text: Jainism (or ), traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient Indian religion belonging to the "ramaa" tradition. The central tenet is non-violence and respect towards all living beings. The three main principles of Jainism are "ahimsa" (non-violence), "anekantavada" (non-absolutism) and "aparigraha" (non-possessiveness). Followers of Jainism take five main vows: "ahimsa" (non-violence), "satya" (not lying), "asteya" (not stealing), "brahmacharya" (chastity) and "aparigraha" (non-attachment). Jain monks and nuns observe these vows absolutely whereas householders ("rvakas") observe them within their practical limitations. Self-discipline and asceticism are thus major focuses of Jainism. Notably, Mahatma Gandhi was greatly influenced by Jainism and adopted many Jain principles in his life.

text: Jainism

text: or

text: traditionally

text: known

text: as

text: Jain

text: Dharma

text: is

text: an

text: ancient

text: Indian

text: religion

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: ramaa

text: tradition

text: The

text: central

text: tenet

text: is

text: non

text: violence

text: and

text: respect

text: towards

text: all

text: living

text: beings

text: The

text: three

text: main

text: principles

text: of

text: Jainism

text: are

text: ahimsa

text: non

text: violence

text: anekantavada

text: non

text: absolutism

text: and

text: aparigraha

text: non

text: possessiveness

text: Followers

text: of

text: Jainism

text: take

text: five

text: main

text: vows

text: ahimsa

text: non

text: violence

text: satya

text: not

text: lying

text: asteya

text: not

text: stealing

text: brahmacharya

text: chastity

text: and

text: aparigraha

text: non

text: attachment

text: Jain

text: monks

text: and

text: nuns

text: observe

text: these

text: vows

text: absolutely

text: whereas

text: householders

text: rvakas

text: observe

text: them

text: within

text: their

text: practical

text: limitations

text: Self

text: discipline

text: and

text: asceticism

text: are

text: thus

text: major

text: focuses

text: of

text: Jainism

text: Notably

text: Mahatma

text: Gandhi

text: was

text: greatly

text: influenced

text: by

text: Jainism

text: and

text: adopted

text: many

text: Jain

text: principles

text: in

text: his

text: life

text: The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) or Xizang Autonomous Region, called Tibet or Xizang for short, is a province-level autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It was formally established in 1965 to replace the Tibet Area, an administrative division the PRC inherited from the Republic of China (ROC), about 5 years after the dismissal of the Kashag by the PRC following the 1959 Tibetan uprising, and about 13 years from the Tibet's incorporation into the PRC in 1951.

text: The

text: Tibet

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: TAR

text: or

text: Xizang

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: called

text: Tibet

text: or

text: Xizang

text: for

text: short

text: is

text: province

text: level

text: autonomous

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: It

text: was

text: formally

text: established

text: in

text: to

text: replace

text: the

text: Tibet

text: Area

text: an

text: administrative

text: division

text: the

text: PRC

text: inherited

text: from

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: ROC

text: about

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: dismissal

text: of

text: the

text: Kashag

text: by

text: the

text: PRC

text: following

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: uprising

text: and

text: about

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: Tibet

text: 's

text: incorporation

text: into

text: the

text: PRC

text: in

text: Sênggêzangbo (named after Sênggê Zangbo, a river in Ngari), or Shiquanhe (i.e. "Lion Spring River Town"), is the main town of Ngari Prefecture, Tibet. Shiquanhe is located on the confluence of Sênggê Zangbo (Indus River) and Gar River.

text: Sênggêzangbo

text: named

text: after

text: Sênggê

text: Zangbo

text: river

text: in

text: Ngari

text: or

text: Shiquanhe

text: i.e.

text: Lion

text: Spring

text: River

text: Town

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: town

text: of

text: Ngari

text: Prefecture

text: Tibet

text: Shiquanhe

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: Sênggê

text: Zangbo

text: Indus

text: River

text: and

text: Gar

text: River

text: India, officially the Republic of India ("Bhrat Gaarjya"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.

text: India

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: India

text: Bhrat

text: Gaarjya

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: democracy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: China

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Bhutan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: India

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: India

text: 's

text: Andaman

text: and

text: Nicobar

text: Islands

text: share

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: New

text: Delhi

text: other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Mumbai

text: Kolkata

text: Chennai

text: Bangalore

text: Hyderabad

text: and

text: Ahmedabad

text: Ngari Prefecture is a prefecture of China's Tibet Autonomous Region. Its capital is Gar County. Its administrative centre is the town of Burang Town. The largest settlement is Shiquanhe. Ngari Prefecture includes part of the Aksai Chin area, a disputed region claimed by India but over which China exercises administrative control. The paved Xinjiang-Tibet Highway passes through this area. There are well-known prehistoric petroglyphs near the far western town of Rutog.

text: Ngari

text: Prefecture

text: is

text: prefecture

text: of

text: China

text: 's

text: Tibet

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Gar

text: County

text: Its

text: administrative

text: centre

text: is

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Burang

text: Town

text: The

text: largest

text: settlement

text: is

text: Shiquanhe

text: Ngari

text: Prefecture

text: includes

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Aksai

text: Chin

text: area

text: disputed

text: region

text: claimed

text: by

text: India

text: but

text: over

text: which

text: China

text: exercises

text: administrative

text: control

text: The

text: paved

text: Xinjiang

text: Tibet

text: Highway

text: passes

text: through

text: this

text: area

text: There

text: are

text: well

text: known

text: prehistoric

text: petroglyphs

text: near

text: the

text: far

text: western

text: town

text: of

text: Rutog

text: The Transhimalaya (also spelled Trans-Himalaya) or "Gangdise  Nyenchen Tanglha range", is a 1600-kilometer-long mountain range in China, extending in a westeast direction parallel to the main Himalayan range. Located north of Yarlung Tsangpo river on the southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, the Transhimalaya is composed of the Gangdise range to the west and the Nyenchen Tanglha range to the east.

text: The

text: Transhimalaya

text: also

text: spelled

text: Trans

text: Himalaya

text: or

text: Gangdise

text: Nyenchen

text: Tanglha

text: range

text: is

text: long

text: mountain

text: range

text: in

text: China

text: extending

text: in

text: westeast

text: direction

text: parallel

text: to

text: the

text: main

text: Himalayan

text: range

text: Located

text: north

text: of

text: Yarlung

text: Tsangpo

text: river

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: Plateau

text: the

text: Transhimalaya

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: the

text: Gangdise

text: range

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Nyenchen

text: Tanglha

text: range

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Lake Manasarovar (also Manas Sarovar, Mapam Yumtso ) is a freshwater lake in the Tibet Autonomous Region, from Lhasa. To the west of it is Lake Rakshastal; to the north is Mount Kailash.

text: Lake

text: Manasarovar

text: also

text: Manas

text: Sarovar

text: Mapam

text: Yumtso

text: is

text: freshwater

text: lake

text: in

text: the

text: Tibet

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: from

text: Lhasa

text: To

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: Lake

text: Rakshastal

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: is

text: Mount

text: Kailash

text: The Indus River, also called Darya-e-Sindh or Sindh River or Absn, is a major south-flowing river in South Asia. The total length of the river is which makes it one of the longest rivers in Asia. Originating in the western part of Tibet in the vicinity of Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar, the river runs a course through Ladakh, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and then flows along the entire length of Punjab to merge into the Arabian Sea near the city of Thatta in Sindh. It is the longest river of Pakistan.

text: The

text: Indus

text: River

text: also

text: called

text: Darya

text: Sindh

text: or

text: Sindh

text: River

text: or

text: Absn

text: is

text: major

text: south

text: flowing

text: river

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: The

text: total

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: is

text: which

text: makes

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: longest

text: rivers

text: in

text: Asia

text: Originating

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: Tibet

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Mount

text: Kailash

text: and

text: Lake

text: Manasarovar

text: the

text: river

text: runs

text: course

text: through

text: Ladakh

text: Gilgit

text: Baltistan

text: and

text: Khyber

text: Pakhtunkhwa

text: and

text: then

text: flows

text: along

text: the

text: entire

text: length

text: of

text: Punjab

text: to

text: merge

text: into

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: near

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Thatta

text: in

text: Sindh

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: longest

text: river

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water. Small rivers can be referred to using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill. There are no official definitions for the generic term river as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities a stream is defined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are "run" in some parts of the United States, "burn" in Scotland and northeast England, and "beck" in northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always: the language is vague.

