text: The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency.

text: The

text: euro

text: sign

text: code

text: EUR

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: currency

text: of

text: the

text: eurozone

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Austria

text: Belgium

text: Cyprus

text: Estonia

text: Finland

text: France

text: Germany

text: Greece

text: Ireland

text: Italy

text: Latvia

text: Lithuania

text: Luxembourg

text: Malta

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Portugal

text: Slovakia

text: Slovenia

text: and

text: Spain

text: The

text: currency

text: is

text: also

text: officially

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: institutions

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: four

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: unilaterally

text: by

text: two

text: others

text: and

text: is

text: consequently

text: used

text: daily

text: by

text: some

text: million

text: Europeans

text: Outside

text: of

text: Europe

text: number

text: of

text: overseas

text: territories

text: of

text: EU

text: members

text: also

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: as

text: their

text: currency

text: Greek mythology is the body of myths and teachings that belong to the ancient Greeks, concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. It was a part of the religion in ancient Greece. Modern scholars refer to and study the myths in an attempt to shed light on the religious and political institutions of Ancient Greece and its civilization, and to gain understanding of the nature of myth-making itself.

text: Greek

text: mythology

text: is

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: myths

text: and

text: teachings

text: that

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: ancient

text: Greeks

text: concerning

text: their

text: gods

text: and

text: heroes

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: origins

text: and

text: significance

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: cult

text: and

text: ritual

text: practices

text: It

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: religion

text: in

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: Modern

text: scholars

text: refer

text: to

text: and

text: study

text: the

text: myths

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: shed

text: light

text: on

text: the

text: religious

text: and

text: political

text: institutions

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: its

text: civilization

text: and

text: to

text: gain

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: myth

text: making

text: itself

text: Katastari is a village and a community in the Alykes municipal unit of the island Zakynthos, Greece. It is situated at the foot of the Vrachionas mountain, 2 km from the Ionian Sea coast. It is located 13 kilometers northwest of Zakynthos City and 10 km southeast of Volimes. In 2011, the population of Katastari was 1,378 inhabitants.

text: Katastari

text: is

text: village

text: and

text: community

text: in

text: the

text: Alykes

text: municipal

text: unit

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: Zakynthos

text: Greece

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: at

text: the

text: foot

text: of

text: the

text: Vrachionas

text: mountain

text: km

text: from

text: the

text: Ionian

text: Sea

text: coast

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: kilometers

text: northwest

text: of

text: Zakynthos

text: City

text: and

text: km

text: southeast

text: of

text: Volimes

text: In

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Katastari

text: was

text: inhabitants

text: Athens ("Athína" ) is the capital and largest city of Greece. Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years, and its earliest human presence starting somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennia BC. Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus, which had been a distinct city prior to its 5th century BC incorporation with Athens. A centre for the arts, learning and philosophy, home of Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum, it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy, largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent, and in particular the Romans. In modern times, Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic, financial, industrial, maritime, political and cultural life in Greece. In 2015, Athens was ranked the world's 29th richest city by purchasing power and the 67th most expensive in a UBS study.

text: Athens

text: Athína

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Greece

text: Athens

text: dominates

text: the

text: Attica

text: region

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oldest

text: cities

text: with

text: its

text: recorded

text: history

text: spanning

text: over

text: years

text: and

text: its

text: earliest

text: human

text: presence

text: starting

text: somewhere

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: millennia

text: BC

text: Classical

text: Athens

text: was

text: powerful

text: city

text: state

text: that

text: emerged

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: the

text: seagoing

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: Piraeus

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: distinct

text: city

text: prior

text: to

text: its

text: century

text: BC

text: incorporation

text: with

text: Athens

text: centre

text: for

text: the

text: arts

text: learning

text: and

text: philosophy

text: home

text: of

text: Plato

text: 's

text: Academy

text: and

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: Lyceum

text: it

text: is

text: widely

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: cradle

text: of

text: Western

text: civilization

text: and

text: the

text: birthplace

text: of

text: democracy

text: largely

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: continent

text: and

text: in

text: particular

text: the

text: Romans

text: In

text: modern

text: times

text: Athens

text: is

text: large

text: cosmopolitan

text: metropolis

text: and

text: central

text: to

text: economic

text: financial

text: industrial

text: maritime

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: life

text: in

text: Greece

text: In

text: Athens

text: was

text: ranked

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: richest

text: city

text: by

text: purchasing

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: expensive

text: in

text: UBS

text: study

text: Zakynthos or Zante (from Venetian) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the third largest of the Ionian Islands. Zakynthos is a separate regional unit of the Ionian Islands region, and its only municipality. It covers an area of and its coastline is roughly in length. The name, like all similar names ending in -nthos, is pre-Mycenaean or Pelasgian in origin. In Greek mythology the island was said to be named after Zakynthos, the son of a legendary Arcadian chief Dardanus.

text: Zakynthos

text: or

text: Zante

text: from

text: Venetian

text: is

text: Greek

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: Ionian

text: Sea

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: Ionian

text: Islands

text: Zakynthos

text: is

text: separate

text: regional

text: unit

text: of

text: the

text: Ionian

text: Islands

text: region

text: and

text: its

text: only

text: municipality

text: It

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: its

text: coastline

text: is

text: roughly

text: in

text: length

text: The

text: name

text: like

text: all

text: similar

text: names

text: ending

text: in

text: -nthos

text: is

text: pre

text: Mycenaean

text: or

text: Pelasgian

text: in

text: origin

text: In

text: Greek

text: mythology

text: the

text: island

text: was

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: named

text: after

text: Zakynthos

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: legendary

text: Arcadian

text: chief

text: Dardanus

text: The Ionian Islands (Modern Greek: ; Ancient Greek, Katharevousa: ) are a group of islands in Greece. They are traditionally called the Heptanese, i.e. "the Seven Islands" (or ), but the group includes many smaller islands as well as the seven principal ones. As a distinct historic region they date to the centuries-long Venetian rule, which preserved them from becoming part of the Ottoman Empire, and created a distinct cultural identity with many Italian influences. The Ionian Islands became part of the modern Greek state in 1864. Administratively today they belong to the Ionian Islands Region except for Kythera, which belongs to the Attica Region.

text: The

text: Ionian

text: Islands

text: Modern

text: Greek

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: Katharevousa

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: islands

text: in

text: Greece

text: They

text: are

text: traditionally

text: called

text: the

text: Heptanese

text: i.e.

text: the

text: Seven

text: Islands

text: or

text: but

text: the

text: group

text: includes

text: many

text: smaller

text: islands

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: seven

text: principal

text: ones

text: As

text: distinct

text: historic

text: region

text: they

text: date

text: to

text: the

text: centuries

text: long

text: Venetian

text: rule

text: which

text: preserved

text: them

text: from

text: becoming

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: and

text: created

text: distinct

text: cultural

text: identity

text: with

text: many

text: Italian

text: influences

text: The

text: Ionian

text: Islands

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: Greek

text: state

text: in

text: Administratively

text: today

text: they

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: Ionian

text: Islands

text: Region

text: except

text: for

text: Kythera

text: which

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: Attica

text: Region

text: Meso Gerakari is a village in the municipal unit of Alykes on the island Zakynthos, Greece. According to a 2001 census, Meso Gerakari contained approximately 402 inhabitants.

text: Meso

text: Gerakari

text: is

text: village

text: in

text: the

text: municipal

text: unit

text: of

text: Alykes

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: Zakynthos

text: Greece

text: According

text: to

text: census

text: Meso

text: Gerakari

text: contained

text: approximately

text: inhabitants

text: The surface wave magnitude (formula_1) scale is one of the magnitude scales used in seismology to describe the size of an earthquake. It is based on measurements in Rayleigh surface waves that travel primarily along the uppermost layers of the Earth. It is currently used in People's Republic of China as a national standard(GB 17740-1999) for categorising earthquakes.

