text: The Bhgavata Pura (Devanagari: ; also rmad Bhgavata Mah Pura, rmad Bhgavatam or Bhgavata) is one of Hinduism's eighteen great Puranas ("Mahapuranas", great histories). Composed in Sanskrit and available in almost all Indian languages, it promotes "bhakti" (devotion) to Krishna integrating themes from the Advaita (monism) philosophy of Adi Shankara.

text: The

text: Bhgavata

text: Pura

text: Devanagari

text: also

text: rmad

text: Bhgavata

text: Mah

text: Pura

text: rmad

text: Bhgavatam

text: or

text: Bhgavata

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: Hinduism

text: 's

text: eighteen

text: great

text: Puranas

text: Mahapuranas

text: great

text: histories

text: Composed

text: in

text: Sanskrit

text: and

text: available

text: in

text: almost

text: all

text: Indian

text: languages

text: it

text: promotes

text: bhakti

text: devotion

text: to

text: Krishna

text: integrating

text: themes

text: from

text: the

text: Advaita

text: monism

text: philosophy

text: of

text: Adi

text: Shankara

text: The Vachanamrut of Swaminarayan is the most sacred and foundational scripture of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya. It contains the profound wisdom of the Vedas, Upanishads, Brahma Sutras, Bhagvad Gita, Bhagavata Purana, dharma shastras like Yjñavalkya Smti, Vidurniti, and epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata (Vachanamrut Gadhadha II-28). Swaminarayan says in Gadhadha II-28, ""What is this discourse which I have delivered before you like? Well, I have delivered it having heard and having extracted the essence from the Vedas, the shastras, the Purans and all other words on this earth pertaining to liberation.""

text: The

text: Vachanamrut

text: of

text: Swaminarayan

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: sacred

text: and

text: foundational

text: scripture

text: of

text: the

text: Swaminarayan

text: Sampradaya

text: It

text: contains

text: the

text: profound

text: wisdom

text: of

text: the

text: Vedas

text: Upanishads

text: Brahma

text: Sutras

text: Bhagvad

text: Gita

text: Bhagavata

text: Purana

text: dharma

text: shastras

text: like

text: Yjñavalkya

text: Smti

text: Vidurniti

text: and

text: epics

text: like

text: the

text: Ramayana

text: and

text: Mahabharata

text: Vachanamrut

text: Gadhadha

text: Swaminarayan

text: says

text: in

text: Gadhadha

text: What

text: is

text: this

text: discourse

text: which

text: have

text: delivered

text: before

text: you

text: like

text: Well

text: have

text: delivered

text: it

text: having

text: heard

text: and

text: having

text: extracted

text: the

text: essence

text: from

text: the

text: Vedas

text: the

text: shastras

text: the

text: Purans

text: and

text: all

text: other

text: words

text: on

text: this

text: earth

text: pertaining

text: to

text: liberation

text: An avatar (Sanskrit: , IAST: "") is a concept in Hinduism and it means "descent", and refers to the appearance or incarnation of a deity on earth. The term also generally refers to "alight, to make one's appearance" and sometimes used to refer to any revered guru or human being.

text: An

text: avatar

text: Sanskrit

text: IAST

text: is

text: concept

text: in

text: Hinduism

text: and

text: it

text: means

text: descent

text: and

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: appearance

text: or

text: incarnation

text: of

text: deity

text: on

text: earth

text: The

text: term

text: also

text: generally

text: refers

text: to

text: alight

text: to

text: make

text: one

text: 's

text: appearance

text: and

text: sometimes

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: any

text: revered

text: guru

text: or

text: human

text: being

text: Vishnu (IAST: "") is one of the principal deities of Hinduism, and the Supreme Being in its Vaishnavism tradition. Along with Brahma and Shiva, Vishnu forms a Hindu trinity (Trimurti); however, ancient Hindu texts do mention other trinities of gods or goddesses.

text: Vishnu

text: IAST

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: principal

text: deities

text: of

text: Hinduism

text: and

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Being

text: in

text: its

text: Vaishnavism

text: tradition

text: Along

text: with

text: Brahma

text: and

text: Shiva

text: Vishnu

text: forms

text: Hindu

text: trinity

text: Trimurti

text: however

text: ancient

text: Hindu

text: texts

text: do

text: mention

text: other

text: trinities

text: of

text: gods

text: or

text: goddesses

text: Swaminarayan Sampraday (Devnagari:  , Gujarati:  , IAST: '), known previously as the Uddhav Sampraday"', is a Hindu sect propagated by Swaminarayan (or Sahajanand Swami) (2 April 1781  1 June 1830). Swaminarayan was handed the leadership of the "Uddhav Sampraday" by his guru Ramanand Swami to continue to propagate the teachings and philosophy of Vishishtadvaita, which originates from the Sri Sampradaya.

text: Swaminarayan

text: Sampraday

text: Devnagari

text: Gujarati

text: IAST

text: known

text: previously

text: as

text: the

text: Uddhav

text: Sampraday

text: is

text: Hindu

text: sect

text: propagated

text: by

text: Swaminarayan

text: or

text: Sahajanand

text: Swami

text: April

text: June

text: Swaminarayan

text: was

text: handed

text: the

text: leadership

text: of

text: the

text: Uddhav

text: Sampraday

text: by

text: his

text: guru

text: Ramanand

text: Swami

text: to

text: continue

text: to

text: propagate

text: the

text: teachings

text: and

text: philosophy

text: of

text: Vishishtadvaita

text: which

text: originates

text: from

text: the

text: Sri

text: Sampradaya

text: Vishishtadvaita (IAST ""), the philosophy of the Sri Sampradaya, is one of the most popular schools of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. Vedanta literally means the "end of the Vedas." Primarily the word Vedanta stood for Upanishads; afterwords, its denotation widened to include all thoughts developed out of the Upanishads. "VishishtAdvaita" (literally "Advaita with uniqueness; qualifications") is a non-dualistic school of Vedanta philosophy. It is non-dualism of the qualified whole, in which Brahman alone exists, but is characterized by multiplicity. It can be described as qualified monism or qualified non-dualism or attributive monism. It is a school of Vedanta philosophy which believes in all diversity subsuming to an underlying unity.

text: Vishishtadvaita

text: IAST

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: the

text: Sri

text: Sampradaya

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: schools

text: of

text: the

text: Vedanta

text: school

text: of

text: Hindu

text: philosophy

text: Vedanta

text: literally

text: means

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Vedas

text: Primarily

text: the

text: word

text: Vedanta

text: stood

text: for

text: Upanishads

text: afterwords

text: its

text: denotation

text: widened

text: to

text: include

text: all

text: thoughts

text: developed

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: Upanishads

text: VishishtAdvaita

text: literally

text: Advaita

text: with

text: uniqueness

text: qualifications

text: is

text: non

text: dualistic

text: school

text: of

text: Vedanta

text: philosophy

text: It

text: is

text: non

text: dualism

text: of

text: the

text: qualified

text: whole

text: in

text: which

text: Brahman

text: alone

text: exists

text: but

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: multiplicity

text: It

text: can

text: be

text: described

text: as

text: qualified

text: monism

text: or

text: qualified

text: non

text: dualism

text: or

text: attributive

text: monism

text: It

text: is

text: school

text: of

text: Vedanta

text: philosophy

text: which

text: believes

text: in

text: all

text: diversity

text: subsuming

text: to

text: an

text: underlying

text: unity

text: Swaminarayan (IAST: ', 3 April 1781  1 June 1830), also known as Sahajanand Swami, is the central figure in a modern branch of Hinduism known as Swaminarayan Hinduism. He is believed by followers as a manifestation of God.

text: Swaminarayan

text: IAST

text: April

text: June

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Sahajanand

text: Swami

text: is

text: the

text: central

text: figure

text: in

text: modern

text: branch

text: of

text: Hinduism

text: known

text: as

text: Swaminarayan

text: Hinduism

text: He

text: is

text: believed

text: by

text: followers

text: as

text: manifestation

text: of

text: God

text: Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari:  , "Mnak Hind") or simply Hindi (Devanagari: , "Hind"), is an Indian language and a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Hindi is one of the official languages of India, and is the "lingua franca" of the Hindi belt languages. Outside India, Hindi is an official language in Fiji, and is a recognised regional language in Mauritius, Suriname, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago.

