

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Bonn

text: Germany

text: Founded

text: in

text: its

text: present

text: form

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: linear

text: successor

text: of

text: earlier

text: academic

text: institutions

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Bonn

text: is

text: today

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: universities

text: in

text: Germany

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Bonn

text: offers

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: undergraduate

text: and

text: graduate

text: programs

text: in

text: range

text: of

text: subjects

text: Its

text: library

text: holds

text: more

text: than

text: five

text: million

text: volumes

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Bonn

text: has

text: professors

text: and

text: students

text: Among

text: its

text: notable

text: alumni

text: and

text: faculty

text: are

text: seven

text: Nobel

text: Laureates

text: three

text: Fields

text: Medalist

text: twelve

text: Gottfried

text: Wilhelm

text: Leibniz

text: Prize

text: winners

text: Prince

text: Albert

text: Pope

text: Benedict

text: XVI

text: Frederick

text: III

text: Karl

text: Marx

text: Heinrich

text: Heine

text: Friedrich

text: Nietzsche

text: Konrad

text: Adenauer

text: and

text: Joseph

text: Schumpeter

text: The

text: Times

text: Higher

text: Education

text: World

text: University

text: Rankings

text: and

text: the

text: Academic

text: Ranking

text: of

text: World

text: Universities

text: ranked

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Bonn

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text:
Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), also known as Shanghai Ranking, is an annual publication of university rankings by Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. The league table was originally compiled and issued by Shanghai Jiaotong University in 2003, the first global ranking with multifarious indicators, after which a board of international advisories was established to provide suggestions. The publication currently includes world's overall and subject league tables, alongside independent regional "Greater China Ranking" and "Macedonian HEIs Ranking". ARWU is regarded as one of the three most influential and widely observed university measures, alongside "QS World University Rankings" and "Times Higher Education World University Rankings".
It is praised for its objective methodology but draws some condemnation for narrowly focusing on raw research power, undermining humanities and quality of instruction.

text: Academic

text: Ranking

text: of

text: World

text: Universities

text: ARWU

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Shanghai

text: Ranking

text: is

text: an

text: annual

text: publication

text: of

text: university

text: rankings

text: by

text: Shanghai

text: Ranking

text: Consultancy

text: The

text: league

text: table

text: was

text: originally

text: compiled

text: and

text: issued

text: by

text: Shanghai

text: Jiaotong

text: University

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: global

text: ranking

text: with

text: multifarious

text: indicators

text: after

text: which

text: board

text: of

text: international

text: advisories

text: was

text: established

text: to

text: provide

text: suggestions

text: The

text: publication

text: currently

text: includes

text: world

text: 's

text: overall

text: and

text: subject

text: league

text: tables

text: alongside

text: independent

text: regional

text: Greater

text: China

text: Ranking

text: and

text: Macedonian

text: HEIs

text: Ranking

text: ARWU

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: most

text: influential

text: and

text: widely

text: observed

text: university

text: measures

text: alongside

text: QS

text: World

text: University

text: Rankings

text: and

text: Times

text: Higher

text: Education

text: World

text: University

text: Rankings

text: It

text: is

text: praised

text: for

text: its

text: objective

text: methodology

text: but

text: draws

text: some

text: condemnation

text: for

text: narrowly

text: focusing

text: on

text: raw

text: research

text: power

text: undermining

text: humanities

text: and

text: quality

text: of

text: instruction

text: Friedrich Ernst Krukenberg (1 April 1871  20 February 1946) was a German physician who was a native of Halle an der Saale. He was a brother to orthopedic surgeon Hermann Krukenberg (1863-1935) and Georg Heinrich Peter Krukenberg (1856-1899), who was a professor of gynecology at the University of Bonn.

