text: The Mauna Kea Observatories (MKO) are a number of independent astronomical research facilities and large telescope observatories that are located at the summit of Mauna Kea on the Big Island of Hawai'i, United States. The facilities are located in a special land use zone known as the "Astronomy Precinct", which is located within the Mauna Kea Science Reserve. The Astronomy Precinct was established in 1967 and is located on land protected by the Historical Preservation Act for its significance to Hawaiian culture.

text: The

text: Mauna

text: Kea

text: Observatories

text: MKO

text: are

text: number

text: of

text: independent

text: astronomical

text: research

text: facilities

text: and

text: large

text: telescope

text: observatories

text: that

text: are

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: summit

text: of

text: Mauna

text: Kea

text: on

text: the

text: Big

text: Island

text: of

text: Hawai'i

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: facilities

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: special

text: land

text: use

text: zone

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Astronomy

text: Precinct

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: Mauna

text: Kea

text: Science

text: Reserve

text: The

text: Astronomy

text: Precinct

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: land

text: protected

text: by

text: the

text: Historical

text: Preservation

text: Act

text: for

text: its

text: significance

text: to

text: Hawaiian

text: culture

text: The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Of those objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest eight are the planets, with the remainder being significantly smaller objects, such as dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies. Of the objects that orbit the Sun indirectly, the moons, two are larger than the smallest planet, Mercury.

text: The

text: Solar

text: System

text: is

text: the

text: gravitationally

text: bound

text: system

text: comprising

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: the

text: objects

text: that

text: orbit

text: it

text: either

text: directly

text: or

text: indirectly

text: Of

text: those

text: objects

text: that

text: orbit

text: the

text: Sun

text: directly

text: the

text: largest

text: eight

text: are

text: the

text: planets

text: with

text: the

text: remainder

text: being

text: significantly

text: smaller

text: objects

text: such

text: as

text: dwarf

text: planets

text: and

text: small

text: Solar

text: System

text: bodies

text: Of

text: the

text: objects

text: that

text: orbit

text: the

text: Sun

text: indirectly

text: the

text: moons

text: two

text: are

text: larger

text: than

text: the

text: smallest

text: planet

text: Mercury

text: The island of Maui (Hawaiian: ) is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at 727.2 square miles (1,883 km) and is the 17th-largest island in the United States. Maui is part of the State of Hawaii and is the largest of Maui County's four islands, bigger than Molokai, Lnai, and unpopulated Kahoolawe. In 2010, Maui had a population of 144,444, third-highest of the Hawaiian Islands, behind that of Oahu and Hawaii Island. Kahului is the largest census-designated place (CDP) on the island with a population of 26,337 and is the commercial and financial hub of the island. Wailuku is the seat of Maui County and is the third-largest CDP . Other significant places include Khei (including Wailea and Makena in the Kihei Town CDP, which is the second-most-populated CDP in Maui), Lahaina (including Kanapali and Kapalua in the Lahaina Town CDP), Makawao, Pia, Kula, Haik, and Hna.

text: The

text: island

text: of

text: Maui

text: Hawaiian

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: Hawaiian

text: Islands

text: at

text: square

text: miles

text: km

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Maui

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: Maui

text: County

text: 's

text: four

text: islands

text: bigger

text: than

text: Molokai

text: Lnai

text: and

text: unpopulated

text: Kahoolawe

text: In

text: Maui

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: third

text: highest

text: of

text: the

text: Hawaiian

text: Islands

text: behind

text: that

text: of

text: Oahu

text: and

text: Hawaii

text: Island

text: Kahului

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: census

text: designated

text: place

text: CDP

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: commercial

text: and

text: financial

text: hub

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: Wailuku

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: Maui

text: County

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: CDP

text: Other

text: significant

text: places

text: include

text: Khei

text: including

text: Wailea

text: and

text: Makena

text: in

text: the

text: Kihei

text: Town

text: CDP

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populated

text: CDP

text: in

text: Maui

text: Lahaina

text: including

text: Kanapali

text: and

text: Kapalua

text: in

text: the

text: Lahaina

text: Town

text: CDP

text: Makawao

text: Pia

text: Kula

text: Haik

text: and

text: Hna

text:
A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that
The term "planet" is ancient, with ties to history, astrology, science, mythology, and religion. Several planets in the Solar System can be seen with the naked eye. These were regarded by many early cultures as divine, or as emissaries of deities. As scientific knowledge advanced, human perception of the planets changed, incorporating a number of disparate objects. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) officially adopted a resolution defining planets within the Solar System. This definition is controversial because it excludes many objects of planetary mass based on where or what they orbit. Although eight of the planetary bodies discovered before 1950 remain "planets" under the modern definition, some celestial bodies, such as Ceres, Pallas, Juno and Vesta (each an object in the solar asteroid belt), and Pluto (the first trans-Neptunian object discovered), that were once considered planets by the scientific community, are no longer viewed as such.

text: planet

text: is

text: an

text: astronomical

text: body

text: orbiting

text: star

text: or

text: stellar

text: remnant

text: that

text: The

text: term

text: planet

text: is

text: ancient

text: with

text: ties

text: to

text: history

text: astrology

text: science

text: mythology

text: and

text: religion

text: Several

text: planets

text: in

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: with

text: the

text: naked

text: eye

text: These

text: were

text: regarded

text: by

text: many

text: early

text: cultures

text: as

text: divine

text: or

text: as

text: emissaries

text: of

text: deities

text: As

text: scientific

text: knowledge

text: advanced

text: human

text: perception

text: of

text: the

text: planets

text: changed

text: incorporating

text: number

text: of

text: disparate

text: objects

text: In

text: the

text: International

text: Astronomical

text: Union

text: IAU

text: officially

text: adopted

text: resolution

text: defining

text: planets

text: within

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: This

text: definition

text: is

text: controversial

text: because

text: it

text: excludes

text: many

text: objects

text: of

text: planetary

text: mass

text: based

text: on

text: where

text: or

text: what

text: they

text: orbit

text: Although

text: eight

text: of

text: the

text: planetary

text: bodies

text: discovered

text: before

text: remain

text: planets

text: under

text: the

text: modern

text: definition

text: some

text: celestial

text: bodies

text: such

text: as

text: Ceres

text: Pallas

text: Juno

text: and

text: Vesta

text: each

text: an

text: object

text: in

text: the

text: solar

text: asteroid

text: belt

text: and

text: Pluto

text: the

text: first

text: trans

text: Neptunian

text: object

text: discovered

text: that

text: were

text: once

text: considered

text: planets

text: by

text: the

text: scientific

text: community

text: are

text: no

text: longer

text: viewed

text: as

text: such

text: An ion is an atom or a molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving the atom or molecule a net positive or negative electrical charge. Ions can be created, by either chemical or physical means, via ionization.

text: An

text: ion

text: is

text: an

text: atom

text: or

text: molecule

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: electrons

text: is

text: not

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: protons

text: giving

text: the

text: atom

text: or

text: molecule

text: net

text: positive

text: or

text: negative

text: electrical

text: charge

text: Ions

text: can

text: be

text: created

text: by

text: either

text: chemical

text: or

text: physical

text: means

text: via

text: ionization

text: A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as either volcanic clinkers, cinders, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent. They consist of loose pyroclastic debris formed by explosive eruptions or lava fountains from a single, typically cylindrical, vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as either cinders, clinkers, or scoria around the vent to form a cone that often is symmetrical; with slopes between 30-40°; and a nearly circular ground plan. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit.

