text: A role-playing video game (commonly referred to as role-playing game or RPG, and in the past was also known as computer role-playing game or CRPG) is a video game genre where the player controls the actions of a character (and/or several party members) immersed in some well-defined world. Many role-playing video games have origins in pen-and-paper role-playing games (Including "Dungeons & Dragons") and use much of the same , settings and game mechanics. Other major similarities with pen-and-paper games include developed story-telling and narrative elements, player character development, complexity, as well as replayability and immersion. The electronic medium removes the necessity for a gamemaster and increases combat resolution speed. RPGs have evolved from simple text-based console-window games into visually rich 3D experiences. Since the 1980s, Role-playing is the most commercially viable video game genre in Japan, and has more market share of any other genre in the japanese gaming industry, although in the 2010s first-person shooters and western iOS and Android games were becoming rapidly and increasingly popular in that country.

text: role

text: playing

text: video

text: game

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: role

text: playing

text: game

text: or

text: RPG

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: was

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: computer

text: role

text: playing

text: game

text: or

text: CRPG

text: is

text: video

text: game

text: genre

text: where

text: the

text: player

text: controls

text: the

text: actions

text: of

text: character

text: and/or

text: several

text: party

text: members

text: immersed

text: in

text: some

text: well

text: defined

text: world

text: Many

text: role

text: playing

text: video

text: games

text: have

text: origins

text: in

text: pen

text: and

text: paper

text: role

text: playing

text: games

text: Including

text: Dungeons

text: Dragons

text: and

text: use

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: settings

text: and

text: game

text: mechanics

text: Other

text: major

text: similarities

text: with

text: pen

text: and

text: paper

text: games

text: include

text: developed

text: story

text: telling

text: and

text: narrative

text: elements

text: player

text: character

text: development

text: complexity

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: replayability

text: and

text: immersion

text: The

text: electronic

text: medium

text: removes

text: the

text: necessity

text: for

text: gamemaster

text: and

text: increases

text: combat

text: resolution

text: speed

text: RPGs

text: have

text: evolved

text: from

text: simple

text: text

text: based

text: console

text: window

text: games

text: into

text: visually

text: rich

text: experiences

text: Since

text: the

text: Role

text: playing

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: commercially

text: viable

text: video

text: game

text: genre

text: in

text: Japan

text: and

text: has

text: more

text: market

text: share

text: of

text: any

text: other

text: genre

text: in

text: the

text: japanese

text: gaming

text: industry

text: although

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: shooters

text: and

text: western

text: iOS

text: and

text: Android

text: games

text: were

text: becoming

text: rapidly

text: and

text: increasingly

text: popular

text: in

text: that

text: country

text: Wizards of the Coast (often referred to as WotC or simply Wizards) is an American publisher of games, primarily based on fantasy and science fiction themes, and formerly an operator of retail stores for games. Originally a basement-run role-playing game publisher, the company popularized the collectible card game genre with "" in the mid-1990s, acquired the popular "Dungeons & Dragons" role-playing game by purchasing the failing company TSR, and experienced tremendous success by publishing the licensed "Pokémon Trading Card Game". The company's corporate headquarters are located in Renton, Washington in the United States of America.

text: Wizards

text: of

text: the

text: Coast

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: WotC

text: or

text: simply

text: Wizards

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: publisher

text: of

text: games

text: primarily

text: based

text: on

text: fantasy

text: and

text: science

text: fiction

text: themes

text: and

text: formerly

text: an

text: operator

text: of

text: retail

text: stores

text: for

text: games

text: Originally

text: basement

text: run

text: role

text: playing

text: game

text: publisher

text: the

text: company

text: popularized

text: the

text: collectible

text: card

text: game

text: genre

text: with

text: in

text: the

text: acquired

text: the

text: popular

text: Dungeons

text: Dragons

text: role

text: playing

text: game

text: by

text: purchasing

text: the

text: failing

text: company

text: TSR

text: and

text: experienced

text: tremendous

text: success

text: by

text: publishing

text: the

text: licensed

text: Pokémon

text: Trading

text: Card

text: Game

text: The

text: company

text: 's

text: corporate

text: headquarters

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: Renton

text: Washington

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: Baldur's Gate is a fantasy role-playing video game developed by BioWare and published in 1998 by Interplay Entertainment. It is the first game in the "Baldur's Gate" series and takes place in the Forgotten Realms, a high fantasy campaign setting, using a modified version of the "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" ("AD&D") 2nd edition rules. The game received critical acclaim and was credited for revitalizing the computer role-playing game genre. The game allows development of the player character through choice of companions, dialogue choices, exploration, and battle. "Baldur's Gate" uses a reputation system and rewards the player depending on the choices made in the game.

text: Baldur

text: 's

text: Gate

text: is

text: fantasy

text: role

text: playing

text: video

text: game

text: developed

text: by

text: BioWare

text: and

text: published

text: in

text: by

text: Interplay

text: Entertainment

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: game

text: in

text: the

text: Baldur

text: 's

text: Gate

text: series

text: and

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: Forgotten

text: Realms

text: high

text: fantasy

text: campaign

text: setting

text: using

text: modified

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: Advanced

text: Dungeons

text: Dragons

text: AD&D

text: edition

text: rules

text: The

text: game

text: received

text: critical

text: acclaim

text: and

text: was

text: credited

text: for

text: revitalizing

text: the

text: computer

text: role

text: playing

text: game

text: genre

text: The

text: game

text: allows

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: player

text: character

text: through

text: choice

text: of

text: companions

text: dialogue

text: choices

text: exploration

text: and

text: battle

text: Baldur

text: 's

text: Gate

text: uses

text: reputation

text: system

text: and

text: rewards

text: the

text: player

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: choices

text: made

text: in

text: the

text: game

text: Forgotten Realms is a campaign setting for the "Dungeons & Dragons" ("D&D") fantasy role-playing game. Commonly referred to by players and game designers alike as "The Realms", it was created by game designer Ed Greenwood around 1967 as a setting for his childhood stories. Several years later, Greenwood brought the setting to the "D&D" game as a series of magazine articles, and the first Realms game products were released in 1987. Role-playing game products have been produced for the setting ever since, as have various licensed products including sword and sorcery novels, role-playing video game adaptations (including the first massively multiplayer online role-playing game to use graphics), and comic books. The Forgotten Realms is one of the most popular "D&D" settings, largely due to the success of novels by authors such as R. A. Salvatore and numerous role-playing video games, including "Pool of Radiance" (1988), "Eye of the Beholder" (1991), "Baldur's Gate" (1998), "Icewind Dale" (2000) and "Neverwinter Nights" (2002).

text: Forgotten

text: Realms

text: is

text: campaign

text: setting

text: for

text: the

text: Dungeons

text: Dragons

text: D&D

text: fantasy

text: role

text: playing

text: game

text: Commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: players

text: and

text: game

text: designers

text: alike

text: as

text: The

text: Realms

text: it

text: was

text: created

text: by

text: game

text: designer

text: Ed

text: Greenwood

text: around

text: as

text: setting

text: for

text: his

text: childhood

text: stories

text: Several

text: years

text: later

text: Greenwood

text: brought

text: the

text: setting

text: to

text: the

text: D&D

text: game

text: as

text: series

text: of

text: magazine

text: articles

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: Realms

text: game

text: products

text: were

text: released

text: in

text: Role

text: playing

text: game

text: products

text: have

text: been

text: produced

text: for

text: the

text: setting

text: ever

text: since

text: as

text: have

text: various

text: licensed

text: products

text: including

text: sword

text: and

text: sorcery

text: novels

text: role

text: playing

text: video

text: game

text: adaptations

text: including

text: the

text: first

text: massively

text: multiplayer

text: online

text: role

text: playing

text: game

text: to

text: use

text: graphics

text: and

text: comic

text: books

text: The

text: Forgotten

text: Realms

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: D&D

text: settings

text: largely

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: success

text: of

text: novels

text: by

text: authors

text: such

text: as

text: Salvatore

text: and

text: numerous

text: role

text: playing

text: video

text: games

text: including

text: Pool

text: of

text: Radiance

text: Eye

text: of

text: the

text: Beholder

text: Baldur

text: 's

text: Gate

text: Icewind

text: Dale

text: and

text: Neverwinter

text: Nights

text: War of the Spider Queen is a "New York Times" best-selling series of novels set in the "Forgotten Realms" universe published by Wizards of the Coast. The series contains six books focused on the drow and their principal deity Lolth. Each of the six novels in the series is written by a different author with veteran Forgotten Realms author R. A. Salvatore overseeing the project. Cover art for each book in the series was designed by Gerald Brom who has done other Forgotten Realms work including reprints of The Avatar Series.

