text: Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus "Homo" and within this genus to the species "Homo sapiens". The "formal" introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work "Species Plantarum" in 1753. But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book "Pinax theatri botanici" (English, "Illustrated exposition of plants") many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus.

text: Binomial

text: nomenclature

text: also

text: called

text: binominal

text: nomenclature

text: or

text: binary

text: nomenclature

text: is

text: formal

text: system

text: of

text: naming

text: species

text: of

text: living

text: things

text: by

text: giving

text: each

text: name

text: composed

text: of

text: two

text: parts

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: use

text: Latin

text: grammatical

text: forms

text: although

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: words

text: from

text: other

text: languages

text: Such

text: name

text: is

text: called

text: binomial

text: name

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: shortened

text: to

text: just

text: binomial

text: binomen

text: or

text: scientific

text: name

text: more

text: informally

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: called

text: Latin

text: name

text: The

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: identifies

text: the

text: genus

text: to

text: which

text: the

text: species

text: belongs

text: the

text: second

text: part

text: identifies

text: the

text: species

text: within

text: the

text: genus

text: For

text: example

text: humans

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: genus

text: Homo

text: and

text: within

text: this

text: genus

text: to

text: the

text: species

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: The

text: formal

text: introduction

text: of

text: this

text: system

text: of

text: naming

text: species

text: is

text: credited

text: to

text: Carl

text: Linnaeus

text: effectively

text: beginning

text: with

text: his

text: work

text: Species

text: Plantarum

text: in

text: But

text: Gaspard

text: Bauhin

text: in

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: had

text: introduced

text: in

text: his

text: book

text: Pinax

text: theatri

text: botanici

text: English

text: Illustrated

text: exposition

text: of

text: plants

text: many

text: names

text: of

text: genera

text: that

text: were

text: later

text: adopted

text: by

text: Linnaeus

text: In botany, shoots consist of stems including their appendages, the leaves and lateral buds, flowering stems and flower buds. The new growth from seed germination that grows upward is a shoot where leaves will develop. In the spring, perennial plant shoots are the new growth that grows from the ground in herbaceous plants or the new stem or flower growth that grows on woody plants.

text: In

text: botany

text: shoots

text: consist

text: of

text: stems

text: including

text: their

text: appendages

text: the

text: leaves

text: and

text: lateral

text: buds

text: flowering

text: stems

text: and

text: flower

text: buds

text: The

text: new

text: growth

text: from

text: seed

text: germination

text: that

text: grows

text: upward

text: is

text: shoot

text: where

text: leaves

text: will

text: develop

text: In

text: the

text: spring

text: perennial

text: plant

text: shoots

text: are

text: the

text: new

text: growth

text: that

text: grows

text: from

text: the

text: ground

text: in

text: herbaceous

text: plants

text: or

text: the

text: new

text: stem

text: or

text: flower

text: growth

text: that

text: grows

text: on

text: woody

text: plants

text: Pinanga is a genus of flowering plant in the Arecaceae family, native to New Guinea and to eastern and southern Asia (India, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Indonesia, etc.).

text: Pinanga

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: flowering

text: plant

text: in

text: the

text: Arecaceae

text: family

text: native

text: to

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: to

text: eastern

text: and

text: southern

text: Asia

text: India

text: China

text: Indonesia

text: Philippines

text: Indonesia

text: etc

text: In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis. An organism consists of one or more cells; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism. Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms. Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs.

text: In

text: biology

text: an

text: organism

text: is

text: any

text: contiguous

text: living

text: system

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: animal

text: plant

text: fungus

text: archaeon

text: or

text: bacterium

text: All

text: known

text: types

text: of

text: organisms

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: some

text: degree

text: of

text: response

text: to

text: stimuli

text: reproduction

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: and

text: homeostasis

text: An

text: organism

text: consists

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: cells

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: one

text: cell

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: unicellular

text: organism

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: multicellular

text: organism

text: Most

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: are

text: of

text: microscopic

text: scale

text: and

text: are

text: thus

text: loosely

text: described

text: as

text: microorganisms

text: Humans

text: are

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: trillions

text: of

text: cells

text: grouped

text: into

text: specialized

text: tissues

text: and

text: organs

text: Indonesia (or ; Indonesian: ), officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the world's largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At , Indonesia is the world's 14th-largest country in terms of land area and world's 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea and land area. It has an estimated population of over 260 million people and is the world's fourth most populous country, the most populous Austronesian nation, as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country. The world's most populous island of Java contains more than half of the country's population.

text: Indonesia

text: or

text: Indonesian

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Indonesia

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: and

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: located

text: mainly

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: with

text: some

text: territories

text: in

text: Oceania

text: Situated

text: between

text: the

text: Indian

text: and

text: Pacific

text: oceans

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: island

text: country

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: seventeen

text: thousand

text: islands

text: At

text: Indonesia

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: combined

text: sea

text: and

text: land

text: area

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Austronesian

text: nation

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Muslim

text: majority

text: country

text: The

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: of

text: Java

text: contains

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe. Asia covers an area of , about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population, but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4.4 billion people.

text: Asia

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: and

text: northern

text: hemispheres

text: and

text: sharing

text: the

text: continental

text: landmass

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: with

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: The

text: continent

text: which

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: civilizations

text: Asia

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: not

text: only

text: its

text: overall

text: large

text: size

text: and

text: population

text: but

text: also

text: dense

text: and

text: large

text: settlements

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: vast

text: barely

text: populated

text: regions

text: within

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: billion

text: people

text: A subregion is a part of a larger region or continent and is usually based on location. Cardinal directions, such as south or southern, are commonly used to define a subregion.

text: subregion

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: larger

text: region

text: or

text: continent

text: and

text: is

text: usually

text: based

text: on

text: location

text: Cardinal

text: directions

text: such

text: as

text: south

text: or

text: southern

text: are

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: define

text: subregion

text: Endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein. This can make endosperm a source of nutrition in the human diet. For example, wheat endosperm is ground into flour for bread (the rest of the grain is included as well in whole wheat flour), while barley endosperm is the main source of sugars for beer production. Other examples of endosperm that forms the bulk of the edible portion are coconut "meat" and coconut "water", and corn. Some plants, such as orchids, lack endosperm in their seeds.

text: Endosperm

text: is

text: tissue

text: produced

text: inside

text: the

text: seeds

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: flowering

text: plants

text: following

text: fertilization

text: It

text: surrounds

text: the

text: embryo

text: and

text: provides

text: nutrition

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: starch

text: though

text: it

text: can

text: also

text: contain

text: oils

text: and

text: protein

text: This

text: can

text: make

text: endosperm

text: source

text: of

text: nutrition

text: in

text: the

text: human

text: diet

text: For

text: example

text: wheat

text: endosperm

text: is

text: ground

text: into

text: flour

text: for

text: bread

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: grain

text: is

text: included

text: as

text: well

text: in

text: whole

text: wheat

text: flour

text: while

text: barley

text: endosperm

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: source

text: of

text: sugars

text: for

text: beer

text: production

text: Other

text: examples

text: of

text: endosperm

text: that

text: forms

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: edible

text: portion

text: are

text: coconut

text: meat

text: and

text: coconut

text: water

text: and

text: corn

text: Some

text: plants

text: such

text: as

text: orchids

text: lack

text: endosperm

text: in

text: their

text: seeds

text: Nenga is a monoecious genus of flowering plant in the palm endemic to Southeast Asia , commonly called pinang palm . N. gajah is the aberration in the genus with its short internodes , marcescent leaves and interfoliar inflorescence , a combination of traits seen in a few species of the closely related Pinanga and Areca palms . The genus name is based on a corruption of a Javanese term for a plant now classified within Pinanga .

