text: Hell, in many mythological, folklore and religious traditions, is a place of torment and punishment in an afterlife. It is viewed by most Abrahamic traditions as punishment. Religions with a linear divine history often depict hells as eternal destinations. Religions with a cyclic history often depict a hell as an intermediary period between incarnations. Typically these traditions locate hell in another dimension or under the Earth's surface and often include entrances to Hell from the land of the living. Other afterlife destinations include Heaven, Purgatory, Paradise, and Limbo.

text: Hell

text: in

text: many

text: mythological

text: folklore

text: and

text: religious

text: traditions

text: is

text: place

text: of

text: torment

text: and

text: punishment

text: in

text: an

text: afterlife

text: It

text: is

text: viewed

text: by

text: most

text: Abrahamic

text: traditions

text: as

text: punishment

text: Religions

text: with

text: linear

text: divine

text: history

text: often

text: depict

text: hells

text: as

text: eternal

text: destinations

text: Religions

text: with

text: cyclic

text: history

text: often

text: depict

text: hell

text: as

text: an

text: intermediary

text: period

text: between

text: incarnations

text: Typically

text: these

text: traditions

text: locate

text: hell

text: in

text: another

text: dimension

text: or

text: under

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: and

text: often

text: include

text: entrances

text: to

text: Hell

text: from

text: the

text: land

text: of

text: the

text: living

text: Other

text: afterlife

text: destinations

text: include

text: Heaven

text: Purgatory

text: Paradise

text: and

text: Limbo

text: Heaven, the heavens or seven heavens, is common religious, cosmological, or transcendent place where beings such as gods, angels, jinn, saints, or venerated ancestors are said to originate, be enthroned, or to live. According to the beliefs of some religions, heavenly beings can descend to earth or incarnate, and earthly beings can ascend to Heaven in the afterlife, or in exceptional cases enter Heaven alive.

text: Heaven

text: the

text: heavens

text: or

text: seven

text: heavens

text: is

text: common

text: religious

text: cosmological

text: or

text: transcendent

text: place

text: where

text: beings

text: such

text: as

text: gods

text: angels

text: jinn

text: saints

text: or

text: venerated

text: ancestors

text: are

text: said

text: to

text: originate

text: be

text: enthroned

text: or

text: to

text: live

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: beliefs

text: of

text: some

text: religions

text: heavenly

text: beings

text: can

text: descend

text: to

text: earth

text: or

text: incarnate

text: and

text: earthly

text: beings

text: can

text: ascend

text: to

text: Heaven

text: in

text: the

text: afterlife

text: or

text: in

text: exceptional

text: cases

text: enter

text: Heaven

text: alive

text: Zoroastrianism, or more natively Mazdayasna, is one of the world's oldest extant religions, "combining a cosmogonic dualism and eschatological monotheism in a manner unique [...] among the major religions of the world". Ascribed to the teachings of the Iranian prophet Zoroaster (or Zarathustra), it exalts a deity of wisdom, Ahura Mazda ("Wise Lord"), as its Supreme Being. Major features of Zoroastrianism, such as messianism, heaven and hell, and free will have allegedly influenced other religious systems, including Second Temple Judaism, Gnosticism, Christianity, and Islam. With possible roots dating back to the second millennium BCE, Zoroastrianism enters recorded history in the 5th-century BCE, and along with a Mithraic Median prototype and a Zurvanist Sassanid successor it served as the state religion of the pre-Islamic Iranian empires from around 600 BCE to 650 CE. Zoroastrianism was suppressed from the 7th century onwards following the Muslim conquest of Persia of 633-654. Recent estimates place the current number of Zoroastrians at around 2.6 million, with most living in India and in Iran. Besides the Zoroastrian diaspora, the older Mithraic faith Yazdânism is still practised amongst Kurds.

text: Zoroastrianism

text: or

text: more

text: natively

text: Mazdayasna

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oldest

text: extant

text: religions

text: combining

text: cosmogonic

text: dualism

text: and

text: eschatological

text: monotheism

text: in

text: manner

text: unique

text: among

text: the

text: major

text: religions

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Ascribed

text: to

text: the

text: teachings

text: of

text: the

text: Iranian

text: prophet

text: Zoroaster

text: or

text: Zarathustra

text: it

text: exalts

text: deity

text: of

text: wisdom

text: Ahura

text: Mazda

text: Wise

text: Lord

text: as

text: its

text: Supreme

text: Being

text: Major

text: features

text: of

text: Zoroastrianism

text: such

text: as

text: messianism

text: heaven

text: and

text: hell

text: and

text: free

text: will

text: have

text: allegedly

text: influenced

text: other

text: religious

text: systems

text: including

text: Second

text: Temple

text: Judaism

text: Gnosticism

text: Christianity

text: and

text: Islam

text: With

text: possible

text: roots

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: second

text: millennium

text: BCE

text: Zoroastrianism

text: enters

text: recorded

text: history

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: and

text: along

text: with

text: Mithraic

text: Median

text: prototype

text: and

text: Zurvanist

text: Sassanid

text: successor

text: it

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: state

text: religion

text: of

text: the

text: pre

text: Islamic

text: Iranian

text: empires

text: from

text: around

text: BCE

text: to

text: CE

text: Zoroastrianism

text: was

text: suppressed

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: onwards

text: following

text: the

text: Muslim

text: conquest

text: of

text: Persia

text: of

text: Recent

text: estimates

text: place

text: the

text: current

text: number

text: of

text: Zoroastrians

text: at

text: around

text: million

text: with

text: most

text: living

text: in

text: India

text: and

text: in

text: Iran

text: Besides

text: the

text: Zoroastrian

text: diaspora

text: the

text: older

text: Mithraic

text: faith

text: Yazdânism

text: is

text: still

text: practised

text: amongst

text: Kurds

text: A saint, also historically known as a hallow, is a term used for a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness or likeness to God. Depending on the context and denomination, the term also retains its original Christian meaning, as any believer who is "in Christ" and in whom Christ dwells, whether in Heaven or on Earth. In Anglican, Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran, and Oriental Orthodox doctrine, all of their faithful deceased in Heaven are considered to be saints, but some are considered worthy of greater honor or emulation; official ecclesiastical recognition, and consequently veneration, is given to some saints through the process of canonization in the Catholic Church or glorification in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

text: saint

text: also

text: historically

text: known

text: as

text: hallow

text: is

text: term

text: used

text: for

text: person

text: who

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: having

text: an

text: exceptional

text: degree

text: of

text: holiness

text: or

text: likeness

text: to

text: God

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: context

text: and

text: denomination

text: the

text: term

text: also

text: retains

text: its

text: original

text: Christian

text: meaning

text: as

text: any

text: believer

text: who

text: is

text: in

text: Christ

text: and

text: in

text: whom

text: Christ

text: dwells

text: whether

text: in

text: Heaven

text: or

text: on

text: Earth

text: In

text: Anglican

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Lutheran

text: and

text: Oriental

text: Orthodox

text: doctrine

text: all

text: of

text: their

text: faithful

text: deceased

text: in

text: Heaven

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: saints

text: but

text: some

text: are

text: considered

text: worthy

text: of

text: greater

text: honor

text: or

text: emulation

text: official

text: ecclesiastical

text: recognition

text: and

text: consequently

text: veneration

text: is

text: given

text: to

text: some

text: saints

text: through

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: canonization

text: in

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: or

text: glorification

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: Zoroaster (or , from Greek "Zroastrs" from "Zartosht"), also known as Zarathustra ("Zarauštra"), Zarathushtra Spitama or Ashu Zarathushtra, was the prophet of Ancient Iran, whose transformation of his inherited religion, Zoroastrianism, inaugurated a movement that eventually became the dominant religion in Ancient Persia. He was a native speaker of Old Avestan and lived in the eastern part of the Iranian Plateau, but his exact birthplace is uncertain.

