text: Driebergen-Rijsenburg is a town in the municipality Utrechtse Heuvelrug in the central Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht.

text: Driebergen

text: Rijsenburg

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: the

text: municipality

text: Utrechtse

text: Heuvelrug

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: Netherlands

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: Rijsenburg is a former village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. Presently, it is a part of the single town of Driebergen-Rijsenburg.

text: Rijsenburg

text: is

text: former

text: village

text: in

text: the

text: Dutch

text: province

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: Presently

text: it

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: single

text: town

text: of

text: Driebergen

text: Rijsenburg

text:
Driebergen is a former village and municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is first mentioned as Thriberghen in 1159. The former municipality of Driebergen existed until 1931, when it merged with Rijsenburg, to create the new municipality of Driebergen-Rijsenburg.
In later years, due to growth of the villages of Driebergen and Rijsenburg, the villages themselves also merged, to become the single town of Driebergen-Rijsenburg.
Since 2006, Driebergen-Rijsenburg is part of the new municipality Utrechtse Heuvelrug.

text: Driebergen

text: is

text: former

text: village

text: and

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: Dutch

text: province

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: It

text: is

text: first

text: mentioned

text: as

text: Thriberghen

text: in

text: The

text: former

text: municipality

text: of

text: Driebergen

text: existed

text: until

text: when

text: it

text: merged

text: with

text: Rijsenburg

text: to

text: create

text: the

text: new

text: municipality

text: of

text: Driebergen

text: Rijsenburg

text: In

text: later

text: years

text: due

text: to

text: growth

text: of

text: the

text: villages

text: of

text: Driebergen

text: and

text: Rijsenburg

text: the

text: villages

text: themselves

text: also

text: merged

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: single

text: town

text: of

text: Driebergen

text: Rijsenburg

text: Since

text: Driebergen

text: Rijsenburg

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: municipality

text: Utrechtse

text: Heuvelrug

text: Sterkenburg is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht . It existed between 1818 and 1857 , when it was merged with Driebergen . The castle Sterkenburg is located here , about 3 km south of Driebergen . The literal translation of the name is `` strong castle '' . There is also a Dutch surname `` Sterkenburg '' , which is derived from this location .

text: Sterkenburg

text: is

text: former

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: Dutch

text: province

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: It

text: existed

text: between

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: merged

text: with

text: Driebergen

text: The

text: castle

text: Sterkenburg

text: is

text: located

text: here

text: about

text: km

text: south

text: of

text: Driebergen

text: The

text: literal

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: is

text: strong

text: castle

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: Dutch

text: surname

text: Sterkenburg

text: which

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: this

text: location

text: Utrechtse Heuvelrug is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. It was formed on 1 January 2006 by merging the former municipalities of Amerongen, Doorn, Driebergen-Rijsenburg, Leersum, and Maarn.

text: Utrechtse

text: Heuvelrug

text: is

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: on

text: January

text: by

text: merging

text: the

text: former

text: municipalities

text: of

text: Amerongen

text: Doorn

text: Driebergen

text: Rijsenburg

text: Leersum

text: and

text: Maarn

annotations: likely multiple

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity sterkenburg

answer: utrechtse heuvelrug

text: utrechtse heuvelrug

text: utrechtse heuvelrug

text: utrechtse heuvelrug


text: Chen Shou (233297), courtesy name Chengzuo, was an official and writer who lived in the Three Kingdoms period and Jin dynasty. He started his career as an official in the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms era but was demoted and sent out of the capital for his refusal to fawn on Huang Hao, an influential court eunuch in Shu in its twilight years. After the fall of Shu in 263, Chen's career entered a period of stagnation before he was recommended by the minister Zhang Hua to serve in the Jin government. He held mainly scribal and secretarial positions under the Jin government before dying from illness in 297. He had over 200 writings  about 30 of which he co-wrote with his relatives  attributed to him.

text: Chen

text: Shou

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Chengzuo

text: was

text: an

text: official

text: and

text: writer

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: and

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: He

text: started

text: his

text: career

text: as

text: an

text: official

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Shu

text: Han

text: during

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: era

text: but

text: was

text: demoted

text: and

text: sent

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: capital

text: for

text: his

text: refusal

text: to

text: fawn

text: on

text: Huang

text: Hao

text: an

text: influential

text: court

text: eunuch

text: in

text: Shu

text: in

text: its

text: twilight

text: years

text: After

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Shu

text: in

text: Chen

text: 's

text: career

text: entered

text: period

text: of

text: stagnation

text: before

text: he

text: was

text: recommended

text: by

text: the

text: minister

text: Zhang

text: Hua

text: to

text: serve

text: in

text: the

text: Jin

text: government

text: He

text: held

text: mainly

text: scribal

text: and

text: secretarial

text: positions

text: under

text: the

text: Jin

text: government

text: before

text: dying

text: from

text: illness

text: in

text: He

text: had

text: over

text: writings

text: about

text: of

text: which

text: he

text: co

text: wrote

text: with

text: his

text: relatives

text: attributed

text: to

text: him

text: Cao Cao (155  15 March 220), courtesy name Mengde, was a Chinese warlord and the penultimate Chancellor of the Eastern Han dynasty who rose to great power in the final years of the dynasty. As one of the central figures of the Three Kingdoms period, he laid the foundations for what was to become the state of Cao Wei and was posthumously honoured as "Emperor Wu of Wei". Although he is often portrayed as a cruel and merciless tyrant in subsequent literature, Cao Cao has also been praised as a brilliant ruler and military genius who treated his subordinates like his family. During the fall of the Eastern Han dynasty, Cao Cao was able to secure the most populated and prosperous cities of the central plains and northern China. Cao had much success as the Han chancellor, but his handling of the Han emperor Liu Xie was heavily criticized and resulted in a continued and then escalated civil war. Opposition directly gathered around warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan, whom Cao was unable to quell. Cao was also skilled in poetry and martial arts and wrote many war journals.

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: March

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Mengde

text: was

text: Chinese

text: warlord

text: and

text: the

text: penultimate

text: Chancellor

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: who

text: rose

text: to

text: great

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: dynasty

text: As

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: figures

text: of

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: he

text: laid

text: the

text: foundations

text: for

text: what

text: was

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: and

text: was

text: posthumously

text: honoured

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Wu

text: of

text: Wei

text: Although

text: he

text: is

text: often

text: portrayed

text: as

text: cruel

text: and

text: merciless

text: tyrant

text: in

text: subsequent

text: literature

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: praised

text: as

text: brilliant

text: ruler

text: and

text: military

text: genius

text: who

text: treated

text: his

text: subordinates

text: like

text: his

text: family

text: During

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: secure

text: the

text: most

text: populated

text: and

text: prosperous

text: cities

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: plains

text: and

text: northern

text: China

text: Cao

text: had

text: much

text: success

text: as

text: the

text: Han

text: chancellor

text: but

text: his

text: handling

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: emperor

text: Liu

text: Xie

text: was

text: heavily

text: criticized

text: and

text: resulted

text: in

text: continued

text: and

text: then

text: escalated

text: civil

text: war

text: Opposition

text: directly

text: gathered

text: around

text: warlords

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: and

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: whom

text: Cao

text: was

text: unable

text: to

text: quell

text: Cao

text: was

text: also

text: skilled

text: in

text: poetry

text: and

text: martial

text: arts

text: and

text: wrote

text: many

text: war

text: journals

text: Shu or Shu Han (221263) was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220280). The state was based in the area around present-day Sichuan and Chongqing, which was historically known as "Shu" after an earlier state in Sichuan named Shu. Shu Han's founder Liu Bei had named his state "Han" as he considered it the legitimate successor to the Han dynasty, while "Shu" is added to the name as a geographical prefix to differentiate it from the many "Han" states throughout Chinese history.

