text: Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human communication wherein knowledge, art, ideas and cultural material is received, preserved and transmitted orally from one generation to another. The transmission is through speech or song and may include folktales, ballads, chants, prose or verses. In this way, it is possible for a society to transmit oral history, oral literature, oral law and other knowledge across generations without a writing system, or in parallel to a writing system. Indian religions such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, for example, have used an oral tradition, in parallel to a writing system, to transmit their canonical scriptures, secular knowledge such as Sushruta Samhita, hymns and mythologies from one generation to the next.

text: Oral

text: tradition

text: or

text: oral

text: lore

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: human

text: communication

text: wherein

text: knowledge

text: art

text: ideas

text: and

text: cultural

text: material

text: is

text: received

text: preserved

text: and

text: transmitted

text: orally

text: from

text: one

text: generation

text: to

text: another

text: The

text: transmission

text: is

text: through

text: speech

text: or

text: song

text: and

text: may

text: include

text: folktales

text: ballads

text: chants

text: prose

text: or

text: verses

text: In

text: this

text: way

text: it

text: is

text: possible

text: for

text: society

text: to

text: transmit

text: oral

text: history

text: oral

text: literature

text: oral

text: law

text: and

text: other

text: knowledge

text: across

text: generations

text: without

text: writing

text: system

text: or

text: in

text: parallel

text: to

text: writing

text: system

text: Indian

text: religions

text: such

text: as

text: Buddhism

text: Hinduism

text: and

text: Jainism

text: for

text: example

text: have

text: used

text: an

text: oral

text: tradition

text: in

text: parallel

text: to

text: writing

text: system

text: to

text: transmit

text: their

text: canonical

text: scriptures

text: secular

text: knowledge

text: such

text: as

text: Sushruta

text: Samhita

text: hymns

text: and

text: mythologies

text: from

text: one

text: generation

text: to

text: the

text: next

text: Mahesh Vaman Manjrekar (born 13 May 1953) is an Indian film director, actor, writer and producer. He is credited with directing the critically acclaimed films "" (1999), "Astitva" (2000) and "Viruddh... Family Comes First" (2005). He has won a National Film Award and two Star Screen Awards. Besides direction, he has acted in several films, including some of his own productions. He first gained acclaim as an actor for his performance in the 2002 film "Kaante", and later played negative roles in the Telugu film "Okkadunnadu" (2007) and as the gangster Javed in the film "Slumdog Millionaire" (2008). He played the role of Shivaji Maharaj in Marathi film "Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy". He also played the role of Harpist Dongara in the "Aakhri Chunauti" series of episodes in "C.I.D.". Manjrekar was acclaimed for the negative role as inspector D.R. Talpade in the movie Wanted starring superstar Salman Khan. He was an MNS candidate from Mumbai North West in 2014 Lok Sabha Elections but lost to Gajanan Kirtikar of Shiv Sena.

text: Mahesh

text: Vaman

text: Manjrekar

text: born

text: May

text: is

text: an

text: Indian

text: film

text: director

text: actor

text: writer

text: and

text: producer

text: He

text: is

text: credited

text: with

text: directing

text: the

text: critically

text: acclaimed

text: films

text: Astitva

text: and

text: Viruddh

text: Family

text: Comes

text: First

text: He

text: has

text: won

text: National

text: Film

text: Award

text: and

text: two

text: Star

text: Screen

text: Awards

text: Besides

text: direction

text: he

text: has

text: acted

text: in

text: several

text: films

text: including

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: own

text: productions

text: He

text: first

text: gained

text: acclaim

text: as

text: an

text: actor

text: for

text: his

text: performance

text: in

text: the

text: film

text: Kaante

text: and

text: later

text: played

text: negative

text: roles

text: in

text: the

text: Telugu

text: film

text: Okkadunnadu

text: and

text: as

text: the

text: gangster

text: Javed

text: in

text: the

text: film

text: Slumdog

text: Millionaire

text: He

text: played

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: Shivaji

text: Maharaj

text: in

text: Marathi

text: film

text: Me

text: Shivajiraje

text: Bhosale

text: Boltoy

text: He

text: also

text: played

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: Harpist

text: Dongara

text: in

text: the

text: Aakhri

text: Chunauti

text: series

text: of

text: episodes

text: in

text: C.I.D.

text: Manjrekar

text: was

text: acclaimed

text: for

text: the

text: negative

text: role

text: as

text: inspector

text: D.R.

text: Talpade

text: in

text: the

text: movie

text: Wanted

text: starring

text: superstar

text: Salman

text: Khan

text: He

text: was

text: an

text: MNS

text: candidate

text: from

text: Mumbai

text: North

text: West

text: in

text: Lok

text: Sabha

text: Elections

text: but

text: lost

text: to

text: Gajanan

text: Kirtikar

text: of

text: Shiv

text: Sena

text: A writer is a person who uses written words in various styles and techniques to communicate their ideas. Writers produce various forms of literary art and creative writing such as novels, short stories, poetry, plays, screenplays, and essays as well as various reports and news articles that may be of interest to the public. Writers' texts are published across a range of media. Skilled writers who are able to use language to express ideas well often contribute significantly to the cultural content of a society. The word is also used elsewhere in the arts  such as songwriter  but as a standalone term, "writer" normally refers to the creation of written language. Some writers work from an oral tradition.

text: writer

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: uses

text: written

text: words

text: in

text: various

text: styles

text: and

text: techniques

text: to

text: communicate

text: their

text: ideas

text: Writers

text: produce

text: various

text: forms

text: of

text: literary

text: art

text: and

text: creative

text: writing

text: such

text: as

text: novels

text: short

text: stories

text: poetry

text: plays

text: screenplays

text: and

text: essays

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: various

text: reports

text: and

text: news

text: articles

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: of

text: interest

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: Writers

text: texts

text: are

text: published

text: across

text: range

text: of

text: media

text: Skilled

text: writers

text: who

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: use

text: language

text: to

text: express

text: ideas

text: well

text: often

text: contribute

text: significantly

text: to

text: the

text: cultural

text: content

text: of

text: society

text: The

text: word

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: elsewhere

text: in

text: the

text: arts

text: such

text: as

text: songwriter

text: but

text: as

text: standalone

text: term

text: writer

text: normally

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: written

text: language

text: Some

text: writers

text: work

text: from

text: an

text: oral

text: tradition

text: Okkadunnadu (English: "There is one man"; Telugu: ) is a 2007 Telugu action thriller film produced by Cherry on Clap Productions banner, who was an executive producer for hit films such as "Chatrapati" and "Vikramarkudu" and film directed by Chandra Sekhar Yeleti. Starring Gopichand in the lead role, Neha Jhulka is female lead, and Mahesh Manjrekar as the antagonist and music composed by M. M. Keeravani. The film recorded as "Average" at box office.

