text: The South African Communist Party (SACP) is a communist party in South Africa. It was founded in 1921, was declared illegal in 1950, and participated in the struggle against apartheid. It is a partner of the Tripartite Alliance with the African National Congress and the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and through this influences the South African government.

text: The

text: South

text: African

text: Communist

text: Party

text: SACP

text: is

text: communist

text: party

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: was

text: declared

text: illegal

text: in

text: and

text: participated

text: in

text: the

text: struggle

text: against

text: apartheid

text: It

text: is

text: partner

text: of

text: the

text: Tripartite

text: Alliance

text: with

text: the

text: African

text: National

text: Congress

text: and

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: South

text: African

text: Trade

text: Unions

text: COSATU

text: and

text: through

text: this

text: influences

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: government

text: Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20.4 % of its total land area. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two "de facto" independent states with limited or no recognition.

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: At

text: about

text: million

text: million

text: square

text: miles

text: including

text: adjacent

text: islands

text: it

text: covers

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: its

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: With

text: billion

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: it

text: accounts

text: for

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: human

text: population

text: The

text: continent

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: both

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: along

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: continent

text: includes

text: Madagascar

text: and

text: various

text: archipelagos

text: It

text: contains

text: fully

text: recognized

text: sovereign

text: states

text: countries

text: nine

text: territories

text: and

text: two

text: de

text: facto

text: independent

text: states

text: with

text: limited

text: or

text: no

text: recognition

text:
East Germany, formally the German Democratic Republic or GDR, was an Eastern Bloc state during the Cold War period. From 1949 to 1990, it administered the region of Germany that was occupied by Soviet forces at the end of World War IIthe Soviet Occupation Zone of the Potsdam Agreement, bounded on the east by the OderNeisse line. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin, but did not include it; as a result, West Berlin remained outside the jurisdiction of the GDR.
The German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet Zone, while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones. East Germany was a satellite state of the Soviet Union. Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948, and the GDR began to function as a state on 7 October 1949. Soviet forces, however, remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Until 1989, the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party (SED), though other parties nominally participated in its alliance organisation, the National Front of Democratic Germany.

text: East

text: Germany

text: formally

text: the

text: German

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: or

text: GDR

text: was

text: an

text: Eastern

text: Bloc

text: state

text: during

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: period

text: From

text: to

text: it

text: administered

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Germany

text: that

text: was

text: occupied

text: by

text: Soviet

text: forces

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: IIthe

text: Soviet

text: Occupation

text: Zone

text: of

text: the

text: Potsdam

text: Agreement

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: OderNeisse

text: line

text: The

text: Soviet

text: zone

text: surrounded

text: West

text: Berlin

text: but

text: did

text: not

text: include

text: it

text: as

text: result

text: West

text: Berlin

text: remained

text: outside

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: GDR

text: The

text: German

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Zone

text: while

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: three

text: western

text: zones

text: East

text: Germany

text: was

text: satellite

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: Soviet

text: occupation

text: authorities

text: began

text: transferring

text: administrative

text: responsibility

text: to

text: German

text: communist

text: leaders

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: GDR

text: began

text: to

text: function

text: as

text: state

text: on

text: October

text: Soviet

text: forces

text: however

text: remained

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: throughout

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: Until

text: the

text: GDR

text: was

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Unity

text: Party

text: SED

text: though

text: other

text: parties

text: nominally

text: participated

text: in

text: its

text: alliance

text: organisation

text: the

text: National

text: Front

text: of

text: Democratic

text: Germany

text: Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west and southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique to the east and northeast. Although it does not border Namibia, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country. The capital and largest city is Harare. A country of roughly 13 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used.

text: Zimbabwe

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Zimbabwe

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: between

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: and

text: Limpopo

text: Rivers

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Botswana

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: southwest

text: Zambia

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: Mozambique

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: Although

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: border

text: Namibia

text: less

text: than

text: metres

text: of

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: River

text: separates

text: it

text: from

text: that

text: country

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Harare

text: country

text: of

text: roughly

text: million

text: people

text: Zimbabwe

text: has

text: official

text: languages

text: with

text: English

text: Shona

text: and

text: Ndebele

text: the

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text: The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR " ) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party federation, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital.

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: officially

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republics

text: USSR

text: was

text: socialist

text: state

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: to

text: union

text: of

text: multiple

text: subnational

text: republics

text: its

text: government

text: and

text: economy

text: were

text: highly

text: centralized

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: was

text: one

text: party

text: federation

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: with

text: Moscow

text: as

text: its

text: capital

text:
A communist party is a political party that advocates the application of the social and economic principles of communism through state policy. The name originates from the 1848 tract "Manifesto of the Communist Party" by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
According to Leninist theory, a Communist party is the vanguard party of the working class (proletariat), whether ruling or non-ruling, but when such a party is in power in a specific country, the party is said to be the highest authority of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Vladimir Lenin's theories on the role of a Communist party were developed as the early 20th-century Russian social democracy divided into Bolshevik (meaning ""of the majority"") and Menshevik (meaning "of the minority") factions. Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks, argued that a revolutionary party should be a small vanguard party with a centralized political command and a strict cadre policy; the Menshevik faction, however, argued that the party should be a broad-based mass movement. The Bolshevik party, which eventually became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, took power in Russia after the October Revolution in 1917. With the creation of the Communist International, the Leninist concept of party building was copied by emerging Communist parties worldwide.

text: communist

text: party

text: is

text: political

text: party

text: that

text: advocates

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: the

text: social

text: and

text: economic

text: principles

text: of

text: communism

text: through

text: state

text: policy

text: The

text: name

text: originates

text: from

text: the

text: tract

text: Manifesto

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: by

text: Karl

text: Marx

text: and

text: Friedrich

text: Engels

text: According

text: to

text: Leninist

text: theory

text: Communist

text: party

text: is

text: the

text: vanguard

text: party

text: of

text: the

text: working

text: class

text: proletariat

text: whether

text: ruling

text: or

text: non

text: ruling

text: but

text: when

text: such

text: party

text: is

text: in

text: power

text: in

text: specific

text: country

text: the

text: party

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: highest

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: dictatorship

text: of

text: the

text: proletariat

text: Vladimir

text: Lenin

text: 's

text: theories

text: on

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: Communist

text: party

text: were

text: developed

text: as

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Russian

text: social

text: democracy

text: divided

text: into

text: Bolshevik

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: majority

text: and

text: Menshevik

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: minority

text: factions

text: Lenin

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Bolsheviks

text: argued

text: that

text: revolutionary

text: party

text: should

text: be

text: small

text: vanguard

text: party

text: with

text: centralized

text: political

text: command

text: and

text: strict

text: cadre

text: policy

text: the

text: Menshevik

text: faction

text: however

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: party

text: should

text: be

text: broad

text: based

text: mass

text: movement

text: The

text: Bolshevik

text: party

text: which

text: eventually

text: became

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: took

text: power

text: in

text: Russia

text: after

text: the

text: October

text: Revolution

text: in

text: With

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: International

text: the

text: Leninist

text: concept

text: of

text: party

text: building

text: was

text: copied

text: by

text: emerging

text: Communist

text: parties

text: worldwide

text: Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is an enclaved, landlocked country in southern Africa completely surrounded by South Africa. It is just over in size and has a population slightly over two million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru.

