text: Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland. Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finland's population is 5.5 million (2014), staying roughly on the same level over the past two decades. The majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union.

text: Finland

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Finland

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: peninsula

text: with

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Bothnia

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Sweden

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Norway

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Estonia

text: is

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: Finland

text: is

text: Nordic

text: country

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: geographical

text: region

text: of

text: Fennoscandia

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: Scandinavia

text: Finland

text: 's

text: population

text: is

text: million

text: staying

text: roughly

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: level

text: over

text: the

text: past

text: two

text: decades

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: is

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: region

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: area

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Czech Silesia  is the name given to the part of the historical region of Silesia presently located in the Czech Republic. While not today an administrative entity in itself, Czech Silesia is, together with Bohemia and Moravia, one of the three historical Czech lands. In this context, it is often mentioned as "Silesia" even though it is only around one tenth of the area of the historic land of Silesia.

text: Czech

text: Silesia

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: historical

text: region

text: of

text: Silesia

text: presently

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: While

text: not

text: today

text: an

text: administrative

text: entity

text: in

text: itself

text: Czech

text: Silesia

text: is

text: together

text: with

text: Bohemia

text: and

text: Moravia

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: historical

text: Czech

text: lands

text: In

text: this

text: context

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: mentioned

text: as

text: Silesia

text: even

text: though

text: it

text: is

text: only

text: around

text: one

text: tenth

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: historic

text: land

text: of

text: Silesia

text: The Czech Republic, also known by the short name Czechia, is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of with mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate. It is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague, with over 1.2 million residents. The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia.

text: The

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: the

text: short

text: name

text: Czechia

text: is

text: nation

text: state

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: bordered

text: by

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Austria

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Slovakia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Poland

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: The

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: with

text: mostly

text: temperate

text: continental

text: climate

text: and

text: oceanic

text: climate

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: has

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Prague

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: residents

text: The

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: includes

text: the

text: historical

text: territories

text: of

text: Bohemia

text: Moravia

text: and

text: Czech

text: Silesia

text: Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. It is the 14th largest city in the European Union. It is also the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.26 million people, while its larger urban zone is estimated to have a population of nearly 2 million. The city has a temperate climate, with warm summers and chilly winters.

text: Prague

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: historical

text: capital

text: of

text: Bohemia

text: Situated

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: Vltava

text: river

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: while

text: its

text: larger

text: urban

text: zone

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: have

text: population

text: of

text: nearly

text: million

text: The

text: city

text: has

text: temperate

text: climate

text: with

text: warm

text: summers

text: and

text: chilly

text: winters

text: Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges (the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains) in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine and Belarus to the east; and the Baltic Sea, Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) and Lithuania to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe and the sixth most populous member of the European Union. Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocaw, Pozna, Gdask and Szczecin.

text: Poland

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Poland

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: situated

text: between

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: two

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: the

text: Sudetes

text: and

text: Carpathian

text: Mountains

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: Bordered

text: by

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: and

text: Slovakia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: Belarus

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: Kaliningrad

text: Oblast

text: Russian

text: exclave

text: and

text: Lithuania

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: The

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: Poland

text: is

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: Poland

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: sixth

text: most

text: populous

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Poland

text: is

text: unitary

text: state

text: divided

text: into

text: administrative

text: subdivisions

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Warsaw

text: Other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Kraków

text: Wrocaw

text: Pozna

text: Gdask

text: and

text: Szczecin

text: Bohemia is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic. In a broader meaning, Bohemia sometimes refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, especially in a historical context, such as the Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by Bohemian kings.

text: Bohemia

text: is

text: the

text: westernmost

text: and

text: largest

text: historical

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Czech

text: lands

text: in

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: In

text: broader

text: meaning

text: Bohemia

text: sometimes

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: entire

text: Czech

text: territory

text: including

text: Moravia

text: and

text: Czech

text: Silesia

text: especially

text: in

text: historical

text: context

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Lands

text: of

text: the

text: Bohemian

text: Crown

text: ruled

text: by

text: Bohemian

text: kings

text: Jizera Mountains or Izera Mountains are part of the Western Sudetes on the border between the Czech Republic and Poland. The range got its name from the Jizera River, which rises at the southern base of the Smrk massif.

text: Jizera

text: Mountains

text: or

text: Izera

text: Mountains

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Sudetes

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: and

text: Poland

text: The

text: range

text: got

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: Jizera

text: River

text: which

text: rises

text: at

text: the

text: southern

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: Smrk

text: massif

text: The Ještd-Kozákov Ridge is part of the Western Sudetes mountain range in the Czech Republic.

text: The

text: Ještd

text: Kozákov

text: Ridge

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Sudetes

text: mountain

text: range

text: in

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: The Ounasjoki River is the Kemijoki River's largest tributary and is Finland's longest single river tributary. It is also the largest river entirely within its borders. Ounasjoki is approximately in length, and the catchment area is , 27 percent of the Kemi catchment area.

text: The

text: Ounasjoki

text: River

text: is

text: the

text: Kemijoki

text: River

text: 's

text: largest

text: tributary

text: and

text: is

text: Finland

text: 's

text: longest

text: single

text: river

text: tributary

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: largest

text: river

text: entirely

text: within

text: its

text: borders

text: Ounasjoki

text: is

text: approximately

text: in

text: length

text: and

text: the

text: catchment

text: area

text: is

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Kemi

text: catchment

text: area

text: Moravia  is a historical country in the Czech Republic (forming its eastern part) and one of the historical Czech lands, together with Bohemia and Czech Silesia. The medieval and early modern Margraviate of Moravia was a crown land of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (from 1348 to 1918), an imperial state of the Holy Roman Empire (1004 to 1806), later a crown land of the Austrian Empire (1804 to 1867) and briefly also one of 17 former crown lands of the Cisleithanian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1867 to 1918. During the early 20th century, Moravia was one of the five lands of Czechoslovakia from 1918 to 1928; it was then merged with Czech Silesia, and eventually dissolved by abolition of the land system in 1949.