text: Nenga

text: is

text: monoecious

text: genus

text: of

text: flowering

text: plant

text: in

text: the

text: palm

text: endemic

text: to

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: commonly

text: called

text: pinang

text: palm

text: gajah

text: is

text: the

text: aberration

text: in

text: the

text: genus

text: with

text: its

text: short

text: internodes

text: marcescent

text: leaves

text: and

text: interfoliar

text: inflorescence

text: combination

text: of

text: traits

text: seen

text: in

text: few

text: species

text: of

text: the

text: closely

text: related

text: Pinanga

text: and

text: Areca

text: palms

text: The

text: genus

text: name

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: corruption

text: of

text: Javanese

text: term

text: for

text: plant

text: now

text: classified

text: within

text: Pinanga

text: India, officially the Republic of India ("Bhrat Gaarjya"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.

text: India

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: India

text: Bhrat

text: Gaarjya

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: democracy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: China

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Bhutan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: India

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: India

text: 's

text: Andaman

text: and

text: Nicobar

text: Islands

text: share

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: New

text: Delhi

text: other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Mumbai

text: Kolkata

text: Chennai

text: Bangalore

text: Hyderabad

text: and

text: Ahmedabad

text: Connation in plants is the developmental fusion of organs of the same type, for example, petals to one another to form a tubular corolla. This is in contrast to adnation, the fusion of dissimilar organs. Such organs are described as connate or adnate, respectively. When like organs that are usually well separated are placed next to each other, but not actually connected, they are described as connivent (that is the case for anthers in several genera, such as "Solanum").

text: Connation

text: in

text: plants

text: is

text: the

text: developmental

text: fusion

text: of

text: organs

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: type

text: for

text: example

text: petals

text: to

text: one

text: another

text: to

text: form

text: tubular

text: corolla

text: This

text: is

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: adnation

text: the

text: fusion

text: of

text: dissimilar

text: organs

text: Such

text: organs

text: are

text: described

text: as

text: connate

text: or

text: adnate

text: respectively

text: When

text: like

text: organs

text: that

text: are

text: usually

text: well

text: separated

text: are

text: placed

text: next

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: but

text: not

text: actually

text: connected

text: they

text: are

text: described

text: as

text: connivent

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: case

text: for

text: anthers

text: in

text: several

text: genera

text: such

text: as

text: Solanum

text: The flowering plants (angiosperms), also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approx. 13,164 known genera and a total of c. 295,383 known species. Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants; they are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. Etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure, in other words, a fruiting plant. The term "angiosperm" comes from the Greek composite word ("angeion", "case" or "casing", and "sperma", "seed") meaning "enclosed seeds", after the enclosed condition of the seeds.

text: The

text: flowering

text: plants

text: angiosperms

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Angiospermae

text: or

text: Magnoliophyta

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: land

text: plants

text: with

text: families

text: approx

text: known

text: genera

text: and

text: total

text: of

text: known

text: species

text: Like

text: gymnosperms

text: angiosperms

text: are

text: seed

text: producing

text: plants

text: they

text: are

text: distinguished

text: from

text: gymnosperms

text: by

text: characteristics

text: including

text: flowers

text: endosperm

text: within

text: the

text: seeds

text: and

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: fruits

text: that

text: contain

text: the

text: seeds

text: Etymologically

text: angiosperm

text: means

text: plant

text: that

text: produces

text: seeds

text: within

text: an

text: enclosure

text: in

text: other

text: words

text: fruiting

text: plant

text: The

text: term

text: angiosperm

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: composite

text: word

text: angeion

text: case

text: or

text: casing

text: and

text: sperma

text: seed

text: meaning

text: enclosed

text: seeds

text: after

text: the

text: enclosed

text: condition

text: of

text: the

text: seeds

text:
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed and which is accordingly modified. The modifications can involve the length and the nature of the internodes and the phyllotaxis, as well as variations in the proportions, compressions, swellings, adnations, connations and reduction of main and secondary axes.
Inflorescence can also be defined as the reproductive portion of a plant that bears a cluster of flowers in a specific pattern.

text: An

text: inflorescence

text: is

text: group

text: or

text: cluster

text: of

text: flowers

text: arranged

text: on

text: stem

text: that

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: main

text: branch

text: or

text: complicated

text: arrangement

text: of

text: branches

text: Morphologically

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: shoot

text: of

text: seed

text: plants

text: where

text: flowers

text: are

text: formed

text: and

text: which

text: is

text: accordingly

text: modified

text: The

text: modifications

text: can

text: involve

text: the

text: length

text: and

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: internodes

text: and

text: the

text: phyllotaxis

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: variations

text: in

text: the

text: proportions

text: compressions

text: swellings

text: adnations

text: connations

text: and

text: reduction

text: of

text: main

text: and

text: secondary

text: axes

text: Inflorescence

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: reproductive

text: portion

text: of

text: plant

text: that

text: bears

text: cluster

text: of

text: flowers

text: in

text: specific

text: pattern

text: A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in plants that are floral (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen. After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into fruit containing seeds.

text: flower

text: sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: bloom

text: or

text: blossom

text: is

text: the

text: reproductive

text: structure

text: found

text: in

text: plants

text: that

text: are

text: floral

text: plants

text: of

text: the

text: division

text: Magnoliophyta

text: also

text: called

text: angiosperms

text: The

text: biological

text: function

text: of

text: flower

text: is

text: to

text: effect

text: reproduction

text: usually

text: by

text: providing

text: mechanism

text: for

text: the

text: union

text: of

text: sperm

text: with

text: eggs

text: Flowers

text: may

text: facilitate

text: outcrossing

text: fusion

text: of

text: sperm

text: and

text: eggs

text: from

text: different

text: individuals

text: in

text: population

text: or

text: allow

text: selfing

text: fusion

text: of

text: sperm

text: and

text: egg

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: flower

text: Some

text: flowers

text: produce

text: diaspores

text: without

text: fertilization

text: parthenocarpy

text: Flowers

text: contain

text: sporangia

text: and

text: are

text: the

text: site

text: where

text: gametophytes

text: develop

text: Many

text: flowers

text: have

text: evolved

text: to

text: be

text: attractive

text: to

text: animals

text: so

text: as

text: to

text: cause

text: them

text: to

text: be

text: vectors

text: for

text: the

text: transfer

text: of

text: pollen

text: After

text: fertilization

text: the

text: ovary

text: of

text: the

text: flower

text: develops

text: into

text: fruit

text: containing

text: seeds

text: Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney.

text: Australia

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Australia

text: is

text: country

text: comprising

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: continent

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Tasmania

text: and

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: islands

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sixth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: The

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: are

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: East

text: Timor

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: and

text: Vanuatu

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: Australia

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: Canberra

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: Sydney

text: Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. The region lies near the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic and volcanic activity. Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions:

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: or

text: Southeastern

text: Asia

text: is

text: subregion

text: of

text: Asia

text: consisting

text: of

text: the

text: countries

text: that

text: are

text: geographically

text: south

text: of

text: China

text: east

text: of

text: India

text: west

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: north

text: of

text: Australia

text: The

text: region

text: lies

text: near

text: the

text: intersection

text: of

text: geological

text: plates

text: with

text: heavy

text: seismic

text: and

text: volcanic

text: activity

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: consists

text: of

text: two

text: geographic

text: regions

text: Areca (.) is a genus of about 50 species of palms in the family Arecaceae, found in humid tropical forests from China and India, across Southeast Asia to Melanesia. The generic name "Areca" is derived from a name used locally on the Malabar Coast of India.