text: Friedrich

text: Ernst

text: Krukenberg

text: April

text: February

text: was

text: German

text: physician

text: who

text: was

text: native

text: of

text: Halle

text: an

text: der

text: Saale

text: He

text: was

text: brother

text: to

text: orthopedic

text: surgeon

text: Hermann

text: Krukenberg

text: and

text: Georg

text: Heinrich

text: Peter

text: Krukenberg

text: who

text: was

text: professor

text: of

text: gynecology

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Bonn

text: The Fields Medal is a prize awarded to two, three, or four mathematicians under 40 years of age at the International Congress of the International Mathematical Union (IMU), a meeting that takes place every four years. The Fields Medal is sometimes viewed as the highest honor a mathematician can receive. The Fields Medal and the Abel Prize have often been described as the mathematician's "Nobel Prize". The Fields Medal differs from the Abel in view of the age restriction mentioned above.

text: The

text: Fields

text: Medal

text: is

text: prize

text: awarded

text: to

text: two

text: three

text: or

text: four

text: mathematicians

text: under

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: at

text: the

text: International

text: Congress

text: of

text: the

text: International

text: Mathematical

text: Union

text: IMU

text: meeting

text: that

text: takes

text: place

text: every

text: four

text: years

text: The

text: Fields

text: Medal

text: is

text: sometimes

text: viewed

text: as

text: the

text: highest

text: honor

text: mathematician

text: can

text: receive

text: The

text: Fields

text: Medal

text: and

text: the

text: Abel

text: Prize

text: have

text: often

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: mathematician

text: 's

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: The

text: Fields

text: Medal

text: differs

text: from

text: the

text: Abel

text: in

text: view

text: of

text: the

text: age

text: restriction

text: mentioned

text: above

text: Joseph Alois Schumpeter (8 February 1883  8 January 1950) was an Austrian-born American economist and political scientist. He briefly served as Finance Minister of Austria in 1919. In 1932 he became a professor at Harvard University where he remained until the end of his career. One of the most influential economists of the 20th century, Schumpeter popularized the term "creative destruction" in economics.

text: Joseph

text: Alois

text: Schumpeter

text: February

text: January

text: was

text: an

text: Austrian

text: born

text: American

text: economist

text: and

text: political

text: scientist

text: He

text: briefly

text: served

text: as

text: Finance

text: Minister

text: of

text: Austria

text: in

text: In

text: he

text: became

text: professor

text: at

text: Harvard

text: University

text: where

text: he

text: remained

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: his

text: career

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: economists

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Schumpeter

text: popularized

text: the

text: term

text: creative

text: destruction

text: in

text: economics

question: date_of_birth friedrich ernst krukenberg

answer: 1 april 1871

text: 1 april 1871


text: Both Sides of the Gun , is a Ben Harper album released in 2006 . Split into two discs , the title suggests the two sides of Harper 's musical nature . The first disc ( `` White '' ) is made of mostly acoustic and string - driven songs hinted at on the last track ( `` She 's Only Happy In The Sun '' ) of Harper 's previous album Diamonds on the Inside . The second disc ( `` Black '' ) is made up of the more rock and upbeat material and touching on genres such as hard rock , funk and gospel . The album saw Harper playing the majority of the instruments on both discs ; an approach that he had rarely used on his previous albums . However , the Innocent Criminals would appear on a few tracks whilst his later band , Relentless7 , would appear together for the first time on `` Serve Your Soul '' , the last track on the second disc . The album became Harper 's first US top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 200 album charts , entering and peaking at number seven on its release . To date , it is his highest album entry in that chart .

