text: Allan Alcorn (born January 1, 1948 in San Francisco) is an American pioneering engineer and computer scientist. He grew up in San Francisco, California, and attended the University of California, Berkeley, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences in 1971.

text: Allan

text: Alcorn

text: born

text: January

text: in

text: San

text: Francisco

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: pioneering

text: engineer

text: and

text: computer

text: scientist

text: He

text: grew

text: up

text: in

text: San

text: Francisco

text: California

text: and

text: attended

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: Berkeley

text: graduating

text: with

text: Bachelor

text: of

text: Science

text: degree

text: in

text: Electrical

text: Engineering

text: and

text: Computer

text: Sciences

text: in

text: A video game console is an electronic, digital or computer device that outputs a video signal or visual image to display a video game that one or more people can play.

text: video

text: game

text: console

text: is

text: an

text: electronic

text: digital

text: or

text: computer

text: device

text: that

text: outputs

text: video

text: signal

text: or

text: visual

text: image

text: to

text: display

text: video

text: game

text: that

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: people

text: can

text: play

text: Nolan Kay Bushnell (born February 5, 1943) is an American electrical engineer and businessman. He established Atari, Inc. and the Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza-Time Theaters chain. Bushnell has been inducted into the Video Game Hall of Fame and the Consumer Electronics Association Hall of Fame, received the BAFTA Fellowship and the Nations Restaurant News Innovator of the Year award, and was named one of "Newsweek"s "50 Men Who Changed America." Bushnell has started more than twenty companies and is one of the founding fathers of the video game industry. He is currently on the board of Anti-Aging Games, but his latest venture is an educational software company called Brainrush that is using video game technology in educational software, incorporating real brain science, in a way that Bushnell believes will fundamentally change education. Nolan, who is co-founder and chairman of Brainrush, believes that Brainrush will be his biggest success.

text: Nolan

text: Kay

text: Bushnell

text: born

text: February

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: electrical

text: engineer

text: and

text: businessman

text: He

text: established

text: Atari

text: Inc.

text: and

text: the

text: Chuck

text: Cheese

text: 's

text: Pizza

text: Time

text: Theaters

text: chain

text: Bushnell

text: has

text: been

text: inducted

text: into

text: the

text: Video

text: Game

text: Hall

text: of

text: Fame

text: and

text: the

text: Consumer

text: Electronics

text: Association

text: Hall

text: of

text: Fame

text: received

text: the

text: BAFTA

text: Fellowship

text: and

text: the

text: Nations

text: Restaurant

text: News

text: Innovator

text: of

text: the

text: Year

text: award

text: and

text: was

text: named

text: one

text: of

text: Newsweek"s

text: Men

text: Who

text: Changed

text: America

text: Bushnell

text: has

text: started

text: more

text: than

text: twenty

text: companies

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: founding

text: fathers

text: of

text: the

text: video

text: game

text: industry

text: He

text: is

text: currently

text: on

text: the

text: board

text: of

text: Anti

text: Aging

text: Games

text: but

text: his

text: latest

text: venture

text: is

text: an

text: educational

text: software

text: company

text: called

text: Brainrush

text: that

text: is

text: using

text: video

text: game

text: technology

text: in

text: educational

text: software

text: incorporating

text: real

text: brain

text: science

text: in

text: way

text: that

text: Bushnell

text: believes

text: will

text: fundamentally

text: change

text: education

text: Nolan

text: who

text: is

text: co

text: founder

text: and

text: chairman

text: of

text: Brainrush

text: believes

text: that

text: Brainrush

text: will

text: be

text: his

text: biggest

text: success

text: A video game is an electronic game that involves human or animal interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word "video" in "video game" traditionally referred to a raster display device, but as of the 2000s, it implies any type of display device that can produce two- or three-dimensional images. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial.

text: video

text: game

text: is

text: an

text: electronic

text: game

text: that

text: involves

text: human

text: or

text: animal

text: interaction

text: with

text: user

text: interface

text: to

text: generate

text: visual

text: feedback

text: on

text: video

text: device

text: such

text: as

text: TV

text: screen

text: or

text: computer

text: monitor

text: The

text: word

text: video

text: in

text: video

text: game

text: traditionally

text: referred

text: to

text: raster

text: display

text: device

text: but

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: it

text: implies

text: any

text: type

text: of

text: display

text: device

text: that

text: can

text: produce

text: two-

text: or

text: three

text: dimensional

text: images

text: Some

text: theorists

text: categorize

text: video

text: games

text: as

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: but

text: this

text: designation

text: is

text: controversial

text: Atari Interactive is a name used by several separate groups and corporations since the mid-1990s. In 1996, it was the name of Atari Corporation's PC publishing division, bringing games like the Atari Jaguar's "Tempest 2000" to the PC platform. From 1998 to 2001, Atari Interactive, Inc. was the name of the corporate entity that held the Atari properties purchased from JTS by Hasbro in 1998, and functioned as the retro publishing subsidiary of Hasbro Interactive. It is currently the name of a wholly owned subsidiary of Atari, SA (formerly Infogrames), who is the current owner of the Atari brand and various other properties formerly belonging to Hasbro Interactive. It was formed in 2001, when IESA acquired Hasbro Interactive and proceeded to rename it to Infogrames Interactive. In 2003, IESA then changed the company name entirely to Atari Interactive, Inc. as part of its worldwide reorganization to focus on use of the Atari brand.

text: Atari

text: Interactive

text: is

text: name

text: used

text: by

text: several

text: separate

text: groups

text: and

text: corporations

text: since

text: the

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: Atari

text: Corporation

text: 's

text: PC

text: publishing

text: division

text: bringing

text: games

text: like

text: the

text: Atari

text: Jaguar

text: 's

text: Tempest

text: to

text: the

text: PC

text: platform

text: From

text: to

text: Atari

text: Interactive

text: Inc.

text: was

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: corporate

text: entity

text: that

text: held

text: the

text: Atari

text: properties

text: purchased

text: from

text: JTS

text: by

text: Hasbro

text: in

text: and

text: functioned

text: as

text: the

text: retro

text: publishing

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: Hasbro

text: Interactive

text: It

text: is

text: currently

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: wholly

text: owned

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: Atari

text: SA

text: formerly

text: Infogrames

text: who

text: is

text: the

text: current

text: owner

text: of

text: the

text: Atari

text: brand

text: and

text: various

text: other

text: properties

text: formerly

text: belonging

text: to

text: Hasbro

text: Interactive

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: when

text: IESA

text: acquired

text: Hasbro

text: Interactive

text: and

text: proceeded

text: to

text: rename

text: it

text: to

text: Infogrames

text: Interactive

text: In

text: IESA

text: then

text: changed

text: the

text: company

text: name

text: entirely

text: to

text: Atari

text: Interactive

text: Inc.

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: its

text: worldwide

text: reorganization

text: to

text: focus

text: on

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: Atari

text: brand

text: Pong is one of the earliest arcade video games and the very first sports arcade video game. It is a table tennis sports game featuring simple two-dimensional graphics. While other arcade video games such as "Computer Space" came before it, "Pong" was one of the first video games to reach mainstream popularity. The aim is to defeat an opponent in a simulated table-tennis game by earning a higher score. The game was originally manufactured by Atari, which released it in 1972. Allan Alcorn created "Pong" as a training exercise assigned to him by Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell. Bushnell based the idea on an electronic ping-pong game included in the Magnavox Odyssey, which later resulted in a lawsuit against Atari. Surprised by the quality of Alcorn's work, Bushnell and Atari co-founder Ted Dabney decided to manufacture the game.

text: Pong

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: arcade

text: video

text: games

text: and

text: the

text: very

text: first

text: sports

text: arcade

text: video

text: game

text: It

text: is

text: table

text: tennis

text: sports

text: game

text: featuring

text: simple

text: two

text: dimensional

text: graphics

text: While

text: other

text: arcade

text: video

text: games

text: such

text: as

text: Computer

text: Space

text: came

text: before

text: it

text: Pong

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: video

text: games

text: to

text: reach

text: mainstream

text: popularity

text: The

text: aim

text: is

text: to

text: defeat

text: an

text: opponent

text: in

text: simulated

text: table

text: tennis

text: game

text: by

text: earning

text: higher

text: score

text: The

text: game

text: was

text: originally

text: manufactured

text: by

text: Atari

text: which

text: released

text: it

text: in

text: Allan

text: Alcorn

text: created

text: Pong

text: as

text: training

text: exercise

text: assigned

text: to

text: him

text: by

text: Atari

text: co

text: founder

text: Nolan

text: Bushnell

text: Bushnell

text: based

text: the

text: idea

text: on

text: an

text: electronic

text: ping

text: pong

text: game

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: Magnavox

text: Odyssey

text: which

text: later

text: resulted

text: in

text: lawsuit

text: against

text: Atari

text: Surprised

text: by

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: Alcorn

text: 's

text: work

text: Bushnell

text: and

text: Atari

text: co

text: founder

text: Ted

text: Dabney

text: decided

text: to

text: manufacture

text: the

text: game

text: Magnavox (Latin for "great voice") is an American electronics company founded in the United States. Today it is a subsidiary of electronics corporation Philips.

