text: The Papal States, officially the State of the Church were territories in the Italian Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope, from the 8th century until 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Italian Peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. At their zenith, they covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio (which includes Rome), Marche, Umbria and Romagna, and portions of Emilia. These holdings were considered to be a manifestation of the temporal power of the pope, as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy.

text: The

text: Papal

text: States

text: officially

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: were

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: under

text: the

text: sovereign

text: direct

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: pope

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: until

text: They

text: were

text: among

text: the

text: major

text: states

text: of

text: Italy

text: from

text: roughly

text: the

text: century

text: until

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: was

text: unified

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Piedmont

text: Sardinia

text: At

text: their

text: zenith

text: they

text: covered

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: Italian

text: regions

text: of

text: Lazio

text: which

text: includes

text: Rome

text: Marche

text: Umbria

text: and

text: Romagna

text: and

text: portions

text: of

text: Emilia

text: These

text: holdings

text: were

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: manifestation

text: of

text: the

text: temporal

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: pope

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: his

text: ecclesiastical

text: primacy

text: In the history of France, the First Republic, officially the French Republic, was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon, although the form of the government changed several times. This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power.

text: In

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: France

text: the

text: First

text: Republic

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: September

text: during

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: The

text: First

text: Republic

text: lasted

text: until

text: the

text: declaration

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: Empire

text: in

text: under

text: Napoleon

text: although

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: changed

text: several

text: times

text: This

text: period

text: was

text: characterized

text: by

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: monarchy

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Convention

text: and

text: the

text: Reign

text: of

text: Terror

text: the

text: Thermidorian

text: Reaction

text: and

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: the

text: Directory

text: and

text: finally

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Consulate

text: and

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: rise

text: to

text: power

text: Umbria, is a region of historic and modern central Italy. It is the only Italian region having neither a coastline nor a border with other countries. It includes the Lake Trasimeno, Marmore's Falls, and is crossed by the River Tiber. The regional capital is Perugia. Umbria is known for its landscapes, traditions, history, culinary delights, artistic legacy, and influence on culture.

text: Umbria

text: is

text: region

text: of

text: historic

text: and

text: modern

text: central

text: Italy

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: Italian

text: region

text: having

text: neither

text: coastline

text: nor

text: border

text: with

text: other

text: countries

text: It

text: includes

text: the

text: Lake

text: Trasimeno

text: Marmore

text: 's

text: Falls

text: and

text: is

text: crossed

text: by

text: the

text: River

text: Tiber

text: The

text: regional

text: capital

text: is

text: Perugia

text: Umbria

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: landscapes

text: traditions

text: history

text: culinary

text: delights

text: artistic

text: legacy

text: and

text: influence

text: on

text: culture

text: Ravenna (also locally ) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire from 402 until that empire collapsed in 476. It then served as the capital of the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths until it was re-conquered in 540 by the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. Afterwards, the city formed the centre of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna until the invasion of the Lombards in 751, after which it became the seat of the Kingdom of the Lombards.

text: Ravenna

text: also

text: locally

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Ravenna

text: in

text: the

text: Emilia

text: Romagna

text: region

text: of

text: Northern

text: Italy

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: from

text: until

text: that

text: empire

text: collapsed

text: in

text: It

text: then

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Ostrogoths

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: re

text: conquered

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: Afterwards

text: the

text: city

text: formed

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Exarchate

text: of

text: Ravenna

text: until

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: the

text: Lombards

text: in

text: after

text: which

text: it

text: became

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Lombards

text: Marche, or The Marches , is one of the twenty regions of Italy. The name of the region derives from the plural name of "marca", originally referring to the medieval March of Ancona and nearby marches of Camerino and Fermo.

text: Marche

text: or

text: The

text: Marches

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: twenty

text: regions

text: of

text: Italy

text: The

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: plural

text: name

text: of

text: marca

text: originally

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: medieval

text: March

text: of

text: Ancona

text: and

text: nearby

text: marches

text: of

text: Camerino

text: and

text: Fermo

text: The coup of 18 Brumaire brought General Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France, and, in the view of most historians, ended the French Revolution. This bloodless "coup d'état" overthrew the Directory, replacing it with the French Consulate. This occurred on 9 November 1799, which was 18 Brumaire, Year VIII under the French Republican Calendar.

text: The

text: coup

text: of

text: Brumaire

text: brought

text: General

text: Napoleon

text: Bonaparte

text: to

text: power

text: as

text: First

text: Consul

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: view

text: of

text: most

text: historians

text: ended

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: This

text: bloodless

text: coup

text: d'état

text: overthrew

text: the

text: Directory

text: replacing

text: it

text: with

text: the

text: French

text: Consulate

text: This

text: occurred

text: on

text: November

text: which

text: was

text: Brumaire

text: Year

text: VIII

text: under

text: the

text: French

text: Republican

text: Calendar

text: The Treaty of Tolentino was a peace treaty between Revolutionary France and the Papal States , signed on 19 February 1797 and imposing terms of surrender on the Papal side . The signatories for France were the French Directory 's Ambassador to the Holy See , François Cacault , and the rising General Napoleon Bonaparte and opposite them four representatives of Pius VI 's Curia . It was part of the events following the invasion of Italy in the early stages of the French Revolutionary Wars . Having defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Mantua , at the Arcola Bridge and in the Battle of Rivoli , Napoleon had no more enemies in northern Italy and was able to devote himself to the Papal States . Following nine months of negotiations between France and the Papal States , in February 1797 9,000 French soldiers invaded the Papal Romagna Region , leaving the Pope no choice but to accept the French terms .

