text: Bordeaux (Gascon Occitan: "") is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.

text: Bordeaux

text: Gascon

text: Occitan

text: is

text: port

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: Garonne

text: River

text: in

text: the

text: Gironde

text: department

text: in

text: southwestern

text: France

text: Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars, where it is the last element to be produced with release of energy before the violent collapse of a supernova, which scatters the iron into space.

text: Iron

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: Fe

text: from

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: It

text: is

text: metal

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: transition

text: series

text: It

text: is

text: by

text: mass

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: element

text: on

text: Earth

text: forming

text: much

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: outer

text: and

text: inner

text: core

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: common

text: element

text: in

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: Its

text: abundance

text: in

text: rocky

text: planets

text: like

text: Earth

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: abundant

text: production

text: by

text: fusion

text: in

text: high

text: mass

text: stars

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: element

text: to

text: be

text: produced

text: with

text: release

text: of

text: energy

text: before

text: the

text: violent

text: collapse

text: of

text: supernova

text: which

text: scatters

text: the

text: iron

text: into

text: space

text: A transmission tower or power tower (electricity pylon in the United Kingdom, Canada and parts of Europe) is a tall structure, usually a steel lattice tower, used to support an overhead power line.

text: transmission

text: tower

text: or

text: power

text: tower

text: electricity

text: pylon

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Canada

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: Europe

text: is

text: tall

text: structure

text: usually

text: steel

text: lattice

text: tower

text: used

text: to

text: support

text: an

text: overhead

text: power

text: line

text: The Garabit Viaduct ("Viaduc de Garabit" in French) is a railway arch bridge spanning the River Truyère near Ruynes-en-Margeride, Cantal, France, in the mountainous Massif Central region. The bridge was constructed between 1882 and 1884 by Gustave Eiffel, with structural engineering by Maurice Koechlin, and was opened in 1885. It is in length and has a principal arch of span.

text: The

text: Garabit

text: Viaduct

text: Viaduc

text: de

text: Garabit

text: in

text: French

text: is

text: railway

text: arch

text: bridge

text: spanning

text: the

text: River

text: Truyère

text: near

text: Ruynes

text: en

text: Margeride

text: Cantal

text: France

text: in

text: the

text: mountainous

text: Massif

text: Central

text: region

text: The

text: bridge

text: was

text: constructed

text: between

text: and

text: by

text: Gustave

text: Eiffel

text: with

text: structural

text: engineering

text: by

text: Maurice

text: Koechlin

text: and

text: was

text: opened

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: in

text: length

text: and

text: has

text: principal

text: arch

text: of

text: span

text: Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon (less than 0.08%) content in contrast to cast iron (2.1% to 4%). It is a semi-fused mass of iron with fibrous slag inclusions (up to 2% by weight) which gives it a "grain" resembling wood, that is visible when it is etched or bent to the point of failure. Wrought iron is tough, malleable, ductile, corrosion-resistant and easily welded. Before the development of effective methods of steelmaking and the availability of large quantities of steel, wrought iron was the most common form of malleable iron. A wrought product is one that has been mechnically worked by forging, extruding, rolling, hammering, etcetera, to change its form and properties. Wrought iron is a particular worked iron product that is seldom produced today as other cheaper, superior products have substituted.

text: Wrought

text: iron

text: is

text: an

text: iron

text: alloy

text: with

text: very

text: low

text: carbon

text: less

text: than

text: content

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: cast

text: iron

text: to

text: It

text: is

text: semi

text: fused

text: mass

text: of

text: iron

text: with

text: fibrous

text: slag

text: inclusions

text: up

text: to

text: by

text: weight

text: which

text: gives

text: it

text: grain

text: resembling

text: wood

text: that

text: is

text: visible

text: when

text: it

text: is

text: etched

text: or

text: bent

text: to

text: the

text: point

text: of

text: failure

text: Wrought

text: iron

text: is

text: tough

text: malleable

text: ductile

text: corrosion

text: resistant

text: and

text: easily

text: welded

text: Before

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: effective

text: methods

text: of

text: steelmaking

text: and

text: the

text: availability

text: of

text: large

text: quantities

text: of

text: steel

text: wrought

text: iron

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: form

text: of

text: malleable

text: iron

text: wrought

text: product

text: is

text: one

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: mechnically

text: worked

text: by

text: forging

text: extruding

text: rolling

text: hammering

text: etcetera

text: to

text: change

text: its

text: form

text: and

text: properties

text: Wrought

text: iron

text: is

text: particular

text: worked

text: iron

text: product

text: that

text: is

text: seldom

text: produced

text: today

text: as

text: other

text: cheaper

text: superior

text: products

text: have

text: substituted

text: Steelmaking is the process for producing steel from iron ore and scrap. In steelmaking, impurities such as nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and excess carbon are removed from the raw iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium and vanadium are added to produce different grades of steel. Limiting dissolved gases such as nitrogen and oxygen, and entrained impurities (termed "inclusions") in the steel is also important to ensure the quality of the products cast from the liquid steel.

