text: Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together. Domesticated animals are known as breeds, normally bred by a professional breeder, while domesticated plants are known as varieties, cultigens, or cultivars. Two purebred animals of different breeds produce a crossbreed, and crossbred plants are called hybrids. Flowers, vegetables and fruit-trees may be bred by amateurs and commercial or non-commercial professionals: major crops are usually the provenance of the professionals.

text: Selective

text: breeding

text: also

text: called

text: artificial

text: selection

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: humans

text: use

text: animal

text: breeding

text: and

text: plant

text: breeding

text: to

text: selectively

text: develop

text: particular

text: phenotypic

text: traits

text: characteristics

text: by

text: choosing

text: which

text: typically

text: animal

text: or

text: plant

text: males

text: and

text: females

text: will

text: sexually

text: reproduce

text: and

text: have

text: offspring

text: together

text: Domesticated

text: animals

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: breeds

text: normally

text: bred

text: by

text: professional

text: breeder

text: while

text: domesticated

text: plants

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: varieties

text: cultigens

text: or

text: cultivars

text: Two

text: purebred

text: animals

text: of

text: different

text: breeds

text: produce

text: crossbreed

text: and

text: crossbred

text: plants

text: are

text: called

text: hybrids

text: Flowers

text: vegetables

text: and

text: fruit

text: trees

text: may

text: be

text: bred

text: by

text: amateurs

text: and

text: commercial

text: or

text: non

text: commercial

text: professionals

text: major

text: crops

text: are

text: usually

text: the

text: provenance

text: of

text: the

text: professionals

text: In biology, a species (abbreviated sp., with the plural form species abbreviated spp.) is the basic unit of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. While this definition is often adequate, looked at more closely it is often problematic. For example, in a species complex, the boundaries between closely related species become unclear or disappear altogether. Other ways of defining species include similarity of DNA, morphology, or ecological niche. The presence of locally adaptive traits may further subdivide species into infraspecific taxa such as subspecies.

text: In

text: biology

text: species

text: abbreviated

text: sp

text: with

text: the

text: plural

text: form

text: species

text: abbreviated

text: spp

text: is

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: biological

text: classification

text: and

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: species

text: is

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: group

text: of

text: organisms

text: in

text: which

text: two

text: individuals

text: can

text: produce

text: fertile

text: offspring

text: typically

text: by

text: sexual

text: reproduction

text: While

text: this

text: definition

text: is

text: often

text: adequate

text: looked

text: at

text: more

text: closely

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: problematic

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: species

text: complex

text: the

text: boundaries

text: between

text: closely

text: related

text: species

text: become

text: unclear

text: or

text: disappear

text: altogether

text: Other

text: ways

text: of

text: defining

text: species

text: include

text: similarity

text: of

text: DNA

text: morphology

text: or

text: ecological

text: niche

text: The

text: presence

text: of

text: locally

text: adaptive

text: traits

text: may

text: further

text: subdivide

text: species

text: into

text: infraspecific

text: taxa

text: such

text: as

text: subspecies

text: John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (5 November 1892  1 December 1964) was a British-born scientist known for his work in the study of physiology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and in mathematics, where he made innovative contributions to the fields of statistics and biostatistics. He was the son of the equally famous John Scott Haldane and a professed socialist, Marxist, atheist, and humanist whose political dissent led him to leave England in 1956 and live in India, becoming a naturalised Indian citizen in 1961.

text: John

text: Burdon

text: Sanderson

text: Haldane

text: November

text: December

text: was

text: British

text: born

text: scientist

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: in

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: physiology

text: genetics

text: evolutionary

text: biology

text: and

text: in

text: mathematics

text: where

text: he

text: made

text: innovative

text: contributions

text: to

text: the

text: fields

text: of

text: statistics

text: and

text: biostatistics

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: the

text: equally

text: famous

text: John

text: Scott

text: Haldane

text: and

text: professed

text: socialist

text: Marxist

text: atheist

text: and

text: humanist

text: whose

text: political

text: dissent

text: led

text: him

text: to

text: leave

text: England

text: in

text: and

text: live

text: in

text: India

text: becoming

text: naturalised

text: Indian

text: citizen

text: in

text: Robert Waring Darwin (30 May 1766  13 November 1848) was an English medical doctor, who today is best known as the father of the naturalist Charles Darwin. He was a member of the influential Darwin-Wedgwood family.

text: Robert

text: Waring

text: Darwin

text: May

text: November

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: medical

text: doctor

text: who

text: today

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: the

text: naturalist

text: Charles

text: Darwin

text: He

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: influential

text: Darwin

text: Wedgwood

text: family

text: The Theory of Evolution is a book by English evolutionary biologist and geneticist John Maynard Smith , originally published in 1958 in time for 150th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin and the centenary of the publication of The Origin of Species the following year . It serves as a general introduction to the eponymous subject , intended to be accessible to those with little technical knowledge of the area . It has been highly successful , considered by many as the definitive publication of its type . The original version was updated several times , and a Canto edition , with a foreword by Richard Dawkins , and newly written introduction by the author , was published in 1996 .