text: Areca

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: about

text: species

text: of

text: palms

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Arecaceae

text: found

text: in

text: humid

text: tropical

text: forests

text: from

text: China

text: and

text: India

text: across

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: to

text: Melanesia

text: The

text: generic

text: name

text: Areca

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: name

text: used

text: locally

text: on

text: the

text: Malabar

text: Coast

text: of

text: India

text: In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary after flowering.

text: In

text: botany

text: fruit

text: is

text: the

text: seed

text: bearing

text: structure

text: in

text: flowering

text: plants

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: angiosperms

text: formed

text: from

text: the

text: ovary

text: after

text: flowering

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text: The Arecaceae are a botanical family of perennial climbers, shrubs, acaules and trees commonly known as palm trees (owing to historical usage, the family is alternatively called Palmae). They are flowering plants, a family in the monocot order Arecales. Currently 181 genera with around 2600 species are known, most of them restricted to tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate climates. Most palms are distinguished by their large, compound, evergreen leaves, known as fronds, arranged at the top of an unbranched stem. However, palms exhibit an enormous diversity in physical characteristics and inhabit nearly every type of habitat within their range, from rainforests to deserts.

text: The

text: Arecaceae

text: are

text: botanical

text: family

text: of

text: perennial

text: climbers

text: shrubs

text: acaules

text: and

text: trees

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: palm

text: trees

text: owing

text: to

text: historical

text: usage

text: the

text: family

text: is

text: alternatively

text: called

text: Palmae

text: They

text: are

text: flowering

text: plants

text: family

text: in

text: the

text: monocot

text: order

text: Arecales

text: Currently

text: genera

text: with

text: around

text: species

text: are

text: known

text: most

text: of

text: them

text: restricted

text: to

text: tropical

text: subtropical

text: and

text: warm

text: temperate

text: climates

text: Most

text: palms

text: are

text: distinguished

text: by

text: their

text: large

text: compound

text: evergreen

text: leaves

text: known

text: as

text: fronds

text: arranged

text: at

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: an

text: unbranched

text: stem

text: However

text: palms

text: exhibit

text: an

text: enormous

text: diversity

text: in

text: physical

text: characteristics

text: and

text: inhabit

text: nearly

text: every

text: type

text: of

text: habitat

text: within

text: their

text: range

text: from

text: rainforests

text: to

text: deserts

text: Sperm is the male reproductive cell and is derived from the Greek word () "sperma" (meaning "seed"). In the types of sexual reproduction known as anisogamy and its subtype oogamy, there is a marked difference in the size of the gametes with the smaller one being termed the "male" or sperm cell. A uniflagellar sperm cell that is motile is referred to as a spermatozoon, whereas a non-motile sperm cell is referred to as a spermatium. Sperm cells cannot divide and have a limited life span, but after fusion with egg cells during fertilization, a new organism begins developing, starting as a totipotent zygote. The human sperm cell is haploid, so that its 23 chromosomes can join the 23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a diploid cell. In mammals, sperm develops in the testicles and is released from the penis. It is also possible to extract sperm through TESE. Some sperm banks hold up to of sperm.

text: Sperm

text: is

text: the

text: male

text: reproductive

text: cell

text: and

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: word

text: sperma

text: meaning

text: seed

text: In

text: the

text: types

text: of

text: sexual

text: reproduction

text: known

text: as

text: anisogamy

text: and

text: its

text: subtype

text: oogamy

text: there

text: is

text: marked

text: difference

text: in

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: gametes

text: with

text: the

text: smaller

text: one

text: being

text: termed

text: the

text: male

text: or

text: sperm

text: cell

text: uniflagellar

text: sperm

text: cell

text: that

text: is

text: motile

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: spermatozoon

text: whereas

text: non

text: motile

text: sperm

text: cell

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: spermatium

text: Sperm

text: cells

text: can

text: not

text: divide

text: and

text: have

text: limited

text: life

text: span

text: but

text: after

text: fusion

text: with

text: egg

text: cells

text: during

text: fertilization

text: new

text: organism

text: begins

text: developing

text: starting

text: as

text: totipotent

text: zygote

text: The

text: human

text: sperm

text: cell

text: is

text: haploid

text: so

text: that

text: its

text: chromosomes

text: can

text: join

text: the

text: chromosomes

text: of

text: the

text: female

text: egg

text: to

text: form

text: diploid

text: cell

text: In

text: mammals

text: sperm

text: develops

text: in

text: the

text: testicles

text: and

text: is

text: released

text: from

text: the

text: penis

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: possible

text: to

text: extract

text: sperm

text: through

text: TESE

text: Some

text: sperm

text: banks

text: hold

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: sperm

text: A genus ( genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.

text: genus

text: genera

text: is

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: biological

text: classification

text: of

text: living

text: and

text: fossil

text: organisms

text: in

text: biology

text: In

text: the

text: hierarchy

text: of

text: biological

text: classification

text: genus

text: comes

text: above

text: species

text: and

text: below

text: family

text: In

text: binomial

text: nomenclature

text: the

text: genus

text: name

text: forms

text: the

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: binomial

text: species

text: name

text: for

text: each

text: species

text: within

text: the

text: genus

text: In botany, phyllotaxis or phyllotaxy is the arrangement of leaves on a plant stem (from Ancient Greek "phýllon" "leaf" and "táxis" "arrangement"). Phyllotactic spirals form a distinctive class of patterns in nature.

text: In

text: botany

text: phyllotaxis

text: or

text: phyllotaxy

text: is

text: the

text: arrangement

text: of

text: leaves

text: on

text: plant

text: stem

text: from

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: phýllon

text: leaf

text: and

text: táxis

text: arrangement

text: Phyllotactic

text: spirals

text: form

text: distinctive

text: class

text: of

text: patterns

text: in

text: nature

text: The gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, "Ginkgo", and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word "" ( gymnos, "naked" and  sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds", after the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). Their naked condition stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, often modified to form cones, or at the end of short stalks as in "Ginkgo".

text: The

text: gymnosperms

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: seed

text: producing

text: plants

text: that

text: includes

text: conifers

text: cycads

text: Ginkgo

text: and

text: gnetophytes

text: The

text: term

text: gymnosperm

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: composite

text: word

text: gymnos

text: naked

text: and

text: sperma

text: seed

text: meaning

text: naked

text: seeds

text: after

text: the

text: unenclosed

text: condition

text: of

text: their

text: seeds

text: called

text: ovules

text: in

text: their

text: unfertilized

text: state

text: Their

text: naked

text: condition

text: stands

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: seeds

text: and

text: ovules

text: of

text: flowering

text: plants

text: angiosperms

text: which

text: are

text: enclosed

text: within

text: an

text: ovary

text: Gymnosperm

text: seeds

text: develop

text: either

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: scales

text: or

text: leaves

text: often

text: modified

text: to

text: form

text: cones

text: or

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: short

text: stalks

text: as

text: in

text: Ginkgo

annotations: follows multiple

question: parent_taxon nenga

answer: arecaceae

text: arecaceae

text: arecaceae

text: arecaceae


text: Camuns is a village in the municipality of Suraua, in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland. It used to be an independent municipality before merging on 1 January 2002 to become part of Suraua.