text: Steelmaking

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: for

text: producing

text: steel

text: from

text: iron

text: ore

text: and

text: scrap

text: In

text: steelmaking

text: impurities

text: such

text: as

text: nitrogen

text: silicon

text: phosphorus

text: sulfur

text: and

text: excess

text: carbon

text: are

text: removed

text: from

text: the

text: raw

text: iron

text: and

text: alloying

text: elements

text: such

text: as

text: manganese

text: nickel

text: chromium

text: and

text: vanadium

text: are

text: added

text: to

text: produce

text: different

text: grades

text: of

text: steel

text: Limiting

text: dissolved

text: gases

text: such

text: as

text: nitrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: and

text: entrained

text: impurities

text: termed

text: inclusions

text: in

text: the

text: steel

text: is

text: also

text: important

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: the

text: products

text: cast

text: from

text: the

text: liquid

text: steel

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: Lille  is a city in northern France, in French Flanders. On the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region and the prefecture of the Nord department.

text: Lille

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: northern

text: France

text: in

text: French

text: Flanders

text: On

text: the

text: Deûle

text: River

text: near

text: France

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: Belgium

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Hauts

text: de

text: France

text: region

text: and

text: the

text: prefecture

text: of

text: the

text: Nord

text: department

text: A republic (from ) is a sovereign state, country, or government which is organized with a form of government in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power according to the rule of law. In modern times, the definition of a republic commonly refers to a government which excludes a monarch. Currently, 147 of the world's 206 sovereign states use the word "republic" as part of their official names; not all of these are republics in the sense of having elected governments, nor do all nations with elected governments use the word "republic" in their names.

text: republic

text: from

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: country

text: or

text: government

text: which

text: is

text: organized

text: with

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: in

text: which

text: power

text: resides

text: in

text: elected

text: individuals

text: representing

text: the

text: citizen

text: body

text: and

text: government

text: leaders

text: exercise

text: power

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: In

text: modern

text: times

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: republic

text: commonly

text: refers

text: to

text: government

text: which

text: excludes

text: monarch

text: Currently

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sovereign

text: states

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: republic

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: official

text: names

text: not

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: are

text: republics

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: having

text: elected

text: governments

text: nor

text: do

text: all

text: nations

text: with

text: elected

text: governments

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: republic

text: in

text: their

text: names

text: Rome is a city and special "comune" (named "Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2,870,336 residents in , it is also the country's largest and most populated "comune" and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4.3 million residents. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of Tiber river. The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states.

text: Rome

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: special

text: comune

text: named

text: Roma

text: Capitale

text: in

text: Italy

text: Rome

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Italy

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Lazio

text: region

text: With

text: residents

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populated

text: comune

text: and

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: by

text: population

text: within

text: city

text: limits

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: City

text: of

text: Rome

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: residents

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: western

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: within

text: Lazio

text: Latium

text: along

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: Tiber

text: river

text: The

text: Vatican

text: City

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: country

text: geographically

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: boundaries

text: of

text: Rome

text: the

text: only

text: existing

text: example

text: of

text: country

text: within

text: city

text: for

text: this

text: reason

text: Rome

text: has

text: been

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: capital

text: of

text: two

text: states

text: The Champ de Mars is a large public greenspace in Paris, France, located in the seventh "arrondissement", between the Eiffel Tower to the northwest and the École Militaire to the southeast. The park is named after the Campus Martius ("Mars Field") in Rome, a tribute to the Latin name of the Roman God of war. The name also alludes to the fact that the lawns here were formerly used as drilling and marching grounds by the French military.

text: The

text: Champ

text: de

text: Mars

text: is

text: large

text: public

text: greenspace

text: in

text: Paris

text: France

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: seventh

text: arrondissement

text: between

text: the

text: Eiffel

text: Tower

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: the

text: École

text: Militaire

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: The

text: park

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Campus

text: Martius

text: Mars

text: Field

text: in

text: Rome

text: tribute

text: to

text: the

text: Latin

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: God

text: of

text: war

text: The

text: name

text: also

text: alludes

text: to

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: the

text: lawns

text: here

text: were

text: formerly

text: used

text: as

text: drilling

text: and

text: marching

text: grounds

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: military

text: Carbon (from "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalentmaking four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. Three isotopes occur naturally, C and C being stable, while C is a radioactive isotope, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity.

text: Carbon

text: from

text: coal

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: It

text: is

text: nonmetallic

text: and

text: tetravalentmaking

text: four

text: electrons

text: available

text: to

text: form

text: covalent

text: chemical

text: bonds

text: Three

text: isotopes

text: occur

text: naturally

text: and

text: being

text: stable

text: while

text: is

text: radioactive

text: isotope

text: decaying

text: with

text: half

text: life

text: of

text: about

text: years

text: Carbon

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: elements

text: known

text: since

text: antiquity

text: A viaduct is a bridge composed of several small spans for crossing a valley, gorge, marshland or forming a flyover. The term "viaduct" is derived from the Latin "via" for road and "ducere", to lead. The ancient Romans did not use the term; it is a modern derivation from an analogy with aqueduct. Like the Roman aqueducts, many early viaducts comprised a series of arches of roughly equal length. Viaducts may span land, water or both.