text: Lesotho

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: is

text: an

text: enclaved

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: completely

text: surrounded

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: just

text: over

text: in

text: size

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: slightly

text: over

text: two

text: million

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Maseru

text: The Peaceful Revolution was the process of sociopolitical change that led to the end of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany dominance of the German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) and the transition to a parliamentary democracy which enabled the reunification of Germany. This turning point was wholly created through the violence-free initiatives, protests, and successful demonstrations, which decisively occurred between the local elections held in May 1989 and the GDR's first free parliamentary election in March 1990.

text: The

text: Peaceful

text: Revolution

text: was

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: sociopolitical

text: change

text: that

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Unity

text: Party

text: of

text: Germany

text: dominance

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: GDR

text: or

text: East

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: transition

text: to

text: parliamentary

text: democracy

text: which

text: enabled

text: the

text: reunification

text: of

text: Germany

text: This

text: turning

text: point

text: was

text: wholly

text: created

text: through

text: the

text: violence

text: free

text: initiatives

text: protests

text: and

text: successful

text: demonstrations

text: which

text: decisively

text: occurred

text: between

text: the

text: local

text: elections

text: held

text: in

text: May

text: and

text: the

text: GDR

text: 's

text: first

text: free

text: parliamentary

text: election

text: in

text: March

text: Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (German: ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.

text: Namibia

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Namibia

text: German

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: whose

text: western

text: border

text: is

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Zambia

text: and

text: Angola

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Botswana

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: Although

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: border

text: Zimbabwe

text: part

text: of

text: less

text: than

text: metres

text: of

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: River

text: essentially

text: small

text: bulge

text: in

text: Botswana

text: to

text: achieve

text: Botswana

text: Zambia

text: micro

text: border

text: separates

text: the

text: two

text: countries

text: Namibia

text: gained

text: independence

text: from

text: South

text: Africa

text: on

text: March

text: following

text: the

text: Namibian

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Windhoek

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: UN

text: the

text: Southern

text: African

text: Development

text: Community

text: SADC

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: AU

text: and

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Nations

text: The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering (approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface). It is bounded by Asia on the north, on the west by Africa, on the east by Australia, and on the south by the Southern Ocean or, depending on definition, by Antarctica. It is named after the country of India. The Indian Ocean is known as "Ratnkara", ""the mine of gems"" in ancient Sanskrit literature, and as "Hind Mahsgar", ""the great Indian sea"", in Hindi.

text: The

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: covering

text: approximately

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: on

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: Asia

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Africa

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Australia

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: or

text: depending

text: on

text: definition

text: by

text: Antarctica

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: India

text: The

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Ratnkara

text: the

text: mine

text: of

text: gems

text: in

text: ancient

text: Sanskrit

text: literature

text: and

text: as

text: Hind

text: Mahsgar

text: the

text: great

text: Indian

text: sea

text: in

text: Hindi

text: The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) is a trade union federation in South Africa. It was founded in 1985 and is the largest of the countrys three main trade union federations, with 21 affiliated trade unions, altogether organising 1.8 million workers.

text: The

text: Congress

text: of

text: South

text: African

text: Trade

text: Unions

text: COSATU

text: is

text: trade

text: union

text: federation

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: countrys

text: three

text: main

text: trade

text: union

text: federations

text: with

text: affiliated

text: trade

text: unions

text: altogether

text: organising

text: million

text: workers

text: Botswana , officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. The citizens refer to themselves as "Batswana" (singular: "Motswana"). Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. Since then, it has maintained a strong tradition of stable representative democracy, with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections.

text: Botswana

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Botswana

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: The

text: citizens

text: refer

text: to

text: themselves

text: as

text: Batswana

text: singular

text: Motswana

text: Formerly

text: the

text: British

text: protectorate

text: of

text: Bechuanaland

text: Botswana

text: adopted

text: its

text: new

text: name

text: after

text: becoming

text: independent

text: within

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: on

text: September

text: Since

text: then

text: it

text: has

text: maintained

text: strong

text: tradition

text: of

text: stable

text: representative

text: democracy

text: with

text: consistent

text: record

text: of

text: uninterrupted

text: democratic

text: elections

text: Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara desert. According to the UN, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara. It contrasts with North Africa, whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa, but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world.

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: is

text: geographically

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Africa

text: that

text: lies

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Sahara

text: desert

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: UN

text: it

text: consists

text: of

text: all

text: African

text: countries

text: that

text: are

text: fully

text: or

text: partially

text: located

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Sahara

text: It

text: contrasts

text: with

text: North

text: Africa

text: whose

text: territories

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Arab

text: states

text: within

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: Somalia

text: Djibouti

text: Comoros

text: and

text: Mauritania

text: are

text: geographically

text: in

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: but

text: are

text: likewise

text: Arab

text: states

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.

text: Russia

text: from

text: the

text: Rus

text: also

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: At

text: Russia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: surface

text: area

text: covering

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: eighth

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: inhabited

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: most

text: populous

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: March

text: The

text: European

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: populated

text: and

text: urbanised

text: than

text: the

text: eastern

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: live

text: in

text: European

text: Russia

text: Russia

text: 's

text: capital

text: Moscow

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: centers

text: include

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Novosibirsk

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: and

text: Samara

text: The Tripartite Alliance is an alliance between the African National Congress (ANC), the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party (SACP). The ANC holds a majority in the South African parliament, while the SACP and COSATU have not contested any democratic election in South Africa.

text: The

text: Tripartite

text: Alliance

text: is

text: an

text: alliance

text: between

text: the

text: African

text: National

text: Congress

text: ANC

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: South

text: African

text: Trade

text: Unions

text: COSATU

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: Communist

text: Party

text: SACP

text: The

text: ANC

text: holds

text: majority

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: parliament

text: while

text: the

text: SACP

text: and

text: COSATU

text: have

text: not

text: contested

text: any

text: democratic

text: election

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: Social democracy is a political, social and economic ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a capitalist economy, and a policy regime involving a commitment to representative democracy, measures for income redistribution, and regulation of the economy in the general interest and welfare state provisions. Social democracy thus aims to create the conditions for capitalism to lead to greater democratic, egalitarian and solidaristic outcomes; and is often associated with the set of socioeconomic policies that became prominent in Northern and Western Europeparticularly the Nordic model in the Nordic countriesduring the latter half of the 20th century.