text: The

text: surface

text: wave

text: magnitude

text: scale

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: magnitude

text: scales

text: used

text: in

text: seismology

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: an

text: earthquake

text: It

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: measurements

text: in

text: Rayleigh

text: surface

text: waves

text: that

text: travel

text: primarily

text: along

text: the

text: uppermost

text: layers

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: It

text: is

text: currently

text: used

text: in

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: as

text: national

text: standard(GB

text: for

text: categorising

text: earthquakes

text: In Greek mythology, Dardanus (Greek: ) was a son of Zeus and Electra, daughter of Atlas, and founder of the city of Dardanus at the foot of Mount Ida in the Troad.

text: In

text: Greek

text: mythology

text: Dardanus

text: Greek

text: was

text: son

text: of

text: Zeus

text: and

text: Electra

text: daughter

text: of

text: Atlas

text: and

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Dardanus

text: at

text: the

text: foot

text: of

text: Mount

text: Ida

text: in

text: the

text: Troad

text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text: The Ionian Sea (, , ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. It is bounded by southern Italy including Calabria, Sicily, and the Salento peninsula to the west, southern Albania to the north, and the west coast of Greece.

text: The

text: Ionian

text: Sea

text: is

text: an

text: elongated

text: embayment

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Adriatic

text: Sea

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: southern

text: Italy

text: including

text: Calabria

text: Sicily

text: and

text: the

text: Salento

text: peninsula

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: southern

text: Albania

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: west

text: coast

text: of

text: Greece

text: The 1953 Ionian earthquake (also known as the Great Kefalonia earthquake) struck the southern Ionian Islands in Greece on August 12. In mid-August there were over 113 recorded earthquakes in the region between Kefalonia and Zakynthos, and the most destructive was the August 12 earthquake. The event measured 7.2 on the surface wave magnitude scale, and it raised up the whole island of Kefalonia by , and caused widespread damage throughout the islands of Kefalonia and Zakynthos.

text: The

text: Ionian

text: earthquake

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Great

text: Kefalonia

text: earthquake

text: struck

text: the

text: southern

text: Ionian

text: Islands

text: in

text: Greece

text: on

text: August

text: In

text: mid

text: August

text: there

text: were

text: over

text: recorded

text: earthquakes

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: between

text: Kefalonia

text: and

text: Zakynthos

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: destructive

text: was

text: the

text: August

text: earthquake

text: The

text: event

text: measured

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: wave

text: magnitude

text: scale

text: and

text: it

text: raised

text: up

text: the

text: whole

text: island

text: of

text: Kefalonia

text: by

text: and

text: caused

text: widespread

text: damage

text: throughout

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Kefalonia

text: and

text: Zakynthos

text: Alikanas is a village in the municipal unit of Alykes situated on the northeastern coast about 10 km northwest of Zakynthos (city) on the island of Zakynthos, Greece. It is situated from the neighbouring village of Alykes, on the Ionian coast.

text: Alikanas

text: is

text: village

text: in

text: the

text: municipal

text: unit

text: of

text: Alykes

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: northeastern

text: coast

text: about

text: km

text: northwest

text: of

text: Zakynthos

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Zakynthos

text: Greece

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: from

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: village

text: of

text: Alykes

text: on

text: the

text: Ionian

text: coast

text: Thessaloniki is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Greek Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace. Its nickname is   ("Symprotévousa"), literally "the co-capital", a reference to its historical status as the  ("Symvasilévousa") or "co-reigning" city of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, alongside Constantinople.

text: Thessaloniki

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Greece

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Greek

text: Macedonia

text: the

text: administrative

text: region

text: of

text: Central

text: Macedonia

text: and

text: the

text: Decentralized

text: Administration

text: of

text: Macedonia

text: and

text: Thrace

text: Its

text: nickname

text: is

text: Symprotévousa

text: literally

text: the

text: co

text: capital

text: reference

text: to

text: its

text: historical

text: status

text: as

text: the

text: Symvasilévousa

text: or

text: co

text: reigning

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: alongside

text: Constantinople

text: Alykes is a former municipality on the island of Zakynthos, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Zakynthos, of which it is a municipal unit. It is situated along the northeastern coast of the island, about northwest of Zakynthos (city). It has a land area of and a population of 5,203 (2011 census). The seat of the municipality was in Katastari (pop. 1,378). The next largest towns in the municipality are Skoulikádo (pop. 653), Agios Dimitrios (531), Pigadákia (431), Alikanas (441), and Káto Gerakári (347).

text: Alykes

text: is

text: former

text: municipality

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Zakynthos

text: Ionian

text: Islands

text: Greece

text: Since

text: the

text: local

text: government

text: reform

text: it

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: municipality

text: Zakynthos

text: of

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: municipal

text: unit

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: along

text: the

text: northeastern

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: about

text: northwest

text: of

text: Zakynthos

text: city

text: It

text: has

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: census

text: The

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: municipality

text: was

text: in

text: Katastari

text: pop

text: The

text: next

text: largest

text: towns

text: in

text: the

text: municipality

text: are

text: Skoulikádo

text: pop

text: Agios

text: Dimitrios

text: Pigadákia

text: Alikanas

text: and

text: Káto

text: Gerakári

text: Ano Gerakari ( Greek :   ) is a hilltop village and a community in the municipal unit of Alykes on the island of Zakynthos , Greece . In 2001 its population was 195 for the village and 720 for the community , which includes the villages Alonia and Kastelia . Ano Gerakari is adjacent to the northwest of Meso Gerakari , 4 km east of Katastari and 9 km northwest of Zakynthos city . It suffered great damage from the 1953 Ionian earthquake . With 521 inhabitants in 2001 , Alonia is the largest village of the community . It lies northwest of Ano Gerakari , at the foot of the hill .

text: Ano

text: Gerakari

text: Greek

text: is

text: hilltop

text: village

text: and

text: community

text: in

text: the

text: municipal

text: unit

text: of

text: Alykes

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Zakynthos

text: Greece

text: In

text: its

text: population

text: was

text: for

text: the

text: village

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: community

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: villages

text: Alonia

text: and

text: Kastelia

text: Ano

text: Gerakari

text: is

text: adjacent

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: of

text: Meso

text: Gerakari

text: km

text: east

text: of

text: Katastari

text: and

text: km

text: northwest

text: of

text: Zakynthos

text: city

text: It

text: suffered

text: great

text: damage

text: from

text: the

text: Ionian

text: earthquake

text: With

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: Alonia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: village

text: of

text: the

text: community

text: It

text: lies

text: northwest

text: of

text: Ano

text: Gerakari

text: at

text: the

text: foot

text: of

text: the

text: hill

text: Zakynthos (also named in Italian language "Zante" or "Zacinto") is a city and a former municipality on the island of Zakynthos, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Zakynthos, of which it is a municipal unit. It is the capital of the island of Zakynthos. Apart from the official name Zakynthos, it is also called Chora (i.e. the Town), a common denomination in Greece when the name of the island itself is the same as the name of the principal town.

text: Zakynthos

text: also

text: named

text: in

text: Italian

text: language

text: Zante

text: or

text: Zacinto

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: former

text: municipality

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Zakynthos

text: Ionian

text: Islands

text: Greece

text: Since

text: the

text: local

text: government

text: reform

text: it

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: municipality

text: Zakynthos

text: of

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: municipal

text: unit

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Zakynthos

text: Apart

text: from

text: the

text: official

text: name

text: Zakynthos

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: called

text: Chora

text: i.e.

text: the

text: Town

text: common

text: denomination

text: in

text: Greece

text: when

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: itself

text: is

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: principal

text: town

text:
Greece (' ), officially the Hellenic Republic (Greek: ' ), historically also known as Hellas ("" ), is a country in southeastern Europe.
Greece's population is approximately 10.955 million as of 2015. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki.