text: viaduct

text: is

text: bridge

text: composed

text: of

text: several

text: small

text: spans

text: for

text: crossing

text: valley

text: gorge

text: marshland

text: or

text: forming

text: flyover

text: The

text: term

text: viaduct

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: via

text: for

text: road

text: and

text: ducere

text: to

text: lead

text: The

text: ancient

text: Romans

text: did

text: not

text: use

text: the

text: term

text: it

text: is

text: modern

text: derivation

text: from

text: an

text: analogy

text: with

text: aqueduct

text: Like

text: the

text: Roman

text: aqueducts

text: many

text: early

text: viaducts

text: comprised

text: series

text: of

text: arches

text: of

text: roughly

text: equal

text: length

text: Viaducts

text: may

text: span

text: land

text: water

text: or

text: both

text: A lattice tower or truss tower is a freestanding framework tower. They can be used as electricity transmission towers especially for voltages above 100 kilovolts, as a radio tower (a self-radiating tower or as a carrier for aerials) or as an observation tower.

text: lattice

text: tower

text: or

text: truss

text: tower

text: is

text: freestanding

text: framework

text: tower

text: They

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: electricity

text: transmission

text: towers

text: especially

text: for

text: voltages

text: above

text: kilovolts

text: as

text: radio

text: tower

text: self

text: radiating

text: tower

text: or

text: as

text: carrier

text: for

text: aerials

text: or

text: as

text: an

text: observation

text: tower

text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text:
The Rhine (, , ) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the
Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands.
The largest city on the river Rhine is Cologne, Germany, with a population of more than 1,050,000 people. It is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about , with an average discharge of about .

text: The

text: Rhine

text: is

text: European

text: river

text: that

text: begins

text: in

text: the

text: Swiss

text: canton

text: of

text: Graubünden

text: in

text: the

text: southeastern

text: Swiss

text: Alps

text: forms

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Austrian

text: Swiss

text: Liechtenstein

text: Swiss

text: German

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: Franco

text: German

text: border

text: then

text: flows

text: through

text: the

text: Rhineland

text: and

text: eventually

text: empties

text: into

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: largest

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: river

text: Rhine

text: is

text: Cologne

text: Germany

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: people

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: longest

text: river

text: in

text: Central

text: and

text: Western

text: Europe

text: after

text: the

text: Danube

text: at

text: about

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: discharge

text: of

text: about

text:
Aerodynamics, from Greek  "aer" (air) +  (dynamics), is a branch of fluid dynamics concerned with studying the motion of air, particularly when it interacts with a solid object, such as an airplane wing. Aerodynamics is a sub-field of fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, and many aspects of aerodynamics theory are common to these fields. The term "aerodynamics" is often used synonymously with gas dynamics, with the difference being that "gas dynamics" applies to the study of the motion of all gases, not limited to air.
Formal aerodynamics study in the modern sense began in the eighteenth century, although observations of fundamental concepts such as aerodynamic drag have been recorded much earlier. Most of the early efforts in aerodynamics worked towards achieving heavier-than-air flight, which was first demonstrated by Wilbur and Orville Wright in 1903. Since then, the use of aerodynamics through mathematical analysis, empirical approximations, wind tunnel experimentation, and computer simulations has formed the scientific basis for ongoing developments in heavier-than-air flight and a number of other technologies. Recent work in aerodynamics has focused on issues related to compressible flow, turbulence, and boundary layers and has become increasingly computational in nature.

text: Aerodynamics

text: from

text: Greek

text: aer

text: air

text: dynamics

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: fluid

text: dynamics

text: concerned

text: with

text: studying

text: the

text: motion

text: of

text: air

text: particularly

text: when

text: it

text: interacts

text: with

text: solid

text: object

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: airplane

text: wing

text: Aerodynamics

text: is

text: sub

text: field

text: of

text: fluid

text: dynamics

text: and

text: gas

text: dynamics

text: and

text: many

text: aspects

text: of

text: aerodynamics

text: theory

text: are

text: common

text: to

text: these

text: fields

text: The

text: term

text: aerodynamics

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: synonymously

text: with

text: gas

text: dynamics

text: with

text: the

text: difference

text: being

text: that

text: gas

text: dynamics

text: applies

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: motion

text: of

text: all

text: gases

text: not

text: limited

text: to

text: air

text: Formal

text: aerodynamics

text: study

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: sense

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: eighteenth

text: century

text: although

text: observations

text: of

text: fundamental

text: concepts

text: such

text: as

text: aerodynamic

text: drag

text: have

text: been

text: recorded

text: much

text: earlier

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: efforts

text: in

text: aerodynamics

text: worked

text: towards

text: achieving

text: heavier

text: than

text: air

text: flight

text: which

text: was

text: first

text: demonstrated

text: by

text: Wilbur

text: and

text: Orville

text: Wright

text: in

text: Since

text: then

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: aerodynamics

text: through

text: mathematical

text: analysis

text: empirical

text: approximations

text: wind

text: tunnel

text: experimentation

text: and

text: computer

text: simulations

text: has

text: formed

text: the

text: scientific

text: basis

text: for

text: ongoing

text: developments

text: in

text: heavier

text: than

text: air

text: flight

text: and

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: technologies

text: Recent

text: work

text: in

text: aerodynamics

text: has

text: focused

text: on

text: issues

text: related

text: to

text: compressible

text: flow

text: turbulence

text: and

text: boundary

text: layers

text: and

text: has

text: become

text: increasingly

text: computational

text: in

text: nature

text: Lyon or (more archaically) Lyons (or  ) is a city in east-central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, about from Paris and from Marseille. Inhabitants of the city are called "Lyonnais".

