text: Medicine (British English ; American English ) is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. The word "medicine" is derived from Latin "medicus", meaning "a physician". Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

text: Medicine

text: British

text: English

text: American

text: English

text: is

text: the

text: science

text: and

text: practice

text: of

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: treatment

text: and

text: prevention

text: of

text: disease

text: The

text: word

text: medicine

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: Latin

text: medicus

text: meaning

text: physician

text: Medicine

text: encompasses

text: variety

text: of

text: health

text: care

text: practices

text: evolved

text: to

text: maintain

text: and

text: restore

text: health

text: by

text: the

text: prevention

text: and

text: treatment

text: of

text: illness

text: Contemporary

text: medicine

text: applies

text: biomedical

text: sciences

text: biomedical

text: research

text: genetics

text: and

text: medical

text: technology

text: to

text: diagnose

text: treat

text: and

text: prevent

text: injury

text: and

text: disease

text: typically

text: through

text: pharmaceuticals

text: or

text: surgery

text: but

text: also

text: through

text: therapies

text: as

text: diverse

text: as

text: psychotherapy

text: external

text: splints

text: and

text: traction

text: medical

text: devices

text: biologics

text: and

text: ionizing

text: radiation

text: amongst

text: others

text: Academy of Learning (AU) was a primary Polish scientific institution during the annexation of Poland established in 1871. It was founded in Kraków as a continuation of the "Kraków Scientific Society" ("Towarzystwo Naukowe Krakowskie"). The institution began activity two years later, in 1873. At first, it focused on scholars from Kraków, however, it soon expanded its activity to Polish scholars from all annexed territories, along with Polish emigration. Its main goals were to organize, support and conduct learning, plus represent Polish scientists and scholars from all over the world.

text: Academy

text: of

text: Learning

text: AU

text: was

text: primary

text: Polish

text: scientific

text: institution

text: during

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: Poland

text: established

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: Kraków

text: as

text: continuation

text: of

text: the

text: Kraków

text: Scientific

text: Society

text: Towarzystwo

text: Naukowe

text: Krakowskie

text: The

text: institution

text: began

text: activity

text: two

text: years

text: later

text: in

text: At

text: first

text: it

text: focused

text: on

text: scholars

text: from

text: Kraków

text: however

text: it

text: soon

text: expanded

text: its

text: activity

text: to

text: Polish

text: scholars

text: from

text: all

text: annexed

text: territories

text: along

text: with

text: Polish

text: emigration

text: Its

text: main

text: goals

text: were

text: to

text: organize

text: support

text: and

text: conduct

text: learning

text: plus

text: represent

text: Polish

text: scientists

text: and

text: scholars

text: from

text: all

text: over

text: the

text: world

text: Lithuania can be divided into historical and cultural regions (called ethnographic regions). The exact borders are not fully clear, as the regions are not official political or administrative units. They are delimited by culture, such as country traditions, traditional lifestyle, songs, tales, etc. To some extent regions correspond to the zones of Lithuanian language dialects. This correspondence, however, is by no means strict. For example, although the Dzkian dialect is called South Aukštaitian, it does not mean that Dzkija is part of Aukštaitija. In certain parts of some regions, dialects of other regions are spoken, while for example in Samogitia, there are three indigenous dialects (southern, northern and western Samogitian), some of which are subdivided into subdialects.

text: Lithuania

text: can

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: historical

text: and

text: cultural

text: regions

text: called

text: ethnographic

text: regions

text: The

text: exact

text: borders

text: are

text: not

text: fully

text: clear

text: as

text: the

text: regions

text: are

text: not

text: official

text: political

text: or

text: administrative

text: units

text: They

text: are

text: delimited

text: by

text: culture

text: such

text: as

text: country

text: traditions

text: traditional

text: lifestyle

text: songs

text: tales

text: etc

text: To

text: some

text: extent

text: regions

text: correspond

text: to

text: the

text: zones

text: of

text: Lithuanian

text: language

text: dialects

text: This

text: correspondence

text: however

text: is

text: by

text: no

text: means

text: strict

text: For

text: example

text: although

text: the

text: Dzkian

text: dialect

text: is

text: called

text: South

text: Aukštaitian

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: mean

text: that

text: Dzkija

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: Aukštaitija

text: In

text: certain

text: parts

text: of

text: some

text: regions

text: dialects

text: of

text: other

text: regions

text: are

text: spoken

text: while

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: Samogitia

text: there

text: are

text: three

text: indigenous

text: dialects

text: southern

text: northern

text: and

text: western

text: Samogitian

text: some

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: subdivided

text: into

text: subdialects

text: Lesser Poland (Polish: "Maopolska", Latin: "Polonia Minor") is a historical region ("dzielnica") of Poland; its capital is the city of Kraków.

text: Lesser

text: Poland

text: Polish

text: Maopolska

text: Latin

text: Polonia

text: Minor

text: is

text: historical

text: region

text: dzielnica

text: of

text: Poland

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Kraków

text: The Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Kraków (Cracow) with its Territory, more commonly known as either the Free City of Kraków or Republic of Kraków, was a city republic created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, which included the city of Kraków and its surrounding areas. It was controlled by its three neighbours (Russia, Prussia, and Austria). It was a center of agitation for an independent Poland. In 1846, in the aftermath of the unsuccessful Kraków Uprising, it was annexed by the Austrian Empire. It was a remnant of the Duchy of Warsaw, which was partitioned between the three states in 1815. It was an overwhelmingly Polish-speaking city-state; of its population 85% were Catholics, 14% were Jews while other religions comprised less than 1%. The city of Kraków itself had a Jewish population reaching nearly 40%, while the rest were almost exclusively Polish-speaking Catholics.

text: The

text: Free

text: Independent

text: and

text: Strictly

text: Neutral

text: City

text: of

text: Kraków

text: Cracow

text: with

text: its

text: Territory

text: more

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: either

text: the

text: Free

text: City

text: of

text: Kraków

text: or

text: Republic

text: of

text: Kraków

text: was

text: city

text: republic

text: created

text: by

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: in

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Kraków

text: and

text: its

text: surrounding

text: areas

text: It

text: was

text: controlled

text: by

text: its

text: three

text: neighbours

text: Russia

text: Prussia

text: and

text: Austria

text: It

text: was

text: center

text: of

text: agitation

text: for

text: an

text: independent

text: Poland

text: In

text: in

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: the

text: unsuccessful

text: Kraków

text: Uprising

text: it

text: was

text: annexed

text: by

text: the

text: Austrian

text: Empire

text: It

text: was

text: remnant

text: of

text: the

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: which

text: was

text: partitioned

text: between

text: the

text: three

text: states

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: an

text: overwhelmingly

text: Polish

text: speaking

text: city

text: state

text: of

text: its

text: population

text: were

text: Catholics

text: were

text: Jews

text: while

text: other

text: religions

text: comprised

text: less

text: than

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Kraków

text: itself

text: had

text: Jewish

text: population

text: reaching

text: nearly

text: while

text: the

text: rest

text: were

text: almost

text: exclusively

text: Polish

text: speaking

text: Catholics

text: The term dialect (from Latin , , from the Ancient Greek word , , "discourse", from , , "through" and , , "I speak") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena:

text: The

text: term

text: dialect

text: from

text: Latin

text: from

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: word

text: discourse

text: from

text: through

text: and

text: speak

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: two

text: distinct

text: ways

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: two

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: linguistic

text: phenomena

text: Lithuania (UK and US: ), officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in Northern Europe. One of the three Baltic states, it is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, to the east of Sweden and Denmark. It is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 2.9 million people , and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. Lithuanians are a Baltic people. The official language, Lithuanian, along with Latvian, is one of only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.

text: Lithuania

text: UK

text: and

text: US

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: Baltic

text: states

text: it

text: is

text: situated

text: along

text: the

text: southeastern

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: Sweden

text: and

text: Denmark

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Latvia

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Belarus

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: Poland

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Kaliningrad

text: Oblast

text: Russian

text: exclave

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Lithuania

text: has

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Vilnius

text: Lithuanians

text: are

text: Baltic

text: people

text: The

text: official

text: language

text: Lithuanian

text: along

text: with

text: Latvian

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: two

text: living

text: languages

text: in

text: the

text: Baltic

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Indo

text: European

text: language

text: family

text: Latin (Latin: ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets.

text: Latin

text: Latin

text: is

text: classical

text: language

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Italic

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: The

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Etruscan

text: and

text: Greek

text: alphabets

text: Samogitia or Žemaitija (Samogitian: "Žemaitj" literally "lowlands") is one of the five ethnographic regions of Lithuania. Žemaitija is located in northwestern Lithuania. Its largest city is Šiauliai. Žemaitija has a long and distinct cultural history, reflected in the existence of the Samogitian dialect.

