text:
An arthropod (from Greek "arthro-", joint + "podos", foot) is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body, and jointed appendages (paired appendages). Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda, which includes the insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.
Arthropods are characterized by their jointed limbs and cuticle made of chitin, often mineralised with calcium carbonate. The arthropod body plan consists of segments, each with a pair of appendages. The rigid cuticle inhibits growth, so arthropods replace it periodically by moulting. Their versatility has enabled them to become the most species-rich members of all ecological guilds in most environments. They have over a million described species, making up more than 80% of all described living animal species, some of which, unlike most animals, are very successful in dry environments.

text: An

text: arthropod

text: from

text: Greek

text: arthro-

text: joint

text: podos

text: foot

text: is

text: an

text: invertebrate

text: animal

text: having

text: an

text: exoskeleton

text: external

text: skeleton

text: segmented

text: body

text: and

text: jointed

text: appendages

text: paired

text: appendages

text: Arthropods

text: form

text: the

text: phylum

text: Arthropoda

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: insects

text: arachnids

text: myriapods

text: and

text: crustaceans

text: Arthropods

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: their

text: jointed

text: limbs

text: and

text: cuticle

text: made

text: of

text: chitin

text: often

text: mineralised

text: with

text: calcium

text: carbonate

text: The

text: arthropod

text: body

text: plan

text: consists

text: of

text: segments

text: each

text: with

text: pair

text: of

text: appendages

text: The

text: rigid

text: cuticle

text: inhibits

text: growth

text: so

text: arthropods

text: replace

text: it

text: periodically

text: by

text: moulting

text: Their

text: versatility

text: has

text: enabled

text: them

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: most

text: species

text: rich

text: members

text: of

text: all

text: ecological

text: guilds

text: in

text: most

text: environments

text: They

text: have

text: over

text: million

text: described

text: species

text: making

text: up

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: all

text: described

text: living

text: animal

text: species

text: some

text: of

text: which

text: unlike

text: most

text: animals

text: are

text: very

text: successful

text: in

text: dry

text: environments

text: Rhenopterus is an extinct prehistoric eurypterid . Rhenopterus lived in the Lower Devonian period in Europe and possibly North America .

text: Rhenopterus

text: is

text: an

text: extinct

text: prehistoric

text: eurypterid

text: Rhenopterus

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: Lower

text: Devonian

text: period

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: possibly

text: North

text: America

text: The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era. The Ordovician spans 41.2 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period million years ago (Mya) to the start of the Silurian Period Mya. The Ordovician, named after the Celtic tribe of the Ordovices, was defined by Charles Lapworth in 1879 to resolve a dispute between followers of Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Murchison, who were placing the same rock beds in northern Wales into the Cambrian and Silurian periods, respectively. Lapworth, recognized that the fossil fauna in the disputed strata were different from those of either the Cambrian or the Silurian periods, and placed them in a period of their own. It received international sanction in 1960, when it was adopted as an official period of the Paleozoic Era by the International Geological Congress.

text: The

text: Ordovician

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: the

text: second

text: of

text: six

text: periods

text: of

text: the

text: Paleozoic

text: Era

text: The

text: Ordovician

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Cambrian

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Silurian

text: Period

text: Mya

text: The

text: Ordovician

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Celtic

text: tribe

text: of

text: the

text: Ordovices

text: was

text: defined

text: by

text: Charles

text: Lapworth

text: in

text: to

text: resolve

text: dispute

text: between

text: followers

text: of

text: Adam

text: Sedgwick

text: and

text: Roderick

text: Murchison

text: who

text: were

text: placing

text: the

text: same

text: rock

text: beds

text: in

text: northern

text: Wales

text: into

text: the

text: Cambrian

text: and

text: Silurian

text: periods

text: respectively

text: Lapworth

text: recognized

text: that

text: the

text: fossil

text: fauna

text: in

text: the

text: disputed

text: strata

text: were

text: different

text: from

text: those

text: of

text: either

text: the

text: Cambrian

text: or

text: the

text: Silurian

text: periods

text: and

text: placed

text: them

text: in

text: period

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: It

text: received

text: international

text: sanction

text: in

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: adopted

text: as

text: an

text: official

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Paleozoic

text: Era

text: by

text: the

text: International

text: Geological

text: Congress

text: Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones. They have eight legs and are easily recognized by the pair of grasping pedipalps and the narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a characteristic forward curve over the back, ending with a venomous stinger. Scorpions range in size from 9 mm / 0.3 in. ("Typhlochactas mitchelli") to 23 cm / 9 in. ("Heterometrus swammerdami").

text: Scorpions

text: are

text: predatory

text: arachnids

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: Scorpiones

text: They

text: have

text: eight

text: legs

text: and

text: are

text: easily

text: recognized

text: by

text: the

text: pair

text: of

text: grasping

text: pedipalps

text: and

text: the

text: narrow

text: segmented

text: tail

text: often

text: carried

text: in

text: characteristic

text: forward

text: curve

text: over

text: the

text: back

text: ending

text: with

text: venomous

text: stinger

text: Scorpions

text: range

text: in

text: size

text: from

text: mm

text: in

text: Typhlochactas

text: mitchelli

text: to

text: cm

text: in

text: Heterometrus

text: swammerdami

text: Arachnids are a class (Arachnida) of joint-legged invertebrate animals (arthropods), in the subphylum Chelicerata. All arachnids have eight legs, although the front pair of legs in some species has converted to a sensory function, while in other species, different appendages can grow large enough to take on the appearance of extra pairs of legs. The term is derived from the Greek word ("aráchn"), meaning "spider". Spiders are the largest order in the class.

text: Arachnids

text: are

text: class

text: Arachnida

text: of

text: joint

text: legged

text: invertebrate

text: animals

text: arthropods

text: in

text: the

text: subphylum

text: Chelicerata

text: All

text: arachnids

text: have

text: eight

text: legs

text: although

text: the

text: front

text: pair

text: of

text: legs

text: in

text: some

text: species

text: has

text: converted

text: to

text: sensory

text: function

text: while

text: in

text: other

text: species

text: different

text: appendages

text: can

text: grow

text: large

text: enough

text: to

text: take

text: on

text: the

text: appearance

text: of

text: extra

text: pairs

text: of

text: legs

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: word

text: aráchn

text: meaning

text: spider

text: Spiders

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: order

text: in

text: the

text: class

text: Eurypterids (sea scorpions) are an extinct group of arthropods related to arachnids that include the largest known arthropods to have ever lived. They are members of the extinct order Eurypterida (Chelicerata); which is the most diverse Paleozoic chelicerate order in terms of species. The name Eurypterida comes from the Greek words ' (meaning "broad" or "wide") and ' (meaning "wing"). This name was chosen due to the pair of wide swimming appendages on the first fossil eurypterids discovered. The largest, such as "Jaekelopterus", reached in length, but most species were less than . They were formidable predators that thrived in warm shallow water, in both seas and lakes, from the mid Ordovician to late Permian.

text: Eurypterids

text: sea

text: scorpions

text: are

text: an

text: extinct

text: group

text: of

text: arthropods

text: related

text: to

text: arachnids

text: that

text: include

text: the

text: largest

text: known

text: arthropods

text: to

text: have

text: ever

text: lived

text: They

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: extinct

text: order

text: Eurypterida

text: Chelicerata

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: Paleozoic

text: chelicerate

text: order

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: species

text: The

text: name

text: Eurypterida

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: words

text: meaning

text: broad

text: or

text: wide

text: and

text: meaning

text: wing

text: This

text: name

text: was

text: chosen

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: pair

text: of

text: wide

text: swimming

text: appendages

text: on

text: the

text: first

text: fossil

text: eurypterids

text: discovered

text: The

text: largest

text: such

text: as

text: Jaekelopterus

text: reached

text: in

text: length

text: but

text: most

text: species

text: were

text: less

text: than

text: They

text: were

text: formidable

text: predators

text: that

text: thrived

text: in

text: warm

text: shallow

text: water

text: in

text: both

text: seas

text: and

text: lakes

text: from

text: the

text: mid

text: Ordovician

text: to

text: late

text: Permian

text: Jaekelopterus ("Otto Jaekel's wing) is an extinct genus of sea scorpion. "Jaekelopterus" lived approximately 390 million years ago. At an estimated length of , it is the largest known arthropod ever discovered, surpassing the "Pterygotus" and even the millipede-like "Arthropleura". There are two species, one being the type species, "J. rhenaniae", from freshwater strata in the Rhineland, and "J. howelli" from estuarine strata in Wyoming.