text: Greece

text: officially

text: the

text: Hellenic

text: Republic

text: Greek

text: historically

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Hellas

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: southeastern

text: Europe

text: Greece

text: 's

text: population

text: is

text: approximately

text: million

text: as

text: of

text: Athens

text: is

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: followed

text: by

text: Thessaloniki

text: Arcadia ("Arkadía") is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the administrative region of Peloponnese. It is situated in the central and eastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. It takes its name from the mythological character Arcas. In Greek mythology, it was the home of the god Pan. In European Renaissance arts, Arcadia was celebrated as an unspoiled, harmonious wilderness.

text: Arcadia

text: Arkadía

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: regional

text: units

text: of

text: Greece

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: administrative

text: region

text: of

text: Peloponnese

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: and

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Peloponnese

text: peninsula

text: It

text: takes

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: mythological

text: character

text: Arcas

text: In

text: Greek

text: mythology

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: the

text: god

text: Pan

text: In

text: European

text: Renaissance

text: arts

text: Arcadia

text: was

text: celebrated

text: as

text: an

text: unspoiled

text: harmonious

text: wilderness

text: Volimes, is a village and a community in the mountainous northwestern part of the island of Zakynthos. It was the seat of the municipality of Elatia. In 2011 its population was 406 for the village, and 571 for the community, which includes the villages Agios Nikolaos (pop. 30), Askos (pop. 31), Varvara (pop. 30), Elies (pop. 26), Korithi (pop. 48) and the uninhabited islet Agios Andreas. Volimes is located 1 km west of Ano Volimes, 3 km north of Anafonitria and 23 km northwest of Zakynthos (city). It is close to the Ionian Sea coast, and 7 km southwest of the island's northernmost point Cape Skinari. The village suffered great damage from the 1953 Ionian earthquake.

text: Volimes

text: is

text: village

text: and

text: community

text: in

text: the

text: mountainous

text: northwestern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Zakynthos

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: municipality

text: of

text: Elatia

text: In

text: its

text: population

text: was

text: for

text: the

text: village

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: community

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: villages

text: Agios

text: Nikolaos

text: pop

text: Askos

text: pop

text: Varvara

text: pop

text: Elies

text: pop

text: Korithi

text: pop

text: and

text: the

text: uninhabited

text: islet

text: Agios

text: Andreas

text: Volimes

text: is

text: located

text: km

text: west

text: of

text: Ano

text: Volimes

text: km

text: north

text: of

text: Anafonitria

text: and

text: km

text: northwest

text: of

text: Zakynthos

text: city

text: It

text: is

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: Ionian

text: Sea

text: coast

text: and

text: km

text: southwest

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: northernmost

text: point

text: Cape

text: Skinari

text: The

text: village

text: suffered

text: great

text: damage

text: from

text: the

text: Ionian

text: earthquake

question: instance_of ano gerakari

answer: municipality

text: municipality

text: municipality

text: municipality

text: municipality

text: municipality

text: municipality

text: municipality

text: municipality


text: Peking University (abbreviated PKU and colloquially known in Chinese as Bidà ; Chinese: , pinyin: Bijng Dàxué), is a major Chinese research university located in Beijing and a member of the C9 League. It is the first modern national university established in China, founded as the Imperial University of Peking in 1898 as a replacement of the ancient Taixue or Guozijian, or Imperial Academy. It also served as the highest administration for education (ministry of education) in China at the beginning of its founding. By 1920, it had become a center for progressive thought. Peking University is consistently ranked as the top higher learning institution in mainland China. In addition to academics, Peking University is especially renowned for its campus grounds, and the beauty of its traditional Chinese architecture.

text: Peking

text: University

text: abbreviated

text: PKU

text: and

text: colloquially

text: known

text: in

text: Chinese

text: as

text: Bidà

text: Chinese

text: pinyin

text: Bijng

text: Dàxué

text: is

text: major

text: Chinese

text: research

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Beijing

text: and

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: League

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: modern

text: national

text: university

text: established

text: in

text: China

text: founded

text: as

text: the

text: Imperial

text: University

text: of

text: Peking

text: in

text: as

text: replacement

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Taixue

text: or

text: Guozijian

text: or

text: Imperial

text: Academy

text: It

text: also

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: highest

text: administration

text: for

text: education

text: ministry

text: of

text: education

text: in

text: China

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: its

text: founding

text: By

text: it

text: had

text: become

text: center

text: for

text: progressive

text: thought

text: Peking

text: University

text: is

text: consistently

text: ranked

text: as

text: the

text: top

text: higher

text: learning

text: institution

text: in

text: mainland

text: China

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: academics

text: Peking

text: University

text: is

text: especially

text: renowned

text: for

text: its

text: campus

text: grounds

text: and

text: the

text: beauty

text: of

text: its

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: architecture

text: Written Cantonese is the written form of Cantonese, the most complete written form of Chinese after that for Mandarin Chinese. Written Chinese was originally developed for Classical Chinese, and was the main literary language of China until the 19th century. Written vernacular Chinese first appeared in the 17th century and a written form of Mandarin became standard throughout China in the early 20th century. While texts written in this system can in principle be read word for word in other Chinese varieties, this sounds unnatural because of differences in idiom, grammar, and usage. Modern Cantonese speakers have therefore developed their own written script, sometimes creating new characters for words that either do not exist or have been lost in standard Chinese.

text: Written

text: Cantonese

text: is

text: the

text: written

text: form

text: of

text: Cantonese

text: the

text: most

text: complete

text: written

text: form

text: of

text: Chinese

text: after

text: that

text: for

text: Mandarin

text: Chinese

text: Written

text: Chinese

text: was

text: originally

text: developed

text: for

text: Classical

text: Chinese

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: main

text: literary

text: language

text: of

text: China

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: Written

text: vernacular

text: Chinese

text: first

text: appeared

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: written

text: form

text: of

text: Mandarin

text: became

text: standard

text: throughout

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: While

text: texts

text: written

text: in

text: this

text: system

text: can

text: in

text: principle

text: be

text: read

text: word

text: for

text: word

text: in

text: other

text: Chinese

text: varieties

text: this

text: sounds

text: unnatural

text: because

text: of

text: differences

text: in

text: idiom

text: grammar

text: and

text: usage

text: Modern

text: Cantonese

text: speakers

text: have

text: therefore

text: developed

text: their

text: own

text: written

text: script

text: sometimes

text: creating

text: new

text: characters

text: for

text: words

text: that

text: either

text: do

text: not

text: exist

text: or

text: have

text: been

text: lost

text: in

text: standard

text: Chinese

text: The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties. Although the armistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919.

text: The

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: of

text: the

text: peace

text: treaties

text: that

text: brought

text: World

text: War

text: to

text: an

text: end

text: The

text: Treaty

text: ended

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: war

text: between

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: Allied

text: Powers

text: It

text: was

text: signed

text: on

text: June

text: exactly

text: five

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: assassination

text: of

text: Archduke

text: Franz

text: Ferdinand

text: The

text: other

text: Central

text: Powers

text: on

text: the

text: German

text: side

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: signed

text: separate

text: treaties

text: Although

text: the

text: armistice

text: signed

text: on

text: November

text: ended

text: the

text: actual

text: fighting

text: it

text: took

text: six

text: months

text: of

text: Allied

text: negotiations

text: at

text: the

text: Paris

text: Peace

text: Conference

text: to

text: conclude

text: the

text: peace

text: treaty

text: The

text: treaty

text: was

text: registered

text: by

text: the

text: Secretariat

text: of

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: on

text: October

text: Chinese nationalism is the form of nationalism in China which asserts that the Chinese people are a nation and promotes the cultural and national unity of the Chinese.

text: Chinese

text: nationalism

text: is

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: nationalism

text: in

text: China

text: which

text: asserts

text: that

text: the

text: Chinese

text: people

text: are

text: nation

text: and

text: promotes

text: the

text: cultural

text: and

text: national

text: unity

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Lu Xun, formerly also romanized Lu Hsün, was the pen name of Zhou Shuren (25 September 1881  19 October 1936), a leading figure of modern Chinese literature. Writing in Vernacular Chinese as well as Classical Chinese, Lu Xun was a short story writer, editor, translator, literary critic, essayist, and poet. In the 1930s he became the titular head of the League of Left-Wing Writers in Shanghai.

