text: Zooplankton are heterotrophic (sometimes detritivorous) plankton. Plankton are organisms drifting in oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh water. The word "zooplankton" is derived from the Greek "zoon", meaning "animal", and "", meaning "wanderer" or "drifter". Individual zooplankton are usually microscopic, but some (such as jellyfish) are larger and visible with the naked eye.

text: Zooplankton

text: are

text: heterotrophic

text: sometimes

text: detritivorous

text: plankton

text: Plankton

text: are

text: organisms

text: drifting

text: in

text: oceans

text: seas

text: and

text: bodies

text: of

text: fresh

text: water

text: The

text: word

text: zooplankton

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: zoon

text: meaning

text: animal

text: and

text: meaning

text: wanderer

text: or

text: drifter

text: Individual

text: zooplankton

text: are

text: usually

text: microscopic

text: but

text: some

text: such

text: as

text: jellyfish

text: are

text: larger

text: and

text: visible

text: with

text: the

text: naked

text: eye

text: The Radiolaria , also called Radiozoa , are protozoa of ( diameter 0.1 -- 0.2 mm ) that produce intricate mineral skeletons , typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into the inner and outer portions of endoplasm and ectoplasm . They are found as zooplankton throughout the ocean , and their skeletal remains make up a large part of the cover of the ocean floor as siliceous ooze . Due to their rapid turn - over of species , they represent an important diagnostic fossil found from the Cambrian onwards . Some common radiolarian fossils include Actinomma , Heliosphaera and Hexadoridium .

text: The

text: Radiolaria

text: also

text: called

text: Radiozoa

text: are

text: protozoa

text: of

text: diameter

text: mm

text: that

text: produce

text: intricate

text: mineral

text: skeletons

text: typically

text: with

text: central

text: capsule

text: dividing

text: the

text: cell

text: into

text: the

text: inner

text: and

text: outer

text: portions

text: of

text: endoplasm

text: and

text: ectoplasm

text: They

text: are

text: found

text: as

text: zooplankton

text: throughout

text: the

text: ocean

text: and

text: their

text: skeletal

text: remains

text: make

text: up

text: large

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: cover

text: of

text: the

text: ocean

text: floor

text: as

text: siliceous

text: ooze

text: Due

text: to

text: their

text: rapid

text: turn

text: over

text: of

text: species

text: they

text: represent

text: an

text: important

text: diagnostic

text: fossil

text: found

text: from

text: the

text: Cambrian

text: onwards

text: Some

text: common

text: radiolarian

text: fossils

text: include

text: Actinomma

text: Heliosphaera

text: and

text: Hexadoridium

text: The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era. The Ordovician spans 41.2 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period million years ago (Mya) to the start of the Silurian Period Mya. The Ordovician, named after the Celtic tribe of the Ordovices, was defined by Charles Lapworth in 1879 to resolve a dispute between followers of Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Murchison, who were placing the same rock beds in northern Wales into the Cambrian and Silurian periods, respectively. Lapworth, recognized that the fossil fauna in the disputed strata were different from those of either the Cambrian or the Silurian periods, and placed them in a period of their own. It received international sanction in 1960, when it was adopted as an official period of the Paleozoic Era by the International Geological Congress.

text: The

text: Ordovician

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: the

text: second

text: of

text: six

text: periods

text: of

text: the

text: Paleozoic

text: Era

text: The

text: Ordovician

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Cambrian

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Silurian

text: Period

text: Mya

text: The

text: Ordovician

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Celtic

text: tribe

text: of

text: the

text: Ordovices

text: was

text: defined

text: by

text: Charles

text: Lapworth

text: in

text: to

text: resolve

text: dispute

text: between

text: followers

text: of

text: Adam

text: Sedgwick

text: and

text: Roderick

text: Murchison

text: who

text: were

text: placing

text: the

text: same

text: rock

text: beds

text: in

text: northern

text: Wales

text: into

text: the

text: Cambrian

text: and

text: Silurian

text: periods

text: respectively

text: Lapworth

text: recognized

text: that

text: the

text: fossil

text: fauna

text: in

text: the

text: disputed

text: strata

text: were

text: different

text: from

text: those

text: of

text: either

text: the

text: Cambrian

text: or

text: the

text: Silurian

text: periods

text: and

text: placed

text: them

text: in

text: period

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: It

text: received

text: international

text: sanction

text: in

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: adopted

text: as

text: an

text: official

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Paleozoic

text: Era

text: by

text: the

text: International

text: Geological

text: Congress

text: A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, "the sea" is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic watersconsidered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been traveled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the seaoceanographydates broadly to the British "Challenger" expedition of the 1870s. The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sectionsincluding the International Hydrographic Organization's four named oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean; smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as "seas".

text: sea

text: is

text: large

text: body

text: of

text: salt

text: water

text: that

text: is

text: surrounded

text: in

text: whole

text: or

text: in

text: part

text: by

text: land

text: More

text: broadly

text: the

text: sea

text: is

text: the

text: interconnected

text: system

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: salty

text: oceanic

text: watersconsidered

text: as

text: one

text: global

text: ocean

text: or

text: as

text: several

text: principal

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: The

text: sea

text: moderates

text: Earth

text: 's

text: climate

text: and

text: has

text: important

text: roles

text: in

text: the

text: water

text: cycle

text: carbon

text: cycle

text: and

text: nitrogen

text: cycle

text: Although

text: the

text: sea

text: has

text: been

text: traveled

text: and

text: explored

text: since

text: prehistory

text: the

text: modern

text: scientific

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: seaoceanographydates

text: broadly

text: to

text: the

text: British

text: Challenger

text: expedition

text: of

text: the

text: The

text: sea

text: is

text: conventionally

text: divided

text: into

text: up

text: to

text: five

text: large

text: oceanic

text: sectionsincluding

text: the

text: International

text: Hydrographic

text: Organization

text: 's

text: four

text: named

text: oceans

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: Indian

text: and

text: Arctic

text: and

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: smaller

text: second

text: order

text: sections

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: seas

text: Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also called Metazoa). The animal kingdom emerged as a basal clade within Apoikozoa as a sister of the choanoflagellates. Sponges are the most basal clade of animals. Animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs: they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance.

text: Animals

text: are

text: multicellular

text: eukaryotic

text: organisms

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: Animalia

text: also

text: called

text: Metazoa

text: The

text: animal

text: kingdom

text: emerged

text: as

text: basal

text: clade

text: within

text: Apoikozoa

text: as

text: sister

text: of

text: the

text: choanoflagellates

text: Sponges

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: basal

text: clade

text: of

text: animals

text: Animals

text: are

text: motile

text: meaning

text: they

text: can

text: move

text: spontaneously

text: and

text: independently

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: in

text: their

text: lives

text: Their

text: body

text: plan

text: eventually

text: becomes

text: fixed

text: as

text: they

text: develop

text: although

text: some

text: undergo

text: process

text: of

text: metamorphosis

text: later

text: in

text: their

text: lives

text: All

text: animals

text: are

text: heterotrophs

text: they

text: must

text: ingest

text: other

text: organisms

text: or

text: their

text: products

text: for

text: sustenance

text: Siliceous ooze is a siliceous pelagic sediment that covers large areas of the deep ocean floor. Siliceous oozes consist predominantly of the remains of microscopic sea creatures, mostly those of diatoms and radiolarians. Sometimes siliceous oozes also contain silicoflagellates and the spicules of sponges.