text: Okkadunnadu

text: English

text: There

text: is

text: one

text: man

text: Telugu

text: is

text: Telugu

text: action

text: thriller

text: film

text: produced

text: by

text: Cherry

text: on

text: Clap

text: Productions

text: banner

text: who

text: was

text: an

text: executive

text: producer

text: for

text: hit

text: films

text: such

text: as

text: Chatrapati

text: and

text: Vikramarkudu

text: and

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Chandra

text: Sekhar

text: Yeleti

text: Starring

text: Gopichand

text: in

text: the

text: lead

text: role

text: Neha

text: Jhulka

text: is

text: female

text: lead

text: and

text: Mahesh

text: Manjrekar

text: as

text: the

text: antagonist

text: and

text: music

text: composed

text: by

text: Keeravani

text: The

text: film

text: recorded

text: as

text: Average

text: at

text: box

text: office

text: Filmmaking (or in an academic context, film production) is the process of making a film. Filmmaking involves a number of discrete stages including an initial story, idea, or commission, through screenwriting, casting, shooting, sound recording and reproduction, editing, and screening the finished product before an audience that may result in a film release and exhibition. Filmmaking takes place in many places around the world in a range of economic, social, and political contexts, and using a variety of technologies and cinematic techniques. Typically, it involves a large number of people, and can take from a few months to several years to complete.

text: Filmmaking

text: or

text: in

text: an

text: academic

text: context

text: film

text: production

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: making

text: film

text: Filmmaking

text: involves

text: number

text: of

text: discrete

text: stages

text: including

text: an

text: initial

text: story

text: idea

text: or

text: commission

text: through

text: screenwriting

text: casting

text: shooting

text: sound

text: recording

text: and

text: reproduction

text: editing

text: and

text: screening

text: the

text: finished

text: product

text: before

text: an

text: audience

text: that

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: film

text: release

text: and

text: exhibition

text: Filmmaking

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: many

text: places

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: range

text: of

text: economic

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: contexts

text: and

text: using

text: variety

text: of

text: technologies

text: and

text: cinematic

text: techniques

text: Typically

text: it

text: involves

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: and

text: can

text: take

text: from

text: few

text: months

text: to

text: several

text: years

text: to

text: complete

text: Imtiyaz Husain is an Indian film writer . He wrote the 2000 film Astitva with Mahesh Manjrekar .

text: Imtiyaz

text: Husain

text: is

text: an

text: Indian

text: film

text: writer

text: He

text: wrote

text: the

text: film

text: Astitva

text: with

text: Mahesh

text: Manjrekar

text: Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing artifacts (artworks), expressing the author's imaginative or technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power. In their most general form these activities include the production of works of art, the criticism of art, the study of the history of art, and the aesthetic dissemination of art.

text: Art

text: is

text: diverse

text: range

text: of

text: human

text: activities

text: in

text: creating

text: visual

text: auditory

text: or

text: performing

text: artifacts

text: artworks

text: expressing

text: the

text: author

text: 's

text: imaginative

text: or

text: technical

text: skill

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: appreciated

text: for

text: their

text: beauty

text: or

text: emotional

text: power

text: In

text: their

text: most

text: general

text: form

text: these

text: activities

text: include

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: works

text: of

text: art

text: the

text: criticism

text: of

text: art

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: art

text: and

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: dissemination

text: of

text: art

text: Slumdog Millionaire is a 2008 British drama film directed by Danny Boyle, written by Simon Beaufoy, and produced by Christian Colson. Set and filmed in India, it is a loose adaptation of the novel "Q & A" (2005) by Indian author and diplomat Vikas Swarup, telling the story of Jamal Malik, age 18, from the Juhu slums of Mumbai. As a contestant on the Indian version of "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" who is able to answer every stage correctly, he is accused of cheating. Jamal recounts his history, illustrating how he is able to answer each question.

text: Slumdog

text: Millionaire

text: is

text: British

text: drama

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Danny

text: Boyle

text: written

text: by

text: Simon

text: Beaufoy

text: and

text: produced

text: by

text: Christian

text: Colson

text: Set

text: and

text: filmed

text: in

text: India

text: it

text: is

text: loose

text: adaptation

text: of

text: the

text: novel

text: by

text: Indian

text: author

text: and

text: diplomat

text: Vikas

text: Swarup

text: telling

text: the

text: story

text: of

text: Jamal

text: Malik

text: age

text: from

text: the

text: Juhu

text: slums

text: of

text: Mumbai

text: As

text: contestant

text: on

text: the

text: Indian

text: version

text: of

text: Who

text: Wants

text: to

text: Be

text: Millionaire

text: who

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: answer

text: every

text: stage

text: correctly

text: he

text: is

text: accused

text: of

text: cheating

text: Jamal

text: recounts

text: his

text: history

text: illustrating

text: how

text: he

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: answer

text: each

text: question

text: Kaante (Translation: "Thorns") is a 2002 Indian action-thriller film, directed by Sanjay Gupta and starring an ensemble cast of Amitabh Bachchan, Sanjay Dutt, Sunil Shetty, Mahesh Manjrekar, Kumar Gaurav, Lucky Ali, Namrata Singh Gujral, Rati Agnihotri, Malaika Arora and Isha Koppikar in the lead roles. The film's central plot is based on Quentin Tarantino's "Reservoir Dogs" (1992). According to Tarantino, "Kaante" is his favorite among the many inspirations from his film.

text: Kaante

text: Translation

text: Thorns

text: is

text: Indian

text: action

text: thriller

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Sanjay

text: Gupta

text: and

text: starring

text: an

text: ensemble

text: cast

text: of

text: Amitabh

text: Bachchan

text: Sanjay

text: Dutt

text: Sunil

text: Shetty

text: Mahesh

text: Manjrekar

text: Kumar

text: Gaurav

text: Lucky

text: Ali

text: Namrata

text: Singh

text: Gujral

text: Rati

text: Agnihotri

text: Malaika

text: Arora

text: and

text: Isha

text: Koppikar

text: in

text: the

text: lead

text: roles

text: The

text: film

text: 's

text: central

text: plot

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: Quentin

text: Tarantino

text: 's

text: Reservoir

text: Dogs

text: According

text: to

text: Tarantino

text: Kaante

text: is

text: his

text: favorite

text: among

text: the

text: many

text: inspirations

text: from

text: his

text: film

text: Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and the illusion of change by means of the rapid display of a sequence of images that minimally differ from each other. The illusionas in motion pictures in generalis thought to rely on the phi phenomenon. Animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation. Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a flip book, motion picture film, video tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash animation, and digital video. To display animation, a digital camera, computer, or projector are used along with new technologies that are produced.

text: Animation

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: making

text: the

text: illusion

text: of

text: motion

text: and

text: the

text: illusion

text: of

text: change

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: the

text: rapid

text: display

text: of

text: sequence

text: of

text: images

text: that

text: minimally

text: differ

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: The

text: illusionas

text: in

text: motion

text: pictures

text: in

text: generalis

text: thought

text: to

text: rely

text: on

text: the

text: phi

text: phenomenon

text: Animators

text: are

text: artists

text: who

text: specialize

text: in

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: animation

text: Animation

text: can

text: be

text: recorded

text: with

text: either

text: analogue

text: media

text: flip

text: book

text: motion

text: picture

text: film

text: video

text: tape

text: digital

text: media

text: including

text: formats

text: with

text: animated

text: GIF

text: Flash

text: animation

text: and

text: digital

text: video

text: To

text: display

text: animation

text: digital

text: camera

text: computer

text: or

text: projector

text: are

text: used

text: along

text: with

text: new

text: technologies

text: that

text: are

text: produced

text: Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari:  , "Mnak Hind") or simply Hindi (Devanagari: , "Hind"), is an Indian language and a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Hindi is one of the official languages of India, and is the "lingua franca" of the Hindi belt languages. Outside India, Hindi is an official language in Fiji, and is a recognised regional language in Mauritius, Suriname, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago.