text: Lyon

text: or

text: more

text: archaically

text: Lyons

text: or

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: east

text: central

text: France

text: in

text: the

text: Auvergne

text: Rhône

text: Alpes

text: region

text: about

text: from

text: Paris

text: and

text: from

text: Marseille

text: Inhabitants

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: are

text: called

text: Lyonnais

text: The Mediterranean Sea (pronounced ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a separate body of water.

text: The

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: pronounced

text: is

text: sea

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Basin

text: and

text: almost

text: completely

text: enclosed

text: by

text: land

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: Southern

text: Europe

text: and

text: Anatolia

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Levant

text: The

text: sea

text: is

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: although

text: it

text: is

text: usually

text: identified

text: as

text: separate

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: Île-de-France (, , "Island of France"), also known as the "région parisienne" ("Parisian Region"; see Etymology), is one of the 18 regions of France, and includes the city of Paris. It covers 12012 square kilometers (4638 square miles), and has its own regional council and president. It has a population of 12,005,077 as of January 2014, or 18.2 percent of the population of France.

text: Île

text: de

text: France

text: Island

text: of

text: France

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: région

text: parisienne

text: Parisian

text: Region

text: see

text: Etymology

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: regions

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: includes

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Paris

text: It

text: covers

text: square

text: kilometers

text: square

text: miles

text: and

text: has

text: its

text: own

text: regional

text: council

text: and

text: president

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: or

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: France

text: Nice (; Niçard , classical norm, or "", nonstandard,  ) is the fifth most populous city in France and the capital of the Alpes-Maritimes "département". The urban area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits, with a population of about 1 million on an area of . Located in the French Riviera, on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, at the foot of the Alps, Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast and the second-largest city in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region after Marseille. Nice is about 13 kilometres (8 miles) from the principality of Monaco, and its airport is a gateway to the principality as well.

text: Nice

text: Niçard

text: classical

text: norm

text: or

text: nonstandard

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Alpes

text: Maritimes

text: département

text: The

text: urban

text: area

text: of

text: Nice

text: extends

text: beyond

text: the

text: administrative

text: city

text: limits

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: on

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: Riviera

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: coast

text: of

text: France

text: on

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: at

text: the

text: foot

text: of

text: the

text: Alps

text: Nice

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: French

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: coast

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Provence

text: Alpes

text: Côte

text: d'Azur

text: region

text: after

text: Marseille

text: Nice

text: is

text: about

text: kilometres

text: miles

text: from

text: the

text: principality

text: of

text: Monaco

text: and

text: its

text: airport

text: is

text: gateway

text: to

text: the

text: principality

text: as

text: well

text: An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element. Alloys are defined by a metallic bonding character. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions). Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined stoichiometry and crystal structure. Zintl phases are also sometimes considered alloys depending on bond types (see also: Van Arkel-Ketelaar triangle for information on classifying bonding in binary compounds).

text: An

text: alloy

text: is

text: mixture

text: of

text: metals

text: or

text: mixture

text: of

text: metal

text: and

text: another

text: element

text: Alloys

text: are

text: defined

text: by

text: metallic

text: bonding

text: character

text: An

text: alloy

text: may

text: be

text: solid

text: solution

text: of

text: metal

text: elements

text: single

text: phase

text: or

text: mixture

text: of

text: metallic

text: phases

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: solutions

text: Intermetallic

text: compounds

text: are

text: alloys

text: with

text: defined

text: stoichiometry

text: and

text: crystal

text: structure

text: Zintl

text: phases

text: are

text: also

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: alloys

text: depending

text: on

text: bond

text: types

text: see

text: also

text: Van

text: Arkel

text: Ketelaar

text: triangle

text: for

text: information

text: on

text: classifying

text: bonding

text: in

text: binary

text: compounds

text: Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the 18th century. The 19th century saw modest progress in the field after weather observation networks were formed across broad regions. Prior attempts at prediction of weather depended on historical data. It wasn't until after the elucidation of the laws of physics and, more particularly, the development of the computer, allowing for the automated solution of a great many equations that model the weather, in the latter half of the 20th century that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved.

text: Meteorology

text: is

text: the

text: interdisciplinary

text: scientific

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: meteorology

text: dates

text: back

text: millennia

text: though

text: significant

text: progress

text: in

text: meteorology

text: did

text: not

text: occur

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: century

text: saw

text: modest

text: progress

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: after

text: weather

text: observation

text: networks

text: were

text: formed

text: across

text: broad

text: regions

text: Prior

text: attempts

text: at

text: prediction

text: of

text: weather

text: depended

text: on

text: historical

text: data

text: It

text: was

text: n't

text: until

text: after

text: the

text: elucidation

text: of

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: physics

text: and

text: more

text: particularly

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: computer

text: allowing

text: for

text: the

text: automated

text: solution

text: of

text: great

text: many

text: equations

text: that

text: model

text: the

text: weather

text: in

text: the

text: latter

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: that

text: significant

text: breakthroughs

text: in

text: weather

text: forecasting

text: were

text: achieved

text: The English Channel ("the Sleeve" [hence ] "Sea of Brittany" "British Sea"), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and joins the southern part of the North Sea to the rest of the Atlantic Ocean.