text: Camuns

text: is

text: village

text: in

text: the

text: municipality

text: of

text: Suraua

text: in

text: the

text: canton

text: of

text: Grisons

text: Switzerland

text: It

text: used

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: independent

text: municipality

text: before

text: merging

text: on

text: January

text: to

text: become

text: part

text: of

text: Suraua

text: Lumnezia (Romansh) is a valley region and a municipality in the district of Surselva in the Swiss of canton of Graubünden. The former municipalities of Cumbel, Degen, Lumbrein, Morissen, Suraua, Vignogn, Vella, and Vrin merged on 1 January 2013 into the new municipality of Lumnezia. It covers the (Val) Lumnezia, a Swiss high alpine valley. Its upper regions are among the most remote areas in the Swiss Alps. The official language is Romansh Sursilvan.

text: Lumnezia

text: Romansh

text: is

text: valley

text: region

text: and

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: district

text: of

text: Surselva

text: in

text: the

text: Swiss

text: of

text: canton

text: of

text: Graubünden

text: The

text: former

text: municipalities

text: of

text: Cumbel

text: Degen

text: Lumbrein

text: Morissen

text: Suraua

text: Vignogn

text: Vella

text: and

text: Vrin

text: merged

text: on

text: January

text: into

text: the

text: new

text: municipality

text: of

text: Lumnezia

text: It

text: covers

text: the

text: Val

text: Lumnezia

text: Swiss

text: high

text: alpine

text: valley

text: Its

text: upper

text: regions

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: remote

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Alps

text: The

text: official

text: language

text: is

text: Romansh

text: Sursilvan

text: Suraua is a former municipality in the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. The former municipality was formed on January 1, 2002 through the union of Camuns, Surcasti, Tersnaus, and Uors-Peiden. The municipalities of Cumbel, Degen, Lumbrein, Morissen, Suraua, Vignogn, Vella, and Vrin merged on 1 January 2013 into the new municipality of Lumnezia.

text: Suraua

text: is

text: former

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: district

text: of

text: Surselva

text: in

text: the

text: canton

text: of

text: Graubünden

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: The

text: former

text: municipality

text: was

text: formed

text: on

text: January

text: through

text: the

text: union

text: of

text: Camuns

text: Surcasti

text: Tersnaus

text: and

text: Uors

text: Peiden

text: The

text: municipalities

text: of

text: Cumbel

text: Degen

text: Lumbrein

text: Morissen

text: Suraua

text: Vignogn

text: Vella

text: and

text: Vrin

text: merged

text: on

text: January

text: into

text: the

text: new

text: municipality

text: of

text: Lumnezia

text: Vrin is a former municipality in the Val Lumnezia. It belonged to the circle of Lugnez/Lumnezia in the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. The municipalities of Cumbel, Degen, Lumbrein, Morissen, Suraua, Vignogn, Vella, and Vrin merged on 1 January 2013 into the new municipality of Lumnezia.

text: Vrin

text: is

text: former

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: Val

text: Lumnezia

text: It

text: belonged

text: to

text: the

text: circle

text: of

text: Lugnez

text: Lumnezia

text: in

text: the

text: district

text: of

text: Surselva

text: in

text: the

text: canton

text: of

text: Graubünden

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: The

text: municipalities

text: of

text: Cumbel

text: Degen

text: Lumbrein

text: Morissen

text: Suraua

text: Vignogn

text: Vella

text: and

text: Vrin

text: merged

text: on

text: January

text: into

text: the

text: new

text: municipality

text: of

text: Lumnezia

text:
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities.
The country is situated in Western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities are to be found: among them are the two global cities and economic centres Zürich and Geneva.

text: Switzerland

text: officially

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Confederation

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: cantons

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Bern

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: authorities

text: The

text: country

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: Western

text: Central

text: Europe

text: and

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Italy

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: France

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Austria

text: and

text: Liechtenstein

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Switzerland

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: geographically

text: divided

text: between

text: the

text: Alps

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Plateau

text: and

text: the

text: Jura

text: spanning

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: While

text: the

text: Alps

text: occupy

text: the

text: greater

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: the

text: Swiss

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: eight

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: concentrated

text: mostly

text: on

text: the

text: plateau

text: where

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: are

text: to

text: be

text: found

text: among

text: them

text: are

text: the

text: two

text: global

text: cities

text: and

text: economic

text: centres

text: Zürich

text: and

text: Geneva

text: The Alpine region of Switzerland, conventionally referred to as the Swiss Alps (, ), represents a major natural feature of the country and is, along with the Swiss Plateau and the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains, one of its three main physiographic regions. The Swiss Alps extend over both the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps, encompassing an area sometimes called "Central Alps". While the northern ranges from the Bernese Alps to the Appenzell Alps are entirely in Switzerland, the southern ranges from the Mont Blanc massif to the Bernina massif are shared with other countries such as France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein.

text: The

text: Alpine

text: region

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: conventionally

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Alps

text: represents

text: major

text: natural

text: feature

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: is

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Plateau

text: and

text: the

text: Swiss

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Jura

text: Mountains

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: three

text: main

text: physiographic

text: regions

text: The

text: Swiss

text: Alps

text: extend

text: over

text: both

text: the

text: Western

text: Alps

text: and

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Alps

text: encompassing

text: an

text: area

text: sometimes

text: called

text: Central

text: Alps

text: While

text: the

text: northern

text: ranges

text: from

text: the

text: Bernese

text: Alps

text: to

text: the

text: Appenzell

text: Alps

text: are

text: entirely

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: the

text: southern

text: ranges

text: from

text: the

text: Mont

text: Blanc

text: massif

text: to

text: the

text: Bernina

text: massif

text: are

text: shared

text: with

text: other

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: France

text: Italy

text: Austria

text: and

text: Liechtenstein

text: Cumbel ( ( kmbl ) ) is a former municipality in the district of Surselva in the Swiss canton of Graubünden . The municipalities of Cumbel , Degen , Lumbrein , Morissen , Suraua , Vignogn , Vella , and Vrin merged on 1 January 2013 into the new municipality of Lumnezia .

text: Cumbel

text: kmbl

text: is

text: former

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: district

text: of

text: Surselva

text: in

text: the

text: Swiss

text: canton

text: of

text: Graubünden

text: The

text: municipalities

text: of

text: Cumbel

text: Degen

text: Lumbrein

text: Morissen

text: Suraua

text: Vignogn

text: Vella

text: and

text: Vrin

text: merged

text: on

text: January

text: into

text: the

text: new

text: municipality

text: of

text: Lumnezia

text: Vignogn is a former municipality in the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. The municipalities of Cumbel, Degen, Lumbrein, Morissen, Suraua, Vignogn, Vella, and Vrin merged on 1 January 2013 into the new municipality of Lumnezia.

text: Vignogn

text: is

text: former

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: district

text: of

text: Surselva

text: in

text: the

text: canton

text: of

text: Graubünden

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: The

text: municipalities

text: of

text: Cumbel

text: Degen

text: Lumbrein

text: Morissen

text: Suraua

text: Vignogn

text: Vella

text: and

text: Vrin

text: merged

text: on

text: January

text: into

text: the

text: new

text: municipality

text: of

text: Lumnezia

text: Vella is a former municipality in the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. The municipalities of Cumbel, Degen, Lumbrein, Morissen, Suraua, Vignogn, Vella, and Vrin merged on 1 January 2013 into the new municipality of Lumnezia.