text: Siliceous

text: ooze

text: is

text: siliceous

text: pelagic

text: sediment

text: that

text: covers

text: large

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: deep

text: ocean

text: floor

text: Siliceous

text: oozes

text: consist

text: predominantly

text: of

text: the

text: remains

text: of

text: microscopic

text: sea

text: creatures

text: mostly

text: those

text: of

text: diatoms

text: and

text: radiolarians

text: Sometimes

text: siliceous

text: oozes

text: also

text: contain

text: silicoflagellates

text: and

text: the

text: spicules

text: of

text: sponges

text: Fresh water is naturally occurring water on Earth's surface in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and underground as groundwater in aquifers and underground streams. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. The term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water although it does include mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs. The term "sweet water" (from Spanish "agua dulce") has been used to describe fresh water in contrast to salt water. The term fresh water does not have the same meaning as potable water. Much of the surface fresh water and ground water is unsuitable for drinking without some form of purification because of the presence of chemical or biological contaminants.

text: Fresh

text: water

text: is

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: water

text: on

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: in

text: ice

text: sheets

text: ice

text: caps

text: glaciers

text: icebergs

text: bogs

text: ponds

text: lakes

text: rivers

text: and

text: streams

text: and

text: underground

text: as

text: groundwater

text: in

text: aquifers

text: and

text: underground

text: streams

text: Fresh

text: water

text: is

text: generally

text: characterized

text: by

text: having

text: low

text: concentrations

text: of

text: dissolved

text: salts

text: and

text: other

text: total

text: dissolved

text: solids

text: The

text: term

text: specifically

text: excludes

text: seawater

text: and

text: brackish

text: water

text: although

text: it

text: does

text: include

text: mineral

text: rich

text: waters

text: such

text: as

text: chalybeate

text: springs

text: The

text: term

text: sweet

text: water

text: from

text: Spanish

text: agua

text: dulce

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: fresh

text: water

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: salt

text: water

text: The

text: term

text: fresh

text: water

text: does

text: not

text: have

text: the

text: same

text: meaning

text: as

text: potable

text: water

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: surface

text: fresh

text: water

text: and

text: ground

text: water

text: is

text: unsuitable

text: for

text: drinking

text: without

text: some

text: form

text: of

text: purification

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: chemical

text: or

text: biological

text: contaminants

text: The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane, among others. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of chloroplasts or mitochondria, but might have evolved from the latter (see below: Evolution).

text: The

text: endomembrane

text: system

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: the

text: different

text: membranes

text: that

text: are

text: suspended

text: in

text: the

text: cytoplasm

text: within

text: eukaryotic

text: cell

text: These

text: membranes

text: divide

text: the

text: cell

text: into

text: functional

text: and

text: structural

text: compartments

text: or

text: organelles

text: In

text: eukaryotes

text: the

text: organelles

text: of

text: the

text: endomembrane

text: system

text: include

text: the

text: nuclear

text: membrane

text: the

text: endoplasmic

text: reticulum

text: the

text: Golgi

text: apparatus

text: lysosomes

text: vesicles

text: endosomes

text: and

text: the

text: cell

text: membrane

text: among

text: others

text: The

text: system

text: is

text: defined

text: more

text: accurately

text: as

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: membranes

text: that

text: form

text: single

text: functional

text: and

text: developmental

text: unit

text: either

text: being

text: connected

text: directly

text: or

text: exchanging

text: material

text: through

text: vesicle

text: transport

text: Importantly

text: the

text: endomembrane

text: system

text: does

text: not

text: include

text: the

text: membranes

text: of

text: chloroplasts

text: or

text: mitochondria

text: but

text: might

text: have

text: evolved

text: from

text: the

text: latter

text: see

text: below

text: Evolution

text: An ocean (the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans. The word "sea" is often used interchangeably with "ocean" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.

text: An

text: ocean

text: the

text: sea

text: of

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: is

text: body

text: of

text: saline

text: water

text: that

text: composes

text: much

text: of

text: planet

text: 's

text: hydrosphere

text: On

text: Earth

text: an

text: ocean

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: conventional

text: divisions

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Ocean

text: which

text: covers

text: almost

text: of

text: its

text: surface

text: These

text: are

text: in

text: descending

text: order

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Atlantic

text: Indian

text: Southern

text: Antarctic

text: and

text: Arctic

text: Oceans

text: The

text: word

text: sea

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: interchangeably

text: with

text: ocean

text: in

text: American

text: English

text: but

text: strictly

text: speaking

text: sea

text: is

text: body

text: of

text: saline

text: water

text: generally

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: ocean

text: partly

text: or

text: fully

text: enclosed

text: by

text: land

text: The mica group of sheet silicate (phyllosilicate) minerals includes several closely related materials having nearly perfect basal cleavage. All are monoclinic, with a tendency towards pseudohexagonal crystals, and are similar in chemical composition. The nearly perfect cleavage, which is the most prominent characteristic of mica, is explained by the hexagonal sheet-like arrangement of its atoms.

text: The

text: mica

text: group

text: of

text: sheet

text: silicate

text: phyllosilicate

text: minerals

text: includes

text: several

text: closely

text: related

text: materials

text: having

text: nearly

text: perfect

text: basal

text: cleavage

text: All

text: are

text: monoclinic

text: with

text: tendency

text: towards

text: pseudohexagonal

text: crystals

text: and

text: are

text: similar

text: in

text: chemical

text: composition

text: The

text: nearly

text: perfect

text: cleavage

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: prominent

text: characteristic

text: of

text: mica

text: is

text: explained

text: by

text: the

text: hexagonal

text: sheet

text: like

text: arrangement

text: of

text: its

text: atoms

text: A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and abiogenic in origin. A mineral has one specific chemical composition, whereas a rock can be an aggregate of different minerals or mineraloids. The study of minerals is called mineralogy.

text: mineral

text: is

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: chemical

text: compound

text: usually

text: of

text: crystalline

text: form

text: and

text: abiogenic

text: in

text: origin

text: mineral

text: has

text: one

text: specific

text: chemical

text: composition

text: whereas

text: rock

text: can

text: be

text: an

text: aggregate

text: of

text: different

text: minerals

text: or

text: mineraloids

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: minerals

text: is

text: called

text: mineralogy

text:
Sponges are the basalmost clade of animals of the phylum Porifera (meaning "pore bearer". They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells.
Sponges have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead, most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes.
Overview.
Sponges are similar to other animals in that they are multicellular, heterotrophic, lack cell walls and produce sperm cells. Unlike other animals, they lack true tissues and organs, and have no body symmetry. The shapes of their bodies are adapted for maximal efficiency of water flow through the central cavity, where it deposits nutrients, and leaves through a hole called the osculum. Many sponges have internal skeletons of spongin and/or spicules of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide. All sponges are sessile aquatic animals. Although there are freshwater species, the great majority are marine (salt water) species, ranging from tidal zones to depths exceeding .