text: The

text: English

text: Channel

text: the

text: Sleeve

text: hence

text: Sea

text: of

text: Brittany

text: British

text: Sea

text: also

text: called

text: simply

text: the

text: Channel

text: is

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: that

text: separates

text: southern

text: England

text: from

text: northern

text: France

text: and

text: joins

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency.

text: The

text: euro

text: sign

text: code

text: EUR

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: currency

text: of

text: the

text: eurozone

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Austria

text: Belgium

text: Cyprus

text: Estonia

text: Finland

text: France

text: Germany

text: Greece

text: Ireland

text: Italy

text: Latvia

text: Lithuania

text: Luxembourg

text: Malta

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Portugal

text: Slovakia

text: Slovenia

text: and

text: Spain

text: The

text: currency

text: is

text: also

text: officially

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: institutions

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: four

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: unilaterally

text: by

text: two

text: others

text: and

text: is

text: consequently

text: used

text: daily

text: by

text: some

text: million

text: Europeans

text: Outside

text: of

text: Europe

text: number

text: of

text: overseas

text: territories

text: of

text: EU

text: members

text: also

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: as

text: their

text: currency

text: The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric (or "shelf") sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. It is more than long and wide, with an area of around .

text: The

text: North

text: Sea

text: is

text: marginal

text: sea

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: located

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: Scandinavia

text: Germany

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Belgium

text: and

text: France

text: An

text: epeiric

text: or

text: shelf

text: sea

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: continental

text: shelf

text: it

text: connects

text: to

text: the

text: ocean

text: through

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Norwegian

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: long

text: and

text: wide

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: around

text: The Campus Martius (Latin for the "Field of Mars", Italian "Campo Marzio"), was a publicly owned area of ancient Rome about in extent. In the Middle Ages, it was the most populous area of Rome. The IV rione of Rome, Campo Marzio, which covers a smaller section of the original area, bears the same name.

text: The

text: Campus

text: Martius

text: Latin

text: for

text: the

text: Field

text: of

text: Mars

text: Italian

text: Campo

text: Marzio

text: was

text: publicly

text: owned

text: area

text: of

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: about

text: in

text: extent

text: In

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: area

text: of

text: Rome

text: The

text: IV

text: rione

text: of

text: Rome

text: Campo

text: Marzio

text: which

text: covers

text: smaller

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: area

text: bears

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: French Guiana (pronounced or ), officially called Guiana, is an overseas department and region of France, located on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas. It borders Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west. Its area has a very low population density of only 3 inhabitants per km, with half of its 244,118 inhabitants in 2013 living in the metropolitan area of Cayenne, its capital. By land area, it is the second largest region of France and the largest outermost region within the European Union.

text: French

text: Guiana

text: pronounced

text: or

text: officially

text: called

text: Guiana

text: is

text: an

text: overseas

text: department

text: and

text: region

text: of

text: France

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: in

text: the

text: Guyanas

text: It

text: borders

text: Brazil

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: Suriname

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Its

text: area

text: has

text: very

text: low

text: population

text: density

text: of

text: only

text: inhabitants

text: per

text: km

text: with

text: half

text: of

text: its

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: Cayenne

text: its

text: capital

text: By

text: land

text: area

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: region

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: outermost

text: region

text: within

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: An observation tower is a structure used to view events from a long distance and to create a full 360 degree range of vision. They are usually at least tall and made from stone, iron, and wood. Many modern towers are also used as TV towers, restaurants, or churches. The towers first appeared in Germany at the end of the 18th century, and their numbers steadily increased, especially after the invention of the elevator.

text: An

text: observation

text: tower

text: is

text: structure

text: used

text: to

text: view

text: events

text: from

text: long

text: distance

text: and

text: to

text: create

text: full

text: degree

text: range

text: of

text: vision

text: They

text: are

text: usually

text: at

text: least

text: tall

text: and

text: made

text: from

text: stone

text: iron

text: and

text: wood

text: Many

text: modern

text: towers

text: are

text: also

text: used

text: as

text: TV

text: towers

text: restaurants

text: or

text: churches

text: The

text: towers

text: first

text: appeared

text: in

text: Germany

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: their

text: numbers

text: steadily

text: increased

text: especially

text: after

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: elevator

text: Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloy constituents affect its colour when fractured: white cast iron has carbide impurities which allow cracks to pass straight through; grey cast iron has graphite flakes which deflect a passing crack and initiate countless new cracks as the material breaks; ductile cast iron has spherical graphite "nodules" which stop the crack from further progressing.

text: Cast

text: iron

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: iron

text: carbon

text: alloys

text: with

text: carbon

text: content

text: greater

text: than

text: Its

text: usefulness

text: derives

text: from

text: its

text: relatively

text: low

text: melting

text: temperature

text: The

text: alloy

text: constituents

text: affect

text: its

text: colour

text: when

text: fractured

text: white

text: cast

text: iron

text: has

text: carbide

text: impurities

text: which

text: allow

text: cracks

text: to

text: pass

text: straight

text: through

text: grey

text: cast

text: iron

text: has

text: graphite

text: flakes

text: which

text: deflect

text: passing

text: crack

text: and

text: initiate

text: countless

text: new

text: cracks

text: as

text: the

text: material

text: breaks

text: ductile

text: cast

text: iron

text: has

text: spherical

text: graphite

text: nodules

text: which

text: stop

text: the

text: crack

text: from

text: further

text: progressing

text: The term cult usually refers to a social group defined by their religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs, or common interest in a particular personality, object or goal. The term itself is controversial and has divergent definitions in popular culture and in academia and has been an ongoing source of contention among scholars across several fields of study. In the sociological classifications of religious movements, a cult is a social group with socially deviant or novel beliefs and practices, although this is often unclear. Other researchers present a less-organized picture of cults on the basis that cults arise spontaneously around novel beliefs and practices. The word "cult" has always been controversial because it is (in a pejorative sense) considered a subjective term, used as an "ad hominem" attack against groups with differing doctrines or practices. Cults range in size from local groups with a few members to international organizations with millions.

