text: George Dryden Wheeler, Sr. (6 June 1863 - 21 April 1939), known as Leo Dryden, was an English music hall singer and vocal comic.

text: George

text: Dryden

text: Wheeler

text: Sr

text: June

text: April

text: known

text: as

text: Leo

text: Dryden

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: music

text: hall

text: singer

text: and

text: vocal

text: comic

text: A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession. The process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. A film is created by photographing actual scenes with a motion picture camera; by photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional animation techniques; by means of CGI and computer animation; or by a combination of some or all of these techniques and other visual effects.

text: film

text: also

text: called

text: movie

text: motion

text: picture

text: theatrical

text: film

text: or

text: photoplay

text: is

text: series

text: of

text: still

text: images

text: which

text: when

text: shown

text: on

text: screen

text: creates

text: the

text: illusion

text: of

text: moving

text: images

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: phi

text: phenomenon

text: This

text: optical

text: illusion

text: causes

text: the

text: audience

text: to

text: perceive

text: continuous

text: motion

text: between

text: separate

text: objects

text: viewed

text: rapidly

text: in

text: succession

text: The

text: process

text: of

text: filmmaking

text: is

text: both

text: an

text: art

text: and

text: an

text: industry

text: film

text: is

text: created

text: by

text: photographing

text: actual

text: scenes

text: with

text: motion

text: picture

text: camera

text: by

text: photographing

text: drawings

text: or

text: miniature

text: models

text: using

text: traditional

text: animation

text: techniques

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: CGI

text: and

text: computer

text: animation

text: or

text: by

text: combination

text: of

text: some

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: techniques

text: and

text: other

text: visual

text: effects

text:
The Lucky Dog was the first film to include both members of the famous comedy duo of Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy, later known as Laurel and Hardy and is the first occasion that they worked together.
Though they appear in scenes together, they play independent of each other and not as the comedic team that they would later become.
The film was shot as two reels, but some versions end abruptly after the first reel where Stan is robbed by Ollie.

text: The

text: Lucky

text: Dog

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: film

text: to

text: include

text: both

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: famous

text: comedy

text: duo

text: of

text: Stan

text: Laurel

text: and

text: Oliver

text: Hardy

text: later

text: known

text: as

text: Laurel

text: and

text: Hardy

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: occasion

text: that

text: they

text: worked

text: together

text: Though

text: they

text: appear

text: in

text: scenes

text: together

text: they

text: play

text: independent

text: of

text: each

text: other

text: and

text: not

text: as

text: the

text: comedic

text: team

text: that

text: they

text: would

text: later

text: become

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: shot

text: as

text: two

text: reels

text: but

text: some

text: versions

text: end

text: abruptly

text: after

text: the

text: first

text: reel

text: where

text: Stan

text: is

text: robbed

text: by

text: Ollie

text: Sir is an honorific address used in a number of situations in many anglophone cultures. The term can be used as a formal prefix, especially in the Commonwealth, for males who have been given certain honours or titles (such as knights and baronets), where usage is strictly governed by law and custom.

text: Sir

text: is

text: an

text: honorific

text: address

text: used

text: in

text: number

text: of

text: situations

text: in

text: many

text: anglophone

text: cultures

text: The

text: term

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: formal

text: prefix

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: for

text: males

text: who

text: have

text: been

text: given

text: certain

text: honours

text: or

text: titles

text: such

text: as

text: knights

text: and

text: baronets

text: where

text: usage

text: is

text: strictly

text: governed

text: by

text: law

text: and

text: custom

text: Sir Charles Spencer "Charlie" Chaplin, (16 April 1889  25 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame during the era of silent film. Chaplin became a worldwide icon through his screen persona "the Tramp" and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.

text: Sir

text: Charles

text: Spencer

text: Charlie

text: Chaplin

text: April

text: December

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: comic

text: actor

text: filmmaker

text: and

text: composer

text: who

text: rose

text: to

text: fame

text: during

text: the

text: era

text: of

text: silent

text: film

text: Chaplin

text: became

text: worldwide

text: icon

text: through

text: his

text: screen

text: persona

text: the

text: Tramp

text: and

text: is

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: figures

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: film

text: industry

text: His

text: career

text: spanned

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: from

text: childhood

text: in

text: the

text: Victorian

text: era

text: until

text: year

text: before

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: and

text: encompassed

text: both

text: adulation

text: and

text: controversy

text: George Dryden Wheeler, Jr. (31 August 1892  30 September 1957) was an English born American actor and film director. He was the son of Hannah Chaplin and music hall entertainer Leo Dryden, and half brother of actors Charlie and Sydney Chaplin. He was also the father of rock musician Spencer Dryden.

text: George

text: Dryden

text: Wheeler

text: Jr.

text: August

text: September

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: born

text: American

text: actor

text: and

text: film

text: director

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Hannah

text: Chaplin

text: and

text: music

text: hall

text: entertainer

text: Leo

text: Dryden

text: and

text: half

text: brother

text: of

text: actors

text: Charlie

text: and

text: Sydney

text: Chaplin

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: rock

text: musician

text: Spencer

text: Dryden

text: A business manager is a person who drives the work of others in order to run a major business efficiently and make a large profit. He or she should have working knowledge of the following areas, and may be a specialist in one or more: sales, marketing and public relations; research, operations analysis, data processing, mathematics, statistics and economics; production; finance; accounting, auditing, taxes and budgeting; purchasing; and personnel. Other technical areas in which a business manager may have expertise are law, science, and computer programming.

text: business

text: manager

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: drives

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: others

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: run

text: major

text: business

text: efficiently

text: and

text: make

text: large

text: profit

text: He

text: or

text: she

text: should

text: have

text: working

text: knowledge

text: of

text: the

text: following

text: areas

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: specialist

text: in

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: sales

text: marketing

text: and

text: public

text: relations

text: research

text: operations

text: analysis

text: data

text: processing

text: mathematics

text: statistics

text: and

text: economics

text: production

text: finance

text: accounting

text: auditing

text: taxes

text: and

text: budgeting

text: purchasing

text: and

text: personnel

text: Other

text: technical

text: areas

text: in

text: which

text: business

text: manager

text: may

text: have

text: expertise

text: are

text: law

text: science

text: and

text: computer

text: programming

text: Gladys Louise Smith (April 8, 1892  May 29, 1979), known professionally as Mary Pickford, was a Canadian-American film actress, writer, director, and producer. She was a co-founder of the film studio United Artists and one of the original 36 founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

text: Gladys

text: Louise

text: Smith

text: April

text: May

text: known

text: professionally

text: as

text: Mary

text: Pickford

text: was

text: Canadian

text: American

text: film

text: actress

text: writer

text: director

text: and

text: producer

text: She

text: was

text: co

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: film

text: studio

text: United

text: Artists

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: founders

text: of

text: the

text: Academy

text: of

text: Motion

text: Picture

text: Arts

text: and

text: Sciences

text: Black comedy or dark comedy is a comic style that makes light of subjects that are generally considered serious or taboo. Literary critics have associated black comedy and black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes. Black comedy corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor.