text: Lu

text: Xun

text: formerly

text: also

text: romanized

text: Lu

text: Hsün

text: was

text: the

text: pen

text: name

text: of

text: Zhou

text: Shuren

text: September

text: October

text: leading

text: figure

text: of

text: modern

text: Chinese

text: literature

text: Writing

text: in

text: Vernacular

text: Chinese

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Classical

text: Chinese

text: Lu

text: Xun

text: was

text: short

text: story

text: writer

text: editor

text: translator

text: literary

text: critic

text: essayist

text: and

text: poet

text: In

text: the

text: he

text: became

text: the

text: titular

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Left

text: Wing

text: Writers

text: in

text: Shanghai

text: The C9 League is an alliance of nine elite universities in mainland China, analogous to the AAU in the United States, the U15 in Canada, the Russell Group in the UK, and the Go8 in Australia. The members of the C9 League are Fudan University, Harbin Institute of Technology, Nanjing University, Peking University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Tsinghua University, University of Science and Technology of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, and Zhejiang University. Together they account for 3% of the country's researchers but receive 10% of national research expenditures. They produce 20% of the academic publications and 30% of total citations.

text: The

text: League

text: is

text: an

text: alliance

text: of

text: nine

text: elite

text: universities

text: in

text: mainland

text: China

text: analogous

text: to

text: the

text: AAU

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: in

text: Canada

text: the

text: Russell

text: Group

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: the

text: in

text: Australia

text: The

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: League

text: are

text: Fudan

text: University

text: Harbin

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: Nanjing

text: University

text: Peking

text: University

text: Shanghai

text: Jiao

text: Tong

text: University

text: Tsinghua

text: University

text: University

text: of

text: Science

text: and

text: Technology

text: of

text: China

text: Xi'an

text: Jiaotong

text: University

text: and

text: Zhejiang

text: University

text: Together

text: they

text: account

text: for

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: researchers

text: but

text: receive

text: of

text: national

text: research

text: expenditures

text: They

text: produce

text: of

text: the

text: academic

text: publications

text: and

text: of

text: total

text: citations

text:
The New Culture Movement of the mid 1910s and 1920s sprang from the disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture following the failure of the Chinese Republic, founded in 1912 to address Chinas problems. Scholars like Chen Duxiu, Cai Yuanpei, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun, Zhou Zuoren, He Dong, and Hu Shih, had classical educations but began to lead a revolt against Confucianism. They called for the creation of a new Chinese culture based on global and western standards, especially democracy and science. Younger followers took up their call for:
On May 4, 1919, students in Beijing protested the Paris Peace Conference giving German rights over Shandong to Imperial Japan, turning this cultural movement into a political one in what became known as the May Fourth Movement.

text: The

text: New

text: Culture

text: Movement

text: of

text: the

text: mid

text: and

text: sprang

text: from

text: the

text: disillusionment

text: with

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: culture

text: following

text: the

text: failure

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Republic

text: founded

text: in

text: to

text: address

text: Chinas

text: problems

text: Scholars

text: like

text: Chen

text: Duxiu

text: Cai

text: Yuanpei

text: Li

text: Dazhao

text: Lu

text: Xun

text: Zhou

text: Zuoren

text: He

text: Dong

text: and

text: Hu

text: Shih

text: had

text: classical

text: educations

text: but

text: began

text: to

text: lead

text: revolt

text: against

text: Confucianism

text: They

text: called

text: for

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: new

text: Chinese

text: culture

text: based

text: on

text: global

text: and

text: western

text: standards

text: especially

text: democracy

text: and

text: science

text: Younger

text: followers

text: took

text: up

text: their

text: call

text: for

text: On

text: May

text: students

text: in

text: Beijing

text: protested

text: the

text: Paris

text: Peace

text: Conference

text: giving

text: German

text: rights

text: over

text: Shandong

text: to

text: Imperial

text: Japan

text: turning

text: this

text: cultural

text: movement

text: into

text: political

text: one

text: in

text: what

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: May

text: Fourth

text: Movement

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text: Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought. 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky.

text: Language

text: is

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: acquire

text: and

text: use

text: complex

text: systems

text: of

text: communication

text: particularly

text: the

text: human

text: ability

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: and

text: language

text: is

text: any

text: specific

text: example

text: of

text: such

text: system

text: The

text: scientific

text: study

text: of

text: language

text: is

text: called

text: linguistics

text: Questions

text: concerning

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: language

text: such

text: as

text: whether

text: words

text: can

text: represent

text: experience

text: have

text: been

text: debated

text: since

text: Gorgias

text: and

text: Plato

text: in

text: Ancient

text: Greece

text: Thinkers

text: such

text: as

text: Rousseau

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: language

text: originated

text: from

text: emotions

text: while

text: others

text: like

text: Kant

text: have

text: held

text: that

text: it

text: originated

text: from

text: rational

text: and

text: logical

text: thought

text: century

text: philosophers

text: such

text: as

text: Wittgenstein

text: argued

text: that

text: philosophy

text: is

text: really

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: language

text: Major

text: figures

text: in

text: linguistics

text: include

text: Ferdinand

text: de

text: Saussure

text: and

text: Noam

text: Chomsky

text: Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, and often referred to as the "Lion City" or the "Little Red Dot", is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia, and the world's only island city-state. It lies one degree (137 km) north of the equator, south of the southernmost tip of continental Asia and peninsular Malaysia, with Indonesia's Riau Islands to the south. Singapore's territory consists of a diamond-shaped main island along with 62 other islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23% (130 km), and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora, parks and gardens.

text: Singapore

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Singapore

text: and

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Lion

text: City

text: or

text: the

text: Little

text: Red

text: Dot

text: is

text: sovereign

text: city

text: state

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: only

text: island

text: city

text: state

text: It

text: lies

text: one

text: degree

text: km

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: equator

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: southernmost

text: tip

text: of

text: continental

text: Asia

text: and

text: peninsular

text: Malaysia

text: with

text: Indonesia

text: 's

text: Riau

text: Islands

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Singapore

text: 's

text: territory

text: consists

text: of

text: diamond

text: shaped

text: main

text: island

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: islets

text: Since

text: independence

text: extensive

text: land

text: reclamation

text: has

text: increased

text: its

text: total

text: size

text: by

text: km

text: and

text: its

text: greening

text: policy

text: has

text: covered

text: the

text: densely

text: populated

text: island

text: with

text: tropical

text: flora

text: parks

text: and

text: gardens

text: Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia (Malaysian Borneo). Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia. East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. With a population of over 30 million, Malaysia is the 44th most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia. Located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species.

text: Malaysia

text: is

text: federal

text: constitutional

text: monarchy

text: located

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: thirteen

text: states

text: and

text: three

text: federal

text: territories

text: and

text: has

text: total

text: landmass

text: of

text: separated

text: by

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: into

text: two

text: similarly

text: sized

text: regions

text: Peninsular

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: East

text: Malaysia

text: Malaysian

text: Borneo

text: Peninsular

text: Malaysia

text: shares

text: land

text: and

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: Singapore

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: East

text: Malaysia

text: shares

text: land

text: and

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: Brunei

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: Philippines

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: The

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Kuala

text: Lumpur

text: while

text: Putrajaya

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: Malaysia

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: southernmost

text: point

text: of

text: continental

text: Eurasia

text: Tanjung

text: Piai

text: is

text: in

text: Malaysia

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: tropics

text: Malaysia

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: megadiverse

text: countries

text: on

text: earth

text: with

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: endemic

text: species

text: A research university is a university that expects all its tenured and tenure-track faculty to continuously engage in research, as opposed to merely requiring it as a condition of an initial appointment or tenure. Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. On the one hand, research universities strive to recruit faculty who are the most brilliant minds in their disciplines in the world, and their students enjoy the opportunity to learn from such experts. On the other hand, new students are often disappointed to realize their undergraduate courses at research universities are overly academic and fail to provide vocational training with immediate "real world" applications; but many employers value degrees from research universities because they know that such coursework develops fundamental skills like critical thinking.

