text: Spain, officially the Kingdom of Spain, is a sovereign state largely located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, with two large archipelagos, the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands off the North African Atlantic coast, two cities Ceuta and Melilla in the North African mainland and several small islands in the Alboran Sea near the Moroccan coast. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. It is the only European country to have a border with an African country (Morocco) and its African territory accounts for nearly 5% of its population, mostly in the Canary Islands but also in Ceuta and Melilla.

text: Spain

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Spain

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: largely

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: southwestern

text: Europe

text: with

text: two

text: large

text: archipelagos

text: the

text: Balearic

text: Islands

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Canary

text: Islands

text: off

text: the

text: North

text: African

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: two

text: cities

text: Ceuta

text: and

text: Melilla

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: African

text: mainland

text: and

text: several

text: small

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: Alboran

text: Sea

text: near

text: the

text: Moroccan

text: coast

text: Its

text: mainland

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: except

text: for

text: small

text: land

text: boundary

text: with

text: Gibraltar

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: northeast

text: by

text: France

text: Andorra

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Biscay

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: northwest

text: by

text: Portugal

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: European

text: country

text: to

text: have

text: border

text: with

text: an

text: African

text: country

text: Morocco

text: and

text: its

text: African

text: territory

text: accounts

text: for

text: nearly

text: of

text: its

text: population

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: Canary

text: Islands

text: but

text: also

text: in

text: Ceuta

text: and

text: Melilla

text: The lemon ("Citrus" × "limon") is a species of small evergreen tree native to Asia.

text: The

text: lemon

text: Citrus

text: limon

text: is

text: species

text: of

text: small

text: evergreen

text: tree

text: native

text: to

text: Asia

text:
A burn is a type of injury to skin, or other tissues, caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. Most burns are due to heat from hot liquids, solids, or fire. Females in many areas of the world have a higher risk related to the more frequent use of open cooking fires or unsafe cook stoves. Alcoholism and smoking are other risk factors. Burns can also occur as a result of self harm or violence between people.
Burns that affect only the superficial skin layers are known as superficial or first-degree burns. They appear red without blisters and pain typically lasts around three days. When the injury extends into some of the underlying skin layer, it is a partial-thickness or second-degree burn. Blisters are frequently present and they are often very painful. Healing can require up to eight weeks and scarring may occur. In a full-thickness or third-degree burn, the injury extends to all layers of the skin. Often there is no pain and the burn area is stiff. Healing typically does not occur on its own. A fourth-degree burn additionally involves injury to deeper tissues, such as muscle, tendons, or bone. The burn is often black and frequently leads to loss of the burned part.
Burns are generally preventable. Treatment depends on the severity of the burn. Superficial burns may be managed with little more than simple pain medication, while major burns may require prolonged treatment in specialized burn centers. Cooling with tap water may help pain and decrease damage; however, prolonged cooling may result in low body temperature. Partial-thickness burns may require cleaning with soap and water, followed by dressings. It is not clear how to manage blisters, but it is probably reasonable to leave them intact if small and drain them if large. Full-thickness burns usually require surgical treatments, such as skin grafting. Extensive burns often require large amounts of intravenous fluid, due to capillary fluid leakage and tissue swelling. The most common complications of burns involve infection. Tetanus toxoid should be given if not up to date.
In 2013, fire and heat resulted in 35 million injuries. This resulted in about 2.9 million hospitalizations and 238,000 dying. Most deaths due to burns occur in the developing world, particularly in Southeast Asia. While large burns can be fatal, treatments developed since 1960 have improved outcomes, especially in children and young adults. In the United States, approximately 96% of those admitted to a burn center survive their injuries. Burns occur at similar frequencies in men and women. The long-term outcome is related to the size of burn and the age of the person affected.
Signs and symptoms.
The characteristics of a burn depend upon its depth. Superficial burns cause pain lasting two or three days, followed by peeling of the skin over the next few days. Individuals suffering from more severe burns may indicate discomfort or complain of feeling pressure rather than pain. Full-thickness burns may be entirely insensitive to light touch or puncture. While superficial burns are typically red in color, severe burns may be pink, white or black. Burns around the mouth or singed hair inside the nose may indicate that burns to the airways have occurred, but these findings are not definitive. More worrisome signs include: shortness of breath, hoarseness, and stridor or wheezing. Itchiness is common during the healing process, occurring in up to 90% of adults and nearly all children. Numbness or tingling may persist for a prolonged period of time after an electrical injury. Burns may also produce emotional and psychological distress.