text: Samogitia

text: or

text: Žemaitija

text: Samogitian

text: Žemaitj

text: literally

text: lowlands

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: ethnographic

text: regions

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: Žemaitija

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Lithuania

text: Its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Šiauliai

text: Žemaitija

text: has

text: long

text: and

text: distinct

text: cultural

text: history

text: reflected

text: in

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: the

text: Samogitian

text: dialect

text: Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges (the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains) in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine and Belarus to the east; and the Baltic Sea, Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) and Lithuania to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe and the sixth most populous member of the European Union. Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocaw, Pozna, Gdask and Szczecin.

text: Poland

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Poland

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: situated

text: between

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: two

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: the

text: Sudetes

text: and

text: Carpathian

text: Mountains

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: Bordered

text: by

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: and

text: Slovakia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: Belarus

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: Kaliningrad

text: Oblast

text: Russian

text: exclave

text: and

text: Lithuania

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: The

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: Poland

text: is

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: Poland

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: sixth

text: most

text: populous

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Poland

text: is

text: unitary

text: state

text: divided

text: into

text: administrative

text: subdivisions

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Warsaw

text: Other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Kraków

text: Wrocaw

text: Pozna

text: Gdask

text: and

text: Szczecin

text: The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (Latin: "Corona Regni Poloniae"), or simply the Crown, is the common name for the historic (but unconsolidated) Late Middle Ages territorial possessions of the King of Poland, including Poland proper.

text: The

text: Crown

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Poland

text: Latin

text: Corona

text: Regni

text: Poloniae

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: Crown

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: historic

text: but

text: unconsolidated

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: territorial

text: possessions

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: Poland

text: including

text: Poland

text: proper

text: The Jagiellonian University (Polish: "Uniwersytet Jagielloski", Latin: "Universitas Iagellonica Cracoviensis", also known as the University of Kraków) is a research university in Kraków, Poland.

text: The

text: Jagiellonian

text: University

text: Polish

text: Uniwersytet

text: Jagielloski

text: Latin

text: Universitas

text: Iagellonica

text: Cracoviensis

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Kraków

text: is

text: research

text: university

text: in

text: Kraków

text: Poland

text: A biologist, is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of biology, the scientific study of life. Biologists involved in fundamental research attempt to explore and further explain the underlying mechanisms that govern the functioning of living matter. Biologists involved in applied research attempt to develop or improve more specific processes and understanding, in fields such as medicine, industry and agriculture.

text: biologist

text: is

text: scientist

text: who

text: has

text: specialized

text: knowledge

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: biology

text: the

text: scientific

text: study

text: of

text: life

text: Biologists

text: involved

text: in

text: fundamental

text: research

text: attempt

text: to

text: explore

text: and

text: further

text: explain

text: the

text: underlying

text: mechanisms

text: that

text: govern

text: the

text: functioning

text: of

text: living

text: matter

text: Biologists

text: involved

text: in

text: applied

text: research

text: attempt

text: to

text: develop

text: or

text: improve

text: more

text: specific

text: processes

text: and

text: understanding

text: in

text: fields

text: such

text: as

text: medicine

text: industry

text: and

text: agriculture

text: Kraków, also Cracow or Krakow, is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs. It was the capital of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1038 to 1569; the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1795; the Free City of Kraków from 1815 to 1846; the Grand Duchy of Cracow from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1998. It has been the capital of Lesser Poland Voivodeship since 1999.

text: Kraków

text: also

text: Cracow

text: or

text: Krakow

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: cities

text: in

text: Poland

text: Situated

text: on

text: the

text: Vistula

text: River

text: in

text: the

text: Lesser

text: Poland

text: region

text: the

text: city

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: Kraków

text: has

text: traditionally

text: been

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: centres

text: of

text: Polish

text: academic

text: cultural

text: and

text: artistic

text: life

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: Poland

text: 's

text: most

text: important

text: economic

text: hubs

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Poland

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: PolishLithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: Free

text: City

text: of

text: Kraków

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Cracow

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: Kraków

text: Voivodeship

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Lesser

text: Poland

text: Voivodeship

text: since

text: Samogitian (Samogitian: ', ', "") is a dialect of the Lithuanian language, considered a separate language by some, spoken mostly in Samogitia (in the western part of Lithuania).

text: Samogitian

text: Samogitian

text: is

text: dialect

text: of

text: the

text: Lithuanian

text: language

text: considered

text: separate

text: language

text: by

text: some

text: spoken

text: mostly

text: in

text: Samogitia

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: The PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania. It was one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe. At its peak in the early 17th century, the Commonwealth spanned some and sustained a multi-ethnic population of 11 million. The union was formalized by the Union of Lublin in July 1569, but the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were in a de-facto personal union since 1386 with the marriage of the Polish queen Hedwig and Lithuania's Grand Duke Jogaila, who was crowned King "jure uxoris" Wadysaw II Jagieo of Poland. The First Partition of Poland in 1772 and the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 greatly reduced the nation's size and the Commonwealth disappeared as an independent state following the Third Partition of Poland in 1795.

text: The

text: PolishLithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: formally

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Poland

text: and

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: after

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Poland

text: was

text: dualistic

text: state

text: bi

text: confederation

text: of

text: Poland

text: and

text: Lithuania

text: ruled

text: by

text: common

text: monarch

text: who

text: was

text: both

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: Poland

text: and

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duke

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: It

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: countries

text: of

text: and

text: century

text: Europe

text: At

text: its

text: peak

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: spanned

text: some

text: and

text: sustained

text: multi

text: ethnic

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: The

text: union

text: was

text: formalized

text: by

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Lublin

text: in

text: July

text: but

text: the

text: Crown

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Poland

text: and

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: were

text: in

text: de

text: facto

text: personal

text: union

text: since

text: with

text: the

text: marriage

text: of

text: the

text: Polish

text: queen

text: Hedwig

text: and

text: Lithuania

text: 's

text: Grand

text: Duke

text: Jogaila

text: who

text: was

text: crowned

text: King

text: jure

text: uxoris

text: Wadysaw

text: II

text: Jagieo

text: of

text: Poland

text: The

text: First

text: Partition

text: of

text: Poland

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: Second

text: Partition

text: of

text: Poland

text: in

text: greatly

text: reduced

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: size

text: and

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: disappeared

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: state

text: following

text: the

text: Third

text: Partition

text: of

text: Poland

text: in

text: Edward Janczewski ( Edward Franciszek Janczewski - Glinka ) ( b. 14 December 1846 in Blinstrubiszki , Samogitia , d. 17 July 1918 in Kraków ) was a Polish biologist ( taxonomist , anatomist , and morphologist ) , rector of the Jagiellonian University , and member of the Academy of Learning . He married Jadwiga Szetkiewicz ( 1856 -- 1941 ) . In 1862 , Janczewski obtained a degree at Vilna ( Wilno ) . Afterwards , he studied natural sciencies in the Jagiellonian University , and in Saint Petersburg . He became a professor of plant anatomy and physiology in 1875 at the Jagiellonian University , wherein he was rector from 1902 to 1903 , and worked there until 1913 . In 1876 , Janczewski entered to the Academy of Learning , of which he became an active member in 1885 . Janczewski was also member of other international scientific societies , among them : The National Academic Society of Cherbourg ( `` Societé Nationale Académique de Cherbourg '' ) , the Edinburgh Botanical Society , and the rench Académie des sciences . His works included the discovery of how plant roots grow and initial genetic research in the area of plants . He also researched algae and mushrooms . Probably , one of his most important works was Monographie des Groseilliers ( Geneve , 1907 ) , which contains the results of his work on genus Ribes . In that monograph , Edward Janczewski described 133 species and 21 hybrids of currants and gooseberries , according to him , approximately half of world 's taxa . Many species were first described by him . This monograph is still one of the most important publications regarding taxonomy of genus Ribes . In the Botanic Garden of Cracow , Janczewski maintained a vast collection of different species of Ribes from all around the world . The herbarium includes species from Europe , Asia , North and South America , many of them collected by Janczewski himself . Others were obtained thanks to his worldwide contacts with herbariums , botanic gardens and scientists , such as the Mexican naturalist Fernando Altamirano .

