text: Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 90.5 million inhabitants , it is the world's 14th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. Vietnam is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest, and the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia across the South China Sea to the east and southeast. Its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976.

text: Vietnam

text: officially

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: SRV

text: is

text: the

text: easternmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: Indochina

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: eighth

text: most

text: populous

text: Asian

text: country

text: Vietnam

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Laos

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Cambodia

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Thailand

text: across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: across

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Its

text: capital

text: city

text: has

text: been

text: Hanoi

text: since

text: the

text: reunification

text: of

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: in

text: Yuan Xi (died 207) was the second son of the warlord Yuan Shao in the late Eastern Hán dynasty.

text: Yuan

text: Xi

text: died

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: son

text: of

text: the

text: warlord

text: Yuan

text: Shao

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Hán

text: dynasty

text: Yu Jin ( died 221 ) , courtesy name Wenze , was a military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty . He joined Cao Cao in 192 around the start of the civil wars leading to the collapse of the dynasty , and fought in many of the campaigns which established the warlord 's position as a central figure in that period . In 219 , Yu Jin was tasked with leading forces to relief Cao Cao 's general Cao Ren , who was being besieged in Fancheng by Liu Bei 's general Guan Yu , but his armies were destroyed in a flood due to heavy rains . Yu Jin surrendered to Guan Yu and became a prisoner - of - war , but was transferred to the custody of another warlord , Sun Quan , after Sun 's forces captured Guan Yu 's bases in late 219 . Sun Quan treated Yu Jin like a guest and sent him back to the state of Cao Wei -- founded in late 220 by Cao Cao 's successor , Cao Pi , who ended the Eastern Han dynasty -- in 221 . Cao Pi pardoned Yu Jin and restored him to the position of a general . However , Yu Jin died later that year in regret after visiting Cao Cao 's tomb , where he saw illustrations of the Battle of Fancheng depicting his surrender to Guan Yu . Yu Jin was named one of the Five Elite Generals of his time , alongside Zhang Liao , Yue Jin , Zhang He and Xu Huang , by Chen Shou , who wrote his biography in the historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms ( Sanguozhi ) .

text: Yu

text: Jin

text: died

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Wenze

text: was

text: military

text: general

text: serving

text: under

text: the

text: warlord

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: He

text: joined

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: in

text: around

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: civil

text: wars

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: dynasty

text: and

text: fought

text: in

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: campaigns

text: which

text: established

text: the

text: warlord

text: 's

text: position

text: as

text: central

text: figure

text: in

text: that

text: period

text: In

text: Yu

text: Jin

text: was

text: tasked

text: with

text: leading

text: forces

text: to

text: relief

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: 's

text: general

text: Cao

text: Ren

text: who

text: was

text: being

text: besieged

text: in

text: Fancheng

text: by

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: 's

text: general

text: Guan

text: Yu

text: but

text: his

text: armies

text: were

text: destroyed

text: in

text: flood

text: due

text: to

text: heavy

text: rains

text: Yu

text: Jin

text: surrendered

text: to

text: Guan

text: Yu

text: and

text: became

text: prisoner

text: of

text: war

text: but

text: was

text: transferred

text: to

text: the

text: custody

text: of

text: another

text: warlord

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: after

text: Sun

text: 's

text: forces

text: captured

text: Guan

text: Yu

text: 's

text: bases

text: in

text: late

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: treated

text: Yu

text: Jin

text: like

text: guest

text: and

text: sent

text: him

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: founded

text: in

text: late

text: by

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: 's

text: successor

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: who

text: ended

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: in

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: pardoned

text: Yu

text: Jin

text: and

text: restored

text: him

text: to

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: general

text: However

text: Yu

text: Jin

text: died

text: later

text: that

text: year

text: in

text: regret

text: after

text: visiting

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: 's

text: tomb

text: where

text: he

text: saw

text: illustrations

text: of

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Fancheng

text: depicting

text: his

text: surrender

text: to

text: Guan

text: Yu

text: Yu

text: Jin

text: was

text: named

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Five

text: Elite

text: Generals

text: of

text: his

text: time

text: alongside

text: Zhang

text: Liao

text: Yue

text: Jin

text: Zhang

text: He

text: and

text: Xu

text: Huang

text: by

text: Chen

text: Shou

text: who

text: wrote

text: his

text: biography

text: in

text: the

text: historical

text: text

text: Records

text: of

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: Sanguozhi

text: Korea is a historical state in East Asia, since 1945 divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea (officially the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea") and South Korea (officially the "Republic of Korea"). Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast. It is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the East Sea.

text: Korea

text: is

text: historical

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: since

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: distinct

text: sovereign

text: states

text: North

text: Korea

text: officially

text: the

text: Democratic

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: and

text: South

text: Korea

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: Korean

text: Peninsula

text: Korea

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Japan

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Korea

text: Strait

text: and

text: the

text: East

text: Sea

text: Sun Ce (175200), courtesy name Bofu, was a military general and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He was the eldest child of Sun Jian, who was killed during the Battle of Xiangyang when Sun Ce was only 16. Sun Ce then broke away from his father's overlord, Yuan Shu, and headed to southeastern China to establish his own power base there. With the help of several people, such as Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu, Sun Ce managed to lay down the foundation of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period.

text: Sun

text: Ce

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Bofu

text: was

text: military

text: general

text: and

text: warlord

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: eldest

text: child

text: of

text: Sun

text: Jian

text: who

text: was

text: killed

text: during

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Xiangyang

text: when

text: Sun

text: Ce

text: was

text: only

text: Sun

text: Ce

text: then

text: broke

text: away

text: from

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: overlord

text: Yuan

text: Shu

text: and

text: headed

text: to

text: southeastern

text: China

text: to

text: establish

text: his

text: own

text: power

text: base

text: there

text: With

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: several

text: people

text: such

text: as

text: Zhang

text: Zhao

text: and

text: Zhou

text: Yu

text: Sun

text: Ce

text: managed

text: to

text: lay

text: down

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text: during

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: Cao Ren (168223), courtesy name Zixiao, was a military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He continued serving in the state of Cao Wei  founded by Cao Cao's son and successor, Cao Pi  during the Three Kingdoms period. He played a significant part in assisting Cao Cao in the civil wars leading to the end of the Han dynasty. He was appointed as the Grand Marshal () when Cao Pi ascended the throne, and was also credited by the latter for the establishment of Wei. However, Cao Ren was also once derided as a mediocre commander by Zhu Huan, a general from Wei's rival state Eastern Wu.

text: Cao

text: Ren

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Zixiao

text: was

text: military

text: general

text: serving

text: under

text: the

text: warlord

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: He

text: continued

text: serving

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: founded

text: by

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: 's

text: son

text: and

text: successor

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: during

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: He

text: played

text: significant

text: part

text: in

text: assisting

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: in

text: the

text: civil

text: wars

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: He

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: the

text: Grand

text: Marshal

text: when

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: ascended

text: the

text: throne

text: and

text: was

text: also

text: credited

text: by

text: the

text: latter

text: for

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: Wei

text: However

text: Cao

text: Ren

text: was

text: also

text: once

text: derided

text: as

text: mediocre

text: commander

text: by

text: Zhu

text: Huan

text: general

text: from

text: Wei

text: 's

text: rival

text: state

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text: Sun Quan (182252), courtesy name Zhongmou, formally known as Emperor Da of Wu (lit. "Great Emperor of Wu"), was the founder of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. He inherited control of the warlord state founded by his elder brother Sun Ce in 200. He declared formal independence and ruled from 222 to 229 as "King of Wu" and from 229 to 252 as the "Emperor of Wu". Unlike his rivals Cao Cao and Liu Bei, Quan governed his empire mostly separate of politics and ideology, he is sometimes portrayed as neutral considering he accommodated the wills of both his rivals but only when it benefited his state of Wu and never fully attempted to conquer his rivals, although most of historians would cite his lack of logistical resources to do so.

