text: Ancient Rome was an Italic civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population) and covering 5.0 million square kilometers at its height in AD 117.

text: Ancient

text: Rome

text: was

text: an

text: Italic

text: civilization

text: that

text: began

text: on

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: Located

text: along

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: it

text: expanded

text: to

text: become

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: empires

text: in

text: the

text: ancient

text: world

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: and

text: covering

text: million

text: square

text: kilometers

text: at

text: its

text: height

text: in

text: AD

text: The Roman Republic was the era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: was

text: the

text: era

text: of

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: beginning

text: with

text: the

text: overthrow

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Kingdom

text: traditionally

text: dated

text: to

text: BC

text: and

text: ending

text: in

text: BC

text: with

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: It

text: was

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: that

text: Rome

text: 's

text: control

text: expanded

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: immediate

text: surroundings

text: to

text: hegemony

text: over

text: the

text: entire

text: Mediterranean

text: world

text: Imperium is a Latin word which, in a broad sense, translates roughly as 'power to command'. In ancient Rome, different kinds of power or authority were distinguished by different terms. "Imperium" referred to the ability of an individual to command the military. It is not to be confused with "auctoritas" or "potestas", different and generally inferior types of power in the Roman Republic and Empire. Primarily used to refer to the power that is wielded, in greater or lesser degree, by an individual to whom it is delegated, the term could also be used with a geographical connotation, designating the territorial limits of that "imperium". Individuals given such power were referred to as curule magistrates or promagistrates. These included the curule aedile, the praetor, the censor, the consul, the magister equitum, and the dictator.

text: Imperium

text: is

text: Latin

text: word

text: which

text: in

text: broad

text: sense

text: translates

text: roughly

text: as

text: power

text: to

text: command

text: In

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: different

text: kinds

text: of

text: power

text: or

text: authority

text: were

text: distinguished

text: by

text: different

text: terms

text: Imperium

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: ability

text: of

text: an

text: individual

text: to

text: command

text: the

text: military

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: auctoritas

text: or

text: potestas

text: different

text: and

text: generally

text: inferior

text: types

text: of

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: and

text: Empire

text: Primarily

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: power

text: that

text: is

text: wielded

text: in

text: greater

text: or

text: lesser

text: degree

text: by

text: an

text: individual

text: to

text: whom

text: it

text: is

text: delegated

text: the

text: term

text: could

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: with

text: geographical

text: connotation

text: designating

text: the

text: territorial

text: limits

text: of

text: that

text: imperium

text: Individuals

text: given

text: such

text: power

text: were

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: curule

text: magistrates

text: or

text: promagistrates

text: These

text: included

text: the

text: curule

text: aedile

text: the

text: praetor

text: the

text: censor

text: the

text: consul

text: the

text: magister

text: equitum

text: and

text: the

text: dictator

text: Gaius Julius Caesar (13 July 100 BC  15 March 44 BC), known as Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician, general, and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.

text: Gaius

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: July

text: BC

text: March

text: BC

text: known

text: as

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: was

text: Roman

text: politician

text: general

text: and

text: notable

text: author

text: of

text: Latin

text: prose

text: He

text: played

text: critical

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: events

text: that

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: demise

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: and

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text:
The Grass Crown or Blockade Crown (Latin: "corona graminea" or "corona obsidionalis") was the highest and rarest of all military decorations in the Roman Republic and early Roman empire. It was presented only to a general, commander, or officer whose actions saved the legion or the entire army. One example of actions leading to awarding of a grass crown would be a general who broke the blockade around a beleaguered Roman army. The crown was made from plant materials taken from the battlefield, including grasses, flowers, and various cereals such as wheat; it was presented to the general by the army he had saved.
History.
Pliny wrote about the grass crown at some length in his "Natural History" ("Naturalis Historia"):
Pliny also lists the persons who by their deeds won the grass crown:

text: The

text: Grass

text: Crown

text: or

text: Blockade

text: Crown

text: Latin

text: corona

text: graminea

text: or

text: corona

text: obsidionalis

text: was

text: the

text: highest

text: and

text: rarest

text: of

text: all

text: military

text: decorations

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: and

text: early

text: Roman

text: empire

text: It

text: was

text: presented

text: only

text: to

text: general

text: commander

text: or

text: officer

text: whose

text: actions

text: saved

text: the

text: legion

text: or

text: the

text: entire

text: army

text: One

text: example

text: of

text: actions

text: leading

text: to

text: awarding

text: of

text: grass

text: crown

text: would

text: be

text: general

text: who

text: broke

text: the

text: blockade

text: around

text: beleaguered

text: Roman

text: army

text: The

text: crown

text: was

text: made

text: from

text: plant

text: materials

text: taken

text: from

text: the

text: battlefield

text: including

text: grasses

text: flowers

text: and

text: various

text: cereals

text: such

text: as

text: wheat

text: it

text: was

text: presented

text: to

text: the

text: general

text: by

text: the

text: army

text: he

text: had

text: saved

text: History

text: Pliny

text: wrote

text: about

text: the

text: grass

text: crown

text: at

text: some

text: length

text: in

text: his

text: Natural

text: History

text: Naturalis

text: Historia

text: Pliny

text: also

text: lists

text: the

text: persons

text: who

text: by

text: their

text: deeds

text: won

text: the

text: grass

text: crown

text: Gaius Sosius was a Roman general and politician . Gaius Sosius was elected quaestor in 66 BC and praetor in 49 BC. Upon the start of the civil war , he joined the party of the Senate sometimes called optimates by modern scholars ( even though the term belongs to the era of Sulla and Marius ) . Upon the flight of Pompey to Greece , Sosius returned to Rome and submitted to Julius Caesar . After the assassination of Caesar , Sosius joined the party of Mark Antony , by whom in 38 BC he was appointed governor of Syria and Cilicia in the place of Publius Ventidius . As governor , Sosius was commanded by Antony to support Herod against Antigonus the Hasmonean , when the latter was in possession of Jerusalem . In 37 BC , he advanced against Jerusalem and after he became master of the city , Sosius placed Herod upon the throne . In return for this services , he was awarded a triumph in 34 BC , and he became consul along with Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus as his colleague in 32 BC. When civil war broke out between Antony and Octavian , Sosius espoused the cause of Antony and violently attacked Octavian in the senate , for which he was forced to flee to the east . In 31 BC , Sosius commanded a squadron in Mark Antony 's fleet with which he managed to defeat the squadron of Taurius Rufus -- according to Dio 50.14 -- and put it to flight , but when the latter was reinforced by Marcus Agrippa , Sosius 's ally Tarcondimotus I -- the king of Cilicia -- was killed and Sosius himself was forced to flee . Dio mistakenly suggests that Sosius died as well , but later affirms he was alive at the battle of Actium . At Actium , Sosius commanded the left wing of the fleet . After the battle , from which he managed to escape , his hiding place was detected and Sosius was captured and brought before Octavian but , at the intercession of Lucius Arruntius , Octavian pardoned him . He returned to Rome and completed his building project on the temple of Apollo Medicus ( begun in 34 BC ) , dedicating it in Octavian 's name . Unknown sons , but two daughters : Sosia and Sosia Galla , possibly by an Asinia , a Nonia or an Aelia . However the name reappears with Q. Sosius Senecio , ( consul in 99 and 107 ) . and Saint Sosius ( 275 - 305 AD ) . Sosius attended the Ludi Saeculares in 17 according to an inscription CIL 6.32323 = ILS 5050 as a quindecimvir . Sosius appears on the Ara Pacis within the College of the quindecimviri sacris faciundis .