text: Shu

text: or

text: Shu

text: Han

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: major

text: states

text: that

text: competed

text: for

text: supremacy

text: over

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: The

text: state

text: was

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: around

text: present

text: day

text: Sichuan

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: which

text: was

text: historically

text: known

text: as

text: Shu

text: after

text: an

text: earlier

text: state

text: in

text: Sichuan

text: named

text: Shu

text: Shu

text: Han

text: 's

text: founder

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: had

text: named

text: his

text: state

text: Han

text: as

text: he

text: considered

text: it

text: the

text: legitimate

text: successor

text: to

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: while

text: Shu

text: is

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: name

text: as

text: geographical

text: prefix

text: to

text: differentiate

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: many

text: Han

text: states

text: throughout

text: Chinese

text: history

text: Jiangsu, formerly romanized as Kiangsu, is an eastern-central coastal province of the People's Republic of China, one of the leading provinces in manufacturing electronics and apparel items, with its capital in Nanjing. Jiangsu is the third smallest, but the fifth most populous and the most densely populated of the 23 provinces of the People's Republic of China. Jiangsu has the second-highest GDP of Chinese provinces, after Guangdong. Jiangsu borders Shandong in the north, Anhui to the west, and Zhejiang and Shanghai to the south. Jiangsu has a coastline of over along the Yellow Sea, and the Yangtze River passes through the southern part of the province.

text: Jiangsu

text: formerly

text: romanized

text: as

text: Kiangsu

text: is

text: an

text: eastern

text: central

text: coastal

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: provinces

text: in

text: manufacturing

text: electronics

text: and

text: apparel

text: items

text: with

text: its

text: capital

text: in

text: Nanjing

text: Jiangsu

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: smallest

text: but

text: the

text: fifth

text: most

text: populous

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: of

text: the

text: provinces

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: Jiangsu

text: has

text: the

text: second

text: highest

text: GDP

text: of

text: Chinese

text: provinces

text: after

text: Guangdong

text: Jiangsu

text: borders

text: Shandong

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: Anhui

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Zhejiang

text: and

text: Shanghai

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Jiangsu

text: has

text: coastline

text: of

text: over

text: along

text: the

text: Yellow

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: passes

text: through

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: The Warring States period was an era in ancient Chinese history following the Spring and Autumn period and concluding with the Qin wars of conquest that saw the annexation of all other contender states, which ultimately led to the Qin state's victory in 221 BC as the first unified Chinese empire known as the Qin dynasty. Although different scholars point toward different dates ranging from 481 BC to 403 BC as the true beginning of the Warring States, Sima Qian's choice of 475 BC is generally the most often cited and popularly accepted one. The Warring States era also overlaps with the second half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty, though the Chinese sovereign, known as the king of Zhou, ruled merely as a figurehead and served as a backdrop against the machinations of the warring states.

text: The

text: Warring

text: States

text: period

text: was

text: an

text: era

text: in

text: ancient

text: Chinese

text: history

text: following

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: period

text: and

text: concluding

text: with

text: the

text: Qin

text: wars

text: of

text: conquest

text: that

text: saw

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: all

text: other

text: contender

text: states

text: which

text: ultimately

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Qin

text: state

text: 's

text: victory

text: in

text: BC

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: unified

text: Chinese

text: empire

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Qin

text: dynasty

text: Although

text: different

text: scholars

text: point

text: toward

text: different

text: dates

text: ranging

text: from

text: BC

text: to

text: BC

text: as

text: the

text: true

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Warring

text: States

text: Sima

text: Qian

text: 's

text: choice

text: of

text: BC

text: is

text: generally

text: the

text: most

text: often

text: cited

text: and

text: popularly

text: accepted

text: one

text: The

text: Warring

text: States

text: era

text: also

text: overlaps

text: with

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: though

text: the

text: Chinese

text: sovereign

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: king

text: of

text: Zhou

text: ruled

text: merely

text: as

text: figurehead

text: and

text: served

text: as

text: backdrop

text: against

text: the

text: machinations

text: of

text: the

text: warring

text: states

text: Wu (222280), commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220280). It previously existed from 220222 as a vassal kingdom nominally under Cao Wei, its rival state, but declared independence from Wei and became a sovereign state in 222. It became an empire in 229 after its founding ruler, Sun Quan, declared himself 'Emperor'. Its name was derived from the place it was based in  the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta) region, which was also historically known as "Wu". It was referred to as "Eastern Wu" or "Sun Wu" by historians to distinguish it from other Chinese historical states with similar names which were also located in that region, such as the Wu state in the Spring and Autumn period and the Wuyue kingdom in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was called "Eastern Wu" because it occupied most of eastern China in the Three Kingdoms period, and "Sun Wu" because the family name of its rulers was "Sun". During its existence, Wu's capital was at Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu), but at times it was also at Wuchang (present-day Ezhou, Hubei).

text: Wu

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text: or

text: Sun

text: Wu

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: major

text: states

text: that

text: competed

text: for

text: supremacy

text: over

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: It

text: previously

text: existed

text: from

text: as

text: vassal

text: kingdom

text: nominally

text: under

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: its

text: rival

text: state

text: but

text: declared

text: independence

text: from

text: Wei

text: and

text: became

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: It

text: became

text: an

text: empire

text: in

text: after

text: its

text: founding

text: ruler

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: declared

text: himself

text: Emperor

text: Its

text: name

text: was

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: place

text: it

text: was

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: Jiangnan

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: Delta

text: region

text: which

text: was

text: also

text: historically

text: known

text: as

text: Wu

text: It

text: was

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text: or

text: Sun

text: Wu

text: by

text: historians

text: to

text: distinguish

text: it

text: from

text: other

text: Chinese

text: historical

text: states

text: with

text: similar

text: names

text: which

text: were

text: also

text: located

text: in

text: that

text: region

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Wu

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: period

text: and

text: the

text: Wuyue

text: kingdom

text: in

text: the

text: Five

text: Dynasties

text: and

text: Ten

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: It

text: was

text: called

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text: because

text: it

text: occupied

text: most

text: of

text: eastern

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: and

text: Sun

text: Wu

text: because

text: the

text: family

text: name

text: of

text: its

text: rulers

text: was

text: Sun

text: During

text: its

text: existence

text: Wu

text: 's

text: capital

text: was

text: at

text: Jianye

text: present

text: day

text: Nanjing

text: Jiangsu

text: but

text: at

text: times

text: it

text: was

text: also

text: at

text: Wuchang

text: present

text: day

text: Ezhou

text: Hubei

text: The Records of the Three Kingdoms , also known by its Chinese title Sanguozhi ( traditional Chinese :  ; simplified Chinese :  ; pinyin : Snguó Zhì ) , is a Chinese historical text which covers the history of the late Eastern Han dynasty ( c. 184 -- 220 AD ) and the Three Kingdoms period ( 220 -- 280 AD ) . It is widely regarded as the official and authoritative historical text for that period . Written by Chen Shou in the third century , the work combines the smaller histories of the rival states of Cao Wei , Shu Han and Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period into a single text . The Records of the Three Kingdoms provided the basis for the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century .