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Spider

text: Queen

text: is

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: best

text: selling

text: series

text: of

text: novels

text: set

text: in

text: the

text: Forgotten

text: Realms

text: universe

text: published

text: by

text: Wizards

text: of

text: the

text: Coast

text: The

text: series

text: contains

text: six

text: books

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: drow

text: and

text: their

text: principal

text: deity

text: Lolth

text: Each

text: of

text: the

text: six

text: novels

text: in

text: the

text: series

text: is

text: written

text: by

text: different

text: author

text: with

text: veteran

text: Forgotten

text: Realms

text: author

text: Salvatore

text: overseeing

text: the

text: project

text: Cover

text: art

text: for

text: each

text: book

text: in

text: the

text: series

text: was

text: designed

text: by

text: Gerald

text: Brom

text: who

text: has

text: done

text: other

text: Forgotten

text: Realms

text: work

text: including

text: reprints

text: of

text: The

text: Avatar

text: Series

text: Icewind Dale is a role-playing video game developed by Black Isle Studios and originally published by Interplay Entertainment for Windows in 2000 and by MacPlay for OS X in 2002. It takes place in the "Dungeons & Dragons" Forgotten Realms campaign setting, and is based on the 2nd edition ruleset. The player begins the game by creating an adventuring party, which becomes enlisted as a caravan guard in the wake of strange events. As the story progresses, the player learns of a demonic feud that threatens the Ten Towns of Icewind Dale.

text: Icewind

text: Dale

text: is

text: role

text: playing

text: video

text: game

text: developed

text: by

text: Black

text: Isle

text: Studios

text: and

text: originally

text: published

text: by

text: Interplay

text: Entertainment

text: for

text: Windows

text: in

text: and

text: by

text: MacPlay

text: for

text: OS

text: in

text: It

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: Dungeons

text: Dragons

text: Forgotten

text: Realms

text: campaign

text: setting

text: and

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: edition

text: ruleset

text: The

text: player

text: begins

text: the

text: game

text: by

text: creating

text: an

text: adventuring

text: party

text: which

text: becomes

text: enlisted

text: as

text: caravan

text: guard

text: in

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: strange

text: events

text: As

text: the

text: story

text: progresses

text: the

text: player

text: learns

text: of

text: demonic

text: feud

text: that

text: threatens

text: the

text: Ten

text: Towns

text: of

text: Icewind

text: Dale

text: Annihilation is a NY Times Best Seller fantasy novel by Philip Athans . It is the fifth book of the War of the Spider Queen hexad and , like other books in the series , it is set in the Forgotten Realms setting for Dungeons & Dragons .

text: Annihilation

text: is

text: NY

text: Times

text: Best

text: Seller

text: fantasy

text: novel

text: by

text: Philip

text: Athans

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: book

text: of

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Spider

text: Queen

text: hexad

text: and

text: like

text: other

text: books

text: in

text: the

text: series

text: it

text: is

text: set

text: in

text: the

text: Forgotten

text: Realms

text: setting

text: for

text: Dungeons

text: Dragons

text: Fantasy is a fiction genre set in an imaginary universe, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world. Most fantasy uses magic or other supernatural elements as a main plot element, theme, or setting. Magic and magical creatures are common in many of these imaginary worlds. Fantasy is generally distinguished from the genres of science fiction and horror by the expectation that it steers clear of scientific and macabre themes, respectively, though there is a great deal of overlap between the three, all of which are subgenres of speculative fiction.

text: Fantasy

text: is

text: fiction

text: genre

text: set

text: in

text: an

text: imaginary

text: universe

text: often

text: but

text: not

text: always

text: without

text: any

text: locations

text: events

text: or

text: people

text: from

text: the

text: real

text: world

text: Most

text: fantasy

text: uses

text: magic

text: or

text: other

text: supernatural

text: elements

text: as

text: main

text: plot

text: element

text: theme

text: or

text: setting

text: Magic

text: and

text: magical

text: creatures

text: are

text: common

text: in

text: many

text: of

text: these

text: imaginary

text: worlds

text: Fantasy

text: is

text: generally

text: distinguished

text: from

text: the

text: genres

text: of

text: science

text: fiction

text: and

text: horror

text: by

text: the

text: expectation

text: that

text: it

text: steers

text: clear

text: of

text: scientific

text: and

text: macabre

text: themes

text: respectively

text: though

text: there

text: is

text: great

text: deal

text: of

text: overlap

text: between

text: the

text: three

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: subgenres

text: of

text: speculative

text: fiction

text: Pool of Radiance is a role-playing video game developed and published by Strategic Simulations, Inc (SSI) in 1988. It was the first adaptation of TSR's "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" ("AD&D") fantasy role-playing game for home computers, becoming the first episode in a four-part series of "D&D" computer adventure games. The other games in the "Gold Box" series used the game engine pioneered in "Pool of Radiance", as did later "D&D" titles such as the "Neverwinter Nights" online game. "Pool of Radiance" takes place in the Forgotten Realms fantasy setting, with the action centered in and around the port city of Phlan.

text: Pool

text: of

text: Radiance

text: is

text: role

text: playing

text: video

text: game

text: developed

text: and

text: published

text: by

text: Strategic

text: Simulations

text: Inc

text: SSI

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: adaptation

text: of

text: TSR

text: 's

text: Advanced

text: Dungeons

text: Dragons

text: AD&D

text: fantasy

text: role

text: playing

text: game

text: for

text: home

text: computers

text: becoming

text: the

text: first

text: episode

text: in

text: four

text: part

text: series

text: of

text: D&D

text: computer

text: adventure

text: games

text: The

text: other

text: games

text: in

text: the

text: Gold

text: Box

text: series

text: used

text: the

text: game

text: engine

text: pioneered

text: in

text: Pool

text: of

text: Radiance

text: as

text: did

text: later

text: D&D

text: titles

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Neverwinter

text: Nights

text: online

text: game

text: Pool

text: of

text: Radiance

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: Forgotten

text: Realms

text: fantasy

text: setting

text: with

text: the

text: action

text: centered

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: port

text: city

text: of

text: Phlan

text: Ed Greenwood (born July 21, 1959) is a Canadian-born fantasy writer and the original creator of the "Forgotten Realms" game world. He began writing articles about the Forgotten Realms for "Dragon" magazine beginning in 1979, and subsequently sold the rights to the setting to TSR, the creators of the "Dungeons & Dragons" roleplaying game, in 1986. He has written many Forgotten Realms novels, as well as numerous articles and "D&D" game supplement books.

text: Ed

text: Greenwood

text: born

text: July

text: is

text: Canadian

text: born

text: fantasy

text: writer

text: and

text: the

text: original

text: creator

text: of

text: the

text: Forgotten

text: Realms

text: game

text: world

text: He

text: began

text: writing

text: articles

text: about

text: the

text: Forgotten

text: Realms

text: for

text: Dragon

text: magazine

text: beginning

text: in

text: and

text: subsequently

text: sold

text: the

text: rights

text: to

text: the

text: setting

text: to

text: TSR

text: the

text: creators

text: of

text: the

text: Dungeons

text: Dragons

text: roleplaying

text: game

text: in

text: He

text: has

text: written

text: many

text: Forgotten

text: Realms

text: novels

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: numerous

text: articles

text: and

text: D&D

text: game

text: supplement

text: books

text: Neverwinter Nights is a third-person role-playing video game developed by BioWare. Interplay Entertainment was originally set to publish the game, but financial difficulties led to it being taken over by Atari. It was released on Microsoft Windows on June 18, 2002. BioWare later released a free Linux client in June 2003, requiring a purchased copy of the game to play. MacSoft released a Mac OS X port in August 2003.