text: The

text: Theory

text: of

text: Evolution

text: is

text: book

text: by

text: English

text: evolutionary

text: biologist

text: and

text: geneticist

text: John

text: Maynard

text: Smith

text: originally

text: published

text: in

text: in

text: time

text: for

text: anniversary

text: of

text: the

text: birth

text: of

text: Charles

text: Darwin

text: and

text: the

text: centenary

text: of

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: The

text: Origin

text: of

text: Species

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: It

text: serves

text: as

text: general

text: introduction

text: to

text: the

text: eponymous

text: subject

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: accessible

text: to

text: those

text: with

text: little

text: technical

text: knowledge

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: highly

text: successful

text: considered

text: by

text: many

text: as

text: the

text: definitive

text: publication

text: of

text: its

text: type

text: The

text: original

text: version

text: was

text: updated

text: several

text: times

text: and

text: Canto

text: edition

text: with

text: foreword

text: by

text: Richard

text: Dawkins

text: and

text: newly

text: written

text: introduction

text: by

text: the

text: author

text: was

text: published

text: in

text: John Maynard Smith (6 January 1920  19 April 2004) was a British theoretical evolutionary biologist and geneticist. Originally an aeronautical engineer during the Second World War, he took a second degree in genetics under the well-known biologist J. B. S. Haldane. Maynard Smith was instrumental in the application of game theory to evolution and theorised on other problems such as the evolution of sex and signalling theory.

text: John

text: Maynard

text: Smith

text: January

text: April

text: was

text: British

text: theoretical

text: evolutionary

text: biologist

text: and

text: geneticist

text: Originally

text: an

text: aeronautical

text: engineer

text: during

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: he

text: took

text: second

text: degree

text: in

text: genetics

text: under

text: the

text: well

text: known

text: biologist

text: Haldane

text: Maynard

text: Smith

text: was

text: instrumental

text: in

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: game

text: theory

text: to

text: evolution

text: and

text: theorised

text: on

text: other

text: problems

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: sex

text: and

text: signalling

text: theory

text: Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809  19 April 1882) was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.

text: Charles

text: Robert

text: Darwin

text: February

text: April

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: naturalist

text: and

text: geologist

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: contributions

text: to

text: the

text: science

text: of

text: evolution

text: He

text: established

text: that

text: all

text: species

text: of

text: life

text: have

text: descended

text: over

text: time

text: from

text: common

text: ancestors

text: and

text: in

text: joint

text: publication

text: with

text: Alfred

text: Russel

text: Wallace

text: introduced

text: his

text: scientific

text: theory

text: that

text: this

text: branching

text: pattern

text: of

text: evolution

text: resulted

text: from

text: process

text: that

text: he

text: called

text: natural

text: selection

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: struggle

text: for

text: existence

text: has

text: similar

text: effect

text: to

text: the

text: artificial

text: selection

text: involved

text: in

text: selective

text: breeding

text: Game theory is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers." Game theory is mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic, computer science and biology. Originally, it addressed zero-sum games, in which one person's gains result in losses for the other participants. Today, game theory applies to a wide range of behavioral relations, and is now an umbrella term for the science of logical decision making in humans, animals, and computers.

text: Game

text: theory

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: mathematical

text: models

text: of

text: conflict

text: and

text: cooperation

text: between

text: intelligent

text: rational

text: decision

text: makers

text: Game

text: theory

text: is

text: mainly

text: used

text: in

text: economics

text: political

text: science

text: and

text: psychology

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: logic

text: computer

text: science

text: and

text: biology

text: Originally

text: it

text: addressed

text: zero

text: sum

text: games

text: in

text: which

text: one

text: person

text: 's

text: gains

text: result

text: in

text: losses

text: for

text: the

text: other

text: participants

text: Today

text: game

text: theory

text: applies

text: to

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: behavioral

text: relations

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: an

text: umbrella

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: science

text: of

text: logical

text: decision

text: making

text: in

text: humans

text: animals

text: and

text: computers

text: Clinton Richard Dawkins (born 26 March 1941) is an English ethologist, evolutionary biologist and author. He is an emeritus fellow of New College, Oxford, and was the University of Oxford's Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008.

text: Clinton

text: Richard

text: Dawkins

text: born

text: March

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: ethologist

text: evolutionary

text: biologist

text: and

text: author

text: He

text: is

text: an

text: emeritus

text: fellow

text: of

text: New

text: College

text: Oxford

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Oxford

text: 's

text: Professor

text: for

text: Public

text: Understanding

text: of

text: Science

text: from

text: until

text: The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University or simply Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England, United Kingdom. While having no known date of foundation, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's second-oldest university in continuous operation. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled northeast to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two "ancient universities" are frequently jointly referred to as "Oxbridge".

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Oxford

text: informally

text: Oxford

text: University

text: or

text: simply

text: Oxford

text: is

text: collegiate

text: research

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Oxford

text: England

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: While

text: having

text: no

text: known

text: date

text: of

text: foundation

text: there

text: is

text: evidence

text: of

text: teaching

text: as

text: far

text: back

text: as

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: oldest

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: oldest

text: university

text: in

text: continuous

text: operation

text: It

text: grew

text: rapidly

text: from

text: when

text: Henry

text: II

text: banned

text: English

text: students

text: from

text: attending

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Paris

text: After

text: disputes

text: between

text: students

text: and

text: Oxford

text: townsfolk

text: in

text: some

text: academics

text: fled

text: northeast

text: to

text: Cambridge

text: where

text: they

text: established

text: what

text: became

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Cambridge

text: The

text: two

text: ancient

text: universities

text: are

text: frequently

text: jointly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Oxbridge

text: Within evolutionary biology, signalling theory is a body of theoretical work examining communication between individuals, both within species and across species. The central question is when organisms with conflicting interests, such as in sexual selection, should be expected to provide honest signals (no presumption being made of conscious intention) rather than cheating. Mathematical models describe how signalling can contribute to an evolutionarily stable strategy.