text: Zoroaster

text: or

text: from

text: Greek

text: Zroastrs

text: from

text: Zartosht

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Zarathustra

text: Zarauštra

text: Zarathushtra

text: Spitama

text: or

text: Ashu

text: Zarathushtra

text: was

text: the

text: prophet

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Iran

text: whose

text: transformation

text: of

text: his

text: inherited

text: religion

text: Zoroastrianism

text: inaugurated

text: movement

text: that

text: eventually

text: became

text: the

text: dominant

text: religion

text: in

text: Ancient

text: Persia

text: He

text: was

text: native

text: speaker

text: of

text: Old

text: Avestan

text: and

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Iranian

text: Plateau

text: but

text: his

text: exact

text: birthplace

text: is

text: uncertain

text: Tbilisi, commonly known by its former name Tiflis, and often mispronounced as "Tiblisi", is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of roughly 1.5 million inhabitants. Founded in the 5th century by the monarch of Georgia's ancient precursor the Kingdom of Iberia, Tbilisi has since served, with intermissions, as the capital of various Georgian kingdoms and republics. Under Russian rule, from 1801 to 1917 Tiflis was the seat of the Imperial Viceroy governing both sides of the entire Caucasus.

text: Tbilisi

text: commonly

text: known

text: by

text: its

text: former

text: name

text: Tiflis

text: and

text: often

text: mispronounced

text: as

text: Tiblisi

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Georgia

text: lying

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: Kura

text: River

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: roughly

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Founded

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: by

text: the

text: monarch

text: of

text: Georgia

text: 's

text: ancient

text: precursor

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Iberia

text: Tbilisi

text: has

text: since

text: served

text: with

text: intermissions

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: various

text: Georgian

text: kingdoms

text: and

text: republics

text: Under

text: Russian

text: rule

text: from

text: to

text: Tiflis

text: was

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Viceroy

text: governing

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: Caucasus

text:
Mtskheta-Mtianeti (Georgian: -) is a region (Mkhare) in eastern Georgia comprising the town of Mtskheta, which serves as a regional capital, together with its district and the adjoining mountainous areas.The western part is controlled by the breakaway Republic of South Ossetia since 1992 and the independence of Georgia.
The region comprises five municipalities:

text: Mtskheta

text: Mtianeti

text: Georgian

text: is

text: region

text: Mkhare

text: in

text: eastern

text: Georgia

text: comprising

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Mtskheta

text: which

text: serves

text: as

text: regional

text: capital

text: together

text: with

text: its

text: district

text: and

text: the

text: adjoining

text: mountainous

text: areas

text: The

text: western

text: part

text: is

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: breakaway

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Ossetia

text: since

text: and

text: the

text: independence

text: of

text: Georgia

text: The

text: region

text: comprises

text: five

text: municipalities

text: Iran (, also , ; ' ), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (' ), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the "de facto" Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; to the north by the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of , it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country. It is the only country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, make it of great geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic center.

text: Iran

text: also

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Persia

text: officially

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iran

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: by

text: Armenia

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: Nagorno

text: Karabakh

text: Republic

text: and

text: Azerbaijan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: by

text: Turkmenistan

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Oman

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Turkey

text: and

text: Iraq

text: Comprising

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Iran

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: with

text: both

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: and

text: an

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: coastline

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: central

text: location

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: and

text: Western

text: Asia

text: and

text: its

text: proximity

text: to

text: the

text: Strait

text: of

text: Hormuz

text: make

text: it

text: of

text: great

text: geostrategic

text: importance

text: Tehran

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: leading

text: economic

text: center

text: India, officially the Republic of India ("Bhrat Gaarjya"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.

text: India

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: India

text: Bhrat

text: Gaarjya

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: democracy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: China

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Bhutan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: India

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: India

text: 's

text: Andaman

text: and

text: Nicobar

text: Islands

text: share

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: New

text: Delhi

text: other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Mumbai

text: Kolkata

text: Chennai

text: Bangalore

text: Hyderabad

text: and

text: Ahmedabad

text: Eustathius or Eustace of Mtskheta ( Evstat'i Mtskhet'eli ; Georgian :   ) ( died c. 550 ) is an Orthodox Christian saint , executed for his apostasy from Zoroastrianism by the Persian military authorities in Georgia . His story is related in the anonymous 6th - century Georgian hagiographic novel The Passion of Eustathius of Mtskheta . One of the earliest extant works of the Georgian literature , The Passion of Eustathius of Mtskheta (       ) was written by an anonymous author later in the 6th century , within thirty years of Eustathius ' reported death . The morphology of the work as well as some theological phrases also supports this dating , although the earliest surviving manuscript dates from c. 1000 ( Georgian National Center of Manuscripts , MSS H - 341 ) . The text is also interesting for the first Georgian formulation of the Ten Commandments , an account of the life of Jesus which recalls Tatian 's Diatessaron ( a Gospel harmony of the 2nd century ) , and traces of influence of the 2nd century Apology of Aristides . The Passion was first published by Mikhail Sabinin in 1882 . Eustathius is reported by the hagiographer to have been a Persian cobbler originally called Gvirobandak , son of a Zoroastrian priest ( magi ) , from Ganzak . Having converted to Christianity , he flees persecution to Georgia ( Iberia ) , then under the Persian military authority , in 541 . He settles at the Christian town of Mtskheta and marries a Christian woman . The local Persian cobblers '' guild denounces Eustathius to the marzban Arvand Gushnasp with seven other converts to be judged . Arvand punishes the apostates by having their noses pierced and casts them in prison under sentence of death . Six months later , Arvand releases them , however , as a farewell gesture to the local people , when recalled from Georgia by the king Khosrau I. Four years later , under the new marzban Bezhan Buzmir , Eustathius is rearrested , but reaffirms his faith before the court in a speech of some 3,000 words that makes up nearly half the Passion . Eventually , the marzban , albeit reluctant , has him beheaded in Tbilisi . The remains of Eustathius were taken to Mtskheta and buried at its principal church .