text: Neverwinter

text: Nights

text: is

text: third

text: person

text: role

text: playing

text: video

text: game

text: developed

text: by

text: BioWare

text: Interplay

text: Entertainment

text: was

text: originally

text: set

text: to

text: publish

text: the

text: game

text: but

text: financial

text: difficulties

text: led

text: to

text: it

text: being

text: taken

text: over

text: by

text: Atari

text: It

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: Microsoft

text: Windows

text: on

text: June

text: BioWare

text: later

text: released

text: free

text: Linux

text: client

text: in

text: June

text: requiring

text: purchased

text: copy

text: of

text: the

text: game

text: to

text: play

text: MacSoft

text: released

text: Mac

text: OS

text: port

text: in

text: August

question: publisher annihilation

answer: wizards of the coast

text: wizards of the coast

text: wizards of the coast


text: The Yazidis (also Yezidis, "Êzidî") are an ethnically Kurdish religious community or an ethno-religious group indigenous to northern Mesopotamia (see also Ezidkhan) who are strictly endogamous. Their religion, "Yazidism" is linked to ancient Mesopotamian religions and combines aspects of Zoroastrianism, Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Yazidis who marry non-Yazidis are automatically considered to be converted to the religion of their spouse and therefore are not permitted to call themselves Yazidis. They live primarily in the Nineveh Province of Iraq. Additional communities in Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, Iran, and Syria have been in decline since the 1990s as a result of significant migration to Europe, especially to Germany. The Yazidis' cultural practices are observably Kurdish, and almost all speak Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish). The Soviet Union considered the Yazidis to be Kurds, as does Sharaf Khan Bidlisi's "Sheref-nameh" of 1597, which cites seven of the Kurdish tribes as being at least partly Yazidi, and Kurdish tribal confederations as containing substantial Yazidi sections.

text: The

text: Yazidis

text: also

text: Yezidis

text: Êzidî

text: are

text: an

text: ethnically

text: Kurdish

text: religious

text: community

text: or

text: an

text: ethno

text: religious

text: group

text: indigenous

text: to

text: northern

text: Mesopotamia

text: see

text: also

text: Ezidkhan

text: who

text: are

text: strictly

text: endogamous

text: Their

text: religion

text: Yazidism

text: is

text: linked

text: to

text: ancient

text: Mesopotamian

text: religions

text: and

text: combines

text: aspects

text: of

text: Zoroastrianism

text: Islam

text: Christianity

text: and

text: Judaism

text: Yazidis

text: who

text: marry

text: non

text: Yazidis

text: are

text: automatically

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: converted

text: to

text: the

text: religion

text: of

text: their

text: spouse

text: and

text: therefore

text: are

text: not

text: permitted

text: to

text: call

text: themselves

text: Yazidis

text: They

text: live

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: Nineveh

text: Province

text: of

text: Iraq

text: Additional

text: communities

text: in

text: Armenia

text: Georgia

text: Turkey

text: Iran

text: and

text: Syria

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: decline

text: since

text: the

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: significant

text: migration

text: to

text: Europe

text: especially

text: to

text: Germany

text: The

text: Yazidis

text: cultural

text: practices

text: are

text: observably

text: Kurdish

text: and

text: almost

text: all

text: speak

text: Kurmanji

text: Northern

text: Kurdish

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: considered

text: the

text: Yazidis

text: to

text: be

text: Kurds

text: as

text: does

text: Sharaf

text: Khan

text: Bidlisi

text: 's

text: Sheref

text: nameh

text: of

text: which

text: cites

text: seven

text: of

text: the

text: Kurdish

text: tribes

text: as

text: being

text: at

text: least

text: partly

text: Yazidi

text: and

text: Kurdish

text: tribal

text: confederations

text: as

text: containing

text: substantial

text: Yazidi

text: sections

text: The Circassians (Circassian: , "Adygekher") are a Northwest Caucasian ethnic group native to Circassia, many of whom were displaced in the course of the Russian conquest of the Caucasus in the 19th century, especially after the RussianCircassian War in 1864. In its narrowest sense, the term "Circassian" includes the twelve Adyghe (Circassian: , "Adyge") tribes (three democratic and nine aristocratic), i.e. Abzakh, Besleney, Bzhedug, Hatuqwai, Kabardian, Mamkhegh, Natukhai, Shapsug, Temirgoy, Ubykh, Yegeruqwai, and Zhaney, each one represented by a star on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. However, due to Soviet administrative divisions, Circassians were also designated as the following: "Adygeans" (Adyghe in Adygea), "Cherkessians" (Adyghe in Karachay-Cherkessia), "Kabardians" (Adyghe in Kabardino-Balkaria), "Shapsugians" (Adyghe in Krasnodar Krai) although all the four are essentially the same people residing in different political units.

text: The

text: Circassians

text: Circassian

text: Adygekher

text: are

text: Northwest

text: Caucasian

text: ethnic

text: group

text: native

text: to

text: Circassia

text: many

text: of

text: whom

text: were

text: displaced

text: in

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: especially

text: after

text: the

text: RussianCircassian

text: War

text: in

text: In

text: its

text: narrowest

text: sense

text: the

text: term

text: Circassian

text: includes

text: the

text: twelve

text: Adyghe

text: Circassian

text: Adyge

text: tribes

text: three

text: democratic

text: and

text: nine

text: aristocratic

text: i.e.

text: Abzakh

text: Besleney

text: Bzhedug

text: Hatuqwai

text: Kabardian

text: Mamkhegh

text: Natukhai

text: Shapsug

text: Temirgoy

text: Ubykh

text: Yegeruqwai

text: and

text: Zhaney

text: each

text: one

text: represented

text: by

text: star

text: on

text: the

text: green

text: and

text: gold

text: Circassian

text: flag

text: However

text: due

text: to

text: Soviet

text: administrative

text: divisions

text: Circassians

text: were

text: also

text: designated

text: as

text: the

text: following

text: Adygeans

text: Adyghe

text: in

text: Adygea

text: Cherkessians

text: Adyghe

text: in

text: Karachay

text: Cherkessia

text: Kabardians

text: Adyghe

text: in

text: Kabardino

text: Balkaria

text: Shapsugians

text: Adyghe

text: in

text: Krasnodar

text: Krai

text: although

text: all

text: the

text: four

text: are

text: essentially

text: the

text: same

text: people

text: residing

text: in

text: different

text: political

text: units

text: Najm ul - Din Abul - Qasim Ja'far bin al - Hasan bin Yahya bin al - Hasan bin Sa'id , famous as al - Muhaqqiq al - Hilli and al - Muhaqqiq al - Awwal ( c. 1205 -- 1277 ) was an influential Shi'i Mujtahid born in the city of al - Hilla , Iraq . He played an important role in shaping Twelver Shi'ism 's legal doctrines works . His legal manual , Shara'i ul - Islam , has been particularly influential , attracting more than thirty commentaries .

text: Najm

text: ul

text: Din

text: Abul

text: Qasim

text: Ja'far

text: bin

text: al

text: Hasan

text: bin

text: Yahya

text: bin

text: al

text: Hasan

text: bin

text: Sa'id

text: famous

text: as

text: al

text: Muhaqqiq

text: al

text: Hilli

text: and

text: al

text: Muhaqqiq

text: al

text: Awwal

text: was

text: an

text: influential

text: Shi'i

text: Mujtahid

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: al

text: Hilla

text: Iraq

text: He

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: shaping

text: Twelver

text: Shi'ism

text: 's

text: legal

text: doctrines

text: works

text: His

text: legal

text: manual

text: Shara'i

text: ul

text: Islam

text: has

text: been

text: particularly

text: influential

text: attracting

text: more

text: than

text: thirty

text: commentaries

text: Iraq (, or ; '; '), officially known as the Republic of Iraq ('; ') is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds; others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's 36 million citizens are Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish.