text: Magnavox

text: Latin

text: for

text: great

text: voice

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: electronics

text: company

text: founded

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Today

text: it

text: is

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: electronics

text: corporation

text: Philips

text: Table tennis, also known as ping pong, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight ball back and forth across a table using a small bat. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, the rules are generally as follows: players must allow a ball played toward them to bounce one time on their side of the table, and must return it so that it bounces on the opposite side at least once. A point is scored when a player fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast and demands quick reactions. Spinning the ball alters its trajectory and limits an opponent's options, giving the hitter a great advantage.

text: Table

text: tennis

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: ping

text: pong

text: is

text: sport

text: in

text: which

text: two

text: or

text: four

text: players

text: hit

text: lightweight

text: ball

text: back

text: and

text: forth

text: across

text: table

text: using

text: small

text: bat

text: The

text: game

text: takes

text: place

text: on

text: hard

text: table

text: divided

text: by

text: net

text: Except

text: for

text: the

text: initial

text: serve

text: the

text: rules

text: are

text: generally

text: as

text: follows

text: players

text: must

text: allow

text: ball

text: played

text: toward

text: them

text: to

text: bounce

text: one

text: time

text: on

text: their

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: table

text: and

text: must

text: return

text: it

text: so

text: that

text: it

text: bounces

text: on

text: the

text: opposite

text: side

text: at

text: least

text: once

text: point

text: is

text: scored

text: when

text: player

text: fails

text: to

text: return

text: the

text: ball

text: within

text: the

text: rules

text: Play

text: is

text: fast

text: and

text: demands

text: quick

text: reactions

text: Spinning

text: the

text: ball

text: alters

text: its

text: trajectory

text: and

text: limits

text: an

text: opponent

text: 's

text: options

text: giving

text: the

text: hitter

text: great

text: advantage

text: Home computers were a class of microcomputers entering the market in 1977, and becoming common during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that, for the first time, were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user. These computers were a distinct market segment that typically cost much less than business, scientific or engineering-oriented computers of the time such as the IBM PC, and were generally less powerful in terms of memory and expandability. However, a home computer often had better graphics and sound than contemporaneous business computers. Their most common uses were playing video games, but they were also regularly used for word processing, doing homework, and programming.

text: Home

text: computers

text: were

text: class

text: of

text: microcomputers

text: entering

text: the

text: market

text: in

text: and

text: becoming

text: common

text: during

text: the

text: They

text: were

text: marketed

text: to

text: consumers

text: as

text: affordable

text: and

text: accessible

text: computers

text: that

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: were

text: intended

text: for

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: single

text: nontechnical

text: user

text: These

text: computers

text: were

text: distinct

text: market

text: segment

text: that

text: typically

text: cost

text: much

text: less

text: than

text: business

text: scientific

text: or

text: engineering

text: oriented

text: computers

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: IBM

text: PC

text: and

text: were

text: generally

text: less

text: powerful

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: memory

text: and

text: expandability

text: However

text: home

text: computer

text: often

text: had

text: better

text: graphics

text: and

text: sound

text: than

text: contemporaneous

text: business

text: computers

text: Their

text: most

text: common

text: uses

text: were

text: playing

text: video

text: games

text: but

text: they

text: were

text: also

text: regularly

text: used

text: for

text: word

text: processing

text: doing

text: homework

text: and

text: programming

text: A sports game is a video game that simulates the practice of sports. Most sports have been recreated with a game, including team sports, track and field, extreme sports and combat sports. Some games emphasize actually playing the sport (such as the "Madden NFL" series), whilst others emphasize strategy and sport management (such as "Championship Manager" and "Out of the Park Baseball"). Some, such as "Need for Speed", "Arch Rivals" and "Punch-Out!!", satirize the sport for comic effect. This genre has been popular throughout the history of video games and is competitive, just like real-world sports. A number of game series feature the names and characteristics of real teams and players, and are updated annually to reflect real-world changes.

text: sports

text: game

text: is

text: video

text: game

text: that

text: simulates

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: sports

text: Most

text: sports

text: have

text: been

text: recreated

text: with

text: game

text: including

text: team

text: sports

text: track

text: and

text: field

text: extreme

text: sports

text: and

text: combat

text: sports

text: Some

text: games

text: emphasize

text: actually

text: playing

text: the

text: sport

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Madden

text: NFL

text: series

text: whilst

text: others

text: emphasize

text: strategy

text: and

text: sport

text: management

text: such

text: as

text: Championship

text: Manager

text: and

text: Out

text: of

text: the

text: Park

text: Baseball

text: Some

text: such

text: as

text: Need

text: for

text: Speed

text: Arch

text: Rivals

text: and

text: Punch

text: Out

text: satirize

text: the

text: sport

text: for

text: comic

text: effect

text: This

text: genre

text: has

text: been

text: popular

text: throughout

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: video

text: games

text: and

text: is

text: competitive

text: just

text: like

text: real

text: world

text: sports

text: number

text: of

text: game

text: series

text: feature

text: the

text: names

text: and

text: characteristics

text: of

text: real

text: teams

text: and

text: players

text: and

text: are

text: updated

text: annually

text: to

text: reflect

text: real

text: world

text: changes

text: Island Officials , located in Woodbury , New Jersey , is a computer game developer founded in 2007 by Ryan Morrison and Ryan Harbinson . The company is responsible for the Hands On ! game franchise . Island Officials won the Atari Community Choice Award for their entry , Pong EVO , in Atari 's Pong Indie Developer Challenge .

text: Island

text: Officials

text: located

text: in

text: Woodbury

text: New

text: Jersey

text: is

text: computer

text: game

text: developer

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Ryan

text: Morrison

text: and

text: Ryan

text: Harbinson

text: The

text: company

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: Hands

text: On

text: game

text: franchise

text: Island

text: Officials

text: won

text: the

text: Atari

text: Community

text: Choice

text: Award

text: for

text: their

text: entry

text: Pong

text: EVO

text: in

text: Atari

text: 's

text: Pong

text: Indie

text: Developer

text: Challenge

text: Atari is a corporate and brand name owned by several entities since its inception in 1972, currently by Atari Interactive, a subsidiary of the French publisher Atari, SA (ASA). The original Atari, Inc. founded in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney was a pioneer in arcade games, home video game consoles, and home computers. The company's products, such as "Pong" and the Atari 2600, helped define the electronic entertainment industry from the 1970s to the mid-1980s.

text: Atari

text: is

text: corporate

text: and

text: brand

text: name

text: owned

text: by

text: several

text: entities

text: since

text: its

text: inception

text: in

text: currently

text: by

text: Atari

text: Interactive

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: publisher

text: Atari

text: SA

text: ASA

text: The

text: original

text: Atari

text: Inc.

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Nolan

text: Bushnell

text: and

text: Ted

text: Dabney

text: was

text: pioneer

text: in

text: arcade

text: games

text: home

text: video

text: game

text: consoles

text: and

text: home

text: computers

text: The

text: company

text: 's

text: products

text: such

text: as

text: Pong

text: and

text: the

text: Atari

text: helped

text: define

text: the

text: electronic

text: entertainment

text: industry

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: Computer Space is a space combat arcade game developed in 1971 as one of the last games created in the early history of video games. Created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney in partnership as Syzygy Engineering, it was the first arcade video game as well as the first commercially available video game. "Computer Space" is a derivative of the 1962 computer game "Spacewar!", possibly the first video game to spread to multiple computer installations. It features a rocket, controlled by the player, engaged in a missile battle with a pair of flying saucers set against a background starfield. The goal is to score more hits than the enemy spaceships within a set time period, which awards a free round of gameplay. The game is enclosed in a custom fiberglass cabinet in one of four colors, which Bushnell designed himself to be futuristic.

text: Computer

text: Space

text: is

text: space

text: combat

text: arcade

text: game

text: developed

text: in

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: games

text: created

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: history

text: of

text: video

text: games

text: Created

text: by

text: Nolan

text: Bushnell

text: and

text: Ted

text: Dabney

text: in

text: partnership

text: as

text: Syzygy

text: Engineering

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: arcade

text: video

text: game

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: commercially

text: available

text: video

text: game

text: Computer

text: Space

text: is

text: derivative

text: of

text: the

text: computer

text: game

text: Spacewar

text: possibly

text: the

text: first

text: video

text: game

text: to

text: spread

text: to

text: multiple

text: computer

text: installations

text: It

text: features

text: rocket

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: player

text: engaged

text: in

text: missile

text: battle

text: with

text: pair

text: of

text: flying

text: saucers

text: set

text: against

text: background

text: starfield

text: The

text: goal

text: is

text: to

text: score

text: more

text: hits

text: than

text: the

text: enemy

text: spaceships

text: within

text: set

text: time

text: period

text: which

text: awards

text: free

text: round

text: of

text: gameplay

text: The

text: game

text: is

text: enclosed

text: in

text: custom

text: fiberglass

text: cabinet

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: four

text: colors

text: which

text: Bushnell

text: designed

text: himself

text: to

text: be

text: futuristic

text: Atari, Inc. was an American video game developer and home computer company founded in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Primarily responsible for the formation of the video arcade and modern video game industries, the company was closed and its assets split in 1984 as a direct result of the North American video game crash of 1983.

text: Atari

text: Inc.