text: Social

text: democracy

text: is

text: political

text: social

text: and

text: economic

text: ideology

text: that

text: supports

text: economic

text: and

text: social

text: interventions

text: to

text: promote

text: social

text: justice

text: within

text: the

text: framework

text: of

text: capitalist

text: economy

text: and

text: policy

text: regime

text: involving

text: commitment

text: to

text: representative

text: democracy

text: measures

text: for

text: income

text: redistribution

text: and

text: regulation

text: of

text: the

text: economy

text: in

text: the

text: general

text: interest

text: and

text: welfare

text: state

text: provisions

text: Social

text: democracy

text: thus

text: aims

text: to

text: create

text: the

text: conditions

text: for

text: capitalism

text: to

text: lead

text: to

text: greater

text: democratic

text: egalitarian

text: and

text: solidaristic

text: outcomes

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: socioeconomic

text: policies

text: that

text: became

text: prominent

text: in

text: Northern

text: and

text: Western

text: Europeparticularly

text: the

text: Nordic

text: model

text: in

text: the

text: Nordic

text: countriesduring

text: the

text: latter

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: Karl Marx (5 May 1818  14 March 1883) was a German-born scientist, philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Born in Trier to a middle-class family, he later studied political economy and Hegelian philosophy. As an adult, Marx became stateless and spent much of his life in London, England, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and published various works, the most well-known being the 1848 pamphlet "The Communist Manifesto". His work has since influenced subsequent intellectual, economic, and political history.

text: Karl

text: Marx

text: May

text: March

text: was

text: German

text: born

text: scientist

text: philosopher

text: economist

text: sociologist

text: journalist

text: and

text: revolutionary

text: socialist

text: Born

text: in

text: Trier

text: to

text: middle

text: class

text: family

text: he

text: later

text: studied

text: political

text: economy

text: and

text: Hegelian

text: philosophy

text: As

text: an

text: adult

text: Marx

text: became

text: stateless

text: and

text: spent

text: much

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: in

text: London

text: England

text: where

text: he

text: continued

text: to

text: develop

text: his

text: thought

text: in

text: collaboration

text: with

text: German

text: thinker

text: Friedrich

text: Engels

text: and

text: published

text: various

text: works

text: the

text: most

text: well

text: known

text: being

text: the

text: pamphlet

text: The

text: Communist

text: Manifesto

text: His

text: work

text: has

text: since

text: influenced

text: subsequent

text: intellectual

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: history

text: The Eastern Hemisphere is a geographical term for the half of the earth that is east of the prime meridian (which crosses Greenwich, England) and west of the antimeridian. It is also used to refer to Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia, in contrast with the Western Hemisphere, which includes North and South America. This hemisphere may also be called the "Oriental Hemisphere". In addition, it may be used in a cultural or geopolitical sense as a synonym for the "Old World".

text: The

text: Eastern

text: Hemisphere

text: is

text: geographical

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: earth

text: that

text: is

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: prime

text: meridian

text: which

text: crosses

text: Greenwich

text: England

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: antimeridian

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: and

text: Australia

text: in

text: contrast

text: with

text: the

text: Western

text: Hemisphere

text: which

text: includes

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: This

text: hemisphere

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: called

text: the

text: Oriental

text: Hemisphere

text: In

text: addition

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: cultural

text: or

text: geopolitical

text: sense

text: as

text: synonym

text: for

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: Swaziland, officially the Kingdom of Swaziland (or ; Swazi: "Umbuso weSwatini"; sometimes called kaNgwane or Eswatini), is a sovereign state in Southern Africa. It is neighboured by Mozambique to its northeast and by South Africa to its north, west and south. The country and its people take their names from Mswati II, the 19th-century king under whose rule Swazi territory was expanded and unified.

text: Swaziland

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Swaziland

text: or

text: Swazi

text: Umbuso

text: weSwatini

text: sometimes

text: called

text: kaNgwane

text: or

text: Eswatini

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: neighboured

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: to

text: its

text: northeast

text: and

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: its

text: north

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: and

text: its

text: people

text: take

text: their

text: names

text: from

text: Mswati

text: II

text: the

text: century

text: king

text: under

text: whose

text: rule

text: Swazi

text: territory

text: was

text: expanded

text: and

text: unified

text: Walter Ernst Paul Ulbricht (30 June 18931 August 1973) was a German Communist politician. Ulbricht played a leading role in the creation of the Weimar-era Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and later (after spending the years of Nazi rule in exile in France and the Soviet Union) in the early development and establishment of East Germany (the German Democratic Republic). As the First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party 1950 to 1971, he was the chief decision maker in East Germany. From President Wilhelm Pieck's death in 1960, he was also the East German head of state until his own death in 1973.

text: Walter

text: Ernst

text: Paul

text: Ulbricht

text: June

text: August

text: was

text: German

text: Communist

text: politician

text: Ulbricht

text: played

text: leading

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Weimar

text: era

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: Germany

text: KPD

text: and

text: later

text: after

text: spending

text: the

text: years

text: of

text: Nazi

text: rule

text: in

text: exile

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: development

text: and

text: establishment

text: of

text: East

text: Germany

text: the

text: German

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: As

text: the

text: First

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Unity

text: Party

text: to

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: chief

text: decision

text: maker

text: in

text: East

text: Germany

text: From

text: President

text: Wilhelm

text: Pieck

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: he

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: East

text: German

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: until

text: his

text: own

text: death

text: in

text: Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991, when it was abolished. The country's first multiracial elections under a universal franchise were held three years later in 1994. Broadly speaking, apartheid was delineated into "petty apartheid", which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events, and "grand apartheid", which dictated housing and employment opportunities by race. Prior to the 1940s, some vestiges of apartheid had already emerged in the form of minority rule by white South Africans and the socially enforced separation of black South Africans from other races, which later extended to pass laws and land apportionment. Apartheid as a policy was embraced by the South African government shortly after the ascension of the National Party (NP) during the country's 1948 general elections. Apartheid was also enforced in South West Africa until it gained independence as Namibia in 1990.