text: The

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Tolentino

text: was

text: peace

text: treaty

text: between

text: Revolutionary

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: Papal

text: States

text: signed

text: on

text: February

text: and

text: imposing

text: terms

text: of

text: surrender

text: on

text: the

text: Papal

text: side

text: The

text: signatories

text: for

text: France

text: were

text: the

text: French

text: Directory

text: 's

text: Ambassador

text: to

text: the

text: Holy

text: See

text: François

text: Cacault

text: and

text: the

text: rising

text: General

text: Napoleon

text: Bonaparte

text: and

text: opposite

text: them

text: four

text: representatives

text: of

text: Pius

text: VI

text: 's

text: Curia

text: It

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: events

text: following

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: stages

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Revolutionary

text: Wars

text: Having

text: defeated

text: the

text: Austrians

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Mantua

text: at

text: the

text: Arcola

text: Bridge

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Rivoli

text: Napoleon

text: had

text: no

text: more

text: enemies

text: in

text: northern

text: Italy

text: and

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: devote

text: himself

text: to

text: the

text: Papal

text: States

text: Following

text: nine

text: months

text: of

text: negotiations

text: between

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: Papal

text: States

text: in

text: February

text: French

text: soldiers

text: invaded

text: the

text: Papal

text: Romagna

text: Region

text: leaving

text: the

text: Pope

text: no

text: choice

text: but

text: to

text: accept

text: the

text: French

text: terms

text: The pope (from "pappas", a child's word for "father") is the Bishop of Rome and, therefore, the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. The primacy of the Roman bishop is largely derived from his role as the traditional successor to Saint Peter, to whom Jesus is supposed to have given the keys of Heaven and the powers of "binding and loosing", naming him as the "rock" upon which the church would be built. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI.

text: The

text: pope

text: from

text: pappas

text: child

text: 's

text: word

text: for

text: father

text: is

text: the

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Rome

text: and

text: therefore

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: worldwide

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: The

text: primacy

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: bishop

text: is

text: largely

text: derived

text: from

text: his

text: role

text: as

text: the

text: traditional

text: successor

text: to

text: Saint

text: Peter

text: to

text: whom

text: Jesus

text: is

text: supposed

text: to

text: have

text: given

text: the

text: keys

text: of

text: Heaven

text: and

text: the

text: powers

text: of

text: binding

text: and

text: loosing

text: naming

text: him

text: as

text: the

text: rock

text: upon

text: which

text: the

text: church

text: would

text: be

text: built

text: The

text: current

text: pope

text: is

text: Francis

text: who

text: was

text: elected

text: on

text: March

text: succeeding

text: Benedict

text: XVI

text: The Sillaro (Latin "Silarus") is a long Italian stream, whose headwaters are by the village of Piancaldoli (Firenzuola, province of Florence), in Tuscany. It runs northeast through the city of Castel San Pietro Terme, Province of Bologna in Emilia Romagna. The river runs through a short extension of the province of Ravenna extending into the province of Bologna before re-entering the province of Bologna. It then forms the border between the province of Ferrara and the province of Ravenna for a short distance before entering the province of Ferrara. The river ends as a tributary of the Reno River by the village of San Biagio di Argenta and near where the Idice enters the Reno. Historically its course formed the boundary between Emilia and Romagna.

text: The

text: Sillaro

text: Latin

text: Silarus

text: is

text: long

text: Italian

text: stream

text: whose

text: headwaters

text: are

text: by

text: the

text: village

text: of

text: Piancaldoli

text: Firenzuola

text: province

text: of

text: Florence

text: in

text: Tuscany

text: It

text: runs

text: northeast

text: through

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Castel

text: San

text: Pietro

text: Terme

text: Province

text: of

text: Bologna

text: in

text: Emilia

text: Romagna

text: The

text: river

text: runs

text: through

text: short

text: extension

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Ravenna

text: extending

text: into

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Bologna

text: before

text: re

text: entering

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Bologna

text: It

text: then

text: forms

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Ferrara

text: and

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Ravenna

text: for

text: short

text: distance

text: before

text: entering

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Ferrara

text: The

text: river

text: ends

text: as

text: tributary

text: of

text: the

text: Reno

text: River

text: by

text: the

text: village

text: of

text: San

text: Biagio

text: di

text: Argenta

text: and

text: near

text: where

text: the

text: Idice

text: enters

text: the

text: Reno

text: Historically

text: its

text: course

text: formed

text: the

text: boundary

text: between

text: Emilia

text: and

text: Romagna

text: The Mediterranean Sea (pronounced ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a separate body of water.

text: The

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: pronounced

text: is

text: sea

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Basin

text: and

text: almost

text: completely

text: enclosed

text: by

text: land

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: Southern

text: Europe

text: and

text: Anatolia

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Levant

text: The

text: sea

text: is

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: although

text: it

text: is

text: usually

text: identified

text: as

text: separate

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: A curia, plural curiae, is an assembly, council, or court, in which public, official, or religious issues are discussed and decided. In ancient Rome, the populace was divided into 30 curiae, which met in order to confirm the election of magistrates, witness the installation of priests, the making of wills, and adoptions. Lesser curiae existed for other purposes. The word "curia" also came to denote the places of assembly, especially the senate. Similar institutions existed in other towns and cities of Italy. In medieval times, a king's council was often referred to as a "curia". Today, the most famous curia is the Curia of the Roman Catholic Church which assists the Roman Pontiff in the hierarchical government of the Church.