text: Moravia

text: is

text: historical

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: forming

text: its

text: eastern

text: part

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: historical

text: Czech

text: lands

text: together

text: with

text: Bohemia

text: and

text: Czech

text: Silesia

text: The

text: medieval

text: and

text: early

text: modern

text: Margraviate

text: of

text: Moravia

text: was

text: crown

text: land

text: of

text: the

text: Lands

text: of

text: the

text: Bohemian

text: Crown

text: from

text: to

text: an

text: imperial

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: to

text: later

text: crown

text: land

text: of

text: the

text: Austrian

text: Empire

text: to

text: and

text: briefly

text: also

text: one

text: of

text: former

text: crown

text: lands

text: of

text: the

text: Cisleithanian

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Austro

text: Hungarian

text: Empire

text: from

text: to

text: During

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Moravia

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: lands

text: of

text: Czechoslovakia

text: from

text: to

text: it

text: was

text: then

text: merged

text: with

text: Czech

text: Silesia

text: and

text: eventually

text: dissolved

text: by

text: abolition

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: system

text: in

text: Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. Slovakia's territory spans about and is mostly mountainous. The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks. The capital and largest city is Bratislava. The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family.

text: Slovakia

text: officially

text: the

text: Slovak

text: Republic

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: and

text: Austria

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Poland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Ukraine

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Hungary

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Slovakia

text: 's

text: territory

text: spans

text: about

text: and

text: is

text: mostly

text: mountainous

text: The

text: population

text: is

text: over

text: million

text: and

text: comprises

text: mostly

text: ethnic

text: Slovaks

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Bratislava

text: The

text: official

text: language

text: is

text: Slovak

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Slavic

text: language

text: family

text: Silesia (or  ; Silesian German: "Schläsing" Silesian: "lnsk" ) is a region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany. Its area is about , and its population about 8,000,000. Silesia is located along the Oder river. It consists of Lower Silesia and Upper Silesia.

text: Silesia

text: or

text: Silesian

text: German

text: Schläsing

text: Silesian

text: lnsk

text: is

text: region

text: of

text: Central

text: Europe

text: located

text: mostly

text: in

text: Poland

text: with

text: small

text: parts

text: in

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: and

text: Germany

text: Its

text: area

text: is

text: about

text: and

text: its

text: population

text: about

text: Silesia

text: is

text: located

text: along

text: the

text: Oder

text: river

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: Lower

text: Silesia

text: and

text: Upper

text: Silesia

text: Mona - Liisa Nousiainen , née Malvalehto , ( born July 20 , 1983 in Rovaniemi ) is a Finnish cross country skier who has competed since 2001 . Her best World Cup finish was first place in a sprint event in Liberec Czech Republic on 12 January 2013 . Malvalehto 's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was seventh in the sprint event at Oberstdorf in 2005 . In 1999 she won the Finnish Championship in accordion playing .

text: Mona

text: Liisa

text: Nousiainen

text: née

text: Malvalehto

text: born

text: July

text: in

text: Rovaniemi

text: is

text: Finnish

text: cross

text: country

text: skier

text: who

text: has

text: competed

text: since

text: Her

text: best

text: World

text: Cup

text: finish

text: was

text: first

text: place

text: in

text: sprint

text: event

text: in

text: Liberec

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: on

text: January

text: Malvalehto

text: 's

text: best

text: finish

text: at

text: the

text: FIS

text: Nordic

text: World

text: Ski

text: Championships

text: was

text: seventh

text: in

text: the

text: sprint

text: event

text: at

text: Oberstdorf

text: in

text: In

text: she

text: won

text: the

text: Finnish

text: Championship

text: in

text: accordion

text: playing

text: Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. Germany's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin. Other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf.

text: Germany

text: officially

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: is

text: federal

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: central

text: western

text: Europe

text: It

text: includes

text: constituent

text: states

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: With

text: about

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: After

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: immigration

text: destination

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Germany

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: metropolis

text: is

text: Berlin

text: Other

text: major

text: cities

text: include

text: Hamburg

text: Munich

text: Cologne

text: Frankfurt

text: Stuttgart

text: and

text: Düsseldorf

text: Rovaniemi is a city and municipality of Finland. It is the administrative capital and commercial centre of Finland's northernmost province, Lapland. It is situated about south of the Arctic Circle and is between the hills of Ounasvaara and Korkalovaara, at the confluence of the river Kemijoki and its tributary, the Ounasjoki. The city and the surrounding (Rural municipality of Rovaniemi) were consolidated into a single entity on 1 January 2006. The new municipality has an area of and an approximate population of .

text: Rovaniemi

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: municipality

text: of

text: Finland

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: administrative

text: capital

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: of

text: Finland

text: 's

text: northernmost

text: province

text: Lapland

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: about

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Circle

text: and

text: is

text: between

text: the

text: hills

text: of

text: Ounasvaara

text: and

text: Korkalovaara

text: at

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: Kemijoki

text: and

text: its

text: tributary

text: the

text: Ounasjoki

text: The

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: surrounding

text: Rural

text: municipality

text: of

text: Rovaniemi

text: were

text: consolidated

text: into

text: single

text: entity

text: on

text: January

text: The

text: new

text: municipality

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: approximate

text: population

text: of

text: Kemijoki, with its length, is the longest river in Finland. It runs through Kemijärvi and Rovaniemi before reaching the Gulf of Bothnia at Kemi.