text: Modern

text: Standard

text: Hindi

text: Devanagari

text: Mnak

text: Hind

text: or

text: simply

text: Hindi

text: Devanagari

text: Hind

text: is

text: an

text: Indian

text: language

text: and

text: standardised

text: and

text: Sanskritised

text: register

text: of

text: the

text: Hindustani

text: language

text: Hindi

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: lingua

text: franca

text: of

text: the

text: Hindi

text: belt

text: languages

text: Outside

text: India

text: Hindi

text: is

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: in

text: Fiji

text: and

text: is

text: recognised

text: regional

text: language

text: in

text: Mauritius

text: Suriname

text: Guyana

text: and

text: Trinidad

text: and

text: Tobago

text:
Shiv Sena (IAST: iva Sn) (translation; "Army of Shivaji"), also known by the name Sena, is an Indian far-right regional political party. Its ideology is based on pro-Marathi ideology and Hindu nationalism (Hindutva), founded on 19 June 1966 by political cartoonist Bal Thackeray.
The party originally emerged from a movement in Mumbai demanding preferential treatment for Maharashtrians over migrants to the city.
It is currently headed by Thackeray's son, Uddhav Thackeray. Members of Shiv Sena are referred to as Shivsainiks.

text: Shiv

text: Sena

text: IAST

text: iva

text: Sn

text: translation

text: Army

text: of

text: Shivaji

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: the

text: name

text: Sena

text: is

text: an

text: Indian

text: far

text: right

text: regional

text: political

text: party

text: Its

text: ideology

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: pro

text: Marathi

text: ideology

text: and

text: Hindu

text: nationalism

text: Hindutva

text: founded

text: on

text: June

text: by

text: political

text: cartoonist

text: Bal

text: Thackeray

text: The

text: party

text: originally

text: emerged

text: from

text: movement

text: in

text: Mumbai

text: demanding

text: preferential

text: treatment

text: for

text: Maharashtrians

text: over

text: migrants

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: It

text: is

text: currently

text: headed

text: by

text: Thackeray

text: 's

text: son

text: Uddhav

text: Thackeray

text: Members

text: of

text: Shiv

text: Sena

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Shivsainiks

text: A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession. The process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. A film is created by photographing actual scenes with a motion picture camera; by photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional animation techniques; by means of CGI and computer animation; or by a combination of some or all of these techniques and other visual effects.

text: film

text: also

text: called

text: movie

text: motion

text: picture

text: theatrical

text: film

text: or

text: photoplay

text: is

text: series

text: of

text: still

text: images

text: which

text: when

text: shown

text: on

text: screen

text: creates

text: the

text: illusion

text: of

text: moving

text: images

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: phi

text: phenomenon

text: This

text: optical

text: illusion

text: causes

text: the

text: audience

text: to

text: perceive

text: continuous

text: motion

text: between

text: separate

text: objects

text: viewed

text: rapidly

text: in

text: succession

text: The

text: process

text: of

text: filmmaking

text: is

text: both

text: an

text: art

text: and

text: an

text: industry

text: film

text: is

text: created

text: by

text: photographing

text: actual

text: scenes

text: with

text: motion

text: picture

text: camera

text: by

text: photographing

text: drawings

text: or

text: miniature

text: models

text: using

text: traditional

text: animation

text: techniques

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: CGI

text: and

text: computer

text: animation

text: or

text: by

text: combination

text: of

text: some

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: techniques

text: and

text: other

text: visual

text: effects

text: The National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi is one of the National Film Awards presented annually by the Directorate of Film Festivals, the organisation set up by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus).

text: The

text: National

text: Film

text: Award

text: for

text: Best

text: Feature

text: Film

text: in

text: Marathi

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Film

text: Awards

text: presented

text: annually

text: by

text: the

text: Directorate

text: of

text: Film

text: Festivals

text: the

text: organisation

text: set

text: up

text: by

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Information

text: and

text: Broadcasting

text: India

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: several

text: awards

text: presented

text: for

text: feature

text: films

text: and

text: awarded

text: with

text: Rajat

text: Kamal

text: Silver

text: Lotus

text: Astitva (Devnagari: , meaning "existence, identity") is a 2000 bi-lingual film made simultaneously in Marathi and Hindi, written and directed by Mahesh Manjrekar.The movie revolves around a happily married wife who suddenly inherits a large fortune and her puzzled husband who questions its source.The movie won National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi in 2000.

text: Astitva

text: Devnagari

text: meaning

text: existence

text: identity

text: is

text: bi

text: lingual

text: film

text: made

text: simultaneously

text: in

text: Marathi

text: and

text: Hindi

text: written

text: and

text: directed

text: by

text: Mahesh

text: Manjrekar

text: The

text: movie

text: revolves

text: around

text: happily

text: married

text: wife

text: who

text: suddenly

text: inherits

text: large

text: fortune

text: and

text: her

text: puzzled

text: husband

text: who

text: questions

text: its

text: source

text: The

text: movie

text: won

text: National

text: Film

text: Award

text: for

text: Best

text: Feature

text: Film

text: in

text: Marathi

text: in

text: Computer animation is the process used for generating animated images. The more general term computer-generated imagery (CGI) encompasses both static scenes and dynamic images, while computer animation "only" refers to the moving images. Modern computer animation usually uses 3D computer graphics, although 2D computer graphics are still used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster real-time renderings. Sometimes, the target of the animation is the computer itself, but sometimes film as well.

text: Computer

text: animation

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: used

text: for

text: generating

text: animated

text: images

text: The

text: more

text: general

text: term

text: computer

text: generated

text: imagery

text: CGI

text: encompasses

text: both

text: static

text: scenes

text: and

text: dynamic

text: images

text: while

text: computer

text: animation

text: only

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: moving

text: images

text: Modern

text: computer

text: animation

text: usually

text: uses

text: computer

text: graphics

text: although

text: computer

text: graphics

text: are

text: still

text: used

text: for

text: stylistic

text: low

text: bandwidth

text: and

text: faster

text: real

text: time

text: renderings

text: Sometimes

text: the

text: target

text: of

text: the

text: animation

text: is

text: the

text: computer

text: itself

text: but

text: sometimes

text: film

text: as

text: well

question: occupation imtiyaz husain

answer: author

text: author

text: author


text: Umberto Menotti Maria Giordano (28 August 186712 November 1948) was an Italian composer, mainly of operas.

text: Umberto

text: Menotti

text: Maria

text: Giordano

text: August

text: November

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: composer

text: mainly

text: of

text: operas

text: Giuseppe Giacosa (21 October 1847  1 September 1906) was an Italian poet, playwright and librettist.