text: cinder

text: cone

text: or

text: scoria

text: cone

text: is

text: steep

text: conical

text: hill

text: of

text: loose

text: pyroclastic

text: fragments

text: such

text: as

text: either

text: volcanic

text: clinkers

text: cinders

text: volcanic

text: ash

text: or

text: scoria

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: built

text: around

text: volcanic

text: vent

text: They

text: consist

text: of

text: loose

text: pyroclastic

text: debris

text: formed

text: by

text: explosive

text: eruptions

text: or

text: lava

text: fountains

text: from

text: single

text: typically

text: cylindrical

text: vent

text: As

text: the

text: gas

text: charged

text: lava

text: is

text: blown

text: violently

text: into

text: the

text: air

text: it

text: breaks

text: into

text: small

text: fragments

text: that

text: solidify

text: and

text: fall

text: as

text: either

text: cinders

text: clinkers

text: or

text: scoria

text: around

text: the

text: vent

text: to

text: form

text: cone

text: that

text: often

text: is

text: symmetrical

text: with

text: slopes

text: between

text: and

text: nearly

text: circular

text: ground

text: plan

text: Most

text: cinder

text: cones

text: have

text: bowl

text: shaped

text: crater

text: at

text: the

text: summit

text: The University of Hawai'i 88 - inch ( 2.2 - meter ) telescope called UH88 , UH2.2 , or simply 88 by members of the local astronomical community is situated at the Mauna Kea Observatories and operated by the University 's Institute for Astronomy . It was constructed in 1968 , and entered service in 1970 , at which point it was known as `` The Mauna Kea Observatory . '' It became one of the first professional telescope to be controlled by a computer . The telescope was built with funding from NASA , to support Solar System missions and is controlled by the University of Hawai'i . The success of the telescope helped demonstrate the value of Mauna Kea for astronomical observations . On December 4 , 1984 it became the first telescope to make optical closure phase measurements on an astronomical source using an aperture mask . UH88 is a Cassegrain reflector tube telescope with an f / 10 focal ratio , supported by a large open fork equatorial mount . It was the last telescope on Mauna Kea to use a tube design rather than an open truss , and is the largest in the complex to use an open fork mount , with neighboring telescopes in the 3 - meter class using English fork designs . As the only research telescope controlled solely by the University , UH88 has long been the primary telescope used by its professors , postdoctoral scholars and graduate students , and as a result , the site of numerous discoveries . David C. Jewitt and Jane X. Luu discovered the first Kuiper belt object , 1992 QB1 using UH88 , and a team led by Jewitt and Scott S. Sheppard discovered 45 of the known moons of Jupiter , as well as moons of Saturn , Uranus and Neptune . The Institute for Astronomy also makes agreements with other organizations for portions of available observing time . Currently , the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan uses UH88 for some research projects for which its far larger and more expensive Subaru Observatory , also on Mauna Kea , would be overkill . The Nearby Supernova Factory project , based at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , also has its Supernova Integrated Field Spectrograph ( SNIFS ) instrument mounted on UH88 . In June 2011 , the telescope and its weather station were struck by lightning , damaging many systems and disabling it , but the telescope was repaired by August 2011 Some of the systems at the observatory were 41 years old at the time of the damage and had to be reverse engineered to be fixed.The weather station is currently under development .

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Hawai'i

text: inch

text: meter

text: telescope

text: called

text: or

text: simply

text: by

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: astronomical

text: community

text: is

text: situated

text: at

text: the

text: Mauna

text: Kea

text: Observatories

text: and

text: operated

text: by

text: the

text: University

text: 's

text: Institute

text: for

text: Astronomy

text: It

text: was

text: constructed

text: in

text: and

text: entered

text: service

text: in

text: at

text: which

text: point

text: it

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: The

text: Mauna

text: Kea

text: Observatory

text: It

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: professional

text: telescope

text: to

text: be

text: controlled

text: by

text: computer

text: The

text: telescope

text: was

text: built

text: with

text: funding

text: from

text: NASA

text: to

text: support

text: Solar

text: System

text: missions

text: and

text: is

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Hawai'i

text: The

text: success

text: of

text: the

text: telescope

text: helped

text: demonstrate

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: Mauna

text: Kea

text: for

text: astronomical

text: observations

text: On

text: December

text: it

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: telescope

text: to

text: make

text: optical

text: closure

text: phase

text: measurements

text: on

text: an

text: astronomical

text: source

text: using

text: an

text: aperture

text: mask

text: is

text: Cassegrain

text: reflector

text: tube

text: telescope

text: with

text: an

text: focal

text: ratio

text: supported

text: by

text: large

text: open

text: fork

text: equatorial

text: mount

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: telescope

text: on

text: Mauna

text: Kea

text: to

text: use

text: tube

text: design

text: rather

text: than

text: an

text: open

text: truss

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: complex

text: to

text: use

text: an

text: open

text: fork

text: mount

text: with

text: neighboring

text: telescopes

text: in

text: the

text: meter

text: class

text: using

text: English

text: fork

text: designs

text: As

text: the

text: only

text: research

text: telescope

text: controlled

text: solely

text: by

text: the

text: University

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: the

text: primary

text: telescope

text: used

text: by

text: its

text: professors

text: postdoctoral

text: scholars

text: and

text: graduate

text: students

text: and

text: as

text: result

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: numerous

text: discoveries

text: David

text: Jewitt

text: and

text: Jane

text: Luu

text: discovered

text: the

text: first

text: Kuiper

text: belt

text: object

text: using

text: and

text: team

text: led

text: by

text: Jewitt

text: and

text: Scott

text: Sheppard

text: discovered

text: of

text: the

text: known

text: moons

text: of

text: Jupiter

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: moons

text: of

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: The

text: Institute

text: for

text: Astronomy

text: also

text: makes

text: agreements

text: with

text: other

text: organizations

text: for

text: portions

text: of

text: available

text: observing

text: time

text: Currently

text: the

text: National

text: Astronomical

text: Observatory

text: of

text: Japan

text: uses

text: for

text: some

text: research

text: projects

text: for

text: which

text: its

text: far

text: larger

text: and

text: more

text: expensive

text: Subaru

text: Observatory

text: also

text: on

text: Mauna

text: Kea

text: would

text: be

text: overkill

text: The

text: Nearby

text: Supernova

text: Factory

text: project

text: based

text: at

text: Lawrence

text: Berkeley

text: National

text: Laboratory

text: also

text: has

text: its

text: Supernova

text: Integrated

text: Field

text: Spectrograph

text: SNIFS

text: instrument

text: mounted

text: on

text: In

text: June

text: the

text: telescope

text: and

text: its

text: weather

text: station

text: were

text: struck

text: by

text: lightning

text: damaging

text: many

text: systems

text: and

text: disabling

text: it

text: but

text: the

text: telescope

text: was

text: repaired

text: by

text: August

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: systems

text: at

text: the

text: observatory

text: were

text: years

text: old

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: damage

text: and

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: reverse

text: engineered

text: to

text: be

text: fixed

text: The

text: weather

text: station

text: is

text: currently

text: under

text: development

text: A dwarf planet is a planetary-mass object that is neither a planet nor a natural satellite. That is, it is in direct orbit of the Sun, and is massive enough for its gravity to crush it into a hydrostatic equilibrium shape (usually a spheroid), but has not cleared the neighborhood of other material around its orbit.

text: dwarf

text: planet

text: is

text: planetary

text: mass

text: object

text: that

text: is

text: neither

text: planet

text: nor

text: natural

text: satellite

text: That

text: is

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: direct

text: orbit

text: of

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: is

text: massive

text: enough

text: for

text: its

text: gravity

text: to

text: crush

text: it

text: into

text: hydrostatic

text: equilibrium

text: shape

text: usually

text: spheroid

text: but

text: has

text: not

text: cleared

text: the

text: neighborhood

text: of

text: other

text: material

text: around

text: its

text: orbit

text: A rift zone is a feature of some volcanoes, especially shield volcanoes, in which a linear series of fissures in the volcanic edifice allows lava to be erupted from the volcano's flank instead of from its summit. For example, in the currently ongoing eruption of Kilauea in Hawaii, lava is emitted continuously from the Puu  vent located in Kilauea's East Rift Zone roughly 15 km east of Kilauea Crater. Rift zones tend to extend for tens of kilometers radially outward from the volcanic summit. The accumulated lava of repeated eruptions from rift zones causes these volcanoes to have an elongated shape. Perhaps the best example of this is Mauna Loa, which in Hawaiian means "long mountain".