text: Sponges

text: are

text: the

text: basalmost

text: clade

text: of

text: animals

text: of

text: the

text: phylum

text: Porifera

text: meaning

text: pore

text: bearer

text: They

text: are

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: that

text: have

text: bodies

text: full

text: of

text: pores

text: and

text: channels

text: allowing

text: water

text: to

text: circulate

text: through

text: them

text: consisting

text: of

text: jelly

text: like

text: mesohyl

text: sandwiched

text: between

text: two

text: thin

text: layers

text: of

text: cells

text: Sponges

text: have

text: unspecialized

text: cells

text: that

text: can

text: transform

text: into

text: other

text: types

text: and

text: that

text: often

text: migrate

text: between

text: the

text: main

text: cell

text: layers

text: and

text: the

text: mesohyl

text: in

text: the

text: process

text: Sponges

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: nervous

text: digestive

text: or

text: circulatory

text: systems

text: Instead

text: most

text: rely

text: on

text: maintaining

text: constant

text: water

text: flow

text: through

text: their

text: bodies

text: to

text: obtain

text: food

text: and

text: oxygen

text: and

text: to

text: remove

text: wastes

text: Overview

text: Sponges

text: are

text: similar

text: to

text: other

text: animals

text: in

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: multicellular

text: heterotrophic

text: lack

text: cell

text: walls

text: and

text: produce

text: sperm

text: cells

text: Unlike

text: other

text: animals

text: they

text: lack

text: true

text: tissues

text: and

text: organs

text: and

text: have

text: no

text: body

text: symmetry

text: The

text: shapes

text: of

text: their

text: bodies

text: are

text: adapted

text: for

text: maximal

text: efficiency

text: of

text: water

text: flow

text: through

text: the

text: central

text: cavity

text: where

text: it

text: deposits

text: nutrients

text: and

text: leaves

text: through

text: hole

text: called

text: the

text: osculum

text: Many

text: sponges

text: have

text: internal

text: skeletons

text: of

text: spongin

text: and/or

text: spicules

text: of

text: calcium

text: carbonate

text: or

text: silicon

text: dioxide

text: All

text: sponges

text: are

text: sessile

text: aquatic

text: animals

text: Although

text: there

text: are

text: freshwater

text: species

text: the

text: great

text: majority

text: are

text: marine

text: salt

text: water

text: species

text: ranging

text: from

text: tidal

text: zones

text: to

text: depths

text: exceeding

text: In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of the prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption. Thus predation is often, though not always, carnivory. Other categories of consumption are herbivory (eating parts of plants), fungivory (eating parts of fungi), and detritivory (the consumption of dead organic material). All these consumption categories fall under the rubric of consumer-resource systems. It can often be difficult to separate various types of feeding behaviors. For example, some parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on it while it continues to live in or on its decaying corpse after it has died. The key characteristic of predation however is the predator's direct impact on the prey population. On the other hand, detritivores simply eat dead organic material arising from the decay of dead individuals and have no direct impact on the "donor" organism(s).

text: In

text: an

text: ecosystem

text: predation

text: is

text: biological

text: interaction

text: where

text: predator

text: an

text: organism

text: that

text: is

text: hunting

text: feeds

text: on

text: its

text: prey

text: the

text: organism

text: that

text: is

text: attacked

text: Predators

text: may

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: kill

text: their

text: prey

text: prior

text: to

text: feeding

text: on

text: them

text: but

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: predation

text: often

text: results

text: in

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: prey

text: and

text: the

text: eventual

text: absorption

text: of

text: the

text: prey

text: 's

text: tissue

text: through

text: consumption

text: Thus

text: predation

text: is

text: often

text: though

text: not

text: always

text: carnivory

text: Other

text: categories

text: of

text: consumption

text: are

text: herbivory

text: eating

text: parts

text: of

text: plants

text: fungivory

text: eating

text: parts

text: of

text: fungi

text: and

text: detritivory

text: the

text: consumption

text: of

text: dead

text: organic

text: material

text: All

text: these

text: consumption

text: categories

text: fall

text: under

text: the

text: rubric

text: of

text: consumer

text: resource

text: systems

text: It

text: can

text: often

text: be

text: difficult

text: to

text: separate

text: various

text: types

text: of

text: feeding

text: behaviors

text: For

text: example

text: some

text: parasitic

text: species

text: prey

text: on

text: host

text: organism

text: and

text: then

text: lay

text: their

text: eggs

text: on

text: it

text: for

text: their

text: offspring

text: to

text: feed

text: on

text: it

text: while

text: it

text: continues

text: to

text: live

text: in

text: or

text: on

text: its

text: decaying

text: corpse

text: after

text: it

text: has

text: died

text: The

text: key

text: characteristic

text: of

text: predation

text: however

text: is

text: the

text: predator

text: 's

text: direct

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: prey

text: population

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: detritivores

text: simply

text: eat

text: dead

text: organic

text: material

text: arising

text: from

text: the

text: decay

text: of

text: dead

text: individuals

text: and

text: have

text: no

text: direct

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: donor

text: organism(s

text: Jellyfish or jellies are softbodied, free-swimming aquatic animals with a gelatinous umbrella-shaped bell and trailing tentacles. The bell can pulsate to acquire propulsion and locomotion. The tentacles may be utilized to capture prey or defend against predators by emitting toxins in a painful sting. Jellyfish species are classified in the subphylum Medusozoa which makes up a major part of the phylum Cnidaria, although not all Medusozoa species are considered to be jellyfish.

text: Jellyfish

text: or

text: jellies

text: are

text: softbodied

text: free

text: swimming

text: aquatic

text: animals

text: with

text: gelatinous

text: umbrella

text: shaped

text: bell

text: and

text: trailing

text: tentacles

text: The

text: bell

text: can

text: pulsate

text: to

text: acquire

text: propulsion

text: and

text: locomotion

text: The

text: tentacles

text: may

text: be

text: utilized

text: to

text: capture

text: prey

text: or

text: defend

text: against

text: predators

text: by

text: emitting

text: toxins

text: in

text: painful

text: sting

text: Jellyfish

text: species

text: are

text: classified

text: in

text: the

text: subphylum

text: Medusozoa

text: which

text: makes

text: up

text: major

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: phylum

text: Cnidaria

text: although

text: not

text: all

text: Medusozoa

text: species

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: jellyfish

text: Latin (Latin: ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets.

text: Latin

text: Latin

text: is

text: classical

text: language

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Italic

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: The

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Etruscan

text: and

text: Greek

text: alphabets

text: In 21st-century systems of biological classification, the Protozoa are defined as a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Historically, protozoa were defined as single-celled animals or organisms with animal-like behaviors, such as motility and predation. The group was regarded as the zoological counterpart to the "protophyta", which were considered to be plant-like, as they are capable of photosynthesis.

text: In

text: century

text: systems

text: of

text: biological

text: classification

text: the

text: Protozoa

text: are

text: defined

text: as

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: unicellular

text: eukaryotic

text: organisms

text: Historically

text: protozoa

text: were

text: defined

text: as

text: single

text: celled

text: animals

text: or

text: organisms

text: with

text: animal

text: like

text: behaviors

text: such

text: as

text: motility

text: and

text: predation

text: The

text: group

text: was

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: zoological

text: counterpart

text: to

text: the

text: protophyta

text: which

text: were

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: plant

text: like

text: as

text: they

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: photosynthesis

text: Diatoms are a major group of algae, and are among the most common types of phytoplankton. Diatoms are unicellular, although they can form colonies in the shape of filaments or ribbons (e.g. "Fragilaria"), fans (e.g. "Meridion"), zigzags (e.g. "Tabellaria"), or stars (e.g. "Asterionella"). The first diatom formally described in scientific literature, the colonial "Bacillaria paradoxa", was found in 1783 by Danish naturalist Otto Friedrich Müller. Diatoms are producers within the food chain. A unique feature of diatom cells is that they are enclosed within a cell wall made of silica (hydrated silicon dioxide) called a frustule. These frustules show a wide diversity in form, but are usually almost bilaterally symmetrical, hence the group name. The symmetry is not perfect since one of the valves is slightly larger than the other, allowing one valve to fit inside the edge of the other. Fossil evidence suggests that they originated during, or before, the early Jurassic period. Only male gametes of centric diatoms are capable of movement by means of flagella. Diatom communities are a popular tool for monitoring environmental conditions, past and present, and are commonly used in studies of water quality.

