text: The Indochina Wars were a series of wars fought in Southeast Asia from 1946 until 1989, between communist Indochinese forces against mainly French, South Vietnamese, American, Cambodian, Laotian and Chinese forces. The term "Indochina" originally referred to French Indochina, which included the current states of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. In use, it applies largely to a geographic region, rather than to a political area. The wars included:

text: The

text: Indochina

text: Wars

text: were

text: series

text: of

text: wars

text: fought

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: from

text: until

text: between

text: communist

text: Indochinese

text: forces

text: against

text: mainly

text: French

text: South

text: Vietnamese

text: American

text: Cambodian

text: Laotian

text: and

text: Chinese

text: forces

text: The

text: term

text: Indochina

text: originally

text: referred

text: to

text: French

text: Indochina

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: current

text: states

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: Laos

text: and

text: Cambodia

text: In

text: use

text: it

text: applies

text: largely

text: to

text: geographic

text: region

text: rather

text: than

text: to

text: political

text: area

text: The

text: wars

text: included

text: North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), was a state in Southeast Asia which existed from 1945 to 1976. Vietnamese revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh declared independence from France on 2 September 1945 and announced the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. France reasserted its colonial dominance and a war ensued between France and the Viet Minh, led by Ho. The Viet Minh ("League for the Independence of Vietnam") was a coalition of nationalist groups, mostly led by communists. In February 1951, the communists announced the creation of the Lao ng Party (Labor Party), gradually marginalizing non-communists in the Viet Minh.

text: North

text: Vietnam

text: officially

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: DRV

text: was

text: state

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: which

text: existed

text: from

text: to

text: Vietnamese

text: revolutionary

text: leader

text: Ho

text: Chi

text: Minh

text: declared

text: independence

text: from

text: France

text: on

text: September

text: and

text: announced

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: France

text: reasserted

text: its

text: colonial

text: dominance

text: and

text: war

text: ensued

text: between

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: Viet

text: Minh

text: led

text: by

text: Ho

text: The

text: Viet

text: Minh

text: League

text: for

text: the

text: Independence

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: was

text: coalition

text: of

text: nationalist

text: groups

text: mostly

text: led

text: by

text: communists

text: In

text: February

text: the

text: communists

text: announced

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Lao

text: ng

text: Party

text: Labor

text: Party

text: gradually

text: marginalizing

text: non

text: communists

text: in

text: the

text: Viet

text: Minh

text: The Fall of Saigon, or the Liberation of Saigon, depending on context, was the capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by the People's Army of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (also known as the Vit Cng) on April 30, 1975. The event marked the end of the Vietnam War and the start of a transition period to the formal reunification of Vietnam under the Socialist Republic.

text: The

text: Fall

text: of

text: Saigon

text: or

text: the

text: Liberation

text: of

text: Saigon

text: depending

text: on

text: context

text: was

text: the

text: capture

text: of

text: Saigon

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: by

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Army

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Liberation

text: Front

text: of

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Vit

text: Cng

text: on

text: April

text: The

text: event

text: marked

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Vietnam

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: transition

text: period

text: to

text: the

text: formal

text: reunification

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: under

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: Laos, (, , or  , "Lo") officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, (Lao:   , "Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao") or commonly referred to its colloquial name of Muang Lao (Lao: , "Muang Lao") is a landlocked country in the heart of the Indochinese peninsula of Mainland Southeast Asia, bordered by Myanmar (Burma) and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand to the west and southwest.

text: Laos

text: or

text: Lo

text: officially

text: the

text: Lao

text: People

text: 's

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: Lao

text: Sathalanalat

text: Paxathipatai

text: Paxaxon

text: Lao

text: or

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: its

text: colloquial

text: name

text: of

text: Muang

text: Lao

text: Lao

text: Muang

text: Lao

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Indochinese

text: peninsula

text: of

text: Mainland

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: bordered

text: by

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Vietnam

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Cambodia

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: southwest

text: Cambodia (or Kampuchea ), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia (Preh Réachéanachâk Kâmpchéa), is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is in area, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.

text: Cambodia

text: or

text: Kampuchea

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Cambodia

text: Preh

text: Réachéanachâk

text: Kâmpchéa

text: is

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Indochina

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: in

text: area

text: bordered

text: by

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Laos

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Vietnam

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others). Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period (the second half of the 20th century) between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine (a U.S. policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism) was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed.

text: The

text: Cold

text: War

text: was

text: state

text: of

text: political

text: and

text: military

text: tension

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: between

text: powers

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Bloc

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: and

text: its

text: satellite

text: states

text: and

text: powers

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Bloc

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: its

text: NATO

text: allies

text: and

text: others

text: Historians

text: do

text: not

text: fully

text: agree

text: on

text: the

text: dates

text: but

text: common

text: timeframe

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: between

text: the

text: year

text: the

text: Truman

text: Doctrine

text: U.S.

text: policy

text: pledging

text: to

text: aid

text: nations

text: threatened

text: by

text: Soviet

text: expansionism

text: was

text: announced

text: and

text: the

text: year

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: collapsed

text: South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula.