text: Vella

text: is

text: former

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: district

text: of

text: Surselva

text: in

text: the

text: canton

text: of

text: Graubünden

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: The

text: municipalities

text: of

text: Cumbel

text: Degen

text: Lumbrein

text: Morissen

text: Suraua

text: Vignogn

text: Vella

text: and

text: Vrin

text: merged

text: on

text: January

text: into

text: the

text: new

text: municipality

text: of

text: Lumnezia

text: Morissen is a former municipality in the district of Surselva in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. The municipalities of Cumbel, Degen, Lumbrein, Morissen, Suraua, Vignogn, Vella, and Vrin merged on 1 January 2013 into the new municipality of Lumnezia.

text: Morissen

text: is

text: former

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: district

text: of

text: Surselva

text: in

text: the

text: Swiss

text: canton

text: of

text: Graubünden

text: The

text: municipalities

text: of

text: Cumbel

text: Degen

text: Lumbrein

text: Morissen

text: Suraua

text: Vignogn

text: Vella

text: and

text: Vrin

text: merged

text: on

text: January

text: into

text: the

text: new

text: municipality

text: of

text: Lumnezia

annotations: follows single

question: country cumbel

answer: switzerland

text: switzerland

text: switzerland

text: switzerland

text: switzerland

text: switzerland

text: switzerland

text: switzerland

text: switzerland

text: switzerland


text: Half - Life 2 : Deathmatch is a multiplayer first - person shooter video game developed by Valve Corporation . Released on Steam on November 30 , 2004 , it uses many of the assets from Half - Life 2 and its Source engine . It features new levels , optimized for multiplayer arena play , and a few new weapons . Also included are portions of the game 's source code , which were the basis for many early Source - based multiplayer modifications . The game is the successor to the popular multiplayer component of the original Half - Life , but is offered as a separate product from Half - Life 2 . Deathmatch , like Half - Life '  s multiplayer , does not develop any part of the plot or story of the Half - Life series .

text: Half

text: Life

text: Deathmatch

text: is

text: multiplayer

text: first

text: person

text: shooter

text: video

text: game

text: developed

text: by

text: Valve

text: Corporation

text: Released

text: on

text: Steam

text: on

text: November

text: it

text: uses

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: assets

text: from

text: Half

text: Life

text: and

text: its

text: Source

text: engine

text: It

text: features

text: new

text: levels

text: optimized

text: for

text: multiplayer

text: arena

text: play

text: and

text: few

text: new

text: weapons

text: Also

text: included

text: are

text: portions

text: of

text: the

text: game

text: 's

text: source

text: code

text: which

text: were

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: many

text: early

text: Source

text: based

text: multiplayer

text: modifications

text: The

text: game

text: is

text: the

text: successor

text: to

text: the

text: popular

text: multiplayer

text: component

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: Half

text: Life

text: but

text: is

text: offered

text: as

text: separate

text: product

text: from

text: Half

text: Life

text: Deathmatch

text: like

text: Half

text: Life

text: multiplayer

text: does

text: not

text: develop

text: any

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: plot

text: or

text: story

text: of

text: the

text: Half

text: Life

text: series

text: Left 4 Dead is a cooperative first-person shooter video game with survival horror elements, developed by Valve South and published by Valve Corporation. The game uses Valve's proprietary Source engine, and is available for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360 and OS X. Development on the game was completed on November 13, 2008, and two versions were released digitally: A downloadable digital version, released on November 17, 2008, and a digital retail disc version, with a release date determined by region. The digital retail disc version was released in North America and Australia on November 18, 2008; and in Europe on November 21, 2008.

text: Left

text: Dead

text: is

text: cooperative

text: first

text: person

text: shooter

text: video

text: game

text: with

text: survival

text: horror

text: elements

text: developed

text: by

text: Valve

text: South

text: and

text: published

text: by

text: Valve

text: Corporation

text: The

text: game

text: uses

text: Valve

text: 's

text: proprietary

text: Source

text: engine

text: and

text: is

text: available

text: for

text: Microsoft

text: Windows

text: Xbox

text: and

text: OS

text: Development

text: on

text: the

text: game

text: was

text: completed

text: on

text: November

text: and

text: two

text: versions

text: were

text: released

text: digitally

text: downloadable

text: digital

text: version

text: released

text: on

text: November

text: and

text: digital

text: retail

text: disc

text: version

text: with

text: release

text: date

text: determined

text: by

text: region

text: The

text: digital

text: retail

text: disc

text: version

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: Australia

text: on

text: November

text: and

text: in

text: Europe

text: on

text: November

text: Valve Corporation (commonly referred to as Valve) is an American video game developer and digital distribution company headquartered in Bellevue, Washington. The company is known for the "Half-Life", "Counter-Strike", "Portal", "Day of Defeat", "Team Fortress", and "Left 4 Dead" series, "Dota 2", and its software distribution platform Steam.

text: Valve

text: Corporation

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Valve

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: video

text: game

text: developer

text: and

text: digital

text: distribution

text: company

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Bellevue

text: Washington

text: The

text: company

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: Half

text: Life

text: Counter

text: Strike

text: Portal

text: Day

text: of

text: Defeat

text: Team

text: Fortress

text: and

text: Left

text: Dead

text: series

text: Dota

text: and

text: its

text: software

text: distribution

text: platform

text: Steam

text: Half-Life 2 (stylized as HLF-LIFE) is a first-person shooter video game developed and published by Valve Corporation. The sequel to 1998's "Half-Life", it was released in November 2004, following a five-year, $40 million development phase, during which a substantial part of the project was leaked and distributed on the Internet. The game was developed alongside Valve's Steam software and the Source engine.

text: Half

text: Life

text: stylized

text: as

text: HLF

text: LIFE

text: is

text: first

text: person

text: shooter

text: video

text: game

text: developed

text: and

text: published

text: by

text: Valve

text: Corporation

text: The

text: sequel

text: to

text: 's

text: Half

text: Life

text: it

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: November

text: following

text: five

text: year

text: million

text: development

text: phase

text: during

text: which

text: substantial

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: project

text: was

text: leaked

text: and

text: distributed

text: on

text: the

text: Internet

text: The

text: game

text: was

text: developed

text: alongside

text: Valve

text: 's

text: Steam

text: software

text: and

text: the

text: Source

text: engine

text: Digital distribution (also called content delivery, online distribution, or electronic software distribution (ESD), among others) is the delivery or distribution of media content such as audio, video, software and video games. The term is generally used to describe distribution over an online delivery medium, such as the Internet, thus bypassing physical distribution methods, such as paper, compact discs, and VHS videocassettes. The term online distribution is typically applied to freestanding products; downloadable add-ons for other products are more commonly known as downloadable content. With the advancement of network bandwidth capabilities, online distribution became prominent in the 21st century.

text: Digital

text: distribution

text: also

text: called

text: content

text: delivery

text: online

text: distribution

text: or

text: electronic

text: software

text: distribution

text: ESD

text: among

text: others

text: is

text: the

text: delivery

text: or

text: distribution

text: of

text: media

text: content

text: such

text: as

text: audio

text: video

text: software

text: and

text: video

text: games

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: generally

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: distribution

text: over

text: an

text: online

text: delivery

text: medium

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Internet

text: thus

text: bypassing

text: physical

text: distribution

text: methods

text: such

text: as

text: paper

text: compact

text: discs

text: and

text: VHS

text: videocassettes

text: The

text: term

text: online

text: distribution

text: is

text: typically

text: applied

text: to

text: freestanding

text: products

text: downloadable

text: add

text: ons

text: for

text: other

text: products

text: are

text: more

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: downloadable

text: content

text: With

text: the

text: advancement

text: of

text: network

text: bandwidth

text: capabilities

text: online

text: distribution

text: became

text: prominent

text: in

text: the

text: century

question: distribution half-life 2: deathmatch

answer: digital distribution

text: digital distribution

text: digital distribution


text: The superfamily Papilionoidea (from the genus "Papilio", meaning "butterfly") contains all the butterflies except for the skippers, which are classified in superfamily Hesperioidea, and the moth-like Hedyloidea.