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: video

text: game

text: developer

text: and

text: home

text: computer

text: company

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Nolan

text: Bushnell

text: and

text: Ted

text: Dabney

text: Primarily

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: video

text: arcade

text: and

text: modern

text: video

text: game

text: industries

text: the

text: company

text: was

text: closed

text: and

text: its

text: assets

text: split

text: in

text: as

text: direct

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: video

text: game

text: crash

text: of

text: The Atari 2600 (or Atari VCS before 1982) is a home video game console by Atari, Inc. Released on September 11, 1977, it is credited with popularizing the use of microprocessor-based hardware and ROM cartridges containing game code, a format first used with the Fairchild Channel F video game console in 1976. This format contrasts with the older model of having non-microprocessor dedicated hardware, which could only play the games that were physically built into the unit.

text: The

text: Atari

text: or

text: Atari

text: VCS

text: before

text: is

text: home

text: video

text: game

text: console

text: by

text: Atari

text: Inc.

text: Released

text: on

text: September

text: it

text: is

text: credited

text: with

text: popularizing

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: microprocessor

text: based

text: hardware

text: and

text: ROM

text: cartridges

text: containing

text: game

text: code

text: format

text: first

text: used

text: with

text: the

text: Fairchild

text: Channel

text: video

text: game

text: console

text: in

text: This

text: format

text: contrasts

text: with

text: the

text: older

text: model

text: of

text: having

text: non

text: microprocessor

text: dedicated

text: hardware

text: which

text: could

text: only

text: play

text: the

text: games

text: that

text: were

text: physically

text: built

text: into

text: the

text: unit

text: The Magnavox Odyssey is the first commercial home video game console. It was developed by a small team led by Ralph H. Baer at Sanders Associates and released by Magnavox in the United States in September 1972 and overseas the following year. The Odyssey consists of a white, black, and brown box which connects to a television set and two rectangular controllers attached by wires. It is capable of displaying three square dots on the screen in monochrome black and white, with different behavior of the dots depending on the game played, and has no sound capabilities. Players place plastic overlays on the screen to create visuals, and the one or two players for each game control their dots with the three knobs and one button on the controller in accordance with the rules given for the game. The Odyssey console came packaged with dice, paper money, and other board game paraphernalia to go along with the games, and a peripheral controllerthe first video game light gunwas sold separately.

text: The

text: Magnavox

text: Odyssey

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: commercial

text: home

text: video

text: game

text: console

text: It

text: was

text: developed

text: by

text: small

text: team

text: led

text: by

text: Ralph

text: Baer

text: at

text: Sanders

text: Associates

text: and

text: released

text: by

text: Magnavox

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: September

text: and

text: overseas

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: The

text: Odyssey

text: consists

text: of

text: white

text: black

text: and

text: brown

text: box

text: which

text: connects

text: to

text: television

text: set

text: and

text: two

text: rectangular

text: controllers

text: attached

text: by

text: wires

text: It

text: is

text: capable

text: of

text: displaying

text: three

text: square

text: dots

text: on

text: the

text: screen

text: in

text: monochrome

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: with

text: different

text: behavior

text: of

text: the

text: dots

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: game

text: played

text: and

text: has

text: no

text: sound

text: capabilities

text: Players

text: place

text: plastic

text: overlays

text: on

text: the

text: screen

text: to

text: create

text: visuals

text: and

text: the

text: one

text: or

text: two

text: players

text: for

text: each

text: game

text: control

text: their

text: dots

text: with

text: the

text: three

text: knobs

text: and

text: one

text: button

text: on

text: the

text: controller

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: the

text: rules

text: given

text: for

text: the

text: game

text: The

text: Odyssey

text: console

text: came

text: packaged

text: with

text: dice

text: paper

text: money

text: and

text: other

text: board

text: game

text: paraphernalia

text: to

text: go

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: games

text: and

text: peripheral

text: controllerthe

text: first

text: video

text: game

text: light

text: gunwas

text: sold

text: separately

text: Ted Dabney is the co-founder of Syzygy and Atari. While working at Ampex Dabney met Nolan Bushnell and the two jointly created Syzygy with their first product being "Computer Space", which was manufactured and sold by Nutting Associates. Following Computer Space, Ted Dabney's video circuit that was created for Computer Space was used by Al Alcorn to create "Pong", with assistance from Dabney and Bushnell. Dabney remained out of the public eye after departing Atari and his role in creating the first commercially produced coin-op video game as well as Syzygy and Atari was often omitted or marginalized with several myths attached. Dabney appeared on the RetroGaming Roundup podcast in October 2010 and told his story in a two-hour interview.

text: Ted

text: Dabney

text: is

text: the

text: co

text: founder

text: of

text: Syzygy

text: and

text: Atari

text: While

text: working

text: at

text: Ampex

text: Dabney

text: met

text: Nolan

text: Bushnell

text: and

text: the

text: two

text: jointly

text: created

text: Syzygy

text: with

text: their

text: first

text: product

text: being

text: Computer

text: Space

text: which

text: was

text: manufactured

text: and

text: sold

text: by

text: Nutting

text: Associates

text: Following

text: Computer

text: Space

text: Ted

text: Dabney

text: 's

text: video

text: circuit

text: that

text: was

text: created

text: for

text: Computer

text: Space

text: was

text: used

text: by

text: Al

text: Alcorn

text: to

text: create

text: Pong

text: with

text: assistance

text: from

text: Dabney

text: and

text: Bushnell

text: Dabney

text: remained

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: eye

text: after

text: departing

text: Atari

text: and

text: his

text: role

text: in

text: creating

text: the

text: first

text: commercially

text: produced

text: coin

text: op

text: video

text: game

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Syzygy

text: and

text: Atari

text: was

text: often

text: omitted

text: or

text: marginalized

text: with

text: several

text: myths

text: attached

text: Dabney

text: appeared

text: on

text: the

text: RetroGaming

text: Roundup

text: podcast

text: in

text: October

text: and

text: told

text: his

text: story

text: in

text: two

text: hour

text: interview

text: An arcade game or coin-op is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants, bars and amusement arcades. Most arcade games are video games, pinball machines, electro-mechanical games, redemption games or merchandisers. While exact dates are debated, the golden age of arcade video games is usually defined as a period beginning sometime in the late 1970s and ending sometime in the mid-1980s. Excluding a brief resurgence in the early 1990s, the arcade industry subsequently declined in the Western hemisphere as competing home-based video game consoles such as Playstation and Xbox increased in their graphics and game-play capability and decreased in cost.

text: An

text: arcade

text: game

text: or

text: coin

text: op

text: is

text: coin

text: operated

text: entertainment

text: machine

text: typically

text: installed

text: in

text: public

text: businesses

text: such

text: as

text: restaurants

text: bars

text: and

text: amusement

text: arcades

text: Most

text: arcade

text: games

text: are

text: video

text: games

text: pinball

text: machines

text: electro

text: mechanical

text: games

text: redemption

text: games

text: or

text: merchandisers

text: While

text: exact

text: dates

text: are

text: debated

text: the

text: golden

text: age

text: of

text: arcade

text: video

text: games

text: is

text: usually

text: defined

text: as

text: period

text: beginning

text: sometime

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: ending

text: sometime

text: in

text: the

text: Excluding

text: brief

text: resurgence

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: the

text: arcade

text: industry

text: subsequently

text: declined

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: hemisphere

text: as

text: competing

text: home

text: based

text: video

text: game

text: consoles

text: such

text: as

text: Playstation

text: and

text: Xbox

text: increased

text: in

text: their

text: graphics

text: and

text: game

text: play

text: capability

text: and

text: decreased

text: in

text: cost

annotations: follows multiple

question: industry island officials

answer: video game industry

text: video game industry


text: Oklahoma (Cherokee: "Asgaya gigageyi" /  ; or transliterated from English as  ("òàlàhoma"), Pawnee: "Uukuhuúwa", Cayuga: "Gahnawiyogeh") is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words "okla" and "humma", meaning "red people". It is also known informally by its nickname, "The Sooner State", in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on the choicest pieces of land before the official opening date, and the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889, which opened the door for white settlement in America's Indian Territory. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged and Indian was dropped from the name. On November 16, 1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as "Oklahomans", or informally "Okies", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.