text: Both

text: Sides

text: of

text: the

text: Gun

text: is

text: Ben

text: Harper

text: album

text: released

text: in

text: Split

text: into

text: two

text: discs

text: the

text: title

text: suggests

text: the

text: two

text: sides

text: of

text: Harper

text: 's

text: musical

text: nature

text: The

text: first

text: disc

text: White

text: is

text: made

text: of

text: mostly

text: acoustic

text: and

text: string

text: driven

text: songs

text: hinted

text: at

text: on

text: the

text: last

text: track

text: She

text: 's

text: Only

text: Happy

text: In

text: The

text: Sun

text: of

text: Harper

text: 's

text: previous

text: album

text: Diamonds

text: on

text: the

text: Inside

text: The

text: second

text: disc

text: Black

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: the

text: more

text: rock

text: and

text: upbeat

text: material

text: and

text: touching

text: on

text: genres

text: such

text: as

text: hard

text: rock

text: funk

text: and

text: gospel

text: The

text: album

text: saw

text: Harper

text: playing

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: instruments

text: on

text: both

text: discs

text: an

text: approach

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: rarely

text: used

text: on

text: his

text: previous

text: albums

text: However

text: the

text: Innocent

text: Criminals

text: would

text: appear

text: on

text: few

text: tracks

text: whilst

text: his

text: later

text: band

text: would

text: appear

text: together

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: on

text: Serve

text: Your

text: Soul

text: the

text: last

text: track

text: on

text: the

text: second

text: disc

text: The

text: album

text: became

text: Harper

text: 's

text: first

text: US

text: top

text: hit

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: album

text: charts

text: entering

text: and

text: peaking

text: at

text: number

text: seven

text: on

text: its

text: release

text: To

text: date

text: it

text: is

text: his

text: highest

text: album

text: entry

text: in

text: that

text: chart

text: Hard rock is a loosely defined subgenre of rock music that began in the mid-1960s, with the garage, psychedelic and blues rock movements. It is typified by a heavy use of aggressive vocals, distorted electric guitars, bass guitar, drums, and often accompanied with pianos and keyboards.

text: Hard

text: rock

text: is

text: loosely

text: defined

text: subgenre

text: of

text: rock

text: music

text: that

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: with

text: the

text: garage

text: psychedelic

text: and

text: blues

text: rock

text: movements

text: It

text: is

text: typified

text: by

text: heavy

text: use

text: of

text: aggressive

text: vocals

text: distorted

text: electric

text: guitars

text: bass

text: guitar

text: drums

text: and

text: often

text: accompanied

text: with

text: pianos

text: and

text: keyboards

text: An electric guitar is a fretted string instrument that uses a pickup to convert the vibration of its stringswhich are typically made of steel, and which occurs when a guitarist strums, plucks or fingerpicks the stringsinto electrical signals. The vibrations of the strings are sensed by a pickup, of which the most common type is the magnetic pickup, which uses the principle of direct electromagnetic induction. The signal generated by an electric guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is plugged into a guitar amplifier before being sent to a loudspeaker, which makes a sound loud enough to hear. The output of an electric guitar is an electric signal, and the signal can easily be altered by electronic circuits to add "color" to the sound or change the sound. Often the signal is modified using effects such as reverb and distortion and "overdrive", with the latter being a key element of the sound of the electric guitar as it is used in blues and rock music.

