text:
A diptych (from the Greek ,
"di" "two" + "ptych" "fold") is any object with two flat plates attached at a hinge. For example, the standard notebook and school exercise book of the ancient world was a diptych consisting of a pair of such plates that contained a recessed space filled with wax. Writing was accomplished by scratching the wax surface with a stylus. When the notes were no longer needed, the wax could be slightly heated and then smoothed to allow reuse. Ordinary versions had wooden frames, but more luxurious diptychs were crafted with more expensive materials.

text: diptych

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: di

text: two

text: ptych

text: fold

text: is

text: any

text: object

text: with

text: two

text: flat

text: plates

text: attached

text: at

text: hinge

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: standard

text: notebook

text: and

text: school

text: exercise

text: book

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: world

text: was

text: diptych

text: consisting

text: of

text: pair

text: of

text: such

text: plates

text: that

text: contained

text: recessed

text: space

text: filled

text: with

text: wax

text: Writing

text: was

text: accomplished

text: by

text: scratching

text: the

text: wax

text: surface

text: with

text: stylus

text: When

text: the

text: notes

text: were

text: no

text: longer

text: needed

text: the

text: wax

text: could

text: be

text: slightly

text: heated

text: and

text: then

text: smoothed

text: to

text: allow

text: reuse

text: Ordinary

text: versions

text: had

text: wooden

text: frames

text: but

text: more

text: luxurious

text: diptychs

text: were

text: crafted

text: with

text: more

text: expensive

text: materials

text: A polyptych (; Greek: "poly-" "many" and "ptych" "fold") is a painting (usually panel painting) which is divided into sections, or panels. Specifically, a "diptych" is a two-part work of art; a "triptych" is a three-part work; a tetraptych or quadriptych has four parts; pentaptych five; hexaptych six; heptaptych (or septych in Latin) seven; and octaptych eight parts.

text: polyptych

text: Greek

text: poly-

text: many

text: and

text: ptych

text: fold

text: is

text: painting

text: usually

text: panel

text: painting

text: which

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: sections

text: or

text: panels

text: Specifically

text: diptych

text: is

text: two

text: part

text: work

text: of

text: art

text: triptych

text: is

text: three

text: part

text: work

text: tetraptych

text: or

text: quadriptych

text: has

text: four

text: parts

text: pentaptych

text: five

text: hexaptych

text: six

text: heptaptych

text: or

text: septych

text: in

text: Latin

text: seven

text: and

text: octaptych

text: eight

text: parts

text: A cultural movement is a change in the way a number of different disciplines approach their work. This embodies all art forms, the sciences, and philosophies. Historically, different nations or regions of the world have gone through their own independent sequence of movements in culture, but as world communications have accelerated this geographical distinction has become less distinct. When cultural movements go through revolutions from one to the next, genres tend to get attacked and mixed up, and often new genres are generated and old ones fade. These changes are often reactions against the prior cultural form, which typically has grown stale and repetitive. An obsession emerges among the mainstream with the new movement, and the old one falls into neglect - sometimes it dies out entirely, but often it chugs along favored in a few disciplines and occasionally making reappearances (sometimes prefixed with "neo-").

text: cultural

text: movement

text: is

text: change

text: in

text: the

text: way

text: number

text: of

text: different

text: disciplines

text: approach

text: their

text: work

text: This

text: embodies

text: all

text: art

text: forms

text: the

text: sciences

text: and

text: philosophies

text: Historically

text: different

text: nations

text: or

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: have

text: gone

text: through

text: their

text: own

text: independent

text: sequence

text: of

text: movements

text: in

text: culture

text: but

text: as

text: world

text: communications

text: have

text: accelerated

text: this

text: geographical

text: distinction

text: has

text: become

text: less

text: distinct

text: When

text: cultural

text: movements

text: go

text: through

text: revolutions

text: from

text: one

text: to

text: the

text: next

text: genres

text: tend

text: to

text: get

text: attacked

text: and

text: mixed

text: up

text: and

text: often

text: new

text: genres

text: are

text: generated

text: and

text: old

text: ones

text: fade

text: These

text: changes

text: are

text: often

text: reactions

text: against

text: the

text: prior

text: cultural

text: form

text: which

text: typically

text: has

text: grown

text: stale

text: and

text: repetitive

text: An

text: obsession

text: emerges

text: among

text: the

text: mainstream

text: with

text: the

text: new

text: movement

text: and

text: the

text: old

text: one

text: falls

text: into

text: neglect

text: sometimes

text: it

text: dies

text: out

text: entirely

text: but

text: often

text: it

text: chugs

text: along

text: favored

text: in

text: few

text: disciplines

text: and

text: occasionally

text: making

text: reappearances

text: sometimes

text: prefixed

text: with

text: neo-

text: Modern history, the modern period or the modern era, is the global historiographical approach to the timeframe after the Post-classical history. Modern history can be further broken down into periods:

text: Modern

text: history

text: the

text: modern

text: period

text: or

text: the

text: modern

text: era

text: is

text: the

text: global

text: historiographical

text: approach

text: to

text: the

text: timeframe

text: after

text: the

text: Post

text: classical

text: history

text: Modern

text: history

text: can

text: be

text: further

text: broken

text: down

text: into

text: periods

text: History (from Greek , "historia", meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation") is the study of the past as it is described in written documents. Events occurring before written record are considered prehistory. It is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Scholars who write about history are called historians.

text: History

text: from

text: Greek

text: historia

text: meaning

text: inquiry

text: knowledge

text: acquired

text: by

text: investigation

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: past

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: described

text: in

text: written

text: documents

text: Events

text: occurring

text: before

text: written

text: record

text: are

text: considered

text: prehistory

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: umbrella

text: term

text: that

text: relates

text: to

text: past

text: events

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: memory

text: discovery

text: collection

text: organization

text: presentation

text: and

text: interpretation

text: of

text: information

text: about

text: these

text: events

text: Scholars

text: who

text: write

text: about

text: history

text: are

text: called

text: historians

text: A panel painting is a painting made on a flat panel made of wood, either a single piece, or a number of pieces joined together. Until canvas became the more popular support medium in the 16th century, it was the normal form of support for a painting not on a wall (fresco) or vellum, which was used for miniatures in illuminated manuscripts and paintings for the framing.