text: curia

text: plural

text: curiae

text: is

text: an

text: assembly

text: council

text: or

text: court

text: in

text: which

text: public

text: official

text: or

text: religious

text: issues

text: are

text: discussed

text: and

text: decided

text: In

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: the

text: populace

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: curiae

text: which

text: met

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: confirm

text: the

text: election

text: of

text: magistrates

text: witness

text: the

text: installation

text: of

text: priests

text: the

text: making

text: of

text: wills

text: and

text: adoptions

text: Lesser

text: curiae

text: existed

text: for

text: other

text: purposes

text: The

text: word

text: curia

text: also

text: came

text: to

text: denote

text: the

text: places

text: of

text: assembly

text: especially

text: the

text: senate

text: Similar

text: institutions

text: existed

text: in

text: other

text: towns

text: and

text: cities

text: of

text: Italy

text: In

text: medieval

text: times

text: king

text: 's

text: council

text: was

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: curia

text: Today

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: curia

text: is

text: the

text: Curia

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: which

text: assists

text: the

text: Roman

text: Pontiff

text: in

text: the

text: hierarchical

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text:
Romagna (Romagnol: "Rumâgna") is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna. Traditionally, it is limited by the Apennines to the south-west, the Adriatic to the east, and the rivers Reno and Sillaro to the north and west. The region's major cities include Cesena, Faenza, Forlì, Imola, Ravenna, Rimini and City of San Marino (San Marino is a landlocked state inside the Romagna historical region). The region has been recently formally expanded with the transfer of seven comuni (Casteldelci, Maiolo, Novafeltria, Pennabilli, San Leo, Sant'Agata Feltria, Talamello) from the Marche region, which are a small number of comuni where Romagnolo dialect is spoken.
Etymology.
The name "Romagna" comes from the Latin name "Romània", which originally was the generic name for "land inhabited by Romans", and first appeared on Latin documents in the 5th century.
It later took on the more detailed meaning of "territory subjected to Eastern Roman rule", whose citizens called themselves Romans ("Romani" in Latin; "Romàioi" in Greek).
Thus the term "Romània" came to be used to refer to the territory administered by the Exarchate of Ravenna in contrast to other parts of Northern Italy under Lombard rule, named "Langobardia" or "Lombardy".
"Romània" later became "Romandìola" in Vulgar Latin, meaning "little Romània", which became "Romagna" in modern times.
History.
Prehistory.
A number of archaeological sites in the region, such as Monte Poggiolo, show that Romagna has been inhabited since the Paleolithic age.

text: Romagna

text: Romagnol

text: Rumâgna

text: is

text: an

text: Italian

text: historical

text: region

text: that

text: approximately

text: corresponds

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: eastern

text: portion

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Emilia

text: Romagna

text: Traditionally

text: it

text: is

text: limited

text: by

text: the

text: Apennines

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: the

text: Adriatic

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: rivers

text: Reno

text: and

text: Sillaro

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: west

text: The

text: region

text: 's

text: major

text: cities

text: include

text: Cesena

text: Faenza

text: Forlì

text: Imola

text: Ravenna

text: Rimini

text: and

text: City

text: of

text: San

text: Marino

text: San

text: Marino

text: is

text: landlocked

text: state

text: inside

text: the

text: Romagna

text: historical

text: region

text: The

text: region

text: has

text: been

text: recently

text: formally

text: expanded

text: with

text: the

text: transfer

text: of

text: seven

text: comuni

text: Casteldelci

text: Maiolo

text: Novafeltria

text: Pennabilli

text: San

text: Leo

text: Sant'Agata

text: Feltria

text: Talamello

text: from

text: the

text: Marche

text: region

text: which

text: are

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: comuni

text: where

text: Romagnolo

text: dialect

text: is

text: spoken

text: Etymology

text: The

text: name

text: Romagna

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: name

text: Romània

text: which

text: originally

text: was

text: the

text: generic

text: name

text: for

text: land

text: inhabited

text: by

text: Romans

text: and

text: first

text: appeared

text: on

text: Latin

text: documents

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: later

text: took

text: on

text: the

text: more

text: detailed

text: meaning

text: of

text: territory

text: subjected

text: to

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: rule

text: whose

text: citizens

text: called

text: themselves

text: Romans

text: Romani

text: in

text: Latin

text: Romàioi

text: in

text: Greek

text: Thus

text: the

text: term

text: Romània

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: territory

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: Exarchate

text: of

text: Ravenna

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: Northern

text: Italy

text: under

text: Lombard

text: rule

text: named

text: Langobardia

text: or

text: Lombardy

text: Romània

text: later

text: became

text: Romandìola

text: in

text: Vulgar

text: Latin

text: meaning

text: little

text: Romània

text: which

text: became

text: Romagna

text: in

text: modern

text: times

text: History

text: Prehistory

text: number

text: of

text: archaeological

text: sites

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: such

text: as

text: Monte

text: Poggiolo

text: show

text: that

text: Romagna

text: has

text: been

text: inhabited

text: since

text: the

text: Paleolithic

text: age

text: The Low Countries is a coastal region in western Europe, consisting especially of the Netherlands and Belgium, and the low-lying delta of the Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, and Ems rivers where much of the land is at or below sea level. This wide area of Western Europe roughly stretches from French Gravelines and Dunkirk at its southwestern point, to the area of Dutch Delfzijl and German Eastern Frisia at its northeastern point, and to Luxembourg and French Thionville in the southeast.

text: The

text: Low

text: Countries

text: is

text: coastal

text: region

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: consisting

text: especially

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: Belgium

text: and

text: the

text: low

text: lying

text: delta

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: Meuse

text: Scheldt

text: and

text: Ems

text: rivers

text: where

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: is

text: at

text: or

text: below

text: sea

text: level

text: This

text: wide

text: area

text: of

text: Western

text: Europe

text: roughly

text: stretches

text: from

text: French

text: Gravelines

text: and

text: Dunkirk

text: at

text: its

text: southwestern

text: point

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: Dutch

text: Delfzijl

text: and

text: German

text: Eastern

text: Frisia

text: at

text: its

text: northeastern

text: point

text: and

text: to

text: Luxembourg

text: and

text: French

text: Thionville

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies. Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history.

text: The

text: French

text: Revolution

text: was

text: period

text: of

text: far

text: reaching

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: upheaval

text: in

text: France

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: until

text: and

text: was

text: partially

text: carried

text: forward

text: by

text: Napoleon

text: during

text: the

text: later

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Empire

text: The

text: Revolution

text: overthrew

text: the

text: monarchy

text: established

text: republic

text: experienced

text: violent

text: periods

text: of

text: political

text: turmoil

text: and

text: finally

text: culminated

text: in

text: dictatorship

text: under

text: Napoleon

text: that

text: rapidly

text: brought

text: many

text: of

text: its

text: principles

text: to

text: Western

text: Europe

text: and

text: beyond

text: Inspired

text: by

text: liberal

text: and

text: radical

text: ideas

text: the

text: Revolution

text: profoundly

text: altered

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: modern

text: history

text: triggering

text: the

text: global

text: decline

text: of

text: absolute

text: monarchies

text: while

text: replacing

text: them

text: with

text: republics

text: and

text: liberal

text: democracies

text: Through

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: Wars

text: it

text: unleashed

text: wave

text: of

text: global

text: conflicts

text: that

text: extended

text: from

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: to

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: Historians

text: widely

text: regard

text: the

text: Revolution

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: events

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula ("Penisola appenninica") is the central and the smallest of the three large peninsulas of Southern Europe (between the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula). It extends from the Po Valley in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south. The peninsula's shape gives it the nickname "lo Stivale" (the Boot). Three smaller peninsulas contribute to this characteristic shape, namely Calabria (the "toe"), Salento (the "heel") and Gargano (the "spur").

