text: Cupronickel (also known as copper-nickel) is an alloy of copper that contains nickel and strengthening elements, such as iron and manganese. Despite its high copper content, cupronickel is silver in colour.

text: Cupronickel

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: copper

text: nickel

text: is

text: an

text: alloy

text: of

text: copper

text: that

text: contains

text: nickel

text: and

text: strengthening

text: elements

text: such

text: as

text: iron

text: and

text: manganese

text: Despite

text: its

text: high

text: copper

text: content

text: cupronickel

text: is

text: silver

text: in

text: colour

text: Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from ) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.

text: Copper

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: Cu

text: from

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: It

text: is

text: soft

text: malleable

text: and

text: ductile

text: metal

text: with

text: very

text: high

text: thermal

text: and

text: electrical

text: conductivity

text: freshly

text: exposed

text: surface

text: of

text: pure

text: copper

text: has

text: reddish

text: orange

text: color

text: Copper

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: conductor

text: of

text: heat

text: and

text: electricity

text: as

text: building

text: material

text: and

text: as

text: constituent

text: of

text: various

text: metal

text: alloys

text: such

text: as

text: sterling

text: silver

text: used

text: in

text: jewelry

text: cupronickel

text: used

text: to

text: make

text: marine

text: hardware

text: and

text: coins

text: and

text: constantan

text: used

text: in

text: strain

text: gauges

text: and

text: thermocouples

text: for

text: temperature

text: measurement

text: Sterling silver is an alloy of silver containing 92.5 by weight of silver and 7.5 by weight of other metals, usually copper. The sterling silver standard has a minimum millesimal fineness of 925.

text: Sterling

text: silver

text: is

text: an

text: alloy

text: of

text: silver

text: containing

text: by

text: weight

text: of

text: silver

text: and

text: by

text: weight

text: of

text: other

text: metals

text: usually

text: copper

text: The

text: sterling

text: silver

text: standard

text: has

text: minimum

text: millesimal

text: fineness

text: of

text: A strain gauge is a device used to measure strain on an object. Invented by Edward E. Simmons and Arthur C. Ruge in 1938, the most common type of strain gauge consists of an insulating flexible backing which supports a metallic foil pattern. The gauge is attached to the object by a suitable adhesive, such as cyanoacrylate. As the object is deformed, the foil is deformed, causing its electrical resistance to change. This resistance change, usually measured using a Wheatstone bridge, is related to the strain by the quantity known as the "gauge factor".

text: strain

text: gauge

text: is

text: device

text: used

text: to

text: measure

text: strain

text: on

text: an

text: object

text: Invented

text: by

text: Edward

text: Simmons

text: and

text: Arthur

text: Ruge

text: in

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: of

text: strain

text: gauge

text: consists

text: of

text: an

text: insulating

text: flexible

text: backing

text: which

text: supports

text: metallic

text: foil

text: pattern

text: The

text: gauge

text: is

text: attached

text: to

text: the

text: object

text: by

text: suitable

text: adhesive

text: such

text: as

text: cyanoacrylate

text: As

text: the

text: object

text: is

text: deformed

text: the

text: foil

text: is

text: deformed

text: causing

text: its

text: electrical

text: resistance

text: to

text: change

text: This

text: resistance

text: change

text: usually

text: measured

text: using

text: Wheatstone

text: bridge

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: strain

text: by

text: the

text: quantity

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: gauge

text: factor

text: A chemical element or element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (i.e. the same atomic number, "Z"). There are 118 elements that have been identified, of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements. There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 that have exclusively radioactive isotopes, which decay over time into other elements. Iron is the most abundant element (by mass) making up Earth, while oxygen is the most common element in the Earth's crust.

text: chemical

text: element

text: or

text: element

text: is

text: species

text: of

text: atoms

text: having

text: the

text: same

text: number

text: of

text: protons

text: in

text: their

text: atomic

text: nuclei

text: i.e.

text: the

text: same

text: atomic

text: number

text: There

text: are

text: elements

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: identified

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: first

text: occur

text: naturally

text: on

text: Earth

text: with

text: the

text: remaining

text: being

text: synthetic

text: elements

text: There

text: are

text: elements

text: that

text: have

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: stable

text: isotope

text: and

text: that

text: have

text: exclusively

text: radioactive

text: isotopes

text: which

text: decay

text: over

text: time

text: into

text: other

text: elements

text: Iron

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: abundant

text: element

text: by

text: mass

text: making

text: up

text: Earth

text: while

text: oxygen

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: element

text: in

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: ContextObjects in Spans, commonly abbreviated COinS, is a method to embed bibliographic metadata in the HTML code of web pages. This allows bibliographic software to publish machine-readable bibliographic items and client reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. The metadata can also be sent to an OpenURL resolver. This allows, for instance, searching for a copy of a book in one's own local library.

text: ContextObjects

text: in

text: Spans

text: commonly

text: abbreviated

text: COinS

text: is

text: method

text: to

text: embed

text: bibliographic

text: metadata

text: in

text: the

text: HTML

text: code

text: of

text: web

text: pages

text: This

text: allows

text: bibliographic

text: software

text: to

text: publish

text: machine

text: readable

text: bibliographic

text: items

text: and

text: client

text: reference

text: management

text: software

text: to

text: retrieve

text: bibliographic

text: metadata

text: The

text: metadata

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: sent

text: to

text: an

text: OpenURL

text: resolver

text: This

text: allows

text: for

text: instance

text: searching

text: for

text: copy

text: of

text: book

text: in

text: one

text: 's

text: own

text: local

text: library

text: Silver is the metallic element with the atomic number 47. Its symbol is Ag, from the Latin "", derived from the Greek "" (literally "shiny" or "white"), and ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European language root reconstructed as *"her-", "grey" or "shining". A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form ("native silver"), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining. Silver is more abundant than gold, but it is much less abundant as a native metal. Its purity is typically measured on a per mille basis; a 94%-pure alloy is described as "0.940 fine".