text: river

text: is

text: natural

text: flowing

text: watercourse

text: usually

text: freshwater

text: flowing

text: towards

text: an

text: ocean

text: sea

text: lake

text: or

text: another

text: river

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: river

text: flows

text: into

text: the

text: ground

text: and

text: becomes

text: dry

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: its

text: course

text: without

text: reaching

text: another

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: Small

text: rivers

text: can

text: be

text: referred

text: to

text: using

text: names

text: such

text: as

text: stream

text: creek

text: brook

text: rivulet

text: and

text: rill

text: There

text: are

text: no

text: official

text: definitions

text: for

text: the

text: generic

text: term

text: river

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: geographic

text: features

text: although

text: in

text: some

text: countries

text: or

text: communities

text: stream

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: its

text: size

text: Many

text: names

text: for

text: small

text: rivers

text: are

text: specific

text: to

text: geographic

text: location

text: examples

text: are

text: run

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: burn

text: in

text: Scotland

text: and

text: northeast

text: England

text: and

text: beck

text: in

text: northern

text: England

text: Sometimes

text: river

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: being

text: larger

text: than

text: creek

text: but

text: not

text: always

text: the

text: language

text: is

text: vague

text: Guge was an ancient kingdom in Western Tibet. The kingdom was centered in present-day Zanda County, Ngari Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region. At various points in history after the 10th century AD, the kingdom held sway over a vast area including south-eastern Zanskar, Upper Kinnaur district, and Spiti Valley, either by conquest or as tributaries. The ruins of the former capital of the Guge kingdom are located at Tsaparang in the Sutlej valley, not far from Mount Kailash and westwards from Lhasa.

text: Guge

text: was

text: an

text: ancient

text: kingdom

text: in

text: Western

text: Tibet

text: The

text: kingdom

text: was

text: centered

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Zanda

text: County

text: Ngari

text: Prefecture

text: Tibet

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: At

text: various

text: points

text: in

text: history

text: after

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: the

text: kingdom

text: held

text: sway

text: over

text: vast

text: area

text: including

text: south

text: eastern

text: Zanskar

text: Upper

text: Kinnaur

text: district

text: and

text: Spiti

text: Valley

text: either

text: by

text: conquest

text: or

text: as

text: tributaries

text: The

text: ruins

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Guge

text: kingdom

text: are

text: located

text: at

text: Tsaparang

text: in

text: the

text: Sutlej

text: valley

text: not

text: far

text: from

text: Mount

text: Kailash

text: and

text: westwards

text: from

text: Lhasa

text: The Spiti Valley is a desert mountain valley located high in the Himalaya mountains in the north-eastern part of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The name "Spiti" means "The Middle Land", i.e. the land between Tibet and India.

text: The

text: Spiti

text: Valley

text: is

text: desert

text: mountain

text: valley

text: located

text: high

text: in

text: the

text: Himalaya

text: mountains

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: state

text: of

text: Himachal

text: Pradesh

text: The

text: name

text: Spiti

text: means

text: The

text: Middle

text: Land

text: i.e.

text: the

text: land

text: between

text: Tibet

text: and

text: India

text: Mount Kailash (also Mount Kailas; Kangrinboqê or "Gang Rinpoche" (Tibetan: ) (Kailsa) is a peak in the Kailash Range (Gangdisê Mountains), which forms part of the Transhimalaya in Tibet. It lies near the source of some of the longest rivers in Asia: the Indus River, the Sutlej River (a major tributary of the Indus River), the Brahmaputra River, and the Karnali River (a tributary of the River Ganga). It is considered a sacred place in four religions: Bön, Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. The mountain lies near Lake Manasarovar and Lake Rakshastal in Tibet Autonomous Region, China.

text: Mount

text: Kailash

text: also

text: Mount

text: Kailas

text: Kangrinboqê

text: or

text: Gang

text: Rinpoche

text: Tibetan

text: Kailsa

text: is

text: peak

text: in

text: the

text: Kailash

text: Range

text: Gangdisê

text: Mountains

text: which

text: forms

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Transhimalaya

text: in

text: Tibet

text: It

text: lies

text: near

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: longest

text: rivers

text: in

text: Asia

text: the

text: Indus

text: River

text: the

text: Sutlej

text: River

text: major

text: tributary

text: of

text: the

text: Indus

text: River

text: the

text: Brahmaputra

text: River

text: and

text: the

text: Karnali

text: River

text: tributary

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Ganga

text: It

text: is

text: considered

text: sacred

text: place

text: in

text: four

text: religions

text: Bön

text: Buddhism

text: Hinduism

text: and

text: Jainism

text: The

text: mountain

text: lies

text: near

text: Lake

text: Manasarovar

text: and

text: Lake

text: Rakshastal

text: in

text: Tibet

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: China

text: Kinnaur is one of twelve administrative districts in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, India. The district is divided into three administrative areas  Pooh, Kalpa, and Nichar  and has five tehsils (counties). The administrative headquarters of Kinnaur district is at Reckong Peo. From here Kinnaur Kailash, considered to be the abode of Lord Shiva, can be viewed. As of 2011 it is the second least populous district of Himachal Pradesh (out of 12 district), after Lahaul and Spiti, but there are nine vital languages are spoken in the district.

text: Kinnaur

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: twelve

text: administrative

text: districts

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: state

text: of

text: Himachal

text: Pradesh

text: India

text: The

text: district

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: administrative

text: areas

text: Pooh

text: Kalpa

text: and

text: Nichar

text: and

text: has

text: five

text: tehsils

text: counties

text: The

text: administrative

text: headquarters

text: of

text: Kinnaur

text: district

text: is

text: at

text: Reckong

text: Peo

text: From

text: here

text: Kinnaur

text: Kailash

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: abode

text: of

text: Lord

text: Shiva

text: can

text: be

text: viewed

text: As

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: least

text: populous

text: district

text: of

text: Himachal

text: Pradesh

text: out

text: of

text: district

text: after

text: Lahaul

text: and

text: Spiti

text: but

text: there

text: are

text: nine

text: vital

text: languages

text: are

text: spoken

text: in

text: the

text: district

text: Zanda County (Tibetan:  wylie: rtsa mda' rdzong; Chinese: ; Pinyin: Zhádá Xiàn) is a county in the Ngari Prefecture to the extreme south west of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.

text: Zanda

text: County

text: Tibetan

text: wylie

text: rtsa

text: mda

text: rdzong

text: Chinese

text: Pinyin

text: Zhádá

text: Xiàn

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: the

text: Ngari

text: Prefecture

text: to

text: the

text: extreme

text: south

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Tibet

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: of

text: China

text: Zanskar or Zangskar (Ladakhi: "zangs dkar" ) is a subdistrict or tehsil of the Kargil district, which lies in the eastern half of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The administrative centre is Padum. Zanskar, together with the neighbouring region of Ladakh, was briefly a part of the kingdom of Guge in Western Tibet.

text: Zanskar

text: or

text: Zangskar

text: Ladakhi

text: zangs

text: dkar

text: is

text: subdistrict

text: or

text: tehsil

text: of

text: the

text: Kargil

text: district

text: which

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: state

text: of

text: Jammu

text: and

text: Kashmir

text: The

text: administrative

text: centre

text: is

text: Padum

text: Zanskar

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: region

text: of

text: Ladakh

text: was

text: briefly

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Guge

text: in

text: Western

text: Tibet

text: Lake Rakshastal (Rakshas Tal; Sanskrit:  ; Wylie transliteration: "lag-ngar mtsho"; Chinese: , Pinyin: "L'áng Cuò"; La'nga Co) is a lake in Tibet, China, lying just west of Lake Manasarovar and south of Mount Kailash. The Sutlej River originates at Rakshastal's northwestern tip. Despite its close proximity to Lake Manasarovar (about ), Lake Rakshastal does not share the historic religious significance of its eastern neighbor.