text: rift

text: zone

text: is

text: feature

text: of

text: some

text: volcanoes

text: especially

text: shield

text: volcanoes

text: in

text: which

text: linear

text: series

text: of

text: fissures

text: in

text: the

text: volcanic

text: edifice

text: allows

text: lava

text: to

text: be

text: erupted

text: from

text: the

text: volcano

text: 's

text: flank

text: instead

text: of

text: from

text: its

text: summit

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: the

text: currently

text: ongoing

text: eruption

text: of

text: Kilauea

text: in

text: Hawaii

text: lava

text: is

text: emitted

text: continuously

text: from

text: the

text: Puu

text: vent

text: located

text: in

text: Kilauea

text: 's

text: East

text: Rift

text: Zone

text: roughly

text: km

text: east

text: of

text: Kilauea

text: Crater

text: Rift

text: zones

text: tend

text: to

text: extend

text: for

text: tens

text: of

text: kilometers

text: radially

text: outward

text: from

text: the

text: volcanic

text: summit

text: The

text: accumulated

text: lava

text: of

text: repeated

text: eruptions

text: from

text: rift

text: zones

text: causes

text: these

text: volcanoes

text: to

text: have

text: an

text: elongated

text: shape

text: Perhaps

text: the

text: best

text: example

text: of

text: this

text: is

text: Mauna

text: Loa

text: which

text: in

text: Hawaiian

text: means

text: long

text: mountain

text: The University of Hawaii system, (formally the University of Hawaii and popularly known as U.H.), is a public, co-educational college and university system that confers associate, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees through three university campuses, seven community college campuses, an employment training center, three university centers, four education centers and various other research facilities distributed across six islands throughout the State of Hawaii in the United States. All schools of the University of Hawaii system are accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. The U.H. system's main administrative offices are located on the property of the University of Hawaii at Mnoa in Honolulu CDP.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: system

text: formally

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: and

text: popularly

text: known

text: as

text: U.H.

text: is

text: public

text: co

text: educational

text: college

text: and

text: university

text: system

text: that

text: confers

text: associate

text: bachelor

text: 's

text: master

text: 's

text: and

text: doctoral

text: degrees

text: through

text: three

text: university

text: campuses

text: seven

text: community

text: college

text: campuses

text: an

text: employment

text: training

text: center

text: three

text: university

text: centers

text: four

text: education

text: centers

text: and

text: various

text: other

text: research

text: facilities

text: distributed

text: across

text: six

text: islands

text: throughout

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: All

text: schools

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: system

text: are

text: accredited

text: by

text: the

text: Western

text: Association

text: of

text: Schools

text: and

text: Colleges

text: The

text: U.H.

text: system

text: 's

text: main

text: administrative

text: offices

text: are

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: property

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: at

text: Mnoa

text: in

text: Honolulu

text: CDP

text:
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma, with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process.<ref name="doi10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040012"></ref> It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth. Its diameter is about 109 times that of Earth, and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth, accounting for about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System.
About three quarters of the Sun's mass consists of hydrogen (~73%); the rest is mostly helium (~25%), with much smaller quantities of heavier elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon, and iron.

text: The

text: Sun

text: is

text: the

text: star

text: at

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: It

text: is

text: nearly

text: perfect

text: sphere

text: of

text: hot

text: plasma

text: with

text: internal

text: convective

text: motion

text: that

text: generates

text: magnetic

text: field

text: via

text: dynamo

text: process.<ref

text: It

text: is

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: source

text: of

text: energy

text: for

text: life

text: on

text: Earth

text: Its

text: diameter

text: is

text: about

text: times

text: that

text: of

text: Earth

text: and

text: its

text: mass

text: is

text: about

text: times

text: that

text: of

text: Earth

text: accounting

text: for

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: mass

text: of

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: About

text: three

text: quarters

text: of

text: the

text: Sun

text: 's

text: mass

text: consists

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: the

text: rest

text: is

text: mostly

text: helium

text: with

text: much

text: smaller

text: quantities

text: of

text: heavier

text: elements

text: including

text: oxygen

text: carbon

text: neon

text: and

text: iron

text: Volcanism is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent. It includes all phenomena resulting from and causing magma within the crust or mantle of the body, to rise through the crust and form volcanic rocks on the surface.

text: Volcanism

text: is

text: the

text: phenomenon

text: of

text: eruption

text: of

text: molten

text: rock

text: magma

text: onto

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: or

text: solid

text: surface

text: planet

text: or

text: moon

text: where

text: lava

text: pyroclastics

text: and

text: volcanic

text: gases

text: erupt

text: through

text: break

text: in

text: the

text: surface

text: called

text: vent

text: It

text: includes

text: all

text: phenomena

text: resulting

text: from

text: and

text: causing

text: magma

text: within

text: the

text: crust

text: or

text: mantle

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: to

text: rise

text: through

text: the

text: crust

text: and

text: form

text: volcanic

text: rocks

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: The Institute for Astronomy (IfA) is a research unit within the University of Hawaii system, led by Günther Hasinger as Director. IfA main headquarters are located at 2680 Woodlawn Drive in Honolulu, Hawaii, , on the University of Hawaii at Mnoa campus. Additional facilities are located at Pukalani, Maui and Hilo on Hawaii island (the Big Island). IfA employs over 150 astronomers and support staff. IfA astronomers perform research into solar system objects, stars, galaxies and cosmology.

text: The

text: Institute

text: for

text: Astronomy

text: IfA

text: is

text: research

text: unit

text: within

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: system

text: led

text: by

text: Günther

text: Hasinger

text: as

text: Director

text: IfA

text: main

text: headquarters

text: are

text: located

text: at

text: Woodlawn

text: Drive

text: in

text: Honolulu

text: Hawaii

text: on

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: at

text: Mnoa

text: campus

text: Additional

text: facilities

text: are

text: located

text: at

text: Pukalani

text: Maui

text: and

text: Hilo

text: on

text: Hawaii

text: island

text: the

text: Big

text: Island

text: IfA

text: employs

text: over

text: astronomers

text: and

text: support

text: staff

text: IfA

text: astronomers

text: perform

text: research

text: into

text: solar

text: system

text: objects

text: stars

text: galaxies

text: and

text: cosmology

text: Mauna Kea (or ), is a dormant volcano on the island of Hawaii. Standing above sea level, its peak is the highest point in the state of Hawaii. Much of the mountain is under water; when measured from its oceanic base, Mauna Kea is over tall. Mauna Kea is about a million years old, and has thus passed the most active shield stage of life hundreds of thousands of years ago. In its current post-shield state, its lava is more viscous, resulting in a steeper profile. Late volcanism has also given it a much rougher appearance than its neighboring volcanoes; contributing factors include the construction of cinder cones, the decentralization of its rift zones, the glaciation on its peak, and the weathering effects of the prevailing trade winds. Mauna Kea last erupted 6,000 to 4,000 years ago and is now considered dormant.