text: The

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: or

text: Apennine

text: Peninsula

text: Penisola

text: appenninica

text: is

text: the

text: central

text: and

text: the

text: smallest

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: large

text: peninsulas

text: of

text: Southern

text: Europe

text: between

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: the

text: Balkan

text: Peninsula

text: It

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Po

text: Valley

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: central

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: peninsula

text: 's

text: shape

text: gives

text: it

text: the

text: nickname

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: Three

text: smaller

text: peninsulas

text: contribute

text: to

text: this

text: characteristic

text: shape

text: namely

text: Calabria

text: the

text: toe

text: Salento

text: the

text: heel

text: and

text: Gargano

text: the

text: spur

text: The Battle of Rivoli (1415 January 1797) was a key victory in the French campaign in Italy against Austria. Napoleon Bonaparte's 23,000 Frenchmen defeated an attack of 28,000 Austrians under "Feldzeugmeister" Jozsef Alvinczi, ending Austria's fourth and final attempt to relieve the Siege of Mantua. Rivoli further demonstrated Napoleon's brilliance as a military commander and led to French occupation of northern Italy.

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Rivoli

text: January

text: was

text: key

text: victory

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: campaign

text: in

text: Italy

text: against

text: Austria

text: Napoleon

text: Bonaparte

text: 's

text: Frenchmen

text: defeated

text: an

text: attack

text: of

text: Austrians

text: under

text: Feldzeugmeister

text: Jozsef

text: Alvinczi

text: ending

text: Austria

text: 's

text: fourth

text: and

text: final

text: attempt

text: to

text: relieve

text: the

text: Siege

text: of

text: Mantua

text: Rivoli

text: further

text: demonstrated

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: brilliance

text: as

text: military

text: commander

text: and

text: led

text: to

text: French

text: occupation

text: of

text: northern

text: Italy

text: The City of San Marino ("Italian": Città di San Marino), also known simply as San Marino or locally as Città, is the capital city of the Republic of San Marino located on the Italian peninsula, near the Adriatic Sea. The city has a population of 4,128. It is on the western slopes of San Marino's highest point, Monte Titano.

text: The

text: City

text: of

text: San

text: Marino

text: Italian

text: Città

text: di

text: San

text: Marino

text: also

text: known

text: simply

text: as

text: San

text: Marino

text: or

text: locally

text: as

text: Città

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: San

text: Marino

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Italian

text: peninsula

text: near

text: the

text: Adriatic

text: Sea

text: The

text: city

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: It

text: is

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: slopes

text: of

text: San

text: Marino

text: 's

text: highest

text: point

text: Monte

text: Titano

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: A mediterranean climate or dry summer climate is the climate typical of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin. The lands around the Mediterranean Sea form the largest area where this climate type is found, but it also is found in most of coastal California, in parts of Western and South Australia, in southwestern South Africa, sections of Central Asia, and in central Chile.

text: mediterranean

text: climate

text: or

text: dry

text: summer

text: climate

text: is

text: the

text: climate

text: typical

text: of

text: the

text: lands

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Basin

text: The

text: lands

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: form

text: the

text: largest

text: area

text: where

text: this

text: climate

text: type

text: is

text: found

text: but

text: it

text: also

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: most

text: of

text: coastal

text: California

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: Western

text: and

text: South

text: Australia

text: in

text: southwestern

text: South

text: Africa

text: sections

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: in

text: central

text: Chile

text: The War of the First Coalition (17921797) was the first attempt by the European monarchies to defeat the French First Republic. France declared war on the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria on 20 April 1792. In July 1792, an army under the Duke of Brunswick and composed mostly of Prussians joined the Austrian side and invaded France.

text: The

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: Coalition

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: attempt

text: by

text: the

text: European

text: monarchies

text: to

text: defeat

text: the

text: French

text: First

text: Republic

text: France

text: declared

text: war

text: on

text: the

text: Habsburg

text: Monarchy

text: of

text: Austria

text: on

text: April

text: In

text: July

text: an

text: army

text: under

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Brunswick

text: and

text: composed

text: mostly

text: of

text: Prussians

text: joined

text: the

text: Austrian

text: side

text: and

text: invaded

text: France

text: The Exarchate of Ravenna or of Italy was a center of Byzantine (East Roman) power in Italy, from 584 to 751, when the last exarch was put to death by the Lombards.

text: The

text: Exarchate

text: of

text: Ravenna

text: or

text: of

text: Italy

text: was

text: center

text: of

text: Byzantine

text: East

text: Roman

text: power

text: in

text: Italy

text: from

text: to

text: when

text: the

text: last

text: exarch

text: was

text: put

text: to

text: death

text: by

text: the

text: Lombards

text: Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as "lo Stivale" (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state.

text: Italy

text: officially

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Italy

text: shares

text: open

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovenia

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Italy

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: shape

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: Italy

text: as

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: EU

text: member

text: state

text:
Monte Poggiolo is a hill near Forlì, Italy in the Emilia-Romagna area. The hill overlooks the Montone River valley from an elevation
of 212 m.

text: Monte

text: Poggiolo

text: is

text: hill

text: near

text: Forlì

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: Emilia

text: Romagna

text: area

text: The

text: hill

text: overlooks

text: the

text: Montone

text: River

text: valley

text: from

text: an

text: elevation

text: of

text:
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities.
The country is situated in Western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities are to be found: among them are the two global cities and economic centres Zürich and Geneva.

text: Switzerland

text: officially

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Confederation

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: cantons

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Bern

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: authorities

text: The

text: country

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: Western

text: Central

text: Europe

text: and

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Italy

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: France

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Austria

text: and

text: Liechtenstein

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Switzerland

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: geographically

text: divided

text: between

text: the

text: Alps

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Plateau

text: and

text: the

text: Jura

text: spanning

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: While

text: the

text: Alps

text: occupy

text: the

text: greater

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: the

text: Swiss

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: eight

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: concentrated

text: mostly

text: on

text: the

text: plateau

text: where

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: are

text: to

text: be

text: found

text: among

text: them

text: are

text: the

text: two

text: global

text: cities

text: and

text: economic

text: centres

text: Zürich

text: and

text: Geneva

text: Vatican City , officially Vatican City State or the State of Vatican City, is a walled enclave within the city of Rome. With an area of approximately 44 hectares (110 acres), and a population of 842, it is the smallest State in the world by both area and population, but formally it is not sovereign, sovereignty being held by the Holy See, the only entity of public international law that has diplomatic relations with almost every country in the world.