text: Black

text: comedy

text: or

text: dark

text: comedy

text: is

text: comic

text: style

text: that

text: makes

text: light

text: of

text: subjects

text: that

text: are

text: generally

text: considered

text: serious

text: or

text: taboo

text: Literary

text: critics

text: have

text: associated

text: black

text: comedy

text: and

text: black

text: humor

text: with

text: authors

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: ancient

text: Greeks

text: with

text: Aristophanes

text: Black

text: comedy

text: corresponds

text: to

text: the

text: earlier

text: concept

text: of

text: gallows

text: humor

text: A Little Bit of Fluff or Skirts is a 1928 British silent comedy film directed by Wheeler Dryden and Jess Robbins and starring Sydney Chaplin , Betty Balfour and Edmund Breon .

text: Little

text: Bit

text: of

text: Fluff

text: or

text: Skirts

text: is

text: British

text: silent

text: comedy

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Wheeler

text: Dryden

text: and

text: Jess

text: Robbins

text: and

text: starring

text: Sydney

text: Chaplin

text: Betty

text: Balfour

text: and

text: Edmund

text: Breon

text: Laurel and Hardy were a comedy double act during the early Classical Hollywood era of American cinema. The team was composed of thin Englishman Stan Laurel (18901965) and heavyset American Oliver Hardy (18921957). They became well known during the late 1920s through the mid-1940s for their slapstick comedy, with Laurel playing the clumsy and childlike friend of the pompous Hardy. The duo's signature tune is known variously as "The Cuckoo Song", "Ku-Ku", or "The Dance of the Cuckoos". It was played over the opening credits of their films and has become as emblematic of the duo as their bowler hats.

text: Laurel

text: and

text: Hardy

text: were

text: comedy

text: double

text: act

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: Classical

text: Hollywood

text: era

text: of

text: American

text: cinema

text: The

text: team

text: was

text: composed

text: of

text: thin

text: Englishman

text: Stan

text: Laurel

text: and

text: heavyset

text: American

text: Oliver

text: Hardy

text: They

text: became

text: well

text: known

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: through

text: the

text: for

text: their

text: slapstick

text: comedy

text: with

text: Laurel

text: playing

text: the

text: clumsy

text: and

text: childlike

text: friend

text: of

text: the

text: pompous

text: Hardy

text: The

text: duo

text: 's

text: signature

text: tune

text: is

text: known

text: variously

text: as

text: The

text: Cuckoo

text: Song

text: Ku

text: Ku

text: or

text: The

text: Dance

text: of

text: the

text: Cuckoos

text: It

text: was

text: played

text: over

text: the

text: opening

text: credits

text: of

text: their

text: films

text: and

text: has

text: become

text: as

text: emblematic

text: of

text: the

text: duo

text: as

text: their

text: bowler

text: hats

text: Comedy is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor. These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect. Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending (black comedy being an exception). One of the oldest genres in film, some of the very first silent movies were comedies, as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions, without requiring sound. When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s, comedy films took another swing, as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue.

text: Comedy

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: film

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: main

text: emphasis

text: is

text: on

text: humor

text: These

text: films

text: are

text: designed

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: audience

text: laugh

text: through

text: amusement

text: and

text: most

text: often

text: work

text: by

text: exaggerating

text: characteristics

text: for

text: humorous

text: effect

text: Films

text: in

text: this

text: style

text: traditionally

text: have

text: happy

text: ending

text: black

text: comedy

text: being

text: an

text: exception

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: genres

text: in

text: film

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: very

text: first

text: silent

text: movies

text: were

text: comedies

text: as

text: slapstick

text: comedy

text: often

text: relies

text: on

text: visual

text: depictions

text: without

text: requiring

text: sound

text: When

text: sound

text: films

text: became

text: more

text: prevalent

text: during

text: the

text: comedy

text: films

text: took

text: another

text: swing

text: as

text: laughter

text: could

text: result

text: from

text: burlesque

text: situations

text: but

text: also

text: dialogue

text: Sydney John "Syd" Chaplin (16 March 1885  16 April 1965) was an English actor. He was the elder half-brother of Sir Charlie Chaplin and served as his business manager, and a half-uncle of the actor Sydney Chaplin (19262009), who was named after him.

text: Sydney

text: John

text: Syd

text: Chaplin

text: March

text: April

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: actor

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: elder

text: half

text: brother

text: of

text: Sir

text: Charlie

text: Chaplin

text: and

text: served

text: as

text: his

text: business

text: manager

text: and

text: half

text: uncle

text: of

text: the

text: actor

text: Sydney

text: Chaplin

text: who

text: was

text: named

text: after

text: him

text: Spencer Dryden (April 7, 1938  January 11, 2005) was an American musician best known as drummer for Jefferson Airplane and New Riders of the Purple Sage. He also played with The Dinosaurs, and The Ashes (later known as The Peanut Butter Conspiracy).

text: Spencer

text: Dryden

text: April

text: January

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: musician

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: drummer

text: for

text: Jefferson

text: Airplane

text: and

text: New

text: Riders

text: of

text: the

text: Purple

text: Sage

text: He

text: also

text: played

text: with

text: The

text: Dinosaurs

text: and

text: The

text: Ashes

text: later

text: known

text: as

text: The

text: Peanut

text: Butter

text: Conspiracy

text: Jess Robbins (April 30, 1886  March 11, 1973) was an American film director, writer and producer. He directed 73 films between 1913 and 1927. He was the first director to direct Laurel and Hardy in the same motion picture, namely "The Lucky Dog".

text: Jess

text: Robbins

text: April

text: March

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: film

text: director

text: writer

text: and

text: producer

text: He

text: directed

text: films

text: between

text: and

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: director

text: to

text: direct

text: Laurel

text: and

text: Hardy

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: motion

text: picture

text: namely

text: The

text: Lucky

text: Dog

text: Betty Balfour (27 March 1903  4 November 1977) was an English screen actress, popular during the silent era, and known as the "British Mary Pickford" and "Britain's Queen of Happiness". She was best known to audiences for her "Squibs" series of films.

text: Betty

text: Balfour

text: March

text: November

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: screen

text: actress

text: popular

text: during

text: the

text: silent

text: era

text: and

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: British

text: Mary

text: Pickford

text: and

text: Britain

text: 's

text: Queen

text: of

text: Happiness

text: She

text: was

text: best

text: known

text: to

text: audiences

text: for

text: her

text: Squibs

text: series

text: of

text: films

text: Edmund Breon (12 December 1882  24 June 1953) was a Scottish film and stage actor. He appeared in 131 films between 1907 and 1952.