text: Mauna

text: Kea

text: or

text: is

text: dormant

text: volcano

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: Standing

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: its

text: peak

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: mountain

text: is

text: under

text: water

text: when

text: measured

text: from

text: its

text: oceanic

text: base

text: Mauna

text: Kea

text: is

text: over

text: tall

text: Mauna

text: Kea

text: is

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: old

text: and

text: has

text: thus

text: passed

text: the

text: most

text: active

text: shield

text: stage

text: of

text: life

text: hundreds

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

text: ago

text: In

text: its

text: current

text: post

text: shield

text: state

text: its

text: lava

text: is

text: more

text: viscous

text: resulting

text: in

text: steeper

text: profile

text: Late

text: volcanism

text: has

text: also

text: given

text: it

text: much

text: rougher

text: appearance

text: than

text: its

text: neighboring

text: volcanoes

text: contributing

text: factors

text: include

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: cinder

text: cones

text: the

text: decentralization

text: of

text: its

text: rift

text: zones

text: the

text: glaciation

text: on

text: its

text: peak

text: and

text: the

text: weathering

text: effects

text: of

text: the

text: prevailing

text: trade

text: winds

text: Mauna

text: Kea

text: last

text: erupted

text: to

text: years

text: ago

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: considered

text: dormant

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity uh88

answer: hawaii

text: hawaii

text: hawaii

text: hawaii

text: hawaii

text: hawaii

text: hawaii

text: hawaii

text: hawaii

text: hawaii

text: hawaii

text: hawaii

text: hawaii

text: hawaii

text: hawaii


text: Lebanon , officially known as the Lebanese Republic, is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity. At just 10,452 km (4,036 sq. mi.), it is the smallest recognized country on the entire mainland Asian continent.

text: Lebanon

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Lebanese

text: Republic

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: and

text: Israel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: while

text: Cyprus

text: is

text: west

text: across

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Lebanon

text: 's

text: location

text: at

text: the

text: crossroads

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Basin

text: and

text: the

text: Arabian

text: hinterland

text: facilitated

text: its

text: rich

text: history

text: and

text: shaped

text: cultural

text: identity

text: of

text: religious

text: and

text: ethnic

text: diversity

text: At

text: just

text: km

text: sq

text: mi

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: recognized

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: entire

text: mainland

text: Asian

text: continent

text: The araB gene promoter is a bacterial promoter, activated by e L-arabinose binding.

text: The

text: araB

text: gene

text: promoter

text: is

text: bacterial

text: promoter

text: activated

text: by

text: arabinose

text: binding

text: Regional organizations (ROs) are, in a sense, international organizations (IOs), as they incorporate international membership and encompass geopolitical entities that operationally transcend a single nation state. However, their membership is characterized by boundaries and demarcations characteristic to a defined and unique geography, such as continents, or geopolitics, such as economic blocs. They have been established to foster cooperation and political and economic integration or dialogue among states or entities within a restrictive geographical or geopolitical boundary. They both reflect common patterns of development and history that have been fostered since the end of World War II as well as the fragmentation inherent in globalization. Most ROs tend to work alongside well-established multilateral organizations such as the United Nations. While in many instances a regional organization is simply referred to as an international organization, in many others it makes sense to use the term "regional organization" to stress the more limited scope of a particular membership.

text: Regional

text: organizations

text: ROs

text: are

text: in

text: sense

text: international

text: organizations

text: IOs

text: as

text: they

text: incorporate

text: international

text: membership

text: and

text: encompass

text: geopolitical

text: entities

text: that

text: operationally

text: transcend

text: single

text: nation

text: state

text: However

text: their

text: membership

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: boundaries

text: and

text: demarcations

text: characteristic

text: to

text: defined

text: and

text: unique

text: geography

text: such

text: as

text: continents

text: or

text: geopolitics

text: such

text: as

text: economic

text: blocs

text: They

text: have

text: been

text: established

text: to

text: foster

text: cooperation

text: and

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: integration

text: or

text: dialogue

text: among

text: states

text: or

text: entities

text: within

text: restrictive

text: geographical

text: or

text: geopolitical

text: boundary

text: They

text: both

text: reflect

text: common

text: patterns

text: of

text: development

text: and

text: history

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: fostered

text: since

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: fragmentation

text: inherent

text: in

text: globalization

text: Most

text: ROs

text: tend

text: to

text: work

text: alongside

text: well

text: established

text: multilateral

text: organizations

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: While

text: in

text: many

text: instances

text: regional

text: organization

text: is

text: simply

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: an

text: international

text: organization

text: in

text: many

text: others

text: it

text: makes

text: sense

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: term

text: regional

text: organization

text: to

text: stress

text: the

text: more

text: limited

text: scope

text: of

text: particular

text: membership

text: Jordan ('), officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ('), is an Arab kingdom in Western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the east and south, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north, Israel, Palestine and the Dead Sea to the west and the Red Sea in its extreme south-west. Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe. The capital, Amman, is Jordan's most populous city as well as the country's economic, political and cultural centre.

text: Jordan

text: officially

text: The

text: Hashemite

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Jordan

text: is

text: an

text: Arab

text: kingdom

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: on

text: the

text: East

text: Bank

text: of

text: the

text: Jordan

text: River

text: Jordan

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: Iraq

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Israel

text: Palestine

text: and

text: the

text: Dead

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: in

text: its

text: extreme

text: south

text: west

text: Jordan

text: is

text: strategically

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: crossroads

text: of

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: and

text: Europe

text: The

text: capital

text: Amman

text: is

text: Jordan

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: economic

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: centre

text: The Arab League ('), formally the League of Arab States ('), is a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa and Arabia. It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members: Kingdom of Egypt, Kingdom of Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945. Currently, the League has 22 members, but Syria's participation has been suspended since November 2011, as a consequence of government repression during the Syrian Civil War.

text: The

text: Arab

text: League

text: formally

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Arab

text: States

text: is

text: regional

text: organization

text: of

text: Arab

text: countries

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: North

text: Africa

text: the

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: Arabia

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: Cairo

text: on

text: March

text: with

text: six

text: members

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Iraq

text: Transjordan

text: renamed

text: Jordan

text: in

text: Lebanon

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: and

text: Syria

text: Yemen

text: joined

text: as

text: member

text: on

text: May

text: Currently

text: the

text: League

text: has

text: members

text: but

text: Syria

text: 's

text: participation

text: has

text: been

text: suspended

text: since

text: November

text: as

text: consequence

text: of

text: government

text: repression

text: during

text: the

text: Syrian

text: Civil

text: War

text: Union of Arab Football Associations ( Arabic :      ; French : Union des associations de football arabe ) , officially abbreviated as UAFA , is the governing body of football in the Arab League .

text: Union

text: of

text: Arab

text: Football

text: Associations

text: Arabic

text: French

text: Union

text: des

text: associations

text: de

text: football

text: arabe

text: officially

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: UAFA

text: is

text: the

text: governing

text: body

text: of

text: football

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: League

text: Iraq (, or ; '; '), officially known as the Republic of Iraq ('; ') is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds; others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's 36 million citizens are Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish.

text: Iraq

text: or

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iraq

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: bordered

text: by

text: Turkey

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Kuwait

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Jordan

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Baghdad

text: The

text: main

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: are

text: Arabs

text: and

text: Kurds

text: others

text: include

text: Assyrians

text: Turkmen

text: Shabakis

text: Yazidis

text: Armenians

text: Mandeans

text: Circassians

text: and

text: Kawliya

text: Around

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: million

text: citizens

text: are

text: Muslims

text: with

text: Christianity

text: Yarsan

text: Yezidism

text: and

text: Mandeanism

text: also

text: present

text: The

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: Iraq

text: are

text: Arabic

text: and

text: Kurdish

text: Egypt (; ', , "Kimi"), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with Egypt. It is the world's only contiguous Afrasian nation.

text: Egypt

text: Kimi

text: officially

text: the

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: of

text: Egypt

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: spanning

text: the

text: northeast

text: corner

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: southwest

text: corner

text: of

text: Asia

text: by

text: land

text: bridge

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: Egypt

text: is

text: Mediterranean

text: country

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: and

text: Israel

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: Sudan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Libya

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: lies

text: Jordan

text: and

text: across

text: from

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: lies

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: although

text: Jordan

text: and

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: do

text: not

text: share

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: Egypt

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: only

text: contiguous

text: Afrasian

text: nation

text: The Kingdom of Egypt ("", "the Egyptian Kingdom") was the independent Egyptian state established under the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in 1922 following the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence by the United Kingdom. Until the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936, the Kingdom was only nominally independent, since the British retained control of foreign relations, communications, the military and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Between 1936-52, the British continued to maintain military presence and political advisors, at a reduced level.