text: An

text: electric

text: guitar

text: is

text: fretted

text: string

text: instrument

text: that

text: uses

text: pickup

text: to

text: convert

text: the

text: vibration

text: of

text: its

text: stringswhich

text: are

text: typically

text: made

text: of

text: steel

text: and

text: which

text: occurs

text: when

text: guitarist

text: strums

text: plucks

text: or

text: fingerpicks

text: the

text: stringsinto

text: electrical

text: signals

text: The

text: vibrations

text: of

text: the

text: strings

text: are

text: sensed

text: by

text: pickup

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: is

text: the

text: magnetic

text: pickup

text: which

text: uses

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: direct

text: electromagnetic

text: induction

text: The

text: signal

text: generated

text: by

text: an

text: electric

text: guitar

text: is

text: too

text: weak

text: to

text: drive

text: loudspeaker

text: so

text: it

text: is

text: plugged

text: into

text: guitar

text: amplifier

text: before

text: being

text: sent

text: to

text: loudspeaker

text: which

text: makes

text: sound

text: loud

text: enough

text: to

text: hear

text: The

text: output

text: of

text: an

text: electric

text: guitar

text: is

text: an

text: electric

text: signal

text: and

text: the

text: signal

text: can

text: easily

text: be

text: altered

text: by

text: electronic

text: circuits

text: to

text: add

text: color

text: to

text: the

text: sound

text: or

text: change

text: the

text: sound

text: Often

text: the

text: signal

text: is

text: modified

text: using

text: effects

text: such

text: as

text: reverb

text: and

text: distortion

text: and

text: overdrive

text: with

text: the

text: latter

text: being

text: key

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: sound

text: of

text: the

text: electric

text: guitar

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: blues

text: and

text: rock

text: music

text: Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues (R&B). Funk de-emphasizes melody and chord progressions used in other related genres and brings a strong rhythmic groove of a bass line played by an electric bassist and a drum part played by a drummer to the foreground. Funk songs are often based on an extended vamp on a single chord, distinguishing them from R&B and soul songs, which are built on complex chord progressions. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in bebop jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths, or dominant seventh chords with altered ninths.

text: Funk

text: is

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: mid-

text: when

text: African

text: American

text: musicians

text: created

text: rhythmic

text: danceable

text: new

text: form

text: of

text: music

text: through

text: mixture

text: of

text: soul

text: music

text: jazz

text: and

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: R&B

text: Funk

text: de

text: emphasizes

text: melody

text: and

text: chord

text: progressions

text: used

text: in

text: other

text: related

text: genres

text: and

text: brings

text: strong

text: rhythmic

text: groove

text: of

text: bass

text: line

text: played

text: by

text: an

text: electric

text: bassist

text: and

text: drum

text: part

text: played

text: by

text: drummer

text: to

text: the

text: foreground

text: Funk

text: songs

text: are

text: often

text: based

text: on

text: an

text: extended

text: vamp

text: on

text: single

text: chord

text: distinguishing

text: them

text: from

text: R&B

text: and

text: soul

text: songs

text: which

text: are

text: built

text: on

text: complex

text: chord

text: progressions

text: Funk

text: uses

text: the

text: same

text: richly

text: colored

text: extended

text: chords

text: found

text: in

text: bebop

text: jazz

text: such

text: as

text: minor

text: chords

text: with

text: added

text: sevenths

text: and

text: elevenths

text: or

text: dominant

text: seventh

text: chords

text: with

text: altered

text: ninths

text: Rhythm (from Greek , "rhythmos", "any regular recurring motion, symmetry" ) generally means a "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions" . This general meaning of regular recurrence or pattern in time can apply to a wide variety of cyclical natural phenomena having a periodicity or frequency of anything from microseconds to several seconds (as with the riff in a rock music song); to several minutes or hours, or, at the most extreme, even over many years.

text: Rhythm

text: from

text: Greek

text: rhythmos

text: any

text: regular

text: recurring

text: motion

text: symmetry

text: generally

text: means

text: movement

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: regulated

text: succession

text: of

text: strong

text: and

text: weak

text: elements

text: or

text: of

text: opposite

text: or

text: different

text: conditions

text: This

text: general

text: meaning

text: of

text: regular

text: recurrence

text: or

text: pattern

text: in

text: time

text: can

text: apply

text: to

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: cyclical

text: natural

text: phenomena

text: having

text: periodicity

text: or

text: frequency

text: of

text: anything

text: from

text: microseconds

text: to

text: several

text: seconds

text: as

text: with

text: the

text: riff

text: in

text: rock

text: music

text: song

text: to

text: several

text: minutes

text: or

text: hours

text: or

text: at

text: the

text: most

text: extreme

text: even

text: over

text: many

text: years

text: Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in the United States in the 1950s, and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has its roots in 1940s' and 1950s' rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as electric blues and folk, and incorporated influences from jazz, classical and other musical sources.