text: Edmund

text: Breon

text: December

text: June

text: was

text: Scottish

text: film

text: and

text: stage

text: actor

text: He

text: appeared

text: in

text: films

text: between

text: and

question: instance_of a little bit of fluff

answer: silent film

text: silent film


text: The Sinhalese (Sinhala:   Sinhala Jathiya, also known as Hela or Sinhale) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group native to the island of Sri Lanka. They constitute 75% of the Sri Lankan population and a number greater than 15 million. The Sinhalese identity is based on language, historical heritage and religion. The Sinhalese people speak the Sinhalese language, an Indo-Aryan language, and are predominantly Theravada Buddhists, although a small percentage of Sinhalese follow branches of Christianity. The Sinhalese are mostly found in North central, Central, South, and West Sri Lanka. According to Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa, written by Buddhist monks of the Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya in Sri Lanka, around the 3-5th century, an ancient treatise written in Pali, the Sinhalese are descendants of the settlers who came to the island in 543 BCE from Sinhapura in India, led by Prince Vijaya.

text: The

text: Sinhalese

text: Sinhala

text: Sinhala

text: Jathiya

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Hela

text: or

text: Sinhale

text: are

text: an

text: Indo

text: Aryan

text: ethnic

text: group

text: native

text: to

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: They

text: constitute

text: of

text: the

text: Sri

text: Lankan

text: population

text: and

text: number

text: greater

text: than

text: million

text: The

text: Sinhalese

text: identity

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: language

text: historical

text: heritage

text: and

text: religion

text: The

text: Sinhalese

text: people

text: speak

text: the

text: Sinhalese

text: language

text: an

text: Indo

text: Aryan

text: language

text: and

text: are

text: predominantly

text: Theravada

text: Buddhists

text: although

text: small

text: percentage

text: of

text: Sinhalese

text: follow

text: branches

text: of

text: Christianity

text: The

text: Sinhalese

text: are

text: mostly

text: found

text: in

text: North

text: central

text: Central

text: South

text: and

text: West

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: According

text: to

text: Mahavamsa

text: and

text: Dipavamsa

text: written

text: by

text: Buddhist

text: monks

text: of

text: the

text: Anuradhapura

text: Maha

text: Viharaya

text: in

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: around

text: the

text: century

text: an

text: ancient

text: treatise

text: written

text: in

text: Pali

text: the

text: Sinhalese

text: are

text: descendants

text: of

text: the

text: settlers

text: who

text: came

text: to

text: the

text: island

text: in

text: BCE

text: from

text: Sinhapura

text: in

text: India

text: led

text: by

text: Prince

text: Vijaya

text: The Sinhalese alphabet (Sinhalese:   ) (Sihala Akara Mlva) is an abugida used by the Sinhalese people in Sri Lanka and elsewhere to write the Sinhalese language and also the liturgical languages Pali and Sanskrit. The Sinhalese alphabet, which is one of the Brahmic scripts, a descendant of the ancient Indian Brahmi script closely related to the South Indian Kadamba alphabet.

text: The

text: Sinhalese

text: alphabet

text: Sinhalese

text: Sihala

text: Akara

text: Mlva

text: is

text: an

text: abugida

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: Sinhalese

text: people

text: in

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: elsewhere

text: to

text: write

text: the

text: Sinhalese

text: language

text: and

text: also

text: the

text: liturgical

text: languages

text: Pali

text: and

text: Sanskrit

text: The

text: Sinhalese

text: alphabet

text: which

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Brahmic

text: scripts

text: descendant

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Indian

text: Brahmi

text: script

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: South

text: Indian

text: Kadamba

text: alphabet

text: Sri Lanka (or ; Sinhalese:   ', Tamil:  "Ilakai"), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (formerly known as Ceylon), is an island country in South Asia near south-east India. Sri Lanka has maritime borders with India to the northwest and the Maldives to the southwest.

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: or

text: Sinhalese

text: Tamil

text: Ilakai

text: officially

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Ceylon

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: near

text: south

text: east

text: India

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: has

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: India

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: The Indo-European languages are a language family of several hundred related languages and dialects. There are about 445 living Indo-European languages, according to the estimate by "Ethnologue", with over two-thirds (313) of them belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch. The most widely spoken Indo-European languages by native speakers are Spanish, English, Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu), Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, Persian and Punjabi, each with over 100 million speakers. Today, 46% of the human population speaks an Indo-European language natively, by far the highest of any language family.

text: The

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: are

text: language

text: family

text: of

text: several

text: hundred

text: related

text: languages

text: and

text: dialects

text: There

text: are

text: about

text: living

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: estimate

text: by

text: Ethnologue

text: with

text: over

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: them

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Indo

text: Iranian

text: branch

text: The

text: most

text: widely

text: spoken

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: by

text: native

text: speakers

text: are

text: Spanish

text: English

text: Hindustani

text: Hindi

text: and

text: Urdu

text: Portuguese

text: Bengali

text: Russian

text: Persian

text: and

text: Punjabi

text: each

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: speakers

text: Today

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: speaks

text: an

text: Indo

text: European

text: language

text: natively

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: highest

text: of

text: any

text: language

text: family

text: The Brahmic scripts are a family of abugida or alphabet writing systems. They are used throughout the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia, and were once used in Japan, and are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India. They are used by languages of several language families: Indo-European, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolic, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Turkic, Tai. They were also the source of the dictionary order of Japanese "kana".

text: The

text: Brahmic

text: scripts

text: are

text: family

text: of

text: abugida

text: or

text: alphabet

text: writing

text: systems

text: They

text: are

text: used

text: throughout

text: the

text: Indian

text: Subcontinent

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: East

text: Asia

text: and

text: were

text: once

text: used

text: in

text: Japan

text: and

text: are

text: descended

text: from

text: the

text: Brahmi

text: script

text: of

text: ancient

text: India

text: They

text: are

text: used

text: by

text: languages

text: of

text: several

text: language

text: families

text: Indo

text: European

text: Dravidian

text: Tibeto

text: Burman

text: Mongolic

text: Austroasiatic

text: Austronesian

text: Turkic

text: Tai

text: They

text: were

text: also

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: the

text: dictionary

text: order

text: of

text: Japanese

text: kana

text: Sinhalese, known natively as Sinhala ("singhala" ), is the native language of the Sinhalese people, who make up the largest ethnic group in Sri Lanka, numbering about 16 million. Sinhalese is also spoken as a second language by other ethnic groups in Sri Lanka, totalling about four million. It belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. Sinhalese has its own writing system, the Sinhalese alphabet, which is one of the Brahmic scripts, a descendant of the ancient Indian Brahmi script closely related to the Kadamba alphabet.

text: Sinhalese

text: known

text: natively

text: as

text: Sinhala

text: singhala

text: is

text: the

text: native

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: Sinhalese

text: people

text: who

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: largest

text: ethnic

text: group

text: in

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: numbering

text: about

text: million

text: Sinhalese

text: is

text: also

text: spoken

text: as

text: second

text: language

text: by

text: other

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: in

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: totalling

text: about

text: four

text: million

text: It

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: Indo

text: Aryan

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: Sinhalese

text: has

text: its

text: own

text: writing

text: system

text: the

text: Sinhalese

text: alphabet

text: which

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Brahmic

text: scripts

text: descendant

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Indian

text: Brahmi

text: script

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Kadamba

text: alphabet

text: Hanthane Kathawa ( Sinhalese language word means `` Story of Hanthana '' ) is a 1969 film based on a love story of university students of Sri Lanka . It was directed by famous Sri Lankan film director Sugathapala Senerath Yapa and screened on August 1 , 1968 . This film also remarks the cinema debut of famous actor Vijaya Kumaratunga .