text: Vatican

text: City

text: officially

text: Vatican

text: City

text: State

text: or

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Vatican

text: City

text: is

text: walled

text: enclave

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: hectares

text: acres

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: State

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: both

text: area

text: and

text: population

text: but

text: formally

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: sovereign

text: sovereignty

text: being

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: Holy

text: See

text: the

text: only

text: entity

text: of

text: public

text: international

text: law

text: that

text: has

text: diplomatic

text: relations

text: with

text: almost

text: every

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency.

text: The

text: euro

text: sign

text: code

text: EUR

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: currency

text: of

text: the

text: eurozone

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Austria

text: Belgium

text: Cyprus

text: Estonia

text: Finland

text: France

text: Germany

text: Greece

text: Ireland

text: Italy

text: Latvia

text: Lithuania

text: Luxembourg

text: Malta

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Portugal

text: Slovakia

text: Slovenia

text: and

text: Spain

text: The

text: currency

text: is

text: also

text: officially

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: institutions

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: four

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: unilaterally

text: by

text: two

text: others

text: and

text: is

text: consequently

text: used

text: daily

text: by

text: some

text: million

text: Europeans

text: Outside

text: of

text: Europe

text: number

text: of

text: overseas

text: territories

text: of

text: EU

text: members

text: also

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: as

text: their

text: currency

text: Imola (Romagnol: "Jômla/Jemula") is a town and "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Bologna, located on the river Santerno, in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. The town is traditionally considered the western entrance to the historical region Romagna.

text: Imola

text: Romagnol

text: Jômla

text: Jemula

text: is

text: town

text: and

text: comune

text: in

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: City

text: of

text: Bologna

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: river

text: Santerno

text: in

text: the

text: Emilia

text: Romagna

text: region

text: of

text: northern

text: Italy

text: The

text: town

text: is

text: traditionally

text: considered

text: the

text: western

text: entrance

text: to

text: the

text: historical

text: region

text: Romagna

text: The War of the Second Coalition (17981802) was the second war on revolutionary France by the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal and Naples. Their goal was to contain the spread of chaos from France, which was bankrupt after its expenditures in support of the American War of Independence. They failed to overthrow the revolutionary regime and French territorial gains since 1793 were confirmed. The Allies formed a new alliance and attempted to roll back France's previous military conquests. The Coalition did very well in 1799, but Russia pulled out. Napoleon took charge in France in late 1799, and he and his generals defeated the Coalition. In the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801, France held all of its previous gains and obtained new lands in Tuscany, Italy, while Austria was granted Venetia and the Dalmatian coast. Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, bringing an interval of peace in Europe that lasted for 14 months. By May 1803 Britain and France were again at war and in 1805 Britain assembled the Third Coalition to resume the war against France.

text: The

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: Coalition

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: war

text: on

text: revolutionary

text: France

text: by

text: the

text: European

text: monarchies

text: led

text: by

text: Britain

text: Austria

text: and

text: Russia

text: and

text: including

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: Portugal

text: and

text: Naples

text: Their

text: goal

text: was

text: to

text: contain

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: chaos

text: from

text: France

text: which

text: was

text: bankrupt

text: after

text: its

text: expenditures

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: They

text: failed

text: to

text: overthrow

text: the

text: revolutionary

text: regime

text: and

text: French

text: territorial

text: gains

text: since

text: were

text: confirmed

text: The

text: Allies

text: formed

text: new

text: alliance

text: and

text: attempted

text: to

text: roll

text: back

text: France

text: 's

text: previous

text: military

text: conquests

text: The

text: Coalition

text: did

text: very

text: well

text: in

text: but

text: Russia

text: pulled

text: out

text: Napoleon

text: took

text: charge

text: in

text: France

text: in

text: late

text: and

text: he

text: and

text: his

text: generals

text: defeated

text: the

text: Coalition

text: In

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Lunéville

text: in

text: France

text: held

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: previous

text: gains

text: and

text: obtained

text: new

text: lands

text: in

text: Tuscany

text: Italy

text: while

text: Austria

text: was

text: granted

text: Venetia

text: and

text: the

text: Dalmatian

text: coast

text: Britain

text: and

text: France

text: signed

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Amiens

text: in

text: March

text: bringing

text: an

text: interval

text: of

text: peace

text: in

text: Europe

text: that

text: lasted

text: for

text: months

text: By

text: May

text: Britain

text: and

text: France

text: were

text: again

text: at

text: war

text: and

text: in

text: Britain

text: assembled

text: the

text: Third

text: Coalition

text: to

text: resume

text: the

text: war

text: against

text: France

text: The Territory of Louisiana or Louisiana Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 4, 1805, until June 4, 1812, when it was renamed the Missouri Territory.

text: The

text: Territory

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: or

text: Louisiana

text: Territory

text: was

text: an

text: organized

text: incorporated

text: territory

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: July

text: until

text: June

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: renamed

text: the

text: Missouri

text: Territory

text:
Rimini (Romagnol dialect: "Rémin"; Latin: "Ariminum") is a city of 146,606 inhabitants in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. It is located on the Adriatic Sea, on the coast between the rivers Marecchia (the ancient "Ariminus") and Ausa (ancient "Aprusa"). It is one of the most famous seaside resorts in Europe, thanks to its sandy beach, over 1,000 hotels, and thousands of bars, restaurants and discos. The first bathing establishment opened in 1843.
An art city with ancient Roman and Renaissance monuments, Rimini is the hometown of the famous film director Federico Fellini as well.