text: Kemijoki

text: with

text: its

text: length

text: is

text: the

text: longest

text: river

text: in

text: Finland

text: It

text: runs

text: through

text: Kemijärvi

text: and

text: Rovaniemi

text: before

text: reaching

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Bothnia

text: at

text: Kemi

text: Liberec is a city in the Czech Republic. Located on the Lusatian Neisse and surrounded by the Jizera Mountains and Ještd-Kozákov Ridge, it is the fifth-largest city in the Czech Republic.

text: Liberec

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: Lusatian

text: Neisse

text: and

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Jizera

text: Mountains

text: and

text: Ještd

text: Kozákov

text: Ridge

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: The Lusatian Neisse (; Upper Sorbian: "užiska Nysa"; Lower Sorbian: "užyska Nysa"), or Western Neisse, is a long river in Central Europe. It rises in the Jizera Mountains near Nová Ves nad Nisou, Czech Republic, reaching the tripoint with Poland and Germany at Zittau after , and later forming the Polish-German border for a length of . The Lusatian Neisse is a left-bank tributary of the river Oder, into which it flows between Neißemünde-Ratzdorf and Kosarzyn north of the towns of Guben and Gubin.

text: The

text: Lusatian

text: Neisse

text: Upper

text: Sorbian

text: užiska

text: Nysa

text: Lower

text: Sorbian

text: užyska

text: Nysa

text: or

text: Western

text: Neisse

text: is

text: long

text: river

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: It

text: rises

text: in

text: the

text: Jizera

text: Mountains

text: near

text: Nová

text: Ves

text: nad

text: Nisou

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: reaching

text: the

text: tripoint

text: with

text: Poland

text: and

text: Germany

text: at

text: Zittau

text: after

text: and

text: later

text: forming

text: the

text: Polish

text: German

text: border

text: for

text: length

text: of

text: The

text: Lusatian

text: Neisse

text: is

text: left

text: bank

text: tributary

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: Oder

text: into

text: which

text: it

text: flows

text: between

text: Neißemünde

text: Ratzdorf

text: and

text: Kosarzyn

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: towns

text: of

text: Guben

text: and

text: Gubin

text: Ještd is the highest mountain peak (1,012 m) of the Ještd-Kozákov Ridge near Liberec in the north of the Czech Republic. From the summit there are views into Germany and Poland. The Horní Hanychov region of Liberec lies just below the mountain.

text: Ještd

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: mountain

text: peak

text: of

text: the

text: Ještd

text: Kozákov

text: Ridge

text: near

text: Liberec

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: From

text: the

text: summit

text: there

text: are

text: views

text: into

text: Germany

text: and

text: Poland

text: The

text: Horní

text: Hanychov

text: region

text: of

text: Liberec

text: lies

text: just

text: below

text: the

text: mountain

annotations: follows single

question: country_of_citizenship mona-liisa nousiainen

answer: finland

text: finland

text: finland

text: finland

text: finland

text: finland

text: finland

text: finland

text: finland

text: finland

text: finland


text: Sheikh Hasina Wazed (; born 28 September 1947) is the current Prime Minister of Bangladesh, in office since January 2009. She previously served as Prime Minister from 1996 to 2001, and has led the Bangladesh Awami League since 1981.

text: Sheikh

text: Hasina

text: Wazed

text: born

text: September

text: is

text: the

text: current

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: in

text: office

text: since

text: January

text: She

text: previously

text: served

text: as

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: has

text: led

text: the

text: Bangladesh

text: Awami

text: League

text: since

text: Tajuddin Ahmad ( Bengali :   ) ( July 23 , 1925 -- November 3 , 1975 ) was a Bangladeshi statesman and freedom fighter . He served as the first Prime Minister of Bangladesh and lead the wartime Provisional Government during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 . Ahmad is regarded as one of the most influential and instrumental figures in the birth of Bangladesh , due to his leadership of the provisional government in 1971 , in which he united the various political , military and cultural forces of Bangladeshi nationalism . A close confidante of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Ahmad was the General Secretary of the Awami League in the late 1960s and early 1970s . He coordinated the League 's election campaign for the Pakistani general election , 1970 , in which the League gained a historic parliamentary majority to form government . Ahmad , along with Mujib and Dr. Kamal Hossain , led negotiations with President Yahya Khan and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto for the transfer of power to the elected National Assembly .

text: Tajuddin

text: Ahmad

text: Bengali

text: July

text: November

text: was

text: Bangladeshi

text: statesman

text: and

text: freedom

text: fighter

text: He

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: and

text: lead

text: the

text: wartime

text: Provisional

text: Government

text: during

text: the

text: Bangladesh

text: Liberation

text: War

text: in

text: Ahmad

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: and

text: instrumental

text: figures

text: in

text: the

text: birth

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: due

text: to

text: his

text: leadership

text: of

text: the

text: provisional

text: government

text: in

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: united

text: the

text: various

text: political

text: military

text: and

text: cultural

text: forces

text: of

text: Bangladeshi

text: nationalism

text: close

text: confidante

text: of

text: Sheikh

text: Mujibur

text: Rahman

text: Ahmad

text: was

text: the

text: General

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Awami

text: League

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: He

text: coordinated

text: the

text: League

text: 's

text: election

text: campaign

text: for

text: the

text: Pakistani

text: general

text: election

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: League

text: gained

text: historic

text: parliamentary

text: majority

text: to

text: form

text: government

text: Ahmad

text: along

text: with

text: Mujib

text: and

text: Dr.