text: Diatoms

text: are

text: major

text: group

text: of

text: algae

text: and

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: of

text: phytoplankton

text: Diatoms

text: are

text: unicellular

text: although

text: they

text: can

text: form

text: colonies

text: in

text: the

text: shape

text: of

text: filaments

text: or

text: ribbons

text: e.g.

text: Fragilaria

text: fans

text: e.g.

text: Meridion

text: zigzags

text: e.g.

text: Tabellaria

text: or

text: stars

text: e.g.

text: Asterionella

text: The

text: first

text: diatom

text: formally

text: described

text: in

text: scientific

text: literature

text: the

text: colonial

text: Bacillaria

text: paradoxa

text: was

text: found

text: in

text: by

text: Danish

text: naturalist

text: Otto

text: Friedrich

text: Müller

text: Diatoms

text: are

text: producers

text: within

text: the

text: food

text: chain

text: unique

text: feature

text: of

text: diatom

text: cells

text: is

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: enclosed

text: within

text: cell

text: wall

text: made

text: of

text: silica

text: hydrated

text: silicon

text: dioxide

text: called

text: frustule

text: These

text: frustules

text: show

text: wide

text: diversity

text: in

text: form

text: but

text: are

text: usually

text: almost

text: bilaterally

text: symmetrical

text: hence

text: the

text: group

text: name

text: The

text: symmetry

text: is

text: not

text: perfect

text: since

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: valves

text: is

text: slightly

text: larger

text: than

text: the

text: other

text: allowing

text: one

text: valve

text: to

text: fit

text: inside

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: Fossil

text: evidence

text: suggests

text: that

text: they

text: originated

text: during

text: or

text: before

text: the

text: early

text: Jurassic

text: period

text: Only

text: male

text: gametes

text: of

text: centric

text: diatoms

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: movement

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: flagella

text: Diatom

text: communities

text: are

text: popular

text: tool

text: for

text: monitoring

text: environmental

text: conditions

text: past

text: and

text: present

text: and

text: are

text: commonly

text: used

text: in

text: studies

text: of

text: water

text: quality

text: Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle. In eukaryotes, there are two distinct types of cell division: a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis), and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half to produce haploid gametes (meiosis). Meiosis results in twelve haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of DNA replication followed by two divisions: homologous chromosomes are separated in the first division, and sister chromatids are separated in the second division. Both of these cell division cycles are used in sexually reproducing organisms at some point in their life cycle, and both are believed to be present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. Prokaryotes also undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells. All cell divisions, regardless of organism, are preceded by a single round of DNA replication.

text: Cell

text: division

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: parent

text: cell

text: divides

text: into

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: daughter

text: cells

text: Cell

text: division

text: usually

text: occurs

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: larger

text: cell

text: cycle

text: In

text: eukaryotes

text: there

text: are

text: two

text: distinct

text: types

text: of

text: cell

text: division

text: vegetative

text: division

text: whereby

text: each

text: daughter

text: cell

text: is

text: genetically

text: identical

text: to

text: the

text: parent

text: cell

text: mitosis

text: and

text: reproductive

text: cell

text: division

text: whereby

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: chromosomes

text: in

text: the

text: daughter

text: cells

text: is

text: reduced

text: by

text: half

text: to

text: produce

text: haploid

text: gametes

text: meiosis

text: Meiosis

text: results

text: in

text: twelve

text: haploid

text: daughter

text: cells

text: by

text: undergoing

text: one

text: round

text: of

text: DNA

text: replication

text: followed

text: by

text: two

text: divisions

text: homologous

text: chromosomes

text: are

text: separated

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: division

text: and

text: sister

text: chromatids

text: are

text: separated

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: division

text: Both

text: of

text: these

text: cell

text: division

text: cycles

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: sexually

text: reproducing

text: organisms

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: in

text: their

text: life

text: cycle

text: and

text: both

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: eukaryotic

text: common

text: ancestor

text: Prokaryotes

text: also

text: undergo

text: vegetative

text: cell

text: division

text: known

text: as

text: binary

text: fission

text: where

text: their

text: genetic

text: material

text: is

text: segregated

text: equally

text: into

text: two

text: daughter

text: cells

text: All

text: cell

text: divisions

text: regardless

text: of

text: organism

text: are

text: preceded

text: by

text: single

text: round

text: of

text: DNA

text: replication

text: Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of . Wales has over of coastline and is largely mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon, its highest summit. The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate.

text: Wales

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: England

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Bristol

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: It

text: had

text: population

text: in

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: Wales

text: has

text: over

text: of

text: coastline

text: and

text: is

text: largely

text: mountainous

text: with

text: its

text: higher

text: peaks

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: central

text: areas

text: including

text: Snowdon

text: its

text: highest

text: summit

text: The

text: country

text: lies

text: within

text: the

text: north

text: temperate

text: zone

text: and

text: has

text: changeable

text: maritime

text: climate

text: Cambria is a name for Wales, being the Latinised form of the Welsh name for the country, "Cymru". The term was not in use during the Roman period (when Wales had not come into existence as a distinct entity). It emerged later, in the medieval period, after the Anglo-Saxon settlement of much of Britain led to a territorial distinction between the new Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (which would become England) and the remaining Celtic British kingdoms (which would become Wales). Latin being the primary language of scholarship in Western Christendom, writers needed a term to refer to the Celtic British territory and coined Cambria based on the Welsh name for it.

text: Cambria

text: is

text: name

text: for

text: Wales

text: being

text: the

text: Latinised

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: Welsh

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: country

text: Cymru

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: not

text: in

text: use

text: during

text: the

text: Roman

text: period

text: when

text: Wales

text: had

text: not

text: come

text: into

text: existence

text: as

text: distinct

text: entity

text: It

text: emerged

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: medieval

text: period

text: after

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: settlement

text: of

text: much

text: of

text: Britain

text: led

text: to

text: territorial

text: distinction

text: between

text: the

text: new

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: kingdoms

text: which

text: would

text: become

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: remaining

text: Celtic

text: British

text: kingdoms

text: which

text: would

text: become

text: Wales

text: Latin

text: being

text: the

text: primary

text: language

text: of

text: scholarship

text: in

text: Western

text: Christendom

text: writers

text: needed

text: term

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: Celtic

text: British

text: territory

text: and

text: coined

text: Cambria

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: Welsh

text: name

text: for

text: it

text: Endoplasm generally refers to the inner (often granulated), dense part of a cell's cytoplasm. This is opposed to the ectoplasm which is the outer (non-granulated) layer of the cytoplasm, which is typically watery and immediately adjacent to the plasma membrane. These two terms are mainly used to describe the cytoplasm of the amoeba, a protozoan, eukaryotic cell. The nucleus is separated from the endoplasm by the nuclear envelope. The different makeups/viscosities of the endoplasm and ectoplasm contribute to the amoeba's locomotion through the formation of a pseudopod. However, other types of cells have cytoplasm divided into endo- and ectoplasm. The endoplasm, along with its granules, contains water, nucleic acids amino acids, carbohydrates, inorganic ions, lipids, enzymes, and other molecular compounds. It is the site of most cellular processes as it houses the organelles that make up the endomembrane system, as well as those that stand alone. The endoplasm is necessary for most metabolic activities, including cell division.