text: Modern

text: Standard

text: Hindi

text: Devanagari

text: Mnak

text: Hind

text: or

text: simply

text: Hindi

text: Devanagari

text: Hind

text: is

text: an

text: Indian

text: language

text: and

text: standardised

text: and

text: Sanskritised

text: register

text: of

text: the

text: Hindustani

text: language

text: Hindi

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: lingua

text: franca

text: of

text: the

text: Hindi

text: belt

text: languages

text: Outside

text: India

text: Hindi

text: is

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: in

text: Fiji

text: and

text: is

text: recognised

text: regional

text: language

text: in

text: Mauritius

text: Suriname

text: Guyana

text: and

text: Trinidad

text: and

text: Tobago

text: The Mahabharata or Mahbhrata (US ; UK  "") is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the "Ramayana".

text: The

text: Mahabharata

text: or

text: Mahbhrata

text: US

text: UK

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: major

text: Sanskrit

text: epics

text: of

text: ancient

text: India

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: the

text: Ramayana

text:
Vyasa, literally "Compiler") is a central and revered figure in most Hindu traditions. He is also sometimes called Veda Vysa (, "veda-vysa", "the one who classified the Vedas"), or Krishna Dvaipyana (referring to his complexion and birthplace). He is generally considered the author of the "Mahabharata", as well as a character in it, and the scribe of both the Vedas and Puranas. Vyasa is also considered to be one of the seven Chiranjivins (long lived, or immortals), who are still in existence according to Hindu belief.
According to the "Vishnu Purana", "Veda Vyasa" is a title applied to the compilers of the Vedas who are avatars of Vishnu; 28 people with this title have appeared so far.

text: Vyasa

text: literally

text: Compiler

text: is

text: central

text: and

text: revered

text: figure

text: in

text: most

text: Hindu

text: traditions

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: sometimes

text: called

text: Veda

text: Vysa

text: veda

text: vysa

text: the

text: one

text: who

text: classified

text: the

text: Vedas

text: or

text: Krishna

text: Dvaipyana

text: referring

text: to

text: his

text: complexion

text: and

text: birthplace

text: He

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: Mahabharata

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: character

text: in

text: it

text: and

text: the

text: scribe

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: Vedas

text: and

text: Puranas

text: Vyasa

text: is

text: also

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: seven

text: Chiranjivins

text: long

text: lived

text: or

text: immortals

text: who

text: are

text: still

text: in

text: existence

text: according

text: to

text: Hindu

text: belief

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Vishnu

text: Purana

text: Veda

text: Vyasa

text: is

text: title

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: compilers

text: of

text: the

text: Vedas

text: who

text: are

text: avatars

text: of

text: Vishnu

text: people

text: with

text: this

text: title

text: have

text: appeared

text: so

text: far

text: The Vishnu Purana (IAST: Viu Pura) is one of the eighteen Mahapuranas, a genre of ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism. It is an important Pancharatra text in the Vaishnavism literature corpus.

text: The

text: Vishnu

text: Purana

text: IAST

text: Viu

text: Pura

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: eighteen

text: Mahapuranas

text: genre

text: of

text: ancient

text: and

text: medieval

text: texts

text: of

text: Hinduism

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: Pancharatra

text: text

text: in

text: the

text: Vaishnavism

text: literature

text: corpus

text: Hindu refers to any person who regards themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism. It has historically been used as a geographical, cultural, rather than a religious identifier for people indigenous to South Asia.

text: Hindu

text: refers

text: to

text: any

text: person

text: who

text: regards

text: themselves

text: as

text: culturally

text: ethnically

text: or

text: religiously

text: adhering

text: to

text: aspects

text: of

text: Hinduism

text: It

text: has

text: historically

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: geographical

text: cultural

text: rather

text: than

text: religious

text: identifier

text: for

text: people

text: indigenous

text: to

text: South

text: Asia

text: The Brahma stras is a Sanskrit text, attributed to Badarayana, estimated to have been completed in its surviving form some time between 450 BCE and 200 CE. The text systematizes and summarizes the philosophical and spiritual ideas in the Upanishads. It is one of the foundational texts of the Vednta school of Hindu philosophy.

text: The

text: Brahma

text: stras

text: is

text: Sanskrit

text: text

text: attributed

text: to

text: Badarayana

text: estimated

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: completed

text: in

text: its

text: surviving

text: form

text: some

text: time

text: between

text: BCE

text: and

text: CE

text: The

text: text

text: systematizes

text: and

text: summarizes

text: the

text: philosophical

text: and

text: spiritual

text: ideas

text: in

text: the

text: Upanishads

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: foundational

text: texts

text: of

text: the

text: Vednta

text: school

text: of

text: Hindu

text: philosophy

text: Hinduism is a religion, or a way of life, found most notably in India and Nepal. Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, and some practitioners and scholars refer to it as "", "the eternal law," or the "eternal way," beyond human origins. Scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots and no founder. This "Hindu synthesis" started to develop between 500 BCE and 300 CE following the Vedic period (1500 BCE to 500 BCE).

text: Hinduism

text: is

text: religion

text: or

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: found

text: most

text: notably

text: in

text: India

text: and

text: Nepal

text: Hinduism

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: oldest

text: religion

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: some

text: practitioners

text: and

text: scholars

text: refer

text: to

text: it

text: as

text: the

text: eternal

text: law

text: or

text: the

text: eternal

text: way

text: beyond

text: human

text: origins

text: Scholars

text: regard

text: Hinduism

text: as

text: fusion

text: or

text: synthesis

text: of

text: various

text: Indian

text: cultures

text: and

text: traditions

text: with

text: diverse

text: roots

text: and

text: no

text: founder

text: This

text: Hindu

text: synthesis

text: started

text: to

text: develop

text: between

text: BCE

text: and

text: CE

text: following

text: the

text: Vedic

text: period

text: BCE

text: to

text: BCE

text: The Yajnavalkya Smriti (IAST: ) is one of the many Dharma-related texts of Hinduism composed in Sanskrit. It is dated to between the 3rd to 5th-century CE, and belongs to the Dharmasastras tradition. The text was composed after the Manusmriti, but like it and Naradasmriti, the text was composed in "shloka" (poetic meter) style. The legal theories within the "Yajnavalkya Smriti" are presented in three books, namely "achara-kanda" (customs), "vyavahara-kanda" (judicial process) and "prayascitta-kanda" (crime and punishment, penance).

text: The

text: Yajnavalkya

text: Smriti

text: IAST

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: many

text: Dharma

text: related

text: texts

text: of

text: Hinduism

text: composed

text: in

text: Sanskrit

text: It

text: is

text: dated

text: to

text: between

text: the

text: to

text: century

text: CE

text: and

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: Dharmasastras

text: tradition

text: The

text: text

text: was

text: composed

text: after

text: the

text: Manusmriti

text: but

text: like

text: it

text: and

text: Naradasmriti

text: the

text: text

text: was

text: composed

text: in

text: shloka

text: poetic

text: meter

text: style

text: The

text: legal

text: theories

text: within

text: the

text: Yajnavalkya

text: Smriti

text: are

text: presented

text: in

text: three

text: books

text: namely

text: achara

text: kanda

text: customs

text: vyavahara

text: kanda

text: judicial

text: process

text: and

text: prayascitta

text: kanda

text: crime

text: and

text: punishment

text: penance

text: India, officially the Republic of India ("Bhrat Gaarjya"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.

text: India

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: India

text: Bhrat

text: Gaarjya

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: democracy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: China

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Bhutan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: India

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: India

text: 's

text: Andaman

text: and

text: Nicobar

text: Islands

text: share

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: New

text: Delhi

text: other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Mumbai

text: Kolkata

text: Chennai

text: Bangalore

text: Hyderabad

text: and

text: Ahmedabad

text: The Vedas (Sanskrit: "", "knowledge") are a large body of knowledge texts originating in the ancient Indian subcontinent. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. Hindus consider the Vedas to be "apaurueya", which means "not of a man, superhuman" and "impersonal, authorless".