text: Within

text: evolutionary

text: biology

text: signalling

text: theory

text: is

text: body

text: of

text: theoretical

text: work

text: examining

text: communication

text: between

text: individuals

text: both

text: within

text: species

text: and

text: across

text: species

text: The

text: central

text: question

text: is

text: when

text: organisms

text: with

text: conflicting

text: interests

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: sexual

text: selection

text: should

text: be

text: expected

text: to

text: provide

text: honest

text: signals

text: no

text: presumption

text: being

text: made

text: of

text: conscious

text: intention

text: rather

text: than

text: cheating

text: Mathematical

text: models

text: describe

text: how

text: signalling

text: can

text: contribute

text: to

text: an

text: evolutionarily

text: stable

text: strategy

text: Alfred Russel Wallace (8 January 1823  7 November 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in 1858. This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in "On the Origin of Species." Wallace did extensive fieldwork, first in the Amazon River basin and then in the Malay Archipelago, where he identified the faunal divide now termed the Wallace Line, which separates the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts: a western portion in which the animals are largely of Asian origin, and an eastern portion where the fauna reflect Australasia.

text: Alfred

text: Russel

text: Wallace

text: January

text: November

text: was

text: British

text: naturalist

text: explorer

text: geographer

text: anthropologist

text: and

text: biologist

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: independently

text: conceiving

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: evolution

text: through

text: natural

text: selection

text: his

text: paper

text: on

text: the

text: subject

text: was

text: jointly

text: published

text: with

text: some

text: of

text: Charles

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: writings

text: in

text: This

text: prompted

text: Darwin

text: to

text: publish

text: his

text: own

text: ideas

text: in

text: On

text: the

text: Origin

text: of

text: Species

text: Wallace

text: did

text: extensive

text: fieldwork

text: first

text: in

text: the

text: Amazon

text: River

text: basin

text: and

text: then

text: in

text: the

text: Malay

text: Archipelago

text: where

text: he

text: identified

text: the

text: faunal

text: divide

text: now

text: termed

text: the

text: Wallace

text: Line

text: which

text: separates

text: the

text: Indonesian

text: archipelago

text: into

text: two

text: distinct

text: parts

text: western

text: portion

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: animals

text: are

text: largely

text: of

text: Asian

text: origin

text: and

text: an

text: eastern

text: portion

text: where

text: the

text: fauna

text: reflect

text: Australasia

text: New College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1379 by William of Wykeham, the full name of the college is The Warden and Scholars of St Mary's College of Winchester in Oxford. The name "New College", however, soon came to be used following its completion in 1386 to distinguish it from the older existing college of St. Mary, now known as Oriel College.

text: New

text: College

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: constituent

text: colleges

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Oxford

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Founded

text: in

text: by

text: William

text: of

text: Wykeham

text: the

text: full

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: college

text: is

text: The

text: Warden

text: and

text: Scholars

text: of

text: St

text: Mary

text: 's

text: College

text: of

text: Winchester

text: in

text: Oxford

text: The

text: name

text: New

text: College

text: however

text: soon

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: following

text: its

text: completion

text: in

text: to

text: distinguish

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: older

text: existing

text: college

text: of

text: St.

text: Mary

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: Oriel

text: College

annotations: likely multiple

question: genre the theory of evolution

answer: science

text: science

text: science

text: science

text: science

text: science


text: A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the latter term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the music industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies. Pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers  songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own music publishers, while others have outside publishers.

text: songwriter

text: is

text: an

text: individual

text: who

text: writes

text: the

text: lyrics

text: melodies

text: and

text: chord

text: progressions

text: for

text: songs

text: typically

text: for

text: popular

text: music

text: genre

text: such

text: as

text: rock

text: or

text: country

text: music

text: songwriter

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: called

text: composer

text: although

text: the

text: latter

text: term

text: tends

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: mainly

text: for

text: individuals

text: from

text: the

text: classical

text: music

text: genre

text: The

text: pressure

text: from

text: the

text: music

text: industry

text: to

text: produce

text: popular

text: hits

text: means

text: that

text: songwriting

text: is

text: often

text: an

text: activity

text: for

text: which

text: the

text: tasks

text: are

text: distributed

text: between

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: For

text: example

text: songwriter

text: who

text: excels

text: at

text: writing

text: lyrics

text: might

text: be

text: paired

text: with

text: songwriter

text: with

text: gift

text: for

text: creating

text: original

text: melodies

text: Pop

text: songs

text: may

text: be

text: written

text: by

text: group

text: members

text: from

text: the

text: band

text: or

text: by

text: staff

text: writers

text: songwriters

text: directly

text: employed

text: by

text: music

text: publishers

text: Some

text: songwriters

text: serve

text: as

text: their

text: own

text: music

text: publishers

text: while

text: others

text: have

text: outside

text: publishers

text: The Early Years ' 74 ' 75 ' 76 Rare Live and Unreleased is a mish - mash of early live and demo recordings by The Stranglers . As can be imagined , given the age of these recordings and that the best recording equipment was probably not available , the sound quality is fairly poor ; however , this material stands as a rare ( and welcome ) insight into the band 's evolution . In addition to the CD release , a limited - edition double LP in coloured vinyl was produced . The 1974 demo tracks feature Hans Wärmling on keyboards .