text: burn

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: injury

text: to

text: skin

text: or

text: other

text: tissues

text: caused

text: by

text: heat

text: cold

text: electricity

text: chemicals

text: friction

text: or

text: radiation

text: Most

text: burns

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: heat

text: from

text: hot

text: liquids

text: solids

text: or

text: fire

text: Females

text: in

text: many

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: have

text: higher

text: risk

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: more

text: frequent

text: use

text: of

text: open

text: cooking

text: fires

text: or

text: unsafe

text: cook

text: stoves

text: Alcoholism

text: and

text: smoking

text: are

text: other

text: risk

text: factors

text: Burns

text: can

text: also

text: occur

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: self

text: harm

text: or

text: violence

text: between

text: people

text: Burns

text: that

text: affect

text: only

text: the

text: superficial

text: skin

text: layers

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: superficial

text: or

text: first

text: degree

text: burns

text: They

text: appear

text: red

text: without

text: blisters

text: and

text: pain

text: typically

text: lasts

text: around

text: three

text: days

text: When

text: the

text: injury

text: extends

text: into

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: underlying

text: skin

text: layer

text: it

text: is

text: partial

text: thickness

text: or

text: second

text: degree

text: burn

text: Blisters

text: are

text: frequently

text: present

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: often

text: very

text: painful

text: Healing

text: can

text: require

text: up

text: to

text: eight

text: weeks

text: and

text: scarring

text: may

text: occur

text: In

text: full

text: thickness

text: or

text: third

text: degree

text: burn

text: the

text: injury

text: extends

text: to

text: all

text: layers

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: Often

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: pain

text: and

text: the

text: burn

text: area

text: is

text: stiff

text: Healing

text: typically

text: does

text: not

text: occur

text: on

text: its

text: own

text: fourth

text: degree

text: burn

text: additionally

text: involves

text: injury

text: to

text: deeper

text: tissues

text: such

text: as

text: muscle

text: tendons

text: or

text: bone

text: The

text: burn

text: is

text: often

text: black

text: and

text: frequently

text: leads

text: to

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: burned

text: part

text: Burns

text: are

text: generally

text: preventable

text: Treatment

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: severity

text: of

text: the

text: burn

text: Superficial

text: burns

text: may

text: be

text: managed

text: with

text: little

text: more

text: than

text: simple

text: pain

text: medication

text: while

text: major

text: burns

text: may

text: require

text: prolonged

text: treatment

text: in

text: specialized

text: burn

text: centers

text: Cooling

text: with

text: tap

text: water

text: may

text: help

text: pain

text: and

text: decrease

text: damage

text: however

text: prolonged

text: cooling

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: low

text: body

text: temperature

text: Partial

text: thickness

text: burns

text: may

text: require

text: cleaning

text: with

text: soap

text: and

text: water

text: followed

text: by

text: dressings

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: clear

text: how

text: to

text: manage

text: blisters

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: probably

text: reasonable

text: to

text: leave

text: them

text: intact

text: if

text: small

text: and

text: drain

text: them

text: if

text: large

text: Full

text: thickness

text: burns

text: usually

text: require

text: surgical

text: treatments

text: such

text: as

text: skin

text: grafting

text: Extensive

text: burns

text: often

text: require

text: large

text: amounts

text: of

text: intravenous

text: fluid

text: due

text: to

text: capillary

text: fluid

text: leakage

text: and

text: tissue

text: swelling

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: complications

text: of

text: burns

text: involve

text: infection

text: Tetanus

text: toxoid

text: should

text: be

text: given

text: if

text: not

text: up

text: to

text: date

text: In

text: fire

text: and

text: heat

text: resulted

text: in

text: million

text: injuries

text: This

text: resulted

text: in

text: about

text: million

text: hospitalizations

text: and

text: dying

text: Most

text: deaths

text: due

text: to

text: burns

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: particularly

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: While

text: large

text: burns

text: can

text: be

text: fatal

text: treatments

text: developed

text: since

text: have

text: improved

text: outcomes

text: especially

text: in

text: children

text: and

text: young

text: adults

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: approximately

text: of

text: those

text: admitted

text: to

text: burn

text: center

text: survive

text: their

text: injuries

text: Burns

text: occur

text: at

text: similar

text: frequencies

text: in

text: men

text: and

text: women

text: The

text: long

text: term

text: outcome

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: burn

text: and

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: the

text: person

text: affected

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: The

text: characteristics

text: of

text: burn

text: depend

text: upon

text: its

text: depth

text: Superficial

text: burns

text: cause

text: pain

text: lasting

text: two

text: or

text: three

text: days

text: followed

text: by

text: peeling

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: over

text: the

text: next

text: few

text: days

text: Individuals

text: suffering

text: from

text: more

text: severe

text: burns

text: may

text: indicate

text: discomfort

text: or

text: complain

text: of

text: feeling

text: pressure

text: rather

text: than

text: pain

text: Full

text: thickness

text: burns

text: may

text: be

text: entirely

text: insensitive

text: to

text: light

text: touch

text: or

text: puncture

text: While

text: superficial

text: burns

text: are

text: typically

text: red

text: in

text: color

text: severe

text: burns

text: may

text: be

text: pink

text: white

text: or

text: black

text: Burns

text: around

text: the

text: mouth

text: or

text: singed

text: hair

text: inside

text: the

text: nose

text: may

text: indicate

text: that

text: burns

text: to

text: the

text: airways

text: have

text: occurred

text: but

text: these

text: findings

text: are

text: not

text: definitive

text: More

text: worrisome

text: signs

text: include

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: hoarseness

text: and

text: stridor

text: or

text: wheezing

text: Itchiness

text: is

text: common

text: during

text: the

text: healing

text: process

text: occurring

text: in

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: adults

text: and

text: nearly

text: all

text: children

text: Numbness

text: or

text: tingling

text: may

text: persist

text: for

text: prolonged

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: after

text: an

text: electrical

text: injury

text: Burns

text: may

text: also

text: produce

text: emotional

text: and

text: psychological

text: distress

text: A tablespoon is a large spoon used for eating or serving. In most English-speaking regions, the term now refers to a large spoon used for serving, however, in some regions, including parts of Canada, it is the largest type of spoon used for eating. By extension, the term is used as a measure of volume in cooking. In this capacity, it is most commonly abbreviated "tbsp" or "T," and occasionally referred to as a "tablespoonful" to distinguish it from the utensil. The unit of measurement varies by region: a United States tablespoon is approximately 14.8 ml, a United Kingdom tablespoon is exactly 15 ml, and an Australian tablespoon is 20 ml. The capacity of the utensil (as opposed to the measurement) is not defined by law or custom and bears no particular relation to the measurement.

text: tablespoon

text: is

text: large

text: spoon

text: used

text: for

text: eating

text: or

text: serving

text: In

text: most

text: English

text: speaking

text: regions

text: the

text: term

text: now

text: refers

text: to

text: large

text: spoon

text: used

text: for

text: serving

text: however

text: in

text: some

text: regions

text: including

text: parts

text: of

text: Canada

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: type

text: of

text: spoon

text: used

text: for

text: eating

text: By

text: extension

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: measure

text: of

text: volume

text: in

text: cooking

text: In

text: this

text: capacity

text: it

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: abbreviated

text: tbsp

text: or

text: and

text: occasionally

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: tablespoonful

text: to

text: distinguish

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: utensil

text: The

text: unit

text: of

text: measurement

text: varies

text: by

text: region

text: United

text: States

text: tablespoon

text: is

text: approximately

text: ml

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: tablespoon

text: is

text: exactly

text: ml

text: and

text: an

text: Australian

text: tablespoon

text: is

text: ml

text: The

text: capacity

text: of

text: the

text: utensil

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: measurement

text: is

text: not

text: defined

text: by

text: law

text: or

text: custom

text: and

text: bears

text: no

text: particular

text: relation

text: to

text: the

text: measurement

text: Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe. Asia covers an area of , about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population, but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4.4 billion people.

text: Asia

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: and

text: northern

text: hemispheres

text: and

text: sharing

text: the

text: continental

text: landmass

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: with

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: The

text: continent

text: which

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: civilizations

text: Asia

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: not

text: only

text: its

text: overall

text: large

text: size

text: and

text: population

text: but

text: also

text: dense

text: and

text: large

text: settlements

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: vast

text: barely

text: populated

text: regions

text: within

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: billion

text: people

text: Portuguese sweet bread ( Provence bread or simply sweet bread ; the Easter version with eggs is better known as folar ) is a bread made with milk , sugar and / or honey , eggs , yeast , flour and sometimes lemon peel to produce a subtly sweet lightly textured loaf or rolls . It was traditionally made around the Christmas and Easter holidays ( sometimes with hard boiled eggs baked into the loaves for the latter holiday ) as a round - shaped loaf , but today it is made and available year round . The bread is usually served simply with butter and is sometimes served with rice pudding ( Arroz Doce ) . Portuguese sweet bread is common in both Hawaiian cuisine and New England cuisine as it was brought to those regions by their large Portuguese immigrant populations . It is also found in other areas in North America with Portuguese populations , particularly northern New Jersey , southern Florida , California , and Toronto , Canada .

text: Portuguese

text: sweet

text: bread

text: Provence

text: bread

text: or

text: simply

text: sweet

text: bread

text: the

text: Easter

text: version

text: with

text: eggs

text: is

text: better

text: known

text: as

text: folar

text: is

text: bread

text: made

text: with

text: milk

text: sugar

text: and

text: or

text: honey

text: eggs

text: yeast

text: flour

text: and

text: sometimes

text: lemon

text: peel

text: to

text: produce

text: subtly

text: sweet

text: lightly

text: textured

text: loaf

text: or

text: rolls

text: It

text: was

text: traditionally

text: made

text: around

text: the

text: Christmas

text: and

text: Easter

text: holidays

text: sometimes

text: with

text: hard

text: boiled

text: eggs

text: baked

text: into

text: the

text: loaves

text: for

text: the

text: latter

text: holiday

text: as

text: round

text: shaped

text: loaf

text: but

text: today

text: it

text: is

text: made

text: and

text: available

text: year

text: round

text: The

text: bread

text: is

text: usually

text: served

text: simply

text: with

text: butter

text: and

text: is

text: sometimes

text: served

text: with

text: rice

text: pudding

text: Arroz

text: Doce

text: Portuguese

text: sweet

text: bread

text: is

text: common

text: in

text: both

text: Hawaiian

text: cuisine

text: and

text: New

text: England

text: cuisine

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: brought

text: to

text: those

text: regions

text: by

text: their

text: large

text: Portuguese

text: immigrant

text: populations

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: found

text: in

text: other

text: areas

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: with

text: Portuguese

text: populations

text: particularly

text: northern

text: New

text: Jersey

text: southern

text: Florida

text: California

text: and

text: Toronto

text: Canada

text:
Honey is a sugary food substance produced and stored by certain social hymenopteran insects. It is produced from the sugary secretions of plants or insects, such as floral nectar or aphid honeydew, through regurgitation, enzymatic activity, and water evaporation. The variety of honey produced by honey bees (the genus "Apis") is the most well-known, due to its worldwide commercial production and human consumption.
Honey gets its sweetness from the monosaccharides fructose and glucose, and has about the same relative sweetness as granulated sugar. It has attractive chemical properties for baking and a distinctive flavor that leads some people to prefer it to sugar and other sweeteners. Most microorganisms do not grow in honey, so sealed honey does not spoil, even after thousands of years. However, honey sometimes contains dormant endospores of the bacterium "Clostridium botulinum", which can be dangerous to babies, as it may result in botulism.
People who have a weakened immune system should not eat honey because of the risk of bacterial or fungal infection. Although some evidence indicates honey may be effective in treating diseases and other medical conditions, such as wounds and burns, the overall evidence for its use in therapy is not conclusive. Providing 64 calories in a typical serving of one tablespoon (15 ml) equivalent to 1272 kj per 100 g, honey has no significant nutritional value. Honey is generally safe, but may have various, potential adverse effects or interactions with excessive consumption, existing disease conditions, or drugs.
Honey use and production have a long and varied history as an ancient activity, depicted in Valencia, Spain by a cave painting of humans foraging for honey at least 8,000 years ago.