text: The

text: Records

text: of

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: its

text: Chinese

text: title

text: Sanguozhi

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: simplified

text: Chinese

text: pinyin

text: Snguó

text: Zhì

text: is

text: Chinese

text: historical

text: text

text: which

text: covers

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: AD

text: It

text: is

text: widely

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: official

text: and

text: authoritative

text: historical

text: text

text: for

text: that

text: period

text: Written

text: by

text: Chen

text: Shou

text: in

text: the

text: third

text: century

text: the

text: work

text: combines

text: the

text: smaller

text: histories

text: of

text: the

text: rival

text: states

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: Shu

text: Han

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: into

text: single

text: text

text: The

text: Records

text: of

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: provided

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: historical

text: novel

text: Romance

text: of

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: written

text: by

text: Luo

text: Guanzhong

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Water Margin is a novel attributed to Shi Nai'an. Considered one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, the novel is written in vernacular Chinese rather than Classical Chinese.

text: Water

text: Margin

text: is

text: novel

text: attributed

text: to

text: Shi

text: Nai'an

text: Considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Four

text: Great

text: Classical

text: Novels

text: of

text: Chinese

text: literature

text: the

text: novel

text: is

text: written

text: in

text: vernacular

text: Chinese

text: rather

text: than

text: Classical

text: Chinese

text: The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, also called Five Dynasties, was an era of political upheaval in 10th-century imperial China. During this period, five states quickly succeeded one another in the Chinese Central Plain, while more than a dozen concurrent states were established elsewhere, mainly in south China.

text: The

text: Five

text: Dynasties

text: and

text: Ten

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: also

text: called

text: Five

text: Dynasties

text: was

text: an

text: era

text: of

text: political

text: upheaval

text: in

text: century

text: imperial

text: China

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: five

text: states

text: quickly

text: succeeded

text: one

text: another

text: in

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Central

text: Plain

text: while

text: more

text: than

text: dozen

text: concurrent

text: states

text: were

text: established

text: elsewhere

text: mainly

text: in

text: south

text: China

text: The Three Kingdoms (AD 220280) was the tripartite division of China between the states of Wei, Shu, and Wu, following the Han dynasty and preceding the Jin dynasty. The term "Three Kingdoms" itself is something of a mistranslation, since each state was eventually headed not by a king, but by an emperor who claimed legitimate succession from the Han dynasty. Nevertheless, the term "Three Kingdoms" has become standard among sinologists. To further distinguish the three states from other historical Chinese states of similar names, historians have added a relevant character: Wei is also known as Cao Wei, Shu is also known as Shu Han, and Wu is also known as Dong (or Eastern) Wu.

text: The

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: AD

text: was

text: the

text: tripartite

text: division

text: of

text: China

text: between

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Wei

text: Shu

text: and

text: Wu

text: following

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: and

text: preceding

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: The

text: term

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: itself

text: is

text: something

text: of

text: mistranslation

text: since

text: each

text: state

text: was

text: eventually

text: headed

text: not

text: by

text: king

text: but

text: by

text: an

text: emperor

text: who

text: claimed

text: legitimate

text: succession

text: from

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: term

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: has

text: become

text: standard

text: among

text: sinologists

text: To

text: further

text: distinguish

text: the

text: three

text: states

text: from

text: other

text: historical

text: Chinese

text: states

text: of

text: similar

text: names

text: historians

text: have

text: added

text: relevant

text: character

text: Wei

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: Shu

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Shu

text: Han

text: and

text: Wu

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Dong

text: or

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text:
The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China (206 BC220 AD), preceded by the Qin dynasty (221206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters".
It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (923 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BC  9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25220 AD).

text: The

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: of

text: China

text: AD

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Qin

text: dynasty

text: BC

text: and

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: AD

text: Spanning

text: over

text: four

text: centuries

text: the

text: Han

text: period

text: is

text: considered

text: golden

text: age

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: To

text: this

text: day

text: China

text: 's

text: majority

text: ethnic

text: group

text: refers

text: to

text: itself

text: as

text: the

text: Han

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: Chinese

text: script

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Han

text: characters

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: rebel

text: leader

text: Liu

text: Bang

text: known

text: posthumously

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Gaozu

text: of

text: Han

text: and

text: briefly

text: interrupted

text: by

text: the

text: Xin

text: dynasty

text: AD

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: regent

text: Wang

text: Mang

text: This

text: interregnum

text: separates

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: into

text: two

text: periods

text: the

text: Western

text: Han

text: or

text: Former

text: Han

text: BC

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: or

text: Later

text: Han

text: AD

text: The term eunuch generally refers to a man who has been castrated, typically early enough in his life for this change to have major hormonal consequences. In some ancient texts, "eunuch" may also refer to a man who is not castrated but who is impotent, celibate, or otherwise not inclined to marry and procreate. In Latin, the words "eunuchus", "spado" (Greek: "spadon"), and "castratus" were used to denote eunuchs.

text: The

text: term

text: eunuch

text: generally

text: refers

text: to

text: man

text: who

text: has

text: been

text: castrated

text: typically

text: early

text: enough

text: in

text: his

text: life

text: for

text: this

text: change

text: to

text: have

text: major

text: hormonal

text: consequences

text: In

text: some

text: ancient

text: texts

text: eunuch

text: may

text: also

text: refer

text: to

text: man

text: who

text: is

text: not

text: castrated

text: but

text: who

text: is

text: impotent

text: celibate

text: or

text: otherwise

text: not

text: inclined

text: to

text: marry

text: and

text: procreate

text: In

text: Latin

text: the

text: words

text: eunuchus

text: spado

text: Greek

text: spadon

text: and

text: castratus

text: were

text: used

text: to

text: denote

text: eunuchs

text: Luo Ben (c. 13301400, or c.12801360), better known by his courtesy name Guanzhong, was a Chinese writer who lived during the Yuan and Ming periods. He was also known by his pseudonym Huhai Sanren. Luo was attributed with writing "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and editing "Water Margin", the first two of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature.

text: Luo

text: Ben

text: or

text: better

text: known

text: by

text: his

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Guanzhong

text: was

text: Chinese

text: writer

text: who

text: lived

text: during

text: the

text: Yuan

text: and

text: Ming

text: periods

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: his

text: pseudonym

text: Huhai

text: Sanren

text: Luo

text: was

text: attributed

text: with

text: writing

text: Romance

text: of

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: and

text: editing

text: Water

text: Margin

text: the

text: first

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: Four

text: Great

text: Classical

text: Novels

text: of

text: Chinese

text: literature

text: Wuyue (Shanghainese: ), 907-978, was an independent coastal kingdom founded during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-960) of Chinese history. It was ruled by the Qian family, which remains widespread in the kingdom's former territory.