text: The

text: Vedas

text: Sanskrit

text: knowledge

text: are

text: large

text: body

text: of

text: knowledge

text: texts

text: originating

text: in

text: the

text: ancient

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: Composed

text: in

text: Vedic

text: Sanskrit

text: the

text: texts

text: constitute

text: the

text: oldest

text: layer

text: of

text: Sanskrit

text: literature

text: and

text: the

text: oldest

text: scriptures

text: of

text: Hinduism

text: Hindus

text: consider

text: the

text: Vedas

text: to

text: be

text: apaurueya

text: which

text: means

text: not

text: of

text: man

text: superhuman

text: and

text: impersonal

text: authorless

text: Dharma ("dharma", ; "dhamma") is a key concept with multiple meanings in the Indian religions  Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism. There is no single word translation for "dharma" in western languages.

text: Dharma

text: dharma

text: dhamma

text: is

text: key

text: concept

text: with

text: multiple

text: meanings

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: religions

text: Hinduism

text: Buddhism

text: Sikhism

text: and

text: Jainism

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: single

text: word

text: translation

text: for

text: dharma

text: in

text: western

text: languages

text: Gujarat (""  ) is a state in Western India, sometimes referred to as the "Jewel of Western India". It has an area of with a coastline of , most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west. Its capital city is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.

text: Gujarat

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: India

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Jewel

text: of

text: Western

text: India

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: with

text: coastline

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: which

text: lies

text: on

text: the

text: Kathiawar

text: peninsula

text: and

text: population

text: in

text: excess

text: of

text: million

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Rajasthan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Maharashtra

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Madhya

text: Pradesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Pakistani

text: province

text: of

text: Sindh

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Its

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Gandhinagar

text: while

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Ahmedabad

text: Gujarat

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Gujarati

text: speaking

text: people

text: of

text: India

text: Brahma is the creator god in the Trimurti of Hinduism. He has four faces. Brahma is also known as "Svayambhu" (self-born), "Vga" (Lord of Speech), and the creator of the four Vedas, one from each of his mouths. Brahma is identified with the Vedic god Prajapati, as well as linked to Kama and Hiranyagarbha (the cosmic egg), he is more prominently mentioned in the post-Vedic Hindu epics and the mythologies in the Puranas. In the epics, he is conflated with Purusha. Brahma, along with Vishnu and Shiva, is part of a Hindu Trinity; however, ancient Hindu texts mention other trinities of gods or goddesses which do not include Brahma.

text: Brahma

text: is

text: the

text: creator

text: god

text: in

text: the

text: Trimurti

text: of

text: Hinduism

text: He

text: has

text: four

text: faces

text: Brahma

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Svayambhu

text: self

text: born

text: Vga

text: Lord

text: of

text: Speech

text: and

text: the

text: creator

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: Vedas

text: one

text: from

text: each

text: of

text: his

text: mouths

text: Brahma

text: is

text: identified

text: with

text: the

text: Vedic

text: god

text: Prajapati

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: linked

text: to

text: Kama

text: and

text: Hiranyagarbha

text: the

text: cosmic

text: egg

text: he

text: is

text: more

text: prominently

text: mentioned

text: in

text: the

text: post

text: Vedic

text: Hindu

text: epics

text: and

text: the

text: mythologies

text: in

text: the

text: Puranas

text: In

text: the

text: epics

text: he

text: is

text: conflated

text: with

text: Purusha

text: Brahma

text: along

text: with

text: Vishnu

text: and

text: Shiva

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: Hindu

text: Trinity

text: however

text: ancient

text: Hindu

text: texts

text: mention

text: other

text: trinities

text: of

text: gods

text: or

text: goddesses

text: which

text: do

text: not

text: include

text: Brahma

text: Devanagari (, a compound of ""deva"" and ""ngar"" ; Hindi pronunciation: ), also called Nagari ("Ngar"), is an abugida (alphasyllabary) alphabet of India and Nepal. It is written from left to right, has a strong preference for symmetrical rounded shapes within squared outlines, and is recognisable by a horizontal line that runs along the top of full letters. In a cursory look, the Devanagari script appears different from other Indic scripts such as Bengali, Oriya, or Gurmukhi, but a closer examination reveals they are very similar except for angles and structural emphasis.

text: Devanagari

text: compound

text: of

text: deva

text: and

text: ngar

text: Hindi

text: pronunciation

text: also

text: called

text: Nagari

text: Ngar

text: is

text: an

text: abugida

text: alphasyllabary

text: alphabet

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: Nepal

text: It

text: is

text: written

text: from

text: left

text: to

text: right

text: has

text: strong

text: preference

text: for

text: symmetrical

text: rounded

text: shapes

text: within

text: squared

text: outlines

text: and

text: is

text: recognisable

text: by

text: horizontal

text: line

text: that

text: runs

text: along

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: full

text: letters

text: In

text: cursory

text: look

text: the

text: Devanagari

text: script

text: appears

text: different

text: from

text: other

text: Indic

text: scripts

text: such

text: as

text: Bengali

text: Oriya

text: or

text: Gurmukhi

text: but

text: closer

text: examination

text: reveals

text: they

text: are

text: very

text: similar

text: except

text: for

text: angles

text: and

text: structural

text: emphasis

text: The word Puranas ("") literally means "ancient, old", and it is a vast genre of Indian literature about a wide range of topics, particularly myths, legends and other traditional lore. Composed primarily in Sanskrit, but also in regional languages, several of these texts are named after major Hindu deities such as Vishnu, Shiva and Devi. The Puranas genre of literature is found in both Hinduism and Jainism.

text: The

text: word

text: Puranas

text: literally

text: means

text: ancient

text: old

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: vast

text: genre

text: of

text: Indian

text: literature

text: about

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: topics

text: particularly

text: myths

text: legends

text: and

text: other

text: traditional

text: lore

text: Composed

text: primarily

text: in

text: Sanskrit

text: but

text: also

text: in

text: regional

text: languages

text: several

text: of

text: these

text: texts

text: are

text: named

text: after

text: major

text: Hindu

text: deities

text: such

text: as

text: Vishnu

text: Shiva

text: and

text: Devi

text: The

text: Puranas

text: genre

text: of

text: literature

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: both

text: Hinduism

text: and

text: Jainism

text: Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked central Himalayan country in South Asia. It has a population of 26.4 million and is the 93rd largest country by area. Bordering China in the north and India in the south, east, and west, it is the largest sovereign Himalayan state. Nepal does not border Bangladesh, which is located within only 27 km (17 mi) of its southeastern tip. It neither borders Bhutan due to the Indian state of Sikkim being located in between. Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and largest city. It is a multiethnic nation with Nepali as the official language.

text: Nepal

text: officially

text: the

text: Federal

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Nepal

text: is

text: landlocked

text: central

text: Himalayan

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: area

text: Bordering

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: India

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: and

text: west

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: sovereign

text: Himalayan

text: state

text: Nepal

text: does

text: not

text: border

text: Bangladesh

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: within

text: only

text: km

text: mi

text: of

text: its

text: southeastern

text: tip

text: It

text: neither

text: borders

text: Bhutan

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: Indian

text: state

text: of

text: Sikkim

text: being

text: located

text: in

text: between

text: Nepal

text: has

text: diverse

text: geography

text: including

text: fertile

text: plains

text: subalpine

text: forested

text: hills

text: and

text: eight

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: ten

text: tallest

text: mountains

text: including

text: Mount

text: Everest

text: the

text: highest

text: point

text: on

text: Earth

text: Kathmandu

text: is

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: It

text: is

text: multiethnic

text: nation

text: with

text: Nepali

text: as

text: the

text: official

text: language

text: The Upanishads are a collection of texts that contain some of the central philosophical concepts of Hinduism, some of which are shared with Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. The Upanishads are considered by Hindus to contain sayings ("ruti") concerning the nature of ultimate reality ("brahman") and describing the character of and path to human salvation ("moka" or "mukti").