text: Honey

text: is

text: sugary

text: food

text: substance

text: produced

text: and

text: stored

text: by

text: certain

text: social

text: hymenopteran

text: insects

text: It

text: is

text: produced

text: from

text: the

text: sugary

text: secretions

text: of

text: plants

text: or

text: insects

text: such

text: as

text: floral

text: nectar

text: or

text: aphid

text: honeydew

text: through

text: regurgitation

text: enzymatic

text: activity

text: and

text: water

text: evaporation

text: The

text: variety

text: of

text: honey

text: produced

text: by

text: honey

text: bees

text: the

text: genus

text: Apis

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: well

text: known

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: worldwide

text: commercial

text: production

text: and

text: human

text: consumption

text: Honey

text: gets

text: its

text: sweetness

text: from

text: the

text: monosaccharides

text: fructose

text: and

text: glucose

text: and

text: has

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: relative

text: sweetness

text: as

text: granulated

text: sugar

text: It

text: has

text: attractive

text: chemical

text: properties

text: for

text: baking

text: and

text: distinctive

text: flavor

text: that

text: leads

text: some

text: people

text: to

text: prefer

text: it

text: to

text: sugar

text: and

text: other

text: sweeteners

text: Most

text: microorganisms

text: do

text: not

text: grow

text: in

text: honey

text: so

text: sealed

text: honey

text: does

text: not

text: spoil

text: even

text: after

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

text: However

text: honey

text: sometimes

text: contains

text: dormant

text: endospores

text: of

text: the

text: bacterium

text: Clostridium

text: botulinum

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: dangerous

text: to

text: babies

text: as

text: it

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: botulism

text: People

text: who

text: have

text: weakened

text: immune

text: system

text: should

text: not

text: eat

text: honey

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: bacterial

text: or

text: fungal

text: infection

text: Although

text: some

text: evidence

text: indicates

text: honey

text: may

text: be

text: effective

text: in

text: treating

text: diseases

text: and

text: other

text: medical

text: conditions

text: such

text: as

text: wounds

text: and

text: burns

text: the

text: overall

text: evidence

text: for

text: its

text: use

text: in

text: therapy

text: is

text: not

text: conclusive

text: Providing

text: calories

text: in

text: typical

text: serving

text: of

text: one

text: tablespoon

text: ml

text: equivalent

text: to

text: kj

text: per

text: honey

text: has

text: no

text: significant

text: nutritional

text: value

text: Honey

text: is

text: generally

text: safe

text: but

text: may

text: have

text: various

text: potential

text: adverse

text: effects

text: or

text: interactions

text: with

text: excessive

text: consumption

text: existing

text: disease

text: conditions

text: or

text: drugs

text: Honey

text: use

text: and

text: production

text: have

text: long

text: and

text: varied

text: history

text: as

text: an

text: ancient

text: activity

text: depicted

text: in

text: Valencia

text: Spain

text: by

text: cave

text: painting

text: of

text: humans

text: foraging

text: for

text: honey

text: at

text: least

text: years

text: ago

text:
Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal illness caused by a toxin, produced by the bacterium "Clostridium botulinum". The disease begins with weakness, trouble seeing, feeling tired, and trouble speaking. This may then be followed by weakness of the arms, chest muscles, and legs. The disease does not usually affect consciousness or cause a fever.
Botulism can be spread several different ways. The bacterial spores which cause it are common in both soil and water. They produce the botulinum toxin when exposed to low oxygen levels and certain temperatures. Foodborne botulism happens when food containing the toxin is eaten. Infant botulism happens when the bacteria develops in the intestines and releases the toxin. This typically only occurs in children less than six months old, as protective mechanisms develop after that time. Wound botulism is found most often among those who inject street drugs. In this situation, spores enter a wound, and in the absence of oxygen, release the toxin. It is not passed directly between people. The diagnosis is confirmed by finding the toxin or bacteria in the person in question.
Prevention is primarily by proper food preparation. The toxin, though not the organism, is destroyed by heating it to more than for longer than 5 minutes. Honey can contain the organism, and for this reason, honey should not be fed to children under 12 months. Treatment is with an antitoxin. In those who lose their ability to breathe on their own, mechanical ventilation may be necessary for months. Antibiotics may be used for wound botulism. Death occurs in 5 to 10% of people. Botulism can affect many other animals. The word is from Latin, "botulus", meaning sausage. Early descriptions of botulism date from at least as far back as 1793 in Germany.

text: Botulism

text: is

text: rare

text: and

text: potentially

text: fatal

text: illness

text: caused

text: by

text: toxin

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: bacterium

text: Clostridium

text: botulinum

text: The

text: disease

text: begins

text: with

text: weakness

text: trouble

text: seeing

text: feeling

text: tired

text: and

text: trouble

text: speaking

text: This

text: may

text: then

text: be

text: followed

text: by

text: weakness

text: of

text: the

text: arms

text: chest

text: muscles

text: and

text: legs

text: The

text: disease

text: does

text: not

text: usually

text: affect

text: consciousness

text: or

text: cause

text: fever

text: Botulism

text: can

text: be

text: spread

text: several

text: different

text: ways

text: The

text: bacterial

text: spores

text: which

text: cause

text: it

text: are

text: common

text: in

text: both

text: soil

text: and

text: water

text: They

text: produce

text: the

text: botulinum

text: toxin

text: when

text: exposed

text: to

text: low

text: oxygen

text: levels

text: and

text: certain

text: temperatures

text: Foodborne

text: botulism

text: happens

text: when

text: food

text: containing

text: the

text: toxin

text: is

text: eaten

text: Infant

text: botulism

text: happens

text: when

text: the

text: bacteria

text: develops

text: in

text: the

text: intestines

text: and

text: releases

text: the

text: toxin

text: This

text: typically

text: only

text: occurs

text: in

text: children

text: less

text: than

text: six

text: months

text: old

text: as

text: protective

text: mechanisms

text: develop

text: after

text: that

text: time

text: Wound

text: botulism

text: is

text: found

text: most

text: often

text: among

text: those

text: who

text: inject

text: street

text: drugs

text: In

text: this

text: situation

text: spores

text: enter

text: wound

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: oxygen

text: release

text: the

text: toxin

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: passed

text: directly

text: between

text: people

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: confirmed

text: by

text: finding

text: the

text: toxin

text: or

text: bacteria

text: in

text: the

text: person

text: in

text: question

text: Prevention

text: is

text: primarily

text: by

text: proper

text: food

text: preparation

text: The

text: toxin

text: though

text: not

text: the

text: organism

text: is

text: destroyed

text: by

text: heating

text: it

text: to

text: more

text: than

text: for

text: longer

text: than

text: minutes

text: Honey

text: can

text: contain

text: the

text: organism

text: and

text: for

text: this

text: reason

text: honey

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: fed

text: to

text: children

text: under

text: months

text: Treatment

text: is

text: with

text: an

text: antitoxin

text: In

text: those

text: who

text: lose

text: their

text: ability

text: to

text: breathe

text: on

text: their

text: own

text: mechanical

text: ventilation

text: may

text: be

text: necessary

text: for

text: months

text: Antibiotics

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: wound

text: botulism

text: Death

text: occurs

text: in

text: to

text: of

text: people

text: Botulism

text: can

text: affect

text: many

text: other

text: animals

text: The

text: word

text: is

text: from

text: Latin

text: botulus

text: meaning

text: sausage

text: Early

text: descriptions

text: of

text: botulism

text: date

text: from

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: far

text: back

text: as

text: in

text: Germany

question: country_of_origin portuguese sweet bread

answer: portugal

text: portugal


text: Terrence Mitchell "Terry" Riley (born June 24, 1935) is an American composer and performing musician associated with the minimalist school of Western classical music, of which he was a pioneer. His work is deeply influenced by both jazz and Indian classical music.

text: Terrence

text: Mitchell

text: Terry

text: Riley

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: composer

text: and

text: performing

text: musician

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: minimalist

text: school

text: of

text: Western

text: classical

text: music

text: of

text: which

text: he

text: was

text: pioneer

text: His

text: work

text: is

text: deeply

text: influenced

text: by

text: both

text: jazz

text: and

text: Indian

text: classical

text: music

text: Downtown music is a subdivision of American music, closely related to experimental music. The scene the term describes began in 1960, when Yoko Ono, one of the early Fluxus artists, opened her loft at 112 Chambers Street to be used as a performance space for a series curated by La Monte Young and Richard Maxfield. Prior to this, most classical music performances in New York City occurred "uptown" around the areas that the Juilliard School at Lincoln Center and Columbia University would soon occupy. Ono's gesture led to a new performance tradition of informal performances in nontraditional venues such as lofts and converted industrial spaces, involving music much more experimental than that of the more conventional modern classical series Uptown. Spaces in Manhattan that supported Downtown music from the 1960s on included the Judson Memorial Church, The Kitchen, Experimental Intermedia, Roulette, the Knitting Factory, Dance Theater Workshop, Tonic, the Gas Station, the Paula Cooper Gallery, and others. Brooklyn Academy of Music has also shown a predilection for composers from the Downtown scene.

text: Downtown

text: music

text: is

text: subdivision

text: of

text: American

text: music

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: experimental

text: music

text: The

text: scene

text: the

text: term

text: describes

text: began

text: in

text: when

text: Yoko

text: Ono

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: Fluxus

text: artists

text: opened

text: her

text: loft

text: at

text: Chambers

text: Street

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: performance

text: space

text: for

text: series

text: curated

text: by

text: La

text: Monte

text: Young

text: and

text: Richard

text: Maxfield

text: Prior

text: to

text: this

text: most

text: classical

text: music

text: performances

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: occurred

text: uptown

text: around

text: the

text: areas

text: that

text: the

text: Juilliard

text: School

text: at

text: Lincoln

text: Center

text: and

text: Columbia

text: University

text: would

text: soon

text: occupy

text: Ono

text: 's

text: gesture

text: led

text: to

text: new

text: performance

text: tradition

text: of

text: informal

text: performances

text: in

text: nontraditional

text: venues

text: such

text: as

text: lofts

text: and

text: converted

text: industrial

text: spaces

text: involving

text: music

text: much

text: more

text: experimental

text: than

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: more

text: conventional

text: modern

text: classical

text: series

text: Uptown

text: Spaces

text: in

text: Manhattan

text: that

text: supported

text: Downtown

text: music

text: from

text: the

text: on

text: included

text: the

text: Judson

text: Memorial

text: Church

text: The

text: Kitchen

text: Experimental

text: Intermedia

text: Roulette

text: the

text: Knitting

text: Factory

text: Dance

text: Theater

text: Workshop

text: Tonic

text: the

text: Gas

text: Station

text: the

text: Paula

text: Cooper

text: Gallery

text: and

text: others

text: Brooklyn

text: Academy

text: of

text: Music

text: has

text: also

text: shown

text: predilection

text: for

text: composers

text: from

text: the

text: Downtown

text: scene

text: Indian classical music is a genre of South Asian music. It has two major traditions. The North Indian classical music tradition is called "Hindustani", while the South Indian expression is called "Carnatic". These traditions were not distinct till about the 16th century. There on, during the turmoils of Islamic rule period of the Indian subcontinent, the traditions separated and evolved into distinct forms. However, the two systems continue to have more common features than differences.

