text: Geneenvironment interaction (or genotypeenvironment interaction or G×E) is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways. A norm of reaction is a graph that shows the relationship between genes and environmental factors when phenotypic differences are continuous. They can help illustrate GxE interactions. When the norm of reaction is not parallel, as shown in the figure below, there is a gene by environment interaction. This indicates that each genotype responds to environmental variation in a different way.

text: Geneenvironment

text: interaction

text: or

text: genotypeenvironment

text: interaction

text: or

text: G×E

text: is

text: when

text: two

text: different

text: genotypes

text: respond

text: to

text: environmental

text: variation

text: in

text: different

text: ways

text: norm

text: of

text: reaction

text: is

text: graph

text: that

text: shows

text: the

text: relationship

text: between

text: genes

text: and

text: environmental

text: factors

text: when

text: phenotypic

text: differences

text: are

text: continuous

text: They

text: can

text: help

text: illustrate

text: GxE

text: interactions

text: When

text: the

text: norm

text: of

text: reaction

text: is

text: not

text: parallel

text: as

text: shown

text: in

text: the

text: figure

text: below

text: there

text: is

text: gene

text: by

text: environment

text: interaction

text: This

text: indicates

text: that

text: each

text: genotype

text: responds

text: to

text: environmental

text: variation

text: in

text: different

text: way

text: Cytosine (C) is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, it forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine.

text: Cytosine

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: main

text: bases

text: found

text: in

text: DNA

text: and

text: RNA

text: along

text: with

text: adenine

text: guanine

text: and

text: thymine

text: uracil

text: in

text: RNA

text: It

text: is

text: pyrimidine

text: derivative

text: with

text: heterocyclic

text: aromatic

text: ring

text: and

text: two

text: substituents

text: attached

text: an

text: amine

text: group

text: at

text: position

text: and

text: keto

text: group

text: at

text: position

text: The

text: nucleoside

text: of

text: cytosine

text: is

text: cytidine

text: In

text: Watson

text: Crick

text: base

text: pairing

text: it

text: forms

text: three

text: hydrogen

text: bonds

text: with

text: guanine

text: Homeostasis or homoeostasis is the property of a system in which a variable (for example, the concentration of a substance in solution, or its temperature) is actively regulated to remain very nearly constant. This regulation occurs inside a defined environment (mostly within a living organism's body). Examples of homeostasis include the regulation of the body temperature of an animal, the pH of its extracellular fluids, or the concentrations of sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca) ions or of glucose in the blood plasma, despite changes in the animals environment, or what it has eaten, or what it is doing (for example, resting or exercising). Each of these variables is controlled by a separate homeostat (or regulator), which, together, maintain life. Homeostats are energy-consuming physiological mechanisms.

text: Homeostasis

text: or

text: homoeostasis

text: is

text: the

text: property

text: of

text: system

text: in

text: which

text: variable

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: concentration

text: of

text: substance

text: in

text: solution

text: or

text: its

text: temperature

text: is

text: actively

text: regulated

text: to

text: remain

text: very

text: nearly

text: constant

text: This

text: regulation

text: occurs

text: inside

text: defined

text: environment

text: mostly

text: within

text: living

text: organism

text: 's

text: body

text: Examples

text: of

text: homeostasis

text: include

text: the

text: regulation

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: temperature

text: of

text: an

text: animal

text: the

text: pH

text: of

text: its

text: extracellular

text: fluids

text: or

text: the

text: concentrations

text: of

text: sodium

text: and

text: calcium

text: Ca

text: ions

text: or

text: of

text: glucose

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: plasma

text: despite

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: animals

text: environment

text: or

text: what

text: it

text: has

text: eaten

text: or

text: what

text: it

text: is

text: doing

text: for

text: example

text: resting

text: or

text: exercising

text: Each

text: of

text: these

text: variables

text: is

text: controlled

text: by

text: separate

text: homeostat

text: or

text: regulator

text: which

text: together

text: maintain

text: life

text: Homeostats

text: are

text: energy

text: consuming

text: physiological

text: mechanisms

text: A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of only one cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of more than one cell. Historically, simple unicellular organisms have been referred to as monads, though this term is also used more specifically to describe organisms of the genus "Monas" and similar flagellate ameboids. The main groups of unicellular organisms are bacteria, archaea, protozoa, unicellular algae, and unicellular fungi. Unicellular organisms fall into two general categories: prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms. Unicellular organisms are thought to be the oldest form of life, with early protocells possibly emerging 3.84 billion years ago.

text: unicellular

text: organism

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: single

text: celled

text: organism

text: is

text: an

text: organism

text: that

text: consists

text: of

text: only

text: one

text: cell

text: unlike

text: multicellular

text: organism

text: that

text: consists

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: cell

text: Historically

text: simple

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: have

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: monads

text: though

text: this

text: term

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: more

text: specifically

text: to

text: describe

text: organisms

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Monas

text: and

text: similar

text: flagellate

text: ameboids

text: The

text: main

text: groups

text: of

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: are

text: bacteria

text: archaea

text: protozoa

text: unicellular

text: algae

text: and

text: unicellular

text: fungi

text: Unicellular

text: organisms

text: fall

text: into

text: two

text: general

text: categories

text: prokaryotic

text: organisms

text: and

text: eukaryotic

text: organisms

text: Unicellular

text: organisms

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: oldest

text: form

text: of

text: life

text: with

text: early

text: protocells

text: possibly

text: emerging

text: billion

text: years

text: ago

text: A system is a set of interacting or interdependent component parts forming a complex or intricate whole. Every system is delineated by its spatial and temporal boundaries, surrounded and influenced by its environment, described by its structure and purpose and expressed in its functioning.

text: system

text: is

text: set

text: of

text: interacting

text: or

text: interdependent

text: component

text: parts

text: forming

text: complex

text: or

text: intricate

text: whole

text: Every

text: system

text: is

text: delineated

text: by

text: its

text: spatial

text: and

text: temporal

text: boundaries

text: surrounded

text: and

text: influenced

text: by

text: its

text: environment

text: described

text: by

text: its

text: structure

text: and

text: purpose

text: and

text: expressed

text: in

text: its

text: functioning

text: Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms. It is generally considered a field of biology, but intersects frequently with many other life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems.