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Zhongmou

text: formally

text: known

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Da

text: of

text: Wu

text: lit

text: Great

text: Emperor

text: of

text: Wu

text: was

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text: during

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: He

text: inherited

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: warlord

text: state

text: founded

text: by

text: his

text: elder

text: brother

text: Sun

text: Ce

text: in

text: He

text: declared

text: formal

text: independence

text: and

text: ruled

text: from

text: to

text: as

text: King

text: of

text: Wu

text: and

text: from

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Emperor

text: of

text: Wu

text: Unlike

text: his

text: rivals

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: and

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: Quan

text: governed

text: his

text: empire

text: mostly

text: separate

text: of

text: politics

text: and

text: ideology

text: he

text: is

text: sometimes

text: portrayed

text: as

text: neutral

text: considering

text: he

text: accommodated

text: the

text: wills

text: of

text: both

text: his

text: rivals

text: but

text: only

text: when

text: it

text: benefited

text: his

text: state

text: of

text: Wu

text: and

text: never

text: fully

text: attempted

text: to

text: conquer

text: his

text: rivals

text: although

text: most

text: of

text: historians

text: would

text: cite

text: his

text: lack

text: of

text: logistical

text: resources

text: to

text: do

text: so

text:
Guizhou, formerly romanized as Kweichow, is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country. Its capital city is Guiyang.
Name.
The area was first organized as an administrative region of a Chinese empire under the Tang, when it was named Juzhou, pronounced "Kjú-jyuw" in the Middle Chinese of the period. During the Mongolian Yuan dynasty, the character ("ju", "carpenter's square") was changed to the more refined ("gui", "precious or expensive"). The region formally became a province in 1413, with an eponymous capital then also called "Guizhou" but now known as Guiyang.

text: Guizhou

text: formerly

text: romanized

text: as

text: Kweichow

text: is

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: Its

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Guiyang

text: Name

text: The

text: area

text: was

text: first

text: organized

text: as

text: an

text: administrative

text: region

text: of

text: Chinese

text: empire

text: under

text: the

text: Tang

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: named

text: Juzhou

text: pronounced

text: Kjú

text: jyuw

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Chinese

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: During

text: the

text: Mongolian

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: the

text: character

text: ju

text: carpenter

text: 's

text: square

text: was

text: changed

text: to

text: the

text: more

text: refined

text: gui

text: precious

text: or

text: expensive

text: The

text: region

text: formally

text: became

text: province

text: in

text: with

text: an

text: eponymous

text: capital

text: then

text: also

text: called

text: Guizhou

text: but

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: Guiyang

text: Lady Zhen (26 January 183  4 August 221), personal name unknown, was the first wife of Cao Pi, the first ruler of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. In 226, she was posthumously honoured as Empress Wenzhao when her son, Cao Rui, succeeded Cao Pi as the emperor of Wei.

text: Lady

text: Zhen

text: January

text: August

text: personal

text: name

text: unknown

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: wife

text: of

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: the

text: first

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: In

text: she

text: was

text: posthumously

text: honoured

text: as

text: Empress

text: Wenzhao

text: when

text: her

text: son

text: Cao

text: Rui

text: succeeded

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: as

text: the

text: emperor

text: of

text: Wei

text: Cao Wei (220265) was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220280). With its capital at Luoyang, the state was established by Cao Pi in 220, based upon the foundations laid by his father, Cao Cao, towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty. The name "Wei" first became associated with Cao Cao when he was named the Duke of Wei by the Eastern Han government in 213, and became the name of the state when Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor in 220. Historians often add the prefix "Cao" to distinguish it from other Chinese states known as "Wei", such as Wei of the Warring States period and Northern Wei of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The authority of the ruling Cao family gradually weakened after the death of the second Wei emperor, Cao Rui, and eventually fell into the hands of Sima Yi, a Wei regent, and his family, in 249. Cao Rui's successors remained as puppet rulers under the control of the Simas until Sima Yi's grandson, Sima Yan, forced the last Wei ruler, Cao Huan, to abdicate the throne and established the Jin dynasty.

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: major

text: states

text: that

text: competed

text: for

text: supremacy

text: over

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: With

text: its

text: capital

text: at

text: Luoyang

text: the

text: state

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: in

text: based

text: upon

text: the

text: foundations

text: laid

text: by

text: his

text: father

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: The

text: name

text: Wei

text: first

text: became

text: associated

text: with

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: named

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Wei

text: by

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: government

text: in

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: when

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: proclaimed

text: himself

text: emperor

text: in

text: Historians

text: often

text: add

text: the

text: prefix

text: Cao

text: to

text: distinguish

text: it

text: from

text: other

text: Chinese

text: states

text: known

text: as

text: Wei

text: such

text: as

text: Wei

text: of

text: the

text: Warring

text: States

text: period

text: and

text: Northern

text: Wei

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: and

text: Northern

text: Dynasties

text: The

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: ruling

text: Cao

text: family

text: gradually

text: weakened

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: second

text: Wei

text: emperor

text: Cao

text: Rui

text: and

text: eventually

text: fell

text: into

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: Sima

text: Yi

text: Wei

text: regent

text: and

text: his

text: family

text: in

text: Cao

text: Rui

text: 's

text: successors

text: remained

text: as

text: puppet

text: rulers

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Simas

text: until

text: Sima

text: Yi

text: 's

text: grandson

text: Sima

text: Yan

text: forced

text: the

text: last

text: Wei

text: ruler

text: Cao

text: Huan

text: to

text: abdicate

text: the

text: throne

text: and

text: established

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: The end of the Han dynasty refers to the period of Chinese history from 189 to 220 AD, which roughly coincides with the tumultuous reign of the Han dynasty's last ruler, Emperor Xian. During this period, the country was thrown into turmoil by the Yellow Turban Rebellion (184-205). Meanwhile, the Han Empire's institutions were destroyed by the warlord Dong Zhuo, and fractured into regional regimes ruled by various warlords, some of whom were nobles and officials of the Han imperial court. Eventually, one of those warlords, Cao Cao, was able to gradually reunify the empire, ostensibly under Emperor Xian's rule, but the empire was actually controlled by Cao Cao himself. Cao Cao's efforts to completely reunite the Han empire were rebuffed at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 / 209, when his armies were defeated by the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei. The Han dynasty formally ended in 220 when Cao Cao's son and heir, Cao Pi, pressured Emperor Xian into abdicating in his favour. Cao Pi became the emperor of a new state, Cao Wei. A year later, in response to Cao Pi's usurpation of the Han throne, Liu Bei declared himself emperor of Shu Han; and in 229, Sun Quan followed suit, declaring himself emperor of Eastern Wu. The period from Emperor Xian's abdication in 220 to the partial reunification of China under the Jin dynasty in 265 was known as the Three Kingdoms era in Chinese history.