text: Lake

text: Rakshastal

text: Rakshas

text: Tal

text: Sanskrit

text: Wylie

text: transliteration

text: lag

text: ngar

text: mtsho

text: Chinese

text: Pinyin

text: L'áng

text: Cuò

text: La'nga

text: Co

text: is

text: lake

text: in

text: Tibet

text: China

text: lying

text: just

text: west

text: of

text: Lake

text: Manasarovar

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: Mount

text: Kailash

text: The

text: Sutlej

text: River

text: originates

text: at

text: Rakshastal

text: 's

text: northwestern

text: tip

text: Despite

text: its

text: close

text: proximity

text: to

text: Lake

text: Manasarovar

text: about

text: Lake

text: Rakshastal

text: does

text: not

text: share

text: the

text: historic

text: religious

text: significance

text: of

text: its

text: eastern

text: neighbor

text: Burang, known as Purang in Tibetan, is the administrative center of Burang County, Ngari Prefecture of in the Tibet Autonomous Region "(TAR)" (China). The town lies at 4,755 metres (13,205 feet) altitude in the valley of the Karnali River. To the south are Gurla Mandhata (Mount Namonanyi) and the Abi Gamin ranges. Lake Manasarovar and Mount Kailash are to the north. This region is the mythological and actual river nexus of the Himalaya with sources of the Indus, Ganges and Yarlung Tsangpo/Brahmaputra all within of Burang.

text: Burang

text: known

text: as

text: Purang

text: in

text: Tibetan

text: is

text: the

text: administrative

text: center

text: of

text: Burang

text: County

text: Ngari

text: Prefecture

text: of

text: in

text: the

text: Tibet

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: TAR

text: China

text: The

text: town

text: lies

text: at

text: metres

text: feet

text: altitude

text: in

text: the

text: valley

text: of

text: the

text: Karnali

text: River

text: To

text: the

text: south

text: are

text: Gurla

text: Mandhata

text: Mount

text: Namonanyi

text: and

text: the

text: Abi

text: Gamin

text: ranges

text: Lake

text: Manasarovar

text: and

text: Mount

text: Kailash

text: are

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: This

text: region

text: is

text: the

text: mythological

text: and

text: actual

text: river

text: nexus

text: of

text: the

text: Himalaya

text: with

text: sources

text: of

text: the

text: Indus

text: Ganges

text: and

text: Yarlung

text: Tsangpo

text: Brahmaputra

text: all

text: within

text: of

text: Burang

text: Buddhism (or ) is a religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. Buddhism originated in India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, from where it spread through much of Asia, whereafter it declined in India during the middle ages. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (Pali: "The School of the Elders") and Mahayana (Sanskrit: "The Great Vehicle"). Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion, with over 500 million followers or 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists.

text: Buddhism

text: or

text: is

text: religion

text: and

text: dharma

text: that

text: encompasses

text: variety

text: of

text: traditions

text: beliefs

text: and

text: spiritual

text: practices

text: largely

text: based

text: on

text: teachings

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: Buddha

text: Buddhism

text: originated

text: in

text: India

text: sometime

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: BCE

text: from

text: where

text: it

text: spread

text: through

text: much

text: of

text: Asia

text: whereafter

text: it

text: declined

text: in

text: India

text: during

text: the

text: middle

text: ages

text: Two

text: major

text: extant

text: branches

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: are

text: generally

text: recognized

text: by

text: scholars

text: Theravada

text: Pali

text: The

text: School

text: of

text: the

text: Elders

text: and

text: Mahayana

text: Sanskrit

text: The

text: Great

text: Vehicle

text: Buddhism

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: largest

text: religion

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: followers

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: population

text: known

text: as

text: Buddhists

text: Kashmir is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range. Today, it denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir (subdivided into Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh divisions), the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and Chinese-administered territories of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract.

text: Kashmir

text: is

text: the

text: northernmost

text: geographical

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: Until

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: term

text: Kashmir

text: denoted

text: only

text: the

text: valley

text: between

text: the

text: Great

text: Himalayas

text: and

text: the

text: Pir

text: Panjal

text: mountain

text: range

text: Today

text: it

text: denotes

text: larger

text: area

text: that

text: includes

text: the

text: Indian

text: administered

text: territory

text: of

text: Jammu

text: and

text: Kashmir

text: subdivided

text: into

text: Jammu

text: Kashmir

text: and

text: Ladakh

text: divisions

text: the

text: Pakistani

text: administered

text: territories

text: of

text: Azad

text: Kashmir

text: and

text: Gilgit

text: Baltistan

text: and

text: Chinese

text: administered

text: territories

text: of

text: Aksai

text: Chin

text: and

text: the

text: Trans

text: Karakoram

text: Tract

text: The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as "Satluj" River) (Hindi: , Punjabi: , Sanskrit :  (shatadru) ) is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroads region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. The Sutlej River is also known as Satadree. It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River.

text: The

text: Sutlej

text: River

text: alternatively

text: spelled

text: as

text: Satluj

text: River

text: Hindi

text: Punjabi

text: Sanskrit

text: shatadru

text: is

text: the

text: longest

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: rivers

text: that

text: flow

text: through

text: the

text: historic

text: crossroads

text: region

text: of

text: Punjab

text: in

text: northern

text: India

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: The

text: Sutlej

text: River

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Satadree

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: easternmost

text: tributary

text: of

text: the

text: Indus

text: River

text: Jammu and Kashmir is a state in northern India, often denoted by the acronym J&K. It is located mostly in the Himalayan mountains, and shares borders with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south. Jammu and Kashmir has an international border with China in the north and east, and the Line of Control separates it from the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan in the west and northwest respectively. The state has special autonomy under Article 370 of the Constitution of India.

text: Jammu

text: and

text: Kashmir

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: northern

text: India

text: often

text: denoted

text: by

text: the

text: acronym

text: J&K.

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: Himalayan

text: mountains

text: and

text: shares

text: borders

text: with

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Himachal

text: Pradesh

text: and

text: Punjab

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Jammu

text: and

text: Kashmir

text: has

text: an

text: international

text: border

text: with

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Line

text: of

text: Control

text: separates

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: Pakistani

text: administered

text: territories

text: of

text: Azad

text: Kashmir

text: and

text: Gilgit

text: Baltistan

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: northwest

text: respectively

text: The

text: state

text: has

text: special

text: autonomy

text: under

text: Article

text: of

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: India

text: Lhasa is a city and administrative capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. The main urban area of Lhasa is roughly equivalent to the administrative borders of Chengguan District, which is part of the wider Lhasa prefecture-level city, an area formerly administered as a prefecture.

text: Lhasa

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: administrative

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Tibet

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: main

text: urban

text: area

text: of

text: Lhasa

text: is

text: roughly

text: equivalent

text: to

text: the

text: administrative

text: borders

text: of

text: Chengguan

text: District

text: which

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: wider

text: Lhasa

text: prefecture

text: level

text: city

text: an

text: area

text: formerly

text: administered

text: as

text: prefecture

text: Tibet (Tibetan Pinyin: "boe", ; /i ts¹/) is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Qiang, and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people. Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of . The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, Earth's highest mountain, rising 8,848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level.

text: Tibet

text: Tibetan

text: Pinyin

text: boe

text: /i

text: is

text: region

text: on

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: Plateau

text: in

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: traditional

text: homeland

text: of

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: people

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: some

text: other

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: such

text: as

text: Monpa

text: Qiang

text: and

text: Lhoba

text: peoples

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: also

text: inhabited

text: by

text: considerable

text: numbers

text: of

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Hui

text: people

text: Tibet

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: region

text: on

text: Earth

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: elevation

text: of

text: The

text: highest

text: elevation

text: in

text: Tibet

text: is

text: Mount

text: Everest

text: Earth

text: 's

text: highest

text: mountain

text: rising

text: ft

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: Aksai Chin ("Aks' cin"; Urdu:  ) is one of the two main disputed border areas between China and India, the other being a part of Arunachal Pradesh. It is administered by China as part of Hotan County, which lies in the southwestern part of Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, but is also claimed by India as a part of the Ladakh region of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1962, China and India fought a brief war over Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, but in 1993 and 1996, the two countries signed agreements to respect the Line of Actual Control.