text: research

text: university

text: is

text: university

text: that

text: expects

text: all

text: its

text: tenured

text: and

text: tenure

text: track

text: faculty

text: to

text: continuously

text: engage

text: in

text: research

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: merely

text: requiring

text: it

text: as

text: condition

text: of

text: an

text: initial

text: appointment

text: or

text: tenure

text: Such

text: universities

text: can

text: be

text: recognized

text: by

text: their

text: strong

text: focus

text: on

text: innovative

text: research

text: and

text: the

text: prestige

text: of

text: their

text: brand

text: names

text: On

text: the

text: one

text: hand

text: research

text: universities

text: strive

text: to

text: recruit

text: faculty

text: who

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: brilliant

text: minds

text: in

text: their

text: disciplines

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: their

text: students

text: enjoy

text: the

text: opportunity

text: to

text: learn

text: from

text: such

text: experts

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: new

text: students

text: are

text: often

text: disappointed

text: to

text: realize

text: their

text: undergraduate

text: courses

text: at

text: research

text: universities

text: are

text: overly

text: academic

text: and

text: fail

text: to

text: provide

text: vocational

text: training

text: with

text: immediate

text: real

text: world

text: applications

text: but

text: many

text: employers

text: value

text: degrees

text: from

text: research

text: universities

text: because

text: they

text: know

text: that

text: such

text: coursework

text: develops

text: fundamental

text: skills

text: like

text: critical

text: thinking

text: A diplomat is a person appointed by a state to conduct diplomacy with one or more other states or international organisations. The main functions of diplomats are: representation and protection of the interests and nationals of the sending state; initiation and facilitation of strategic agreements; treaties and conventions; promotion of information; trade and commerce; technology; and friendly relations. Seasoned diplomats of international repute are used in international organisations (e.g. United Nations) as well as multinational companies for their experience in management and negotiating skills. Diplomats are members of foreign services and diplomatic corps of various nations of the world.

text: diplomat

text: is

text: person

text: appointed

text: by

text: state

text: to

text: conduct

text: diplomacy

text: with

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: other

text: states

text: or

text: international

text: organisations

text: The

text: main

text: functions

text: of

text: diplomats

text: are

text: representation

text: and

text: protection

text: of

text: the

text: interests

text: and

text: nationals

text: of

text: the

text: sending

text: state

text: initiation

text: and

text: facilitation

text: of

text: strategic

text: agreements

text: treaties

text: and

text: conventions

text: promotion

text: of

text: information

text: trade

text: and

text: commerce

text: technology

text: and

text: friendly

text: relations

text: Seasoned

text: diplomats

text: of

text: international

text: repute

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: international

text: organisations

text: e.g.

text: United

text: Nations

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: multinational

text: companies

text: for

text: their

text: experience

text: in

text: management

text: and

text: negotiating

text: skills

text: Diplomats

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: foreign

text: services

text: and

text: diplomatic

text: corps

text: of

text: various

text: nations

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Cantonese, or Standard Cantonese, is a variant of Yue Chinese spoken in the vicinity of Guangzhou (known historically as Canton) in southeastern China. It is the traditional prestige dialect of Yue.

text: Cantonese

text: or

text: Standard

text: Cantonese

text: is

text: variant

text: of

text: Yue

text: Chinese

text: spoken

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Guangzhou

text: known

text: historically

text: as

text: Canton

text: in

text: southeastern

text: China

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: traditional

text: prestige

text: dialect

text: of

text: Yue

text: Beijing (formerly romanised as Peking) is the capital of the People's Republic of China and the world's third most populous city proper. It is also one of the world's most populous capital cities. The city, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighbouring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast; together the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China.

text: Beijing

text: formerly

text: romanised

text: as

text: Peking

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: proper

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: capital

text: cities

text: The

text: city

text: located

text: in

text: northern

text: China

text: is

text: governed

text: as

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipality

text: under

text: the

text: national

text: government

text: with

text: urban

text: suburban

text: and

text: rural

text: districts

text: Beijing

text: Municipality

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: Hebei

text: Province

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: neighbouring

text: Tianjin

text: Municipality

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: together

text: the

text: three

text: divisions

text: form

text: the

text: Jingjinji

text: metropolitan

text: region

text: and

text: the

text: national

text: capital

text: region

text: of

text: China

text: A diploma (from Greek µ "díplma", meaning "folded paper") is a certificate or deed issued by an educational institution, such as a college or university, that testifies that the recipient has successfully completed a particular course of study, or (US) recording that an academic degree has been awarded. In some countries, e.g. the United Kingdom and Australia, the word diploma also refers to an academic award (e.g. diploma of higher education, graduate diploma, postgraduate diploma). Historically, it can also refer to a charter or official document, thus diplomatic, diplomat and diplomacy via the "Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus".

text: diploma

text: from

text: Greek

text: µ

text: díplma

text: meaning

text: folded

text: paper

text: is

text: certificate

text: or

text: deed

text: issued

text: by

text: an

text: educational

text: institution

text: such

text: as

text: college

text: or

text: university

text: that

text: testifies

text: that

text: the

text: recipient

text: has

text: successfully

text: completed

text: particular

text: course

text: of

text: study

text: or

text: US

text: recording

text: that

text: an

text: academic

text: degree

text: has

text: been

text: awarded

text: In

text: some

text: countries

text: e.g.

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Australia

text: the

text: word

text: diploma

text: also

text: refers

text: to

text: an

text: academic

text: award

text: e.g.

text: diploma

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: graduate

text: diploma

text: postgraduate

text: diploma

text: Historically

text: it

text: can

text: also

text: refer

text: to

text: charter

text: or

text: official

text: document

text: thus

text: diplomatic

text: diplomat

text: and

text: diplomacy

text: via

text: the

text: Codex

text: Juris

text: Gentium

text: Diplomaticus

text: Redology is the academic study of Cao Xueqin's "Dream of the Red Chamber", one of the Four Great Classical Novels of China. There are numerous researchers in this field; most can be divided into four general groups. The first group are the commentators, such as Zhou Chun, Xu Fengyi, Chen Yupi, and others. The second group is the index group, which mainly includes Wang Mengruan and Cai Yuanpei. The third group are the textual critics, including Hu Shi and Yu Pingbo. The final group are the literary critics. There are various researchers in this group, most notably Zhou Ruchang.

text: Redology

text: is

text: the

text: academic

text: study

text: of

text: Cao

text: Xueqin

text: 's

text: Dream

text: of

text: the

text: Red

text: Chamber

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Four

text: Great

text: Classical

text: Novels

text: of

text: China

text: There

text: are

text: numerous

text: researchers

text: in

text: this

text: field

text: most

text: can

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: four

text: general

text: groups

text: The

text: first

text: group

text: are

text: the

text: commentators

text: such

text: as

text: Zhou

text: Chun

text: Xu

text: Fengyi

text: Chen

text: Yupi

text: and

text: others

text: The

text: second

text: group

text: is

text: the

text: index

text: group

text: which

text: mainly

text: includes

text: Wang

text: Mengruan

text: and

text: Cai

text: Yuanpei

text: The

text: third

text: group

text: are

text: the

text: textual

text: critics

text: including

text: Hu

text: Shi

text: and

text: Yu

text: Pingbo

text: The

text: final

text: group

text: are

text: the

text: literary

text: critics

text: There

text: are

text: various

text: researchers

text: in

text: this

text: group

text: most

text: notably

text: Zhou

text: Ruchang

text: Li Dazhao (October 29, 1888  April 28, 1927) was a Chinese intellectual who co-founded the Communist Party of China with Chen Duxiu in 1921.