text: Wuyue

text: Shanghainese

text: was

text: an

text: independent

text: coastal

text: kingdom

text: founded

text: during

text: the

text: Five

text: Dynasties

text: and

text: Ten

text: Kingdoms

text: of

text: Chinese

text: history

text: It

text: was

text: ruled

text: by

text: the

text: Qian

text: family

text: which

text: remains

text: widespread

text: in

text: the

text: kingdom

text: 's

text: former

text: territory

text: The Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature are the four novels commonly regarded by Chinese literary criticism to be the greatest and most influential of pre-modern Chinese fiction. Dating from the Ming and Qing dynasties, they are well-known to most Chinese either directly or through their many adaptations to opera and various popular culture media.

text: The

text: Four

text: Great

text: Classical

text: Novels

text: of

text: Chinese

text: literature

text: are

text: the

text: four

text: novels

text: commonly

text: regarded

text: by

text: Chinese

text: literary

text: criticism

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: greatest

text: and

text: most

text: influential

text: of

text: pre

text: modern

text: Chinese

text: fiction

text: Dating

text: from

text: the

text: Ming

text: and

text: Qing

text: dynasties

text: they

text: are

text: well

text: known

text: to

text: most

text: Chinese

text: either

text: directly

text: or

text: through

text: their

text: many

text: adaptations

text: to

text: opera

text: and

text: various

text: popular

text: culture

text: media

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, attributed to Luo Guanzhong, is a historical novel set in the turbulent years towards the end of the Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history, starting in 169 AD and ending with the reunification of the land in 280.

text: Romance

text: of

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: attributed

text: to

text: Luo

text: Guanzhong

text: is

text: historical

text: novel

text: set

text: in

text: the

text: turbulent

text: years

text: towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: starting

text: in

text: AD

text: and

text: ending

text: with

text: the

text: reunification

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: in

text: The history of Chinese literature extends thousands of years, from the earliest recorded dynastic court archives to the mature vernacular fiction novels that arose during the Ming Dynasty to entertain the masses of literate Chinese. The introduction of widespread woodblock printing during the Tang Dynasty (618907) and the invention of movable type printing by Bi Sheng (9901051) during the Song Dynasty (9601279) rapidly spread written knowledge throughout China. In more modern times, the author Lu Xun (18811936) is considered the founder of "baihua" literature in China.

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: Chinese

text: literature

text: extends

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: earliest

text: recorded

text: dynastic

text: court

text: archives

text: to

text: the

text: mature

text: vernacular

text: fiction

text: novels

text: that

text: arose

text: during

text: the

text: Ming

text: Dynasty

text: to

text: entertain

text: the

text: masses

text: of

text: literate

text: Chinese

text: The

text: introduction

text: of

text: widespread

text: woodblock

text: printing

text: during

text: the

text: Tang

text: Dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: movable

text: type

text: printing

text: by

text: Bi

text: Sheng

text: during

text: the

text: Song

text: Dynasty

text: rapidly

text: spread

text: written

text: knowledge

text: throughout

text: China

text: In

text: more

text: modern

text: times

text: the

text: author

text: Lu

text: Xun

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: baihua

text: literature

text: in

text: China

text: The Spring and Autumn period was a period in Chinese history from approximately 771 to 476 BC (or according to some authorities until 403 BC) which corresponds roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty. The period's name derives from the "Spring and Autumn Annals", a chronicle of the state of Lu between 722 and 479 BC, which tradition associates with Confucius.

text: The

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: period

text: was

text: period

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: from

text: approximately

text: to

text: BC

text: or

text: according

text: to

text: some

text: authorities

text: until

text: BC

text: which

text: corresponds

text: roughly

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: The

text: period

text: 's

text: name

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: Annals

text: chronicle

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Lu

text: between

text: and

text: BC

text: which

text: tradition

text: associates

text: with

text: Confucius

text: Cao Wei (220265) was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220280). With its capital at Luoyang, the state was established by Cao Pi in 220, based upon the foundations laid by his father, Cao Cao, towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty. The name "Wei" first became associated with Cao Cao when he was named the Duke of Wei by the Eastern Han government in 213, and became the name of the state when Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor in 220. Historians often add the prefix "Cao" to distinguish it from other Chinese states known as "Wei", such as Wei of the Warring States period and Northern Wei of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The authority of the ruling Cao family gradually weakened after the death of the second Wei emperor, Cao Rui, and eventually fell into the hands of Sima Yi, a Wei regent, and his family, in 249. Cao Rui's successors remained as puppet rulers under the control of the Simas until Sima Yi's grandson, Sima Yan, forced the last Wei ruler, Cao Huan, to abdicate the throne and established the Jin dynasty.

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: major

text: states

text: that

text: competed

text: for

text: supremacy

text: over

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: With

text: its

text: capital

text: at

text: Luoyang

text: the

text: state

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: in

text: based

text: upon

text: the

text: foundations

text: laid

text: by

text: his

text: father

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: The

text: name

text: Wei

text: first

text: became

text: associated

text: with

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: named

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Wei

text: by

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: government

text: in

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: when

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: proclaimed

text: himself

text: emperor

text: in

text: Historians

text: often

text: add

text: the

text: prefix

text: Cao

text: to

text: distinguish

text: it

text: from

text: other

text: Chinese

text: states

text: known

text: as

text: Wei

text: such

text: as

text: Wei

text: of

text: the

text: Warring

text: States

text: period

text: and

text: Northern

text: Wei

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: and

text: Northern

text: Dynasties

text: The

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: ruling

text: Cao

text: family

text: gradually

text: weakened

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: second

text: Wei

text: emperor

text: Cao

text: Rui

text: and

text: eventually

text: fell

text: into

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: Sima

text: Yi

text: Wei

text: regent

text: and

text: his

text: family

text: in

text: Cao

text: Rui

text: 's

text: successors

text: remained

text: as

text: puppet

text: rulers

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Simas

text: until

text: Sima

text: Yi

text: 's

text: grandson

text: Sima

text: Yan

text: forced

text: the

text: last

text: Wei

text: ruler

text: Cao

text: Huan

text: to

text: abdicate

text: the

text: throne

text: and

text: established

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

annotations: follows single

question: original_language_of_work records of the three kingdoms

answer: classical chinese

text: classical chinese


text: Miss Earth is an annual international environmental-themed beauty pageant promoting environmental awareness.<ref name="chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-10/25/content_385531.htm"></ref> Along with its rivals Miss World and Miss Universe, Miss Earth is one of the three largest beauty pageants in the world in terms of the number of national-level competitions to participate in the world finals.<ref name="tnp.sg/printfriendly/0,4139,168817,00.html"></ref> The reigning titleholders dedicate their year to promote specific projects and often address issues concerning the environment and other global issues<ref name="tribuneindia.com/2004/20041008/world.htm"></ref> through school tours, tree planting activities, street campaigns, coastal clean ups, speaking engagements, shopping mall tours, media guesting, environmental fair, storytelling programs, eco-fashion shows, and other environmental activities.