text: Aksai

text: Chin

text: Aks

text: cin

text: Urdu

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: main

text: disputed

text: border

text: areas

text: between

text: China

text: and

text: India

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: part

text: of

text: Arunachal

text: Pradesh

text: It

text: is

text: administered

text: by

text: China

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: Hotan

text: County

text: which

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: part

text: of

text: Hotan

text: Prefecture

text: of

text: Xinjiang

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: but

text: is

text: also

text: claimed

text: by

text: India

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Ladakh

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Jammu

text: and

text: Kashmir

text: In

text: China

text: and

text: India

text: fought

text: brief

text: war

text: over

text: Aksai

text: Chin

text: and

text: Arunachal

text: Pradesh

text: but

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: two

text: countries

text: signed

text: agreements

text: to

text: respect

text: the

text: Line

text: of

text: Actual

text: Control

text: Ladakh ("land of high passes") (Ladakhi:  "la'dwags"; ) is a region in Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir that currently extends from the Kunlun mountain range to the main Great Himalayas to the south, inhabited by people of Indo-Aryan and Tibetan descent. It is one of the most sparsely populated regions in Jammu and Kashmir and its culture and history are closely related to that of Tibet.

text: Ladakh

text: land

text: of

text: high

text: passes

text: Ladakhi

text: la'dwags

text: is

text: region

text: in

text: Indian

text: state

text: of

text: Jammu

text: and

text: Kashmir

text: that

text: currently

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Kunlun

text: mountain

text: range

text: to

text: the

text: main

text: Great

text: Himalayas

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: inhabited

text: by

text: people

text: of

text: Indo

text: Aryan

text: and

text: Tibetan

text: descent

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: regions

text: in

text: Jammu

text: and

text: Kashmir

text: and

text: its

text: culture

text: and

text: history

text: are

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: Tibet

text: Hinduism is a religion, or a way of life, found most notably in India and Nepal. Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, and some practitioners and scholars refer to it as "", "the eternal law," or the "eternal way," beyond human origins. Scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots and no founder. This "Hindu synthesis" started to develop between 500 BCE and 300 CE following the Vedic period (1500 BCE to 500 BCE).

text: Hinduism

text: is

text: religion

text: or

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: found

text: most

text: notably

text: in

text: India

text: and

text: Nepal

text: Hinduism

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: oldest

text: religion

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: some

text: practitioners

text: and

text: scholars

text: refer

text: to

text: it

text: as

text: the

text: eternal

text: law

text: or

text: the

text: eternal

text: way

text: beyond

text: human

text: origins

text: Scholars

text: regard

text: Hinduism

text: as

text: fusion

text: or

text: synthesis

text: of

text: various

text: Indian

text: cultures

text: and

text: traditions

text: with

text: diverse

text: roots

text: and

text: no

text: founder

text: This

text: Hindu

text: synthesis

text: started

text: to

text: develop

text: between

text: BCE

text: and

text: CE

text: following

text: the

text: Vedic

text: period

text: BCE

text: to

text: BCE

text: Tsaparang was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Guge in the Garuda Valley , through which the upper Sutlej River flows , in Ngari Prefecture ( Western Tibet ) near the border of Ladakh . It is 278 km south - southwest of Senggezangbo Town and 26 km west of the 11th - century monastery at Thöling , and not far west of Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar . The Tsaparang Dzong was located here . Nearby is the Bon monastery of Gurugem . Tsaparang is a huge fortress perched on a pyramid - shaped rock rising about 500 to 600 feet ( 152 to 183 m ) at the end of a long narrow spur . It contains numerous tunnels and caves that have been carved out of the rock . At its base was a village where the common people lived . Above them were two public temples - the Lhakhang Marpo ( Red Chapel ) and the Lhakhang Karpo ( White Chapel ) , and quarters for the monks . Further up , ascending a twisting stone staircase in a tunnel , were the royal quarters , and at the very top , the summer palace . TV Presenter and historian Michael Wood , in the `` Shangri - La '' episode of the BBC TV / PBS documentary series In Search of Myths and Heroes , suggested that Tsaparang was the historical origin of the legend of Shangri - La , and that its two great temples were once home to the kings of Guge in modern Tibet .

text: Tsaparang

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Guge

text: in

text: the

text: Garuda

text: Valley

text: through

text: which

text: the

text: upper

text: Sutlej

text: River

text: flows

text: in

text: Ngari

text: Prefecture

text: Western

text: Tibet

text: near

text: the

text: border

text: of

text: Ladakh

text: It

text: is

text: km

text: south

text: southwest

text: of

text: Senggezangbo

text: Town

text: and

text: km

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: monastery

text: at

text: Thöling

text: and

text: not

text: far

text: west

text: of

text: Mount

text: Kailash

text: and

text: Lake

text: Manasarovar

text: The

text: Tsaparang

text: Dzong

text: was

text: located

text: here

text: Nearby

text: is

text: the

text: Bon

text: monastery

text: of

text: Gurugem

text: Tsaparang

text: is

text: huge

text: fortress

text: perched

text: on

text: pyramid

text: shaped

text: rock

text: rising

text: about

text: to

text: feet

text: to

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: long

text: narrow

text: spur

text: It

text: contains

text: numerous

text: tunnels

text: and

text: caves

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: carved

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: rock

text: At

text: its

text: base

text: was

text: village

text: where

text: the

text: common

text: people

text: lived

text: Above

text: them

text: were

text: two

text: public

text: temples

text: the

text: Lhakhang

text: Marpo

text: Red

text: Chapel

text: and

text: the

text: Lhakhang

text: Karpo

text: White

text: Chapel

text: and

text: quarters

text: for

text: the

text: monks

text: Further

text: up

text: ascending

text: twisting

text: stone

text: staircase

text: in

text: tunnel

text: were

text: the

text: royal

text: quarters

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: very

text: top

text: the

text: summer

text: palace

text: TV

text: Presenter

text: and

text: historian

text: Michael

text: Wood

text: in

text: the

text: Shangri

text: La

text: episode

text: of

text: the

text: BBC

text: TV

text: PBS

text: documentary

text: series

text: In

text: Search

text: of

text: Myths

text: and

text: Heroes

text: suggested

text: that

text: Tsaparang

text: was

text: the

text: historical

text: origin

text: of

text: the

text: legend

text: of

text: Shangri

text: La

text: and

text: that

text: its

text: two

text: great

text: temples

text: were

text: once

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: kings

text: of

text: Guge

text: in

text: modern

text: Tibet

text: The Brahmaputra (is one of the major rivers of Asia, a trans-boundary river which flows through China, India and Bangladesh. As such, it is known by various names in the region. In ,  IAST: ; Yarlung Tsangpo; . It is also called Tsangpo-Brahaputra (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within Tibet), and the Jamuna River in Bangladesh. The Manas River that runs through Bhutan joins it at Jogighopa, in India. It is the tenth largest river in the world by discharge, and the 29th longest.

text: The

text: Brahmaputra

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: rivers

text: of

text: Asia

text: trans

text: boundary

text: river

text: which

text: flows

text: through

text: China

text: India

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: As

text: such

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: by

text: various

text: names

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: In

text: IAST

text: Yarlung

text: Tsangpo

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: called

text: Tsangpo

text: Brahaputra

text: when

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: river

text: including

text: the

text: stretch

text: within

text: Tibet

text: and

text: the

text: Jamuna

text: River

text: in

text: Bangladesh

text: The

text: Manas

text: River

text: that

text: runs

text: through

text: Bhutan

text: joins

text: it

text: at

text: Jogighopa

text: in

text: India

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: tenth

text: largest

text: river

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: discharge

text: and

text: the

text: longest

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity tsaparang

answer: zanda county

text: zanda county

text: zanda county


text: The Tasman Series was a motor racing competition held annually from 1964 to 1975 over a series of races in New Zealand and Australia. It was named after the Tasman Sea which lies between the two countries. The Tasman Series races were held in January through to late February or early March of each year, during the Formula One off season, taking advantage of winter in the Northern Hemisphere to attract many top drivers to summer in the south.