text: The

text: term

text: cult

text: usually

text: refers

text: to

text: social

text: group

text: defined

text: by

text: their

text: religious

text: spiritual

text: or

text: philosophical

text: beliefs

text: or

text: common

text: interest

text: in

text: particular

text: personality

text: object

text: or

text: goal

text: The

text: term

text: itself

text: is

text: controversial

text: and

text: has

text: divergent

text: definitions

text: in

text: popular

text: culture

text: and

text: in

text: academia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: an

text: ongoing

text: source

text: of

text: contention

text: among

text: scholars

text: across

text: several

text: fields

text: of

text: study

text: In

text: the

text: sociological

text: classifications

text: of

text: religious

text: movements

text: cult

text: is

text: social

text: group

text: with

text: socially

text: deviant

text: or

text: novel

text: beliefs

text: and

text: practices

text: although

text: this

text: is

text: often

text: unclear

text: Other

text: researchers

text: present

text: less

text: organized

text: picture

text: of

text: cults

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: that

text: cults

text: arise

text: spontaneously

text: around

text: novel

text: beliefs

text: and

text: practices

text: The

text: word

text: cult

text: has

text: always

text: been

text: controversial

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: pejorative

text: sense

text: considered

text: subjective

text: term

text: used

text: as

text: an

text: ad

text: hominem

text: attack

text: against

text: groups

text: with

text: differing

text: doctrines

text: or

text: practices

text: Cults

text: range

text: in

text: size

text: from

text: local

text: groups

text: with

text: few

text: members

text: to

text: international

text: organizations

text: with

text: millions

text: The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the "New World".

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceans

text: with

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: It

text: covers

text: approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: and

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: water

text: surface

text: area

text: It

text: separates

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: from

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: The Eiffel Tower ( / afl tar / EYE - fl TOWR ; French : tour Eiffel ( tu  fl ) listen ) is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris , France . It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel , whose company designed and built the tower . Constructed in 1889 as the entrance to the 1889 World 's Fair , it was initially criticized by some of France 's leading artists and intellectuals for its design , but has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world . The tower is the tallest structure in Paris and the most - visited paid monument in the world : 6.98 million people ascended it in 2011 . The tower received its 250 millionth visitor in 2010 . The tower is 324 metres ( 1,063 ft ) tall , about the same height as an 81 - storey building . Its base is square , 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on a side . During its construction , the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man - made structure in the world , a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930 . Due to the addition of the aerial at the top of the tower in 1957 , it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres ( 17 ft ) . Not including broadcast aerials , it is the second - tallest structure in France , after the Millau Viaduct . The tower has three levels for visitors , with restaurants on the first and second . The top level 's upper platform is 276 m ( 906 ft ) above the ground , the highest accessible to the public in the European Union . Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift ( elevator ) to the first and second levels . The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps , as is the climb from the first level to the second . Although there is a staircase to the top level , it is usually only accessible by lift .