text: Edward

text: Janczewski

text: Edward

text: Franciszek

text: Janczewski

text: Glinka

text: December

text: in

text: Blinstrubiszki

text: Samogitia

text: July

text: in

text: Kraków

text: was

text: Polish

text: biologist

text: taxonomist

text: anatomist

text: and

text: morphologist

text: rector

text: of

text: the

text: Jagiellonian

text: University

text: and

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Academy

text: of

text: Learning

text: He

text: married

text: Jadwiga

text: Szetkiewicz

text: In

text: Janczewski

text: obtained

text: degree

text: at

text: Vilna

text: Wilno

text: Afterwards

text: he

text: studied

text: natural

text: sciencies

text: in

text: the

text: Jagiellonian

text: University

text: and

text: in

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: He

text: became

text: professor

text: of

text: plant

text: anatomy

text: and

text: physiology

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: Jagiellonian

text: University

text: wherein

text: he

text: was

text: rector

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: worked

text: there

text: until

text: In

text: Janczewski

text: entered

text: to

text: the

text: Academy

text: of

text: Learning

text: of

text: which

text: he

text: became

text: an

text: active

text: member

text: in

text: Janczewski

text: was

text: also

text: member

text: of

text: other

text: international

text: scientific

text: societies

text: among

text: them

text: The

text: National

text: Academic

text: Society

text: of

text: Cherbourg

text: Societé

text: Nationale

text: Académique

text: de

text: Cherbourg

text: the

text: Edinburgh

text: Botanical

text: Society

text: and

text: the

text: rench

text: Académie

text: des

text: sciences

text: His

text: works

text: included

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: how

text: plant

text: roots

text: grow

text: and

text: initial

text: genetic

text: research

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: plants

text: He

text: also

text: researched

text: algae

text: and

text: mushrooms

text: Probably

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: most

text: important

text: works

text: was

text: Monographie

text: des

text: Groseilliers

text: Geneve

text: which

text: contains

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: his

text: work

text: on

text: genus

text: Ribes

text: In

text: that

text: monograph

text: Edward

text: Janczewski

text: described

text: species

text: and

text: hybrids

text: of

text: currants

text: and

text: gooseberries

text: according

text: to

text: him

text: approximately

text: half

text: of

text: world

text: 's

text: taxa

text: Many

text: species

text: were

text: first

text: described

text: by

text: him

text: This

text: monograph

text: is

text: still

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: publications

text: regarding

text: taxonomy

text: of

text: genus

text: Ribes

text: In

text: the

text: Botanic

text: Garden

text: of

text: Cracow

text: Janczewski

text: maintained

text: vast

text: collection

text: of

text: different

text: species

text: of

text: Ribes

text: from

text: all

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: herbarium

text: includes

text: species

text: from

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: many

text: of

text: them

text: collected

text: by

text: Janczewski

text: himself

text: Others

text: were

text: obtained

text: thanks

text: to

text: his

text: worldwide

text: contacts

text: with

text: herbariums

text: botanic

text: gardens

text: and

text: scientists

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Mexican

text: naturalist

text: Fernando

text: Altamirano

text: Lesser Poland Voivodeship (in Polish, "województwo maopolskie" ), also known as "Maopolska Voivodeship" or "Maopolska Province", is a voivodeship (province), in southern Poland. It has an area of , and a population of 3,267,731 (2006).

text: Lesser

text: Poland

text: Voivodeship

text: in

text: Polish

text: województwo

text: maopolskie

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Maopolska

text: Voivodeship

text: or

text: Maopolska

text: Province

text: is

text: voivodeship

text: province

text: in

text: southern

text: Poland

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: of

question: languages_spoken_or_written edward janczewski

answer: latin

text: latin

text: latin

text: latin

text: latin

text: latin

text: latin

text: latin

text: latin


text: Nazi Germany maintained concentration camps (KZ or KL) throughout the territories it controlled before and during the Second World War. The first Nazi camps were erected in Germany in March 1933 immediately after Hitler became Chancellor and his Nazi Party was given control over the police through Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick and Prussian Acting Interior Minister Hermann Göring. Used to hold and torture political opponents and union organizers, the camps initially held around 45,000 prisoners.

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: maintained

text: concentration

text: camps

text: KZ

text: or

text: KL

text: throughout

text: the

text: territories

text: it

text: controlled

text: before

text: and

text: during

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: The

text: first

text: Nazi

text: camps

text: were

text: erected

text: in

text: Germany

text: in

text: March

text: immediately

text: after

text: Hitler

text: became

text: Chancellor

text: and

text: his

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: was

text: given

text: control

text: over

text: the

text: police

text: through

text: Reich

text: Interior

text: Minister

text: Wilhelm

text: Frick

text: and

text: Prussian

text: Acting

text: Interior

text: Minister

text: Hermann

text: Göring

text: Used

text: to

text: hold

text: and

text: torture

text: political

text: opponents

text: and

text: union

text: organizers

text: the

text: camps

text: initially

text: held

text: around

text: prisoners

text: A paramilitary is a semi-militarized force whose organizational structure, tactics, training, subculture, and (often) function are similar to those of a professional military, but which is not included as part of a state's formal armed forces.

text: paramilitary

text: is

text: semi

text: militarized

text: force

text: whose

text: organizational

text: structure

text: tactics

text: training

text: subculture

text: and

text: often

text: function

text: are

text: similar

text: to

text: those

text: of

text: professional

text: military

text: but

text: which

text: is

text: not

text: included

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: state

text: 's

text: formal

text: armed

text: forces

text: The Wehrmacht (lit. "defence force") was the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1946. It consisted of the "Heer" (army), the "Kriegsmarine" (navy) and the "Luftwaffe" (air force). The designation "Wehrmacht" for Nazi Germany's military replaced the previously used term, "Reichswehr" (191935), and was the manifestation of Nazi Germany's efforts to rearm the nation to a greater extent than the Treaty of Versailles permitted.

text: The

text: Wehrmacht

text: lit

text: defence

text: force

text: was

text: the

text: unified

text: armed

text: forces

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: consisted

text: of

text: the

text: Heer

text: army

text: the

text: Kriegsmarine

text: navy

text: and

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: air

text: force

text: The

text: designation

text: Wehrmacht

text: for

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: 's

text: military

text: replaced

text: the

text: previously

text: used

text: term

text: Reichswehr

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: manifestation

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: 's

text: efforts

text: to

text: rearm

text: the

text: nation

text: to

text: greater

text: extent

text: than

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

text: permitted

text: Torture (from the Latin "tortus", "twisted") is the act of deliberately inflicting physical or psychological pain on an organism in order to fulfill some desire of the torturer or compel some action from the victim. Torture, by definition, is a knowing and intentional act; deeds which unknowingly or negligently inflict pain without a specific intent to do so are not typically considered torture.

text: Torture

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: tortus

text: twisted

text: is

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: deliberately

text: inflicting

text: physical

text: or

text: psychological

text: pain

text: on

text: an

text: organism

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: fulfill

text: some

text: desire

text: of

text: the

text: torturer

text: or

text: compel

text: some

text: action

text: from

text: the

text: victim

text: Torture

text: by

text: definition

text: is

text: knowing

text: and

text: intentional

text: act

text: deeds

text: which

text: unknowingly

text: or

text: negligently

text: inflict

text: pain

text: without

text: specific

text: intent

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: are

text: not

text: typically

text: considered

text: torture

text: The National Socialist German Workers' Party (abbreviated NSDAP), commonly referred to in English as the Nazi Party, was a political party in Germany that was active between 1920 and 1945 and practised the ideology of Nazism. Its precursor, the German Workers' Party ("Deutsche Arbeiterpartei"; DAP), existed from 1919 to 1920.

text: The

text: National

text: Socialist

text: German

text: Workers

text: Party

text: abbreviated

text: NSDAP

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: English

text: as

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: was

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: Germany

text: that

text: was

text: active

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: practised

text: the

text: ideology

text: of

text: Nazism

text: Its

text: precursor

text: the

text: German

text: Workers

text: Party

text: Deutsche

text: Arbeiterpartei

text: DAP

text: existed

text: from

text: to

text: Sturmbannführer was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank equivalent to major that was used in several Nazi organizations, such as the SA, SS, and the NSFK. Translated as "assault (or storm) unit leader" (Sturmbann being the SA and early SS equivalent to a battalion), the rank originated from German shock troop units of the First World War.

text: Sturmbannführer

text: was

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: paramilitary

text: rank

text: equivalent

text: to

text: major

text: that

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: several

text: Nazi

text: organizations

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: SA

text: SS

text: and

text: the

text: NSFK

text: Translated

text: as

text: assault

text: or

text: storm

text: unit

text: leader

text: Sturmbann

text: being

text: the

text: SA

text: and

text: early

text: SS

text: equivalent

text: to

text: battalion

text: the

text: rank

text: originated

text: from

text: German

text: shock

text: troop

text: units

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: Friedrich `` Fritz '' Hartjenstein ( 3 July 1905 -- 20 October 1954 ) was an SS - Obersturmbannführer ( lieutenant colonel ) in the SS - Totenkopfverbände . He worked at various Nazi concentration camps such as Auschwitz and Sachsenhausen . After the Second World War , he was tried for war crimes and found guilty for murder and crimes against humanity .