text: Eustathius

text: or

text: Eustace

text: of

text: Mtskheta

text: Evstat'i

text: Mtskhet'eli

text: Georgian

text: died

text: is

text: an

text: Orthodox

text: Christian

text: saint

text: executed

text: for

text: his

text: apostasy

text: from

text: Zoroastrianism

text: by

text: the

text: Persian

text: military

text: authorities

text: in

text: Georgia

text: His

text: story

text: is

text: related

text: in

text: the

text: anonymous

text: century

text: Georgian

text: hagiographic

text: novel

text: The

text: Passion

text: of

text: Eustathius

text: of

text: Mtskheta

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: extant

text: works

text: of

text: the

text: Georgian

text: literature

text: The

text: Passion

text: of

text: Eustathius

text: of

text: Mtskheta

text: was

text: written

text: by

text: an

text: anonymous

text: author

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: within

text: thirty

text: years

text: of

text: Eustathius

text: reported

text: death

text: The

text: morphology

text: of

text: the

text: work

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: some

text: theological

text: phrases

text: also

text: supports

text: this

text: dating

text: although

text: the

text: earliest

text: surviving

text: manuscript

text: dates

text: from

text: Georgian

text: National

text: Center

text: of

text: Manuscripts

text: MSS

text: The

text: text

text: is

text: also

text: interesting

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: Georgian

text: formulation

text: of

text: the

text: Ten

text: Commandments

text: an

text: account

text: of

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: Jesus

text: which

text: recalls

text: Tatian

text: 's

text: Diatessaron

text: Gospel

text: harmony

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: traces

text: of

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Apology

text: of

text: Aristides

text: The

text: Passion

text: was

text: first

text: published

text: by

text: Mikhail

text: Sabinin

text: in

text: Eustathius

text: is

text: reported

text: by

text: the

text: hagiographer

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: Persian

text: cobbler

text: originally

text: called

text: Gvirobandak

text: son

text: of

text: Zoroastrian

text: priest

text: magi

text: from

text: Ganzak

text: Having

text: converted

text: to

text: Christianity

text: he

text: flees

text: persecution

text: to

text: Georgia

text: Iberia

text: then

text: under

text: the

text: Persian

text: military

text: authority

text: in

text: He

text: settles

text: at

text: the

text: Christian

text: town

text: of

text: Mtskheta

text: and

text: marries

text: Christian

text: woman

text: The

text: local

text: Persian

text: cobblers

text: guild

text: denounces

text: Eustathius

text: to

text: the

text: marzban

text: Arvand

text: Gushnasp

text: with

text: seven

text: other

text: converts

text: to

text: be

text: judged

text: Arvand

text: punishes

text: the

text: apostates

text: by

text: having

text: their

text: noses

text: pierced

text: and

text: casts

text: them

text: in

text: prison

text: under

text: sentence

text: of

text: death

text: Six

text: months

text: later

text: Arvand

text: releases

text: them

text: however

text: as

text: farewell

text: gesture

text: to

text: the

text: local

text: people

text: when

text: recalled

text: from

text: Georgia

text: by

text: the

text: king

text: Khosrau

text: Four

text: years

text: later

text: under

text: the

text: new

text: marzban

text: Bezhan

text: Buzmir

text: Eustathius

text: is

text: rearrested

text: but

text: reaffirms

text: his

text: faith

text: before

text: the

text: court

text: in

text: speech

text: of

text: some

text: words

text: that

text: makes

text: up

text: nearly

text: half

text: the

text: Passion

text: Eventually

text: the

text: marzban

text: albeit

text: reluctant

text: has

text: him

text: beheaded

text: in

text: Tbilisi

text: The

text: remains

text: of

text: Eustathius

text: were

text: taken

text: to

text: Mtskheta

text: and

text: buried

text: at

text: its

text: principal

text: church

text: The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the Arab conquest of Iran, led to the end of the Sasanian Empire in 651 and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Iran.

text: The

text: Muslim

text: conquest

text: of

text: Persia

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Arab

text: conquest

text: of

text: Iran

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Sasanian

text: Empire

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: eventual

text: decline

text: of

text: the

text: Zoroastrian

text: religion

text: in

text: Iran

text: A diaspora (from Greek , "scattering, dispersion") is a scattered population whose origin lies within a smaller geographic locale. Diaspora can also refer to the movement of the population from its original homeland. Diaspora has come to refer particularly to historical mass dispersions of an involuntary nature, such as the expulsion of Jews from Judea, the fleeing of Greeks after the fall of Constantinople, the African Trans-Atlantic slave trade, the southern Chinese or Hindus of South Asia during the coolie trade, the Irish during and after the Irish Famine, the displacement of Palestinians in the 20th century, the exile and deportation of Circassians, and the emigration of Anglo-Saxon warriors and their families after the Norman Conquest of England, many of whom found employment in Constantinople and bolstered the elite bodyguard of the emperor, the Varangian Guard.

text: diaspora

text: from

text: Greek

text: scattering

text: dispersion

text: is

text: scattered

text: population

text: whose

text: origin

text: lies

text: within

text: smaller

text: geographic

text: locale

text: Diaspora

text: can

text: also

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: from

text: its

text: original

text: homeland

text: Diaspora

text: has

text: come

text: to

text: refer

text: particularly

text: to

text: historical

text: mass

text: dispersions

text: of

text: an

text: involuntary

text: nature

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: expulsion

text: of

text: Jews

text: from

text: Judea

text: the

text: fleeing

text: of

text: Greeks

text: after

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: the

text: African

text: Trans

text: Atlantic

text: slave

text: trade

text: the

text: southern

text: Chinese

text: or

text: Hindus

text: of

text: South

text: Asia

text: during

text: the

text: coolie

text: trade

text: the

text: Irish

text: during

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: Irish

text: Famine

text: the

text: displacement

text: of

text: Palestinians

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: exile

text: and

text: deportation

text: of

text: Circassians

text: and

text: the

text: emigration

text: of

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: warriors

text: and

text: their

text: families

text: after

text: the

text: Norman

text: Conquest

text: of

text: England

text: many

text: of

text: whom

text: found

text: employment

text: in

text: Constantinople

text: and

text: bolstered

text: the

text: elite

text: bodyguard

text: of

text: the

text: emperor

text: the

text: Varangian

text: Guard

text: Yazd, formerly also known as Yezd, is the capital of Yazd Province, Iran. The city is located southeast of Esfahan. At the 2011 census, the population was 1,074,428 in 270575 families.

text: Yazd

text: formerly

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Yezd

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Yazd

text: Province

text: Iran

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: southeast

text: of

text: Esfahan

text: At

text: the

text: census

text: the

text: population

text: was

text: in

text: families

text: The Kurds () also the Kurdish people are an ethnic group in the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a contiguous area spanning adjacent parts of eastern and southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), western Iran (Eastern or Iranian Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern or Iraqi Kurdistan), and northern Syria (Western Kurdistan or Rojava). The Kurds are culturally and linguistically closely related to the Iranian peoples and, as a result, are often themselves classified as an Iranian people.

text: The

text: Kurds

text: also

text: the

text: Kurdish

text: people

text: are

text: an

text: ethnic

text: group

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: mostly

text: inhabiting

text: contiguous

text: area

text: spanning

text: adjacent

text: parts

text: of

text: eastern

text: and

text: southeastern

text: Turkey

text: Northern

text: Kurdistan

text: western

text: Iran

text: Eastern

text: or

text: Iranian

text: Kurdistan

text: northern

text: Iraq

text: Southern

text: or

text: Iraqi

text: Kurdistan

text: and

text: northern

text: Syria

text: Western

text: Kurdistan

text: or

text: Rojava

text: The

text: Kurds

text: are

text: culturally

text: and

text: linguistically

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Iranian

text: peoples

text: and

text: as

text: result

text: are

text: often

text: themselves

text: classified

text: as

text: an

text: Iranian

text: people

text: Mtskheta is a city in Mtskheta-Mtianeti province of Georgia. One of the oldest cities of Georgia, it is located approximately north of Tbilisi at the confluence of the Aragvi river.

text: Mtskheta

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: Mtskheta

text: Mtianeti

text: province

text: of

text: Georgia

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: cities

text: of

text: Georgia

text: it

text: is

text: located

text: approximately

text: north

text: of

text: Tbilisi

text: at

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Aragvi

text: river

question: country_of_citizenship eustathius of mtskheta

answer: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran


text: Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative) is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word "alternative" refers to the genre's distinction from mainstream rock music. The term's original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their collective debt to either the musical style or simply the independent, D.I.Y. ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music. At times, "alternative" has been used as a catch-all description for music from underground rock artists that receives mainstream recognition, or for any music, whether rock or not, that is seen to be descended from punk rock (including some examples of punk itself, as well as new wave, and post-punk).

text: Alternative

text: rock

text: also

text: called

text: alternative

text: music

text: alt

text: rock

text: or

text: simply

text: alternative

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: rock

text: music

text: that

text: emerged

text: from

text: the

text: independent

text: music

text: underground

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: became

text: widely

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: In

text: this

text: instance

text: the

text: word

text: alternative

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: genre

text: 's

text: distinction

text: from

text: mainstream

text: rock

text: music

text: The

text: term

text: 's

text: original

text: meaning

text: was

text: broader

text: referring

text: to

text: generation

text: of

text: musicians

text: unified

text: by

text: their

text: collective

text: debt

text: to

text: either

text: the

text: musical

text: style

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: independent

text: D.I.Y.