text: Rimini

text: Romagnol

text: dialect

text: Rémin

text: Latin

text: Ariminum

text: is

text: city

text: of

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: the

text: Emilia

text: Romagna

text: region

text: of

text: northern

text: Italy

text: and

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Rimini

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Adriatic

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: coast

text: between

text: the

text: rivers

text: Marecchia

text: the

text: ancient

text: Ariminus

text: and

text: Ausa

text: ancient

text: Aprusa

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: seaside

text: resorts

text: in

text: Europe

text: thanks

text: to

text: its

text: sandy

text: beach

text: over

text: hotels

text: and

text: thousands

text: of

text: bars

text: restaurants

text: and

text: discos

text: The

text: first

text: bathing

text: establishment

text: opened

text: in

text: An

text: art

text: city

text: with

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: and

text: Renaissance

text: monuments

text: Rimini

text: is

text: the

text: hometown

text: of

text: the

text: famous

text: film

text: director

text: Federico

text: Fellini

text: as

text: well

text: Ancient Rome was an Italic civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population) and covering 5.0 million square kilometers at its height in AD 117.

text: Ancient

text: Rome

text: was

text: an

text: Italic

text: civilization

text: that

text: began

text: on

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: Located

text: along

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: it

text: expanded

text: to

text: become

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: empires

text: in

text: the

text: ancient

text: world

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: and

text: covering

text: million

text: square

text: kilometers

text: at

text: its

text: height

text: in

text: AD

text: Emilia-Romagna (, Romagnol: "Emélia-Rumâgna") is an administrative Region of Northeast Italy, comprising the historical regions of Emilia and Romagna. Its capital is Bologna. It has an area of , and about 4.4 million inhabitants.

text: Emilia

text: Romagna

text: Romagnol

text: Emélia

text: Rumâgna

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: Region

text: of

text: Northeast

text: Italy

text: comprising

text: the

text: historical

text: regions

text: of

text: Emilia

text: and

text: Romagna

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Bologna

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: about

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Northern Italy is a cultural and geographical region, without any administrative purpose, used to indicate the northern part of the Italian state, also informally referred as "Il Nord", "Settentrione" or "Alta Italia". It consists of 8 regions in northern Italy: Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Liguria, Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. According to the 2011 census, its population was 27,213,372. For statistic purposes, the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT) uses the term Northwest Italy and Northeast Italy for identifying two of the five statistical regions in its reporting. These same subdivisions are used to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) regions ("NUTS 1 regions") within the European Union, and the Italian constituencies for the European Parliament.

text: Northern

text: Italy

text: is

text: cultural

text: and

text: geographical

text: region

text: without

text: any

text: administrative

text: purpose

text: used

text: to

text: indicate

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: state

text: also

text: informally

text: referred

text: as

text: Il

text: Nord

text: Settentrione

text: or

text: Alta

text: Italia

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: regions

text: in

text: northern

text: Italy

text: Aosta

text: Valley

text: Piedmont

text: Liguria

text: Lombardy

text: Emilia

text: Romagna

text: Veneto

text: Friuli

text: Venezia

text: Giulia

text: Trentino

text: Alto

text: Adige

text: Südtirol

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: its

text: population

text: was

text: For

text: statistic

text: purposes

text: the

text: Istituto

text: Nazionale

text: di

text: Statistica

text: ISTAT

text: uses

text: the

text: term

text: Northwest

text: Italy

text: and

text: Northeast

text: Italy

text: for

text: identifying

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: statistical

text: regions

text: in

text: its

text: reporting

text: These

text: same

text: subdivisions

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: demarcate

text: first

text: level

text: Nomenclature

text: of

text: Territorial

text: Units

text: for

text: Statistics

text: NUTS

text: regions

text: NUTS

text: regions

text: within

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: the

text: Italian

text: constituencies

text: for

text: the

text: European

text: Parliament

text: San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino, also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, is an enclaved microstate surrounded by Italy, situated on the Italian Peninsula on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains. Its size is just over , with a population of 33,562. Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest city is Dogana. San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe.

text: San

text: Marino

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: San

text: Marino

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Most

text: Serene

text: Republic

text: of

text: San

text: Marino

text: is

text: an

text: enclaved

text: microstate

text: surrounded

text: by

text: Italy

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: on

text: the

text: northeastern

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Apennine

text: Mountains

text: Its

text: size

text: is

text: just

text: over

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Dogana

text: San

text: Marino

text: has

text: the

text: smallest

text: population

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Europe

text: The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of sweeping military conflicts, lasting from 1792 until 1802, resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted the French First Republic against Britain, Austria and several other monarchies. They are divided in two periods: the War of the First Coalition (179297) and the War of the Second Coalition (17981802). Initially confined to Europe, the fighting gradually assumed a global dimension as the political ambitions of the Revolution expanded. After a decade of constant warfare and aggressive diplomacy, France had succeeded in seizing and conquering a wide array of territories, from the Italian Peninsula and the Low Countries in Europe to the Louisiana Territory in North America. French success in these conflicts ensured the spread of revolutionary principles over much of Europe.

text: The

text: French

text: Revolutionary

text: Wars

text: were

text: series

text: of

text: sweeping

text: military

text: conflicts

text: lasting

text: from

text: until

text: resulting

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: They

text: pitted

text: the

text: French

text: First

text: Republic

text: against

text: Britain

text: Austria

text: and

text: several

text: other

text: monarchies

text: They

text: are

text: divided

text: in

text: two

text: periods

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: Coalition

text: and

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: Coalition

text: Initially

text: confined

text: to

text: Europe

text: the

text: fighting

text: gradually

text: assumed

text: global

text: dimension

text: as

text: the

text: political

text: ambitions

text: of

text: the

text: Revolution

text: expanded

text: After

text: decade

text: of

text: constant

text: warfare

text: and

text: aggressive

text: diplomacy

text: France

text: had

text: succeeded

text: in

text: seizing

text: and

text: conquering

text: wide

text: array

text: of

text: territories

text: from

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: the

text: Low

text: Countries

text: in

text: Europe

text: to

text: the

text: Louisiana

text: Territory

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: French

text: success

text: in

text: these

text: conflicts

text: ensured

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: revolutionary

text: principles

text: over

text: much

text: of

text: Europe

text: Cesena is a city and "comune" in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy, south of Ravenna and west of Rimini, on the Savio River, co-chief of the Province of Forlì-Cesena. It is at the foot of the Apennines, and about from the Adriatic Sea.