text: Indian

text: classical

text: music

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: South

text: Asian

text: music

text: It

text: has

text: two

text: major

text: traditions

text: The

text: North

text: Indian

text: classical

text: music

text: tradition

text: is

text: called

text: Hindustani

text: while

text: the

text: South

text: Indian

text: expression

text: is

text: called

text: Carnatic

text: These

text: traditions

text: were

text: not

text: distinct

text: till

text: about

text: the

text: century

text: There

text: on

text: during

text: the

text: turmoils

text: of

text: Islamic

text: rule

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: the

text: traditions

text: separated

text: and

text: evolved

text: into

text: distinct

text: forms

text: However

text: the

text: two

text: systems

text: continue

text: to

text: have

text: more

text: common

text: features

text: than

text: differences

text: Music notation or musical notation is any system used to visually represent aurally perceived music played with instruments or sung by the human voice through the use of written, printed, or otherwise-produced symbols, including ancient symbols or modern musical symbols and including ancient symbols cut into stone, made in clay tablets or made using a pen on papyrus, parchment or manuscript paper; printed using a printing press (ca. 1400s), a computer printer (ca. 1980s) or other printing or modern copying technology. Types and methods of notation have varied between cultures and throughout history, and much information about ancient music notation is fragmentary. Even in the same time period, such as in the 2010s, different styles of music and different cultures use different music notation methods; for example, for professional classical music performers, sheet music using staves and note heads is the most common way of notating music, but for professional country music session musicians, the Nashville Number System is the main method.

text: Music

text: notation

text: or

text: musical

text: notation

text: is

text: any

text: system

text: used

text: to

text: visually

text: represent

text: aurally

text: perceived

text: music

text: played

text: with

text: instruments

text: or

text: sung

text: by

text: the

text: human

text: voice

text: through

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: written

text: printed

text: or

text: otherwise

text: produced

text: symbols

text: including

text: ancient

text: symbols

text: or

text: modern

text: musical

text: symbols

text: and

text: including

text: ancient

text: symbols

text: cut

text: into

text: stone

text: made

text: in

text: clay

text: tablets

text: or

text: made

text: using

text: pen

text: on

text: papyrus

text: parchment

text: or

text: manuscript

text: paper

text: printed

text: using

text: printing

text: press

text: ca

text: computer

text: printer

text: ca

text: or

text: other

text: printing

text: or

text: modern

text: copying

text: technology

text: Types

text: and

text: methods

text: of

text: notation

text: have

text: varied

text: between

text: cultures

text: and

text: throughout

text: history

text: and

text: much

text: information

text: about

text: ancient

text: music

text: notation

text: is

text: fragmentary

text: Even

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: period

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: different

text: styles

text: of

text: music

text: and

text: different

text: cultures

text: use

text: different

text: music

text: notation

text: methods

text: for

text: example

text: for

text: professional

text: classical

text: music

text: performers

text: sheet

text: music

text: using

text: staves

text: and

text: note

text: heads

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: way

text: of

text: notating

text: music

text: but

text: for

text: professional

text: country

text: music

text: session

text: musicians

text: the

text: Nashville

text: Number

text: System

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: method

text: A composer (Latin "compn"; literally "one who puts together") is a person who creates or writes music, which can be vocal music (for a singer or choir), instrumental music (e.g., for solo piano, string quartet, wind quintet or orchestra) or music which combines both instruments and voices (e.g., opera or art song, which is a singer accompanied by a pianist). The core meaning of the term refers to individuals who have contributed to the tradition of Western classical music through creation of works expressed in written musical notation (e.g., sheet music scores).

text: composer

text: Latin

text: compn

text: literally

text: one

text: who

text: puts

text: together

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: creates

text: or

text: writes

text: music

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: vocal

text: music

text: for

text: singer

text: or

text: choir

text: instrumental

text: music

text: e.g.

text: for

text: solo

text: piano

text: string

text: quartet

text: wind

text: quintet

text: or

text: orchestra

text: or

text: music

text: which

text: combines

text: both

text: instruments

text: and

text: voices

text: e.g.

text: opera

text: or

text: art

text: song

text: which

text: is

text: singer

text: accompanied

text: by

text: pianist

text: The

text: core

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: refers

text: to

text: individuals

text: who

text: have

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: tradition

text: of

text: Western

text: classical

text: music

text: through

text: creation

text: of

text: works

text: expressed

text: in

text: written

text: musical

text: notation

text: e.g.

text: sheet

text: music

text: scores

text: Hans Otte born Hans Günther Franz Otte ( 3 December 1926 , Plauen -- 25 December 2007 , Bremen ) was a German composer , pianist , radio promoter , and author of many pieces of musical theatre , sound installations , poems , drawings , and art videos . From 1959 to 1984 he served as music director for Radio Bremen . From the early 1960s onwards , Otte frequently presented contemporary experimental American composers in his Bremen radio festival pro musica nova , among them in those days completely unknown people like John Cage , David Tudor , Terry Riley , and La Monte Young . From 1959 on , Otte lived and worked in Bremen , Germany . His catalogue of works contains more than 100 works . Hans Otte had studied in Germany , Italy , and at Yale University in the United States . His teachers included the composer Paul Hindemith and the pianist Walter Gieseking . Some of Otte 's works , especially his extended suites for solo piano , are characterized by very minimal means but are nevertheless quite subtle and sophisticated in their architecture and expression . Das Buch der Klänge ( The Book of Sounds , 1979 -- 82 ) and Stundenbuch ( Book of Hours , 1991 -- 98 ) are his best known works in this vein , and Otte often performed them himself . His last public recital was given in Amsterdam in 1999 . Recordings of these works , with Otte as performer , are available on CD . In his works , Otte drew significantly on European and Asian spirituality , integrating various prayers into the fabric of the music . In 1991 his work `` KlangHaus '' became a permanent interactive sound installation in the Neues Museum Weserburg Bremen in Bremen , Germany . Pianist , composer and sound artist Hans Otte is still undervalued in Europe , and the Anglo - American cultural scene just starts to notice him , as Ingo Ahmels states in his bilingual study '' Hans Otte -- Klang der Klaenge / Sound of Sounds `` ( book + DVD + cd , Schott , ISBN 978 - 3 - 7957 - 0586 - 2 ) . Dr. Ahmels ' study of his biography and artistic work highlights Otte 's view of life and his aesthetical orientation , providing the fundamentals for an adequate reception . At the centre of the book are the solo piano cycles '' Das Buch der Klänge `` ( The Book of Sounds , 1979 -- 82 ) and '' Stundenbuch `` ( Hours Book , 1991 -- 98 ) as well as the related sound installations '' Atemobjekt `` ( Breath Object , 1970 ) and '' NamenKlang `` ( NameSound , 1995 ) . In addition , the publication includes digital media containing sound examples and excerpts from the Otte Media Pool ( OMP ) , and for the first time the authorized catalog of works ( Otte Werkverzeichnis , or OWV ) . ( See external links )

text: Hans

text: Otte

text: born

text: Hans

text: Günther

text: Franz

text: Otte

text: December

text: Plauen

text: December

text: Bremen

text: was

text: German

text: composer

text: pianist

text: radio

text: promoter

text: and

text: author

text: of

text: many

text: pieces

text: of

text: musical

text: theatre

text: sound

text: installations

text: poems

text: drawings

text: and

text: art

text: videos

text: From

text: to

text: he

text: served

text: as

text: music

text: director

text: for

text: Radio

text: Bremen

text: From

text: the

text: early

text: onwards

text: Otte

text: frequently

text: presented

text: contemporary

text: experimental

text: American

text: composers

text: in

text: his

text: Bremen

text: radio

text: festival

text: pro

text: musica

text: nova

text: among

text: them

text: in

text: those

text: days

text: completely

text: unknown

text: people

text: like

text: John

text: Cage

text: David

text: Tudor

text: Terry

text: Riley

text: and

text: La

text: Monte

text: Young

text: From

text: on

text: Otte

text: lived

text: and

text: worked

text: in

text: Bremen

text: Germany

text: His

text: catalogue

text: of

text: works

text: contains

text: more

text: than

text: works

text: Hans

text: Otte

text: had

text: studied

text: in

text: Germany

text: Italy

text: and

text: at

text: Yale

text: University

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: His

text: teachers

text: included

text: the

text: composer

text: Paul

text: Hindemith

text: and

text: the

text: pianist

text: Walter

text: Gieseking

text: Some

text: of

text: Otte

text: 's

text: works

text: especially

text: his

text: extended

text: suites

text: for

text: solo

text: piano

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: very

text: minimal

text: means

text: but

text: are

text: nevertheless

text: quite

text: subtle

text: and

text: sophisticated

text: in

text: their

text: architecture

text: and

text: expression

text: Das

text: Buch

text: der

text: Klänge

text: The

text: Book

text: of

text: Sounds

text: and

text: Stundenbuch

text: Book

text: of

text: Hours

text: are

text: his

text: best

text: known

text: works

text: in

text: this

text: vein

text: and

text: Otte

text: often

text: performed

text: them

text: himself

text: His

text: last

text: public

text: recital

text: was

text: given

text: in

text: Amsterdam

text: in

text: Recordings

text: of

text: these

text: works

text: with

text: Otte

text: as

text: performer

text: are

text: available

text: on

text: CD

text: In

text: his

text: works

text: Otte

text: drew

text: significantly

text: on

text: European

text: and

text: Asian

text: spirituality

text: integrating

text: various

text: prayers

text: into

text: the

text: fabric

text: of

text: the

text: music

text: In

text: his

text: work

text: KlangHaus

text: became

text: permanent

text: interactive

text: sound

text: installation

text: in

text: the

text: Neues

text: Museum

text: Weserburg

text: Bremen

text: in

text: Bremen

text: Germany

text: Pianist

text: composer

text: and

text: sound

text: artist

text: Hans

text: Otte

text: is

text: still

text: undervalued

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: Anglo

text: American

text: cultural

text: scene

text: just

text: starts

text: to

text: notice

text: him

text: as

text: Ingo

text: Ahmels

text: states

text: in

text: his

text: bilingual

text: study

text: Hans

text: Otte

text: Klang

text: der

text: Klaenge

text: Sound

text: of

text: Sounds

text: book

text: DVD

text: cd

text: Schott

text: ISBN

text: Dr.