text: Hanthane

text: Kathawa

text: Sinhalese

text: language

text: word

text: means

text: Story

text: of

text: Hanthana

text: is

text: film

text: based

text: on

text: love

text: story

text: of

text: university

text: students

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: It

text: was

text: directed

text: by

text: famous

text: Sri

text: Lankan

text: film

text: director

text: Sugathapala

text: Senerath

text: Yapa

text: and

text: screened

text: on

text: August

text: This

text: film

text: also

text: remarks

text: the

text: cinema

text: debut

text: of

text: famous

text: actor

text: Vijaya

text: Kumaratunga

text: The Kadamba script (known as "Pre Old Kannada script") marks the birth of a dedicated script for writing Kannada. It is a descendant of the Brahmi script, an abugida visually close to the Kalinga alphabet. The Kadamba script was developed during the reign of the Kadamba dynasty in the 4th-6th centuries. The Kadamba script is also known as Pre-Old-Kannada script. This script later became popular in what is today the state of Goa and was used to write Sanskrit, Kannada, Konkani and Marathi.

text: The

text: Kadamba

text: script

text: known

text: as

text: Pre

text: Old

text: Kannada

text: script

text: marks

text: the

text: birth

text: of

text: dedicated

text: script

text: for

text: writing

text: Kannada

text: It

text: is

text: descendant

text: of

text: the

text: Brahmi

text: script

text: an

text: abugida

text: visually

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: Kalinga

text: alphabet

text: The

text: Kadamba

text: script

text: was

text: developed

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: the

text: Kadamba

text: dynasty

text: in

text: the

text: centuries

text: The

text: Kadamba

text: script

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Pre

text: Old

text: Kannada

text: script

text: This

text: script

text: later

text: became

text: popular

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: today

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Goa

text: and

text: was

text: used

text: to

text: write

text: Sanskrit

text: Kannada

text: Konkani

text: and

text: Marathi

text: India, officially the Republic of India ("Bhrat Gaarjya"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.

text: India

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: India

text: Bhrat

text: Gaarjya

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: democracy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: China

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Bhutan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: India

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: India

text: 's

text: Andaman

text: and

text: Nicobar

text: Islands

text: share

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: New

text: Delhi

text: other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Mumbai

text: Kolkata

text: Chennai

text: Bangalore

text: Hyderabad

text: and

text: Ahmedabad

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

question: original_language_of_work hanthane kathawa

answer: sinhala

text: sinhala

text: sinhala

text: sinhala


text: The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government that manages all U.S. national parks, many American national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. It was created on August 25, 1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. The NPS is charged with a dual role of preserving the ecological and historical integrity of the places entrusted to its management while also making them available and accessible for public use and enjoyment.

text: The

text: National

text: Park

text: Service

text: NPS

text: is

text: an

text: agency

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: federal

text: government

text: that

text: manages

text: all

text: U.S.

text: national

text: parks

text: many

text: American

text: national

text: monuments

text: and

text: other

text: conservation

text: and

text: historical

text: properties

text: with

text: various

text: title

text: designations

text: It

text: was

text: created

text: on

text: August

text: by

text: Congress

text: through

text: the

text: National

text: Park

text: Service

text: Organic

text: Act

text: and

text: is

text: an

text: agency

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Department

text: of

text: the

text: Interior

text: The

text: NPS

text: is

text: charged

text: with

text: dual

text: role

text: of

text: preserving

text: the

text: ecological

text: and

text: historical

text: integrity

text: of

text: the

text: places

text: entrusted

text: to

text: its

text: management

text: while

text: also

text: making

text: them

text: available

text: and

text: accessible

text: for

text: public

text: use

text: and

text: enjoyment

text: A World Heritage Site is a landmark which has been officially recognized by the United Nations, specifically by UNESCO. Sites are selected on the basis of having cultural, historical, scientific or some other form of significance, and they are legally protected by international treaties. UNESCO regards these sites as being important to the collective interests of humanity.

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Site

text: is

text: landmark

text: which

text: has

text: been

text: officially

text: recognized

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: specifically

text: by

text: UNESCO

text: Sites

text: are

text: selected

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: having

text: cultural

text: historical

text: scientific

text: or

text: some

text: other

text: form

text: of

text: significance

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: legally

text: protected

text: by

text: international

text: treaties

text: UNESCO

text: regards

text: these

text: sites

text: as

text: being

text: important

text: to

text: the

text: collective

text: interests

text: of

text: humanity

text: Granite domes are domical hills composed of granite with bare rock exposed over most of the surface. Generally, domical features such as these are known as bornhardts. Bornhardts can form in any type of plutonic rock but are typically composed of granite and granitic gneiss. As granitic plutons cool kilometers below the earths surface minerals in the rock crystallize under uniform confining pressure. Erosion brings the rock closer to earths surface and the pressure from above the rock decreases; as a result the rock fractures. These fractures are known as exfoliation joints, or sheet fractures, and form in onionlike patterns that are parallel to the land surface. These sheets of rock peel off the exposed surface and in certain conditions develop domical structures. Additional theories on the origin of granite domes involve scarp-retreat and tectonic uplift.

text: Granite

text: domes

text: are

text: domical

text: hills

text: composed

text: of

text: granite

text: with

text: bare

text: rock

text: exposed

text: over

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: surface

text: Generally

text: domical

text: features

text: such

text: as

text: these

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: bornhardts

text: Bornhardts

text: can

text: form

text: in

text: any

text: type

text: of

text: plutonic

text: rock

text: but

text: are

text: typically

text: composed

text: of

text: granite

text: and

text: granitic

text: gneiss

text: As

text: granitic

text: plutons

text: cool

text: kilometers

text: below

text: the

text: earths

text: surface

text: minerals

text: in

text: the

text: rock

text: crystallize

text: under

text: uniform

text: confining

text: pressure

text: Erosion

text: brings

text: the

text: rock

text: closer

text: to

text: earths

text: surface

text: and

text: the

text: pressure

text: from

text: above

text: the

text: rock

text: decreases

text: as

text: result

text: the

text: rock

text: fractures

text: These

text: fractures

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: exfoliation

text: joints

text: or

text: sheet

text: fractures

text: and

text: form

text: in

text: onionlike

text: patterns

text: that

text: are

text: parallel

text: to

text: the

text: land

text: surface

text: These

text: sheets

text: of

text: rock

text: peel

text: off

text: the

text: exposed

text: surface

text: and

text: in

text: certain

text: conditions

text: develop

text: domical

text: structures

text: Additional

text: theories

text: on

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: granite

text: domes

text: involve

text: scarp

text: retreat

text: and

text: tectonic

text: uplift

text: Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture. Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color, depending on their mineralogy. The word "granite" comes from the Latin "granum", a grain, in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a holocrystalline rock. By definition, granite is an igneous rock with at least 20% quartz and up to 65% alkali feldspar by volume.

text: Granite

text: is

text: common

text: type

text: of

text: felsic

text: intrusive

text: igneous

text: rock

text: that

text: is

text: granular

text: and

text: phaneritic

text: in

text: texture

text: Granites

text: can

text: be

text: predominantly

text: white

text: pink

text: or

text: gray

text: in

text: color

text: depending

text: on

text: their

text: mineralogy

text: The

text: word

text: granite

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: granum

text: grain

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: coarse

text: grained

text: structure

text: of

text: such

text: holocrystalline

text: rock

text: By

text: definition

text: granite

text: is

text: an

text: igneous

text: rock

text: with

text: at

text: least

text: quartz

text: and

text: up

text: to

text: alkali

text: feldspar

text: by

text: volume

text: John Muir (April 21, 1838  December 24, 1914) also known as "John of the Mountains", was a Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada of California and Nevada, have been read by millions. His activism helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and other wilderness areas. The Sierra Club, which he founded, is a prominent American conservation organization. The John Muir Trail, a hiking trail in the Sierra Nevada, was named in his honor. Other such places include Muir Woods National Monument, Muir Beach, John Muir College, Mount Muir, Camp Muir and Muir Glacier. In Scotland, the John Muir Way, a 130-mile-long route, was named in honor of him.

text: John

text: Muir

text: April

text: December

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: John

text: of

text: the

text: Mountains

text: was

text: Scottish

text: American

text: naturalist

text: author

text: environmental

text: philosopher

text: and

text: early

text: advocate

text: of

text: preservation

text: of

text: wilderness

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: His

text: letters

text: essays

text: and

text: books

text: telling

text: of

text: his

text: adventures

text: in

text: nature

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: Sierra

text: Nevada

text: of

text: California

text: and

text: Nevada

text: have

text: been

text: read

text: by

text: millions

text: His

text: activism

text: helped

text: to

text: preserve

text: the

text: Yosemite

text: Valley

text: Sequoia

text: National

text: Park

text: and

text: other

text: wilderness

text: areas

text: The

text: Sierra

text: Club

text: which

text: he

text: founded

text: is

text: prominent

text: American

text: conservation

text: organization

text: The

text: John

text: Muir

text: Trail

text: hiking

text: trail

text: in

text: the

text: Sierra

text: Nevada

text: was

text: named

text: in

text: his

text: honor

text: Other

text: such

text: places

text: include

text: Muir

text: Woods

text: National

text: Monument

text: Muir

text: Beach

text: John

text: Muir

text: College

text: Mount

text: Muir

text: Camp

text: Muir

text: and

text: Muir

text: Glacier

text: In

text: Scotland

text: the

text: John

text: Muir

text: Way

text: long

text: route

text: was

text: named

text: in

text: honor

text: of

text: him

text: In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, then transport it away to another location. The particulate breakdown of rock or soil into clastic sediment is referred to as "physical" or "mechanical" erosion; this contrasts with "chemical" erosion, where soil or rock material is removed from an area by its dissolving into a solvent (typically water), followed by the flow away of that solution. Eroded sediment or solutes may be transported just a few millimetres, or for thousands of kilometres.

text: In

text: earth

text: science

text: erosion

text: is

text: the

text: action

text: of

text: surface

text: processes

text: such

text: as

text: water

text: flow

text: or

text: wind

text: that

text: remove

text: soil

text: rock

text: or

text: dissolved

text: material

text: from

text: one

text: location

text: on

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: then

text: transport

text: it

text: away

text: to

text: another

text: location

text: The

text: particulate

text: breakdown

text: of

text: rock

text: or

text: soil

text: into

text: clastic

text: sediment

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: physical

text: or

text: mechanical

text: erosion

text: this

text: contrasts

text: with

text: chemical

text: erosion

text: where

text: soil

text: or

text: rock

text: material

text: is

text: removed

text: from

text: an

text: area

text: by

text: its

text: dissolving

text: into

text: solvent

text: typically

text: water

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: flow

text: away

text: of

text: that

text: solution

text: Eroded

text: sediment

text: or

text: solutes

text: may

text: be

text: transported

text: just

text: few

text: millimetres

text: or

text: for

text: thousands

text: of

text: kilometres

text: A glacier (or ) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.

text: glacier

text: or

text: is

text: persistent

text: body

text: of

text: dense

text: ice

text: that

text: is

text: constantly

text: moving

text: under

text: its

text: own

text: weight

text: it

text: forms

text: where

text: the

text: accumulation

text: of

text: snow

text: exceeds

text: its

text: ablation

text: melting

text: and

text: sublimation

text: over

text: many

text: years

text: often

text: centuries

text: Glaciers

text: slowly

text: deform

text: and

text: flow

text: due

text: to

text: stresses

text: induced

text: by

text: their

text: weight

text: creating

text: crevasses

text: seracs

text: and

text: other

text: distinguishing

text: features

text: They

text: also

text: abrade

text: rock

text: and

text: debris

text: from

text: their

text: substrate

text: to

text: create

text: landforms

text: such

text: as

text: cirques

text: and

text: moraines

text: Glaciers

text: form

text: only

text: on

text: land

text: and

text: are

text: distinct

text: from

text: the

text: much

text: thinner

text: sea

text: ice

text: and

text: lake

text: ice

text: that

text: form

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: bodies

text: of

text: water

text: In geology, a pluton is a body of intrusive igneous rock (called a plutonic rock) that is crystallized from magma slowly cooling below the surface of the Earth. Plutons include batholiths, stocks, dikes, sills, laccoliths, lopoliths, and other igneous bodies. In practice, "pluton" usually refers to a distinctive mass of igneous rock, typically several kilometers in dimension, without a tabular shape like those of dikes and sills. Batholiths commonly are aggregations of plutons. Examples of plutons include Denali, Cuillin, Cardinal Peak, Mount Kinabalu and Stone Mountain.

text: In

text: geology

text: pluton

text: is

text: body

text: of

text: intrusive

text: igneous

text: rock

text: called

text: plutonic

text: rock

text: that

text: is

text: crystallized

text: from

text: magma

text: slowly

text: cooling

text: below

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: Plutons

text: include

text: batholiths

text: stocks

text: dikes

text: sills

text: laccoliths

text: lopoliths

text: and

text: other

text: igneous

text: bodies

text: In

text: practice

text: pluton

text: usually

text: refers

text: to

text: distinctive

text: mass

text: of

text: igneous

text: rock

text: typically

text: several

text: kilometers

text: in

text: dimension

text: without

text: tabular

text: shape

text: like

text: those

text: of

text: dikes

text: and

text: sills

text: Batholiths

text: commonly

text: are

text: aggregations

text: of

text: plutons

text: Examples

text: of

text: plutons

text: include

text: Denali

text: Cuillin

text: Cardinal

text: Peak

text: Mount

text: Kinabalu

text: and

text: Stone

text: Mountain

text: A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes. Often it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, there is a common idea: the conservation of 'wild nature' for posterity and as a symbol of national pride. An international organization, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined "National Park" as its "Category II" type of protected areas.