text: The

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: Chinese

text: history

text: from

text: to

text: AD

text: which

text: roughly

text: coincides

text: with

text: the

text: tumultuous

text: reign

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: 's

text: last

text: ruler

text: Emperor

text: Xian

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: the

text: country

text: was

text: thrown

text: into

text: turmoil

text: by

text: the

text: Yellow

text: Turban

text: Rebellion

text: Meanwhile

text: the

text: Han

text: Empire

text: 's

text: institutions

text: were

text: destroyed

text: by

text: the

text: warlord

text: Dong

text: Zhuo

text: and

text: fractured

text: into

text: regional

text: regimes

text: ruled

text: by

text: various

text: warlords

text: some

text: of

text: whom

text: were

text: nobles

text: and

text: officials

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: imperial

text: court

text: Eventually

text: one

text: of

text: those

text: warlords

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: gradually

text: reunify

text: the

text: empire

text: ostensibly

text: under

text: Emperor

text: Xian

text: 's

text: rule

text: but

text: the

text: empire

text: was

text: actually

text: controlled

text: by

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: himself

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: 's

text: efforts

text: to

text: completely

text: reunite

text: the

text: Han

text: empire

text: were

text: rebuffed

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Red

text: Cliffs

text: in

text: when

text: his

text: armies

text: were

text: defeated

text: by

text: the

text: allied

text: forces

text: of

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: and

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: The

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: formally

text: ended

text: in

text: when

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: 's

text: son

text: and

text: heir

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: pressured

text: Emperor

text: Xian

text: into

text: abdicating

text: in

text: his

text: favour

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: became

text: the

text: emperor

text: of

text: new

text: state

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: year

text: later

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: 's

text: usurpation

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: throne

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: declared

text: himself

text: emperor

text: of

text: Shu

text: Han

text: and

text: in

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: followed

text: suit

text: declaring

text: himself

text: emperor

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text: The

text: period

text: from

text: Emperor

text: Xian

text: 's

text: abdication

text: in

text: to

text: the

text: partial

text: reunification

text: of

text: China

text: under

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: in

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: era

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: Xiangyang is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It was known as Xiangfan until December 2, 2010. Xiangyang is divided by the Han River, which runs through its heart and divides the city north-south. The city itself is an incorporation of two once separate, ancient cities: Fancheng and Xiangzhou. What remains of old Xianyang is located south of the Han River and contains one of the oldest still-intact city walls in China while Fancheng was located to the north of the Han River. Both cities served prominent historical roles in both the Ancient and Pre-Modern Periods of Chinese history. Today, the city is, after the capital Wuhan, the second largest in the province, located about halfway between Wuhan and Xi'an. It is considered one of the third tier cities in China and has been a target of government and private investment as the country seeks to urbanize and develop the interior provinces.

text: Xiangyang

text: is

text: prefecture

text: level

text: city

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Hubei

text: province

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: It

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: Xiangfan

text: until

text: December

text: Xiangyang

text: is

text: divided

text: by

text: the

text: Han

text: River

text: which

text: runs

text: through

text: its

text: heart

text: and

text: divides

text: the

text: city

text: north

text: south

text: The

text: city

text: itself

text: is

text: an

text: incorporation

text: of

text: two

text: once

text: separate

text: ancient

text: cities

text: Fancheng

text: and

text: Xiangzhou

text: What

text: remains

text: of

text: old

text: Xianyang

text: is

text: located

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: River

text: and

text: contains

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: still

text: intact

text: city

text: walls

text: in

text: China

text: while

text: Fancheng

text: was

text: located

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: River

text: Both

text: cities

text: served

text: prominent

text: historical

text: roles

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: Ancient

text: and

text: Pre

text: Modern

text: Periods

text: of

text: Chinese

text: history

text: Today

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: after

text: the

text: capital

text: Wuhan

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: located

text: about

text: halfway

text: between

text: Wuhan

text: and

text: Xi'an

text: It

text: is

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: third

text: tier

text: cities

text: in

text: China

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: target

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: private

text: investment

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: seeks

text: to

text: urbanize

text: and

text: develop

text: the

text: interior

text: provinces

text: Sima Yi (179  7 September 251), courtesy name Zhongda, was a general and politician of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. He is perhaps best known for defending Wei from Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions. His success and subsequent rise in prominence paved the way for his grandson Sima Yan's founding of the Jin dynasty, which would eventually bring an end to the Three Kingdoms era. In 265 after the Jin dynasty was established, Sima Yi was posthumously honoured as Emperor Xuan of Jin with the temple name of Gaozu.

text: Sima

text: Yi

text: September

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Zhongda

text: was

text: general

text: and

text: politician

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: He

text: is

text: perhaps

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: defending

text: Wei

text: from

text: Zhuge

text: Liang

text: 's

text: Northern

text: Expeditions

text: His

text: success

text: and

text: subsequent

text: rise

text: in

text: prominence

text: paved

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: his

text: grandson

text: Sima

text: Yan

text: 's

text: founding

text: of

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: which

text: would

text: eventually

text: bring

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: era

text: In

text: after

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: was

text: established

text: Sima

text: Yi

text: was

text: posthumously

text: honoured

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Xuan

text: of

text: Jin

text: with

text: the

text: temple

text: name

text: of

text: Gaozu

text: Liu Bei (161  10 June 223), courtesy name Xuande, was a warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty who founded the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period and became its first ruler. Despite early failings compared to his rivals and lacking both the material resources and social status they commanded, he gathered support along disheartened Han loyalists who objected to Cao Cao's reign over the emperor and relied heavily on this support. Liu Bei overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm, which at its peak spanned present-day Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, parts of Hubei, and parts of Gansu.