text: Giuseppe

text: Giacosa

text: October

text: September

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: poet

text: playwright

text: and

text: librettist

text: Europa riconosciuta (meaning "Europa Revealed" or "Europa Recognized") is an opera in two acts by Antonio Salieri, designated as a "dramma per musica", set to an Italian libretto by Mattia Verazi.

text: Europa

text: riconosciuta

text: meaning

text: Europa

text: Revealed

text: or

text: Europa

text: Recognized

text: is

text: an

text: opera

text: in

text: two

text: acts

text: by

text: Antonio

text: Salieri

text: designated

text: as

text: dramma

text: per

text: musica

text: set

text: to

text: an

text: Italian

text: libretto

text: by

text: Mattia

text: Verazi

text: Andrea Chénier is a verismo opera in four acts by the composer Umberto Giordano, set to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica. It premiered on 28 March 1896 at La Scala, Milan. The opera's story is loosely based on the life of the French poet, André Chénier (1762-1794), who was executed during the French Revolution. The character Carlo Gérard is partly based on Jean-Lambert Tallien, a leader of the Revolution.

text: Andrea

text: Chénier

text: is

text: verismo

text: opera

text: in

text: four

text: acts

text: by

text: the

text: composer

text: Umberto

text: Giordano

text: set

text: to

text: an

text: Italian

text: libretto

text: by

text: Luigi

text: Illica

text: It

text: premiered

text: on

text: March

text: at

text: La

text: Scala

text: Milan

text: The

text: opera

text: 's

text: story

text: is

text: loosely

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: poet

text: André

text: Chénier

text: who

text: was

text: executed

text: during

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: The

text: character

text: Carlo

text: Gérard

text: is

text: partly

text: based

text: on

text: Jean

text: Lambert

text: Tallien

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Revolution

text: Opera (English plural: "operas"; Italian plural: "opere" ) is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (libretto) and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. In traditional opera, singers do two types of singing: recitative, a speech-inflected style and arias, a more melodic style. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance. The performance is typically given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble, which since the early 19th century has been led by a conductor.

text: Opera

text: English

text: plural

text: operas

text: Italian

text: plural

text: opere

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: in

text: which

text: singers

text: and

text: musicians

text: perform

text: dramatic

text: work

text: combining

text: text

text: libretto

text: and

text: musical

text: score

text: usually

text: in

text: theatrical

text: setting

text: In

text: traditional

text: opera

text: singers

text: do

text: two

text: types

text: of

text: singing

text: recitative

text: speech

text: inflected

text: style

text: and

text: arias

text: more

text: melodic

text: style

text: Opera

text: incorporates

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: elements

text: of

text: spoken

text: theatre

text: such

text: as

text: acting

text: scenery

text: and

text: costumes

text: and

text: sometimes

text: includes

text: dance

text: The

text: performance

text: is

text: typically

text: given

text: in

text: an

text: opera

text: house

text: accompanied

text: by

text: an

text: orchestra

text: or

text: smaller

text: musical

text: ensemble

text: which

text: since

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: has

text: been

text: led

text: by

text: conductor

text:
Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning "action" (Classical Greek: , "drama"), which is derived from "to do" (Classical Greek: , "drao").
The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses, Thalia, and Melpomene. Thalia was the Muse of comedy (the laughing face), while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy (the weeping face). Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle's "Poetics" (c. 335 BCE)the earliest work of dramatic theory.

text: Drama

text: is

text: the

text: specific

text: mode

text: of

text: fiction

text: represented

text: in

text: performance

text: The

text: term

text: comes

text: from

text: Greek

text: word

text: meaning

text: action

text: Classical

text: Greek

text: drama

text: which

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: to

text: do

text: Classical

text: Greek

text: drao

text: The

text: two

text: masks

text: associated

text: with

text: drama

text: represent

text: the

text: traditional

text: generic

text: division

text: between

text: comedy

text: and

text: tragedy

text: They

text: are

text: symbols

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: Muses

text: Thalia

text: and

text: Melpomene

text: Thalia

text: was

text: the

text: Muse

text: of

text: comedy

text: the

text: laughing

text: face

text: while

text: Melpomene

text: was

text: the

text: Muse

text: of

text: tragedy

text: the

text: weeping

text: face

text: Considered

text: as

text: genre

text: of

text: poetry

text: in

text: general

text: the

text: dramatic

text: mode

text: has

text: been

text: contrasted

text: with

text: the

text: epic

text: and

text: the

text: lyrical

text: modes

text: ever

text: since

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: Poetics

text: BCE)the

text: earliest

text: work

text: of

text: dramatic

text: theory

text: The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment that flourished in 16th- and early 17th-century Europe, though it was developed earlier in Italy, in forms including the intermedio (a public version of the masque was the pageant). A masque involved music and dancing, singing and acting, within an elaborate stage design, in which the architectural framing and costumes might be designed by a renowned architect, to present a deferential allegory flattering to the patron. Professional actors and musicians were hired for the speaking and singing parts. Often the masquers, who did not speak or sing, were courtiers: the English queen Anne of Denmark frequently danced with her ladies in masques between 1603 and 1611, and Henry VIII and Charles I of England performed in the masques at their courts. In the tradition of masque, Louis XIV of France danced in ballets at Versailles with music by Jean-Baptiste Lully.

text: The

text: masque

text: was

text: form

text: of

text: festive

text: courtly

text: entertainment

text: that

text: flourished

text: in

text: and

text: early

text: century

text: Europe

text: though

text: it

text: was

text: developed

text: earlier

text: in

text: Italy

text: in

text: forms

text: including

text: the

text: intermedio

text: public

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: masque

text: was

text: the

text: pageant

text: masque

text: involved

text: music

text: and

text: dancing

text: singing

text: and

text: acting

text: within

text: an

text: elaborate

text: stage

text: design

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: architectural

text: framing

text: and

text: costumes

text: might

text: be

text: designed

text: by

text: renowned

text: architect

text: to

text: present

text: deferential

text: allegory

text: flattering

text: to

text: the

text: patron

text: Professional

text: actors

text: and

text: musicians

text: were

text: hired

text: for

text: the

text: speaking

text: and

text: singing

text: parts

text: Often

text: the

text: masquers

text: who

text: did

text: not

text: speak

text: or

text: sing

text: were

text: courtiers

text: the

text: English

text: queen

text: Anne

text: of

text: Denmark

text: frequently

text: danced

text: with

text: her

text: ladies

text: in

text: masques

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: Henry

text: VIII

text: and

text: Charles

text: of

text: England

text: performed

text: in

text: the

text: masques

text: at

text: their

text: courts

text: In

text: the

text: tradition

text: of

text: masque

text: Louis

text: XIV

text: of

text: France

text: danced

text: in

text: ballets

text: at

text: Versailles

text: with

text: music

text: by

text: Jean

text: Baptiste

text: Lully

text: MILAN ("milan(e)" is French for kite) is a European anti-tank guided missile. Design of the MILAN started in 1962, it was ready for trials in 1971, and was accepted for service in 1972. It is a wire guided SACLOS (semi-automatic command to line-of-sight) missile, which means the sight of the launch unit has to be aimed at the target to guide the missile. The MILAN can be equipped with a MIRA or MILIS thermal sight to give it night-firing ability.