text: Gaius

text: Sosius

text: was

text: Roman

text: general

text: and

text: politician

text: Gaius

text: Sosius

text: was

text: elected

text: quaestor

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: praetor

text: in

text: BC

text: Upon

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: civil

text: war

text: he

text: joined

text: the

text: party

text: of

text: the

text: Senate

text: sometimes

text: called

text: optimates

text: by

text: modern

text: scholars

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: term

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: era

text: of

text: Sulla

text: and

text: Marius

text: Upon

text: the

text: flight

text: of

text: Pompey

text: to

text: Greece

text: Sosius

text: returned

text: to

text: Rome

text: and

text: submitted

text: to

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: After

text: the

text: assassination

text: of

text: Caesar

text: Sosius

text: joined

text: the

text: party

text: of

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: by

text: whom

text: in

text: BC

text: he

text: was

text: appointed

text: governor

text: of

text: Syria

text: and

text: Cilicia

text: in

text: the

text: place

text: of

text: Publius

text: Ventidius

text: As

text: governor

text: Sosius

text: was

text: commanded

text: by

text: Antony

text: to

text: support

text: Herod

text: against

text: Antigonus

text: the

text: Hasmonean

text: when

text: the

text: latter

text: was

text: in

text: possession

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: In

text: BC

text: he

text: advanced

text: against

text: Jerusalem

text: and

text: after

text: he

text: became

text: master

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: Sosius

text: placed

text: Herod

text: upon

text: the

text: throne

text: In

text: return

text: for

text: this

text: services

text: he

text: was

text: awarded

text: triumph

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: he

text: became

text: consul

text: along

text: with

text: Gnaeus

text: Domitius

text: Ahenobarbus

text: as

text: his

text: colleague

text: in

text: BC

text: When

text: civil

text: war

text: broke

text: out

text: between

text: Antony

text: and

text: Octavian

text: Sosius

text: espoused

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: Antony

text: and

text: violently

text: attacked

text: Octavian

text: in

text: the

text: senate

text: for

text: which

text: he

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: flee

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: BC

text: Sosius

text: commanded

text: squadron

text: in

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: 's

text: fleet

text: with

text: which

text: he

text: managed

text: to

text: defeat

text: the

text: squadron

text: of

text: Taurius

text: Rufus

text: according

text: to

text: Dio

text: and

text: put

text: it

text: to

text: flight

text: but

text: when

text: the

text: latter

text: was

text: reinforced

text: by

text: Marcus

text: Agrippa

text: Sosius

text: 's

text: ally

text: Tarcondimotus

text: the

text: king

text: of

text: Cilicia

text: was

text: killed

text: and

text: Sosius

text: himself

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: flee

text: Dio

text: mistakenly

text: suggests

text: that

text: Sosius

text: died

text: as

text: well

text: but

text: later

text: affirms

text: he

text: was

text: alive

text: at

text: the

text: battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: At

text: Actium

text: Sosius

text: commanded

text: the

text: left

text: wing

text: of

text: the

text: fleet

text: After

text: the

text: battle

text: from

text: which

text: he

text: managed

text: to

text: escape

text: his

text: hiding

text: place

text: was

text: detected

text: and

text: Sosius

text: was

text: captured

text: and

text: brought

text: before

text: Octavian

text: but

text: at

text: the

text: intercession

text: of

text: Lucius

text: Arruntius

text: Octavian

text: pardoned

text: him

text: He

text: returned

text: to

text: Rome

text: and

text: completed

text: his

text: building

text: project

text: on

text: the

text: temple

text: of

text: Apollo

text: Medicus

text: begun

text: in

text: BC

text: dedicating

text: it

text: in

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: name

text: Unknown

text: sons

text: but

text: two

text: daughters

text: Sosia

text: and

text: Sosia

text: Galla

text: possibly

text: by

text: an

text: Asinia

text: Nonia

text: or

text: an

text: Aelia

text: However

text: the

text: name

text: reappears

text: with

text: Sosius

text: Senecio

text: consul

text: in

text: and

text: and

text: Saint

text: Sosius

text: AD

text: Sosius

text: attended

text: the

text: Ludi

text: Saeculares

text: in

text: according

text: to

text: an

text: inscription

text: CIL

text: ILS

text: as

text: quindecimvir

text: Sosius

text: appears

text: on

text: the

text: Ara

text: Pacis

text: within

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: the

text: quindecimviri

text: sacris

text: faciundis

text: The Roman Empire (Koine and Medieval Greek:   , tr. ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title "Augustus", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Koine

text: and

text: Medieval

text: Greek

text: tr

text: was

text: the

text: post

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: characterized

text: by

text: government

text: headed

text: by

text: emperors

text: and

text: large

text: territorial

text: holdings

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: in

text: Europe

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: BC

text: AD

text: with

text: Constantinople

text: New

text: Rome

text: becoming

text: the

text: largest

text: around

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: populace

text: grew

text: to

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: old

text: republic

text: which

text: preceded

text: it

text: was

text: severely

text: destabilized

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: and

text: political

text: conflict

text: during

text: which

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: perpetual

text: dictator

text: and

text: then

text: assassinated

text: in

text: BC

text: Civil

text: wars

text: and

text: executions

text: continued

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: victory

text: of

text: Octavian

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: adopted

text: son

text: over

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: Cleopatra

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: power

text: was

text: then

text: unassailable

text: and

text: in

text: BC

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: formally

text: granted

text: him

text: overarching

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: title

text: Augustus

text: effectively

text: marking

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: The Populrs ("favouring the people", singular "populris") were a grouping in the late Roman Republic which favoured the cause of the plebeians (the commoners), particularly the urban poor. It supported laws regarding the provision of a grain dole for the poor by the state at a subsidised price. It wanted reforms which helped the poor, particularly land redistribution for the poor to farm and debt relief. At times it also supported the extension of Roman citizenship to Rome's Italic allies. A popularis was a politician who supported this faction. The populares are regarded in modern scholarship as in opposition to the "optimates", who are identified with the conservative interests of the patricians (the aristocracy) and supported the senate, which represented its interests.

text: The

text: Populrs

text: favouring

text: the

text: people

text: singular

text: populris

text: were

text: grouping

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: which

text: favoured

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: the

text: plebeians

text: the

text: commoners

text: particularly

text: the

text: urban

text: poor

text: It

text: supported

text: laws

text: regarding

text: the

text: provision

text: of

text: grain

text: dole

text: for

text: the

text: poor

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: at

text: subsidised

text: price

text: It

text: wanted

text: reforms

text: which

text: helped

text: the

text: poor

text: particularly

text: land

text: redistribution

text: for

text: the

text: poor

text: to

text: farm

text: and

text: debt

text: relief

text: At

text: times

text: it

text: also

text: supported

text: the

text: extension

text: of

text: Roman

text: citizenship

text: to

text: Rome

text: 's

text: Italic

text: allies

text: popularis

text: was

text: politician

text: who

text: supported

text: this

text: faction

text: The

text: populares

text: are

text: regarded

text: in

text: modern

text: scholarship

text: as

text: in

text: opposition

text: to

text: the

text: optimates

text: who

text: are

text: identified

text: with

text: the

text: conservative

text: interests

text: of

text: the

text: patricians

text: the

text: aristocracy

text: and

text: supported

text: the

text: senate

text: which

text: represented

text: its

text: interests

text: Consul (abbrev. "cos."; Latin plural "consules") was the title of one of the chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently a somewhat significant title under the Roman Empire. The title was also used in other city states and also revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic. The relating adjective is consular, from the "consularis".