text: panel

text: painting

text: is

text: painting

text: made

text: on

text: flat

text: panel

text: made

text: of

text: wood

text: either

text: single

text: piece

text: or

text: number

text: of

text: pieces

text: joined

text: together

text: Until

text: canvas

text: became

text: the

text: more

text: popular

text: support

text: medium

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: normal

text: form

text: of

text: support

text: for

text: painting

text: not

text: on

text: wall

text: fresco

text: or

text: vellum

text: which

text: was

text: used

text: for

text: miniatures

text: in

text: illuminated

text: manuscripts

text: and

text: paintings

text: for

text: the

text: framing

text: The Madonna and Child with saints polyptych is a five piece Madonna polyptych by Italian Renaissance artist Duccio di Buoninsegna , also referred to as Polyptych no. 47 by Ducio . The bright colors and gold used in the work reflect Duccio 's usual style . Above the Madonna , Child and four saints , the polyptych depicts ten patriarchs and prophets.Christ is at the apex of the polyptych and is flanked by four angels below him . The saints depicted are Agnes , John the Evangelist , John the Baptist , and Mary Magdalene . It was painted between 1311 and 1318 , ( tempera and gold on wood ) and is located at the Pinacoteca Nazionale in Siena , Italy .

text: The

text: Madonna

text: and

text: Child

text: with

text: saints

text: polyptych

text: is

text: five

text: piece

text: Madonna

text: polyptych

text: by

text: Italian

text: Renaissance

text: artist

text: Duccio

text: di

text: Buoninsegna

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Polyptych

text: no

text: by

text: Ducio

text: The

text: bright

text: colors

text: and

text: gold

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: work

text: reflect

text: Duccio

text: 's

text: usual

text: style

text: Above

text: the

text: Madonna

text: Child

text: and

text: four

text: saints

text: the

text: polyptych

text: depicts

text: ten

text: patriarchs

text: and

text: prophets

text: Christ

text: is

text: at

text: the

text: apex

text: of

text: the

text: polyptych

text: and

text: is

text: flanked

text: by

text: four

text: angels

text: below

text: him

text: The

text: saints

text: depicted

text: are

text: Agnes

text: John

text: the

text: Evangelist

text: John

text: the

text: Baptist

text: and

text: Mary

text: Magdalene

text: It

text: was

text: painted

text: between

text: and

text: tempera

text: and

text: gold

text: on

text: wood

text: and

text: is

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: Pinacoteca

text: Nazionale

text: in

text: Siena

text: Italy

text: Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as "lo Stivale" (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state.

text: Italy

text: officially

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Italy

text: shares

text: open

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovenia

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Italy

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: shape

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: Italy

text: as

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: EU

text: member

text: state

text: A triptych (; from the Greek adjective "" ""triptukhon"" ("three-fold"), from "tri", i.e., "three" and "ptysso", i.e., "to fold" or "ptyx", i.e., "fold") is a work of art (usually a panel painting) that is divided into three sections, or three carved panels that are hinged together and can be folded shut or displayed open. It is therefore a type of polyptych, the term for all multi-panel works. The middle panel is typically the largest and it is flanked by two smaller related works, although there are triptychs of equal-sized panels. The form can also be used for pendant jewelry.

text: triptych

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: adjective

text: triptukhon

text: three

text: fold

text: from

text: tri

text: i.e.

text: three

text: and

text: ptysso

text: i.e.

text: to

text: fold

text: or

text: ptyx

text: i.e.

text: fold

text: is

text: work

text: of

text: art

text: usually

text: panel

text: painting

text: that

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: sections

text: or

text: three

text: carved

text: panels

text: that

text: are

text: hinged

text: together

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: folded

text: shut

text: or

text: displayed

text: open

text: It

text: is

text: therefore

text: type

text: of

text: polyptych

text: the

text: term

text: for

text: all

text: multi

text: panel

text: works

text: The

text: middle

text: panel

text: is

text: typically

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: flanked

text: by

text: two

text: smaller

text: related

text: works

text: although

text: there

text: are

text: triptychs

text: of

text: equal

text: sized

text: panels

text: The

text: form

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: pendant

text: jewelry

text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text: The Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age.

text: The

text: Renaissance

text: was

text: period

text: in

text: European

text: history

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: cultural

text: bridge

text: between

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: modern

text: history

text: It

text: started

text: as

text: cultural

text: movement

text: in

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: Late

text: Medieval

text: period

text: and

text: later

text: spread

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Europe

text: marking

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Early

text: Modern

text: Age

text: In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.

text: In

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Europe

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: or

text: medieval

text: period

text: lasted

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: The

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: is

text: the

text: middle

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: traditional

text: divisions

text: of

text: Western

text: history

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: the

text: medieval

text: period

text: and

text: the

text: modern

text: period

text: The

text: medieval

text: period

text: is

text: itself

text: subdivided

text: into

text: the

text: Early

text: High

text: and

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

annotations: likely multiple

question: instance_of madonna and child with saints polyptych

answer: painting

text: painting

text: painting

text: painting

text: painting

text: painting

text: painting


text: Research comprises "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications." It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field. Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic, or in the example of a school research project, they can be used to further a student's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological,etc.

text: Research

text: comprises

text: creative

text: work

text: undertaken

text: on

text: systematic

text: basis

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: stock

text: of

text: knowledge

text: including

text: knowledge

text: of

text: humans

text: culture

text: and

text: society

text: and

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: this

text: stock

text: of

text: knowledge

text: to

text: devise

text: new

text: applications

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: establish

text: or

text: confirm

text: facts

text: reaffirm

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: previous

text: work

text: solve

text: new

text: or

text: existing

text: problems

text: support

text: theorems

text: or

text: develop

text: new

text: theories

text: research

text: project

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: an

text: expansion

text: on

text: past

text: work

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: Research

text: projects

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: develop

text: further

text: knowledge

text: on

text: topic

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: example

text: of

text: school

text: research

text: project

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: further

text: student

text: 's

text: research

text: prowess

text: to

text: prepare

text: them

text: for

text: future

text: jobs

text: or

text: reports

text: To

text: test

text: the

text: validity

text: of

text: instruments

text: procedures

text: or

text: experiments

text: research

text: may

text: replicate

text: elements

text: of

text: prior

text: projects

text: or

text: the

text: project

text: as

text: whole

text: The

text: primary

text: purposes

text: of

text: basic

text: research

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: applied

text: research

text: are

text: documentation

text: discovery

text: interpretation

text: or

text: the

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: R&D

text: of

text: methods

text: and

text: systems

text: for

text: the

text: advancement

text: of

text: human

text: knowledge

text: Approaches

text: to

text: research

text: depend

text: on

text: epistemologies

text: which

text: vary

text: considerably

text: both

text: within

text: and

text: between

text: humanities

text: and

text: sciences

text: There

text: are

text: several

text: forms

text: of

text: research

text: scientific

text: humanities

text: artistic

text: economic

text: social

text: business

text: marketing

text: practitioner

text: research

text: life

text: technological

text: etc

text: Conference House Park is a park in the Tottenville section of Staten Island, New York, one of the boroughs of New York City. The park is named after the historic Conference House a c.1680 stone manor house in which a peace conference was initiated on September 11, 1776 by Lord Howe representing the British Crown with representatives of the Continental Congress including Benjamin Franklin, in an effort to halt the American Revolution. The Conference House is available for tours. The area of the park was once part of Bentley Manor owned by the Billop family. The Henry Hogg Biddle house constructed between 1845 and 1853 is another historic structure in the park.