text: Oklahoma

text: Cherokee

text: Asgaya

text: gigageyi

text: or

text: transliterated

text: from

text: English

text: as

text: òàlàhoma

text: Pawnee

text: Uukuhuúwa

text: Cayuga

text: Gahnawiyogeh

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Central

text: United

text: States

text: Oklahoma

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: extensive

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: state

text: 's

text: name

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Choctaw

text: words

text: okla

text: and

text: humma

text: meaning

text: red

text: people

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: informally

text: by

text: its

text: nickname

text: The

text: Sooner

text: State

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: non

text: Native

text: settlers

text: who

text: staked

text: their

text: claims

text: on

text: the

text: choicest

text: pieces

text: of

text: land

text: before

text: the

text: official

text: opening

text: date

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Appropriations

text: Act

text: of

text: which

text: opened

text: the

text: door

text: for

text: white

text: settlement

text: in

text: America

text: 's

text: Indian

text: Territory

text: The

text: name

text: was

text: settled

text: upon

text: statehood

text: Oklahoma

text: Territory

text: and

text: Indian

text: Territory

text: were

text: merged

text: and

text: Indian

text: was

text: dropped

text: from

text: the

text: name

text: On

text: November

text: Oklahoma

text: became

text: the

text: state

text: to

text: enter

text: the

text: union

text: Its

text: residents

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: Oklahomans

text: or

text: informally

text: Okies

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: The Oklahoma Department of Public Safety (ODPS) is a department of the government of Oklahoma. Under the supervision of the Oklahoma Secretary of Safety and Security, DPS provides for the safety of Oklahomans and the administration of justice in the state. DPS is responsible for statewide law enforcement, vehicle regulation, homeland security and such other duties as the Governor of Oklahoma may proscribe. DPS has the duty to provide for the protection and security of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor.

text: The

text: Oklahoma

text: Department

text: of

text: Public

text: Safety

text: ODPS

text: is

text: department

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: Oklahoma

text: Under

text: the

text: supervision

text: of

text: the

text: Oklahoma

text: Secretary

text: of

text: Safety

text: and

text: Security

text: DPS

text: provides

text: for

text: the

text: safety

text: of

text: Oklahomans

text: and

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: justice

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: DPS

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: statewide

text: law

text: enforcement

text: vehicle

text: regulation

text: homeland

text: security

text: and

text: such

text: other

text: duties

text: as

text: the

text: Governor

text: of

text: Oklahoma

text: may

text: proscribe

text: DPS

text: has

text: the

text: duty

text: to

text: provide

text: for

text: the

text: protection

text: and

text: security

text: of

text: the

text: Governor

text: and

text: Lieutenant

text: Governor

text: A county attorney in many areas of the United States is the chief legal officer for a county or local judicial district. It is usually an elected position. The role of the county attorney can be similar to or complementary to that of a local state's attorney, commonwealth's attorney or district attorney.

text: county

text: attorney

text: in

text: many

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: the

text: chief

text: legal

text: officer

text: for

text: county

text: or

text: local

text: judicial

text: district

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: an

text: elected

text: position

text: The

text: role

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: attorney

text: can

text: be

text: similar

text: to

text: or

text: complementary

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: local

text: state

text: 's

text: attorney

text: commonwealth

text: 's

text: attorney

text: or

text: district

text: attorney

text:
The Choctaw (In the Choctaw language, Chahta) are Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States (modern-day Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, and Louisiana). The Choctaw language belongs to the Muskogean language family group.
The Choctaw are descendants of the peoples of the Hopewell and Mississippian cultures, who lived throughout the east of the Mississippi River valley and its tributaries. About 1,700 years ago, the Hopewell people built Nanih Waiya, a great earthwork mound, which is still considered sacred by the Choctaw. The early Spanish explorers of the mid-16th century encountered Mississippian-culture villages and chiefs. The anthropologist John Swanton suggested that the Choctaw derived their name from an early leader. Henry Halbert, a historian, suggests that their name is derived from the Choctaw phrase "Hacha hatak" (river people).

text: The

text: Choctaw

text: In

text: the

text: Choctaw

text: language

text: Chahta

text: are

text: Native

text: American

text: people

text: originally

text: from

text: the

text: Southeastern

text: United

text: States

text: modern

text: day

text: Mississippi

text: Florida

text: Alabama

text: and

text: Louisiana

text: The

text: Choctaw

text: language

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: Muskogean

text: language

text: family

text: group

text: The

text: Choctaw

text: are

text: descendants

text: of

text: the

text: peoples

text: of

text: the

text: Hopewell

text: and

text: Mississippian

text: cultures

text: who

text: lived

text: throughout

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: valley

text: and

text: its

text: tributaries

text: About

text: years

text: ago

text: the

text: Hopewell

text: people

text: built

text: Nanih

text: Waiya

text: great

text: earthwork

text: mound

text: which

text: is

text: still

text: considered

text: sacred

text: by

text: the

text: Choctaw

text: The

text: early

text: Spanish

text: explorers

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: encountered

text: Mississippian

text: culture

text: villages

text: and

text: chiefs

text: The

text: anthropologist

text: John

text: Swanton

text: suggested

text: that

text: the

text: Choctaw

text: derived

text: their

text: name

text: from

text: an

text: early

text: leader

text: Henry

text: Halbert

text: historian

text: suggests

text: that

text: their

text: name

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Choctaw

text: phrase

text: Hacha

text: hatak

text: river

text: people

text: A state's attorney or state attorney is a lawyer representing the interests of the state in a legal proceeding, typically as a prosecutor. It is an official title in the United States, sometimes appointed but most commonly an elected official serving as the chief law enforcement officer of his or her county, circuit, or district. The offices of district attorney, commonwealth's attorney, county attorney, county prosecutor, or prosecuting attorney are more frequently the case in the United States although South Carolina uses solicitor. Other countries also use or used the term state attorney, like the Boer republics of the Orange Free State (18541902) and the South African Republic (18521902) in South Africa. In these cases the position corresponded to that of the attorney general in the British judicial system. It is used within the Attorney-General's Department of Sri Lanka.

text: state

text: 's

text: attorney

text: or

text: state

text: attorney

text: is

text: lawyer

text: representing

text: the

text: interests

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: in

text: legal

text: proceeding

text: typically

text: as

text: prosecutor

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: official

text: title

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: sometimes

text: appointed

text: but

text: most

text: commonly

text: an

text: elected

text: official

text: serving

text: as

text: the

text: chief

text: law

text: enforcement

text: officer

text: of

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: county

text: circuit

text: or

text: district

text: The

text: offices

text: of

text: district

text: attorney

text: commonwealth

text: 's

text: attorney

text: county

text: attorney

text: county

text: prosecutor

text: or

text: prosecuting

text: attorney

text: are

text: more

text: frequently

text: the

text: case

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: although

text: South

text: Carolina

text: uses

text: solicitor

text: Other

text: countries

text: also

text: use

text: or

text: used

text: the

text: term

text: state

text: attorney

text: like

text: the

text: Boer

text: republics

text: of

text: the

text: Orange

text: Free

text: State

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: Republic

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: In

text: these

text: cases

text: the

text: position

text: corresponded

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: attorney

text: general

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: judicial

text: system

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: within

text: the

text: Attorney

text: General

text: 's

text: Department

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: As general terms, Indian Territory, the Indian Territories, or Indian country describe an evolving land area set aside by the United States Government for the relocation of Native Americans who held aboriginal title to their land. In general, the tribes ceded land they occupied in exchange for land grants in an area purchased by the United States federal government from Napoleonic France, the Louisiana Purchase. The concept of an Indian Territory was an outcome of the 18th- and 19th-century policy of Indian removal. After the Civil War, the policy of the government was one of assimilation.