text: MILAN

text: milan(e

text: is

text: French

text: for

text: kite

text: is

text: European

text: anti

text: tank

text: guided

text: missile

text: Design

text: of

text: the

text: MILAN

text: started

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: ready

text: for

text: trials

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: accepted

text: for

text: service

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: wire

text: guided

text: SACLOS

text: semi

text: automatic

text: command

text: to

text: line

text: of

text: sight

text: missile

text: which

text: means

text: the

text: sight

text: of

text: the

text: launch

text: unit

text: has

text: to

text: be

text: aimed

text: at

text: the

text: target

text: to

text: guide

text: the

text: missile

text: The

text: MILAN

text: can

text: be

text: equipped

text: with

text: MIRA

text: or

text: MILIS

text: thermal

text: sight

text: to

text: give

text: it

text: night

text: firing

text: ability

text: Luigi Illica (9 May 1857  16 December 1919) was an Italian librettist who wrote for Giacomo Puccini (usually with Giuseppe Giacosa), Pietro Mascagni, Alfredo Catalani, Umberto Giordano, Baron Alberto Franchetti and other important Italian composers. His most famous opera libretti are those for "La Bohème", "Tosca", "Madama Butterfly" and "Andrea Chénier".

text: Luigi

text: Illica

text: May

text: December

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: librettist

text: who

text: wrote

text: for

text: Giacomo

text: Puccini

text: usually

text: with

text: Giuseppe

text: Giacosa

text: Pietro

text: Mascagni

text: Alfredo

text: Catalani

text: Umberto

text: Giordano

text: Baron

text: Alberto

text: Franchetti

text: and

text: other

text: important

text: Italian

text: composers

text: His

text: most

text: famous

text: opera

text: libretti

text: are

text: those

text: for

text: La

text: Bohème

text: Tosca

text: Madama

text: Butterfly

text: and

text: Andrea

text: Chénier

text: A libretto is the text used in, or intended for, an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata or musical. The term "libretto" is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as the Mass, requiem and sacred cantata, or the story line of a ballet.

text: libretto

text: is

text: the

text: text

text: used

text: in

text: or

text: intended

text: for

text: an

text: extended

text: musical

text: work

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: opera

text: operetta

text: masque

text: oratorio

text: cantata

text: or

text: musical

text: The

text: term

text: libretto

text: is

text: also

text: sometimes

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: text

text: of

text: major

text: liturgical

text: works

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Mass

text: requiem

text: and

text: sacred

text: cantata

text: or

text: the

text: story

text: line

text: of

text: ballet

text: Antonio Salieri (18 August 17507 May 1825) was an Italian classical composer, conductor, and teacher. He was born in Legnago, south of Verona, in the Republic of Venice, and spent his adult life and career as a subject of the Habsburg Monarchy.

text: Antonio

text: Salieri

text: August

text: May

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: classical

text: composer

text: conductor

text: and

text: teacher

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Legnago

text: south

text: of

text: Verona

text: in

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Venice

text: and

text: spent

text: his

text: adult

text: life

text: and

text: career

text: as

text: subject

text: of

text: the

text: Habsburg

text: Monarchy

text: Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers, typically actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence and immediacy of the experience. The specific place of the performance is also named by the word "theatre" as derived from the Ancient Greek  (théatron, "a place for viewing"), itself from  (theáomai, "to see", "to watch", "to observe").

text: Theatre

text: or

text: theater

text: is

text: collaborative

text: form

text: of

text: fine

text: art

text: that

text: uses

text: live

text: performers

text: typically

text: actors

text: or

text: actresses

text: to

text: present

text: the

text: experience

text: of

text: real

text: or

text: imagined

text: event

text: before

text: live

text: audience

text: in

text: specific

text: place

text: often

text: stage

text: The

text: performers

text: may

text: communicate

text: this

text: experience

text: to

text: the

text: audience

text: through

text: combinations

text: of

text: gesture

text: speech

text: song

text: music

text: and

text: dance

text: Elements

text: of

text: art

text: such

text: as

text: painted

text: scenery

text: and

text: stagecraft

text: such

text: as

text: lighting

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: enhance

text: the

text: physicality

text: presence

text: and

text: immediacy

text: of

text: the

text: experience

text: The

text: specific

text: place

text: of

text: the

text: performance

text: is

text: also

text: named

text: by

text: the

text: word

text: theatre

text: as

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: théatron

text: place

text: for

text: viewing

text: itself

text: from

text: theáomai

text: to

text: see

text: to

text: watch

text: to

text: observe

text: Jean-Jacques Beineix (born 8 October 1946) is a French film director and generally seen as the best example of what came to be called the "cinéma du look". Critic Ginette Vincendeau defined the films made by Beineix and others as "youth-oriented films with high production values...The "look" of the "cinéma du look" refers to the films' high investment in non-naturalistic, self-conscious aesthetics, notably intense colours and lighting effects. Their spectacular (studio based) and technically brilliant "mise-en-scène" is usually put to the service of romantic plots." The "cinéma du look" included the films of Luc Besson and Léos Carax. Luc Besson, like Beineix, was much maligned by the critical establishment during the 1980s, while Carax was much admired. In late 2006, Beineix published a first volume of his autobiography, "Les Chantiers de la gloire" (in French only). The title alluded to the French title of Stanley Kubrick's film, Les Sentiers de la gloire ("Paths of Glory").

text: Jean

text: Jacques

text: Beineix

text: born

text: October

text: is

text: French

text: film

text: director

text: and

text: generally

text: seen

text: as

text: the

text: best

text: example

text: of

text: what

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: called

text: the

text: cinéma

text: du

text: look

text: Critic

text: Ginette

text: Vincendeau

text: defined

text: the

text: films

text: made

text: by

text: Beineix

text: and

text: others

text: as

text: youth

text: oriented

text: films

text: with

text: high

text: production

text: values

text: The

text: look

text: of

text: the

text: cinéma

text: du

text: look

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: films

text: high

text: investment

text: in

text: non

text: naturalistic

text: self

text: conscious

text: aesthetics

text: notably

text: intense

text: colours

text: and

text: lighting

text: effects

text: Their

text: spectacular

text: studio

text: based

text: and

text: technically

text: brilliant

text: mise

text: en

text: scène

text: is

text: usually

text: put

text: to

text: the

text: service

text: of

text: romantic

text: plots

text: The

text: cinéma

text: du

text: look

text: included

text: the

text: films

text: of

text: Luc

text: Besson

text: and

text: Léos

text: Carax

text: Luc

text: Besson

text: like

text: Beineix

text: was

text: much

text: maligned

text: by

text: the

text: critical

text: establishment

text: during

text: the

text: while

text: Carax

text: was

text: much

text: admired

text: In

text: late

text: Beineix

text: published

text: first

text: volume

text: of

text: his

text: autobiography

text: Les

text: Chantiers

text: de

text: la

text: gloire

text: in

text: French

text: only

text: The

text: title

text: alluded

text: to

text: the

text: French

text: title

text: of

text: Stanley

text: Kubrick

text: 's

text: film

text: Les

text: Sentiers

text: de

text: la

text: gloire

text: Paths

text: of

text: Glory

text: An orchestra is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which features string instruments such as violin, viola, cello and double bass, as well as brass, woodwinds, and percussion instruments, grouped in sections. Other instruments such as the piano and celesta may sometimes appear in a fifth keyboard section or may stand alone, as may the concert harp and, for performances of some modern compositions, electronic instruments.