text: ethos

text: of

text: punk

text: rock

text: which

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: laid

text: the

text: groundwork

text: for

text: alternative

text: music

text: At

text: times

text: alternative

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: catch

text: all

text: description

text: for

text: music

text: from

text: underground

text: rock

text: artists

text: that

text: receives

text: mainstream

text: recognition

text: or

text: for

text: any

text: music

text: whether

text: rock

text: or

text: not

text: that

text: is

text: seen

text: to

text: be

text: descended

text: from

text: punk

text: rock

text: including

text: some

text: examples

text: of

text: punk

text: itself

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: new

text: wave

text: and

text: post

text: punk

text: Serj Tankian (Western , ; born August 21, 1967) is a Lebanese-born Armenian-American singer-songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist, record producer, poet, and political activist. He is best known as the lead vocalist, songwriter, keyboardist, and occasional live rhythm guitarist of the rock band System of a Down, formed in 1994 by four Armenian-American friends.

text: Serj

text: Tankian

text: Western

text: born

text: August

text: is

text: Lebanese

text: born

text: Armenian

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: composer

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: record

text: producer

text: poet

text: and

text: political

text: activist

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: lead

text: vocalist

text: songwriter

text: keyboardist

text: and

text: occasional

text: live

text: rhythm

text: guitarist

text: of

text: the

text: rock

text: band

text: System

text: of

text: Down

text: formed

text: in

text: by

text: four

text: Armenian

text: American

text: friends

text: MPEG-1 and/or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players and computing devices.

text: and/or

text: Audio

text: Layer

text: III

text: more

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: is

text: an

text: audio

text: coding

text: format

text: for

text: digital

text: audio

text: which

text: uses

text: form

text: of

text: lossy

text: data

text: compression

text: It

text: is

text: common

text: audio

text: format

text: for

text: consumer

text: audio

text: streaming

text: or

text: storage

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: de

text: facto

text: standard

text: of

text: digital

text: audio

text: compression

text: for

text: the

text: transfer

text: and

text: playback

text: of

text: music

text: on

text: most

text: digital

text: audio

text: players

text: and

text: computing

text: devices

text: `` Chop Suey ! '' is the first single from Armenian - American alternative metal band System of a Down 's second album Toxicity . The single was released in August 2001 and earned the band its first Grammy nomination in 2002 for Best Metal Performance . The song 's working title was `` Suicide '' ; the band members claim the change was not caused by pressure from their record company . Certain pressings of the album include an intro to the track where the comment `` We 're rolling ' Suicide ' '' can still be heard faintly before the guitar starts . The song is included as a playable track in the music video games Rock Band 2 , Rock Revolution , Rock Band Unplugged and Guitar Hero Live in addition to appearing in the Shavo Odadjian - directed TV spot and launch trailer for Mortal Kombat X. Loudwire included the song in its list of The Best Hard Rock Songs Of The 21st Century , where it was ranked at # 1 . `` Chop Suey ! '' is often seen as the band 's signature song .

text: Chop

text: Suey

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: single

text: from

text: Armenian

text: American

text: alternative

text: metal

text: band

text: System

text: of

text: Down

text: 's

text: second

text: album

text: Toxicity

text: The

text: single

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: August

text: and

text: earned

text: the

text: band

text: its

text: first

text: Grammy

text: nomination

text: in

text: for

text: Best

text: Metal

text: Performance

text: The

text: song

text: 's

text: working

text: title

text: was

text: Suicide

text: the

text: band

text: members

text: claim

text: the

text: change

text: was

text: not

text: caused

text: by

text: pressure

text: from

text: their

text: record

text: company

text: Certain

text: pressings

text: of

text: the

text: album

text: include

text: an

text: intro

text: to

text: the

text: track

text: where

text: the

text: comment

text: We

text: 're

text: rolling

text: Suicide

text: can

text: still

text: be

text: heard

text: faintly

text: before

text: the

text: guitar

text: starts

text: The

text: song

text: is

text: included

text: as

text: playable

text: track

text: in

text: the

text: music

text: video

text: games

text: Rock

text: Band

text: Rock

text: Revolution

text: Rock

text: Band

text: Unplugged

text: and

text: Guitar

text: Hero

text: Live

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: appearing

text: in

text: the

text: Shavo

text: Odadjian

text: directed

text: TV

text: spot

text: and

text: launch

text: trailer

text: for

text: Mortal

text: Kombat

text: Loudwire

text: included

text: the

text: song

text: in

text: its

text: list

text: of

text: The

text: Best

text: Hard

text: Rock

text: Songs

text: Of

text: The

text: Century

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: ranked

text: at

text: Chop

text: Suey

text: is

text: often

text: seen

text: as

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: signature

text: song

text: Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, then from 1948 as vinyl LP records played at  rpm. Vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc (CD) and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl.

text: Albums

text: of

text: recorded

text: music

text: were

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: first

text: as

text: books

text: of

text: individual

text: records

text: then

text: from

text: as

text: vinyl

text: LP

text: records

text: played

text: at

text: rpm

text: Vinyl

text: LPs

text: are

text: still

text: issued

text: though

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: album

text: sales

text: have

text: mostly

text: focused

text: on

text: compact

text: disc

text: CD

text: and

text: formats

text: The

text: audio

text: cassette

text: was

text: format

text: used

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: through

text: to

text: the

text: alongside

text: vinyl

text: Alternative metal (also known as alt-metal) is a rock music genre that infuses heavy metal with influences from alternative rock and other genres not normally associated with metal. Alternative metal bands are often characterized by heavily downtuned, mid-paced guitar riffs, a mixture of accessible melodic vocals and harsh vocals and sometimes unconventional sounds within other heavy metal styles. The term has been in use since the 1980s, although it came into prominence in the 1990s.

text: Alternative

text: metal

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: alt

text: metal

text: is

text: rock

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: infuses

text: heavy

text: metal

text: with

text: influences

text: from

text: alternative

text: rock

text: and

text: other

text: genres

text: not

text: normally

text: associated

text: with

text: metal

text: Alternative

text: metal

text: bands

text: are

text: often

text: characterized

text: by

text: heavily

text: downtuned

text: mid

text: paced

text: guitar

text: riffs

text: mixture

text: of

text: accessible

text: melodic

text: vocals

text: and

text: harsh

text: vocals

text: and

text: sometimes

text: unconventional

text: sounds

text: within

text: other

text: heavy

text: metal

text: styles

text: The

text: term

text: has

text: been

text: in

text: use

text: since

text: the

text: although

text: it

text: came

text: into

text: prominence

text: in

text: the

text: System of a Down, sometimes shortened to SOAD or System, is an heavy metal band from Glendale, California, formed in 1994. The band currently consists of Serj Tankian (lead vocals, keyboards), Daron Malakian (vocals, guitar), Shavo Odadjian (bass, backing vocals) and John Dolmayan (drums).