text: Apartheid

text: was

text: system

text: of

text: institutionalised

text: racial

text: segregation

text: and

text: discrimination

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: between

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: abolished

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: first

text: multiracial

text: elections

text: under

text: universal

text: franchise

text: were

text: held

text: three

text: years

text: later

text: in

text: Broadly

text: speaking

text: apartheid

text: was

text: delineated

text: into

text: petty

text: apartheid

text: which

text: entailed

text: the

text: segregation

text: of

text: public

text: facilities

text: and

text: social

text: events

text: and

text: grand

text: apartheid

text: which

text: dictated

text: housing

text: and

text: employment

text: opportunities

text: by

text: race

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: some

text: vestiges

text: of

text: apartheid

text: had

text: already

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: minority

text: rule

text: by

text: white

text: South

text: Africans

text: and

text: the

text: socially

text: enforced

text: separation

text: of

text: black

text: South

text: Africans

text: from

text: other

text: races

text: which

text: later

text: extended

text: to

text: pass

text: laws

text: and

text: land

text: apportionment

text: Apartheid

text: as

text: policy

text: was

text: embraced

text: by

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: government

text: shortly

text: after

text: the

text: ascension

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Party

text: NP

text: during

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: general

text: elections

text: Apartheid

text: was

text: also

text: enforced

text: in

text: South

text: West

text: Africa

text: until

text: it

text: gained

text: independence

text: as

text: Namibia

text: in

text:
Southern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics, and including several countries.
The term "southern Africa" or "Southern Africa", generally includes Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. From a political perspective the region is said to be unipolar with South Africa as a first regional power.

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: continent

text: variably

text: defined

text: by

text: geography

text: or

text: geopolitics

text: and

text: including

text: several

text: countries

text: The

text: term

text: southern

text: Africa

text: or

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: generally

text: includes

text: Angola

text: Botswana

text: Lesotho

text: Malawi

text: Mozambique

text: Namibia

text: South

text: Africa

text: Swaziland

text: Zambia

text: and

text: Zimbabwe

text: From

text: political

text: perspective

text: the

text: region

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: unipolar

text: with

text: South

text: Africa

text: as

text: first

text: regional

text: power

text: The Communist Party of Lesotho ( Mokhatio oa Makomonisi a Lesotho ) is a communist party in Lesotho , founded on May 5 , 1962 . The founding secretary of the party was John Motloheloa . Other early leaders of the party included Mokhafisi Kena and Sefali Malefane . Edward Mofutsanyana was a member of the Communist Party of South Africa Central Committee ( disbanded 1950 ) but had no part in the Lesotho party . Joe Matthews of the South African Communist Party ( founded 1953 ) financed the launch of the Lesotho party but later supported the ANC - allied Marematlou Freedom Party . The South African Communist Party , the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party and Walter Ulbricht of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany sent greetings on the occasion of the founding of the party . The party began publishing Mosebetsi . During the 1960s , the party split into Soviet - allied ( Kena , Malefane , Mtji , and Ms Hoohlo ) and Chinese - allied ( Motloholoa , T. Leanya , and T. Nqojane ) factions . In the 1970 election , its two Moscow - allied candidates at Thaba Chitja ( Kena ) and Tsoelike ( Malefane ) received 25 and 18 votes respectively . The party was officially banned in February 1970 , but went underground and continued its activities . After the 1986 coup , its leader , Sefali Malefane , a university lecturer in Economics , was made a minister in Major - General Lekhanya 's regime . The party was made legal again in 1991 . After the fall of apartheid rule in neighbouring South Africa , the party advocated union with South Africa . The party ceased the publication of its newspaper , Mafube , in 1997 . The party 's current leader is Manny Stevenson .