text: The

text: superfamily

text: Papilionoidea

text: from

text: the

text: genus

text: Papilio

text: meaning

text: butterfly

text: contains

text: all

text: the

text: butterflies

text: except

text: for

text: the

text: skippers

text: which

text: are

text: classified

text: in

text: superfamily

text: Hesperioidea

text: and

text: the

text: moth

text: like

text: Hedyloidea

text: In England, a civil parish is a territorial designation which is the lowest tier of local government below districts and counties, or their combined form, the unitary authority. It is an administrative parish, in contrast to an ecclesiastical parish.

text: In

text: England

text: civil

text: parish

text: is

text: territorial

text: designation

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: lowest

text: tier

text: of

text: local

text: government

text: below

text: districts

text: and

text: counties

text: or

text: their

text: combined

text: form

text: the

text: unitary

text: authority

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: parish

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: an

text: ecclesiastical

text: parish

text: A clade (from , "klados", "branch") is a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants, and represents a single "branch" on the "tree of life".

text: clade

text: from

text: klados

text: branch

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: organisms

text: that

text: consists

text: of

text: common

text: ancestor

text: and

text: all

text: its

text: lineal

text: descendants

text: and

text: represents

text: single

text: branch

text: on

text: the

text: tree

text: of

text: life

text: Moths comprise a group of insects related to butterflies, belonging to the order Lepidoptera. Most lepidopterans are moths; and there are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of which are yet to be described. Most species of moth are nocturnal, but there are also crepuscular and diurnal species.

text: Moths

text: comprise

text: group

text: of

text: insects

text: related

text: to

text: butterflies

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: order

text: Lepidoptera

text: Most

text: lepidopterans

text: are

text: moths

text: and

text: there

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: approximately

text: species

text: of

text: moth

text: many

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: yet

text: to

text: be

text: described

text: Most

text: species

text: of

text: moth

text: are

text: nocturnal

text: but

text: there

text: are

text: also

text: crepuscular

text: and

text: diurnal

text: species

text: The English Channel ("the Sleeve" [hence ] "Sea of Brittany" "British Sea"), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and joins the southern part of the North Sea to the rest of the Atlantic Ocean.

text: The

text: English

text: Channel

text: the

text: Sleeve

text: hence

text: Sea

text: of

text: Brittany

text: British

text: Sea

text: also

text: called

text: simply

text: the

text: Channel

text: is

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: that

text: separates

text: southern

text: England

text: from

text: northern

text: France

text: and

text: joins

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Surrey is a county in the south east of England and also one of the home counties bordering Greater London. Surrey shares borders with Kent to the east, East Sussex to the south-east, West Sussex to the south, Hampshire to the west and south-west and Berkshire to the north-west. The county town is Guildford. Surrey County Council sits extraterritorially at Kingston upon Thames, administered as part of Greater London since 1965. With a resident population of 1.1 million, Surrey is the most densely populated and third most populated county in the South East region, after Kent and Hampshire.

text: Surrey

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: also

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: home

text: counties

text: bordering

text: Greater

text: London

text: Surrey

text: shares

text: borders

text: with

text: Kent

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: East

text: Sussex

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: West

text: Sussex

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Hampshire

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: west

text: and

text: Berkshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: west

text: The

text: county

text: town

text: is

text: Guildford

text: Surrey

text: County

text: Council

text: sits

text: extraterritorially

text: at

text: Kingston

text: upon

text: Thames

text: administered

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: Greater

text: London

text: since

text: With

text: resident

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: Surrey

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: and

text: third

text: most

text: populated

text: county

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: East

text: region

text: after

text: Kent

text: and

text: Hampshire

text: South East England is the most populous of the nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It consists of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, East Sussex, Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, Kent, Oxfordshire, Surrey and West Sussex. As with the other regions of England, apart from Greater London, the south east has no elected government.

text: South

text: East

text: England

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: official

text: regions

text: of

text: England

text: at

text: the

text: first

text: level

text: of

text: NUTS

text: for

text: statistical

text: purposes

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: Berkshire

text: Buckinghamshire

text: East

text: Sussex

text: Hampshire

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: Kent

text: Oxfordshire

text: Surrey

text: and

text: West

text: Sussex

text: As

text: with

text: the

text: other

text: regions

text: of

text: England

text: apart

text: from

text: Greater

text: London

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: has

text: no

text: elected

text: government

text: Densole is a small settlement in Kent located immediately north of Hawkinge on the A260 road between Folkestone and Barham . There is a public house : the Black Horse ; a butterfly centre ; and camp sites at Densole . Also nearby is Reinden Woods , which is part of the East Kent Dry Training Area.The East Kent Dry Training Area is rural in character and is used extensively by the military for tactical training exercises . Situated within the Kent Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty , Reinden Wood is an important habitat for woodland plants and butterflies . Walk description This walk was developed in conjunction with White Cliffs Countryside Project . Follow the Reinden Wood finger posts along the route . From the car park A ( GR 213 409 ) , follow the bridleway northwards to the edge of the wood B ( GR 214 413 ) . On meeting a gravelly / semi metalled track , turn left and continue to follow the edge of the woodland . After about 1km , C ( GR 219 421 ) follow the path , right back into the wood , down a narrow track . At D ( GR 222 420 ) take the left fork and follow the path southwestwards . When you reach the edge of the wood , follow the waymarkers , directing you back to the carpark A ( GR 213 409 ) .

text: Densole

text: is

text: small

text: settlement

text: in

text: Kent

text: located

text: immediately

text: north

text: of

text: Hawkinge

text: on

text: the

text: road

text: between

text: Folkestone

text: and

text: Barham

text: There

text: is

text: public

text: house

text: the

text: Black

text: Horse

text: butterfly

text: centre

text: and

text: camp

text: sites

text: at

text: Densole

text: Also

text: nearby

text: is

text: Reinden

text: Woods

text: which

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: East

text: Kent

text: Dry

text: Training

text: Area

text: The

text: East

text: Kent

text: Dry

text: Training

text: Area

text: is

text: rural

text: in

text: character

text: and

text: is

text: used

text: extensively

text: by

text: the

text: military

text: for

text: tactical

text: training

text: exercises

text: Situated

text: within

text: the

text: Kent

text: Downs

text: Area

text: of

text: Outstanding

text: Natural

text: Beauty

text: Reinden

text: Wood

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: habitat

text: for

text: woodland

text: plants

text: and

text: butterflies

text: Walk

text: description

text: This

text: walk

text: was

text: developed

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: White

text: Cliffs

text: Countryside

text: Project

text: Follow

text: the

text: Reinden

text: Wood

text: finger

text: posts

text: along

text: the

text: route

text: From

text: the

text: car

text: park

text: GR

text: follow

text: the

text: bridleway

text: northwards

text: to

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: wood

text: GR

text: On

text: meeting

text: gravelly

text: semi

text: metalled

text: track

text: turn

text: left

text: and

text: continue

text: to

text: follow

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: woodland

text: After

text: about

text: km

text: GR

text: follow

text: the

text: path

text: right

text: back

text: into

text: the

text: wood

text: down

text: narrow

text: track

text: At

text: GR

text: take

text: the

text: left

text: fork

text: and

text: follow

text: the

text: path

text: southwestwards

text: When

text: you

text: reach

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: wood

text: follow

text: the

text: waymarkers

text: directing

text: you

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: carpark

text: GR

text: Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north west, Surrey to the west, East Sussex to the south west, and Essex across the Thames Estuary to the north. The county town is Maidstone.