text: System

text: of

text: Down

text: sometimes

text: shortened

text: to

text: SOAD

text: or

text: System

text: is

text: an

text: heavy

text: metal

text: band

text: from

text: Glendale

text: California

text: formed

text: in

text: The

text: band

text: currently

text: consists

text: of

text: Serj

text: Tankian

text: lead

text: vocals

text: keyboards

text: Daron

text: Malakian

text: vocals

text: guitar

text: Shavo

text: Odadjian

text: bass

text: backing

text: vocals

text: and

text: John

text: Dolmayan

text: drums

text: Shavarsh "Shavo" Odadjian (born April 22, 1974) is an Armenian American songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, music video director/editor, music producer, and artist/painter. He is best known as the bassist, backing vocalist and occasional songwriter of the Grammy Award-winning rock band System of a Down. During the band's hiatus from 2006 to 2010, Odadjian collaborated with Wu-Tang Clan founder RZA on a project called AcHoZeN, which contributed a number of songs to the motion picture "Babylon A.D." A compilation album was released in 2015. Odadjian is also credited with the musical scoring of the film, alongside The Rza and Hans Zimmer. He regularly uses a Gibson Thunderbird bass, a Fender Jazz Bass, and an Ibanez BTB bass guitar. He used a Music Man StingRay when he started to play with the band.

text: Shavarsh

text: Shavo

text: Odadjian

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: an

text: Armenian

text: American

text: songwriter

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: music

text: video

text: director

text: editor

text: music

text: producer

text: and

text: artist

text: painter

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: bassist

text: backing

text: vocalist

text: and

text: occasional

text: songwriter

text: of

text: the

text: Grammy

text: Award

text: winning

text: rock

text: band

text: System

text: of

text: Down

text: During

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: hiatus

text: from

text: to

text: Odadjian

text: collaborated

text: with

text: Wu

text: Tang

text: Clan

text: founder

text: RZA

text: on

text: project

text: called

text: AcHoZeN

text: which

text: contributed

text: number

text: of

text: songs

text: to

text: the

text: motion

text: picture

text: Babylon

text: A.D.

text: compilation

text: album

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: Odadjian

text: is

text: also

text: credited

text: with

text: the

text: musical

text: scoring

text: of

text: the

text: film

text: alongside

text: The

text: Rza

text: and

text: Hans

text: Zimmer

text: He

text: regularly

text: uses

text: Gibson

text: Thunderbird

text: bass

text: Fender

text: Jazz

text: Bass

text: and

text: an

text: Ibanez

text: BTB

text: bass

text: guitar

text: He

text: used

text: Music

text: Man

text: StingRay

text: when

text: he

text: started

text: to

text: play

text: with

text: the

text: band

annotations: follows single

annotations: likely multiple

annotations: follows multiple

question: lyrics_by chop suey!

answer: serj tankian

text: serj tankian

text: serj tankian


text: Margaretia is a frondose organism known from the middle Cambrian Burgess shale . Its fronds reached about 10 cm in length and are peppered with a range of length - parallel oval holes . Its original interpretation as a green alga is not secure ; it also resembles some alcyonarian corals , but a thorough redescription will be necessary to securely classify it . A relationship with the modern green alga Caulerpa is the most up - to - date consideration .

text: Margaretia

text: is

text: frondose

text: organism

text: known

text: from

text: the

text: middle

text: Cambrian

text: Burgess

text: shale

text: Its

text: fronds

text: reached

text: about

text: cm

text: in

text: length

text: and

text: are

text: peppered

text: with

text: range

text: of

text: length

text: parallel

text: oval

text: holes

text: Its

text: original

text: interpretation

text: as

text: green

text: alga

text: is

text: not

text: secure

text: it

text: also

text: resembles

text: some

text: alcyonarian

text: corals

text: but

text: thorough

text: redescription

text: will

text: be

text: necessary

text: to

text: securely

text: classify

text: it

text: relationship

text: with

text: the

text: modern

text: green

text: alga

text: Caulerpa

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: up

text: to

text: date

text: consideration

text: In biology, stolons (from Latin stol "branch"), also known as runners, are horizontal connections between organisms. They may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton; typically, animal stolons are external skeletons.

text: In

text: biology

text: stolons

text: from

text: Latin

text: stol

text: branch

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: runners

text: are

text: horizontal

text: connections

text: between

text: organisms

text: They

text: may

text: be

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: organism

text: or

text: of

text: its

text: skeleton

text: typically

text: animal

text: stolons

text: are

text: external

text: skeletons

text: A frond is a large, divided leaf. In both common usage and botanical nomenclature, the leaves of ferns are referred to as fronds and some botanists restrict the term to this group. Other botanists allow the term frond to also apply to the large leaves of cycads and palms (Arecaceae). "Frond" is commonly used to identify a large, compound leaf, but if the term is used botanically to refer to the leaves of ferns, it may be applied to smaller and undivided leaves.

text: frond

text: is

text: large

text: divided

text: leaf

text: In

text: both

text: common

text: usage

text: and

text: botanical

text: nomenclature

text: the

text: leaves

text: of

text: ferns

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: fronds

text: and

text: some

text: botanists

text: restrict

text: the

text: term

text: to

text: this

text: group

text: Other

text: botanists

text: allow

text: the

text: term

text: frond

text: to

text: also

text: apply

text: to

text: the

text: large

text: leaves

text: of

text: cycads

text: and

text: palms

text: Arecaceae

text: Frond

text: is

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: identify

text: large

text: compound

text: leaf

text: but

text: if

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: used

text: botanically

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: leaves

text: of

text: ferns

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: applied

text: to

text: smaller

text: and

text: undivided

text: leaves

text: In taxonomy, the Caulerpaceae are a family of green algae, specifically of the Bryopsidales.

text: In

text: taxonomy

text: the

text: Caulerpaceae

text: are

text: family

text: of

text: green

text: algae

text: specifically

text: of

text: the

text: Bryopsidales

text: Caulerpa is a genus of seaweeds in the family Caulerpaceae (among the green algae). They are unusual because they consist of only one cell with many nuclei, making them among the biggest single cells in the world. A species in the Mediterranean can have a stolon more than 3 metres (9 ft) long, with up to 200 fronds.

text: Caulerpa

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: seaweeds

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Caulerpaceae

text: among

text: the

text: green

text: algae

text: They

text: are

text: unusual

text: because

text: they

text: consist

text: of

text: only

text: one

text: cell

text: with

text: many

text: nuclei

text: making

text: them

text: among

text: the

text: biggest

text: single

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: species

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: can

text: have

text: stolon

text: more

text: than

text: metres

text: ft

text: long

text: with

text: up

text: to

text: fronds

annotations: likely single

question: parent_taxon margaretia

answer: bryopsidales

text: bryopsidales


text: The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, also called the Qing Empire or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state.

text: The

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: officially

text: the

text: Great

text: Qing

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Qing

text: Empire

text: or

text: the

text: Manchu

text: dynasty

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: of

text: China

text: ruling

text: from

text: to

text: with

text: brief

text: abortive

text: restoration

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: and

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: Qing

text: multi

text: cultural

text: empire

text: lasted

text: almost

text: three

text: centuries

text: and

text: formed

text: the

text: territorial

text: base

text: for

text: the

text: modern

text: Chinese

text: state

text: Han Yu (768824) was an essayist and poet from the Tang dynasty who had a strong influence on the development of Neo-Confucianism. He has been described as "comparable in stature to Dante, Shakespeare or Goethe" for his influence on the Chinese literary tradition. He stood for strong central authority in politics and orthodoxy in cultural matters. He was considered by many to be among China's finest prose writers, second only to Sima Qian. He was also ranked first among the "Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song" in a list compiled by Ming Dynasty scholar Mao Kun ().