text: The

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: Mokhatio

text: oa

text: Makomonisi

text: Lesotho

text: is

text: communist

text: party

text: in

text: Lesotho

text: founded

text: on

text: May

text: The

text: founding

text: secretary

text: of

text: the

text: party

text: was

text: John

text: Motloheloa

text: Other

text: early

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: party

text: included

text: Mokhafisi

text: Kena

text: and

text: Sefali

text: Malefane

text: Edward

text: Mofutsanyana

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: Central

text: Committee

text: disbanded

text: but

text: had

text: no

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: Lesotho

text: party

text: Joe

text: Matthews

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: Communist

text: Party

text: founded

text: financed

text: the

text: launch

text: of

text: the

text: Lesotho

text: party

text: but

text: later

text: supported

text: the

text: ANC

text: allied

text: Marematlou

text: Freedom

text: Party

text: The

text: South

text: African

text: Communist

text: Party

text: the

text: Hungarian

text: Socialist

text: Workers

text: Party

text: and

text: Walter

text: Ulbricht

text: of

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Unity

text: Party

text: of

text: Germany

text: sent

text: greetings

text: on

text: the

text: occasion

text: of

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: the

text: party

text: The

text: party

text: began

text: publishing

text: Mosebetsi

text: During

text: the

text: the

text: party

text: split

text: into

text: Soviet

text: allied

text: Kena

text: Malefane

text: Mtji

text: and

text: Ms

text: Hoohlo

text: and

text: Chinese

text: allied

text: Motloholoa

text: Leanya

text: and

text: Nqojane

text: factions

text: In

text: the

text: election

text: its

text: two

text: Moscow

text: allied

text: candidates

text: at

text: Thaba

text: Chitja

text: Kena

text: and

text: Tsoelike

text: Malefane

text: received

text: and

text: votes

text: respectively

text: The

text: party

text: was

text: officially

text: banned

text: in

text: February

text: but

text: went

text: underground

text: and

text: continued

text: its

text: activities

text: After

text: the

text: coup

text: its

text: leader

text: Sefali

text: Malefane

text: university

text: lecturer

text: in

text: Economics

text: was

text: made

text: minister

text: in

text: Major

text: General

text: Lekhanya

text: 's

text: regime

text: The

text: party

text: was

text: made

text: legal

text: again

text: in

text: After

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: apartheid

text: rule

text: in

text: neighbouring

text: South

text: Africa

text: the

text: party

text: advocated

text: union

text: with

text: South

text: Africa

text: The

text: party

text: ceased

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: its

text: newspaper

text: Mafube

text: in

text: The

text: party

text: 's

text: current

text: leader

text: is

text: Manny

text: Stevenson

text:
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin (  21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of the Russian Republic from 1917 to 1918, of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1918 to 1924, and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia and then the wider Soviet Union became a one-party socialist state governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed political theories known as Leninism.
Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's execution in 1887. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist regime, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior figure in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his exile, he moved to Western Europe, where he became a prominent party theorist through his publications. In 1903, he took a key role in a RSDLP ideological split, leading the Bolshevik faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Encouraging insurrection during Russia's failed Revolution of 1905, he later campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe-wide proletarian revolution, which as a Marxist he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar and established a Provisional Government, he returned to Russia to play a leading role in the October Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the new regime.
Lenin's government was led by the Bolsheviksnow renamed the Communist Partywith some powers initially also held by elected soviets. The new government called elections for the Constituent Assembly and then abolished it, withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty with the Central Powers, and granted independence to non-Russian nations under Russian control. It redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalised banks and large-scale industry. Opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror, a violent campaign orchestrated by the state security services; tens of thousands were killed and others interned in concentration camps. Anti-Bolshevik armies, established by both right and left-wing groups, were defeated in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922. Responding to wartime devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, in 1921 Lenin promoted economic growth through a mixed economic system. Seeking to promote world revolution, Lenin's government created the Communist International, waged the PolishSoviet War, and united Russia with neighbouring nations to form the Soviet Union in 1922. In increasingly poor health, Lenin expressed opposition to the growing power of his successor, Joseph Stalin, before dying at his Gorki mansion.
Widely considered one of the most significant and influential figures of the 20th century, Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive personality cult within the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. He became an ideological figurehead behind Marxism-Leninism and thus a prominent influence over the international communist movement. A controversial and highly divisive individual, Lenin is viewed by Marxist-Leninists as a champion of socialism and the working class, while critics on both the left and right see him as the founder of a totalitarian dictatorship responsible for mass human rights abuses.

text: Vladimir

text: Ilyich

text: Ulyanov

text: better

text: known

text: by

text: the

text: alias

text: Lenin

text: January

text: was

text: Russian

text: communist

text: revolutionary

text: politician

text: and

text: political

text: theorist

text: He

text: served

text: as

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Republic

text: from

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Soviet

text: Federative

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: from

text: to

text: Under

text: his

text: administration

text: Russia

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: wider

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: became

text: one

text: party

text: socialist

text: state

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Russian

text: Communist

text: Party

text: Ideologically

text: Marxist

text: he

text: developed

text: political

text: theories

text: known

text: as

text: Leninism

text: Born

text: to

text: wealthy

text: middle

text: class

text: family

text: in

text: Simbirsk

text: Lenin

text: embraced

text: revolutionary

text: socialist

text: politics

text: following

text: his

text: brother

text: 's

text: execution

text: in

text: Expelled

text: from

text: Kazan

text: Imperial

text: University

text: for

text: participating

text: in

text: protests

text: against

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: 's

text: Tsarist

text: regime

text: he

text: devoted

text: the

text: following

text: years

text: to

text: law

text: degree

text: He

text: moved

text: to

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: in

text: and

text: became

text: senior

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: Marxist

text: Russian

text: Social

text: Democratic

text: Labour

text: Party

text: RSDLP

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: arrested

text: for

text: sedition

text: and

text: exiled

text: to

text: Shushenskoye

text: for

text: three

text: years

text: where

text: he

text: married

text: Nadezhda

text: Krupskaya

text: After

text: his

text: exile

text: he

text: moved

text: to

text: Western

text: Europe

text: where

text: he

text: became

text: prominent

text: party

text: theorist

text: through

text: his

text: publications

text: In

text: he

text: took

text: key

text: role

text: in

text: RSDLP

text: ideological

text: split

text: leading

text: the

text: Bolshevik

text: faction

text: against

text: Julius

text: Martov

text: 's

text: Mensheviks

text: Encouraging

text: insurrection

text: during

text: Russia

text: 's

text: failed

text: Revolution

text: of

text: he

text: later

text: campaigned

text: for

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: to

text: be

text: transformed

text: into

text: Europe

text: wide

text: proletarian

text: revolution

text: which

text: as

text: Marxist

text: he

text: believed

text: would

text: cause

text: the

text: overthrow

text: of

text: capitalism

text: and

text: its

text: replacement

text: with

text: socialism

text: After

text: the

text: February

text: Revolution

text: ousted

text: the

text: Tsar

text: and

text: established

text: Provisional

text: Government

text: he

text: returned

text: to

text: Russia

text: to

text: play

text: leading

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: October

text: Revolution

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Bolsheviks

text: overthrew

text: the

text: new

text: regime

text: Lenin

text: 's

text: government

text: was

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: Bolsheviksnow

text: renamed

text: the

text: Communist

text: Partywith

text: some

text: powers

text: initially

text: also

text: held

text: by

text: elected

text: soviets

text: The

text: new

text: government

text: called

text: elections

text: for

text: the

text: Constituent

text: Assembly

text: and

text: then

text: abolished

text: it

text: withdrew

text: from

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: by

text: signing

text: treaty

text: with

text: the

text: Central

text: Powers

text: and

text: granted

text: independence

text: to

text: non

text: Russian

text: nations

text: under

text: Russian

text: control

text: It

text: redistributed

text: land

text: among

text: the

text: peasantry

text: and

text: nationalised

text: banks

text: and

text: large

text: scale

text: industry

text: Opponents

text: were

text: suppressed

text: in

text: the

text: Red

text: Terror

text: violent

text: campaign

text: orchestrated

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: security

text: services

text: tens

text: of

text: thousands

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: others

text: interned

text: in

text: concentration

text: camps

text: Anti

text: Bolshevik

text: armies

text: established

text: by

text: both

text: right

text: and

text: left

text: wing

text: groups

text: were

text: defeated

text: in

text: the

text: Russian

text: Civil

text: War

text: from

text: to

text: Responding

text: to

text: wartime

text: devastation

text: famine

text: and

text: popular

text: uprisings

text: in

text: Lenin

text: promoted

text: economic

text: growth

text: through

text: mixed

text: economic

text: system

text: Seeking

text: to

text: promote

text: world

text: revolution

text: Lenin

text: 's

text: government

text: created

text: the

text: Communist

text: International

text: waged

text: the

text: PolishSoviet

text: War

text: and

text: united

text: Russia

text: with

text: neighbouring

text: nations

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: in

text: In

text: increasingly

text: poor

text: health

text: Lenin

text: expressed

text: opposition

text: to

text: the

text: growing

text: power

text: of

text: his

text: successor

text: Joseph

text: Stalin

text: before

text: dying

text: at

text: his

text: Gorki

text: mansion

text: Widely

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: significant

text: and

text: influential

text: figures

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Lenin

text: was

text: the

text: posthumous

text: subject

text: of

text: pervasive

text: personality

text: cult

text: within

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: until

text: its

text: dissolution

text: in

text: He

text: became

text: an

text: ideological

text: figurehead

text: behind

text: Marxism

text: Leninism

text: and

text: thus

text: prominent

text: influence

text: over

text: the

text: international

text: communist

text: movement

text: controversial

text: and

text: highly

text: divisive

text: individual

text: Lenin

text: is

text: viewed

text: by

text: Marxist

text: Leninists

text: as

text: champion

text: of

text: socialism

text: and

text: the

text: working

text: class

text: while

text: critics

text: on

text: both

text: the

text: left

text: and

text: right

text: see

text: him

text: as

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: totalitarian

text: dictatorship

text: responsible

text: for

text: mass

text: human

text: rights

text: abuses

text: A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. In developing the current Constitution of France (1958), former French president Charles de Gaulle said the head of state should embody "the spirit of the nation" (""). In some countries, typically those with parliamentary governments, the head of state is a ceremonial figurehead that does not actually guide day-to-day government activities and may not even be empowered to exercise any kind of political authority (e.g., Queen Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom). In other countries, the head of state is also the head of government, such as in the U.S., where the president is both a public figurehead and the actual highest ranking political leader who, in practice, oversees the executive branch.