text: Rock

text: music

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: popular

text: music

text: that

text: originated

text: as

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: developed

text: into

text: range

text: of

text: different

text: styles

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: later

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: has

text: its

text: roots

text: in

text: and

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: itself

text: heavily

text: influenced

text: by

text: blues

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: and

text: country

text: music

text: Rock

text: music

text: also

text: drew

text: strongly

text: on

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: genres

text: such

text: as

text: electric

text: blues

text: and

text: folk

text: and

text: incorporated

text: influences

text: from

text: jazz

text: classical

text: and

text: other

text: musical

text: sources

text: Benjamin Chase "Ben" Harper (born October 28, 1969) is an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. Harper plays an eclectic mix of blues, folk, soul, reggae and rock music and is known for his guitar-playing skills, vocals, live performances, and activism. He has released twelve regular studio albums, mostly through Virgin Records and has toured internationally.

text: Benjamin

text: Chase

text: Ben

text: Harper

text: born

text: October

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: and

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: Harper

text: plays

text: an

text: eclectic

text: mix

text: of

text: blues

text: folk

text: soul

text: reggae

text: and

text: rock

text: music

text: and

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: guitar

text: playing

text: skills

text: vocals

text: live

text: performances

text: and

text: activism

text: He

text: has

text: released

text: twelve

text: regular

text: studio

text: albums

text: mostly

text: through

text: Virgin

text: Records

text: and

text: has

text: toured

text: internationally

text:
In music theory, a minor chord is a chord having a root, a minor third, and a perfect fifth.
When a chord has these three notes alone, it is called a minor triad.
Some minor triads with additional notes, such as the minor seventh chord, may also be called minor chords.

text: In

text: music

text: theory

text: minor

text: chord

text: is

text: chord

text: having

text: root

text: minor

text: third

text: and

text: perfect

text: fifth

text: When

text: chord

text: has

text: these

text: three

text: notes

text: alone

text: it

text: is

text: called

text: minor

text: triad

text: Some

text: minor

text: triads

text: with

text: additional

text: notes

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: minor

text: seventh

text: chord

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: called

text: minor

text: chords

text: Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern popular music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A 1968 single by Toots and the Maytals "Do the Reggay" was the first popular song to use the word "reggae," effectively naming the genre and introducing it to a global audience. While sometimes used in a broad sense to refer to most types of popular Jamaican dance music, the term "reggae" more properly denotes a particular music style that was strongly influenced by traditional mento as well as American jazz and rhythm and blues, especially the New Orleans R&B practiced by Fats Domino and Allen Toussaint, and evolved out of the earlier genres ska and rocksteady. Reggae usually relates news, social gossip, and political comment. Reggae spread into a commercialized jazz field, being known first as Rudie Blues, then Ska, later Blue Beat, and Rock Steady. It is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the bass and drum downbeat, and the offbeat rhythm section. The immediate origins of reggae were in ska and rock steady; from the latter, reggae took over the use of the bass as a percussion instrument.