text: The

text: Early

text: Years

text: Rare

text: Live

text: and

text: Unreleased

text: is

text: mish

text: mash

text: of

text: early

text: live

text: and

text: demo

text: recordings

text: by

text: The

text: Stranglers

text: As

text: can

text: be

text: imagined

text: given

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: these

text: recordings

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: best

text: recording

text: equipment

text: was

text: probably

text: not

text: available

text: the

text: sound

text: quality

text: is

text: fairly

text: poor

text: however

text: this

text: material

text: stands

text: as

text: rare

text: and

text: welcome

text: insight

text: into

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: evolution

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: CD

text: release

text: limited

text: edition

text: double

text: LP

text: in

text: coloured

text: vinyl

text: was

text: produced

text: The

text: demo

text: tracks

text: feature

text: Hans

text: Wärmling

text: on

text: keyboards

text: Hans Wärmling (22 July 194312 October 1995) was a Swedish musician and songwriter, and was a founding member and keyboardist of the British rock band, The Stranglers. His was co-writer of the 1982 UK Top 40 release "Strange Little Girl". He drowned in a boating accident in 1995.

text: Hans

text: Wärmling

text: July

text: October

text: was

text: Swedish

text: musician

text: and

text: songwriter

text: and

text: was

text: founding

text: member

text: and

text: keyboardist

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: rock

text: band

text: The

text: Stranglers

text: His

text: was

text: co

text: writer

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: Top

text: release

text: Strange

text: Little

text: Girl

text: He

text: drowned

text: in

text: boating

text: accident

text: in

text: Punk rock (or simply "punk") is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid 1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as "proto-punk" music, punk rock bands rejected perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock. Punk bands typically use short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic; many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels.

text: Punk

text: rock

text: or

text: simply

text: punk

text: is

text: rock

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: to

text: mid

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Australia

text: Rooted

text: in

text: garage

text: rock

text: and

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: proto

text: punk

text: music

text: punk

text: rock

text: bands

text: rejected

text: perceived

text: excesses

text: of

text: mainstream

text: rock

text: Punk

text: bands

text: typically

text: use

text: short

text: or

text: fast

text: paced

text: songs

text: with

text: hard

text: edged

text: melodies

text: and

text: singing

text: styles

text: stripped

text: down

text: instrumentation

text: and

text: often

text: political

text: anti

text: establishment

text: lyrics

text: Punk

text: embraces

text: DIY

text: ethic

text: many

text: bands

text: self

text: produce

text: recordings

text: and

text: distribute

text: them

text: through

text: informal

text: channels

text: Rock Band is a series of music video games developed by Harmonix and MTV Games, and distributed by Electronic Arts for the Nintendo DS, iOS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PSP, Wii, Xbox One and Xbox 360 game systems. The series, inspired by Harmonix's previous efforts on the "Guitar Hero" series, allows up to four players to simulate the performance of popular rock music songs by playing with controllers modeled after musical instruments. Players can play the lead guitar, bass guitar, keyboard, and drums parts to songs, as well as sing into a USB microphone. Players are scored on their ability to match scrolling musical notes while playing instruments, and by their ability to match the singer's pitch on vocals.

text: Rock

text: Band

text: is

text: series

text: of

text: music

text: video

text: games

text: developed

text: by

text: Harmonix

text: and

text: MTV

text: Games

text: and

text: distributed

text: by

text: Electronic

text: Arts

text: for

text: the

text: Nintendo

text: DS

text: iOS

text: PlayStation

text: PlayStation

text: PSP

text: Wii

text: Xbox

text: One

text: and

text: Xbox

text: game

text: systems

text: The

text: series

text: inspired

text: by

text: Harmonix

text: 's

text: previous

text: efforts

text: on

text: the

text: Guitar

text: Hero

text: series

text: allows

text: up

text: to

text: four

text: players

text: to

text: simulate

text: the

text: performance

text: of

text: popular

text: rock

text: music

text: songs

text: by

text: playing

text: with

text: controllers

text: modeled

text: after

text: musical

text: instruments

text: Players

text: can

text: play

text: the

text: lead

text: guitar

text: bass

text: guitar

text: keyboard

text: and

text: drums

text: parts

text: to

text: songs

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: sing

text: into

text: USB

text: microphone

text: Players

text: are

text: scored

text: on

text: their

text: ability

text: to

text: match

text: scrolling

text: musical

text: notes

text: while

text: playing

text: instruments

text: and

text: by

text: their

text: ability

text: to

text: match

text: the

text: singer

text: 's

text: pitch

text: on

text: vocals

text: Top 40 is a music industry shorthand for the currently most-popular songs in a particular genre. When used without qualification it refers to the best-selling or most frequently broadcast popular music. The term is derived from record music charts, a few of which traditionally consist of a total of 40 songs. Top 40 is also an alternative term for the radio format of such music, also known as Contemporary hit radio.

text: Top

text: is

text: music

text: industry

text: shorthand

text: for

text: the

text: currently

text: most

text: popular

text: songs

text: in

text: particular

text: genre

text: When

text: used

text: without

text: qualification

text: it

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: best

text: selling

text: or

text: most

text: frequently

text: broadcast

text: popular

text: music

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: record

text: music

text: charts

text: few

text: of

text: which

text: traditionally

text: consist

text: of

text: total

text: of

text: songs

text: Top

text: is

text: also

text: an

text: alternative

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: radio

text: format

text: of

text: such

text: music

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Contemporary

text: hit

text: radio

text: A keyboardist is a musician who plays keyboard instruments. Until the early 1960s musicians who played keyboards were generally classified as either pianists or organists. Since the mid-1960s, a plethora of new musical instruments with keyboards have come into common usage, requiring a more general term for a person who plays them. These keyboards include:

text: keyboardist

text: is

text: musician

text: who

text: plays

text: keyboard

text: instruments

text: Until

text: the

text: early

text: musicians

text: who

text: played

text: keyboards

text: were

text: generally

text: classified

text: as

text: either

text: pianists

text: or

text: organists

text: Since

text: the

text: plethora

text: of

text: new

text: musical

text: instruments

text: with

text: keyboards

text: have

text: come

text: into

text: common

text: usage

text: requiring

text: more

text: general

text: term

text: for

text: person

text: who

text: plays

text: them

text: These

text: keyboards

text: include

text: A musician (or instrumentalist) is a person who plays a musical instrument or is musically talented. Anyone who composes, conducts, or performs music may also be referred to as a musician.