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: or

text: chief

text: of

text: state

text: is

text: the

text: public

text: persona

text: that

text: officially

text: represents

text: the

text: national

text: unity

text: and

text: legitimacy

text: of

text: sovereign

text: state

text: In

text: developing

text: the

text: current

text: Constitution

text: of

text: France

text: former

text: French

text: president

text: Charles

text: de

text: Gaulle

text: said

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: should

text: embody

text: the

text: spirit

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: In

text: some

text: countries

text: typically

text: those

text: with

text: parliamentary

text: governments

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: is

text: ceremonial

text: figurehead

text: that

text: does

text: not

text: actually

text: guide

text: day

text: to

text: day

text: government

text: activities

text: and

text: may

text: not

text: even

text: be

text: empowered

text: to

text: exercise

text: any

text: kind

text: of

text: political

text: authority

text: e.g.

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: II

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: In

text: other

text: countries

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: where

text: the

text: president

text: is

text: both

text: public

text: figurehead

text: and

text: the

text: actual

text: highest

text: ranking

text: political

text: leader

text: who

text: in

text: practice

text: oversees

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: African Communist is the magazine of the South African Communist Party, published quarterly. The magazine was started by a group of Marxist-Leninists in 1959. It has its headquarters in Johannesburg.

text: African

text: Communist

text: is

text: the

text: magazine

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: Communist

text: Party

text: published

text: quarterly

text: The

text: magazine

text: was

text: started

text: by

text: group

text: of

text: Marxist

text: Leninists

text: in

text: It

text: has

text: its

text: headquarters

text: in

text: Johannesburg

text: The African National Congress (ANC) is the Republic of South Africa's governing social democratic political party. It has been the ruling party of post-apartheid South Africa on the national level, beginning with the election of Nelson Mandela in the 1994 election, the first election after the end of apartheid. Today, the ANC remains the dominant political party in South Africa, winning every election since 1994. Its leader Jacob Zuma is the incumbent president of South Africa.

text: The

text: African

text: National

text: Congress

text: ANC

text: is

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: 's

text: governing

text: social

text: democratic

text: political

text: party

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: ruling

text: party

text: of

text: post

text: apartheid

text: South

text: Africa

text: on

text: the

text: national

text: level

text: beginning

text: with

text: the

text: election

text: of

text: Nelson

text: Mandela

text: in

text: the

text: election

text: the

text: first

text: election

text: after

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: apartheid

text: Today

text: the

text: ANC

text: remains

text: the

text: dominant

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: winning

text: every

text: election

text: since

text: Its

text: leader

text: Jacob

text: Zuma

text: is

text: the

text: incumbent

text: president

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: Maseru is the capital and largest city of Lesotho. It is also the capital of the Maseru District. Located on the Caledon River, Maseru lies directly on the Lesotho-South Africa border. Maseru is Lesotho's capital city with a population of approximately 2, 160, 309 (2016). The city was established as a police camp and assigned as the capital after the country became a British protectorate in 1869. When the country achieved independence in 1966, Maseru retained its status as capital. The name of the city is a Sesotho word meaning "red sandstones".

text: Maseru

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Maseru

text: District

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: Caledon

text: River

text: Maseru

text: lies

text: directly

text: on

text: the

text: Lesotho

text: South

text: Africa

text: border

text: Maseru

text: is

text: Lesotho

text: 's

text: capital

text: city

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: established

text: as

text: police

text: camp

text: and

text: assigned

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: after

text: the

text: country

text: became

text: British

text: protectorate

text: in

text: When

text: the

text: country

text: achieved

text: independence

text: in

text: Maseru

text: retained

text: its

text: status

text: as

text: capital

text: The

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: Sesotho

text: word

text: meaning

text: red

text: sandstones

text: South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.

text: South

text: Africa

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: RSA

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: of

text: coastline

text: of

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: stretching

text: along

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Indian

text: Oceans

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: of

text: Namibia

text: Botswana

text: and

text: Zimbabwe

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: surrounding

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: South

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: with

text: close

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: nation

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: or

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: that

text: borders

text: both

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: About

text: percent

text: of

text: South

text: Africans

text: are

text: of

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: African

text: ancestry

text: divided

text: among

text: variety

text: of

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: speaking

text: different

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: nine

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: official

text: status

text: The

text: remaining

text: population

text: consists

text: of

text: Africa

text: 's

text: largest

text: communities

text: of

text: European

text: white

text: Asian

text: Indian

text: and

text: multiracial

text: coloured

text: ancestry

text: The Bantu languages, technically the Narrow Bantu languages (as opposed to "Wide Bantu", a loosely defined categorization which includes other Bantoid languages), constitute a traditional branch of the NigerCongo languages. There are about 250 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility, though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear, and "Ethnologue" counts 535 languages. Bantu languages are spoken largely east and south of present-day Cameroon, that is, in the regions commonly known as Central Africa, Southeast Africa, and Southern Africa. Parts of the Bantu area include languages from other language families (see map).

text: The

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: technically

text: the

text: Narrow

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: Wide

text: Bantu

text: loosely

text: defined

text: categorization

text: which

text: includes

text: other

text: Bantoid

text: languages

text: constitute

text: traditional

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: NigerCongo

text: languages

text: There

text: are

text: about

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: by

text: the

text: criterion

text: of

text: mutual

text: intelligibility

text: though

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: language

text: and

text: dialect

text: is

text: often

text: unclear

text: and

text: Ethnologue

text: counts

text: languages

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: are

text: spoken

text: largely

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Cameroon

text: that

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: regions

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Central

text: Africa

text: Southeast

text: Africa

text: and

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: Parts

text: of

text: the

text: Bantu

text: area

text: include

text: languages

text: from

text: other

text: language

text: families

text: see

text: map

text: Friedrich Engels (or  28 November 1820  5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist, and businessman. He founded Marxist theory together with Karl Marx. In 1845, he published "The Condition of the Working Class in England", based on personal observations and research in Manchester.