text: Silver

text: is

text: the

text: metallic

text: element

text: with

text: the

text: atomic

text: number

text: Its

text: symbol

text: is

text: Ag

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: literally

text: shiny

text: or

text: white

text: and

text: ultimately

text: from

text: Proto

text: Indo

text: European

text: language

text: root

text: reconstructed

text: as

text: her-

text: grey

text: or

text: shining

text: soft

text: white

text: lustrous

text: transition

text: metal

text: it

text: exhibits

text: the

text: highest

text: electrical

text: conductivity

text: thermal

text: conductivity

text: and

text: reflectivity

text: of

text: any

text: metal

text: The

text: metal

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: in

text: the

text: pure

text: free

text: elemental

text: form

text: native

text: silver

text: as

text: an

text: alloy

text: with

text: gold

text: and

text: other

text: metals

text: and

text: in

text: minerals

text: such

text: as

text: argentite

text: and

text: chlorargyrite

text: Most

text: silver

text: is

text: produced

text: as

text: byproduct

text: of

text: copper

text: gold

text: lead

text: and

text: zinc

text: refining

text: Silver

text: is

text: more

text: abundant

text: than

text: gold

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: much

text: less

text: abundant

text: as

text: native

text: metal

text: Its

text: purity

text: is

text: typically

text: measured

text: on

text: per

text: mille

text: basis

text: alloy

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: fine

text: In chemistry and physics, the atomic number of a chemical element (also known as its proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that element, and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus. It is conventionally represented by the symbol Z. The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element. In an uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons.

text: In

text: chemistry

text: and

text: physics

text: the

text: atomic

text: number

text: of

text: chemical

text: element

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: its

text: proton

text: number

text: is

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: protons

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: nucleus

text: of

text: an

text: atom

text: of

text: that

text: element

text: and

text: therefore

text: identical

text: to

text: the

text: charge

text: number

text: of

text: the

text: nucleus

text: It

text: is

text: conventionally

text: represented

text: by

text: the

text: symbol

text: The

text: atomic

text: number

text: uniquely

text: identifies

text: chemical

text: element

text: In

text: an

text: uncharged

text: atom

text: the

text: atomic

text: number

text: is

text: also

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: electrons

text: An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element. Alloys are defined by a metallic bonding character. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions). Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined stoichiometry and crystal structure. Zintl phases are also sometimes considered alloys depending on bond types (see also: Van Arkel-Ketelaar triangle for information on classifying bonding in binary compounds).

text: An

text: alloy

text: is

text: mixture

text: of

text: metals

text: or

text: mixture

text: of

text: metal

text: and

text: another

text: element

text: Alloys

text: are

text: defined

text: by

text: metallic

text: bonding

text: character

text: An

text: alloy

text: may

text: be

text: solid

text: solution

text: of

text: metal

text: elements

text: single

text: phase

text: or

text: mixture

text: of

text: metallic

text: phases

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: solutions

text: Intermetallic

text: compounds

text: are

text: alloys

text: with

text: defined

text: stoichiometry

text: and

text: crystal

text: structure

text: Zintl

text: phases

text: are

text: also

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: alloys

text: depending

text: on

text: bond

text: types

text: see

text: also

text: Van

text: Arkel

text: Ketelaar

text: triangle

text: for

text: information

text: on

text: classifying

text: bonding

text: in

text: binary

text: compounds

text: Basic copper carbonate normally refers to the compound ( Cu2 ( OH ) 2CO3 ) ( the mineral malachite ) . Sometimes the name is used for Cu3 ( OH ) 2 ( CO3 ) 2 ( the related mineral azurite ) . Malachite and azurite can be found in the verdigris patina that is found on weathered brass , bronze , and copper . The composition of the patina can vary , in a maritime environment depending on the environment a basic chloride may be present , in an urban environment basic sulfates may be present . The compound Copper ( II ) carbonate CuCO3 is not known to occur naturally . There is a report from 1973 of the production of CuCO3 from CuO or Cu3 ( CO3 ) 2 ( OH ) 2 in the presence of carbon dioxide at 500 ° C and 20 kb ( 2 GPa ) pressure . What is often called copper ( II ) carbonate or cupric carbonate is actually basic copper carbonate .

text: Basic

text: copper

text: carbonate

text: normally

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: compound

text: OH

text: the

text: mineral

text: malachite

text: Sometimes

text: the

text: name

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: OH

text: the

text: related

text: mineral

text: azurite

text: Malachite

text: and

text: azurite

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: verdigris

text: patina

text: that

text: is

text: found

text: on

text: weathered

text: brass

text: bronze

text: and

text: copper

text: The

text: composition

text: of

text: the

text: patina

text: can

text: vary

text: in

text: maritime

text: environment

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: environment

text: basic

text: chloride

text: may

text: be

text: present

text: in

text: an

text: urban

text: environment

text: basic

text: sulfates

text: may

text: be

text: present

text: The

text: compound

text: Copper

text: II

text: carbonate

text: is

text: not

text: known

text: to

text: occur

text: naturally

text: There

text: is

text: report

text: from

text: of

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: from

text: CuO

text: or

text: OH

text: in

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: at

text: and

text: kb

text: GPa

text: pressure

text: What

text: is

text: often

text: called

text: copper

text: II

text: carbonate

text: or

text: cupric

text: carbonate

text: is

text: actually

text: basic

text: copper

text: carbonate

text: Carbonic acid is a chemical compound with the chemical formula HCO (equivalently OC(OH)). It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in water (carbonated water), because such solutions contain small amounts of HCO. In physiology, carbonic acid is described as "volatile acid" or "respiratory acid", because it is the only acid excreted as a gas by the lungs. It plays an important role in the bicarbonate buffer system to maintain acidbase homeostasis.

text: Carbonic

text: acid

text: is

text: chemical

text: compound

text: with

text: the

text: chemical

text: formula

text: HCO

text: equivalently

text: OC(OH

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: name

text: sometimes

text: given

text: to

text: solutions

text: of

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: in

text: water

text: carbonated

text: water

text: because

text: such

text: solutions

text: contain

text: small

text: amounts

text: of

text: HCO

text: In

text: physiology

text: carbonic

text: acid

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: volatile

text: acid

text: or

text: respiratory

text: acid

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: acid

text: excreted

text: as

text: gas

text: by

text: the

text: lungs

text: It

text: plays

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: bicarbonate

text: buffer

text: system

text: to

text: maintain

text: acidbase

text: homeostasis

text: Constantan, also known as Eureka, Advance and Ferry, is a coppernickel alloy usually consisting of 55% copper and 45% nickel. Its main feature is its resistivity, which is constant over a wide range of temperatures. Other alloys with similarly low temperature coefficients are known, such as manganin (CuMnNi).

text: Constantan

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Eureka

text: Advance

text: and

text: Ferry

text: is

text: coppernickel

text: alloy

text: usually

text: consisting

text: of

text: copper

text: and

text: nickel

text: Its

text: main

text: feature

text: is

text: its

text: resistivity

text: which

text: is

text: constant

text: over

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: temperatures

text: Other

text: alloys

text: with

text: similarly

text: low

text: temperature

text: coefficients

text: are

text: known

text: such

text: as

text: manganin

text: CuMnNi

text: In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid (HCO), characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, . The name may also mean an ester of carbonic acid, an organic compound containing the carbonate group C(=O)(O).

text: In

text: chemistry

text: carbonate

text: is

text: salt

text: of

text: carbonic

text: acid

text: HCO

text: characterized

text: by

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: the

text: carbonate

text: ion

text: The

text: name

text: may

text: also

text: mean

text: an

text: ester

text: of

text: carbonic

text: acid

text: an

text: organic

text: compound

text: containing

text: the

text: carbonate

text: group

text: C(=O)(O

text: Carbon (from "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalentmaking four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. Three isotopes occur naturally, C and C being stable, while C is a radioactive isotope, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity.

text: Carbon

text: from

text: coal

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: It

text: is

text: nonmetallic

text: and

text: tetravalentmaking

text: four

text: electrons

text: available

text: to

text: form

text: covalent

text: chemical

text: bonds

text: Three

text: isotopes

text: occur

text: naturally

text: and

text: being

text: stable

text: while

text: is

text: radioactive

text: isotope

text: decaying

text: with

text: half

text: life

text: of

text: about

text: years

text: Carbon

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: elements

text: known

text: since

text: antiquity

text: In chemistry, esters are chemical compounds derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an Oalkyl (alkoxy) group. Usually, esters are derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Glycerides, which are fatty acid esters of glycerol, are important esters in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids, and making up the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. Esters with low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and found in essential oils and pheromones. Phosphoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules. Nitrate esters, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive properties, while polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties.

text: In

text: chemistry

text: esters

text: are

text: chemical

text: compounds

text: derived

text: from

text: an

text: acid

text: organic

text: or

text: inorganic

text: in

text: which

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: OH

text: hydroxyl

text: group

text: is

text: replaced

text: by

text: an

text: Oalkyl

text: alkoxy

text: group

text: Usually

text: esters

text: are

text: derived

text: from

text: carboxylic

text: acid

text: and

text: an

text: alcohol

text: Glycerides

text: which

text: are

text: fatty

text: acid

text: esters

text: of

text: glycerol

text: are

text: important

text: esters

text: in

text: biology

text: being

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: classes

text: of

text: lipids

text: and

text: making

text: up

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: animal

text: fats

text: and

text: vegetable

text: oils

text: Esters

text: with

text: low

text: molecular

text: weight

text: are

text: commonly

text: used

text: as

text: fragrances

text: and

text: found

text: in

text: essential

text: oils

text: and

text: pheromones

text: Phosphoesters

text: form

text: the

text: backbone

text: of

text: DNA

text: molecules

text: Nitrate

text: esters

text: such

text: as

text: nitroglycerin

text: are

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: explosive

text: properties

text: while

text: polyesters

text: are

text: important

text: plastics

text: with

text: monomers

text: linked

text: by

text: ester

text: moieties

text: Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Pure nickel, powdered to maximize the reactive surface area, shows a significant chemical activity, but larger pieces are slow to react with air under standard conditions because an oxide layer forms on the surface and prevents further corrosion (passivation). Even so, pure native nickel is found in Earth's crust only in tiny amounts, usually in ultramafic rocks, and in the interiors of larger nickeliron meteorites that were not exposed to oxygen when outside Earth's atmosphere.

text: Nickel

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: Ni

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: It

text: is

text: silvery

text: white

text: lustrous

text: metal

text: with

text: slight

text: golden

text: tinge

text: Nickel

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: transition

text: metals

text: and

text: is

text: hard

text: and

text: ductile

text: Pure

text: nickel

text: powdered

text: to

text: maximize

text: the

text: reactive

text: surface

text: area

text: shows

text: significant

text: chemical

text: activity

text: but

text: larger

text: pieces

text: are

text: slow

text: to

text: react

text: with

text: air

text: under

text: standard

text: conditions

text: because

text: an

text: oxide

text: layer

text: forms

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: and

text: prevents

text: further

text: corrosion

text: passivation

text: Even

text: so

text: pure

text: native

text: nickel

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: only

text: in

text: tiny

text: amounts

text: usually

text: in

text: ultramafic

text: rocks

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: interiors

text: of

text: larger

text: nickeliron

text: meteorites

text: that

text: were

text: not

text: exposed

text: to

text: oxygen

text: when

text: outside

text: Earth

text: 's

text: atmosphere

question: instance_of basic copper carbonate

answer: chemical compound

text: chemical compound


text: Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund. At , Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low population density of , with the highest concentration in the southern half of the country. Approximately 85% of the population lives in urban areas.

text: Sweden

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Sweden

text: Swedish

text: is

text: Scandinavian

text: country

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: It

text: borders

text: Norway

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Finland

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: is

text: connected

text: to

text: Denmark

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: by

text: bridge

text: tunnel

text: across

text: the

text: Öresund

text: At

text: Sweden

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: by

text: area

text: with

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: Sweden

text: consequently

text: has

text: low

text: population

text: density

text: of

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: concentration

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: Approximately

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: lives

text: in

text: urban

text: areas

text: Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at agreements to regulate working salaries, working conditions, benefits, and other aspects of workers' compensation and rights. The interests of the employees are commonly presented by representatives of a trade union to which the employees belong. The collective agreements reached by these negotiations usually set out wage scales, working hours, training, health and safety, overtime, grievance mechanisms, and rights to participate in workplace or company affairs.

text: Collective

text: bargaining

text: is

text: process

text: of

text: negotiation

text: between

text: employers

text: and

text: group

text: of

text: employees

text: aimed

text: at

text: agreements

text: to

text: regulate

text: working

text: salaries

text: working

text: conditions

text: benefits

text: and

text: other

text: aspects

text: of

text: workers

text: compensation

text: and

text: rights

text: The

text: interests

text: of

text: the

text: employees

text: are

text: commonly

text: presented

text: by

text: representatives

text: of

text: trade

text: union

text: to

text: which

text: the

text: employees

text: belong

text: The

text: collective

text: agreements

text: reached

text: by

text: these

text: negotiations

text: usually

text: set

text: out

text: wage

text: scales

text: working

text: hours

text: training

text: health

text: and

text: safety

text: overtime

text: grievance

text: mechanisms

text: and

text: rights

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: workplace

text: or

text: company

text: affairs

text: The Swedish Trade Union Confederation (literally "National Organisation in Sweden"), commonly referred to as LO, is a national trade union centre, an umbrella organisation for fourteen Swedish trade unions that organise mainly "blue-collar" workers. The Confederation, which gathers in total about 1,5 million employees out of Sweden's 9,6 million people population, was founded in 1898 by blue-collar unions on the initiative of the 1897 Scandinavian Labour Congress and the Swedish Social Democratic Party, which almost exclusively was made up by trade unions. In 2012 union density of Swedish blue-collar workers was 67%, a decline by ten percentage points in six years (union density in 2006: 77%). A strongly contributing factor was the considerably raised fees to union unemployment funds in January 2007 made by the new centre-right government.

text: The

text: Swedish

text: Trade

text: Union

text: Confederation

text: literally

text: National

text: Organisation

text: in

text: Sweden

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: LO

text: is

text: national

text: trade

text: union

text: centre

text: an

text: umbrella

text: organisation

text: for

text: fourteen

text: Swedish

text: trade

text: unions

text: that

text: organise

text: mainly

text: blue

text: collar

text: workers

text: The

text: Confederation

text: which

text: gathers

text: in

text: total

text: about

text: million

text: employees

text: out

text: of

text: Sweden

text: 's

text: million

text: people

text: population

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: blue

text: collar

text: unions

text: on

text: the

text: initiative

text: of

text: the

text: Scandinavian

text: Labour

text: Congress

text: and

text: the

text: Swedish

text: Social

text: Democratic

text: Party

text: which

text: almost

text: exclusively

text: was

text: made

text: up

text: by

text: trade

text: unions

text: In

text: union

text: density

text: of

text: Swedish

text: blue

text: collar

text: workers

text: was

text: decline

text: by

text: ten

text: percentage

text: points

text: in

text: six

text: years

text: union

text: density

text: in

text: strongly

text: contributing

text: factor

text: was

text: the

text: considerably

text: raised

text: fees

text: to

text: union

text: unemployment

text: funds

text: in

text: January

text: made

text: by

text: the

text: new

text: centre

text: right

text: government

text: A trade union (British EnglishAustralian EnglishNew Zealand EnglishSouth African English / Caribbean English; also trades union), labour union (Canadian English), or labor union (American English) is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement, increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work, and better working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labour contracts (collective bargaining) with employers. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment". This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies.

text: trade

text: union

text: British

text: EnglishAustralian

text: EnglishNew

text: Zealand

text: EnglishSouth

text: African

text: English

text: Caribbean

text: English

text: also

text: trades

text: union

text: labour

text: union

text: Canadian

text: English

text: or

text: labor

text: union

text: American

text: English

text: is

text: an

text: organization

text: of

text: workers

text: who

text: have

text: come

text: together

text: to

text: achieve

text: common

text: goals

text: such

text: as

text: protecting

text: the

text: integrity

text: of

text: its

text: trade

text: improving

text: safety

text: standards

text: achieving

text: higher

text: pay

text: and

text: benefits

text: such

text: as

text: health

text: care

text: and

text: retirement

text: increasing

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: employees

text: an

text: employer

text: assigns

text: to

text: complete

text: the

text: work

text: and

text: better

text: working

text: conditions

text: The

text: trade

text: union

text: through

text: its

text: leadership

text: bargains

text: with

text: the

text: employer

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: union

text: members

text: rank

text: and

text: file

text: members

text: and

text: negotiates

text: labour

text: contracts

text: collective

text: bargaining

text: with

text: employers

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: purpose

text: of

text: these

text: associations

text: or

text: unions

text: is

text: maintaining

text: or

text: improving

text: the

text: conditions

text: of

text: their

text: employment

text: This

text: may

text: include

text: the

text: negotiation

text: of

text: wages

text: work

text: rules

text: complaint

text: procedures

text: rules

text: governing

text: hiring

text: firing

text: and

text: promotion

text: of

text: workers

text: benefits

text: workplace

text: safety

text: and

text: policies

text: The Swedish Social Democratic Party, (SAP; literally, "Social Democratic Workers' Party of Sweden"), contesting elections as the "ArbetarepartietSocialdemokraterna" ('The Workers' Party  The Social Democrats'), usually referred to just as the 'Social Democrats' ("Socialdemokraterna"); is the oldest and largest political party in Sweden. The current party leader since 2012 is Stefan Löfven; he has also been Prime Minister of Sweden since 2014.

text: The

text: Swedish

text: Social

text: Democratic

text: Party

text: SAP

text: literally

text: Social

text: Democratic

text: Workers

text: Party

text: of

text: Sweden

text: contesting

text: elections

text: as

text: the

text: ArbetarepartietSocialdemokraterna

text: The

text: Workers

text: Party

text: The

text: Social

text: Democrats

text: usually

text: referred

text: to

text: just

text: as

text: the

text: Social

text: Democrats

text: Socialdemokraterna

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: and

text: largest

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: Sweden

text: The

text: current

text: party

text: leader

text: since

text: is

text: Stefan

text: Löfven

text: he

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: Sweden

text: since

text: Herman Lindqvist ( born 1863 , Arboga , d. 1932 ) was a Swedish Social Democratic politician and trade union organizer . By profession he was a furniture carpenter , and belonged to the Wood Workers Union . He was the chairman of the Swedish Trade Union Confederation 1900 - 1920 .

text: Herman

text: Lindqvist

text: born

text: Arboga

text: was

text: Swedish

text: Social

text: Democratic

text: politician

text: and

text: trade

text: union

text: organizer

text: By

text: profession

text: he

text: was

text: furniture

text: carpenter

text: and

text: belonged

text: to

text: the

text: Wood

text: Workers

text: Union

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Swedish

text: Trade

text: Union

text: Confederation

text: Arboga is a locality and the seat of Arboga Municipality in Västmanland County, Sweden with 10,330 inhabitants in 2010.

text: Arboga

text: is

text: locality

text: and

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: Arboga

text: Municipality

text: in

text: Västmanland

text: County

text: Sweden

text: with

text: inhabitants

text: in

annotations: follows single

question: member_of_political_party herman lindqvist

answer: swedish social democratic party

text: swedish social democratic party

text: swedish social democratic party


text: Memphis is a city in the southwestern corner of the U.S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Shelby County. The city is located on the fourth Chickasaw Bluff, south of the confluence of the Wolf and Mississippi rivers.

text: Memphis

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: corner

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Tennessee

text: and

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Shelby

text: County

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: fourth

text: Chickasaw

text: Bluff

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Wolf

text: and

text: Mississippi

text: rivers

text: The Louisiana Purchase ("Sale of Louisiana") was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory (828,000 square miles = 2.14 million km²) by the United States from France in 1803. The U.S. paid fifty million francs ($11,250,000 USD) and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs ($3,750,000 USD) for a total of sixty-eight million francs ($15,000,000 USD, or around a quarter of a billion in 2016 dollars). The Louisiana territory included land from fifteen present U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. The territory contained land that forms Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska; the portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River; a large portion of North Dakota; a large portion of South Dakota; the northeastern section of New Mexico; the northern portion of Texas; the area of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide; Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (plus New Orleans); and small portions of land within the present Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Its population was around 60,000 inhabitants, of whom half were African slaves.

text: The

text: Louisiana

text: Purchase

text: Sale

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: was

text: the

text: acquisition

text: of

text: the

text: Louisiana

text: territory

text: square

text: miles

text: million

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: from

text: France

text: in

text: The

text: U.S.

text: paid

text: fifty

text: million

text: francs

text: USD

text: and

text: cancellation

text: of

text: debts

text: worth

text: eighteen

text: million

text: francs

text: USD

text: for

text: total

text: of

text: sixty

text: eight

text: million

text: francs

text: USD

text: or

text: around

text: quarter

text: of

text: billion

text: in

text: dollars

text: The

text: Louisiana

text: territory

text: included

text: land

text: from

text: fifteen

text: present

text: U.S.

text: states

text: and

text: two

text: Canadian

text: provinces

text: The

text: territory

text: contained

text: land

text: that

text: forms

text: Arkansas

text: Missouri

text: Iowa

text: Oklahoma

text: Kansas

text: and

text: Nebraska

text: the

text: portion

text: of

text: Minnesota

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: large

text: portion

text: of

text: North

text: Dakota

text: large

text: portion

text: of

text: South

text: Dakota

text: the

text: northeastern

text: section

text: of

text: New

text: Mexico

text: the

text: northern

text: portion

text: of

text: Texas

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: Montana

text: Wyoming

text: and

text: Colorado

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Continental

text: Divide

text: Louisiana

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: plus

text: New

text: Orleans

text: and

text: small

text: portions

text: of

text: land

text: within

text: the

text: present

text: Canadian

text: provinces

text: of

text: Alberta

text: and

text: Saskatchewan

text: Its

text: population

text: was

text: around

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: whom

text: half

text: were

text: African

text: slaves

text: Fort Smith is the second-largest city in Arkansas and one of the two county seats of Sebastian County. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 86,209. With an estimated population of 87,443 in 2012, it is the principal city of the Fort Smith, Arkansas-Oklahoma Metropolitan Statistical Area, a region of 298,592 residents that encompasses the Arkansas counties of Crawford, Franklin, and Sebastian and the Oklahoma counties Le Flore and Sequoyah.

text: Fort

text: Smith

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Arkansas

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: county

text: seats

text: of

text: Sebastian

text: County

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: Census

text: the

text: population

text: was

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: principal

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Fort

text: Smith

text: Arkansas

text: Oklahoma

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: region

text: of

text: residents

text: that

text: encompasses

text: the

text: Arkansas

text: counties

text: of

text: Crawford

text: Franklin

text: and

text: Sebastian

text: and

text: the

text: Oklahoma

text: counties

text: Le

text: Flore

text: and

text: Sequoyah

text: A stagecoach is a type of covered wagon used to carry passengers and goods inside. It is strongly sprung and generally drawn by four horses, usually four-in-hand. Widely used before the introduction of railway transport, it made regular trips between "stages" or stations, which were places of rest provided for stagecoach travelers. The business of running stagecoaches or the act of journeying in them was known as staging.

text: stagecoach

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: covered

text: wagon

text: used

text: to

text: carry

text: passengers

text: and

text: goods

text: inside

text: It

text: is

text: strongly

text: sprung

text: and

text: generally

text: drawn

text: by

text: four

text: horses

text: usually

text: four

text: in

text: hand

text: Widely

text: used

text: before

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: railway

text: transport

text: it

text: made

text: regular

text: trips

text: between

text: stages

text: or

text: stations

text: which

text: were

text: places

text: of

text: rest

text: provided

text: for

text: stagecoach

text: travelers

text: The

text: business

text: of

text: running

text: stagecoaches

text: or

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: journeying

text: in

text: them

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: staging

text: The Butterfield Overland Mail Trail was a stagecoach service in the United States, operating from 1857 to 1861. It carried passengers and U.S. Mail from two eastern termini, Memphis, Tennessee and St. Louis, Missouri to San Francisco, California. The routes from each eastern terminus met at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and then continued through Indian Territory, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Baja California, and California ending in San Francisco. On March 3, 1857, Congress under James Buchanan authorized the U.S. postmaster general, Aaron Brown, to contract for delivery of the U.S. mail from Saint Louis to San Francisco. Prior to this, U.S. Mail bound for the Far West had been transported by ship across the Gulf of Mexico to Panama, where it was freighted across the isthmus to the Pacific, then taken by ship for points in California.

text: The

text: Butterfield

text: Overland

text: Mail

text: Trail

text: was

text: stagecoach

text: service

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: operating

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: carried

text: passengers

text: and

text: U.S.

text: Mail

text: from

text: two

text: eastern

text: termini

text: Memphis

text: Tennessee

text: and

text: St.

text: Louis

text: Missouri

text: to

text: San

text: Francisco

text: California

text: The

text: routes

text: from

text: each

text: eastern

text: terminus

text: met

text: at

text: Fort

text: Smith

text: Arkansas

text: and

text: then

text: continued

text: through

text: Indian

text: Territory

text: Texas

text: New

text: Mexico

text: Arizona

text: Baja

text: California

text: and

text: California

text: ending

text: in

text: San

text: Francisco

text: On

text: March

text: Congress

text: under

text: James

text: Buchanan

text: authorized

text: the

text: U.S.

text: postmaster

text: general

text: Aaron

text: Brown

text: to

text: contract

text: for

text: delivery

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: mail

text: from

text: Saint

text: Louis

text: to

text: San

text: Francisco

text: Prior

text: to

text: this

text: U.S.

text: Mail

text: bound

text: for

text: the

text: Far

text: West

text: had

text: been

text: transported

text: by

text: ship

text: across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: to

text: Panama

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: freighted

text: across

text: the

text: isthmus

text: to

text: the

text: Pacific

text: then

text: taken

text: by

text: ship

text: for

text: points

text: in

text: California

text: San Francisco (SF) (Spanish for Saint Francis) officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations. Located at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula, San Francisco is about in area, making it the smallest countyand the only consolidated city-countywithin the state of California. With a density of about 18,451 people per square mile (7,124 people per km), San Francisco is the most densely settled large city (population greater than 200,000) in California and the second-most densely populated major city in the United States after New York City. San Francisco is the fourth-most populous city in California, after Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose, and the 13th-most populous city in the United Stateswith a census-estimated 2015 population of 864,816. The city and its surrounding areas are known as the San Francisco Bay Area, and are a part of the larger OMB-designated San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland combined statistical area, the fifth most populous in the nation with an estimated population of 8.7 million.

text: San

text: Francisco

text: SF

text: Spanish

text: for

text: Saint

text: Francis

text: officially

text: the

text: City

text: and

text: County

text: of

text: San

text: Francisco

text: is

text: the

text: cultural

text: commercial

text: and

text: financial

text: center

text: of

text: Northern

text: California

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: birthplace

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Located

text: at

text: the

text: north

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: San

text: Francisco

text: Peninsula

text: San

text: Francisco

text: is

text: about

text: in

text: area

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: smallest

text: countyand

text: the

text: only

text: consolidated

text: city

text: countywithin

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: California

text: With

text: density

text: of

text: about

text: people

text: per

text: square

text: mile

text: people

text: per

text: km

text: San

text: Francisco

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: settled

text: large

text: city

text: population

text: greater

text: than

text: in

text: California

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: major

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: after

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: San

text: Francisco

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: California

text: after

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: San

text: Diego

text: and

text: San

text: Jose

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Stateswith

text: census

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: The

text: city

text: and

text: its

text: surrounding

text: areas

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: San

text: Francisco

text: Bay

text: Area

text: and

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: OMB

text: designated

text: San

text: Jose

text: San

text: Francisco

text: Oakland

text: combined

text: statistical

text: area

text: the

text: fifth

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: New Mexico is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. It was admitted to the union as the 47th state on January 6, 1912. It is usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is fifth by area, the 36th-most populous, and the sixth-least densely populated of the 50 United States.

text: New

text: Mexico

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: It

text: was

text: admitted

text: to

text: the

text: union

text: as

text: the

text: state

text: on

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Mountain

text: States

text: New

text: Mexico

text: is

text: fifth

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: and

text: the

text: sixth

text: least

text: densely

text: populated

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Arizona (O'odham: "Al onak" [ai onak]) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western United States and the Mountain West states. It is the sixth largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. It has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, and one point in common with the southwestern corner of Colorado. Arizona's border with Mexico is 389 miles (626 km) long, on the northern border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California.

text: Arizona

text: O'odham

text: Al

text: onak

text: ai

text: onak

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: Mountain

text: West

text: states

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: sixth

text: largest

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Phoenix

text: Arizona

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Four

text: Corners

text: states

text: It

text: has

text: borders

text: with

text: New

text: Mexico

text: Utah

text: Nevada

text: California

text: and

text: Mexico

text: and

text: one

text: point

text: in

text: common

text: with

text: the

text: southwestern

text: corner

text: of

text: Colorado

text: Arizona

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: Mexico

text: is

text: miles

text: km

text: long

text: on

text: the

text: northern

text: border

text: of

text: the

text: Mexican

text: states

text: of

text: Sonora

text: and

text: Baja

text: California

text: Baja California, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Baja California, is a state in Mexico. It is the northernmost and westernmost of the 31 states which, with Mexico City, comprises the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Before becoming a state in 1953, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California ("El Territorio Norte de Baja California"). It has an area of , or 3.57% of the land mass of Mexico and comprises the northern half of the Baja California Peninsula, north of the 28th parallel, plus oceanic Guadalupe Island. The mainland portion of the state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by Sonora, the U.S. State of Arizona, and the Gulf of California (also known as the "Sea of Cortez"), and on the south by Baja California Sur. Its northern limit is the U.S. state of California.

text: Baja

text: California

text: officially

text: the

text: Free

text: and

text: Sovereign

text: State

text: of

text: Baja

text: California

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: Mexico

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: northernmost

text: and

text: westernmost

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: which

text: with

text: Mexico

text: City

text: comprises

text: the

text: Federal

text: Entities

text: of

text: Mexico

text: Before

text: becoming

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: North

text: Territory

text: of

text: Baja

text: California

text: El

text: Territorio

text: Norte

text: de

text: Baja

text: California

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: mass

text: of

text: Mexico

text: and

text: comprises

text: the

text: northern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Baja

text: California

text: Peninsula

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: parallel

text: plus

text: oceanic

text: Guadalupe

text: Island

text: The

text: mainland

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: is

text: bordered

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Sonora

text: the

text: U.S.

text: State

text: of

text: Arizona

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: California

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Sea

text: of

text: Cortez

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: Baja

text: California

text: Sur

text: Its

text: northern

text: limit

text: is

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: California

text: Louisiana (or  ; Louisiana Creole: "Léta de la Lwizyàn") is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are the local government's equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, and the largest by total area is Plaquemines. Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south.

text: Louisiana

text: or

text: Louisiana

text: Creole

text: Léta

text: de

text: la

text: Lwizyàn

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Louisiana

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: extensive

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Baton

text: Rouge

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: New

text: Orleans

text: Louisiana

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: with

text: political

text: subdivisions

text: termed

text: parishes

text: which

text: are

text: the

text: local

text: government

text: 's

text: equivalent

text: to

text: counties

text: The

text: largest

text: parish

text: by

text: population

text: is

text: East

text: Baton

text: Rouge

text: Parish

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: is

text: Plaquemines

text: Louisiana

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Arkansas

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Mississippi

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Texas

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Trahern 's Station was a stage stand on the old Butterfield Overland Mail route in Indian Territory . It was located in what is now Le Flore County , Oklahoma . The station was named for Judge James N. Trahern , the stage agent . Trahern was a Choctaw Indian and a long - time county judge for Skullyville County , Choctaw Nation . Trahern 's Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places ( # 72001073 ) in 1972 .

text: Trahern

text: 's

text: Station

text: was

text: stage

text: stand

text: on

text: the

text: old

text: Butterfield

text: Overland

text: Mail

text: route

text: in

text: Indian

text: Territory

text: It

text: was

text: located

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Le

text: Flore

text: County

text: Oklahoma

text: The

text: station

text: was

text: named

text: for

text: Judge

text: James

text: Trahern

text: the

text: stage

text: agent

text: Trahern

text: was

text: Choctaw

text: Indian

text: and

text: long

text: time

text: county

text: judge

text: for

text: Skullyville

text: County

text: Choctaw

text: Nation

text: Trahern

text: 's

text: Station

text: was

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: National

text: Register

text: of

text: Historic

text: Places

text: in

text: James Buchanan, Jr. (April 23, 1791June 1, 1868) was the 15th President of the United States (185761), serving immediately prior to the American Civil War. He represented Pennsylvania in the United States House of Representatives and later the Senate, then served as Minister to Russia under President Andrew Jackson. He was named Secretary of State under President James K. Polk, and is the last former Secretary of State to serve as President of the United States. After Buchanan turned down an offer to sit on the Supreme Court, President Franklin Pierce appointed him Ambassador to the United Kingdom, in which capacity he helped draft the Ostend Manifesto.

text: James

text: Buchanan

text: Jr.

text: April

text: was

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: serving

text: immediately

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: Civil

text: War

text: He

text: represented

text: Pennsylvania

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: House

text: of

text: Representatives

text: and

text: later

text: the

text: Senate

text: then

text: served

text: as

text: Minister

text: to

text: Russia

text: under

text: President

text: Andrew

text: Jackson

text: He

text: was

text: named

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: under

text: President

text: James

text: Polk

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: former

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: After

text: Buchanan

text: turned

text: down

text: an

text: offer

text: to

text: sit

text: on

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: President

text: Franklin

text: Pierce

text: appointed

text: him

text: Ambassador

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: in

text: which

text: capacity

text: he

text: helped

text: draft

text: the

text: Ostend

text: Manifesto

text: Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Geographically located in the south central part of the country, Texas shares borders with the U.S. states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the southwest, while the Gulf of Mexico is to the southeast.

text: Texas

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: by

text: both

text: area

text: and

text: population

text: Geographically

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: central

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: Texas

text: shares

text: borders

text: with

text: the

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Arkansas

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Oklahoma

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: New

text: Mexico

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mexican

text: states

text: of

text: Chihuahua

text: Coahuila

text: Nuevo

text: León

text: and

text: Tamaulipas

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: while

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western (Pacific Ocean) coast of the U.S., California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. The state capital is Sacramento. Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second largest after New York City. The state also has the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County.

text: California

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: extensive

text: by

text: area

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: California

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: other

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: Oregon

text: Nevada

text: and

text: Arizona

text: and

text: shares

text: an

text: international

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: Mexican

text: state

text: of

text: Baja

text: California

text: The

text: state

text: capital

text: is

text: Sacramento

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: is

text: California

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: after

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: The

text: state

text: also

text: has

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: county

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: County

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: county

text: by

text: area

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: County

text: As general terms, Indian Territory, the Indian Territories, or Indian country describe an evolving land area set aside by the United States Government for the relocation of Native Americans who held aboriginal title to their land. In general, the tribes ceded land they occupied in exchange for land grants in an area purchased by the United States federal government from Napoleonic France, the Louisiana Purchase. The concept of an Indian Territory was an outcome of the 18th- and 19th-century policy of Indian removal. After the Civil War, the policy of the government was one of assimilation.

text: As

text: general

text: terms

text: Indian

text: Territory

text: the

text: Indian

text: Territories

text: or

text: Indian

text: country

text: describe

text: an

text: evolving

text: land

text: area

text: set

text: aside

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Government

text: for

text: the

text: relocation

text: of

text: Native

text: Americans

text: who

text: held

text: aboriginal

text: title

text: to

text: their

text: land

text: In

text: general

text: the

text: tribes

text: ceded

text: land

text: they

text: occupied

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: land

text: grants

text: in

text: an

text: area

text: purchased

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: federal

text: government

text: from

text: Napoleonic

text: France

text: the

text: Louisiana

text: Purchase

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: an

text: Indian

text: Territory

text: was

text: an

text: outcome

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: century

text: policy

text: of

text: Indian

text: removal

text: After

text: the

text: Civil

text: War

text: the

text: policy

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: assimilation

text: Indian removal was a policy of the United States government in the 19th century whereby Native Americans were forcibly removed from their ancestral homelands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River, thereafter known as Indian Territory. That policy has been characterized by some scholars as part of a long-term genocide of Native Americans by European settlers to North America in the colonial period and citizens of the United States until the mid-20th century. This view has been disputed. The policy traced its direct origins to the administration of James Monroe, though it addressed conflicts between European Americans and Native Americans that had been occurring since the 17th century, and were escalating into the early 19th century as white settlers were continually pushing westward. The Indian Removal Act was the key law that forced the removal of the Indians, and was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830.

text: Indian

text: removal

text: was

text: policy

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: government

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: whereby

text: Native

text: Americans

text: were

text: forcibly

text: removed

text: from

text: their

text: ancestral

text: homelands

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: lands

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: thereafter

text: known

text: as

text: Indian

text: Territory

text: That

text: policy

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: by

text: some

text: scholars

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: long

text: term

text: genocide

text: of

text: Native

text: Americans

text: by

text: European

text: settlers

text: to

text: North

text: America

text: in

text: the

text: colonial

text: period

text: and

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: This

text: view

text: has

text: been

text: disputed

text: The

text: policy

text: traced

text: its

text: direct

text: origins

text: to

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: James

text: Monroe

text: though

text: it

text: addressed

text: conflicts

text: between

text: European

text: Americans

text: and

text: Native

text: Americans

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: occurring

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: were

text: escalating

text: into

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: as

text: white

text: settlers

text: were

text: continually

text: pushing

text: westward

text: The

text: Indian

text: Removal

text: Act

text: was

text: the

text: key

text: law

text: that

text: forced

text: the

text: removal

text: of

text: the

text: Indians

text: and

text: was

text: signed

text: into

text: law

text: by

text: President

text: Andrew

text: Jackson

text: on

text: May

question: instance_of trahern's station

answer: house

text: house