text: Ahmels

text: study

text: of

text: his

text: biography

text: and

text: artistic

text: work

text: highlights

text: Otte

text: 's

text: view

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: his

text: aesthetical

text: orientation

text: providing

text: the

text: fundamentals

text: for

text: an

text: adequate

text: reception

text: At

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: book

text: are

text: the

text: solo

text: piano

text: cycles

text: Das

text: Buch

text: der

text: Klänge

text: The

text: Book

text: of

text: Sounds

text: and

text: Stundenbuch

text: Hours

text: Book

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: related

text: sound

text: installations

text: Atemobjekt

text: Breath

text: Object

text: and

text: NamenKlang

text: NameSound

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: publication

text: includes

text: digital

text: media

text: containing

text: sound

text: examples

text: and

text: excerpts

text: from

text: the

text: Otte

text: Media

text: Pool

text: OMP

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: the

text: authorized

text: catalog

text: of

text: works

text: Otte

text: Werkverzeichnis

text: or

text: OWV

text: See

text: external

text: links

text: Experimental music is a compositional practice defined broadly by exploratory sensibilites and movement radically opposed to and questioning of institutionalized musical compositional, performing, and aesthetic conventions . The practice became prominent in the mid-20th century, particularly in North America. John Cage was one of the earliest composers to use the term and one of experimental music's primary innovators, utilizing indeterminacy techniques and seeking unknown outcomes. In France, as early as 1953, Pierre Schaeffer had begun using the term """" to describe compositional activities that incorporated tape music, musique concrète, and elektronische Musik. Also, in America, a quite distinct sense of the term was used in the late 1950s to describe computer-controlled composition associated with composers such as Lejaren Hiller.

text: Experimental

text: music

text: is

text: compositional

text: practice

text: defined

text: broadly

text: by

text: exploratory

text: sensibilites

text: and

text: movement

text: radically

text: opposed

text: to

text: and

text: questioning

text: of

text: institutionalized

text: musical

text: compositional

text: performing

text: and

text: aesthetic

text: conventions

text: The

text: practice

text: became

text: prominent

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: particularly

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: John

text: Cage

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: composers

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: term

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: experimental

text: music

text: 's

text: primary

text: innovators

text: utilizing

text: indeterminacy

text: techniques

text: and

text: seeking

text: unknown

text: outcomes

text: In

text: France

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: Pierre

text: Schaeffer

text: had

text: begun

text: using

text: the

text: term

text: to

text: describe

text: compositional

text: activities

text: that

text: incorporated

text: tape

text: music

text: musique

text: concrète

text: and

text: elektronische

text: Musik

text: Also

text: in

text: America

text: quite

text: distinct

text: sense

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: to

text: describe

text: computer

text: controlled

text: composition

text: associated

text: with

text: composers

text: such

text: as

text: Lejaren

text: Hiller

text: Fluxus is an international and interdisciplinary group of artists, composers, designers and poets that took shape in the 1960s and 1970s. Dutch gallerist and art critic Harry Ruhé describes Fluxus as "the most radical and experimental art movement of the sixties". Fluxus is known for experimental contributions to different artistic media and disciplines. Fluxus is also known for generating art forms that were new when Fluxus artists created them. These art forms include intermedia, a term coined by Fluxus artist Dick Higgins, concept art, first developed by sometime Fluxus artist Henry Flynt, video art, first pioneered by Nam June Paik and Wolf Vostell.

text: Fluxus

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: and

text: interdisciplinary

text: group

text: of

text: artists

text: composers

text: designers

text: and

text: poets

text: that

text: took

text: shape

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: Dutch

text: gallerist

text: and

text: art

text: critic

text: Harry

text: Ruhé

text: describes

text: Fluxus

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: radical

text: and

text: experimental

text: art

text: movement

text: of

text: the

text: sixties

text: Fluxus

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: experimental

text: contributions

text: to

text: different

text: artistic

text: media

text: and

text: disciplines

text: Fluxus

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: for

text: generating

text: art

text: forms

text: that

text: were

text: new

text: when

text: Fluxus

text: artists

text: created

text: them

text: These

text: art

text: forms

text: include

text: intermedia

text: term

text: coined

text: by

text: Fluxus

text: artist

text: Dick

text: Higgins

text: concept

text: art

text: first

text: developed

text: by

text: sometime

text: Fluxus

text: artist

text: Henry

text: Flynt

text: video

text: art

text: first

text: pioneered

text: by

text: Nam

text: June

text: Paik

text: and

text: Wolf

text: Vostell

text: A pianist is an individual musician who plays the piano. Most forms of Western music can make use of the piano. Consequently, pianists have a wide variety of repertoire and styles to choose from, including traditionally classical music, Jazz, blues and all sorts of popular music, including rock music. Most pianists can, to a certain extent, play other keyboard-related instruments such as the synthesizer, harpsichord, celesta and the organ and keyboard. Perhaps the greatest pianist of all time was Franz Liszt, whose piano mastery was described by Anton Rubinstein: "In comparison with Liszt, all other pianists are children".

text: pianist

text: is

text: an

text: individual

text: musician

text: who

text: plays

text: the

text: piano

text: Most

text: forms

text: of

text: Western

text: music

text: can

text: make

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: piano

text: Consequently

text: pianists

text: have

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: repertoire

text: and

text: styles

text: to

text: choose

text: from

text: including

text: traditionally

text: classical

text: music

text: Jazz

text: blues

text: and

text: all

text: sorts

text: of

text: popular

text: music

text: including

text: rock

text: music

text: Most

text: pianists

text: can

text: to

text: certain

text: extent

text: play

text: other

text: keyboard

text: related

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: synthesizer

text: harpsichord

text: celesta

text: and

text: the

text: organ

text: and

text: keyboard

text: Perhaps

text: the

text: greatest

text: pianist

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: was

text: Franz

text: Liszt

text: whose

text: piano

text: mastery

text: was

text: described

text: by

text: Anton

text: Rubinstein

text: In

text: comparison

text: with

text: Liszt

text: all

text: other

text: pianists

text: are

text: children

text: In music, serialism is a method or technique of composition that uses a series of values to manipulate different musical elements. Serialism began primarily with Arnold Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique, though some of his contemporaries were also working to establish serialism as a form of post-tonal thinking. Twelve-tone technique orders the twelve notes of the chromatic scale, forming a row or series and providing a unifying basis for a composition's melody, harmony, structural progressions, and variations. Other types of serialism also work with sets, collections of objects, but not necessarily with fixed-order series, and extend the technique to other musical dimensions (often called "parameters"), such as duration, dynamics, and timbre. The idea of serialism is also applied in various ways in the visual arts, design, and architecture, and the musical concept has also been adopted in literature .

text: In

text: music

text: serialism

text: is

text: method

text: or

text: technique

text: of

text: composition

text: that

text: uses

text: series

text: of

text: values

text: to

text: manipulate

text: different

text: musical

text: elements

text: Serialism

text: began

text: primarily

text: with

text: Arnold

text: Schoenberg

text: 's

text: twelve

text: tone

text: technique

text: though

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: contemporaries

text: were

text: also

text: working

text: to

text: establish

text: serialism

text: as

text: form

text: of

text: post

text: tonal

text: thinking

text: Twelve

text: tone

text: technique

text: orders

text: the

text: twelve

text: notes

text: of

text: the

text: chromatic

text: scale

text: forming

text: row

text: or

text: series

text: and

text: providing

text: unifying

text: basis

text: for

text: composition

text: 's

text: melody

text: harmony

text: structural

text: progressions

text: and

text: variations

text: Other

text: types

text: of

text: serialism

text: also

text: work

text: with

text: sets

text: collections

text: of

text: objects

text: but

text: not

text: necessarily

text: with

text: fixed

text: order

text: series

text: and

text: extend

text: the

text: technique

text: to

text: other

text: musical

text: dimensions

text: often

text: called

text: parameters

text: such

text: as

text: duration

text: dynamics

text: and

text: timbre

text: The

text: idea

text: of

text: serialism

text: is

text: also

text: applied

text: in

text: various

text: ways

text: in

text: the

text: visual

text: arts

text: design

text: and

text: architecture

text: and

text: the

text: musical

text: concept

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: adopted

text: in

text: literature

text: La Monte Thornton Young (born October 14, 1935) is an American avant-garde composer, musician, and artist generally recognized as the first minimalist composer. His works are cited as notable examples of post-war experimental and contemporary music, and were tied to New York's downtown music and Fluxus art scenes. Initially inspired by sources such as Indian classical music, serialism, and jazz, Young is perhaps best known for his pioneering work in Western drone music (originally referred to as "dream music"), prominently explored in the 1960s with the experimental music collective the Theatre of Eternal Music. He has engaged in musical and multimedia collaborations with a wide range of artists, including Tony Conrad, Pandit Pran Nath, John Cale, Terry Riley, and visual artist Marian Zazeela, with whom he developed the "Dream House" sound and light installation.