text: Friedrich

text: Engels

text: or

text: November

text: August

text: was

text: German

text: philosopher

text: social

text: scientist

text: journalist

text: and

text: businessman

text: He

text: founded

text: Marxist

text: theory

text: together

text: with

text: Karl

text: Marx

text: In

text: he

text: published

text: The

text: Condition

text: of

text: the

text: Working

text: Class

text: in

text: England

text: based

text: on

text: personal

text: observations

text: and

text: research

text: in

text: Manchester

text: Mozambique (or ), officially the Republic of Mozambique (or "") is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city is Maputo (known as "Lourenço Marques" before independence).

text: Mozambique

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Mozambique

text: or

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Africa

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Tanzania

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Malawi

text: and

text: Zambia

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Zimbabwe

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Madagascar

text: by

text: the

text: Mozambique

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Maputo

text: known

text: as

text: Lourenço

text: Marques

text: before

text: independence

text: The Socialist Unity Party of Germany, established in April 1946, was the governing MarxistLeninist political party of the German Democratic Republic from the country's foundation in October 1949 until it was dissolved after the Peaceful Revolution in 1989.

text: The

text: Socialist

text: Unity

text: Party

text: of

text: Germany

text: established

text: in

text: April

text: was

text: the

text: governing

text: MarxistLeninist

text: political

text: party

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: from

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: foundation

text: in

text: October

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: dissolved

text: after

text: the

text: Peaceful

text: Revolution

text: in

text: The Old World consists of Africa, Europe, and Asia, regarded collectively as the part of the world known to Europeans before contact with the Americas. It is used in the context of, and contrast with, the New World (Americas).

text: The

text: Old

text: World

text: consists

text: of

text: Africa

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: regarded

text: collectively

text: as

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: known

text: to

text: Europeans

text: before

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: Americas

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: and

text: contrast

text: with

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: Americas

text: The Communist Party of Germany was a major political party in Germany between 1918 and 1933, and a minor party in West Germany in the postwar period until it was banned in 1956. In the 1920s it was called the "Spartacists", since it was formed from the Spartacus League.

text: The

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: Germany

text: was

text: major

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: Germany

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: minor

text: party

text: in

text: West

text: Germany

text: in

text: the

text: postwar

text: period

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: banned

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: it

text: was

text: called

text: the

text: Spartacists

text: since

text: it

text: was

text: formed

text: from

text: the

text: Spartacus

text: League

question: headquarters_location communist party of lesotho

answer: maseru

text: maseru

text: maseru

text: maseru

text: maseru

text: maseru

text: maseru


text: Sydney Irwin Pollack (July 1, 1934  May 26, 2008) was an American film director, producer and actor. Pollack directed more than 20 films and 10 television shows, acted in over 30 films or shows, and produced over 44 films. His 1985 film "Out of Africa" won him Academy Awards for directing and producing; he was also nominated for Best Director Oscars for "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?" (1969) and "Tootsie" (1982), in the latter of which he also appeared.

text: Sydney

text: Irwin

text: Pollack

text: July

text: May

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: film

text: director

text: producer

text: and

text: actor

text: Pollack

text: directed

text: more

text: than

text: films

text: and

text: television

text: shows

text: acted

text: in

text: over

text: films

text: or

text: shows

text: and

text: produced

text: over

text: films

text: His

text: film

text: Out

text: of

text: Africa

text: won

text: him

text: Academy

text: Awards

text: for

text: directing

text: and

text: producing

text: he

text: was

text: also

text: nominated

text: for

text: Best

text: Director

text: Oscars

text: for

text: They

text: Shoot

text: Horses

text: Do

text: n't

text: They

text: and

text: Tootsie

text: in

text: the

text: latter

text: of

text: which

text: he

text: also

text: appeared

text: The Academy Awards, or "Oscars", is an annual American awards ceremony hosted by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to recognize excellence in cinematic achievements in the United States film industry as assessed by the Academy's voting membership. The various category winners are awarded a copy of a statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname "Oscar." The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS.

text: The

text: Academy

text: Awards

text: or

text: Oscars

text: is

text: an

text: annual

text: American

text: awards

text: ceremony

text: hosted

text: by

text: the

text: Academy

text: of

text: Motion

text: Picture

text: Arts

text: and

text: Sciences

text: AMPAS

text: to

text: recognize

text: excellence

text: in

text: cinematic

text: achievements

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: film

text: industry

text: as

text: assessed

text: by

text: the

text: Academy

text: 's

text: voting

text: membership

text: The

text: various

text: category

text: winners

text: are

text: awarded

text: copy

text: of

text: statuette

text: officially

text: called

text: the

text: Academy

text: Award

text: of

text: Merit

text: which

text: has

text: become

text: commonly

text: known

text: by

text: its

text: nickname

text: Oscar

text: The

text: awards

text: first

text: presented

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: Hollywood

text: Roosevelt

text: Hotel

text: are

text: overseen

text: by

text: AMPAS

text: Lee Strasberg (born Israel Strasberg; November 17, 1901February 17, 1982) was an Austrian-born American actor, director, and theatre practitioner. He was born in a part of Galicia, Austrian Poland, in what is now Ukraine. He co founded, with directors Harold Clurman and Cheryl Crawford, the Group Theatre in 1931, which was hailed as "America's first true theatrical collective". In 1951, he became director of the nonprofit Actors Studio in New York City, considered "the nation's most prestigious acting school", and in 1966, was involved in the creation of Actors Studio West in Los Angeles.

text: Lee

text: Strasberg

text: born

text: Israel

text: Strasberg

text: November

text: was

text: an

text: Austrian

text: born

text: American

text: actor

text: director

text: and

text: theatre

text: practitioner

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: part

text: of

text: Galicia

text: Austrian

text: Poland

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Ukraine

text: He

text: co

text: founded

text: with

text: directors

text: Harold

text: Clurman

text: and

text: Cheryl

text: Crawford

text: the

text: Group

text: Theatre

text: in

text: which

text: was

text: hailed

text: as

text: America

text: 's

text: first

text: true

text: theatrical

text: collective

text: In

text: he

text: became

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: nonprofit

text: Actors

text: Studio

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: considered

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: most

text: prestigious

text: acting

text: school

text: and

text: in

text: was

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: Actors

text: Studio

text: West

text: in

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Tootsie is a 1982 American comedy film that tells the story of a talented but volatile actor whose reputation for being difficult forces him to adopt a new identity as a woman to land a job. The movie stars Dustin Hoffman, with a supporting cast that includes Bill Murray, Jessica Lange, Teri Garr, Dabney Coleman, Charles Durning, Geena Davis (in her acting debut), Doris Belack and producer/director Sydney Pollack. "Tootsie" was adapted by Larry Gelbart, Barry Levinson (uncredited), Elaine May (uncredited) and Murray Schisgal from the story by Gelbart and Don McGuire.