text: Li

text: Dazhao

text: October

text: April

text: was

text: Chinese

text: intellectual

text: who

text: co

text: founded

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: with

text: Chen

text: Duxiu

text: in

text: The Nobel Prize (; Swedish definite form, singular: "Nobelpriset") is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, and/or scientific advances.

text: The

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: Swedish

text: definite

text: form

text: singular

text: Nobelpriset

text: is

text: set

text: of

text: annual

text: international

text: awards

text: bestowed

text: in

text: number

text: of

text: categories

text: by

text: Swedish

text: and

text: Norwegian

text: institutions

text: in

text: recognition

text: of

text: academic

text: cultural

text: and/or

text: scientific

text: advances

text: Shandong (formerly romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the East China region.

text: Shandong

text: formerly

text: romanized

text: as

text: Shantung

text: is

text: coastal

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: East

text: China

text: region

text: Hu Shih ( Chinese :  , 17 December 1891 -- 24 February 1962 ) was a Chinese philosopher , essayist and diplomat . Hu is widely recognized today as a key contributor to Chinese liberalism and language reform in his advocacy for the use of written vernacular Chinese . He was influential in the May Fourth Movement , one of the leaders of China 's New Culture Movement , was a president of Peking University , and in 1939 was nominated for a Nobel Prize in literature . He had a wide range of interests such as literature , history , textual criticism , and pedagogy . He was also an influential redology scholar and held the famous Jiaxu manuscript ( Chinese :  ; pinyin : Jix bn ; Wade -- Giles : Chia - hsü pen ) for many years until his death .

text: Hu

text: Shih

text: Chinese

text: December

text: February

text: was

text: Chinese

text: philosopher

text: essayist

text: and

text: diplomat

text: Hu

text: is

text: widely

text: recognized

text: today

text: as

text: key

text: contributor

text: to

text: Chinese

text: liberalism

text: and

text: language

text: reform

text: in

text: his

text: advocacy

text: for

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: written

text: vernacular

text: Chinese

text: He

text: was

text: influential

text: in

text: the

text: May

text: Fourth

text: Movement

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leaders

text: of

text: China

text: 's

text: New

text: Culture

text: Movement

text: was

text: president

text: of

text: Peking

text: University

text: and

text: in

text: was

text: nominated

text: for

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: literature

text: He

text: had

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: interests

text: such

text: as

text: literature

text: history

text: textual

text: criticism

text: and

text: pedagogy

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: an

text: influential

text: redology

text: scholar

text: and

text: held

text: the

text: famous

text: Jiaxu

text: manuscript

text: Chinese

text: pinyin

text: Jix

text: bn

text: Wade

text: Giles

text: Chia

text: hsü

text: pen

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: The Siege of Tsingtao, sometimes Siege of Tsingtau, was the attack on the German port of Tsingtao (Qingdao) in China during World War I by Japan and the United Kingdom. The siege took place between 31 October and 7 November 1914 against Imperial Germany. The siege was the first encounter between Japanese and German forces and also the first Anglo-Japanese operation of the war.

text: The

text: Siege

text: of

text: Tsingtao

text: sometimes

text: Siege

text: of

text: Tsingtau

text: was

text: the

text: attack

text: on

text: the

text: German

text: port

text: of

text: Tsingtao

text: Qingdao

text: in

text: China

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: by

text: Japan

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: siege

text: took

text: place

text: between

text: October

text: and

text: November

text: against

text: Imperial

text: Germany

text: The

text: siege

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: encounter

text: between

text: Japanese

text: and

text: German

text: forces

text: and

text: also

text: the

text: first

text: Anglo

text: Japanese

text: operation

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: Classical Chinese, also known as Literary Chinese, is the language of the classic literature from the end of the Spring and Autumn period through to the end of the Han Dynasty, a written form of Old Chinese. Classical Chinese is a traditional style of written Chinese that evolved from the classical language, making it different from any modern spoken form of Chinese. Literary Chinese was used for almost all formal writing in China until the early 20th century, and also, during various periods, in Japan, Korea and Vietnam. Among Chinese speakers, Literary Chinese has been largely replaced by written vernacular Chinese, a style of writing that is similar to modern spoken Mandarin Chinese, while speakers of non-Chinese languages have largely abandoned Literary Chinese in favor of local vernaculars.

text: Classical

text: Chinese

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Literary

text: Chinese

text: is

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: classic

text: literature

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: period

text: through

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: Dynasty

text: written

text: form

text: of

text: Old

text: Chinese

text: Classical

text: Chinese

text: is

text: traditional

text: style

text: of

text: written

text: Chinese

text: that

text: evolved

text: from

text: the

text: classical

text: language

text: making

text: it

text: different

text: from

text: any

text: modern

text: spoken

text: form

text: of

text: Chinese

text: Literary

text: Chinese

text: was

text: used

text: for

text: almost

text: all

text: formal

text: writing

text: in

text: China

text: until

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: and

text: also

text: during

text: various

text: periods

text: in

text: Japan

text: Korea

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: Among

text: Chinese

text: speakers

text: Literary

text: Chinese

text: has

text: been

text: largely

text: replaced

text: by

text: written

text: vernacular

text: Chinese

text: style

text: of

text: writing

text: that

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: modern

text: spoken

text: Mandarin

text: Chinese

text: while

text: speakers

text: of

text: non

text: Chinese

text: languages

text: have

text: largely

text: abandoned

text: Literary

text: Chinese

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: local

text: vernaculars

text: Democracy ("" literally "rule of the commoners"), in modern usage, is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body, such as a parliament. Democracy is sometimes referred to as "rule of the majority". Democracy was originally conceived in Classical Greece, where political representatives were chosen by a jury from amongst the male citizens: rich and poor.

text: Democracy

text: literally

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: commoners

text: in

text: modern

text: usage

text: is

text: system

text: of

text: government

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: citizens

text: exercise

text: power

text: directly

text: or

text: elect

text: representatives

text: from

text: among

text: themselves

text: to

text: form

text: governing

text: body

text: such

text: as

text: parliament

text: Democracy

text: is

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: majority

text: Democracy

text: was

text: originally

text: conceived

text: in

text: Classical

text: Greece

text: where

text: political

text: representatives

text: were

text: chosen

text: by

text: jury

text: from

text: amongst

text: the

text: male

text: citizens

text: rich

text: and

text: poor

text: Chinese architecture is a style of architecture that has taken shape in East Asia over many centuries. The structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely unchanged, the main changes being only the decorative details. Since the Tang Dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.

text: Chinese

text: architecture

text: is

text: style

text: of

text: architecture

text: that

text: has

text: taken

text: shape

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: over

text: many

text: centuries

text: The

text: structural

text: principles

text: of

text: Chinese

text: architecture

text: have

text: remained

text: largely

text: unchanged

text: the

text: main

text: changes

text: being

text: only

text: the

text: decorative

text: details

text: Since

text: the

text: Tang

text: Dynasty

text: Chinese

text: architecture

text: has

text: had

text: major

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: architectural

text: styles

text: of

text: Korea

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: Japan

text: Written Vernacular Chinese refers to forms of written Chinese based on the varieties of Chinese spoken throughout China, in contrast to Classical Chinese, the written standard used during imperial China up to the early twentieth century. A written vernacular based on Mandarin Chinese was used in novels in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and later refined by intellectuals associated with the May Fourth Movement. Since the early 1920s, this modern vernacular form has been the standard style of writing for speakers of all varieties of Chinese throughout mainland China, Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore as the written form of Modern Standard Chinese. This is commonly called Standard Written Chinese or Modern Written Chinese to avoid ambiguity with spoken vernaculars, with the written vernaculars of earlier eras, and with modern unofficial written vernaculars such as written Cantonese or written Hokkien.