text: La

text: Monte

text: Thornton

text: Young

text: born

text: October

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: avant

text: garde

text: composer

text: musician

text: and

text: artist

text: generally

text: recognized

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: minimalist

text: composer

text: His

text: works

text: are

text: cited

text: as

text: notable

text: examples

text: of

text: post

text: war

text: experimental

text: and

text: contemporary

text: music

text: and

text: were

text: tied

text: to

text: New

text: York

text: 's

text: downtown

text: music

text: and

text: Fluxus

text: art

text: scenes

text: Initially

text: inspired

text: by

text: sources

text: such

text: as

text: Indian

text: classical

text: music

text: serialism

text: and

text: jazz

text: Young

text: is

text: perhaps

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: pioneering

text: work

text: in

text: Western

text: drone

text: music

text: originally

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: dream

text: music

text: prominently

text: explored

text: in

text: the

text: with

text: the

text: experimental

text: music

text: collective

text: the

text: Theatre

text: of

text: Eternal

text: Music

text: He

text: has

text: engaged

text: in

text: musical

text: and

text: multimedia

text: collaborations

text: with

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: artists

text: including

text: Tony

text: Conrad

text: Pandit

text: Pran

text: Nath

text: John

text: Cale

text: Terry

text: Riley

text: and

text: visual

text: artist

text: Marian

text: Zazeela

text: with

text: whom

text: he

text: developed

text: the

text: Dream

text: House

text: sound

text: and

text: light

text: installation

text: A song, most broadly, is a single (and often standalone) work of music that is typically intended to be sung by the human voice with distinct and fixed pitches and patterns using sound and silence and a variety of forms that often include the repetition of sections. Written words created specifically for music or for which music is specifically created, are called lyrics. If a pre-existing poem is set to composed music in classical music it is an art song. Songs that are sung on repeated pitches without distinct contours and patterns that rise and fall are called chants. Songs in a simple style that are learned informally are often referred to as folk songs. Songs that are composed for professional singers who sell their recordings or live shows to the mass market are called popular songs. These songs, which have broad appeal, are often composed by professional songwriters, composers and lyricists. Art songs are composed by trained classical composers for concert or recital performances. Songs are performed live and recorded on audio or video (or in some, cases, a song may be performed live and simultaneously recorded). Songs may also appear in plays, musical theatre, stage shows of any form, and within operas.

text: song

text: most

text: broadly

text: is

text: single

text: and

text: often

text: standalone

text: work

text: of

text: music

text: that

text: is

text: typically

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: sung

text: by

text: the

text: human

text: voice

text: with

text: distinct

text: and

text: fixed

text: pitches

text: and

text: patterns

text: using

text: sound

text: and

text: silence

text: and

text: variety

text: of

text: forms

text: that

text: often

text: include

text: the

text: repetition

text: of

text: sections

text: Written

text: words

text: created

text: specifically

text: for

text: music

text: or

text: for

text: which

text: music

text: is

text: specifically

text: created

text: are

text: called

text: lyrics

text: If

text: pre

text: existing

text: poem

text: is

text: set

text: to

text: composed

text: music

text: in

text: classical

text: music

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: song

text: Songs

text: that

text: are

text: sung

text: on

text: repeated

text: pitches

text: without

text: distinct

text: contours

text: and

text: patterns

text: that

text: rise

text: and

text: fall

text: are

text: called

text: chants

text: Songs

text: in

text: simple

text: style

text: that

text: are

text: learned

text: informally

text: are

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: folk

text: songs

text: Songs

text: that

text: are

text: composed

text: for

text: professional

text: singers

text: who

text: sell

text: their

text: recordings

text: or

text: live

text: shows

text: to

text: the

text: mass

text: market

text: are

text: called

text: popular

text: songs

text: These

text: songs

text: which

text: have

text: broad

text: appeal

text: are

text: often

text: composed

text: by

text: professional

text: songwriters

text: composers

text: and

text: lyricists

text: Art

text: songs

text: are

text: composed

text: by

text: trained

text: classical

text: composers

text: for

text: concert

text: or

text: recital

text: performances

text: Songs

text: are

text: performed

text: live

text: and

text: recorded

text: on

text: audio

text: or

text: video

text: or

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: song

text: may

text: be

text: performed

text: live

text: and

text: simultaneously

text: recorded

text: Songs

text: may

text: also

text: appear

text: in

text: plays

text: musical

text: theatre

text: stage

text: shows

text: of

text: any

text: form

text: and

text: within

text: operas

text: Electroacoustic music originated in Western art music around the middle of the 20th century, following the incorporation of electric sound production into compositional practice. The initial developments in electroacoustic music composition to fixed media during the 20th century are associated with the activities of the Groupe de Recherches Musicales at the ORTF in Paris, the home of musique concrète, the Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (NWDR) studio in Cologne, where the focus was on the composition of "elektronische Musik," and the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center in New York City, where tape music, electronic music, and computer music were all explored. Practical electronic music instruments began to appear in the early 1900s, and "electronic sounds" were also produced using animation techniques by such artists as Norman McLaren.

text: Electroacoustic

text: music

text: originated

text: in

text: Western

text: art

text: music

text: around

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: following

text: the

text: incorporation

text: of

text: electric

text: sound

text: production

text: into

text: compositional

text: practice

text: The

text: initial

text: developments

text: in

text: electroacoustic

text: music

text: composition

text: to

text: fixed

text: media

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: are

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: activities

text: of

text: the

text: Groupe

text: de

text: Recherches

text: Musicales

text: at

text: the

text: ORTF

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: musique

text: concrète

text: the

text: Nordwestdeutscher

text: Rundfunk

text: NWDR

text: studio

text: in

text: Cologne

text: where

text: the

text: focus

text: was

text: on

text: the

text: composition

text: of

text: elektronische

text: Musik

text: and

text: the

text: Columbia

text: Princeton

text: Electronic

text: Music

text: Center

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: where

text: tape

text: music

text: electronic

text: music

text: and

text: computer

text: music

text: were

text: all

text: explored

text: Practical

text: electronic

text: music

text: instruments

text: began

text: to

text: appear

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: electronic

text: sounds

text: were

text: also

text: produced

text: using

text: animation

text: techniques

text: by

text: such

text: artists

text: as

text: Norman

text: McLaren

text: A string quartet is a musical ensemble of four string players  two violin players, a viola player and a cellist  or a piece written to be performed by such a group. The string quartet is one of the most prominent chamber ensembles in classical music, with most major composers, from the mid to late 18th century onwards, writing string quartets.

text: string

text: quartet

text: is

text: musical

text: ensemble

text: of

text: four

text: string

text: players

text: two

text: violin

text: players

text: viola

text: player

text: and

text: cellist

text: or

text: piece

text: written

text: to

text: be

text: performed

text: by

text: such

text: group

text: The

text: string

text: quartet

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: prominent

text: chamber

text: ensembles

text: in

text: classical

text: music

text: with

text: most

text: major

text: composers

text: from

text: the

text: mid

text: to

text: late

text: century

text: onwards

text: writing

text: string

text: quartets

text: Drone music, drone-based music, or simply drone, is a minimal music genre that emphasizes the use of sustained or repeated sounds, notes, or tone-clusters  called drones. It is typically characterized by lengthy audio programs with relatively slight harmonic variations throughout each piece. La Monte Young, one of its 1960s originators, defined it in 2000 as "the sustained tone branch of minimalism".

text: Drone

text: music

text: drone

text: based

text: music

text: or

text: simply

text: drone

text: is

text: minimal

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: emphasizes

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: sustained

text: or

text: repeated

text: sounds

text: notes

text: or

text: tone

text: clusters

text: called

text: drones

text: It

text: is

text: typically

text: characterized

text: by

text: lengthy

text: audio

text: programs

text: with

text: relatively

text: slight

text: harmonic

text: variations

text: throughout

text: each

text: piece

text: La

text: Monte

text: Young

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: originators

text: defined

text: it

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: sustained

text: tone

text: branch

text: of

text: minimalism

text: Radio Bremen (RB), Germany's smallest public radio and television broadcaster, is the legally mandated broadcaster for the city-state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (which includes Bremerhaven). With its headquarters sited in Bremen, Radio Bremen is a member of the consortium of German public broadcasting organizations, ARD.

text: Radio

text: Bremen

text: RB

text: Germany

text: 's

text: smallest

text: public

text: radio

text: and

text: television

text: broadcaster

text: is

text: the

text: legally

text: mandated

text: broadcaster

text: for

text: the

text: city

text: state

text: Free

text: Hanseatic

text: City

text: of

text: Bremen

text: which

text: includes

text: Bremerhaven

text: With

text: its

text: headquarters

text: sited

text: in

text: Bremen

text: Radio

text: Bremen

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: consortium

text: of

text: German

text: public

text: broadcasting

text: organizations

text: ARD

text: An orchestra is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which features string instruments such as violin, viola, cello and double bass, as well as brass, woodwinds, and percussion instruments, grouped in sections. Other instruments such as the piano and celesta may sometimes appear in a fifth keyboard section or may stand alone, as may the concert harp and, for performances of some modern compositions, electronic instruments.