text: The

text: Tasman

text: Series

text: was

text: motor

text: racing

text: competition

text: held

text: annually

text: from

text: to

text: over

text: series

text: of

text: races

text: in

text: New

text: Zealand

text: and

text: Australia

text: It

text: was

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Tasman

text: Sea

text: which

text: lies

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: countries

text: The

text: Tasman

text: Series

text: races

text: were

text: held

text: in

text: January

text: through

text: to

text: late

text: February

text: or

text: early

text: March

text: of

text: each

text: year

text: during

text: the

text: Formula

text: One

text: off

text: season

text: taking

text: advantage

text: of

text: winter

text: in

text: the

text: Northern

text: Hemisphere

text: to

text: attract

text: many

text: top

text: drivers

text: to

text: summer

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: The Toyota Racing Series is New Zealand 's premier `` open - wheeler '' motorsport category . The Series includes races for every major trophy in New Zealand circuit racing including the New Zealand Motor Cup and the Denny Hulme Memorial Trophy . The cars are also the category for the New Zealand Grand Prix -- one of only two races in the world with FIA approval to use the Grand Prix nomenclature outside Formula One .

text: The

text: Toyota

text: Racing

text: Series

text: is

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: premier

text: open

text: wheeler

text: motorsport

text: category

text: The

text: Series

text: includes

text: races

text: for

text: every

text: major

text: trophy

text: in

text: New

text: Zealand

text: circuit

text: racing

text: including

text: the

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Motor

text: Cup

text: and

text: the

text: Denny

text: Hulme

text: Memorial

text: Trophy

text: The

text: cars

text: are

text: also

text: the

text: category

text: for

text: the

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: two

text: races

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: FIA

text: approval

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: nomenclature

text: outside

text: Formula

text: One

text: Lexus originated from a corporate project to develop a new premium sedan, code-named F1, which began in 1983 and culminated in the launch of the Lexus LS in 1989. Subsequently, the division added sedan, coupé, convertible, and SUV models. Until 2005 Lexus did not exist as a brand in its home market and all vehicles marketed internationally as Lexus from 1989-2005 were released in Japan under the Toyota marque and an equivalent model name. In 2005, a hybrid version of the RX crossover debuted, and additional hybrid models later joined the division's lineup. In 2007, Lexus launched its own F marque performance division with the debut of the IS F sport sedan, followed by the LFA supercar in 2009.

text: Lexus

text: originated

text: from

text: corporate

text: project

text: to

text: develop

text: new

text: premium

text: sedan

text: code

text: named

text: which

text: began

text: in

text: and

text: culminated

text: in

text: the

text: launch

text: of

text: the

text: Lexus

text: LS

text: in

text: Subsequently

text: the

text: division

text: added

text: sedan

text: coupé

text: convertible

text: and

text: SUV

text: models

text: Until

text: Lexus

text: did

text: not

text: exist

text: as

text: brand

text: in

text: its

text: home

text: market

text: and

text: all

text: vehicles

text: marketed

text: internationally

text: as

text: Lexus

text: from

text: were

text: released

text: in

text: Japan

text: under

text: the

text: Toyota

text: marque

text: and

text: an

text: equivalent

text: model

text: name

text: In

text: hybrid

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: RX

text: crossover

text: debuted

text: and

text: additional

text: hybrid

text: models

text: later

text: joined

text: the

text: division

text: 's

text: lineup

text: In

text: Lexus

text: launched

text: its

text: own

text: marque

text: performance

text: division

text: with

text: the

text: debut

text: of

text: the

text: IS

text: sport

text: sedan

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: LFA

text: supercar

text: in

text: Motor Racing Developments Ltd., commonly known as Brabham , was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers' and two Constructors' World Championships in its 30-year Formula One history. Jack Brabham's 1966 Drivers' Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the driver's own name.

text: Motor

text: Racing

text: Developments

text: Ltd.

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Brabham

text: was

text: British

text: racing

text: car

text: manufacturer

text: and

text: Formula

text: One

text: racing

text: team

text: Founded

text: in

text: by

text: two

text: Australians

text: driver

text: Jack

text: Brabham

text: and

text: designer

text: Ron

text: Tauranac

text: the

text: team

text: won

text: four

text: Drivers

text: and

text: two

text: Constructors

text: World

text: Championships

text: in

text: its

text: Formula

text: One

text: history

text: Jack

text: Brabham

text: 's

text: Drivers

text: Championship

text: remains

text: the

text: only

text: such

text: achievement

text: using

text: car

text: bearing

text: the

text: driver

text: 's

text: own

text: name

text: Toyota is the world's market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles, and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe. Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models passed the 9 million milestone in April 2016. Its Prius family is the world's top selling hybrid nameplate with almost 5.7 million units sold worldwide .

text: Toyota

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: market

text: leader

text: in

text: sales

text: of

text: hybrid

text: electric

text: vehicles

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: companies

text: to

text: encourage

text: the

text: mass

text: market

text: adoption

text: of

text: hybrid

text: vehicles

text: across

text: the

text: globe

text: Cumulative

text: global

text: sales

text: of

text: Toyota

text: and

text: Lexus

text: hybrid

text: passenger

text: car

text: models

text: passed

text: the

text: million

text: milestone

text: in

text: April

text: Its

text: Prius

text: family

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: top

text: selling

text: hybrid

text: nameplate

text: with

text: almost

text: million

text: units

text: sold

text: worldwide

text: Denis Clive "Denny" Hulme, (18 June 1936  4 October 1992) was a New Zealand racing driver who won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship for the Brabham team. Between his debut at Monaco in 1965 and his final race in the 1974 US Grand Prix, he started 112 Grand Prix, resulting eight victories and 33 trips to the podium. He also finished third in the overall standing in 1968 and 1972.

text: Denis

text: Clive

text: Denny

text: Hulme

text: June

text: October

text: was

text: New

text: Zealand

text: racing

text: driver

text: who

text: won

text: the

text: Formula

text: One

text: World

text: Drivers

text: Championship

text: for

text: the

text: Brabham

text: team

text: Between

text: his

text: debut

text: at

text: Monaco

text: in

text: and

text: his

text: final

text: race

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: he

text: started

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: resulting

text: eight

text: victories

text: and

text: trips

text: to

text: the

text: podium

text: He

text: also

text: finished

text: third

text: in

text: the

text: overall

text: standing

text: in

text: and

text: Formula One (also Formula 1 or F1 and officially the FIA Formula One World Championship) is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the premier form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950, although other Formula One races were regularly held until 1983. The "formula", designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, to which all participants' cars must conform. The F1 season consists of a series of races, known as "Grands Prix" (from French, meaning grand prizes), held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads.

text: Formula

text: One

text: also

text: Formula

text: or

text: and

text: officially

text: the

text: FIA

text: Formula

text: One

text: World

text: Championship

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: class

text: of

text: single

text: seat

text: auto

text: racing

text: that

text: is

text: sanctioned

text: by

text: the

text: Fédération

text: Internationale

text: de

text: l'Automobile

text: FIA

text: The

text: FIA

text: Formula

text: One

text: World

text: Championship

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: premier

text: form

text: of

text: racing

text: since

text: the

text: inaugural

text: season

text: in

text: although

text: other

text: Formula

text: One

text: races

text: were

text: regularly

text: held

text: until

text: The

text: formula

text: designated

text: in

text: the

text: name

text: refers

text: to

text: set

text: of

text: rules

text: to

text: which

text: all

text: participants

text: cars

text: must

text: conform

text: The

text: season

text: consists

text: of

text: series

text: of

text: races

text: known

text: as

text: Grands

text: Prix

text: from

text: French

text: meaning

text: grand

text: prizes

text: held

text: worldwide

text: on

text: purpose

text: built

text: circuits

text: and

text: public

text: roads

text: The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA, English: International Automobile Federation) is an association established as the "Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus" (AIACR, English: 'International Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs') on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. To the general public, the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for many auto racing events. The FIA also promotes road safety around the world.