text: Miss

text: Earth

text: is

text: an

text: annual

text: international

text: environmental

text: themed

text: beauty

text: pageant

text: promoting

text: environmental

text: awareness.<ref

text: name="chinadaily.com.cn

text: english

text: Along

text: with

text: its

text: rivals

text: Miss

text: World

text: and

text: Miss

text: Universe

text: Miss

text: Earth

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: largest

text: beauty

text: pageants

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: national

text: level

text: competitions

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: finals.<ref

text: name="tnp.sg

text: The

text: reigning

text: titleholders

text: dedicate

text: their

text: year

text: to

text: promote

text: specific

text: projects

text: and

text: often

text: address

text: issues

text: concerning

text: the

text: environment

text: and

text: other

text: global

text: issues

text: ref

text: through

text: school

text: tours

text: tree

text: planting

text: activities

text: street

text: campaigns

text: coastal

text: clean

text: ups

text: speaking

text: engagements

text: shopping

text: mall

text: tours

text: media

text: guesting

text: environmental

text: fair

text: storytelling

text: programs

text: eco

text: fashion

text: shows

text: and

text: other

text: environmental

text: activities

text: A beauty pageant or beauty contest is a competition that has traditionally focused on judging and ranking the physical attributes of the contestants, although some contests have evolved to also incorporate personality traits, intelligence, talent, and answers to judges' questions as judged criteria. The term almost invariably refers only to contests for unmarried women such as the Big Four international beauty pageants;<ref name="chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-10/25/content_385531.htm"></ref> with similar events for men or boys being called by other names and more likely to be bodybuilding contests.

text: beauty

text: pageant

text: or

text: beauty

text: contest

text: is

text: competition

text: that

text: has

text: traditionally

text: focused

text: on

text: judging

text: and

text: ranking

text: the

text: physical

text: attributes

text: of

text: the

text: contestants

text: although

text: some

text: contests

text: have

text: evolved

text: to

text: also

text: incorporate

text: personality

text: traits

text: intelligence

text: talent

text: and

text: answers

text: to

text: judges

text: questions

text: as

text: judged

text: criteria

text: The

text: term

text: almost

text: invariably

text: refers

text: only

text: to

text: contests

text: for

text: unmarried

text: women

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Big

text: Four

text: international

text: beauty

text: pageants;<ref

text: name="chinadaily.com.cn

text: english

text: with

text: similar

text: events

text: for

text: men

text: or

text: boys

text: being

text: called

text: by

text: other

text: names

text: and

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: bodybuilding

text: contests

text: Eric Douglas Morley (26 September 1918  9 November 2000) was a British TV host and the founder of the Miss World pageant and "Come Dancing" TV programme. His widow, Julia Morley, is now head of the pageant and his son Steve Douglas is one of its presenters.

text: Eric

text: Douglas

text: Morley

text: September

text: November

text: was

text: British

text: TV

text: host

text: and

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Miss

text: World

text: pageant

text: and

text: Come

text: Dancing

text: TV

text: programme

text: His

text: widow

text: Julia

text: Morley

text: is

text: now

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: pageant

text: and

text: his

text: son

text: Steve

text: Douglas

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: presenters

text: Miss World is the oldest running international beauty pageant. It was created in the United Kingdom by Eric Morley in 1951. Since his death in 2000, Morley's widow, Julia Morley, has co-chaired the pageant. Alongside with its rival, the Miss Universe and Miss Earth contests, Miss World pageant is one of the three most publicised beauty contests in the world.

text: Miss

text: World

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: running

text: international

text: beauty

text: pageant

text: It

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: by

text: Eric

text: Morley

text: in

text: Since

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: Morley

text: 's

text: widow

text: Julia

text: Morley

text: has

text: co

text: chaired

text: the

text: pageant

text: Alongside

text: with

text: its

text: rival

text: the

text: Miss

text: Universe

text: and

text: Miss

text: Earth

text: contests

text: Miss

text: World

text: pageant

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: most

text: publicised

text: beauty

text: contests

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: UK

text: or

text: Britain

text: is

text: sovereign

text: country

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: Lying

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: mainland

text: it

text: includes

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: loosely

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: country

text: the

text: north

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: many

text: smaller

text: islands

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: that

text: shares

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: another

text: sovereign

text: statethe

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Apart

text: from

text: this

text: land

text: border

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: south

text: west

text: giving

text: it

text: the

text: longest

text: coastline

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Together

text: this

text: makes

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of and has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups: the Dutch-speaking, mostly Flemish community, which constitutes about 59% of the population, and the French-speaking, mostly Walloon population, which comprises 41% of all Belgians. Additionally, there is a small group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area, and bordering Germany.

text: Belgium

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Belgium

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: bordered

text: by

text: France

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Germany

text: Luxembourg

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: It

text: is

text: small

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: which

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: Straddling

text: the

text: cultural

text: boundary

text: between

text: Germanic

text: and

text: Latin

text: Europe

text: Belgium

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: two

text: main

text: linguistic

text: groups

text: the

text: Dutch

text: speaking

text: mostly

text: Flemish

text: community

text: which

text: constitutes

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: and

text: the

text: French

text: speaking

text: mostly

text: Walloon

text: population

text: which

text: comprises

text: of

text: all

text: Belgians

text: Additionally

text: there

text: is

text: small

text: group

text: of

text: German

text: speakers

text: who

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: Cantons

text: located

text: around

text: the

text: High

text: Fens

text: area

text: and

text: bordering

text: Germany

text: Julia Evelyn Morley (born 1939) is a British businesswoman, charity worker and former model. She is the Chairwoman of the Miss World Organisation which runs the annual Miss World competition. She is the widow of Miss World founder Eric Morley, who organised from the first pageant in 1951 until his death in 2000.

text: Julia

text: Evelyn

text: Morley

text: born

text: is

text: British

text: businesswoman

text: charity

text: worker

text: and

text: former

text: model

text: She

text: is

text: the

text: Chairwoman

text: of

text: the

text: Miss

text: World

text: Organisation

text: which

text: runs

text: the

text: annual

text: Miss

text: World

text: competition

text: She

text: is

text: the

text: widow

text: of

text: Miss

text: World

text: founder

text: Eric

text: Morley

text: who

text: organised

text: from

text: the

text: first

text: pageant

text: in

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: Laurence Borremans ( born February 4 , 1978 in Limal , a part of Wavre ) was Miss Belgium 1996 and a semi-finalist at the Miss World pageant .

text: Laurence

text: Borremans

text: born

text: February

text: in

text: Limal

text: part

text: of

text: Wavre

text: was

text: Miss

text: Belgium

text: and

text: semi

text: finalist

text: at

text: the

text: Miss

text: World

text: pageant

text: Miss Belgium is a national beauty pageant in Belgium. The winner of Miss Belgium automatically represents her country at the Miss World and Miss Universe pageants.

text: Miss

text: Belgium

text: is

text: national

text: beauty

text: pageant

text: in

text: Belgium

text: The

text: winner

text: of

text: Miss

text: Belgium

text: automatically

text: represents

text: her

text: country

text: at

text: the

text: Miss

text: World

text: and

text: Miss

text: Universe

text: pageants

text: Miss Universe is an annual international beauty pageant that is run by the Miss Universe Organization. Along with its rival contests, Miss World and Miss Earth, this pageant is one of the most important and publicized beauty pageants in the world. It is held in more than 190 countries worldwide and seen by more than half a billion people annually. The pageant was founded in 1952 by the California-based clothing company Pacific Knitting Mills, and the Miss Universe Organization and the brand is currently owned, along with Miss USA and Miss Teen USA, by WME/IMG. Miss Universe Organization licenses local organizations that wish to select the Miss Universe contestant for their country, and approves the selection method for national delegates. The current Miss Universe logo  "the woman with stars"  was created in 1998.