text: Genetics

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: genes

text: genetic

text: variation

text: and

text: heredity

text: in

text: living

text: organisms

text: It

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: field

text: of

text: biology

text: but

text: intersects

text: frequently

text: with

text: many

text: other

text: life

text: sciences

text: and

text: is

text: strongly

text: linked

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: information

text: systems

text: Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression. Following transcription of primary transcript mRNA (known as pre-mRNA) by RNA polymerase, processed, mature mRNA is translated into a polymer of amino acids: a protein, as summarized in the central dogma of molecular biology.

text: Messenger

text: RNA

text: mRNA

text: is

text: large

text: family

text: of

text: RNA

text: molecules

text: that

text: convey

text: genetic

text: information

text: from

text: DNA

text: to

text: the

text: ribosome

text: where

text: they

text: specify

text: the

text: amino

text: acid

text: sequence

text: of

text: the

text: protein

text: products

text: of

text: gene

text: expression

text: Following

text: transcription

text: of

text: primary

text: transcript

text: mRNA

text: known

text: as

text: pre

text: mRNA

text: by

text: RNA

text: polymerase

text: processed

text: mature

text: mRNA

text: is

text: translated

text: into

text: polymer

text: of

text: amino

text: acids

text: protein

text: as

text: summarized

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: dogma

text: of

text: molecular

text: biology

text: Uracil (U) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA that are represented by the letters A, G, C and U. The others are adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). In RNA, uracil binds to adenine via two hydrogen bonds. In DNA, the uracil nucleobase is replaced by thymine. Uracil is a demethylated form of thymine.

text: Uracil

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: nucleobases

text: in

text: the

text: nucleic

text: acid

text: of

text: RNA

text: that

text: are

text: represented

text: by

text: the

text: letters

text: and

text: The

text: others

text: are

text: adenine

text: cytosine

text: and

text: guanine

text: In

text: RNA

text: uracil

text: binds

text: to

text: adenine

text: via

text: two

text: hydrogen

text: bonds

text: In

text: DNA

text: the

text: uracil

text: nucleobase

text: is

text: replaced

text: by

text: thymine

text: Uracil

text: is

text: demethylated

text: form

text: of

text: thymine

text: A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge. However, in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term "molecule" is often used less strictly, also being applied to polyatomic ions.

text: molecule

text: is

text: an

text: electrically

text: neutral

text: group

text: of

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: atoms

text: held

text: together

text: by

text: chemical

text: bonds

text: Molecules

text: are

text: distinguished

text: from

text: ions

text: by

text: their

text: lack

text: of

text: electrical

text: charge

text: However

text: in

text: quantum

text: physics

text: organic

text: chemistry

text: and

text: biochemistry

text: the

text: term

text: molecule

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: less

text: strictly

text: also

text: being

text: applied

text: to

text: polyatomic

text: ions

text: A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA which is made up of nucleotides and is the molecular unit of heredity. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as geneenvironment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.

text: gene

text: is

text: locus

text: or

text: region

text: of

text: DNA

text: which

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: nucleotides

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: molecular

text: unit

text: of

text: heredity

text: The

text: transmission

text: of

text: genes

text: to

text: an

text: organism

text: 's

text: offspring

text: is

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: inheritance

text: of

text: phenotypic

text: traits

text: Most

text: biological

text: traits

text: are

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: polygenes

text: many

text: different

text: genes

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: geneenvironment

text: interactions

text: Some

text: genetic

text: traits

text: are

text: instantly

text: visible

text: such

text: as

text: eye

text: colour

text: or

text: number

text: of

text: limbs

text: and

text: some

text: are

text: not

text: such

text: as

text: blood

text: type

text: risk

text: for

text: specific

text: diseases

text: or

text: the

text: thousands

text: of

text: basic

text: biochemical

text: processes

text: that

text: comprise

text: life

text: Molecular biology concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, and proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions. Writing in "Nature" in 1961, William Astbury described molecular biology as:

text: Molecular

text: biology

text: concerns

text: the

text: molecular

text: basis

text: of

text: biological

text: activity

text: between

text: biomolecules

text: in

text: the

text: various

text: systems

text: of

text: cell

text: including

text: the

text: interactions

text: between

text: DNA

text: RNA

text: and

text: proteins

text: and

text: their

text: biosynthesis

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: regulation

text: of

text: these

text: interactions

text: Writing

text: in

text: Nature

text: in

text: William

text: Astbury

text: described

text: molecular

text: biology

text: as

text: A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogenoxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula (where "m" could be different from "n"). Some exceptions exist; for example, deoxyribose, a sugar component of DNA, has the empirical formula CHO. Carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon; structurally it is more accurate to view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.

text: carbohydrate

text: is

text: biological

text: molecule

text: consisting

text: of

text: carbon

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: atoms

text: usually

text: with

text: hydrogenoxygen

text: atom

text: ratio

text: of

text: as

text: in

text: water

text: in

text: other

text: words

text: with

text: the

text: empirical

text: formula

text: where

text: could

text: be

text: different

text: from

text: Some

text: exceptions

text: exist

text: for

text: example

text: deoxyribose

text: sugar

text: component

text: of

text: DNA

text: has

text: the

text: empirical

text: formula

text: CHO

text: Carbohydrates

text: are

text: technically

text: hydrates

text: of

text: carbon

text: structurally

text: it

text: is

text: more

text: accurate

text: to

text: view

text: them

text: as

text: polyhydroxy

text: aldehydes

text: and

text: ketones

text: A macromolecule is a very large molecule, such as protein, commonly created by polymerization of smaller subunits (monomers). They are typically composed of thousands of atoms or more. The most common macromolecules in biochemistry are biopolymers (nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and polyphenols) and large non-polymeric molecules (such as lipids and macrocycles). Synthetic macromolecules include common plastics and synthetic fibres as well as experimental materials such as carbon nanotubes.

text: macromolecule

text: is

text: very

text: large

text: molecule

text: such

text: as

text: protein

text: commonly

text: created

text: by

text: polymerization

text: of

text: smaller

text: subunits

text: monomers

text: They

text: are

text: typically

text: composed

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: atoms

text: or

text: more

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: macromolecules

text: in

text: biochemistry

text: are

text: biopolymers

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: proteins

text: carbohydrates

text: and

text: polyphenols

text: and

text: large

text: non

text: polymeric

text: molecules

text: such

text: as

text: lipids

text: and

text: macrocycles

text: Synthetic

text: macromolecules

text: include

text: common

text: plastics

text: and

text: synthetic

text: fibres

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: experimental

text: materials

text: such

text: as

text: carbon

text: nanotubes

text: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information (using the letters G, U, A, and C to denote the nitrogenous bases guanine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine) that directs synthesis of specific proteins. Many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome.

text: Ribonucleic

text: acid

text: RNA

text: is

text: polymeric

text: molecule

text: essential

text: in

text: various

text: biological

text: roles

text: in

text: coding

text: decoding

text: regulation

text: and

text: expression

text: of

text: genes

text: RNA

text: and

text: DNA

text: are

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: and

text: along

text: with

text: proteins

text: and

text: carbohydrates

text: constitute

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: macromolecules

text: essential

text: for

text: all

text: known

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: Like

text: DNA

text: RNA

text: is

text: assembled

text: as

text: chain

text: of

text: nucleotides

text: but

text: unlike

text: DNA

text: it

text: is

text: more

text: often

text: found

text: in

text: nature

text: as

text: single

text: strand

text: folded

text: onto

text: itself

text: rather

text: than

text: paired

text: double

text: strand

text: Cellular

text: organisms

text: use

text: messenger

text: RNA

text: mRNA

text: to

text: convey

text: genetic

text: information

text: using

text: the

text: letters

text: and

text: to

text: denote

text: the

text: nitrogenous

text: bases

text: guanine

text: uracil

text: adenine

text: and

text: cytosine

text: that

text: directs

text: synthesis

text: of

text: specific

text: proteins

text: Many

text: viruses

text: encode

text: their

text: genetic

text: information

text: using

text: an

text: RNA

text: genome

text: In modern molecular biology and genetics , the genome is the genetic material of an organism . It consists of DNA ( or RNA in RNA viruses ) . The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA / RNA .

text: In

text: modern

text: molecular

text: biology

text: and

text: genetics

text: the

text: genome

text: is

text: the

text: genetic

text: material

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: DNA

text: or

text: RNA

text: in

text: RNA

text: viruses

text: The

text: genome

text: includes

text: both

text: the

text: genes

text: and

text: the

text: non

text: coding

text: sequences

text: of

text: the

text: DNA

text: RNA

text: Life is a characteristic distinguishing physical entities having biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased, or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate. Various forms of life exist, such as plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria. The criteria can at times be ambiguous and may or may not define viruses, viroids, or potential artificial life as "living". Biology is the primary science concerned with the study of life, although many other sciences are involved.

text: Life

text: is

text: characteristic

text: distinguishing

text: physical

text: entities

text: having

text: biological

text: processes

text: such

text: as

text: signaling

text: and

text: self

text: sustaining

text: processes

text: from

text: those

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: either

text: because

text: such

text: functions

text: have

text: ceased

text: or

text: because

text: they

text: never

text: had

text: such

text: functions

text: and

text: are

text: classified

text: as

text: inanimate

text: Various

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: exist

text: such

text: as

text: plants

text: animals

text: fungi

text: protists

text: archaea

text: and

text: bacteria

text: The

text: criteria

text: can

text: at

text: times

text: be

text: ambiguous

text: and

text: may

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: define

text: viruses

text: viroids

text: or

text: potential

text: artificial

text: life

text: as

text: living

text: Biology

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: science

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: life

text: although

text: many

text: other

text: sciences

text: are

text: involved

text: Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms  "offspring"  are produced from their "parents". Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction. There are two forms of reproduction: asexual and sexual.

text: Reproduction

text: or

text: procreation

text: or

text: breeding

text: is

text: the

text: biological

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: new

text: individual

text: organisms

text: offspring

text: are

text: produced

text: from

text: their

text: parents

text: Reproduction

text: is

text: fundamental

text: feature

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: life

text: each

text: individual

text: organism

text: exists

text: as

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: reproduction

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: forms

text: of

text: reproduction

text: asexual

text: and

text: sexual

text: Proteins (or ) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.

text: Proteins

text: or

text: are

text: large

text: biomolecules

text: or

text: macromolecules

text: consisting

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: long

text: chains

text: of

text: amino

text: acid

text: residues

text: Proteins

text: perform

text: vast

text: array

text: of

text: functions

text: within

text: organisms

text: including

text: catalysing

text: metabolic

text: reactions

text: DNA

text: replication

text: responding

text: to

text: stimuli

text: and

text: transporting

text: molecules

text: from

text: one

text: location

text: to

text: another

text: Proteins

text: differ

text: from

text: one

text: another

text: primarily

text: in

text: their

text: sequence

text: of

text: amino

text: acids

text: which

text: is

text: dictated

text: by

text: the

text: nucleotide

text: sequence

text: of

text: their

text: genes

text: and

text: which

text: usually

text: results

text: in

text: protein

text: folding

text: into

text: specific

text: three

text: dimensional

text: structure

text: that

text: determines

text: its

text: activity

text:
Biopolymers are polymers produced by living organisms; in other words, they are polymeric biomolecules. Since they are polymers, biopolymers contain monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form larger structures. There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according to the monomeric units used and the structure of the biopolymer formed: polynucleotides (RNA and DNA), which are long polymers composed of 13 or more nucleotide monomers; polypeptides, which are short polymers of amino acids; and polysaccharides, which are often linear bonded polymeric carbohydrate structures.
Cellulose is the most common organic compound and biopolymer on Earth. About 33 percent of all plant matter is cellulose. The cellulose content of cotton is 90 percent, for wood is 50 percent.

text: Biopolymers

text: are

text: polymers

text: produced

text: by

text: living

text: organisms

text: in

text: other

text: words

text: they

text: are

text: polymeric

text: biomolecules

text: Since

text: they

text: are

text: polymers

text: biopolymers

text: contain

text: monomeric

text: units

text: that

text: are

text: covalently

text: bonded

text: to

text: form

text: larger

text: structures

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: main

text: classes

text: of

text: biopolymers

text: classified

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: monomeric

text: units

text: used

text: and

text: the

text: structure

text: of

text: the

text: biopolymer

text: formed

text: polynucleotides

text: RNA

text: and

text: DNA

text: which

text: are

text: long

text: polymers

text: composed

text: of

text: or

text: more

text: nucleotide

text: monomers

text: polypeptides

text: which

text: are

text: short

text: polymers

text: of

text: amino

text: acids

text: and

text: polysaccharides

text: which

text: are

text: often

text: linear

text: bonded

text: polymeric

text: carbohydrate

text: structures

text: Cellulose

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: organic

text: compound

text: and

text: biopolymer

text: on

text: Earth

text: About

text: percent

text: of

text: all

text: plant

text: matter

text: is

text: cellulose

text: The

text: cellulose

text: content

text: of

text: cotton

text: is

text: percent

text: for

text: wood

text: is

text: percent

text: Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to unicellular organisms.

text: Multicellular

text: organisms

text: are

text: organisms

text: that

text: consist

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: cell

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: Guanine (or G, Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. The guanine nucleoside is called guanosine.

text: Guanine

text: or

text: Gua

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: main

text: nucleobases

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: DNA

text: and

text: RNA

text: the

text: others

text: being

text: adenine

text: cytosine

text: and

text: thymine

text: uracil

text: in

text: RNA

text: In

text: DNA

text: guanine

text: is

text: paired

text: with

text: cytosine

text: The

text: guanine

text: nucleoside

text: is

text: called

text: guanosine

text: Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also called Metazoa). The animal kingdom emerged as a basal clade within Apoikozoa as a sister of the choanoflagellates. Sponges are the most basal clade of animals. Animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs: they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance.

text: Animals

text: are

text: multicellular

text: eukaryotic

text: organisms

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: Animalia

text: also

text: called

text: Metazoa

text: The

text: animal

text: kingdom

text: emerged

text: as

text: basal

text: clade

text: within

text: Apoikozoa

text: as

text: sister

text: of

text: the

text: choanoflagellates

text: Sponges

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: basal

text: clade

text: of

text: animals

text: Animals

text: are

text: motile

text: meaning

text: they

text: can

text: move

text: spontaneously

text: and

text: independently

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: in

text: their

text: lives

text: Their

text: body

text: plan

text: eventually

text: becomes

text: fixed

text: as

text: they

text: develop

text: although

text: some

text: undergo

text: process

text: of

text: metamorphosis

text: later

text: in

text: their

text: lives

text: All

text: animals

text: are

text: heterotrophs

text: they

text: must

text: ingest

text: other

text: organisms

text: or

text: their

text: products

text: for

text: sustenance

text: A biomolecule or biological molecule is molecule that is present in living organisms, including large macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as small molecules such as primary metabolites, secondary metabolites, and natural products. A more general name for this class of material is biological materials. Biomolecules are usually endogenous but may also be exogenous. For example, pharmaceutical drugs may be natural products or semisynthetic (biopharmaceuticals) or they may be totally synthetic.

text: biomolecule

text: or

text: biological

text: molecule

text: is

text: molecule

text: that

text: is

text: present

text: in

text: living

text: organisms

text: including

text: large

text: macromolecules

text: such

text: as

text: proteins

text: carbohydrates

text: lipids

text: and

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: small

text: molecules

text: such

text: as

text: primary

text: metabolites

text: secondary

text: metabolites

text: and

text: natural

text: products

text: more

text: general

text: name

text: for

text: this

text: class

text: of

text: material

text: is

text: biological

text: materials

text: Biomolecules

text: are

text: usually

text: endogenous

text: but

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: exogenous

text: For

text: example

text: pharmaceutical

text: drugs

text: may

text: be

text: natural

text: products

text: or

text: semisynthetic

text: biopharmaceuticals

text: or

text: they

text: may

text: be

text: totally

text: synthetic

text: A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms such as mushrooms and bracket fungi. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals.

text: fungus

text: plural

text: fungi

text: or

text: funguses

text: is

text: any

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: of

text: eukaryotic

text: organisms

text: that

text: includes

text: unicellular

text: microorganisms

text: such

text: as

text: yeasts

text: and

text: molds

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: multicellular

text: fungi

text: that

text: produce

text: familiar

text: fruiting

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: mushrooms

text: and

text: bracket

text: fungi

text: These

text: organisms

text: are

text: classified

text: as

text: kingdom

text: Fungi

text: which

text: is

text: separate

text: from

text: the

text: other

text: eukaryotic

text: life

text: kingdoms

text: of

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: An ion is an atom or a molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving the atom or molecule a net positive or negative electrical charge. Ions can be created, by either chemical or physical means, via ionization.

text: An

text: ion

text: is

text: an

text: atom

text: or

text: molecule

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: electrons

text: is

text: not

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: protons

text: giving

text: the

text: atom

text: or

text: molecule

text: net

text: positive

text: or

text: negative

text: electrical

text: charge

text: Ions

text: can

text: be

text: created

text: by

text: either

text: chemical

text: or

text: physical

text: means

text: via

text: ionization

text: Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or large biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of monomers, which are nucleotides made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a simple ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

text: Nucleic

text: acids

text: are

text: biopolymers

text: or

text: large

text: biomolecules

text: essential

text: to

text: all

text: known

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: They

text: are

text: composed

text: of

text: monomers

text: which

text: are

text: nucleotides

text: made

text: of

text: three

text: components

text: sugar

text: phosphate

text: group

text: and

text: nitrogenous

text: base

text: If

text: the

text: sugar

text: is

text: simple

text: ribose

text: the

text: polymer

text: is

text: RNA

text: ribonucleic

text: acid

text: if

text: the

text: sugar

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: ribose

text: as

text: deoxyribose

text: the

text: polymer

text: is

text: DNA

text: deoxyribonucleic

text: acid

text: Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). The building blocks of nucleic acids, nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group. A nucleoside is a nitrogenuous base and a 5-carbon sugar. Thus a nucleoside plus a phosphate group yields a nucleotide. Nucleotides are also known as phosphate nucleotides.

text: Nucleotides

text: are

text: organic

text: molecules

text: that

text: serve

text: as

text: the

text: monomers

text: or

text: subunits

text: of

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: like

text: DNA

text: deoxyribonucleic

text: acid

text: and

text: RNA

text: ribonucleic

text: acid

text: The

text: building

text: blocks

text: of

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: nucleotides

text: are

text: composed

text: of

text: nitrogenous

text: base

text: five

text: carbon

text: sugar

text: ribose

text: or

text: deoxyribose

text: and

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: phosphate

text: group

text: nucleoside

text: is

text: nitrogenuous

text: base

text: and

text: sugar

text: Thus

text: nucleoside

text: plus

text: phosphate

text: group

text: yields

text: nucleotide

text: Nucleotides

text: are

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: phosphate

text: nucleotides

text: The microscopic scale (from , "mikrós", "small" and , "skopé" "look") is the scale of objects and events smaller than those that can easily be seen by the naked eye, requiring a lens or microscope to see them clearly. In physics, the microscopic scale is sometimes considered the scale between the macroscopic and the quantum regime.

text: The

text: microscopic

text: scale

text: from

text: mikrós

text: small

text: and

text: skopé

text: look

text: is

text: the

text: scale

text: of

text: objects

text: and

text: events

text: smaller

text: than

text: those

text: that

text: can

text: easily

text: be

text: seen

text: by

text: the

text: naked

text: eye

text: requiring

text: lens

text: or

text: microscope

text: to

text: see

text: them

text: clearly

text: In

text: physics

text: the

text: microscopic

text: scale

text: is

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: the

text: scale

text: between

text: the

text: macroscopic

text: and

text: the

text: quantum

text: regime

text: Genetic variation means that biological systems  individuals and populations  are different over space. Each gene pool includes various alleles of genes. The variation occurs both within and among populations, supported by individual carriers of the variant genes.

text: Genetic

text: variation

text: means

text: that

text: biological

text: systems

text: individuals

text: and

text: populations

text: are

text: different

text: over

text: space

text: Each

text: gene

text: pool

text: includes

text: various

text: alleles

text: of

text: genes

text: The

text: variation

text: occurs

text: both

text: within

text: and

text: among

text: populations

text: supported

text: by

text: individual

text: carriers

text: of

text: the

text: variant

text: genes

text:
An information system (IS) is any organized system for the collection, organization, storage and communication of information.
More specifically, it is the study of complementary networks that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and distribute data.

text: An

text: information

text: system

text: IS

text: is

text: any

text: organized

text: system

text: for

text: the

text: collection

text: organization

text: storage

text: and

text: communication

text: of

text: information

text: More

text: specifically

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: complementary

text: networks

text: that

text: people

text: and

text: organizations

text: use

text: to

text: collect

text: filter

text: process

text: create

text: and

text: distribute

text: data

text: Heredity is the genetic information passing for traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism. Through heredity, variations exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause some species to evolve through the natural selection of specific phenotype traits. The study of heredity in biology is called genetics, which includes the field of epigenetics.

text: Heredity

text: is

text: the

text: genetic

text: information

text: passing

text: for

text: traits

text: from

text: parents

text: to

text: their

text: offspring

text: either

text: through

text: asexual

text: reproduction

text: or

text: sexual

text: reproduction

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: an

text: offspring

text: cell

text: or

text: organism

text: acquires

text: or

text: becomes

text: predisposed

text: to

text: the

text: characteristics

text: of

text: its

text: parent

text: cell

text: or

text: organism

text: Through

text: heredity

text: variations

text: exhibited

text: by

text: individuals

text: can

text: accumulate

text: and

text: cause

text: some

text: species

text: to

text: evolve

text: through

text: the

text: natural

text: selection

text: of

text: specific

text: phenotype

text: traits

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: heredity

text: in

text: biology

text: is

text: called

text: genetics

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: epigenetics

text: William Thomas Astbury FRS (also Bill Astbury; 25 February 1898, Longton  4 June 1961, Leeds) was an English physicist and molecular biologist who made pioneering X-ray diffraction studies of biological molecules. His work on keratin provided the foundation for Linus Pauling's discovery of the alpha helix. He also studied the structure for DNA in 1937 and made the first step in the elucidation of its structure.

text: William

text: Thomas

text: Astbury

text: FRS

text: also

text: Bill

text: Astbury

text: February

text: Longton

text: June

text: Leeds

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: physicist

text: and

text: molecular

text: biologist

text: who

text: made

text: pioneering

text: ray

text: diffraction

text: studies

text: of

text: biological

text: molecules

text: His

text: work

text: on

text: keratin

text: provided

text: the

text: foundation

text: for

text: Linus

text: Pauling

text: 's

text: discovery

text: of

text: the

text: alpha

text: helix

text: He

text: also

text: studied

text: the

text: structure

text: for

text: DNA

text: in

text: and

text: made

text: the

text: first

text: step

text: in

text: the

text: elucidation

text: of

text: its

text: structure

text: Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into single, coherent field. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood today that all the organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition known as homeostasis.

text: Biology

text: is

text: natural

text: science

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: living

text: organisms

text: including

text: their

text: structure

text: function

text: growth

text: evolution

text: distribution

text: identification

text: and

text: taxonomy

text: Modern

text: biology

text: is

text: vast

text: and

text: eclectic

text: field

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: branches

text: and

text: subdisciplines

text: However

text: despite

text: the

text: broad

text: scope

text: of

text: biology

text: there

text: are

text: certain

text: general

text: and

text: unifying

text: concepts

text: within

text: it

text: that

text: govern

text: all

text: study

text: and

text: research

text: consolidating

text: it

text: into

text: single

text: coherent

text: field

text: In

text: general

text: biology

text: recognizes

text: the

text: cell

text: as

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: life

text: genes

text: as

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: heredity

text: and

text: evolution

text: as

text: the

text: engine

text: that

text: propels

text: the

text: synthesis

text: and

text: creation

text: of

text: new

text: species

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: understood

text: today

text: that

text: all

text: the

text: organisms

text: survive

text: by

text: consuming

text: and

text: transforming

text: energy

text: and

text: by

text: regulating

text: their

text: internal

text: environment

text: to

text: maintain

text: stable

text: and

text: vital

text: condition

text: known

text: as

text: homeostasis

text: A polymer (Greek "poly-", "many" + "-mer", "parts") is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits. Because of their broad range of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play an essential and ubiquitous role in everyday life. Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via polymerization of many small molecules, known as monomers. Their consequently large molecular mass relative to small molecule compounds produces unique physical properties, including toughness, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to form glasses and semicrystalline structures rather than crystals.