text: Jaekelopterus

text: Otto

text: Jaekel

text: 's

text: wing

text: is

text: an

text: extinct

text: genus

text: of

text: sea

text: scorpion

text: Jaekelopterus

text: lived

text: approximately

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: At

text: an

text: estimated

text: length

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: known

text: arthropod

text: ever

text: discovered

text: surpassing

text: the

text: Pterygotus

text: and

text: even

text: the

text: millipede

text: like

text: Arthropleura

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: species

text: one

text: being

text: the

text: type

text: species

text: rhenaniae

text: from

text: freshwater

text: strata

text: in

text: the

text: Rhineland

text: and

text: howelli

text: from

text: estuarine

text: strata

text: in

text: Wyoming

text: The subphylum Chelicerata (or ; New Latin, from French "chélicère", from Greek "khl" "claw, chela" and "kéras" "horn") constitutes one of the major subdivisions of the phylum Arthropoda. It contains the horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, and arachnids (including scorpions and spiders).

text: The

text: subphylum

text: Chelicerata

text: or

text: New

text: Latin

text: from

text: French

text: chélicère

text: from

text: Greek

text: khl

text: claw

text: chela

text: and

text: kéras

text: horn

text: constitutes

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: subdivisions

text: of

text: the

text: phylum

text: Arthropoda

text: It

text: contains

text: the

text: horseshoe

text: crabs

text: sea

text: spiders

text: and

text: arachnids

text: including

text: scorpions

text: and

text: spiders

question: taxon_rank rhenopterus

answer: genus

text: genus


text: David Zindell (born November 28, 1952) is an American writer known for science fiction and fantasy epics. He was born in Toledo, Ohio, and resides today in Boulder, Colorado; he received a BA degree in mathematics and minored in anthropology at the University of Colorado at Boulder. His first published story was "The Dreamer's Sleep" in "Fantasy Book" in 1984; his novelette "Shanidar", which formed the core of his first novel "Neverness", won the Writers of the Future Contest in 1985. David Zindell's writing style is at once romantic, heroic, deeply poetic and concerns itself with deep philosophical issues in the human psyche. He was nominated for the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer in 1986. John Clute writes that the author of "Neverness" is "romantic, ambitious, and skilled.", and Gene Wolfe, who is connected with Zindell in a way Wolfe himself was with Jack Vance, described Zindell as "...one of the finest talents to appear since Kim Stanley Robinson and William Gibson  perhaps the finest."

text: David

text: Zindell

text: born

text: November

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: writer

text: known

text: for

text: science

text: fiction

text: and

text: fantasy

text: epics

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Toledo

text: Ohio

text: and

text: resides

text: today

text: in

text: Boulder

text: Colorado

text: he

text: received

text: BA

text: degree

text: in

text: mathematics

text: and

text: minored

text: in

text: anthropology

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Colorado

text: at

text: Boulder

text: His

text: first

text: published

text: story

text: was

text: The

text: Dreamer

text: 's

text: Sleep

text: in

text: Fantasy

text: Book

text: in

text: his

text: novelette

text: Shanidar

text: which

text: formed

text: the

text: core

text: of

text: his

text: first

text: novel

text: Neverness

text: won

text: the

text: Writers

text: of

text: the

text: Future

text: Contest

text: in

text: David

text: Zindell

text: 's

text: writing

text: style

text: is

text: at

text: once

text: romantic

text: heroic

text: deeply

text: poetic

text: and

text: concerns

text: itself

text: with

text: deep

text: philosophical

text: issues

text: in

text: the

text: human

text: psyche

text: He

text: was

text: nominated

text: for

text: the

text: John

text: Campbell

text: Award

text: for

text: Best

text: New

text: Writer

text: in

text: John

text: Clute

text: writes

text: that

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: Neverness

text: is

text: romantic

text: ambitious

text: and

text: skilled

text: and

text: Gene

text: Wolfe

text: who

text: is

text: connected

text: with

text: Zindell

text: in

text: way

text: Wolfe

text: himself

text: was

text: with

text: Jack

text: Vance

text: described

text: Zindell

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: finest

text: talents

text: to

text: appear

text: since

text: Kim

text: Stanley

text: Robinson

text: and

text: William

text: Gibson

text: perhaps

text: the

text: finest

text: Patrick James Rothfuss (born June 6, 1973) is an American writer of epic fantasy. He is best known for his projected three-volume series "The Kingkiller Chronicle".

text: Patrick

text: James

text: Rothfuss

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: writer

text: of

text: epic

text: fantasy

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: projected

text: three

text: volume

text: series

text: The

text: Kingkiller

text: Chronicle

text: William Shatner (born March 22, 1931) is a Canadian actor, author, producer, and director. In his seven decades of television, Shatner became a cultural icon for his portrayal of James T. Kirk, Captain of the USS "Enterprise", in the "Star Trek" franchise. He has written a series of books chronicling his experiences playing Captain Kirk and being a part of "Star Trek", and has co-written several novels set in the "Star Trek" universe. He has written a series of science fiction novels called "TekWar", which were adapted for television.

text: William

text: Shatner

text: born

text: March

text: is

text: Canadian

text: actor

text: author

text: producer

text: and

text: director

text: In

text: his

text: seven

text: decades

text: of

text: television

text: Shatner

text: became

text: cultural

text: icon

text: for

text: his

text: portrayal

text: of

text: James

text: Kirk

text: Captain

text: of

text: the

text: USS

text: Enterprise

text: in

text: the

text: Star

text: Trek

text: franchise

text: He

text: has

text: written

text: series

text: of

text: books

text: chronicling

text: his

text: experiences

text: playing

text: Captain

text: Kirk

text: and

text: being

text: part

text: of

text: Star

text: Trek

text: and

text: has

text: co

text: written

text: several

text: novels

text: set

text: in

text: the

text: Star

text: Trek

text: universe

text: He

text: has

text: written

text: series

text: of

text: science

text: fiction

text: novels

text: called

text: TekWar

text: which

text: were

text: adapted

text: for

text: television

text: Karen Joy Fowler (born February 7, 1950) is an American author of science fiction, fantasy, and literary fiction. Her work often centers on the nineteenth century, the lives of women, and alienation.

text: Karen

text: Joy

text: Fowler

text: born

text: February

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: author

text: of

text: science

text: fiction

text: fantasy

text: and

text: literary

text: fiction

text: Her

text: work

text: often

text: centers

text: on

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: the

text: lives

text: of

text: women

text: and

text: alienation

text: Dave Wolverton (born 1957) is a science fiction author who also goes under the pseudonym David Farland for his fantasy works. He currently lives in St. George, Utah with his wife and five children and is best known for his Runelords series.

text: Dave

text: Wolverton

text: born

text: is

text: science

text: fiction

text: author

text: who

text: also

text: goes

text: under

text: the

text: pseudonym

text: David

text: Farland

text: for

text: his

text: fantasy

text: works

text: He

text: currently

text: lives

text: in

text: St.

text: George

text: Utah

text: with

text: his

text: wife

text: and

text: five

text: children

text: and

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: Runelords

text: series

text: James Alan Gardner (born January 10, 1955) is a Canadian science fiction author.

text: James

text: Alan

text: Gardner

text: born

text: January

text: is

text: Canadian

text: science

text: fiction

text: author

text: Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13, 1911  January 24, 1986), better known as L. Ron Hubbard and often referred to by his initials, LRH, was an American author and the founder of the Church of Scientology. In 2014, Hubbard was cited by the Smithsonian magazine as one of the 100 most significant Americans of all time, as one of the eleven religious figures on that list. After establishing a career as a writer, becoming best known for his science fiction and fantasy stories, he developed a system called Dianetics which was first expounded in book form in May 1950. He subsequently developed his ideas into a wide-ranging set of doctrines and practices as part of a new religious movement that he called Scientology. His writings became the guiding texts for the Church of Scientology and a number of affiliated organizations that address such diverse topics as business administration, literacy and drug rehabilitation. The Church's dissemination of these materials led to Hubbard being listed by the "Guinness Book of World Records" as the most translated and published author in the world. The Guinness World Record for the most audio books published for one author is also held by Hubbard.