text: South

text: Korea

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: ROK

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: constituting

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Korean

text: Peninsula

text: A proxy war is a conflict between two states or non-state actors where neither entity directly engages the other. While this can encompass a breadth of armed confrontation, its core definition hinges on two separate powers utilizing external strife to somehow attack the interests or territorial holdings of the other. This frequently involves both countries fighting their opponent's allies, or assisting their allies in fighting their opponent.

text: proxy

text: war

text: is

text: conflict

text: between

text: two

text: states

text: or

text: non

text: state

text: actors

text: where

text: neither

text: entity

text: directly

text: engages

text: the

text: other

text: While

text: this

text: can

text: encompass

text: breadth

text: of

text: armed

text: confrontation

text: its

text: core

text: definition

text: hinges

text: on

text: two

text: separate

text: powers

text: utilizing

text: external

text: strife

text: to

text: somehow

text: attack

text: the

text: interests

text: or

text: territorial

text: holdings

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: This

text: frequently

text: involves

text: both

text: countries

text: fighting

text: their

text: opponent

text: 's

text: allies

text: or

text: assisting

text: their

text: allies

text: in

text: fighting

text: their

text: opponent

text: Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 90.5 million inhabitants , it is the world's 14th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. Vietnam is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest, and the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia across the South China Sea to the east and southeast. Its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976.

text: Vietnam

text: officially

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: SRV

text: is

text: the

text: easternmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: Indochina

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: eighth

text: most

text: populous

text: Asian

text: country

text: Vietnam

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Laos

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Cambodia

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Thailand

text: across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: across

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Its

text: capital

text: city

text: has

text: been

text: Hanoi

text: since

text: the

text: reunification

text: of

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: in

text: Operation Texas Star was a military operation of the Vietnam War in the A Shau Valley and the mountains east of the valley from 1 April to 5 September 1970 . It aimed at regaining the initiative in the area . The operation culminated in the Battle of Fire Support Base Ripcord , which ended with the evacuation of the base on July 23 , 1970 . Both the 101st Airborne Division and the ARVN 1st Infantry Division were involved in the operation .

text: Operation

text: Texas

text: Star

text: was

text: military

text: operation

text: of

text: the

text: Vietnam

text: War

text: in

text: the

text: Shau

text: Valley

text: and

text: the

text: mountains

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: valley

text: from

text: April

text: to

text: September

text: It

text: aimed

text: at

text: regaining

text: the

text: initiative

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: The

text: operation

text: culminated

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Fire

text: Support

text: Base

text: Ripcord

text: which

text: ended

text: with

text: the

text: evacuation

text: of

text: the

text: base

text: on

text: July

text: Both

text: the

text: Airborne

text: Division

text: and

text: the

text: ARVN

text: Infantry

text: Division

text: were

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: operation

text: The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies and the war is therefore considered a Cold War-era proxy war.

text: The

text: Vietnam

text: War

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: Indochina

text: War

text: and

text: known

text: in

text: Vietnam

text: as

text: Resistance

text: War

text: Against

text: America

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: American

text: War

text: was

text: war

text: that

text: occurred

text: in

text: Vietnam

text: Laos

text: and

text: Cambodia

text: from

text: November

text: to

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Saigon

text: on

text: April

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: of

text: the

text: Indochina

text: Wars

text: and

text: was

text: officially

text: fought

text: between

text: North

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: The

text: North

text: Vietnamese

text: army

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: China

text: and

text: other

text: communist

text: allies

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Vietnamese

text: army

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: South

text: Korea

text: Australia

text: Thailand

text: and

text: other

text: anti

text: communist

text: allies

text: and

text: the

text: war

text: is

text: therefore

text: considered

text: Cold

text: War

text: era

text: proxy

text: war

text: South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam was a state governing the southern half of Vietnam from 1955 to 1975. It received international recognition in 1949 as the "State of Vietnam" (194955), and later as the "Republic of Vietnam" (195575). Its capital was Saigon. The term "South Vietnam" became common usage in 1954, when the Geneva Conference provisionally partitioned Vietnam into communist and non-communist parts.

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: was

text: state

text: governing

text: the

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: received

text: international

text: recognition

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: later

text: as

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: Its

text: capital

text: was

text: Saigon

text: The

text: term

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: became

text: common

text: usage

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: Geneva

text: Conference

text: provisionally

text: partitioned

text: Vietnam

text: into

text: communist

text: and

text: non

text: communist

text: parts

annotations: likely single

question: instance_of operation texas star

answer: conflict

text: conflict


text: Franz F. Planer, A.S.C. (March 29, 1894  January 10, 1963) was a cinematographer born in Karlsbad, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic),

text: Franz

text: Planer

text: A.S.C.

text: March

text: January

text: was

text: cinematographer

text: born

text: in

text: Karlsbad

text: Austria

text: Hungary

text: now

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899  July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three non-fiction works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.

text: Ernest

text: Miller

text: Hemingway

text: July

text: July

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: novelist

text: short

text: story

text: writer

text: and

text: journalist

text: His

text: economical

text: and

text: understated

text: style

text: had

text: strong

text: influence

text: on

text: century

text: fiction

text: while

text: his

text: life

text: of

text: adventure

text: and

text: his

text: public

text: image

text: influenced

text: later

text: generations

text: Hemingway

text: produced

text: most

text: of

text: his

text: work

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: and

text: won

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Literature

text: in

text: He

text: published

text: seven

text: novels

text: six

text: short

text: story

text: collections

text: and

text: two

text: non

text: fiction

text: works

text: Additional

text: works

text: including

text: three

text: novels

text: four

text: short

text: story

text: collections

text: and

text: three

text: non

text: fiction

text: works

text: were

text: published

text: posthumously

text: Many

text: of

text: his

text: works

text: are

text: considered

text: classics

text: of

text: American

text: literature

text: The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world's economy can decline.

text: The

text: Great

text: Depression

text: was

text: severe

text: worldwide

text: economic

text: depression

text: that

text: took

text: place

text: during

text: the

text: The

text: timing

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Depression

text: varied

text: across

text: nations

text: in

text: most

text: countries

text: it

text: started

text: in

text: and

text: lasted

text: until

text: the

text: late

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: longest

text: deepest

text: and

text: most

text: widespread

text: depression

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Great

text: Depression

text: is

text: commonly

text: used

text: as

text: an

text: example

text: of

text: how

text: far

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: economy

text: can

text: decline

text: Arthur Kennedy (February 17, 1914January 5, 1990) was an American stage and film actor known for his versatility in supporting film roles and his ability to create "an exceptional honesty and naturalness on stage", especially in the original casts of Arthur Miller plays on Broadway.

text: Arthur

text: Kennedy

text: February

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: stage

text: and

text: film

text: actor

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: versatility

text: in

text: supporting

text: film

text: roles

text: and

text: his

text: ability

text: to

text: create

text: an

text: exceptional

text: honesty

text: and

text: naturalness

text: on

text: stage

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: original

text: casts

text: of

text: Arthur

text: Miller

text: plays

text: on

text: Broadway

text: The Bridges at Toko-Ri is a 1954 American war film about the Korean War and stars William Holden, Grace Kelly, Fredric March, Mickey Rooney, and Robert Strauss. The film, which was directed by Mark Robson, was produced by Paramount Pictures. Dennis Weaver and Earl Holliman make early screen roles in the motion picture.

text: The

text: Bridges

text: at

text: Toko

text: Ri

text: is

text: American

text: war

text: film

text: about

text: the

text: Korean

text: War

text: and

text: stars

text: William

text: Holden

text: Grace

text: Kelly

text: Fredric

text: March

text: Mickey

text: Rooney

text: and

text: Robert

text: Strauss

text: The

text: film

text: which

text: was

text: directed

text: by

text: Mark

text: Robson

text: was

text: produced

text: by

text: Paramount

text: Pictures

text: Dennis

text: Weaver

text: and

text: Earl

text: Holliman

text: make

text: early

text: screen

text: roles

text: in

text: the

text: motion

text: picture

text: The Czech Republic, also known by the short name Czechia, is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of with mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate. It is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague, with over 1.2 million residents. The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia.

text: The

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: the

text: short

text: name

text: Czechia

text: is

text: nation

text: state

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: bordered

text: by

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Austria

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Slovakia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Poland

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: The

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: with

text: mostly

text: temperate

text: continental

text: climate

text: and

text: oceanic

text: climate

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: has

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Prague

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: residents

text: The

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: includes

text: the

text: historical

text: territories

text: of

text: Bohemia

text: Moravia

text: and

text: Czech

text: Silesia

text: Adeline Virginia Woolf (née Stephen; 25 January 1882  28 March 1941) was an English writer and one of the foremost modernists of the twentieth century.

text: Adeline

text: Virginia

text: Woolf

text: née

text: Stephen

text: January

text: March

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: writer

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: foremost

text: modernists

text: of

text: the

text: twentieth

text: century

text: Mark Robson (4 December 1913  20 June 1978) was a Canadian-born film director, producer and editor. Robson began his 45-year career in Hollywood as a film editor. He later began working as a director and producer. He directed thirty-four films during his career including "The Bridges at Toko-Ri" (1955), "Peyton Place" (1957), for which he earned his first Academy Award nomination, "Von Ryan's Express" (1965) and "Valley of the Dolls" (1967).

text: Mark

text: Robson

text: December

text: June

text: was

text: Canadian

text: born

text: film

text: director

text: producer

text: and

text: editor

text: Robson

text: began

text: his

text: career

text: in

text: Hollywood

text: as

text: film

text: editor

text: He

text: later

text: began

text: working

text: as

text: director

text: and

text: producer

text: He

text: directed

text: thirty

text: four

text: films

text: during

text: his

text: career

text: including

text: The

text: Bridges

text: at

text: Toko

text: Ri

text: Peyton

text: Place

text: for

text: which

text: he

text: earned

text: his

text: first

text: Academy

text: Award

text: nomination

text: Von

text: Ryan

text: 's

text: Express

text: and

text: Valley

text: of

text: the

text: Dolls

text: Champion is a 1949 American film noir drama based on a short story by Ring Lardner . Filmed in black - and - white , it recounts the struggles of boxer `` Midge '' Kelly fighting his own demons while working to achieve success in the boxing ring . The drama was directed by Mark Robson , with cinematography by Franz Planer . The drama features Kirk Douglas , Marilyn Maxwell , and Arthur Kennedy . The film won an Academy Award for Editing and gained five other nominations as well , including a Best Actor for Douglas . Several clips from the film were used in Douglas ' 1999 film Diamonds to illustrate his character 's career as a boxer .

text: Champion

text: is

text: American

text: film

text: noir

text: drama

text: based

text: on

text: short

text: story

text: by

text: Ring

text: Lardner

text: Filmed

text: in

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: it

text: recounts

text: the

text: struggles

text: of

text: boxer

text: Midge

text: Kelly

text: fighting

text: his

text: own

text: demons

text: while

text: working

text: to

text: achieve

text: success

text: in

text: the

text: boxing

text: ring

text: The

text: drama

text: was

text: directed

text: by

text: Mark

text: Robson

text: with

text: cinematography

text: by

text: Franz

text: Planer

text: The

text: drama

text: features

text: Kirk

text: Douglas

text: Marilyn

text: Maxwell

text: and

text: Arthur

text: Kennedy

text: The

text: film

text: won

text: an

text: Academy

text: Award

text: for

text: Editing

text: and

text: gained

text: five

text: other

text: nominations

text: as

text: well

text: including

text: Best

text: Actor

text: for

text: Douglas

text: Several

text: clips

text: from

text: the

text: film

text: were

text: used

text: in

text: Douglas

text: film

text: Diamonds

text: to

text: illustrate

text: his

text: character

text: 's

text: career

text: as

text: boxer

text: Film noir is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish Hollywood crime dramas, particularly such that emphasize cynical attitudes and sexual motivations. Hollywood's classical film noir period is generally regarded as extending from the early 1940s to the late 1950s. Film noir of this era is associated with a low-key black-and-white visual style that has roots in German Expressionist cinematography. Many of the prototypical stories and much of the attitude of classic noir derive from the hardboiled school of crime fiction that emerged in the United States during the Great Depression.

text: Film

text: noir

text: is

text: cinematic

text: term

text: used

text: primarily

text: to

text: describe

text: stylish

text: Hollywood

text: crime

text: dramas

text: particularly

text: such

text: that

text: emphasize

text: cynical

text: attitudes

text: and

text: sexual

text: motivations

text: Hollywood

text: 's

text: classical

text: film

text: noir

text: period

text: is

text: generally

text: regarded

text: as

text: extending

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: to

text: the

text: late

text: Film

text: noir

text: of

text: this

text: era

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: low

text: key

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: visual

text: style

text: that

text: has

text: roots

text: in

text: German

text: Expressionist

text: cinematography

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: prototypical

text: stories

text: and

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: attitude

text: of

text: classic

text: noir

text: derive

text: from

text: the

text: hardboiled

text: school

text: of

text: crime

text: fiction

text: that

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: during

text: the

text: Great

text: Depression

text: The Korean War (in South Korean , "Korean War"; in North Korean , "Fatherland Liberation War"; 25 June 1950  27 July 1953) began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, came to the aid of South Korea. China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union gave some assistance.

text: The

text: Korean

text: War

text: in

text: South

text: Korean

text: Korean

text: War

text: in

text: North

text: Korean

text: Fatherland

text: Liberation

text: War

text: June

text: July

text: began

text: when

text: North

text: Korea

text: invaded

text: South

text: Korea

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: as

text: the

text: principal

text: force

text: came

text: to

text: the

text: aid

text: of

text: South

text: Korea

text: China

text: came

text: to

text: the

text: aid

text: of

text: North

text: Korea

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: gave

text: some

text: assistance

text: The Canadian titles debate has been ongoing since the presentation to the Canadian House of Commons of the Nickle Resolution in 1917. This resolution marked the earliest attempt to establish a Canadian government policy requesting the sovereign not to grant knighthoods, baronetcies, and peerages to Canadians and set the precedent for later policies restricting Canadians from accepting titles from foreign countries. Dissatisfaction with the British honours system led to the gradual creation of a separate system for Canada.

text: The

text: Canadian

text: titles

text: debate

text: has

text: been

text: ongoing

text: since

text: the

text: presentation

text: to

text: the

text: Canadian

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: of

text: the

text: Nickle

text: Resolution

text: in

text: This

text: resolution

text: marked

text: the

text: earliest

text: attempt

text: to

text: establish

text: Canadian

text: government

text: policy

text: requesting

text: the

text: sovereign

text: not

text: to

text: grant

text: knighthoods

text: baronetcies

text: and

text: peerages

text: to

text: Canadians

text: and

text: set

text: the

text: precedent

text: for

text: later

text: policies

text: restricting

text: Canadians

text: from

text: accepting

text: titles

text: from

text: foreign

text: countries

text: Dissatisfaction

text: with

text: the

text: British

text: honours

text: system

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: gradual

text: creation

text: of

text: separate

text: system

text: for

text: Canada

text: Barbara Stanwyck (born Ruby Catherine Stevens; July 16, 1907  January 20, 1990) was an American actress. She was a film and television star, known during her 60-year career as a consummate and versatile professional with a strong, realistic screen presence, and a favorite of directors including Cecil B. DeMille, Fritz Lang, and Frank Capra. After a short but notable career as a stage actress in the late 1920s, she made 85 films in 38 years in Hollywood, before turning to television.

text: Barbara

text: Stanwyck

text: born

text: Ruby

text: Catherine

text: Stevens

text: July

text: January

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: actress

text: She

text: was

text: film

text: and

text: television

text: star

text: known

text: during

text: her

text: career

text: as

text: consummate

text: and

text: versatile

text: professional

text: with

text: strong

text: realistic

text: screen

text: presence

text: and

text: favorite

text: of

text: directors

text: including

text: Cecil

text: DeMille

text: Fritz

text: Lang

text: and

text: Frank

text: Capra

text: After

text: short

text: but

text: notable

text: career

text: as

text: stage

text: actress

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: she

text: made

text: films

text: in

text: years

text: in

text: Hollywood

text: before

text: turning

text: to

text: television

text: Bob Hope, KBE, KC*SG, KSS (born Leslie Townes Hope, May 29, 1903  July 27, 2003) was an American comedian, vaudevillian, actor, singer, dancer, athlete, and author. With a career spanning nearly 80 years, Hope appeared in over 70 feature films and short films, including a series of "Road" movies. In addition to hosting the Academy Awards 19 times (more than any other host), he appeared in many stage productions and television roles and was the author of 14 books. The song "Thanks for the Memory" is widely regarded as Hope's signature tune.

text: Bob

text: Hope

text: KBE

text: KC*SG

text: KSS

text: born

text: Leslie

text: Townes

text: Hope

text: May

text: July

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: comedian

text: vaudevillian

text: actor

text: singer

text: dancer

text: athlete

text: and

text: author

text: With

text: career

text: spanning

text: nearly

text: years

text: Hope

text: appeared

text: in

text: over

text: feature

text: films

text: and

text: short

text: films

text: including

text: series

text: of

text: Road

text: movies

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: hosting

text: the

text: Academy

text: Awards

text: times

text: more

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: host

text: he

text: appeared

text: in

text: many

text: stage

text: productions

text: and

text: television

text: roles

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: books

text: The

text: song

text: Thanks

text: for

text: the

text: Memory

text: is

text: widely

text: regarded

text: as

text: Hope

text: 's

text: signature

text: tune

text: Von Ryan's Express is a World War II adventure film, released in 1965, about a group of Allied prisoners of war who conduct a daring escape by hijacking a freight train and fleeing through German-occupied Italy to Switzerland. It stars Frank Sinatra and Trevor Howard, and is based on the novel by David Westheimer. It was directed by Mark Robson. The film changes several aspects of the novel, most notably the ending, which is considerably more upbeat in the book. It became one of Frank Sinatra's most successful films.

text: Von

text: Ryan

text: 's

text: Express

text: is

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: adventure

text: film

text: released

text: in

text: about

text: group

text: of

text: Allied

text: prisoners

text: of

text: war

text: who

text: conduct

text: daring

text: escape

text: by

text: hijacking

text: freight

text: train

text: and

text: fleeing

text: through

text: German

text: occupied

text: Italy

text: to

text: Switzerland

text: It

text: stars

text: Frank

text: Sinatra

text: and

text: Trevor

text: Howard

text: and

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: novel

text: by

text: David

text: Westheimer

text: It

text: was

text: directed

text: by

text: Mark

text: Robson

text: The

text: film

text: changes

text: several

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: novel

text: most

text: notably

text: the

text: ending

text: which

text: is

text: considerably

text: more

text: upbeat

text: in

text: the

text: book

text: It

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: Frank

text: Sinatra

text: 's

text: most

text: successful

text: films

text: Marvel Marilyn Maxwell (August 3, 1921  March 20, 1972) was an American actress and entertainer. A sex symbol of the 1940s and 1950s, she appeared in several films and radio programs, and entertained the troops during World War II and the Korean War on USO tours with Bob Hope.

text: Marvel

text: Marilyn

text: Maxwell

text: August

text: March

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: actress

text: and

text: entertainer

text: sex

text: symbol

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: she

text: appeared

text: in

text: several

text: films

text: and

text: radio

text: programs

text: and

text: entertained

text: the

text: troops

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: and

text: the

text: Korean

text: War

text: on

text: USO

text: tours

text: with

text: Bob

text: Hope

text: The Strange Love of Martha Ivers is a film noir released in the United States in 1946, starring Barbara Stanwyck, Van Heflin, Lizabeth Scott and featuring Kirk Douglas in his film debut. The movie is based on the short story "Love Lies Bleeding" by playwright John Patrick  using the pseudonym Jack Patrick  and was produced by Hal B. Wallis. The film was directed by Lewis Milestone from a screenplay written by Robert Rossen and Robert Riskin, who was not credited.

text: The

text: Strange

text: Love

text: of

text: Martha

text: Ivers

text: is

text: film

text: noir

text: released

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: starring

text: Barbara

text: Stanwyck

text: Van

text: Heflin

text: Lizabeth

text: Scott

text: and

text: featuring

text: Kirk

text: Douglas

text: in

text: his

text: film

text: debut

text: The

text: movie

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: short

text: story

text: Love

text: Lies

text: Bleeding

text: by

text: playwright

text: John

text: Patrick

text: using

text: the

text: pseudonym

text: Jack

text: Patrick

text: and

text: was

text: produced

text: by

text: Hal

text: Wallis

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: directed

text: by

text: Lewis

text: Milestone

text: from

text: screenplay

text: written

text: by

text: Robert

text: Rossen

text: and

text: Robert

text: Riskin

text: who

text: was

text: not

text: credited

text: Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896  December 21, 1940), known professionally as F. Scott Fitzgerald, was an American novelist and short story writer, whose works illustrate the Jazz Age. While he achieved limited success in his lifetime, he is now widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the "Lost Generation" of the 1920s. He finished four novels: "This Side of Paradise", "The Beautiful and Damned", "The Great Gatsby", and "Tender Is the Night". A fifth, unfinished novel, "The Love of the Last Tycoon", was published posthumously. Fitzgerald also wrote numerous short stories, many of which treat themes of youth and promise, and age and despair.

text: Francis

text: Scott

text: Key

text: Fitzgerald

text: September

text: December

text: known

text: professionally

text: as

text: Scott

text: Fitzgerald

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: novelist

text: and

text: short

text: story

text: writer

text: whose

text: works

text: illustrate

text: the

text: Jazz

text: Age

text: While

text: he

text: achieved

text: limited

text: success

text: in

text: his

text: lifetime

text: he

text: is

text: now

text: widely

text: regarded

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: American

text: writers

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Fitzgerald

text: is

text: considered

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Lost

text: Generation

text: of

text: the

text: He

text: finished

text: four

text: novels

text: This

text: Side

text: of

text: Paradise

text: The

text: Beautiful

text: and

text: Damned

text: The

text: Great

text: Gatsby

text: and

text: Tender

text: Is

text: the

text: Night

text: fifth

text: unfinished

text: novel

text: The

text: Love

text: of

text: the

text: Last

text: Tycoon

text: was

text: published

text: posthumously

text: Fitzgerald

text: also

text: wrote

text: numerous

text: short

text: stories

text: many

text: of

text: which

text: treat

text: themes

text: of

text: youth

text: and

text: promise

text: and

text: age

text: and

text: despair

text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: Ringgold Wilmer "Ring" Lardner (March 6, 1885  September 25, 1933) was an American sports columnist and short story writer best known for his satirical writings about sports, marriage, and the theatre. He was a contemporary of Ernest Hemingway, Virginia Woolf and F. Scott Fitzgerald, all of whom professed strong admiration for Lardner's writing.

text: Ringgold

text: Wilmer

text: Ring

text: Lardner

text: March

text: September

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: sports

text: columnist

text: and

text: short

text: story

text: writer

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: satirical

text: writings

text: about

text: sports

text: marriage

text: and

text: the

text: theatre

text: He

text: was

text: contemporary

text: of

text: Ernest

text: Hemingway

text: Virginia

text: Woolf

text: and

text: Scott

text: Fitzgerald

text: all

text: of

text: whom

text: professed

text: strong

text: admiration

text: for

text: Lardner

text: 's

text: writing

text: Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915  February 10, 2005) was an American playwright, essayist, and figure in twentieth-century American theatre. Among his most popular plays are "All My Sons" (1947), "Death of a Salesman" (1949), "The Crucible" (1953) and "A View from the Bridge" (1955, revised 1956). He also wrote several screenplays and was most noted for his work on "The Misfits" (1961). The drama "Death of a Salesman" has been numbered on the short list of finest American plays in the 20th century alongside "Long Day's Journey into Night" and "A Streetcar Named Desire".

text: Arthur

text: Asher

text: Miller

text: October

text: February

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: playwright

text: essayist

text: and

text: figure

text: in

text: twentieth

text: century

text: American

text: theatre

text: Among

text: his

text: most

text: popular

text: plays

text: are

text: All

text: My

text: Sons

text: Death

text: of

text: Salesman

text: The

text: Crucible

text: and

text: View

text: from

text: the

text: Bridge

text: revised

text: He

text: also

text: wrote

text: several

text: screenplays

text: and

text: was

text: most

text: noted

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: on

text: The

text: Misfits

text: The

text: drama

text: Death

text: of

text: Salesman

text: has

text: been

text: numbered

text: on

text: the

text: short

text: list

text: of

text: finest

text: American

text: plays

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: alongside

text: Long

text: Day

text: 's

text: Journey

text: into

text: Night

text: and

text: Streetcar

text: Named

text: Desire

text: Kirk Douglas (born Issur Danielovitch; December 9, 1916) is an American actor, producer, director, and author. He is one of the last living people of the industry's Golden Age. After an impoverished childhood with immigrant parents and six sisters, he had his film debut in "The Strange Love of Martha Ivers" (1946) with Barbara Stanwyck. Douglas soon developed into a leading box-office star throughout the 1950s and 1960s, known for serious dramas, including westerns and war movies. During a 64-year acting career, he has appeared in more than 90 movies.

text: Kirk

text: Douglas

text: born

text: Issur

text: Danielovitch

text: December

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: actor

text: producer

text: director

text: and

text: author

text: He

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: living

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: industry

text: 's

text: Golden

text: Age

text: After

text: an

text: impoverished

text: childhood

text: with

text: immigrant

text: parents

text: and

text: six

text: sisters

text: he

text: had

text: his

text: film

text: debut

text: in

text: The

text: Strange

text: Love

text: of

text: Martha

text: Ivers

text: with

text: Barbara

text: Stanwyck

text: Douglas

text: soon

text: developed

text: into

text: leading

text: box

text: office

text: star

text: throughout

text: the

text: and

text: known

text: for

text: serious

text: dramas

text: including

text: westerns

text: and

text: war

text: movies

text: During

text: acting

text: career

text: he

text: has

text: appeared

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: movies

question: publication_date champion

answer: 1950


text: Eventing (also known as horse trials) is an equestrian event where a single horse and rider combination compete against other combinations across the three disciplines of dressage, cross-country, and show jumping. This event has its roots in a comprehensive cavalry test requiring mastery of several types of riding. The competition may be run as a one-day event (ODE), where all three events are completed in one day (dressage, followed by cross country and then stadium) or a three-day event (3DE), which is more commonly now run over four days, with dressage on the first two days followed by cross country the next day and then show jumping in reverse order on the final day. Eventing was previously known as Combined Training, and the name persists in many smaller organizations. The term "Combined Training" is sometimes confused with the term "Combined Test" which refers to a combination of just two of the phases, most commonly dressage and show jumping.

text: Eventing

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: horse

text: trials

text: is

text: an

text: equestrian

text: event

text: where

text: single

text: horse

text: and

text: rider

text: combination

text: compete

text: against

text: other

text: combinations

text: across

text: the

text: three

text: disciplines

text: of

text: dressage

text: cross

text: country

text: and

text: show

text: jumping

text: This

text: event

text: has

text: its

text: roots

text: in

text: comprehensive

text: cavalry

text: test

text: requiring

text: mastery

text: of

text: several

text: types

text: of

text: riding

text: The

text: competition

text: may

text: be

text: run

text: as

text: one

text: day

text: event

text: ODE

text: where

text: all

text: three

text: events

text: are

text: completed

text: in

text: one

text: day

text: dressage

text: followed

text: by

text: cross

text: country

text: and

text: then

text: stadium

text: or

text: three

text: day

text: event

text: which

text: is

text: more

text: commonly

text: now

text: run

text: over

text: four

text: days

text: with

text: dressage

text: on

text: the

text: first

text: two

text: days

text: followed

text: by

text: cross

text: country

text: the

text: next

text: day

text: and

text: then

text: show

text: jumping

text: in

text: reverse

text: order

text: on

text: the

text: final

text: day

text: Eventing

text: was

text: previously

text: known

text: as

text: Combined

text: Training

text: and

text: the

text: name

text: persists

text: in

text: many

text: smaller

text: organizations

text: The

text: term

text: Combined

text: Training

text: is

text: sometimes

text: confused

text: with

text: the

text: term

text: Combined

text: Test

text: which

text: refers

text: to

text: combination

text: of

text: just

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: phases

text: most

text: commonly

text: dressage

text: and

text: show

text: jumping

text: English riding is a form of horse riding seen throughout the world. There are many variations, but all feature a flat English saddle without the deep seat, high cantle or saddle horn seen on a Western saddle nor the knee pads seen on an Australian Stock Saddle. Saddles within the various English disciplines are all designed to allow the horse the freedom to move in the optimal manner for a given task, ranging from classical dressage to horse racing. English bridles also vary in style based on discipline, but most feature some type of cavesson noseband as well as closed reins, buckled together at the ends, that prevents them from dropping on the ground if a rider becomes unseated. Clothing for riders in competition is usually based on traditional needs from which a specific style of riding developed, but most standards require, as a minimum, boots; breeches or jodhpurs; a shirt with some form of tie or stock; a hat, cap, or equestrian helmet; and a jacket.

text: English

text: riding

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: horse

text: riding

text: seen

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: variations

text: but

text: all

text: feature

text: flat

text: English

text: saddle

text: without

text: the

text: deep

text: seat

text: high

text: cantle

text: or

text: saddle

text: horn

text: seen

text: on

text: Western

text: saddle

text: nor

text: the

text: knee

text: pads

text: seen

text: on

text: an

text: Australian

text: Stock

text: Saddle

text: Saddles

text: within

text: the

text: various

text: English

text: disciplines

text: are

text: all

text: designed

text: to

text: allow

text: the

text: horse

text: the

text: freedom

text: to

text: move

text: in

text: the

text: optimal

text: manner

text: for

text: given

text: task

text: ranging

text: from

text: classical

text: dressage

text: to

text: horse

text: racing

text: English

text: bridles

text: also

text: vary

text: in

text: style

text: based

text: on

text: discipline

text: but

text: most

text: feature

text: some

text: type

text: of

text: cavesson

text: noseband

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: closed

text: reins

text: buckled

text: together

text: at

text: the

text: ends

text: that

text: prevents

text: them

text: from

text: dropping

text: on

text: the

text: ground

text: if

text: rider

text: becomes

text: unseated

text: Clothing

text: for

text: riders

text: in

text: competition

text: is

text: usually

text: based

text: on

text: traditional

text: needs

text: from

text: which

text: specific

text: style

text: of

text: riding

text: developed

text: but

text: most

text: standards

text: require

text: as

text: minimum

text: boots

text: breeches

text: or

text: jodhpurs

text: shirt

text: with

text: some

text: form

text: of

text: tie

text: or

text: stock

text: hat

text: cap

text: or

text: equestrian

text: helmet

text: and

text: jacket

text: Show jumping, also known as "stadium jumping", "open jumping", or simply "jumping", is a part of a group of English riding equestrian events that also includes dressage, eventing, hunters, and equitation. Jumping classes are commonly seen at horse shows throughout the world, including the Olympics. Sometimes shows are limited exclusively to jumpers, sometimes jumper classes are offered in conjunction with other English-style events, and sometimes show jumping is but one division of very large, all-breed competitions that include a very wide variety of disciplines. Jumping classes may be governed by various national horse show sanctioning organizations, such as the United States Equestrian Federation in the USA or the British Showjumping Association in Great Britain. International competitions are governed by the rules of the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI, from the body's French name of "Fédération Équestre Internationale").

text: Show

text: jumping

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: stadium

text: jumping

text: open

text: jumping

text: or

text: simply

text: jumping

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: group

text: of

text: English

text: riding

text: equestrian

text: events

text: that

text: also

text: includes

text: dressage

text: eventing

text: hunters

text: and

text: equitation

text: Jumping

text: classes

text: are

text: commonly

text: seen

text: at

text: horse

text: shows

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: including

text: the

text: Olympics

text: Sometimes

text: shows

text: are

text: limited

text: exclusively

text: to

text: jumpers

text: sometimes

text: jumper

text: classes

text: are

text: offered

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: other

text: English

text: style

text: events

text: and

text: sometimes

text: show

text: jumping

text: is

text: but

text: one

text: division

text: of

text: very

text: large

text: all

text: breed

text: competitions

text: that

text: include

text: very

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: disciplines

text: Jumping

text: classes

text: may

text: be

text: governed

text: by

text: various

text: national

text: horse

text: show

text: sanctioning

text: organizations

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Equestrian

text: Federation

text: in

text: the

text: USA

text: or

text: the

text: British

text: Showjumping

text: Association

text: in

text: Great

text: Britain

text: International

text: competitions

text: are

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: rules

text: of

text: the

text: International

text: Federation

text: for

text: Equestrian

text: Sports

text: FEI

text: from

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: French

text: name

text: of

text: Fédération

text: Équestre

text: Internationale

text: Hauptstadion is a stadium located in Sport Park Soers in Aachen , Germany . It is used for equestrian and show jumping . It was renovated in 2005 and has a capacity of 40,000 spectators . It hosted the 2006 FEI World Equestrian Games .

text: Hauptstadion

text: is

text: stadium

text: located

text: in

text: Sport

text: Park

text: Soers

text: in

text: Aachen

text: Germany

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: equestrian

text: and

text: show

text: jumping

text: It

text: was

text: renovated

text: in

text: and

text: has

text: capacity

text: of

text: spectators

text: It

text: hosted

text: the

text: FEI

text: World

text: Equestrian

text: Games

text: Dressage (or ; a French term, most commonly translated to mean "training") is a highly skilled form of riding performed in exhibition and competition, as well as an "art" sometimes pursued solely for the sake of mastery. As an equestrian sport defined by the International Equestrian Federation, dressage is "the highest expression of horse training" where "horse and rider are expected to perform from memory a series of predetermined movements."

text: Dressage

text: or

text: French

text: term

text: most

text: commonly

text: translated

text: to

text: mean

text: training

text: is

text: highly

text: skilled

text: form

text: of

text: riding

text: performed

text: in

text: exhibition

text: and

text: competition

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: an

text: art

text: sometimes

text: pursued

text: solely

text: for

text: the

text: sake

text: of

text: mastery

text: As

text: an

text: equestrian

text: sport

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: International

text: Equestrian

text: Federation

text: dressage

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: expression

text: of

text: horse

text: training

text: where

text: horse

text: and

text: rider

text: are

text: expected

text: to

text: perform

text: from

text: memory

text: series

text: of

text: predetermined

text: movements

annotations: follows single

annotations: likely multiple

question: sport hauptstadion

answer: equestrian sport

text: equestrian sport