text: musician

text: or

text: instrumentalist

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: plays

text: musical

text: instrument

text: or

text: is

text: musically

text: talented

text: Anyone

text: who

text: composes

text: conducts

text: or

text: performs

text: music

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: musician

text: "Strange Little Girl" by the Stranglers was released in the UK in 1982 as their last single while signed to Liberty Records (part of EMI). By the time of release, the band had already decided to leave the label for Epic Records, and this last single was part of the severance deal, along with the compilation album, "The Collection 1977-1982".

text: Strange

text: Little

text: Girl

text: by

text: the

text: Stranglers

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: in

text: as

text: their

text: last

text: single

text: while

text: signed

text: to

text: Liberty

text: Records

text: part

text: of

text: EMI

text: By

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: release

text: the

text: band

text: had

text: already

text: decided

text: to

text: leave

text: the

text: label

text: for

text: Epic

text: Records

text: and

text: this

text: last

text: single

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: severance

text: deal

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: compilation

text: album

text: The

text: Collection

text: The Stranglers are an English rock band who emerged via the punk rock scene. Scoring some 23 UK top 40 singles and 17 UK top 40 albums to date in a career spanning four decades, the Stranglers are one of the longest-surviving and most "continuously successful" bands to have originated in the UK punk scene.

text: The

text: Stranglers

text: are

text: an

text: English

text: rock

text: band

text: who

text: emerged

text: via

text: the

text: punk

text: rock

text: scene

text: Scoring

text: some

text: UK

text: top

text: singles

text: and

text: UK

text: top

text: albums

text: to

text: date

text: in

text: career

text: spanning

text: four

text: decades

text: the

text: Stranglers

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: longest

text: surviving

text: and

text: most

text: continuously

text: successful

text: bands

text: to

text: have

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: punk

text: scene

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

question: instance_of the early years '74 '75 '76 rare live and unreleased

answer: compilation album

text: compilation album


text: Themistoklis Tzimopoulos ( Greek :   ; born 20 November 1985 ) is a Greek - New Zealand footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for PAS Giannina and the New Zealand national football team .

text: Themistoklis

text: Tzimopoulos

text: Greek

text: born

text: November

text: is

text: Greek

text: New

text: Zealand

text: footballer

text: who

text: plays

text: as

text: defensive

text: midfielder

text: for

text: PAS

text: Giannina

text: and

text: the

text: New

text: Zealand

text: national

text: football

text: team

text: The Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) is one of the six continental confederations of international association football, consisting of New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga, and other Pacific Island countries. It promotes the game in Oceania and allows the member nations to qualify for the FIFA World Cup.

text: The

text: Oceania

text: Football

text: Confederation

text: OFC

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: six

text: continental

text: confederations

text: of

text: international

text: association

text: football

text: consisting

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Fiji

text: Tonga

text: and

text: other

text: Pacific

text: Island

text: countries

text: It

text: promotes

text: the

text: game

text: in

text: Oceania

text: and

text: allows

text: the

text: member

text: nations

text: to

text: qualify

text: for

text: the

text: FIFA

text: World

text: Cup

text: New Zealand Football is the governing body for the sport of association football in New Zealand. It oversees the seven New Zealand Football federations, as well as the New Zealand national football team (nicknamed the "All Whites"), the national junior and women's teams (nicknamed the "Football Ferns"), the men's and women's National League (the men's league is known as the Stirling Sports Premiership, with a number of tournaments, including the Chatham Cup. The Stirling Sports Premiership is played in the New Zealand summer between eight teams. A New Zealand team, Wellington Phoenix FC, play in the Australian A-League.

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Football

text: is

text: the

text: governing

text: body

text: for

text: the

text: sport

text: of

text: association

text: football

text: in

text: New

text: Zealand

text: It

text: oversees

text: the

text: seven

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Football

text: federations

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: New

text: Zealand

text: national

text: football

text: team

text: nicknamed

text: the

text: All

text: Whites

text: the

text: national

text: junior

text: and

text: women

text: 's

text: teams

text: nicknamed

text: the

text: Football

text: Ferns

text: the

text: men

text: 's

text: and

text: women

text: 's

text: National

text: League

text: the

text: men

text: 's

text: league

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Stirling

text: Sports

text: Premiership

text: with

text: number

text: of

text: tournaments

text: including

text: the

text: Chatham

text: Cup

text: The

text: Stirling

text: Sports

text: Premiership

text: is

text: played

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: Zealand

text: summer

text: between

text: eight

text: teams

text: New

text: Zealand

text: team

text: Wellington

text: Phoenix

text: FC

text: play

text: in

text: the

text: Australian

text: League

text: The New Zealand national football team represents New Zealand in international football. The team is controlled by the governing body for football in New Zealand New Zealand Football (NZF), which is currently a member of the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC). The team's official nickname is the "All Whites", being one of many national team nicknames related to the All Blacks.