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: June

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Xuande

text: was

text: warlord

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: who

text: founded

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Shu

text: Han

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: and

text: became

text: its

text: first

text: ruler

text: Despite

text: early

text: failings

text: compared

text: to

text: his

text: rivals

text: and

text: lacking

text: both

text: the

text: material

text: resources

text: and

text: social

text: status

text: they

text: commanded

text: he

text: gathered

text: support

text: along

text: disheartened

text: Han

text: loyalists

text: who

text: objected

text: to

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: 's

text: reign

text: over

text: the

text: emperor

text: and

text: relied

text: heavily

text: on

text: this

text: support

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: overcame

text: his

text: many

text: defeats

text: to

text: carve

text: out

text: his

text: own

text: realm

text: which

text: at

text: its

text: peak

text: spanned

text: present

text: day

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Guizhou

text: Hunan

text: parts

text: of

text: Hubei

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: Gansu

text: Cao Rui (204 or 206  22 January 239), courtesy name Yuanzhong, was the second emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. His parentage is in dispute: his mother, Lady Zhen, was Yuan Xi's wife, but she later remarried Cao Pi, the first ruler of Wei. Based on conflicting accounts of his age, Pei Songzhi calculated that, in order to be Cao Pi's son, Cao Rui could not have been 36 (by East Asian age reckoning) when he died as recorded, so the recorded age was in error; Lu Bi and Mou Guangsheng argued instead that Cao Rui was Yuan Xi's son.

text: Cao

text: Rui

text: or

text: January

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Yuanzhong

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: emperor

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: during

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: His

text: parentage

text: is

text: in

text: dispute

text: his

text: mother

text: Lady

text: Zhen

text: was

text: Yuan

text: Xi

text: 's

text: wife

text: but

text: she

text: later

text: remarried

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: the

text: first

text: ruler

text: of

text: Wei

text: Based

text: on

text: conflicting

text: accounts

text: of

text: his

text: age

text: Pei

text: Songzhi

text: calculated

text: that

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: be

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: 's

text: son

text: Cao

text: Rui

text: could

text: not

text: have

text: been

text: by

text: East

text: Asian

text: age

text: reckoning

text: when

text: he

text: died

text: as

text: recorded

text: so

text: the

text: recorded

text: age

text: was

text: in

text: error

text: Lu

text: Bi

text: and

text: Mou

text: Guangsheng

text: argued

text: instead

text: that

text: Cao

text: Rui

text: was

text: Yuan

text: Xi

text: 's

text: son

text: The Northern Wei, also known as the Tuoba Wei (), Later Wei (), or Yuan Wei (), was a dynasty founded by the Tuoba clan of the Xianbei, which ruled northern China from 386 to 534 ("de jure" until 535), during the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Described as "part of an era of political turbulence and intense social and cultural change", the Northern Wei Dynasty is particularly noted for unifying northern China in 439: this was also a period of introduced foreign ideas; such as Buddhism, which became firmly established.

text: The

text: Northern

text: Wei

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Tuoba

text: Wei

text: Later

text: Wei

text: or

text: Yuan

text: Wei

text: was

text: dynasty

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: Tuoba

text: clan

text: of

text: the

text: Xianbei

text: which

text: ruled

text: northern

text: China

text: from

text: to

text: de

text: jure

text: until

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: and

text: Northern

text: Dynasties

text: Described

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: era

text: of

text: political

text: turbulence

text: and

text: intense

text: social

text: and

text: cultural

text: change

text: the

text: Northern

text: Wei

text: Dynasty

text: is

text: particularly

text: noted

text: for

text: unifying

text: northern

text: China

text: in

text: this

text: was

text: also

text: period

text: of

text: introduced

text: foreign

text: ideas

text: such

text: as

text: Buddhism

text: which

text: became

text: firmly

text: established

text: The Battle of Fancheng was fought between the warlords Liu Bei and Cao Cao in 219 in the late Eastern Han dynasty. It was named after Fancheng (; also known as Fan Castle or Fan City), an ancient fortress situated in present-day Fancheng District, Xiangyang, Hubei.

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Fancheng

text: was

text: fought

text: between

text: the

text: warlords

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: and

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: in

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: It

text: was

text: named

text: after

text: Fancheng

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Fan

text: Castle

text: or

text: Fan

text: City

text: an

text: ancient

text: fortress

text: situated

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Fancheng

text: District

text: Xiangyang

text: Hubei

text: The Three Kingdoms (AD 220280) was the tripartite division of China between the states of Wei, Shu, and Wu, following the Han dynasty and preceding the Jin dynasty. The term "Three Kingdoms" itself is something of a mistranslation, since each state was eventually headed not by a king, but by an emperor who claimed legitimate succession from the Han dynasty. Nevertheless, the term "Three Kingdoms" has become standard among sinologists. To further distinguish the three states from other historical Chinese states of similar names, historians have added a relevant character: Wei is also known as Cao Wei, Shu is also known as Shu Han, and Wu is also known as Dong (or Eastern) Wu.

text: The

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: AD

text: was

text: the

text: tripartite

text: division

text: of

text: China

text: between

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Wei

text: Shu

text: and

text: Wu

text: following

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: and

text: preceding

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: The

text: term

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: itself

text: is

text: something

text: of

text: mistranslation

text: since

text: each

text: state

text: was

text: eventually

text: headed

text: not

text: by

text: king

text: but

text: by

text: an

text: emperor

text: who

text: claimed

text: legitimate

text: succession

text: from

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: term

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: has

text: become

text: standard

text: among

text: sinologists

text: To

text: further

text: distinguish

text: the

text: three

text: states

text: from

text: other

text: historical

text: Chinese

text: states

text: of

text: similar

text: names

text: historians

text: have

text: added

text: relevant

text: character

text: Wei

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: Shu

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Shu

text: Han

text: and

text: Wu

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Dong

text: or

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text: The Warring States period was an era in ancient Chinese history following the Spring and Autumn period and concluding with the Qin wars of conquest that saw the annexation of all other contender states, which ultimately led to the Qin state's victory in 221 BC as the first unified Chinese empire known as the Qin dynasty. Although different scholars point toward different dates ranging from 481 BC to 403 BC as the true beginning of the Warring States, Sima Qian's choice of 475 BC is generally the most often cited and popularly accepted one. The Warring States era also overlaps with the second half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty, though the Chinese sovereign, known as the king of Zhou, ruled merely as a figurehead and served as a backdrop against the machinations of the warring states.

text: The

text: Warring

text: States

text: period

text: was

text: an

text: era

text: in

text: ancient

text: Chinese

text: history

text: following

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: period

text: and

text: concluding

text: with

text: the

text: Qin

text: wars

text: of

text: conquest

text: that

text: saw

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: all

text: other

text: contender

text: states

text: which

text: ultimately

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Qin

text: state

text: 's

text: victory

text: in

text: BC

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: unified

text: Chinese

text: empire

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Qin

text: dynasty

text: Although

text: different

text: scholars

text: point

text: toward

text: different

text: dates

text: ranging

text: from

text: BC

text: to

text: BC

text: as

text: the

text: true

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Warring

text: States

text: Sima

text: Qian

text: 's

text: choice

text: of

text: BC

text: is

text: generally

text: the

text: most

text: often

text: cited

text: and

text: popularly

text: accepted

text: one

text: The

text: Warring

text: States

text: era

text: also

text: overlaps

text: with

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: though

text: the

text: Chinese

text: sovereign

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: king

text: of

text: Zhou

text: ruled

text: merely

text: as

text: figurehead

text: and

text: served

text: as

text: backdrop

text: against

text: the

text: machinations

text: of

text: the

text: warring

text: states

text: Luoyang, formerly romanized as Loyang, is a city located in the confluence area of Luo River and Yellow River in Central China. It is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province. It borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the southeast, Nanyang to the south, Sanmenxia to the west, Jiyuan to the north, and Jiaozuo to the northeast. As of the final 2010 census, Luoyang had a population of 6,549,941 inhabitants with 1,857,003 people living in the built-up ("or metro") area made of the city's five urban districts, all of which except the Jili District are not urbanized yet.