text: Miss

text: Universe

text: is

text: an

text: annual

text: international

text: beauty

text: pageant

text: that

text: is

text: run

text: by

text: the

text: Miss

text: Universe

text: Organization

text: Along

text: with

text: its

text: rival

text: contests

text: Miss

text: World

text: and

text: Miss

text: Earth

text: this

text: pageant

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: and

text: publicized

text: beauty

text: pageants

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: held

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: countries

text: worldwide

text: and

text: seen

text: by

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: billion

text: people

text: annually

text: The

text: pageant

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: California

text: based

text: clothing

text: company

text: Pacific

text: Knitting

text: Mills

text: and

text: the

text: Miss

text: Universe

text: Organization

text: and

text: the

text: brand

text: is

text: currently

text: owned

text: along

text: with

text: Miss

text: USA

text: and

text: Miss

text: Teen

text: USA

text: by

text: WME

text: IMG

text: Miss

text: Universe

text: Organization

text: licenses

text: local

text: organizations

text: that

text: wish

text: to

text: select

text: the

text: Miss

text: Universe

text: contestant

text: for

text: their

text: country

text: and

text: approves

text: the

text: selection

text: method

text: for

text: national

text: delegates

text: The

text: current

text: Miss

text: Universe

text: logo

text: the

text: woman

text: with

text: stars

text: was

text: created

text: in

annotations: follows multiple

question: occupation laurence borremans

answer: model

text: model


text: Rio de Janeiro ("River of January"), or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, the second-most populous metropolitan area in Brazil and sixth-most populous in the Americas. Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's third-most populous state. Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site, named ""Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea"", by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape.

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: River

text: of

text: January

text: or

text: simply

text: Rio

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: municipality

text: in

text: Brazil

text: and

text: the

text: sixth

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: The

text: metropolis

text: is

text: anchor

text: to

text: the

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: Brazil

text: and

text: sixth

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: Brazil

text: 's

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: Part

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: been

text: designated

text: as

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Site

text: named

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: Carioca

text: Landscapes

text: between

text: the

text: Mountain

text: and

text: the

text: Sea

text: by

text: UNESCO

text: on

text: July

text: as

text: Cultural

text: Landscape

text: This movement has produced and today is represented by many renowned Brazilian artists, such as Jorge Ben Jor, Novos Baianos, Chico Buarque and Dominguinhos, whose individual styles generated their own trends within the genre. The term often also is used to describe any kind of music with Brazilian origins and "voice and guitar style" that arose in the late 1960s.

text: This

text: movement

text: has

text: produced

text: and

text: today

text: is

text: represented

text: by

text: many

text: renowned

text: Brazilian

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: Jorge

text: Ben

text: Jor

text: Novos

text: Baianos

text: Chico

text: Buarque

text: and

text: Dominguinhos

text: whose

text: individual

text: styles

text: generated

text: their

text: own

text: trends

text: within

text: the

text: genre

text: The

text: term

text: often

text: also

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: any

text: kind

text: of

text: music

text: with

text: Brazilian

text: origins

text: and

text: voice

text: and

text: guitar

text: style

text: that

text: arose

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the world's fifth-largest country by both area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection.

text: Brazil

text: officially

text: the

text: Federative

text: Republic

text: of

text: Brazil

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: both

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: Latin

text: America

text: As

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fifth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: both

text: area

text: and

text: population

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: to

text: have

text: Portuguese

text: as

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: Brazil

text: has

text: coastline

text: of

text: It

text: borders

text: all

text: other

text: South

text: American

text: countries

text: except

text: Ecuador

text: and

text: Chile

text: and

text: covers

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: land

text: area

text: Its

text: Amazon

text: River

text: basin

text: includes

text: vast

text: tropical

text: forest

text: home

text: to

text: diverse

text: wildlife

text: variety

text: of

text: ecological

text: systems

text: and

text: extensive

text: natural

text: resources

text: spanning

text: numerous

text: protected

text: habitats

text: This

text: unique

text: environmental

text: heritage

text: makes

text: Brazil

text: one

text: of

text: megadiverse

text: countries

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: significant

text: global

text: interest

text: and

text: debate

text: regarding

text: deforestation

text: and

text: environmental

text: protection

text: João Bosco de Freitas Mucci, better known as João Bosco is a noted Brazilian singer-songwriter with a distinctive style as a guitarist. In the 1970s he established his reputation in "música popular Brasileira" (Portuguese: "Brazilian pop music") alongside collaborator lyricist Aldir Blanc.

text: João

text: Bosco

text: de

text: Freitas

text: Mucci

text: better

text: known

text: as

text: João

text: Bosco

text: is

text: noted

text: Brazilian

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: with

text: distinctive

text: style

text: as

text: guitarist

text: In

text: the

text: he

text: established

text: his

text: reputation

text: in

text: música

text: popular

text: Brasileira

text: Portuguese

text: Brazilian

text: pop

text: music

text: alongside

text: collaborator

text: lyricist

text: Aldir

text: Blanc

text: A composer (Latin "compn"; literally "one who puts together") is a person who creates or writes music, which can be vocal music (for a singer or choir), instrumental music (e.g., for solo piano, string quartet, wind quintet or orchestra) or music which combines both instruments and voices (e.g., opera or art song, which is a singer accompanied by a pianist). The core meaning of the term refers to individuals who have contributed to the tradition of Western classical music through creation of works expressed in written musical notation (e.g., sheet music scores).

text: composer

text: Latin

text: compn

text: literally

text: one

text: who

text: puts

text: together

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: creates

text: or

text: writes

text: music

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: vocal

text: music

text: for

text: singer

text: or

text: choir

text: instrumental

text: music

text: e.g.

text: for

text: solo

text: piano

text: string

text: quartet

text: wind

text: quintet

text: or

text: orchestra

text: or

text: music

text: which

text: combines

text: both

text: instruments

text: and

text: voices

text: e.g.

text: opera

text: or

text: art

text: song

text: which

text: is

text: singer

text: accompanied

text: by

text: pianist

text: The

text: core

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: refers

text: to

text: individuals

text: who

text: have

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: tradition

text: of

text: Western

text: classical

text: music

text: through

text: creation

text: of

text: works

text: expressed

text: in

text: written

text: musical

text: notation

text: e.g.

text: sheet

text: music

text: scores

text: A guitarist (or a guitar player) is a person who plays the guitar. Guitarists may play a variety of guitar family instruments such as classical guitars, acoustic guitars, electric guitars, and bass guitars. Some guitarists accompany themselves on the guitar by singing or playing the harmonica.