text: Kamal

text: Hossain

text: led

text: negotiations

text: with

text: President

text: Yahya

text: Khan

text: and

text: Zulfikar

text: Ali

text: Bhutto

text: for

text: the

text: transfer

text: of

text: power

text: to

text: the

text: elected

text: National

text: Assembly

text: Operation Searchlight was a planned military operation carried out by the Pakistan Army to curb the Bengali nationalist movement in the erstwhile East Pakistan in March 1971, which the Pakistani state justified on the basis of anti-Bihari violence by Bengalis in early March. Ordered by the central government in West Pakistan, this was seen as the sequel to "Operation Blitz" which had been launched in November 1970. The original plan envisioned taking control of the major cities on March 26, and then eliminating all opposition, political or military, within one month. President Yahya Khan at a conference in February 1971 said "Kill three million of them and the rest will eat out of our hands." Prolonged Bengali resistance was not anticipated by the Pakistani military leaders. The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in mid-May. The operation also precipitated the 1971 Bangladesh genocide and caused roughly 10 million refugees to flee to India as well as the death of up to 3,000,000 civilians. Bengali intelligentsia, academics and Hindus were targeted for the harshest treatment, with significant indiscriminate killing taking place. These systematic killings enraged the Bengalis, who declared independence from Pakistan, to establish the new state of Bangladesh.

text: Operation

text: Searchlight

text: was

text: planned

text: military

text: operation

text: carried

text: out

text: by

text: the

text: Pakistan

text: Army

text: to

text: curb

text: the

text: Bengali

text: nationalist

text: movement

text: in

text: the

text: erstwhile

text: East

text: Pakistan

text: in

text: March

text: which

text: the

text: Pakistani

text: state

text: justified

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: anti

text: Bihari

text: violence

text: by

text: Bengalis

text: in

text: early

text: March

text: Ordered

text: by

text: the

text: central

text: government

text: in

text: West

text: Pakistan

text: this

text: was

text: seen

text: as

text: the

text: sequel

text: to

text: Operation

text: Blitz

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: launched

text: in

text: November

text: The

text: original

text: plan

text: envisioned

text: taking

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: cities

text: on

text: March

text: and

text: then

text: eliminating

text: all

text: opposition

text: political

text: or

text: military

text: within

text: one

text: month

text: President

text: Yahya

text: Khan

text: at

text: conference

text: in

text: February

text: said

text: Kill

text: three

text: million

text: of

text: them

text: and

text: the

text: rest

text: will

text: eat

text: out

text: of

text: our

text: hands

text: Prolonged

text: Bengali

text: resistance

text: was

text: not

text: anticipated

text: by

text: the

text: Pakistani

text: military

text: leaders

text: The

text: main

text: phase

text: of

text: Operation

text: Searchlight

text: ended

text: with

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: major

text: town

text: in

text: Bengali

text: hands

text: in

text: mid

text: May

text: The

text: operation

text: also

text: precipitated

text: the

text: Bangladesh

text: genocide

text: and

text: caused

text: roughly

text: million

text: refugees

text: to

text: flee

text: to

text: India

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: up

text: to

text: civilians

text: Bengali

text: intelligentsia

text: academics

text: and

text: Hindus

text: were

text: targeted

text: for

text: the

text: harshest

text: treatment

text: with

text: significant

text: indiscriminate

text: killing

text: taking

text: place

text: These

text: systematic

text: killings

text: enraged

text: the

text: Bengalis

text: who

text: declared

text: independence

text: from

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: establish

text: the

text: new

text: state

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: Bangladesh ( , "The country of Bengal"), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (  "Gônôprôjatôntri Bangladesh"), is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar (Burma). Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The country's maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area. Bangladesh is the world's eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the country's largest port.

text: Bangladesh

text: The

text: country

text: of

text: Bengal

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: Gônôprôjatôntri

text: Bangladesh

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: India

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: Nepal

text: Bhutan

text: and

text: China

text: are

text: located

text: near

text: Bangladesh

text: but

text: do

text: not

text: share

text: border

text: with

text: it

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: maritime

text: territory

text: in

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: is

text: roughly

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: its

text: land

text: area

text: Bangladesh

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: eighth

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: Dhaka

text: is

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: followed

text: by

text: Chittagong

text: which

text: has

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: port

text: The right of nations to self-determination (from ) is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a "jus cogens" rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charters norms. It states that nations, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of opportunity, have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no interference. This principle can be traced to the Atlantic Charter, signed on 14 August 1941, by Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States of America, and Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, who pledged The Eight Principal points of the Charter. It also is derived from principles espoused by United States President Woodrow Wilson following World War I, after which some new nation states were formed, or previous states were revived after the dissolution of empires. The principle does not state how the decision is to be made, nor what the outcome should be, whether it be independence, federation, protection, some form of autonomy or full assimilation. Neither does it state what the delimitation between nations should benor what constitutes a nation. There are conflicting definitions and legal criteria for determining which groups may legitimately claim the right to self-determination.