text: Lafayette

text: Ronald

text: Hubbard

text: March

text: January

text: better

text: known

text: as

text: Ron

text: Hubbard

text: and

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: his

text: initials

text: LRH

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: author

text: and

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Scientology

text: In

text: Hubbard

text: was

text: cited

text: by

text: the

text: Smithsonian

text: magazine

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: significant

text: Americans

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: eleven

text: religious

text: figures

text: on

text: that

text: list

text: After

text: establishing

text: career

text: as

text: writer

text: becoming

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: science

text: fiction

text: and

text: fantasy

text: stories

text: he

text: developed

text: system

text: called

text: Dianetics

text: which

text: was

text: first

text: expounded

text: in

text: book

text: form

text: in

text: May

text: He

text: subsequently

text: developed

text: his

text: ideas

text: into

text: wide

text: ranging

text: set

text: of

text: doctrines

text: and

text: practices

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: new

text: religious

text: movement

text: that

text: he

text: called

text: Scientology

text: His

text: writings

text: became

text: the

text: guiding

text: texts

text: for

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Scientology

text: and

text: number

text: of

text: affiliated

text: organizations

text: that

text: address

text: such

text: diverse

text: topics

text: as

text: business

text: administration

text: literacy

text: and

text: drug

text: rehabilitation

text: The

text: Church

text: 's

text: dissemination

text: of

text: these

text: materials

text: led

text: to

text: Hubbard

text: being

text: listed

text: by

text: the

text: Guinness

text: Book

text: of

text: World

text: Records

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: translated

text: and

text: published

text: author

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Guinness

text: World

text: Record

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: audio

text: books

text: published

text: for

text: one

text: author

text: is

text: also

text: held

text: by

text: Hubbard

text: Science fiction (often shortened to SF, sci-fi or scifi) is a genre of speculative fiction, typically dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a "literature of ideas." It usually avoids the supernatural, and unlike the related genre of fantasy, historically science fiction stories were intended to have a grounding in science-based fact or theory at the time the story was created, but this connection is now limited to hard science fiction.

text: Science

text: fiction

text: often

text: shortened

text: to

text: SF

text: sci

text: fi

text: or

text: scifi

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: speculative

text: fiction

text: typically

text: dealing

text: with

text: imaginative

text: concepts

text: such

text: as

text: futuristic

text: science

text: and

text: technology

text: space

text: travel

text: time

text: travel

text: faster

text: than

text: light

text: travel

text: parallel

text: universes

text: and

text: extraterrestrial

text: life

text: Science

text: fiction

text: often

text: explores

text: the

text: potential

text: consequences

text: of

text: scientific

text: and

text: other

text: innovations

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: literature

text: of

text: ideas

text: It

text: usually

text: avoids

text: the

text: supernatural

text: and

text: unlike

text: the

text: related

text: genre

text: of

text: fantasy

text: historically

text: science

text: fiction

text: stories

text: were

text: intended

text: to

text: have

text: grounding

text: in

text: science

text: based

text: fact

text: or

text: theory

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: the

text: story

text: was

text: created

text: but

text: this

text: connection

text: is

text: now

text: limited

text: to

text: hard

text: science

text: fiction

text: Hard science fiction is a category of science fiction characterized by an emphasis on scientific accuracy. The term was first used in print in 1957 by P. Schuyler Miller in a review of John W. Campbell, Jr.'s "Islands of Space" in "Astounding Science Fiction". The complementary term soft science fiction, formed by analogy to hard science fiction, first appeared in the late 1970s. The term is formed by analogy to the popular distinction between the "hard" (natural) and "soft" (social) sciences. Science fiction critic Gary Westfahl argues that neither term is part of a rigorous taxonomy; instead they are approximate ways of characterizing stories that reviewers and commentators have found useful.

text: Hard

text: science

text: fiction

text: is

text: category

text: of

text: science

text: fiction

text: characterized

text: by

text: an

text: emphasis

text: on

text: scientific

text: accuracy

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: first

text: used

text: in

text: print

text: in

text: by

text: Schuyler

text: Miller

text: in

text: review

text: of

text: John

text: Campbell

text: Jr.

text: 's

text: Islands

text: of

text: Space

text: in

text: Astounding

text: Science

text: Fiction

text: The

text: complementary

text: term

text: soft

text: science

text: fiction

text: formed

text: by

text: analogy

text: to

text: hard

text: science

text: fiction

text: first

text: appeared

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: formed

text: by

text: analogy

text: to

text: the

text: popular

text: distinction

text: between

text: the

text: hard

text: natural

text: and

text: soft

text: social

text: sciences

text: Science

text: fiction

text: critic

text: Gary

text: Westfahl

text: argues

text: that

text: neither

text: term

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: rigorous

text: taxonomy

text: instead

text: they

text: are

text: approximate

text: ways

text: of

text: characterizing

text: stories

text: that

text: reviewers

text: and

text: commentators

text: have

text: found

text: useful

text: Time travel is the concept of movement (such as by a human) between certain points in time, analogous to movement between different points in space, typically using a hypothetical device known as a time machine, in the form of a vehicle or of a portal connecting distant points in time. Time travel is a recognized concept in philosophy and fiction, but traveling to an arbitrary point in time has a very limited support in theoretical physics, and usually only in conjunction with quantum mechanics or wormholes, also known as Einstein-Rosen bridges. In a more narrow sense, one-way time travel into the future via time dilation is a well-understood phenomenon within the frameworks of special relativity and general relativity, but advancing a large amount of time is not feasible with current technology. The concept was touched upon in various earlier works of fiction, but was popularized by H. G. Wells' 1895 novel "The Time Machine", which moved the concept of time travel into the public imagination, and it remains a popular subject in science fiction.

text: Time

text: travel

text: is

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: movement

text: such

text: as

text: by

text: human

text: between

text: certain

text: points

text: in

text: time

text: analogous

text: to

text: movement

text: between

text: different

text: points

text: in

text: space

text: typically

text: using

text: hypothetical

text: device

text: known

text: as

text: time

text: machine

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: vehicle

text: or

text: of

text: portal

text: connecting

text: distant

text: points

text: in

text: time

text: Time

text: travel

text: is

text: recognized

text: concept

text: in

text: philosophy

text: and

text: fiction

text: but

text: traveling

text: to

text: an

text: arbitrary

text: point

text: in

text: time

text: has

text: very

text: limited

text: support

text: in

text: theoretical

text: physics

text: and

text: usually

text: only

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: quantum

text: mechanics

text: or

text: wormholes

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Einstein

text: Rosen

text: bridges

text: In

text: more

text: narrow

text: sense

text: one

text: way

text: time

text: travel

text: into

text: the

text: future

text: via

text: time

text: dilation

text: is

text: well

text: understood

text: phenomenon

text: within

text: the

text: frameworks

text: of

text: special

text: relativity

text: and

text: general

text: relativity

text: but

text: advancing

text: large

text: amount

text: of

text: time

text: is

text: not

text: feasible

text: with

text: current

text: technology

text: The

text: concept

text: was

text: touched

text: upon

text: in

text: various

text: earlier

text: works

text: of

text: fiction

text: but

text: was

text: popularized

text: by

text: Wells

text: novel

text: The

text: Time

text: Machine

text: which

text: moved

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: time

text: travel

text: into

text: the

text: public

text: imagination

text: and

text: it

text: remains

text: popular

text: subject

text: in

text: science

text: fiction

text: The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is headquartered in the Comcast Building (formerly known as the GE Building) at Rockefeller Center in New York City, with additional major offices near Los Angeles (at Universal City Plaza), Chicago (at the NBC Tower) and soon in Philadelphia at Comcast Innovation and Technology Center. The network is part of the Big Three television networks. NBC is sometimes referred to as the "Peacock Network", in reference to its stylized peacock logo, which was originally created in 1956 for its then-new color broadcasts and became the network's official emblem in 1979.