text: polymer

text: Greek

text: poly-

text: many

text: -mer

text: parts

text: is

text: large

text: molecule

text: or

text: macromolecule

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: repeated

text: subunits

text: Because

text: of

text: their

text: broad

text: range

text: of

text: properties

text: both

text: synthetic

text: and

text: natural

text: polymers

text: play

text: an

text: essential

text: and

text: ubiquitous

text: role

text: in

text: everyday

text: life

text: Polymers

text: range

text: from

text: familiar

text: synthetic

text: plastics

text: such

text: as

text: polystyrene

text: to

text: natural

text: biopolymers

text: such

text: as

text: DNA

text: and

text: proteins

text: that

text: are

text: fundamental

text: to

text: biological

text: structure

text: and

text: function

text: Polymers

text: both

text: natural

text: and

text: synthetic

text: are

text: created

text: via

text: polymerization

text: of

text: many

text: small

text: molecules

text: known

text: as

text: monomers

text: Their

text: consequently

text: large

text: molecular

text: mass

text: relative

text: to

text: small

text: molecule

text: compounds

text: produces

text: unique

text: physical

text: properties

text: including

text: toughness

text: viscoelasticity

text: and

text: tendency

text: to

text: form

text: glasses

text: and

text: semicrystalline

text: structures

text: rather

text: than

text: crystals

text: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix.

text: Deoxyribonucleic

text: acid

text: DNA

text: is

text: molecule

text: that

text: carries

text: the

text: genetic

text: instructions

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: growth

text: development

text: functioning

text: and

text: reproduction

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: living

text: organisms

text: and

text: many

text: viruses

text: DNA

text: and

text: RNA

text: are

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: alongside

text: proteins

text: lipids

text: and

text: complex

text: carbohydrates

text: polysaccharides

text: they

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: types

text: of

text: macromolecules

text: that

text: are

text: essential

text: for

text: all

text: known

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: Most

text: DNA

text: molecules

text: consist

text: of

text: two

text: biopolymer

text: strands

text: coiled

text: around

text: each

text: other

text: to

text: form

text: double

text: helix

text: Adenine (A, Ade) is a nucleobase (a purine derivative). Its derivatives have a variety of roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). It also has functions in protein synthesis and as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. The shape of adenine is complementary to either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA.

text: Adenine

text: Ade

text: is

text: nucleobase

text: purine

text: derivative

text: Its

text: derivatives

text: have

text: variety

text: of

text: roles

text: in

text: biochemistry

text: including

text: cellular

text: respiration

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: energy

text: rich

text: adenosine

text: triphosphate

text: ATP

text: and

text: the

text: cofactors

text: nicotinamide

text: adenine

text: dinucleotide

text: NAD

text: and

text: flavin

text: adenine

text: dinucleotide

text: FAD

text: It

text: also

text: has

text: functions

text: in

text: protein

text: synthesis

text: and

text: as

text: chemical

text: component

text: of

text: DNA

text: and

text: RNA

text: The

text: shape

text: of

text: adenine

text: is

text: complementary

text: to

text: either

text: thymine

text: in

text: DNA

text: or

text: uracil

text: in

text: RNA

text: A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.

text: virus

text: is

text: small

text: infectious

text: agent

text: that

text: replicates

text: only

text: inside

text: the

text: living

text: cells

text: of

text: other

text: organisms

text: Viruses

text: can

text: infect

text: all

text: types

text: of

text: life

text: forms

text: from

text: animals

text: and

text: plants

text: to

text: microorganisms

text: including

text: bacteria

text: and

text: archaea

text: In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis. An organism consists of one or more cells; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism. Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms. Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs.

text: In

text: biology

text: an

text: organism

text: is

text: any

text: contiguous

text: living

text: system

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: animal

text: plant

text: fungus

text: archaeon

text: or

text: bacterium

text: All

text: known

text: types

text: of

text: organisms

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: some

text: degree

text: of

text: response

text: to

text: stimuli

text: reproduction

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: and

text: homeostasis

text: An

text: organism

text: consists

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: cells

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: one

text: cell

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: unicellular

text: organism

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: multicellular

text: organism

text: Most

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: are

text: of

text: microscopic

text: scale

text: and

text: are

text: thus

text: loosely

text: described

text: as

text: microorganisms

text: Humans

text: are

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: trillions

text: of

text: cells

text: grouped

text: into

text: specialized

text: tissues

text: and

text: organs

annotations: likely multiple

question: part_of genome

answer: genotype

text: genotype


text: The National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NAPBBP), or simply the National Association (NA), was founded in 1871 and continued through the 1875 season. It succeeded and incorporated several professional clubs from the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP); in turn several of its clubs created the succeeding National League of Professional Baseball Clubs.

text: The

text: National

text: Association

text: of

text: Professional

text: Base

text: Ball

text: Players

text: NAPBBP

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: National

text: Association

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: and

text: continued

text: through

text: the

text: season

text: It

text: succeeded

text: and

text: incorporated

text: several

text: professional

text: clubs

text: from

text: the

text: National

text: Association

text: of

text: Base

text: Ball

text: Players

text: NABBP

text: in

text: turn

text: several

text: of

text: its

text: clubs

text: created

text: the

text: succeeding

text: National

text: League

text: of

text: Professional

text: Baseball

text: Clubs

text: The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, or simply the American League (AL), is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States and Canada. It developed from the Western League, a minor league based in the Great Lakes states, which eventually aspired to major league status. It is sometimes called the Junior Circuit because it claimed Major League status for the 1901 season, 25 years after the formation of the National League (the "Senior Circuit").

text: The

text: American

text: League

text: of

text: Professional

text: Baseball

text: Clubs

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: American

text: League

text: AL

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: leagues

text: that

text: make

text: up

text: Major

text: League

text: Baseball

text: MLB

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Canada

text: It

text: developed

text: from

text: the

text: Western

text: League

text: minor

text: league

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: states

text: which

text: eventually

text: aspired

text: to

text: major

text: league

text: status

text: It

text: is

text: sometimes

text: called

text: the

text: Junior

text: Circuit

text: because

text: it

text: claimed

text: Major

text: League

text: status

text: for

text: the

text: season

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: League

text: the

text: Senior

text: Circuit

text: At the end of each Major League Baseball season, the league leaders of various statistical categories are announced. Leading the league in a particular category is referred to as a "title".

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: each

text: Major

text: League

text: Baseball

text: season

text: the

text: league

text: leaders

text: of

text: various

text: statistical

text: categories

text: are

text: announced

text: Leading

text: the

text: league

text: in

text: particular

text: category

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: title

text: Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent's net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six players each: one goaltender, and five players who skate up and down the ice trying to take the puck and score a goal against the opposing team.

text: Ice

text: hockey

text: is

text: contact

text: team

text: sport

text: played

text: on

text: ice

text: usually

text: in

text: rink

text: in

text: which

text: two

text: teams

text: of

text: skaters

text: use

text: their

text: sticks

text: to

text: shoot

text: vulcanized

text: rubber

text: puck

text: into

text: their

text: opponent

text: 's

text: net

text: to

text: score

text: points

text: Ice

text: hockey

text: teams

text: usually

text: consist

text: of

text: six

text: players

text: each

text: one

text: goaltender

text: and

text: five

text: players

text: who

text: skate

text: up

text: and

text: down

text: the

text: ice

text: trying

text: to

text: take

text: the

text: puck

text: and

text: score

text: goal

text: against

text: the

text: opposing

text: team

text: The Stanley Cup is the championship trophy awarded annually to the National Hockey League (NHL) playoff winner. Originally commissioned in 1892 as the "Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup", the trophy is named for Lord Stanley of Preston, thenGovernor General of Canada, who awarded it to Canada's top-ranking amateur ice hockey club, which the entire Stanley family supported, with the sons and daughters playing and promoting the game. The first Cup was awarded in 1893 to Montreal HC, and subsequent winners from 1893 to 1914 were determined by challenge games and league play. Professional teams first became eligible to challenge for the Stanley Cup in 1906. In 1915, the two professional ice hockey organizations, the National Hockey Association (NHA) and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA), reached a gentlemen's agreement in which their respective champions would face each other annually for the Stanley Cup. After a series of league mergers and folds, it was established as the "de facto" championship trophy of the NHL in 1926 and then the "de jure" NHL championship prize in 1947.

text: The

text: Stanley

text: Cup

text: is

text: the

text: championship

text: trophy

text: awarded

text: annually

text: to

text: the

text: National

text: Hockey

text: League

text: NHL

text: playoff

text: winner

text: Originally

text: commissioned

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: Dominion

text: Hockey

text: Challenge

text: Cup

text: the

text: trophy

text: is

text: named

text: for

text: Lord

text: Stanley

text: of

text: Preston

text: thenGovernor

text: General

text: of

text: Canada

text: who

text: awarded

text: it

text: to

text: Canada

text: 's

text: top

text: ranking

text: amateur

text: ice

text: hockey

text: club

text: which

text: the

text: entire

text: Stanley

text: family

text: supported

text: with

text: the

text: sons

text: and

text: daughters

text: playing

text: and

text: promoting

text: the

text: game

text: The

text: first

text: Cup

text: was

text: awarded

text: in

text: to

text: Montreal

text: HC

text: and

text: subsequent

text: winners

text: from

text: to

text: were

text: determined

text: by

text: challenge

text: games

text: and

text: league

text: play

text: Professional

text: teams

text: first

text: became

text: eligible

text: to

text: challenge

text: for

text: the

text: Stanley

text: Cup

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: two

text: professional

text: ice

text: hockey

text: organizations

text: the

text: National

text: Hockey

text: Association

text: NHA

text: and

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Coast

text: Hockey

text: Association

text: PCHA

text: reached

text: gentlemen

text: 's

text: agreement

text: in

text: which

text: their

text: respective

text: champions

text: would

text: face

text: each

text: other

text: annually

text: for

text: the

text: Stanley

text: Cup

text: After

text: series

text: of

text: league

text: mergers

text: and

text: folds

text: it

text: was

text: established

text: as

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: championship

text: trophy

text: of

text: the

text: NHL

text: in

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: de

text: jure

text: NHL

text: championship

text: prize

text: in

text: The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) Central division, where they are the defending World Series champions. The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field, located on the city's North Side. The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago; the other, the Chicago White Sox, is a member of the American League (AL) Central division. The team, first known as the White Stockings, was a founding member of the NL in 1876, becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903.

text: The

text: Chicago

text: Cubs

text: are

text: an

text: American

text: professional

text: baseball

text: team

text: based

text: in

text: Chicago

text: Illinois

text: The

text: Cubs

text: compete

text: in

text: Major

text: League

text: Baseball

text: MLB

text: as

text: member

text: club

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: League

text: NL

text: Central

text: division

text: where

text: they

text: are

text: the

text: defending

text: World

text: Series

text: champions

text: The

text: team

text: plays

text: its

text: home

text: games

text: at

text: Wrigley

text: Field

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: North

text: Side

text: The

text: Cubs

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: major

text: league

text: teams

text: in

text: Chicago

text: the

text: other

text: the

text: Chicago

text: White

text: Sox

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: League

text: AL

text: Central

text: division

text: The

text: team

text: first

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: White

text: Stockings

text: was

text: founding

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: NL

text: in

text: becoming

text: the

text: Chicago

text: Cubs

text: in

text: The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, known simply as the National League (NL), is the older of two leagues constituting Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States and Canada, and the world's oldest current professional team sports league. Founded on February 2, 1876, to replace the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, it is sometimes called the Senior Circuit, in contrast to MLB's other league, the American League, which was founded 25 years later. Both leagues currently have 15 teams. The two league champions of 1903 arranged to compete against each other in the inaugural World Series. After the 1904 champions failed to reach a similar agreement, the two leagues formalized the World Series as an arrangement between the leagues. National League teams have won 48 of the 112 World Series contested from 1903 to 2016. The 2016 National League champions are the Chicago Cubs.

text: The

text: National

text: League

text: of

text: Professional

text: Baseball

text: Clubs

text: known

text: simply

text: as

text: the

text: National

text: League

text: NL

text: is

text: the

text: older

text: of

text: two

text: leagues

text: constituting

text: Major

text: League

text: Baseball

text: MLB

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oldest

text: current

text: professional

text: team

text: sports

text: league

text: Founded

text: on

text: February

text: to

text: replace

text: the

text: National

text: Association

text: of

text: Professional

text: Base

text: Ball

text: Players

text: it

text: is

text: sometimes

text: called

text: the

text: Senior

text: Circuit

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: MLB

text: 's

text: other

text: league

text: the

text: American

text: League

text: which

text: was

text: founded

text: years

text: later

text: Both

text: leagues

text: currently

text: have

text: teams

text: The

text: two

text: league

text: champions

text: of

text: arranged

text: to

text: compete

text: against

text: each

text: other

text: in

text: the

text: inaugural

text: World

text: Series

text: After

text: the

text: champions

text: failed

text: to

text: reach

text: similar

text: agreement

text: the

text: two

text: leagues

text: formalized

text: the

text: World

text: Series

text: as

text: an

text: arrangement

text: between

text: the

text: leagues

text: National

text: League

text: teams

text: have

text: won

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Series

text: contested

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: National

text: League

text: champions

text: are

text: the

text: Chicago

text: Cubs

text: William Chase Temple (December 28, 1862  January 9, 1917) was a coal, citrus, and lumber baron during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was also a part owner of the Pittsburgh Pirates from baseball's National League. He also established the Temple Cup, a trophy awarded to the winner of a best-of-seven, post-season Major League Baseball championship series that was conducted for four seasons in the National League, from 1894 to 1897. He became the first sole owner of a professional American football team, in 1898.

text: William

text: Chase

text: Temple

text: December

text: January

text: was

text: coal

text: citrus

text: and

text: lumber

text: baron

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: part

text: owner

text: of

text: the

text: Pittsburgh

text: Pirates

text: from

text: baseball

text: 's

text: National

text: League

text: He

text: also

text: established

text: the

text: Temple

text: Cup

text: trophy

text: awarded

text: to

text: the

text: winner

text: of

text: best

text: of

text: seven

text: post

text: season

text: Major

text: League

text: Baseball

text: championship

text: series

text: that

text: was

text: conducted

text: for

text: four

text: seasons

text: in

text: the

text: National

text: League

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: sole

text: owner

text: of

text: professional

text: American

text: football

text: team

text: in

text: The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Pirates compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) Central division. The Pirates play their home games at PNC Park; the team previously played at Forbes Field and Three Rivers Stadium, the latter of which was named after its location near the confluence of the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers. Founded on October 15, 1881 as Allegheny, the franchise has won five World Series championships. The Pirates are also often referred to as the "Bucs" or the "Buccos" (derived from buccaneer, a synonym for pirate).

text: The

text: Pittsburgh

text: Pirates

text: are

text: an

text: American

text: professional

text: baseball

text: team

text: based

text: in

text: Pittsburgh

text: Pennsylvania

text: The

text: Pirates

text: compete

text: in

text: Major

text: League

text: Baseball

text: MLB

text: as

text: member

text: club

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: League

text: NL

text: Central

text: division

text: The

text: Pirates

text: play

text: their

text: home

text: games

text: at

text: PNC

text: Park

text: the

text: team

text: previously

text: played

text: at

text: Forbes

text: Field

text: and

text: Three

text: Rivers

text: Stadium

text: the

text: latter

text: of

text: which

text: was

text: named

text: after

text: its

text: location

text: near

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Allegheny

text: Monongahela

text: and

text: Ohio

text: Rivers

text: Founded

text: on

text: October

text: as

text: Allegheny

text: the

text: franchise

text: has

text: won

text: five

text: World

text: Series

text: championships

text: The

text: Pirates

text: are

text: also

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Bucs

text: or

text: the

text: Buccos

text: derived

text: from

text: buccaneer

text: synonym

text: for

text: pirate

text: The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball (MLB) in North America, contested since 1903 between the American League (AL) champion team and the National League (NL) champion team. The winner of the World Series championship is determined through a best-of-seven playoff, and the winning team is awarded the Commissioner's Trophy. As the series is played in October (and occasionally November), during the autumn season in North America, it is often referred to as the Fall Classic.

text: The

text: World

text: Series

text: is

text: the

text: annual

text: championship

text: series

text: of

text: Major

text: League

text: Baseball

text: MLB

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: contested

text: since

text: between

text: the

text: American

text: League

text: AL

text: champion

text: team

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: League

text: NL

text: champion

text: team

text: The

text: winner

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Series

text: championship

text: is

text: determined

text: through

text: best

text: of

text: seven

text: playoff

text: and

text: the

text: winning

text: team

text: is

text: awarded

text: the

text: Commissioner

text: 's

text: Trophy

text: As

text: the

text: series

text: is

text: played

text: in

text: October

text: and

text: occasionally

text: November

text: during

text: the

text: autumn

text: season

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Fall

text: Classic

text: The Temple Cup was a cup awarded to the winner of a best-of-seven, post-season championship series in the National League, from 1894 to 1897. The 30-inch-high (76.2-cm-high) silver cup cost $800, ($ in 2017 dollars) and was donated by coal, citrus, and lumber baron William Chase Temple, a part-owner of the Pittsburgh Pirates at the time. Much like the Stanley Cup of ice hockey and the Temple Cup's predecessor the Dauvray Cup, there was only one actual Temple Cup.

text: The

text: Temple

text: Cup

text: was

text: cup

text: awarded

text: to

text: the

text: winner

text: of

text: best

text: of

text: seven

text: post

text: season

text: championship

text: series

text: in

text: the

text: National

text: League

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: high

text: high

text: silver

text: cup

text: cost

text: in

text: dollars

text: and

text: was

text: donated

text: by

text: coal

text: citrus

text: and

text: lumber

text: baron

text: William

text: Chase

text: Temple

text: part

text: owner

text: of

text: the

text: Pittsburgh

text: Pirates

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: Much

text: like

text: the

text: Stanley

text: Cup

text: of

text: ice

text: hockey

text: and

text: the

text: Temple

text: Cup

text: 's

text: predecessor

text: the

text: Dauvray

text: Cup

text: there

text: was

text: only

text: one

text: actual

text: Temple

text: Cup

text: The 1894 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 12th season . The team finished second in the National League pennant race with an 88 - 44 record , 3 games behind the Baltimore Orioles . After the regular season 's conclusion , they participated in the first Temple Cup competition against the first - place Baltimore Orioles . The Giants won in a sweep , four games to none .

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Giants

text: season

text: was

text: the

text: franchise

text: 's

text: season

text: The

text: team

text: finished

text: second

text: in

text: the

text: National

text: League

text: pennant

text: race

text: with

text: an

text: record

text: games

text: behind

text: the

text: Baltimore

text: Orioles

text: After

text: the

text: regular

text: season

text: 's

text: conclusion

text: they

text: participated

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: Temple

text: Cup

text: competition

text: against

text: the

text: first

text: place

text: Baltimore

text: Orioles

text: The

text: Giants

text: won

text: in

text: sweep

text: four

text: games

text: to

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

question: sport 1894 new york giants season

answer: baseball

text: baseball

text: baseball

text: baseball

text: baseball

text: baseball

text: baseball

text: baseball

text: baseball

text: baseball

text: baseball

text: baseball

text: baseball

text: baseball