text: As

text: general

text: terms

text: Indian

text: Territory

text: the

text: Indian

text: Territories

text: or

text: Indian

text: country

text: describe

text: an

text: evolving

text: land

text: area

text: set

text: aside

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Government

text: for

text: the

text: relocation

text: of

text: Native

text: Americans

text: who

text: held

text: aboriginal

text: title

text: to

text: their

text: land

text: In

text: general

text: the

text: tribes

text: ceded

text: land

text: they

text: occupied

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: land

text: grants

text: in

text: an

text: area

text: purchased

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: federal

text: government

text: from

text: Napoleonic

text: France

text: the

text: Louisiana

text: Purchase

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: an

text: Indian

text: Territory

text: was

text: an

text: outcome

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: century

text: policy

text: of

text: Indian

text: removal

text: After

text: the

text: Civil

text: War

text: the

text: policy

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: assimilation

text: Commonwealth's Attorney is the title given to the elected prosecutor of felony crimes in Kentucky and Virginia. Other states refer to similar prosecutors as district attorney or state's attorney.

text: Commonwealth

text: 's

text: Attorney

text: is

text: the

text: title

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: elected

text: prosecutor

text: of

text: felony

text: crimes

text: in

text: Kentucky

text: and

text: Virginia

text: Other

text: states

text: refer

text: to

text: similar

text: prosecutors

text: as

text: district

text: attorney

text: or

text: state

text: 's

text: attorney

text: Jack Burris ( May 27 , 1917 -- June 1952 ) served as County attorney of Mayes County , Oklahoma from 1947 until his murder in June 1952 . He was the subject of one of the most famous unsolved murders in Oklahoma history . His assassination and the investigation by Sheriff Slim Weaver and the Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation has been the basis for several books and screenplays for over 50 years . During a 1979 documentary on the Girl Scout murders , Sheriff L.L. `` Slim '' Weaver referred to the Burris case and retraced his route to scene . Comparing the two he claimed he picked up photographer Merle Cloud on the way to the Burris house and they were passed by a white pickup truck with a cattle guard going in the opposite direction . Weaver said he believed this to be the killer . Cloud had been with Burris earlier in the week taking photos of illegal activities in Langley , Oklahoma . According to the Oklahoma Bureau of Investigation , the killer waited outside the house for Burris with a shotgun . A newsman from KOLS radio station in Pryor , Oklahoma later secretly recorded an interview with a man claiming to be Burris ' killer . The newsman described him as a `` quiet man from Vinita '' but never turned the tape over to authorities . Weaver said he did not learn of the existence of the tape until October , 1958 . Rather than notify the Oklahoma Bureau of Investigation of its existence , Weaver spent the next five months `` negotiating '' for it . In March , 1959 the newsman disappeared and the case remains unsolved .

text: Jack

text: Burris

text: May

text: June

text: served

text: as

text: County

text: attorney

text: of

text: Mayes

text: County

text: Oklahoma

text: from

text: until

text: his

text: murder

text: in

text: June

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: unsolved

text: murders

text: in

text: Oklahoma

text: history

text: His

text: assassination

text: and

text: the

text: investigation

text: by

text: Sheriff

text: Slim

text: Weaver

text: and

text: the

text: Oklahoma

text: State

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Investigation

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: several

text: books

text: and

text: screenplays

text: for

text: over

text: years

text: During

text: documentary

text: on

text: the

text: Girl

text: Scout

text: murders

text: Sheriff

text: L.L.

text: Slim

text: Weaver

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: Burris

text: case

text: and

text: retraced

text: his

text: route

text: to

text: scene

text: Comparing

text: the

text: two

text: he

text: claimed

text: he

text: picked

text: up

text: photographer

text: Merle

text: Cloud

text: on

text: the

text: way

text: to

text: the

text: Burris

text: house

text: and

text: they

text: were

text: passed

text: by

text: white

text: pickup

text: truck

text: with

text: cattle

text: guard

text: going

text: in

text: the

text: opposite

text: direction

text: Weaver

text: said

text: he

text: believed

text: this

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: killer

text: Cloud

text: had

text: been

text: with

text: Burris

text: earlier

text: in

text: the

text: week

text: taking

text: photos

text: of

text: illegal

text: activities

text: in

text: Langley

text: Oklahoma

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Oklahoma

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Investigation

text: the

text: killer

text: waited

text: outside

text: the

text: house

text: for

text: Burris

text: with

text: shotgun

text: newsman

text: from

text: KOLS

text: radio

text: station

text: in

text: Pryor

text: Oklahoma

text: later

text: secretly

text: recorded

text: an

text: interview

text: with

text: man

text: claiming

text: to

text: be

text: Burris

text: killer

text: The

text: newsman

text: described

text: him

text: as

text: quiet

text: man

text: from

text: Vinita

text: but

text: never

text: turned

text: the

text: tape

text: over

text: to

text: authorities

text: Weaver

text: said

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: learn

text: of

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: the

text: tape

text: until

text: October

text: Rather

text: than

text: notify

text: the

text: Oklahoma

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Investigation

text: of

text: its

text: existence

text: Weaver

text: spent

text: the

text: next

text: five

text: months

text: negotiating

text: for

text: it

text: In

text: March

text: the

text: newsman

text: disappeared

text: and

text: the

text: case

text: remains

text: unsolved

text: The Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation (OSBI) is an independent state law enforcement agency of the government of Oklahoma. The OSBI assists the county sheriff offices and city police departments of the state, and is the primary investigative agency of the state government. OSBI works independent of the Oklahoma Department of Public Safety to investigate criminal law violations within the state at the request of statutory authorized requesters.

text: The

text: Oklahoma

text: State

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Investigation

text: OSBI

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: state

text: law

text: enforcement

text: agency

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: Oklahoma

text: The

text: OSBI

text: assists

text: the

text: county

text: sheriff

text: offices

text: and

text: city

text: police

text: departments

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: investigative

text: agency

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: government

text: OSBI

text: works

text: independent

text: of

text: the

text: Oklahoma

text: Department

text: of

text: Public

text: Safety

text: to

text: investigate

text: criminal

text: law

text: violations

text: within

text: the

text: state

text: at

text: the

text: request

text: of

text: statutory

text: authorized

text: requesters

text: In the United States, a District Attorney (DA) represents the state government in the prosecution of criminal offenses, and is the chief law enforcement officer and legal officer of that state's jurisdiction.

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: District

text: Attorney

text: DA

text: represents

text: the

text: state

text: government

text: in

text: the

text: prosecution

text: of

text: criminal

text: offenses

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: chief

text: law

text: enforcement

text: officer

text: and

text: legal

text: officer

text: of

text: that

text: state

text: 's

text: jurisdiction

text: The Cherokee (Cherokee "Ani-Yuwiya" ) are a Native American people, originally indigenous to the Southeastern United States, including Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia. Currently there are three federally recognized Cherokee tribes: the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians in North Carolina, the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, also in Oklahoma.

text: The

text: Cherokee

text: Cherokee

text: Ani

text: Yuwiya

text: are

text: Native

text: American

text: people

text: originally

text: indigenous

text: to

text: the

text: Southeastern

text: United

text: States

text: including

text: Alabama

text: Georgia

text: Kentucky

text: Mississippi

text: Tennessee

text: North

text: Carolina

text: South

text: Carolina

text: Virginia

text: and

text: West

text: Virginia

text: Currently

text: there

text: are

text: three

text: federally

text: recognized

text: Cherokee

text: tribes

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Band

text: of

text: Cherokee

text: Indians

text: in

text: North

text: Carolina

text: the

text: Cherokee

text: Nation

text: of

text: Oklahoma

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Keetoowah

text: Band

text: of

text: Cherokee

text: Indians

text: also

text: in

text: Oklahoma

annotations: follows single

question: occupation jack burris

answer: lawyer

text: lawyer


text: Novosibirsk is the third-most populous city in Russia after Moscow and St. Petersburg. It is the most populous city in Asian Russia, with a population of 1,473,754 as of the 2010 Census. It is the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast as well as of the Siberian Federal District. The city is located in the southwestern part of Siberia on the banks of the Ob River adjacent to the Ob River Valley, near the large water reservoir formed by the dam of the Novosibirsk Hydro Power Plant, and occupies an area of .

text: Novosibirsk

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Russia

text: after

text: Moscow

text: and

text: St.

text: Petersburg

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Asian

text: Russia

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: Census

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: administrative

text: center

text: of

text: Novosibirsk

text: Oblast

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: Siberian

text: Federal

text: District

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: part

text: of

text: Siberia

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: Ob

text: River

text: adjacent

text: to

text: the

text: Ob

text: River

text: Valley

text: near

text: the

text: large

text: water

text: reservoir

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: dam

text: of

text: the

text: Novosibirsk

text: Hydro

text: Power

text: Plant

text: and

text: occupies

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: The Komi Republic is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). Its capital is the city of Syktyvkar. Population: 901,189 (2010 Census).

text: The

text: Komi

text: Republic

text: is

text: federal

text: subject

text: of

text: Russia

text: republic

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Syktyvkar

text: Population

text: Census

text: Nizhny Novgorod, colloquially shortened to Nizhny, is a city in the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District in Russia. From 1932 to 1990, it was known as Gorky, after the writer Maxim Gorky, who was born there. The city is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historical part of the city there are a large number of universities, theaters, museums and churches. Nizhny Novgorod is located about 400 km east of Moscow, where the Oka empties into the Volga. Population:

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: colloquially

text: shortened

text: to

text: Nizhny

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: administrative

text: center

text: of

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: Oblast

text: and

text: Volga

text: Federal

text: District

text: in

text: Russia

text: From

text: to

text: it

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: Gorky

text: after

text: the

text: writer

text: Maxim

text: Gorky

text: who

text: was

text: born

text: there

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: economic

text: transportation

text: scientific

text: educational

text: and

text: cultural

text: center

text: in

text: Russia

text: and

text: the

text: vast

text: Volga

text: Vyatka

text: economic

text: region

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: center

text: of

text: river

text: tourism

text: in

text: Russia

text: In

text: the

text: historical

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: there

text: are

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: universities

text: theaters

text: museums

text: and

text: churches

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: is

text: located

text: about

text: km

text: east

text: of

text: Moscow

text: where

text: the

text: Oka

text: empties

text: into

text: the

text: Volga

text: Population

text: Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.

text: Russia

text: from

text: the

text: Rus

text: also

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: At

text: Russia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: surface

text: area

text: covering

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: eighth

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: inhabited

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: most

text: populous

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: March

text: The

text: European

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: populated

text: and

text: urbanised

text: than

text: the

text: eastern

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: live

text: in

text: European

text: Russia

text: Russia

text: 's

text: capital

text: Moscow

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: centers

text: include

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Novosibirsk

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: and

text: Samara

text: Syktyvkar is the capital city of the Komi Republic, Russia. Population:

text: Syktyvkar

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Komi

text: Republic

text: Russia

text: Population

text: Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with five million inhabitants in 2012, and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea. It is politically incorporated as a federal subject (a federal city). Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May . In 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg. Between 17131728 and 17321918, Saint Petersburg was the imperial capital of Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow.

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: is

text: Russia

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: after

text: Moscow

text: with

text: five

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: and

text: an

text: important

text: Russian

text: port

text: on

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: It

text: is

text: politically

text: incorporated

text: as

text: federal

text: subject

text: federal

text: city

text: Situated

text: on

text: the

text: Neva

text: River

text: at

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: on

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: it

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Tsar

text: Peter

text: the

text: Great

text: on

text: May

text: In

text: the

text: name

text: was

text: changed

text: from

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: to

text: Petrograd

text: in

text: to

text: Leningrad

text: and

text: in

text: back

text: to

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Between

text: and

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: was

text: the

text: imperial

text: capital

text: of

text: Russia

text: In

text: the

text: central

text: government

text: bodies

text: moved

text: to

text: Moscow

text: Moscow (or ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 12.2 million residents within the city limits and 16.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city.

text: Moscow

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: Russia

text: with

text: million

text: residents

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: limits

text: and

text: million

text: within

text: the

text: urban

text: area

text: Moscow

text: has

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: Russian

text: federal

text: city

text: A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics. Regardless of the physical geography, in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945, a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise of legal jurisdiction.

text: country

text: is

text: region

text: that

text: is

text: identified

text: as

text: distinct

text: national

text: entity

text: in

text: political

text: geography

text: country

text: may

text: be

text: an

text: independent

text: sovereign

text: state

text: or

text: one

text: that

text: is

text: occupied

text: by

text: another

text: state

text: as

text: non

text: sovereign

text: or

text: formerly

text: sovereign

text: political

text: division

text: or

text: geographic

text: region

text: associated

text: with

text: sets

text: of

text: previously

text: independent

text: or

text: differently

text: associated

text: people

text: with

text: distinct

text: political

text: characteristics

text: Regardless

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: geography

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: internationally

text: accepted

text: legal

text: definition

text: as

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: in

text: and

text: reaffirmed

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: in

text: resident

text: of

text: country

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: independent

text: exercise

text: of

text: legal

text: jurisdiction

text: Russia is not proportionately populated between the smaller western portion (almost 25%) of the country that is considered part of Europe, and the larger eastern portion (more than 75%) that is part of Asia. European Russia contains about 77% of the country's population (110,000,000 people out of about 144,000,000) in an area comprising almost 4 million km (1.54 million mi); an average of 27.5 persons per km (70 per mi). This territory makes up 38% of Europe. Its eastern border is defined by the Ural Mountains and in the south, it is defined by the border with Kazakhstan. This area includes Moscow and Saint Petersburg, the two largest cities in Russia.

text: Russia

text: is

text: not

text: proportionately

text: populated

text: between

text: the

text: smaller

text: western

text: portion

text: almost

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: larger

text: eastern

text: portion

text: more

text: than

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: Asia

text: European

text: Russia

text: contains

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: people

text: out

text: of

text: about

text: in

text: an

text: area

text: comprising

text: almost

text: million

text: km

text: million

text: mi

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: persons

text: per

text: km

text: per

text: mi

text: This

text: territory

text: makes

text: up

text: of

text: Europe

text: Its

text: eastern

text: border

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: Ural

text: Mountains

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: it

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: Kazakhstan

text: This

text: area

text: includes

text: Moscow

text: and

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: the

text: two

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: Russia

text: Vladimir Alexandrovich Torlopov ( Russian :    ; Komi :    , Torplopov Öl'öksan Volod ' ; born 1949 ) is a Russian politician , who was the president of the Komi Republic , a federal subject of Russia . In December 2001 , he won elections with 40 % of the vote , defeating incumbent President Yury Spiridonov resulting in Spiridonov becoming one of few incumbent administrative division leaders in Russia to be defeated between the period 1991 - 2005 when these leaders were directly elected . Torlopov took office in January 2002 and left on 15 January 2010 . In 1995 he became Chairman of the State Council of the Komi Republic .

text: Vladimir

text: Alexandrovich

text: Torlopov

text: Russian

text: Komi

text: Torplopov

text: Öl'öksan

text: Volod

text: born

text: is

text: Russian

text: politician

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: Komi

text: Republic

text: federal

text: subject

text: of

text: Russia

text: In

text: December

text: he

text: won

text: elections

text: with

text: of

text: the

text: vote

text: defeating

text: incumbent

text: President

text: Yury

text: Spiridonov

text: resulting

text: in

text: Spiridonov

text: becoming

text: one

text: of

text: few

text: incumbent

text: administrative

text: division

text: leaders

text: in

text: Russia

text: to

text: be

text: defeated

text: between

text: the

text: period

text: when

text: these

text: leaders

text: were

text: directly

text: elected

text: Torlopov

text: took

text: office

text: in

text: January

text: and

text: left

text: on

text: January

text: In

text: he

text: became

text: Chairman

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: Council

text: of

text: the

text: Komi

text: Republic

text: Yekaterinburg, alternatively romanised as "Ekaterinburg", is the fourth-largest city in Russia and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast, located in the middle of the Eurasian continent, on the border of Europe and Asia. At the 2010 Census, it had a population of 1,349,772.

text: Yekaterinburg

text: alternatively

text: romanised

text: as

text: Ekaterinburg

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Russia

text: and

text: the

text: administrative

text: centre

text: of

text: Sverdlovsk

text: Oblast

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: Eurasian

text: continent

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: of

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: At

text: the

text: Census

text: it

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text: Eurasia is the combined continental landmass of Europe and Asia. The term is a portmanteau of its constituent continents. Located primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and by Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Indian Ocean to the south. The division between Europe and Asia as two different continents is a historical and cultural construct, with no clear physical separation between them; thus, in some parts of the world, Eurasia is recognized as the largest of five or six continents. In geology, Eurasia is often considered as a single rigid megablock. However, the rigidity of Eurasia is debated based on the paleomagnet data.

text: Eurasia

text: is

text: the

text: combined

text: continental

text: landmass

text: of

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: portmanteau

text: of

text: its

text: constituent

text: continents

text: Located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: Northern

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Hemispheres

text: it

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: by

text: Africa

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: division

text: between

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: as

text: two

text: different

text: continents

text: is

text: historical

text: and

text: cultural

text: construct

text: with

text: no

text: clear

text: physical

text: separation

text: between

text: them

text: thus

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Eurasia

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: five

text: or

text: six

text: continents

text: In

text: geology

text: Eurasia

text: is

text: often

text: considered

text: as

text: single

text: rigid

text: megablock

text: However

text: the

text: rigidity

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: is

text: debated

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: paleomagnet

text: data

question: place_of_birth vladimir torlopov

answer: syktyvkar

text: syktyvkar

text: syktyvkar


text: An eraser, (also called a rubber outside of U.S., from the material first used) is an article of stationery that is used for removing writing from paper. Erasers have a rubbery consistency and come in a variety of shapes, sizes and colours. Some pencils have an eraser on one end. Less expensive erasers are made from synthetic rubber, but more expensive or specialized erasers are vinyl, plastic, or gum-like materials. Cheaper erasers can be made out of synthetic soy-based gum.

text: An

text: eraser

text: also

text: called

text: rubber

text: outside

text: of

text: U.S.

text: from

text: the

text: material

text: first

text: used

text: is

text: an

text: article

text: of

text: stationery

text: that

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: removing

text: writing

text: from

text: paper

text: Erasers

text: have

text: rubbery

text: consistency

text: and

text: come

text: in

text: variety

text: of

text: shapes

text: sizes

text: and

text: colours

text: Some

text: pencils

text: have

text: an

text: eraser

text: on

text: one

text: end

text: Less

text: expensive

text: erasers

text: are

text: made

text: from

text: synthetic

text: rubber

text: but

text: more

text: expensive

text: or

text: specialized

text: erasers

text: are

text: vinyl

text: plastic

text: or

text: gum

text: like

text: materials

text: Cheaper

text: erasers

text: can

text: be

text: made

text: out

text: of

text: synthetic

text: soy

text: based

text: gum

text: A pen (Latin: "penna", feather) is a writing implement used to apply ink to a surface, such as paper, for writing or drawing. Historically, reed pens, quill pens, and dip pens were used, with a nib dipped in ink. Ruling pens allow precise adjustment of line width, and still find a few specialized uses, but technical pens such as the Rapidograph are more commonly used. Modern types also include ballpoint, rollerball, fountain, and felt or ceramic tip pens.

text: pen

text: Latin

text: penna

text: feather

text: is

text: writing

text: implement

text: used

text: to

text: apply

text: ink

text: to

text: surface

text: such

text: as

text: paper

text: for

text: writing

text: or

text: drawing

text: Historically

text: reed

text: pens

text: quill

text: pens

text: and

text: dip

text: pens

text: were

text: used

text: with

text: nib

text: dipped

text: in

text: ink

text: Ruling

text: pens

text: allow

text: precise

text: adjustment

text: of

text: line

text: width

text: and

text: still

text: find

text: few

text: specialized

text: uses

text: but

text: technical

text: pens

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Rapidograph

text: are

text: more

text: commonly

text: used

text: Modern

text: types

text: also

text: include

text: ballpoint

text: rollerball

text: fountain

text: and

text: felt

text: or

text: ceramic

text: tip

text: pens

text: A synthetic rubber is any artificial elastomer. These are mainly polymers synthesised from petroleum byproducts. About of rubbers are produced annually, and of that amount two thirds are synthetic. Global revenues generated with synthetic rubbers are likely to rise to approximately US$56 billion in 2020. Synthetic rubber, like natural rubber, has uses in the automotive industry for tires, door and window profiles, hoses, belts, matting, and flooring.

text: synthetic

text: rubber

text: is

text: any

text: artificial

text: elastomer

text: These

text: are

text: mainly

text: polymers

text: synthesised

text: from

text: petroleum

text: byproducts

text: About

text: of

text: rubbers

text: are

text: produced

text: annually

text: and

text: of

text: that

text: amount

text: two

text: thirds

text: are

text: synthetic

text: Global

text: revenues

text: generated

text: with

text: synthetic

text: rubbers

text: are

text: likely

text: to

text: rise

text: to

text: approximately

text: US$

text: billion

text: in

text: Synthetic

text: rubber

text: like

text: natural

text: rubber

text: has

text: uses

text: in

text: the

text: automotive

text: industry

text: for

text: tires

text: door

text: and

text: window

text: profiles

text: hoses

text: belts

text: matting

text: and

text: flooring

text: A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. As such, it is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape. A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of matter, such as atoms, held together by intermolecular bonds. Water is, by far, the most common liquid on Earth. Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container. Most liquids resist compression, although others can be compressed. Unlike a gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and maintains a fairly constant density. A distinctive property of the liquid state is surface tension, leading to wetting phenomena.

text: liquid

text: is

text: nearly

text: incompressible

text: fluid

text: that

text: conforms

text: to

text: the

text: shape

text: of

text: its

text: container

text: but

text: retains

text: nearly

text: constant

text: volume

text: independent

text: of

text: pressure

text: As

text: such

text: it

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: fundamental

text: states

text: of

text: matter

text: the

text: others

text: being

text: solid

text: gas

text: and

text: plasma

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: state

text: with

text: definite

text: volume

text: but

text: no

text: fixed

text: shape

text: liquid

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: tiny

text: vibrating

text: particles

text: of

text: matter

text: such

text: as

text: atoms

text: held

text: together

text: by

text: intermolecular

text: bonds

text: Water

text: is

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: liquid

text: on

text: Earth

text: Like

text: gas

text: liquid

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: flow

text: and

text: take

text: the

text: shape

text: of

text: container

text: Most

text: liquids

text: resist

text: compression

text: although

text: others

text: can

text: be

text: compressed

text: Unlike

text: gas

text: liquid

text: does

text: not

text: disperse

text: to

text: fill

text: every

text: space

text: of

text: container

text: and

text: maintains

text: fairly

text: constant

text: density

text: distinctive

text: property

text: of

text: the

text: liquid

text: state

text: is

text: surface

text: tension

text: leading

text: to

text: wetting

text: phenomena

text: An ink eraser is an instrument used to remove ink from a writing surface , more difficult than removing pencil markings . Older types are a metal scraper , which literally scrapes the ink off the surface , and an eraser similar to a rubber pencil eraser , but with additional abrasives , such as sand , incorporated . Fibreglass erasers also work by abrasion . These erasers physically remove the ink from the paper . There is some unavoidable damage with most types of paper and ink , where the paper absorbs some ink . The chemical ink eradicator contains a substance that reacts with some inks removing their pigmentation and hiding the writing .

text: An

text: ink

text: eraser

text: is

text: an

text: instrument

text: used

text: to

text: remove

text: ink

text: from

text: writing

text: surface

text: more

text: difficult

text: than

text: removing

text: pencil

text: markings

text: Older

text: types

text: are

text: metal

text: scraper

text: which

text: literally

text: scrapes

text: the

text: ink

text: off

text: the

text: surface

text: and

text: an

text: eraser

text: similar

text: to

text: rubber

text: pencil

text: eraser

text: but

text: with

text: additional

text: abrasives

text: such

text: as

text: sand

text: incorporated

text: Fibreglass

text: erasers

text: also

text: work

text: by

text: abrasion

text: These

text: erasers

text: physically

text: remove

text: the

text: ink

text: from

text: the

text: paper

text: There

text: is

text: some

text: unavoidable

text: damage

text: with

text: most

text: types

text: of

text: paper

text: and

text: ink

text: where

text: the

text: paper

text: absorbs

text: some

text: ink

text: The

text: chemical

text: ink

text: eradicator

text: contains

text: substance

text: that

text: reacts

text: with

text: some

text: inks

text: removing

text: their

text: pigmentation

text: and

text: hiding

text: the

text: writing

text: Stationery is a mass noun referring to commercially manufactured writing materials, including cut paper, envelopes, writing implements, continuous stationery, and other office supplies. Stationery includes materials to be written on by hand (e.g., letter paper) or by equipment such as computer printers.

text: Stationery

text: is

text: mass

text: noun

text: referring

text: to

text: commercially

text: manufactured

text: writing

text: materials

text: including

text: cut

text: paper

text: envelopes

text: writing

text: implements

text: continuous

text: stationery

text: and

text: other

text: office

text: supplies

text: Stationery

text: includes

text: materials

text: to

text: be

text: written

text: on

text: by

text: hand

text: e.g.

text: letter

text: paper

text: or

text: by

text: equipment

text: such

text: as

text: computer

text: printers

text: A quill pen is a writing implement made from a moulted flight feather (preferably a primary wing-feather) of a large bird. Quills were used for writing with ink before the invention of the dip pen, the metal-nibbed pen, the fountain pen, and, eventually, the ballpoint pen. The hand-cut goose quill is rarely used as a calligraphy tool, because many papers are now derived from wood pulp and wear down the quill very quickly. However, it is still the tool of choice for a few professionals and provides an unmatched sharp stroke as well as greater flexibility than a steel pen.

text: quill

text: pen

text: is

text: writing

text: implement

text: made

text: from

text: moulted

text: flight

text: feather

text: preferably

text: primary

text: wing

text: feather

text: of

text: large

text: bird

text: Quills

text: were

text: used

text: for

text: writing

text: with

text: ink

text: before

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: dip

text: pen

text: the

text: metal

text: nibbed

text: pen

text: the

text: fountain

text: pen

text: and

text: eventually

text: the

text: ballpoint

text: pen

text: The

text: hand

text: cut

text: goose

text: quill

text: is

text: rarely

text: used

text: as

text: calligraphy

text: tool

text: because

text: many

text: papers

text: are

text: now

text: derived

text: from

text: wood

text: pulp

text: and

text: wear

text: down

text: the

text: quill

text: very

text: quickly

text: However

text: it

text: is

text: still

text: the

text: tool

text: of

text: choice

text: for

text: few

text: professionals

text: and

text: provides

text: an

text: unmatched

text: sharp

text: stroke

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: greater

text: flexibility

text: than

text: steel

text: pen

text: A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which a material emits light.

text: pigment

text: is

text: material

text: that

text: changes

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: reflected

text: or

text: transmitted

text: light

text: as

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: wavelength

text: selective

text: absorption

text: This

text: physical

text: process

text: differs

text: from

text: fluorescence

text: phosphorescence

text: and

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: luminescence

text: in

text: which

text: material

text: emits

text: light

text: A pencil is a writing implement or art medium constructed of a narrow, solid pigment core inside a protective casing which prevents the core from being broken or leaving marks on the users hand during use.

text: pencil

text: is

text: writing

text: implement

text: or

text: art

text: medium

text: constructed

text: of

text: narrow

text: solid

text: pigment

text: core

text: inside

text: protective

text: casing

text: which

text: prevents

text: the

text: core

text: from

text: being

text: broken

text: or

text: leaving

text: marks

text: on

text: the

text: users

text: hand

text: during

text: use

text: A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber.

text: dye

text: is

text: colored

text: substance

text: that

text: has

text: an

text: affinity

text: to

text: the

text: substrate

text: to

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: being

text: applied

text: The

text: dye

text: is

text: generally

text: applied

text: in

text: an

text: aqueous

text: solution

text: and

text: may

text: require

text: mordant

text: to

text: improve

text: the

text: fastness

text: of

text: the

text: dye

text: on

text: the

text: fiber

text: Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium. Instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers, markers, styluses, various metals (such as silverpoint) and electronic drawing.

text: Drawing

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: visual

text: art

text: in

text: which

text: person

text: uses

text: various

text: drawing

text: instruments

text: to

text: mark

text: paper

text: or

text: another

text: two

text: dimensional

text: medium

text: Instruments

text: include

text: graphite

text: pencils

text: pen

text: and

text: ink

text: inked

text: brushes

text: wax

text: color

text: pencils

text: crayons

text: charcoal

text: chalk

text: pastels

text: various

text: kinds

text: of

text: erasers

text: markers

text: styluses

text: various

text: metals

text: such

text: as

text: silverpoint

text: and

text: electronic

text: drawing

text: IMAGE (from Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration), or Explorer 78, was a NASA MIDEX mission that studied the global response of the Earth's magnetosphere to changes in the solar wind. It was launched March 25, 2000 by a Delta II rocket from Vandenberg AFB and ceased operations in December 2005.

text: IMAGE

text: from

text: Imager

text: for

text: Magnetopause

text: to

text: Aurora

text: Global

text: Exploration

text: or

text: Explorer

text: was

text: NASA

text: MIDEX

text: mission

text: that

text: studied

text: the

text: global

text: response

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: magnetosphere

text: to

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: solar

text: wind

text: It

text: was

text: launched

text: March

text: by

text: Delta

text: II

text: rocket

text: from

text: Vandenberg

text: AFB

text: and

text: ceased

text: operations

text: in

text: December

text: A brush is a tool with bristles, wire or other filaments, used for cleaning, grooming hair, make up, painting, surface finishing and for many other purposes. It is one of the most basic and versatile tools known to mankind, and the average household may contain several dozen varieties. It generally consists of a handle or block to which filaments are affixed either parallel- or perpendicular-wise, depending on the way the brush is to be gripped during use. The material of both the block and bristles or filaments is chosen to withstand hazards of its application, such as corrosive chemicals, heat or abrasion.

text: brush

text: is

text: tool

text: with

text: bristles

text: wire

text: or

text: other

text: filaments

text: used

text: for

text: cleaning

text: grooming

text: hair

text: make

text: up

text: painting

text: surface

text: finishing

text: and

text: for

text: many

text: other

text: purposes

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: basic

text: and

text: versatile

text: tools

text: known

text: to

text: mankind

text: and

text: the

text: average

text: household

text: may

text: contain

text: several

text: dozen

text: varieties

text: It

text: generally

text: consists

text: of

text: handle

text: or

text: block

text: to

text: which

text: filaments

text: are

text: affixed

text: either

text: parallel-

text: or

text: perpendicular

text: wise

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: way

text: the

text: brush

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: gripped

text: during

text: use

text: The

text: material

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: block

text: and

text: bristles

text: or

text: filaments

text: is

text: chosen

text: to

text: withstand

text: hazards

text: of

text: its

text: application

text: such

text: as

text: corrosive

text: chemicals

text: heat

text: or

text: abrasion

text: Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing or writing with a pen, brush, or quill. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing.

text: Ink

text: is

text: liquid

text: or

text: paste

text: that

text: contains

text: pigments

text: or

text: dyes

text: and

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: color

text: surface

text: to

text: produce

text: an

text: image

text: text

text: or

text: design

text: Ink

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: drawing

text: or

text: writing

text: with

text: pen

text: brush

text: or

text: quill

text: Thicker

text: inks

text: in

text: paste

text: form

text: are

text: used

text: extensively

text: in

text: letterpress

text: and

text: lithographic

text: printing

text: Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object, system or measurable human interaction (as in architectural blueprints, engineering drawings, business processes, circuit diagrams, and sewing patterns). Design has different connotations in different fields (see design disciplines below). In some cases, the direct construction of an object (as in pottery, engineering, management, coding, and graphic design) is also considered to be design.

text: Design

text: is

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: plan

text: or

text: convention

text: for

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: an

text: object

text: system

text: or

text: measurable

text: human

text: interaction

text: as

text: in

text: architectural

text: blueprints

text: engineering

text: drawings

text: business

text: processes

text: circuit

text: diagrams

text: and

text: sewing

text: patterns

text: Design

text: has

text: different

text: connotations

text: in

text: different

text: fields

text: see

text: design

text: disciplines

text: below

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: the

text: direct

text: construction

text: of

text: an

text: object

text: as

text: in

text: pottery

text: engineering

text: management

text: coding

text: and

text: graphic

text: design

text: is

text: also

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: design

text: Printing is a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest examples include Cylinder seals and other objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of woodblock printing came from China dating to before 220 A.D. Later developments in printing include the movable type, first developed by Bi Sheng in China. Johannes Gutenberg introduced mechanical movable type printing to Europe in the 15th century. His printing press played a key role in the development of the Renaissance, Reformation, the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.

text: Printing

text: is

text: process

text: for

text: reproducing

text: text

text: and

text: images

text: using

text: master

text: form

text: or

text: template

text: The

text: earliest

text: examples

text: include

text: Cylinder

text: seals

text: and

text: other

text: objects

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Cyrus

text: Cylinder

text: and

text: the

text: Cylinders

text: of

text: Nabonidus

text: The

text: earliest

text: known

text: form

text: of

text: woodblock

text: printing

text: came

text: from

text: China

text: dating

text: to

text: before

text: A.D.

text: Later

text: developments

text: in

text: printing

text: include

text: the

text: movable

text: type

text: first

text: developed

text: by

text: Bi

text: Sheng

text: in

text: China

text: Johannes

text: Gutenberg

text: introduced

text: mechanical

text: movable

text: type

text: printing

text: to

text: Europe

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: His

text: printing

text: press

text: played

text: key

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: Reformation

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Enlightenment

text: and

text: the

text: scientific

text: revolution

text: and

text: laid

text: the

text: material

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: modern

text: knowledge

text: based

text: economy

text: and

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: learning

text: to

text: the

text: masses

question: instance_of ink eraser

answer: writing implement

text: writing implement

text: writing implement

text: writing implement