text: Luoyang

text: formerly

text: romanized

text: as

text: Loyang

text: is

text: city

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: confluence

text: area

text: of

text: Luo

text: River

text: and

text: Yellow

text: River

text: in

text: Central

text: China

text: It

text: is

text: prefecture

text: level

text: city

text: in

text: western

text: Henan

text: province

text: It

text: borders

text: the

text: provincial

text: capital

text: of

text: Zhengzhou

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Pingdingshan

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Nanyang

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Sanmenxia

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Jiyuan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Jiaozuo

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: final

text: census

text: Luoyang

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: inhabitants

text: with

text: people

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: built

text: up

text: or

text: metro

text: area

text: made

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: five

text: urban

text: districts

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: except

text: the

text: Jili

text: District

text: are

text: not

text: urbanized

text: yet

text: The Battle of Guandu was fought between the warlords Cao Cao and Yuan Shao in 200 AD in the late Eastern Han dynasty. The battle, which concluded with a decisive victory for Cao Cao, was a turning point in the war between the two warlords. It marked the beginning of Cao Cao's gradual reunification of northern China, which made possible the establishment of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period.

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Guandu

text: was

text: fought

text: between

text: the

text: warlords

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: and

text: Yuan

text: Shao

text: in

text: AD

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: The

text: battle

text: which

text: concluded

text: with

text: decisive

text: victory

text: for

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: was

text: turning

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: war

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: warlords

text: It

text: marked

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: 's

text: gradual

text: reunification

text: of

text: northern

text: China

text: which

text: made

text: possible

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: A courtesy name ("zi"), also known as a style name, is a name bestowed upon one at adulthood in addition to one's given name. This practice is a tradition in East Asian cultures, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.

text: courtesy

text: name

text: zi

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: style

text: name

text: is

text: name

text: bestowed

text: upon

text: one

text: at

text: adulthood

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: one

text: 's

text: given

text: name

text: This

text: practice

text: is

text: tradition

text: in

text: East

text: Asian

text: cultures

text: including

text: China

text: Japan

text: Korea

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: Shu or Shu Han (221263) was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220280). The state was based in the area around present-day Sichuan and Chongqing, which was historically known as "Shu" after an earlier state in Sichuan named Shu. Shu Han's founder Liu Bei had named his state "Han" as he considered it the legitimate successor to the Han dynasty, while "Shu" is added to the name as a geographical prefix to differentiate it from the many "Han" states throughout Chinese history.

text: Shu

text: or

text: Shu

text: Han

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: major

text: states

text: that

text: competed

text: for

text: supremacy

text: over

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: The

text: state

text: was

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: around

text: present

text: day

text: Sichuan

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: which

text: was

text: historically

text: known

text: as

text: Shu

text: after

text: an

text: earlier

text: state

text: in

text: Sichuan

text: named

text: Shu

text: Shu

text: Han

text: 's

text: founder

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: had

text: named

text: his

text: state

text: Han

text: as

text: he

text: considered

text: it

text: the

text: legitimate

text: successor

text: to

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: while

text: Shu

text: is

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: name

text: as

text: geographical

text: prefix

text: to

text: differentiate

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: many

text: Han

text: states

text: throughout

text: Chinese

text: history

text: Lü Meng (178220), courtesy name Ziming, was a military general who served under the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty. Early in his career, he fought in several battles under the banner of Sun Ce, Sun Quan's elder brother and predecessor. Although he had been noted for his bravery, he was still deemed as nothing more than a "mere warrior" for his lack of literacy skills. Later, with encouragement from Sun Quan, Lü Meng took up scholarly pursuits to improve himself, gradually becoming a learned and competent military leader. In 217, he succeeded Lu Su as the frontline commander of Sun Quan's forces in Jing Province. Two years later, in a carefully calculated military operation, Lü Meng led an invasion of Liu Bei's territories in southern Jing Province, swiftly and stealthily capturing all the lands from Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, who was captured and executed after his defeat. Lü Meng enjoyed his finest hour after the victory but died a few months later because he was already seriously ill before the campaign.

text: Lü

text: Meng

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Ziming

text: was

text: military

text: general

text: who

text: served

text: under

text: the

text: warlord

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: Early

text: in

text: his

text: career

text: he

text: fought

text: in

text: several

text: battles

text: under

text: the

text: banner

text: of

text: Sun

text: Ce

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: 's

text: elder

text: brother

text: and

text: predecessor

text: Although

text: he

text: had

text: been

text: noted

text: for

text: his

text: bravery

text: he

text: was

text: still

text: deemed

text: as

text: nothing

text: more

text: than

text: mere

text: warrior

text: for

text: his

text: lack

text: of

text: literacy

text: skills

text: Later

text: with

text: encouragement

text: from

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: Lü

text: Meng

text: took

text: up

text: scholarly

text: pursuits

text: to

text: improve

text: himself

text: gradually

text: becoming

text: learned

text: and

text: competent

text: military

text: leader

text: In

text: he

text: succeeded

text: Lu

text: Su

text: as

text: the

text: frontline

text: commander

text: of

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: 's

text: forces

text: in

text: Jing

text: Province

text: Two

text: years

text: later

text: in

text: carefully

text: calculated

text: military

text: operation

text: Lü

text: Meng

text: led

text: an

text: invasion

text: of

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: 's

text: territories

text: in

text: southern

text: Jing

text: Province

text: swiftly

text: and

text: stealthily

text: capturing

text: all

text: the

text: lands

text: from

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: 's

text: general

text: Guan

text: Yu

text: who

text: was

text: captured

text: and

text: executed

text: after

text: his

text: defeat

text: Lü

text: Meng

text: enjoyed

text: his

text: finest

text: hour

text: after

text: the

text: victory

text: but

text: died

text: few

text: months

text: later

text: because

text: he

text: was

text: already

text: seriously

text: ill

text: before

text: the

text: campaign

text:
The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China (206 BC220 AD), preceded by the Qin dynasty (221206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters".
It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (923 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BC  9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25220 AD).