text: guitarist

text: or

text: guitar

text: player

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: plays

text: the

text: guitar

text: Guitarists

text: may

text: play

text: variety

text: of

text: guitar

text: family

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: classical

text: guitars

text: acoustic

text: guitars

text: electric

text: guitars

text: and

text: bass

text: guitars

text: Some

text: guitarists

text: accompany

text: themselves

text: on

text: the

text: guitar

text: by

text: singing

text: or

text: playing

text: the

text: harmonica

text: Aldir Blanc ( born Aldir Blanc Mendes , on September 2 , 1946 ) is a Brazilian author of crônicas ( journalistic vignettes , chronicles ) and lyricist . He co-composed many songs with singer - songwriter João Bosco , guitarist Guinga , and others . Elis Regina recorded several of his songs , most notably `` O bêbado e a equilibrista '' . Another song of his is `` Resposta ao tempo '' ( with lyrics by Cristovão Bastos ) , a ballad that became one of Nana Caymmi 's most famous songs , and which was recorded by many other musicians thereafter , amongst them Milton Nascimento and Aldir Blanc himself . Blanc 's work 1972 - 1987 was analyzed by Prof. Charles A. Perrone in Masters of Contemporary Brazilian Song MPB 1965 - 1985 ( U Texas P , 1989 ) .

text: Aldir

text: Blanc

text: born

text: Aldir

text: Blanc

text: Mendes

text: on

text: September

text: is

text: Brazilian

text: author

text: of

text: crônicas

text: journalistic

text: vignettes

text: chronicles

text: and

text: lyricist

text: He

text: co

text: composed

text: many

text: songs

text: with

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: João

text: Bosco

text: guitarist

text: Guinga

text: and

text: others

text: Elis

text: Regina

text: recorded

text: several

text: of

text: his

text: songs

text: most

text: notably

text: bêbado

text: equilibrista

text: Another

text: song

text: of

text: his

text: is

text: Resposta

text: ao

text: tempo

text: with

text: lyrics

text: by

text: Cristovão

text: Bastos

text: ballad

text: that

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: Nana

text: Caymmi

text: 's

text: most

text: famous

text: songs

text: and

text: which

text: was

text: recorded

text: by

text: many

text: other

text: musicians

text: thereafter

text: amongst

text: them

text: Milton

text: Nascimento

text: and

text: Aldir

text: Blanc

text: himself

text: Blanc

text: 's

text: work

text: was

text: analyzed

text: by

text: Prof

text: Charles

text: Perrone

text: in

text: Masters

text: of

text: Contemporary

text: Brazilian

text: Song

text: MPB

text: Texas

text: Gringo (male) or Gringa (female) is a term, mainly used in Spanish-speaking and Portuguese-speaking countries, to refer to foreigners. In Spanish, gringo refers to someone from the United States, particularly a person who is a White American.

text: Gringo

text: male

text: or

text: Gringa

text: female

text: is

text: term

text: mainly

text: used

text: in

text: Spanish

text: speaking

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: speaking

text: countries

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: foreigners

text: In

text: Spanish

text: gringo

text: refers

text: to

text: someone

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: particularly

text: person

text: who

text: is

text: White

text: American

text: Guinga (Carlos Althier de Souza Lemos Escobar) (born June 10, 1950) is a Brazilian guitarist and composer born in Madureira, a working-class suburb of Rio de Janeiro. As a child, he was nicknamed "Gringo", because of his pale skin, and the artistic name "Guinga" comes from the way he pronounced the word.

text: Guinga

text: Carlos

text: Althier

text: de

text: Souza

text: Lemos

text: Escobar

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: Brazilian

text: guitarist

text: and

text: composer

text: born

text: in

text: Madureira

text: working

text: class

text: suburb

text: of

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: As

text: child

text: he

text: was

text: nicknamed

text: Gringo

text: because

text: of

text: his

text: pale

text: skin

text: and

text: the

text: artistic

text: name

text: Guinga

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: way

text: he

text: pronounced

text: the

text: word

question: place_of_birth aldir blanc

answer: rio de janeiro

text: rio de janeiro

text: rio de janeiro

text: rio de janeiro

text: rio de janeiro

text: rio de janeiro

text: rio de janeiro


text: The Cretaceous is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period Mya. It is the last period of the Mesozoic Era. The Cretaceous Period is usually abbreviated K, for its German translation "Kreide" (chalk).

text: The

text: Cretaceous

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: that

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Paleogene

text: Period

text: Mya

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: The

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: is

text: usually

text: abbreviated

text: for

text: its

text: German

text: translation

text: Kreide

text: chalk

text: Aigialosauridae ( Greek , aigialos = `` seashore '' + sauros = lizard ) is a family of Late Cretaceous semi-aquatic varanoid lizards , regarded by some paleontologists as a distinct monophyletic group and by others as an adaptive grade within the basal mosasauroids .

text: Aigialosauridae

text: Greek

text: aigialos

text: seashore

text: sauros

text: lizard

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: Late

text: Cretaceous

text: semi

text: aquatic

text: varanoid

text: lizards

text: regarded

text: by

text: some

text: paleontologists

text: as

text: distinct

text: monophyletic

text: group

text: and

text: by

text: others

text: as

text: an

text: adaptive

text: grade

text: within

text: the

text: basal

text: mosasauroids

text: The Late Cretaceous (100.566 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time.

text: The

text: Late

text: Cretaceous

text: Ma

text: is

text: the

text: younger

text: of

text: two

text: epochs

text: into

text: which

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: period

text: is

text: divided

text: in

text: the

text: geologic

text: timescale

text: Rock

text: strata

text: from

text: this

text: epoch

text: form

text: the

text: Upper

text: Cretaceous

text: series

text: The

text: Cretaceous

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: white

text: limestone

text: known

text: as

text: chalk

text: which

text: occurs

text: widely

text: in

text: northern

text: France

text: and

text: is

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: white

text: cliffs

text: of

text: south

text: eastern

text: England

text: and

text: which

text: dates

text: from

text: this

text: time

text: Reptiles are tetrapod (four-limbed vertebrate) animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives. The study of these traditional reptile orders, historically combined with that of modern amphibians, is called herpetology.

text: Reptiles

text: are

text: tetrapod

text: four

text: limbed

text: vertebrate

text: animals

text: in

text: the

text: class

text: Reptilia

text: comprising

text: today

text: 's

text: turtles

text: crocodilians

text: snakes

text: amphisbaenians

text: lizards

text: tuatara

text: and

text: their

text: extinct

text: relatives

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: these

text: traditional

text: reptile

text: orders

text: historically

text: combined

text: with

text: that

text: of

text: modern

text: amphibians

text: is

text: called

text: herpetology

text: Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes that can be distinguished from legless lizards by their lack of eyelids and external ears. Like all squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads with their highly mobile jaws. To accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of the other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional lung. Some species retain a pelvic girdle with a pair of vestigial claws on either side of the cloaca.