text: The

text: Fédération

text: Internationale

text: de

text: l'Automobile

text: FIA

text: English

text: International

text: Automobile

text: Federation

text: is

text: an

text: association

text: established

text: as

text: the

text: Association

text: Internationale

text: des

text: Automobile

text: Clubs

text: Reconnus

text: AIACR

text: English

text: International

text: Association

text: of

text: Recognized

text: Automobile

text: Clubs

text: on

text: June

text: to

text: represent

text: the

text: interests

text: of

text: motoring

text: organisations

text: and

text: motor

text: car

text: users

text: To

text: the

text: general

text: public

text: the

text: FIA

text: is

text: mostly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: governing

text: body

text: for

text: many

text: auto

text: racing

text: events

text: The

text: FIA

text: also

text: promotes

text: road

text: safety

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: The New Zealand Grand Prix, sometimes known as the New Zealand International Grand Prix, is an annual motor racing event held in New Zealand. First held in 1950, it is best known for hosting rounds of the Tasman Series in the 1960s and 1970s. It is currently run as the signature race of the Toyota Racing Series.

text: The

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: New

text: Zealand

text: International

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: is

text: an

text: annual

text: motor

text: racing

text: event

text: held

text: in

text: New

text: Zealand

text: First

text: held

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: hosting

text: rounds

text: of

text: the

text: Tasman

text: Series

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: It

text: is

text: currently

text: run

text: as

text: the

text: signature

text: race

text: of

text: the

text: Toyota

text: Racing

text: Series

annotations: likely multiple

question: inception toyota racing series

answer: 2005


text: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, pronounced "I triple E") is a professional association with its corporate office in New York City and its operations center in Piscataway, New Jersey. It was formed in 1963 from the amalgamation of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers. Today, it is the world's largest association of technical professionals with more than 400,000 members in chapters around the world. Its objectives are the educational and technical advancement of electrical and electronic engineering, telecommunications, computer engineering and allied disciplines.

text: The

text: Institute

text: of

text: Electrical

text: and

text: Electronics

text: Engineers

text: IEEE

text: pronounced

text: triple

text: is

text: professional

text: association

text: with

text: its

text: corporate

text: office

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: its

text: operations

text: center

text: in

text: Piscataway

text: New

text: Jersey

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: from

text: the

text: amalgamation

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Institute

text: of

text: Electrical

text: Engineers

text: and

text: the

text: Institute

text: of

text: Radio

text: Engineers

text: Today

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: association

text: of

text: technical

text: professionals

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: members

text: in

text: chapters

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: Its

text: objectives

text: are

text: the

text: educational

text: and

text: technical

text: advancement

text: of

text: electrical

text: and

text: electronic

text: engineering

text: telecommunications

text: computer

text: engineering

text: and

text: allied

text: disciplines

text: Thomson Reuters Corporation is a multinational mass media and information firm with operational headquarters at 3 Times Square in Manhattan, New York City. The firm was founded in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where its legal domicile offices are located at 333 Bay Street in Downtown Toronto. Thomson Reuters shares maintain a dual listing on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: TRI) and the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX: TRI).

text: Thomson

text: Reuters

text: Corporation

text: is

text: multinational

text: mass

text: media

text: and

text: information

text: firm

text: with

text: operational

text: headquarters

text: at

text: Times

text: Square

text: in

text: Manhattan

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: The

text: firm

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: Toronto

text: Ontario

text: Canada

text: where

text: its

text: legal

text: domicile

text: offices

text: are

text: located

text: at

text: Bay

text: Street

text: in

text: Downtown

text: Toronto

text: Thomson

text: Reuters

text: shares

text: maintain

text: dual

text: listing

text: on

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Stock

text: Exchange

text: NYSE

text: TRI

text: and

text: the

text: Toronto

text: Stock

text: Exchange

text: TSX

text: TRI

text: The Science Citation Index (SCI) is a citation index originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) and created by Eugene Garfield. It was officially launched in 1964. It is now owned by Clarivate Analytics (previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of Thomson Reuters). The larger version (Science Citation Index Expanded) covers more than 8,500 notable and significant journals, across 150 disciplines, from 1900 to the present. These are alternatively described as the world's leading journals of science and technology, because of a rigorous selection process.

text: The

text: Science

text: Citation

text: Index

text: SCI

text: is

text: citation

text: index

text: originally

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: Institute

text: for

text: Scientific

text: Information

text: ISI

text: and

text: created

text: by

text: Eugene

text: Garfield

text: It

text: was

text: officially

text: launched

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: now

text: owned

text: by

text: Clarivate

text: Analytics

text: previously

text: the

text: Intellectual

text: Property

text: and

text: Science

text: business

text: of

text: Thomson

text: Reuters

text: The

text: larger

text: version

text: Science

text: Citation

text: Index

text: Expanded

text: covers

text: more

text: than

text: notable

text: and

text: significant

text: journals

text: across

text: disciplines

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: These

text: are

text: alternatively

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: leading

text: journals

text: of

text: science

text: and

text: technology

text: because

text: of

text: rigorous

text: selection

text: process

text: The word stochastic is an adjective in English that describes something that was randomly determined. The word first appeared in English to describe a mathematical object called a stochastic process, but now in mathematics the terms stochastic process and random process are considered interchangeable. The word, with its current definition meaning random, came from German, but it originally came from the Greek word "" ("stokhos", "aim").

text: The

text: word

text: stochastic

text: is

text: an

text: adjective

text: in

text: English

text: that

text: describes

text: something

text: that

text: was

text: randomly

text: determined

text: The

text: word

text: first

text: appeared

text: in

text: English

text: to

text: describe

text: mathematical

text: object

text: called

text: stochastic

text: process

text: but

text: now

text: in

text: mathematics

text: the

text: terms

text: stochastic

text: process

text: and

text: random

text: process

text: are

text: considered

text: interchangeable

text: The

text: word

text: with

text: its

text: current

text: definition

text: meaning

text: random

text: came

text: from

text: German

text: but

text: it

text: originally

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: word

text: stokhos

text: aim

text: In computer science, soft computing (sometimes referred to as computational intelligence, though CI does not have an agreed definition) is the use of inexact solutions to computationally hard tasks such as the solution of NP-complete problems, for which there is no known algorithm that can compute an exact solution in polynomial time. Soft computing differs from conventional (hard) computing in that, unlike hard computing, it is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation. In effect, the role model for soft computing is the human mind.

text: In

text: computer

text: science

text: soft

text: computing

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: computational

text: intelligence

text: though

text: CI

text: does

text: not

text: have

text: an

text: agreed

text: definition

text: is

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: inexact

text: solutions

text: to

text: computationally

text: hard

text: tasks

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: solution

text: of

text: NP

text: complete

text: problems

text: for

text: which

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: known

text: algorithm

text: that

text: can

text: compute

text: an

text: exact

text: solution

text: in

text: polynomial

text: time

text: Soft

text: computing

text: differs

text: from

text: conventional

text: hard

text: computing

text: in

text: that

text: unlike

text: hard

text: computing

text: it

text: is

text: tolerant

text: of

text: imprecision

text: uncertainty

text: partial

text: truth

text: and

text: approximation

text: In

text: effect

text: the

text: role

text: model

text: for

text: soft

text: computing

text: is

text: the

text: human

text: mind

text: The impact factor (IF) or Journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal. It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field; journals with higher impact factors are often deemed to be more important than those with lower ones. The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information. Impact factors are calculated yearly starting from 1975 for those journals that are listed in the "Journal Citation Reports".