text: Written

text: Vernacular

text: Chinese

text: refers

text: to

text: forms

text: of

text: written

text: Chinese

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: varieties

text: of

text: Chinese

text: spoken

text: throughout

text: China

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: Classical

text: Chinese

text: the

text: written

text: standard

text: used

text: during

text: imperial

text: China

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: twentieth

text: century

text: written

text: vernacular

text: based

text: on

text: Mandarin

text: Chinese

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: novels

text: in

text: the

text: Ming

text: and

text: Qing

text: dynasties

text: and

text: later

text: refined

text: by

text: intellectuals

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: May

text: Fourth

text: Movement

text: Since

text: the

text: early

text: this

text: modern

text: vernacular

text: form

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: standard

text: style

text: of

text: writing

text: for

text: speakers

text: of

text: all

text: varieties

text: of

text: Chinese

text: throughout

text: mainland

text: China

text: Taiwan

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: Singapore

text: as

text: the

text: written

text: form

text: of

text: Modern

text: Standard

text: Chinese

text: This

text: is

text: commonly

text: called

text: Standard

text: Written

text: Chinese

text: or

text: Modern

text: Written

text: Chinese

text: to

text: avoid

text: ambiguity

text: with

text: spoken

text: vernaculars

text: with

text: the

text: written

text: vernaculars

text: of

text: earlier

text: eras

text: and

text: with

text: modern

text: unofficial

text: written

text: vernaculars

text: such

text: as

text: written

text: Cantonese

text: or

text: written

text: Hokkien

text: The Guozijian, sometimes translated as the National School, National Academy, Imperial Academy, Imperial University, Imperial College, Imperial Central School, National University, etc., was the national central institution of higher learning in Chinese dynasties after the Sui. It was the highest institution of learning in China's traditional educational system, with the function of administration of education. In Vietnam, the Imperial Academy (Vietnamese: Quc T Giám) existed after the Lý dynasty. Several notable chairmans of Guozijian in Vietnam history are Chu Vn An, Nguyn Phi Khanh, V Miên, and Lê Quý ôn.

text: The

text: Guozijian

text: sometimes

text: translated

text: as

text: the

text: National

text: School

text: National

text: Academy

text: Imperial

text: Academy

text: Imperial

text: University

text: Imperial

text: College

text: Imperial

text: Central

text: School

text: National

text: University

text: etc

text: was

text: the

text: national

text: central

text: institution

text: of

text: higher

text: learning

text: in

text: Chinese

text: dynasties

text: after

text: the

text: Sui

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: highest

text: institution

text: of

text: learning

text: in

text: China

text: 's

text: traditional

text: educational

text: system

text: with

text: the

text: function

text: of

text: administration

text: of

text: education

text: In

text: Vietnam

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Academy

text: Vietnamese

text: Quc

text: Giám

text: existed

text: after

text: the

text: Lý

text: dynasty

text: Several

text: notable

text: chairmans

text: of

text: Guozijian

text: in

text: Vietnam

text: history

text: are

text: Chu

text: Vn

text: An

text: Nguyn

text: Phi

text: Khanh

text: Miên

text: and

text: Lê

text: Quý

text: ôn

text: Language reform is a type of language planning by massive change to a language. The usual tools of language reform are simplification and purification. Simplification makes the language easier to use by regularizing vocabulary, grammar, or spelling. Purification makes the language conform to a version of the language perceived as 'purer'.

text: Language

text: reform

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: language

text: planning

text: by

text: massive

text: change

text: to

text: language

text: The

text: usual

text: tools

text: of

text: language

text: reform

text: are

text: simplification

text: and

text: purification

text: Simplification

text: makes

text: the

text: language

text: easier

text: to

text: use

text: by

text: regularizing

text: vocabulary

text: grammar

text: or

text: spelling

text: Purification

text: makes

text: the

text: language

text: conform

text: to

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: language

text: perceived

text: as

text: purer

text: Pinyin, or Hàny Pnyn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is normally written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones. Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters.

text: Pinyin

text: or

text: Hàny

text: Pnyn

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: romanization

text: system

text: for

text: Standard

text: Chinese

text: in

text: mainland

text: China

text: Malaysia

text: Singapore

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: teach

text: Standard

text: Chinese

text: which

text: is

text: normally

text: written

text: using

text: Chinese

text: characters

text: The

text: system

text: includes

text: four

text: diacritics

text: denoting

text: tones

text: Pinyin

text: without

text: tone

text: marks

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: spell

text: Chinese

text: names

text: and

text: words

text: in

text: languages

text: written

text: with

text: the

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: and

text: also

text: in

text: certain

text: computer

text: input

text: methods

text: to

text: enter

text: Chinese

text: characters

text: Zhou Zuoren (16 January 1885  6 May 1967) was a Chinese writer, primarily known as an essayist and a translator. He was the younger brother of Lu Xun (Zhou Shuren), the second of three brothers.

text: Zhou

text: Zuoren

text: January

text: May

text: was

text: Chinese

text: writer

text: primarily

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: essayist

text: and

text: translator

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: younger

text: brother

text: of

text: Lu

text: Xun

text: Zhou

text: Shuren

text: the

text: second

text: of

text: three

text: brothers

text: Mainland China, also known as the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is the geopolitical area under the direct jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It generally excludes the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau; however, it usually includes Hainan. The term "mainland China", which avoids calling the area simply "China" and thereby recognizing the founding of the PRC as "the" "China", was coined by the Kuomintang (KMT) after receiving control of Taiwan from Japan after World War II. By 1949, the KMT-led Republic of China (ROC) government was defeated in the Chinese Civil War in mainland China and fled to the island of Taiwan where the KMT pledged to "retake the Mainland". The KMT considers both sides of the Taiwan Strait (including Taiwan), as (one) "China" and one country, whereas Taiwan's Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) considers only mainland China as "China" and Taiwan (ROC) as "Taiwan" and maintains that they are different countries.

text: Mainland

text: China

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Chinese

text: mainland

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: mainland

text: is

text: the

text: geopolitical

text: area

text: under

text: the

text: direct

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: It

text: generally

text: excludes

text: the

text: Special

text: Administrative

text: Regions

text: of

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: however

text: it

text: usually

text: includes

text: Hainan

text: The

text: term

text: mainland

text: China

text: which

text: avoids

text: calling

text: the

text: area

text: simply

text: China

text: and

text: thereby

text: recognizing

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: the

text: PRC

text: as

text: the

text: China

text: was

text: coined

text: by

text: the

text: Kuomintang

text: KMT

text: after

text: receiving

text: control

text: of

text: Taiwan

text: from

text: Japan

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: By

text: the

text: KMT

text: led

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: ROC

text: government

text: was

text: defeated

text: in

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Civil

text: War

text: in

text: mainland

text: China

text: and

text: fled

text: to

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Taiwan

text: where

text: the

text: KMT

text: pledged

text: to

text: retake

text: the

text: Mainland

text: The

text: KMT

text: considers

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: Taiwan

text: Strait

text: including

text: Taiwan

text: as

text: one

text: China

text: and

text: one

text: country

text: whereas

text: Taiwan

text: 's

text: Democratic

text: Progressive

text: Party

text: DPP

text: considers

text: only

text: mainland

text: China

text: as

text: China

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: ROC

text: as

text: Taiwan

text: and

text: maintains

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: different

text: countries

text: Confucianism, also known as Ruism, is described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life. Confucianism developed from what was later called the Hundred Schools of Thought from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551479 BCE), who considered himself a retransmitter of the values of the Zhou dynasty golden age of several centuries before. In the Han dynasty (206 BCE  220 CE), Confucian approaches edged out the "proto-Taoist" Huang-Lao, as the official ideology while the emperors mixed both with the realist techniques of Legalism. The disintegration of the Han political order in the second century CE opened the way for the doctrines of Buddhism and Neo-Taoism, which offered spiritual explanations lacking in Confucianism.