text: The

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: of

text: China

text: AD

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Qin

text: dynasty

text: BC

text: and

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: AD

text: Spanning

text: over

text: four

text: centuries

text: the

text: Han

text: period

text: is

text: considered

text: golden

text: age

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: To

text: this

text: day

text: China

text: 's

text: majority

text: ethnic

text: group

text: refers

text: to

text: itself

text: as

text: the

text: Han

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: Chinese

text: script

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Han

text: characters

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: rebel

text: leader

text: Liu

text: Bang

text: known

text: posthumously

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Gaozu

text: of

text: Han

text: and

text: briefly

text: interrupted

text: by

text: the

text: Xin

text: dynasty

text: AD

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: regent

text: Wang

text: Mang

text: This

text: interregnum

text: separates

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: into

text: two

text: periods

text: the

text: Western

text: Han

text: or

text: Former

text: Han

text: BC

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: or

text: Later

text: Han

text: AD

text: Wu (222280), commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220280). It previously existed from 220222 as a vassal kingdom nominally under Cao Wei, its rival state, but declared independence from Wei and became a sovereign state in 222. It became an empire in 229 after its founding ruler, Sun Quan, declared himself 'Emperor'. Its name was derived from the place it was based in  the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta) region, which was also historically known as "Wu". It was referred to as "Eastern Wu" or "Sun Wu" by historians to distinguish it from other Chinese historical states with similar names which were also located in that region, such as the Wu state in the Spring and Autumn period and the Wuyue kingdom in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was called "Eastern Wu" because it occupied most of eastern China in the Three Kingdoms period, and "Sun Wu" because the family name of its rulers was "Sun". During its existence, Wu's capital was at Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu), but at times it was also at Wuchang (present-day Ezhou, Hubei).

text: Wu

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text: or

text: Sun

text: Wu

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: major

text: states

text: that

text: competed

text: for

text: supremacy

text: over

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: It

text: previously

text: existed

text: from

text: as

text: vassal

text: kingdom

text: nominally

text: under

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: its

text: rival

text: state

text: but

text: declared

text: independence

text: from

text: Wei

text: and

text: became

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: It

text: became

text: an

text: empire

text: in

text: after

text: its

text: founding

text: ruler

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: declared

text: himself

text: Emperor

text: Its

text: name

text: was

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: place

text: it

text: was

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: Jiangnan

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: Delta

text: region

text: which

text: was

text: also

text: historically

text: known

text: as

text: Wu

text: It

text: was

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text: or

text: Sun

text: Wu

text: by

text: historians

text: to

text: distinguish

text: it

text: from

text: other

text: Chinese

text: historical

text: states

text: with

text: similar

text: names

text: which

text: were

text: also

text: located

text: in

text: that

text: region

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Wu

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: period

text: and

text: the

text: Wuyue

text: kingdom

text: in

text: the

text: Five

text: Dynasties

text: and

text: Ten

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: It

text: was

text: called

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text: because

text: it

text: occupied

text: most

text: of

text: eastern

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: and

text: Sun

text: Wu

text: because

text: the

text: family

text: name

text: of

text: its

text: rulers

text: was

text: Sun

text: During

text: its

text: existence

text: Wu

text: 's

text: capital

text: was

text: at

text: Jianye

text: present

text: day

text: Nanjing

text: Jiangsu

text: but

text: at

text: times

text: it

text: was

text: also

text: at

text: Wuchang

text: present

text: day

text: Ezhou

text: Hubei

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text: Cao Huan (246-303), courtesy name Jingming, was the fifth and last emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. In 265, he abdicated the throne in favour of Sima Yan (later Emperor Wu of the Jin dynasty), and brought an end to the Wei regime. After his abdication, Cao Huan was granted the title "Prince of Chenliu" and held it until his death, after which he was posthumously honoured as "Emperor Yuan (of Cao Wei)".

text: Cao

text: Huan

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Jingming

text: was

text: the

text: fifth

text: and

text: last

text: emperor

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: during

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: In

text: he

text: abdicated

text: the

text: throne

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: Sima

text: Yan

text: later

text: Emperor

text: Wu

text: of

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: and

text: brought

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: the

text: Wei

text: regime

text: After

text: his

text: abdication

text: Cao

text: Huan

text: was

text: granted

text: the

text: title

text: Prince

text: of

text: Chenliu

text: and

text: held

text: it

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: after

text: which

text: he

text: was

text: posthumously

text: honoured

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Yuan

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: Guan Yu (died 220 CE), courtesy name Yunchang, was a general serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He played a significant role in the events that led to the collapse of the dynasty and the establishment of the state of Shu Han  founded by Liu Bei  in the Three Kingdoms period. After Liu Bei gained control of Yi Province in 214, Guan Yu remained in Jing Province to govern and defend the area for about seven years. In 219, while he was away fighting Cao Cao's forces at the Battle of Fancheng, Liu Bei's ally Sun Quan broke the SunLiu alliance and sent his general Lü Meng to invade and conquer Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province in a stealth operation. By the time Guan Yu found out about the loss of Jing Province after his defeat at Fancheng, it was too late. He was subsequently captured in an ambush by Sun Quan's forces and executed.

text: Guan

text: Yu

text: died

text: CE

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Yunchang

text: was

text: general

text: serving

text: under

text: the

text: warlord

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: He

text: played

text: significant

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: events

text: that

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Shu

text: Han

text: founded

text: by

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: After

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: gained

text: control

text: of

text: Yi

text: Province

text: in

text: Guan

text: Yu

text: remained

text: in

text: Jing

text: Province

text: to

text: govern

text: and

text: defend

text: the

text: area

text: for

text: about

text: seven

text: years

text: In

text: while

text: he

text: was

text: away

text: fighting

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: 's

text: forces

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Fancheng

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: 's

text: ally

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: broke

text: the

text: SunLiu

text: alliance

text: and

text: sent

text: his

text: general

text: Lü

text: Meng

text: to

text: invade

text: and

text: conquer

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: 's

text: territories

text: in

text: Jing

text: Province

text: in

text: stealth

text: operation

text: By

text: the

text: time

text: Guan

text: Yu

text: found

text: out

text: about

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: Jing

text: Province

text: after

text: his

text: defeat

text: at

text: Fancheng

text: it

text: was

text: too

text: late

text: He

text: was

text: subsequently

text: captured

text: in

text: an

text: ambush

text: by

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: 's

text: forces

text: and

text: executed

text: Cao Cao (155  15 March 220), courtesy name Mengde, was a Chinese warlord and the penultimate Chancellor of the Eastern Han dynasty who rose to great power in the final years of the dynasty. As one of the central figures of the Three Kingdoms period, he laid the foundations for what was to become the state of Cao Wei and was posthumously honoured as "Emperor Wu of Wei". Although he is often portrayed as a cruel and merciless tyrant in subsequent literature, Cao Cao has also been praised as a brilliant ruler and military genius who treated his subordinates like his family. During the fall of the Eastern Han dynasty, Cao Cao was able to secure the most populated and prosperous cities of the central plains and northern China. Cao had much success as the Han chancellor, but his handling of the Han emperor Liu Xie was heavily criticized and resulted in a continued and then escalated civil war. Opposition directly gathered around warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan, whom Cao was unable to quell. Cao was also skilled in poetry and martial arts and wrote many war journals.