text: Endoplasm

text: generally

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: inner

text: often

text: granulated

text: dense

text: part

text: of

text: cell

text: 's

text: cytoplasm

text: This

text: is

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: ectoplasm

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: outer

text: non

text: granulated

text: layer

text: of

text: the

text: cytoplasm

text: which

text: is

text: typically

text: watery

text: and

text: immediately

text: adjacent

text: to

text: the

text: plasma

text: membrane

text: These

text: two

text: terms

text: are

text: mainly

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: cytoplasm

text: of

text: the

text: amoeba

text: protozoan

text: eukaryotic

text: cell

text: The

text: nucleus

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: the

text: endoplasm

text: by

text: the

text: nuclear

text: envelope

text: The

text: different

text: makeups

text: viscosities

text: of

text: the

text: endoplasm

text: and

text: ectoplasm

text: contribute

text: to

text: the

text: amoeba

text: 's

text: locomotion

text: through

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: pseudopod

text: However

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: cells

text: have

text: cytoplasm

text: divided

text: into

text: endo-

text: and

text: ectoplasm

text: The

text: endoplasm

text: along

text: with

text: its

text: granules

text: contains

text: water

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: amino

text: acids

text: carbohydrates

text: inorganic

text: ions

text: lipids

text: enzymes

text: and

text: other

text: molecular

text: compounds

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: most

text: cellular

text: processes

text: as

text: it

text: houses

text: the

text: organelles

text: that

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: endomembrane

text: system

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: those

text: that

text: stand

text: alone

text: The

text: endoplasm

text: is

text: necessary

text: for

text: most

text: metabolic

text: activities

text: including

text: cell

text: division

text: Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds containing amine (-NH) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids. About 500 amino acids are known (though only 20 appear in the genetic code) and can be classified in many ways. They can be classified according to the core structural functional groups' locations as alpha- (-), beta- (-), gamma- (-) or delta- (-) amino acids; other categories relate to polarity, pH level, and side-chain group type (aliphatic, acyclic, aromatic, containing hydroxyl or sulfur, etc.). In the form of proteins, amino acids comprise the second-largest component (water is the largest) of human muscles, cells and other tissues. Outside proteins, amino acids perform critical roles in processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis.

text: Amino

text: acids

text: are

text: biologically

text: important

text: organic

text: compounds

text: containing

text: amine

text: -NH

text: and

text: carboxyl

text: -COOH

text: functional

text: groups

text: along

text: with

text: side

text: chain

text: group

text: specific

text: to

text: each

text: amino

text: acid

text: The

text: key

text: elements

text: of

text: an

text: amino

text: acid

text: are

text: carbon

text: hydrogen

text: oxygen

text: and

text: nitrogen

text: though

text: other

text: elements

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: side

text: chains

text: of

text: certain

text: amino

text: acids

text: About

text: amino

text: acids

text: are

text: known

text: though

text: only

text: appear

text: in

text: the

text: genetic

text: code

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: in

text: many

text: ways

text: They

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: core

text: structural

text: functional

text: groups

text: locations

text: as

text: alpha-

text: beta-

text: gamma-

text: or

text: delta-

text: amino

text: acids

text: other

text: categories

text: relate

text: to

text: polarity

text: pH

text: level

text: and

text: side

text: chain

text: group

text: type

text: aliphatic

text: acyclic

text: aromatic

text: containing

text: hydroxyl

text: or

text: sulfur

text: etc

text: In

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: proteins

text: amino

text: acids

text: comprise

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: component

text: water

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: human

text: muscles

text: cells

text: and

text: other

text: tissues

text: Outside

text: proteins

text: amino

text: acids

text: perform

text: critical

text: roles

text: in

text: processes

text: such

text: as

text: neurotransmitter

text: transport

text: and

text: biosynthesis

text: The Cambrian Period (or ) was the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, of the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cambrian lasted 55.6 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran Period 541 million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Ordovician Period mya. Its subdivisions, and its base, are somewhat in flux. The period was established (as Cambrian series) by Adam Sedgwick, who named it after Cambria, the Latinised form of "Cymru", the Welsh name for Wales, where Britain's Cambrian rocks are best exposed. The Cambrian is unique in its unusually high proportion of lagerstätte sedimentary deposits, sites of exceptional preservation where "soft" parts of organisms are preserved as well as their more resistant shells. As a result, our understanding of the Cambrian biology surpasses that of some later periods.

text: The

text: Cambrian

text: Period

text: or

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: geological

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Paleozoic

text: Era

text: of

text: the

text: Phanerozoic

text: Eon

text: The

text: Cambrian

text: lasted

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: preceding

text: Ediacaran

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Ordovician

text: Period

text: mya

text: Its

text: subdivisions

text: and

text: its

text: base

text: are

text: somewhat

text: in

text: flux

text: The

text: period

text: was

text: established

text: as

text: Cambrian

text: series

text: by

text: Adam

text: Sedgwick

text: who

text: named

text: it

text: after

text: Cambria

text: the

text: Latinised

text: form

text: of

text: Cymru

text: the

text: Welsh

text: name

text: for

text: Wales

text: where

text: Britain

text: 's

text: Cambrian

text: rocks

text: are

text: best

text: exposed

text: The

text: Cambrian

text: is

text: unique

text: in

text: its

text: unusually

text: high

text: proportion

text: of

text: lagerstätte

text: sedimentary

text: deposits

text: sites

text: of

text: exceptional

text: preservation

text: where

text: soft

text: parts

text: of

text: organisms

text: are

text: preserved

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: their

text: more

text: resistant

text: shells

text: As

text: result

text: our

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: Cambrian

text: biology

text: surpasses

text: that

text: of

text: some

text: later

text: periods

question: taxon_rank radiolaria

answer: phylum

text: phylum

text: phylum


text: Lenox Hill is a neighborhood on Manhattan's Upper East Side. It forms the lower section of the Upper East Side, closest to Midtown. The neighborhood ranges from East 60th Street to East 77th Street south to north, by East River to the east, and by Park Avenue to the west. A significant portion of the neighborhood lies within the Upper East Side Historic District designated by the New York Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2013 and expanded in 2010. The neighborhood is part of Manhattan Community Board 8.

text: Lenox

text: Hill

text: is

text: neighborhood

text: on

text: Manhattan

text: 's

text: Upper

text: East

text: Side

text: It

text: forms

text: the

text: lower

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: Upper

text: East

text: Side

text: closest

text: to

text: Midtown

text: The

text: neighborhood

text: ranges

text: from

text: East

text: Street

text: to

text: East

text: Street

text: south

text: to

text: north

text: by

text: East

text: River

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: by

text: Park

text: Avenue

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: significant

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: neighborhood

text: lies

text: within

text: the

text: Upper

text: East

text: Side

text: Historic

text: District

text: designated

text: by

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Landmarks

text: Preservation

text: Commission

text: in

text: and

text: expanded

text: in

text: The

text: neighborhood

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: Community

text: Board

text: The University of California, Berkeley, (also referred to as Berkeley, UC Berkeley, and Cal) is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. Founded in 1868, Berkeley is the oldest of the ten research universities affiliated with the University of California system, and is often cited as the top public university in the United States and around the world.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: Berkeley