text: Kent

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: South

text: East

text: England

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: home

text: counties

text: It

text: borders

text: Greater

text: London

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: west

text: Surrey

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: East

text: Sussex

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: and

text: Essex

text: across

text: the

text: Thames

text: Estuary

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: The

text: county

text: town

text: is

text: Maidstone

text: England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.

text: England

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Scotland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Wales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: northwest

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: England

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: continental

text: Europe

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: covers

text: five

text: eighths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: which

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: in

text: its

text: centre

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: includes

text: over

text: smaller

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: and

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: The North Downs are a ridge of chalk hills in south east England that stretch from Farnham in Surrey to the White Cliffs of Dover in Kent. Westerham Heights, at the northern edge of the North Downs, near Bromley, South London, is the highest point in London at an elevation of . The North Downs lie within two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs), the Surrey Hills and the Kent Downs. The North Downs Way National Trail runs along the North Downs from Farnham to Dover.

text: The

text: North

text: Downs

text: are

text: ridge

text: of

text: chalk

text: hills

text: in

text: south

text: east

text: England

text: that

text: stretch

text: from

text: Farnham

text: in

text: Surrey

text: to

text: the

text: White

text: Cliffs

text: of

text: Dover

text: in

text: Kent

text: Westerham

text: Heights

text: at

text: the

text: northern

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Downs

text: near

text: Bromley

text: South

text: London

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: point

text: in

text: London

text: at

text: an

text: elevation

text: of

text: The

text: North

text: Downs

text: lie

text: within

text: two

text: Areas

text: of

text: Outstanding

text: Natural

text: Beauty

text: AONBs

text: the

text: Surrey

text: Hills

text: and

text: the

text: Kent

text: Downs

text: The

text: North

text: Downs

text: Way

text: National

text: Trail

text: runs

text: along

text: the

text: North

text: Downs

text: from

text: Farnham

text: to

text: Dover

text: East Sussex is a county in South East England. It is bordered by the counties of Kent to the north and east, Surrey to the north west and West Sussex to the west, and to the south by the English Channel.

text: East

text: Sussex

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: South

text: East

text: England

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: counties

text: of

text: Kent

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: Surrey

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: west

text: and

text: West

text: Sussex

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: Shepway is a local government district in Kent, England which takes up the south-east corner of the county. Its council is in the town of Folkestone.

text: Shepway

text: is

text: local

text: government

text: district

text: in

text: Kent

text: England

text: which

text: takes

text: up

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: corner

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: Its

text: council

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Folkestone

text: The Thames Estuary is the estuary in which the River Thames meets the waters of the North Sea, in the south-east of Great Britain.

text: The

text: Thames

text: Estuary

text: is

text: the

text: estuary

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: meets

text: the

text: waters

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: Butterflies are insects in the clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises the large superfamily Papilionoidea, along with two smaller groups, the skippers (superfamily Hesperioidea) and the moth-butterflies (superfamily Hedyloidea). Butterfly fossils date to the Palaeocene, about 56 million years ago.

text: Butterflies

text: are

text: insects

text: in

text: the

text: clade

text: Rhopalocera

text: from

text: the

text: order

text: Lepidoptera

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: moths

text: Adult

text: butterflies

text: have

text: large

text: often

text: brightly

text: coloured

text: wings

text: and

text: conspicuous

text: fluttering

text: flight

text: The

text: group

text: comprises

text: the

text: large

text: superfamily

text: Papilionoidea

text: along

text: with

text: two

text: smaller

text: groups

text: the

text: skippers

text: superfamily

text: Hesperioidea

text: and

text: the

text: moth

text: butterflies

text: superfamily

text: Hedyloidea

text: Butterfly

text: fossils

text: date

text: to

text: the

text: Palaeocene

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Insects (from Latin ', a calque of Greek ['], "cut into sections") are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. They are the most diverse group of animals on the planet, including more than a million described species and representing more than half of all known living organisms. The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million, and potentially represent over 90% of the differing animal life forms on Earth. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans.

text: Insects

text: from

text: Latin

text: calque

text: of

text: Greek

text: cut

text: into

text: sections

text: are

text: class

text: of

text: invertebrates

text: within

text: the

text: arthropod

text: phylum

text: that

text: have

text: chitinous

text: exoskeleton

text: three

text: part

text: body

text: head

text: thorax

text: and

text: abdomen

text: three

text: pairs

text: of

text: jointed

text: legs

text: compound

text: eyes

text: and

text: one

text: pair

text: of

text: antennae

text: They

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: animals

text: on

text: the

text: planet

text: including

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: described

text: species

text: and

text: representing

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: living

text: organisms

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: extant

text: species

text: is

text: estimated

text: at

text: between

text: six

text: and

text: ten

text: million

text: and

text: potentially

text: represent

text: over

text: of

text: the

text: differing

text: animal

text: life

text: forms

text: on

text: Earth

text: Insects

text: may

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: nearly

text: all

text: environments

text: although

text: only

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: species

text: reside

text: in

text: the

text: oceans

text: habitat

text: dominated

text: by

text: another

text: arthropod

text: group

text: crustaceans

text: The Lepidoptera is an order of insects that includes moths and butterflies (both called lepidopterans). 180,000 species of Lepidoptera are described, in 126 families and 46 superfamilies, 10% of the total described species of living organisms. It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world. The term was coined by Linnaeus in 1735 and is derived from Ancient Greek (scale) and (wing). The Lepidoptera show many variations of the basic body structure that have evolved to gain advantages in lifestyle and distribution. Recent estimates suggest the order may have more species than earlier thought, and is among the four most speciose orders, along with the Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera.

text: The

text: Lepidoptera

text: is

text: an

text: order

text: of

text: insects

text: that

text: includes

text: moths

text: and

text: butterflies

text: both

text: called

text: lepidopterans

text: species

text: of

text: Lepidoptera

text: are

text: described

text: in

text: families

text: and

text: superfamilies

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: described

text: species

text: of

text: living

text: organisms

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: and

text: widely

text: recognizable

text: insect

text: orders

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: coined

text: by

text: Linnaeus

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: scale

text: and

text: wing

text: The

text: Lepidoptera

text: show

text: many

text: variations

text: of

text: the

text: basic

text: body

text: structure

text: that

text: have

text: evolved

text: to

text: gain

text: advantages

text: in

text: lifestyle

text: and

text: distribution

text: Recent

text: estimates

text: suggest

text: the

text: order

text: may

text: have

text: more

text: species

text: than

text: earlier

text: thought

text: and

text: is

text: among

text: the

text: four

text: most

text: speciose

text: orders

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Hymenoptera

text: Diptera

text: and

text: Coleoptera

text: The home counties are the counties of England that surround London (although several of them do not border it). The counties generally included in the list are Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. Other counties more distant from Londonsuch as Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Hampshire and Oxfordshireare also sometimes regarded as home counties due to their proximity to London and their connection to the London regional economy.