text: Conference

text: House

text: Park

text: is

text: park

text: in

text: the

text: Tottenville

text: section

text: of

text: Staten

text: Island

text: New

text: York

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: boroughs

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: The

text: park

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: historic

text: Conference

text: House

text: stone

text: manor

text: house

text: in

text: which

text: peace

text: conference

text: was

text: initiated

text: on

text: September

text: by

text: Lord

text: Howe

text: representing

text: the

text: British

text: Crown

text: with

text: representatives

text: of

text: the

text: Continental

text: Congress

text: including

text: Benjamin

text: Franklin

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: halt

text: the

text: American

text: Revolution

text: The

text: Conference

text: House

text: is

text: available

text: for

text: tours

text: The

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: park

text: was

text: once

text: part

text: of

text: Bentley

text: Manor

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: Billop

text: family

text: The

text: Henry

text: Hogg

text: Biddle

text: house

text: constructed

text: between

text: and

text: is

text: another

text: historic

text: structure

text: in

text: the

text: park

text: The Kill Van Kull is a tidal strait between Staten Island, New York, and Bayonne, New Jersey, in the United States. Approximately long and wide, it connects Newark Bay with Upper New York Bay. The Robbins Reef Light marks the eastern end of the Kill, Bergen Point its western end. Spanned by the Bayonne Bridge, it is one of the most heavily travelled waterways in the Port of New York and New Jersey.

text: The

text: Kill

text: Van

text: Kull

text: is

text: tidal

text: strait

text: between

text: Staten

text: Island

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: Bayonne

text: New

text: Jersey

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Approximately

text: long

text: and

text: wide

text: it

text: connects

text: Newark

text: Bay

text: with

text: Upper

text: New

text: York

text: Bay

text: The

text: Robbins

text: Reef

text: Light

text: marks

text: the

text: eastern

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Kill

text: Bergen

text: Point

text: its

text: western

text: end

text: Spanned

text: by

text: the

text: Bayonne

text: Bridge

text: it

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: heavily

text: travelled

text: waterways

text: in

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: New

text: Jersey

text: The Port of New York and New Jersey is the port district of the New York-Newark metropolitan area, encompassing the region within approximately a radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. It includes the system of navigable waterways in the estuary along of shoreline in the vicinity of New York City and northeastern New Jersey, as well as the region's airports and supporting rail and roadway distribution networks. Considered one of the largest natural harbors in the world, the port is by tonnage the third largest in the United States and the busiest on the East Coast.

text: The

text: Port

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: New

text: Jersey

text: is

text: the

text: port

text: district

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Newark

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: encompassing

text: the

text: region

text: within

text: approximately

text: radius

text: of

text: the

text: Statue

text: of

text: Liberty

text: National

text: Monument

text: It

text: includes

text: the

text: system

text: of

text: navigable

text: waterways

text: in

text: the

text: estuary

text: along

text: of

text: shoreline

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: northeastern

text: New

text: Jersey

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: airports

text: and

text: supporting

text: rail

text: and

text: roadway

text: distribution

text: networks

text: Considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: natural

text: harbors

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: port

text: is

text: by

text: tonnage

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: busiest

text: on

text: the

text: East

text: Coast

text: New York Bay is the collective term for the marine areas surrounding the entrance of the Hudson River into the Atlantic Ocean. Its two largest components are Upper New York Bay and Lower New York Bay, which are connected by The Narrows. The first European to discover the area was Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524.

text: New

text: York

text: Bay

text: is

text: the

text: collective

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: marine

text: areas

text: surrounding

text: the

text: entrance

text: of

text: the

text: Hudson

text: River

text: into

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Its

text: two

text: largest

text: components

text: are

text: Upper

text: New

text: York

text: Bay

text: and

text: Lower

text: New

text: York

text: Bay

text: which

text: are

text: connected

text: by

text: The

text: Narrows

text: The

text: first

text: European

text: to

text: discover

text: the

text: area

text: was

text: Giovanni

text: da

text: Verrazzano

text: in

text: Lower New York Bay is a section of New York Bay south of the Narrows, the relatively narrow strait between the shores of Staten Island and Brooklyn. The southern end of the bay opens directly to the Atlantic Ocean between two spits of land, Sandy Hook, New Jersey, and Rockaway, Queens, on Long Island. The southern portion between Staten Island and New Jersey, at the mouth of the Raritan River, is named Raritan Bay. The Hudson Canyon, the ancient riverbed of the Hudson River which existed during the last ice age when the ocean levels were lower, extends southeast from Lower New York Bay for hundreds of miles into the Atlantic Ocean. The nearby part of the Atlantic Ocean between New Jersey and Long Island is the New York Bight.

text: Lower

text: New

text: York

text: Bay

text: is

text: section

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: Bay

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Narrows

text: the

text: relatively

text: narrow

text: strait

text: between

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: Staten

text: Island

text: and

text: Brooklyn

text: The

text: southern

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: bay

text: opens

text: directly

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: between

text: two

text: spits

text: of

text: land

text: Sandy

text: Hook

text: New

text: Jersey

text: and

text: Rockaway

text: Queens

text: on

text: Long

text: Island

text: The

text: southern

text: portion

text: between

text: Staten

text: Island

text: and

text: New

text: Jersey

text: at

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: Raritan

text: River

text: is

text: named

text: Raritan

text: Bay

text: The

text: Hudson

text: Canyon

text: the

text: ancient

text: riverbed

text: of

text: the

text: Hudson

text: River

text: which

text: existed

text: during

text: the

text: last

text: ice

text: age

text: when

text: the

text: ocean

text: levels

text: were

text: lower

text: extends

text: southeast

text: from

text: Lower

text: New

text: York

text: Bay

text: for

text: hundreds

text: of

text: miles

text: into

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: The

text: nearby

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: between

text: New

text: Jersey

text: and

text: Long

text: Island

text: is

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Bight

text: The Continental Congress, also known as the Philadelphia Congress, was a convention of delegates called together from the Thirteen Colonies which became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution.

text: The

text: Continental

text: Congress

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Philadelphia

text: Congress

text: was

text: convention

text: of

text: delegates

text: called

text: together

text: from

text: the

text: Thirteen

text: Colonies

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: governing

text: body

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: during

text: the

text: American

text: Revolution

text: Newark Bay is a tidal bay at the confluence of the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers in northeastern New Jersey. It is home to the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, the largest container shipping facility in Port of New York and New Jersey, the third largest and one of the busiest in the United States. An estuary, it is periodically dredged to accommodate ocean-going ships.