text: Snakes

text: are

text: elongated

text: legless

text: carnivorous

text: reptiles

text: of

text: the

text: suborder

text: Serpentes

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: distinguished

text: from

text: legless

text: lizards

text: by

text: their

text: lack

text: of

text: eyelids

text: and

text: external

text: ears

text: Like

text: all

text: squamates

text: snakes

text: are

text: ectothermic

text: amniote

text: vertebrates

text: covered

text: in

text: overlapping

text: scales

text: Many

text: species

text: of

text: snakes

text: have

text: skulls

text: with

text: several

text: more

text: joints

text: than

text: their

text: lizard

text: ancestors

text: enabling

text: them

text: to

text: swallow

text: prey

text: much

text: larger

text: than

text: their

text: heads

text: with

text: their

text: highly

text: mobile

text: jaws

text: To

text: accommodate

text: their

text: narrow

text: bodies

text: snakes

text: paired

text: organs

text: such

text: as

text: kidneys

text: appear

text: one

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: instead

text: of

text: side

text: by

text: side

text: and

text: most

text: have

text: only

text: one

text: functional

text: lung

text: Some

text: species

text: retain

text: pelvic

text: girdle

text: with

text: pair

text: of

text: vestigial

text: claws

text: on

text: either

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: cloaca

text: Toxicofera (Greek for "those who bear toxins"), is a proposed clade of scaled reptiles (squamates) that includes the Serpentes (snakes), Anguimorpha (monitor lizards, gila monster, and alligator lizards) and Iguania (iguanas, agamas, and chameleons). Toxicofera contains about 4600 species, (nearly 60%) of extant squamata. It encompasses all venomous reptile species, as well as numerous related non-venomous species. There is little morphological evidence to support this grouping, however it has been recovered by all recent molecular analyses.

text: Toxicofera

text: Greek

text: for

text: those

text: who

text: bear

text: toxins

text: is

text: proposed

text: clade

text: of

text: scaled

text: reptiles

text: squamates

text: that

text: includes

text: the

text: Serpentes

text: snakes

text: Anguimorpha

text: monitor

text: lizards

text: gila

text: monster

text: and

text: alligator

text: lizards

text: and

text: Iguania

text: iguanas

text: agamas

text: and

text: chameleons

text: Toxicofera

text: contains

text: about

text: species

text: nearly

text: of

text: extant

text: squamata

text: It

text: encompasses

text: all

text: venomous

text: reptile

text: species

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: numerous

text: related

text: non

text: venomous

text: species

text: There

text: is

text: little

text: morphological

text: evidence

text: to

text: support

text: this

text: grouping

text: however

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: recovered

text: by

text: all

text: recent

text: molecular

text: analyses

text: Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 6,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group, traditionally recognized as the suborder Lacertilia, is defined as all extant members of the Lepidosauria (reptiles with overlapping scales) that are neither sphenodonts (i.e., tuatara) nor snakes  they form an evolutionary grade. While the snakes are recognized as falling phylogenetically within the Toxicofera clade from which they evolved, the sphenodonts are the sister group to the squamates, the larger monophyletic group, which includes both the lizards and the snakes.

text: Lizards

text: are

text: widespread

text: group

text: of

text: squamate

text: reptiles

text: with

text: over

text: species

text: ranging

text: across

text: all

text: continents

text: except

text: Antarctica

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: most

text: oceanic

text: island

text: chains

text: The

text: group

text: traditionally

text: recognized

text: as

text: the

text: suborder

text: Lacertilia

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: all

text: extant

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Lepidosauria

text: reptiles

text: with

text: overlapping

text: scales

text: that

text: are

text: neither

text: sphenodonts

text: i.e.

text: tuatara

text: nor

text: snakes

text: they

text: form

text: an

text: evolutionary

text: grade

text: While

text: the

text: snakes

text: are

text: recognized

text: as

text: falling

text: phylogenetically

text: within

text: the

text: Toxicofera

text: clade

text: from

text: which

text: they

text: evolved

text: the

text: sphenodonts

text: are

text: the

text: sister

text: group

text: to

text: the

text: squamates

text: the

text: larger

text: monophyletic

text: group

text: which

text: includes

text: both

text: the

text: lizards

text: and

text: the

text: snakes

text: The Lepidosauria (from Greek meaning "scaled lizards") are reptiles with overlapping scales. This subclass includes Squamata and Rhynchocephalia. It is a monophyletic group and therefore contains all descendents of a common ancestor. Squamata includes snakes, lizards, and amphisbaenia. Rhynchocephalia was a widespread and diverse group 220-100 million years ago; however, it is now represented only by the genus "Sphenodon", which contains two species of tuatara, native to New Zealand. Lepidosauria is the sister taxon to Archosauria, which includes Aves and Crocodilia. Lizards and snakes are the most speciose group of Lepidosaurs and, combined, contain over 9,000 species. There are many noticeable distinguishing morphological differences between lizards, tuataras, and snakes.

text: The

text: Lepidosauria

text: from

text: Greek

text: meaning

text: scaled

text: lizards

text: are

text: reptiles

text: with

text: overlapping

text: scales

text: This

text: subclass

text: includes

text: Squamata

text: and

text: Rhynchocephalia

text: It

text: is

text: monophyletic

text: group

text: and

text: therefore

text: contains

text: all

text: descendents

text: of

text: common

text: ancestor

text: Squamata

text: includes

text: snakes

text: lizards

text: and

text: amphisbaenia

text: Rhynchocephalia

text: was

text: widespread

text: and

text: diverse

text: group

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: however

text: it

text: is

text: now

text: represented

text: only

text: by

text: the

text: genus

text: Sphenodon

text: which

text: contains

text: two

text: species

text: of

text: tuatara

text: native

text: to

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Lepidosauria

text: is

text: the

text: sister

text: taxon

text: to

text: Archosauria

text: which

text: includes

text: Aves

text: and

text: Crocodilia

text: Lizards

text: and

text: snakes

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: speciose

text: group

text: of

text: Lepidosaurs

text: and

text: combined

text: contain

text: over

text: species

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: noticeable

text: distinguishing

text: morphological

text: differences

text: between

text: lizards

text: tuataras

text: and

text: snakes

text: Tuatara are reptiles endemic to New Zealand. Although resembling most lizards, they are part of a distinct lineage, the order Rhynchocephalia. Their name derives from the Mori language, and means "peaks on the back". The single species of tuatara is the only surviving member of its order, which flourished around 200 million years ago. Their most recent common ancestor with any other extant group is with the squamates (lizards and snakes). For this reason, tuatara are of great interest in the study of the evolution of lizards and snakes, and for the reconstruction of the appearance and habits of the earliest diapsids, a group of amniote tetrapods that also includes dinosaurs, birds, and crocodilians.

text: Tuatara

text: are

text: reptiles

text: endemic

text: to

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Although

text: resembling

text: most

text: lizards

text: they

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: distinct

text: lineage

text: the

text: order

text: Rhynchocephalia

text: Their

text: name

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Mori

text: language

text: and

text: means

text: peaks

text: on

text: the

text: back

text: The

text: single

text: species

text: of

text: tuatara

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: surviving

text: member

text: of

text: its

text: order

text: which

text: flourished

text: around

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Their

text: most

text: recent

text: common

text: ancestor

text: with

text: any

text: other

text: extant

text: group

text: is

text: with

text: the

text: squamates

text: lizards

text: and

text: snakes

text: For

text: this

text: reason

text: tuatara

text: are

text: of

text: great

text: interest

text: in

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: lizards

text: and

text: snakes

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: reconstruction

text: of

text: the

text: appearance

text: and

text: habits

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: diapsids

text: group

text: of

text: amniote

text: tetrapods

text: that

text: also

text: includes

text: dinosaurs

text: birds

text: and

text: crocodilians

question: parent_taxon aigialosauridae

answer: squamata

text: squamata

text: squamata

text: squamata