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: March

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Mengde

text: was

text: Chinese

text: warlord

text: and

text: the

text: penultimate

text: Chancellor

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: who

text: rose

text: to

text: great

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: dynasty

text: As

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: figures

text: of

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: he

text: laid

text: the

text: foundations

text: for

text: what

text: was

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: and

text: was

text: posthumously

text: honoured

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Wu

text: of

text: Wei

text: Although

text: he

text: is

text: often

text: portrayed

text: as

text: cruel

text: and

text: merciless

text: tyrant

text: in

text: subsequent

text: literature

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: praised

text: as

text: brilliant

text: ruler

text: and

text: military

text: genius

text: who

text: treated

text: his

text: subordinates

text: like

text: his

text: family

text: During

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: secure

text: the

text: most

text: populated

text: and

text: prosperous

text: cities

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: plains

text: and

text: northern

text: China

text: Cao

text: had

text: much

text: success

text: as

text: the

text: Han

text: chancellor

text: but

text: his

text: handling

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: emperor

text: Liu

text: Xie

text: was

text: heavily

text: criticized

text: and

text: resulted

text: in

text: continued

text: and

text: then

text: escalated

text: civil

text: war

text: Opposition

text: directly

text: gathered

text: around

text: warlords

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: and

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: whom

text: Cao

text: was

text: unable

text: to

text: quell

text: Cao

text: was

text: also

text: skilled

text: in

text: poetry

text: and

text: martial

text: arts

text: and

text: wrote

text: many

text: war

text: journals

text: Cao Pi (187  29 June 226), courtesy name Zihuan, was the first emperor of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. He was born in Qiao (; present-day Bozhou, Anhui) as the second son of Cao Cao, a warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. However, he was the eldest son among all the children born to Cao Cao by his concubine (later wife) Lady Bian. Of all his brothers, Cao Pi was the shrewdest. Instead of focusing on academic studies or administering military affairs, he was always in the presence of court officials in order to gain their support. He was mostly in charge of defence at the start of his career. After the defeat of Cao Cao's rival Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu, he took the widow of Yuan Shao's son Yuan Xi, Lady Zhen, as a concubine, but in 221 Lady Zhen died and Guo Nüwang became empress.

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: June

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Zihuan

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: emperor

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Qiao

text: present

text: day

text: Bozhou

text: Anhui

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: son

text: of

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: warlord

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: Dynasty

text: However

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: eldest

text: son

text: among

text: all

text: the

text: children

text: born

text: to

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: by

text: his

text: concubine

text: later

text: wife

text: Lady

text: Bian

text: Of

text: all

text: his

text: brothers

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: was

text: the

text: shrewdest

text: Instead

text: of

text: focusing

text: on

text: academic

text: studies

text: or

text: administering

text: military

text: affairs

text: he

text: was

text: always

text: in

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: court

text: officials

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: gain

text: their

text: support

text: He

text: was

text: mostly

text: in

text: charge

text: of

text: defence

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: his

text: career

text: After

text: the

text: defeat

text: of

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: 's

text: rival

text: Yuan

text: Shao

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Guandu

text: he

text: took

text: the

text: widow

text: of

text: Yuan

text: Shao

text: 's

text: son

text: Yuan

text: Xi

text: Lady

text: Zhen

text: as

text: concubine

text: but

text: in

text: Lady

text: Zhen

text: died

text: and

text: Guo

text: Nüwang

text: became

text: empress

text: Yuan Shao (died 28 June 202), courtesy name Benchu, was a warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. He occupied the northern territories of China during the civil war that occurred towards the end of the Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era. He was also an elder half-brother of Yuan Shu, a warlord who controlled the Huai River region, though the two were not on good terms with each other.

text: Yuan

text: Shao

text: died

text: June

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Benchu

text: was

text: warlord

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: Dynasty

text: He

text: occupied

text: the

text: northern

text: territories

text: of

text: China

text: during

text: the

text: civil

text: war

text: that

text: occurred

text: towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: Dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: era

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: an

text: elder

text: half

text: brother

text: of

text: Yuan

text: Shu

text: warlord

text: who

text: controlled

text: the

text: Huai

text: River

text: region

text: though

text: the

text: two

text: were

text: not

text: on

text: good

text: terms

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: Bozhou is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Anhui, China. It borders Huaibei to the northeast, Bengbu to the southeast, Huainan to the south, Fuyang to the southwest, and Henan to the north. Its population was 4,850,657 at the 2010 census, of whom 1,409,436 lived in the built-up area made of Qiaocheng urban district, even though the county remains largely rural.

text: Bozhou

text: is

text: prefecture

text: level

text: city

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Anhui

text: China

text: It

text: borders

text: Huaibei

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Bengbu

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Huainan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Fuyang

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: Henan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Its

text: population

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: census

text: of

text: whom

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: built

text: up

text: area

text: made

text: of

text: Qiaocheng

text: urban

text: district

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: county

text: remains

text: largely

text: rural

text: Guo Nüwang (184235), formally known as Empress Wende, was an empress of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. She was married to Cao Pi, the first ruler of Wei.

text: Guo

text: Nüwang

text: formally

text: known

text: as

text: Empress

text: Wende

text: was

text: an

text: empress

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: during

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: She

text: was

text: married

text: to

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: the

text: first

text: ruler

text: of

text: Wei

question: date_of_birth yu jin

answer: 200


text: Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language or ethnolect of southwestern Iran that during the Sasanian Empire (224654) became a prestige dialect and so came to be spoken in other regions of the empire as well. Middle Persian is classified as a Western Iranian language. It descends from Old Persian and is the linguistic ancestor of Modern Persian.

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: is

text: the

text: Middle

text: Iranian

text: language

text: or

text: ethnolect

text: of

text: southwestern

text: Iran

text: that

text: during

text: the

text: Sasanian

text: Empire

text: became

text: prestige

text: dialect

text: and

text: so

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: spoken

text: in

text: other

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: as

text: well

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: is

text: classified

text: as

text: Western

text: Iranian

text: language

text: It

text: descends

text: from

text: Old

text: Persian

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: linguistic

text: ancestor

text: of

text: Modern

text: Persian

text: Persian Empire refers to any of a series of imperial dynasties centered in Persia (modernday Iran). The first of these was the Achaemenid Empire established by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC with the conquest of Median, Lydian and Babylonian empires. It covered much of the Ancient world when it was conquered by Alexander the Great. Several later dynasties "claimed to be heirs of the Achaemenids". Persia was then ruled by the Parthian Empire which supplanted the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire, and then by the Sassanian Empire which ruled up until mid 7th century.