text: Newark

text: Bay

text: is

text: tidal

text: bay

text: at

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Passaic

text: and

text: Hackensack

text: Rivers

text: in

text: northeastern

text: New

text: Jersey

text: It

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Port

text: Newark

text: Elizabeth

text: Marine

text: Terminal

text: the

text: largest

text: container

text: shipping

text: facility

text: in

text: Port

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: New

text: Jersey

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: busiest

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: An

text: estuary

text: it

text: is

text: periodically

text: dredged

text: to

text: accommodate

text: ocean

text: going

text: ships

text: The headquarters of the United Nations is a complex in New York City designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer. The complex has served as the official headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1952. It is located in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan, on spacious grounds overlooking the East River. Its borders are First Avenue on the west, East 42nd Street to the south, East 48th Street on the north and the East River to the east. The term "Turtle Bay" is occasionally used as a metonym for the UN headquarters or for the United Nations as a whole.

text: The

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: is

text: complex

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: designed

text: by

text: Brazilian

text: architect

text: Oscar

text: Niemeyer

text: The

text: complex

text: has

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: official

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: since

text: its

text: completion

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Turtle

text: Bay

text: neighborhood

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: on

text: spacious

text: grounds

text: overlooking

text: the

text: East

text: River

text: Its

text: borders

text: are

text: First

text: Avenue

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: East

text: Street

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: East

text: Street

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: East

text: River

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: The

text: term

text: Turtle

text: Bay

text: is

text: occasionally

text: used

text: as

text: metonym

text: for

text: the

text: UN

text: headquarters

text: or

text: for

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: as

text: whole

text: Delaware is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic and/or Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland, to the northeast by New Jersey, and to the north by Pennsylvania. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor.

text: Delaware

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Mid

text: Atlantic

text: and/or

text: Northeastern

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: west

text: by

text: Maryland

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: by

text: New

text: Jersey

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: Pennsylvania

text: The

text: state

text: takes

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: Thomas

text: West

text: Baron

text: De

text: La

text: Warr

text: an

text: English

text: nobleman

text: and

text: Virginia

text: 's

text: first

text: colonial

text: governor

text: A strait is a naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water. Most commonly it is a channel of water that lies between two land masses. Some straits are not navigable, for example because they are too shallow, or because of an unnavigable reef or archipelago.

text: strait

text: is

text: naturally

text: formed

text: narrow

text: typically

text: navigable

text: waterway

text: that

text: connects

text: two

text: larger

text: bodies

text: of

text: water

text: Most

text: commonly

text: it

text: is

text: channel

text: of

text: water

text: that

text: lies

text: between

text: two

text: land

text: masses

text: Some

text: straits

text: are

text: not

text: navigable

text: for

text: example

text: because

text: they

text: are

text: too

text: shallow

text: or

text: because

text: of

text: an

text: unnavigable

text: reef

text: or

text: archipelago

text: Headquarters (HQ) denotes the location where most, if not all, of the important functions of an organization are coordinated. In the United States, the corporate headquarters represents the entity at the center or the top of a corporation taking full responsibility for managing all business activities. In the UK, the term head office is most commonly used for the HQs of large corporations. The term is also used regarding military organizations.

text: Headquarters

text: HQ

text: denotes

text: the

text: location

text: where

text: most

text: if

text: not

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: important

text: functions

text: of

text: an

text: organization

text: are

text: coordinated

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: corporate

text: headquarters

text: represents

text: the

text: entity

text: at

text: the

text: center

text: or

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: corporation

text: taking

text: full

text: responsibility

text: for

text: managing

text: all

text: business

text: activities

text: In

text: the

text: UK

text: the

text: term

text: head

text: office

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: HQs

text: of

text: large

text: corporations

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: regarding

text: military

text: organizations

text: A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land. Port locations are selected to optimize access to land and navigable water, for commercial demand, and for shelter from wind and waves. Ports with deeper water are rarer, but can handle larger ships. Since ports throughout history handled every kind of traffic, support and storage facilities vary widely, may extend for miles, and dominate the local economy. Some ports have an important military role.

text: port

text: is

text: location

text: on

text: coast

text: or

text: shore

text: containing

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: harbors

text: where

text: ships

text: can

text: dock

text: and

text: transfer

text: people

text: or

text: cargo

text: to

text: or

text: from

text: land

text: Port

text: locations

text: are

text: selected

text: to

text: optimize

text: access

text: to

text: land

text: and

text: navigable

text: water

text: for

text: commercial

text: demand

text: and

text: for

text: shelter

text: from

text: wind

text: and

text: waves

text: Ports

text: with

text: deeper

text: water

text: are

text: rarer

text: but

text: can

text: handle

text: larger

text: ships

text: Since

text: ports

text: throughout

text: history

text: handled

text: every

text: kind

text: of

text: traffic

text: support

text: and

text: storage

text: facilities

text: vary

text: widely

text: may

text: extend

text: for

text: miles

text: and

text: dominate

text: the

text: local

text: economy

text: Some

text: ports

text: have

text: an

text: important

text: military

text: role

text: Philadelphia is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the fifth-most populous city in the United States, with an estimated population of 1,567,442 and more than 6 million in the seventh-largest metropolitan statistical area, . Philadelphia is the economic and cultural anchor of the Delaware Valleya region located in the Northeastern United States at the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers with 7.2 million people residing in the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.

text: Philadelphia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: and

text: the

text: fifth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: statistical

text: area

text: Philadelphia

text: is

text: the

text: economic

text: and

text: cultural

text: anchor

text: of

text: the

text: Delaware

text: Valleya

text: region

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: at

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Delaware

text: and

text: Schuylkill

text: rivers

text: with

text: million

text: people

text: residing

text: in

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: combined

text: statistical

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The Narrows is the tidal strait separating the boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn in New York City. It connects the Upper New York Bay and Lower New York Bay and forms the principal channel by which the Hudson River empties into the Atlantic Ocean. It has long been considered to be the maritime "gateway" to New York City and historically has been one of the most important entrances into the harbors of the Port of New York and New Jersey.

text: The

text: Narrows

text: is

text: the

text: tidal

text: strait

text: separating

text: the

text: boroughs

text: of

text: Staten

text: Island

text: and

text: Brooklyn

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: It

text: connects

text: the

text: Upper

text: New

text: York

text: Bay

text: and

text: Lower

text: New

text: York

text: Bay

text: and

text: forms

text: the

text: principal

text: channel

text: by

text: which

text: the

text: Hudson

text: River

text: empties

text: into

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: It

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: maritime

text: gateway

text: to

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: historically

text: has

text: been

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: entrances

text: into

text: the

text: harbors

text: of

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: New

text: Jersey

text: Upper New York Bay, or Upper Bay, is the traditional heart of the Port of New York and New Jersey, and often called New York Harbor. It is enclosed by the New York City boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island and the Hudson County, New Jersey municipalities of Jersey City and Bayonne.