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Berkeley

text: UC

text: Berkeley

text: and

text: Cal

text: is

text: public

text: research

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Berkeley

text: California

text: Founded

text: in

text: Berkeley

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: of

text: the

text: ten

text: research

text: universities

text: affiliated

text: with

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: system

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: cited

text: as

text: the

text: top

text: public

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western (Pacific Ocean) coast of the U.S., California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. The state capital is Sacramento. Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second largest after New York City. The state also has the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County.

text: California

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: extensive

text: by

text: area

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: California

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: other

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: Oregon

text: Nevada

text: and

text: Arizona

text: and

text: shares

text: an

text: international

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: Mexican

text: state

text: of

text: Baja

text: California

text: The

text: state

text: capital

text: is

text: Sacramento

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: is

text: California

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: after

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: The

text: state

text: also

text: has

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: county

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: County

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: county

text: by

text: area

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: County

text: Hunter College High School is a secondary school for intellectually gifted students located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. It is administered by Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY). Hunter is publicly funded, and there is no tuition fee. According to the school, "students accepted to Hunter represent the top one-quarter of 1% of students in New York City, based on test scores."

text: Hunter

text: College

text: High

text: School

text: is

text: secondary

text: school

text: for

text: intellectually

text: gifted

text: students

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Upper

text: East

text: Side

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: It

text: is

text: administered

text: by

text: Hunter

text: College

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: University

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: CUNY

text: Hunter

text: is

text: publicly

text: funded

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: tuition

text: fee

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: school

text: students

text: accepted

text: to

text: Hunter

text: represent

text: the

text: top

text: one

text: quarter

text: of

text: of

text: students

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: based

text: on

text: test

text: scores

text: Hunter College Elementary School is a New York City elementary school for intellectually gifted students, located on Manhattan's Upper East Side. It is administered by Hunter College, a senior college of the City University of New York or CUNY.

text: Hunter

text: College

text: Elementary

text: School

text: is

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: elementary

text: school

text: for

text: intellectually

text: gifted

text: students

text: located

text: on

text: Manhattan

text: 's

text: Upper

text: East

text: Side

text: It

text: is

text: administered

text: by

text: Hunter

text: College

text: senior

text: college

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: University

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: or

text: CUNY

text: The University of California (UC) is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-system public higher education plan, which also include the California State University system and the California Community Colleges System.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: UC

text: is

text: public

text: university

text: system

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: California

text: Under

text: the

text: California

text: Master

text: Plan

text: for

text: Higher

text: Education

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: three

text: system

text: public

text: higher

text: education

text: plan

text: which

text: also

text: include

text: the

text: California

text: State

text: University

text: system

text: and

text: the

text: California

text: Community

text: Colleges

text: System

text: The City University of New York (CUNY; pron.: ) is the public university system of New York City, and the largest urban university in the United States. CUNY and the State University of New York (SUNY) are separate and independent university systems, although both are public institutions that receive funding from New York State. CUNY, however, is additionally funded by the City of New York.

text: The

text: City

text: University

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: CUNY

text: pron

text: is

text: the

text: public

text: university

text: system

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: urban

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: CUNY

text: and

text: the

text: State

text: University

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: SUNY

text: are

text: separate

text: and

text: independent

text: university

text: systems

text: although

text: both

text: are

text: public

text: institutions

text: that

text: receive

text: funding

text: from

text: New

text: York

text: State

text: CUNY

text: however

text: is

text: additionally

text: funded

text: by

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: The Upper East Side, sometimes abbreviated as UES, is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, between Central Park/Fifth Avenue, 59th Street, the East River, and 96th Street. The area incorporates several smaller neighborhoods, including Lenox Hill, Carnegie Hill, and Yorkville. Once known as the Silk Stocking District, it is now one of the most affluent neighborhoods in New York City.

text: The

text: Upper

text: East

text: Side

text: sometimes

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: UES

text: is

text: neighborhood

text: in

text: the

text: borough

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: between

text: Central

text: Park

text: Fifth

text: Avenue

text: Street

text: the

text: East

text: River

text: and

text: Street

text: The

text: area

text: incorporates

text: several

text: smaller

text: neighborhoods

text: including

text: Lenox

text: Hill

text: Carnegie

text: Hill

text: and

text: Yorkville

text: Once

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Silk

text: Stocking

text: District

text: it

text: is

text: now

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: affluent

text: neighborhoods

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Hunter College is an American public university and one of the constituent organizations of the City University of New York, located in the Lenox Hill neighborhood of Manhattan's Upper East Side. The college grants undergraduate and graduate degrees in over one-hundred fields of study across five schools. Hunter College also administers Hunter College High School and Hunter College Elementary School.

text: Hunter

text: College

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: public

text: university

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: constituent

text: organizations

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: University

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Lenox

text: Hill

text: neighborhood

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: 's

text: Upper

text: East

text: Side

text: The

text: college

text: grants

text: undergraduate

text: and

text: graduate

text: degrees

text: in

text: over

text: one

text: hundred

text: fields

text: of

text: study

text: across

text: five

text: schools

text: Hunter

text: College

text: also

text: administers

text: Hunter

text: College

text: High

text: School

text: and

text: Hunter

text: College

text: Elementary

text: School

text: David Zane Mairowitz ( born 1943 in New York , United States ) , is a writer . He studied English Literature and Philosophy at Hunter College , New York , and Drama at the University of California , Berkeley . In 1966 he emigrated to England , where he worked as a freelance writer . Since 1982 he has resided in southern France . He was one of the founding editors of International Times .

text: David

text: Zane

text: Mairowitz

text: born

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: writer

text: He

text: studied

text: English

text: Literature

text: and

text: Philosophy

text: at

text: Hunter

text: College

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: Drama

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: Berkeley

text: In

text: he

text: emigrated

text: to

text: England

text: where

text: he

text: worked

text: as

text: freelance

text: writer

text: Since

text: he

text: has

text: resided

text: in

text: southern

text: France

text: He

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: founding

text: editors

text: of

text: International

text: Times

text: Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the city's historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1, 1683, as one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York. The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island, bounded by the East, Hudson, and Harlem rivers, and also includes several small adjacent islands and Marble Hill, a small neighborhood on the U.S. mainland.

text: Manhattan

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: borough

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: its

text: economic

text: and

text: administrative

text: center

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: historical

text: birthplace

text: The

text: borough

text: is

text: coextensive

text: with

text: New

text: York

text: County

text: founded

text: on

text: November

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: counties

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: The

text: borough

text: consists

text: mostly

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: Island

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: East

text: Hudson

text: and

text: Harlem

text: rivers

text: and

text: also

text: includes

text: several

text: small

text: adjacent

text: islands

text: and

text: Marble

text: Hill

text: small

text: neighborhood

text: on

text: the

text: U.S.

text: mainland

annotations: follows single

question: place_of_birth david zane mairowitz

answer: new york city

text: new york city

text: new york city

text: new york city

text: new york city

text: new york city

text: new york city

text: new york city


text: Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia (Malaysian Borneo). Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia. East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. With a population of over 30 million, Malaysia is the 44th most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia. Located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species.