text: Confucianism

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Ruism

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: tradition

text: philosophy

text: religion

text: humanistic

text: or

text: rationalistic

text: religion

text: way

text: of

text: governing

text: or

text: simply

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: Confucianism

text: developed

text: from

text: what

text: was

text: later

text: called

text: the

text: Hundred

text: Schools

text: of

text: Thought

text: from

text: the

text: teachings

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: philosopher

text: Confucius

text: BCE

text: who

text: considered

text: himself

text: retransmitter

text: of

text: the

text: values

text: of

text: the

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: golden

text: age

text: of

text: several

text: centuries

text: before

text: In

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: BCE

text: CE

text: Confucian

text: approaches

text: edged

text: out

text: the

text: proto

text: Taoist

text: Huang

text: Lao

text: as

text: the

text: official

text: ideology

text: while

text: the

text: emperors

text: mixed

text: both

text: with

text: the

text: realist

text: techniques

text: of

text: Legalism

text: The

text: disintegration

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: political

text: order

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: century

text: CE

text: opened

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: the

text: doctrines

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: Neo

text: Taoism

text: which

text: offered

text: spiritual

text: explanations

text: lacking

text: in

text: Confucianism

text: Standard Chinese, also known as Modern Standard Mandarin or Standard Mandarin, also often referred to as Putonghua, Guoyu or simply Mandarin, is a standard language that is the sole official language of both China and Taiwan, and also one of the four official languages of Singapore. The pronunciation of the standard is based on the Beijing dialect, its vocabulary is drawn from Mandarin dialects, and the grammar is based on literature in the modern written vernacular.

text: Standard

text: Chinese

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Modern

text: Standard

text: Mandarin

text: or

text: Standard

text: Mandarin

text: also

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Putonghua

text: Guoyu

text: or

text: simply

text: Mandarin

text: is

text: standard

text: language

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: sole

text: official

text: language

text: of

text: both

text: China

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: and

text: also

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: Singapore

text: The

text: pronunciation

text: of

text: the

text: standard

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: Beijing

text: dialect

text: its

text: vocabulary

text: is

text: drawn

text: from

text: Mandarin

text: dialects

text: and

text: the

text: grammar

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: literature

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: written

text: vernacular

text: Taixue (Tai-hsueh), or sometimes called the "Imperial Academy", "Imperial School", "Imperial University" or "Imperial Central University", was the highest rank of educational establishment in Ancient China between the Han Dynasty and Sui Dynasty. The university held 30,000 students and administration during the 2nd century. This provided the Han Dynasty with well-educated bureaucrats. It was replaced by the Guozijian. The first nationwide government school system in China was established in 3 CE under Emperor Ping of Han, with the Taixue located in the capital of Chang'an and local schools established in the prefectures and in the main cities of the smaller counties.

text: Taixue

text: Tai

text: hsueh

text: or

text: sometimes

text: called

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Academy

text: Imperial

text: School

text: Imperial

text: University

text: or

text: Imperial

text: Central

text: University

text: was

text: the

text: highest

text: rank

text: of

text: educational

text: establishment

text: in

text: Ancient

text: China

text: between

text: the

text: Han

text: Dynasty

text: and

text: Sui

text: Dynasty

text: The

text: university

text: held

text: students

text: and

text: administration

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: This

text: provided

text: the

text: Han

text: Dynasty

text: with

text: well

text: educated

text: bureaucrats

text: It

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: Guozijian

text: The

text: first

text: nationwide

text: government

text: school

text: system

text: in

text: China

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: CE

text: under

text: Emperor

text: Ping

text: of

text: Han

text: with

text: the

text: Taixue

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Chang'an

text: and

text: local

text: schools

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: prefectures

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: main

text: cities

text: of

text: the

text: smaller

text: counties

text: Cáo Xuqín; (1715 or 17241763 or 1764) was a Chinese writer during the Qing dynasty. He is best known as the author of "Dream of the Red Chamber", one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. His given name was Cáo Zhn () and his courtesy name was Mèngrun.

text: Cáo

text: Xuqín

text: or

text: or

text: was

text: Chinese

text: writer

text: during

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: Dream

text: of

text: the

text: Red

text: Chamber

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Four

text: Great

text: Classical

text: Novels

text: of

text: Chinese

text: literature

text: His

text: given

text: name

text: was

text: Cáo

text: Zhn

text: and

text: his

text: courtesy

text: name

text: was

text: Mèngrun

text: Mandarin is a group of related varieties of Chinese spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of Standard Mandarin or Standard Chinese. Because most Mandarin dialects are found in the north, the group is sometimes referred to as the Northern dialects. Many local Mandarin varieties are not mutually intelligible. Nevertheless, Mandarin is often placed first in any list of languages by number of native speakers (with nearly a billion).

text: Mandarin

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: related

text: varieties

text: of

text: Chinese

text: spoken

text: across

text: most

text: of

text: northern

text: and

text: southwestern

text: China

text: The

text: group

text: includes

text: the

text: Beijing

text: dialect

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: Standard

text: Mandarin

text: or

text: Standard

text: Chinese

text: Because

text: most

text: Mandarin

text: dialects

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: group

text: is

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Northern

text: dialects

text: Many

text: local

text: Mandarin

text: varieties

text: are

text: not

text: mutually

text: intelligible

text: Nevertheless

text: Mandarin

text: is

text: often

text: placed

text: first

text: in

text: any

text: list

text: of

text: languages

text: by

text: number

text: of

text: native

text: speakers

text: with

text: nearly

text: billion

text: The May Fourth Movement was an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student participants in Beijing on May 4, 1919, protesting against the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, especially allowing Japan to receive territories in Shandong which had been surrendered by Germany after the Siege of Tsingtao. These demonstrations sparked national protests and marked the upsurge of Chinese nationalism, a shift towards political mobilization and away from cultural activities, and a move towards a populist base rather than intellectual elites. Many political and social leaders of the next decades emerged at this time.

text: The

text: May

text: Fourth

text: Movement

text: was

text: an

text: anti

text: imperialist

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: movement

text: growing

text: out

text: of

text: student

text: participants

text: in

text: Beijing

text: on

text: May

text: protesting

text: against

text: the

text: Chinese

text: government

text: 's

text: weak

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: especially

text: allowing

text: Japan

text: to

text: receive

text: territories

text: in

text: Shandong

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: surrendered

text: by

text: Germany

text: after

text: the

text: Siege

text: of

text: Tsingtao

text: These

text: demonstrations

text: sparked

text: national

text: protests

text: and

text: marked

text: the

text: upsurge

text: of

text: Chinese

text: nationalism

text: shift

text: towards

text: political

text: mobilization

text: and

text: away

text: from

text: cultural

text: activities

text: and

text: move

text: towards

text: populist

text: base

text: rather

text: than

text: intellectual

text: elites

text: Many

text: political

text: and

text: social

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: next

text: decades

text: emerged

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: Dream of the Red Chamber, also called The Story of the Stone, composed by Cao Xueqin, is one of China's Four Great Classical Novels. It was written sometime in the middle of the 18th century during the Qing Dynasty. Long considered a masterpiece of Chinese literature, the novel is generally acknowledged to be the pinnacle of Chinese fiction. "Redology" is the field of study devoted exclusively to this work.

text: Dream

text: of

text: the

text: Red

text: Chamber

text: also

text: called

text: The

text: Story

text: of

text: the

text: Stone

text: composed

text: by

text: Cao

text: Xueqin

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: China

text: 's

text: Four

text: Great

text: Classical

text: Novels

text: It

text: was

text: written

text: sometime

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: during

text: the

text: Qing

text: Dynasty

text: Long

text: considered

text: masterpiece

text: of

text: Chinese

text: literature

text: the

text: novel

text: is

text: generally

text: acknowledged

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: pinnacle

text: of

text: Chinese

text: fiction

text: Redology

text: is

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: study

text: devoted

text: exclusively

text: to

text: this

text: work

question: country_of_citizenship hu shih

answer: taiwan

text: taiwan

text: taiwan

text: taiwan

text: taiwan

text: taiwan

text: taiwan

text: taiwan

text: taiwan

text: taiwan

text: taiwan

text: taiwan