text: Friedrich

text: Fritz

text: Hartjenstein

text: July

text: October

text: was

text: an

text: SS

text: Obersturmbannführer

text: lieutenant

text: colonel

text: in

text: the

text: SS

text: Totenkopfverbände

text: He

text: worked

text: at

text: various

text: Nazi

text: concentration

text: camps

text: such

text: as

text: Auschwitz

text: and

text: Sachsenhausen

text: After

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: he

text: was

text: tried

text: for

text: war

text: crimes

text: and

text: found

text: guilty

text: for

text: murder

text: and

text: crimes

text: against

text: humanity

text: Totenkopf (i.e. "skull", literally "dead's head") is the German word for the skull and crossbones and death's head symbols. The "Totenkopf" symbol is an old international symbol for death, the defiance of death, danger, or the dead, as well as piracy. It consists usually of the human skull with or without the mandible and often includes two crossed long-bones (femurs), most often depicted with the crossbones being "behind" some part of the skull.

text: Totenkopf

text: i.e.

text: skull

text: literally

text: dead

text: 's

text: head

text: is

text: the

text: German

text: word

text: for

text: the

text: skull

text: and

text: crossbones

text: and

text: death

text: 's

text: head

text: symbols

text: The

text: Totenkopf

text: symbol

text: is

text: an

text: old

text: international

text: symbol

text: for

text: death

text: the

text: defiance

text: of

text: death

text: danger

text: or

text: the

text: dead

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: piracy

text: It

text: consists

text: usually

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: skull

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: the

text: mandible

text: and

text: often

text: includes

text: two

text: crossed

text: long

text: bones

text: femurs

text: most

text: often

text: depicted

text: with

text: the

text: crossbones

text: being

text: behind

text: some

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: skull

text: Oberstleutnant is a German Army and German Air Force rank equal to Lieutenant Colonel, above Major, and below Oberst.

text: Oberstleutnant

text: is

text: German

text: Army

text: and

text: German

text: Air

text: Force

text: rank

text: equal

text: to

text: Lieutenant

text: Colonel

text: above

text: Major

text: and

text: below

text: Oberst

text: An insignia (Latin: "nsignia", nominative plural of "insignium", "emblem, token, symbol"), plural insignias, is a symbol or token of personal power, status or office, or of an official body of government or jurisdiction. An insignia is usually the emblem of a specific or general authority.

text: An

text: insignia

text: Latin

text: nsignia

text: nominative

text: plural

text: of

text: insignium

text: emblem

text: token

text: symbol

text: plural

text: insignias

text: is

text: symbol

text: or

text: token

text: of

text: personal

text: power

text: status

text: or

text: office

text: or

text: of

text: an

text: official

text: body

text: of

text: government

text: or

text: jurisdiction

text: An

text: insignia

text: is

text: usually

text: the

text: emblem

text: of

text: specific

text: or

text: general

text: authority

text: SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV), rendered in English as Death's Head Units, was the SS organization responsible for administering the Nazi concentration camps for the Third Reich, among similar duties. While the "Totenkopf" (skull) was the universal cap badge of the SS, the SS-TV also wore the Death's Head insignia on the right collar when needed; to distinguish itself from other Nazi "Schutzstaffel" (SS) formations.

text: SS

text: Totenkopfverbände

text: SS

text: TV

text: rendered

text: in

text: English

text: as

text: Death

text: 's

text: Head

text: Units

text: was

text: the

text: SS

text: organization

text: responsible

text: for

text: administering

text: the

text: Nazi

text: concentration

text: camps

text: for

text: the

text: Third

text: Reich

text: among

text: similar

text: duties

text: While

text: the

text: Totenkopf

text: skull

text: was

text: the

text: universal

text: cap

text: badge

text: of

text: the

text: SS

text: the

text: SS

text: TV

text: also

text: wore

text: the

text: Death

text: 's

text: Head

text: insignia

text: on

text: the

text: right

text: collar

text: when

text: needed

text: to

text: distinguish

text: itself

text: from

text: other

text: Nazi

text: Schutzstaffel

text: SS

text: formations

text: A war crime is an act that constitutes a serious violation of the law of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility. Examples of war crimes include intentionally killing civilians or prisoners, torture, destroying civilian property, taking hostages, perfidy, rape, using child soldiers, pillaging, declaring that no quarter will be given, and using weapons that cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering.

text: war

text: crime

text: is

text: an

text: act

text: that

text: constitutes

text: serious

text: violation

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: of

text: war

text: that

text: gives

text: rise

text: to

text: individual

text: criminal

text: responsibility

text: Examples

text: of

text: war

text: crimes

text: include

text: intentionally

text: killing

text: civilians

text: or

text: prisoners

text: torture

text: destroying

text: civilian

text: property

text: taking

text: hostages

text: perfidy

text: rape

text: using

text: child

text: soldiers

text: pillaging

text: declaring

text: that

text: no

text: quarter

text: will

text: be

text: given

text: and

text: using

text: weapons

text: that

text: cause

text: superfluous

text: injury

text: or

text: unnecessary

text: suffering

text: Obersturmbannführer was a paramilitary Nazi Party rank used by both the SA and the SS. It was created in May 1933 to fill the need for an additional rank above "Sturmbannführer" as the SA expanded. It became an SS rank at the same time. Translated as "senior assault (or storm) unit leader", "Obersturmbannführer" was junior to "Standartenführer" and was the equivalent to "Oberstleutnant" (lieutenant colonel) in the German Army. The insignia for "Obersturmbannführer" was four silver pips and a stripe, centered on the left collar of an SS/SA uniform. The rank also displayed the shoulder boards of a Wehrmacht "Oberstleutnant" and was the highest SS/SA rank to display unit insignia on the opposite collar.

text: Obersturmbannführer

text: was

text: paramilitary

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: rank

text: used

text: by

text: both

text: the

text: SA

text: and

text: the

text: SS

text: It

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: May

text: to

text: fill

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: an

text: additional

text: rank

text: above

text: Sturmbannführer

text: as

text: the

text: SA

text: expanded

text: It

text: became

text: an

text: SS

text: rank

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: Translated

text: as

text: senior

text: assault

text: or

text: storm

text: unit

text: leader

text: Obersturmbannführer

text: was

text: junior

text: to

text: Standartenführer

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: equivalent

text: to

text: Oberstleutnant

text: lieutenant

text: colonel

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: Army

text: The

text: insignia

text: for

text: Obersturmbannführer

text: was

text: four

text: silver

text: pips

text: and

text: stripe

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: left

text: collar

text: of

text: an

text: SS

text: SA

text: uniform

text: The

text: rank

text: also

text: displayed

text: the

text: shoulder

text: boards

text: of

text: Wehrmacht

text: Oberstleutnant

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: highest

text: SS

text: SA

text: rank

text: to

text: display

text: unit

text: insignia

text: on

text: the

text: opposite

text: collar

annotations: likely multiple

annotations: follows multiple

question: occupation fritz hartjenstein

answer: torturer

text: torturer


text: Strychnine (; also or ) is a highly toxic, colorless, bitter, crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents. Strychnine, when inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the eyes or mouth, causes poisoning which results in muscular convulsions and eventually death through asphyxia. While it has no known medicinal effects, in the past the convulsant effect was believed to be beneficial in small doses. The most common source is from the seeds of the "Strychnos nux-vomica" tree.

text: Strychnine

text: also

text: or

text: is

text: highly

text: toxic

text: colorless

text: bitter

text: crystalline

text: alkaloid

text: used

text: as

text: pesticide

text: particularly

text: for

text: killing

text: small

text: vertebrates

text: such

text: as

text: birds

text: and

text: rodents

text: Strychnine

text: when

text: inhaled

text: swallowed

text: or

text: absorbed

text: through

text: the

text: eyes

text: or

text: mouth

text: causes

text: poisoning

text: which

text: results

text: in

text: muscular

text: convulsions

text: and

text: eventually

text: death

text: through

text: asphyxia

text: While

text: it

text: has

text: no

text: known

text: medicinal

text: effects

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: the

text: convulsant

text: effect

text: was

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: beneficial

text: in

text: small

text: doses

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: source

text: is

text: from

text: the

text: seeds

text: of

text: the

text: Strychnos

text: nux

text: vomica

text: tree

text:
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. Typical signs and symptoms include a varying severity and combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing, depending on the underlying cause.
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Risk factors include other lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis, COPD, and asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke, or a weak immune system. Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination. Chest X-ray, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community, hospital, or health care associated pneumonia.
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low.
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about 4 million deaths per year. Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death". With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend".