text: Cesena

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: comune

text: in

text: the

text: Emilia

text: Romagna

text: region

text: of

text: northern

text: Italy

text: south

text: of

text: Ravenna

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: Rimini

text: on

text: the

text: Savio

text: River

text: co

text: chief

text: of

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Forlì

text: Cesena

text: It

text: is

text: at

text: the

text: foot

text: of

text: the

text: Apennines

text: and

text: about

text: from

text: the

text: Adriatic

text: Sea

text: Lazio (; ) is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy, situated in the central peninsular section of the country. With almost 5.9 million residents and a GDP of more than 170 billion euros, Lazio is the second most populated region of Italy (having approximately the same in population as Campania), and has the second largest economy of the nation. Its capital is Rome, capital and largest city of Italy.

text: Lazio

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: administrative

text: regions

text: of

text: Italy

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: peninsular

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: With

text: almost

text: million

text: residents

text: and

text: GDP

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: billion

text: euros

text: Lazio

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populated

text: region

text: of

text: Italy

text: having

text: approximately

text: the

text: same

text: in

text: population

text: as

text: Campania

text: and

text: has

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: economy

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Rome

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Italy

text: The Directory was a five-member committee which governed France from 1795, when it replaced the Committee of Public Safety, until it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire (89 November 1799) and replaced by the Consulate. It gave its name to the final four years of the French Revolution.

text: The

text: Directory

text: was

text: five

text: member

text: committee

text: which

text: governed

text: France

text: from

text: when

text: it

text: replaced

text: the

text: Committee

text: of

text: Public

text: Safety

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: overthrown

text: by

text: Napoleon

text: Bonaparte

text: in

text: the

text: Coup

text: of

text: Brumaire

text: November

text: and

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: Consulate

text: It

text: gave

text: its

text: name

text: to

text: the

text: final

text: four

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: "RS"), is a nation state in southern Central Europe, located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. It covers and has a population of 2.06 million. It is a parliamentary republic and a member of the United Nations, European Union, and NATO. The capital and largest city is Ljubljana.

text: Slovenia

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Slovenia

text: Slovene

text: abbr

text: RS

text: is

text: nation

text: state

text: in

text: southern

text: Central

text: Europe

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: crossroads

text: of

text: main

text: European

text: cultural

text: and

text: trade

text: routes

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Italy

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Austria

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Hungary

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Croatia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: southeast

text: and

text: the

text: Adriatic

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: It

text: covers

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: It

text: is

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: and

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: NATO

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Ljubljana

text: Lombardy ( Lombard: "Lombardia", ) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy, in the northwest of the country, with an area of 23,844 square kilometres (9,206 sq mi). About 10 million people, forming one-sixth of Italy's population, live in Lombardy and about a fifth of Italy's GDP is produced in the region, making it the most populous and richest region in the country and one of the richest regions in Europe. Milan, Lombardy's capital, is the second-largest city and the largest metropolitan area in Italy.

text: Lombardy

text: Lombard

text: Lombardia

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: twenty

text: administrative

text: regions

text: of

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: About

text: million

text: people

text: forming

text: one

text: sixth

text: of

text: Italy

text: 's

text: population

text: live

text: in

text: Lombardy

text: and

text: about

text: fifth

text: of

text: Italy

text: 's

text: GDP

text: is

text: produced

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: and

text: richest

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: richest

text: regions

text: in

text: Europe

text: Milan

text: Lombardy

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: Italy

text: The Committee of Public Safetycreated in April 1793 by the National Convention and then restructured in July 1793formed the "de facto" executive government in France during the Reign of Terror (179394), a stage of the French Revolution. The Committee of Public Safety succeeded the previous Committee of General Defence (established in January 1793) and assumed its role of protecting the newly established republic against foreign attacks and internal rebellion. As a wartime measure, the Committeecomposed at first of nine, and later of twelve, memberswas given broad supervisory powers over military, judicial, and legislative efforts. It was formed as an administrative body to supervise and expedite the work of the executive bodies of the Convention and of the government ministers appointed by the Convention. As the Committee tried to meet the dangers of a coalition of European nations and counter-revolutionary forces within the country, it became more and more powerful.

text: The

text: Committee

text: of

text: Public

text: Safetycreated

text: in

text: April

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Convention

text: and

text: then

text: restructured

text: in

text: July

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: executive

text: government

text: in

text: France

text: during

text: the

text: Reign

text: of

text: Terror

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: The

text: Committee

text: of

text: Public

text: Safety

text: succeeded

text: the

text: previous

text: Committee

text: of

text: General

text: Defence

text: established

text: in

text: January

text: and

text: assumed

text: its

text: role

text: of

text: protecting

text: the

text: newly

text: established

text: republic

text: against

text: foreign

text: attacks

text: and

text: internal

text: rebellion

text: As

text: wartime

text: measure

text: the

text: Committeecomposed

text: at

text: first

text: of

text: nine

text: and

text: later

text: of

text: twelve

text: memberswas

text: given

text: broad

text: supervisory

text: powers

text: over

text: military

text: judicial

text: and

text: legislative

text: efforts

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: as

text: an

text: administrative

text: body

text: to

text: supervise

text: and

text: expedite

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: the

text: executive

text: bodies

text: of

text: the

text: Convention

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: ministers

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: Convention

text: As

text: the

text: Committee

text: tried

text: to

text: meet

text: the

text: dangers

text: of

text: coalition

text: of

text: European

text: nations

text: and

text: counter

text: revolutionary

text: forces

text: within

text: the

text: country

text: it

text: became

text: more

text: and

text: more

text: powerful

text: Mantua (; Emilian and Latin: "Mantua") is a city and commune in Lombardy, Italy, and capital of the province of the same name.

text: Mantua

text: Emilian

text: and

text: Latin

text: Mantua

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: commune

text: in

text: Lombardy

text: Italy

text: and

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: Forlì (Romagnol dialect: "Furlè"; Latin: "Forum Livii") is a "comune" and city in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, and is the capital of the province of Forlì-Cesena. It is the central city of Romagna.