text: Iraq

text: or

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iraq

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: bordered

text: by

text: Turkey

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Kuwait

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Jordan

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Baghdad

text: The

text: main

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: are

text: Arabs

text: and

text: Kurds

text: others

text: include

text: Assyrians

text: Turkmen

text: Shabakis

text: Yazidis

text: Armenians

text: Mandeans

text: Circassians

text: and

text: Kawliya

text: Around

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: million

text: citizens

text: are

text: Muslims

text: with

text: Christianity

text: Yarsan

text: Yezidism

text: and

text: Mandeanism

text: also

text: present

text: The

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: Iraq

text: are

text: Arabic

text: and

text: Kurdish

text: Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: ), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Greece to the west; Bulgaria to the northwest; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the south. The Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia. Turkey's location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history.

text: Turkey

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Turkey

text: Turkish

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: mainly

text: in

text: Anatolia

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: with

text: smaller

text: portion

text: on

text: the

text: Balkan

text: peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Europe

text: Turkey

text: is

text: democratic

text: secular

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: with

text: diverse

text: cultural

text: heritage

text: Turkey

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: eight

text: countries

text: Greece

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Bulgaria

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Georgia

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Armenia

text: the

text: Azerbaijani

text: exclave

text: of

text: Nakhchivan

text: and

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Iraq

text: and

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: Aegean

text: Sea

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: Bosphorus

text: the

text: Sea

text: of

text: Marmara

text: and

text: the

text: Dardanelles

text: which

text: together

text: form

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: divide

text: Thrace

text: and

text: Anatolia

text: they

text: also

text: separate

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: Turkey

text: 's

text: location

text: has

text: given

text: it

text: geopolitical

text: and

text: strategic

text: importance

text: throughout

text: history

text: Saudi Arabia, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is an Arab sovereign state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula. With a land area of approximately , Saudi Arabia is geographically the fifth-largest state in Asia and second-largest state in the Arab world after Algeria. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen to the south. It is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba. It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert or barren landforms.

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: KSA

text: is

text: an

text: Arab

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: constituting

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Peninsula

text: With

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: is

text: geographically

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: Asia

text: and

text: second

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: after

text: Algeria

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Jordan

text: and

text: Iraq

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Kuwait

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Qatar

text: Bahrain

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Arab

text: Emirates

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Oman

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: Yemen

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Israel

text: and

text: Egypt

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: nation

text: with

text: both

text: Red

text: Sea

text: coast

text: and

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: coast

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: terrain

text: consists

text: of

text: arid

text: desert

text: or

text: barren

text: landforms

text: Arabic (' or ' ) is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the "lingua franca" of the Arab world. Arabic also is a liturgical language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six official languages of the United Nations. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, and from northwestern Arabia to the Sinai in the south.

text: Arabic

text: or

text: is

text: Central

text: Semitic

text: language

text: that

text: was

text: first

text: spoken

text: in

text: Iron

text: Age

text: northwestern

text: Arabia

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: the

text: lingua

text: franca

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: Arabic

text: also

text: is

text: liturgical

text: language

text: of

text: billion

text: Muslims

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: six

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Arabs

text: term

text: initially

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: peoples

text: living

text: from

text: Mesopotamia

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: to

text: the

text: Anti

text: Lebanon

text: mountains

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: from

text: northwestern

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: Sinai

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: A Christian (or ) is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. "Christian" derives from the Koine Greek word "Christós" (), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term "mashiach".

text: Christian

text: or

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: follows

text: or

text: adheres

text: to

text: Christianity

text: an

text: Abrahamic

text: monotheistic

text: religion

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: life

text: and

text: teachings

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: Christian

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Koine

text: Greek

text: word

text: Christós

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: Biblical

text: Hebrew

text: term

text: mashiach

text: Kuwait ('), officially the State of Kuwait ('), is a country in Western Asia. Situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, it shares borders with Iraq and Saudi Arabia. , Kuwait has a population of 4.2 million people; 1.3 million are Kuwaitis and 2.9 million are expatriates. Expatriates account for 70% of the population.

text: Kuwait

text: officially

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Kuwait

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: Situated

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: edge

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Arabia

text: at

text: the

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: it

text: shares

text: borders

text: with

text: Iraq

text: and

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: Kuwait

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: million

text: are

text: Kuwaitis

text: and

text: million

text: are

text: expatriates

text: Expatriates

text: account

text: for

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town in general English language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.

text: city

text: is

text: large

text: and

text: permanent

text: human

text: settlement

text: Although

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: agreement

text: on

text: how

text: city

text: is

text: distinguished

text: from

text: town

text: in

text: general

text: English

text: language

text: meanings

text: many

text: cities

text: have

text: particular

text: administrative

text: legal

text: or

text: historical

text: status

text: based

text: on

text: local

text: law

text: Iran (, also , ; ' ), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (' ), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the "de facto" Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; to the north by the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of , it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country. It is the only country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, make it of great geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic center.

text: Iran

text: also

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Persia

text: officially

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iran

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: by

text: Armenia

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: Nagorno

text: Karabakh

text: Republic

text: and

text: Azerbaijan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: by

text: Turkmenistan

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Oman

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Turkey

text: and

text: Iraq

text: Comprising

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Iran

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: with

text: both

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: and

text: an

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: coastline

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: central

text: location

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: and

text: Western

text: Asia

text: and

text: its

text: proximity

text: to

text: the

text: Strait

text: of

text: Hormuz

text: make

text: it

text: of

text: great

text: geostrategic

text: importance

text: Tehran

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: leading

text: economic

text: center

text: The Kurds () also the Kurdish people are an ethnic group in the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a contiguous area spanning adjacent parts of eastern and southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), western Iran (Eastern or Iranian Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern or Iraqi Kurdistan), and northern Syria (Western Kurdistan or Rojava). The Kurds are culturally and linguistically closely related to the Iranian peoples and, as a result, are often themselves classified as an Iranian people.

text: The

text: Kurds

text: also

text: the

text: Kurdish

text: people

text: are

text: an

text: ethnic

text: group

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: mostly

text: inhabiting

text: contiguous

text: area

text: spanning

text: adjacent

text: parts

text: of

text: eastern

text: and

text: southeastern

text: Turkey

text: Northern

text: Kurdistan

text: western

text: Iran

text: Eastern

text: or

text: Iranian

text: Kurdistan

text: northern

text: Iraq

text: Southern

text: or

text: Iraqi

text: Kurdistan

text: and

text: northern

text: Syria

text: Western

text: Kurdistan

text: or

text: Rojava

text: The

text: Kurds

text: are

text: culturally

text: and

text: linguistically

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Iranian

text: peoples

text: and

text: as

text: result

text: are

text: often

text: themselves

text: classified

text: as

text: an

text: Iranian

text: people

annotations: likely multiple

question: languages_spoken_or_written muhaqqiq al-hilli

answer: arabic

text: arabic

text: arabic

text: arabic


text: Midland is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan in the Tri-Cities region of Central Michigan. It is the county seat of Midland County. The city's population was 41,863 as of the 2010 census. It is the principal city of the Midland Micropolitan Statistical Area, part of the larger Saginaw-Midland-Bay City Combined Statistical Area. In 2010, Midland was named the no. 4 Best Small City to raise a family in by "Forbes" magazine.

text: Midland

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Michigan

text: in

text: the

text: Tri

text: Cities

text: region

text: of

text: Central

text: Michigan

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Midland

text: County

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: population

text: was

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: census

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: principal

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Midland

text: Micropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: Saginaw

text: Midland

text: Bay

text: City

text: Combined

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: In

text: Midland

text: was

text: named

text: the

text: no

text: Best

text: Small

text: City

text: to

text: raise

text: family

text: in

text: by

text: Forbes

text: magazine

text: The Herbert H. Dow House , also known as Dow House , was the home of Herbert H. Dow , founder of Dow Chemical Company , from 1899 until his death in 1930 . His wife , Grace , and five children survived him and continued to reside there . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 .

text: The

text: Herbert

text: Dow

text: House

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Dow

text: House

text: was

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: Herbert

text: Dow

text: founder

text: of

text: Dow

text: Chemical

text: Company

text: from

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: His

text: wife

text: Grace

text: and

text: five

text: children

text: survived

text: him

text: and

text: continued

text: to

text: reside

text: there

text: It

text: was

text: declared

text: National

text: Historic

text: Landmark

text: in

text: E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, commonly referred to as DuPont, is an American conglomerate that was founded in July 1802 as a gunpowder mill by French-American chemist and industrialist Éleuthère Irénée du Pont.

text: du

text: Pont

text: de

text: Nemours

text: and

text: Company

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: DuPont

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: conglomerate

text: that

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: July

text: as

text: gunpowder

text: mill

text: by

text: French

text: American

text: chemist

text: and

text: industrialist

text: Éleuthère

text: Irénée

text: du

text: Pont

text: The Dow Chemical Co., commonly referred to as Dow, is an American multinational chemical corporation headquartered in Midland, Michigan, United States. As of 2007, it is the second-largest chemical manufacturer in the world by revenue (after BASF) and as of February 2009, the third-largest chemical company in the world by market capitalization (after BASF and DuPont). It ranked second in the world by chemical production in 2014.

text: The

text: Dow

text: Chemical

text: Co.

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Dow

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: multinational

text: chemical

text: corporation

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Midland

text: Michigan

text: United

text: States

text: As

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: chemical

text: manufacturer

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: revenue

text: after

text: BASF

text: and

text: as

text: of

text: February

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: chemical

text: company

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: market

text: capitalization

text: after

text: BASF

text: and

text: DuPont

text: It

text: ranked

text: second

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: chemical

text: production

text: in

text: BASF SE is a German chemical company and the largest producer in the world. The BASF Group comprises subsidiaries and joint ventures in more than 80 countries and operates six integrated production sites and 390 other production sites in Europe, Asia, Australia, the Americas and Africa. Its headquarters is located in Ludwigshafen, Germany. BASF has customers in over 200 countries and supplies products to a wide variety of industries. Despite its size and global presence, BASF has received relatively little public attention since abandoning its consumer product lines in the 1990s.

text: BASF

text: SE

text: is

text: German

text: chemical

text: company

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: producer

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: BASF

text: Group

text: comprises

text: subsidiaries

text: and

text: joint

text: ventures

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: countries

text: and

text: operates

text: six

text: integrated

text: production

text: sites

text: and

text: other

text: production

text: sites

text: in

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: Australia

text: the

text: Americas

text: and

text: Africa

text: Its

text: headquarters

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: Ludwigshafen

text: Germany

text: BASF

text: has

text: customers

text: in

text: over

text: countries

text: and

text: supplies

text: products

text: to

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: industries

text: Despite

text: its

text: size

text: and

text: global

text: presence

text: BASF

text: has

text: received

text: relatively

text: little

text: public

text: attention

text: since

text: abandoning

text: its

text: consumer

text: product

text: lines

text: in

text: the

text: Michigan is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word "mishigamaa", meaning "large water" or "large lake". Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area (the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River). Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit.

text: Michigan

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: and

text: Midwestern

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: name

text: Michigan

text: is

text: the

text: French

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: Ojibwa

text: word

text: mishigamaa

text: meaning

text: large

text: water

text: or

text: large

text: lake

text: Michigan

text: is

text: the

text: tenth

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: extensive

text: total

text: area

text: the

text: largest

text: state

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Lansing

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Detroit

annotations: follows multiple

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity herbert h. dow house

answer: michigan

text: michigan

text: michigan

text: michigan

text: michigan

text: michigan

text: michigan


text: A militia is generally an army or some other type of fighting unit that is composed of non-professional fighters, citizens of a nation or subjects of a state or government who can be called upon to enter a combat situation, as opposed to a professional force of regular, full-time military personnel, or historically, members of the warrior nobility class (e.g., knights or samurai). Unable to hold their own against properly trained and equipped professional forces, it is common for militias to engage in guerrilla warfare or defense instead of being used in open attacks and offensive actions.

text: militia

text: is

text: generally

text: an

text: army

text: or

text: some

text: other

text: type

text: of

text: fighting

text: unit

text: that

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: non

text: professional

text: fighters

text: citizens

text: of

text: nation

text: or

text: subjects

text: of

text: state

text: or

text: government

text: who

text: can

text: be

text: called

text: upon

text: to

text: enter

text: combat

text: situation

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: professional

text: force

text: of

text: regular

text: full

text: time

text: military

text: personnel

text: or

text: historically

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: warrior

text: nobility

text: class

text: e.g.

text: knights

text: or

text: samurai

text: Unable

text: to

text: hold

text: their

text: own

text: against

text: properly

text: trained

text: and

text: equipped

text: professional

text: forces

text: it

text: is

text: common

text: for

text: militias

text: to

text: engage

text: in

text: guerrilla

text: warfare

text: or

text: defense

text: instead

text: of

text: being

text: used

text: in

text: open

text: attacks

text: and

text: offensive

text: actions

text: A penal colony is a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location, often an island or distant colonial territory. Although the term can be used to refer to a correctional facility located in a remote location it is more commonly used to refer to communities of prisoners overseen by wardens or governors having absolute authority.

text: penal

text: colony

text: is

text: settlement

text: used

text: to

text: exile

text: prisoners

text: and

text: separate

text: them

text: from

text: the

text: general

text: population

text: by

text: placing

text: them

text: in

text: remote

text: location

text: often

text: an

text: island

text: or

text: distant

text: colonial

text: territory

text: Although

text: the

text: term

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: correctional

text: facility

text: located

text: in

text: remote

text: location

text: it

text: is

text: more

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: communities

text: of

text: prisoners

text: overseen

text: by

text: wardens

text: or

text: governors

text: having

text: absolute

text: authority

text: A warlord is a leader able to exercise military, economic, and political control over a subnational territory within a sovereign state due to his ability to mobilize loyal armed forces. These armed forces, usually considered militias, are loyal to the warlord rather than to the state regime. Warlords have existed throughout much of history, albeit in a variety of different capacities within the political, economic, and social structure of states or ungoverned territories.

text: warlord

text: is

text: leader

text: able

text: to

text: exercise

text: military

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: control

text: over

text: subnational

text: territory

text: within

text: sovereign

text: state

text: due

text: to

text: his

text: ability

text: to

text: mobilize

text: loyal

text: armed

text: forces

text: These

text: armed

text: forces

text: usually

text: considered

text: militias

text: are

text: loyal

text: to

text: the

text: warlord

text: rather

text: than

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: regime

text: Warlords

text: have

text: existed

text: throughout

text: much

text: of

text: history

text: albeit

text: in

text: variety

text: of

text: different

text: capacities

text: within

text: the

text: political

text: economic

text: and

text: social

text: structure

text: of

text: states

text: or

text: ungoverned

text: territories

text: Salman Raduyev ( or Raduev ; Russian :   ; February 13 , 1967 -- December 14 , 2002 ) was a Chechen separatist warlord considered to be one of the most radical and notorious rebel commanders of the period between 1994 and 1999 . Arrested in 2000 , he died in a Russian penal colony under mysterious circumstances .

text: Salman

text: Raduyev

text: or

text: Raduev

text: Russian

text: February

text: December

text: was

text: Chechen

text: separatist

text: warlord

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: radical

text: and

text: notorious

text: rebel

text: commanders

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: between

text: and

text: Arrested

text: in

text: he

text: died

text: in

text: Russian

text: penal

text: colony

text: under

text: mysterious

text: circumstances

annotations: follows single

question: occupation salman raduyev

answer: military personnel

text: military personnel


text: The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's aerial warfare force. Formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, it is the oldest independent air force in the world. Following victory over the Central Powers in 1918 the RAF emerged as, at the time, the largest air force in the world. Since its formation, the RAF has taken a significant role in British military history, in particular, playing a large part in the Second World War where it fought its most famous campaign, the Battle of Britain.

text: The

text: Royal

text: Air

text: Force

text: RAF

text: is

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: aerial

text: warfare

text: force

text: Formed

text: towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: on

text: April

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: independent

text: air

text: force

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Following

text: victory

text: over

text: the

text: Central

text: Powers

text: in

text: the

text: RAF

text: emerged

text: as

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: the

text: largest

text: air

text: force

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Since

text: its

text: formation

text: the

text: RAF

text: has

text: taken

text: significant

text: role

text: in

text: British

text: military

text: history

text: in

text: particular

text: playing

text: large

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: where

text: it

text: fought

text: its

text: most

text: famous

text: campaign

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Britain

text: The Italian Royal Air Force (Regia Aeronautica Italiana) was the name of the air force of the Kingdom of Italy. It was established as a service independent of the Royal Italian Army from 1923 until 1946. In 1946, the monarchy was abolished and the Kingdom of Italy became the Italian Republic, whereupon the name of the air force changed to Aeronautica Militare Italiana.

text: The

text: Italian

text: Royal

text: Air

text: Force

text: Regia

text: Aeronautica

text: Italiana

text: was

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: air

text: force

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Italy

text: It

text: was

text: established

text: as

text: service

text: independent

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Italian

text: Army

text: from

text: until

text: In

text: the

text: monarchy

text: was

text: abolished

text: and

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Italy

text: became

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: whereupon

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: air

text: force

text: changed

text: to

text: Aeronautica

text: Militare

text: Italiana

text: The Battle of Ganale Doria ( also known as the Battle of Genale Dorya or as the Battle of Genale Wenz ) was a battle on the `` southern front '' fought during the Second Italo - Abyssinian War . The battle consisted almost entirely of air attacks by the Italian Royal Air Force ( Regia Aeronautica ) against an advancing and then withdrawing Ethiopian army under Ras Desta Damtu . The battle was primarily `` fought '' in the area along the Genale Doria River valley between Dolo and Negele Boran . Technically , Ras Desta Damtew launched an Ethiopian offensive against the Italian forces in Somaliland . However , General Rodolfo Graziani carried out his active defense so vigorously that it became an offensive .

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Ganale

text: Doria

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Genale

text: Dorya

text: or

text: as

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Genale

text: Wenz

text: was

text: battle

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: front

text: fought

text: during

text: the

text: Second

text: Italo

text: Abyssinian

text: War

text: The

text: battle

text: consisted

text: almost

text: entirely

text: of

text: air

text: attacks

text: by

text: the

text: Italian

text: Royal

text: Air

text: Force

text: Regia

text: Aeronautica

text: against

text: an

text: advancing

text: and

text: then

text: withdrawing

text: Ethiopian

text: army

text: under

text: Ras

text: Desta

text: Damtu

text: The

text: battle

text: was

text: primarily

text: fought

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: along

text: the

text: Genale

text: Doria

text: River

text: valley

text: between

text: Dolo

text: and

text: Negele

text: Boran

text: Technically

text: Ras

text: Desta

text: Damtew

text: launched

text: an

text: Ethiopian

text: offensive

text: against

text: the

text: Italian

text: forces

text: in

text: Somaliland

text: However

text: General

text: Rodolfo

text: Graziani

text: carried

text: out

text: his

text: active

text: defense

text: so

text: vigorously

text: that

text: it

text: became

text: an

text: offensive

text: The Royal Italian Army (Italian: "Regio Esercito Italiano") was the army of the Kingdom of Italy from the unification of Italy in 1861 to the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946. In World War II the Royal Army fought first as part of the Axis (193943) and then as part of the Allies (194345). After the monarchy ended, the army changed its name to become the Italian Army ("Esercito Italiano").

text: The

text: Royal

text: Italian

text: Army

text: Italian

text: Regio

text: Esercito

text: Italiano

text: was

text: the

text: army

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Italy

text: from

text: the

text: unification

text: of

text: Italy

text: in

text: to

text: the

text: birth

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: in

text: In

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: Royal

text: Army

text: fought

text: first

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Axis

text: and

text: then

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Allies

text: After

text: the

text: monarchy

text: ended

text: the

text: army

text: changed

text: its

text: name

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: Italian

text: Army

text: Esercito

text: Italiano

text: The Kingdom of Italy was a state founded from 1861, when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, to 1946, when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic. The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state.

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Italy

text: was

text: state

text: founded

text: from

text: when

text: King

text: Victor

text: Emmanuel

text: II

text: of

text: Sardinia

text: was

text: proclaimed

text: King

text: of

text: Italy

text: to

text: when

text: constitutional

text: referendum

text: led

text: civil

text: discontent

text: to

text: abandon

text: the

text: monarchy

text: and

text: form

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: The

text: state

text: was

text: founded

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: unification

text: of

text: Italy

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Sardinia

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: its

text: legal

text: predecessor

text: state

question: winner battle of ganale doria

answer: kingdom of italy

text: kingdom of italy

text: kingdom of italy

text: kingdom of italy

text: kingdom of italy


text: Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie (6 January 190012 June 1969) was a French journalist, politician and member of the French Resistance.

text: Emmanuel

text: d'Astier

text: de

text: La

text: Vigerie

text: January

text: June

text: was

text: French

text: journalist

text: politician

text: and

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Resistance

text: Provence (Provençal: "Provença" in classical norm or "Prouvènço" in Mistralian norm) is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône River to the west to the Italian border to the east, and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south. It largely corresponds with the modern administrative "région" of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, and includes the "départements" of Var, Bouches-du-Rhône, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and parts of Alpes-Maritimes and Vaucluse. The largest city of the region is Marseille.

text: Provence

text: Provençal

text: Provença

text: in

text: classical

text: norm

text: or

text: Prouvènço

text: in

text: Mistralian

text: norm

text: is

text: geographical

text: region

text: and

text: historical

text: province

text: of

text: southeastern

text: France

text: which

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: left

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: lower

text: Rhône

text: River

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: to

text: the

text: Italian

text: border

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: It

text: largely

text: corresponds

text: with

text: the

text: modern

text: administrative

text: région

text: of

text: Provence

text: Alpes

text: Côte

text: d'Azur

text: and

text: includes

text: the

text: départements

text: of

text: Var

text: Bouches

text: du

text: Rhône

text: Alpes

text: de

text: Haute

text: Provence

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: Alpes

text: Maritimes

text: and

text: Vaucluse

text: The

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: is

text: Marseille

text: Félix Gouin (4 October 1884  25 October 1977) was a French Socialist politician who was a member of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).

text: Félix

text: Gouin

text: October

text: October

text: was

text: French

text: Socialist

text: politician

text: who

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Section

text: of

text: the

text: Workers

text: International

text: SFIO

text: Bouches-du-Rhône (Occitan: "Bocas de Ròse", lit. "Mouths of the Rhône") is a department in the south of France named after the mouth of the Rhône River. It is the most populous department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its INSEE and postal code is 13.

text: Bouches

text: du

text: Rhône

text: Occitan

text: Bocas

text: de

text: Ròse

text: lit

text: Mouths

text: of

text: the

text: Rhône

text: is

text: department

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: France

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: Rhône

text: River

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: department

text: of

text: the

text: Provence

text: Alpes

text: Côte

text: d'Azur

text: region

text: Its

text: INSEE

text: and

text: postal

text: code

text: is

text: The United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively, during the final stage of World War II. The United States had dropped the bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history.

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: dropped

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: on

text: the

text: Japanese

text: cities

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: on

text: August

text: and

text: respectively

text: during

text: the

text: final

text: stage

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: had

text: dropped

text: the

text: bombs

text: with

text: the

text: consent

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: as

text: outlined

text: in

text: the

text: Quebec

text: Agreement

text: The

text: two

text: bombings

text: which

text: killed

text: at

text: least

text: people

text: remain

text: the

text: only

text: use

text: of

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: for

text: warfare

text: in

text: history

text: The Holocaust (from the Greek ': "hólos", "whole" and "kaustós", "burnt"), also referred to as the Shoah"' (Hebrew: , "HaShoah", "the catastrophe"), was a genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews. The victims included 1.5 million children and represented about two-thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe. Some definitions of the Holocaust include the additional five million non-Jewish victims of Nazi mass murders, bringing the total to about 11 million. Killings took place throughout Nazi Germany, German-occupied territories, and territories held by allies of Nazi Germany.

text: The

text: Holocaust

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: hólos

text: whole

text: and

text: kaustós

text: burnt

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Shoah

text: Hebrew

text: HaShoah

text: the

text: catastrophe

text: was

text: genocide

text: in

text: which

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: and

text: its

text: collaborators

text: killed

text: about

text: six

text: million

text: Jews

text: The

text: victims

text: included

text: million

text: children

text: and

text: represented

text: about

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: million

text: Jews

text: who

text: had

text: resided

text: in

text: Europe

text: Some

text: definitions

text: of

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: include

text: the

text: additional

text: five

text: million

text: non

text: Jewish

text: victims

text: of

text: Nazi

text: mass

text: murders

text: bringing

text: the

text: total

text: to

text: about

text: million

text: Killings

text: took

text: place

text: throughout

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: German

text: occupied

text: territories

text: and

text: territories

text: held

text: by

text: allies

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: During World War II, the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second and, to date, last city in the world to experience a nuclear attack.

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: American

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: made

text: Nagasaki

text: the

text: second

text: and

text: to

text: date

text: last

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: experience

text: nuclear

text: attack

text: Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying its morale or its economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both. It is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize strategic bombers, long- or medium-range missiles, or nuclear-armed fighter-bomber aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to the enemy's war-making capability.

text: Strategic

text: bombing

text: is

text: military

text: strategy

text: used

text: in

text: total

text: war

text: with

text: the

text: goal

text: of

text: defeating

text: the

text: enemy

text: by

text: destroying

text: its

text: morale

text: or

text: its

text: economic

text: ability

text: to

text: produce

text: and

text: transport

text: materiel

text: to

text: the

text: theatres

text: of

text: military

text: operations

text: or

text: both

text: It

text: is

text: systematically

text: organized

text: and

text: executed

text: attack

text: from

text: the

text: air

text: which

text: can

text: utilize

text: strategic

text: bombers

text: long-

text: or

text: medium

text: range

text: missiles

text: or

text: nuclear

text: armed

text: fighter

text: bomber

text: aircraft

text: to

text: attack

text: targets

text: deemed

text: vital

text: to

text: the

text: enemy

text: 's

text: war

text: making

text: capability

text: In politics and military planning, a war effort refers to a coordinated mobilization of society's resourcesboth industrial and humantowards the support of a military force. Depending on the militarization of the culture, the relative size of the armed forces and the society supporting them, the style of government, and the popular support for the military objectives, such war effort can range from a small industry to complete command of society.

text: In

text: politics

text: and

text: military

text: planning

text: war

text: effort

text: refers

text: to

text: coordinated

text: mobilization

text: of

text: society

text: 's

text: resourcesboth

text: industrial

text: and

text: humantowards

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: military

text: force

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: militarization

text: of

text: the

text: culture

text: the

text: relative

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: and

text: the

text: society

text: supporting

text: them

text: the

text: style

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: the

text: popular

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: military

text: objectives

text: such

text: war

text: effort

text: can

text: range

text: from

text: small

text: industry

text: to

text: complete

text: command

text: of

text: society

text: Hiroshima is perhaps best known as the first city in history to be targeted by a nuclear weapon when the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dropped an atomic bomb on the city (and later on Nagasaki) at 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, near the end of World War II.

text: Hiroshima

text: is

text: perhaps

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: city

text: in

text: history

text: to

text: be

text: targeted

text: by

text: nuclear

text: weapon

text: when

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: Air

text: Forces

text: USAAF

text: dropped

text: an

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: later

text: on

text: Nagasaki

text: at

text: a.m.

text: on

text: August

text: near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Daniel William Mayer (29 April 1909  29 December 1996) was a member of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), a socialist party in France, president of the "Ligue des droits de l'homme" (LDH, Human Rights League) from 1958 to 1975. He founded the "Comité d'Action Socialiste" in 1941 and was a member of the Brutus Network, a Resistant Socialist group. Mayer also supported the "Libération-sud" resistance movement headed by Emmanuel d'Astier de la Vigerie.

text: Daniel

text: William

text: Mayer

text: April

text: December

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Section

text: of

text: the

text: Workers

text: International

text: SFIO

text: socialist

text: party

text: in

text: France

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: Ligue

text: des

text: droits

text: de

text: l'homme

text: LDH

text: Human

text: Rights

text: League

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: founded

text: the

text: Comité

text: d'Action

text: Socialiste

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Brutus

text: Network

text: Resistant

text: Socialist

text: group

text: Mayer

text: also

text: supported

text: the

text: Libération

text: sud

text: resistance

text: movement

text: headed

text: by

text: Emmanuel

text: d'Astier

text: de

text: la

text: Vigerie

text: Free France and its Free French Forces (French: "France Libre" and "Forces françaises libres") were the government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle during the Second World War and its military forces that continued to fight against the Axis powers as one of the Allies after the fall of France. It was set up in London in June 1940 and also organised and supported the Resistance in occupied France.

text: Free

text: France

text: and

text: its

text: Free

text: French

text: Forces

text: French

text: France

text: Libre

text: and

text: Forces

text: françaises

text: libres

text: were

text: the

text: government

text: in

text: exile

text: led

text: by

text: Charles

text: de

text: Gaulle

text: during

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: and

text: its

text: military

text: forces

text: that

text: continued

text: to

text: fight

text: against

text: the

text: Axis

text: powers

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Allies

text: after

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: France

text: It

text: was

text: set

text: up

text: in

text: London

text: in

text: June

text: and

text: also

text: organised

text: and

text: supported

text: the

text: Resistance

text: in

text: occupied

text: France

text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions.

text: great

text: power

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: that

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: having

text: the

text: ability

text: and

text: expertise

text: to

text: exert

text: its

text: influence

text: on

text: global

text: scale

text: Great

text: powers

text: characteristically

text: possess

text: military

text: and

text: economic

text: strength

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: diplomatic

text: and

text: soft

text: power

text: influence

text: which

text: may

text: cause

text: middle

text: or

text: small

text: powers

text: to

text: consider

text: the

text: great

text: powers

text: opinions

text: before

text: taking

text: actions

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: International

text: relations

text: theorists

text: have

text: posited

text: that

text: great

text: power

text: status

text: can

text: be

text: characterized

text: into

text: power

text: capabilities

text: spatial

text: aspects

text: and

text: status

text: dimensions

text: The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others). Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period (the second half of the 20th century) between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine (a U.S. policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism) was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed.

text: The

text: Cold

text: War

text: was

text: state

text: of

text: political

text: and

text: military

text: tension

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: between

text: powers

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Bloc

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: and

text: its

text: satellite

text: states

text: and

text: powers

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Bloc

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: its

text: NATO

text: allies

text: and

text: others

text: Historians

text: do

text: not

text: fully

text: agree

text: on

text: the

text: dates

text: but

text: common

text: timeframe

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: between

text: the

text: year

text: the

text: Truman

text: Doctrine

text: U.S.

text: policy

text: pledging

text: to

text: aid

text: nations

text: threatened

text: by

text: Soviet

text: expansionism

text: was

text: announced

text: and

text: the

text: year

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: collapsed

text: The President of the French Republic, is the executive head of state of the French Fifth Republic. The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, and their relation with the first minister and cabinets has over time differed with the various French constitutions.

text: The

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: the

text: executive

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Fifth

text: Republic

text: The

text: powers

text: functions

text: and

text: duties

text: of

text: prior

text: presidential

text: offices

text: and

text: their

text: relation

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: minister

text: and

text: cabinets

text: has

text: over

text: time

text: differed

text: with

text: the

text: various

text: French

text: constitutions

text: The Provisional Government of the French Republic ("gouvernement provisoire de la République française" or GPRF) was an interim government of Free France between 1944 and 1946 following the liberation of continental France after the operations "Overlord" and "Dragoon", and lasted until the establishment of the French Fourth Republic. Its establishment marked the official restoration and re-establishment of a provisional French Republic assuring continuity with the defunct French Third Republic.

text: The

text: Provisional

text: Government

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: gouvernement

text: provisoire

text: de

text: la

text: République

text: française

text: or

text: GPRF

text: was

text: an

text: interim

text: government

text: of

text: Free

text: France

text: between

text: and

text: following

text: the

text: liberation

text: of

text: continental

text: France

text: after

text: the

text: operations

text: Overlord

text: and

text: Dragoon

text: and

text: lasted

text: until

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Fourth

text: Republic

text: Its

text: establishment

text: marked

text: the

text: official

text: restoration

text: and

text: re

text: establishment

text: of

text: provisional

text: French

text: Republic

text: assuring

text: continuity

text: with

text: the

text: defunct

text: French

text: Third

text: Republic

text: The Brutus Network ( French : Réseau Brutus ) was a French Resistant movement during World War II. It was founded in 1941 by Pierre Fourcaud , parachuted in France with instructions from Charles de Gaulle to set up an intelligence network , and other socialist members of the French Section of the Workers ' International ( SFIO ) , from the Bouches - du - Rhône department in the Southern Zone , and led by Félix Gouin . As soon as July 1941 , the network almost became the armed wing of the Comité d'action socialiste ( CAS - Socialist Action Committee ) , of which Félix Gouin had been a co-founder , along with Daniel Mayer . The CAS delegate Eugène Thomas became the leader of the Brutus Network after the arrest of Pierre Fourcaud and his brother , Jean Fourcaud , departure for London . Extending itself in 1942 - 43 , Brutus became a national Resistant network in February 1943 , in particular through the impulsion of André Boyer . Boasting more than a 1,000 agents , its headquarters were based in Lyon , with Pierre Sudreau as responsible of the Northern Zone and Jean - Maurice Hermann of the Southern Zone . André Boyer entered the directing committee of the Mouvements unis de Résistance ( United Movements of Resistance ) in November 1943 . At the end of this year , the network was strongly affected by the arrest of Boyer , Sudreau and Hermann . Gaston Defferre , later mayor of Marseilles for years , succeeded to André Boyer ( he was previously his deputy ) as national chief .

text: The

text: Brutus

text: Network

text: French

text: Réseau

text: Brutus

text: was

text: French

text: Resistant

text: movement

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Pierre

text: Fourcaud

text: parachuted

text: in

text: France

text: with

text: instructions

text: from

text: Charles

text: de

text: Gaulle

text: to

text: set

text: up

text: an

text: intelligence

text: network

text: and

text: other

text: socialist

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Section

text: of

text: the

text: Workers

text: International

text: SFIO

text: from

text: the

text: Bouches

text: du

text: Rhône

text: department

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Zone

text: and

text: led

text: by

text: Félix

text: Gouin

text: As

text: soon

text: as

text: July

text: the

text: network

text: almost

text: became

text: the

text: armed

text: wing

text: of

text: the

text: Comité

text: d'action

text: socialiste

text: CAS

text: Socialist

text: Action

text: Committee

text: of

text: which

text: Félix

text: Gouin

text: had

text: been

text: co

text: founder

text: along

text: with

text: Daniel

text: Mayer

text: The

text: CAS

text: delegate

text: Eugène

text: Thomas

text: became

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Brutus

text: Network

text: after

text: the

text: arrest

text: of

text: Pierre

text: Fourcaud

text: and

text: his

text: brother

text: Jean

text: Fourcaud

text: departure

text: for

text: London

text: Extending

text: itself

text: in

text: Brutus

text: became

text: national

text: Resistant

text: network

text: in

text: February

text: in

text: particular

text: through

text: the

text: impulsion

text: of

text: André

text: Boyer

text: Boasting

text: more

text: than

text: agents

text: its

text: headquarters

text: were

text: based

text: in

text: Lyon

text: with

text: Pierre

text: Sudreau

text: as

text: responsible

text: of

text: the

text: Northern

text: Zone

text: and

text: Jean

text: Maurice

text: Hermann

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Zone

text: André

text: Boyer

text: entered

text: the

text: directing

text: committee

text: of

text: the

text: Mouvements

text: unis

text: de

text: Résistance

text: United

text: Movements

text: of

text: Resistance

text: in

text: November

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: this

text: year

text: the

text: network

text: was

text: strongly

text: affected

text: by

text: the

text: arrest

text: of

text: Boyer

text: Sudreau

text: and

text: Hermann

text: Gaston

text: Defferre

text: later

text: mayor

text: of

text: Marseilles

text: for

text: years

text: succeeded

text: to

text: André

text: Boyer

text: he

text: was

text: previously

text: his

text: deputy

text: as

text: national

text: chief

text: Total war is warfare that includes any and all civilian-associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets, mobilizes all of the resources of society to fight the war, and gives priority to warfare over non-combatant needs. The American-English Dictionary defines total war as "war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded."

text: Total

text: war

text: is

text: warfare

text: that

text: includes

text: any

text: and

text: all

text: civilian

text: associated

text: resources

text: and

text: infrastructure

text: as

text: legitimate

text: military

text: targets

text: mobilizes

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: resources

text: of

text: society

text: to

text: fight

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: gives

text: priority

text: to

text: warfare

text: over

text: non

text: combatant

text: needs

text: The

text: American

text: English

text: Dictionary

text: defines

text: total

text: war

text: as

text: war

text: that

text: is

text: unrestricted

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: weapons

text: used

text: the

text: territory

text: or

text: combatants

text: involved

text: or

text: the

text: objectives

text: pursued

text: especially

text: one

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: war

text: are

text: disregarded

text: Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur  or PACA is one of the 18 administrative regions of France. Its capital is Marseille.

text: Provence

text: Alpes

text: Côte

text: d'Azur

text: or

text: PACA

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: administrative

text: regions

text: of

text: France

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Marseille

text: Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 1890  9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman. He was the leader of Free France (194044) and the head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic (194446). In 1958, he founded the Fifth Republic and was elected as the 18th President of France, a position he held until his resignation in 1969. He was the dominant figure of France during the Cold War era and his memory continues to influence French politics.

text: Charles

text: André

text: Joseph

text: Marie

text: de

text: Gaulle

text: November

text: November

text: was

text: French

text: general

text: and

text: statesman

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: Free

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Provisional

text: Government

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: In

text: he

text: founded

text: the

text: Fifth

text: Republic

text: and

text: was

text: elected

text: as

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: France

text: position

text: he

text: held

text: until

text: his

text: resignation

text: in

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: dominant

text: figure

text: of

text: France

text: during

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: era

text: and

text: his

text: memory

text: continues

text: to

text: influence

text: French

text: politics

text: Libération-sud (French for "Liberation-South") was a resistance group active between 1940-1944 and created in the Free Zone of France during the Second World War in order to fight against the Nazi occupation through coordinated sabotage and propaganda operations.

text: Libération

text: sud

text: French

text: for

text: Liberation

text: South

text: was

text: resistance

text: group

text: active

text: between

text: and

text: created

text: in

text: the

text: Free

text: Zone

text: of

text: France

text: during

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: fight

text: against

text: the

text: Nazi

text: occupation

text: through

text: coordinated

text: sabotage

text: and

text: propaganda

text: operations

text: A military alliance is an international agreement concerning national security, when the contracting parties promise to support each other in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance. Military alliances differ from coalitions, as coalitions are formed for a crisis that are already known.

text: military

text: alliance

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: agreement

text: concerning

text: national

text: security

text: when

text: the

text: contracting

text: parties

text: promise

text: to

text: support

text: each

text: other

text: in

text: case

text: of

text: crisis

text: that

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: identified

text: in

text: advance

text: Military

text: alliances

text: differ

text: from

text: coalitions

text: as

text: coalitions

text: are

text: formed

text: for

text: crisis

text: that

text: are

text: already

text: known

question: part_of brutus network

answer: french resistance

text: french resistance