text: Han

text: Yu

text: was

text: an

text: essayist

text: and

text: poet

text: from

text: the

text: Tang

text: dynasty

text: who

text: had

text: strong

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: Neo

text: Confucianism

text: He

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: comparable

text: in

text: stature

text: to

text: Dante

text: Shakespeare

text: or

text: Goethe

text: for

text: his

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: Chinese

text: literary

text: tradition

text: He

text: stood

text: for

text: strong

text: central

text: authority

text: in

text: politics

text: and

text: orthodoxy

text: in

text: cultural

text: matters

text: He

text: was

text: considered

text: by

text: many

text: to

text: be

text: among

text: China

text: 's

text: finest

text: prose

text: writers

text: second

text: only

text: to

text: Sima

text: Qian

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: ranked

text: first

text: among

text: the

text: Eight

text: Great

text: Prose

text: Masters

text: of

text: the

text: Tang

text: and

text: Song

text: in

text: list

text: compiled

text: by

text: Ming

text: Dynasty

text: scholar

text: Mao

text: Kun

text: Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought. 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky.

text: Language

text: is

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: acquire

text: and

text: use

text: complex

text: systems

text: of

text: communication

text: particularly

text: the

text: human

text: ability

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: and

text: language

text: is

text: any

text: specific

text: example

text: of

text: such

text: system

text: The

text: scientific

text: study

text: of

text: language

text: is

text: called

text: linguistics

text: Questions

text: concerning

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: language

text: such

text: as

text: whether

text: words

text: can

text: represent

text: experience

text: have

text: been

text: debated

text: since

text: Gorgias

text: and

text: Plato

text: in

text: Ancient

text: Greece

text: Thinkers

text: such

text: as

text: Rousseau

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: language

text: originated

text: from

text: emotions

text: while

text: others

text: like

text: Kant

text: have

text: held

text: that

text: it

text: originated

text: from

text: rational

text: and

text: logical

text: thought

text: century

text: philosophers

text: such

text: as

text: Wittgenstein

text: argued

text: that

text: philosophy

text: is

text: really

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: language

text: Major

text: figures

text: in

text: linguistics

text: include

text: Ferdinand

text: de

text: Saussure

text: and

text: Noam

text: Chomsky

text: Eratosthenes of Cyrene (;   ) was a Greek mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist. He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria. He invented the discipline of geography, including the terminology used today.

text: Eratosthenes

text: of

text: Cyrene

text: was

text: Greek

text: mathematician

text: geographer

text: poet

text: astronomer

text: and

text: music

text: theorist

text: He

text: was

text: man

text: of

text: learning

text: becoming

text: the

text: chief

text: librarian

text: at

text: the

text: Library

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: He

text: invented

text: the

text: discipline

text: of

text: geography

text: including

text: the

text: terminology

text: used

text: today

text: Dai Zhen ( Chinese :  ; pinyin : Dài Zhèn ; Wade -- Giles : Tai Chen , January 19 , 1724 -- July 1 , 1777 ) was a prominent Chinese scholar of the Qing dynasty from Xiuning , Anhui . A versatile scholar , he made great contributions to mathematics , geography , phonology and philosophy . His philosophical and philological critiques of Neo-Confucianism continue to be influential . Dai 's philosophical contributions included contributions to the Han Learning school of Evidential Learning ( Evidentialism ) which criticized the Song Learning school of Neo-Confucianism . In particular , two criticisms that Dai made was that Neo-Confucianism focused too much on introspective self - examination whereas truth was to be found in investigation of the external world . Second , he criticized the Neo-Confucian drive to eliminate human desire as an obstacle to rational investigation . Dai argued that human desire was a good and integral part of the human experience , and that eliminating human desire from philosophy had the bad effect of making it difficult to understand and control one 's emotions as well as making it impossible to establish empathy with others .

text: Dai

text: Zhen

text: Chinese

text: pinyin

text: Dài

text: Zhèn

text: Wade

text: Giles

text: Tai

text: Chen

text: January

text: July

text: was

text: prominent

text: Chinese

text: scholar

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: from

text: Xiuning

text: Anhui

text: versatile

text: scholar

text: he

text: made

text: great

text: contributions

text: to

text: mathematics

text: geography

text: phonology

text: and

text: philosophy

text: His

text: philosophical

text: and

text: philological

text: critiques

text: of

text: Neo

text: Confucianism

text: continue

text: to

text: be

text: influential

text: Dai

text: 's

text: philosophical

text: contributions

text: included

text: contributions

text: to

text: the

text: Han

text: Learning

text: school

text: of

text: Evidential

text: Learning

text: Evidentialism

text: which

text: criticized

text: the

text: Song

text: Learning

text: school

text: of

text: Neo

text: Confucianism

text: In

text: particular

text: two

text: criticisms

text: that

text: Dai

text: made

text: was

text: that

text: Neo

text: Confucianism

text: focused

text: too

text: much

text: on

text: introspective

text: self

text: examination

text: whereas

text: truth

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: investigation

text: of

text: the

text: external

text: world

text: Second

text: he

text: criticized

text: the

text: Neo

text: Confucian

text: drive

text: to

text: eliminate

text: human

text: desire

text: as

text: an

text: obstacle

text: to

text: rational

text: investigation

text: Dai

text: argued

text: that

text: human

text: desire

text: was

text: good

text: and

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: experience

text: and

text: that

text: eliminating

text: human

text: desire

text: from

text: philosophy

text: had

text: the

text: bad

text: effect

text: of

text: making

text: it

text: difficult

text: to

text: understand

text: and

text: control

text: one

text: 's

text: emotions

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: making

text: it

text: impossible

text: to

text: establish

text: empathy

text: with

text: others

text: Confucianism, also known as Ruism, is described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life. Confucianism developed from what was later called the Hundred Schools of Thought from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551479 BCE), who considered himself a retransmitter of the values of the Zhou dynasty golden age of several centuries before. In the Han dynasty (206 BCE  220 CE), Confucian approaches edged out the "proto-Taoist" Huang-Lao, as the official ideology while the emperors mixed both with the realist techniques of Legalism. The disintegration of the Han political order in the second century CE opened the way for the doctrines of Buddhism and Neo-Taoism, which offered spiritual explanations lacking in Confucianism.

text: Confucianism

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Ruism

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: tradition

text: philosophy

text: religion

text: humanistic

text: or

text: rationalistic

text: religion

text: way

text: of

text: governing

text: or

text: simply

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: Confucianism

text: developed

text: from

text: what

text: was

text: later

text: called

text: the

text: Hundred

text: Schools

text: of

text: Thought

text: from

text: the

text: teachings

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: philosopher

text: Confucius

text: BCE

text: who

text: considered

text: himself

text: retransmitter

text: of

text: the

text: values

text: of

text: the

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: golden

text: age

text: of

text: several

text: centuries

text: before

text: In

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: BCE

text: CE

text: Confucian

text: approaches

text: edged

text: out

text: the

text: proto

text: Taoist

text: Huang

text: Lao

text: as

text: the

text: official

text: ideology

text: while

text: the

text: emperors

text: mixed

text: both

text: with

text: the

text: realist

text: techniques

text: of

text: Legalism

text: The

text: disintegration

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: political

text: order

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: century

text: CE

text: opened

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: the

text: doctrines

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: Neo

text: Taoism

text: which

text: offered

text: spiritual

text: explanations

text: lacking

text: in

text: Confucianism

text: Pythagoras of Samos ( or simply ;  in Ionian Greek) was an Ionian Greek philosopher, mathematician, and the putative founder of the movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of the information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, so very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and travelled, visiting Egypt and Greece, and maybe India. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, in Magna Graecia, and there established some kind of school or guild. In 520 BC, he returned to Samos.