text: Forlì

text: Romagnol

text: dialect

text: Furlè

text: Latin

text: Forum

text: Livii

text: is

text: comune

text: and

text: city

text: in

text: Emilia

text: Romagna

text: northern

text: Italy

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Forlì

text: Cesena

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: central

text: city

text: of

text: Romagna

question: country treaty of tolentino

answer: vatican city

text: vatican city

text: vatican city

text: vatican city

text: vatican city


text: Helsinki  is the capital and largest city of Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland. Helsinki has a population of , an urban population of 1,214,210, and a metropolitan population of over 1.4 million, making it the most populous municipality and urban area in Finland. Helsinki is located some north of Tallinn, Estonia, east of Stockholm, Sweden, and west of Saint Petersburg, Russia. Helsinki has close historical connections with these three cities.

text: Helsinki

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Finland

text: It

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Uusimaa

text: in

text: southern

text: Finland

text: on

text: the

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: Helsinki

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: an

text: urban

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: metropolitan

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: municipality

text: and

text: urban

text: area

text: in

text: Finland

text: Helsinki

text: is

text: located

text: some

text: north

text: of

text: Tallinn

text: Estonia

text: east

text: of

text: Stockholm

text: Sweden

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Russia

text: Helsinki

text: has

text: close

text: historical

text: connections

text: with

text: these

text: three

text: cities

text: Vilho Petter Nenonen ( 6 March 1883 , in Kuopio -- 17 February 1960 ) was a Finnish general . He received his military education in the Hamina Cadet School 1896 - 1901 , in the Mihailov Artillery School in St Petersburg 1901 - 1903 , and in St Petersburg Artillery Academy 1906 - 1909 . He served in the Russian army during World War I. When the Finnish Civil War began he moved to Finland and was given the job of creating the artillery of general Mannerheim 's White Army . After the war Nenonen also served as the Minister of Defence between 1923 and 1924 . During the Continuation War he was a part of Mannerheim 's inner circle . He was promoted to the rank of General of the artillery in 1941 . Nenonen developed the Finnish Army 's artillery and tactics that proved decisive in the defensive victory in the Battle of Tali - Ihantala . The trajectory calculation formulas he developed are still in use today by all modern artillery . Nenonen received the Mannerheim Cross in 1945 . His medals and personal history is on display in The Artillery Museum of Finland .

text: Vilho

text: Petter

text: Nenonen

text: March

text: in

text: Kuopio

text: February

text: was

text: Finnish

text: general

text: He

text: received

text: his

text: military

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: Hamina

text: Cadet

text: School

text: in

text: the

text: Mihailov

text: Artillery

text: School

text: in

text: St

text: Petersburg

text: and

text: in

text: St

text: Petersburg

text: Artillery

text: Academy

text: He

text: served

text: in

text: the

text: Russian

text: army

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: When

text: the

text: Finnish

text: Civil

text: War

text: began

text: he

text: moved

text: to

text: Finland

text: and

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: job

text: of

text: creating

text: the

text: artillery

text: of

text: general

text: Mannerheim

text: 's

text: White

text: Army

text: After

text: the

text: war

text: Nenonen

text: also

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: Minister

text: of

text: Defence

text: between

text: and

text: During

text: the

text: Continuation

text: War

text: he

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: Mannerheim

text: 's

text: inner

text: circle

text: He

text: was

text: promoted

text: to

text: the

text: rank

text: of

text: General

text: of

text: the

text: artillery

text: in

text: Nenonen

text: developed

text: the

text: Finnish

text: Army

text: 's

text: artillery

text: and

text: tactics

text: that

text: proved

text: decisive

text: in

text: the

text: defensive

text: victory

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Tali

text: Ihantala

text: The

text: trajectory

text: calculation

text: formulas

text: he

text: developed

text: are

text: still

text: in

text: use

text: today

text: by

text: all

text: modern

text: artillery

text: Nenonen

text: received

text: the

text: Mannerheim

text: Cross

text: in

text: His

text: medals

text: and

text: personal

text: history

text: is

text: on

text: display

text: in

text: The

text: Artillery

text: Museum

text: of

text: Finland

text: Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland. Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finland's population is 5.5 million (2014), staying roughly on the same level over the past two decades. The majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union.

text: Finland

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Finland

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: peninsula

text: with

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Bothnia

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Sweden

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Norway

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Estonia

text: is

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: Finland

text: is

text: Nordic

text: country

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: geographical

text: region

text: of

text: Fennoscandia

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: Scandinavia

text: Finland

text: 's

text: population

text: is

text: million

text: staying

text: roughly

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: level

text: over

text: the

text: past

text: two

text: decades

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: is

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: region

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: area

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans. It is a key geographical term.

text: Population

text: density

text: in

text: agriculture

text: standing

text: stock

text: and

text: standing

text: crop

text: is

text: measurement

text: of

text: population

text: per

text: unit

text: area

text: or

text: unit

text: volume

text: it

text: is

text: quantity

text: of

text: type

text: number

text: density

text: It

text: is

text: frequently

text: applied

text: to

text: living

text: organisms

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: to

text: humans

text: It

text: is

text: key

text: geographical

text: term

text: Kuopio is a city and a municipality located in the region of Northern Savonia, Finland. A population of makes it the eighth biggest city in the country. The city has a total area of , of which is water and half forest. The population density is only , but the city's urban areas are populated very densely (urban area: 1 618 /km²), nationally second only to capital Helsinki (urban area: 1,690.0/km²).

text: Kuopio

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: municipality

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Northern

text: Savonia

text: Finland

text: population

text: of

text: makes

text: it

text: the

text: eighth

text: biggest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: city

text: has

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: water

text: and

text: half

text: forest

text: The

text: population

text: density

text: is

text: only

text: but

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: urban

text: areas

text: are

text: populated

text: very

text: densely

text: urban

text: area

text: nationally

text: second

text: only

text: to

text: capital

text: Helsinki

text: urban

text: area

text: Northern Savonia is a region in eastern Finland. Kuopio is the largest city in the region.

text: Northern

text: Savonia

text: is

text: region

text: in

text: eastern

text: Finland

text: Kuopio

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: region

annotations: follows multiple

question: place_of_death vilho petter nenonen

answer: helsinki

text: helsinki

text: helsinki

text: helsinki

text: helsinki

text: helsinki