text: An

text: orchestra

text: is

text: large

text: instrumental

text: ensemble

text: typical

text: of

text: classical

text: music

text: which

text: features

text: string

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: violin

text: viola

text: cello

text: and

text: double

text: bass

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: brass

text: woodwinds

text: and

text: percussion

text: instruments

text: grouped

text: in

text: sections

text: Other

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: piano

text: and

text: celesta

text: may

text: sometimes

text: appear

text: in

text: fifth

text: keyboard

text: section

text: or

text: may

text: stand

text: alone

text: as

text: may

text: the

text: concert

text: harp

text: and

text: for

text: performances

text: of

text: some

text: modern

text: compositions

text: electronic

text: instruments

text:
Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a more accurate term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the Classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common-practice period. The major time divisions of Western art music are as follows:
European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and some popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to indicate to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines, chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This can leave less room for practices such as improvisation and "ad libitum" ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular-music styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles adopt the song (strophic) form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can sustain larger forms and attain a high level of complexity.

text: Classical

text: music

text: is

text: art

text: music

text: produced

text: or

text: rooted

text: in

text: the

text: traditions

text: of

text: Western

text: music

text: including

text: both

text: liturgical

text: religious

text: and

text: secular

text: music

text: While

text: more

text: accurate

text: term

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: period

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: Classical

text: period

text: this

text: article

text: is

text: about

text: the

text: broad

text: span

text: of

text: time

text: from

text: roughly

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: Classical

text: period

text: and

text: various

text: other

text: periods

text: The

text: central

text: norms

text: of

text: this

text: tradition

text: became

text: codified

text: between

text: and

text: which

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: common

text: practice

text: period

text: The

text: major

text: time

text: divisions

text: of

text: Western

text: art

text: music

text: are

text: as

text: follows

text: European

text: art

text: music

text: is

text: largely

text: distinguished

text: from

text: many

text: other

text: non

text: European

text: and

text: some

text: popular

text: musical

text: forms

text: by

text: its

text: system

text: of

text: staff

text: notation

text: in

text: use

text: since

text: about

text: the

text: century

text: Western

text: staff

text: notation

text: is

text: used

text: by

text: composers

text: to

text: indicate

text: to

text: the

text: performer

text: the

text: pitches

text: e.g.

text: melodies

text: basslines

text: chords

text: tempo

text: meter

text: and

text: rhythms

text: for

text: piece

text: of

text: music

text: This

text: can

text: leave

text: less

text: room

text: for

text: practices

text: such

text: as

text: improvisation

text: and

text: ad

text: libitum

text: ornamentation

text: which

text: are

text: frequently

text: heard

text: in

text: non

text: European

text: art

text: music

text: and

text: in

text: popular

text: music

text: styles

text: such

text: as

text: jazz

text: and

text: blues

text: Another

text: difference

text: is

text: that

text: whereas

text: most

text: popular

text: styles

text: adopt

text: the

text: song

text: strophic

text: form

text: classical

text: music

text: has

text: been

text: noted

text: for

text: its

text: development

text: of

text: highly

text: sophisticated

text: forms

text: of

text: instrumental

text: music

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: concerto

text: symphony

text: sonata

text: and

text: mixed

text: vocal

text: and

text: instrumental

text: styles

text: such

text: as

text: opera

text: which

text: since

text: they

text: are

text: written

text: down

text: can

text: sustain

text: larger

text: forms

text: and

text: attain

text: high

text: level

text: of

text: complexity

text: John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912  August 12, 1992) was an American composer, music theorist, writer, philosopher, and artist. A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments, Cage was one of the leading figures of the post-war avant-garde. Critics have lauded him as one of the most influential American composers of the 20th century. He was also instrumental in the development of modern dance, mostly through his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also Cage's romantic partner for most of their lives.

text: John

text: Milton

text: Cage

text: Jr.

text: September

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: composer

text: music

text: theorist

text: writer

text: philosopher

text: and

text: artist

text: pioneer

text: of

text: indeterminacy

text: in

text: music

text: electroacoustic

text: music

text: and

text: non

text: standard

text: use

text: of

text: musical

text: instruments

text: Cage

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: figures

text: of

text: the

text: post

text: war

text: avant

text: garde

text: Critics

text: have

text: lauded

text: him

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: American

text: composers

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: instrumental

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: modern

text: dance

text: mostly

text: through

text: his

text: association

text: with

text: choreographer

text: Merce

text: Cunningham

text: who

text: was

text: also

text: Cage

text: 's

text: romantic

text: partner

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: their

text: lives

text: A city-state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories. Historically, this included cities such as Rome, Athens, Carthage, and the Italian city-states during the Renaissancebut today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist, with some disagreement as to which are city-states. A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore, Monaco, and Vatican City.

text: city

text: state

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: that

text: consists

text: of

text: city

text: and

text: its

text: dependent

text: territories

text: Historically

text: this

text: included

text: cities

text: such

text: as

text: Rome

text: Athens

text: Carthage

text: and

text: the

text: Italian

text: city

text: states

text: during

text: the

text: Renaissancebut

text: today

text: only

text: handful

text: of

text: sovereign

text: city

text: states

text: exist

text: with

text: some

text: disagreement

text: as

text: to

text: which

text: are

text: city

text: states

text: great

text: deal

text: of

text: consensus

text: exists

text: that

text: the

text: term

text: properly

text: applies

text: to

text: Singapore

text: Monaco

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: John Davies Cale, OBE (born 9 March 1942) is a Welsh musician, composer, singer-songwriter and record producer who was a founding member of the American experimental rock band the Velvet Underground.

text: John

text: Davies

text: Cale

text: OBE

text: born

text: March

text: is

text: Welsh

text: musician

text: composer

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: and

text: record

text: producer

text: who

text: was

text: founding

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: experimental

text: rock

text: band

text: the

text: Velvet

text: Underground

text: David Eugene Tudor (January 20, 1926  August 13, 1996) was an American pianist and composer of experimental music.

text: David

text: Eugene

text: Tudor

text: January

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: pianist

text: and

text: composer

text: of

text: experimental

text: music

text: A choir (also known as a chorale or chorus) is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music written specifically for such an ensemble to perform. Choirs may perform music from the classical music repertoire, which spans from the Medieval era to the present, and/or popular music repertoire. Most choirs are led by a conductor, who leads the performances with arm and face gestures.

text: choir

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: chorale

text: or

text: chorus

text: is

text: musical

text: ensemble

text: of

text: singers

text: Choral

text: music

text: in

text: turn

text: is

text: the

text: music

text: written

text: specifically

text: for

text: such

text: an

text: ensemble

text: to

text: perform

text: Choirs

text: may

text: perform

text: music

text: from

text: the

text: classical

text: music

text: repertoire

text: which

text: spans

text: from

text: the

text: Medieval

text: era

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: and/or

text: popular

text: music

text: repertoire

text: Most

text: choirs

text: are

text: led

text: by

text: conductor

text: who

text: leads

text: the

text: performances

text: with

text: arm

text: and

text: face

text: gestures

annotations: follows single

question: movement hans otte

answer: minimal music

text: minimal music


text: De Ronde Venen is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. On 1 January 2011, the municipality of Abcoude was amalgamated into De Ronde Venen.

text: De

text: Ronde

text: Venen

text: is

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: On

text: January

text: the

text: municipality

text: of

text: Abcoude

text: was

text: amalgamated

text: into

text: De

text: Ronde

text: Venen

text: The Netherlands  is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three island territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing maritime borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Amsterdam is the country's capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of government and parliament. The name "Holland" is used to refer informally to the whole of the country of the Netherlands.

text: The

text: Netherlands

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: constituent

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: is

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: with

text: three

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: The

text: European

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: borders

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Belgium

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: sharing

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: Belgium

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Germany

text: The

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: are

text: Amsterdam

text: Rotterdam

text: The

text: Hague

text: and

text: Utrecht

text: Amsterdam

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: while

text: The

text: Hague

text: holds

text: the

text: Dutch

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: parliament

text: The

text: name

text: Holland

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: informally

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Utrecht is the capital and most populous city in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is located in the eastern corner of the Randstad conurbation and is the fourth largest city in the Netherlands with a population of in .

text: Utrecht

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Dutch

text: province

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: corner

text: of

text: the

text: Randstad

text: conurbation

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: Abcoude is a town and former municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. Since 2011 it has been part of the municipality of De Ronde Venen.

text: Abcoude

text: is

text: town

text: and

text: former

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: Since

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: municipality

text: of

text: De

text: Ronde

text: Venen

text: Abcoude is a railway station located in Abcoude , Netherlands .

text: Abcoude

text: is

text: railway

text: station

text: located

text: in

text: Abcoude

text: Netherlands

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity abcoude railway station

answer: de ronde venen

text: de ronde venen

text: de ronde venen

text: de ronde venen


text: In semiconductor devices , a backward diode ( also called back diode ) is a variation on a Zener diode or tunnel diode having a better conduction for small reverse biases ( for example -- 0.1 to -- 0.6 V ) than for forward bias voltages . The reverse current in such a diode is by tunneling , which is also known as the tunnel effect .