text: The

text: Upanishads

text: are

text: collection

text: of

text: texts

text: that

text: contain

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: philosophical

text: concepts

text: of

text: Hinduism

text: some

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: shared

text: with

text: Buddhism

text: Jainism

text: and

text: Sikhism

text: The

text: Upanishads

text: are

text: considered

text: by

text: Hindus

text: to

text: contain

text: sayings

text: ruti

text: concerning

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: ultimate

text: reality

text: brahman

text: and

text: describing

text: the

text: character

text: of

text: and

text: path

text: to

text: human

text: salvation

text: moka

text: or

text: mukti

text: Nityanand Swami ( Devanagari :   ) ( 1793 - 1903 ) born as Dinmani Sharma , was one of the senior Paramhansa 's initiated by Swaminarayan . He was given the name Nityanand as a reflection of his lasting joyful persona . Prior to his initiation , he had already established an impressive knowledge base through his association with great scholars and pundits . Generally recognized as one of the foremost scholars in the Swaminarayan Sampraday on Hindu scriptures , Nityanand Swami 's knowledge and abilities were often displayed in scriptural debates common for the era . In line with his inclination for scriptural studies , Nityanand Swami was also appointed as of the five compilers of the Vachanamrut . Nityanand Swami was regarded as the incarnation of Vyasa

text: Nityanand

text: Swami

text: Devanagari

text: born

text: as

text: Dinmani

text: Sharma

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: senior

text: Paramhansa

text: 's

text: initiated

text: by

text: Swaminarayan

text: He

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: name

text: Nityanand

text: as

text: reflection

text: of

text: his

text: lasting

text: joyful

text: persona

text: Prior

text: to

text: his

text: initiation

text: he

text: had

text: already

text: established

text: an

text: impressive

text: knowledge

text: base

text: through

text: his

text: association

text: with

text: great

text: scholars

text: and

text: pundits

text: Generally

text: recognized

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: foremost

text: scholars

text: in

text: the

text: Swaminarayan

text: Sampraday

text: on

text: Hindu

text: scriptures

text: Nityanand

text: Swami

text: 's

text: knowledge

text: and

text: abilities

text: were

text: often

text: displayed

text: in

text: scriptural

text: debates

text: common

text: for

text: the

text: era

text: In

text: line

text: with

text: his

text: inclination

text: for

text: scriptural

text: studies

text: Nityanand

text: Swami

text: was

text: also

text: appointed

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: compilers

text: of

text: the

text: Vachanamrut

text: Nityanand

text: Swami

text: was

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: incarnation

text: of

text: Vyasa

question: religion nityanand swami

answer: swaminarayan hinduism

text: swaminarayan hinduism


text: Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia. Modern amphibians are all Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Thus amphibians typically start out as larvae living in water, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. The young generally undergo metamorphosis from larva with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs. Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely on their skin. They are superficially similar to lizards but, along with mammals and birds, reptiles are amniotes and do not require water bodies in which to breed. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators; in recent decades there has been a dramatic decline in amphibian populations for many species around the globe.

text: Amphibians

text: are

text: ectothermic

text: tetrapod

text: vertebrates

text: of

text: the

text: class

text: Amphibia

text: Modern

text: amphibians

text: are

text: all

text: Lissamphibia

text: They

text: inhabit

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: habitats

text: with

text: most

text: species

text: living

text: within

text: terrestrial

text: fossorial

text: arboreal

text: or

text: freshwater

text: aquatic

text: ecosystems

text: Thus

text: amphibians

text: typically

text: start

text: out

text: as

text: larvae

text: living

text: in

text: water

text: but

text: some

text: species

text: have

text: developed

text: behavioural

text: adaptations

text: to

text: bypass

text: this

text: The

text: young

text: generally

text: undergo

text: metamorphosis

text: from

text: larva

text: with

text: gills

text: to

text: an

text: adult

text: air

text: breathing

text: form

text: with

text: lungs

text: Amphibians

text: use

text: their

text: skin

text: as

text: secondary

text: respiratory

text: surface

text: and

text: some

text: small

text: terrestrial

text: salamanders

text: and

text: frogs

text: lack

text: lungs

text: and

text: rely

text: entirely

text: on

text: their

text: skin

text: They

text: are

text: superficially

text: similar

text: to

text: lizards

text: but

text: along

text: with

text: mammals

text: and

text: birds

text: reptiles

text: are

text: amniotes

text: and

text: do

text: not

text: require

text: water

text: bodies

text: in

text: which

text: to

text: breed

text: With

text: their

text: complex

text: reproductive

text: needs

text: and

text: permeable

text: skins

text: amphibians

text: are

text: often

text: ecological

text: indicators

text: in

text: recent

text: decades

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: dramatic

text: decline

text: in

text: amphibian

text: populations

text: for

text: many

text: species

text: around

text: the

text: globe

text: Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 64,000 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates, which include the cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) and the bony fish.

text: Vertebrates

text: comprise

text: all

text: species

text: of

text: animals

text: within

text: the

text: subphylum

text: Vertebrata

text: chordates

text: with

text: backbones

text: Vertebrates

text: represent

text: the

text: overwhelming

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: phylum

text: Chordata

text: with

text: currently

text: about

text: species

text: described

text: Vertebrates

text: include

text: the

text: jawless

text: fish

text: and

text: the

text: jawed

text: vertebrates

text: which

text: include

text: the

text: cartilaginous

text: fish

text: sharks

text: and

text: rays

text: and

text: the

text: bony

text: fish

text: In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis. An organism consists of one or more cells; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism. Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms. Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs.

text: In

text: biology

text: an

text: organism

text: is

text: any

text: contiguous

text: living

text: system

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: animal

text: plant

text: fungus

text: archaeon

text: or

text: bacterium

text: All

text: known

text: types

text: of

text: organisms

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: some

text: degree

text: of

text: response

text: to

text: stimuli

text: reproduction

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: and

text: homeostasis

text: An

text: organism

text: consists

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: cells

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: one

text: cell

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: unicellular

text: organism

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: multicellular

text: organism

text: Most

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: are

text: of

text: microscopic

text: scale

text: and

text: are

text: thus

text: loosely

text: described

text: as

text: microorganisms

text: Humans

text: are

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: trillions

text: of

text: cells

text: grouped

text: into

text: specialized

text: tissues

text: and

text: organs

text: Prodesmodon is an extinct genus of prehistoric salamander first described from the Lance Formation .

text: Prodesmodon

text: is

text: an

text: extinct

text: genus

text: of

text: prehistoric

text: salamander

text: first

text: described

text: from

text: the

text: Lance

text: Formation

text: Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus "Homo" and within this genus to the species "Homo sapiens". The "formal" introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work "Species Plantarum" in 1753. But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book "Pinax theatri botanici" (English, "Illustrated exposition of plants") many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus.

text: Binomial

text: nomenclature

text: also

text: called

text: binominal

text: nomenclature

text: or

text: binary

text: nomenclature

text: is

text: formal

text: system

text: of

text: naming

text: species

text: of

text: living

text: things

text: by

text: giving

text: each

text: name

text: composed

text: of

text: two

text: parts

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: use

text: Latin

text: grammatical

text: forms

text: although

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: words

text: from

text: other

text: languages

text: Such

text: name

text: is

text: called

text: binomial

text: name

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: shortened

text: to

text: just

text: binomial

text: binomen

text: or

text: scientific

text: name

text: more

text: informally

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: called

text: Latin

text: name

text: The

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: identifies

text: the

text: genus

text: to

text: which

text: the

text: species

text: belongs

text: the

text: second

text: part

text: identifies

text: the

text: species

text: within

text: the

text: genus

text: For

text: example

text: humans

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: genus

text: Homo

text: and

text: within

text: this

text: genus

text: to

text: the

text: species

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: The

text: formal

text: introduction

text: of

text: this

text: system

text: of

text: naming

text: species

text: is

text: credited

text: to

text: Carl

text: Linnaeus

text: effectively

text: beginning

text: with

text: his

text: work

text: Species

text: Plantarum

text: in

text: But

text: Gaspard

text: Bauhin

text: in

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: had

text: introduced

text: in

text: his

text: book

text: Pinax

text: theatri

text: botanici

text: English

text: Illustrated

text: exposition

text: of

text: plants

text: many

text: names

text: of

text: genera

text: that

text: were

text: later

text: adopted

text: by

text: Linnaeus

text: The Frenchman Formation is stratigraphic unit of Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) age in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. It is present in southern Saskatchewan and the Cypress Hills of southeastern Alberta. The formation was defined by G.M. Furnival in 1942 from observations of outcrops along the Frenchman River, between Ravenscrag and Highway 37. It contains the youngest of dinosaur genera, much like the Hell Creek Formation in the United States.