text: Tootsie

text: is

text: American

text: comedy

text: film

text: that

text: tells

text: the

text: story

text: of

text: talented

text: but

text: volatile

text: actor

text: whose

text: reputation

text: for

text: being

text: difficult

text: forces

text: him

text: to

text: adopt

text: new

text: identity

text: as

text: woman

text: to

text: land

text: job

text: The

text: movie

text: stars

text: Dustin

text: Hoffman

text: with

text: supporting

text: cast

text: that

text: includes

text: Bill

text: Murray

text: Jessica

text: Lange

text: Teri

text: Garr

text: Dabney

text: Coleman

text: Charles

text: Durning

text: Geena

text: Davis

text: in

text: her

text: acting

text: debut

text: Doris

text: Belack

text: and

text: producer

text: director

text: Sydney

text: Pollack

text: Tootsie

text: was

text: adapted

text: by

text: Larry

text: Gelbart

text: Barry

text: Levinson

text: uncredited

text: Elaine

text: May

text: uncredited

text: and

text: Murray

text: Schisgal

text: from

text: the

text: story

text: by

text: Gelbart

text: and

text: Don

text: McGuire

text: Anna Maria Louisa Italiano (September 17, 1931  June 6, 2005), known professionally as Anne Bancroft, was an American actress associated with the method acting school, having studied under Lee Strasberg. Respected for her acting prowess and versatility, Bancroft was acknowledged for her work in film, theatre and television. She won one Academy Award, three BAFTA Awards, two Golden Globes, two Tony Awards and two Emmy Awards, and several other awards and nominations.

text: Anna

text: Maria

text: Louisa

text: Italiano

text: September

text: June

text: known

text: professionally

text: as

text: Anne

text: Bancroft

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: actress

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: method

text: acting

text: school

text: having

text: studied

text: under

text: Lee

text: Strasberg

text: Respected

text: for

text: her

text: acting

text: prowess

text: and

text: versatility

text: Bancroft

text: was

text: acknowledged

text: for

text: her

text: work

text: in

text: film

text: theatre

text: and

text: television

text: She

text: won

text: one

text: Academy

text: Award

text: three

text: BAFTA

text: Awards

text: two

text: Golden

text: Globes

text: two

text: Tony

text: Awards

text: and

text: two

text: Emmy

text: Awards

text: and

text: several

text: other

text: awards

text: and

text: nominations

text: The Slender Thread is a 1965 film starring Anne Bancroft and Sidney Poitier . It was the first feature - length film directed by Academy Award - winning director , producer and actor Sydney Pollack . Poitier portrays Alan , a college student who is volunteering at Seattle 's then - new Crisis Clinic , a crisis call center . Shortly after beginning his night shift , Alan receives a call from a woman named Inga ( Bancroft ) who says she has just taken a lethal dose of pills and wants to talk to someone before she dies . The story line follows the efforts of Alan , a psychiatrist ( Telly Savalas ) and a detective ( Ed Asner ) to locate Inga and her husband ( Steven Hill ) . Various flashback scenes depict the events that led Inga to make the attempt on her life . The film was inspired by a Life magazine article by Shana Alexander about actual events and partially shot on location in Seattle , Washington . This movie is noted for the physical tracing of the call to find Inga ( Bancroft ) before she dies . Throughout the movie , the call is traced by hand through several electro - mechanical telephone central office switches which leads to the hotel where Inga was staying ( originally the Hyatt House ) near the Seattle - Tacoma Airport .

text: The

text: Slender

text: Thread

text: is

text: film

text: starring

text: Anne

text: Bancroft

text: and

text: Sidney

text: Poitier

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: feature

text: length

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Academy

text: Award

text: winning

text: director

text: producer

text: and

text: actor

text: Sydney

text: Pollack

text: Poitier

text: portrays

text: Alan

text: college

text: student

text: who

text: is

text: volunteering

text: at

text: Seattle

text: 's

text: then

text: new

text: Crisis

text: Clinic

text: crisis

text: call

text: center

text: Shortly

text: after

text: beginning

text: his

text: night

text: shift

text: Alan

text: receives

text: call

text: from

text: woman

text: named

text: Inga

text: Bancroft

text: who

text: says

text: she

text: has

text: just

text: taken

text: lethal

text: dose

text: of

text: pills

text: and

text: wants

text: to

text: talk

text: to

text: someone

text: before

text: she

text: dies

text: The

text: story

text: line

text: follows

text: the

text: efforts

text: of

text: Alan

text: psychiatrist

text: Telly

text: Savalas

text: and

text: detective

text: Ed

text: Asner

text: to

text: locate

text: Inga

text: and

text: her

text: husband

text: Steven

text: Hill

text: Various

text: flashback

text: scenes

text: depict

text: the

text: events

text: that

text: led

text: Inga

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: attempt

text: on

text: her

text: life

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: inspired

text: by

text: Life

text: magazine

text: article

text: by

text: Shana

text: Alexander

text: about

text: actual

text: events

text: and

text: partially

text: shot

text: on

text: location

text: in

text: Seattle

text: Washington

text: This

text: movie

text: is

text: noted

text: for

text: the

text: physical

text: tracing

text: of

text: the

text: call

text: to

text: find

text: Inga

text: Bancroft

text: before

text: she

text: dies

text: Throughout

text: the

text: movie

text: the

text: call

text: is

text: traced

text: by

text: hand

text: through

text: several

text: electro

text: mechanical

text: telephone

text: central

text: office

text: switches

text: which

text: leads

text: to

text: the

text: hotel

text: where

text: Inga

text: was

text: staying

text: originally

text: the

text: Hyatt

text: House

text: near

text: the

text: Seattle

text: Tacoma

text: Airport

text: Sir Sidney Poitier, KBE (or ; born February 20, 1927), is a Bahamian-American actor, film director, author and diplomat.

text: Sir

text: Sidney

text: Poitier

text: KBE

text: or

text: born

text: February

text: is

text: Bahamian

text: American

text: actor

text: film

text: director

text: author

text: and

text: diplomat

annotations: follows single

question: publication_date the slender thread

answer: 1966