text: Upper

text: New

text: York

text: Bay

text: or

text: Upper

text: Bay

text: is

text: the

text: traditional

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: New

text: Jersey

text: and

text: often

text: called

text: New

text: York

text: Harbor

text: It

text: is

text: enclosed

text: by

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: boroughs

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: Brooklyn

text: and

text: Staten

text: Island

text: and

text: the

text: Hudson

text: County

text: New

text: Jersey

text: municipalities

text: of

text: Jersey

text: City

text: and

text: Bayonne

text: The Bayonne Bridge is an arch bridge spanning the Kill Van Kull connecting Bayonne, New Jersey with Staten Island, New York City. It carries NY 440 and NJ 440. The supported roadway carries two lanes of motor traffic in each direction, as well as a walkway that is temporarily closed for reconstruction. The roadway deck could accommodate an expansion for either two traffic lanes or two light-rail lanes.

text: The

text: Bayonne

text: Bridge

text: is

text: an

text: arch

text: bridge

text: spanning

text: the

text: Kill

text: Van

text: Kull

text: connecting

text: Bayonne

text: New

text: Jersey

text: with

text: Staten

text: Island

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: It

text: carries

text: NY

text: and

text: NJ

text: The

text: supported

text: roadway

text: carries

text: two

text: lanes

text: of

text: motor

text: traffic

text: in

text: each

text: direction

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: walkway

text: that

text: is

text: temporarily

text: closed

text: for

text: reconstruction

text: The

text: roadway

text: deck

text: could

text: accommodate

text: an

text: expansion

text: for

text: either

text: two

text: traffic

text: lanes

text: or

text: two

text: light

text: rail

text: lanes

text: Giovanni da Verrazzano (sometimes also incorrectly spelled "Verrazano") (14851528) was an Italian explorer of North America, in the service of King Francis I of France.

text: Giovanni

text: da

text: Verrazzano

text: sometimes

text: also

text: incorrectly

text: spelled

text: Verrazano

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: explorer

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: in

text: the

text: service

text: of

text: King

text: Francis

text: of

text: France

text: Raritan Bay is a bay located at the southern portion of Lower New York Bay between the U.S. states of New York and New Jersey and is part of the New York Bight. The bay is bounded on the northwest by New York's Staten Island, on the west by Perth Amboy, New Jersey, on the south by the Raritan Bayshore communities of Monmouth County, New Jersey, and on the east by Sandy Hook Bay. The bay is named after the Raritans, a branch of the Lenape tribe who lived in the vicinity of the bay for thousands of years prior to the arrival of Dutch colonists in the 17th century.

text: Raritan

text: Bay

text: is

text: bay

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: southern

text: portion

text: of

text: Lower

text: New

text: York

text: Bay

text: between

text: the

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: New

text: Jersey

text: and

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Bight

text: The

text: bay

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: northwest

text: by

text: New

text: York

text: 's

text: Staten

text: Island

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Perth

text: Amboy

text: New

text: Jersey

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Raritan

text: Bayshore

text: communities

text: of

text: Monmouth

text: County

text: New

text: Jersey

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Sandy

text: Hook

text: Bay

text: The

text: bay

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Raritans

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Lenape

text: tribe

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: the

text: bay

text: for

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: Dutch

text: colonists

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The Conference House (also known as "Billop House") was built before 1680 and is located near the southernmost tip of New York State on Staten Island, which became known as "Billop's Point" in the 18th century. The Staten Island Peace Conference was held here on September 11, 1776, which unsuccessfully attempted to end the American Revolutionary War. The house, a National and New York City Landmark, is the only pre-Revolutionary manor house still surviving in New York City. It is located at Conference House Park overlooking Raritan Bay. The house is also located within the Ward's Point Conservation Area, separately added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

text: The

text: Conference

text: House

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Billop

text: House

text: was

text: built

text: before

text: and

text: is

text: located

text: near

text: the

text: southernmost

text: tip

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: State

text: on

text: Staten

text: Island

text: which

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: Billop

text: 's

text: Point

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: Staten

text: Island

text: Peace

text: Conference

text: was

text: held

text: here

text: on

text: September

text: which

text: unsuccessfully

text: attempted

text: to

text: end

text: the

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: The

text: house

text: National

text: and

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Landmark

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: pre

text: Revolutionary

text: manor

text: house

text: still

text: surviving

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: at

text: Conference

text: House

text: Park

text: overlooking

text: Raritan

text: Bay

text: The

text: house

text: is

text: also

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: Ward

text: 's

text: Point

text: Conservation

text: Area

text: separately

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: National

text: Register

text: of

text: Historic

text: Places

text: in

text: Staten Island / stætn alnd / is one of the five boroughs ( counties ) of New York City , in the state of New York , in the United States . In the southwest of the city , Staten Island is the southernmost part of both the city and state of New York , with Conference House Park at the southern tip of the island and the state . The borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull , and from the rest of New York by New York Bay . With a 2014 Census - estimated population of 473,279 , Staten Island is the least populated of the boroughs but is the third - largest in area at 58 sq mi ( 150 km2 ) . The borough is coextensive with Richmond County , and until 1975 was officially the Borough of Richmond . Its flag was later changed to reflect this , though the official seal remains unchanged . Staten Island has been sometimes called `` the forgotten borough '' by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government . The North Shore -- especially the neighborhoods of St. George , Tompkinsville , Clifton , and Stapleton -- is the most urban part of the island ; it contains the officially designated St. George Historic District and the St. Paul 's Avenue - Stapleton Heights Historic District , which feature large Victorian houses . The East Shore is home to the 2.5 - mile ( 4 km ) F.D.R. Boardwalk , the fourth - longest in the world . The South Shore , site of the 17th - century Dutch and French Huguenot settlement of developed rapidly beginning in the 1960s and 1970s ; it is mostly suburban in character . The West Shore is the least populated and most industrial part of the island . Motor traffic can reach the borough from Brooklyn via the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge and from New Jersey via the Outerbridge Crossing , Goethals Bridge , and Bayonne Bridge . Staten Island has Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) bus lines and a MTA rapid transit line , the Staten Island Railway , which runs from the ferry terminal at St. George to Tottenville . Staten Island is the only borough that is not connected to the New York City Subway system . The free Staten Island Ferry connects the borough to Manhattan and is a popular tourist attraction , providing views of the Statue of Liberty , Ellis Island , and Lower Manhattan . Staten Island had the Fresh Kills Landfill , which was the world 's largest landfill at one point before closing in 2001 , although it was temporarily reopened that year to receive debris from the September 11 attacks . The landfill is being redeveloped as Freshkills Park , an area devoted to restoring habitat ; the park will become New York City 's second largest public park when completed .