text: Pneumonia

text: is

text: an

text: inflammatory

text: condition

text: of

text: the

text: lung

text: affecting

text: primarily

text: the

text: microscopic

text: air

text: sacs

text: known

text: as

text: alveoli

text: Typical

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: include

text: varying

text: severity

text: and

text: combination

text: of

text: productive

text: or

text: dry

text: cough

text: chest

text: pain

text: fever

text: and

text: trouble

text: breathing

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: underlying

text: cause

text: Pneumonia

text: is

text: usually

text: caused

text: by

text: infection

text: with

text: viruses

text: or

text: bacteria

text: and

text: less

text: commonly

text: by

text: other

text: microorganisms

text: certain

text: medications

text: and

text: conditions

text: such

text: as

text: autoimmune

text: diseases

text: Risk

text: factors

text: include

text: other

text: lung

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: cystic

text: fibrosis

text: COPD

text: and

text: asthma

text: diabetes

text: heart

text: failure

text: history

text: of

text: smoking

text: poor

text: ability

text: to

text: cough

text: such

text: as

text: following

text: stroke

text: or

text: weak

text: immune

text: system

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: often

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: symptoms

text: and

text: physical

text: examination

text: Chest

text: ray

text: blood

text: tests

text: and

text: culture

text: of

text: the

text: sputum

text: may

text: help

text: confirm

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: The

text: disease

text: may

text: be

text: classified

text: by

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: acquired

text: with

text: community

text: hospital

text: or

text: health

text: care

text: associated

text: pneumonia

text: Vaccines

text: to

text: prevent

text: certain

text: types

text: of

text: pneumonia

text: are

text: available

text: Other

text: methods

text: of

text: prevention

text: include

text: handwashing

text: and

text: not

text: smoking

text: Treatment

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: underlying

text: cause

text: Pneumonia

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: bacteria

text: is

text: treated

text: with

text: antibiotics

text: If

text: the

text: pneumonia

text: is

text: severe

text: the

text: affected

text: person

text: is

text: generally

text: hospitalized

text: Oxygen

text: therapy

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: if

text: oxygen

text: levels

text: are

text: low

text: Pneumonia

text: affects

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: globally

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: and

text: results

text: in

text: about

text: million

text: deaths

text: per

text: year

text: Pneumonia

text: was

text: regarded

text: by

text: William

text: Osler

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: as

text: the

text: captain

text: of

text: the

text: men

text: of

text: death

text: With

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: and

text: vaccines

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: survival

text: improved

text: Nevertheless

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: and

text: among

text: the

text: very

text: old

text: the

text: very

text: young

text: and

text: the

text: chronically

text: ill

text: pneumonia

text: remains

text: leading

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: Pneumonia

text: often

text: shortens

text: suffering

text: among

text: those

text: already

text: close

text: to

text: death

text: and

text: has

text: thus

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: old

text: man

text: 's

text: friend

text: Hanging is the suspension of a person by a noose or ligature around the neck. The "Oxford English Dictionary" states that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death by suspension by the neck", though it formerly also referred to crucifixion and death by impalement in which the body would remain "hanging". Hanging has been a common method of capital punishment since medieval times, and is the official execution method in numerous countries and regions. The first account of execution by hanging was in Homer's "Odyssey". In this specialised meaning of the common word "hang", the past and past participle is "hanged" instead of "hung".

text: Hanging

text: is

text: the

text: suspension

text: of

text: person

text: by

text: noose

text: or

text: ligature

text: around

text: the

text: neck

text: The

text: Oxford

text: English

text: Dictionary

text: states

text: that

text: hanging

text: in

text: this

text: sense

text: is

text: specifically

text: to

text: put

text: to

text: death

text: by

text: suspension

text: by

text: the

text: neck

text: though

text: it

text: formerly

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: crucifixion

text: and

text: death

text: by

text: impalement

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: body

text: would

text: remain

text: hanging

text: Hanging

text: has

text: been

text: common

text: method

text: of

text: capital

text: punishment

text: since

text: medieval

text: times

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: execution

text: method

text: in

text: numerous

text: countries

text: and

text: regions

text: The

text: first

text: account

text: of

text: execution

text: by

text: hanging

text: was

text: in

text: Homer

text: 's

text: Odyssey

text: In

text: this

text: specialised

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: common

text: word

text: hang

text: the

text: past

text: and

text: past

text: participle

text: is

text: hanged

text: instead

text: of

text: hung

text:
Heroin, also known as diamorphine among other names, is an opiate typically used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects. Medically it is occasionally used to relieve pain and as a form of opioid replacement therapy alongside counseling. Heroin is typically injected, usually into a vein; however, it can also be smoked, snorted or inhaled. Onset of effects is usually rapid and lasts for a few hours.
Common side effects include respiratory depression (decreased breathing) and about a quarter of those who use heroin become physically dependent. Other side effects can include abscesses, infected heart valves, blood borne infections, constipation, and pneumonia. After a history of long-term use, withdrawal symptoms can begin within hours of last use. When given by injection into a vein, heroin has two to three times the effect as a similar dose of morphine. It typically comes as a white or brown powder.
Treatment of heroin addiction often includes behavioral therapy and medications. Medications used may include methadone or naltrexone. A heroin overdose may be treated with naloxone. An estimated 17 million people as of 2015 use opiates such as heroin, which together with opioids resulted in 122,000 deaths. The total number of opiate users has increased from 1998 to 2007 after which it has remained more or less stable. In the United States about 1.6 percent of people have used heroin at some point in time. When people die from overdosing on a drug, the drug is usually an opioid.
Heroin was first made by C. R. Alder Wright in 1874 from morphine, a natural product of the opium poppy. Internationally, heroin is controlled under Schedules I and IV of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. It is generally illegal to make, possess, or sell heroin without a license. In 2015 Afghanistan produced about 66% of the world's opium. Often heroin, which is illegally sold, is mixed with other substances such as sugar or strychnine.

text: Heroin

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: diamorphine

text: among

text: other

text: names

text: is

text: an

text: opiate

text: typically

text: used

text: as

text: recreational

text: drug

text: for

text: its

text: euphoric

text: effects

text: Medically

text: it

text: is

text: occasionally

text: used

text: to

text: relieve

text: pain

text: and

text: as

text: form

text: of

text: opioid

text: replacement

text: therapy

text: alongside

text: counseling

text: Heroin

text: is

text: typically

text: injected

text: usually

text: into

text: vein

text: however

text: it

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: smoked

text: snorted

text: or

text: inhaled

text: Onset

text: of

text: effects

text: is

text: usually

text: rapid

text: and

text: lasts

text: for

text: few

text: hours

text: Common

text: side

text: effects

text: include

text: respiratory

text: depression

text: decreased

text: breathing

text: and

text: about

text: quarter

text: of

text: those

text: who

text: use

text: heroin

text: become

text: physically

text: dependent

text: Other

text: side

text: effects

text: can

text: include

text: abscesses

text: infected

text: heart

text: valves

text: blood

text: borne

text: infections

text: constipation

text: and

text: pneumonia

text: After

text: history

text: of

text: long

text: term

text: use

text: withdrawal

text: symptoms

text: can

text: begin

text: within

text: hours

text: of

text: last

text: use

text: When

text: given

text: by

text: injection

text: into

text: vein

text: heroin

text: has

text: two

text: to

text: three

text: times

text: the

text: effect

text: as

text: similar

text: dose

text: of

text: morphine

text: It

text: typically

text: comes

text: as

text: white

text: or

text: brown

text: powder

text: Treatment

text: of

text: heroin

text: addiction

text: often

text: includes

text: behavioral

text: therapy

text: and

text: medications

text: Medications

text: used

text: may

text: include

text: methadone

text: or

text: naltrexone

text: heroin

text: overdose

text: may

text: be

text: treated

text: with

text: naloxone

text: An

text: estimated

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: use

text: opiates

text: such

text: as

text: heroin

text: which

text: together

text: with

text: opioids

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: The

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: opiate

text: users

text: has

text: increased

text: from

text: to

text: after

text: which

text: it

text: has

text: remained

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: stable

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: people

text: have

text: used

text: heroin

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: in

text: time

text: When

text: people

text: die

text: from

text: overdosing

text: on

text: drug

text: the

text: drug

text: is

text: usually

text: an

text: opioid

text: Heroin

text: was

text: first

text: made

text: by

text: Alder

text: Wright

text: in

text: from

text: morphine

text: natural

text: product

text: of

text: the

text: opium

text: poppy

text: Internationally

text: heroin

text: is

text: controlled

text: under

text: Schedules

text: and

text: IV

text: of

text: the

text: Single

text: Convention

text: on

text: Narcotic

text: Drugs

text: It

text: is

text: generally

text: illegal

text: to

text: make

text: possess

text: or

text: sell

text: heroin

text: without

text: license

text: In

text: Afghanistan

text: produced

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: opium

text: Often

text: heroin

text: which

text: is

text: illegally

text: sold

text: is

text: mixed

text: with

text: other

text: substances

text: such

text: as

text: sugar

text: or

text: strychnine

text: Impalement, as a method of execution, is the penetration of a human by an object such as a stake, pole, spear, or hook, often by complete or partial perforation of the torso. It was used particularly in response to "crimes against the state" and regarded across a number of cultures as a very harsh form of capital punishment and recorded in myth and art. Impalement was also used during wartime to suppress rebellion, punish traitors or collaborators, and as a punishment for breaches of military discipline.

text: Impalement

text: as

text: method

text: of

text: execution

text: is

text: the

text: penetration

text: of

text: human

text: by

text: an

text: object

text: such

text: as

text: stake

text: pole

text: spear

text: or

text: hook

text: often

text: by

text: complete

text: or

text: partial

text: perforation

text: of

text: the

text: torso

text: It

text: was

text: used

text: particularly

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: crimes

text: against

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: regarded

text: across

text: number

text: of

text: cultures

text: as

text: very

text: harsh

text: form

text: of

text: capital

text: punishment

text: and

text: recorded

text: in

text: myth

text: and

text: art

text: Impalement

text: was

text: also

text: used

text: during

text: wartime

text: to

text: suppress

text: rebellion

text: punish

text: traitors

text: or

text: collaborators

text: and

text: as

text: punishment

text: for

text: breaches

text: of

text: military

text: discipline

text: Johannes van Damme ( 1 June 1935 -- 23 September 1994 ) was a Dutch engineer executed by hanging in Singapore for smuggling heroin . He was the first European and Westerner to be executed in Singapore since its independence .

text: Johannes

text: van

text: Damme

text: June

text: September

text: was

text: Dutch

text: engineer

text: executed

text: by

text: hanging

text: in

text: Singapore

text: for

text: smuggling

text: heroin

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: European

text: and

text: Westerner

text: to

text: be

text: executed

text: in

text: Singapore

text: since

text: its

text: independence

text: Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. The sentence that someone be punished in such a manner is referred to as a death sentence, whereas the act of carrying out the sentence is known as an execution. Crimes that are punishable by death are known as capital crimes or capital offences, and commonly include offences such as murder, treason, espionage, war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. The term "capital" is derived from the Latin "capitalis" ("of the head", referring to execution by beheading).

text: Capital

text: punishment

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: is

text: government

text: sanctioned

text: practice

text: whereby

text: person

text: is

text: put

text: to

text: death

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: as

text: punishment

text: for

text: crime

text: The

text: sentence

text: that

text: someone

text: be

text: punished

text: in

text: such

text: manner

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: death

text: sentence

text: whereas

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: carrying

text: out

text: the

text: sentence

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: execution

text: Crimes

text: that

text: are

text: punishable

text: by

text: death

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: capital

text: crimes

text: or

text: capital

text: offences

text: and

text: commonly

text: include

text: offences

text: such

text: as

text: murder

text: treason

text: espionage

text: war

text: crimes

text: crimes

text: against

text: humanity

text: and

text: genocide

text: The

text: term

text: capital

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: capitalis

text: of

text: the

text: head

text: referring

text: to

text: execution

text: by

text: beheading

text:
Crucifixion is a historical method of capital punishment in which the victim is tied or nailed to a large wooden beam and left to hang for several days until eventual death from exhaustion and asphyxiation.
It is principally known from classical antiquity, but remains in occasional use in some countries.

text: Crucifixion

text: is

text: historical

text: method

text: of

text: capital

text: punishment

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: victim

text: is

text: tied

text: or

text: nailed

text: to

text: large

text: wooden

text: beam

text: and

text: left

text: to

text: hang

text: for

text: several

text: days

text: until

text: eventual

text: death

text: from

text: exhaustion

text: and

text: asphyxiation

text: It

text: is

text: principally

text: known

text: from

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: but

text: remains

text: in

text: occasional

text: use

text: in

text: some

text: countries

annotations: follows single

question: manner_of_death johannes van damme

answer: capital punishment

text: capital punishment

text: capital punishment

text: capital punishment

text: capital punishment


text: The Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC, Irish: "Constáblacht Ríoga na hÉireann"; simply called the Irish Constabulary 183667) was the armed police force of the United Kingdom in Ireland from the early nineteenth century until 1922. A separate civic police force, the unarmed Dublin Metropolitan Police controlled the capital, and the cities of Derry and Belfast, originally with their own police forces, later had special divisions within the RIC. About seventy-five percent of the RIC were Roman Catholic and about twenty-five percent were of various Protestant denominations, the Catholics mainly constables and the Protestants officers. The RIC's successful system of policing influenced the armed Canadian North-West Mounted Police (predecessor of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police), the armed Victoria Police force in Australia, and the armed Royal Newfoundland Constabulary in Newfoundland. In consequence of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the RIC was disbanded in 1922 and was replaced by the Garda Síochána in the Irish Free State and the Royal Ulster Constabulary in Northern Ireland.

text: The

text: Royal

text: Irish

text: Constabulary

text: RIC

text: Irish

text: Constáblacht

text: Ríoga

text: hÉireann

text: simply

text: called

text: the

text: Irish

text: Constabulary

text: was

text: the

text: armed

text: police

text: force

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: in

text: Ireland

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: until

text: separate

text: civic

text: police

text: force

text: the

text: unarmed

text: Dublin

text: Metropolitan

text: Police

text: controlled

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: the

text: cities

text: of

text: Derry

text: and

text: Belfast

text: originally

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: police

text: forces

text: later

text: had

text: special

text: divisions

text: within

text: the

text: RIC

text: About

text: seventy

text: five

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: RIC

text: were

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: and

text: about

text: twenty

text: five

text: percent

text: were

text: of

text: various

text: Protestant

text: denominations

text: the

text: Catholics

text: mainly

text: constables

text: and

text: the

text: Protestants

text: officers

text: The

text: RIC

text: 's

text: successful

text: system

text: of

text: policing

text: influenced

text: the

text: armed

text: Canadian

text: North

text: West

text: Mounted

text: Police

text: predecessor

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Canadian

text: Mounted

text: Police

text: the

text: armed

text: Victoria

text: Police

text: force

text: in

text: Australia

text: and

text: the

text: armed

text: Royal

text: Newfoundland

text: Constabulary

text: in

text: Newfoundland

text: In

text: consequence

text: of

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Irish

text: Treaty

text: the

text: RIC

text: was

text: disbanded

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: Garda

text: Síochána

text: in

text: the

text: Irish

text: Free

text: State

text: and

text: the

text: Royal

text: Ulster

text: Constabulary

text: in

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is any of several armed movements in Ireland in the 20th and 21st centuries dedicated to Irish republicanism, the belief that all of Ireland should be an independent republic. It was also characterised by the belief that political violence was necessary to achieve that goal.

text: The

text: Irish

text: Republican

text: Army

text: IRA

text: is

text: any

text: of

text: several

text: armed

text: movements

text: in

text: Ireland

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: dedicated

text: to

text: Irish

text: republicanism

text: the

text: belief

text: that

text: all

text: of

text: Ireland

text: should

text: be

text: an

text: independent

text: republic

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: characterised

text: by

text: the

text: belief

text: that

text: political

text: violence

text: was

text: necessary

text: to

text: achieve

text: that

text: goal

text: The Oireachtas ("aer-tahs"), sometimes referred to as Oireachtas Éireann, is the legislature of Ireland. The Oireachtas consists of:

text: The

text: Oireachtas

text: aer

text: tahs

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Oireachtas

text: Éireann

text: is

text: the

text: legislature

text: of

text: Ireland

text: The

text: Oireachtas

text: consists

text: of

text: The position of Secretary of State for War, commonly called War Secretary, was a British cabinet-level position, first held by Henry Dundas (appointed in 1794). In 1801 the post became that of Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. The position was re-instated in 1854.

text: The

text: position

text: of

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: for

text: War

text: commonly

text: called

text: War

text: Secretary

text: was

text: British

text: cabinet

text: level

text: position

text: first

text: held

text: by

text: Henry

text: Dundas

text: appointed

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: post

text: became

text: that

text: of

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: for

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: Colonies

text: The

text: position

text: was

text: re

text: instated

text: in

text: Francis Joseph `` Frank '' Carty ( 3 April 1897 -- 10 September 1942 ) was a leader of the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) in the fight with the Black and Tans in the Irish War of Independence , and a long - serving Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála ( TD ) .

text: Francis

text: Joseph

text: Frank

text: Carty

text: April

text: September

text: was

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Irish

text: Republican

text: Army

text: IRA

text: in

text: the

text: fight

text: with

text: the

text: Black

text: and

text: Tans

text: in

text: the

text: Irish

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: and

text: long

text: serving

text: Fianna

text: Fáil

text: Teachta

text: Dála

text: TD

text: The Irish Republic (or ) was a revolutionary state that declared its independence from Britain in January 1919. In theory the Republic covered the whole island of Ireland, but by 1920 its functional control was limited to only 21 of Ireland's 32 counties, and British state forces maintained presence across much of the north-east, as well as Cork, Dublin and other major towns.

text: The

text: Irish

text: Republic

text: or

text: was

text: revolutionary

text: state

text: that

text: declared

text: its

text: independence

text: from

text: Britain

text: in

text: January

text: In

text: theory

text: the

text: Republic

text: covered

text: the

text: whole

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: but

text: by

text: its

text: functional

text: control

text: was

text: limited

text: to

text: only

text: of

text: Ireland

text: 's

text: counties

text: and

text: British

text: state

text: forces

text: maintained

text: presence

text: across

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Cork

text: Dublin

text: and

text: other

text: major

text: towns

text: The Black and Tans, officially the Royal Irish Constabulary Special Reserve, was a force of Temporary Constables recruited to assist the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) during the Irish War of Independence. The force was the brainchild of Winston Churchill, then British Secretary of State for War. Recruitment began in Great Britain in late 1919. Thousands, many of them British Army veterans of World War I, answered the British government's call for recruits. Most of the recruits came from Britain, although it also had some members from Ireland. Their role was to help the RIC maintain control and fight the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the army of the Irish Republic. The nickname "Black and Tans" arose from the colours of the improvised uniforms they initially wore, composed of mixed khaki British Army and rifle green RIC uniform parts. The Black and Tans became infamous for their attacks on civilians and civilian property.

text: The

text: Black

text: and

text: Tans

text: officially

text: the

text: Royal

text: Irish

text: Constabulary

text: Special

text: Reserve

text: was

text: force

text: of

text: Temporary

text: Constables

text: recruited

text: to

text: assist

text: the

text: Royal

text: Irish

text: Constabulary

text: RIC

text: during

text: the

text: Irish

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: The

text: force

text: was

text: the

text: brainchild

text: of

text: Winston

text: Churchill

text: then

text: British

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: for

text: War

text: Recruitment

text: began

text: in

text: Great

text: Britain

text: in

text: late

text: Thousands

text: many

text: of

text: them

text: British

text: Army

text: veterans

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: answered

text: the

text: British

text: government

text: 's

text: call

text: for

text: recruits

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: recruits

text: came

text: from

text: Britain

text: although

text: it

text: also

text: had

text: some

text: members

text: from

text: Ireland

text: Their

text: role

text: was

text: to

text: help

text: the

text: RIC

text: maintain

text: control

text: and

text: fight

text: the

text: Irish

text: Republican

text: Army

text: IRA

text: the

text: army

text: of

text: the

text: Irish

text: Republic

text: The

text: nickname

text: Black

text: and

text: Tans

text: arose

text: from

text: the

text: colours

text: of

text: the

text: improvised

text: uniforms

text: they

text: initially

text: wore

text: composed

text: of

text: mixed

text: khaki

text: British

text: Army

text: and

text: rifle

text: green

text: RIC

text: uniform

text: parts

text: The

text: Black

text: and

text: Tans

text: became

text: infamous

text: for

text: their

text: attacks

text: on

text: civilians

text: and

text: civilian

text: property

text: Irish republicanism is an ideology based on the belief that all of Ireland should be an independent republic. The development of nationalist and democratic sentiment throughout Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was reflected in Ireland in the emergence of republicanism, in opposition to British rule. This followed hundreds of years of British conquest and Irish resistance through rebellion. Discrimination against Catholics and Non-conformists, attempts by the British administration to suppress Irish culture, and the belief that Ireland was economically disadvantaged as a result of the Act of Union were among the specific factors leading to such opposition.

text: Irish

text: republicanism

text: is

text: an

text: ideology

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: belief

text: that

text: all

text: of

text: Ireland

text: should

text: be

text: an

text: independent

text: republic

text: The

text: development

text: of

text: nationalist

text: and

text: democratic

text: sentiment

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: in

text: the

text: eighteenth

text: and

text: nineteenth

text: centuries

text: was

text: reflected

text: in

text: Ireland

text: in

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: republicanism

text: in

text: opposition

text: to

text: British

text: rule

text: This

text: followed

text: hundreds

text: of

text: years

text: of

text: British

text: conquest

text: and

text: Irish

text: resistance

text: through

text: rebellion

text: Discrimination

text: against

text: Catholics

text: and

text: Non

text: conformists

text: attempts

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: administration

text: to

text: suppress

text: Irish

text: culture

text: and

text: the

text: belief

text: that

text: Ireland

text: was

text: economically

text: disadvantaged

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: Act

text: of

text: Union

text: were

text: among

text: the

text: specific

text: factors

text: leading

text: to

text: such

text: opposition

text: A TD (plural TDanna in Irish; full Irish form Teachta Dála , , plural "Teachtaí Dála") is a member of Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Oireachtas (the Irish Parliament). It is the equivalent of terms such as "Member of Parliament" (MP) or "Member of Congress" used in other states. The official translation of the term is "Deputy to the Dáil", although a more literal translation is "Assembly Delegate".

text: TD

text: plural

text: TDanna

text: in

text: Irish

text: full

text: Irish

text: form

text: Teachta

text: Dála

text: plural

text: Teachtaí

text: Dála

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: Dáil

text: Éireann

text: the

text: lower

text: house

text: of

text: the

text: Oireachtas

text: the

text: Irish

text: Parliament

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: equivalent

text: of

text: terms

text: such

text: as

text: Member

text: of

text: Parliament

text: MP

text: or

text: Member

text: of

text: Congress

text: used

text: in

text: other

text: states

text: The

text: official

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: Deputy

text: to

text: the

text: Dáil

text: although

text: more

text: literal

text: translation

text: is

text: Assembly

text: Delegate

text: Khaki (Canada and ) is a color, a light shade of yellow-brown. "Khaki" is a loanword incorporated from Hindustani (Urdu or Hindi) / (meaning "soil-colored") and is originally derived from the Persian: ("Khâk", literally meaning "soil"), which came to English from British India via the British Indian Army.

text: Khaki

text: Canada

text: and

text: is

text: color

text: light

text: shade

text: of

text: yellow

text: brown

text: Khaki

text: is

text: loanword

text: incorporated

text: from

text: Hindustani

text: Urdu

text: or

text: Hindi

text: meaning

text: soil

text: colored

text: and

text: is

text: originally

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Persian

text: Khâk

text: literally

text: meaning

text: soil

text: which

text: came

text: to

text: English

text: from

text: British

text: India

text: via

text: the

text: British

text: Indian

text: Army

text: Fianna Fáil , also known as Fianna Fáil - The Republican Party, is a conservative political party based in the Republic of Ireland. Fianna Fáil's name is traditionally translated into English as "Soldiers of Destiny", although a more literal rendition would be "Warriors of Fál" ("Fál" being a metonym or figurative name for Ireland).

text: Fianna

text: Fáil

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Fianna

text: Fáil

text: The

text: Republican

text: Party

text: is

text: conservative

text: political

text: party

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Fianna

text: Fáil

text: 's

text: name

text: is

text: traditionally

text: translated

text: into

text: English

text: as

text: Soldiers

text: of

text: Destiny

text: although

text: more

text: literal

text: rendition

text: would

text: be

text: Warriors

text: of

text: Fál

text: Fál

text: being

text: metonym

text: or

text: figurative

text: name

text: for

text: Ireland

text: Ireland (Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth.

text: Ireland

text: Ulster

text: Scots

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Great

text: Britain

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Channel

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: and

text: St

text: George

text: 's

text: Channel

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: island

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: twentieth

text: largest

text: on

text: Earth

text: The Irish War of Independence or Anglo-Irish War or the Tan War was a guerrilla war fought from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army (IRA, the army of the Irish Republic) and the British security forces in Ireland. It was an escalation of the Irish revolutionary period into armed conflict.

text: The

text: Irish

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: or

text: Anglo

text: Irish

text: War

text: or

text: the

text: Tan

text: War

text: was

text: guerrilla

text: war

text: fought

text: from

text: to

text: between

text: the

text: Irish

text: Republican

text: Army

text: IRA

text: the

text: army

text: of

text: the

text: Irish

text: Republic

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: security

text: forces

text: in

text: Ireland

text: It

text: was

text: an

text: escalation

text: of

text: the

text: Irish

text: revolutionary

text: period

text: into

text: armed

text: conflict

text: Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a non-academic historian, a writer (as Winston S. Churchill), and an artist. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his overall, lifetime body of work. In 1963, he was the first of only eight people to be made an honorary citizen of the United States.