text: An

text: orchestra

text: is

text: large

text: instrumental

text: ensemble

text: typical

text: of

text: classical

text: music

text: which

text: features

text: string

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: violin

text: viola

text: cello

text: and

text: double

text: bass

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: brass

text: woodwinds

text: and

text: percussion

text: instruments

text: grouped

text: in

text: sections

text: Other

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: piano

text: and

text: celesta

text: may

text: sometimes

text: appear

text: in

text: fifth

text: keyboard

text: section

text: or

text: may

text: stand

text: alone

text: as

text: may

text: the

text: concert

text: harp

text: and

text: for

text: performances

text: of

text: some

text: modern

text: compositions

text: electronic

text: instruments

text: Alfredo Catalani (19 June 1854  7 August 1893) was an Italian operatic composer. He is best remembered for his operas "Loreley" (1890) and "La Wally" (1892). "La Wally" was composed to a libretto by Luigi Illica, and features Catalani's most famous aria "Ebben? Ne andrò lontana." This aria, sung by American soprano Wilhelmenia Fernandez, was at the heart of Jean-Jacques Beineixs 1981 cult movie "Diva". Catalani's other operas were much less successful.

text: Alfredo

text: Catalani

text: June

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: operatic

text: composer

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: remembered

text: for

text: his

text: operas

text: Loreley

text: and

text: La

text: Wally

text: La

text: Wally

text: was

text: composed

text: to

text: libretto

text: by

text: Luigi

text: Illica

text: and

text: features

text: Catalani

text: 's

text: most

text: famous

text: aria

text: Ebben

text: Ne

text: andrò

text: lontana

text: This

text: aria

text: sung

text: by

text: American

text: soprano

text: Wilhelmenia

text: Fernandez

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: Jean

text: Jacques

text: Beineixs

text: cult

text: movie

text: Diva

text: Catalani

text: 's

text: other

text: operas

text: were

text: much

text: less

text: successful

text: A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. Common examples include holidays or impractical but socially meaningful clothes (like lawyers' wigs or military officers' spurs), but the idea has also been applied to social norms such as greetings. Traditions can persist and evolve for thousands of yearsthe word "tradition" itself derives from the Latin "tradere" or "traderer" literally meaning to transmit, to hand over, to give for safekeeping. While it is commonly assumed that traditions have ancient history, many traditions have been invented on purpose, whether that be political or cultural, over short periods of time. Various academic disciplines also use the word in a variety of ways.

text: tradition

text: is

text: belief

text: or

text: behavior

text: passed

text: down

text: within

text: group

text: or

text: society

text: with

text: symbolic

text: meaning

text: or

text: special

text: significance

text: with

text: origins

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: Common

text: examples

text: include

text: holidays

text: or

text: impractical

text: but

text: socially

text: meaningful

text: clothes

text: like

text: lawyers

text: wigs

text: or

text: military

text: officers

text: spurs

text: but

text: the

text: idea

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: applied

text: to

text: social

text: norms

text: such

text: as

text: greetings

text: Traditions

text: can

text: persist

text: and

text: evolve

text: for

text: thousands

text: of

text: yearsthe

text: word

text: tradition

text: itself

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: tradere

text: or

text: traderer

text: literally

text: meaning

text: to

text: transmit

text: to

text: hand

text: over

text: to

text: give

text: for

text: safekeeping

text: While

text: it

text: is

text: commonly

text: assumed

text: that

text: traditions

text: have

text: ancient

text: history

text: many

text: traditions

text: have

text: been

text: invented

text: on

text: purpose

text: whether

text: that

text: be

text: political

text: or

text: cultural

text: over

text: short

text: periods

text: of

text: time

text: Various

text: academic

text: disciplines

text: also

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: in

text: variety

text: of

text: ways

text: Alberto Franchetti (18 September 18604 August 1942) was an Italian opera composer.

text: Alberto

text: Franchetti

text: September

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: opera

text: composer

text: La Wally is an opera in four acts by composer Alfredo Catalani , to a libretto by Luigi Illica , first performed at La Scala , Milan , on 20 January 1892 . The libretto is based on a hugely successful Heimatroman by Wilhelmine von Hillern ( 1836 -- 1916 ) , Die Geier - Wally , Eine Geschichte aus den Tyroler Alpen ( The Vulture Wally : A Story from the Tyrolean Alps ) . Wally , short for Walburga , is a girl with some heroic attributes . The story is based on an episode in the life of Tyrolean painter Anna Stainer - Knittel whom von Hillern met . She gets her `` Geier '' ( vulture ) epithet from once stealing a vulture 's hatchling from her nest . Von Hillern 's piece was originally serialized in Deutsche Rundschau , and was reproduced in English as `` A German Peasant Romance '' , in the Cornhill Magazine in July 1875 . The opera is best known for its aria `` Ebben ? Ne andrò lontana '' ( `` Well , then ? I 'll go far away , '' act 1 , sung when Wally decides to leave her home forever ) . American soprano Wilhelmenia Fernandez sang this aria in Jean - Jacques Beineix 's 1981 movie Diva -- a performance at the heart of the thriller . Catalani had composed this aria independently as Chanson Groënlandaise in 1878 and later incorporated it into his opera . The opera features a memorable operatic death in which the heroine throws herself into an avalanche . It is seldom performed , partly because of the difficulty of staging this scene , but Wally 's principal aria is still sung frequently .