text: The

text: right

text: of

text: nations

text: to

text: self

text: determination

text: from

text: is

text: cardinal

text: principle

text: in

text: modern

text: international

text: law

text: commonly

text: regarded

text: as

text: jus

text: cogens

text: rule

text: binding

text: as

text: such

text: on

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: as

text: authoritative

text: interpretation

text: of

text: the

text: Charters

text: norms

text: It

text: states

text: that

text: nations

text: based

text: on

text: respect

text: for

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: equal

text: rights

text: and

text: fair

text: equality

text: of

text: opportunity

text: have

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: freely

text: choose

text: their

text: sovereignty

text: and

text: international

text: political

text: status

text: with

text: no

text: interference

text: This

text: principle

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Charter

text: signed

text: on

text: August

text: by

text: Franklin

text: Roosevelt

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: and

text: Winston

text: Churchill

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: who

text: pledged

text: The

text: Eight

text: Principal

text: points

text: of

text: the

text: Charter

text: It

text: also

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: principles

text: espoused

text: by

text: United

text: States

text: President

text: Woodrow

text: Wilson

text: following

text: World

text: War

text: after

text: which

text: some

text: new

text: nation

text: states

text: were

text: formed

text: or

text: previous

text: states

text: were

text: revived

text: after

text: the

text: dissolution

text: of

text: empires

text: The

text: principle

text: does

text: not

text: state

text: how

text: the

text: decision

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: made

text: nor

text: what

text: the

text: outcome

text: should

text: be

text: whether

text: it

text: be

text: independence

text: federation

text: protection

text: some

text: form

text: of

text: autonomy

text: or

text: full

text: assimilation

text: Neither

text: does

text: it

text: state

text: what

text: the

text: delimitation

text: between

text: nations

text: should

text: benor

text: what

text: constitutes

text: nation

text: There

text: are

text: conflicting

text: definitions

text: and

text: legal

text: criteria

text: for

text: determining

text: which

text: groups

text: may

text: legitimately

text: claim

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: self

text: determination

text: India, officially the Republic of India ("Bhrat Gaarjya"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.

text: India

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: India

text: Bhrat

text: Gaarjya

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: democracy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: China

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Bhutan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: India

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: India

text: 's

text: Andaman

text: and

text: Nicobar

text: Islands

text: share

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: New

text: Delhi

text: other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Mumbai

text: Kolkata

text: Chennai

text: Bangalore

text: Hyderabad

text: and

text: Ahmedabad

text: The Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Bangladesh ( ) is the Head of the Government of Bangladesh. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate. The current Prime Minister, Sheikh Hasina Wajed, were appointed on 6 January 2009 by the President of Bangladesh.

text: The

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: is

text: the

text: Head

text: of

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: The

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: and

text: the

text: Cabinet

text: are

text: collectively

text: accountable

text: for

text: their

text: policies

text: and

text: actions

text: to

text: the

text: Parliament

text: to

text: their

text: political

text: party

text: and

text: ultimately

text: to

text: the

text: electorate

text: The

text: current

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Sheikh

text: Hasina

text: Wajed

text: were

text: appointed

text: on

text: January

text: by

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: The Bangladesh Liberation War ('), also known as the Bangladesh War of Independence, or simply the Liberation War in Bangladesh, was a revolution and armed conflict sparked by the rise of the Bengali nationalist and self-determination movement in East Pakistan and the 1971 Bangladesh genocide. It resulted in the independence of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The war began after the Pakistani military junta based in West Pakistan launched Operation Searchlight against the people of East Pakistan on the night of 25 March 1971. It pursued the systematic elimination of nationalist Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, religious minorities and armed personnel. The junta annulled the results of the 1970 elections and arrested Prime Minister-elect Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

text: The

text: Bangladesh

text: Liberation

text: War

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Bangladesh

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: Liberation

text: War

text: in

text: Bangladesh

text: was

text: revolution

text: and

text: armed

text: conflict

text: sparked

text: by

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: Bengali

text: nationalist

text: and

text: self

text: determination

text: movement

text: in

text: East

text: Pakistan

text: and

text: the

text: Bangladesh

text: genocide

text: It

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: independence

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: The

text: war

text: began

text: after

text: the

text: Pakistani

text: military

text: junta

text: based

text: in

text: West

text: Pakistan

text: launched

text: Operation

text: Searchlight

text: against

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: East

text: Pakistan

text: on

text: the

text: night

text: of

text: March

text: It

text: pursued

text: the

text: systematic

text: elimination

text: of

text: nationalist

text: Bengali

text: civilians

text: students

text: intelligentsia

text: religious

text: minorities

text: and

text: armed

text: personnel

text: The

text: junta

text: annulled

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: the

text: elections

text: and

text: arrested

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: elect

text: Sheikh

text: Mujibur

text: Rahman

text: Ziaur Rahman ("Ji-yaur Rôhman"; 19 January 1936  30 May 1981) was a Bangladeshi politician and army general who declared the Independence of Bangladesh on behalf of its first interim head of state Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He later served as the 7th President of Bangladesh from 21 April 1977 until his assassination on 30 May 1981.

text: Ziaur

text: Rahman

text: Ji

text: yaur

text: Rôhman

text: January

text: May

text: was

text: Bangladeshi

text: politician

text: and

text: army

text: general

text: who

text: declared

text: the

text: Independence

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: its

text: first

text: interim

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: Sheikh

text: Mujibur

text: Rahman

text: He

text: later

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: from

text: April

text: until

text: his

text: assassination

text: on

text: May

text: Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked central Himalayan country in South Asia. It has a population of 26.4 million and is the 93rd largest country by area. Bordering China in the north and India in the south, east, and west, it is the largest sovereign Himalayan state. Nepal does not border Bangladesh, which is located within only 27 km (17 mi) of its southeastern tip. It neither borders Bhutan due to the Indian state of Sikkim being located in between. Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and largest city. It is a multiethnic nation with Nepali as the official language.