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Egypt

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: Kingdom

text: was

text: the

text: independent

text: Egyptian

text: state

text: established

text: under

text: the

text: Muhammad

text: Ali

text: Dynasty

text: in

text: following

text: the

text: Unilateral

text: Declaration

text: of

text: Egyptian

text: Independence

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Until

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Egyptian

text: treaty

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: was

text: only

text: nominally

text: independent

text: since

text: the

text: British

text: retained

text: control

text: of

text: foreign

text: relations

text: communications

text: the

text: military

text: and

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Egyptian

text: Sudan

text: Between

text: the

text: British

text: continued

text: to

text: maintain

text: military

text: presence

text: and

text: political

text: advisors

text: at

text: reduced

text: level

text: Saudi Arabia, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is an Arab sovereign state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula. With a land area of approximately , Saudi Arabia is geographically the fifth-largest state in Asia and second-largest state in the Arab world after Algeria. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen to the south. It is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba. It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert or barren landforms.

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: KSA

text: is

text: an

text: Arab

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: constituting

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Peninsula

text: With

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: is

text: geographically

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: Asia

text: and

text: second

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: after

text: Algeria

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Jordan

text: and

text: Iraq

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Kuwait

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Qatar

text: Bahrain

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Arab

text: Emirates

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Oman

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: Yemen

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Israel

text: and

text: Egypt

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: nation

text: with

text: both

text: Red

text: Sea

text: coast

text: and

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: coast

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: terrain

text: consists

text: of

text: arid

text: desert

text: or

text: barren

text: landforms

text: Yemen ('), officially known as the Republic of Yemen ('), is an Arab country in Western Asia, occupying South Arabia, the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. Yemen is the second-largest country in the peninsula, occupying 527,970 km (203,850 sq mi). The coastline stretches for about 2,000 km (1,200 mi). It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, the Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea to the south, and Oman to the east-northeast. Although Yemen's constitutionally stated capital is the city of Sana'a, the city has been under rebel control since February 2015. Because of this, Yemen's capital has been temporarily relocated to the port city of Aden, on the southern coast. Yemen's territory includes more than 200 islands; the largest of these is Socotra.

text: Yemen

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Yemen

text: is

text: an

text: Arab

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: occupying

text: South

text: Arabia

text: the

text: southern

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Peninsula

text: Yemen

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: peninsula

text: occupying

text: km

text: sq

text: mi

text: The

text: coastline

text: stretches

text: for

text: about

text: km

text: mi

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aden

text: and

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Oman

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: northeast

text: Although

text: Yemen

text: 's

text: constitutionally

text: stated

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Sana'a

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: been

text: under

text: rebel

text: control

text: since

text: February

text: Because

text: of

text: this

text: Yemen

text: 's

text: capital

text: has

text: been

text: temporarily

text: relocated

text: to

text: the

text: port

text: city

text: of

text: Aden

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: coast

text: Yemen

text: 's

text: territory

text: includes

text: more

text: than

text: islands

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: these

text: is

text: Socotra

text: Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20.4 % of its total land area. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two "de facto" independent states with limited or no recognition.

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: At

text: about

text: million

text: million

text: square

text: miles

text: including

text: adjacent

text: islands

text: it

text: covers

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: its

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: With

text: billion

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: it

text: accounts

text: for

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: human

text: population

text: The

text: continent

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: both

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: along

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: continent

text: includes

text: Madagascar

text: and

text: various

text: archipelagos

text: It

text: contains

text: fully

text: recognized

text: sovereign

text: states

text: countries

text: nine

text: territories

text: and

text: two

text: de

text: facto

text: independent

text: states

text: with

text: limited

text: or

text: no

text: recognition

text: North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of Africa. The United Nations definition of "North Africa" includes seven countries and territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, and Western Sahara. The countries of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya are often collectively referred to as the Maghreb, which is the Arabic word for "sunset". Egypt lies to the northeast and encompasses part of West Asia, while Sudan is situated on the edge of the Sahel, to the south of Egypt.

text: North

text: Africa

text: or

text: Northern

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: northernmost

text: region

text: of

text: Africa

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: definition

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: includes

text: seven

text: countries

text: and

text: territories

text: Algeria

text: Egypt

text: Libya

text: Mauritania

text: Morocco

text: Sudan

text: Tunisia

text: and

text: Western

text: Sahara

text: The

text: countries

text: of

text: Algeria

text: Morocco

text: Tunisia

text: and

text: Libya

text: are

text: often

text: collectively

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Maghreb

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: Arabic

text: word

text: for

text: sunset

text: Egypt

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: encompasses

text: part

text: of

text: West

text: Asia

text: while

text: Sudan

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: Sahel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Cairo (; ', ') is the capital and largest city of Egypt. The city's metropolitan area is the largest in the Middle East and the Arab world, and 15th-largest in the world, and is associated with ancient Egypt, as the famous Giza pyramid complex and the ancient city of Memphis are located in its geographical area. Located near the Nile Delta, modern Cairo was founded in 969 CE by Jawhar al-Siqilli ("the Sicilian") of the Fatimid dynasty, but the land composing the present-day city was the site of ancient national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life, and is nicknamed "the city of a thousand minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture.

text: Cairo

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Egypt

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: and

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: ancient

text: Egypt

text: as

text: the

text: famous

text: Giza

text: pyramid

text: complex

text: and

text: the

text: ancient

text: city

text: of

text: Memphis

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: its

text: geographical

text: area

text: Located

text: near

text: the

text: Nile

text: Delta

text: modern

text: Cairo

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: CE

text: by

text: Jawhar

text: al

text: Siqilli

text: the

text: Sicilian

text: of

text: the

text: Fatimid

text: dynasty

text: but

text: the

text: land

text: composing

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: city

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: ancient

text: national

text: capitals

text: whose

text: remnants

text: remain

text: visible

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: Old

text: Cairo

text: Cairo

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: life

text: and

text: is

text: nicknamed

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: thousand

text: minarets

text: for

text: its

text: preponderance

text: of

text: Islamic

text: architecture

text: The Horn of Africa (, "yäafrika qänd", "al-qarn al-'afrq") (shortened to HOA) is a peninsula in Northeast Africa. It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. The Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.

text: The

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: yäafrika

text: qänd

text: al

text: qarn

text: al-'afrq

text: shortened

text: to

text: HOA

text: is

text: peninsula

text: in

text: Northeast

text: Africa

text: It

text: juts

text: hundreds

text: of

text: kilometers

text: into

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: and

text: lies

text: along

text: the

text: southern

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aden

text: The

text: area

text: is

text: the

text: easternmost

text: projection

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: continent

text: The

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: denotes

text: the

text: region

text: containing

text: the

text: countries

text: of

text: Djibouti

text: Eritrea

text: Ethiopia

text: and

text: Somalia

text: Syria, officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (""), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. Syria's capital and largest city is Damascus.

text: Syria

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Syrian

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: bordering

text: Lebanon

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Turkey

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Iraq

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Jordan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Israel

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Syria

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Damascus

annotations: follows single

question: instance_of union of arab football associations

answer: organization

text: organization

text: organization

text: organization

text: organization


text: Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of . Wales has over of coastline and is largely mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon, its highest summit. The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate.