text: La

text: Wally

text: is

text: an

text: opera

text: in

text: four

text: acts

text: by

text: composer

text: Alfredo

text: Catalani

text: to

text: libretto

text: by

text: Luigi

text: Illica

text: first

text: performed

text: at

text: La

text: Scala

text: Milan

text: on

text: January

text: The

text: libretto

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: hugely

text: successful

text: Heimatroman

text: by

text: Wilhelmine

text: von

text: Hillern

text: Die

text: Geier

text: Wally

text: Eine

text: Geschichte

text: aus

text: den

text: Tyroler

text: Alpen

text: The

text: Vulture

text: Wally

text: Story

text: from

text: the

text: Tyrolean

text: Alps

text: Wally

text: short

text: for

text: Walburga

text: is

text: girl

text: with

text: some

text: heroic

text: attributes

text: The

text: story

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: an

text: episode

text: in

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: Tyrolean

text: painter

text: Anna

text: Stainer

text: Knittel

text: whom

text: von

text: Hillern

text: met

text: She

text: gets

text: her

text: Geier

text: vulture

text: epithet

text: from

text: once

text: stealing

text: vulture

text: 's

text: hatchling

text: from

text: her

text: nest

text: Von

text: Hillern

text: 's

text: piece

text: was

text: originally

text: serialized

text: in

text: Deutsche

text: Rundschau

text: and

text: was

text: reproduced

text: in

text: English

text: as

text: German

text: Peasant

text: Romance

text: in

text: the

text: Cornhill

text: Magazine

text: in

text: July

text: The

text: opera

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: aria

text: Ebben

text: Ne

text: andrò

text: lontana

text: Well

text: then

text: 'll

text: go

text: far

text: away

text: act

text: sung

text: when

text: Wally

text: decides

text: to

text: leave

text: her

text: home

text: forever

text: American

text: soprano

text: Wilhelmenia

text: Fernandez

text: sang

text: this

text: aria

text: in

text: Jean

text: Jacques

text: Beineix

text: 's

text: movie

text: Diva

text: performance

text: at

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: thriller

text: Catalani

text: had

text: composed

text: this

text: aria

text: independently

text: as

text: Chanson

text: Groënlandaise

text: in

text: and

text: later

text: incorporated

text: it

text: into

text: his

text: opera

text: The

text: opera

text: features

text: memorable

text: operatic

text: death

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: heroine

text: throws

text: herself

text: into

text: an

text: avalanche

text: It

text: is

text: seldom

text: performed

text: partly

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: difficulty

text: of

text: staging

text: this

text: scene

text: but

text: Wally

text: 's

text: principal

text: aria

text: is

text: still

text: sung

text: frequently

text: Madama Butterfly ("Madame Butterfly") is an opera in three acts (originally two) by Giacomo Puccini, with an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa.

text: Madama

text: Butterfly

text: Madame

text: Butterfly

text: is

text: an

text: opera

text: in

text: three

text: acts

text: originally

text: two

text: by

text: Giacomo

text: Puccini

text: with

text: an

text: Italian

text: libretto

text: by

text: Luigi

text: Illica

text: and

text: Giuseppe

text: Giacosa

text: A cantata (literally "sung", past participle feminine singular of the Italian verb "cantare", "to sing") is a vocal composition with an instrumental accompaniment, typically in several movements, often involving a choir.

text: cantata

text: literally

text: sung

text: past

text: participle

text: feminine

text: singular

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: verb

text: cantare

text: to

text: sing

text: is

text: vocal

text: composition

text: with

text: an

text: instrumental

text: accompaniment

text: typically

text: in

text: several

text: movements

text: often

text: involving

text: choir

text: Recitative (also known by its Italian name "recitativo") is a style of delivery (much used in operas, oratorios, and cantatas) in which a singer is allowed to adopt the rhythms of ordinary speech. Recitative does not repeat lines as formally composed songs do. It resembles sung ordinary speech more than a formal musical composition.

text: Recitative

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: its

text: Italian

text: name

text: recitativo

text: is

text: style

text: of

text: delivery

text: much

text: used

text: in

text: operas

text: oratorios

text: and

text: cantatas

text: in

text: which

text: singer

text: is

text: allowed

text: to

text: adopt

text: the

text: rhythms

text: of

text: ordinary

text: speech

text: Recitative

text: does

text: not

text: repeat

text: lines

text: as

text: formally

text: composed

text: songs

text: do

text: It

text: resembles

text: sung

text: ordinary

text: speech

text: more

text: than

text: formal

text: musical

text: composition

text: A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental and/or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instruments, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra. Some music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups. In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet). Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion.

text: musical

text: ensemble

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: music

text: group

text: or

text: musical

text: group

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: perform

text: instrumental

text: and/or

text: vocal

text: music

text: with

text: the

text: ensemble

text: typically

text: known

text: by

text: distinct

text: name

text: Some

text: music

text: ensembles

text: consist

text: solely

text: of

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: jazz

text: quartet

text: or

text: the

text: orchestra

text: Some

text: music

text: ensembles

text: consist

text: solely

text: of

text: singers

text: such

text: as

text: choirs

text: and

text: doo

text: wop

text: groups

text: In

text: both

text: popular

text: music

text: and

text: classical

text: music

text: there

text: are

text: ensembles

text: in

text: which

text: both

text: instrumentalists

text: and

text: singers

text: perform

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: rock

text: band

text: or

text: the

text: Baroque

text: chamber

text: group

text: for

text: basso

text: continuo

text: harpsichord

text: and

text: cello

text: and

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: singers

text: In

text: classical

text: music

text: trios

text: or

text: quartets

text: either

text: blend

text: the

text: sounds

text: of

text: musical

text: instrument

text: families

text: such

text: as

text: piano

text: strings

text: and

text: wind

text: instruments

text: or

text: group

text: together

text: instruments

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: instrument

text: family

text: such

text: as

text: string

text: ensembles

text: e.g.

text: string

text: quartet

text: or

text: wind

text: ensembles

text: e.g.

text: wind

text: quintet

text: Some

text: ensembles

text: blend

text: the

text: sounds

text: of

text: variety

text: of

text: instrument

text: families

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: orchestra

text: which

text: uses

text: string

text: section

text: brass

text: instruments

text: woodwinds

text: and

text: percussion

text: instruments

text: or

text: the

text: concert

text: band

text: which

text: uses

text: brass

text: woodwinds

text: and

text: percussion

text: Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini (22 December 1858 29 November 1924) was an Italian opera composer who has been called "the greatest composer of Italian opera after Verdi".

text: Giacomo

text: Antonio

text: Domenico

text: Michele

text: Secondo

text: Maria

text: Puccini

text: December

text: November

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: opera

text: composer

text: who

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: greatest

text: composer

text: of

text: Italian

text: opera

text: after

text: Verdi

text: Pietro Antonio Stefano Mascagni (7 December 1863  2 August 1945) was an Italian composer most noted for his operas. His 1890 masterpiece "Cavalleria Rusticana" caused one of the greatest sensations in opera history and single-handedly ushered in the "Verismo" movement in Italian dramatic music. While it was often held that Mascagni, like Leoncavallo, was a "one-opera man" who could never repeat his first success, "L'amico Fritz" and "Iris" have remained in the repertoire in Europe (especially Italy) since their premieres. Mascagni said that at one point, "Iris" was performed in Italy more often than "Cavalleria" (cf. Stivender).

text: Pietro

text: Antonio

text: Stefano

text: Mascagni

text: December

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: composer

text: most

text: noted

text: for

text: his

text: operas

text: His

text: masterpiece

text: Cavalleria

text: Rusticana

text: caused

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: sensations

text: in

text: opera

text: history

text: and

text: single

text: handedly

text: ushered

text: in

text: the

text: Verismo

text: movement

text: in

text: Italian

text: dramatic

text: music

text: While

text: it

text: was

text: often

text: held

text: that

text: Mascagni

text: like

text: Leoncavallo

text: was

text: one

text: opera

text: man

text: who

text: could

text: never

text: repeat

text: his

text: first

text: success

text: L'amico

text: Fritz

text: and

text: Iris

text: have

text: remained

text: in

text: the

text: repertoire

text: in

text: Europe

text: especially

text: Italy

text: since

text: their

text: premieres

text: Mascagni

text: said

text: that

text: at

text: one

text: point

text: Iris

text: was

text: performed

text: in

text: Italy

text: more

text: often

text: than

text: Cavalleria

text: cf

text: Stivender

text: A Requiem or Requiem Mass, also known as Mass for the dead (Latin: "Missa pro defunctis") or Mass of the dead (Latin: "Missa defunctorum"), is a Mass in the Catholic Church offered for the repose of the soul or souls of one or more deceased persons, using a particular form of the Roman Missal. It is frequently, but not necessarily, celebrated in the context of a funeral.