text: In

text: semiconductor

text: devices

text: backward

text: diode

text: also

text: called

text: back

text: diode

text: is

text: variation

text: on

text: Zener

text: diode

text: or

text: tunnel

text: diode

text: having

text: better

text: conduction

text: for

text: small

text: reverse

text: biases

text: for

text: example

text: to

text: than

text: for

text: forward

text: bias

text: voltages

text: The

text: reverse

text: current

text: in

text: such

text: diode

text: is

text: by

text: tunneling

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: tunnel

text: effect

text: Semiconductors are crystalline or amorphous solids with distinct electrical characteristics. They are of high electrical resistance   higher than typical resistance materials, but still of much lower resistance than insulators. Their resistance decreases as their temperature increases, which is behavior opposite to that of a metal. Finally, their conducting properties may be altered in useful ways by the deliberate, controlled introduction of impurities ("doping") into the crystal structure, which lowers its resistance but also permits the creation of semiconductor junctions between differently-doped regions of the extrinsic semiconductor crystal. The behavior of charge carriers which include electrons, ions and electron holes at these junctions is the basis of diodes, transistors and all modern electronics.

text: Semiconductors

text: are

text: crystalline

text: or

text: amorphous

text: solids

text: with

text: distinct

text: electrical

text: characteristics

text: They

text: are

text: of

text: high

text: electrical

text: resistance

text: higher

text: than

text: typical

text: resistance

text: materials

text: but

text: still

text: of

text: much

text: lower

text: resistance

text: than

text: insulators

text: Their

text: resistance

text: decreases

text: as

text: their

text: temperature

text: increases

text: which

text: is

text: behavior

text: opposite

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: metal

text: Finally

text: their

text: conducting

text: properties

text: may

text: be

text: altered

text: in

text: useful

text: ways

text: by

text: the

text: deliberate

text: controlled

text: introduction

text: of

text: impurities

text: doping

text: into

text: the

text: crystal

text: structure

text: which

text: lowers

text: its

text: resistance

text: but

text: also

text: permits

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: semiconductor

text: junctions

text: between

text: differently

text: doped

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: extrinsic

text: semiconductor

text: crystal

text: The

text: behavior

text: of

text: charge

text: carriers

text: which

text: include

text: electrons

text: ions

text: and

text: electron

text: holes

text: at

text: these

text: junctions

text: is

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: diodes

text: transistors

text: and

text: all

text: modern

text: electronics

text: A tunnel diode or Esaki diode is a type of semiconductor that is capable of very fast operation, well into the microwave frequency region, made possible by the use of the quantum mechanical effect called tunneling.

text: tunnel

text: diode

text: or

text: Esaki

text: diode

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: semiconductor

text: that

text: is

text: capable

text: of

text: very

text: fast

text: operation

text: well

text: into

text: the

text: microwave

text: frequency

text: region

text: made

text: possible

text: by

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: quantum

text: mechanical

text: effect

text: called

text: tunneling

text: Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between and . This broad definition includes both UHF and EHF (millimeter wave) bands, and various sources use different boundaries. In all cases, microwaves include the entire SHF band (3 to 30 GHz, or 10 to 1 cm) at minimum, with RF engineering often restricting the range between 1 and 100 GHz (300 and 3 mm). Frequencies in the microwave range are often referred to by their IEEE radar band designations: S, C, X, K, K, or K band, or by similar NATO or EU designations.

text: Microwaves

text: are

text: form

text: of

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: with

text: wavelengths

text: ranging

text: from

text: one

text: meter

text: to

text: one

text: millimeter

text: with

text: frequencies

text: between

text: and

text: This

text: broad

text: definition

text: includes

text: both

text: UHF

text: and

text: EHF

text: millimeter

text: wave

text: bands

text: and

text: various

text: sources

text: use

text: different

text: boundaries

text: In

text: all

text: cases

text: microwaves

text: include

text: the

text: entire

text: SHF

text: band

text: to

text: GHz

text: or

text: to

text: cm

text: at

text: minimum

text: with

text: RF

text: engineering

text: often

text: restricting

text: the

text: range

text: between

text: and

text: GHz

text: and

text: mm

text: Frequencies

text: in

text: the

text: microwave

text: range

text: are

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: their

text: IEEE

text: radar

text: band

text: designations

text: or

text: band

text: or

text: by

text: similar

text: NATO

text: or

text: EU

text: designations

text: Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency and angular frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency. For example, if a newborn baby's heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its periodthe time interval between beatsis half a second (that is, 60 seconds divided by 120 beats). Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as mechanical vibrations, audio (sound) signals, radio waves, and light.

text: Frequency

text: is

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: occurrences

text: of

text: repeating

text: event

text: per

text: unit

text: time

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: temporal

text: frequency

text: which

text: emphasizes

text: the

text: contrast

text: to

text: spatial

text: frequency

text: and

text: angular

text: frequency

text: The

text: period

text: is

text: the

text: duration

text: of

text: time

text: of

text: one

text: cycle

text: in

text: repeating

text: event

text: so

text: the

text: period

text: is

text: the

text: reciprocal

text: of

text: the

text: frequency

text: For

text: example

text: if

text: newborn

text: baby

text: 's

text: heart

text: beats

text: at

text: frequency

text: of

text: times

text: minute

text: its

text: periodthe

text: time

text: interval

text: between

text: beatsis

text: half

text: second

text: that

text: is

text: seconds

text: divided

text: by

text: beats

text: Frequency

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: parameter

text: used

text: in

text: science

text: and

text: engineering

text: to

text: specify

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: oscillatory

text: and

text: vibratory

text: phenomena

text: such

text: as

text: mechanical

text: vibrations

text: audio

text: sound

text: signals

text: radio

text: waves

text: and

text: light

text:
A Zener diode allows current to flow from its anode to its cathode like a normal semiconductor diode, but it also permits current to flow in the reverse direction when its "Zener voltage" is reached.
Zener diodes have a highly doped p-n junction. Normal diodes will also break down with a reverse voltage but the voltage and sharpness of the knee are not as well defined as for a Zener diode. Also normal diodes are not designed to operate in the breakdown region, but Zener diodes can reliably operate in this region.

text: Zener

text: diode

text: allows

text: current

text: to

text: flow

text: from

text: its

text: anode

text: to

text: its

text: cathode

text: like

text: normal

text: semiconductor

text: diode

text: but

text: it

text: also

text: permits

text: current

text: to

text: flow

text: in

text: the

text: reverse

text: direction

text: when

text: its

text: Zener

text: voltage

text: is

text: reached

text: Zener

text: diodes

text: have

text: highly

text: doped

text: junction

text: Normal

text: diodes

text: will

text: also

text: break

text: down

text: with

text: reverse

text: voltage

text: but

text: the

text: voltage

text: and

text: sharpness

text: of

text: the

text: knee

text: are

text: not

text: as

text: well

text: defined

text: as

text: for

text: Zener

text: diode

text: Also

text: normal

text: diodes

text: are

text: not

text: designed

text: to

text: operate

text: in

text: the

text: breakdown

text: region

text: but

text: Zener

text: diodes

text: can

text: reliably

text: operate

text: in

text: this

text: region

text: In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance to the flow of current in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a pn junction connected to two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode has two electrodes, a plate (anode) and a heated cathode. Semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of crystals' rectifying abilities was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. The first semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes, developed around 1906, were made of mineral crystals such as galena. Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but other semiconductors such as selenium or germanium are sometimes used.

text: In

text: electronics

text: diode

text: is

text: two

text: terminal

text: electronic

text: component

text: that

text: conducts

text: primarily

text: in

text: one

text: direction

text: asymmetric

text: conductance

text: it

text: has

text: low

text: ideally

text: zero

text: resistance

text: to

text: the

text: flow

text: of

text: current

text: in

text: one

text: direction

text: and

text: high

text: ideally

text: infinite

text: resistance

text: in

text: the

text: other

text: semiconductor

text: diode

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: today

text: is

text: crystalline

text: piece

text: of

text: semiconductor

text: material

text: with

text: pn

text: junction

text: connected

text: to

text: two

text: electrical

text: terminals

text: vacuum

text: tube

text: diode

text: has

text: two

text: electrodes

text: plate

text: anode

text: and

text: heated

text: cathode

text: Semiconductor

text: diodes

text: were

text: the

text: first

text: semiconductor

text: electronic

text: devices

text: The

text: discovery

text: of

text: crystals

text: rectifying

text: abilities

text: was

text: made

text: by

text: German

text: physicist

text: Ferdinand

text: Braun

text: in

text: The

text: first

text: semiconductor

text: diodes

text: called

text: cat

text: 's

text: whisker

text: diodes

text: developed

text: around

text: were

text: made

text: of

text: mineral

text: crystals

text: such

text: as

text: galena

text: Today

text: most

text: diodes

text: are

text: made

text: of

text: silicon

text: but

text: other

text: semiconductors

text: such

text: as

text: selenium

text: or

text: germanium

text: are

text: sometimes

text: used

question: subclass_of backward diode

answer: semiconductor diode

text: semiconductor diode

text: semiconductor diode