text: Nepal

text: officially

text: the

text: Federal

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Nepal

text: is

text: landlocked

text: central

text: Himalayan

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: area

text: Bordering

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: India

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: and

text: west

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: sovereign

text: Himalayan

text: state

text: Nepal

text: does

text: not

text: border

text: Bangladesh

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: within

text: only

text: km

text: mi

text: of

text: its

text: southeastern

text: tip

text: It

text: neither

text: borders

text: Bhutan

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: Indian

text: state

text: of

text: Sikkim

text: being

text: located

text: in

text: between

text: Nepal

text: has

text: diverse

text: geography

text: including

text: fertile

text: plains

text: subalpine

text: forested

text: hills

text: and

text: eight

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: ten

text: tallest

text: mountains

text: including

text: Mount

text: Everest

text: the

text: highest

text: point

text: on

text: Earth

text: Kathmandu

text: is

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: It

text: is

text: multiethnic

text: nation

text: with

text: Nepali

text: as

text: the

text: official

text: language

text: Pakistan (or ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a federal parliamentary republic in South Asia on crossroads of Central Asia and Western Asia. It is the sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 200 million people. It is the 36th largest country in the world in terms of area with an area covering . Pakistan has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast respectively. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman.

text: Pakistan

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: is

text: federal

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: on

text: crossroads

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: Western

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: sixth

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: population

text: exceeding

text: million

text: people

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: area

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: covering

text: Pakistan

text: has

text: coastline

text: along

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Oman

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: India

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Afghanistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: far

text: northeast

text: respectively

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Tajikistan

text: by

text: Afghanistan

text: 's

text: narrow

text: Wakhan

text: Corridor

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: also

text: shares

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Oman

text:
The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (transliterated:
"Bangladesh Jatiotabadi Dôl"), often abbreviated as BNP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties of Bangladesh. It was founded on September 1, 1978 by former Bangladeshi first President Ziaur Rahman after the Presidential election of 1978 with a view to uniting the people with nationalist ideology of the country. Since then, the BNP won the second, fifth, sixth and eighth national elections and two Presidential elections in 1978 and 1981. The party also holds the record of being the largest opposition in the history of parliamentary elections of the country, with 116 seats in the seventh national election of 1996. It does not currently have representation in parliament after its boycott of the national election of 2014 .

text: The

text: Bangladesh

text: Nationalist

text: Party

text: transliterated

text: Bangladesh

text: Jatiotabadi

text: Dôl

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: BNP

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: major

text: contemporary

text: political

text: parties

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: September

text: by

text: former

text: Bangladeshi

text: first

text: President

text: Ziaur

text: Rahman

text: after

text: the

text: Presidential

text: election

text: of

text: with

text: view

text: to

text: uniting

text: the

text: people

text: with

text: nationalist

text: ideology

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: Since

text: then

text: the

text: BNP

text: won

text: the

text: second

text: fifth

text: sixth

text: and

text: eighth

text: national

text: elections

text: and

text: two

text: Presidential

text: elections

text: in

text: and

text: The

text: party

text: also

text: holds

text: the

text: record

text: of

text: being

text: the

text: largest

text: opposition

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: parliamentary

text: elections

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: with

text: seats

text: in

text: the

text: seventh

text: national

text: election

text: of

text: It

text: does

text: not

text: currently

text: have

text: representation

text: in

text: parliament

text: after

text: its

text: boycott

text: of

text: the

text: national

text: election

text: of

text: Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma, is a sovereign state in South East Asia bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand. About one third of Myanmar's total perimeter of 5,876 km (3,651 miles), forms an uninterrupted coastline of 1,930 km (1,200 miles) along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The country's 2014 census revealed a much lower population than expected, with 51 million people recorded. Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi) in size. Its capital city is Naypyidaw and its largest city is Yangon (Rangoon).

text: Myanmar

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Myanmar

text: and

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Burma

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: South

text: East

text: Asia

text: bordered

text: by

text: Bangladesh

text: India

text: China

text: Laos

text: and

text: Thailand

text: About

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: Myanmar

text: 's

text: total

text: perimeter

text: of

text: km

text: miles

text: forms

text: an

text: uninterrupted

text: coastline

text: of

text: km

text: miles

text: along

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: and

text: the

text: Andaman

text: Sea

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: census

text: revealed

text: much

text: lower

text: population

text: than

text: expected

text: with

text: million

text: people

text: recorded

text: Myanmar

text: is

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: in

text: size

text: Its

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Naypyidaw

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Yangon

text: Rangoon

text: Bangladeshi nationalism is an ideology propagated by former Bangladesh President Ziaur Rahman. The ideology emerged during the late 1970s and is the institutional basis of Bangladesh Nationalist Party, one of the leading political parties of Bangladesh.

text: Bangladeshi

text: nationalism

text: is

text: an

text: ideology

text: propagated

text: by

text: former

text: Bangladesh

text: President

text: Ziaur

text: Rahman

text: The

text: ideology

text: emerged

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: institutional

text: basis

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: Nationalist

text: Party

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: political

text: parties

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: The genocide in Bangladesh began on 26 March 1971 with the launch of Operation Searchlight, as West Pakistan began a military crackdown on the Eastern wing of the nation to suppress Bengali calls for self-determination rights. During the nine-month-long Bangladesh war for independence, members of the Pakistani military and supporting Islamist militias from Jamaat-e-Islami killed up to 3,000,000 people and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bangladeshi women in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape. Some estimates mention the number of people killed between 300,000500,000, and describe the 3 million number as excessively inflated. The actions against women were supported by Imams and Muslim religious leaders, who declared that Bengali women were 'war-booty'. It is estimated that up to 30 million civilians became internally displaced. During the war there was also ethnic violence between Bengalis and Urdu-speaking Biharis. Several thousand non-Bengalis were also killed during the war.