text: The

text: New

text: Zealand

text: national

text: football

text: team

text: represents

text: New

text: Zealand

text: in

text: international

text: football

text: The

text: team

text: is

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: governing

text: body

text: for

text: football

text: in

text: New

text: Zealand

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Football

text: NZF

text: which

text: is

text: currently

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Oceania

text: Football

text: Confederation

text: OFC

text: The

text: team

text: 's

text: official

text: nickname

text: is

text: the

text: All

text: Whites

text: being

text: one

text: of

text: many

text: national

text: team

text: nicknames

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: All

text: Blacks

question: sport themistoklis tzimopoulos

answer: association football

text: association football

text: association football


text: The Witwatersrand aka The Reef, is a 56-kilometre-long north-facing scarp in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. It consists of a hard, erosion-resistant quartzite sedimentary rock, over which several north-flowing rivers form waterfalls, which account for the name Witwatersrand, meaning the ridge of white waters in Afrikaans. This eastwest-running scarp can be traced with only one short gap from Bedfordview (about 10 km west of O.R. Tambo International Airport) in the east, through Johannesburg and Roodepoort, to Krugersdorp in the west (see the diagram bottom-left below).

text: The

text: Witwatersrand

text: aka

text: The

text: Reef

text: is

text: long

text: north

text: facing

text: scarp

text: in

text: the

text: Gauteng

text: Province

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: hard

text: erosion

text: resistant

text: quartzite

text: sedimentary

text: rock

text: over

text: which

text: several

text: north

text: flowing

text: rivers

text: form

text: waterfalls

text: which

text: account

text: for

text: the

text: name

text: Witwatersrand

text: meaning

text: the

text: ridge

text: of

text: white

text: waters

text: in

text: Afrikaans

text: This

text: eastwest

text: running

text: scarp

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: with

text: only

text: one

text: short

text: gap

text: from

text: Bedfordview

text: about

text: km

text: west

text: of

text: O.R.

text: Tambo

text: International

text: Airport

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: through

text: Johannesburg

text: and

text: Roodepoort

text: to

text: Krugersdorp

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: see

text: the

text: diagram

text: bottom

text: left

text: below

text: Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991, when it was abolished. The country's first multiracial elections under a universal franchise were held three years later in 1994. Broadly speaking, apartheid was delineated into "petty apartheid", which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events, and "grand apartheid", which dictated housing and employment opportunities by race. Prior to the 1940s, some vestiges of apartheid had already emerged in the form of minority rule by white South Africans and the socially enforced separation of black South Africans from other races, which later extended to pass laws and land apportionment. Apartheid as a policy was embraced by the South African government shortly after the ascension of the National Party (NP) during the country's 1948 general elections. Apartheid was also enforced in South West Africa until it gained independence as Namibia in 1990.

text: Apartheid

text: was

text: system

text: of

text: institutionalised

text: racial

text: segregation

text: and

text: discrimination

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: between

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: abolished

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: first

text: multiracial

text: elections

text: under

text: universal

text: franchise

text: were

text: held

text: three

text: years

text: later

text: in

text: Broadly

text: speaking

text: apartheid

text: was

text: delineated

text: into

text: petty

text: apartheid

text: which

text: entailed

text: the

text: segregation

text: of

text: public

text: facilities

text: and

text: social

text: events

text: and

text: grand

text: apartheid

text: which

text: dictated

text: housing

text: and

text: employment

text: opportunities

text: by

text: race

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: some

text: vestiges

text: of

text: apartheid

text: had

text: already

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: minority

text: rule

text: by

text: white

text: South

text: Africans

text: and

text: the

text: socially

text: enforced

text: separation

text: of

text: black

text: South

text: Africans

text: from

text: other

text: races

text: which

text: later

text: extended

text: to

text: pass

text: laws

text: and

text: land

text: apportionment

text: Apartheid

text: as

text: policy

text: was

text: embraced

text: by

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: government

text: shortly

text: after

text: the

text: ascension

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Party

text: NP

text: during

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: general

text: elections

text: Apartheid

text: was

text: also

text: enforced

text: in

text: South

text: West

text: Africa

text: until

text: it

text: gained

text: independence

text: as

text: Namibia

text: in

text: Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20.4 % of its total land area. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two "de facto" independent states with limited or no recognition.

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: At

text: about

text: million

text: million

text: square

text: miles

text: including

text: adjacent

text: islands

text: it

text: covers

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: its

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: With

text: billion

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: it

text: accounts

text: for

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: human

text: population

text: The

text: continent

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: both

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: along

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: continent

text: includes

text: Madagascar

text: and

text: various

text: archipelagos

text: It

text: contains

text: fully

text: recognized

text: sovereign

text: states

text: countries

text: nine

text: territories

text: and

text: two

text: de

text: facto

text: independent

text: states

text: with

text: limited

text: or

text: no

text: recognition

text: The Bantu languages, technically the Narrow Bantu languages (as opposed to "Wide Bantu", a loosely defined categorization which includes other Bantoid languages), constitute a traditional branch of the NigerCongo languages. There are about 250 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility, though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear, and "Ethnologue" counts 535 languages. Bantu languages are spoken largely east and south of present-day Cameroon, that is, in the regions commonly known as Central Africa, Southeast Africa, and Southern Africa. Parts of the Bantu area include languages from other language families (see map).