text: Requiem

text: or

text: Requiem

text: Mass

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Mass

text: for

text: the

text: dead

text: Latin

text: Missa

text: pro

text: defunctis

text: or

text: Mass

text: of

text: the

text: dead

text: Latin

text: Missa

text: defunctorum

text: is

text: Mass

text: in

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: offered

text: for

text: the

text: repose

text: of

text: the

text: soul

text: or

text: souls

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: deceased

text: persons

text: using

text: particular

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Missal

text: It

text: is

text: frequently

text: but

text: not

text: necessarily

text: celebrated

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: funeral

text: Italian (or "lingua italiana" ) is a Romance language. It is the second-closest to Latin in terms of vocabulary after Sardinian. Italian is an official language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City and western Istria (in Slovenia and Croatia). It used to have official status in Albania, Malta and Monaco, where it is still widely spoken, as well as in former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa regions where it plays a significant role in various sectors. Italian is spoken by small minorities in places such as France (especially in Corsica), Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages. Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world.

text: Italian

text: or

text: lingua

text: italiana

text: is

text: Romance

text: language

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: closest

text: to

text: Latin

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: vocabulary

text: after

text: Sardinian

text: Italian

text: is

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: in

text: Italy

text: Switzerland

text: San

text: Marino

text: Vatican

text: City

text: and

text: western

text: Istria

text: in

text: Slovenia

text: and

text: Croatia

text: It

text: used

text: to

text: have

text: official

text: status

text: in

text: Albania

text: Malta

text: and

text: Monaco

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: still

text: widely

text: spoken

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: former

text: Italian

text: East

text: Africa

text: and

text: Italian

text: North

text: Africa

text: regions

text: where

text: it

text: plays

text: significant

text: role

text: in

text: various

text: sectors

text: Italian

text: is

text: spoken

text: by

text: small

text: minorities

text: in

text: places

text: such

text: as

text: France

text: especially

text: in

text: Corsica

text: Montenegro

text: Bosnia

text: Herzegovina

text: Crimea

text: and

text: Tunisia

text: and

text: by

text: large

text: expatriate

text: communities

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Many

text: speakers

text: are

text: native

text: bilinguals

text: of

text: both

text: standardized

text: Italian

text: and

text: other

text: regional

text: languages

text: Italian

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: studied

text: language

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Tosca is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa. It premiered at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome on 14 January 1900. The work, based on Victorien Sardou's 1887 French-language dramatic play, "La Tosca", is a melodramatic piece set in Rome in June 1800, with the Kingdom of Naples's control of Rome threatened by Napoleon's invasion of Italy. It contains depictions of torture, murder and suicide, as well as some of Puccini's best-known lyrical arias.

text: Tosca

text: is

text: an

text: opera

text: in

text: three

text: acts

text: by

text: Giacomo

text: Puccini

text: to

text: an

text: Italian

text: libretto

text: by

text: Luigi

text: Illica

text: and

text: Giuseppe

text: Giacosa

text: It

text: premiered

text: at

text: the

text: Teatro

text: Costanzi

text: in

text: Rome

text: on

text: January

text: The

text: work

text: based

text: on

text: Victorien

text: Sardou

text: 's

text: French

text: language

text: dramatic

text: play

text: La

text: Tosca

text: is

text: melodramatic

text: piece

text: set

text: in

text: Rome

text: in

text: June

text: with

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Naples

text: 's

text: control

text: of

text: Rome

text: threatened

text: by

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: invasion

text: of

text: Italy

text: It

text: contains

text: depictions

text: of

text: torture

text: murder

text: and

text: suicide

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: some

text: of

text: Puccini

text: 's

text: best

text: known

text: lyrical

text: arias

text: La Scala (abbreviation in Italian language for the official name ) is an opera house in Milan, Italy. The theatre was inaugurated on 3 August 1778 and was originally known as the "" (New Royal-Ducal Theatre alla Scala). The premiere performance was Antonio Salieri's "Europa riconosciuta".

text: La

text: Scala

text: abbreviation

text: in

text: Italian

text: language

text: for

text: the

text: official

text: name

text: is

text: an

text: opera

text: house

text: in

text: Milan

text: Italy

text: The

text: theatre

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: on

text: August

text: and

text: was

text: originally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: New

text: Royal

text: Ducal

text: Theatre

text: alla

text: Scala

text: The

text: premiere

text: performance

text: was

text: Antonio

text: Salieri

text: 's

text: Europa

text: riconosciuta

text: La bohème is an opera in four acts, composed by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa, based on "Scènes de la vie de bohème" by Henri Murger. The world premiere performance of "La bohème" was in Turin on 1 February 1896 at the Teatro Regio, conducted by the young Arturo Toscanini; its U.S. premiere took place the following year, 1897, in Los Angeles. Since then, "La bohème" has become part of the standard Italian opera repertory and is one of the most frequently performed operas worldwide.

text: La

text: bohème

text: is

text: an

text: opera

text: in

text: four

text: acts

text: composed

text: by

text: Giacomo

text: Puccini

text: to

text: an

text: Italian

text: libretto

text: by

text: Luigi

text: Illica

text: and

text: Giuseppe

text: Giacosa

text: based

text: on

text: Scènes

text: de

text: la

text: vie

text: de

text: bohème

text: by

text: Henri

text: Murger

text: The

text: world

text: premiere

text: performance

text: of

text: La

text: bohème

text: was

text: in

text: Turin

text: on

text: February

text: at

text: the

text: Teatro

text: Regio

text: conducted

text: by

text: the

text: young

text: Arturo

text: Toscanini

text: its

text: U.S.

text: premiere

text: took

text: place

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: in

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Since

text: then

text: La

text: bohème

text: has

text: become

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: standard

text: Italian

text: opera

text: repertory

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: frequently

text: performed

text: operas

text: worldwide

text: Ballet is a type of performance dance that originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th century and later developed into a concert dance form in France and Russia. It has since become a widespread, highly technical form of dance with its own vocabulary based on French terminology. It has been globally influential and has defined the foundational techniques used in many other dance genres. Becoming a ballet dancer requires years of training. Ballet has been taught in various schools around the world, which have historically incorporated their own cultures to evolve the art.

text: Ballet

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: performance

text: dance

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: Italian

text: Renaissance

text: courts

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: later

text: developed

text: into

text: concert

text: dance

text: form

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: Russia

text: It

text: has

text: since

text: become

text: widespread

text: highly

text: technical

text: form

text: of

text: dance

text: with

text: its

text: own

text: vocabulary

text: based

text: on

text: French

text: terminology

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: globally

text: influential

text: and

text: has

text: defined

text: the

text: foundational

text: techniques

text: used

text: in

text: many

text: other

text: dance

text: genres

text: Becoming

text: ballet

text: dancer

text: requires

text: years

text: of

text: training

text: Ballet

text: has

text: been

text: taught

text: in

text: various

text: schools

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: which

text: have

text: historically

text: incorporated

text: their

text: own

text: cultures

text: to

text: evolve

text: the

text: art

annotations: likely multiple

question: original_language_of_work la wally

answer: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian

text: italian