text: The

text: genocide

text: in

text: Bangladesh

text: began

text: on

text: March

text: with

text: the

text: launch

text: of

text: Operation

text: Searchlight

text: as

text: West

text: Pakistan

text: began

text: military

text: crackdown

text: on

text: the

text: Eastern

text: wing

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: to

text: suppress

text: Bengali

text: calls

text: for

text: self

text: determination

text: rights

text: During

text: the

text: nine

text: month

text: long

text: Bangladesh

text: war

text: for

text: independence

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Pakistani

text: military

text: and

text: supporting

text: Islamist

text: militias

text: from

text: Jamaat

text: Islami

text: killed

text: up

text: to

text: people

text: and

text: raped

text: between

text: and

text: Bangladeshi

text: women

text: in

text: systematic

text: campaign

text: of

text: genocidal

text: rape

text: Some

text: estimates

text: mention

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: killed

text: between

text: and

text: describe

text: the

text: million

text: number

text: as

text: excessively

text: inflated

text: The

text: actions

text: against

text: women

text: were

text: supported

text: by

text: Imams

text: and

text: Muslim

text: religious

text: leaders

text: who

text: declared

text: that

text: Bengali

text: women

text: were

text: war

text: booty

text: It

text: is

text: estimated

text: that

text: up

text: to

text: million

text: civilians

text: became

text: internally

text: displaced

text: During

text: the

text: war

text: there

text: was

text: also

text: ethnic

text: violence

text: between

text: Bengalis

text: and

text: Urdu

text: speaking

text: Biharis

text: Several

text: thousand

text: non

text: Bengalis

text: were

text: also

text: killed

text: during

text: the

text: war

annotations: likely multiple

annotations: follows multiple

question: member_of_political_party tajuddin ahmad

answer: bangladesh awami league

text: bangladesh awami league


text: The Pony Express was the covert transportation of , and the provision of aerial support for , indigenous soldiers and material operating across the Laotian and North Vietnamese borders during the Vietnam War . It was provided by Sikorsky CH - 3C helicopters of the US 20th Helicopter Squadron , the only USAF combat helicopter squadron in Vietnam , which had been transferred there in 1965 and was known as the `` Pony Express '' .

text: The

text: Pony

text: Express

text: was

text: the

text: covert

text: transportation

text: of

text: and

text: the

text: provision

text: of

text: aerial

text: support

text: for

text: indigenous

text: soldiers

text: and

text: material

text: operating

text: across

text: the

text: Laotian

text: and

text: North

text: Vietnamese

text: borders

text: during

text: the

text: Vietnam

text: War

text: It

text: was

text: provided

text: by

text: Sikorsky

text: CH

text: helicopters

text: of

text: the

text: US

text: Helicopter

text: Squadron

text: the

text: only

text: USAF

text: combat

text: helicopter

text: squadron

text: in

text: Vietnam

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: transferred

text: there

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Pony

text: Express

text: Laos, (, , or  , "Lo") officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, (Lao:   , "Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao") or commonly referred to its colloquial name of Muang Lao (Lao: , "Muang Lao") is a landlocked country in the heart of the Indochinese peninsula of Mainland Southeast Asia, bordered by Myanmar (Burma) and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand to the west and southwest.

text: Laos

text: or

text: Lo

text: officially

text: the

text: Lao

text: People

text: 's

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: Lao

text: Sathalanalat

text: Paxathipatai

text: Paxaxon

text: Lao

text: or

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: its

text: colloquial

text: name

text: of

text: Muang

text: Lao

text: Lao

text: Muang

text: Lao

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Indochinese

text: peninsula

text: of

text: Mainland

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: bordered

text: by

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Vietnam

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Cambodia

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: southwest

text: The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies and the war is therefore considered a Cold War-era proxy war.

text: The

text: Vietnam

text: War

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: Indochina

text: War

text: and

text: known

text: in

text: Vietnam

text: as

text: Resistance

text: War

text: Against

text: America

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: American

text: War

text: was

text: war

text: that

text: occurred

text: in

text: Vietnam

text: Laos

text: and

text: Cambodia

text: from

text: November

text: to

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Saigon

text: on

text: April

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: of

text: the

text: Indochina

text: Wars

text: and

text: was

text: officially

text: fought

text: between

text: North

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: The

text: North

text: Vietnamese

text: army

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: China

text: and

text: other

text: communist

text: allies

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Vietnamese

text: army

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: South

text: Korea

text: Australia

text: Thailand

text: and

text: other

text: anti

text: communist

text: allies

text: and

text: the

text: war

text: is

text: therefore

text: considered

text: Cold

text: War

text: era

text: proxy

text: war

text: The Fall of Saigon, or the Liberation of Saigon, depending on context, was the capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by the People's Army of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (also known as the Vit Cng) on April 30, 1975. The event marked the end of the Vietnam War and the start of a transition period to the formal reunification of Vietnam under the Socialist Republic.

text: The

text: Fall

text: of

text: Saigon

text: or

text: the

text: Liberation

text: of

text: Saigon

text: depending

text: on

text: context

text: was

text: the

text: capture

text: of

text: Saigon

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: by

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Army

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Liberation

text: Front

text: of

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Vit

text: Cng

text: on

text: April

text: The

text: event

text: marked

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Vietnam

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: transition

text: period

text: to

text: the

text: formal

text: reunification

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: under

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 90.5 million inhabitants , it is the world's 14th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. Vietnam is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest, and the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia across the South China Sea to the east and southeast. Its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976.

text: Vietnam

text: officially

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: SRV

text: is

text: the

text: easternmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: Indochina

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: eighth

text: most

text: populous

text: Asian

text: country

text: Vietnam

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Laos

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Cambodia

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Thailand

text: across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: across

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Its

text: capital

text: city

text: has

text: been

text: Hanoi

text: since

text: the

text: reunification

text: of

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: in

text: The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others). Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period (the second half of the 20th century) between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine (a U.S. policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism) was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed.