text: Wales

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: England

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Bristol

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: It

text: had

text: population

text: in

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: Wales

text: has

text: over

text: of

text: coastline

text: and

text: is

text: largely

text: mountainous

text: with

text: its

text: higher

text: peaks

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: central

text: areas

text: including

text: Snowdon

text: its

text: highest

text: summit

text: The

text: country

text: lies

text: within

text: the

text: north

text: temperate

text: zone

text: and

text: has

text: changeable

text: maritime

text: climate

text: Count (male) or countess (female) is a title in European countries for a noble of varying status, but historically deemed to convey an approximate rank intermediate between the highest and lowest titles of nobility. The word "count" came into English from the French "comte", itself from Latin "comes"in its accusative "comitem"meaning companion, and later companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor. The adjective form of the word is "". The British and Irish equivalent is an earl (whose wife is a "countess", for lack of an English term). Alternative names for the "count" rank in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as "Graf" in Germany and "Hakushaku" during the Japanese Imperial era.

text: Count

text: male

text: or

text: countess

text: female

text: is

text: title

text: in

text: European

text: countries

text: for

text: noble

text: of

text: varying

text: status

text: but

text: historically

text: deemed

text: to

text: convey

text: an

text: approximate

text: rank

text: intermediate

text: between

text: the

text: highest

text: and

text: lowest

text: titles

text: of

text: nobility

text: The

text: word

text: count

text: came

text: into

text: English

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: comte

text: itself

text: from

text: Latin

text: comes"in

text: its

text: accusative

text: comitem"meaning

text: companion

text: and

text: later

text: companion

text: of

text: the

text: emperor

text: delegate

text: of

text: the

text: emperor

text: The

text: adjective

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: is

text: The

text: British

text: and

text: Irish

text: equivalent

text: is

text: an

text: earl

text: whose

text: wife

text: is

text: countess

text: for

text: lack

text: of

text: an

text: English

text: term

text: Alternative

text: names

text: for

text: the

text: count

text: rank

text: in

text: the

text: nobility

text: structure

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: other

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: Graf

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: Hakushaku

text: during

text: the

text: Japanese

text: Imperial

text: era

text: Betws-y-Coed ("Prayer house in the wood") is a village and community in the Conwy valley in Conwy County Borough, Wales.

text: Betws

text: Coed

text: Prayer

text: house

text: in

text: the

text: wood

text: is

text: village

text: and

text: community

text: in

text: the

text: Conwy

text: valley

text: in

text: Conwy

text: County

text: Borough

text: Wales

text: The Rhiwbach Tramway was a Welsh industrial, narrow gauge railway connecting the remote slate quarries east of the Blaenau Ffestiniog with the Ffestiniog Railway.

text: The

text: Rhiwbach

text: Tramway

text: was

text: Welsh

text: industrial

text: narrow

text: gauge

text: railway

text: connecting

text: the

text: remote

text: slate

text: quarries

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Blaenau

text: Ffestiniog

text: with

text: the

text: Ffestiniog

text: Railway

text: The River Conwy is a river in north Wales. From its source to its discharge in Conwy Bay it is a little over long. "Conwy" was formerly Anglicised as "Conway."

text: The

text: River

text: Conwy

text: is

text: river

text: in

text: north

text: Wales

text: From

text: its

text: source

text: to

text: its

text: discharge

text: in

text: Conwy

text: Bay

text: it

text: is

text: little

text: over

text: long

text: Conwy

text: was

text: formerly

text: Anglicised

text: as

text: Conway

text:
Conwy (formerly known in English as "Conway") is a walled market town and community in Conwy County Borough on the north coast of Wales. The town, which faces Deganwy across the River Conwy, formerly lay in Gwynedd and prior to that in Caernarfonshire. The community, which includes Deganwy and Llandudno Junction, had a population of 14,208 at the 2001 census, and is a popular tourist destination. The population rose to 14,753 at the 2011 census. In the 2015 census The size of the resident population in Conwy County Borough on the 30th June 2015 was estimated to be 116,200 people.
The town itself has a population of 4,065.

text: Conwy

text: formerly

text: known

text: in

text: English

text: as

text: Conway

text: is

text: walled

text: market

text: town

text: and

text: community

text: in

text: Conwy

text: County

text: Borough

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: coast

text: of

text: Wales

text: The

text: town

text: which

text: faces

text: Deganwy

text: across

text: the

text: River

text: Conwy

text: formerly

text: lay

text: in

text: Gwynedd

text: and

text: prior

text: to

text: that

text: in

text: Caernarfonshire

text: The

text: community

text: which

text: includes

text: Deganwy

text: and

text: Llandudno

text: Junction

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: at

text: the

text: census

text: and

text: is

text: popular

text: tourist

text: destination

text: The

text: population

text: rose

text: to

text: at

text: the

text: census

text: In

text: the

text: census

text: The

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: resident

text: population

text: in

text: Conwy

text: County

text: Borough

text: on

text: the

text: June

text: was

text: estimated

text: to

text: be

text: people

text: The

text: town

text: itself

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics. Regardless of the physical geography, in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945, a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise of legal jurisdiction.

text: country

text: is

text: region

text: that

text: is

text: identified

text: as

text: distinct

text: national

text: entity

text: in

text: political

text: geography

text: country

text: may

text: be

text: an

text: independent

text: sovereign

text: state

text: or

text: one

text: that

text: is

text: occupied

text: by

text: another

text: state

text: as

text: non

text: sovereign

text: or

text: formerly

text: sovereign

text: political

text: division

text: or

text: geographic

text: region

text: associated

text: with

text: sets

text: of

text: previously

text: independent

text: or

text: differently

text: associated

text: people

text: with

text: distinct

text: political

text: characteristics

text: Regardless

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: geography

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: internationally

text: accepted

text: legal

text: definition

text: as

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: in

text: and

text: reaffirmed

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: in

text: resident

text: of

text: country

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: independent

text: exercise

text: of

text: legal

text: jurisdiction

text: The Bristol Channel is a major inlet in the island of Great Britain, separating South Wales from Devon and Somerset in South West England. It extends from the lower estuary of the River Severn to the North Atlantic Ocean. It takes its name from the English city of Bristol, and is over 30 miles (50 km) across at its widest point.

text: The

text: Bristol

text: Channel

text: is

text: major

text: inlet

text: in

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: separating

text: South

text: Wales

text: from

text: Devon

text: and

text: Somerset

text: in

text: South

text: West

text: England

text: It

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: lower

text: estuary

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Severn

text: to

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: It

text: takes

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: English

text: city

text: of

text: Bristol

text: and

text: is

text: over

text: miles

text: km

text: across

text: at

text: its

text: widest

text: point

text: Graf (male) or Gräfin (female) is a historical title of the German nobility, usually translated as count. Considered intermediate among noble ranks, the title is often treated as equivalent to the British "earl" (whose female version and consort is a "countess").

text: Graf

text: male

text: or

text: Gräfin

text: female

text: is

text: historical

text: title

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: nobility

text: usually

text: translated

text: as

text: count

text: Considered

text: intermediate

text: among

text: noble

text: ranks

text: the

text: title

text: is

text: often

text: treated

text: as

text: equivalent

text: to

text: the

text: British

text: earl

text: whose

text: female

text: version

text: and

text: consort

text: is

text: countess

text: A county is a geographical region of a country used for administrative or other purposes, in certain modern nations. The term is derived from the Old French "conté" or "cunté" denoting a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a count (earl) or a viscount. The modern French is "comté", and its equivalents in other languages are "contea", "contado", "comtat", "condado", "Grafschaft", "graafschap", "Gau", etc. (cf. "conte", "comte", "conde", "Graf").