text: Consul

text: abbrev

text: cos

text: Latin

text: plural

text: consules

text: was

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: chief

text: magistrates

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: and

text: subsequently

text: somewhat

text: significant

text: title

text: under

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: The

text: title

text: was

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: other

text: city

text: states

text: and

text: also

text: revived

text: in

text: modern

text: states

text: notably

text: in

text: the

text: First

text: French

text: Republic

text: The

text: relating

text: adjective

text: is

text: consular

text: from

text: the

text: consularis

text: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (29 September 106 BC  28 September 48 BC), usually known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic. He came from a wealthy Italian provincial background, and his father had been the first to establish the family among the Roman nobility. Pompey's immense success as a general while still very young enabled him to advance directly to his first consulship without meeting the normal requirements for office. His success as a military commander in Sulla's Second Civil War resulted in Sulla bestowing the nickname "Magnus", "the Great", upon him. He was consul three times and celebrated three triumphs.

text: Gnaeus

text: Pompeius

text: Magnus

text: September

text: BC

text: September

text: BC

text: usually

text: known

text: in

text: English

text: as

text: Pompey

text: or

text: Pompey

text: the

text: Great

text: was

text: military

text: and

text: political

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: He

text: came

text: from

text: wealthy

text: Italian

text: provincial

text: background

text: and

text: his

text: father

text: had

text: been

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: establish

text: the

text: family

text: among

text: the

text: Roman

text: nobility

text: Pompey

text: 's

text: immense

text: success

text: as

text: general

text: while

text: still

text: very

text: young

text: enabled

text: him

text: to

text: advance

text: directly

text: to

text: his

text: first

text: consulship

text: without

text: meeting

text: the

text: normal

text: requirements

text: for

text: office

text: His

text: success

text: as

text: military

text: commander

text: in

text: Sulla

text: 's

text: Second

text: Civil

text: War

text: resulted

text: in

text: Sulla

text: bestowing

text: the

text: nickname

text: Magnus

text: the

text: Great

text: upon

text: him

text: He

text: was

text: consul

text: three

text: times

text: and

text: celebrated

text: three

text: triumphs

text:
A tribunal, generally, is any person or institution with authority to judge, adjudicate on, or determine claims or disputeswhether or not it is called a tribunal in its title.
For example, an advocate who appears before a court with a single judge could describe that judge as 'their tribunal'. Many governmental bodies that are titled 'tribunals' are so described to emphasize that they are not courts of normal jurisdiction. For example, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda is a body specially constituted under international law; in Great Britain, employment tribunals are bodies set up to hear specific employment disputes. Private judicial bodies are also often styled 'tribunals'. The word "tribunal" is not conclusive of a body's function. For example, in Great Britain, the Employment Appeal Tribunal is a superior court of record.

text: tribunal

text: generally

text: is

text: any

text: person

text: or

text: institution

text: with

text: authority

text: to

text: judge

text: adjudicate

text: on

text: or

text: determine

text: claims

text: or

text: disputeswhether

text: or

text: not

text: it

text: is

text: called

text: tribunal

text: in

text: its

text: title

text: For

text: example

text: an

text: advocate

text: who

text: appears

text: before

text: court

text: with

text: single

text: judge

text: could

text: describe

text: that

text: judge

text: as

text: their

text: tribunal

text: Many

text: governmental

text: bodies

text: that

text: are

text: titled

text: tribunals

text: are

text: so

text: described

text: to

text: emphasize

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: not

text: courts

text: of

text: normal

text: jurisdiction

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: International

text: Criminal

text: Tribunal

text: for

text: Rwanda

text: is

text: body

text: specially

text: constituted

text: under

text: international

text: law

text: in

text: Great

text: Britain

text: employment

text: tribunals

text: are

text: bodies

text: set

text: up

text: to

text: hear

text: specific

text: employment

text: disputes

text: Private

text: judicial

text: bodies

text: are

text: also

text: often

text: styled

text: tribunals

text: The

text: word

text: tribunal

text: is

text: not

text: conclusive

text: of

text: body

text: 's

text: function

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: Great

text: Britain

text: the

text: Employment

text: Appeal

text: Tribunal

text: is

text: superior

text: court

text: of

text: record

text:
Sulla's second civil war was one of a series of civil wars of ancient Rome. It was fought between Lucius Cornelius Sulla and Gaius Marius the younger in 82 BC.
Prelude.
Sulla had achieved temporary control of Rome and Marius's exile to Africa through his first march on Rome, but departed soon afterwards to lead the First Mithridatic War. This departure allowed Gaius Marius and his son Gaius Marius the younger to return to Rome with an army and, with Lucius Cornelius Cinna, to wrest control of Rome back from Sulla's supporter Gnaeus Octavius during Sulla's absence. Based on the orders of Marius, some of his soldiers went through Rome killing the leading supporters of Sulla, including Octavius. Their heads were exhibited in the Forum. After five days, Cinna ordered his more disciplined troops to kill Marius's rampaging soldiers. All told some 100 Roman nobles had been murdered. Marius declared Sulla's reforms and laws invalid, officially exiled Sulla and had himself elected to Sulla's eastern command and himself and Cinna elected consuls for the year 86 BC. Marius died a fortnight after and Cinna was left in sole control of Rome.