text: The

text: Eiffel

text: Tower

text: afl

text: tar

text: EYE

text: fl

text: TOWR

text: French

text: tour

text: Eiffel

text: tu

text: fl

text: listen

text: is

text: wrought

text: iron

text: lattice

text: tower

text: on

text: the

text: Champ

text: de

text: Mars

text: in

text: Paris

text: France

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: engineer

text: Gustave

text: Eiffel

text: whose

text: company

text: designed

text: and

text: built

text: the

text: tower

text: Constructed

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: entrance

text: to

text: the

text: World

text: 's

text: Fair

text: it

text: was

text: initially

text: criticized

text: by

text: some

text: of

text: France

text: 's

text: leading

text: artists

text: and

text: intellectuals

text: for

text: its

text: design

text: but

text: has

text: become

text: global

text: cultural

text: icon

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: recognisable

text: structures

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: tower

text: is

text: the

text: tallest

text: structure

text: in

text: Paris

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: visited

text: paid

text: monument

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: million

text: people

text: ascended

text: it

text: in

text: The

text: tower

text: received

text: its

text: millionth

text: visitor

text: in

text: The

text: tower

text: is

text: metres

text: ft

text: tall

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: height

text: as

text: an

text: storey

text: building

text: Its

text: base

text: is

text: square

text: metres

text: ft

text: on

text: side

text: During

text: its

text: construction

text: the

text: Eiffel

text: Tower

text: surpassed

text: the

text: Washington

text: Monument

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: tallest

text: man

text: made

text: structure

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: title

text: it

text: held

text: for

text: years

text: until

text: the

text: Chrysler

text: Building

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: was

text: built

text: in

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: the

text: aerial

text: at

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: tower

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: now

text: taller

text: than

text: the

text: Chrysler

text: Building

text: by

text: metres

text: ft

text: Not

text: including

text: broadcast

text: aerials

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: tallest

text: structure

text: in

text: France

text: after

text: the

text: Millau

text: Viaduct

text: The

text: tower

text: has

text: three

text: levels

text: for

text: visitors

text: with

text: restaurants

text: on

text: the

text: first

text: and

text: second

text: The

text: top

text: level

text: 's

text: upper

text: platform

text: is

text: ft

text: above

text: the

text: ground

text: the

text: highest

text: accessible

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Tickets

text: can

text: be

text: purchased

text: to

text: ascend

text: by

text: stairs

text: or

text: lift

text: elevator

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: and

text: second

text: levels

text: The

text: climb

text: from

text: ground

text: level

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: level

text: is

text: over

text: steps

text: as

text: is

text: the

text: climb

text: from

text: the

text: first

text: level

text: to

text: the

text: second

text: Although

text: there

text: is

text: staircase

text: to

text: the

text: top

text: level

text: it

text: is

text: usually

text: only

text: accessible

text: by

text: lift

text:
Toulouse is the capital city of the southwestern French department of Haute-Garonne, as well as of the Occitanie region. The city lies on the banks of the River Garonne, from the Mediterranean Sea, from the Atlantic Ocean, and from Paris. It is the fourth-largest city in France with 466,297 inhabitants in January 2014.
The Toulouse Metro area is, with 1 312 304 inhabitants as of 2014, France's 4th metropolitan area after Paris, Lyon and Marseille and ahead of Lille and Bordeaux.

text: Toulouse

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: southwestern

text: French

text: department

text: of

text: Haute

text: Garonne

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: Occitanie

text: region

text: The

text: city

text: lies

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Garonne

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: from

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: from

text: Paris

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: France

text: with

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: January

text: The

text: Toulouse

text: Metro

text: area

text: is

text: with

text: inhabitants

text: as

text: of

text: France

text: 's

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: after

text: Paris

text: Lyon

text: and

text: Marseille

text: and

text: ahead

text: of

text: Lille

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, that is widely used in construction and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Steel's base metal is iron, which is able to take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms), body centered cubic and face centered cubic (FCC), depending on its temperature. It is the interaction of those allotropes with the alloying elements, primarily carbon, that gives steel and cast iron their range of unique properties. In the body-centred cubic arrangement, there is an iron atom in the centre of each cube, and in the face-centred cubic, there is one at the center of each of the six faces of the cube. Carbon, other elements, and inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that otherwise occur in the crystal lattices of iron atoms.

text: Steel

text: is

text: an

text: alloy

text: of

text: iron

text: and

text: other

text: elements

text: primarily

text: carbon

text: that

text: is

text: widely

text: used

text: in

text: construction

text: and

text: other

text: applications

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: high

text: tensile

text: strength

text: and

text: low

text: cost

text: Steel

text: 's

text: base

text: metal

text: is

text: iron

text: which

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: take

text: on

text: two

text: crystalline

text: forms

text: allotropic

text: forms

text: body

text: centered

text: cubic

text: and

text: face

text: centered

text: cubic

text: FCC

text: depending

text: on

text: its

text: temperature

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: interaction

text: of

text: those

text: allotropes

text: with

text: the

text: alloying

text: elements

text: primarily

text: carbon

text: that

text: gives

text: steel

text: and

text: cast

text: iron

text: their

text: range

text: of

text: unique

text: properties

text: In

text: the

text: body

text: centred

text: cubic

text: arrangement

text: there

text: is

text: an

text: iron

text: atom

text: in

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: each

text: cube

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: face

text: centred

text: cubic

text: there

text: is

text: one

text: at

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: six

text: faces

text: of

text: the

text: cube

text: Carbon

text: other

text: elements

text: and

text: inclusions

text: within

text: iron

text: act

text: as

text: hardening

text: agents

text: that

text: prevent

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: dislocations

text: that

text: otherwise

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: crystal

text: lattices

text: of

text: iron

text: atoms

text: The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, a French sculptor, was built by Gustave Eiffel and dedicated on October 28, 1886. It was a gift to the United States from the people of France. The statue is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess, who bears a torch and a "tabula ansata" (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States, and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad.

text: The

text: Statue

text: of

text: Liberty

text: Liberty

text: Enlightening

text: the

text: World

text: is

text: colossal

text: neoclassical

text: sculpture

text: on

text: Liberty

text: Island

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: Harbor

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: copper

text: statue

text: designed

text: by

text: Frédéric

text: Auguste

text: Bartholdi

text: French

text: sculptor

text: was

text: built

text: by

text: Gustave

text: Eiffel

text: and

text: dedicated

text: on

text: October

text: It

text: was

text: gift

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: from

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: France

text: The

text: statue

text: is

text: of

text: robed

text: female

text: figure

text: representing

text: Libertas

text: the

text: Roman

text: goddess

text: who

text: bears

text: torch

text: and

text: tabula

text: ansata

text: tablet

text: evoking

text: the

text: law

text: upon

text: which

text: is

text: inscribed

text: the

text: date

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Declaration

text: of

text: Independence

text: July

text: broken

text: chain

text: lies

text: at

text: her

text: feet

text: The

text: statue

text: is

text: an

text: icon

text: of

text: freedom

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: was

text: welcoming

text: sight

text: to

text: immigrants

text: arriving

text: from

text: abroad

text: A tower is a tall structure, taller than it is wide, often by a significant margin. Towers are distinguished from masts by their lack of guy-wires and are therefore, along with tall buildings, self-supporting structures.