text: county

text: is

text: geographical

text: region

text: of

text: country

text: used

text: for

text: administrative

text: or

text: other

text: purposes

text: in

text: certain

text: modern

text: nations

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Old

text: French

text: conté

text: or

text: cunté

text: denoting

text: jurisdiction

text: under

text: the

text: sovereignty

text: of

text: count

text: earl

text: or

text: viscount

text: The

text: modern

text: French

text: is

text: comté

text: and

text: its

text: equivalents

text: in

text: other

text: languages

text: are

text: contea

text: contado

text: comtat

text: condado

text: Grafschaft

text: graafschap

text: Gau

text: etc

text: cf

text: conte

text: comte

text: conde

text: Graf

text: A valley is a low area between hills, often with a river running through it.

text: valley

text: is

text: low

text: area

text: between

text: hills

text: often

text: with

text: river

text: running

text: through

text: it

text: England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.

text: England

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Scotland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Wales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: northwest

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: England

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: continental

text: Europe

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: covers

text: five

text: eighths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: which

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: in

text: its

text: centre

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: includes

text: over

text: smaller

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: and

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water. Small rivers can be referred to using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill. There are no official definitions for the generic term river as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities a stream is defined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are "run" in some parts of the United States, "burn" in Scotland and northeast England, and "beck" in northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always: the language is vague.

text: river

text: is

text: natural

text: flowing

text: watercourse

text: usually

text: freshwater

text: flowing

text: towards

text: an

text: ocean

text: sea

text: lake

text: or

text: another

text: river

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: river

text: flows

text: into

text: the

text: ground

text: and

text: becomes

text: dry

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: its

text: course

text: without

text: reaching

text: another

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: Small

text: rivers

text: can

text: be

text: referred

text: to

text: using

text: names

text: such

text: as

text: stream

text: creek

text: brook

text: rivulet

text: and

text: rill

text: There

text: are

text: no

text: official

text: definitions

text: for

text: the

text: generic

text: term

text: river

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: geographic

text: features

text: although

text: in

text: some

text: countries

text: or

text: communities

text: stream

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: its

text: size

text: Many

text: names

text: for

text: small

text: rivers

text: are

text: specific

text: to

text: geographic

text: location

text: examples

text: are

text: run

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: burn

text: in

text: Scotland

text: and

text: northeast

text: England

text: and

text: beck

text: in

text: northern

text: England

text: Sometimes

text: river

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: being

text: larger

text: than

text: creek

text: but

text: not

text: always

text: the

text: language

text: is

text: vague

text: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: UK

text: or

text: Britain

text: is

text: sovereign

text: country

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: Lying

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: mainland

text: it

text: includes

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: loosely

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: country

text: the

text: north

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: many

text: smaller

text: islands

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: that

text: shares

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: another

text: sovereign

text: statethe

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Apart

text: from

text: this

text: land

text: border

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: south

text: west

text: giving

text: it

text: the

text: longest

text: coastline

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Together

text: this

text: makes

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Cwm Penmachno is a former quarry settlement at the head of the Penmachno valley in North Wales. The Rhiwbach slate quarry was formerly linked by the Rhiwbach Tramway to the Ffestiniog railway at Blaenau Ffestiniog. The slopes around the village provide streams which are the source of the river Machno, which flows past the larger village of Penmachno before joining the river Conwy south of Betws-y-Coed.

text: Cwm

text: Penmachno

text: is

text: former

text: quarry

text: settlement

text: at

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Penmachno

text: valley

text: in

text: North

text: Wales

text: The

text: Rhiwbach

text: slate

text: quarry

text: was

text: formerly

text: linked

text: by

text: the

text: Rhiwbach

text: Tramway

text: to

text: the

text: Ffestiniog

text: railway

text: at

text: Blaenau

text: Ffestiniog

text: The

text: slopes

text: around

text: the

text: village

text: provide

text: streams

text: which

text: are

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: Machno

text: which

text: flows

text: past

text: the

text: larger

text: village

text: of

text: Penmachno

text: before

text: joining

text: the

text: river

text: Conwy

text: south

text: of

text: Betws

text: Coed

text: Great Britain, also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth-largest in the world. In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, comprise the British Isles archipelago.

text: Great

text: Britain

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Britain

text: is

text: large

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: off

text: the

text: northwest

text: coast

text: of

text: continental

text: Europe

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: European

text: island

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: the

text: island

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: after

text: Java

text: in

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: Honshu

text: in

text: Japan

text: The

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: is

text: situated

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: it

text: and

text: together

text: these

text: islands

text: along

text: with

text: over

text: smaller

text: surrounding

text: islands

text: comprise

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: archipelago

text: The Ffestiniog Railway is a narrow gauge heritage railway, located in Gwynedd, Wales. It is a major tourist attraction located mainly within the Snowdonia National Park.

text: The

text: Ffestiniog

text: Railway

text: is

text: narrow

text: gauge

text: heritage

text: railway

text: located

text: in

text: Gwynedd

text: Wales

text: It

text: is

text: major

text: tourist

text: attraction

text: located

text: mainly

text: within

text: the

text: Snowdonia

text: National

text: Park

text: River Machno is a river in Snowdonia in north-west Wales. It is the first major tributary of the River Conwy, which it joins south of Betws-y-coed, just past the impressive Penmachno Falls.

text: River

text: Machno

text: is

text: river

text: in

text: Snowdonia

text: in

text: north

text: west

text: Wales

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: major

text: tributary

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Conwy

text: which

text: it

text: joins

text: south

text: of

text: Betws

text: coed

text: just

text: past

text: the

text: impressive

text: Penmachno

text: Falls

text: The Irish Sea (, , , Ulster-Scots: "Airish Sea"), separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. It is connected to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the North Channel. Anglesey is the largest island within the Irish Sea, followed by the Isle of Man. The sea is occasionally, but rarely, referred to as the Manx Sea.

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: Ulster

text: Scots

text: Airish

text: Sea

text: separates

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: is

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: St

text: George

text: 's

text: Channel

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: Inner

text: Seas

text: off

text: the

text: West

text: Coast

text: of

text: Scotland

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Channel

text: Anglesey

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: island

text: within

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: The

text: sea

text: is

text: occasionally

text: but

text: rarely

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Manx

text: Sea

text: Blaenau Ffestiniog is a historic mining town in Wales. It is in the historic county of Merionethshire, although currently administered as part of the unitary authority of Gwynedd. It has a population of 4,875 according to the 2011 census, including the nearby village of Llan Ffestiniog, which makes it the third largest town in Gwynedd unitary authority, behind Bangor and Caernarfon. After reaching 12,000 at the peak of the slate industry, the population fell due to a decrease in the demand for slate. Blaenau Ffestiniog at one time was the second largest town in North Wales, behind Wrexham. Today, the town relies heavily on tourists, who come to see the many attractions within and around the town such as the Ffestiniog Railway and the Llechwedd Slate Caverns.

text: Blaenau

text: Ffestiniog

text: is

text: historic

text: mining

text: town

text: in

text: Wales

text: It

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: historic

text: county

text: of

text: Merionethshire

text: although

text: currently

text: administered

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: unitary

text: authority

text: of

text: Gwynedd

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: including

text: the

text: nearby

text: village

text: of

text: Llan

text: Ffestiniog

text: which

text: makes

text: it

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: town

text: in

text: Gwynedd

text: unitary

text: authority

text: behind

text: Bangor

text: and

text: Caernarfon

text: After

text: reaching

text: at

text: the

text: peak

text: of

text: the

text: slate

text: industry

text: the

text: population

text: fell

text: due

text: to

text: decrease

text: in

text: the

text: demand

text: for

text: slate

text: Blaenau

text: Ffestiniog

text: at

text: one

text: time

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: town

text: in

text: North

text: Wales

text: behind

text: Wrexham

text: Today

text: the

text: town

text: relies

text: heavily

text: on

text: tourists

text: who

text: come

text: to

text: see

text: the

text: many

text: attractions

text: within

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: town

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Ffestiniog

text: Railway

text: and

text: the

text: Llechwedd

text: Slate

text: Caverns

text: Conwy County Borough ("Welsh: Bwrdeistref Sirol Conwy") is a unitary authority area in the north of Wales.