text: Reggae

text: is

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: Jamaica

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: The

text: term

text: also

text: denotes

text: the

text: modern

text: popular

text: music

text: of

text: Jamaica

text: and

text: its

text: diaspora

text: single

text: by

text: Toots

text: and

text: the

text: Maytals

text: Do

text: the

text: Reggay

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: popular

text: song

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: reggae

text: effectively

text: naming

text: the

text: genre

text: and

text: introducing

text: it

text: to

text: global

text: audience

text: While

text: sometimes

text: used

text: in

text: broad

text: sense

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: most

text: types

text: of

text: popular

text: Jamaican

text: dance

text: music

text: the

text: term

text: reggae

text: more

text: properly

text: denotes

text: particular

text: music

text: style

text: that

text: was

text: strongly

text: influenced

text: by

text: traditional

text: mento

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: American

text: jazz

text: and

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: especially

text: the

text: New

text: Orleans

text: R&B

text: practiced

text: by

text: Fats

text: Domino

text: and

text: Allen

text: Toussaint

text: and

text: evolved

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: earlier

text: genres

text: ska

text: and

text: rocksteady

text: Reggae

text: usually

text: relates

text: news

text: social

text: gossip

text: and

text: political

text: comment

text: Reggae

text: spread

text: into

text: commercialized

text: jazz

text: field

text: being

text: known

text: first

text: as

text: Rudie

text: Blues

text: then

text: Ska

text: later

text: Blue

text: Beat

text: and

text: Rock

text: Steady

text: It

text: is

text: instantly

text: recognizable

text: from

text: the

text: counterpoint

text: between

text: the

text: bass

text: and

text: drum

text: downbeat

text: and

text: the

text: offbeat

text: rhythm

text: section

text: The

text: immediate

text: origins

text: of

text: reggae

text: were

text: in

text: ska

text: and

text: rock

text: steady

text: from

text: the

text: latter

text: reggae

text: took

text: over

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: bass

text: as

text: percussion

text: instrument

text: Diamonds On the Inside is a 2003 album by American singer-songwriter Ben Harper. Although he did not explicitly credit the Innocent Criminals for the first time in 10 years, all the touring members continue to support him on the album. On this album, Harper brought on several new additions to his band, the first being guitarist Nicky Panicci (a.k.a. Nicky P) in 2002 who is the first guitar player to be credited on a Ben Harper record. Panicci toured with Harper on the Diamonds on the Inside Tour for almost a year. After leaving Harper's band on his own accord, Marc Ford, formerly of The Black Crowes replaced Panicci and joined Harper's band.

text: Diamonds

text: On

text: the

text: Inside

text: is

text: album

text: by

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: Ben

text: Harper

text: Although

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: explicitly

text: credit

text: the

text: Innocent

text: Criminals

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: in

text: years

text: all

text: the

text: touring

text: members

text: continue

text: to

text: support

text: him

text: on

text: the

text: album

text: On

text: this

text: album

text: Harper

text: brought

text: on

text: several

text: new

text: additions

text: to

text: his

text: band

text: the

text: first

text: being

text: guitarist

text: Nicky

text: Panicci

text: a.k.a

text: Nicky

text: in

text: who

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: guitar

text: player

text: to

text: be

text: credited

text: on

text: Ben

text: Harper

text: record

text: Panicci

text: toured

text: with

text: Harper

text: on

text: the

text: Diamonds

text: on

text: the

text: Inside

text: Tour

text: for

text: almost

text: year

text: After

text: leaving

text: Harper

text: 's

text: band

text: on

text: his

text: own

text: accord

text: Marc

text: Ford

text: formerly

text: of

text: The

text: Black

text: Crowes

text: replaced

text: Panicci

text: and

text: joined

text: Harper

text: 's

text: band

text: Virgin Records is a major record label first founded by English entrepreneur Richard Branson, Simon Draper, Nik Powell and musician Tom Newman in 1972. The company grew to be a worldwide phenomenon over time with the success of its platinum performers such as Janet Jackson, Roy Orbison, Devo, Genesis, Keith Richards, the Human League, Culture Club, Simple Minds, Lenny Kravitz, dc Talk, the Smashing Pumpkins, Mike Oldfield, Spice Girls and more on their list of artists. It was later sold to Thorn EMI in 1992.

text: Virgin

text: Records

text: is

text: major

text: record

text: label

text: first

text: founded

text: by

text: English

text: entrepreneur

text: Richard

text: Branson

text: Simon

text: Draper

text: Nik

text: Powell

text: and

text: musician

text: Tom

text: Newman

text: in

text: The

text: company

text: grew

text: to

text: be

text: worldwide

text: phenomenon

text: over

text: time

text: with

text: the

text: success

text: of

text: its

text: platinum

text: performers

text: such

text: as

text: Janet

text: Jackson

text: Roy

text: Orbison

text: Devo

text: Genesis

text: Keith

text: Richards

text: the

text: Human

text: League

text: Culture

text: Club

text: Simple

text: Minds

text: Lenny

text: Kravitz

text: dc

text: Talk

text: the

text: Smashing

text: Pumpkins

text: Mike

text: Oldfield

text: Spice

text: Girls

text: and

text: more

text: on

text: their

text: list

text: of

text: artists

text: It

text: was

text: later

text: sold

text: to

text: Thorn

text: EMI

text: in

text: The Black Crowes were an American rock band formed in 1989. Their discography includes eight studio albums, four live albums and several charting singles. The band was signed to Def American Recordings in 1989 by producer George Drakoulias and released their debut album, "Shake Your Money Maker", the following year. The follow-up, "The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion", reached the top of the "Billboard" 200 in 1992.