text: Malaysia

text: is

text: federal

text: constitutional

text: monarchy

text: located

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: thirteen

text: states

text: and

text: three

text: federal

text: territories

text: and

text: has

text: total

text: landmass

text: of

text: separated

text: by

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: into

text: two

text: similarly

text: sized

text: regions

text: Peninsular

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: East

text: Malaysia

text: Malaysian

text: Borneo

text: Peninsular

text: Malaysia

text: shares

text: land

text: and

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: Singapore

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: East

text: Malaysia

text: shares

text: land

text: and

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: Brunei

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: Philippines

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: The

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Kuala

text: Lumpur

text: while

text: Putrajaya

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: Malaysia

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: southernmost

text: point

text: of

text: continental

text: Eurasia

text: Tanjung

text: Piai

text: is

text: in

text: Malaysia

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: tropics

text: Malaysia

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: megadiverse

text: countries

text: on

text: earth

text: with

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: endemic

text: species

text: Indonesia (or ; Indonesian: ), officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the world's largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At , Indonesia is the world's 14th-largest country in terms of land area and world's 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea and land area. It has an estimated population of over 260 million people and is the world's fourth most populous country, the most populous Austronesian nation, as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country. The world's most populous island of Java contains more than half of the country's population.

text: Indonesia

text: or

text: Indonesian

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Indonesia

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: and

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: located

text: mainly

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: with

text: some

text: territories

text: in

text: Oceania

text: Situated

text: between

text: the

text: Indian

text: and

text: Pacific

text: oceans

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: island

text: country

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: seventeen

text: thousand

text: islands

text: At

text: Indonesia

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: combined

text: sea

text: and

text: land

text: area

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Austronesian

text: nation

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Muslim

text: majority

text: country

text: The

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: of

text: Java

text: contains

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, and often referred to as the "Lion City" or the "Little Red Dot", is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia, and the world's only island city-state. It lies one degree (137 km) north of the equator, south of the southernmost tip of continental Asia and peninsular Malaysia, with Indonesia's Riau Islands to the south. Singapore's territory consists of a diamond-shaped main island along with 62 other islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23% (130 km), and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora, parks and gardens.

text: Singapore

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Singapore

text: and

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Lion

text: City

text: or

text: the

text: Little

text: Red

text: Dot

text: is

text: sovereign

text: city

text: state

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: only

text: island

text: city

text: state

text: It

text: lies

text: one

text: degree

text: km

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: equator

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: southernmost

text: tip

text: of

text: continental

text: Asia

text: and

text: peninsular

text: Malaysia

text: with

text: Indonesia

text: 's

text: Riau

text: Islands

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Singapore

text: 's

text: territory

text: consists

text: of

text: diamond

text: shaped

text: main

text: island

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: islets

text: Since

text: independence

text: extensive

text: land

text: reclamation

text: has

text: increased

text: its

text: total

text: size

text: by

text: km

text: and

text: its

text: greening

text: policy

text: has

text: covered

text: the

text: densely

text: populated

text: island

text: with

text: tropical

text: flora

text: parks

text: and

text: gardens

text: Brunei, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (Jawi: ), is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, the country is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak, Malaysia. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo; the remainder of the island's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia. Brunei's population was 408,786 in July 2012.

text: Brunei

text: officially

text: the

text: Nation

text: of

text: Brunei

text: the

text: Abode

text: of

text: Peace

text: Jawi

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Borneo

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: Apart

text: from

text: its

text: coastline

text: with

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: completely

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Sarawak

text: Malaysia

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: into

text: two

text: parts

text: by

text: the

text: Sarawak

text: district

text: of

text: Limbang

text: Brunei

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: sovereign

text: state

text: completely

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Borneo

text: the

text: remainder

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: territory

text: is

text: divided

text: between

text: the

text: nations

text: of

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: Brunei

text: 's

text: population

text: was

text: in

text: July

text: Thailand (or  ), officially the Kingdom of Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total area of approximately , Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country. It is the 20th-most-populous country in the world, with around 66 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok.

text: Thailand

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Thailand

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Siam

text: is

text: country

text: at

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Indochinese

text: peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: With

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: Thailand

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: country

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: around

text: million

text: people

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Bangkok

text: Tanjung Piai is a cape in Pontian District, Johor, Malaysia. It is the southernmost point of Peninsular Malaysia and thus the most southern point of mainland Eurasia. The skyline of Singapore is visible across the Johor Strait from the point. It features seafood restaurants, perched on wooden jetties that are surrounded by a rugged and rarefied coastline of unspoiled mangrove forests.

text: Tanjung

text: Piai

text: is

text: cape

text: in

text: Pontian

text: District

text: Johor

text: Malaysia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: point

text: of

text: Peninsular

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: thus

text: the

text: most

text: southern

text: point

text: of

text: mainland

text: Eurasia

text: The

text: skyline

text: of

text: Singapore

text: is

text: visible

text: across

text: the

text: Johor

text: Strait

text: from

text: the

text: point

text: It

text: features

text: seafood

text: restaurants

text: perched

text: on

text: wooden

text: jetties

text: that

text: are

text: surrounded

text: by

text: rugged

text: and

text: rarefied

text: coastline

text: of

text: unspoiled

text: mangrove

text: forests

text: The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. Bounded by the South China Sea on the west, the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest, the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Vietnam to the west, Palau to the east and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south.

text: The

text: Philippines

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Philippines

text: is

text: sovereign

text: island

text: country

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: about

text: islands

text: that

text: are

text: categorized

text: broadly

text: under

text: three

text: main

text: geographical

text: divisions

text: from

text: north

text: to

text: south

text: Luzon

text: Visayas

text: and

text: Mindanao

text: The

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Philippines

text: is

text: Manila

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: is

text: Quezon

text: City

text: both

text: part

text: of

text: Metro

text: Manila

text: Bounded

text: by

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Philippine

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Celebes

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: the

text: Philippines

text: shares

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: Taiwan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Vietnam

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Palau

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The flag of the Federal Territory is an official flag for the Federal Territory , Malaysia . It was adopted on 23 May 2006 .

text: The

text: flag

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: Territory

text: is

text: an

text: official

text: flag

text: for

text: the

text: Federal

text: Territory

text: Malaysia

text: It

text: was

text: adopted

text: on

text: May

text: Putrajaya, officially the Federal Territory of Putrajaya, is a planned city and the federal administrative centre of Malaysia. The seat of government was shifted in 1999 from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya, because of overcrowding and congestion in the former. Kuala Lumpur remains Malaysia's national capital, and is the seat of the King and the Parliament, and is the country's commercial and financial centre. Putrajaya was the idea of former Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad. It became Malaysia's third Federal Territory, after Kuala Lumpur and Labuan, in 2001.

text: Putrajaya

text: officially

text: the

text: Federal

text: Territory

text: of

text: Putrajaya

text: is

text: planned

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: federal

text: administrative

text: centre

text: of

text: Malaysia

text: The

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: was

text: shifted

text: in

text: from

text: Kuala

text: Lumpur

text: to

text: Putrajaya

text: because

text: of

text: overcrowding

text: and

text: congestion

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: Kuala

text: Lumpur

text: remains

text: Malaysia

text: 's

text: national

text: capital

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: and

text: the

text: Parliament

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: commercial

text: and

text: financial

text: centre

text: Putrajaya

text: was

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: former

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Tun

text: Dr

text: Mahathir

text: Mohammad

text: It

text: became

text: Malaysia

text: 's

text: third

text: Federal

text: Territory

text: after

text: Kuala

text: Lumpur

text: and

text: Labuan

text: in

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text: A constitutional monarchy (also known as a parliamentary monarchy) is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises their authorities in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution. Constitutional monarchy differs from absolute monarchy (in which a monarch holds absolute power), in that constitutional monarchs are bound to exercise their powers and authorities within the limits prescribed within an established legal framework. Constitutional monarchies range from countries such as Morocco, where the constitution grants substantial discretionary powers to the sovereign, to countries such as Sweden or Denmark where the monarch retains very few formal authorities.