text: Sir

text: Winston

text: Leonard

text: Spencer

text: Churchill

text: November

text: January

text: was

text: British

text: statesman

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: again

text: from

text: to

text: Churchill

text: was

text: also

text: an

text: officer

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: Army

text: non

text: academic

text: historian

text: writer

text: as

text: Winston

text: Churchill

text: and

text: an

text: artist

text: He

text: won

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Literature

text: in

text: for

text: his

text: overall

text: lifetime

text: body

text: of

text: work

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: only

text: eight

text: people

text: to

text: be

text: made

text: an

text: honorary

text: citizen

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom. The force was initially administered by the War Office from London, which in 1964 was subsumed into the Ministry of Defence. The professional head of the British Army is the Chief of the General Staff.

text: The

text: British

text: Army

text: is

text: the

text: principal

text: land

text: warfare

text: force

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: force

text: was

text: initially

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: War

text: Office

text: from

text: London

text: which

text: in

text: was

text: subsumed

text: into

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: The

text: professional

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Army

text: is

text: the

text: Chief

text: of

text: the

text: General

text: Staff

annotations: likely single

question: country_of_citizenship frank carty

answer: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland


text: Nordeste Linhas Aéreas Regionais was a regional airline based in Brotas, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil which operated scheduled passenger services in northeast and southeast Brazil. Its main base was Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport, Salvador.

text: Nordeste

text: Linhas

text: Aéreas

text: Regionais

text: was

text: regional

text: airline

text: based

text: in

text: Brotas

text: Salvador

text: Bahia

text: Brazil

text: which

text: operated

text: scheduled

text: passenger

text: services

text: in

text: northeast

text: and

text: southeast

text: Brazil

text: Its

text: main

text: base

text: was

text: Deputado

text: Luís

text: Eduardo

text: Magalhães

text: International

text: Airport

text: Salvador

text: Rio de Janeiro ("River of January"), or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, the second-most populous metropolitan area in Brazil and sixth-most populous in the Americas. Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's third-most populous state. Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site, named ""Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea"", by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape.

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: River

text: of

text: January

text: or

text: simply

text: Rio

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: municipality

text: in

text: Brazil

text: and

text: the

text: sixth

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: The

text: metropolis

text: is

text: anchor

text: to

text: the

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: Brazil

text: and

text: sixth

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: Brazil

text: 's

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: Part

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: been

text: designated

text: as

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Site

text: named

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: Carioca

text: Landscapes

text: between

text: the

text: Mountain

text: and

text: the

text: Sea

text: by

text: UNESCO

text: on

text: July

text: as

text: Cultural

text: Landscape

text: Brotas is a neighborhood located in the western zone of Salvador , Bahia . When Nordeste Linhas Aéreas Regionais existed , its headquarters were in Brotas .

text: Brotas

text: is

text: neighborhood

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: zone

text: of

text: Salvador

text: Bahia

text: When

text: Nordeste

text: Linhas

text: Aéreas

text: Regionais

text: existed

text: its

text: headquarters

text: were

text: in

text: Brotas

text: Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the world's fifth-largest country by both area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection.

text: Brazil

text: officially

text: the

text: Federative

text: Republic

text: of

text: Brazil

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: both

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: Latin

text: America

text: As

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fifth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: both

text: area

text: and

text: population

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: to

text: have

text: Portuguese

text: as

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: Brazil

text: has

text: coastline

text: of

text: It

text: borders

text: all

text: other

text: South

text: American

text: countries

text: except

text: Ecuador

text: and

text: Chile

text: and

text: covers

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: land

text: area

text: Its

text: Amazon

text: River

text: basin

text: includes

text: vast

text: tropical

text: forest

text: home

text: to

text: diverse

text: wildlife

text: variety

text: of

text: ecological

text: systems

text: and

text: extensive

text: natural

text: resources

text: spanning

text: numerous

text: protected

text: habitats

text: This

text: unique

text: environmental

text: heritage

text: makes

text: Brazil

text: one

text: of

text: megadiverse

text: countries

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: significant

text: global

text: interest

text: and

text: debate

text: regarding

text: deforestation

text: and

text: environmental

text: protection

text: Salvador-Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport , formerly called Dois de Julho International Airport is the airport serving Salvador da Bahia, Brazil. Since 16 June 1998 the airport is named after (19551998), an influential politician of the state of Bahia.

text: Salvador

text: Deputado

text: Luís

text: Eduardo

text: Magalhães

text: International

text: Airport

text: formerly

text: called

text: Dois

text: de

text: Julho

text: International

text: Airport

text: is

text: the

text: airport

text: serving

text: Salvador

text: da

text: Bahia

text: Brazil

text: Since

text: June

text: the

text: airport

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: an

text: influential

text: politician

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Bahia

text: Bahia is one of the 26 states of Brazil and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast. It is the 4th-largest Brazilian state by population (after São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro) and the 5th-largest by area. Bahia's capital is the city of Salvador (formerly known as "Cidade do São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos", lit. ""City of Holy Savior of All Saints Bay""), located on a spit of land separating the Bay of All Saints from the Atlantic. Once a monarchial stronghold dominated by agricultural, slaving, and ranching interests, Bahia is now a major manufacturing center whose last three elections have been dominated by the Workers' Party.

text: Bahia

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Brazil

text: and

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: northeastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: Brazilian

text: state

text: by

text: population

text: after

text: São

text: Paulo

text: Minas

text: Gerais

text: and

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: by

text: area

text: Bahia

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Salvador

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Cidade

text: do

text: São

text: Salvador

text: da

text: Bahia

text: de

text: Todos

text: os

text: Santos

text: lit

text: City

text: of

text: Holy

text: Savior

text: of

text: All

text: Saints

text: Bay

text: located

text: on

text: spit

text: of

text: land

text: separating

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: All

text: Saints

text: from

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Once

text: monarchial

text: stronghold

text: dominated

text: by

text: agricultural

text: slaving

text: and

text: ranching

text: interests

text: Bahia

text: is

text: now

text: major

text: manufacturing

text: center

text: whose

text: last

text: three

text: elections

text: have

text: been

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: Workers

text: Party

text: Salvador, also known as São Salvador, Salvador de Bahia, and Salvador da Bahia, is the capital of the Brazilian state of Bahia. With 2.9 million people , it is the largest city proper in the Northeast Region and the 3rd-largest city proper in the country, after São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

text: Salvador

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: São

text: Salvador

text: Salvador

text: de

text: Bahia

text: and

text: Salvador

text: da

text: Bahia

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Brazilian

text: state

text: of

text: Bahia

text: With

text: million

text: people

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: proper

text: in

text: the

text: Northeast

text: Region

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: proper

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: after

text: São

text: Paulo

text: and

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: São Paulo ("Saint Paul" in English) is a municipality located in the southeast region of Brazil. The metropolis is an alpha global cityas listed by the GaWCand is the most populous city in Brazil, the Americas, and in the Southern Hemisphere. The municipality is also Earth's 12th largest city proper by population. The city is the capital of the homonymous state of São Paulo, Brazil's most populous and wealthiest state. It exerts strong international influence in commerce, finance, arts and entertainment. The name of the city honors Saint Paul of Tarsus. The city's metropolitan area of Greater São Paulo ranks as the most populous in Brazil, the 11th most populous on Earth, and largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world.

text: São

text: Paulo

text: Saint

text: Paul

text: in

text: English

text: is

text: municipality

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: region

text: of

text: Brazil

text: The

text: metropolis

text: is

text: an

text: alpha

text: global

text: cityas

text: listed

text: by

text: the

text: GaWCand

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Brazil

text: the

text: Americas

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

text: The

text: municipality

text: is

text: also

text: Earth

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: proper

text: by

text: population

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: homonymous

text: state

text: of

text: São

text: Paulo

text: Brazil

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: and

text: wealthiest

text: state

text: It

text: exerts

text: strong

text: international

text: influence

text: in

text: commerce

text: finance

text: arts

text: and

text: entertainment

text: The

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: honors

text: Saint

text: Paul

text: of

text: Tarsus

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: Greater

text: São

text: Paulo

text: ranks

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: Brazil

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: on

text: Earth

text: and

text: largest

text: Portuguese

text: speaking

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

question: country brotas

answer: brazil

text: brazil

text: brazil

text: brazil

text: brazil

text: brazil

text: brazil

text: brazil

text: brazil

text: brazil

text: brazil

text: brazil

text: brazil

text: brazil

text: brazil

text: brazil