text: national

text: park

text: is

text: park

text: in

text: use

text: for

text: conservation

text: purposes

text: Often

text: it

text: is

text: reserve

text: of

text: natural

text: semi

text: natural

text: or

text: developed

text: land

text: that

text: sovereign

text: state

text: declares

text: or

text: owns

text: Although

text: individual

text: nations

text: designate

text: their

text: own

text: national

text: parks

text: differently

text: there

text: is

text: common

text: idea

text: the

text: conservation

text: of

text: wild

text: nature

text: for

text: posterity

text: and

text: as

text: symbol

text: of

text: national

text: pride

text: An

text: international

text: organization

text: the

text: International

text: Union

text: for

text: Conservation

text: of

text: Nature

text: IUCN

text: and

text: its

text: World

text: Commission

text: on

text: Protected

text: Areas

text: has

text: defined

text: National

text: Park

text: as

text: its

text: Category

text: II

text: type

text: of

text: protected

text: areas

text: Fairview Dome is a prominent granite dome in Yosemite National Park , located 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) north of Cathedral Peak and 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) west of Tuolumne Meadows . John Muir wrote of the peak : `` One of the best general views of the brightest and best of the Yosemite park landscapes that every Yosemite tourist should see , is to be had from the top of Fairview Dome , a lofty conoidal rock near Cathedral Peak that long ago I named the Tuolumne Glacier Monument , one of the most striking and best preserved of the domes ... The general view from the summit consists of a sublime assemblage of ice - born rocks and mountains , long wavering ridges , meadows , lakes , and forest - covered moraines , hundreds of square miles of them . '' The north face route is popular with rock climbers and is listed in the classic guidebook Fifty Classic Climbs of North America . Routes vary in difficulty up to possibly class 5.11 .

text: Fairview

text: Dome

text: is

text: prominent

text: granite

text: dome

text: in

text: Yosemite

text: National

text: Park

text: located

text: miles

text: km

text: north

text: of

text: Cathedral

text: Peak

text: and

text: miles

text: km

text: west

text: of

text: Tuolumne

text: Meadows

text: John

text: Muir

text: wrote

text: of

text: the

text: peak

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: general

text: views

text: of

text: the

text: brightest

text: and

text: best

text: of

text: the

text: Yosemite

text: park

text: landscapes

text: that

text: every

text: Yosemite

text: tourist

text: should

text: see

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: had

text: from

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: Fairview

text: Dome

text: lofty

text: conoidal

text: rock

text: near

text: Cathedral

text: Peak

text: that

text: long

text: ago

text: named

text: the

text: Tuolumne

text: Glacier

text: Monument

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: striking

text: and

text: best

text: preserved

text: of

text: the

text: domes

text: The

text: general

text: view

text: from

text: the

text: summit

text: consists

text: of

text: sublime

text: assemblage

text: of

text: ice

text: born

text: rocks

text: and

text: mountains

text: long

text: wavering

text: ridges

text: meadows

text: lakes

text: and

text: forest

text: covered

text: moraines

text: hundreds

text: of

text: square

text: miles

text: of

text: them

text: The

text: north

text: face

text: route

text: is

text: popular

text: with

text: rock

text: climbers

text: and

text: is

text: listed

text: in

text: the

text: classic

text: guidebook

text: Fifty

text: Classic

text: Climbs

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: Routes

text: vary

text: in

text: difficulty

text: up

text: to

text: possibly

text: class

text: Galen Clark (March 28, 1814  March 24, 1910) is known as the first European American to discover the Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoia trees, and is notable for his role in gaining legislation to protect it and the Yosemite area, and for 24 years serving as Guardian of Yosemite National Park.

text: Galen

text: Clark

text: March

text: March

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: European

text: American

text: to

text: discover

text: the

text: Mariposa

text: Grove

text: of

text: Giant

text: Sequoia

text: trees

text: and

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: his

text: role

text: in

text: gaining

text: legislation

text: to

text: protect

text: it

text: and

text: the

text: Yosemite

text: area

text: and

text: for

text: years

text: serving

text: as

text: Guardian

text: of

text: Yosemite

text: National

text: Park

text: Rock climbing is an activity in which participants climb up, down or across natural rock formations or artificial rock walls. The goal is to reach the summit of a formation or the endpoint of a usually pre-defined route without falling. Due to the length and extended endurance required and because accidents are more likely to happen on descent than ascent, Rock Climbers do not usually climb back down the route. It is very rare for a climber to downclimb, especially on the larger multiple pitches (class III- IV and /or multi-day grades IV-VI climbs). Professional Rock climbing competitions have the objectives of either completing the route in the quickest possible time or attaining the farthest point on an increasingly difficult route. Scrambling, another activity involving the scaling of hills and similar formations, is similar to rock climbing. However, rock climbing is generally differentiated by its sustained use of hands to support the climber's weight as well as to provide balance.

text: Rock

text: climbing

text: is

text: an

text: activity

text: in

text: which

text: participants

text: climb

text: up

text: down

text: or

text: across

text: natural

text: rock

text: formations

text: or

text: artificial

text: rock

text: walls

text: The

text: goal

text: is

text: to

text: reach

text: the

text: summit

text: of

text: formation

text: or

text: the

text: endpoint

text: of

text: usually

text: pre

text: defined

text: route

text: without

text: falling

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: length

text: and

text: extended

text: endurance

text: required

text: and

text: because

text: accidents

text: are

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: happen

text: on

text: descent

text: than

text: ascent

text: Rock

text: Climbers

text: do

text: not

text: usually

text: climb

text: back

text: down

text: the

text: route

text: It

text: is

text: very

text: rare

text: for

text: climber

text: to

text: downclimb

text: especially

text: on

text: the

text: larger

text: multiple

text: pitches

text: class

text: III-

text: IV

text: and

text: /or

text: multi

text: day

text: grades

text: IV

text: VI

text: climbs

text: Professional

text: Rock

text: climbing

text: competitions

text: have

text: the

text: objectives

text: of

text: either

text: completing

text: the

text: route

text: in

text: the

text: quickest

text: possible

text: time

text: or

text: attaining

text: the

text: farthest

text: point

text: on

text: an

text: increasingly

text: difficult

text: route

text: Scrambling

text: another

text: activity

text: involving

text: the

text: scaling

text: of

text: hills

text: and

text: similar

text: formations

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: rock

text: climbing

text: However

text: rock

text: climbing

text: is

text: generally

text: differentiated

text: by

text: its

text: sustained

text: use

text: of

text: hands

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: climber

text: 's

text: weight

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: to

text: provide

text: balance

text: Tuolumne Meadows is a gentle, dome-studded sub-alpine meadowy section of the Tuolumne River, in the eastern section of Yosemite National Park, in the United States. Its approximate location is . Its approximate elevation is . The term "Tuolumne Meadows" is also often used to describe large portion of Yosemite high country around the meadows, especially in context of rock climbing.

text: Tuolumne

text: Meadows

text: is

text: gentle

text: dome

text: studded

text: sub

text: alpine

text: meadowy

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: Tuolumne

text: River

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: section

text: of

text: Yosemite

text: National

text: Park

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Its

text: approximate

text: location

text: is

text: Its

text: approximate

text: elevation

text: is

text: The

text: term

text: Tuolumne

text: Meadows

text: is

text: also

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: large

text: portion

text: of

text: Yosemite

text: high

text: country

text: around

text: the

text: meadows

text: especially

text: in

text: context

text: of

text: rock

text: climbing

text: California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western (Pacific Ocean) coast of the U.S., California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. The state capital is Sacramento. Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second largest after New York City. The state also has the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County.

text: California

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: extensive

text: by

text: area

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: California

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: other

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: Oregon

text: Nevada

text: and

text: Arizona

text: and

text: shares

text: an

text: international

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: Mexican

text: state

text: of

text: Baja

text: California

text: The

text: state

text: capital

text: is

text: Sacramento

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: is

text: California

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: after

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: The

text: state

text: also

text: has

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: county

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: County

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: county

text: by

text: area

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: County

text: Northern California, often abbreviated NorCal, is the northern portion of the U.S. state of California. Spanning the state's northernmost 48 counties, in contrast to the 10 counties of Southern California, its main population centers include the San Francisco Bay Area (anchored by the cities of San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland), the Greater Sacramento area (anchored by the state capital Sacramento), and the Metropolitan Fresno area (anchored by the city of Fresno). Northern California also contains redwood forests, along with the Sierra Nevada including Yosemite Valley and part of Lake Tahoe, Mount Shasta (the second-highest peak in the Cascade Range after Mount Rainier in Washington), and the northern portion of the Central Valley, one of the world's most productive agricultural regions.

text: Northern

text: California

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: NorCal

text: is

text: the

text: northern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: California

text: Spanning

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: northernmost

text: counties

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: counties

text: of

text: Southern

text: California

text: its

text: main

text: population

text: centers

text: include

text: the

text: San

text: Francisco

text: Bay

text: Area

text: anchored

text: by

text: the

text: cities

text: of

text: San

text: Francisco

text: San

text: Jose

text: and

text: Oakland

text: the

text: Greater

text: Sacramento

text: area

text: anchored

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: capital

text: Sacramento

text: and

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: Fresno

text: area

text: anchored

text: by

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Fresno

text: Northern

text: California

text: also

text: contains

text: redwood

text: forests

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Sierra

text: Nevada

text: including

text: Yosemite

text: Valley

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: Lake

text: Tahoe

text: Mount

text: Shasta

text: the

text: second

text: highest

text: peak

text: in

text: the

text: Cascade

text: Range

text: after

text: Mount

text: Rainier

text: in

text: Washington

text: and

text: the

text: northern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Central

text: Valley

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: productive

text: agricultural

text: regions

text: A lake is an area of variable size filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, and therefore are distinct from lagoons, and are also larger and deeper than ponds, though there are no official or scientific definitions. Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams.

text: lake

text: is

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: variable

text: size

text: filled

text: with

text: water

text: localized

text: in

text: basin

text: that

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: land

text: apart

text: from

text: any

text: river

text: or

text: other

text: outlet

text: that

text: serves

text: to

text: feed

text: or

text: drain

text: the

text: lake

text: Lakes

text: lie

text: on

text: land

text: and

text: are

text: not

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: ocean

text: and

text: therefore

text: are

text: distinct

text: from

text: lagoons

text: and

text: are

text: also

text: larger

text: and

text: deeper

text: than

text: ponds

text: though

text: there

text: are

text: no

text: official

text: or

text: scientific

text: definitions

text: Lakes

text: can

text: be

text: contrasted

text: with

text: rivers

text: or

text: streams

text: which

text: are

text: usually

text: flowing

text: Most

text: lakes

text: are

text: fed

text: and

text: drained

text: by

text: rivers

text: and

text: streams

text: A waterfall is a place where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of drops in the course of a stream or river. Waterfalls also occur where meltwater drops over the edge of a tabular iceberg or ice shelf.

text: waterfall

text: is

text: place

text: where

text: water

text: flows

text: over

text: vertical

text: drop

text: or

text: series

text: of

text: drops

text: in

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: stream

text: or

text: river

text: Waterfalls

text: also

text: occur

text: where

text: meltwater

text: drops

text: over

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: tabular

text: iceberg

text: or

text: ice

text: shelf

text: Yosemite National Park is a national park spanning portions of Tuolumne, Mariposa and Madera counties in Northern California. The park, which is managed by the National Park Service, covers an area of and reaches across the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountain range. About 4 million people visit Yosemite each year: most spend the majority of their time in the seven square miles (18 km) of Yosemite Valley. Designated a World Heritage Site in 1984, Yosemite is internationally recognized for its granite cliffs, waterfalls, clear streams, giant sequoia groves, lakes, mountains, glaciers, and biological diversity. Almost 95% of the park is designated wilderness. Yosemite was central to the development of the national park idea. First, Galen Clark and others lobbied to protect Yosemite Valley from development, ultimately leading to President Abraham Lincoln's signing the Yosemite Grant in 1864. Later, John Muir led a successful movement to establish a larger national park encompassing not just the valley, but surrounding mountains and forests as wellpaving the way for the United States national park system.

text: Yosemite

text: National

text: Park

text: is

text: national

text: park

text: spanning

text: portions

text: of

text: Tuolumne

text: Mariposa

text: and

text: Madera

text: counties

text: in

text: Northern

text: California

text: The

text: park

text: which

text: is

text: managed

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Park

text: Service

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: reaches

text: across

text: the

text: western

text: slopes

text: of

text: the

text: Sierra

text: Nevada

text: mountain

text: range

text: About

text: million

text: people

text: visit

text: Yosemite

text: each

text: year

text: most

text: spend

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: their

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: seven

text: square

text: miles

text: km

text: of

text: Yosemite

text: Valley

text: Designated

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Site

text: in

text: Yosemite

text: is

text: internationally

text: recognized

text: for

text: its

text: granite

text: cliffs

text: waterfalls

text: clear

text: streams

text: giant

text: sequoia

text: groves

text: lakes

text: mountains

text: glaciers

text: and

text: biological

text: diversity

text: Almost

text: of

text: the

text: park

text: is

text: designated

text: wilderness

text: Yosemite

text: was

text: central

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: national

text: park

text: idea

text: First

text: Galen

text: Clark

text: and

text: others

text: lobbied

text: to

text: protect

text: Yosemite

text: Valley

text: from

text: development

text: ultimately

text: leading

text: to

text: President

text: Abraham

text: Lincoln

text: 's

text: signing

text: the

text: Yosemite

text: Grant

text: in

text: Later

text: John

text: Muir

text: led

text: successful

text: movement

text: to

text: establish

text: larger

text: national

text: park

text: encompassing

text: not

text: just

text: the

text: valley

text: but

text: surrounding

text: mountains

text: and

text: forests

text: as

text: wellpaving

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: national

text: park

text: system

text: Gneiss is a common distributed type of rock formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from pre-existing formations that were originally either igneous or sedimentary rocks. It is often foliated (composed of layers of sheet-like planar structures). The foliations are characterized by alternating darker and lighter colored bands, called "gneissic banding".

text: Gneiss

text: is

text: common

text: distributed

text: type

text: of

text: rock

text: formed

text: by

text: high

text: grade

text: regional

text: metamorphic

text: processes

text: from

text: pre

text: existing

text: formations

text: that

text: were

text: originally

text: either

text: igneous

text: or

text: sedimentary

text: rocks

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: foliated

text: composed

text: of

text: layers

text: of

text: sheet

text: like

text: planar

text: structures

text: The

text: foliations

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: alternating

text: darker

text: and

text: lighter

text: colored

text: bands

text: called

text: gneissic

text: banding

text: A stream is a body of water with a current, confined within a bed and banks. Depending on its location or certain characteristics, a stream may be referred to as a "bayou", "beck", "branch", "brook", "burn", "creek", "crick", "ghyll", "gill", "kill", "lick", "mill race", "race", "rill", "river", "rivulet", "run", "runnel", "streamage", "syke", or "wash".

text: stream

text: is

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: with

text: current

text: confined

text: within

text: bed

text: and

text: banks

text: Depending

text: on

text: its

text: location

text: or

text: certain

text: characteristics

text: stream

text: may

text: be

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: bayou

text: beck

text: branch

text: brook

text: burn

text: creek

text: crick

text: ghyll

text: gill

text: kill

text: lick

text: mill

text: race

text: race

text: rill

text: river

text: rivulet

text: run

text: runnel

text: streamage

text: syke

text: or

text: wash

text: Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809  April 15, 1865) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil Warits bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy.

text: Abraham

text: Lincoln

text: February

text: April

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: politician

text: and

text: lawyer

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: from

text: March

text: until

text: his

text: assassination

text: in

text: April

text: Lincoln

text: led

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: through

text: its

text: Civil

text: Warits

text: bloodiest

text: war

text: and

text: perhaps

text: its

text: greatest

text: moral

text: constitutional

text: and

text: political

text: crisis

text: In

text: doing

text: so

text: he

text: preserved

text: the

text: Union

text: abolished

text: slavery

text: strengthened

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: and

text: modernized

text: the

text: economy

text: Exfoliation joints or sheet joints are surface-parallel fracture systems in rock often leading to erosion of concentric slabs.

text: Exfoliation

text: joints

text: or

text: sheet

text: joints

text: are

text: surface

text: parallel

text: fracture

text: systems

text: in

text: rock

text: often

text: leading

text: to

text: erosion

text: of

text: concentric

text: slabs

text: The Tuolumne River ("To All o' Me"; Yokutsan: "Tawalimnu") flows for through Central California, from the high Sierra Nevada to join the San Joaquin River in the Central Valley. Originating at over above sea level in Yosemite National Park, the Tuolumne drains a rugged watershed of , carving a series of canyons through the western slope of the Sierra. While the upper Tuolumne is a fast-flowing mountain stream, the lower river crosses a broad, fertile and extensively cultivated alluvial plain. Like most other central California rivers, the Tuolumne is dammed multiple times for irrigation and the generation of hydroelectricity.

text: The

text: Tuolumne

text: River

text: To

text: All

text: Me

text: Yokutsan

text: Tawalimnu

text: flows

text: for

text: through

text: Central

text: California

text: from

text: the

text: high

text: Sierra

text: Nevada

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: San

text: Joaquin

text: River

text: in

text: the

text: Central

text: Valley

text: Originating

text: at

text: over

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: in

text: Yosemite

text: National

text: Park

text: the

text: Tuolumne

text: drains

text: rugged

text: watershed

text: of

text: carving

text: series

text: of

text: canyons

text: through

text: the

text: western

text: slope

text: of

text: the

text: Sierra

text: While

text: the

text: upper

text: Tuolumne

text: is

text: fast

text: flowing

text: mountain

text: stream

text: the

text: lower

text: river

text: crosses

text: broad

text: fertile

text: and

text: extensively

text: cultivated

text: alluvial

text: plain

text: Like

text: most

text: other

text: central

text: California

text: rivers

text: the

text: Tuolumne

text: is

text: dammed

text: multiple

text: times

text: for

text: irrigation

text: and

text: the

text: generation

text: of

text: hydroelectricity

text: Yosemite Valley is a glacial valley in Yosemite National Park in the western Sierra Nevada mountains of Northern California. The valley is about long and up to a mile deep, surrounded by high granite summits such as Half Dome and El Capitan, and densely forested with pines. The valley is drained by the Merced River and a multitude of streams and waterfalls including Tenaya, Illilouette, Yosemite and Bridalveil Creeks. Yosemite Falls is the highest waterfall in North America, and is a big attraction especially in the spring when the water flow is at its peak. The valley is renowned for its natural beauty, and is widely regarded as the centerpiece of Yosemite National Park, attracting visitors from around the world.

text: Yosemite

text: Valley

text: is

text: glacial

text: valley

text: in

text: Yosemite

text: National

text: Park

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: Sierra

text: Nevada

text: mountains

text: of

text: Northern

text: California

text: The

text: valley

text: is

text: about

text: long

text: and

text: up

text: to

text: mile

text: deep

text: surrounded

text: by

text: high

text: granite

text: summits

text: such

text: as

text: Half

text: Dome

text: and

text: El

text: Capitan

text: and

text: densely

text: forested

text: with

text: pines

text: The

text: valley

text: is

text: drained

text: by

text: the

text: Merced

text: River

text: and

text: multitude

text: of

text: streams

text: and

text: waterfalls

text: including

text: Tenaya

text: Illilouette

text: Yosemite

text: and

text: Bridalveil

text: Creeks

text: Yosemite

text: Falls

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: waterfall

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: is

text: big

text: attraction

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: spring

text: when

text: the

text: water

text: flow

text: is

text: at

text: its

text: peak

text: The

text: valley

text: is

text: renowned

text: for

text: its

text: natural

text: beauty

text: and

text: is

text: widely

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: centerpiece

text: of

text: Yosemite

text: National

text: Park

text: attracting

text: visitors

text: from

text: around

text: the

text: world

annotations: likely multiple

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity fairview dome

answer: california

text: california

text: california

text: california

text: california

text: california

text: california

text: california

text: california

text: california

text: california

text: california

text: california

text: california