text: The

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: technically

text: the

text: Narrow

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: Wide

text: Bantu

text: loosely

text: defined

text: categorization

text: which

text: includes

text: other

text: Bantoid

text: languages

text: constitute

text: traditional

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: NigerCongo

text: languages

text: There

text: are

text: about

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: by

text: the

text: criterion

text: of

text: mutual

text: intelligibility

text: though

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: language

text: and

text: dialect

text: is

text: often

text: unclear

text: and

text: Ethnologue

text: counts

text: languages

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: are

text: spoken

text: largely

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Cameroon

text: that

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: regions

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Central

text: Africa

text: Southeast

text: Africa

text: and

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: Parts

text: of

text: the

text: Bantu

text: area

text: include

text: languages

text: from

text: other

text: language

text: families

text: see

text: map

text: Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (German: ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.

text: Namibia

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Namibia

text: German

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: whose

text: western

text: border

text: is

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Zambia

text: and

text: Angola

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Botswana

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: Although

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: border

text: Zimbabwe

text: part

text: of

text: less

text: than

text: metres

text: of

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: River

text: essentially

text: small

text: bulge

text: in

text: Botswana

text: to

text: achieve

text: Botswana

text: Zambia

text: micro

text: border

text: separates

text: the

text: two

text: countries

text: Namibia

text: gained

text: independence

text: from

text: South

text: Africa

text: on

text: March

text: following

text: the

text: Namibian

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Windhoek

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: UN

text: the

text: Southern

text: African

text: Development

text: Community

text: SADC

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: AU

text: and

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Nations

text: Gauteng, which means "place of gold", is one of the nine provinces of South Africa. It was formed from part of the old Transvaal Province after South Africa's first all-race elections on 27 April 1994. It was initially named PretoriaWitwatersrandVereeniging (PWV) and was renamed "Gauteng" in December 1994.

text: Gauteng

text: which

text: means

text: place

text: of

text: gold

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: provinces

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: from

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: Transvaal

text: Province

text: after

text: South

text: Africa

text: 's

text: first

text: all

text: race

text: elections

text: on

text: April

text: It

text: was

text: initially

text: named

text: PretoriaWitwatersrandVereeniging

text: PWV

text: and

text: was

text: renamed

text: Gauteng

text: in

text: December

text: The Guardian is a British national daily newspaper, known from 1821 to 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers "The Observer" and "The Guardian Weekly", "The Guardian" is part of the Guardian Media Group, owned by The Scott Trust Limited. The Trust was created in 1936 "to secure the financial and editorial independence of "The Guardian" in perpetuity and to safeguard the journalistic freedom and liberal values of "The Guardian" free from commercial or political interference." The Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for "The Guardian". Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders.

text: The

text: Guardian

text: is

text: British

text: national

text: daily

text: newspaper

text: known

text: from

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Manchester

text: Guardian

text: Along

text: with

text: its

text: sister

text: papers

text: The

text: Observer

text: and

text: The

text: Guardian

text: Weekly

text: The

text: Guardian

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Guardian

text: Media

text: Group

text: owned

text: by

text: The

text: Scott

text: Trust

text: Limited

text: The

text: Trust

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: to

text: secure

text: the

text: financial

text: and

text: editorial

text: independence

text: of

text: The

text: Guardian

text: in

text: perpetuity

text: and

text: to

text: safeguard

text: the

text: journalistic

text: freedom

text: and

text: liberal

text: values

text: of

text: The

text: Guardian

text: free

text: from

text: commercial

text: or

text: political

text: interference

text: The

text: Scott

text: Trust

text: became

text: limited

text: company

text: in

text: with

text: constitution

text: to

text: maintain

text: the

text: same

text: protections

text: for

text: The

text: Guardian

text: Profits

text: are

text: reinvested

text: in

text: journalism

text: rather

text: than

text: to

text: the

text: benefit

text: of

text: an

text: owner

text: or

text: shareholders

text: The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the "New World".

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceans

text: with

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: It

text: covers

text: approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: and

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: water

text: surface

text: area

text: It

text: separates

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: from

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: Johannesburg (also known as Jozi, Joburg and eGoli) is the largest city in South Africa and is one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world. It is the provincial capital of Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of South Africa's three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court. The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade.

text: Johannesburg

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Jozi

text: Joburg

text: and

text: eGoli

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: urban

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: provincial

text: capital

text: of

text: Gauteng

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: wealthiest

text: province

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: While

text: Johannesburg

text: is

text: not

text: one

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: 's

text: three

text: capital

text: cities

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: Constitutional

text: Court

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: mineral

text: rich

text: Witwatersrand

text: range

text: of

text: hills

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: large

text: scale

text: gold

text: and

text: diamond

text: trade

text: Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west and southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique to the east and northeast. Although it does not border Namibia, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country. The capital and largest city is Harare. A country of roughly 13 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used.

text: Zimbabwe

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Zimbabwe

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: between

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: and

text: Limpopo

text: Rivers

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Botswana

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: southwest

text: Zambia

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: Mozambique

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: Although

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: border

text: Namibia

text: less

text: than

text: metres

text: of

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: River

text: separates

text: it

text: from

text: that

text: country

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Harare

text: country

text: of

text: roughly

text: million

text: people

text: Zimbabwe

text: has

text: official

text: languages

text: with

text: English

text: Shona

text: and

text: Ndebele

text: the

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text: Bitter Fruit is a novel by Achmat Dangor first published in 2001 by Kwela Books of Cape Town. Set in South Africa in 1998, it is about the disintegration of a Coloured family in the years after the end of apartheid. According to Gabriel Gbadamosi's review in "The Guardian", "All the bases are touched in a reckoning with South Africa's past and present turmoil, and no box left unopened in the search for some kind of limbo or twilight zone where all unresolved conflicts might find resolution."