text: Staten

text: Island

text: stætn

text: alnd

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: boroughs

text: counties

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: In

text: the

text: southwest

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: Staten

text: Island

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: part

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: with

text: Conference

text: House

text: Park

text: at

text: the

text: southern

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: and

text: the

text: state

text: The

text: borough

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: New

text: Jersey

text: by

text: the

text: Arthur

text: Kill

text: and

text: the

text: Kill

text: Van

text: Kull

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: by

text: New

text: York

text: Bay

text: With

text: Census

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: Staten

text: Island

text: is

text: the

text: least

text: populated

text: of

text: the

text: boroughs

text: but

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: in

text: area

text: at

text: sq

text: mi

text: The

text: borough

text: is

text: coextensive

text: with

text: Richmond

text: County

text: and

text: until

text: was

text: officially

text: the

text: Borough

text: of

text: Richmond

text: Its

text: flag

text: was

text: later

text: changed

text: to

text: reflect

text: this

text: though

text: the

text: official

text: seal

text: remains

text: unchanged

text: Staten

text: Island

text: has

text: been

text: sometimes

text: called

text: the

text: forgotten

text: borough

text: by

text: inhabitants

text: who

text: feel

text: neglected

text: by

text: the

text: city

text: government

text: The

text: North

text: Shore

text: especially

text: the

text: neighborhoods

text: of

text: St.

text: George

text: Tompkinsville

text: Clifton

text: and

text: Stapleton

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: urban

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: it

text: contains

text: the

text: officially

text: designated

text: St.

text: George

text: Historic

text: District

text: and

text: the

text: St.

text: Paul

text: 's

text: Avenue

text: Stapleton

text: Heights

text: Historic

text: District

text: which

text: feature

text: large

text: Victorian

text: houses

text: The

text: East

text: Shore

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: mile

text: km

text: F.D.R.

text: Boardwalk

text: the

text: fourth

text: longest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: South

text: Shore

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Dutch

text: and

text: French

text: Huguenot

text: settlement

text: of

text: developed

text: rapidly

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: mostly

text: suburban

text: in

text: character

text: The

text: West

text: Shore

text: is

text: the

text: least

text: populated

text: and

text: most

text: industrial

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: Motor

text: traffic

text: can

text: reach

text: the

text: borough

text: from

text: Brooklyn

text: via

text: the

text: Verrazano

text: Narrows

text: Bridge

text: and

text: from

text: New

text: Jersey

text: via

text: the

text: Outerbridge

text: Crossing

text: Goethals

text: Bridge

text: and

text: Bayonne

text: Bridge

text: Staten

text: Island

text: has

text: Metropolitan

text: Transportation

text: Authority

text: MTA

text: bus

text: lines

text: and

text: MTA

text: rapid

text: transit

text: line

text: the

text: Staten

text: Island

text: Railway

text: which

text: runs

text: from

text: the

text: ferry

text: terminal

text: at

text: St.

text: George

text: to

text: Tottenville

text: Staten

text: Island

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: borough

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Subway

text: system

text: The

text: free

text: Staten

text: Island

text: Ferry

text: connects

text: the

text: borough

text: to

text: Manhattan

text: and

text: is

text: popular

text: tourist

text: attraction

text: providing

text: views

text: of

text: the

text: Statue

text: of

text: Liberty

text: Ellis

text: Island

text: and

text: Lower

text: Manhattan

text: Staten

text: Island

text: had

text: the

text: Fresh

text: Kills

text: Landfill

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: landfill

text: at

text: one

text: point

text: before

text: closing

text: in

text: although

text: it

text: was

text: temporarily

text: reopened

text: that

text: year

text: to

text: receive

text: debris

text: from

text: the

text: September

text: attacks

text: The

text: landfill

text: is

text: being

text: redeveloped

text: as

text: Freshkills

text: Park

text: an

text: area

text: devoted

text: to

text: restoring

text: habitat

text: the

text: park

text: will

text: become

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: public

text: park

text: when

text: completed

text: The Northeastern United States, also referred to as the American Northeast or simply the Northeast, is a geographical region of the United States of America bordered to the north by Canada, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Southern United States, and to the west by the Midwestern United States. The Northeast is one of the four regions defined by the Census Bureau for the collection and analysis of statistics. The Census Bureau-defined region has a total area of with of that being land mass. Though lacking a unified cultural identity, the Northeastern region is the nation's most economically developed, densely populated, and culturally diverse region. Of the nation's four census regions, the Northeast is the second most urban, with 85 percent of its population residing in urban areas, led by the West with 90 percent.

text: The

text: Northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: American

text: Northeast

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: Northeast

text: is

text: geographical

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: Canada

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Southern

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: the

text: Midwestern

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: Northeast

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: regions

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: for

text: the

text: collection

text: and

text: analysis

text: of

text: statistics

text: The

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: defined

text: region

text: has

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: with

text: of

text: that

text: being

text: land

text: mass

text: Though

text: lacking

text: unified

text: cultural

text: identity

text: the

text: Northeastern

text: region

text: is

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: most

text: economically

text: developed

text: densely

text: populated

text: and

text: culturally

text: diverse

text: region

text: Of

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: four

text: census

text: regions

text: the

text: Northeast

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: urban

text: with

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: population

text: residing

text: in

text: urban

text: areas

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: West

text: with

text: percent

text: The Arthur Kill, also known as the Staten Island Sound, is a tidal strait and a kill between Staten Island, a borough of New York City, and Union and Middlesex counties in northern New Jersey. It is a major navigational channel of the Port of New York and New Jersey in the United States.

text: The

text: Arthur

text: Kill

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Staten

text: Island

text: Sound

text: is

text: tidal

text: strait

text: and

text: kill

text: between

text: Staten

text: Island

text: borough

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: Union

text: and

text: Middlesex

text: counties

text: in

text: northern

text: New

text: Jersey

text: It

text: is

text: major

text: navigational

text: channel

text: of

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: New

text: Jersey

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Bergen Point is a point of land that lends its name to the adjacent neighborhood in Bayonne in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. The point is located on the north side of Kill van Kull at Newark Bay. It is the section of the city closest to the Bayonne Bridge. Historically the term has been used more broadly as synonymous with Constable Hook, from which it is geographically separated at Port Johnson.

text: Bergen

text: Point

text: is

text: point

text: of

text: land

text: that

text: lends

text: its

text: name

text: to

text: the

text: adjacent

text: neighborhood

text: in

text: Bayonne

text: in

text: Hudson

text: County

text: New

text: Jersey

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: point

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: side

text: of

text: Kill

text: van

text: Kull

text: at

text: Newark

text: Bay

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: closest

text: to

text: the

text: Bayonne

text: Bridge

text: Historically

text: the

text: term

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: more

text: broadly

text: as

text: synonymous

text: with

text: Constable

text: Hook

text: from

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: geographically

text: separated

text: at

text: Port

text: Johnson

text: Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania German: "Pennsylvaani"), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle. The commonwealth borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.

text: Pennsylvania

text: Pennsylvania

text: German

text: Pennsylvaani

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: northeastern

text: and

text: Mid

text: Atlantic

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

text: run

text: through

text: its

text: middle

text: The

text: commonwealth

text: borders

text: Delaware

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Maryland

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: West

text: Virginia

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Ohio

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Lake

text: Erie

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: province

text: of

text: Ontario

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: New

text: Jersey

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: A combined statistical area (CSA) is composed of adjacent metropolitan (MSA) and micropolitan statistical areas (µSA) in the United States and Puerto Rico that can demonstrate economic or social linkage. The United States Office of Management and Budget defines a CSA as consisting of various combinations of adjacent metropolitan and micropolitan areas with economic ties measured by commuting patterns. These areas that combine retain their own designations as metropolitan or micropolitan statistical areas within the larger combined statistical area.

text: combined

text: statistical

text: area

text: CSA

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: adjacent

text: metropolitan

text: MSA

text: and

text: micropolitan

text: statistical

text: areas

text: µSA

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: that

text: can

text: demonstrate

text: economic

text: or

text: social

text: linkage

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Office

text: of

text: Management

text: and

text: Budget

text: defines

text: CSA

text: as

text: consisting

text: of

text: various

text: combinations

text: of

text: adjacent

text: metropolitan

text: and

text: micropolitan

text: areas

text: with

text: economic

text: ties

text: measured

text: by

text: commuting

text: patterns

text: These

text: areas

text: that

text: combine

text: retain

text: their

text: own

text: designations

text: as

text: metropolitan

text: or

text: micropolitan

text: statistical

text: areas

text: within

text: the

text: larger

text: combined

text: statistical

text: area

text: The Staten Island Peace Conference was a brief meeting held in the hope of bringing an end to the American Revolutionary War. The conference took place on September 11, 1776, at Billop Manor, the residence of Colonel Christopher Billop, on Staten Island, New York. The participants were the British Admiral Lord Richard Howe, and members of the Second Continental Congress John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Edward Rutledge.

text: The

text: Staten

text: Island

text: Peace

text: Conference

text: was

text: brief

text: meeting

text: held

text: in

text: the

text: hope

text: of

text: bringing

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: The

text: conference

text: took

text: place

text: on

text: September

text: at

text: Billop

text: Manor

text: the

text: residence

text: of

text: Colonel

text: Christopher

text: Billop

text: on

text: Staten

text: Island

text: New

text: York

text: The

text: participants

text: were

text: the

text: British

text: Admiral

text: Lord

text: Richard

text: Howe

text: and

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: Continental

text: Congress

text: John

text: Adams

text: Benjamin

text: Franklin

text: and

text: Edward

text: Rutledge

text: The Hudson River is a river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, and eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean, between New York City and Jersey City. The river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord, which formed during the most recent period of North American glaciation, estimated at 26,000 to 13,300 years ago. Tidal waters influence the Hudson's flow from as far north as Troy.

text: The

text: Hudson

text: River

text: is

text: river

text: that

text: flows

text: from

text: north

text: to

text: south

text: primarily

text: through

text: eastern

text: New

text: York

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: river

text: originates

text: in

text: the

text: Adirondack

text: Mountains

text: of

text: Upstate

text: New

text: York

text: flows

text: through

text: the

text: Hudson

text: Valley

text: and

text: eventually

text: drains

text: into

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: between

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: Jersey

text: City

text: The

text: river

text: serves

text: as

text: political

text: boundary

text: between

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: New

text: Jersey

text: and

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: further

text: north

text: between

text: New

text: York

text: counties

text: The

text: lower

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: is

text: tidal

text: estuary

text: occupying

text: the

text: Hudson

text: Fjord

text: which

text: formed

text: during

text: the

text: most

text: recent

text: period

text: of

text: North

text: American

text: glaciation

text: estimated

text: at

text: to

text: years

text: ago

text: Tidal

text: waters

text: influence

text: the

text: Hudson

text: 's

text: flow

text: from

text: as

text: far

text: north

text: as

text: Troy

text: New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern United States and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia and is the third-wealthiest U.S. state by per capita income as of 2014.

text: New

text: Jersey

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: mid

text: Atlantic

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: by

text: New

text: York

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Pennsylvania

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: by

text: Delaware

text: New

text: Jersey

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: smallest

text: state

text: but

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: New

text: Jersey

text: lies

text: entirely

text: within

text: the

text: combined

text: statistical

text: areas

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: Philadelphia

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: wealthiest

text: U.S.

text: state

text: by

text: per

text: capita

text: income

text: as

text: of

text: In the study of human settlements, an urban agglomeration is an extended city or town area comprising the built-up area of a central place ("usually a municipality") and any suburbs linked by continuous urban area. INSEE, the French Statistical Institute, uses the term "unité urbaine", which means continuous urbanized area. However, because of differences in definitions of what does and does not constitute an "agglomeration", as well as variations and limitations in statistical or geographical methodology, it can be problematic to compare different agglomerations around the world. It may not be clear, for instance, whether an area should be considered to be a satellite and part of an agglomeration, or a distinct entity in itself.

text: In

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: human

text: settlements

text: an

text: urban

text: agglomeration

text: is

text: an

text: extended

text: city

text: or

text: town

text: area

text: comprising

text: the

text: built

text: up

text: area

text: of

text: central

text: place

text: usually

text: municipality

text: and

text: any

text: suburbs

text: linked

text: by

text: continuous

text: urban

text: area

text: INSEE

text: the

text: French

text: Statistical

text: Institute

text: uses

text: the

text: term

text: unité

text: urbaine

text: which

text: means

text: continuous

text: urbanized

text: area

text: However

text: because

text: of

text: differences

text: in

text: definitions

text: of

text: what

text: does

text: and

text: does

text: not

text: constitute

text: an

text: agglomeration

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: variations

text: and

text: limitations

text: in

text: statistical

text: or

text: geographical

text: methodology

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: problematic

text: to

text: compare

text: different

text: agglomerations

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: clear

text: for

text: instance

text: whether

text: an

text: area

text: should

text: be

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: satellite

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: agglomeration

text: or

text: distinct

text: entity

text: in

text: itself

text: The New York metropolitan area, also referred to as the Tri-State Area, includes the most populous city in the United States (New York City); Long Island and the Mid- and Lower Hudson Valley in the state of New York; the five largest cities in New Jersey (Newark  the largest city in New Jersey  Jersey City, Paterson, Elizabeth, and Edison) and their vicinities; six of the seven largest cities in Connecticut (Bridgeport  the largest city in Connecticut  New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, and Danbury) and their vicinities; and five counties in northeastern Pennsylvania.

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Tri

text: State

text: Area

text: includes

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Long

text: Island

text: and

text: the

text: Mid-

text: and

text: Lower

text: Hudson

text: Valley

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: the

text: five

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: New

text: Jersey

text: Newark

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: Jersey

text: Jersey

text: City

text: Paterson

text: Elizabeth

text: and

text: Edison

text: and

text: their

text: vicinities

text: six

text: of

text: the

text: seven

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: Connecticut

text: Bridgeport

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Connecticut

text: New

text: Haven

text: Stamford

text: Waterbury

text: Norwalk

text: and

text: Danbury

text: and

text: their

text: vicinities

text: and

text: five

text: counties

text: in

text: northeastern

text: Pennsylvania

text: The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the "New World".

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceans

text: with

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: It

text: covers

text: approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: and

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: water

text: surface

text: area

text: It

text: separates

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: from

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: Jersey (; Jèrriais: "Jèrri" [ri]), officially the Bailiwick of Jersey (Jèrriais: "Bailliage dé Jèrri"), is a Crown dependency of the United Kingdom, ruled by the Crown in right of Jersey, off the coast of Normandy, France. Jersey was part of the Duchy of Normandy, whose dukes went on to become kings of England from 1066. After Normandy was lost by the kings of England in the 13th century, and the ducal title surrendered to France, Jersey and the other Channel Islands remained attached to the English crown.

text: Jersey

text: Jèrriais

text: Jèrri

text: ri

text: officially

text: the

text: Bailiwick

text: of

text: Jersey

text: Jèrriais

text: Bailliage

text: dé

text: Jèrri

text: is

text: Crown

text: dependency

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: ruled

text: by

text: the

text: Crown

text: in

text: right

text: of

text: Jersey

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Normandy

text: France

text: Jersey

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Normandy

text: whose

text: dukes

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: become

text: kings

text: of

text: England

text: from

text: After

text: Normandy

text: was

text: lost

text: by

text: the

text: kings

text: of

text: England

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: ducal

text: title

text: surrendered

text: to

text: France

text: Jersey

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: Channel

text: Islands

text: remained

text: attached

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: crown

text: A manor house was historically the main residence of the lord of the manor. The house formed the administrative centre of a manor in the European feudal system; within its great hall were held the lord's manorial courts, communal meals with manorial tenants and great banquets. The term is today loosely applied to various country houses, frequently dating from the late medieval era, which formerly housed the gentry.

text: manor

text: house

text: was

text: historically

text: the

text: main

text: residence

text: of

text: the

text: lord

text: of

text: the

text: manor

text: The

text: house

text: formed

text: the

text: administrative

text: centre

text: of

text: manor

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: feudal

text: system

text: within

text: its

text: great

text: hall

text: were

text: held

text: the

text: lord

text: 's

text: manorial

text: courts

text: communal

text: meals

text: with

text: manorial

text: tenants

text: and

text: great

text: banquets

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: today

text: loosely

text: applied

text: to

text: various

text: country

text: houses

text: frequently

text: dating

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: medieval

text: era

text: which

text: formerly

text: housed

text: the

text: gentry

text: Benjamin Franklin (April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a renowned polymath and a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As an inventor, he is known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove, among other inventions. He facilitated many civic organizations, including Philadelphia's fire department and The University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League institution.

text: Benjamin

text: Franklin

text: April

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Founding

text: Fathers

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Franklin

text: was

text: renowned

text: polymath

text: and

text: leading

text: author

text: printer

text: political

text: theorist

text: politician

text: freemason

text: postmaster

text: scientist

text: inventor

text: civic

text: activist

text: statesman

text: and

text: diplomat

text: As

text: scientist

text: he

text: was

text: major

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: Enlightenment

text: and

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: physics

text: for

text: his

text: discoveries

text: and

text: theories

text: regarding

text: electricity

text: As

text: an

text: inventor

text: he

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: lightning

text: rod

text: bifocals

text: and

text: the

text: Franklin

text: stove

text: among

text: other

text: inventions

text: He

text: facilitated

text: many

text: civic

text: organizations

text: including

text: Philadelphia

text: 's

text: fire

text: department

text: and

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: an

text: Ivy

text: League

text: institution

text: The Robbins Reef Light Station is a sparkplug lighthouse located off Constable Hook in Bayonne, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, along the west side of Main Channel, Upper New York Bay. The tower and integral keepers quarters were built in 1883. It replaced an octagonal granite tower built in 1839. The U.S. Coast Guard owned and operated the light station until the 2000s.

text: The

text: Robbins

text: Reef

text: Light

text: Station

text: is

text: sparkplug

text: lighthouse

text: located

text: off

text: Constable

text: Hook

text: in

text: Bayonne

text: Hudson

text: County

text: New

text: Jersey

text: United

text: States

text: along

text: the

text: west

text: side

text: of

text: Main

text: Channel

text: Upper

text: New

text: York

text: Bay

text: The

text: tower

text: and

text: integral

text: keepers

text: quarters

text: were

text: built

text: in

text: It

text: replaced

text: an

text: octagonal

text: granite

text: tower

text: built

text: in

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Coast

text: Guard

text: owned

text: and

text: operated

text: the

text: light

text: station

text: until

text: the

text: The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over a land area of just , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term "New York minute". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world.

text: The

text: City

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: often

text: called

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: or

text: simply

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: distributed

text: over

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: just

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: major

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Located

text: at

text: the

text: southern

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: agglomerations

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: global

text: power

text: city

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: exerts

text: significant

text: impact

text: upon

text: commerce

text: finance

text: media

text: art

text: fashion

text: research

text: technology

text: education

text: and

text: entertainment

text: its

text: fast

text: pace

text: defining

text: the

text: term

text: New

text: York

text: minute

text: Home

text: to

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: center

text: for

text: international

text: diplomacy

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: cultural

text: and

text: financial

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America.

text: The

text: American

text: Revolution

text: was

text: political

text: upheaval

text: that

text: took

text: place

text: between

text: and

text: during

text: which

text: colonists

text: in

text: the

text: Thirteen

text: American

text: Colonies

text: rejected

text: the

text: British

text: monarchy

text: and

text: aristocracy

text: overthrew

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: founded

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

question: shares_border_with staten island

answer: hudson county

text: hudson county

text: hudson county

text: hudson county