text: The

text: impact

text: factor

text: IF

text: or

text: Journal

text: impact

text: factor

text: JIF

text: of

text: an

text: academic

text: journal

text: is

text: measure

text: reflecting

text: the

text: yearly

text: average

text: number

text: of

text: citations

text: to

text: recent

text: articles

text: published

text: in

text: that

text: journal

text: It

text: is

text: frequently

text: used

text: as

text: proxy

text: for

text: the

text: relative

text: importance

text: of

text: journal

text: within

text: its

text: field

text: journals

text: with

text: higher

text: impact

text: factors

text: are

text: often

text: deemed

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: important

text: than

text: those

text: with

text: lower

text: ones

text: The

text: impact

text: factor

text: was

text: devised

text: by

text: Eugene

text: Garfield

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Institute

text: for

text: Scientific

text: Information

text: Impact

text: factors

text: are

text: calculated

text: yearly

text: starting

text: from

text: for

text: those

text: journals

text: that

text: are

text: listed

text: in

text: the

text: Journal

text: Citation

text: Reports

text: Trial and error is a fundamental method of problem solving. It is characterised by repeated, varied attempts which are continued until success, or until the agent stops trying.

text: Trial

text: and

text: error

text: is

text: fundamental

text: method

text: of

text: problem

text: solving

text: It

text: is

text: characterised

text: by

text: repeated

text: varied

text: attempts

text: which

text: are

text: continued

text: until

text: success

text: or

text: until

text: the

text: agent

text: stops

text: trying

text: In computer science, evolutionary computation is a family of algorithms for global optimization inspired by biological evolution, and the subfield of artificial intelligence and soft computing studying these algorithms. In technical terms, they are a family of population-based trial and error problem solvers with a metaheuristic or stochastic optimization character.

text: In

text: computer

text: science

text: evolutionary

text: computation

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: algorithms

text: for

text: global

text: optimization

text: inspired

text: by

text: biological

text: evolution

text: and

text: the

text: subfield

text: of

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: and

text: soft

text: computing

text: studying

text: these

text: algorithms

text: In

text: technical

text: terms

text: they

text: are

text: family

text: of

text: population

text: based

text: trial

text: and

text: error

text: problem

text: solvers

text: with

text: metaheuristic

text: or

text: stochastic

text: optimization

text: character

text: IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation is a bimonthly peer - reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society . It covers evolutionary computation and related areas including nature - inspired algorithms , population - based methods , and optimization where selection and variation are integral , and hybrid systems where these paradigms are combined . The editor - in - chief is Kay Chen Tan ( National University of Singapore ) . According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 5.545 .

text: IEEE

text: Transactions

text: on

text: Evolutionary

text: Computation

text: is

text: bimonthly

text: peer

text: reviewed

text: scientific

text: journal

text: published

text: by

text: the

text: IEEE

text: Computational

text: Intelligence

text: Society

text: It

text: covers

text: evolutionary

text: computation

text: and

text: related

text: areas

text: including

text: nature

text: inspired

text: algorithms

text: population

text: based

text: methods

text: and

text: optimization

text: where

text: selection

text: and

text: variation

text: are

text: integral

text: and

text: hybrid

text: systems

text: where

text: these

text: paradigms

text: are

text: combined

text: The

text: editor

text: in

text: chief

text: is

text: Kay

text: Chen

text: Tan

text: National

text: University

text: of

text: Singapore

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Journal

text: Citation

text: Reports

text: the

text: journal

text: has

text: impact

text: factor

text: of

text: Computer science is the study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the methodical procedures (or algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information. An alternate, more succinct definition of computer science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems.

text: Computer

text: science

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: theory

text: experimentation

text: and

text: engineering

text: that

text: form

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: design

text: and

text: use

text: of

text: computers

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: scientific

text: and

text: practical

text: approach

text: to

text: computation

text: and

text: its

text: applications

text: and

text: the

text: systematic

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: feasibility

text: structure

text: expression

text: and

text: mechanization

text: of

text: the

text: methodical

text: procedures

text: or

text: algorithms

text: that

text: underlie

text: the

text: acquisition

text: representation

text: processing

text: storage

text: communication

text: of

text: and

text: access

text: to

text: information

text: An

text: alternate

text: more

text: succinct

text: definition

text: of

text: computer

text: science

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: automating

text: algorithmic

text: processes

text: that

text: scale

text: computer

text: scientist

text: specializes

text: in

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: computation

text: and

text: the

text: design

text: of

text: computational

text: systems

text: The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. The Oxford Dictionaries Online define the scientific method as "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses". Experiments need to be designed to test hypotheses. The most important part of the scientific method is the experiment.

text: The

text: scientific

text: method

text: is

text: body

text: of

text: techniques

text: for

text: investigating

text: phenomena

text: acquiring

text: new

text: knowledge

text: or

text: correcting

text: and

text: integrating

text: previous

text: knowledge

text: To

text: be

text: termed

text: scientific

text: method

text: of

text: inquiry

text: is

text: commonly

text: based

text: on

text: empirical

text: or

text: measurable

text: evidence

text: subject

text: to

text: specific

text: principles

text: of

text: reasoning

text: The

text: Oxford

text: Dictionaries

text: Online

text: define

text: the

text: scientific

text: method

text: as

text: method

text: or

text: procedure

text: that

text: has

text: characterized

text: natural

text: science

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: consisting

text: in

text: systematic

text: observation

text: measurement

text: and

text: experiment

text: and

text: the

text: formulation

text: testing

text: and

text: modification

text: of

text: hypotheses

text: Experiments

text: need

text: to

text: be

text: designed

text: to

text: test

text: hypotheses

text: The

text: most

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: scientific

text: method

text: is

text: the

text: experiment

text: Web of Science (previously known as Web of Knowledge) is an online subscription-based scientific citation indexing service originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), now maintained by Clarivate Analytics (previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of Thomson Reuters), that provides a comprehensive citation search. It gives access to multiple databases that reference cross-disciplinary research, which allows for in-depth exploration of specialized sub-fields within an academic or scientific discipline.

text: Web

text: of

text: Science

text: previously

text: known

text: as

text: Web

text: of

text: Knowledge

text: is

text: an

text: online

text: subscription

text: based

text: scientific

text: citation

text: indexing

text: service

text: originally

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: Institute

text: for

text: Scientific

text: Information

text: ISI

text: now

text: maintained

text: by

text: Clarivate

text: Analytics

text: previously

text: the

text: Intellectual

text: Property

text: and

text: Science

text: business

text: of

text: Thomson

text: Reuters

text: that

text: provides

text: comprehensive

text: citation

text: search

text: It

text: gives

text: access

text: to

text: multiple

text: databases

text: that

text: reference

text: cross

text: disciplinary

text: research

text: which

text: allows

text: for

text: in

text: depth

text: exploration

text: of

text: specialized

text: sub

text: fields

text: within

text: an

text: academic

text: or

text: scientific

text: discipline

text: Research comprises "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications." It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field. Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic, or in the example of a school research project, they can be used to further a student's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological,etc.

text: Research

text: comprises

text: creative

text: work

text: undertaken

text: on

text: systematic

text: basis

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: stock

text: of

text: knowledge

text: including

text: knowledge

text: of

text: humans

text: culture

text: and

text: society

text: and

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: this

text: stock

text: of

text: knowledge

text: to

text: devise

text: new

text: applications

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: establish

text: or

text: confirm

text: facts

text: reaffirm

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: previous

text: work

text: solve

text: new

text: or

text: existing

text: problems

text: support

text: theorems

text: or

text: develop

text: new

text: theories

text: research

text: project

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: an

text: expansion

text: on

text: past

text: work

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: Research

text: projects

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: develop

text: further

text: knowledge

text: on

text: topic

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: example

text: of

text: school

text: research

text: project

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: further

text: student

text: 's

text: research

text: prowess

text: to

text: prepare

text: them

text: for

text: future

text: jobs

text: or

text: reports

text: To

text: test

text: the

text: validity

text: of

text: instruments

text: procedures

text: or

text: experiments

text: research

text: may

text: replicate

text: elements

text: of

text: prior

text: projects

text: or

text: the

text: project

text: as

text: whole

text: The

text: primary

text: purposes

text: of

text: basic

text: research

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: applied

text: research

text: are

text: documentation

text: discovery

text: interpretation

text: or

text: the

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: R&D

text: of

text: methods

text: and

text: systems

text: for

text: the

text: advancement

text: of

text: human

text: knowledge

text: Approaches

text: to

text: research

text: depend

text: on

text: epistemologies

text: which

text: vary

text: considerably

text: both

text: within

text: and

text: between

text: humanities

text: and

text: sciences

text: There

text: are

text: several

text: forms

text: of

text: research

text: scientific

text: humanities

text: artistic

text: economic

text: social

text: business

text: marketing

text: practitioner

text: research

text: life

text: technological

text: etc

text: Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines. In computer science, an ideal "intelligent" machine is a flexible rational agent that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving". As machines become increasingly capable, mental facilities once thought to require intelligence are removed from the definition. For example, optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an exemplar of "artificial intelligence", having become a routine technology. Capabilities currently classified as AI include successfully understanding human speech, competing at a high level in strategic game systems (such as Chess and Go), self-driving cars, and interpreting complex data. Some people also consider AI a danger to humanity if it progresses unabatedly.