text: Sulla

text: 's

text: second

text: civil

text: war

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: of

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: It

text: was

text: fought

text: between

text: Lucius

text: Cornelius

text: Sulla

text: and

text: Gaius

text: Marius

text: the

text: younger

text: in

text: BC

text: Prelude

text: Sulla

text: had

text: achieved

text: temporary

text: control

text: of

text: Rome

text: and

text: Marius

text: 's

text: exile

text: to

text: Africa

text: through

text: his

text: first

text: march

text: on

text: Rome

text: but

text: departed

text: soon

text: afterwards

text: to

text: lead

text: the

text: First

text: Mithridatic

text: War

text: This

text: departure

text: allowed

text: Gaius

text: Marius

text: and

text: his

text: son

text: Gaius

text: Marius

text: the

text: younger

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: Rome

text: with

text: an

text: army

text: and

text: with

text: Lucius

text: Cornelius

text: Cinna

text: to

text: wrest

text: control

text: of

text: Rome

text: back

text: from

text: Sulla

text: 's

text: supporter

text: Gnaeus

text: Octavius

text: during

text: Sulla

text: 's

text: absence

text: Based

text: on

text: the

text: orders

text: of

text: Marius

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: soldiers

text: went

text: through

text: Rome

text: killing

text: the

text: leading

text: supporters

text: of

text: Sulla

text: including

text: Octavius

text: Their

text: heads

text: were

text: exhibited

text: in

text: the

text: Forum

text: After

text: five

text: days

text: Cinna

text: ordered

text: his

text: more

text: disciplined

text: troops

text: to

text: kill

text: Marius

text: 's

text: rampaging

text: soldiers

text: All

text: told

text: some

text: Roman

text: nobles

text: had

text: been

text: murdered

text: Marius

text: declared

text: Sulla

text: 's

text: reforms

text: and

text: laws

text: invalid

text: officially

text: exiled

text: Sulla

text: and

text: had

text: himself

text: elected

text: to

text: Sulla

text: 's

text: eastern

text: command

text: and

text: himself

text: and

text: Cinna

text: elected

text: consuls

text: for

text: the

text: year

text: BC

text: Marius

text: died

text: fortnight

text: after

text: and

text: Cinna

text: was

text: left

text: in

text: sole

text: control

text: of

text: Rome

text: The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law. In ancient Rome, a "magistratus" was one of the highest ranking government officers, and possessed both judicial and executive powers. In other parts of the world, such as China, a magistrate was responsible for administration over a particular geographic area. Today, in some jurisdictions, a magistrate is a judicial officer who hears cases in a lower court, and typically deals with more minor or preliminary matters. In other jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales), magistrates may be volunteers without formal legal training who perform a judicial role with regard to minor matters.

text: The

text: term

text: magistrate

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: variety

text: of

text: systems

text: of

text: governments

text: and

text: laws

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: civilian

text: officer

text: who

text: administers

text: the

text: law

text: In

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: magistratus

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: ranking

text: government

text: officers

text: and

text: possessed

text: both

text: judicial

text: and

text: executive

text: powers

text: In

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: such

text: as

text: China

text: magistrate

text: was

text: responsible

text: for

text: administration

text: over

text: particular

text: geographic

text: area

text: Today

text: in

text: some

text: jurisdictions

text: magistrate

text: is

text: judicial

text: officer

text: who

text: hears

text: cases

text: in

text: lower

text: court

text: and

text: typically

text: deals

text: with

text: more

text: minor

text: or

text: preliminary

text: matters

text: In

text: other

text: jurisdictions

text: e.g.

text: England

text: and

text: Wales

text: magistrates

text: may

text: be

text: volunteers

text: without

text: formal

text: legal

text: training

text: who

text: perform

text: judicial

text: role

text: with

text: regard

text: to

text: minor

text: matters

text: Praetor was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities: the commander of an army (in the field or, less often, before the army had been mustered); or, an elected "magistratus" (magistrate), assigned various duties (which varied at different periods in Rome's history). The functions of the magistracy, the "praetura" (praetorship), are described by the adjective: the "praetoria potestas" (praetorian power), the "praetorium imperium" (praetorian authority), and the "praetorium ius" (praetorian law), the legal precedents established by the "praetores" (praetors). "Praetorium", as a substantive, denoted the location from which the "praetor" exercised his authority, either the headquarters of his "castra", the courthouse (tribunal) of his judiciary, or the city hall of his provincial governorship.