text: The

text: home

text: counties

text: are

text: the

text: counties

text: of

text: England

text: that

text: surround

text: London

text: although

text: several

text: of

text: them

text: do

text: not

text: border

text: it

text: The

text: counties

text: generally

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: list

text: are

text: Berkshire

text: Buckinghamshire

text: Essex

text: Hertfordshire

text: Kent

text: Surrey

text: and

text: Sussex

text: Other

text: counties

text: more

text: distant

text: from

text: Londonsuch

text: as

text: Bedfordshire

text: Cambridgeshire

text: Hampshire

text: and

text: Oxfordshireare

text: also

text: sometimes

text: regarded

text: as

text: home

text: counties

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: proximity

text: to

text: London

text: and

text: their

text: connection

text: to

text: the

text: London

text: regional

text: economy

text: Hawkinge is now a town and civil parish in the Shepway District of Kent, England. The original village of Hawkinge is actually just less than a mile (c. 1.3 km) due east of the present village centre (roughly 51° 6'55.14"N, 1°11'2.00"E); the modern, much larger, village of Hawkinge was formed by the merging of Hawkinge and Uphill. Walking south from the village past it is possible to see stunning views of Cheriton, Folkestone and the Channel Tunnel complex.

text: Hawkinge

text: is

text: now

text: town

text: and

text: civil

text: parish

text: in

text: the

text: Shepway

text: District

text: of

text: Kent

text: England

text: The

text: original

text: village

text: of

text: Hawkinge

text: is

text: actually

text: just

text: less

text: than

text: mile

text: km

text: due

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: present

text: village

text: centre

text: roughly

text: the

text: modern

text: much

text: larger

text: village

text: of

text: Hawkinge

text: was

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: merging

text: of

text: Hawkinge

text: and

text: Uphill

text: Walking

text: south

text: from

text: the

text: village

text: past

text: it

text: is

text: possible

text: to

text: see

text: stunning

text: views

text: of

text: Cheriton

text: Folkestone

text: and

text: the

text: Channel

text: Tunnel

text: complex

text: The Channel Tunnel (also nicknamed and shortened to Chunnel) is a rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent, in the United Kingdom, with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais, near Calais in northern France, beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. At its lowest point, it is deep. At , the tunnel has the longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world, although the Seikan Tunnel in Japan is both longer overall at and deeper at below sea level. The speed limit for trains in the tunnel is .

text: The

text: Channel

text: Tunnel

text: also

text: nicknamed

text: and

text: shortened

text: to

text: Chunnel

text: is

text: rail

text: tunnel

text: linking

text: Folkestone

text: Kent

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: with

text: Coquelles

text: Pas

text: de

text: Calais

text: near

text: Calais

text: in

text: northern

text: France

text: beneath

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: at

text: the

text: Strait

text: of

text: Dover

text: At

text: its

text: lowest

text: point

text: it

text: is

text: deep

text: At

text: the

text: tunnel

text: has

text: the

text: longest

text: undersea

text: portion

text: of

text: any

text: tunnel

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: although

text: the

text: Seikan

text: Tunnel

text: in

text: Japan

text: is

text: both

text: longer

text: overall

text: at

text: and

text: deeper

text: at

text: below

text: sea

text: level

text: The

text: speed

text: limit

text: for

text: trains

text: in

text: the

text: tunnel

text: is

text: Sussex (abbreviated Sx), from the Old English "Sþsaxe" (South Saxons), is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. It is bounded to the west by Hampshire, north by Surrey, north-east by Kent, south by the English Channel, and divided for local government into West Sussex and East Sussex and the city of Brighton and Hove. Brighton and Hove was created as a unitary authority in 1997, and granted City status in 2000. Until then, Chichester was Sussex's only city.

text: Sussex

text: abbreviated

text: Sx

text: from

text: the

text: Old

text: English

text: Sþsaxe

text: South

text: Saxons

text: is

text: historic

text: county

text: in

text: South

text: East

text: England

text: corresponding

text: roughly

text: in

text: area

text: to

text: the

text: ancient

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Sussex

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Hampshire

text: north

text: by

text: Surrey

text: north

text: east

text: by

text: Kent

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: divided

text: for

text: local

text: government

text: into

text: West

text: Sussex

text: and

text: East

text: Sussex

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Brighton

text: and

text: Hove

text: Brighton

text: and

text: Hove

text: was

text: created

text: as

text: unitary

text: authority

text: in

text: and

text: granted

text: City

text: status

text: in

text: Until

text: then

text: Chichester

text: was

text: Sussex

text: 's

text: only

text: city

text: Maidstone is the county town of Kent, England, south-east of London. The River Medway runs through the centre of the town, linking it with Rochester and the Thames Estuary. Historically, the river was a source and route for much of the town's trade as the centre of the agricultural county of Kent, known as the Garden of England. There is evidence of a settlement in the area dating back to before the Stone Age.

text: Maidstone

text: is

text: the

text: county

text: town

text: of

text: Kent

text: England

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: London

text: The

text: River

text: Medway

text: runs

text: through

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: town

text: linking

text: it

text: with

text: Rochester

text: and

text: the

text: Thames

text: Estuary

text: Historically

text: the

text: river

text: was

text: source

text: and

text: route

text: for

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: town

text: 's

text: trade

text: as

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: agricultural

text: county

text: of

text: Kent

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Garden

text: of

text: England

text: There

text: is

text: evidence

text: of

text: settlement

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: before

text: the

text: Stone

text: Age

text: Folkestone is a port town on the English Channel, in Kent, south-east England. The town lies on the southern edge of the North Downs at a valley between two cliffs. It was an important harbour and shipping port for most of the 19th and 20th century.

text: Folkestone

text: is

text: port

text: town

text: on

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: in

text: Kent

text: south

text: east

text: England

text: The

text: town

text: lies

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Downs

text: at

text: valley

text: between

text: two

text: cliffs

text: It

text: was

text: an

text: important

text: harbour

text: and

text: shipping

text: port

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: century

text: A County town is usually the location of administrative or judicial functions within the county, or it has been established over time as the "de facto" main town of a county. The concept of a county town eventually became detached from its original meaning of where the county administration or county hall is based. In fact, many county towns are no longer part of the administrative county. For example, Nottingham is administered by a unitary authority entirely separate from the rest of Nottinghamshire. Many county towns are classified as cities, but all are referred to as county towns regardless of whether city status is held or not.

text: County

text: town

text: is

text: usually

text: the

text: location

text: of

text: administrative

text: or

text: judicial

text: functions

text: within

text: the

text: county

text: or

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: established

text: over

text: time

text: as

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: main

text: town

text: of

text: county

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: county

text: town

text: eventually

text: became

text: detached

text: from

text: its

text: original

text: meaning

text: of

text: where

text: the

text: county

text: administration

text: or

text: county

text: hall

text: is

text: based

text: In

text: fact

text: many

text: county

text: towns

text: are

text: no

text: longer

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: administrative

text: county

text: For

text: example

text: Nottingham

text: is

text: administered

text: by

text: unitary

text: authority

text: entirely

text: separate

text: from

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Nottinghamshire

text: Many

text: county

text: towns

text: are

text: classified

text: as

text: cities

text: but

text: all

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: county

text: towns

text: regardless

text: of

text: whether

text: city

text: status

text: is

text: held

text: or

text: not

question: instance_of densole

answer: village

text: village

text: village

text: village

text: village