text: Pythagoras

text: of

text: Samos

text: or

text: simply

text: in

text: Ionian

text: Greek

text: was

text: an

text: Ionian

text: Greek

text: philosopher

text: mathematician

text: and

text: the

text: putative

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: movement

text: called

text: Pythagoreanism

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: information

text: about

text: Pythagoras

text: was

text: written

text: down

text: centuries

text: after

text: he

text: lived

text: so

text: very

text: little

text: reliable

text: information

text: is

text: known

text: about

text: him

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Samos

text: and

text: travelled

text: visiting

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Greece

text: and

text: maybe

text: India

text: Around

text: BC

text: he

text: moved

text: to

text: Croton

text: in

text: Magna

text: Graecia

text: and

text: there

text: established

text: some

text: kind

text: of

text: school

text: or

text: guild

text: In

text: BC

text: he

text: returned

text: to

text: Samos

text: Earth, otherwise known as the world, is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets.

text: Earth

text: otherwise

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: planet

text: from

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: object

text: in

text: the

text: Universe

text: known

text: to

text: harbor

text: life

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: densest

text: planet

text: in

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: terrestrial

text: planets

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text: Chinese philosophy originates in the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period, during a period known as the "Hundred Schools of Thought", which was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments. Although much of Chinese philosophy begins in the Warring States period, elements of Chinese philosophy have existed for several thousand years; some can be found in the Yi Jing (the "Book of Changes"), an ancient compendium of divination, which dates back to at least 672 BCE. It was during the Warring States era that what Sima Tan termed the major philosophical schools of China, Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism, arose, along with philosophies that later fell into obscurity, like Agriculturalism, Mohism, Chinese Naturalism, and the Logicians.

text: Chinese

text: philosophy

text: originates

text: in

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: period

text: and

text: Warring

text: States

text: period

text: during

text: period

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Hundred

text: Schools

text: of

text: Thought

text: which

text: was

text: characterized

text: by

text: significant

text: intellectual

text: and

text: cultural

text: developments

text: Although

text: much

text: of

text: Chinese

text: philosophy

text: begins

text: in

text: the

text: Warring

text: States

text: period

text: elements

text: of

text: Chinese

text: philosophy

text: have

text: existed

text: for

text: several

text: thousand

text: years

text: some

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Yi

text: Jing

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: Changes

text: an

text: ancient

text: compendium

text: of

text: divination

text: which

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: at

text: least

text: BCE

text: It

text: was

text: during

text: the

text: Warring

text: States

text: era

text: that

text: what

text: Sima

text: Tan

text: termed

text: the

text: major

text: philosophical

text: schools

text: of

text: China

text: Confucianism

text: Legalism

text: and

text: Daoism

text: arose

text: along

text: with

text: philosophies

text: that

text: later

text: fell

text: into

text: obscurity

text: like

text: Agriculturalism

text: Mohism

text: Chinese

text: Naturalism

text: and

text: the

text: Logicians

text: Philosophy (from Greek , "philosophia", literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The term was probably coined by Pythagoras (c. 570  c. 495 BC). Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument and systematic presentation. Classic philosophical questions include: Is it possible to know anything and to prove it? What is most real? However, philosophers might also pose more practical and concrete questions such as: Is there a best way to live? Is it better to be just or unjust (if one can get away with it)? Do humans have free will?

text: Philosophy

text: from

text: Greek

text: philosophia

text: literally

text: love

text: of

text: wisdom

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: general

text: and

text: fundamental

text: problems

text: concerning

text: matters

text: such

text: as

text: existence

text: knowledge

text: values

text: reason

text: mind

text: and

text: language

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: probably

text: coined

text: by

text: Pythagoras

text: BC

text: Philosophical

text: methods

text: include

text: questioning

text: critical

text: discussion

text: rational

text: argument

text: and

text: systematic

text: presentation

text: Classic

text: philosophical

text: questions

text: include

text: Is

text: it

text: possible

text: to

text: know

text: anything

text: and

text: to

text: prove

text: it

text: What

text: is

text: most

text: real

text: However

text: philosophers

text: might

text: also

text: pose

text: more

text: practical

text: and

text: concrete

text: questions

text: such

text: as

text: Is

text: there

text: best

text: way

text: to

text: live

text: Is

text: it

text: better

text: to

text: be

text: just

text: or

text: unjust

text: if

text: one

text: can

text: get

text: away

text: with

text: it

text: Do

text: humans

text: have

text: free

text: will

text: Earth science or geoscience is a widely embraced term for the fields of science related to the planet Earth. Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science, but with a much older history. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. The Earth sciences can include the study of geology, the lithosphere, and the large-scale structure of the Earth's interior, as well as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Typically, Earth scientists use tools from geography, chronology, physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how the Earth system works and evolves.

text: Earth

text: science

text: or

text: geoscience

text: is

text: widely

text: embraced

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: fields

text: of

text: science

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: planet

text: Earth

text: Earth

text: science

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: branch

text: of

text: planetary

text: science

text: but

text: with

text: much

text: older

text: history

text: There

text: are

text: both

text: reductionist

text: and

text: holistic

text: approaches

text: to

text: Earth

text: sciences

text: The

text: Earth

text: sciences

text: can

text: include

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: geology

text: the

text: lithosphere

text: and

text: the

text: large

text: scale

text: structure

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: interior

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: and

text: biosphere

text: Typically

text: Earth

text: scientists

text: use

text: tools

text: from

text: geography

text: chronology

text: physics

text: chemistry

text: biology

text: and

text: mathematics

text: to

text: build

text: quantitative

text: understanding

text: of

text: how

text: the

text: Earth

text: system

text: works

text: and

text: evolves

text: The Tang dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization, and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Its territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, rivaled that of the Han dynasty, and the Tang capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) was the most populous city in the world.

text: The

text: Tang

text: dynasty

text: was

text: an

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: of

text: China

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Sui

text: dynasty

text: and

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Five

text: Dynasties

text: and

text: Ten

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: It

text: is

text: generally

text: regarded

text: as

text: high

text: point

text: in

text: Chinese

text: civilization

text: and

text: golden

text: age

text: of

text: cosmopolitan

text: culture

text: Its

text: territory

text: acquired

text: through

text: the

text: military

text: campaigns

text: of

text: its

text: early

text: rulers

text: rivaled

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: Tang

text: capital

text: at

text: Chang'an

text: present

text: day

text: Xi'an

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Chinathen known as the for 276 years (13681644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming, described by some as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history," was the last imperial dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty), regimes loyal to the Ming throne  collectively called the Southern Ming  survived until 1683.

text: The

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: was

text: the

text: ruling

text: dynasty

text: of

text: Chinathen

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: for

text: years

text: following

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: Mongol

text: led

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: The

text: Ming

text: described

text: by

text: some

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: eras

text: of

text: orderly

text: government

text: and

text: social

text: stability

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: in

text: China

text: ruled

text: by

text: ethnic

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: Although

text: the

text: primary

text: capital

text: of

text: Beijing

text: fell

text: in

text: to

text: rebellion

text: led

text: by

text: Li

text: Zicheng

text: who

text: established

text: the

text: Shun

text: dynasty

text: soon

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: Manchu

text: led

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: regimes

text: loyal

text: to

text: the

text: Ming

text: throne

text: collectively

text: called

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ming

text: survived

text: until

text: Geography (from Greek , "geographia", literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth. The first person to use the word "" was Eratosthenes (276194 BC). Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of the Earth and its human and natural complexitiesnot merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. It is often defined in terms of the two branches of human geography and physical geography. The four historical traditions in geographical research are: spatial analyses of natural and the human phenomena, area studies of places and regions, studies of human-land relationships, and the Earth sciences. Geography has been called "the world discipline" and "the bridge between the human and the physical sciences".