text: Bitter

text: Fruit

text: is

text: novel

text: by

text: Achmat

text: Dangor

text: first

text: published

text: in

text: by

text: Kwela

text: Books

text: of

text: Cape

text: Town

text: Set

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: about

text: the

text: disintegration

text: of

text: Coloured

text: family

text: in

text: the

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: apartheid

text: According

text: to

text: Gabriel

text: Gbadamosi

text: 's

text: review

text: in

text: The

text: Guardian

text: All

text: the

text: bases

text: are

text: touched

text: in

text: reckoning

text: with

text: South

text: Africa

text: 's

text: past

text: and

text: present

text: turmoil

text: and

text: no

text: box

text: left

text: unopened

text: in

text: the

text: search

text: for

text: some

text: kind

text: of

text: limbo

text: or

text: twilight

text: zone

text: where

text: all

text: unresolved

text: conflicts

text: might

text: find

text: resolution

text: The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering (approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface). It is bounded by Asia on the north, on the west by Africa, on the east by Australia, and on the south by the Southern Ocean or, depending on definition, by Antarctica. It is named after the country of India. The Indian Ocean is known as "Ratnkara", ""the mine of gems"" in ancient Sanskrit literature, and as "Hind Mahsgar", ""the great Indian sea"", in Hindi.

text: The

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: covering

text: approximately

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: on

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: Asia

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Africa

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Australia

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: or

text: depending

text: on

text: definition

text: by

text: Antarctica

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: India

text: The

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Ratnkara

text: the

text: mine

text: of

text: gems

text: in

text: ancient

text: Sanskrit

text: literature

text: and

text: as

text: Hind

text: Mahsgar

text: the

text: great

text: Indian

text: sea

text: in

text: Hindi

text: South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.

text: South

text: Africa

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: RSA

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: of

text: coastline

text: of

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: stretching

text: along

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Indian

text: Oceans

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: of

text: Namibia

text: Botswana

text: and

text: Zimbabwe

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: surrounding

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: South

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: with

text: close

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: nation

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: or

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: that

text: borders

text: both

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: About

text: percent

text: of

text: South

text: Africans

text: are

text: of

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: African

text: ancestry

text: divided

text: among

text: variety

text: of

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: speaking

text: different

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: nine

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: official

text: status

text: The

text: remaining

text: population

text: consists

text: of

text: Africa

text: 's

text: largest

text: communities

text: of

text: European

text: white

text: Asian

text: Indian

text: and

text: multiracial

text: coloured

text: ancestry

text: Achmat Dangor ( born 30 November 1947 in Johannesburg ) is a South African writer . His most important works include the novels Kafka 's Curse ( 1997 ) and Bitter Fruit ( 2001 ) , but he is also the author of three collections of poetry , a novella and a short - story collection . He is the winner of many literary prizes , including the South African Bosman prize for Kafka 's Curse . Bitter Fruit was shortlisted for Booker Prize for 2004 . Dangor is also an active development professional and has headed up various non-governmental organisations in South Africa , including the Nelson Mandela Children 's Fund . He is currently Chief Executive of the Nelson Mandela Foundation and lives in Johannesburg , South Africa , with his wife , Audrey , and young son Zachary .

text: Achmat

text: Dangor

text: born

text: November

text: in

text: Johannesburg

text: is

text: South

text: African

text: writer

text: His

text: most

text: important

text: works

text: include

text: the

text: novels

text: Kafka

text: 's

text: Curse

text: and

text: Bitter

text: Fruit

text: but

text: he

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: three

text: collections

text: of

text: poetry

text: novella

text: and

text: short

text: story

text: collection

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: winner

text: of

text: many

text: literary

text: prizes

text: including

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: Bosman

text: prize

text: for

text: Kafka

text: 's

text: Curse

text: Bitter

text: Fruit

text: was

text: shortlisted

text: for

text: Booker

text: Prize

text: for

text: Dangor

text: is

text: also

text: an

text: active

text: development

text: professional

text: and

text: has

text: headed

text: up

text: various

text: non

text: governmental

text: organisations

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: including

text: the

text: Nelson

text: Mandela

text: Children

text: 's

text: Fund

text: He

text: is

text: currently

text: Chief

text: Executive

text: of

text: the

text: Nelson

text: Mandela

text: Foundation

text: and

text: lives

text: in

text: Johannesburg

text: South

text: Africa

text: with

text: his

text: wife

text: Audrey

text: and

text: young

text: son

text: Zachary

text: Botswana , officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. The citizens refer to themselves as "Batswana" (singular: "Motswana"). Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. Since then, it has maintained a strong tradition of stable representative democracy, with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections.

text: Botswana

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Botswana

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: The

text: citizens

text: refer

text: to

text: themselves

text: as

text: Batswana

text: singular

text: Motswana

text: Formerly

text: the

text: British

text: protectorate

text: of

text: Bechuanaland

text: Botswana

text: adopted

text: its

text: new

text: name

text: after

text: becoming

text: independent

text: within

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: on

text: September

text: Since

text: then

text: it

text: has

text: maintained

text: strong

text: tradition

text: of

text: stable

text: representative

text: democracy

text: with

text: consistent

text: record

text: of

text: uninterrupted

text: democratic

text: elections

question: date_of_birth achmat dangor

answer: 1948