text: Artificial

text: intelligence

text: AI

text: is

text: intelligence

text: exhibited

text: by

text: machines

text: In

text: computer

text: science

text: an

text: ideal

text: intelligent

text: machine

text: is

text: flexible

text: rational

text: agent

text: that

text: perceives

text: its

text: environment

text: and

text: takes

text: actions

text: that

text: maximize

text: its

text: chance

text: of

text: success

text: at

text: some

text: goal

text: Colloquially

text: the

text: term

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: is

text: applied

text: when

text: machine

text: mimics

text: cognitive

text: functions

text: that

text: humans

text: associate

text: with

text: other

text: human

text: minds

text: such

text: as

text: learning

text: and

text: problem

text: solving

text: As

text: machines

text: become

text: increasingly

text: capable

text: mental

text: facilities

text: once

text: thought

text: to

text: require

text: intelligence

text: are

text: removed

text: from

text: the

text: definition

text: For

text: example

text: optical

text: character

text: recognition

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: perceived

text: as

text: an

text: exemplar

text: of

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: having

text: become

text: routine

text: technology

text: Capabilities

text: currently

text: classified

text: as

text: AI

text: include

text: successfully

text: understanding

text: human

text: speech

text: competing

text: at

text: high

text: level

text: in

text: strategic

text: game

text: systems

text: such

text: as

text: Chess

text: and

text: Go

text: self

text: driving

text: cars

text: and

text: interpreting

text: complex

text: data

text: Some

text: people

text: also

text: consider

text: AI

text: danger

text: to

text: humanity

text: if

text: it

text: progresses

text: unabatedly

text: The IEEE Computational Intelligence Society is a professional society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) focussing on "the theory, design, application, and development of biologically and linguistically motivated computational paradigms emphasizing neural networks, connectionist systems, genetic algorithms, evolutionary programming, fuzzy systems, and hybrid intelligent systems in which these paradigms are contained".

text: The

text: IEEE

text: Computational

text: Intelligence

text: Society

text: is

text: professional

text: society

text: of

text: the

text: Institute

text: of

text: Electrical

text: and

text: Electronics

text: Engineers

text: IEEE

text: focussing

text: on

text: the

text: theory

text: design

text: application

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: biologically

text: and

text: linguistically

text: motivated

text: computational

text: paradigms

text: emphasizing

text: neural

text: networks

text: connectionist

text: systems

text: genetic

text: algorithms

text: evolutionary

text: programming

text: fuzzy

text: systems

text: and

text: hybrid

text: intelligent

text: systems

text: in

text: which

text: these

text: paradigms

text: are

text: contained

text: Journal Citation Reports (JCR) is an annual publication by Clarivate Analytics (previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of Thomson Reuters). It has been integrated with the Web of Science and is accessed from the Web of Science-Core Collections. It provides information about academic journals in the sciences and social sciences, including impact factors. The "JCR" was originally published as a part of "Science Citation Index". Currently, the "JCR", as a distinct service, is based on citations compiled from the "Science Citation Index Expanded" and the "Social Science Citation Index".

text: Journal

text: Citation

text: Reports

text: JCR

text: is

text: an

text: annual

text: publication

text: by

text: Clarivate

text: Analytics

text: previously

text: the

text: Intellectual

text: Property

text: and

text: Science

text: business

text: of

text: Thomson

text: Reuters

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: integrated

text: with

text: the

text: Web

text: of

text: Science

text: and

text: is

text: accessed

text: from

text: the

text: Web

text: of

text: Science

text: Core

text: Collections

text: It

text: provides

text: information

text: about

text: academic

text: journals

text: in

text: the

text: sciences

text: and

text: social

text: sciences

text: including

text: impact

text: factors

text: The

text: JCR

text: was

text: originally

text: published

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: Science

text: Citation

text: Index

text: Currently

text: the

text: JCR

text: as

text: distinct

text: service

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: citations

text: compiled

text: from

text: the

text: Science

text: Citation

text: Index

text: Expanded

text: and

text: the

text: Social

text: Science

text: Citation

text: Index

text: In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals). Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as "Nature" publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. If the journal's editor considers the paper appropriate, at least two researchers preferably from the same field check the paper for soundness of its scientific argument, and must agree to publish it. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, they are actually quite different. Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually, as one would read a magazine. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.

text: In

text: academic

text: publishing

text: scientific

text: journal

text: is

text: periodical

text: publication

text: intended

text: to

text: further

text: the

text: progress

text: of

text: science

text: usually

text: by

text: reporting

text: new

text: research

text: There

text: are

text: thousands

text: of

text: scientific

text: journals

text: in

text: publication

text: and

text: many

text: more

text: have

text: been

text: published

text: at

text: various

text: points

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: see

text: list

text: of

text: scientific

text: journals

text: Most

text: journals

text: are

text: highly

text: specialized

text: although

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: journals

text: such

text: as

text: Nature

text: publish

text: articles

text: and

text: scientific

text: papers

text: across

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: scientific

text: fields

text: Scientific

text: journals

text: contain

text: articles

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: peer

text: reviewed

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: articles

text: meet

text: the

text: journal

text: 's

text: standards

text: of

text: quality

text: and

text: scientific

text: validity

text: If

text: the

text: journal

text: 's

text: editor

text: considers

text: the

text: paper

text: appropriate

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: researchers

text: preferably

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: field

text: check

text: the

text: paper

text: for

text: soundness

text: of

text: its

text: scientific

text: argument

text: and

text: must

text: agree

text: to

text: publish

text: it

text: Although

text: scientific

text: journals

text: are

text: superficially

text: similar

text: to

text: professional

text: magazines

text: they

text: are

text: actually

text: quite

text: different

text: Issues

text: of

text: scientific

text: journal

text: are

text: rarely

text: read

text: casually

text: as

text: one

text: would

text: read

text: magazine

text: The

text: publication

text: of

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: research

text: is

text: an

text: essential

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: scientific

text: method

text: If

text: they

text: are

text: describing

text: experiments

text: or

text: calculations

text: they

text: must

text: supply

text: enough

text: details

text: that

text: an

text: independent

text: researcher

text: could

text: repeat

text: the

text: experiment

text: or

text: calculation

text: to

text: verify

text: the

text: results

text: Each

text: such

text: journal

text: article

text: becomes

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: permanent

text: scientific

text: record

text: The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) was founded by Eugene Garfield in 1960. It was acquired by Thomson Scientific & Healthcare in 1992, and became known as Thomson ISI. It is now a part of the Intellectual Property & Science business of Thomson Reuters.

text: The

text: Institute

text: for

text: Scientific

text: Information

text: ISI

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Eugene

text: Garfield

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: acquired

text: by

text: Thomson

text: Scientific

text: Healthcare

text: in

text: and

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: Thomson

text: ISI

text: It

text: is

text: now

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Intellectual

text: Property

text: Science

text: business

text: of

text: Thomson

text: Reuters

candidates: institute of electrical and electronics engineers

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

question: publisher ieee transactions on evolutionary computation

answer: institute of electrical and electronics engineers

text: institute of electrical and electronics engineers

text: institute of electrical and electronics engineers