text: The

text: National

text: Broadcasting

text: Company

text: NBC

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: commercial

text: broadcast

text: television

text: network

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: flagship

text: property

text: of

text: NBCUniversal

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: Comcast

text: The

text: network

text: is

text: headquartered

text: in

text: the

text: Comcast

text: Building

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: GE

text: Building

text: at

text: Rockefeller

text: Center

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: with

text: additional

text: major

text: offices

text: near

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: at

text: Universal

text: City

text: Plaza

text: Chicago

text: at

text: the

text: NBC

text: Tower

text: and

text: soon

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: at

text: Comcast

text: Innovation

text: and

text: Technology

text: Center

text: The

text: network

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Big

text: Three

text: television

text: networks

text: NBC

text: is

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Peacock

text: Network

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: its

text: stylized

text: peacock

text: logo

text: which

text: was

text: originally

text: created

text: in

text: for

text: its

text: then

text: new

text: color

text: broadcasts

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: network

text: 's

text: official

text: emblem

text: in

text: Nina Kiriki Hoffman (born 20 March 1955 in San Gabriel, California) is an American fantasy, science fiction and horror writer.

text: Nina

text: Kiriki

text: Hoffman

text: born

text: March

text: in

text: San

text: Gabriel

text: California

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: fantasy

text: science

text: fiction

text: and

text: horror

text: writer

text: Ilsa J. Bick is an award - winning , best - selling author of short stories , e-books and novels . She has written for several long - running science fiction series , most notably Star Trek , Battletech , and Mechwarrior : Dark Age . She 's taken both Grand and Second Prize in the Strange New Worlds anthology series ( 1999 and 2001 , respectively ) , while her story , `` The Quality of Wetness , '' took Second Prize in the prestigious Writers of the Future contest in 2000 . Her first Star Trek novel , Well of Souls , was a 2003 Barnes & Noble bestseller . Her original stories have been featured in numerous anthologies , magazines , and online venues . `` The Key , '' a supernatural murder - mystery about the Holocaust and reincarnation , was named `` distinguished '' in The Best American Mystery Stories , 2005 ( edited by Joyce Carol Oates ) , and a sequel , `` Second Sight , '' appeared in Crimespells ( 2003 ) and was named to the 2010 Year 's Best Science Fiction and Fantasy recommended reads . Bick 's first YA novel , Draw the Dark ( Carolrhoda Lab , 2010 ) , is a paranormal mystery that was awarded the 2011 Westchester Fiction Award . Ashes , the first volume in her dystopian thriller trilogy , was released from Egmont USA in September 2011 . Before she became a successful author , Bick was a child / adolescent and forensic psychiatrist . She also holds a degree in literature and film studies , and has presented and written widely on applied psychoanalysis and film . She currently lives in Wisconsin .

text: Ilsa

text: Bick

text: is

text: an

text: award

text: winning

text: best

text: selling

text: author

text: of

text: short

text: stories

text: books

text: and

text: novels

text: She

text: has

text: written

text: for

text: several

text: long

text: running

text: science

text: fiction

text: series

text: most

text: notably

text: Star

text: Trek

text: Battletech

text: and

text: Mechwarrior

text: Dark

text: Age

text: She

text: 's

text: taken

text: both

text: Grand

text: and

text: Second

text: Prize

text: in

text: the

text: Strange

text: New

text: Worlds

text: anthology

text: series

text: and

text: respectively

text: while

text: her

text: story

text: The

text: Quality

text: of

text: Wetness

text: took

text: Second

text: Prize

text: in

text: the

text: prestigious

text: Writers

text: of

text: the

text: Future

text: contest

text: in

text: Her

text: first

text: Star

text: Trek

text: novel

text: Well

text: of

text: Souls

text: was

text: Barnes

text: Noble

text: bestseller

text: Her

text: original

text: stories

text: have

text: been

text: featured

text: in

text: numerous

text: anthologies

text: magazines

text: and

text: online

text: venues

text: The

text: Key

text: supernatural

text: murder

text: mystery

text: about

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: and

text: reincarnation

text: was

text: named

text: distinguished

text: in

text: The

text: Best

text: American

text: Mystery

text: Stories

text: edited

text: by

text: Joyce

text: Carol

text: Oates

text: and

text: sequel

text: Second

text: Sight

text: appeared

text: in

text: Crimespells

text: and

text: was

text: named

text: to

text: the

text: Year

text: 's

text: Best

text: Science

text: Fiction

text: and

text: Fantasy

text: recommended

text: reads

text: Bick

text: 's

text: first

text: YA

text: novel

text: Draw

text: the

text: Dark

text: Carolrhoda

text: Lab

text: is

text: paranormal

text: mystery

text: that

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Westchester

text: Fiction

text: Award

text: Ashes

text: the

text: first

text: volume

text: in

text: her

text: dystopian

text: thriller

text: trilogy

text: was

text: released

text: from

text: Egmont

text: USA

text: in

text: September

text: Before

text: she

text: became

text: successful

text: author

text: Bick

text: was

text: child

text: adolescent

text: and

text: forensic

text: psychiatrist

text: She

text: also

text: holds

text: degree

text: in

text: literature

text: and

text: film

text: studies

text: and

text: has

text: presented

text: and

text: written

text: widely

text: on

text: applied

text: psychoanalysis

text: and

text: film

text: She

text: currently

text: lives

text: in

text: Wisconsin

text: BattleTech is a wargaming and military science fiction franchise launched by FASA Corporation in 1984, acquired by WizKids in 2000, and owned since 2003 by Topps. The series began with FASA's debut of the board game "BattleTech" (originally named "BattleDroids") by Jordan Weisman and L. Ross Babcock III and has since grown to include numerous expansions to the original game, several computer and video games, a collectible card game, a series of more than 100 novels, an animated television series and more.

text: BattleTech

text: is

text: wargaming

text: and

text: military

text: science

text: fiction

text: franchise

text: launched

text: by

text: FASA

text: Corporation

text: in

text: acquired

text: by

text: WizKids

text: in

text: and

text: owned

text: since

text: by

text: Topps

text: The

text: series

text: began

text: with

text: FASA

text: 's

text: debut

text: of

text: the

text: board

text: game

text: BattleTech

text: originally

text: named

text: BattleDroids

text: by

text: Jordan

text: Weisman

text: and

text: Ross

text: Babcock

text: III

text: and

text: has

text: since

text: grown

text: to

text: include

text: numerous

text: expansions

text: to

text: the

text: original

text: game

text: several

text: computer

text: and

text: video

text: games

text: collectible

text: card

text: game

text: series

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: novels

text: an

text: animated

text: television

text: series

text: and

text: more

text: Eugene Wesley "Gene" Roddenberry (August 19, 1921  October 24, 1991) was an American television screenwriter and producer. He is best remembered for creating the . Born in El Paso, Texas, Roddenberry grew up in Los Angeles, where his father was a police officer. Roddenberry flew 89 combat missions in the Army Air Forces during World War II, and worked as a commercial pilot after the war. Later, he followed in his father's footsteps and joined the Los Angeles Police Department, where he also began to write scripts for television.

text: Eugene

text: Wesley

text: Gene

text: Roddenberry

text: August

text: October

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: television

text: screenwriter

text: and

text: producer

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: remembered

text: for

text: creating

text: the

text: Born

text: in

text: El

text: Paso

text: Texas

text: Roddenberry

text: grew

text: up

text: in

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: where

text: his

text: father

text: was

text: police

text: officer

text: Roddenberry

text: flew

text: combat

text: missions

text: in

text: the

text: Army

text: Air

text: Forces

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: and

text: worked

text: as

text: commercial

text: pilot

text: after

text: the

text: war

text: Later

text: he

text: followed

text: in

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: footsteps

text: and

text: joined

text: the

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Police

text: Department

text: where

text: he

text: also

text: began

text: to

text: write

text: scripts

text: for

text: television

text: The Church of Scientology is a multinational network and hierarchy of numerous ostensibly independent but interconnected corporate entities and other organizations devoted to the practice, administration and dissemination of Scientology, a new religious movement. The Church of Scientology International (CSI) is officially the Church of Scientology's parent organization, and is responsible for guiding local Scientology churches. At a local level, every church is a separate corporate entity set up as a licensed franchise and has its own board of directors and executives. The first Scientology church was incorporated in December 1953 in Camden, New Jersey by L. Ron Hubbard. Its international headquarters are located at the Gold Base, in an unincorporated area of Riverside County, California. The location at Gilman Hotsprings is kept secret from most Scientologists. Scientology Missions International is under CSI and overseers Scientology missions, which are local Scientology organizations smaller than churches. The Church of Spiritual Technology (CST) is the organization which owns all the copyrights of the estate of L. Ron Hubbard.

text: The

text: Church

text: of

text: Scientology

text: is

text: multinational

text: network

text: and

text: hierarchy

text: of

text: numerous

text: ostensibly

text: independent

text: but

text: interconnected

text: corporate

text: entities

text: and

text: other

text: organizations

text: devoted

text: to

text: the

text: practice

text: administration

text: and

text: dissemination

text: of

text: Scientology

text: new

text: religious

text: movement

text: The

text: Church

text: of

text: Scientology

text: International

text: CSI

text: is

text: officially

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Scientology

text: 's

text: parent

text: organization

text: and

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: guiding

text: local

text: Scientology

text: churches

text: At

text: local

text: level

text: every

text: church

text: is

text: separate

text: corporate

text: entity

text: set

text: up

text: as

text: licensed

text: franchise

text: and

text: has

text: its

text: own

text: board

text: of

text: directors

text: and

text: executives

text: The

text: first

text: Scientology

text: church

text: was

text: incorporated

text: in

text: December

text: in

text: Camden

text: New

text: Jersey

text: by

text: Ron

text: Hubbard

text: Its

text: international

text: headquarters

text: are

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: Gold

text: Base

text: in

text: an

text: unincorporated

text: area

text: of

text: Riverside

text: County

text: California

text: The

text: location

text: at

text: Gilman

text: Hotsprings

text: is

text: kept

text: secret

text: from

text: most

text: Scientologists

text: Scientology

text: Missions

text: International

text: is

text: under

text: CSI

text: and

text: overseers

text: Scientology

text: missions

text: which

text: are

text: local

text: Scientology

text: organizations

text: smaller

text: than

text: churches

text: The

text: Church

text: of

text: Spiritual

text: Technology

text: CST

text: is

text: the

text: organization

text: which

text: owns

text: all

text: the

text: copyrights

text: of

text: the

text: estate

text: of

text: Ron

text: Hubbard

text: Star Trek is an American science fiction entertainment franchise based on the television series created by Gene Roddenberry. The first television series, simply called "Star Trek" and now referred to as "", debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons on the television network NBC. It followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner) and his crew aboard the starship USS "Enterprise", a space exploration vessel, built by the interstellar federal republic United Federation of Planets in the twenty-third century. The "Star Trek" canon of the franchise include "The Original Series", an animated series, four television series, its film franchise and an upcoming television series scheduled to debut in 2017.

text: Star

text: Trek

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: science

text: fiction

text: entertainment

text: franchise

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: television

text: series

text: created

text: by

text: Gene

text: Roddenberry

text: The

text: first

text: television

text: series

text: simply

text: called

text: Star

text: Trek

text: and

text: now

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: debuted

text: in

text: and

text: aired

text: for

text: three

text: seasons

text: on

text: the

text: television

text: network

text: NBC

text: It

text: followed

text: the

text: interstellar

text: adventures

text: of

text: Captain

text: James

text: Kirk

text: William

text: Shatner

text: and

text: his

text: crew

text: aboard

text: the

text: starship

text: USS

text: Enterprise

text: space

text: exploration

text: vessel

text: built

text: by

text: the

text: interstellar

text: federal

text: republic

text: United

text: Federation

text: of

text: Planets

text: in

text: the

text: twenty

text: third

text: century

text: The

text: Star

text: Trek

text: canon

text: of

text: the

text: franchise

text: include

text: The

text: Original

text: Series

text: an

text: animated

text: series

text: four

text: television

text: series

text: its

text: film

text: franchise

text: and

text: an

text: upcoming

text: television

text: series

text: scheduled

text: to

text: debut

text: in

text: The supernatural (Medieval Latin: "superntrlis": "supra" "above" + "naturalis" "natural", first used: 15201530 AD) includes all that cannot be explained by science or the laws of nature, including things characteristic of or relating to ghosts, gods, or other supernatural beings, or to things beyond nature.

text: The

text: supernatural

text: Medieval

text: Latin

text: superntrlis

text: supra

text: above

text: naturalis

text: natural

text: first

text: used

text: AD

text: includes

text: all

text: that

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: explained

text: by

text: science

text: or

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: nature

text: including

text: things

text: characteristic

text: of

text: or

text: relating

text: to

text: ghosts

text: gods

text: or

text: other

text: supernatural

text: beings

text: or

text: to

text: things

text: beyond

text: nature

text: Joseph Edward "Jay" Lake, Jr. (June 6, 1964  June 1, 2014) was an American science fiction and fantasy writer. In 2003 he was a quarterly first-place winner in the Writers of the Future contest. In 2004 he won the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer in Science Fiction. He lived in Portland, Oregon, and worked as a product manager for a voice services company.

text: Joseph

text: Edward

text: Jay

text: Lake

text: Jr.

text: June

text: June

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: science

text: fiction

text: and

text: fantasy

text: writer

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: quarterly

text: first

text: place

text: winner

text: in

text: the

text: Writers

text: of

text: the

text: Future

text: contest

text: In

text: he

text: won

text: the

text: John

text: Campbell

text: Award

text: for

text: Best

text: New

text: Writer

text: in

text: Science

text: Fiction

text: He

text: lived

text: in

text: Portland

text: Oregon

text: and

text: worked

text: as

text: product

text: manager

text: for

text: voice

text: services

text: company

text:
Writers of the Future (WOTF) is a science fiction and fantasy story contest that was established by L. Ron Hubbard in the early 1980s. A sister contest, Illustrators of the Future, presents awards for science fiction art. Hubbard characterized the contest as a way of "giving back" to the field that had defined his professional writing life. The contest has no entry fee and is the highest-paying contest for amateur science-fiction and fantasy writers. Notable past winners of WOTF include Stephen Baxter, Karen Joy Fowler, James Alan Gardner, Nina Kiriki Hoffman, Jay Lake, Michael H. Payne, Patrick Rothfuss, Robert Reed, Dean Wesley Smith, Sean Williams, Dave Wolverton, Nancy Farmer, and David Zindell.
The winning stories are published in the yearly anthology "L. Ron Hubbard Presents Writers of Future". The contest enjoys a favorable reputation in the science fiction community, although its connection with the Church of Scientology has caused some controversy.

text: Writers

text: of

text: the

text: Future

text: WOTF

text: is

text: science

text: fiction

text: and

text: fantasy

text: story

text: contest

text: that

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: Ron

text: Hubbard

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: sister

text: contest

text: Illustrators

text: of

text: the

text: Future

text: presents

text: awards

text: for

text: science

text: fiction

text: art

text: Hubbard

text: characterized

text: the

text: contest

text: as

text: way

text: of

text: giving

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: field

text: that

text: had

text: defined

text: his

text: professional

text: writing

text: life

text: The

text: contest

text: has

text: no

text: entry

text: fee

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: paying

text: contest

text: for

text: amateur

text: science

text: fiction

text: and

text: fantasy

text: writers

text: Notable

text: past

text: winners

text: of

text: WOTF

text: include

text: Stephen

text: Baxter

text: Karen

text: Joy

text: Fowler

text: James

text: Alan

text: Gardner

text: Nina

text: Kiriki

text: Hoffman

text: Jay

text: Lake

text: Michael

text: Payne

text: Patrick

text: Rothfuss

text: Robert

text: Reed

text: Dean

text: Wesley

text: Smith

text: Sean

text: Williams

text: Dave

text: Wolverton

text: Nancy

text: Farmer

text: and

text: David

text: Zindell

text: The

text: winning

text: stories

text: are

text: published

text: in

text: the

text: yearly

text: anthology

text: Ron

text: Hubbard

text: Presents

text: Writers

text: of

text: Future

text: The

text: contest

text: enjoys

text: favorable

text: reputation

text: in

text: the

text: science

text: fiction

text: community

text: although

text: its

text: connection

text: with

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Scientology

text: has

text: caused

text: some

text: controversy

text: WizKids/NECA, LLC is an American company based in New Jersey that first made its mark in the game industry producing collectible miniatures wargames. WizKids was purchased by and is a subsidiary of National Entertainment Collectibles Association. The company was founded in 2000 by Jordan Weisman, a veteran of the game company FASA. It was purchased by sports-card manufacturer Topps, Inc. in 2003. (Topps was, in turn, acquired by Michael Eisner's Tornante Company and Madison Dearborn Partners in 2007.)

text: WizKids

text: NECA

text: LLC

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: company

text: based

text: in

text: New

text: Jersey

text: that

text: first

text: made

text: its

text: mark

text: in

text: the

text: game

text: industry

text: producing

text: collectible

text: miniatures

text: wargames

text: WizKids

text: was

text: purchased

text: by

text: and

text: is

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: National

text: Entertainment

text: Collectibles

text: Association

text: The

text: company

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Jordan

text: Weisman

text: veteran

text: of

text: the

text: game

text: company

text: FASA

text: It

text: was

text: purchased

text: by

text: sports

text: card

text: manufacturer

text: Topps

text: Inc.

text: in

text: Topps

text: was

text: in

text: turn

text: acquired

text: by

text: Michael

text: Eisner

text: 's

text: Tornante

text: Company

text: and

text: Madison

text: Dearborn

text: Partners

text: in

text: Michael H. Payne (born February 10, 1965) is an American science fiction and fantasy writer, cartoonist, and reviewer. He holds an M.A. in Classics from the University of California, Irvine, and has hosted the Darkling Eclectica, a radio program originally on Saturday mornings, now on Sunday afternoons, on KUCI for more than 30 years.

text: Michael

text: Payne

text: born

text: February

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: science

text: fiction

text: and

text: fantasy

text: writer

text: cartoonist

text: and

text: reviewer

text: He

text: holds

text: an

text: M.A.

text: in

text: Classics

text: from

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: Irvine

text: and

text: has

text: hosted

text: the

text: Darkling

text: Eclectica

text: radio

text: program

text: originally

text: on

text: Saturday

text: mornings

text: now

text: on

text: Sunday

text: afternoons

text: on

text: KUCI

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: Speculative fiction is a broad umbrella genre denoting any narrative fiction with supernatural or futuristic elements; this encompasses the genres of science fiction, fantasy, horror, alternative history, magic realism, and superhero fiction, as well as combinations of the previous genres. It typically strays strongly from reality and so may feature fictional types of beings like mythical creatures and supernatural entities, technologies that do not exist in real life like time machines and interstellar spaceships, or magical or otherwise scientifically inexplicable elements. The term's popularity is sometimes attributed to Robert Heinlein, who referenced it in 1947 in an editorial essay, although there are prior mentions of speculative fiction, or its variant "speculative literature".

text: Speculative

text: fiction

text: is

text: broad

text: umbrella

text: genre

text: denoting

text: any

text: narrative

text: fiction

text: with

text: supernatural

text: or

text: futuristic

text: elements

text: this

text: encompasses

text: the

text: genres

text: of

text: science

text: fiction

text: fantasy

text: horror

text: alternative

text: history

text: magic

text: realism

text: and

text: superhero

text: fiction

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: combinations

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: genres

text: It

text: typically

text: strays

text: strongly

text: from

text: reality

text: and

text: so

text: may

text: feature

text: fictional

text: types

text: of

text: beings

text: like

text: mythical

text: creatures

text: and

text: supernatural

text: entities

text: technologies

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: exist

text: in

text: real

text: life

text: like

text: time

text: machines

text: and

text: interstellar

text: spaceships

text: or

text: magical

text: or

text: otherwise

text: scientifically

text: inexplicable

text: elements

text: The

text: term

text: 's

text: popularity

text: is

text: sometimes

text: attributed

text: to

text: Robert

text: Heinlein

text: who

text: referenced

text: it

text: in

text: in

text: an

text: editorial

text: essay

text: although

text: there

text: are

text: prior

text: mentions

text: of

text: speculative

text: fiction

text: or

text: its

text: variant

text: speculative

text: literature

annotations: follows multiple

question: date_of_birth ilsa j. bick

answer: 1957


text: Ilarvirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Bromoviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are currently 19 species in this genus including the type species Tobacco streak virus.

text: Ilarvirus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: viruses

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Bromoviridae

text: Plants

text: serve

text: as

text: natural

text: hosts

text: There

text: are

text: currently

text: species

text: in

text: this

text: genus

text: including

text: the

text: type

text: species

text: Tobacco

text: streak

text: virus

text: Bromoviridae is a family of viruses. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are currently 33 species in this family, divided among 6 genera.

text: Bromoviridae

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: viruses

text: Plants

text: serve

text: as

text: natural

text: hosts

text: There

text: are

text: currently

text: species

text: in

text: this

text: family

text: divided

text: among

text: genera

text: "Prunus necrotic ringspot virus" (PNRSV) is a plant pathogenic virus causing ring spot diseases affecting species of the genus "Prunus", as well as other species such as rose ("Rosa" spp.) and hops ("Humulus lupulus"). PNRSV is found worldwide due to easy transmission through plant propagation methods and infected seed. The virus is in the family "Bromoviridae" and genus "Ilarvirus". Synonyms of PNRSV include European plum line pattern virus, hop B virus, hop C virus, plum line pattern virus, sour cherry necrotic ringspot virus, and peach ringspot virus.

text: Prunus

text: necrotic

text: ringspot

text: virus

text: PNRSV

text: is

text: plant

text: pathogenic

text: virus

text: causing

text: ring

text: spot

text: diseases

text: affecting

text: species

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Prunus

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: species

text: such

text: as

text: rose

text: Rosa

text: spp

text: and

text: hops

text: Humulus

text: lupulus

text: PNRSV

text: is

text: found

text: worldwide

text: due

text: to

text: easy

text: transmission

text: through

text: plant

text: propagation

text: methods

text: and

text: infected

text: seed

text: The

text: virus

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Bromoviridae

text: and

text: genus

text: Ilarvirus

text: Synonyms

text: of

text: PNRSV

text: include

text: European

text: plum

text: line

text: pattern

text: virus

text: hop

text: virus

text: hop

text: virus

text: plum

text: line

text: pattern

text: virus

text: sour

text: cherry

text: necrotic

text: ringspot

text: virus

text: and

text: peach

text: ringspot

text: virus

text: Plant propagation is the process of creating new plants from a variety of sources: seeds, cuttings, bulbs and other plant parts. Plant propagation can also refer to the artificial or natural dispersal of plants.

text: Plant

text: propagation

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: creating

text: new

text: plants

text: from

text: variety

text: of

text: sources

text: seeds

text: cuttings

text: bulbs

text: and

text: other

text: plant

text: parts

text: Plant

text: propagation

text: can

text: also

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: artificial

text: or

text: natural

text: dispersal

text: of

text: plants

text: A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the flower it bears. There are over a hundred species and thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing or trailing with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwestern Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach seven meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses.

text: rose

text: is

text: woody

text: perennial

text: flowering

text: plant

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Rosa

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Rosaceae

text: or

text: the

text: flower

text: it

text: bears

text: There

text: are

text: over

text: hundred

text: species

text: and

text: thousands

text: of

text: cultivars

text: They

text: form

text: group

text: of

text: plants

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: erect

text: shrubs

text: climbing

text: or

text: trailing

text: with

text: stems

text: that

text: are

text: often

text: armed

text: with

text: sharp

text: prickles

text: Flowers

text: vary

text: in

text: size

text: and

text: shape

text: and

text: are

text: usually

text: large

text: and

text: showy

text: in

text: colours

text: ranging

text: from

text: white

text: through

text: yellows

text: and

text: reds

text: Most

text: species

text: are

text: native

text: to

text: Asia

text: with

text: smaller

text: numbers

text: native

text: to

text: Europe

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: northwestern

text: Africa

text: Species

text: cultivars

text: and

text: hybrids

text: are

text: all

text: widely

text: grown

text: for

text: their

text: beauty

text: and

text: often

text: are

text: fragrant

text: Roses

text: have

text: acquired

text: cultural

text: significance

text: in

text: many

text: societies

text: Rose

text: plants

text: range

text: in

text: size

text: from

text: compact

text: miniature

text: roses

text: to

text: climbers

text: that

text: can

text: reach

text: seven

text: meters

text: in

text: height

text: Different

text: species

text: hybridize

text: easily

text: and

text: this

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: garden

text: roses

text: Prune dwarf virus ( PDV ) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Bromoviridae . It causes dwarfism of leaves on certain prune and plum plants . It will also cause yellows in sour cherry , especially when present with prunus necrotic ringspot virus . There are no known transmission vectors , though the pollen of infected cherry trees has been found to infect other cherry trees a small percent of the time .

text: Prune

text: dwarf

text: virus

text: PDV

text: is

text: plant

text: pathogenic

text: virus

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: Bromoviridae

text: It

text: causes

text: dwarfism

text: of

text: leaves

text: on

text: certain

text: prune

text: and

text: plum

text: plants

text: It

text: will

text: also

text: cause

text: yellows

text: in

text: sour

text: cherry

text: especially

text: when

text: present

text: with

text: prunus

text: necrotic

text: ringspot

text: virus

text: There

text: are

text: no

text: known

text: transmission

text: vectors

text: though

text: the

text: pollen

text: of

text: infected

text: cherry

text: trees

text: has

text: been

text: found

text: to

text: infect

text: other

text: cherry

text: trees

text: small

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: Prunus is a genus of trees and shrubs, which includes the plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots and almonds.

text: Prunus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: trees

text: and

text: shrubs

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: plums

text: cherries

text: peaches

text: nectarines

text: apricots

text: and

text: almonds

question: parent_taxon prune dwarf virus

answer: ilarvirus

text: ilarvirus

text: ilarvirus


text: The Gulf of Mexico is an ocean basin largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The U.S. states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas border the Gulf on the north, which are often referred to as the "Third Coast" in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts, or sometimes the "south coast", in juxtaposition to the Great Lakes region being the "north coast." One of the gulf's seven main areas is the Gulf of Mexico basin.

text: The

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: is

text: an

text: ocean

text: basin

text: largely

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: continent

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: northeast

text: north

text: and

text: northwest

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: Coast

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: south

text: by

text: Mexico

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: Cuba

text: The

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: Alabama

text: Florida

text: Louisiana

text: Mississippi

text: and

text: Texas

text: border

text: the

text: Gulf

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: which

text: are

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Third

text: Coast

text: in

text: comparison

text: with

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Pacific

text: coasts

text: or

text: sometimes

text: the

text: south

text: coast

text: in

text: juxtaposition

text: to

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: region

text: being

text: the

text: north

text: coast

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: gulf

text: 's

text: seven

text: main

text: areas

text: is

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: basin

text: Florida Memorial University is a private coeducational four - year university in Miami Gardens , Florida . One of the 39 member institutions of the United Negro College Fund , and a historically Black , Baptist - related institution which is ranked second in Florida and ninth in the United States for graduating African - American teachers .

text: Florida

text: Memorial

text: University

text: is

text: private

text: coeducational

text: four

text: year

text: university

text: in

text: Miami

text: Gardens

text: Florida

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: institutions

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Negro

text: College

text: Fund

text: and

text: historically

text: Black

text: Baptist

text: related

text: institution

text: which

text: is

text: ranked

text: second

text: in

text: Florida

text: and

text: ninth

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: graduating

text: African

text: American

text: teachers

text: The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the "New World".

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceans

text: with

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: It

text: covers

text: approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: and

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: water

text: surface

text: area

text: It

text: separates

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: from

text: the

text: New

text: World

text:
A "metropolitan area", sometimes referred to as a "metro area" or just "metro", is a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing.
A metro area usually comprises multiple jurisdictions and municipalities: neighborhoods, townships, boroughs, cities, towns, exurbs, suburbs, counties, districts, states, and even nations like the eurodistricts. As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. Metropolitan areas include one or more urban areas, as well as satellite cities, towns and intervening rural areas that are socio-economically tied to the urban core, typically measured by commuting patterns.

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: metro

text: area

text: or

text: just

text: metro

text: is

text: region

text: consisting

text: of

text: densely

text: populated

text: urban

text: core

text: and

text: its

text: less

text: populated

text: surrounding

text: territories

text: sharing

text: industry

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: housing

text: metro

text: area

text: usually

text: comprises

text: multiple

text: jurisdictions

text: and

text: municipalities

text: neighborhoods

text: townships

text: boroughs

text: cities

text: towns

text: exurbs

text: suburbs

text: counties

text: districts

text: states

text: and

text: even

text: nations

text: like

text: the

text: eurodistricts

text: As

text: social

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: institutions

text: have

text: changed

text: metropolitan

text: areas

text: have

text: become

text: key

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: regions

text: Metropolitan

text: areas

text: include

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: urban

text: areas

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: satellite

text: cities

text: towns

text: and

text: intervening

text: rural

text: areas

text: that

text: are

text: socio

text: economically

text: tied

text: to

text: the

text: urban

text: core

text: typically

text: measured

text: by

text: commuting

text: patterns

text: Mary Jane McLeod Bethune (born Mary Jane McLeod; July 10, 1875  May 18, 1955) was an American educator, stateswoman, philanthropist, humanitarian and civil rights activist best known for starting a private school for African-American students in Daytona Beach, Florida. She attracted donations of time and money, and developed the academic school as a college. It later continued to develop as Bethune-Cookman University. She also was appointed as a national adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt as part of what was known as his Black Cabinet. She was known as "The First Lady of The Struggle" because of her commitment to gain better lives for African Americans.

text: Mary

text: Jane

text: McLeod

text: Bethune

text: born

text: Mary

text: Jane

text: McLeod

text: July

text: May

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: educator

text: stateswoman

text: philanthropist

text: humanitarian

text: and

text: civil

text: rights

text: activist

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: starting

text: private

text: school

text: for

text: African

text: American

text: students

text: in

text: Daytona

text: Beach

text: Florida

text: She

text: attracted

text: donations

text: of

text: time

text: and

text: money

text: and

text: developed

text: the

text: academic

text: school

text: as

text: college

text: It

text: later

text: continued

text: to

text: develop

text: as

text: Bethune

text: Cookman

text: University

text: She

text: also

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: national

text: adviser

text: to

text: President

text: Franklin

text: Roosevelt

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: what

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: his

text: Black

text: Cabinet

text: She

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: The

text: First

text: Lady

text: of

text: The

text: Struggle

text: because

text: of

text: her

text: commitment

text: to

text: gain

text: better

text: lives

text: for

text: African

text: Americans

text: Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic Ocean meet. It is south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Haiti, and north of Jamaica. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean, with an area of , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola, with over 11 million inhabitants.

text: Cuba

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Cuba

text: is

text: country

text: comprising

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Cuba

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Isla

text: de

text: la

text: Juventud

text: and

text: several

text: minor

text: archipelagos

text: Cuba

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: Caribbean

text: where

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Sea

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: meet

text: It

text: is

text: south

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Florida

text: and

text: the

text: Bahamas

text: west

text: of

text: Haiti

text: and

text: north

text: of

text: Jamaica

text: Havana

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: capital

text: other

text: major

text: cities

text: include

text: Santiago

text: de

text: Cuba

text: and

text: Camagüey

text: Cuba

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: after

text: Hispaniola

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Florida (Spanish for "land of flowers") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and Cuba. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the U.S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is Florida's most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital.

text: Florida

text: Spanish

text: for

text: land

text: of

text: flowers

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southeastern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: Alabama

text: and

text: Georgia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Straits

text: of

text: Florida

text: and

text: Cuba

text: Florida

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: extensive

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: states

text: Jacksonville

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: by

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: contiguous

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: Miami

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: is

text: Florida

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: area

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Tallahassee

text: is

text: the

text: state

text: capital

text: Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before 1964 with the intention of primarily serving the African American community. They have always allowed admission to students of all races. Most were created in the aftermath of the American Civil War and are in the former slave states, although a few notable exceptions exist.

text: Historically

text: black

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: HBCUs

text: are

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: that

text: were

text: established

text: before

text: with

text: the

text: intention

text: of

text: primarily

text: serving

text: the

text: African

text: American

text: community

text: They

text: have

text: always

text: allowed

text: admission

text: to

text: students

text: of

text: all

text: races

text: Most

text: were

text: created

text: in

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Civil

text: War

text: and

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: slave

text: states

text: although

text: few

text: notable

text: exceptions

text: exist

text: The Miami metropolitan area is the metropolitan area including Miami and nearby communities. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget designates the area as the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area, used for statistical purposes by the United States Census Bureau and other entities. The metropolitan statistical area comprises Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach countiesFlorida's three most populous, together forming South Floridawith principal cities including Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Pompano Beach, West Palm Beach, and Boca Raton.

text: The

text: Miami

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: is

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: including

text: Miami

text: and

text: nearby

text: communities

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Office

text: of

text: Management

text: and

text: Budget

text: designates

text: the

text: area

text: as

text: the

text: Miami

text: Fort

text: Lauderdale

text: West

text: Palm

text: Beach

text: FL

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: used

text: for

text: statistical

text: purposes

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: and

text: other

text: entities

text: The

text: metropolitan

text: statistical

text: area

text: comprises

text: Miami

text: Dade

text: Broward

text: and

text: Palm

text: Beach

text: countiesFlorida

text: 's

text: three

text: most

text: populous

text: together

text: forming

text: South

text: Floridawith

text: principal

text: cities

text: including

text: Miami

text: Fort

text: Lauderdale

text: Pompano

text: Beach

text: West

text: Palm

text: Beach

text: and

text: Boca

text: Raton

text: The United Negro College Fund, or UNCF, is an American philanthropic organization that funds scholarships for black students and general scholarship funds for 39 private historically black colleges and universities. The UNCF was incorporated on April 25, 1944 by Frederick D. Patterson (then president of what is now Tuskegee University), Mary McLeod Bethune, and others. The UNCF is headquartered at 1805 7th Street, NW in Washington, D.C. In 2005, the UNCF supported approximately 65,000 students at over 900 colleges and universities with approximately $113 million in grants and scholarships. About 60% of these students are the first in their families to attend college, and 62% have annual family incomes of less than $25,000. UNCF also administers over 450 named scholarships.

text: The

text: United

text: Negro

text: College

text: Fund

text: or

text: UNCF

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: philanthropic

text: organization

text: that

text: funds

text: scholarships

text: for

text: black

text: students

text: and

text: general

text: scholarship

text: funds

text: for

text: private

text: historically

text: black

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: The

text: UNCF

text: was

text: incorporated

text: on

text: April

text: by

text: Frederick

text: Patterson

text: then

text: president

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Tuskegee

text: University

text: Mary

text: McLeod

text: Bethune

text: and

text: others

text: The

text: UNCF

text: is

text: headquartered

text: at

text: Street

text: NW

text: in

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: In

text: the

text: UNCF

text: supported

text: approximately

text: students

text: at

text: over

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: with

text: approximately

text: million

text: in

text: grants

text: and

text: scholarships

text: About

text: of

text: these

text: students

text: are

text: the

text: first

text: in

text: their

text: families

text: to

text: attend

text: college

text: and

text: have

text: annual

text: family

text: incomes

text: of

text: less

text: than

text: UNCF

text: also

text: administers

text: over

text: named

text: scholarships

text: The Straits of Florida, Florida Straits, or Florida Strait is a strait located south-southeast of the North American mainland, generally accepted to be between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, and between the Florida Keys (U.S.) and Cuba. It is 150 km (93 mi) wide at the narrowest point between Key West and the Cuban shore, and has been sounded to a depth of 6,000 feet. The strait carries the Florida Current, the beginning of the Gulf Stream, from the Gulf of Mexico.

text: The

text: Straits

text: of

text: Florida

text: Florida

text: Straits

text: or

text: Florida

text: Strait

text: is

text: strait

text: located

text: south

text: southeast

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: mainland

text: generally

text: accepted

text: to

text: be

text: between

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: between

text: the

text: Florida

text: Keys

text: U.S.

text: and

text: Cuba

text: It

text: is

text: km

text: mi

text: wide

text: at

text: the

text: narrowest

text: point

text: between

text: Key

text: West

text: and

text: the

text: Cuban

text: shore

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: sounded

text: to

text: depth

text: of

text: feet

text: The

text: strait

text: carries

text: the

text: Florida

text: Current

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: Stream

text: from

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. At nearly , Alabama has one of the nation's longest navigable inland waterways.

text: Alabama

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: southeastern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Tennessee

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Georgia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Florida

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Mississippi

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Alabama

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: extensive

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: states

text: At

text: nearly

text: Alabama

text: has

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: longest

text: navigable

text: inland

text: waterways

text: The contiguous United States consists of the 48 adjoining U.S. states plus Washington, D.C. (federal district), on the continent of North America. The term excludes the non-contiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii and all off-shore United States territories and possessions, which include American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

text: The

text: contiguous

text: United

text: States

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: adjoining

text: U.S.

text: states

text: plus

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: federal

text: district

text: on

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: The

text: term

text: excludes

text: the

text: non

text: contiguous

text: states

text: of

text: Alaska

text: and

text: Hawaii

text: and

text: all

text: off

text: shore

text: United

text: States

text: territories

text: and

text: possessions

text: which

text: include

text: American

text: Samoa

text: Guam

text: the

text: Northern

text: Mariana

text: Islands

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: and

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Virgin

text: Islands

text: Tuskegee University is a private, historically black university (HBCU) located in Tuskegee, Alabama, United States. It was established by Booker T. Washington. The campus is designated as the Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site by the National Park Service and is the only one in the U.S. to have this designation. The university was home to scientist George Washington Carver and to World War II's Tuskegee Airmen.

text: Tuskegee

text: University

text: is

text: private

text: historically

text: black

text: university

text: HBCU

text: located

text: in

text: Tuskegee

text: Alabama

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: Booker

text: Washington

text: The

text: campus

text: is

text: designated

text: as

text: the

text: Tuskegee

text: Institute

text: National

text: Historic

text: Site

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Park

text: Service

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: to

text: have

text: this

text: designation

text: The

text: university

text: was

text: home

text: to

text: scientist

text: George

text: Washington

text: Carver

text: and

text: to

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: 's

text: Tuskegee

text: Airmen

text: Frederick Douglass Patterson (October 10, 1901  April 26, 1988), born in Washington D.C. and orphaned at the age of two. Patterson would later become president of what is now Tuskegee University (19351953) and founder of the United Negro College Fund (1944, "UNCF"). In 1987, President Ronald Reagan awarded Dr. Patterson the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nations highest civilian honor. In 1988, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP.

text: Frederick

text: Douglass

text: Patterson

text: October

text: April

text: born

text: in

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: and

text: orphaned

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: two

text: Patterson

text: would

text: later

text: become

text: president

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Tuskegee

text: University

text: and

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Negro

text: College

text: Fund

text: UNCF

text: In

text: President

text: Ronald

text: Reagan

text: awarded

text: Dr.

text: Patterson

text: the

text: Presidential

text: Medal

text: of

text: Freedom

text: the

text: nations

text: highest

text: civilian

text: honor

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Spingarn

text: Medal

text: from

text: the

text: NAACP

candidates: historically black colleges and universities

annotations: follows single

question: instance_of florida memorial university

answer: historically black colleges and universities

text: historically black colleges and universities

text: historically black colleges and universities