text: The

text: Frenchman

text: Formation

text: is

text: stratigraphic

text: unit

text: of

text: Late

text: Cretaceous

text: late

text: Maastrichtian

text: age

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Canada

text: Sedimentary

text: Basin

text: It

text: is

text: present

text: in

text: southern

text: Saskatchewan

text: and

text: the

text: Cypress

text: Hills

text: of

text: southeastern

text: Alberta

text: The

text: formation

text: was

text: defined

text: by

text: G.M.

text: Furnival

text: in

text: from

text: observations

text: of

text: outcrops

text: along

text: the

text: Frenchman

text: River

text: between

text: Ravenscrag

text: and

text: Highway

text: It

text: contains

text: the

text: youngest

text: of

text: dinosaur

text: genera

text: much

text: like

text: the

text: Hell

text: Creek

text: Formation

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by a lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults. All present-day salamander families are grouped together under the scientific name Urodela. Salamander diversity is most abundant in the Northern Hemisphere and most species are found in the Holarctic ecozone, with some species present in the Neotropical zone.

text: Salamanders

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: amphibians

text: typically

text: characterized

text: by

text: lizard

text: like

text: appearance

text: with

text: slender

text: bodies

text: blunt

text: snouts

text: short

text: limbs

text: projecting

text: at

text: right

text: angles

text: to

text: the

text: body

text: and

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: tail

text: in

text: both

text: larvae

text: and

text: adults

text: All

text: present

text: day

text: salamander

text: families

text: are

text: grouped

text: together

text: under

text: the

text: scientific

text: name

text: Urodela

text: Salamander

text: diversity

text: is

text: most

text: abundant

text: in

text: the

text: Northern

text: Hemisphere

text: and

text: most

text: species

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Holarctic

text: ecozone

text: with

text: some

text: species

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: Neotropical

text: zone

text: Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 6,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group, traditionally recognized as the suborder Lacertilia, is defined as all extant members of the Lepidosauria (reptiles with overlapping scales) that are neither sphenodonts (i.e., tuatara) nor snakes  they form an evolutionary grade. While the snakes are recognized as falling phylogenetically within the Toxicofera clade from which they evolved, the sphenodonts are the sister group to the squamates, the larger monophyletic group, which includes both the lizards and the snakes.

text: Lizards

text: are

text: widespread

text: group

text: of

text: squamate

text: reptiles

text: with

text: over

text: species

text: ranging

text: across

text: all

text: continents

text: except

text: Antarctica

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: most

text: oceanic

text: island

text: chains

text: The

text: group

text: traditionally

text: recognized

text: as

text: the

text: suborder

text: Lacertilia

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: all

text: extant

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Lepidosauria

text: reptiles

text: with

text: overlapping

text: scales

text: that

text: are

text: neither

text: sphenodonts

text: i.e.

text: tuatara

text: nor

text: snakes

text: they

text: form

text: an

text: evolutionary

text: grade

text: While

text: the

text: snakes

text: are

text: recognized

text: as

text: falling

text: phylogenetically

text: within

text: the

text: Toxicofera

text: clade

text: from

text: which

text: they

text: evolved

text: the

text: sphenodonts

text: are

text: the

text: sister

text: group

text: to

text: the

text: squamates

text: the

text: larger

text: monophyletic

text: group

text: which

text: includes

text: both

text: the

text: lizards

text: and

text: the

text: snakes

text: The Cretaceous is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period Mya. It is the last period of the Mesozoic Era. The Cretaceous Period is usually abbreviated K, for its German translation "Kreide" (chalk).

text: The

text: Cretaceous

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: that

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Paleogene

text: Period

text: Mya

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: The

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: is

text: usually

text: abbreviated

text: for

text: its

text: German

text: translation

text: Kreide

text: chalk

text: Fauna is all of the animal life of any particular region or time. The corresponding term for plants is "flora". Flora, fauna and other forms of life such as fungi are collectively referred to as biota. Zoologists and paleontologists use "fauna" to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a specific time or place, e.g. the "Sonoran Desert fauna" or the "Burgess Shale fauna". Paleontologists sometimes refer to a sequence of faunal stages, which is a series of rocks all containing similar fossils.

text: Fauna

text: is

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: animal

text: life

text: of

text: any

text: particular

text: region

text: or

text: time

text: The

text: corresponding

text: term

text: for

text: plants

text: is

text: flora

text: Flora

text: fauna

text: and

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: such

text: as

text: fungi

text: are

text: collectively

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: biota

text: Zoologists

text: and

text: paleontologists

text: use

text: fauna

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: typical

text: collection

text: of

text: animals

text: found

text: in

text: specific

text: time

text: or

text: place

text: e.g.

text: the

text: Sonoran

text: Desert

text: fauna

text: or

text: the

text: Burgess

text: Shale

text: fauna

text: Paleontologists

text: sometimes

text: refer

text: to

text: sequence

text: of

text: faunal

text: stages

text: which

text: is

text: series

text: of

text: rocks

text: all

text: containing

text: similar

text: fossils

text: The Holarctic is the name for the biogeographic realm that encompasses the majority of habitats found throughout the northern continents of the world, combining Wallace's Palearctic zoogeographical region, consisting of North Africa and all of Eurasia (with the exception of the southern Arabian Peninsula, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent), and the Nearctic zoogeographical region, consisting of North America north of Southern Mexico. These regions are further subdivided into a variety of ecoregions. Many ecosystems, and the animal and plant communities that depend on them, are found across multiple continents in large portions of this realm. The continuity of these ecosystems results from the shared glacial history of the realm. The floristic Boreal Kingdom corresponds to the Holarctic realm.

text: The

text: Holarctic

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: biogeographic

text: realm

text: that

text: encompasses

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: habitats

text: found

text: throughout

text: the

text: northern

text: continents

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: combining

text: Wallace

text: 's

text: Palearctic

text: zoogeographical

text: region

text: consisting

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: all

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: Arabian

text: Peninsula

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: and

text: the

text: Nearctic

text: zoogeographical

text: region

text: consisting

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: north

text: of

text: Southern

text: Mexico

text: These

text: regions

text: are

text: further

text: subdivided

text: into

text: variety

text: of

text: ecoregions

text: Many

text: ecosystems

text: and

text: the

text: animal

text: and

text: plant

text: communities

text: that

text: depend

text: on

text: them

text: are

text: found

text: across

text: multiple

text: continents

text: in

text: large

text: portions

text: of

text: this

text: realm

text: The

text: continuity

text: of

text: these

text: ecosystems

text: results

text: from

text: the

text: shared

text: glacial

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: realm

text: The

text: floristic

text: Boreal

text: Kingdom

text: corresponds

text: to

text: the

text: Holarctic

text: realm

text: A genus ( genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.

text: genus

text: genera

text: is

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: biological

text: classification

text: of

text: living

text: and

text: fossil

text: organisms

text: in

text: biology

text: In

text: the

text: hierarchy

text: of

text: biological

text: classification

text: genus

text: comes

text: above

text: species

text: and

text: below

text: family

text: In

text: binomial

text: nomenclature

text: the

text: genus

text: name

text: forms

text: the

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: binomial

text: species

text: name

text: for

text: each

text: species

text: within

text: the

text: genus

text: The Lance (Creek) Formation is a division of Late Cretaceous (dating to about 69 - 66 Ma) rocks in the western United States. Named after Lance Creek, Wyoming, the microvertebrate fossils and dinosaurs represent important components of the latest Mesozoic vertebrate faunas. The Lance Formation is Late Maastrichtian in age (Lancian land mammal age), and shares much fauna with the Hell Creek Formation of Montana and North Dakota, the Frenchman Formation of southwest Saskatchewan, and the lower part of the Scollard Formation of Alberta.

text: The

text: Lance

text: Creek

text: Formation

text: is

text: division

text: of

text: Late

text: Cretaceous

text: dating

text: to

text: about

text: Ma

text: rocks

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: United

text: States

text: Named

text: after

text: Lance

text: Creek

text: Wyoming

text: the

text: microvertebrate

text: fossils

text: and

text: dinosaurs

text: represent

text: important

text: components

text: of

text: the

text: latest

text: Mesozoic

text: vertebrate

text: faunas

text: The

text: Lance

text: Formation

text: is

text: Late

text: Maastrichtian

text: in

text: age

text: Lancian

text: land

text: mammal

text: age

text: and

text: shares

text: much

text: fauna

text: with

text: the

text: Hell

text: Creek

text: Formation

text: of

text: Montana

text: and

text: North

text: Dakota

text: the

text: Frenchman

text: Formation

text: of

text: southwest

text: Saskatchewan

text: and

text: the

text: lower

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Scollard

text: Formation

text: of

text: Alberta

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: parent_taxon prodesmodon

answer: amphibia

text: amphibia


text: Agrippina Yakovlevna Vaganova (26 June 1879  5 November 1951) was a Russian ballet teacher who developed the Vaganova method  the technique which derived from the teaching methods of the old "Imperial Ballet School" (today the "Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet") under the "Premier Maître de Ballet" Marius Petipa throughout the mid to late 19th century, though mostly throughout the 1880s and 1890s. It was Vaganova who perfected and cultivated this form of teaching the art of classical ballet into a workable syllabus. Her "Fundamentals of the Classical Dance" (1934) remains a standard textbook for the instruction of ballet technique. Her technique is one of the most popular techniques today.

text: Agrippina

text: Yakovlevna

text: Vaganova

text: June

text: November

text: was

text: Russian

text: ballet

text: teacher

text: who

text: developed

text: the

text: Vaganova

text: method

text: the

text: technique

text: which

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: teaching

text: methods

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: Imperial

text: Ballet

text: School

text: today

text: the

text: Vaganova

text: Academy

text: of

text: Russian

text: Ballet

text: under

text: the

text: Premier

text: Maître

text: de

text: Ballet

text: Marius

text: Petipa

text: throughout

text: the

text: mid

text: to

text: late

text: century

text: though

text: mostly

text: throughout

text: the

text: and

text: It

text: was

text: Vaganova

text: who

text: perfected

text: and

text: cultivated

text: this

text: form

text: of

text: teaching

text: the

text: art

text: of

text: classical

text: ballet

text: into

text: workable

text: syllabus

text: Her

text: Fundamentals

text: of

text: the

text: Classical

text: Dance

text: remains

text: standard

text: textbook

text: for

text: the

text: instruction

text: of

text: ballet

text: technique

text: Her

text: technique

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: techniques

text: today

text: Agrippina Yakovlevna Vaganova ( Russian :    ; June 26 , 1879 -- November 5 , 1951 ) was a Russian ballet teacher who developed the Vaganova method -- the technique which derived from the teaching methods of the old Imperial Ballet School ( today the Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet ) under the Premier Maître de Ballet Marius Petipa throughout the mid to late 19th century , though mostly throughout the 1880s and 1890s . It was Vaganova who perfected and cultivated this form of teaching the art of classical ballet into a workable syllabus . Her Fundamentals of the Classical Dance ( 1934 ) remains a standard textbook for the instruction of ballet technique . Her technique is one of the most popular techniques today .

text: Agrippina

text: Yakovlevna

text: Vaganova

text: Russian

text: June

text: November

text: was

text: Russian

text: ballet

text: teacher

text: who

text: developed

text: the

text: Vaganova

text: method

text: the

text: technique

text: which

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: teaching

text: methods

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: Imperial

text: Ballet

text: School

text: today

text: the

text: Vaganova

text: Academy

text: of

text: Russian

text: Ballet

text: under

text: the

text: Premier

text: Maître

text: de

text: Ballet

text: Marius

text: Petipa

text: throughout

text: the

text: mid

text: to

text: late

text: century

text: though

text: mostly

text: throughout

text: the

text: and

text: It

text: was

text: Vaganova

text: who

text: perfected

text: and

text: cultivated

text: this

text: form

text: of

text: teaching

text: the

text: art

text: of

text: classical

text: ballet

text: into

text: workable

text: syllabus

text: Her

text: Fundamentals

text: of

text: the

text: Classical

text: Dance

text: remains

text: standard

text: textbook

text: for

text: the

text: instruction

text: of

text: ballet

text: technique

text: Her

text: technique

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: techniques

text: today

text: "This article is about the year 1818; for the film, see 1818 (film)"

text: This

text: article

text: is

text: about

text: the

text: year

text: for

text: the

text: film

text: see

text: film

text: The Vaganova method is a ballet technique and training system devised by the Russian dancer and pedagogue Agrippina Vaganova (18791951). It fuses elements of traditional French style from the romantic era with the athleticism and virtuosity of Italian technique. The training system is designed to involve the whole body in every movement, with equal attention paid to the upper body, legs and feet. Vaganova believed that this approach increases consciousness of the body, thus creating a harmony of movement and greater expressive range.

text: The

text: Vaganova

text: method

text: is

text: ballet

text: technique

text: and

text: training

text: system

text: devised

text: by

text: the

text: Russian

text: dancer

text: and

text: pedagogue

text: Agrippina

text: Vaganova

text: It

text: fuses

text: elements

text: of

text: traditional

text: French

text: style

text: from

text: the

text: romantic

text: era

text: with

text: the

text: athleticism

text: and

text: virtuosity

text: of

text: Italian

text: technique

text: The

text: training

text: system

text: is

text: designed

text: to

text: involve

text: the

text: whole

text: body

text: in

text: every

text: movement

text: with

text: equal

text: attention

text: paid

text: to

text: the

text: upper

text: body

text: legs

text: and

text: feet

text: Vaganova

text: believed

text: that

text: this

text: approach

text: increases

text: consciousness

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: thus

text: creating

text: harmony

text: of

text: movement

text: and

text: greater

text: expressive

text: range

text: Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.

text: Russia

text: from

text: the

text: Rus

text: also

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: At

text: Russia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: surface

text: area

text: covering

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: eighth

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: inhabited

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: most

text: populous

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: March

text: The

text: European

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: populated

text: and

text: urbanised

text: than

text: the

text: eastern

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: live

text: in

text: European

text: Russia

text: Russia

text: 's

text: capital

text: Moscow

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: centers

text: include

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Novosibirsk

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: and

text: Samara

text: Marius Ivanovich Petipa (Russian:   ), born Victor Marius Alphonse Petipa (11 March 1818) was a French and Russian ballet dancer, pedagogue and choreographer. Petipa is considered to be the most influential ballet master and choreographer in ballet history.

text: Marius

text: Ivanovich

text: Petipa

text: Russian

text: born

text: Victor

text: Marius

text: Alphonse

text: Petipa

text: March

text: was

text: French

text: and

text: Russian

text: ballet

text: dancer

text: pedagogue

text: and

text: choreographer

text: Petipa

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: ballet

text: master

text: and

text: choreographer

text: in

text: ballet

text: history

annotations: follows single

question: date_of_death agrippina vaganova

answer: 5 november 1951

text: 5 november 1951


text: Dolby Stereo is Dolby Laboratories' trademark for its various stereo sound formats.

text: Dolby

text: Stereo

text: is

text: Dolby

text: Laboratories

text: trademark

text: for

text: its

text: various

text: stereo

text: sound

text: formats

text: Koninklijke Philips N.V. (Royal Philips, commonly known as Philips) is a Dutch technology company headquartered in Amsterdam with primary divisions focused in the areas of electronics, healthcare and lighting. It was founded in Eindhoven in 1891, by Gerard Philips and his father Frederik. It is one of the largest electronics companies in the world and employs around 105,000 people across more than 60 countries.

text: Koninklijke

text: Philips

text: N.V.

text: Royal

text: Philips

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Philips

text: is

text: Dutch

text: technology

text: company

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Amsterdam

text: with

text: primary

text: divisions

text: focused

text: in

text: the

text: areas

text: of

text: electronics

text: healthcare

text: and

text: lighting

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: Eindhoven

text: in

text: by

text: Gerard

text: Philips

text: and

text: his

text: father

text: Frederik

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: electronics

text: companies

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: employs

text: around

text: people

text: across

text: more

text: than

text: countries

text: Dolby Digital is the name for audio compression technologies developed by Dolby Laboratories. It was originally named Dolby Stereo Digital until 1994. Except for Dolby TrueHD, the audio compression is lossy. The first use of Dolby Digital was to provide digital sound in cinemas from 35mm film prints. It is now also used for other applications such as TV broadcast, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs and game consoles.

text: Dolby

text: Digital

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: for

text: audio

text: compression

text: technologies

text: developed

text: by

text: Dolby

text: Laboratories

text: It

text: was

text: originally

text: named

text: Dolby

text: Stereo

text: Digital

text: until

text: Except

text: for

text: Dolby

text: TrueHD

text: the

text: audio

text: compression

text: is

text: lossy

text: The

text: first

text: use

text: of

text: Dolby

text: Digital

text: was

text: to

text: provide

text: digital

text: sound

text: in

text: cinemas

text: from

text: mm

text: film

text: prints

text: It

text: is

text: now

text: also

text: used

text: for

text: other

text: applications

text: such

text: as

text: TV

text: broadcast

text: DVDs

text: Blu

text: ray

text: Discs

text: and

text: game

text: consoles

text: Sony Corporation is the electronics business unit and the parent company of the Sony Group, which is engaged in business through its four operating components  electronics (video games, network services and medical business), motion pictures, music and financial services. These make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. Sony's principal business operations include Sony Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Mobile (formerly Sony Ericsson) and Sony Financial. Sony is among the Semiconductor sales leaders by year and as of 2013, the fourth-largest television manufacturer in the world, after Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics and TCL.

text: Sony

text: Corporation

text: is

text: the

text: electronics

text: business

text: unit

text: and

text: the

text: parent

text: company

text: of

text: the

text: Sony

text: Group

text: which

text: is

text: engaged

text: in

text: business

text: through

text: its

text: four

text: operating

text: components

text: electronics

text: video

text: games

text: network

text: services

text: and

text: medical

text: business

text: motion

text: pictures

text: music

text: and

text: financial

text: services

text: These

text: make

text: Sony

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: comprehensive

text: entertainment

text: companies

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Sony

text: 's

text: principal

text: business

text: operations

text: include

text: Sony

text: Corporation

text: Sony

text: Pictures

text: Entertainment

text: Sony

text: Interactive

text: Entertainment

text: Sony

text: Music

text: Entertainment

text: Sony

text: Mobile

text: formerly

text: Sony

text: Ericsson

text: and

text: Sony

text: Financial

text: Sony

text: is

text: among

text: the

text: Semiconductor

text: sales

text: leaders

text: by

text: year

text: and

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: television

text: manufacturer

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: after

text: Samsung

text: Electronics

text: LG

text: Electronics

text: and

text: TCL

text: Toshiba was founded in 1938 as Tokyo Shibaura Electric K.K. through the merger of Shibaura Seisaku-sho (founded in 1875) and Tokyo Denki (founded in 1890). The company name was officially changed to Toshiba Corporation in 1978. Toshiba made a large number of corporate acquisitions during its history, including of Semp in 1977, of Westinghouse Electric LLC, a nuclear energy company in 2006, of Landis+Gyr in 2011, and of IBM's point-of-sale business in 2012.

text: Toshiba

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: as

text: Tokyo

text: Shibaura

text: Electric

text: K.K.

text: through

text: the

text: merger

text: of

text: Shibaura

text: Seisaku

text: sho

text: founded

text: in

text: and

text: Tokyo

text: Denki

text: founded

text: in

text: The

text: company

text: name

text: was

text: officially

text: changed

text: to

text: Toshiba

text: Corporation

text: in

text: Toshiba

text: made

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: corporate

text: acquisitions

text: during

text: its

text: history

text: including

text: of

text: Semp

text: in

text: of

text: Westinghouse

text: Electric

text: LLC

text: nuclear

text: energy

text: company

text: in

text: of

text: Landis+Gyr

text: in

text: and

text: of

text: IBM

text: 's

text: point

text: of

text: sale

text: business

text: in

text: Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format released in 1982 and co-developed by Philips and Sony. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982, when the first commercially available CD player was released in Japan.

text: Compact

text: disc

text: CD

text: is

text: digital

text: optical

text: disc

text: data

text: storage

text: format

text: released

text: in

text: and

text: co

text: developed

text: by

text: Philips

text: and

text: Sony

text: The

text: format

text: was

text: originally

text: developed

text: to

text: store

text: and

text: play

text: only

text: sound

text: recordings

text: but

text: was

text: later

text: adapted

text: for

text: storage

text: of

text: data

text: CD

text: ROM

text: Several

text: other

text: formats

text: were

text: further

text: derived

text: from

text: these

text: including

text: write

text: once

text: audio

text: and

text: data

text: storage

text: CD

text: rewritable

text: media

text: CD

text: RW

text: Video

text: Compact

text: Disc

text: VCD

text: Super

text: Video

text: Compact

text: Disc

text: SVCD

text: Photo

text: CD

text: PictureCD

text: CD

text: and

text: Enhanced

text: Music

text: CD

text: Audio

text: CD

text: players

text: have

text: been

text: commercially

text: available

text: since

text: October

text: when

text: the

text: first

text: commercially

text: available

text: CD

text: player

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: Japan

text: In telecommunications and computing, bit rate (sometimes written bitrate or as a variable "R") is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time.

text: In

text: telecommunications

text: and

text: computing

text: bit

text: rate

text: sometimes

text: written

text: bitrate

text: or

text: as

text: variable

text: is

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: bits

text: that

text: are

text: conveyed

text: or

text: processed

text: per

text: unit

text: of

text: time

text: A DVD player is a device that plays discs produced under both the DVD-Video and DVD-Audio technical standards, two different and incompatible standards. Some DVD players will also play audio CDs. DVD players are connected to a television to watch the DVD content, which could be a movie, a recorded TV show, or other content.

text: DVD

text: player

text: is

text: device

text: that

text: plays

text: discs

text: produced

text: under

text: both

text: the

text: DVD

text: Video

text: and

text: DVD

text: Audio

text: technical

text: standards

text: two

text: different

text: and

text: incompatible

text: standards

text: Some

text: DVD

text: players

text: will

text: also

text: play

text: audio

text: CDs

text: DVD

text: players

text: are

text: connected

text: to

text: television

text: to

text: watch

text: the

text: DVD

text: content

text: which

text: could

text: be

text: movie

text: recorded

text: TV

text: show

text: or

text: other

text: content

text: Superbit was a brand of premium DVD - Video versions of motion pictures from Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment , a division of Sony Pictures Entertainment . Superbit DVDs aimed to improve picture quality over a standard DVD edition of a feature by increasing the bit rate of the encoded video . Audio quality was also improved by the mandatory inclusion of both Dolby Digital and DTS 5.1 surround audio tracks .

text: Superbit

text: was

text: brand

text: of

text: premium

text: DVD

text: Video

text: versions

text: of

text: motion

text: pictures

text: from

text: Columbia

text: TriStar

text: Home

text: Entertainment

text: division

text: of

text: Sony

text: Pictures

text: Entertainment

text: Superbit

text: DVDs

text: aimed

text: to

text: improve

text: picture

text: quality

text: over

text: standard

text: DVD

text: edition

text: of

text: feature

text: by

text: increasing

text: the

text: bit

text: rate

text: of

text: the

text: encoded

text: video

text: Audio

text: quality

text: was

text: also

text: improved

text: by

text: the

text: mandatory

text: inclusion

text: of

text: both

text: Dolby

text: Digital

text: and

text: DTS

text: surround

text: audio

text: tracks

text: DVD (an abbreviation of "digital versatile disc" or "digital video disc") is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of digital data and is widely used for software and other computer files as well as video programs watched using DVD players. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions.

text: DVD

text: an

text: abbreviation

text: of

text: digital

text: versatile

text: disc

text: or

text: digital

text: video

text: disc

text: is

text: digital

text: optical

text: disc

text: storage

text: format

text: invented

text: and

text: developed

text: by

text: Philips

text: Sony

text: Toshiba

text: and

text: Panasonic

text: in

text: The

text: medium

text: can

text: store

text: any

text: kind

text: of

text: digital

text: data

text: and

text: is

text: widely

text: used

text: for

text: software

text: and

text: other

text: computer

text: files

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: video

text: programs

text: watched

text: using

text: DVD

text: players

text: DVDs

text: offer

text: higher

text: storage

text: capacity

text: than

text: compact

text: discs

text: while

text: having

text: the

text: same

text: dimensions

text: Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating a mathematical sequence of steps known as an algorithm  e.g. through computers. Computing includes designing, developing and building hardware and software systems; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific research on and with computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; and creating and using communications and entertainment media. The field of computing includes computer engineering, software engineering, computer science, information systems, and information technology.

text: Computing

text: is

text: any

text: goal

text: oriented

text: activity

text: requiring

text: benefiting

text: from

text: or

text: creating

text: mathematical

text: sequence

text: of

text: steps

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: algorithm

text: e.g.

text: through

text: computers

text: Computing

text: includes

text: designing

text: developing

text: and

text: building

text: hardware

text: and

text: software

text: systems

text: processing

text: structuring

text: and

text: managing

text: various

text: kinds

text: of

text: information

text: doing

text: scientific

text: research

text: on

text: and

text: with

text: computers

text: making

text: computer

text: systems

text: behave

text: intelligently

text: and

text: creating

text: and

text: using

text: communications

text: and

text: entertainment

text: media

text: The

text: field

text: of

text: computing

text: includes

text: computer

text: engineering

text: software

text: engineering

text: computer

text: science

text: information

text: systems

text: and

text: information

text: technology

text: In computing and optical disc recording technologies, an optical disc (OD) is a flat, usually circular disc which encodes binary data (bits) in the form of pits (binary value of 0 or off, due to lack of reflection when read) and lands (binary value of 1 or on, due to a reflection when read) on a special material (often aluminium ) on one of its flat surfaces. The encoding material sits atop a thicker substrate (usually polycarbonate) which makes up the bulk of the disc and forms a dust defocusing layer. The encoding pattern follows a continuous, spiral path covering the entire disc surface and extending from the innermost track to the outermost track. The data is stored on the disc with a laser or stamping machine, and can be accessed when the data path is illuminated with a laser diode in an optical disc drive which spins the disc at speeds of about 200 to 4,000 RPM or more, depending on the drive type, disc format, and the distance of the read head from the center of the disc (inner tracks are read at a higher disc speed). Most optical discs exhibit a characteristic iridescence as a result of the diffraction grating formed by its grooves. This side of the disc contains the actual data and is typically coated with a transparent material, usually lacquer. The reverse side of an optical disc usually has a printed label, sometimes made of paper but often printed or stamped onto the disc itself. Unlike the 3-inch floppy disk, most optical discs do not have an integrated protective casing and are therefore susceptible to data transfer problems due to scratches, fingerprints, and other environmental problems.

text: In

text: computing

text: and

text: optical

text: disc

text: recording

text: technologies

text: an

text: optical

text: disc

text: OD

text: is

text: flat

text: usually

text: circular

text: disc

text: which

text: encodes

text: binary

text: data

text: bits

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: pits

text: binary

text: value

text: of

text: or

text: off

text: due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: reflection

text: when

text: read

text: and

text: lands

text: binary

text: value

text: of

text: or

text: on

text: due

text: to

text: reflection

text: when

text: read

text: on

text: special

text: material

text: often

text: aluminium

text: on

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: flat

text: surfaces

text: The

text: encoding

text: material

text: sits

text: atop

text: thicker

text: substrate

text: usually

text: polycarbonate

text: which

text: makes

text: up

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: disc

text: and

text: forms

text: dust

text: defocusing

text: layer

text: The

text: encoding

text: pattern

text: follows

text: continuous

text: spiral

text: path

text: covering

text: the

text: entire

text: disc

text: surface

text: and

text: extending

text: from

text: the

text: innermost

text: track

text: to

text: the

text: outermost

text: track

text: The

text: data

text: is

text: stored

text: on

text: the

text: disc

text: with

text: laser

text: or

text: stamping

text: machine

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: accessed

text: when

text: the

text: data

text: path

text: is

text: illuminated

text: with

text: laser

text: diode

text: in

text: an

text: optical

text: disc

text: drive

text: which

text: spins

text: the

text: disc

text: at

text: speeds

text: of

text: about

text: to

text: RPM

text: or

text: more

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: drive

text: type

text: disc

text: format

text: and

text: the

text: distance

text: of

text: the

text: read

text: head

text: from

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: disc

text: inner

text: tracks

text: are

text: read

text: at

text: higher

text: disc

text: speed

text: Most

text: optical

text: discs

text: exhibit

text: characteristic

text: iridescence

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: diffraction

text: grating

text: formed

text: by

text: its

text: grooves

text: This

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: disc

text: contains

text: the

text: actual

text: data

text: and

text: is

text: typically

text: coated

text: with

text: transparent

text: material

text: usually

text: lacquer

text: The

text: reverse

text: side

text: of

text: an

text: optical

text: disc

text: usually

text: has

text: printed

text: label

text: sometimes

text: made

text: of

text: paper

text: but

text: often

text: printed

text: or

text: stamped

text: onto

text: the

text: disc

text: itself

text: Unlike

text: the

text: floppy

text: disk

text: most

text: optical

text: discs

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: an

text: integrated

text: protective

text: casing

text: and

text: are

text: therefore

text: susceptible

text: to

text: data

text: transfer

text: problems

text: due

text: to

text: scratches

text: fingerprints

text: and

text: other

text: environmental

text: problems

text: Dolby Laboratories, Inc. (often shortened to Dolby Labs) is an American company specializing in audio noise reduction and audio encoding/compression. Dolby licenses its technologies to consumer electronics manufacturers.

text: Dolby

text: Laboratories

text: Inc.

text: often

text: shortened

text: to

text: Dolby

text: Labs

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: company

text: specializing

text: in

text: audio

text: noise

text: reduction

text: and

text: audio

text: encoding

text: compression

text: Dolby

text: licenses

text: its

text: technologies

text: to

text: consumer

text: electronics

text: manufacturers

text: , formerly known as , is a Japanese multinational electronics corporation headquartered in Kadoma, Osaka, Japan.

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: is

text: Japanese

text: multinational

text: electronics

text: corporation

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Kadoma

text: Osaka

text: Japan

text: Dolby TrueHD is a lossless multi-channel audio codec developed by Dolby Laboratories which is used in home-entertainment equipment such as Blu-ray Disc players and A/V receivers. It is one of the successors to the Dolby Digital (AC-3) surround sound codec, which is used as the audio standard for the DVD-Video format. In this application, Dolby TrueHD competes with DTS-HD Master Audio, a lossless codec from DTS.

text: Dolby

text: TrueHD

text: is

text: lossless

text: multi

text: channel

text: audio

text: codec

text: developed

text: by

text: Dolby

text: Laboratories

text: which

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: home

text: entertainment

text: equipment

text: such

text: as

text: Blu

text: ray

text: Disc

text: players

text: and

text: receivers

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: successors

text: to

text: the

text: Dolby

text: Digital

text: surround

text: sound

text: codec

text: which

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: audio

text: standard

text: for

text: the

text: DVD

text: Video

text: format

text: In

text: this

text: application

text: Dolby

text: TrueHD

text: competes

text: with

text: DTS

text: HD

text: Master

text: Audio

text: lossless

text: codec

text: from

text: DTS

text: The bit is a basic unit of information in computing and digital communications. A bit can have only one of two values, and may therefore be physically implemented with a two-state device. These values are most commonly represented as either a . The term "bit" is a portmanteau of binary digit. In information theory, the bit is equivalent to the unit "shannon", named after Claude Shannon.

text: The

text: bit

text: is

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: information

text: in

text: computing

text: and

text: digital

text: communications

text: bit

text: can

text: have

text: only

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: values

text: and

text: may

text: therefore

text: be

text: physically

text: implemented

text: with

text: two

text: state

text: device

text: These

text: values

text: are

text: most

text: commonly

text: represented

text: as

text: either

text: The

text: term

text: bit

text: is

text: portmanteau

text: of

text: binary

text: digit

text: In

text: information

text: theory

text: the

text: bit

text: is

text: equivalent

text: to

text: the

text: unit

text: shannon

text: named

text: after

text: Claude

text: Shannon

annotations: likely single

question: instance_of superbit

answer: trademark

text: trademark