text: constitutional

text: monarchy

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: parliamentary

text: monarchy

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: monarchy

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: sovereign

text: exercises

text: their

text: authorities

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: written

text: or

text: unwritten

text: constitution

text: Constitutional

text: monarchy

text: differs

text: from

text: absolute

text: monarchy

text: in

text: which

text: monarch

text: holds

text: absolute

text: power

text: in

text: that

text: constitutional

text: monarchs

text: are

text: bound

text: to

text: exercise

text: their

text: powers

text: and

text: authorities

text: within

text: the

text: limits

text: prescribed

text: within

text: an

text: established

text: legal

text: framework

text: Constitutional

text: monarchies

text: range

text: from

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: Morocco

text: where

text: the

text: constitution

text: grants

text: substantial

text: discretionary

text: powers

text: to

text: the

text: sovereign

text: to

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: Sweden

text: or

text: Denmark

text: where

text: the

text: monarch

text: retains

text: very

text: few

text: formal

text: authorities

text: Peninsular Malaysia, also known as West Malaysia (formerly Malaya), is the part of Malaysia which lies on the Malay Peninsula and surrounding islands. Its area is . It shares a land border with Thailand in the north. To the south is the island of Singapore.

text: Peninsular

text: Malaysia

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: West

text: Malaysia

text: formerly

text: Malaya

text: is

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: Malaysia

text: which

text: lies

text: on

text: the

text: Malay

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: surrounding

text: islands

text: Its

text: area

text: is

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: To

text: the

text: south

text: is

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Singapore

text: East Malaysia ("Malaysia Timur"), also known as Sabah, Sarawak and Labuan ("Sabah, Sarawak dan Labuan") or Malaysian Borneo, is the part of Malaysia located on the island of Borneo. It consists of the Malaysian states of Sabah, Sarawak, and the Federal Territory of Labuan. It lies to the east of Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia), which is located on the Malay Peninsula. The two are separated by the South China Sea. While East Malaysia is less populated and less developed than West Malaysia, its land mass is larger and it has notably more natural resources, chiefly oil and gas reserves.

text: East

text: Malaysia

text: Malaysia

text: Timur

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Sabah

text: Sarawak

text: and

text: Labuan

text: Sabah

text: Sarawak

text: dan

text: Labuan

text: or

text: Malaysian

text: Borneo

text: is

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: Malaysia

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Borneo

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: Malaysian

text: states

text: of

text: Sabah

text: Sarawak

text: and

text: the

text: Federal

text: Territory

text: of

text: Labuan

text: It

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: Peninsular

text: Malaysia

text: West

text: Malaysia

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Malay

text: Peninsula

text: The

text: two

text: are

text: separated

text: by

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: While

text: East

text: Malaysia

text: is

text: less

text: populated

text: and

text: less

text: developed

text: than

text: West

text: Malaysia

text: its

text: land

text: mass

text: is

text: larger

text: and

text: it

text: has

text: notably

text: more

text: natural

text: resources

text: chiefly

text: oil

text: and

text: gas

text: reserves

text: Kuala Lumpur (or ), officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, is the national capital of Malaysia as well as its largest city. The city covers an area of and has an estimated population of 1.7 million . Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million people . It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in South-East Asia, in terms of population and economy.

text: Kuala

text: Lumpur

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Federal

text: Territory

text: of

text: Kuala

text: Lumpur

text: is

text: the

text: national

text: capital

text: of

text: Malaysia

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: The

text: city

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: Greater

text: Kuala

text: Lumpur

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Klang

text: Valley

text: is

text: an

text: urban

text: agglomeration

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: It

text: is

text: among

text: the

text: fastest

text: growing

text: metropolitan

text: regions

text: in

text: South

text: East

text: Asia

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: population

text: and

text: economy

text: Eurasia is the combined continental landmass of Europe and Asia. The term is a portmanteau of its constituent continents. Located primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and by Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Indian Ocean to the south. The division between Europe and Asia as two different continents is a historical and cultural construct, with no clear physical separation between them; thus, in some parts of the world, Eurasia is recognized as the largest of five or six continents. In geology, Eurasia is often considered as a single rigid megablock. However, the rigidity of Eurasia is debated based on the paleomagnet data.

text: Eurasia

text: is

text: the

text: combined

text: continental

text: landmass

text: of

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: portmanteau

text: of

text: its

text: constituent

text: continents

text: Located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: Northern

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Hemispheres

text: it

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: by

text: Africa

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: division

text: between

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: as

text: two

text: different

text: continents

text: is

text: historical

text: and

text: cultural

text: construct

text: with

text: no

text: clear

text: physical

text: separation

text: between

text: them

text: thus

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Eurasia

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: five

text: or

text: six

text: continents

text: In

text: geology

text: Eurasia

text: is

text: often

text: considered

text: as

text: single

text: rigid

text: megablock

text: However

text: the

text: rigidity

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: is

text: debated

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: paleomagnet

text: data

text: Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 90.5 million inhabitants , it is the world's 14th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. Vietnam is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest, and the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia across the South China Sea to the east and southeast. Its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976.

text: Vietnam

text: officially

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: SRV

text: is

text: the

text: easternmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: Indochina

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: eighth

text: most

text: populous

text: Asian

text: country

text: Vietnam

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Laos

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Cambodia

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Thailand

text: across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: across

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Its

text: capital

text: city

text: has

text: been

text: Hanoi

text: since

text: the

text: reunification

text: of

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: in

text: Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. The region lies near the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic and volcanic activity. Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions:

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: or

text: Southeastern

text: Asia

text: is

text: subregion

text: of

text: Asia

text: consisting

text: of

text: the

text: countries

text: that

text: are

text: geographically

text: south

text: of

text: China

text: east

text: of

text: India

text: west

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: north

text: of

text: Australia

text: The

text: region

text: lies

text: near

text: the

text: intersection

text: of

text: geological

text: plates

text: with

text: heavy

text: seismic

text: and

text: volcanic

text: activity

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: consists

text: of

text: two

text: geographic

text: regions

text: The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Karimata and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around . The area's importance largely results from one-third of the world's shipping sailing through its waters and that it is believed to hold huge oil and gas reserves beneath its seabed.

text: The

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: is

text: marginal

text: sea

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: encompassing

text: an

text: area

text: from

text: the

text: Karimata

text: and

text: Malacca

text: Straits

text: to

text: the

text: Strait

text: of

text: Taiwan

text: of

text: around

text: The

text: area

text: 's

text: importance

text: largely

text: results

text: from

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: shipping

text: sailing

text: through

text: its

text: waters

text: and

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: hold

text: huge

text: oil

text: and

text: gas

text: reserves

text: beneath

text: its

text: seabed

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: applies_to_jurisdiction flag of the federal territory

answer: labuan

text: labuan

text: labuan

text: labuan

text: labuan