text: tower

text: is

text: tall

text: structure

text: taller

text: than

text: it

text: is

text: wide

text: often

text: by

text: significant

text: margin

text: Towers

text: are

text: distinguished

text: from

text: masts

text: by

text: their

text: lack

text: of

text: guy

text: wires

text: and

text: are

text: therefore

text: along

text: with

text: tall

text: buildings

text: self

text: supporting

text: structures

text: Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (born Bönickhausen ; 15 December 1832  27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer and architect. A graduate of École Centrale Paris, he made his name with various bridges for the French railway network, most famously the Garabit viaduct. He is best known for the world-famous Eiffel Tower, built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris, and his contribution to building the Statue of Liberty in New York. After his retirement from engineering, Eiffel focused on research into meteorology and aerodynamics, and making significant contributions in both fields.

text: Alexandre

text: Gustave

text: Eiffel

text: born

text: Bönickhausen

text: December

text: December

text: was

text: French

text: civil

text: engineer

text: and

text: architect

text: graduate

text: of

text: École

text: Centrale

text: Paris

text: he

text: made

text: his

text: name

text: with

text: various

text: bridges

text: for

text: the

text: French

text: railway

text: network

text: most

text: famously

text: the

text: Garabit

text: viaduct

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: world

text: famous

text: Eiffel

text: Tower

text: built

text: for

text: the

text: Universal

text: Exposition

text: in

text: Paris

text: and

text: his

text: contribution

text: to

text: building

text: the

text: Statue

text: of

text: Liberty

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: After

text: his

text: retirement

text: from

text: engineering

text: Eiffel

text: focused

text: on

text: research

text: into

text: meteorology

text: and

text: aerodynamics

text: and

text: making

text: significant

text: contributions

text: in

text: both

text: fields

text: A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering  the application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating infrastructures while protecting the public and environmental health, as well as improving existing infrastructures that have been neglected.

text: civil

text: engineer

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: practices

text: civil

text: engineering

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: planning

text: designing

text: constructing

text: maintaining

text: and

text: operating

text: infrastructures

text: while

text: protecting

text: the

text: public

text: and

text: environmental

text: health

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: improving

text: existing

text: infrastructures

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: neglected

text: Paris (French: ) is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of and a population in 2013 of 2,229,621 within its administrative limits. The city is both a commune and department, and forms the centre and headquarters of the Île-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an area of and a population in 2014 of 12,005,077, comprising 18.2 percent of the population of France.

text: Paris

text: French

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: France

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: in

text: of

text: within

text: its

text: administrative

text: limits

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: both

text: commune

text: and

text: department

text: and

text: forms

text: the

text: centre

text: and

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: Île

text: de

text: France

text: or

text: Paris

text: Region

text: which

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: in

text: of

text: comprising

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: France

text: The École Militaire ("Military School") is a vast complex of buildings housing various military training facilities located in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, southeast of the Champ de Mars.

text: The

text: École

text: Militaire

text: Military

text: School

text: is

text: vast

text: complex

text: of

text: buildings

text: housing

text: various

text: military

text: training

text: facilities

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: arrondissement

text: of

text: Paris

text: France

text: southeast

text: of

text: the

text: Champ

text: de

text: Mars

text: Slag is the glass-like by-product left over after a desired metal has been separated (i.e., smelted) from its raw ore. Slag is usually a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide. However, slags can contain metal sulfides and elemental metals. While slags are generally used to remove waste in metal smelting, they can also serve other purposes, such as assisting in the temperature control of the smelting, and minimizing any re-oxidation of the final liquid metal product before the molten metal is removed from the furnace and used to make solid metal.

text: Slag

text: is

text: the

text: glass

text: like

text: by

text: product

text: left

text: over

text: after

text: desired

text: metal

text: has

text: been

text: separated

text: i.e.

text: smelted

text: from

text: its

text: raw

text: ore

text: Slag

text: is

text: usually

text: mixture

text: of

text: metal

text: oxides

text: and

text: silicon

text: dioxide

text: However

text: slags

text: can

text: contain

text: metal

text: sulfides

text: and

text: elemental

text: metals

text: While

text: slags

text: are

text: generally

text: used

text: to

text: remove

text: waste

text: in

text: metal

text: smelting

text: they

text: can

text: also

text: serve

text: other

text: purposes

text: such

text: as

text: assisting

text: in

text: the

text: temperature

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: smelting

text: and

text: minimizing

text: any

text: re

text: oxidation

text: of

text: the

text: final

text: liquid

text: metal

text: product

text: before

text: the

text: molten

text: metal

text: is

text: removed

text: from

text: the

text: furnace

text: and

text: used

text: to

text: make

text: solid

text: metal

annotations: follows multiple

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity eiffel tower

answer: 7th arrondissement of paris

text: 7th arrondissement of paris