text: Persian

text: Empire

text: refers

text: to

text: any

text: of

text: series

text: of

text: imperial

text: dynasties

text: centered

text: in

text: Persia

text: modernday

text: Iran

text: The

text: first

text: of

text: these

text: was

text: the

text: Achaemenid

text: Empire

text: established

text: by

text: Cyrus

text: the

text: Great

text: in

text: BC

text: with

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: Median

text: Lydian

text: and

text: Babylonian

text: empires

text: It

text: covered

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: Ancient

text: world

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: conquered

text: by

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: Several

text: later

text: dynasties

text: claimed

text: to

text: be

text: heirs

text: of

text: the

text: Achaemenids

text: Persia

text: was

text: then

text: ruled

text: by

text: the

text: Parthian

text: Empire

text: which

text: supplanted

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: Seleucid

text: Empire

text: and

text: then

text: by

text: the

text: Sassanian

text: Empire

text: which

text: ruled

text: up

text: until

text: mid

text: century

text: Parthia (Parava, , Paraw, , Pahlaw) is a historical region located in north-eastern Iran. It was the political and cultural base of the Arsacid dynasty, rulers of the Parthian Empire (247 BC  224 AD).

text: Parthia

text: Parava

text: Paraw

text: Pahlaw

text: is

text: historical

text: region

text: located

text: in

text: north

text: eastern

text: Iran

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: Arsacid

text: dynasty

text: rulers

text: of

text: the

text: Parthian

text: Empire

text: BC

text: AD

text: The Parthian Empire (247 BC  224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran and Iraq. Its latter name comes from Arsaces I of Parthia who, as leader of the Parni tribe, founded it in the mid-3rd century BC when he conquered the region of Parthia in Iran's northeast, then a satrapy (province) in rebellion against the Seleucid Empire. Mithridates I of Parthia (r. "c". 171138 BC) greatly expanded the empire by seizing Media and Mesopotamia from the Seleucids. At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the northern reaches of the Euphrates, in what is now central-eastern Turkey, to eastern Iran. The empire, located on the Silk Road trade route between the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean Basin and the Han Empire of China, became a center of trade and commerce.

text: The

text: Parthian

text: Empire

text: BC

text: AD

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Arsacid

text: Empire

text: was

text: major

text: Iranian

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: power

text: in

text: ancient

text: Iran

text: and

text: Iraq

text: Its

text: latter

text: name

text: comes

text: from

text: Arsaces

text: of

text: Parthia

text: who

text: as

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Parni

text: tribe

text: founded

text: it

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: when

text: he

text: conquered

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Parthia

text: in

text: Iran

text: 's

text: northeast

text: then

text: satrapy

text: province

text: in

text: rebellion

text: against

text: the

text: Seleucid

text: Empire

text: Mithridates

text: of

text: Parthia

text: BC

text: greatly

text: expanded

text: the

text: empire

text: by

text: seizing

text: Media

text: and

text: Mesopotamia

text: from

text: the

text: Seleucids

text: At

text: its

text: height

text: the

text: Parthian

text: Empire

text: stretched

text: from

text: the

text: northern

text: reaches

text: of

text: the

text: Euphrates

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: central

text: eastern

text: Turkey

text: to

text: eastern

text: Iran

text: The

text: empire

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Silk

text: Road

text: trade

text: route

text: between

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Basin

text: and

text: the

text: Han

text: Empire

text: of

text: China

text: became

text: center

text: of

text: trade

text: and

text: commerce

text: The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the "Roman Empire" (tr. ), or "Romania", and to themselves as "Romans".

text: The

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: was

text: the

text: continuation

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: during

text: Late

text: Antiquity

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: when

text: its

text: capital

text: city

text: was

text: Constantinople

text: modern

text: day

text: Istanbul

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: founded

text: as

text: Byzantium

text: It

text: survived

text: the

text: fragmentation

text: and

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: and

text: continued

text: to

text: exist

text: for

text: an

text: additional

text: thousand

text: years

text: until

text: it

text: fell

text: to

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Turks

text: in

text: During

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: existence

text: the

text: empire

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: economic

text: cultural

text: and

text: military

text: force

text: in

text: Europe

text: Both

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: are

text: historiographical

text: terms

text: created

text: after

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: realm

text: its

text: citizens

text: continued

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: their

text: empire

text: as

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: tr

text: or

text: Romania

text: and

text: to

text: themselves

text: as

text: Romans

text: The Sasanian Empire (or ), also known as Sassanian, Sasanid, Sassanid or Neo-Persian Empire), known to its inhabitants as rnshahr in Middle Persian, was the last imperial dynasty in Persia (Iran) before the rise of Islam, ruled by and named after the Sasanian dynasty from 224 to 651 AD. The Sasanian Empire, which succeeded the Parthian Empire, was recognized as one of the leading world powers alongside its neighboring arch-rival the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than 400 years.

text: The

text: Sasanian

text: Empire

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Sassanian

text: Sasanid

text: Sassanid

text: or

text: Neo

text: Persian

text: Empire

text: known

text: to

text: its

text: inhabitants

text: as

text: rnshahr

text: in

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: in

text: Persia

text: Iran

text: before

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: Islam

text: ruled

text: by

text: and

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Sasanian

text: dynasty

text: from

text: to

text: AD

text: The

text: Sasanian

text: Empire

text: which

text: succeeded

text: the

text: Parthian

text: Empire

text: was

text: recognized

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: world

text: powers

text: alongside

text: its

text: neighboring

text: arch

text: rival

text: the

text: Roman

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: for

text: period

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: Shr ( also spelled Shrya ,  ) , better known by his dynastic name of Kavadh II ( New Persian :    Qobd or Qabd ) , was king of the Sasanian Empire briefly in 628 . He was the son of Khosrau II ( 590 -- 628 ) . He became king after orchestrating a coup d'état against his father .

text: Shr

text: also

text: spelled

text: Shrya

text: better

text: known

text: by

text: his

text: dynastic

text: name

text: of

text: Kavadh

text: II

text: New

text: Persian

text: Qobd

text: or

text: Qabd

text: was

text: king

text: of

text: the

text: Sasanian

text: Empire

text: briefly

text: in

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Khosrau

text: II

text: He

text: became

text: king

text: after

text: orchestrating

text: coup

text: d'état

text: against

text: his

text: father

text: Iran (, also , ; ' ), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (' ), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the "de facto" Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; to the north by the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of , it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country. It is the only country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, make it of great geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic center.

text: Iran

text: also

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Persia

text: officially

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iran

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: by

text: Armenia

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: Nagorno

text: Karabakh

text: Republic

text: and

text: Azerbaijan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: by

text: Turkmenistan

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Oman

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Turkey

text: and

text: Iraq

text: Comprising

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Iran

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: with

text: both

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: and

text: an

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: coastline

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: central

text: location

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: and

text: Western

text: Asia

text: and

text: its

text: proximity

text: to

text: the

text: Strait

text: of

text: Hormuz

text: make

text: it

text: of

text: great

text: geostrategic

text: importance

text: Tehran

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: leading

text: economic

text: center

annotations: likely multiple

annotations: follows multiple

question: country_of_citizenship kavadh ii

answer: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran