text: A programming language is a formal computer language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.

text: programming

text: language

text: is

text: formal

text: computer

text: language

text: designed

text: to

text: communicate

text: instructions

text: to

text: machine

text: particularly

text: computer

text: Programming

text: languages

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: create

text: programs

text: to

text: control

text: the

text: behavior

text: of

text: machine

text: or

text: to

text: express

text: algorithms

text: Literate programming is a programming paradigm introduced by Donald Knuth in which a program is given as an explanation of the program logic in a natural language, such as English, interspersed with snippets of macros and traditional source code, from which a compilable source code can be generated.

text: Literate

text: programming

text: is

text: programming

text: paradigm

text: introduced

text: by

text: Donald

text: Knuth

text: in

text: which

text: program

text: is

text: given

text: as

text: an

text: explanation

text: of

text: the

text: program

text: logic

text: in

text: natural

text: language

text: such

text: as

text: English

text: interspersed

text: with

text: snippets

text: of

text: macros

text: and

text: traditional

text: source

text: code

text: from

text: which

text: compilable

text: source

text: code

text: can

text: be

text: generated

text: Free software, freedom-respecting software, or software libre is computer software distributed under terms that allow the software users to run the software for any purpose as well as to study, change, and distribute the software and any adapted versions. Free software is a matter of liberty, not price: users, individually or collectively, are free to do what they want with it, including the freedom to redistribute the software free of charge, or to sell it, or charge for related services such as support or warranty for profit.

text: Free

text: software

text: freedom

text: respecting

text: software

text: or

text: software

text: libre

text: is

text: computer

text: software

text: distributed

text: under

text: terms

text: that

text: allow

text: the

text: software

text: users

text: to

text: run

text: the

text: software

text: for

text: any

text: purpose

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: to

text: study

text: change

text: and

text: distribute

text: the

text: software

text: and

text: any

text: adapted

text: versions

text: Free

text: software

text: is

text: matter

text: of

text: liberty

text: not

text: price

text: users

text: individually

text: or

text: collectively

text: are

text: free

text: to

text: do

text: what

text: they

text: want

text: with

text: it

text: including

text: the

text: freedom

text: to

text: redistribute

text: the

text: software

text: free

text: of

text: charge

text: or

text: to

text: sell

text: it

text: or

text: charge

text: for

text: related

text: services

text: such

text: as

text: support

text: or

text: warranty

text: for

text: profit

text: GNU 3DLDF is a GNU software package for three - dimensional technical drawing . Currently , its only form of output is MetaPost code . GNU 3DLDF is written in C++ using the CWEB package created by Donald Knuth and Silvio Levy . It is intended , among other things , to provide a convenient way of creating 3D graphics for inclusion in TeX documents and to fit in with the `` family '' of programs associated with TeX . It was written by Laurence D. Finston . 3DLDF stands for `` 3D '' plus the initials of the author ( LDF ) . This name was chosen because the author considered it unlikely that it would clash with the name of any other software package for 3D graphics .

text: GNU

text: is

text: GNU

text: software

text: package

text: for

text: three

text: dimensional

text: technical

text: drawing

text: Currently

text: its

text: only

text: form

text: of

text: output

text: is

text: MetaPost

text: code

text: GNU

text: is

text: written

text: in

text: C++

text: using

text: the

text: CWEB

text: package

text: created

text: by

text: Donald

text: Knuth

text: and

text: Silvio

text: Levy

text: It

text: is

text: intended

text: among

text: other

text: things

text: to

text: provide

text: convenient

text: way

text: of

text: creating

text: graphics

text: for

text: inclusion

text: in

text: TeX

text: documents

text: and

text: to

text: fit

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: family

text: of

text: programs

text: associated

text: with

text: TeX

text: It

text: was

text: written

text: by

text: Laurence

text: Finston

text: stands

text: for

text: plus

text: the

text: initials

text: of

text: the

text: author

text: LDF

text: This

text: name

text: was

text: chosen

text: because

text: the

text: author

text: considered

text: it

text: unlikely

text: that

text: it

text: would

text: clash

text: with

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: any

text: other

text: software

text: package

text: for

text: graphics

text: WEB is a computer programming system created by Donald E. Knuth as the first implementation of what he called "literate programming": the idea that one could create software as works of literature, by embedding source code inside descriptive text, rather than the reverse (as is common practice in most programming languages), in an order that is convenient for exposition to human readers, rather than in the order demanded by the compiler.

text: WEB

text: is

text: computer

text: programming

text: system

text: created

text: by

text: Donald

text: Knuth

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: implementation

text: of

text: what

text: he

text: called

text: literate

text: programming

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: one

text: could

text: create

text: software

text: as

text: works

text: of

text: literature

text: by

text: embedding

text: source

text: code

text: inside

text: descriptive

text: text

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: reverse

text: as

text: is

text: common

text: practice

text: in

text: most

text: programming

text: languages

text: in

text: an

text: order

text: that

text: is

text: convenient

text: for

text: exposition

text: to

text: human

text: readers

text: rather

text: than

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: demanded

text: by

text: the

text: compiler

text: TeX (or , see below) is a typesetting system (or "formatting system") designed and mostly written by Donald Knuth and released in 1978. Together with the Metafont language for font description and the Computer Modern family of typefaces, TeX was designed with two main goals in mind: to allow anybody to produce high-quality books using minimal effort, and to provide a system that would give exactly the same results on all computers, at any point in time. TeX is free software, which has made it more accessible to a wider range of users.

text: TeX

text: or

text: see

text: below

text: is

text: typesetting

text: system

text: or

text: formatting

text: system

text: designed

text: and

text: mostly

text: written

text: by

text: Donald

text: Knuth

text: and

text: released

text: in

text: Together

text: with

text: the

text: Metafont

text: language

text: for

text: font

text: description

text: and

text: the

text: Computer

text: Modern

text: family

text: of

text: typefaces

text: TeX

text: was

text: designed

text: with

text: two

text: main

text: goals

text: in

text: mind

text: to

text: allow

text: anybody

text: to

text: produce

text: high

text: quality

text: books

text: using

text: minimal

text: effort

text: and

text: to

text: provide

text: system

text: that

text: would

text: give

text: exactly

text: the

text: same

text: results

text: on

text: all

text: computers

text: at

text: any

text: point

text: in

text: time

text: TeX

text: is

text: free

text: software

text: which

text: has

text: made

text: it

text: more

text: accessible

text: to

text: wider

text: range

text: of

text: users

text: Donald Ervin Knuth (; born January 10, 1938) is an American computer scientist, mathematician, and professor emeritus at Stanford University.

text: Donald

text: Ervin

text: Knuth

text: born

text: January

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: computer

text: scientist

text: mathematician

text: and

text: professor

text: emeritus

text: at

text: Stanford

text: University

text: Computer programming (often shortened to programming) is a process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs. Programming involves activities such as analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, verification of requirements of algorithms including their correctness and resources consumption, and implementation (commonly referred to as coding) of algorithms in a target programming language. Source code is written in one or more programming languages. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate performing a specific task or solving a given problem. The process of programming thus often requires expertise in many different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms, and formal logic.

text: Computer

text: programming

text: often

text: shortened

text: to

text: programming

text: is

text: process

text: that

text: leads

text: from

text: an

text: original

text: formulation

text: of

text: computing

text: problem

text: to

text: executable

text: computer

text: programs

text: Programming

text: involves

text: activities

text: such

text: as

text: analysis

text: developing

text: understanding

text: generating

text: algorithms

text: verification

text: of

text: requirements

text: of

text: algorithms

text: including

text: their

text: correctness

text: and

text: resources

text: consumption

text: and

text: implementation

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: coding

text: of

text: algorithms

text: in

text: target

text: programming

text: language

text: Source

text: code

text: is

text: written

text: in

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: programming

text: languages

text: The

text: purpose

text: of

text: programming

text: is

text: to

text: find

text: sequence

text: of

text: instructions

text: that

text: will

text: automate

text: performing

text: specific

text: task

text: or

text: solving

text: given

text: problem

text: The

text: process

text: of

text: programming

text: thus

text: often

text: requires

text: expertise

text: in

text: many

text: different

text: subjects

text: including

text: knowledge

text: of

text: the

text: application

text: domain

text: specialized

text: algorithms

text: and

text: formal

text: logic

text: An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require an operating system to function.

text: An

text: operating

text: system

text: OS

text: is

text: system

text: software

text: that

text: manages

text: computer

text: hardware

text: and

text: software

text: resources

text: and

text: provides

text: common

text: services

text: for

text: computer

text: programs

text: All

text: computer

text: programs

text: excluding

text: firmware

text: require

text: an

text: operating

text: system

text: to

text: function

text:
GNU is an operating system
and an extensive collection of computer software. GNU is composed wholly of free software, most of which is licensed under the GNU Project's own GPL.

text: GNU

text: is

text: an

text: operating

text: system

text: and

text: an

text: extensive

text: collection

text: of

text: computer

text: software

text: GNU

text: is

text: composed

text: wholly

text: of

text: free

text: software

text: most

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: licensed

text: under

text: the

text: GNU

text: Project

text: 's

text: own

text: GPL

text: Computer Modern is the original family of typefaces used by the typesetting program TeX. It was created by Donald Knuth with his Metafont program, and was most recently updated in 1992. Computer Modern, or variants of it, remains very widely used in scientific publishing, especially in disciplines that make frequent use of mathematical notation.

text: Computer

text: Modern

text: is

text: the

text: original

text: family

text: of

text: typefaces

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: typesetting

text: program

text: TeX.

text: It

text: was

text: created

text: by

text: Donald

text: Knuth

text: with

text: his

text: Metafont

text: program

text: and

text: was

text: most

text: recently

text: updated

text: in

text: Computer

text: Modern

text: or

text: variants

text: of

text: it

text: remains

text: very

text: widely

text: used

text: in

text: scientific

text: publishing

text: especially

text: in

text: disciplines

text: that

text: make

text: frequent

text: use

text: of

text: mathematical

text: notation

text: Metafont is a description language used to define vector fonts. It is also the name of the interpreter that executes Metafont code, generating the bitmap fonts that can be embedded into e.g. PostScript. Metafont was devised by Donald Knuth as a counterpart to his TeX typesetting system.

text: Metafont

text: is

text: description

text: language

text: used

text: to

text: define

text: vector

text: fonts

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: interpreter

text: that

text: executes

text: Metafont

text: code

text: generating

text: the

text: bitmap

text: fonts

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: embedded

text: into

text: e.g.

text: PostScript

text: Metafont

text: was

text: devised

text: by

text: Donald

text: Knuth

text: as

text: counterpart

text: to

text: his

text: TeX

text: typesetting

text: system

text: The GNU Project is a free software, mass collaboration project, announced on September 27, 1983, by Richard Stallman at MIT. Its aim is to give computer users freedom and control in their use of their computers and computing devices, by collaboratively developing and providing software that is based on the following freedom rights: users are free to run the software, share it (copy, distribute), study it and modify it. GNU software guarantees these freedom-rights legally (via its license), and is therefore free software; the use of the word "free" always being taken to refer to freedom.

text: The

text: GNU

text: Project

text: is

text: free

text: software

text: mass

text: collaboration

text: project

text: announced

text: on

text: September

text: by

text: Richard

text: Stallman

text: at

text: MIT

text: Its

text: aim

text: is

text: to

text: give

text: computer

text: users

text: freedom

text: and

text: control

text: in

text: their

text: use

text: of

text: their

text: computers

text: and

text: computing

text: devices

text: by

text: collaboratively

text: developing

text: and

text: providing

text: software

text: that

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: following

text: freedom

text: rights

text: users

text: are

text: free

text: to

text: run

text: the

text: software

text: share

text: it

text: copy

text: distribute

text: study

text: it

text: and

text: modify

text: it

text: GNU

text: software

text: guarantees

text: these

text: freedom

text: rights

text: legally

text: via

text: its

text: license

text: and

text: is

text: therefore

text: free

text: software

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: free

text: always

text: being

text: taken

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: freedom

text: A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in his/her work, typically to solve mathematical problems.

text: mathematician

text: is

text: someone

text: who

text: uses

text: an

text: extensive

text: knowledge

text: of

text: mathematics

text: in

text: his

text: her

text: work

text: typically

text: to

text: solve

text: mathematical

text: problems

text: Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California, adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco. Its campus is one of the largest in the United States. Stanford also has land and facilities elsewhere.

text: Stanford

text: University

text: officially

text: Leland

text: Stanford

text: Junior

text: University

text: is

text: private

text: research

text: university

text: in

text: Stanford

text: California

text: adjacent

text: to

text: Palo

text: Alto

text: and

text: between

text: San

text: Jose

text: and

text: San

text: Francisco

text: Its

text: campus

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Stanford

text: also

text: has

text: land

text: and

text: facilities

text: elsewhere

text: In computer software, a general-purpose programming language is a programming language designed to be used for writing software in a wide variety of application domains (a general-purpose language). In many ways a general-purpose language only has this status because it does not include language constructs designed to be used within a specific application domain (e.g., a page description language contains constructs intended to make it easier to write programs that control the layout of text and graphics on a page).

text: In

text: computer

text: software

text: general

text: purpose

text: programming

text: language

text: is

text: programming

text: language

text: designed

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: writing

text: software

text: in

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: application

text: domains

text: general

text: purpose

text: language

text: In

text: many

text: ways

text: general

text: purpose

text: language

text: only

text: has

text: this

text: status

text: because

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: include

text: language

text: constructs

text: designed

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: within

text: specific

text: application

text: domain

text: e.g.

text: page

text: description

text: language

text: contains

text: constructs

text: intended

text: to

text: make

text: it

text: easier

text: to

text: write

text: programs

text: that

text: control

text: the

text: layout

text: of

text: text

text: and

text: graphics

text: on

text: page

text: MetaPost refers to both a programming language and the interpreter of the MetaPost programming language. Both are derived from Donald Knuth's Metafont language and interpreter. MetaPost produces diagrams in the PostScript programming language from a geometric/algebraic description. The language shares Metafont's declarative syntax for manipulating lines, curves, points and geometric transformations. However,

text: MetaPost

text: refers

text: to

text: both

text: programming

text: language

text: and

text: the

text: interpreter

text: of

text: the

text: MetaPost

text: programming

text: language

text: Both

text: are

text: derived

text: from

text: Donald

text: Knuth

text: 's

text: Metafont

text: language

text: and

text: interpreter

text: MetaPost

text: produces

text: diagrams

text: in

text: the

text: PostScript

text: programming

text: language

text: from

text: geometric

text: algebraic

text: description

text: The

text: language

text: shares

text: Metafont

text: 's

text: declarative

text: syntax

text: for

text: manipulating

text: lines

text: curves

text: points

text: and

text: geometric

text: transformations

text: However

text: C++ (pronounced "cee plus plus") is a general-purpose programming language. It has imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features, while also providing facilities for low-level memory manipulation.

text: C++

text: pronounced

text: cee

text: plus

text: plus

text: is

text: general

text: purpose

text: programming

text: language

text: It

text: has

text: imperative

text: object

text: oriented

text: and

text: generic

text: programming

text: features

text: while

text: also

text: providing

text: facilities

text: for

text: low

text: level

text: memory

text: manipulation

text: Generic programming is a style of computer programming in which algorithms are written in terms of types "to-be-specified-later" that are then "instantiated" when needed for specific types provided as parameters. This approach, pioneered by ML in 1973, permits writing common functions or types that differ only in the set of types on which they operate when used, thus reducing duplication. Such software entities are known as "generics" in Ada, Delphi, Eiffel, Java, C#, F#, Objective-C, Swift, and Visual Basic .NET; "parametric polymorphism" in ML, Scala, Haskell (the Haskell community also uses the term "generic" for a related but somewhat different concept) and Julia; "templates" in C++ and D; and "parameterized types" in the influential 1994 book "Design Patterns". The authors of "Design Patterns" note that this technique, especially when combined with delegation, is very powerful but also quote the following

text: Generic

text: programming

text: is

text: style

text: of

text: computer

text: programming

text: in

text: which

text: algorithms

text: are

text: written

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: types

text: to

text: be

text: specified

text: later

text: that

text: are

text: then

text: instantiated

text: when

text: needed

text: for

text: specific

text: types

text: provided

text: as

text: parameters

text: This

text: approach

text: pioneered

text: by

text: ML

text: in

text: permits

text: writing

text: common

text: functions

text: or

text: types

text: that

text: differ

text: only

text: in

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: types

text: on

text: which

text: they

text: operate

text: when

text: used

text: thus

text: reducing

text: duplication

text: Such

text: software

text: entities

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: generics

text: in

text: Ada

text: Delphi

text: Eiffel

text: Java

text: Objective

text: Swift

text: and

text: Visual

text: Basic

text: .NET

text: parametric

text: polymorphism

text: in

text: ML

text: Scala

text: Haskell

text: the

text: Haskell

text: community

text: also

text: uses

text: the

text: term

text: generic

text: for

text: related

text: but

text: somewhat

text: different

text: concept

text: and

text: Julia

text: templates

text: in

text: C++

text: and

text: and

text: parameterized

text: types

text: in

text: the

text: influential

text: book

text: Design

text: Patterns

text: The

text: authors

text: of

text: Design

text: Patterns

text: note

text: that

text: this

text: technique

text: especially

text: when

text: combined

text: with

text: delegation

text: is

text: very

text: powerful

text: but

text: also

text: quote

text: the

text: following

text:
In typography, a typeface (also known as font family) is a set of one or more fonts each composed of glyphs that share common design features. Each font of a typeface has a specific weight, style, condensation, width, slant, italicization, ornamentation, and designer or foundry (and formerly size, in metal fonts). For example, "ITC Garamond Bold Condensed Italic" means the bold, condensed-width, italic version of ITC Garamond. It is a different font from "ITC Garamond Condensed Italic" and "ITC Garamond Bold Condensed," but all are fonts within the same typeface, "ITC Garamond." ITC Garamond is a different typeface from "Adobe Garamond" or "Monotype Garamond." (These are all alternative updates or digitisations of the typeface Garamond, originally created in the 16th century.)
There are thousands of different typefaces in existence, with new ones being developed constantly.

text: In

text: typography

text: typeface

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: font

text: family

text: is

text: set

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: fonts

text: each

text: composed

text: of

text: glyphs

text: that

text: share

text: common

text: design

text: features

text: Each

text: font

text: of

text: typeface

text: has

text: specific

text: weight

text: style

text: condensation

text: width

text: slant

text: italicization

text: ornamentation

text: and

text: designer

text: or

text: foundry

text: and

text: formerly

text: size

text: in

text: metal

text: fonts

text: For

text: example

text: ITC

text: Garamond

text: Bold

text: Condensed

text: Italic

text: means

text: the

text: bold

text: condensed

text: width

text: italic

text: version

text: of

text: ITC

text: Garamond

text: It

text: is

text: different

text: font

text: from

text: ITC

text: Garamond

text: Condensed

text: Italic

text: and

text: ITC

text: Garamond

text: Bold

text: Condensed

text: but

text: all

text: are

text: fonts

text: within

text: the

text: same

text: typeface

text: ITC

text: Garamond

text: ITC

text: Garamond

text: is

text: different

text: typeface

text: from

text: Adobe

text: Garamond

text: or

text: Monotype

text: Garamond

text: These

text: are

text: all

text: alternative

text: updates

text: or

text: digitisations

text: of

text: the

text: typeface

text: Garamond

text: originally

text: created

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: There

text: are

text: thousands

text: of

text: different

text: typefaces

text: in

text: existence

text: with

text: new

text: ones

text: being

text: developed

text: constantly

text: CWEB is a computer programming system created by Donald Knuth and Silvio Levy as a follow-up to Knuth's WEB literate programming system, using the C programming language (and to a lesser extent the C++ and Java programming languages) instead of Pascal.

text: CWEB

text: is

text: computer

text: programming

text: system

text: created

text: by

text: Donald

text: Knuth

text: and

text: Silvio

text: Levy

text: as

text: follow

text: up

text: to

text: Knuth

text: 's

text: WEB

text: literate

text: programming

text: system

text: using

text: the

text: programming

text: language

text: and

text: to

text: lesser

text: extent

text: the

text: C++

text: and

text: Java

text: programming

text: languages

text: instead

text: of

text: Pascal

text: In metal typesetting, a font is a particular size, weight and style of a typeface. Each font was a matched set of type, one piece (called a "sort") for each glyph, and a typeface consisting of a range of fonts that shared an overall design.

text: In

text: metal

text: typesetting

text: font

text: is

text: particular

text: size

text: weight

text: and

text: style

text: of

text: typeface

text: Each

text: font

text: was

text: matched

text: set

text: of

text: type

text: one

text: piece

text: called

text: sort

text: for

text: each

text: glyph

text: and

text: typeface

text: consisting

text: of

text: range

text: of

text: fonts

text: that

text: shared

text: an

text: overall

text: design

question: part_of 3dldf

answer: gnu project

text: gnu project

text: gnu project


text: The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 165420 December 1722) was the fourth emperor of the Qing dynasty, the first to be born on Chinese soil south of the Shanhai Pass near Beijing, and the second Qing emperor to rule over that part of China, from 1661 to 1722.

text: The

text: Kangxi

text: Emperor

text: May

text: December

text: was

text: the

text: fourth

text: emperor

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: be

text: born

text: on

text: Chinese

text: soil

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Shanhai

text: Pass

text: near

text: Beijing

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: Qing

text: emperor

text: to

text: rule

text: over

text: that

text: part

text: of

text: China

text: from

text: to

text: China proper, Inner China or the Eighteen Provinces was a term used by Western writers on the Manchu Qing dynasty to express a distinction between the core and frontier regions of China. There is no fixed extent for China proper, as many administrative, cultural, and linguistic shifts have occurred in Chinese history. One definition refers to the original area of Chinese civilization, the North China Plain; another to the "Eighteen Provinces" system of the Qing dynasty. There is no direct translation for "China proper" in the Chinese language due to differences in terminology used by the Qing to refer to the regions and the expression is controversial among scholars, particularly in China, partly because it implies the frontier regions outside China proper are in some way separate or even illegitimate territories of China.

text: China

text: proper

text: Inner

text: China

text: or

text: the

text: Eighteen

text: Provinces

text: was

text: term

text: used

text: by

text: Western

text: writers

text: on

text: the

text: Manchu

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: to

text: express

text: distinction

text: between

text: the

text: core

text: and

text: frontier

text: regions

text: of

text: China

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: fixed

text: extent

text: for

text: China

text: proper

text: as

text: many

text: administrative

text: cultural

text: and

text: linguistic

text: shifts

text: have

text: occurred

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: One

text: definition

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: original

text: area

text: of

text: Chinese

text: civilization

text: the

text: North

text: China

text: Plain

text: another

text: to

text: the

text: Eighteen

text: Provinces

text: system

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: direct

text: translation

text: for

text: China

text: proper

text: in

text: the

text: Chinese

text: language

text: due

text: to

text: differences

text: in

text: terminology

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: Qing

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: regions

text: and

text: the

text: expression

text: is

text: controversial

text: among

text: scholars

text: particularly

text: in

text: China

text: partly

text: because

text: it

text: implies

text: the

text: frontier

text: regions

text: outside

text: China

text: proper

text: are

text: in

text: some

text: way

text: separate

text: or

text: even

text: illegitimate

text: territories

text: of

text: China

text: The Yongzheng Emperor (13 December 1678  8 October 1735), born Yinzhen, was the fifth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the third Qing emperor to rule over China proper. He reigned from 1723 to 1735. A hard-working ruler, the Yongzheng Emperor's main goal was to create an effective government at minimal expense. Like his father, the Kangxi Emperor, the Yongzheng Emperor used military force to preserve the dynasty's position. His reign was known for being despotic, efficient, and vigorous.

text: The

text: Yongzheng

text: Emperor

text: December

text: October

text: born

text: Yinzhen

text: was

text: the

text: fifth

text: emperor

text: of

text: the

text: Manchu

text: led

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: Qing

text: emperor

text: to

text: rule

text: over

text: China

text: proper

text: He

text: reigned

text: from

text: to

text: hard

text: working

text: ruler

text: the

text: Yongzheng

text: Emperor

text: 's

text: main

text: goal

text: was

text: to

text: create

text: an

text: effective

text: government

text: at

text: minimal

text: expense

text: Like

text: his

text: father

text: the

text: Kangxi

text: Emperor

text: the

text: Yongzheng

text: Emperor

text: used

text: military

text: force

text: to

text: preserve

text: the

text: dynasty

text: 's

text: position

text: His

text: reign

text: was

text: known

text: for

text: being

text: despotic

text: efficient

text: and

text: vigorous

text: The Jiaqing Emperor (13 November 1760  2 September 1820), personal name Aisin Gioro Yongyan, was the seventh emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China from 1796 to 1820. He was the 15th son of the Qianlong Emperor. During his reign, he prosecuted Heshen, the corrupt favourite of his father, and attempted to restore order within the Qing Empire and curb the smuggling of opium into China.

text: The

text: Jiaqing

text: Emperor

text: November

text: September

text: personal

text: name

text: Aisin

text: Gioro

text: Yongyan

text: was

text: the

text: seventh

text: emperor

text: of

text: the

text: Manchu

text: led

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: fifth

text: Qing

text: emperor

text: to

text: rule

text: over

text: China

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: the

text: Qianlong

text: Emperor

text: During

text: his

text: reign

text: he

text: prosecuted

text: Heshen

text: the

text: corrupt

text: favourite

text: of

text: his

text: father

text: and

text: attempted

text: to

text: restore

text: order

text: within

text: the

text: Qing

text: Empire

text: and

text: curb

text: the

text: smuggling

text: of

text: opium

text: into

text: China

text: The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Chinathen known as the for 276 years (13681644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming, described by some as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history," was the last imperial dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty), regimes loyal to the Ming throne  collectively called the Southern Ming  survived until 1683.

text: The

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: was

text: the

text: ruling

text: dynasty

text: of

text: Chinathen

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: for

text: years

text: following

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: Mongol

text: led

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: The

text: Ming

text: described

text: by

text: some

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: eras

text: of

text: orderly

text: government

text: and

text: social

text: stability

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: in

text: China

text: ruled

text: by

text: ethnic

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: Although

text: the

text: primary

text: capital

text: of

text: Beijing

text: fell

text: in

text: to

text: rebellion

text: led

text: by

text: Li

text: Zicheng

text: who

text: established

text: the

text: Shun

text: dynasty

text: soon

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: Manchu

text: led

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: regimes

text: loyal

text: to

text: the

text: Ming

text: throne

text: collectively

text: called

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ming

text: survived

text: until

text: Consort Dun ( 1746 -- 1806 ) was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Dynasty . Consort Dun was born of the Manchu Wang (  ) clan . Her personal name is unknown . Her father was Sige (  ) , a commander (  ) of the Plain White Banner of the Eight Banners . Lady Wang entered the Forbidden City in 1762 during the Qianlong Emperor 's reign . She was chosen to join the imperial harem and was given the rank of First Class Female Attendant Yong (  ) . In 1770 she was promoted to the position of Imperial Concubine Dun (  ) . In 1775 Lady Wang gave birth to the Qianlong Emperor 's tenth daughter Gurun Princess Hexiao . The Qianlong Emperor was very fond of the princess and he started showing favour towards Lady Wang . A year later in 1776 , Lady Wang was elevated to the status of Consort Dun (  ) . In 1778 Lady Wang had a palace maid severely beaten for making a minor mistake and the maid died from her injuries . Homicide was a grave offence under the laws of the Qing Dynasty and Lady Wang ought to be harshly punished . However , in consideration of how Gurun Princess Hexiao would be affected if her mother was heavily penalised , the Qianlong Emperor eventually decided to demote Lady Wang to the rank of Imperial Concubine Dun . Lady Wang was also ordered to compensate the maid 's family with 100 taels of silver , and pay half of the financial penalty levied on her servants , whose salaries were suspended for a year or two . Two years later in 1780 Lady Wang was restored to her status as a Consort . Lady Wang died in 1806 during the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor , the Qianlong Emperor 's successor . She was interred in the Yuling Mausoleum (  ) for the Qing emperors ' concubines .

text: Consort

text: Dun

text: was

text: consort

text: of

text: the

text: Qianlong

text: Emperor

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: Dynasty

text: Consort

text: Dun

text: was

text: born

text: of

text: the

text: Manchu

text: Wang

text: clan

text: Her

text: personal

text: name

text: is

text: unknown

text: Her

text: father

text: was

text: Sige

text: commander

text: of

text: the

text: Plain

text: White

text: Banner

text: of

text: the

text: Eight

text: Banners

text: Lady

text: Wang

text: entered

text: the

text: Forbidden

text: City

text: in

text: during

text: the

text: Qianlong

text: Emperor

text: 's

text: reign

text: She

text: was

text: chosen

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: imperial

text: harem

text: and

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: rank

text: of

text: First

text: Class

text: Female

text: Attendant

text: Yong

text: In

text: she

text: was

text: promoted

text: to

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: Imperial

text: Concubine

text: Dun

text: In

text: Lady

text: Wang

text: gave

text: birth

text: to

text: the

text: Qianlong

text: Emperor

text: 's

text: tenth

text: daughter

text: Gurun

text: Princess

text: Hexiao

text: The

text: Qianlong

text: Emperor

text: was

text: very

text: fond

text: of

text: the

text: princess

text: and

text: he

text: started

text: showing

text: favour

text: towards

text: Lady

text: Wang

text: year

text: later

text: in

text: Lady

text: Wang

text: was

text: elevated

text: to

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: Consort

text: Dun

text: In

text: Lady

text: Wang

text: had

text: palace

text: maid

text: severely

text: beaten

text: for

text: making

text: minor

text: mistake

text: and

text: the

text: maid

text: died

text: from

text: her

text: injuries

text: Homicide

text: was

text: grave

text: offence

text: under

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: Dynasty

text: and

text: Lady

text: Wang

text: ought

text: to

text: be

text: harshly

text: punished

text: However

text: in

text: consideration

text: of

text: how

text: Gurun

text: Princess

text: Hexiao

text: would

text: be

text: affected

text: if

text: her

text: mother

text: was

text: heavily

text: penalised

text: the

text: Qianlong

text: Emperor

text: eventually

text: decided

text: to

text: demote

text: Lady

text: Wang

text: to

text: the

text: rank

text: of

text: Imperial

text: Concubine

text: Dun

text: Lady

text: Wang

text: was

text: also

text: ordered

text: to

text: compensate

text: the

text: maid

text: 's

text: family

text: with

text: taels

text: of

text: silver

text: and

text: pay

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: financial

text: penalty

text: levied

text: on

text: her

text: servants

text: whose

text: salaries

text: were

text: suspended

text: for

text: year

text: or

text: two

text: Two

text: years

text: later

text: in

text: Lady

text: Wang

text: was

text: restored

text: to

text: her

text: status

text: as

text: Consort

text: Lady

text: Wang

text: died

text: in

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: the

text: Jiaqing

text: Emperor

text: the

text: Qianlong

text: Emperor

text: 's

text: successor

text: She

text: was

text: interred

text: in

text: the

text: Yuling

text: Mausoleum

text: for

text: the

text: Qing

text: emperors

text: concubines

text: The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 1711  7 February 1799) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. Born Aisin Gioro Hongli, the fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1735 to 8 February 1796. On 8 February, he abdicated in favour of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor  a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power as the Emperor Emeritus (or Retired Emperor) until his death in 1799; he thus was the longest-reigning "de facto" ruler in the history of China, and dying at the age of 87, the longest-living. As a capable and cultured ruler inheriting a thriving empire, during his long reign the Qing Empire reached its most splendid and prosperous era, boasting a large population and economy, with various military campaigns expand its territory to the largest extent. In his late years, eclipsed in effectiveness of his rule, with rampant corruption and wastefulness in his court, and a stagnant civil society, the empire was in gradual decline.

text: The

text: Qianlong

text: Emperor

text: September

text: February

text: was

text: the

text: sixth

text: emperor

text: of

text: the

text: Manchu

text: led

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: Qing

text: emperor

text: to

text: rule

text: over

text: China

text: proper

text: Born

text: Aisin

text: Gioro

text: Hongli

text: the

text: fourth

text: son

text: of

text: the

text: Yongzheng

text: Emperor

text: he

text: reigned

text: officially

text: from

text: October

text: to

text: February

text: On

text: February

text: he

text: abdicated

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: his

text: son

text: the

text: Jiaqing

text: Emperor

text: filial

text: act

text: in

text: order

text: not

text: to

text: reign

text: longer

text: than

text: his

text: grandfather

text: the

text: illustrious

text: Kangxi

text: Emperor

text: Despite

text: his

text: retirement

text: however

text: he

text: retained

text: ultimate

text: power

text: as

text: the

text: Emperor

text: Emeritus

text: or

text: Retired

text: Emperor

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: he

text: thus

text: was

text: the

text: longest

text: reigning

text: de

text: facto

text: ruler

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: dying

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: the

text: longest

text: living

text: As

text: capable

text: and

text: cultured

text: ruler

text: inheriting

text: thriving

text: empire

text: during

text: his

text: long

text: reign

text: the

text: Qing

text: Empire

text: reached

text: its

text: most

text: splendid

text: and

text: prosperous

text: era

text: boasting

text: large

text: population

text: and

text: economy

text: with

text: various

text: military

text: campaigns

text: expand

text: its

text: territory

text: to

text: the

text: largest

text: extent

text: In

text: his

text: late

text: years

text: eclipsed

text: in

text: effectiveness

text: of

text: his

text: rule

text: with

text: rampant

text: corruption

text: and

text: wastefulness

text: in

text: his

text: court

text: and

text: stagnant

text: civil

text: society

text: the

text: empire

text: was

text: in

text: gradual

text: decline

text: Aisin Gioro is the imperial clan of Manchu emperors of the Qing dynasty. The House of Aisin Gioro ruled China from 1644 until the Xinhai Revolution of 1911-12, which established a republican government in its place. The word "aisin" means "gold" in the Manchu language, and "gioro" is the name of the Aisin Gioro's ancestral home in present-day Yilan, Heilongjiang Province. In Manchu custom, families are identified first by their "hala" (), i.e. their family or clan name, and then by "mukn" (), the more detailed classification, typically referring to individual families. In the case of Aisin Gioro, Aisin is the "mukn", and Gioro is the "hala". Other members of the Gioro clan include Irgen Gioro (), Susu Gioro () and Sirin Gioro ().

text: Aisin

text: Gioro

text: is

text: the

text: imperial

text: clan

text: of

text: Manchu

text: emperors

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: The

text: House

text: of

text: Aisin

text: Gioro

text: ruled

text: China

text: from

text: until

text: the

text: Xinhai

text: Revolution

text: of

text: which

text: established

text: republican

text: government

text: in

text: its

text: place

text: The

text: word

text: aisin

text: means

text: gold

text: in

text: the

text: Manchu

text: language

text: and

text: gioro

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: Aisin

text: Gioro

text: 's

text: ancestral

text: home

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Yilan

text: Heilongjiang

text: Province

text: In

text: Manchu

text: custom

text: families

text: are

text: identified

text: first

text: by

text: their

text: hala

text: i.e.

text: their

text: family

text: or

text: clan

text: name

text: and

text: then

text: by

text: mukn

text: the

text: more

text: detailed

text: classification

text: typically

text: referring

text: to

text: individual

text: families

text: In

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: Aisin

text: Gioro

text: Aisin

text: is

text: the

text: mukn

text: and

text: Gioro

text: is

text: the

text: hala

text: Other

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Gioro

text: clan

text: include

text: Irgen

text: Gioro

text: Susu

text: Gioro

text: and

text: Sirin

text: Gioro

text: The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, also called the Qing Empire or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state.

text: The

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: officially

text: the

text: Great

text: Qing

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Qing

text: Empire

text: or

text: the

text: Manchu

text: dynasty

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: of

text: China

text: ruling

text: from

text: to

text: with

text: brief

text: abortive

text: restoration

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: and

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: Qing

text: multi

text: cultural

text: empire

text: lasted

text: almost

text: three

text: centuries

text: and

text: formed

text: the

text: territorial

text: base

text: for

text: the

text: modern

text: Chinese

text: state

annotations: follows multiple

question: noble_family consort dun

answer: aisin gioro

text: aisin gioro

text: aisin gioro

text: aisin gioro

text: aisin gioro

text: aisin gioro

text: aisin gioro


text: Marcellus (Marcel) Rodríguez-López (born September 29, 1983) is a multi-instrumentalist musician and younger brother of Omar Rodríguez-López. He is best known as the keyboardist and percussionist of The Mars Volta and the drummer for Zechs Marquise. He also produces electronic music under the moniker Eureka the Butcher.

text: Marcellus

text: Marcel

text: Rodríguez

text: López

text: born

text: September

text: is

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: musician

text: and

text: younger

text: brother

text: of

text: Omar

text: Rodríguez

text: López

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: keyboardist

text: and

text: percussionist

text: of

text: The

text: Mars

text: Volta

text: and

text: the

text: drummer

text: for

text: Zechs

text: Marquise

text: He

text: also

text: produces

text: electronic

text: music

text: under

text: the

text: moniker

text: Eureka

text: the

text: Butcher

text: The Mars Volta was an American rock band from El Paso, Texas, formed in 2001. The band's final lineup consisted of Omar Rodríguez-López (guitar, producer, direction), Cedric Bixler-Zavala (vocals, lyrics), Juan Alderete (bass), Marcel Rodríguez-López (keyboards, percussion) and Deantoni Parks (drums). The band formed following the break-up of Rodríguez-López and Bixler-Zavala's previous band, At the Drive-In. They are known for their energetic live shows and their concept albums.

text: The

text: Mars

text: Volta

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: rock

text: band

text: from

text: El

text: Paso

text: Texas

text: formed

text: in

text: The

text: band

text: 's

text: final

text: lineup

text: consisted

text: of

text: Omar

text: Rodríguez

text: López

text: guitar

text: producer

text: direction

text: Cedric

text: Bixler

text: Zavala

text: vocals

text: lyrics

text: Juan

text: Alderete

text: bass

text: Marcel

text: Rodríguez

text: López

text: keyboards

text: percussion

text: and

text: Deantoni

text: Parks

text: drums

text: The

text: band

text: formed

text: following

text: the

text: break

text: up

text: of

text: Rodríguez

text: López

text: and

text: Bixler

text: Zavala

text: 's

text: previous

text: band

text: At

text: the

text: Drive

text: In

text: They

text: are

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: energetic

text: live

text: shows

text: and

text: their

text: concept

text: albums

text: El Paso (; from Spanish, "the pass") is the county seat of El Paso County, Texas, United States. The city is situated in the far western corner of the state of Texas.

text: El

text: Paso

text: from

text: Spanish

text: the

text: pass

text: is

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: El

text: Paso

text: County

text: Texas

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: far

text: western

text: corner

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Texas

text: The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a hollow wooden or plastic and wood box (for an acoustic guitar), or through electrical amplifier and a speaker (for an electric guitar). It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, thumb and/or fingernails of the right hand or with a pick while fretting (or pressing against the frets) the strings with the fingers of the left hand. The guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. The modern guitar was preceded by the gittern, the vihuela, the four-course Renaissance guitar, and the five-course baroque guitar, all of which contributed to the development of the modern six-string instrument.

text: The

text: guitar

text: is

text: musical

text: instrument

text: classified

text: as

text: string

text: instrument

text: with

text: anywhere

text: from

text: four

text: to

text: strings

text: usually

text: having

text: six

text: The

text: sound

text: is

text: projected

text: either

text: acoustically

text: using

text: hollow

text: wooden

text: or

text: plastic

text: and

text: wood

text: box

text: for

text: an

text: acoustic

text: guitar

text: or

text: through

text: electrical

text: amplifier

text: and

text: speaker

text: for

text: an

text: electric

text: guitar

text: It

text: is

text: typically

text: played

text: by

text: strumming

text: or

text: plucking

text: the

text: strings

text: with

text: the

text: fingers

text: thumb

text: and/or

text: fingernails

text: of

text: the

text: right

text: hand

text: or

text: with

text: pick

text: while

text: fretting

text: or

text: pressing

text: against

text: the

text: frets

text: the

text: strings

text: with

text: the

text: fingers

text: of

text: the

text: left

text: hand

text: The

text: guitar

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: chordophone

text: traditionally

text: constructed

text: from

text: wood

text: and

text: strung

text: with

text: either

text: gut

text: nylon

text: or

text: steel

text: strings

text: and

text: distinguished

text: from

text: other

text: chordophones

text: by

text: its

text: construction

text: and

text: tuning

text: The

text: modern

text: guitar

text: was

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: gittern

text: the

text: vihuela

text: the

text: four

text: course

text: Renaissance

text: guitar

text: and

text: the

text: five

text: course

text: baroque

text: guitar

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: six

text: string

text: instrument

text: Cedric Bixler-Zavala (born November 4, 1974 in Redwood City, California) is a Grammy Awardwinning American musician known for his work as frontman and lyricist of the progressive rock band The Mars Volta, and as frontman and occasional guitarist of the post-hardcore group At the Drive-In. Currently he is a singer in the band Antemasque, and also sings and plays guitar in his band Zavalaz. He has also played drums for a number of acts, including the dub act De Facto and more recently Big Sir and Anywhere.

text: Cedric

text: Bixler

text: Zavala

text: born

text: November

text: in

text: Redwood

text: City

text: California

text: is

text: Grammy

text: Awardwinning

text: American

text: musician

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: as

text: frontman

text: and

text: lyricist

text: of

text: the

text: progressive

text: rock

text: band

text: The

text: Mars

text: Volta

text: and

text: as

text: frontman

text: and

text: occasional

text: guitarist

text: of

text: the

text: post

text: hardcore

text: group

text: At

text: the

text: Drive

text: In

text: Currently

text: he

text: is

text: singer

text: in

text: the

text: band

text: Antemasque

text: and

text: also

text: sings

text: and

text: plays

text: guitar

text: in

text: his

text: band

text: Zavalaz

text: He

text: has

text: also

text: played

text: drums

text: for

text: number

text: of

text: acts

text: including

text: the

text: dub

text: act

text: De

text: Facto

text: and

text: more

text: recently

text: Big

text: Sir

text: and

text: Anywhere

text: Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative) is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word "alternative" refers to the genre's distinction from mainstream rock music. The term's original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their collective debt to either the musical style or simply the independent, D.I.Y. ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music. At times, "alternative" has been used as a catch-all description for music from underground rock artists that receives mainstream recognition, or for any music, whether rock or not, that is seen to be descended from punk rock (including some examples of punk itself, as well as new wave, and post-punk).

text: Alternative

text: rock

text: also

text: called

text: alternative

text: music

text: alt

text: rock

text: or

text: simply

text: alternative

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: rock

text: music

text: that

text: emerged

text: from

text: the

text: independent

text: music

text: underground

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: became

text: widely

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: In

text: this

text: instance

text: the

text: word

text: alternative

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: genre

text: 's

text: distinction

text: from

text: mainstream

text: rock

text: music

text: The

text: term

text: 's

text: original

text: meaning

text: was

text: broader

text: referring

text: to

text: generation

text: of

text: musicians

text: unified

text: by

text: their

text: collective

text: debt

text: to

text: either

text: the

text: musical

text: style

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: independent

text: D.I.Y.

text: ethos

text: of

text: punk

text: rock

text: which

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: laid

text: the

text: groundwork

text: for

text: alternative

text: music

text: At

text: times

text: alternative

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: catch

text: all

text: description

text: for

text: music

text: from

text: underground

text: rock

text: artists

text: that

text: receives

text: mainstream

text: recognition

text: or

text: for

text: any

text: music

text: whether

text: rock

text: or

text: not

text: that

text: is

text: seen

text: to

text: be

text: descended

text: from

text: punk

text: rock

text: including

text: some

text: examples

text: of

text: punk

text: itself

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: new

text: wave

text: and

text: post

text: punk

text: Deantoni Parks (born ) is an American new wave/avant-garde/experimental drummer, songwriter, film director, actor and record producer. He is the founder, producer and drummer of the New York band KUDU, and one-half of the writing duo Dark Angels with producer and keyboardist Nick Kasper, also a member of KUDU. He was a member of progressive rock band The Mars Volta, and is currently a member (together with Kasper) of the alternative rock band Bosnian Rainbows.

text: Deantoni

text: Parks

text: born

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: new

text: wave

text: avant

text: garde

text: experimental

text: drummer

text: songwriter

text: film

text: director

text: actor

text: and

text: record

text: producer

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: founder

text: producer

text: and

text: drummer

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: band

text: KUDU

text: and

text: one

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: writing

text: duo

text: Dark

text: Angels

text: with

text: producer

text: and

text: keyboardist

text: Nick

text: Kasper

text: also

text: member

text: of

text: KUDU

text: He

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: progressive

text: rock

text: band

text: The

text: Mars

text: Volta

text: and

text: is

text: currently

text: member

text: together

text: with

text: Kasper

text: of

text: the

text: alternative

text: rock

text: band

text: Bosnian

text: Rainbows

text: Omar Alfredo Rodríguez-López (born September 1, 1975) is a multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, producer, writer, actor and film director who was born in Bayamón, Puerto Rico. He is best known for being the guitarist and band-leader of The Mars Volta from 2001 until their breakup in 2012, and is currently the guitarist for the alternative rock groups At the Drive-In, Antemasque and Bosnian Rainbows. He was also the bassist for the dub band De Facto. He has embarked on a solo career, both in studio and in concert, frequently described as experimental, avant-garde and/or progressive. He has collaborated with numerous artists spanning from John Frusciante to El-P.

text: Omar

text: Alfredo

text: Rodríguez

text: López

text: born

text: September

text: is

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: songwriter

text: producer

text: writer

text: actor

text: and

text: film

text: director

text: who

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Bayamón

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: being

text: the

text: guitarist

text: and

text: band

text: leader

text: of

text: The

text: Mars

text: Volta

text: from

text: until

text: their

text: breakup

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: currently

text: the

text: guitarist

text: for

text: the

text: alternative

text: rock

text: groups

text: At

text: the

text: Drive

text: In

text: Antemasque

text: and

text: Bosnian

text: Rainbows

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: bassist

text: for

text: the

text: dub

text: band

text: De

text: Facto

text: He

text: has

text: embarked

text: on

text: solo

text: career

text: both

text: in

text: studio

text: and

text: in

text: concert

text: frequently

text: described

text: as

text: experimental

text: avant

text: garde

text: and/or

text: progressive

text: He

text: has

text: collaborated

text: with

text: numerous

text: artists

text: spanning

text: from

text: John

text: Frusciante

text: to

text: El

text: A concept album is an album unified by a larger purpose or meaning to the album collectively than to its tracks individually. This may be achieved through a single central narrative or theme, or through a sense of artistic cohesiveness. The scope and definition of a "concept album" varies, and there is no consensus over what exactly the term constitutes.

text: concept

text: album

text: is

text: an

text: album

text: unified

text: by

text: larger

text: purpose

text: or

text: meaning

text: to

text: the

text: album

text: collectively

text: than

text: to

text: its

text: tracks

text: individually

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: achieved

text: through

text: single

text: central

text: narrative

text: or

text: theme

text: or

text: through

text: sense

text: of

text: artistic

text: cohesiveness

text: The

text: scope

text: and

text: definition

text: of

text: concept

text: album

text: varies

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: consensus

text: over

text: what

text: exactly

text: the

text: term

text: constitutes

text: Jaime Meline (born March 2, 1975), better known by his stage name El-P (originally El Producto), is an American hip hop recording artist, record producer and record executive from Brooklyn, New York City. Originally a member of Company Flow, El-P has been a major driving force in alternative hip hop for more than two decades, producing for several notable underground rappers.

text: Jaime

text: Meline

text: born

text: March

text: better

text: known

text: by

text: his

text: stage

text: name

text: El

text: originally

text: El

text: Producto

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: hip

text: hop

text: recording

text: artist

text: record

text: producer

text: and

text: record

text: executive

text: from

text: Brooklyn

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Originally

text: member

text: of

text: Company

text: Flow

text: El

text: has

text: been

text: major

text: driving

text: force

text: in

text: alternative

text: hip

text: hop

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: decades

text: producing

text: for

text: several

text: notable

text: underground

text: rappers

text: The Omar Rodriguez Lopez Group ( often referred to by its acronym ORLG ) is an American experimental rock band , and the main side project of Omar Rodríguez - López . Featuring the ever - changing lineup of musicians alongside Rodriguez - Lopez , the group is most often a live entity to perform the various outlets of his solo music aside from The Mars Volta .

text: The

text: Omar

text: Rodriguez

text: Lopez

text: Group

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: its

text: acronym

text: ORLG

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: experimental

text: rock

text: band

text: and

text: the

text: main

text: side

text: project

text: of

text: Omar

text: Rodríguez

text: López

text: Featuring

text: the

text: ever

text: changing

text: lineup

text: of

text: musicians

text: alongside

text: Rodriguez

text: Lopez

text: the

text: group

text: is

text: most

text: often

text: live

text: entity

text: to

text: perform

text: the

text: various

text: outlets

text: of

text: his

text: solo

text: music

text: aside

text: from

text: The

text: Mars

text: Volta

text: John Anthony Frusciante (born March 5, 1970) is an American guitarist, singer, producer and composer. He is best known as the former guitarist of the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers, from 1988 until 1992, and again from 1998 until 2009. He recorded five studio albums with them.

text: John

text: Anthony

text: Frusciante

text: born

text: March

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: guitarist

text: singer

text: producer

text: and

text: composer

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: former

text: guitarist

text: of

text: the

text: rock

text: band

text: Red

text: Hot

text: Chili

text: Peppers

text: from

text: until

text: and

text: again

text: from

text: until

text: He

text: recorded

text: five

text: studio

text: albums

text: with

text: them

annotations: follows single

annotations: likely multiple

question: genre omar rodriguez lopez group

answer: progressive rock

text: progressive rock

text: progressive rock


text: In baseball, a slider is a breaking ball pitch that tails laterally and down through the batter's hitting zone; it is thrown with speed less than a fastball but greater than the pitcher's curveball.

text: In

text: baseball

text: slider

text: is

text: breaking

text: ball

text: pitch

text: that

text: tails

text: laterally

text: and

text: down

text: through

text: the

text: batter

text: 's

text: hitting

text: zone

text: it

text: is

text: thrown

text: with

text: speed

text: less

text: than

text: fastball

text: but

text: greater

text: than

text: the

text: pitcher

text: 's

text: curveball

text: The slurve is a baseball pitch in which the pitcher throws a slider as if it were a curve ball. The term is a portmanteau of slider and curve.

text: The

text: slurve

text: is

text: baseball

text: pitch

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: pitcher

text: throws

text: slider

text: as

text: if

text: it

text: were

text: curve

text: ball

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: portmanteau

text: of

text: slider

text: and

text: curve

text: A screwball is a baseball pitch that is thrown so as to break in the opposite direction of a slider or curveball . Depending on the pitcher 's arm angle , the ball may also have a sinking action . Carl Hubbell was one of the most renowned screwball pitchers in the history of Major League Baseball . Hubbell was known as the `` scroogie king '' for his mastery of the pitch and the frequency for which he threw it . Other famous screwball artists include Tug McGraw and Cy Young Award winners Mike Cuellar , Fernando Valenzuela and Mike Marshall .

text: screwball

text: is

text: baseball

text: pitch

text: that

text: is

text: thrown

text: so

text: as

text: to

text: break

text: in

text: the

text: opposite

text: direction

text: of

text: slider

text: or

text: curveball

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: pitcher

text: 's

text: arm

text: angle

text: the

text: ball

text: may

text: also

text: have

text: sinking

text: action

text: Carl

text: Hubbell

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: renowned

text: screwball

text: pitchers

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Major

text: League

text: Baseball

text: Hubbell

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: scroogie

text: king

text: for

text: his

text: mastery

text: of

text: the

text: pitch

text: and

text: the

text: frequency

text: for

text: which

text: he

text: threw

text: it

text: Other

text: famous

text: screwball

text: artists

text: include

text: Tug

text: McGraw

text: and

text: Cy

text: Young

text: Award

text: winners

text: Mike

text: Cuellar

text: Fernando

text: Valenzuela

text: and

text: Mike

text: Marshall

text: The curveball is a type of pitch in baseball and fastpitch softball thrown with a characteristic grip and hand movement that imparts forward spin to the ball, causing it to dive in a downward path as it approaches the plate. Its close relatives are the slider and the slurve. The "curve" of the ball varies from pitcher to pitcher. Outside the context of baseball, variants of the expression "to throw a curveball" essentially translate to introducing a significant deviation to a preceding concept.

text: The

text: curveball

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: pitch

text: in

text: baseball

text: and

text: fastpitch

text: softball

text: thrown

text: with

text: characteristic

text: grip

text: and

text: hand

text: movement

text: that

text: imparts

text: forward

text: spin

text: to

text: the

text: ball

text: causing

text: it

text: to

text: dive

text: in

text: downward

text: path

text: as

text: it

text: approaches

text: the

text: plate

text: Its

text: close

text: relatives

text: are

text: the

text: slider

text: and

text: the

text: slurve

text: The

text: curve

text: of

text: the

text: ball

text: varies

text: from

text: pitcher

text: to

text: pitcher

text: Outside

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: baseball

text: variants

text: of

text: the

text: expression

text: to

text: throw

text: curveball

text: essentially

text: translate

text: to

text: introducing

text: significant

text: deviation

text: to

text: preceding

text: concept

text: In baseball (hardball or softball), a starting pitcher or starter is the first pitcher in the game for each team. A pitcher is credited with a game started if they throw the first pitch to the opponent's first batter of a game. A pitcher who enters the game after the first pitch of the game is a relief pitcher. Starting pitchers are expected to pitch for a significant portion of the game, although their ability to do this depends on many factors, including effectiveness, stamina, health, and strategy.

text: In

text: baseball

text: hardball

text: or

text: softball

text: starting

text: pitcher

text: or

text: starter

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: pitcher

text: in

text: the

text: game

text: for

text: each

text: team

text: pitcher

text: is

text: credited

text: with

text: game

text: started

text: if

text: they

text: throw

text: the

text: first

text: pitch

text: to

text: the

text: opponent

text: 's

text: first

text: batter

text: of

text: game

text: pitcher

text: who

text: enters

text: the

text: game

text: after

text: the

text: first

text: pitch

text: of

text: the

text: game

text: is

text: relief

text: pitcher

text: Starting

text: pitchers

text: are

text: expected

text: to

text: pitch

text: for

text: significant

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: game

text: although

text: their

text: ability

text: to

text: do

text: this

text: depends

text: on

text: many

text: factors

text: including

text: effectiveness

text: stamina

text: health

text: and

text: strategy

text: In sabermetrics, the defensive spectrum is the graphical representation of the positions on a baseball field, arranged from left (the easiest defensive positions) to right (the hardest).

text: In

text: sabermetrics

text: the

text: defensive

text: spectrum

text: is

text: the

text: graphical

text: representation

text: of

text: the

text: positions

text: on

text: baseball

text: field

text: arranged

text: from

text: left

text: the

text: easiest

text: defensive

text: positions

text: to

text: right

text: the

text: hardest

text: In baseball, the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher's mound toward the catcher to begin each play, with the goal of retiring a batter, who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the pitcher is assigned the number 1. The pitcher is often considered the most important defensive player, and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum. There are many different types of pitchers, such as the starting pitcher, relief pitcher, middle reliever, lefty specialist, setup man, and closer.

text: In

text: baseball

text: the

text: pitcher

text: is

text: the

text: player

text: who

text: throws

text: the

text: baseball

text: from

text: the

text: pitcher

text: 's

text: mound

text: toward

text: the

text: catcher

text: to

text: begin

text: each

text: play

text: with

text: the

text: goal

text: of

text: retiring

text: batter

text: who

text: attempts

text: to

text: either

text: make

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: pitched

text: ball

text: or

text: draw

text: walk

text: In

text: the

text: numbering

text: system

text: used

text: to

text: record

text: defensive

text: plays

text: the

text: pitcher

text: is

text: assigned

text: the

text: number

text: The

text: pitcher

text: is

text: often

text: considered

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: defensive

text: player

text: and

text: as

text: such

text: is

text: situated

text: at

text: the

text: right

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: defensive

text: spectrum

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: pitchers

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: starting

text: pitcher

text: relief

text: pitcher

text: middle

text: reliever

text: lefty

text: specialist

text: setup

text: man

text: and

text: closer

text: Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding.

text: Baseball

text: is

text: bat

text: and

text: ball

text: game

text: played

text: between

text: two

text: teams

text: of

text: nine

text: players

text: each

text: who

text: take

text: turns

text: batting

text: and

text: fielding

text: The fastball is the most common type of pitch thrown by pitchers in baseball and softball. "Power pitchers," such as former American major leaguers Nolan Ryan and Roger Clemens, rely on speed to prevent the ball from being hit, and have thrown fastballs at speeds of 95105 mph (152.9169.14 km/h) (officially) and up to 108.1 mph (174 km/h) (unofficially). Pitchers who throw more slowly can put movement on the ball, or throw it on the outside of home plate where batters can't easily reach it.

text: The

text: fastball

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: of

text: pitch

text: thrown

text: by

text: pitchers

text: in

text: baseball

text: and

text: softball

text: Power

text: pitchers

text: such

text: as

text: former

text: American

text: major

text: leaguers

text: Nolan

text: Ryan

text: and

text: Roger

text: Clemens

text: rely

text: on

text: speed

text: to

text: prevent

text: the

text: ball

text: from

text: being

text: hit

text: and

text: have

text: thrown

text: fastballs

text: at

text: speeds

text: of

text: mph

text: km

text: officially

text: and

text: up

text: to

text: mph

text: km

text: unofficially

text: Pitchers

text: who

text: throw

text: more

text: slowly

text: can

text: put

text: movement

text: on

text: the

text: ball

text: or

text: throw

text: it

text: on

text: the

text: outside

text: of

text: home

text: plate

text: where

text: batters

text: ca

text: n't

text: easily

text: reach

text: it

text: Fastpitch softball, also known as fastpitch or fastball, is a form of softball played commonly by women and men, though coed fast-pitch leagues also exist. The International Softball Federation (ISF) is the international governing body of softball. The ISF recognizes three pitching styles: fast pitch, "modified" fast pitch, and slow pitch. Fast pitch is considered the most competitive form of softball. It is the form of softball that was played at the Olympic Games in 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2008. The fast pitch style is also used in college softball and international competition.

text: Fastpitch

text: softball

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: fastpitch

text: or

text: fastball

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: softball

text: played

text: commonly

text: by

text: women

text: and

text: men

text: though

text: coed

text: fast

text: pitch

text: leagues

text: also

text: exist

text: The

text: International

text: Softball

text: Federation

text: ISF

text: is

text: the

text: international

text: governing

text: body

text: of

text: softball

text: The

text: ISF

text: recognizes

text: three

text: pitching

text: styles

text: fast

text: pitch

text: modified

text: fast

text: pitch

text: and

text: slow

text: pitch

text: Fast

text: pitch

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: most

text: competitive

text: form

text: of

text: softball

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: softball

text: that

text: was

text: played

text: at

text: the

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: in

text: and

text: The

text: fast

text: pitch

text: style

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: college

text: softball

text: and

text: international

text: competition

text: In baseball and softball, a relief pitcher or reliever is a pitcher who enters the game after the starting pitcher is removed due to injury, ineffectiveness, fatigue, ejection, or for other strategic reasons, such as being substituted by a pinch hitter. Relief pitchers are further divided informally into various roles, such as closers, set-up relief pitchers, middle relief pitchers, left/right-handed specialists, and long relievers. Whereas starting pitchers usually rest several days before pitching in a game again due to the number of pitches thrown, relief pitchers are expected to be more flexible and typically pitch more games but with fewer innings pitched. A team's staff of relievers is normally referred to metonymically as a team's bullpen, which refers to the area where the relievers sit during games, and where they warm-up prior to entering the game.

text: In

text: baseball

text: and

text: softball

text: relief

text: pitcher

text: or

text: reliever

text: is

text: pitcher

text: who

text: enters

text: the

text: game

text: after

text: the

text: starting

text: pitcher

text: is

text: removed

text: due

text: to

text: injury

text: ineffectiveness

text: fatigue

text: ejection

text: or

text: for

text: other

text: strategic

text: reasons

text: such

text: as

text: being

text: substituted

text: by

text: pinch

text: hitter

text: Relief

text: pitchers

text: are

text: further

text: divided

text: informally

text: into

text: various

text: roles

text: such

text: as

text: closers

text: set

text: up

text: relief

text: pitchers

text: middle

text: relief

text: pitchers

text: left

text: right

text: handed

text: specialists

text: and

text: long

text: relievers

text: Whereas

text: starting

text: pitchers

text: usually

text: rest

text: several

text: days

text: before

text: pitching

text: in

text: game

text: again

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: pitches

text: thrown

text: relief

text: pitchers

text: are

text: expected

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: flexible

text: and

text: typically

text: pitch

text: more

text: games

text: but

text: with

text: fewer

text: innings

text: pitched

text: team

text: 's

text: staff

text: of

text: relievers

text: is

text: normally

text: referred

text: to

text: metonymically

text: as

text: team

text: 's

text: bullpen

text: which

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: where

text: the

text: relievers

text: sit

text: during

text: games

text: and

text: where

text: they

text: warm

text: up

text: prior

text: to

text: entering

text: the

text: game

text: Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player. When a batter takes his/her turn to hit, the catcher crouches behind home plate, in front of the (home) umpire, and receives the ball from the pitcher. In addition to this primary duty, the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well. The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket.

text: Catcher

text: is

text: position

text: for

text: baseball

text: or

text: softball

text: player

text: When

text: batter

text: takes

text: his

text: her

text: turn

text: to

text: hit

text: the

text: catcher

text: crouches

text: behind

text: home

text: plate

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: home

text: umpire

text: and

text: receives

text: the

text: ball

text: from

text: the

text: pitcher

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: this

text: primary

text: duty

text: the

text: catcher

text: is

text: also

text: called

text: upon

text: to

text: master

text: many

text: other

text: skills

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: field

text: the

text: position

text: well

text: The

text: role

text: of

text: the

text: catcher

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: wicket

text: keeper

text: in

text: cricket

text: In baseball, a breaking ball is a pitch that does not travel straight as it approaches the batter; it will have sideways or downward motion on it, sometimes both (see slider). A breaking ball is not a specific pitch by that name, but is any pitch that "breaks", such as a curveball, slider, or cutteralso known as a cut fastball. A pitcher who primarily uses breaking ball pitches is often referred to as a junkballer.

text: In

text: baseball

text: breaking

text: ball

text: is

text: pitch

text: that

text: does

text: not

text: travel

text: straight

text: as

text: it

text: approaches

text: the

text: batter

text: it

text: will

text: have

text: sideways

text: or

text: downward

text: motion

text: on

text: it

text: sometimes

text: both

text: see

text: slider

text: breaking

text: ball

text: is

text: not

text: specific

text: pitch

text: by

text: that

text: name

text: but

text: is

text: any

text: pitch

text: that

text: breaks

text: such

text: as

text: curveball

text: slider

text: or

text: cutteralso

text: known

text: as

text: cut

text: fastball

text: pitcher

text: who

text: primarily

text: uses

text: breaking

text: ball

text: pitches

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: junkballer

question: subclass_of screwball

answer: breaking ball

text: breaking ball

text: breaking ball

text: breaking ball

text: breaking ball


text: Timothy ( Tim ) David Foreman ( born August 15 , 1978 ) is the bassist for the band Switchfoot . He was born in Lake Arrowhead , California but grew up in Boston , Massachusetts and Virginia Beach , Virginia . He and his family later moved to San Diego , where he now resides with his wife Andrea ( whom he married in 2001 ) , their son Jett , born in April 2005 , and daughter Layla . He graduated from San Dieguito Academy in 1997 , where he graduated under the title of ' Scholar Athlete ' for his high achievements in surfing and education . He is the youngest member of Switchfoot ; their first album The Legend of Chin was released only four days after he graduated from high school . His brother Jon Foreman is the lead singer , guitarist and songwriter for Switchfoot with whom he has co-written several of the group 's songs . Among those he has written are `` Easier Than Love , '' `` Oh Gravity , '' and a handful of others . Foreman 's main musical influences are Paul McCartney and The Beatles . He has been playing bass since the 5th grade , but has never taken any formal lessons . He has also been playing piano since he was three years old .

text: Timothy

text: Tim

text: David

text: Foreman

text: born

text: August

text: is

text: the

text: bassist

text: for

text: the

text: band

text: Switchfoot

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Lake

text: Arrowhead

text: California

text: but

text: grew

text: up

text: in

text: Boston

text: Massachusetts

text: and

text: Virginia

text: Beach

text: Virginia

text: He

text: and

text: his

text: family

text: later

text: moved

text: to

text: San

text: Diego

text: where

text: he

text: now

text: resides

text: with

text: his

text: wife

text: Andrea

text: whom

text: he

text: married

text: in

text: their

text: son

text: Jett

text: born

text: in

text: April

text: and

text: daughter

text: Layla

text: He

text: graduated

text: from

text: San

text: Dieguito

text: Academy

text: in

text: where

text: he

text: graduated

text: under

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: Scholar

text: Athlete

text: for

text: his

text: high

text: achievements

text: in

text: surfing

text: and

text: education

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: youngest

text: member

text: of

text: Switchfoot

text: their

text: first

text: album

text: The

text: Legend

text: of

text: Chin

text: was

text: released

text: only

text: four

text: days

text: after

text: he

text: graduated

text: from

text: high

text: school

text: His

text: brother

text: Jon

text: Foreman

text: is

text: the

text: lead

text: singer

text: guitarist

text: and

text: songwriter

text: for

text: Switchfoot

text: with

text: whom

text: he

text: has

text: co

text: written

text: several

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: 's

text: songs

text: Among

text: those

text: he

text: has

text: written

text: are

text: Easier

text: Than

text: Love

text: Oh

text: Gravity

text: and

text: handful

text: of

text: others

text: Foreman

text: 's

text: main

text: musical

text: influences

text: are

text: Paul

text: McCartney

text: and

text: The

text: Beatles

text: He

text: has

text: been

text: playing

text: bass

text: since

text: the

text: grade

text: but

text: has

text: never

text: taken

text: any

text: formal

text: lessons

text: He

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: playing

text: piano

text: since

text: he

text: was

text: three

text: years

text: old

text:
Switchfoot is an American alternative rock band from San Diego, California. The band's members are Jon Foreman (lead vocals, guitar), Tim Foreman (bass guitar, backing vocals), Chad Butler (drums, percussion), Jerome Fontamillas (guitar, keyboards, backing vocals), and Drew Shirley (guitar, backing vocals).
After early successes in the Christian rock scene, Switchfoot first gained mainstream recognition with the inclusion of four of their songs in the 2002 movie "A Walk to Remember". This recognition led to their major label debut, "The Beautiful Letdown", which was released in 2003 and featured the hits "Meant to Live" and "Dare You to Move". It went on to sell over 2.6 million copies. They have since been noted for their energetic live shows, and their seventh studio album "Hello Hurricane" received a Grammy award in 2011 for Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album.

text: Switchfoot

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: alternative

text: rock

text: band

text: from

text: San

text: Diego

text: California

text: The

text: band

text: 's

text: members

text: are

text: Jon

text: Foreman

text: lead

text: vocals

text: guitar

text: Tim

text: Foreman

text: bass

text: guitar

text: backing

text: vocals

text: Chad

text: Butler

text: drums

text: percussion

text: Jerome

text: Fontamillas

text: guitar

text: keyboards

text: backing

text: vocals

text: and

text: Drew

text: Shirley

text: guitar

text: backing

text: vocals

text: After

text: early

text: successes

text: in

text: the

text: Christian

text: rock

text: scene

text: Switchfoot

text: first

text: gained

text: mainstream

text: recognition

text: with

text: the

text: inclusion

text: of

text: four

text: of

text: their

text: songs

text: in

text: the

text: movie

text: Walk

text: to

text: Remember

text: This

text: recognition

text: led

text: to

text: their

text: major

text: label

text: debut

text: The

text: Beautiful

text: Letdown

text: which

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: and

text: featured

text: the

text: hits

text: Meant

text: to

text: Live

text: and

text: Dare

text: You

text: to

text: Move

text: It

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: sell

text: over

text: million

text: copies

text: They

text: have

text: since

text: been

text: noted

text: for

text: their

text: energetic

text: live

text: shows

text: and

text: their

text: seventh

text: studio

text: album

text: Hello

text: Hurricane

text: received

text: Grammy

text: award

text: in

text: for

text: Best

text: Rock

text: or

text: Rap

text: Gospel

text: Album

text: Jerome Fontamillas (born June 20, 1967) is an American musician. Fontamillas has played in several bands, notably with industrial rock band Mortal and alternative rock band Fold Zandura, with longtime musical partner Jyro Xhan. Since 2003, he has played the keyboards, the guitar and other instruments, as well as sung backing vocals in Switchfoot, with which he has released seven studio albums.

text: Jerome

text: Fontamillas

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: musician

text: Fontamillas

text: has

text: played

text: in

text: several

text: bands

text: notably

text: with

text: industrial

text: rock

text: band

text: Mortal

text: and

text: alternative

text: rock

text: band

text: Fold

text: Zandura

text: with

text: longtime

text: musical

text: partner

text: Jyro

text: Xhan

text: Since

text: he

text: has

text: played

text: the

text: keyboards

text: the

text: guitar

text: and

text: other

text: instruments

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: sung

text: backing

text: vocals

text: in

text: Switchfoot

text: with

text: which

text: he

text: has

text: released

text: seven

text: studio

text: albums

text: The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a hollow wooden or plastic and wood box (for an acoustic guitar), or through electrical amplifier and a speaker (for an electric guitar). It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, thumb and/or fingernails of the right hand or with a pick while fretting (or pressing against the frets) the strings with the fingers of the left hand. The guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. The modern guitar was preceded by the gittern, the vihuela, the four-course Renaissance guitar, and the five-course baroque guitar, all of which contributed to the development of the modern six-string instrument.

text: The

text: guitar

text: is

text: musical

text: instrument

text: classified

text: as

text: string

text: instrument

text: with

text: anywhere

text: from

text: four

text: to

text: strings

text: usually

text: having

text: six

text: The

text: sound

text: is

text: projected

text: either

text: acoustically

text: using

text: hollow

text: wooden

text: or

text: plastic

text: and

text: wood

text: box

text: for

text: an

text: acoustic

text: guitar

text: or

text: through

text: electrical

text: amplifier

text: and

text: speaker

text: for

text: an

text: electric

text: guitar

text: It

text: is

text: typically

text: played

text: by

text: strumming

text: or

text: plucking

text: the

text: strings

text: with

text: the

text: fingers

text: thumb

text: and/or

text: fingernails

text: of

text: the

text: right

text: hand

text: or

text: with

text: pick

text: while

text: fretting

text: or

text: pressing

text: against

text: the

text: frets

text: the

text: strings

text: with

text: the

text: fingers

text: of

text: the

text: left

text: hand

text: The

text: guitar

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: chordophone

text: traditionally

text: constructed

text: from

text: wood

text: and

text: strung

text: with

text: either

text: gut

text: nylon

text: or

text: steel

text: strings

text: and

text: distinguished

text: from

text: other

text: chordophones

text: by

text: its

text: construction

text: and

text: tuning

text: The

text: modern

text: guitar

text: was

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: gittern

text: the

text: vihuela

text: the

text: four

text: course

text: Renaissance

text: guitar

text: and

text: the

text: five

text: course

text: baroque

text: guitar

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: six

text: string

text: instrument

text: The bass guitar (also called electric bass, or simply bass) is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick.

text: The

text: bass

text: guitar

text: also

text: called

text: electric

text: bass

text: or

text: simply

text: bass

text: is

text: stringed

text: instrument

text: played

text: primarily

text: with

text: the

text: fingers

text: or

text: thumb

text: by

text: plucking

text: slapping

text: popping

text: strumming

text: tapping

text: thumping

text: or

text: picking

text: with

text: plectrum

text: often

text: known

text: as

text: pick

text: Jonathan Mark Foreman (born October 22, 1976) is the lead singer, guitarist, main songwriter and co-founder of the alternative rock band Switchfoot. He started Switchfoot in 1996 with drummer Chad Butler and his brother Tim Foreman on bass guitar.

text: Jonathan

text: Mark

text: Foreman

text: born

text: October

text: is

text: the

text: lead

text: singer

text: guitarist

text: main

text: songwriter

text: and

text: co

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: alternative

text: rock

text: band

text: Switchfoot

text: He

text: started

text: Switchfoot

text: in

text: with

text: drummer

text: Chad

text: Butler

text: and

text: his

text: brother

text: Tim

text: Foreman

text: on

text: bass

text: guitar

question: instrument tim foreman

answer: bass guitar

text: bass guitar

text: bass guitar

text: bass guitar