text: Geography

text: from

text: Greek

text: geographia

text: literally

text: earth

text: description

text: is

text: field

text: of

text: science

text: devoted

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: lands

text: the

text: features

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: and

text: the

text: phenomena

text: of

text: Earth

text: The

text: first

text: person

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: was

text: Eratosthenes

text: BC

text: Geography

text: is

text: an

text: all

text: encompassing

text: discipline

text: that

text: seeks

text: an

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: and

text: its

text: human

text: and

text: natural

text: complexitiesnot

text: merely

text: where

text: objects

text: are

text: but

text: how

text: they

text: have

text: changed

text: and

text: come

text: to

text: be

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: defined

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: branches

text: of

text: human

text: geography

text: and

text: physical

text: geography

text: The

text: four

text: historical

text: traditions

text: in

text: geographical

text: research

text: are

text: spatial

text: analyses

text: of

text: natural

text: and

text: the

text: human

text: phenomena

text: area

text: studies

text: of

text: places

text: and

text: regions

text: studies

text: of

text: human

text: land

text: relationships

text: and

text: the

text: Earth

text: sciences

text: Geography

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: world

text: discipline

text: and

text: the

text: bridge

text: between

text: the

text: human

text: and

text: the

text: physical

text: sciences

text: Neo-Confucianism (often shortened to "lixue" ) is a moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, and originated with Han Yu and Li Ao (772-841) in the Tang Dynasty, and became prominent during the Song and Ming dynasties.

text: Neo

text: Confucianism

text: often

text: shortened

text: to

text: lixue

text: is

text: moral

text: ethical

text: and

text: metaphysical

text: Chinese

text: philosophy

text: influenced

text: by

text: Confucianism

text: and

text: originated

text: with

text: Han

text: Yu

text: and

text: Li

text: Ao

text: in

text: the

text: Tang

text: Dynasty

text: and

text: became

text: prominent

text: during

text: the

text: Song

text: and

text: Ming

text: dynasties

text: Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages (and therefore used to be also called "phonemics", or "phonematics"), but it may also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word (including syllable, onset and rime, articulatory gestures, articulatory features, mora, etc.) or at all levels of language where sound is considered to be structured for conveying linguistic meaning.

text: Phonology

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: linguistics

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: systematic

text: organization

text: of

text: sounds

text: in

text: languages

text: It

text: has

text: traditionally

text: focused

text: largely

text: on

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: systems

text: of

text: phonemes

text: in

text: particular

text: languages

text: and

text: therefore

text: used

text: to

text: be

text: also

text: called

text: phonemics

text: or

text: phonematics

text: but

text: it

text: may

text: also

text: cover

text: any

text: linguistic

text: analysis

text: either

text: at

text: level

text: beneath

text: the

text: word

text: including

text: syllable

text: onset

text: and

text: rime

text: articulatory

text: gestures

text: articulatory

text: features

text: mora

text: etc

text: or

text: at

text: all

text: levels

text: of

text: language

text: where

text: sound

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: structured

text: for

text: conveying

text: linguistic

text: meaning

question: country_of_citizenship dai zhen

answer: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china


text: Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 90.5 million inhabitants , it is the world's 14th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. Vietnam is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest, and the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia across the South China Sea to the east and southeast. Its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976.

text: Vietnam

text: officially

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: SRV

text: is

text: the

text: easternmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: Indochina

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: eighth

text: most

text: populous

text: Asian

text: country

text: Vietnam

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Laos

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Cambodia

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Thailand

text: across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: across

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Its

text: capital

text: city

text: has

text: been

text: Hanoi

text: since

text: the

text: reunification

text: of

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: in

text: Hong Bang University ( HBU ) is a private university in Ho Chi Minh City . HBU has faculties of law , economics , fine arts , foreign languages . Many professors of HBU come from famous universities and colleges in the USA as a result of cooperation agreement between this university and other American universities . The university has been accredited by three US educational organizations as meeting American education standard .

text: Hong

text: Bang

text: University

text: HBU

text: is

text: private

text: university

text: in

text: Ho

text: Chi

text: Minh

text: City

text: HBU

text: has

text: faculties

text: of

text: law

text: economics

text: fine

text: arts

text: foreign

text: languages

text: Many

text: professors

text: of

text: HBU

text: come

text: from

text: famous

text: universities

text: and

text: colleges

text: in

text: the

text: USA

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: cooperation

text: agreement

text: between

text: this

text: university

text: and

text: other

text: American

text: universities

text: The

text: university

text: has

text: been

text: accredited

text: by

text: three

text: US

text: educational

text: organizations

text: as

text: meeting

text: American

text: education

text: standard

text: South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam was a state governing the southern half of Vietnam from 1955 to 1975. It received international recognition in 1949 as the "State of Vietnam" (194955), and later as the "Republic of Vietnam" (195575). Its capital was Saigon. The term "South Vietnam" became common usage in 1954, when the Geneva Conference provisionally partitioned Vietnam into communist and non-communist parts.

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: was

text: state

text: governing

text: the

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: received

text: international

text: recognition

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: later

text: as

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: Its

text: capital

text: was

text: Saigon

text: The

text: term

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: became

text: common

text: usage

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: Geneva

text: Conference

text: provisionally

text: partitioned

text: Vietnam

text: into

text: communist

text: and

text: non

text: communist

text: parts

text: H Chí Minh (Central Vietnamese pronunciation: , Southern Vietnamese pronunciation: ; 19 May 1890  2 September 1969; Ch nôm: ), born Nguyn Sinh Cung, also known as Nguyn Tt Thành and Nguyn Ái Quc, was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was prime minister (194555) and president (194569) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). He was a key figure in the foundation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945, as well as the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Vit Cng (NLF or VC) during the Vietnam War.

text: Chí

text: Minh

text: Central

text: Vietnamese

text: pronunciation

text: Southern

text: Vietnamese

text: pronunciation

text: May

text: September

text: Ch

text: nôm

text: born

text: Nguyn

text: Sinh

text: Cung

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Nguyn

text: Tt

text: Thành

text: and

text: Nguyn

text: Ái

text: Quc

text: was

text: Vietnamese

text: Communist

text: revolutionary

text: leader

text: who

text: was

text: prime

text: minister

text: and

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: North

text: Vietnam

text: He

text: was

text: key

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: in

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Army

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: PAVN

text: and

text: the

text: Vit

text: Cng

text: NLF

text: or

text: VC

text: during

text: the

text: Vietnam

text: War

text: Ho Chi Minh City, formerly named and still also referred to as Saigon, is the largest city in Vietnam. It was once known as Prey Nokor, an important Khmer seaport prior to annexation by the Vietnamese in the 17th century. Under the name Saigon, it was the capital of the French colony of Cochinchina and later of the independent republic of South Vietnam 195575. On 2 July 1976, Saigon merged with the surrounding Gia nh Province and was officially renamed Ho Chi Minh City after revolutionary leader H Chí Minh (although the name "" is still unofficially widely used).

text: Ho

text: Chi

text: Minh

text: City

text: formerly

text: named

text: and

text: still

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Saigon

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Vietnam

text: It

text: was

text: once

text: known

text: as

text: Prey

text: Nokor

text: an

text: important

text: Khmer

text: seaport

text: prior

text: to

text: annexation

text: by

text: the

text: Vietnamese

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Under

text: the

text: name

text: Saigon

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: colony

text: of

text: Cochinchina

text: and

text: later

text: of

text: the

text: independent

text: republic

text: of

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: On

text: July

text: Saigon

text: merged

text: with

text: the

text: surrounding

text: Gia

text: nh

text: Province

text: and

text: was

text: officially

text: renamed

text: Ho

text: Chi

text: Minh

text: City

text: after

text: revolutionary

text: leader

text: Chí

text: Minh

text: although

text: the

text: name

text: is

text: still

text: unofficially

text: widely

text: used

question: country hong bang university

answer: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam