text: Munich (also in British English ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, and the 12th biggest city of the European Union, with a population of above 1.5 million. The Munich Metropolitan Region is home to 5.8 million people.

text: Munich

text: also

text: in

text: British

text: English

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: River

text: Isar

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Bavarian

text: Alps

text: Munich

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: after

text: Berlin

text: and

text: Hamburg

text: and

text: the

text: biggest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: above

text: million

text: The

text: Munich

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: Szczecin (German and , known also by other alternative names) is the capital city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea, it is a major seaport and Poland's seventh-largest city. As of June 2011, the population was 407,811.

text: Szczecin

text: German

text: and

text: known

text: also

text: by

text: other

text: alternative

text: names

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Pomeranian

text: Voivodeship

text: in

text: Poland

text: Located

text: near

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: it

text: is

text: major

text: seaport

text: and

text: Poland

text: 's

text: seventh

text: largest

text: city

text: As

text: of

text: June

text: the

text: population

text: was

text: The German Empire (officially ') was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in November 1918, when Germany became a federal republic (the Weimar Republic).

text: The

text: German

text: Empire

text: officially

text: was

text: the

text: historical

text: German

text: nation

text: state

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: the

text: unification

text: of

text: Germany

text: in

text: to

text: the

text: abdication

text: of

text: Kaiser

text: Wilhelm

text: II

text: in

text: November

text: when

text: Germany

text: became

text: federal

text: republic

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe, one of the three Baltic states. It is bordered by Estonia to the north, Lithuania to the south, Russia to the east, and Belarus to the southeast, as well as a maritime border to the west alongside Sweden. Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of . The country has a temperate seasonal climate.

text: Latvia

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Latvia

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Baltic

text: region

text: of

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: Baltic

text: states

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Estonia

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Lithuania

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Belarus

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: maritime

text: border

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: alongside

text: Sweden

text: Latvia

text: has

text: inhabitants

text: and

text: territory

text: of

text: The

text: country

text: has

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: Polotsk or Polatsk is a historical city in Belarus, situated on the Dvina River. It is the center of the Polatsk Raion in Vitebsk Voblast. Its population is more than 80,000 people. It is served by Polotsk Airport and during the Cold War was home to Borovitsy air base.

text: Polotsk

text: or

text: Polatsk

text: is

text: historical

text: city

text: in

text: Belarus

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: Dvina

text: River

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Polatsk

text: Raion

text: in

text: Vitebsk

text: Voblast

text: Its

text: population

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: people

text: It

text: is

text: served

text: by

text: Polotsk

text: Airport

text: and

text: during

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: was

text: home

text: to

text: Borovitsy

text: air

text: base

text: Leopold Maximilian Joseph Maria Arnulf, Prinz von Bayern (9 February 1846  28 September 1930) was born in Munich, the son of Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria (18211912) and his wife Archduchess Augusta of Austria (18251864). He was a Field Marshal ("Generalfeldmarschall") who commanded German and Austro-Hungarian forces on the Eastern Front in World War I.

text: Leopold

text: Maximilian

text: Joseph

text: Maria

text: Arnulf

text: Prinz

text: von

text: Bayern

text: February

text: September

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Munich

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Prince

text: Regent

text: Luitpold

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: and

text: his

text: wife

text: Archduchess

text: Augusta

text: of

text: Austria

text: He

text: was

text: Field

text: Marshal

text: Generalfeldmarschall

text: who

text: commanded

text: German

text: and

text: Austro

text: Hungarian

text: forces

text: on

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Front

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: Northern Europe is the northern part or region of Europe. Although no definitive borders or definition exists for the term, geographically, Northern Europe may be considered to consist approximately of all of Europe above the 52nd parallel north; which includes (from west to east) most or all of: Iceland, the Republic of Ireland, the Isle of Man, the United Kingdom, the Faroe Islands, the Netherlands, northern Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, northern Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and northwest Russia. However, narrower definitions may also be used based on other geographical factors, such as climate and ecology. Greenland, geographically a part of North America, is politically a part of the Kingdom of Denmark, and may be included depending on the definition.

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: is

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: or

text: region

text: of

text: Europe

text: Although

text: no

text: definitive

text: borders

text: or

text: definition

text: exists

text: for

text: the

text: term

text: geographically

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: may

text: be

text: considered

text: to

text: consist

text: approximately

text: of

text: all

text: of

text: Europe

text: above

text: the

text: parallel

text: north

text: which

text: includes

text: from

text: west

text: to

text: east

text: most

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: Iceland

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: Faroe

text: Islands

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: northern

text: Germany

text: Denmark

text: Norway

text: Sweden

text: northern

text: Poland

text: Finland

text: Estonia

text: Latvia

text: Lithuania

text: and

text: northwest

text: Russia

text: However

text: narrower

text: definitions

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: based

text: on

text: other

text: geographical

text: factors

text: such

text: as

text: climate

text: and

text: ecology

text: Greenland

text: geographically

text: part

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: is

text: politically

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Denmark

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: included

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: definition

text: Selonia, also known as "Augšzeme" (the "Highland"), is a cultural region of Latvia encompassing the eastern part of the historical region of Semigallia. Its main city and cultural center is Jkabpils. The Selonian language has become extinct, though some of the inhabitants still speak a Latgalian dialect.

text: Selonia

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Augšzeme

text: the

text: Highland

text: is

text: cultural

text: region

text: of

text: Latvia

text: encompassing

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: historical

text: region

text: of

text: Semigallia

text: Its

text: main

text: city

text: and

text: cultural

text: center

text: is

text: Jkabpils

text: The

text: Selonian

text: language

text: has

text: become

text: extinct

text: though

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: still

text: speak

text: Latgalian

text: dialect

text: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty was signed at Brest-Litovsk (since 1945 Brest), after two months of negotiations. The treaty was forced on the Bolshevik government by the threat of further advances by German and Austrian forces. According to the treaty, Soviet Russia defaulted on all of Imperial Russia's commitments to the Triple Entente alliance.

text: The

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Brest

text: Litovsk

text: was

text: peace

text: treaty

text: signed

text: on

text: March

text: between

text: the

text: new

text: Bolshevik

text: government

text: of

text: Soviet

text: Russia

text: and

text: the

text: Central

text: Powers

text: Germany

text: Austria

text: Hungary

text: Bulgaria

text: and

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: that

text: ended

text: Russia

text: 's

text: participation

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: The

text: treaty

text: was

text: signed

text: at

text: Brest

text: Litovsk

text: since

text: Brest

text: after

text: two

text: months

text: of

text: negotiations

text: The

text: treaty

text: was

text: forced

text: on

text: the

text: Bolshevik

text: government

text: by

text: the

text: threat

text: of

text: further

text: advances

text: by

text: German

text: and

text: Austrian

text: forces

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: treaty

text: Soviet

text: Russia

text: defaulted

text: on

text: all

text: of

text: Imperial

text: Russia

text: 's

text: commitments

text: to

text: the

text: Triple

text: Entente

text: alliance

text: Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges (the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains) in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine and Belarus to the east; and the Baltic Sea, Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) and Lithuania to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe and the sixth most populous member of the European Union. Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocaw, Pozna, Gdask and Szczecin.

text: Poland

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Poland

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: situated

text: between

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: two

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: the

text: Sudetes

text: and

text: Carpathian

text: Mountains

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: Bordered

text: by

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: and

text: Slovakia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: Belarus

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: Kaliningrad

text: Oblast

text: Russian

text: exclave

text: and

text: Lithuania

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: The

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: Poland

text: is

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: Poland

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: sixth

text: most

text: populous

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Poland

text: is

text: unitary

text: state

text: divided

text: into

text: administrative

text: subdivisions

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Warsaw

text: Other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Kraków

text: Wrocaw

text: Pozna

text: Gdask

text: and

text: Szczecin

text: The Baltic Sea (  ; ) is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Scandinavia, Finland, the Baltic countries, and the North European Plain. It includes the Gulf of Bothnia, the Bay of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga, and the Bay of Gdask. The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 10°E to 30°E longitude. A mediterranean sea of the Atlantic, with limited water exchange between the two bodies, the Baltic Sea drains through the Danish islands into the Kattegat by way of the straits of Øresund, the Great Belt, and the Little Belt.

text: The

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: is

text: sea

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: enclosed

text: by

text: Scandinavia

text: Finland

text: the

text: Baltic

text: countries

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: European

text: Plain

text: It

text: includes

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Bothnia

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bothnia

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Riga

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Gdask

text: The

text: sea

text: stretches

text: from

text: to

text: latitude

text: and

text: from

text: to

text: longitude

text: mediterranean

text: sea

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: with

text: limited

text: water

text: exchange

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: bodies

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: drains

text: through

text: the

text: Danish

text: islands

text: into

text: the

text: Kattegat

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: the

text: straits

text: of

text: Øresund

text: the

text: Great

text: Belt

text: and

text: the

text: Little

text: Belt

text: The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France. Princes of the German states gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm I of Prussia as German Emperor after the French capitulation in the Franco-Prussian War. Unofficially, the "de facto" transition of most of the German-speaking populations into a federated organization of states had been developing for some time through alliances formal and informal between princely rulersbut in fits and starts; self-interests of the various parties hampered the process over nearly a century of autocratic experimentation, beginning in the era of the Napoleonic Wars, which saw the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (1806), and the subsequent rise of German nationalism.

text: The

text: unification

text: of

text: Germany

text: into

text: politically

text: and

text: administratively

text: integrated

text: nation

text: state

text: officially

text: occurred

text: on

text: January

text: in

text: the

text: Hall

text: of

text: Mirrors

text: at

text: the

text: Palace

text: of

text: Versailles

text: in

text: France

text: Princes

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: states

text: gathered

text: there

text: to

text: proclaim

text: Wilhelm

text: of

text: Prussia

text: as

text: German

text: Emperor

text: after

text: the

text: French

text: capitulation

text: in

text: the

text: Franco

text: Prussian

text: War

text: Unofficially

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: transition

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: speaking

text: populations

text: into

text: federated

text: organization

text: of

text: states

text: had

text: been

text: developing

text: for

text: some

text: time

text: through

text: alliances

text: formal

text: and

text: informal

text: between

text: princely

text: rulersbut

text: in

text: fits

text: and

text: starts

text: self

text: interests

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: parties

text: hampered

text: the

text: process

text: over

text: nearly

text: century

text: of

text: autocratic

text: experimentation

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: era

text: of

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: which

text: saw

text: the

text: dissolution

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: the

text: subsequent

text: rise

text: of

text: German

text: nationalism

text: Gdask (German: ) is a Polish city on the Baltic coast. It is the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland's principal seaport and is also the centre of the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area.

text: Gdask

text: German

text: is

text: Polish

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: Baltic

text: coast

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Pomeranian

text: Voivodeship

text: Poland

text: 's

text: principal

text: seaport

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: fourth

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: Belarus ( lat. ', ), officially the Republic of Belarus, formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia (though this name is no longer used in Belarus itself, even in Russian language), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital and most populous city is Minsk. Over 40% of its is forested. Its strongest economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing. Until the 20th century, different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus, including the Principality of Polotsk (11th to 14th centuries), the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire.

text: Belarus

text: lat

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Belarus

text: formerly

text: known

text: by

text: its

text: Russian

text: name

text: Byelorussia

text: though

text: this

text: name

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: used

text: in

text: Belarus

text: itself

text: even

text: in

text: Russian

text: language

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: bordered

text: by

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Ukraine

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Poland

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Lithuania

text: and

text: Latvia

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: is

text: Minsk

text: Over

text: of

text: its

text: is

text: forested

text: Its

text: strongest

text: economic

text: sectors

text: are

text: service

text: industries

text: and

text: manufacturing

text: Until

text: the

text: century

text: different

text: states

text: at

text: various

text: times

text: controlled

text: the

text: lands

text: of

text: modern

text: day

text: Belarus

text: including

text: the

text: Principality

text: of

text: Polotsk

text: to

text: centuries

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: the

text: PolishLithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: and

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: Courland or Kurzeme (in Latvian German and ; / ) is one of the historical and cultural regions of Latvia. The regions of Semigallia and Selonia are sometimes considered as part of Courland as they were formerly held by the same duke.

text: Courland

text: or

text: Kurzeme

text: in

text: Latvian

text: German

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: historical

text: and

text: cultural

text: regions

text: of

text: Latvia

text: The

text: regions

text: of

text: Semigallia

text: and

text: Selonia

text: are

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: Courland

text: as

text: they

text: were

text: formerly

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: same

text: duke

text: Ukraine (tr. ) is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland and Slovakia to the west, Hungary, Romania, and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. Ukraine is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula which Russia annexed in 2014 but which Ukraine and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of , making it the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world. It has a population of about 44.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world.

text: Ukraine

text: tr

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: bordered

text: by

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: Belarus

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Poland

text: and

text: Slovakia

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Hungary

text: Romania

text: and

text: Moldova

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: and

text: Sea

text: of

text: Azov

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: southeast

text: respectively

text: Ukraine

text: is

text: currently

text: in

text: territorial

text: dispute

text: with

text: Russia

text: over

text: the

text: Crimean

text: Peninsula

text: which

text: Russia

text: annexed

text: in

text: but

text: which

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: international

text: community

text: recognise

text: as

text: Ukrainian

text: Including

text: Crimea

text: Ukraine

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: entirely

text: within

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Wrocaw (, ; ) is the largest city in western Poland. It is on the River Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe, roughly 350 kilometres (220 mi) from the Baltic Sea to the north and 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the Sudeten Mountains to the south. Wrocaw is the historical capital of Silesia and Lower Silesia. Today, it is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. At various times in history, it has been part of the Kingdom of Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, the Austrian Empire, Prussia and Germany. It became part of Poland in 1945, as a result of the border changes after the Second World War. The population of Wrocaw in 2016 was 637,075 making it the fourth-largest city in Poland and the main city of Wrocaw agglomeration.

text: Wrocaw

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: western

text: Poland

text: It

text: is

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Oder

text: in

text: the

text: Silesian

text: Lowlands

text: of

text: Central

text: Europe

text: roughly

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: from

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: from

text: the

text: Sudeten

text: Mountains

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Wrocaw

text: is

text: the

text: historical

text: capital

text: of

text: Silesia

text: and

text: Lower

text: Silesia

text: Today

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Lower

text: Silesian

text: Voivodeship

text: At

text: various

text: times

text: in

text: history

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Poland

text: Bohemia

text: Hungary

text: the

text: Austrian

text: Empire

text: Prussia

text: and

text: Germany

text: It

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: Poland

text: in

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: border

text: changes

text: after

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: Wrocaw

text: in

text: was

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Poland

text: and

text: the

text: main

text: city

text: of

text: Wrocaw

text: agglomeration

text: Kraków, also Cracow or Krakow, is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs. It was the capital of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1038 to 1569; the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1795; the Free City of Kraków from 1815 to 1846; the Grand Duchy of Cracow from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1998. It has been the capital of Lesser Poland Voivodeship since 1999.

text: Kraków

text: also

text: Cracow

text: or

text: Krakow

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: cities

text: in

text: Poland

text: Situated

text: on

text: the

text: Vistula

text: River

text: in

text: the

text: Lesser

text: Poland

text: region

text: the

text: city

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: Kraków

text: has

text: traditionally

text: been

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: centres

text: of

text: Polish

text: academic

text: cultural

text: and

text: artistic

text: life

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: Poland

text: 's

text: most

text: important

text: economic

text: hubs

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Poland

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: PolishLithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: Free

text: City

text: of

text: Kraków

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Cracow

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: Kraków

text: Voivodeship

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Lesser

text: Poland

text: Voivodeship

text: since

text: The Czech Republic, also known by the short name Czechia, is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of with mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate. It is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague, with over 1.2 million residents. The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia.

text: The

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: the

text: short

text: name

text: Czechia

text: is

text: nation

text: state

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: bordered

text: by

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Austria

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Slovakia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Poland

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: The

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: with

text: mostly

text: temperate

text: continental

text: climate

text: and

text: oceanic

text: climate

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: has

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Prague

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: residents

text: The

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: includes

text: the

text: historical

text: territories

text: of

text: Bohemia

text: Moravia

text: and

text: Czech

text: Silesia

text: The PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania. It was one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe. At its peak in the early 17th century, the Commonwealth spanned some and sustained a multi-ethnic population of 11 million. The union was formalized by the Union of Lublin in July 1569, but the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were in a de-facto personal union since 1386 with the marriage of the Polish queen Hedwig and Lithuania's Grand Duke Jogaila, who was crowned King "jure uxoris" Wadysaw II Jagieo of Poland. The First Partition of Poland in 1772 and the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 greatly reduced the nation's size and the Commonwealth disappeared as an independent state following the Third Partition of Poland in 1795.

text: The

text: PolishLithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: formally

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Poland

text: and

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: after

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Poland

text: was

text: dualistic

text: state

text: bi

text: confederation

text: of

text: Poland

text: and

text: Lithuania

text: ruled

text: by

text: common

text: monarch

text: who

text: was

text: both

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: Poland

text: and

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duke

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: It

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: countries

text: of

text: and

text: century

text: Europe

text: At

text: its

text: peak

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: spanned

text: some

text: and

text: sustained

text: multi

text: ethnic

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: The

text: union

text: was

text: formalized

text: by

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Lublin

text: in

text: July

text: but

text: the

text: Crown

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Poland

text: and

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: were

text: in

text: de

text: facto

text: personal

text: union

text: since

text: with

text: the

text: marriage

text: of

text: the

text: Polish

text: queen

text: Hedwig

text: and

text: Lithuania

text: 's

text: Grand

text: Duke

text: Jogaila

text: who

text: was

text: crowned

text: King

text: jure

text: uxoris

text: Wadysaw

text: II

text: Jagieo

text: of

text: Poland

text: The

text: First

text: Partition

text: of

text: Poland

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: Second

text: Partition

text: of

text: Poland

text: in

text: greatly

text: reduced

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: size

text: and

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: disappeared

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: state

text: following

text: the

text: Third

text: Partition

text: of

text: Poland

text: in

text: Vilnius (see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania and its largest city, with a population of 542,664 . Vilnius is located in the southeast part of Lithuania and is the second largest city in the Baltic states. Vilnius is the seat of the main government institutions of Lithuania as well as of the Vilnius District Municipality. Vilnius is classified as a Gamma global city according to GaWC studies, and is known for the architecture in its Old Town, declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994. Its Jewish influence until the 20th century has led to it being described as the "Jerusalem of Lithuania" and Napoleon named it "the Jerusalem of the North" as he was passing through in 1812. In 2009, Vilnius was the European Capital of Culture, together with the Austrian city of Linz.

text: Vilnius

text: see

text: also

text: other

text: names

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: Vilnius

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: part

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Baltic

text: states

text: Vilnius

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: government

text: institutions

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: Vilnius

text: District

text: Municipality

text: Vilnius

text: is

text: classified

text: as

text: Gamma

text: global

text: city

text: according

text: to

text: GaWC

text: studies

text: and

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: architecture

text: in

text: its

text: Old

text: Town

text: declared

text: UNESCO

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Site

text: in

text: Its

text: Jewish

text: influence

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: it

text: being

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: Jerusalem

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: and

text: Napoleon

text: named

text: it

text: the

text: Jerusalem

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: as

text: he

text: was

text: passing

text: through

text: in

text: In

text: Vilnius

text: was

text: the

text: European

text: Capital

text: of

text: Culture

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: Austrian

text: city

text: of

text: Linz

text: Warsaw (; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population is estimated at 1.750 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 3.105 million residents, which makes Warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the European Union. The city limits cover , while the metropolitan area covers .

text: Warsaw

text: see

text: also

text: other

text: names

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Poland

text: It

text: stands

text: on

text: the

text: Vistula

text: River

text: in

text: east

text: central

text: Poland

text: roughly

text: from

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Carpathian

text: Mountains

text: Its

text: population

text: is

text: estimated

text: at

text: million

text: residents

text: within

text: greater

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: million

text: residents

text: which

text: makes

text: Warsaw

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: capital

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: The

text: city

text: limits

text: cover

text: while

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: covers

text:
Weimar Republic is an unofficial, historical designation for the German state between 1919 and 1933. The name derives from the city of Weimar, where its constitutional assembly first took place. The official name of the state was still "Deutsches Reich"; it had remained unchanged since 1871. In English the country was usually known simply as Germany.
A national assembly was convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for the "Deutsches Reich" was written, and adopted on 11 August 1919. In its fourteen years, the Weimar Republic faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremism (with paramilitaries  both left- and right-wing); and contentious relationships with the victors of the First World War. The people of Germany blamed the Weimar Republic rather than their wartime leaders for the country's defeat and for the humiliating terms of the Treaty of Versailles. However, the Weimar Republic government successfully reformed the currency, unified tax policies, and organized the railway system. Weimar Germany eliminated most of the requirements of the Treaty of Versailles; it never completely met its disarmament requirements, and eventually paid only a small portion of the war reparations (by twice restructuring its debt through the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan). Under the Locarno Treaties, Germany accepted the western borders of the republic, but continued to dispute the Eastern border.

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: is

text: an

text: unofficial

text: historical

text: designation

text: for

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: between

text: and

text: The

text: name

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Weimar

text: where

text: its

text: constitutional

text: assembly

text: first

text: took

text: place

text: The

text: official

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: was

text: still

text: Deutsches

text: Reich

text: it

text: had

text: remained

text: unchanged

text: since

text: In

text: English

text: the

text: country

text: was

text: usually

text: known

text: simply

text: as

text: Germany

text: national

text: assembly

text: was

text: convened

text: in

text: Weimar

text: where

text: new

text: constitution

text: for

text: the

text: Deutsches

text: Reich

text: was

text: written

text: and

text: adopted

text: on

text: August

text: In

text: its

text: fourteen

text: years

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: faced

text: numerous

text: problems

text: including

text: hyperinflation

text: political

text: extremism

text: with

text: paramilitaries

text: both

text: left-

text: and

text: right

text: wing

text: and

text: contentious

text: relationships

text: with

text: the

text: victors

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: The

text: people

text: of

text: Germany

text: blamed

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: rather

text: than

text: their

text: wartime

text: leaders

text: for

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: defeat

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: humiliating

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: However

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: government

text: successfully

text: reformed

text: the

text: currency

text: unified

text: tax

text: policies

text: and

text: organized

text: the

text: railway

text: system

text: Weimar

text: Germany

text: eliminated

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: requirements

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: it

text: never

text: completely

text: met

text: its

text: disarmament

text: requirements

text: and

text: eventually

text: paid

text: only

text: small

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: reparations

text: by

text: twice

text: restructuring

text: its

text: debt

text: through

text: the

text: Dawes

text: Plan

text: and

text: the

text: Young

text: Plan

text: Under

text: the

text: Locarno

text: Treaties

text: Germany

text: accepted

text: the

text: western

text: borders

text: of

text: the

text: republic

text: but

text: continued

text: to

text: dispute

text: the

text: Eastern

text: border

text: Lithuania (UK and US: ), officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in Northern Europe. One of the three Baltic states, it is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, to the east of Sweden and Denmark. It is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 2.9 million people , and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. Lithuanians are a Baltic people. The official language, Lithuanian, along with Latvian, is one of only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.

text: Lithuania

text: UK

text: and

text: US

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: Baltic

text: states

text: it

text: is

text: situated

text: along

text: the

text: southeastern

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: Sweden

text: and

text: Denmark

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Latvia

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Belarus

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: Poland

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Kaliningrad

text: Oblast

text: Russian

text: exclave

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Lithuania

text: has

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Vilnius

text: Lithuanians

text: are

text: Baltic

text: people

text: The

text: official

text: language

text: Lithuanian

text: along

text: with

text: Latvian

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: two

text: living

text: languages

text: in

text: the

text: Baltic

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Indo

text: European

text: language

text: family

text: Ober Ost is short for Oberbefehlshaber der gesamten Deutschen Streitkräfte im Osten , which is a German term meaning `` Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East '' during World War I. In practice it refers not only to said commander , but also to his governing military staff and the district they controlled : Ober Ost was in command of the Eastern front . After the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk the German Empire effectively controlled Lithuania , Latvia , Belarus , parts of Poland , and Courland : former territories of the Russian Empire . Ober Ost itself was assigned present - day Lithuania , Latvia , Belarus , Poland , and Courland . The land it controlled was around 108,808 km² . The Ober Ost was created in 1914 , and its first leader was Paul von Hindenburg , a Prussian military hero . When the Chief of the General Staff Erich von Falkenhayn was dismissed from office in 1916 , von Hindenburg replaced him , and Prince Leopold of Bavaria was given control of the Ober Ost .

text: Ober

text: Ost

text: is

text: short

text: for

text: Oberbefehlshaber

text: der

text: gesamten

text: Deutschen

text: Streitkräfte

text: Osten

text: which

text: is

text: German

text: term

text: meaning

text: Supreme

text: Commander

text: of

text: All

text: German

text: Forces

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: In

text: practice

text: it

text: refers

text: not

text: only

text: to

text: said

text: commander

text: but

text: also

text: to

text: his

text: governing

text: military

text: staff

text: and

text: the

text: district

text: they

text: controlled

text: Ober

text: Ost

text: was

text: in

text: command

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: front

text: After

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Brest

text: Litovsk

text: the

text: German

text: Empire

text: effectively

text: controlled

text: Lithuania

text: Latvia

text: Belarus

text: parts

text: of

text: Poland

text: and

text: Courland

text: former

text: territories

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: Ober

text: Ost

text: itself

text: was

text: assigned

text: present

text: day

text: Lithuania

text: Latvia

text: Belarus

text: Poland

text: and

text: Courland

text: The

text: land

text: it

text: controlled

text: was

text: around

text: The

text: Ober

text: Ost

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: and

text: its

text: first

text: leader

text: was

text: Paul

text: von

text: Hindenburg

text: Prussian

text: military

text: hero

text: When

text: the

text: Chief

text: of

text: the

text: General

text: Staff

text: Erich

text: von

text: Falkenhayn

text: was

text: dismissed

text: from

text: office

text: in

text: von

text: Hindenburg

text: replaced

text: him

text: and

text: Prince

text: Leopold

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: was

text: given

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Ober

text: Ost

text: The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.

text: The

text: European

text: Union

text: EU

text: is

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: union

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: that

text: are

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: The

text: EU

text: has

text: developed

text: an

text: internal

text: single

text: market

text: through

text: standardised

text: system

text: of

text: laws

text: that

text: apply

text: in

text: all

text: member

text: states

text: EU

text: policies

text: aim

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: free

text: movement

text: of

text: people

text: goods

text: services

text: and

text: capital

text: within

text: the

text: internal

text: market

text: enact

text: legislation

text: in

text: justice

text: and

text: home

text: affairs

text: and

text: maintain

text: common

text: policies

text: on

text: trade

text: agriculture

text: fisheries

text: and

text: regional

text: development

text: Within

text: the

text: Schengen

text: Area

text: passport

text: controls

text: have

text: been

text: abolished

text: monetary

text: union

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: came

text: into

text: full

text: force

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: EU

text: member

text: states

text: which

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: currency

text: The Triple Entente (from French "entente" "friendship, understanding, agreement") was the understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907. The understanding between the three powers, supplemented by agreements with Japan and Portugal, constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Italy, though Italy did not side with Germany and Austria during World War I, and joined the Entente Powers instead, in the 1915 Treaty of London.

text: The

text: Triple

text: Entente

text: from

text: French

text: entente

text: friendship

text: understanding

text: agreement

text: was

text: the

text: understanding

text: linking

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: the

text: French

text: Third

text: Republic

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: after

text: the

text: signing

text: of

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Russian

text: Entente

text: on

text: August

text: The

text: understanding

text: between

text: the

text: three

text: powers

text: supplemented

text: by

text: agreements

text: with

text: Japan

text: and

text: Portugal

text: constituted

text: powerful

text: counterweight

text: to

text: the

text: Triple

text: Alliance

text: of

text: Germany

text: Austria

text: Hungary

text: and

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Italy

text: though

text: Italy

text: did

text: not

text: side

text: with

text: Germany

text: and

text: Austria

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: and

text: joined

text: the

text: Entente

text: Powers

text: instead

text: in

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: London

text: The Ottoman Empire ('; Modern Turkish: ' or '), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey, was an empire founded at the end of the thirteenth century in northwestern Anatolia in the vicinity of Bilecik and Söüt by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: Modern

text: Turkish

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Empire

text: Ottoman

text: Turkey

text: was

text: an

text: empire

text: founded

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: thirteenth

text: century

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Anatolia

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Bilecik

text: and

text: Söüt

text: by

text: the

text: Oghuz

text: Turkish

text: tribal

text: leader

text: Osman

text: After

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: crossed

text: into

text: Europe

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Balkans

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Beylik

text: was

text: transformed

text: into

text: transcontinental

text: empire

text: The

text: Ottomans

text: ended

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: with

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: by

text: Mehmed

text: the

text: Conqueror

text: Pozna (known also by other historical names) is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, in the Greater Poland region. It is best known for its renaissance Old Town, destroyed during World War II and then rebuilt, and Ostrów Tumski Cathedral. Today, Pozna is an important cultural and business centre and one of Poland's most populous regions with many regional customs such as Jarmark witojaski, traditional Saint Martin's croissants and a local dialect.

text: Pozna

text: known

text: also

text: by

text: other

text: historical

text: names

text: is

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: Warta

text: river

text: in

text: west

text: central

text: Poland

text: in

text: the

text: Greater

text: Poland

text: region

text: It

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: renaissance

text: Old

text: Town

text: destroyed

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: and

text: then

text: rebuilt

text: and

text: Ostrów

text: Tumski

text: Cathedral

text: Today

text: Pozna

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: cultural

text: and

text: business

text: centre

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: Poland

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: regions

text: with

text: many

text: regional

text: customs

text: such

text: as

text: Jarmark

text: witojaski

text: traditional

text: Saint

text: Martin

text: 's

text: croissants

text: and

text: local

text: dialect

text: Napoleon Bonaparte ("Napoléon Bonaparte";  , born ""Napoleone di Buonaparte""; 15 August 1769  5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. One of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy has ensured his status as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history.

text: Napoleon

text: Bonaparte

text: Napoléon

text: Bonaparte

text: born

text: Napoleone

text: di

text: Buonaparte

text: August

text: May

text: was

text: French

text: military

text: and

text: political

text: leader

text: who

text: rose

text: to

text: prominence

text: during

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: and

text: led

text: several

text: successful

text: campaigns

text: during

text: the

text: French

text: Revolutionary

text: Wars

text: As

text: Napoleon

text: he

text: was

text: Emperor

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: from

text: until

text: and

text: again

text: in

text: Napoleon

text: dominated

text: European

text: and

text: global

text: affairs

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: decade

text: while

text: leading

text: France

text: against

text: series

text: of

text: coalitions

text: in

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: He

text: won

text: most

text: of

text: these

text: wars

text: and

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: his

text: battles

text: building

text: large

text: empire

text: that

text: ruled

text: over

text: continental

text: Europe

text: before

text: its

text: final

text: collapse

text: in

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: commanders

text: in

text: history

text: his

text: wars

text: and

text: campaigns

text: are

text: studied

text: at

text: military

text: schools

text: worldwide

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: legacy

text: has

text: ensured

text: his

text: status

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: celebrated

text: and

text: controversial

text: leaders

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: Russia, also officially known as the Russian Empire, was a state that existed from 1721 until it was overthrown by the short-lived liberal February Revolution in 1917. One of the largest empires in world history, stretching over three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, Persia and the Ottoman Empire. It played a major role in 181214 in defeating Napoleon's ambitions to control Europe, and expanded to the west and south.

text: Russia

text: also

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: was

text: state

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: overthrown

text: by

text: the

text: short

text: lived

text: liberal

text: February

text: Revolution

text: in

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: empires

text: in

text: world

text: history

text: stretching

text: over

text: three

text: continents

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: was

text: surpassed

text: in

text: landmass

text: only

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: and

text: Mongol

text: empires

text: The

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: happened

text: in

text: association

text: with

text: the

text: decline

text: of

text: neighboring

text: rival

text: powers

text: the

text: Swedish

text: Empire

text: the

text: PolishLithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: Persia

text: and

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: It

text: played

text: major

text: role

text: in

text: in

text: defeating

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: ambitions

text: to

text: control

text: Europe

text: and

text: expanded

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: Minsk (; is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Nyamiha rivers. It is the administrative centre of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). As the national capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region (voblast) and Minsk raion (district). In 2013, it had a population of 2,002,600.

text: Minsk

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Belarus

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: Svislach

text: and

text: Nyamiha

text: rivers

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: administrative

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Independent

text: States

text: CIS

text: As

text: the

text: national

text: capital

text: Minsk

text: has

text: special

text: administrative

text: status

text: in

text: Belarus

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: administrative

text: centre

text: of

text: Minsk

text: Region

text: voblast

text: and

text: Minsk

text: raion

text: district

text: In

text: it

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: The Principality of Polotsk, also known as the Kingdom of Polotsk or the Duchy of Polotsk, was a medieval principality of the Early East Slavs. The origin and date of state establishment is uncertain. The Russian chronicles mention Polotsk being conquered by Vladimir the Great, and thereafter it became associated with the Rurik dynasty and Kievan Rus'.

text: The

text: Principality

text: of

text: Polotsk

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Polotsk

text: or

text: the

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Polotsk

text: was

text: medieval

text: principality

text: of

text: the

text: Early

text: East

text: Slavs

text: The

text: origin

text: and

text: date

text: of

text: state

text: establishment

text: is

text: uncertain

text: The

text: Russian

text: chronicles

text: mention

text: Polotsk

text: being

text: conquered

text: by

text: Vladimir

text: the

text: Great

text: and

text: thereafter

text: it

text: became

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: Rurik

text: dynasty

text: and

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency.

text: The

text: euro

text: sign

text: code

text: EUR

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: currency

text: of

text: the

text: eurozone

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Austria

text: Belgium

text: Cyprus

text: Estonia

text: Finland

text: France

text: Germany

text: Greece

text: Ireland

text: Italy

text: Latvia

text: Lithuania

text: Luxembourg

text: Malta

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Portugal

text: Slovakia

text: Slovenia

text: and

text: Spain

text: The

text: currency

text: is

text: also

text: officially

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: institutions

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: four

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: unilaterally

text: by

text: two

text: others

text: and

text: is

text: consequently

text: used

text: daily

text: by

text: some

text: million

text: Europeans

text: Outside

text: of

text: Europe

text: number

text: of

text: overseas

text: territories

text: of

text: EU

text: members

text: also

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: as

text: their

text: currency

text: Lithuanians (singular "lietuvis/lietuv") are a Baltic ethnic group, native to Lithuania, where they number around 2,561,300 people. Another million or more make up the Lithuanian diaspora, largely found in countries such as the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Russia, United Kingdom and Ireland. Their native language is Lithuanian, one of only two surviving members of the Baltic language family. According to the census conducted in 2001, 83.45% of the population of Lithuania identified themselves as Lithuanians, 6.74% as Poles, 6.31% as Russians, 1.23% as Belarusians, and 2.27% as members of other ethnic groups. Most Lithuanians belong to the Roman Catholic Church, while the Lietuvininkai who lived in the northern part of East Prussia prior to World War II, were mostly Evangelical Lutherans.

text: Lithuanians

text: singular

text: lietuvis

text: lietuv

text: are

text: Baltic

text: ethnic

text: group

text: native

text: to

text: Lithuania

text: where

text: they

text: number

text: around

text: people

text: Another

text: million

text: or

text: more

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: Lithuanian

text: diaspora

text: largely

text: found

text: in

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Argentina

text: Brazil

text: Canada

text: Colombia

text: Russia

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Ireland

text: Their

text: native

text: language

text: is

text: Lithuanian

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: two

text: surviving

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Baltic

text: language

text: family

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: conducted

text: in

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: identified

text: themselves

text: as

text: Lithuanians

text: as

text: Poles

text: as

text: Russians

text: as

text: Belarusians

text: and

text: as

text: members

text: of

text: other

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: Most

text: Lithuanians

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: while

text: the

text: Lietuvininkai

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: East

text: Prussia

text: prior

text: to

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: were

text: mostly

text: Evangelical

text: Lutherans

text: Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. Slovakia's territory spans about and is mostly mountainous. The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks. The capital and largest city is Bratislava. The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family.

text: Slovakia

text: officially

text: the

text: Slovak

text: Republic

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: and

text: Austria

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Poland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Ukraine

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Hungary

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Slovakia

text: 's

text: territory

text: spans

text: about

text: and

text: is

text: mostly

text: mountainous

text: The

text: population

text: is

text: over

text: million

text: and

text: comprises

text: mostly

text: ethnic

text: Slovaks

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Bratislava

text: The

text: official

text: language

text: is

text: Slovak

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Slavic

text: language

text: family

text: Generalfeldmarschall (abbreviated to Feldmarschall) was a rank in the armies of several German states and the Holy Roman Empire; in the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, the rank "Feldmarschall" was used. The rank was the equivalent to "Großadmiral" in the "Kaiserliche Marine" and "Kriegsmarine", a five-star rank, comparable to OF-10 in todays NATO naval forces.

text: Generalfeldmarschall

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: Feldmarschall

text: was

text: rank

text: in

text: the

text: armies

text: of

text: several

text: German

text: states

text: and

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: Habsburg

text: Monarchy

text: the

text: Austrian

text: Empire

text: and

text: Austria

text: Hungary

text: the

text: rank

text: Feldmarschall

text: was

text: used

text: The

text: rank

text: was

text: the

text: equivalent

text: to

text: Großadmiral

text: in

text: the

text: Kaiserliche

text: Marine

text: and

text: Kriegsmarine

text: five

text: star

text: rank

text: comparable

text: to

text: in

text: todays

text: NATO

text: naval

text: forces

text: Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.

text: Russia

text: from

text: the

text: Rus

text: also

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: At

text: Russia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: surface

text: area

text: covering

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: eighth

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: inhabited

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: most

text: populous

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: March

text: The

text: European

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: populated

text: and

text: urbanised

text: than

text: the

text: eastern

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: live

text: in

text: European

text: Russia

text: Russia

text: 's

text: capital

text: Moscow

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: centers

text: include

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Novosibirsk

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: and

text: Samara

text: Kaliningrad Oblast ("Kaliningradskaya oblast") is a federal subject of the Russian Federation that is located on the coast of the Baltic Sea. As an oblast, its constitutional status is equal to each of the other 84 federal subjects. Its administrative center is the city of Kaliningrad, formerly known as Königsberg. It is the only Baltic port in the Russian Federation that remains ice-free in winter. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 941,873.

text: Kaliningrad

text: Oblast

text: Kaliningradskaya

text: oblast

text: is

text: federal

text: subject

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: that

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: As

text: an

text: oblast

text: its

text: constitutional

text: status

text: is

text: equal

text: to

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: federal

text: subjects

text: Its

text: administrative

text: center

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Kaliningrad

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Königsberg

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: Baltic

text: port

text: in

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: that

text: remains

text: ice

text: free

text: in

text: winter

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: it

text: had

text: population

text: of

question: capital ober ost

answer: königsberg

text: königsberg


text: Chessie System, Inc. was a holding company that owned the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway (C&O), the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O), the Western Maryland Railway (WM), and several smaller carriers. It was incorporated in Virginia on February 26, 1973, and it acquired the C&O (which controlled the other companies) on June 15. C&O had been popularly known as "Chessie System" since the 1930s.

text: Chessie

text: System

text: Inc.

text: was

text: holding

text: company

text: that

text: owned

text: the

text: Chesapeake

text: Ohio

text: Railway

text: C&O

text: the

text: Baltimore

text: Ohio

text: Railroad

text: B&O

text: the

text: Western

text: Maryland

text: Railway

text: WM

text: and

text: several

text: smaller

text: carriers

text: It

text: was

text: incorporated

text: in

text: Virginia

text: on

text: February

text: and

text: it

text: acquired

text: the

text: C&O

text: which

text: controlled

text: the

text: other

text: companies

text: on

text: June

text: C&O

text: had

text: been

text: popularly

text: known

text: as

text: Chessie

text: System

text: since

text: the

text: Seaboard Coast Line Industries, Inc., incorporated in Delaware on May 9, 1969, was a railroad holding company that owned the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, its subsidiary Louisville and Nashville Railroad, and several smaller carriers. Its railroad subsidiaries were collectively known as the Family Lines System. Its headquarters were in Jacksonville, Florida in the United States. Through 1979, the Family Lines network totaled in 13 states.

text: Seaboard

text: Coast

text: Line

text: Industries

text: Inc.

text: incorporated

text: in

text: Delaware

text: on

text: May

text: was

text: railroad

text: holding

text: company

text: that

text: owned

text: the

text: Seaboard

text: Coast

text: Line

text: Railroad

text: its

text: subsidiary

text: Louisville

text: and

text: Nashville

text: Railroad

text: and

text: several

text: smaller

text: carriers

text: Its

text: railroad

text: subsidiaries

text: were

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Family

text: Lines

text: System

text: Its

text: headquarters

text: were

text: in

text: Jacksonville

text: Florida

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Through

text: the

text: Family

text: Lines

text: network

text: totaled

text: in

text: states

text: CSX Transportation is a Class I railroad in the United States. The main subsidiary of the CSX Corporation, the railroad is headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida, and owns about 21,000 route miles (34,000 km). CSX operates one of the three Class I railroads serving most of the East Coast, the other two being the Norfolk Southern Railway (NS) and Canadian Pacific Railway. It also serves the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Together CSX and Norfolk Southern Railway have a duopoly over all east-west freight rail traffic east of the Mississippi River. As of October 1, 2014, CSX's total public stock value was slightly over $32 billion.

text: CSX

text: Transportation

text: is

text: Class

text: railroad

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: main

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: the

text: CSX

text: Corporation

text: the

text: railroad

text: is

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Jacksonville

text: Florida

text: and

text: owns

text: about

text: route

text: miles

text: km

text: CSX

text: operates

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: Class

text: railroads

text: serving

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: East

text: Coast

text: the

text: other

text: two

text: being

text: the

text: Norfolk

text: Southern

text: Railway

text: NS

text: and

text: Canadian

text: Pacific

text: Railway

text: It

text: also

text: serves

text: the

text: Canadian

text: provinces

text: of

text: Ontario

text: and

text: Quebec

text: Together

text: CSX

text: and

text: Norfolk

text: Southern

text: Railway

text: have

text: duopoly

text: over

text: all

text: east

text: west

text: freight

text: rail

text: traffic

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: As

text: of

text: October

text: CSX

text: 's

text: total

text: public

text: stock

text: value

text: was

text: slightly

text: over

text: billion

text: CSX Corporation is an American holding company focused on real estate and railways in North America, among other industries. The company was formed in 1980 by the merger of Chessie System and Seaboard Coast Line Industries and eventually merged the various railroads owned by those predecessors into a single line that became known as CSX Transportation. CSX Corporation currently has a number of subsidiaries beyond CSX Transportation, including Fruit Growers Express, CSX Technology, CSX de Mexico, and CSX Real Property among others. Based in Richmond, Virginia, USA after the merger, in 2003 the CSX Corporation headquarters moved to Jacksonville, Florida. The chairman and CEO since 2003 is Michael J. Ward, while Clarence Gooden serves as president.

text: CSX

text: Corporation

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: holding

text: company

text: focused

text: on

text: real

text: estate

text: and

text: railways

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: among

text: other

text: industries

text: The

text: company

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: merger

text: of

text: Chessie

text: System

text: and

text: Seaboard

text: Coast

text: Line

text: Industries

text: and

text: eventually

text: merged

text: the

text: various

text: railroads

text: owned

text: by

text: those

text: predecessors

text: into

text: single

text: line

text: that

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: CSX

text: Transportation

text: CSX

text: Corporation

text: currently

text: has

text: number

text: of

text: subsidiaries

text: beyond

text: CSX

text: Transportation

text: including

text: Fruit

text: Growers

text: Express

text: CSX

text: Technology

text: CSX

text: de

text: Mexico

text: and

text: CSX

text: Real

text: Property

text: among

text: others

text: Based

text: in

text: Richmond

text: Virginia

text: USA

text: after

text: the

text: merger

text: in

text: the

text: CSX

text: Corporation

text: headquarters

text: moved

text: to

text: Jacksonville

text: Florida

text: The

text: chairman

text: and

text: CEO

text: since

text: is

text: Michael

text: Ward

text: while

text: Clarence

text: Gooden

text: serves

text: as

text: president

text: Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province by a large margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians, and is the second-largest province in total area. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included. It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto.

text: Ontario

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: provinces

text: and

text: territories

text: of

text: Canada

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: east

text: central

text: Canada

text: It

text: is

text: Canada

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: province

text: by

text: large

text: margin

text: accounting

text: for

text: nearly

text: percent

text: of

text: all

text: Canadians

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: province

text: in

text: total

text: area

text: Ontario

text: is

text: fourth

text: largest

text: in

text: total

text: area

text: when

text: the

text: territories

text: of

text: the

text: Northwest

text: Territories

text: and

text: Nunavut

text: are

text: included

text: It

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: capital

text: city

text: Ottawa

text: and

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: Toronto

text: Quebec (pronounced or ) is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language.

text: Quebec

text: pronounced

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: province

text: of

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: to

text: have

text: predominantly

text: French

text: speaking

text: population

text: with

text: French

text: as

text: the

text: sole

text: provincial

text: official

text: language

text: The Seaboard System Railroad , Inc. ( reporting mark SBD ) was a short - lived former US Class I railroad that was created after the consolidation of the Family Lines System railroads ( notably the Louisville & Nashville , Seaboard Coast Line , and Clinchfield ) on December 29 , 1982 . Under the Family Lines era , the railroads shared common ownership but used different names when conducting business . On July 1 , 1986 , the Seaboard System renamed itself as the CSX Transportation and absorbed the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway on August 31 , 1987 which ended the CSX Corporation 's shared ownership of the Seaboard System and Chessie System railroads .

text: The

text: Seaboard

text: System

text: Railroad

text: Inc.

text: reporting

text: mark

text: SBD

text: was

text: short

text: lived

text: former

text: US

text: Class

text: railroad

text: that

text: was

text: created

text: after

text: the

text: consolidation

text: of

text: the

text: Family

text: Lines

text: System

text: railroads

text: notably

text: the

text: Louisville

text: Nashville

text: Seaboard

text: Coast

text: Line

text: and

text: Clinchfield

text: on

text: December

text: Under

text: the

text: Family

text: Lines

text: era

text: the

text: railroads

text: shared

text: common

text: ownership

text: but

text: used

text: different

text: names

text: when

text: conducting

text: business

text: On

text: July

text: the

text: Seaboard

text: System

text: renamed

text: itself

text: as

text: the

text: CSX

text: Transportation

text: and

text: absorbed

text: the

text: Chesapeake

text: Ohio

text: Railway

text: on

text: August

text: which

text: ended

text: the

text: CSX

text: Corporation

text: 's

text: shared

text: ownership

text: of

text: the

text: Seaboard

text: System

text: and

text: Chessie

text: System

text: railroads

text: The Norfolk Southern Railway is a Class I railroad in the United States; began in 1982 and 1990. With headquarters in Norfolk, Virginia, the company operates 36,200 route miles in 22 eastern states, the District of Columbia, and has rights in Canada from Buffalo to Toronto and over the Albany to Montreal route. NS is responsible for maintaining 29,000 miles, with the remainder being operated under trackage rights from other parties responsible for maintenance. The common commodity hauled on the railroad is coal from mines in Indiana, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. The railroad also offers the largest intermodal network in eastern North America.

text: The

text: Norfolk

text: Southern

text: Railway

text: is

text: Class

text: railroad

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: began

text: in

text: and

text: With

text: headquarters

text: in

text: Norfolk

text: Virginia

text: the

text: company

text: operates

text: route

text: miles

text: in

text: eastern

text: states

text: the

text: District

text: of

text: Columbia

text: and

text: has

text: rights

text: in

text: Canada

text: from

text: Buffalo

text: to

text: Toronto

text: and

text: over

text: the

text: Albany

text: to

text: Montreal

text: route

text: NS

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: maintaining

text: miles

text: with

text: the

text: remainder

text: being

text: operated

text: under

text: trackage

text: rights

text: from

text: other

text: parties

text: responsible

text: for

text: maintenance

text: The

text: common

text: commodity

text: hauled

text: on

text: the

text: railroad

text: is

text: coal

text: from

text: mines

text: in

text: Indiana

text: Kentucky

text: Pennsylvania

text: Tennessee

text: Virginia

text: and

text: West

text: Virginia

text: The

text: railroad

text: also

text: offers

text: the

text: largest

text: intermodal

text: network

text: in

text: eastern

text: North

text: America

text: Richmond is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and the Greater Richmond Region. It was incorporated in 1742, and has been an independent city since 1871.

text: Richmond

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Virginia

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Richmond

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: MSA

text: and

text: the

text: Greater

text: Richmond

text: Region

text: It

text: was

text: incorporated

text: in

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: an

text: independent

text: city

text: since

text:
The Western Maryland Railway was an American Class I railroad (1852-1983) which operated in Maryland, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. It was primarily a coal hauling and freight railroad, with a small passenger train operation.
The WM became a property of the Chessie System holding company in 1973, although it continued independent operations until May 1975 after which time many of its lines were abandoned in favor of parallel Baltimore and Ohio Railroad lines. In 1983 it was fully merged into the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, which later was also merged with the former Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad into the Chessie System in 1987, which is now renamed as CSX Transportation.

text: The

text: Western

text: Maryland

text: Railway

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: Class

text: railroad

text: which

text: operated

text: in

text: Maryland

text: West

text: Virginia

text: and

text: Pennsylvania

text: It

text: was

text: primarily

text: coal

text: hauling

text: and

text: freight

text: railroad

text: with

text: small

text: passenger

text: train

text: operation

text: The

text: WM

text: became

text: property

text: of

text: the

text: Chessie

text: System

text: holding

text: company

text: in

text: although

text: it

text: continued

text: independent

text: operations

text: until

text: May

text: after

text: which

text: time

text: many

text: of

text: its

text: lines

text: were

text: abandoned

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: parallel

text: Baltimore

text: and

text: Ohio

text: Railroad

text: lines

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: fully

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: Baltimore

text: Ohio

text: Railroad

text: which

text: later

text: was

text: also

text: merged

text: with

text: the

text: former

text: Chesapeake

text: and

text: Ohio

text: Railroad

text: into

text: the

text: Chessie

text: System

text: in

text: which

text: is

text: now

text: renamed

text: as

text: CSX

text: Transportation

annotations: likely single

annotations: follows single

question: replaces seaboard system railroad

answer: louisville and nashville railroad

text: louisville and nashville railroad


text: In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.

text: In

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Europe

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: or

text: medieval

text: period

text: lasted

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: The

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: is

text: the

text: middle

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: traditional

text: divisions

text: of

text: Western

text: history

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: the

text: medieval

text: period

text: and

text: the

text: modern

text: period

text: The

text: medieval

text: period

text: is

text: itself

text: subdivided

text: into

text: the

text: Early

text: High

text: and

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. It covers an area of , situated in the Carpathian Basin and bordered by Slovakia to the north, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, Slovenia to the west, Austria to the northwest, and Ukraine to the northeast. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world. Hungary's capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, classified as an Alpha- global city. Major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Gyr.

text: Hungary

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: It

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: Carpathian

text: Basin

text: and

text: bordered

text: by

text: Slovakia

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Romania

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Serbia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Croatia

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Slovenia

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Austria

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: Ukraine

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: With

text: about

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Hungary

text: is

text: medium

text: sized

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: The

text: official

text: language

text: is

text: Hungarian

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: spoken

text: Uralic

text: language

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Hungary

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: metropolis

text: is

text: Budapest

text: significant

text: economic

text: hub

text: classified

text: as

text: an

text: Alpha-

text: global

text: city

text: Major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Debrecen

text: Szeged

text: Miskolc

text: Pécs

text: and

text: Gyr

text: Lajos Nagy ( born 17 December 1975 in Székesfehérvár ) is a Hungarian football ( midfielder ) player who currently plays for Ceglédi VSE .

text: Lajos

text: Nagy

text: born

text: December

text: in

text: Székesfehérvár

text: is

text: Hungarian

text: football

text: midfielder

text: player

text: who

text: currently

text: plays

text: for

text: Ceglédi

text: VSE

text: The city of Székesfehérvár (see also other alternative names), located in central Hungary, is one of the largest cities in the country. Székesfehérvár was the capital of Hungary in the Middle Ages. Now the city is regional capital of Central Transdanubia, the centre of Fejér county and Székesfehérvár District. It was one of the most important cities of Hungary. In the Székesfehérvár Basilica (one of the largest basilicas in medieval-Europe), where the Diets were held and the crown jewels kept, thirty-seven kings and thirty-nine queens consort were crowned and fifteen rulers buried. .

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Székesfehérvár

text: see

text: also

text: other

text: alternative

text: names

text: located

text: in

text: central

text: Hungary

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Székesfehérvár

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Hungary

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Now

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: regional

text: capital

text: of

text: Central

text: Transdanubia

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: Fejér

text: county

text: and

text: Székesfehérvár

text: District

text: It

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: cities

text: of

text: Hungary

text: In

text: the

text: Székesfehérvár

text: Basilica

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: basilicas

text: in

text: medieval

text: Europe

text: where

text: the

text: Diets

text: were

text: held

text: and

text: the

text: crown

text: jewels

text: kept

text: thirty

text: seven

text: kings

text: and

text: thirty

text: nine

text: queens

text: consort

text: were

text: crowned

text: and

text: fifteen

text: rulers

text: buried

text: Central Transdanubia is a statistical (NUTS 2) region of Hungary. The capital is Székesfehérvár. It is part of Transdanubia (NUTS 1) region. Central Transdanubia includes counties of Fejér, Komárom-Esztergom, and Veszprém.

text: Central

text: Transdanubia

text: is

text: statistical

text: NUTS

text: region

text: of

text: Hungary

text: The

text: capital

text: is

text: Székesfehérvár

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: Transdanubia

text: NUTS

text: region

text: Central

text: Transdanubia

text: includes

text: counties

text: of

text: Fejér

text: Komárom

text: Esztergom

text: and

text: Veszprém

annotations: follows multiple

question: country_of_citizenship lajos nagy

answer: hungary

text: hungary

text: hungary

text: hungary

text: hungary

text: hungary

text: hungary

text: hungary