text: The

text: Black

text: Crowes

text: were

text: an

text: American

text: rock

text: band

text: formed

text: in

text: Their

text: discography

text: includes

text: eight

text: studio

text: albums

text: four

text: live

text: albums

text: and

text: several

text: charting

text: singles

text: The

text: band

text: was

text: signed

text: to

text: Def

text: American

text: Recordings

text: in

text: by

text: producer

text: George

text: Drakoulias

text: and

text: released

text: their

text: debut

text: album

text: Shake

text: Your

text: Money

text: Maker

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: The

text: follow

text: up

text: The

text: Southern

text: Harmony

text: and

text: Musical

text: Companion

text: reached

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: Billboard

text: in

text: A melody ("singing, chanting"), also tune, voice, or line, is a linear succession of musical tones that the listener perceives as a single entity. In its most literal sense, a melody is a combination of pitch and rhythm, while more figuratively, the term can include successions of other musical elements such as tonal color. It may be considered the foreground to the background accompaniment. A line or part need not be a foreground melody.

text: melody

text: singing

text: chanting

text: also

text: tune

text: voice

text: or

text: line

text: is

text: linear

text: succession

text: of

text: musical

text: tones

text: that

text: the

text: listener

text: perceives

text: as

text: single

text: entity

text: In

text: its

text: most

text: literal

text: sense

text: melody

text: is

text: combination

text: of

text: pitch

text: and

text: rhythm

text: while

text: more

text: figuratively

text: the

text: term

text: can

text: include

text: successions

text: of

text: other

text: musical

text: elements

text: such

text: as

text: tonal

text: color

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: considered

text: the

text: foreground

text: to

text: the

text: background

text: accompaniment

text: line

text: or

text: part

text: need

text: not

text: be

text: foreground

text: melody

text: Soul music (often referred to simply as soul) is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues and jazz. Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States; where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential in the civil rights era. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music and the music of Africa.

text: Soul

text: music

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: simply

text: as

text: soul

text: is

text: popular

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: It

text: combines

text: elements

text: of

text: African

text: American

text: gospel

text: music

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: and

text: jazz

text: Soul

text: music

text: became

text: popular

text: for

text: dancing

text: and

text: listening

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: where

text: record

text: labels

text: such

text: as

text: Motown

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Stax

text: were

text: influential

text: in

text: the

text: civil

text: rights

text: era

text: Soul

text: also

text: became

text: popular

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: directly

text: influencing

text: rock

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: Africa

text: Bebop or bop is a style of jazz developed in the early to mid-1940s in the United States, which features songs characterized by a fast tempo, complex chord progressions with rapid chord changes and numerous changes of key, instrumental virtuosity, and improvisation based on a combination of harmonic structure, the use of scales and occasional references to the melody.

text: Bebop

text: or

text: bop

text: is

text: style

text: of

text: jazz

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: to

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: which

text: features

text: songs

text: characterized

text: by

text: fast

text: tempo

text: complex

text: chord

text: progressions

text: with

text: rapid

text: chord

text: changes

text: and

text: numerous

text: changes

text: of

text: key

text: instrumental

text: virtuosity

text: and

text: improvisation

text: based

text: on

text: combination

text: of

text: harmonic

text: structure

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: scales

text: and

text: occasional

text: references

text: to

text: the

text: melody

text: Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound and silence, which exist in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek  ("mousike"; "art of the Muses"). In its most general form, the activities describing music as an art form include the production of works of music (songs, tunes, symphonies, and so on), the criticism of music, the study of the history of music, and the aesthetic examination of music. Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound."