text: Conwy

text: County

text: Borough

text: Welsh

text: Bwrdeistref

text: Sirol

text: Conwy

text: is

text: unitary

text: authority

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: Wales

text:
Old French (', ', ""; Modern French ) was the Gallo-Romance dialect continuum spoken from the 9th century to the 14th century.
In the 14th century, these dialects came to be collectively known as the "langues d'oïl", contrasting with the "langue d'oc" or Occitan language in the south of France. The mid-14th century is taken as the transitional period to Middle French, the language of the French Renaissance, specifically based on the dialect of the Île-de-France region.

text: Old

text: French

text: Modern

text: French

text: was

text: the

text: Gallo

text: Romance

text: dialect

text: continuum

text: spoken

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: these

text: dialects

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: langues

text: d'oïl

text: contrasting

text: with

text: the

text: langue

text: d'oc

text: or

text: Occitan

text: language

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: France

text: The

text: century

text: is

text: taken

text: as

text: the

text: transitional

text: period

text: to

text: Middle

text: French

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Renaissance

text: specifically

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: dialect

text: of

text: the

text: Île

text: de

text: France

text: region

text: Yr Wyddfa commonly known as Snowdon in English, is the highest mountain in Wales, at an elevation of above sea level, and the highest point in the British Isles south of the Scottish Highlands. It is located in Snowdonia National Park (") in Gwynedd, and has been described as "probably the busiest mountain in Britain". It is designated as a national nature reserve for its rare flora and fauna.

text: Yr

text: Wyddfa

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Snowdon

text: in

text: English

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: mountain

text: in

text: Wales

text: at

text: an

text: elevation

text: of

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: and

text: the

text: highest

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Highlands

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: Snowdonia

text: National

text: Park

text: in

text: Gwynedd

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: probably

text: the

text: busiest

text: mountain

text: in

text: Britain

text: It

text: is

text: designated

text: as

text: national

text: nature

text: reserve

text: for

text: its

text: rare

text: flora

text: and

text: fauna

text: A viscount (, for male) or viscountess (for female) is a title used in certain European countries for a noble of varying status, but historically deemed to convey a lower-middling rank. In many countries a "viscount", and its historical equivalents, was a non-hereditary, administrative or judicial position, and did not develop into a hereditary title until much later. In the case of French viscounts, it is customary to leave the title untranslated as vicomte.

text: viscount

text: for

text: male

text: or

text: viscountess

text: for

text: female

text: is

text: title

text: used

text: in

text: certain

text: European

text: countries

text: for

text: noble

text: of

text: varying

text: status

text: but

text: historically

text: deemed

text: to

text: convey

text: lower

text: middling

text: rank

text: In

text: many

text: countries

text: viscount

text: and

text: its

text: historical

text: equivalents

text: was

text: non

text: hereditary

text: administrative

text: or

text: judicial

text: position

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: develop

text: into

text: hereditary

text: title

text: until

text: much

text: later

text: In

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: French

text: viscounts

text: it

text: is

text: customary

text: to

text: leave

text: the

text: title

text: untranslated

text: as

text: vicomte

text: An earl is a member of the nobility. The title is Anglo-Saxon in origin, akin to the Scandinavian form jarl, and meant "chieftain", particularly a chieftain set to rule a territory in a king's stead. In Scandinavia, it became obsolete in the Middle Ages and was replaced by duke ("hertig"/"hertug"/"hertog"). In later medieval Britain, it became the equivalent of the continental count (in England in the earlier period, it was more akin to a duke; in Scotland it assimilated the concept of mormaer). However, earlier in Scandinavia, "jarl" could also mean a sovereign prince. For example, the rulers of several of the petty kingdoms of Norway had the title of "jarl" and in many cases they had no less power than their neighbours who had the title of king. Alternative names for the "Earl/Count" rank in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as Hakushaku during the Japanese Imperial era.

text: An

text: earl

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: nobility

text: The

text: title

text: is

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: in

text: origin

text: akin

text: to

text: the

text: Scandinavian

text: form

text: jarl

text: and

text: meant

text: chieftain

text: particularly

text: chieftain

text: set

text: to

text: rule

text: territory

text: in

text: king

text: 's

text: stead

text: In

text: Scandinavia

text: it

text: became

text: obsolete

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: duke

text: hertig"/"hertug"/"hertog

text: In

text: later

text: medieval

text: Britain

text: it

text: became

text: the

text: equivalent

text: of

text: the

text: continental

text: count

text: in

text: England

text: in

text: the

text: earlier

text: period

text: it

text: was

text: more

text: akin

text: to

text: duke

text: in

text: Scotland

text: it

text: assimilated

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: mormaer

text: However

text: earlier

text: in

text: Scandinavia

text: jarl

text: could

text: also

text: mean

text: sovereign

text: prince

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: rulers

text: of

text: several

text: of

text: the

text: petty

text: kingdoms

text: of

text: Norway

text: had

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: jarl

text: and

text: in

text: many

text: cases

text: they

text: had

text: no

text: less

text: power

text: than

text: their

text: neighbours

text: who

text: had

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: king

text: Alternative

text: names

text: for

text: the

text: Earl

text: Count

text: rank

text: in

text: the

text: nobility

text: structure

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: other

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: Hakushaku

text: during

text: the

text: Japanese

text: Imperial

text: era

text: North Wales is the northernmost unofficial region of Wales. Retail, transport and educational infrastructure are centred on Wrexham, Rhyl, Colwyn Bay, Llandudno and Bangor. It is bordered to the south by the counties of Ceredigion and Powys in Mid Wales, and to the east by the counties of Shropshire in the West Midlands and Cheshire in North West England.

text: North

text: Wales

text: is

text: the

text: northernmost

text: unofficial

text: region

text: of

text: Wales

text: Retail

text: transport

text: and

text: educational

text: infrastructure

text: are

text: centred

text: on

text: Wrexham

text: Rhyl

text: Colwyn

text: Bay

text: Llandudno

text: and

text: Bangor

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: counties

text: of

text: Ceredigion

text: and

text: Powys

text: in

text: Mid

text: Wales

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: counties

text: of

text: Shropshire

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: Midlands

text: and

text: Cheshire

text: in

text: North

text: West

text: England

text: Penmachno is a village in the isolated upland valley of Cwm Penmachno , 4 miles south of Betws - y - Coed in the county of Conwy , north Wales . The two parts of the village are linked by a five - arched , stone bridge dating from 1785 . The village has been referred to as Pennant Machno , Llandudclyd and Llan dutchyd in historical sources . According to the 2011 census , the population of the Bro Machno Parish ( which also includes Cwm Penmachno ) was 617 , of whom 342 ( 55 % ) were able to speak Welsh and 214 ( 34 % ) had no skills in Welsh .

text: Penmachno

text: is

text: village

text: in

text: the

text: isolated

text: upland

text: valley

text: of

text: Cwm

text: Penmachno

text: miles

text: south

text: of

text: Betws

text: Coed

text: in

text: the

text: county

text: of

text: Conwy

text: north

text: Wales

text: The

text: two

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: village

text: are

text: linked

text: by

text: five

text: arched

text: stone

text: bridge

text: dating

text: from

text: The

text: village

text: has

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Pennant

text: Machno

text: Llandudclyd

text: and

text: Llan

text: dutchyd

text: in

text: historical

text: sources

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: Bro

text: Machno

text: Parish

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: Cwm

text: Penmachno

text: was

text: of

text: whom

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: speak

text: Welsh

text: and

text: had

text: no

text: skills

text: in

text: Welsh

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity penmachno

answer: conwy county borough

text: conwy county borough

text: conwy county borough

text: conwy county borough

text: conwy county borough