text: The

text: Cold

text: War

text: was

text: state

text: of

text: political

text: and

text: military

text: tension

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: between

text: powers

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Bloc

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: and

text: its

text: satellite

text: states

text: and

text: powers

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Bloc

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: its

text: NATO

text: allies

text: and

text: others

text: Historians

text: do

text: not

text: fully

text: agree

text: on

text: the

text: dates

text: but

text: common

text: timeframe

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: between

text: the

text: year

text: the

text: Truman

text: Doctrine

text: U.S.

text: policy

text: pledging

text: to

text: aid

text: nations

text: threatened

text: by

text: Soviet

text: expansionism

text: was

text: announced

text: and

text: the

text: year

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: collapsed

text: North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), was a state in Southeast Asia which existed from 1945 to 1976. Vietnamese revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh declared independence from France on 2 September 1945 and announced the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. France reasserted its colonial dominance and a war ensued between France and the Viet Minh, led by Ho. The Viet Minh ("League for the Independence of Vietnam") was a coalition of nationalist groups, mostly led by communists. In February 1951, the communists announced the creation of the Lao ng Party (Labor Party), gradually marginalizing non-communists in the Viet Minh.

text: North

text: Vietnam

text: officially

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: DRV

text: was

text: state

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: which

text: existed

text: from

text: to

text: Vietnamese

text: revolutionary

text: leader

text: Ho

text: Chi

text: Minh

text: declared

text: independence

text: from

text: France

text: on

text: September

text: and

text: announced

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: France

text: reasserted

text: its

text: colonial

text: dominance

text: and

text: war

text: ensued

text: between

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: Viet

text: Minh

text: led

text: by

text: Ho

text: The

text: Viet

text: Minh

text: League

text: for

text: the

text: Independence

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: was

text: coalition

text: of

text: nationalist

text: groups

text: mostly

text: led

text: by

text: communists

text: In

text: February

text: the

text: communists

text: announced

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Lao

text: ng

text: Party

text: Labor

text: Party

text: gradually

text: marginalizing

text: non

text: communists

text: in

text: the

text: Viet

text: Minh

text: A proxy war is a conflict between two states or non-state actors where neither entity directly engages the other. While this can encompass a breadth of armed confrontation, its core definition hinges on two separate powers utilizing external strife to somehow attack the interests or territorial holdings of the other. This frequently involves both countries fighting their opponent's allies, or assisting their allies in fighting their opponent.

text: proxy

text: war

text: is

text: conflict

text: between

text: two

text: states

text: or

text: non

text: state

text: actors

text: where

text: neither

text: entity

text: directly

text: engages

text: the

text: other

text: While

text: this

text: can

text: encompass

text: breadth

text: of

text: armed

text: confrontation

text: its

text: core

text: definition

text: hinges

text: on

text: two

text: separate

text: powers

text: utilizing

text: external

text: strife

text: to

text: somehow

text: attack

text: the

text: interests

text: or

text: territorial

text: holdings

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: This

text: frequently

text: involves

text: both

text: countries

text: fighting

text: their

text: opponent

text: 's

text: allies

text: or

text: assisting

text: their

text: allies

text: in

text: fighting

text: their

text: opponent

text: Cambodia (or Kampuchea ), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia (Preh Réachéanachâk Kâmpchéa), is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is in area, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.

text: Cambodia

text: or

text: Kampuchea

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Cambodia

text: Preh

text: Réachéanachâk

text: Kâmpchéa

text: is

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Indochina

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: in

text: area

text: bordered

text: by

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Laos

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Vietnam

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: The Indochina Wars were a series of wars fought in Southeast Asia from 1946 until 1989, between communist Indochinese forces against mainly French, South Vietnamese, American, Cambodian, Laotian and Chinese forces. The term "Indochina" originally referred to French Indochina, which included the current states of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. In use, it applies largely to a geographic region, rather than to a political area. The wars included:

text: The

text: Indochina

text: Wars

text: were

text: series

text: of

text: wars

text: fought

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: from

text: until

text: between

text: communist

text: Indochinese

text: forces

text: against

text: mainly

text: French

text: South

text: Vietnamese

text: American

text: Cambodian

text: Laotian

text: and

text: Chinese

text: forces

text: The

text: term

text: Indochina

text: originally

text: referred

text: to

text: French

text: Indochina

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: current

text: states

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: Laos

text: and

text: Cambodia

text: In

text: use

text: it

text: applies

text: largely

text: to

text: geographic

text: region

text: rather

text: than

text: to

text: political

text: area

text: The

text: wars

text: included

text: South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula.

text: South

text: Korea

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: ROK

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: constituting

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Korean

text: Peninsula

text: South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam was a state governing the southern half of Vietnam from 1955 to 1975. It received international recognition in 1949 as the "State of Vietnam" (194955), and later as the "Republic of Vietnam" (195575). Its capital was Saigon. The term "South Vietnam" became common usage in 1954, when the Geneva Conference provisionally partitioned Vietnam into communist and non-communist parts.

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: was

text: state

text: governing

text: the

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: received

text: international

text: recognition

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: later

text: as

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: Its

text: capital

text: was

text: Saigon

text: The

text: term

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: became

text: common

text: usage

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: Geneva

text: Conference

text: provisionally

text: partitioned

text: Vietnam

text: into

text: communist

text: and

text: non

text: communist

text: parts

question: instance_of operation pony express

answer: conflict

text: conflict