text: Music

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: and

text: cultural

text: activity

text: whose

text: medium

text: is

text: sound

text: and

text: silence

text: which

text: exist

text: in

text: time

text: The

text: common

text: elements

text: of

text: music

text: are

text: pitch

text: which

text: governs

text: melody

text: and

text: harmony

text: rhythm

text: and

text: its

text: associated

text: concepts

text: tempo

text: meter

text: and

text: articulation

text: dynamics

text: loudness

text: and

text: softness

text: and

text: the

text: sonic

text: qualities

text: of

text: timbre

text: and

text: texture

text: which

text: are

text: sometimes

text: termed

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: musical

text: sound

text: Different

text: styles

text: or

text: types

text: of

text: music

text: may

text: emphasize

text: de

text: emphasize

text: or

text: omit

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: elements

text: Music

text: is

text: performed

text: with

text: vast

text: range

text: of

text: instruments

text: and

text: vocal

text: techniques

text: ranging

text: from

text: singing

text: to

text: rapping

text: there

text: are

text: solely

text: instrumental

text: pieces

text: solely

text: vocal

text: pieces

text: such

text: as

text: songs

text: without

text: instrumental

text: accompaniment

text: and

text: pieces

text: that

text: combine

text: singing

text: and

text: instruments

text: The

text: word

text: derives

text: from

text: Greek

text: mousike

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: Muses

text: In

text: its

text: most

text: general

text: form

text: the

text: activities

text: describing

text: music

text: as

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: include

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: works

text: of

text: music

text: songs

text: tunes

text: symphonies

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: the

text: criticism

text: of

text: music

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: examination

text: of

text: music

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: and

text: Indian

text: philosophers

text: defined

text: music

text: as

text: tones

text: ordered

text: horizontally

text: as

text: melodies

text: and

text: vertically

text: as

text: harmonies

text: Common

text: sayings

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: harmony

text: of

text: the

text: spheres

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: music

text: to

text: my

text: ears

text: point

text: to

text: the

text: notion

text: that

text: music

text: is

text: often

text: ordered

text: and

text: pleasant

text: to

text: listen

text: to

text: However

text: century

text: composer

text: John

text: Cage

text: thought

text: that

text: any

text: sound

text: can

text: be

text: music

text: saying

text: for

text: example

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: noise

text: only

text: sound

text:
Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban African Americans, at a time when "urbane, rocking, jazz based music with a heavy, insistent beat" was becoming more popular.
In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, the bands usually consisted of piano, one or two guitars, bass, drums, saxophone, and sometimes background vocalists. R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, and sex.

text: Rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: R&B

text: or

text: RnB

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: popular

text: African

text: American

text: music

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: originally

text: used

text: by

text: record

text: companies

text: to

text: describe

text: recordings

text: marketed

text: predominantly

text: to

text: urban

text: African

text: Americans

text: at

text: time

text: when

text: urbane

text: rocking

text: jazz

text: based

text: music

text: with

text: heavy

text: insistent

text: beat

text: was

text: becoming

text: more

text: popular

text: In

text: the

text: commercial

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: music

text: typical

text: of

text: the

text: through

text: the

text: the

text: bands

text: usually

text: consisted

text: of

text: piano

text: one

text: or

text: two

text: guitars

text: bass

text: drums

text: saxophone

text: and

text: sometimes

text: background

text: vocalists

text: R&B

text: lyrical

text: themes

text: often

text: encapsulate

text: the

text: African

text: American

text: experience

text: of

text: pain

text: and

text: the

text: quest

text: for

text: freedom

text: and

text: joy

text: Lyrics

text: focus

text: heavily

text: on

text: the

text: themes

text: of

text: triumphs

text: and

text: failures

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: relationships

text: freedom

text: economics

text: aspirations

text: and

text: sex

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: record_label both sides of the gun

answer: virgin records

text: virgin records

text: virgin records