text: Praetor

text: was

text: title

text: granted

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Rome

text: to

text: men

text: acting

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: official

text: capacities

text: the

text: commander

text: of

text: an

text: army

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: or

text: less

text: often

text: before

text: the

text: army

text: had

text: been

text: mustered

text: or

text: an

text: elected

text: magistratus

text: magistrate

text: assigned

text: various

text: duties

text: which

text: varied

text: at

text: different

text: periods

text: in

text: Rome

text: 's

text: history

text: The

text: functions

text: of

text: the

text: magistracy

text: the

text: praetura

text: praetorship

text: are

text: described

text: by

text: the

text: adjective

text: the

text: praetoria

text: potestas

text: praetorian

text: power

text: the

text: praetorium

text: imperium

text: praetorian

text: authority

text: and

text: the

text: praetorium

text: ius

text: praetorian

text: law

text: the

text: legal

text: precedents

text: established

text: by

text: the

text: praetores

text: praetors

text: Praetorium

text: as

text: substantive

text: denoted

text: the

text: location

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: praetor

text: exercised

text: his

text: authority

text: either

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: his

text: castra

text: the

text: courthouse

text: tribunal

text: of

text: his

text: judiciary

text: or

text: the

text: city

text: hall

text: of

text: his

text: provincial

text: governorship

text: The optimts ("aristocrats", singular ; also known as "bon", "Good Men") were the traditionalist Senatorial majority of the late Roman Republic. They wished to limit the power of the popular assemblies and the Tribunes of the Plebs, and to extend the power of the Senate, which was viewed as more dedicated to the interests of the aristocrats who held the reins of power. In particular, they were concerned with the rise of individual generals who, backed by the tribunate, the assemblies and their own soldiers, could shift power from the Senate and aristocracy. They were opposed by the populares.

text: The

text: optimts

text: aristocrats

text: singular

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: bon

text: Good

text: Men

text: were

text: the

text: traditionalist

text: Senatorial

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: They

text: wished

text: to

text: limit

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: popular

text: assemblies

text: and

text: the

text: Tribunes

text: of

text: the

text: Plebs

text: and

text: to

text: extend

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: Senate

text: which

text: was

text: viewed

text: as

text: more

text: dedicated

text: to

text: the

text: interests

text: of

text: the

text: aristocrats

text: who

text: held

text: the

text: reins

text: of

text: power

text: In

text: particular

text: they

text: were

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: individual

text: generals

text: who

text: backed

text: by

text: the

text: tribunate

text: the

text: assemblies

text: and

text: their

text: own

text: soldiers

text: could

text: shift

text: power

text: from

text: the

text: Senate

text: and

text: aristocracy

text: They

text: were

text: opposed

text: by

text: the

text: populares

text: A was a public official in Ancient Rome. The position served different functions depending on the period. In the Roman Kingdom, ' (quaestors with judicial powers) were appointed by the king to investigate and handle murders. In the Roman Republic, quaestors (also pluralized ') were elected officials that supervised the state treasury and conducted audits. It was the lowest ranking position in the ' (course of offices). In the Roman Empire, the position, which was initially replaced by the ' (prefect), reemerged during the late empire as ", a position appointed by the emperor to lead the imperial council and respond to petitioners.

text: was

text: public

text: official

text: in

text: Ancient

text: Rome

text: The

text: position

text: served

text: different

text: functions

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: period

text: In

text: the

text: Roman

text: Kingdom

text: quaestors

text: with

text: judicial

text: powers

text: were

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: king

text: to

text: investigate

text: and

text: handle

text: murders

text: In

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: quaestors

text: also

text: pluralized

text: were

text: elected

text: officials

text: that

text: supervised

text: the

text: state

text: treasury

text: and

text: conducted

text: audits

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: lowest

text: ranking

text: position

text: in

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: offices

text: In

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: the

text: position

text: which

text: was

text: initially

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: prefect

text: reemerged

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: empire

text: as

text: position

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: emperor

text: to

text: lead

text: the

text: imperial

text: council

text: and

text: respond

text: to

text: petitioners

text: Marcus Terentius Varro (116 BC  27 BC) was an ancient Roman scholar and writer. He is sometimes called Varro Reatinus to distinguish him from his younger contemporary Varro Atacinus.

text: Marcus

text: Terentius

text: Varro

text: BC

text: BC

text: was

text: an

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: scholar

text: and

text: writer

text: He

text: is

text: sometimes

text: called

text: Varro

text: Reatinus

text: to

text: distinguish

text: him

text: from

text: his

text: younger

text: contemporary

text: Varro

text: Atacinus

text: Lysander (or ; died 395 BC, , "Lýsandros") was a Spartan admiral who commanded the Spartan fleet in the Hellespont which defeated the Athenians at Aegospotami in 405 BC. The following year, he was able to force the Athenians to capitulate, bringing the Peloponnesian War to an end; he organized the dominion of Sparta over Greece in the last decade of his life.

text: Lysander

text: or

text: died

text: BC

text: Lýsandros

text: was

text: Spartan

text: admiral

text: who

text: commanded

text: the

text: Spartan

text: fleet

text: in

text: the

text: Hellespont

text: which

text: defeated

text: the

text: Athenians

text: at

text: Aegospotami

text: in

text: BC

text: The

text: following

text: year

text: he

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: force

text: the

text: Athenians

text: to

text: capitulate

text: bringing

text: the

text: Peloponnesian

text: War

text: to

text: an

text: end

text: he

text: organized

text: the

text: dominion

text: of

text: Sparta

text: over

text: Greece

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: decade

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: In the Roman Empire, the Latin word castrum (plural castra) was a building, or plot of land, used as a fortified military camp.

text: In

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: the

text: Latin

text: word

text: castrum

text: plural

text: castra

text: was

text: building

text: or

text: plot

text: of

text: land

text: used

text: as

text: fortified

text: military

text: camp

text: Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (c. 138 BC  78 BC), known commonly as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. He had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. Sulla was awarded a grass crown, the most prestigious Roman military honor, during the Social War. Sulla was a skillful general, achieving numerous successes in wars against different opponents, both foreign and Roman. His life was habitually included in the ancient biographical collections of leading generals and politicians, originating in the biographical compendium of famous Romans published by Marcus Terentius Varro. In Plutarch's "Parallel Lives" Sulla is paired with the Spartan general and strategist Lysander.

text: Lucius

text: Cornelius

text: Sulla

text: Felix

text: BC

text: BC

text: known

text: commonly

text: as

text: Sulla

text: was

text: Roman

text: general

text: and

text: statesman

text: He

text: had

text: the

text: distinction

text: of

text: holding

text: the

text: office

text: of

text: consul

text: twice

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: reviving

text: the

text: dictatorship

text: Sulla

text: was

text: awarded

text: grass

text: crown

text: the

text: most

text: prestigious

text: Roman

text: military

text: honor

text: during

text: the

text: Social

text: War

text: Sulla

text: was

text: skillful

text: general

text: achieving

text: numerous

text: successes

text: in

text: wars

text: against

text: different

text: opponents

text: both

text: foreign

text: and

text: Roman

text: His

text: life

text: was

text: habitually

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: ancient

text: biographical

text: collections

text: of

text: leading

text: generals

text: and

text: politicians

text: originating

text: in

text: the

text: biographical

text: compendium

text: of

text: famous

text: Romans

text: published

text: by

text: Marcus

text: Terentius

text: Varro

text: In

text: Plutarch

text: 's

text: Parallel

text: Lives

text: Sulla

text: is

text: paired

text: with

text: the

text: Spartan

text: general

text: and

text: strategist

text: Lysander

question: country_of_citizenship gaius sosius

answer: ancient rome

text: ancient rome

text: ancient rome

text: ancient rome

text: ancient rome

text: ancient rome

text: ancient rome


text: A fell (from Old Norse "fell", "fjall", "mountain") is a high and barren landscape feature, such as a mountain range or moor-covered hills. The term is most often employed in Fennoscandia, the Isle of Man, parts of Northern England, and Scotland.

text: fell

text: from

text: Old

text: Norse

text: fell

text: fjall

text: mountain

text: is

text: high

text: and

text: barren

text: landscape

text: feature

text: such

text: as

text: mountain

text: range

text: or

text: moor

text: covered

text: hills

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: most

text: often

text: employed

text: in

text: Fennoscandia

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: parts

text: of

text: Northern

text: England

text: and

text: Scotland

text: The Lake Poets were a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England, United Kingdom, at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single "school" of thought or literary practice then known. They were named, only to be uniformly disparaged, by the "Edinburgh Review". They are considered part of the Romantic Movement.

text: The

text: Lake

text: Poets

text: were

text: group

text: of

text: English

text: poets

text: who

text: all

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: Lake

text: District

text: of

text: England

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: at

text: the

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: As

text: group

text: they

text: followed

text: no

text: single

text: school

text: of

text: thought

text: or

text: literary

text: practice

text: then

text: known

text: They

text: were

text: named

text: only

text: to

text: be

text: uniformly

text: disparaged

text: by

text: the

text: Edinburgh

text: Review

text: They

text: are

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Romantic

text: Movement

text: Lamplugh (is a scattered community and civil parish located in west Cumbria on the edge of the English Lake District and historically part of Cumberland. The main A5086 road from Cockermouth to Egremont runs roughly north-south through the community. The Whitehaven Cleator and Egremont Railway, later LMS, also ran through the parish, with a station in Wright Green. North of Rowrah this lost its passenger service in 1931 and was closed to all traffic in 1954.

text: Lamplugh

text: is

text: scattered

text: community

text: and

text: civil

text: parish

text: located

text: in

text: west

text: Cumbria

text: on

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: Lake

text: District

text: and

text: historically

text: part

text: of

text: Cumberland

text: The

text: main

text: road

text: from

text: Cockermouth

text: to

text: Egremont

text: runs

text: roughly

text: north

text: south

text: through

text: the

text: community

text: The

text: Whitehaven

text: Cleator

text: and

text: Egremont

text: Railway

text: later

text: LMS

text: also

text: ran

text: through

text: the

text: parish

text: with

text: station

text: in

text: Wright

text: Green

text: North

text: of

text: Rowrah

text: this

text: lost

text: its

text: passenger

text: service

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: closed

text: to

text: all

text: traffic

text: in

text: William Wordsworth (7 April 1770  23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication "Lyrical Ballads" (1798).

text: William

text: Wordsworth

text: April

text: April

text: was

text: major

text: English

text: Romantic

text: poet

text: who

text: with

text: Samuel

text: Taylor

text: Coleridge

text: helped

text: to

text: launch

text: the

text: Romantic

text: Age

text: in

text: English

text: literature

text: with

text: their

text: joint

text: publication

text: Lyrical

text: Ballads

text: Cumberland (; locally ) is a historic county of North West England that had an administrative function from the 12th century until 1974. It was bordered by Northumberland to the east, County Durham to the southeast, Westmorland and Lancashire to the south, and Dumfriesshire in Scotland to the north. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1914) and now forms part of Cumbria. (In rhotic varieties of English, the pronunciation is kmbrlnd, that is, with a plain "r" sound in the middle syllable.)

text: Cumberland

text: locally

text: is

text: historic

text: county

text: of

text: North

text: West

text: England

text: that

text: had

text: an

text: administrative

text: function

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: until

text: It

text: was

text: bordered

text: by

text: Northumberland

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: County

text: Durham

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Westmorland

text: and

text: Lancashire

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Dumfriesshire

text: in

text: Scotland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: It

text: formed

text: an

text: administrative

text: county

text: from

text: to

text: excluding

text: Carlisle

text: from

text: and

text: now

text: forms

text: part

text: of

text: Cumbria

text: In

text: rhotic

text: varieties

text: of

text: English

text: the

text: pronunciation

text: is

text: kmbrlnd

text: that

text: is

text: with

text: plain

text: sound

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: syllable

text: In England, a civil parish is a territorial designation which is the lowest tier of local government below districts and counties, or their combined form, the unitary authority. It is an administrative parish, in contrast to an ecclesiastical parish.

text: In

text: England

text: civil

text: parish

text: is

text: territorial

text: designation

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: lowest

text: tier

text: of

text: local

text: government

text: below

text: districts

text: and

text: counties

text: or

text: their

text: combined

text: form

text: the

text: unitary

text: authority

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: parish

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: an

text: ecclesiastical

text: parish

text: Blake Fell is a hill in the Western part of the English Lake District . It is the highest point of the Loweswater Fells , an area of low grassy hills with steep sides overlooking the lake of Loweswater . The fell also overlooks the village of Loweswater , from which it can be climbed . An alternative route is from the Cogra Moss reservoir on its western slopes . Because the Loweswater Fells are a separate geographical unit , Blake Fell is a Marilyn . It is located in the Parish of Lamplugh .

text: Blake

text: Fell

text: is

text: hill

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: Lake

text: District

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: point

text: of

text: the

text: Loweswater

text: Fells

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: low

text: grassy

text: hills

text: with

text: steep

text: sides

text: overlooking

text: the

text: lake

text: of

text: Loweswater

text: The

text: fell

text: also

text: overlooks

text: the

text: village

text: of

text: Loweswater

text: from

text: which

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: climbed

text: An

text: alternative

text: route

text: is

text: from

text: the

text: Cogra

text: Moss

text: reservoir

text: on

text: its

text: western

text: slopes

text: Because

text: the

text: Loweswater

text: Fells

text: are

text: separate

text: geographical

text: unit

text: Blake

text: Fell

text: is

text: Marilyn

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Parish

text: of

text: Lamplugh

text: The Lake District, also known as the Lakes or Lakeland, is a mountainous region in North-West England. A popular holiday destination, it is famous for its lakes, forests and mountains (or "fells") and its associations with the early 19th century writings of William Wordsworth and the other Lake Poets.

text: The

text: Lake

text: District

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Lakes

text: or

text: Lakeland

text: is

text: mountainous

text: region

text: in

text: North

text: West

text: England

text: popular

text: holiday

text: destination

text: it

text: is

text: famous

text: for

text: its

text: lakes

text: forests

text: and

text: mountains

text: or

text: fells

text: and

text: its

text: associations

text: with

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: writings

text: of

text: William

text: Wordsworth

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: Lake

text: Poets

text: Cockermouth is an ancient market town and civil parish in the Borough of Allerdale in Cumbria, England, and is so named because it is at the confluence of the River Cocker as it flows into the River Derwent. The mid-2010 census estimates state that Cockermouth has a population of 8,204, increasing to 8,761 at the 2011 Census.

text: Cockermouth

text: is

text: an

text: ancient

text: market

text: town

text: and

text: civil

text: parish

text: in

text: the

text: Borough

text: of

text: Allerdale

text: in

text: Cumbria

text: England

text: and

text: is

text: so

text: named

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: at

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Cocker

text: as

text: it

text: flows

text: into

text: the

text: River

text: Derwent

text: The

text: census

text: estimates

text: state

text: that

text: Cockermouth

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: increasing

text: to

text: at

text: the

text: Census

text: Cumbria (; locally ) is a non-metropolitan county in North West England. The county and Cumbria County Council, its local government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. Cumbria's county town is Carlisle, in the north of the county, and the only other major urban area is Barrow-in-Furness on the southwestern tip of the county.

text: Cumbria

text: locally

text: is

text: non

text: metropolitan

text: county

text: in

text: North

text: West

text: England

text: The

text: county

text: and

text: Cumbria

text: County

text: Council

text: its

text: local

text: government

text: came

text: into

text: existence

text: in

text: after

text: the

text: passage

text: of

text: the

text: Local

text: Government

text: Act

text: Cumbria

text: 's

text: county

text: town

text: is

text: Carlisle

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: Barrow

text: in

text: Furness

text: on

text: the

text: southwestern

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: county

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity blake fell

answer: cumbria

text: cumbria

text: cumbria

text: cumbria

text: cumbria

text: cumbria

text: cumbria