text: England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.

text: England

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Scotland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Wales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: northwest

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: England

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: continental

text: Europe

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: covers

text: five

text: eighths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: which

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: in

text: its

text: centre

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: includes

text: over

text: smaller

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: and

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: Canterbury (, or ) is a historic English cathedral city and UNESCO World Heritage Site, which lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury, a local government district of Kent, England. It lies on the River Stour.

text: Canterbury

text: or

text: is

text: historic

text: English

text: cathedral

text: city

text: and

text: UNESCO

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Site

text: which

text: lies

text: at

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Canterbury

text: local

text: government

text: district

text: of

text: Kent

text: England

text: It

text: lies

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Stour

text: Turin ( pronounced ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region and was the first capital city of Italy. The city is located mainly on the western bank of the Po River, in front of Susa Valley and surrounded by the western Alpine arch and by the Superga Hill. The population of the city proper is 892,649 (August 2015) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants. The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million.

text: Turin

text: pronounced

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: an

text: important

text: business

text: and

text: cultural

text: centre

text: in

text: northern

text: Italy

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Piedmont

text: region

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Italy

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: mainly

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Po

text: River

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: Susa

text: Valley

text: and

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: western

text: Alpine

text: arch

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: Superga

text: Hill

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: proper

text: is

text: August

text: while

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: estimated

text: by

text: Eurostat

text: to

text: be

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: The

text: Turin

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: is

text: estimated

text: by

text: the

text: OECD

text: to

text: have

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: The Aosta Valley ((official) or (usual); / (official) or (usual)) is a mountainous semi-autonomous region in northwestern Italy. It is bordered by Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France to the west, Valais, Switzerland to the north and the region of Piedmont to the south and east.

text: The

text: Aosta

text: Valley

text: official

text: or

text: usual

text: official

text: or

text: usual

text: is

text: mountainous

text: semi

text: autonomous

text: region

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Italy

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Auvergne

text: Rhône

text: Alpes

text: France

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Valais

text: Switzerland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Piedmont

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text:
The word township is used to refer to various kinds of settlements in different countries. While a "township" may be associated with an urban area, there are many exceptions to this rule. In Australia, Canada, and the United States, they may be settlements too small to be considered urban.
Australia.
In Australia, the designation of "township" traditionally refers to a small town or a small community in a rural district; such a place in Britain might qualify as a village or a hamlet. The term refers purely to the settlement; it does not refer to a unit of government; townships are governed as part of a larger (e.g., shire or city) council.

text: The

text: word

text: township

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: various

text: kinds

text: of

text: settlements

text: in

text: different

text: countries

text: While

text: township

text: may

text: be

text: associated

text: with

text: an

text: urban

text: area

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: exceptions

text: to

text: this

text: rule

text: In

text: Australia

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: they

text: may

text: be

text: settlements

text: too

text: small

text: to

text: be

text: considered

text: urban

text: Australia

text: In

text: Australia

text: the

text: designation

text: of

text: township

text: traditionally

text: refers

text: to

text: small

text: town

text: or

text: small

text: community

text: in

text: rural

text: district

text: such

text: place

text: in

text: Britain

text: might

text: qualify

text: as

text: village

text: or

text: hamlet

text: The

text: term

text: refers

text: purely

text: to

text: the

text: settlement

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: refer

text: to

text: unit

text: of

text: government

text: townships

text: are

text: governed

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: larger

text: e.g.

text: shire

text: or

text: city

text: council

text: Piedmont (Piedmontese and ) is one of the 20 regions of Italy. It has an area of 25,402 square kilometres (9,808 sq mi) and a population of about 4.6 million. The capital of Piedmont is Turin.

text: Piedmont

text: Piedmontese

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: regions

text: of

text: Italy

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: The

text: capital

text: of

text: Piedmont

text: is

text: Turin

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text:
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities.
The country is situated in Western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities are to be found: among them are the two global cities and economic centres Zürich and Geneva.

text: Switzerland

text: officially

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Confederation

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: cantons

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Bern

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: authorities

text: The

text: country

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: Western

text: Central

text: Europe

text: and

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Italy

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: France

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Austria

text: and

text: Liechtenstein

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Switzerland

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: geographically

text: divided

text: between

text: the

text: Alps

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Plateau

text: and

text: the

text: Jura

text: spanning

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: While

text: the

text: Alps

text: occupy

text: the

text: greater

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: the

text: Swiss

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: eight

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: concentrated

text: mostly

text: on

text: the

text: plateau

text: where

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: are

text: to

text: be

text: found

text: among

text: them

text: are

text: the

text: two

text: global

text: cities

text: and

text: economic

text: centres

text: Zürich

text: and

text: Geneva

text: The Via Francigena is the common name of an ancient road and pilgrim route running from France to Rome, though it is usually considered to have its starting point much further away, in the English cathedral city of Canterbury. As such, the route passes through England, France, Switzerland and Italy. The route was known in Italy as the ""Via Francigena"" ("the road that comes from France") or the ""Via Romea Francigena"" ("the road to Rome that comes from France"). In mediaeval times it was an important road and pilgrimage route for those wishing to visit the Holy See and the tombs of the apostles Peter and Paul.

text: The

text: Via

text: Francigena

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: name

text: of

text: an

text: ancient

text: road

text: and

text: pilgrim

text: route

text: running

text: from

text: France

text: to

text: Rome

text: though

text: it

text: is

text: usually

text: considered

text: to

text: have

text: its

text: starting

text: point

text: much

text: further

text: away

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: cathedral

text: city

text: of

text: Canterbury

text: As

text: such

text: the

text: route

text: passes

text: through

text: England

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: and

text: Italy

text: The

text: route

text: was

text: known

text: in

text: Italy

text: as

text: the

text: Via

text: Francigena

text: the

text: road

text: that

text: comes

text: from

text: France

text: or

text: the

text: Via

text: Romea

text: Francigena

text: the

text: road

text: to

text: Rome

text: that

text: comes

text: from

text: France

text: In

text: mediaeval

text: times

text: it

text: was

text: an

text: important

text: road

text: and

text: pilgrimage

text: route

text: for

text: those

text: wishing

text: to

text: visit

text: the

text: Holy

text: See

text: and

text: the

text: tombs

text: of

text: the

text: apostles

text: Peter

text: and

text: Paul

text: Ivrea ( Italian pronunciation : ( ivra ) ; Latin : Eporedia ) is a town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy . Situated on the road leading to the Aosta Valley ( part of the medieval Via Francigena ) , it straddles the Dora Baltea and is regarded as the centre of the Canavese area . Ivrea lies in a basin that in prehistoric times formed a large lake . Today a number of five smaller lakes -- Sirio , San Michele , Pistono , Nero and Campagna -- are found in the area around the town .

text: Ivrea

text: Italian

text: pronunciation

text: ivra

text: Latin

text: Eporedia

text: is

text: town

text: and

text: comune

text: of

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: City

text: of

text: Turin

text: in

text: the

text: Piedmont

text: region

text: of

text: northwestern

text: Italy

text: Situated

text: on

text: the

text: road

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: Aosta

text: Valley

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: medieval

text: Via

text: Francigena

text: it

text: straddles

text: the

text: Dora

text: Baltea

text: and

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Canavese

text: area

text: Ivrea

text: lies

text: in

text: basin

text: that

text: in

text: prehistoric

text: times

text: formed

text: large

text: lake

text: Today

text: number

text: of

text: five

text: smaller

text: lakes

text: Sirio

text: San

text: Michele

text: Pistono

text: Nero

text: and

text: Campagna

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: around

text: the

text: town

text: The Holy See  is the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, the episcopal see of the Pope, and an independent sovereign entity. It serves as the central point of reference for the Catholic Church everywhere and the focal point of communion due to its position as the pre-eminent episcopal see of the universal church. It traces its origin to the 1st century during the apostolic era, when Saint Peter arrived in Rome to evangelise and formed a significant early Christian community of believers there. Today, it is responsible for the governance of all Catholics, organised in their Particular Churches, Patriarchates and religious institutes.

text: The

text: Holy

text: See

text: is

text: the

text: ecclesiastical

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: in

text: Rome

text: the

text: episcopal

text: see

text: of

text: the

text: Pope

text: and

text: an

text: independent

text: sovereign

text: entity

text: It

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: central

text: point

text: of

text: reference

text: for

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: everywhere

text: and

text: the

text: focal

text: point

text: of

text: communion

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: position

text: as

text: the

text: pre

text: eminent

text: episcopal

text: see

text: of

text: the

text: universal

text: church

text: It

text: traces

text: its

text: origin

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: during

text: the

text: apostolic

text: era

text: when

text: Saint

text: Peter

text: arrived

text: in

text: Rome

text: to

text: evangelise

text: and

text: formed

text: significant

text: early

text: Christian

text: community

text: of

text: believers

text: there

text: Today

text: it

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: governance

text: of

text: all

text: Catholics

text: organised

text: in

text: their

text: Particular

text: Churches

text: Patriarchates

text: and

text: religious

text: institutes

text: A castle (from ) is a type of fortified structure built in Europe and the Middle East during the Middle Ages by nobility. Scholars debate the scope of the word "castle", but usually consider it to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble. This is distinct from a palace, which is not fortified; from a fortress, which was not always a residence for nobility; and from a fortified settlement, which was a public defence  though there are many similarities among these types of construction. Usage of the term has varied over time and has been applied to structures as diverse as hill forts and country houses. Over the approximately 900 years that castles were built, they took on a great many forms with many different features, although some, such as curtain walls and arrowslits, were commonplace.

text: castle

text: from

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: fortified

text: structure

text: built

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: during

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: by

text: nobility

text: Scholars

text: debate

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: castle

text: but

text: usually

text: consider

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: private

text: fortified

text: residence

text: of

text: lord

text: or

text: noble

text: This

text: is

text: distinct

text: from

text: palace

text: which

text: is

text: not

text: fortified

text: from

text: fortress

text: which

text: was

text: not

text: always

text: residence

text: for

text: nobility

text: and

text: from

text: fortified

text: settlement

text: which

text: was

text: public

text: defence

text: though

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: similarities

text: among

text: these

text: types

text: of

text: construction

text: Usage

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: has

text: varied

text: over

text: time

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: applied

text: to

text: structures

text: as

text: diverse

text: as

text: hill

text: forts

text: and

text: country

text: houses

text: Over

text: the

text: approximately

text: years

text: that

text: castles

text: were

text: built

text: they

text: took

text: on

text: great

text: many

text: forms

text: with

text: many

text: different

text: features

text: although

text: some

text: such

text: as

text: curtain

text: walls

text: and

text: arrowslits

text: were

text: commonplace

text: The (plural: "") is a basic administrative division in Italy, roughly equivalent to a township or municipality.

text: The

text: plural

text: is

text: basic

text: administrative

text: division

text: in

text: Italy

text: roughly

text: equivalent

text: to

text: township

text: or

text: municipality

text: Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as "lo Stivale" (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state.

text: Italy

text: officially

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Italy

text: shares

text: open

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovenia

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Italy

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: shape

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: Italy

text: as

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: EU

text: member

text: state

text: The regions of Italy (Italian: "regioni") are the first-level administrative divisions of Italy, constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are 20 regions, of which five are constitutionally given a broader amount of autonomy granted by special statutes.

text: The

text: regions

text: of

text: Italy

text: Italian

text: regioni

text: are

text: the

text: first

text: level

text: administrative

text: divisions

text: of

text: Italy

text: constituting

text: its

text: second

text: NUTS

text: administrative

text: level

text: There

text: are

text: regions

text: of

text: which

text: five

text: are

text: constitutionally

text: given

text: broader

text: amount

text: of

text: autonomy

text: granted

text: by

text: special

text: statutes

text: Rome is a city and special "comune" (named "Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2,870,336 residents in , it is also the country's largest and most populated "comune" and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4.3 million residents. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of Tiber river. The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states.

text: Rome

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: special

text: comune

text: named

text: Roma

text: Capitale

text: in

text: Italy

text: Rome

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Italy

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Lazio

text: region

text: With

text: residents

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populated

text: comune

text: and

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: by

text: population

text: within

text: city

text: limits

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: City

text: of

text: Rome

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: residents

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: western

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: within

text: Lazio

text: Latium

text: along

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: Tiber

text: river

text: The

text: Vatican

text: City

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: country

text: geographically

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: boundaries

text: of

text: Rome

text: the

text: only

text: existing

text: example

text: of

text: country

text: within

text: city

text: for

text: this

text: reason

text: Rome

text: has

text: been

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: capital

text: of

text: two

text: states

text: Dora Baltea or Doire Baltée (or "Duria Bautica"; (Valdôtain)), is a river in northern Italy. It is a left-hand tributary of the Po River and is about long.

text: Dora

text: Baltea

text: or

text: Doire

text: Baltée

text: or

text: Duria

text: Bautica

text: Valdôtain

text: is

text: river

text: in

text: northern

text: Italy

text: It

text: is

text: left

text: hand

text: tributary

text: of

text: the

text: Po

text: River

text: and

text: is

text: about

text: long

text: The canton of Valais is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland, situated in the southwestern part of the country, around the valley of the Rhône from its headwaters to Lake Geneva, separating the Pennine Alps from the Bernese Alps. The canton is simultaneously one of the driest regions of Switzerland in its central Rhône valley and among the wettest, having large amounts of snow and rain up on the highest peaks found in Switzerland. The canton of Valais is widely known for the Matterhorn and resort towns such as Crans-Montana, Saas Fee and Zermatt. It is composed of 13 districts (hence the 13 stars on the flag) and its capital is Sion.

text: The

text: canton

text: of

text: Valais

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: cantons

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: around

text: the

text: valley

text: of

text: the

text: Rhône

text: from

text: its

text: headwaters

text: to

text: Lake

text: Geneva

text: separating

text: the

text: Pennine

text: Alps

text: from

text: the

text: Bernese

text: Alps

text: The

text: canton

text: is

text: simultaneously

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: driest

text: regions

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: in

text: its

text: central

text: Rhône

text: valley

text: and

text: among

text: the

text: wettest

text: having

text: large

text: amounts

text: of

text: snow

text: and

text: rain

text: up

text: on

text: the

text: highest

text: peaks

text: found

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: The

text: canton

text: of

text: Valais

text: is

text: widely

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: Matterhorn

text: and

text: resort

text: towns

text: such

text: as

text: Crans

text: Montana

text: Saas

text: Fee

text: and

text: Zermatt

text: It

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: districts

text: hence

text: the

text: stars

text: on

text: the

text: flag

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Sion

text: Aosta (French: "Aoste" - ) is the principal city of Aosta Valley, a bilingual region in the Italian Alps, north-northwest of Turin. It is situated near the Italian entrance of the Mont Blanc Tunnel, at the confluence of the Buthier and the Doire baltée, and at the junction of the Great and Little St. Bernard routes. Aosta is not the capital of the province, because Aosta Valley is the only Italian region not divided into provinces. Provincial administrative functions are instead shared by the region and the communes.

text: Aosta

text: French

text: Aoste

text: is

text: the

text: principal

text: city

text: of

text: Aosta

text: Valley

text: bilingual

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: Italian

text: Alps

text: north

text: northwest

text: of

text: Turin

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: near

text: the

text: Italian

text: entrance

text: of

text: the

text: Mont

text: Blanc

text: Tunnel

text: at

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Buthier

text: and

text: the

text: Doire

text: baltée

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: junction

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: and

text: Little

text: St.

text: Bernard

text: routes

text: Aosta

text: is

text: not

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: because

text: Aosta

text: Valley

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: Italian

text: region

text: not

text: divided

text: into

text: provinces

text: Provincial

text: administrative

text: functions

text: are

text: instead

text: shared

text: by

text: the

text: region

text: and

text: the

text: communes

text: Canavese (French: "Canavais"; Piedmontese: "Canavèis") is a subalpine geographical and historical area of North-West Italy which lies today within the Metropolitan City of Turin in Piedmont. Its main town is Ivrea and it is famous for its castles.

text: Canavese

text: French

text: Canavais

text: Piedmontese

text: Canavèis

text: is

text: subalpine

text: geographical

text: and

text: historical

text: area

text: of

text: North

text: West

text: Italy

text: which

text: lies

text: today

text: within

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: City

text: of

text: Turin

text: in

text: Piedmont

text: Its

text: main

text: town

text: is

text: Ivrea

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: famous

text: for

text: its

text: castles

question: capital_of ivrea

answer: doire

text: doire

text: doire


text: Italy

text: officially

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Italy

text: shares

text: open

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovenia

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Italy

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: shape

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: Italy

text: as

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: EU

text: member

text: state

text:
Series.
The series in order:
God Mazinger is related by name only and Mazinkaiser is an OVA retelling of earlier Mazinger stories, based partly on designs created by Nagai for the Super Robot Wars series of video games and also on Nagai's original Mazinger manga stories.

text: Series

text: The

text: series

text: in

text: order

text: God

text: Mazinger

text: is

text: related

text: by

text: name

text: only

text: and

text: Mazinkaiser

text: is

text: an

text: OVA

text: retelling

text: of

text: earlier

text: Mazinger

text: stories

text: based

text: partly

text: on

text: designs

text: created

text: by

text: Nagai

text: for

text: the

text: Super

text: Robot

text: Wars

text: series

text: of

text: video

text: games

text: and

text: also

text: on

text: Nagai

text: 's

text: original

text: Mazinger

text: manga

text: stories

text: The term "manga" (kanji: ; hiragana: ; katakana:  or ) in Japan is a word used to refer to both comics and cartooning. "Manga" as a term used outside Japan refers to comics originally published in Japan.

text: The

text: term

text: manga

text: kanji

text: hiragana

text: katakana

text: or

text: in

text: Japan

text: is

text: word

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: both

text: comics

text: and

text: cartooning

text: Manga

text: as

text: term

text: used

text: outside

text: Japan

text: refers

text: to

text: comics

text: originally

text: published

text: in

text: Japan

text: UFO Robot Grendizer vs. Great Mazinger ( UFO  UFO Robo Gurendaiz tai Gurto Majing ) is a 1976 animated short film that crosses over Go Nagai 's super robots Grendizer and Great Mazinger . The movie features alternate versions of events from both series , and , as with the rest of the Vs. films , is not canonical to either one . The film was released in almost all countries where the original Grendizer and Great Mazinger series were also shown , most prominently in Italy , France and the Middle East .

text: UFO

text: Robot

text: Grendizer

text: vs.

text: Great

text: Mazinger

text: UFO

text: UFO

text: Robo

text: Gurendaiz

text: tai

text: Gurto

text: Majing

text: is

text: animated

text: short

text: film

text: that

text: crosses

text: over

text: Go

text: Nagai

text: 's

text: super

text: robots

text: Grendizer

text: and

text: Great

text: Mazinger

text: The

text: movie

text: features

text: alternate

text: versions

text: of

text: events

text: from

text: both

text: series

text: and

text: as

text: with

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Vs

text: films

text: is

text: not

text: canonical

text: to

text: either

text: one

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: almost

text: all

text: countries

text: where

text: the

text: original

text: Grendizer

text: and

text: Great

text: Mazinger

text: series

text: were

text: also

text: shown

text: most

text: prominently

text: in

text: Italy

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: Quebec (pronounced or ) is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language.

text: Quebec

text: pronounced

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: province

text: of

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: to

text: have

text: predominantly

text: French

text: speaking

text: population

text: with

text: French

text: as

text: the

text: sole

text: provincial

text: official

text: language

text: New Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces (together with Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia) and is the only constitutionally bilingual (EnglishFrench) province. Fredericton is the capital, Moncton is the largest metropolitan (CMA) area and Saint John is the most populous city. In the 2011 nationwide census, Statistics Canada estimated the provincial population to have been 751,171, being on an area of almost 73,000 km. The majority of the population is English-speaking, but there is also a large Francophone minority (33%), chiefly of Acadian origin. The current premier of the province is Brian Gallant. It was created as a result of the partitioning of the British colony of Nova Scotia in 1784. The provincial flag features a ship superimposed on a yellow background with a yellow "lion passant guardant" on red pennon above it.

text: New

text: Brunswick

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: Canada

text: 's

text: three

text: Maritime

text: provinces

text: together

text: with

text: Prince

text: Edward

text: Island

text: and

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: constitutionally

text: bilingual

text: EnglishFrench

text: province

text: Fredericton

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: Moncton

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: CMA

text: area

text: and

text: Saint

text: John

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: In

text: the

text: nationwide

text: census

text: Statistics

text: Canada

text: estimated

text: the

text: provincial

text: population

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: being

text: on

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: almost

text: km

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: is

text: English

text: speaking

text: but

text: there

text: is

text: also

text: large

text: Francophone

text: minority

text: chiefly

text: of

text: Acadian

text: origin

text: The

text: current

text: premier

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: is

text: Brian

text: Gallant

text: It

text: was

text: created

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: partitioning

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: colony

text: of

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: in

text: The

text: provincial

text: flag

text: features

text: ship

text: superimposed

text: on

text: yellow

text: background

text: with

text: yellow

text: lion

text: passant

text: guardant

text: on

text: red

text: pennon

text: above

text: it

text: Mattel, Inc. is an American multinational toy manufacturing company founded in 1945 with headquarters in El Segundo, California. In 2014, it ranked #403 on the Fortune 500 list. The products and brands it produces include Fisher-Price, Barbie dolls, Monster High dolls, Ever After High dolls, Winx Club dolls, Hot Wheels and Matchbox toys, Masters of the Universe toys, American Girl dolls, board games, and WWE Toys. In the early-1980s, Mattel produced video game systems, under both its own brands and under license from Nintendo. The company has presence in 40 countries and territories and sells products in more than 150 nations. The company operates through three business segments: North America, international, and American Girl. It is the world's largest toy maker in terms of revenue. On January 17, 2017 Mattel's named Google executive Margaret "Margo" Georgiadis as its next CEO.

text: Mattel

text: Inc.

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: multinational

text: toy

text: manufacturing

text: company

text: founded

text: in

text: with

text: headquarters

text: in

text: El

text: Segundo

text: California

text: In

text: it

text: ranked

text: on

text: the

text: Fortune

text: list

text: The

text: products

text: and

text: brands

text: it

text: produces

text: include

text: Fisher

text: Price

text: Barbie

text: dolls

text: Monster

text: High

text: dolls

text: Ever

text: After

text: High

text: dolls

text: Winx

text: Club

text: dolls

text: Hot

text: Wheels

text: and

text: Matchbox

text: toys

text: Masters

text: of

text: the

text: Universe

text: toys

text: American

text: Girl

text: dolls

text: board

text: games

text: and

text: WWE

text: Toys

text: In

text: the

text: Mattel

text: produced

text: video

text: game

text: systems

text: under

text: both

text: its

text: own

text: brands

text: and

text: under

text: license

text: from

text: Nintendo

text: The

text: company

text: has

text: presence

text: in

text: countries

text: and

text: territories

text: and

text: sells

text: products

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: nations

text: The

text: company

text: operates

text: through

text: three

text: business

text: segments

text: North

text: America

text: international

text: and

text: American

text: Girl

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: toy

text: maker

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: revenue

text: On

text: January

text: Mattel

text: 's

text: named

text: Google

text: executive

text: Margaret

text: Margo

text: Georgiadis

text: as

text: its

text: next

text: CEO

text:
Plot.
The story centers on , an orphan raised by , who is the once thought dead father of Mazinger Z pilot Kouji Kabuto. Kenzo Kabuto is the creator of the new and improved version of Mazinger, which was based on his father's "Chogokin Z" (Super Alloy Z). The new version was designed with a stronger form to fight against humanity's new enemy, the "Mycenae Empire", led by the Great General of Darkness and his army of Warrior Beasts. Kabuto, then, gives the Great Mazinger to Tetsuya for him to use. Accompanying him is his female companion, Jun Hono, an orphaned half Japanese, half African-American girl, in her feminine robot, "Venus A (Venus Ace)".

text: Plot

text: The

text: story

text: centers

text: on

text: an

text: orphan

text: raised

text: by

text: who

text: is

text: the

text: once

text: thought

text: dead

text: father

text: of

text: Mazinger

text: pilot

text: Kouji

text: Kabuto

text: Kenzo

text: Kabuto

text: is

text: the

text: creator

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: and

text: improved

text: version

text: of

text: Mazinger

text: which

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: Chogokin

text: Super

text: Alloy

text: The

text: new

text: version

text: was

text: designed

text: with

text: stronger

text: form

text: to

text: fight

text: against

text: humanity

text: 's

text: new

text: enemy

text: the

text: Mycenae

text: Empire

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: Great

text: General

text: of

text: Darkness

text: and

text: his

text: army

text: of

text: Warrior

text: Beasts

text: Kabuto

text: then

text: gives

text: the

text: Great

text: Mazinger

text: to

text: Tetsuya

text: for

text: him

text: to

text: use

text: Accompanying

text: him

text: is

text: his

text: female

text: companion

text: Jun

text: Hono

text: an

text: orphaned

text: half

text: Japanese

text: half

text: African

text: American

text: girl

text: in

text: her

text: feminine

text: robot

text: Venus

text: Venus

text: Ace

text: Force Five was an American adaptation of five different anime television series. In the United States, this series was primarily shown only in New England, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, though it did make brief appearances in other markets, such as Dallas, Texas and San Jose, California on KICU-TV 36. It was also shown in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on CFMT channel 47 and in Asia on Star Plus during the 1990s. It was produced by Jim Terry and his company American Way, and it consisted of five imported Japanese giant robot serials (originally produced in the mid-1970s by Toei Animation) in response to the popularity of the Shogun Warriors toy collection. Mattel was one of the sponsors of the series.

text: Force

text: Five

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: adaptation

text: of

text: five

text: different

text: anime

text: television

text: series

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: this

text: series

text: was

text: primarily

text: shown

text: only

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: Pennsylvania

text: and

text: Virginia

text: though

text: it

text: did

text: make

text: brief

text: appearances

text: in

text: other

text: markets

text: such

text: as

text: Dallas

text: Texas

text: and

text: San

text: Jose

text: California

text: on

text: KICU

text: TV

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: shown

text: in

text: Toronto

text: Ontario

text: Canada

text: on

text: CFMT

text: channel

text: and

text: in

text: Asia

text: on

text: Star

text: Plus

text: during

text: the

text: It

text: was

text: produced

text: by

text: Jim

text: Terry

text: and

text: his

text: company

text: American

text: Way

text: and

text: it

text: consisted

text: of

text: five

text: imported

text: Japanese

text: giant

text: robot

text: serials

text: originally

text: produced

text: in

text: the

text: by

text: Toei

text: Animation

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: popularity

text: of

text: the

text: Shogun

text: Warriors

text: toy

text: collection

text: Mattel

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: sponsors

text: of

text: the

text: series

text: , also known as "Force Five: Grandizer" in the United States, is a Super Robot TV anime and manga created by manga artist Go Nagai. It is the third entry in the Mazinger trilogy. It was broadcast on Japanese television from October 5, 1975, to February 27, 1977, and lasted 74 episodes. The robot's first appearance in the United States was as a part of the Shogun Warriors line of super robot toys imported in the late 1970s by Mattel, then in Jim Terry's "Force Five" series, both under the title "Grandizer". It is still widely popular in the Middle East, and it was especially popular in France and Quebec, as well as among French speaking Canadians in the province of New Brunswick, where it was aired under the title "Goldorak". In Italy, the series was as popular and known as "Goldrake".

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Force

text: Five

text: Grandizer

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: Super

text: Robot

text: TV

text: anime

text: and

text: manga

text: created

text: by

text: manga

text: artist

text: Go

text: Nagai

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: entry

text: in

text: the

text: Mazinger

text: trilogy

text: It

text: was

text: broadcast

text: on

text: Japanese

text: television

text: from

text: October

text: to

text: February

text: and

text: lasted

text: episodes

text: The

text: robot

text: 's

text: first

text: appearance

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: was

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Shogun

text: Warriors

text: line

text: of

text: super

text: robot

text: toys

text: imported

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: by

text: Mattel

text: then

text: in

text: Jim

text: Terry

text: 's

text: Force

text: Five

text: series

text: both

text: under

text: the

text: title

text: Grandizer

text: It

text: is

text: still

text: widely

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: especially

text: popular

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: Quebec

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: among

text: French

text: speaking

text: Canadians

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: New

text: Brunswick

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: aired

text: under

text: the

text: title

text: Goldorak

text: In

text: Italy

text: the

text: series

text: was

text: as

text: popular

text: and

text: known

text: as

text: Goldrake

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is "Middle-Eastern" and the derived noun is "Middle-Easterner". The term has come into wider usage as a replacement of the term Near East (as opposed to Far East) beginning in the early 20th century.

text: The

text: Middle

text: East

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: region

text: centered

text: on

text: Western

text: Asia

text: and

text: Egypt

text: The

text: corresponding

text: adjective

text: is

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: and

text: the

text: derived

text: noun

text: is

text: Middle

text: Easterner

text: The

text: term

text: has

text: come

text: into

text: wider

text: usage

text: as

text: replacement

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: Near

text: East

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: Far

text: East

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

annotations: likely single

annotations: follows multiple

question: instance_of ufo robot grendizer vs. great mazinger

answer: manga

text: manga

text: manga

text: manga

text: manga

text: manga


text: The Continental Army was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America. Established by a resolution of the Congress on June 14, 1775, it was created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great Britain. The Continental Army was supplemented by local militias and troops that remained under control of the individual states or were otherwise independent. General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army throughout the war.

text: The

text: Continental

text: Army

text: was

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: Second

text: Continental

text: Congress

text: after

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: by

text: the

text: colonies

text: that

text: became

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: Established

text: by

text: resolution

text: of

text: the

text: Congress

text: on

text: June

text: it

text: was

text: created

text: to

text: coordinate

text: the

text: military

text: efforts

text: of

text: the

text: Thirteen

text: Colonies

text: in

text: their

text: revolt

text: against

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: The

text: Continental

text: Army

text: was

text: supplemented

text: by

text: local

text: militias

text: and

text: troops

text: that

text: remained

text: under

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: states

text: or

text: were

text: otherwise

text: independent

text: General

text: George

text: Washington

text: was

text: the

text: commander

text: in

text: chief

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: throughout

text: the

text: war

text: The military, also called the armed forces, are forces authorized to use deadly force, and weapons, to support the interests of the state and some or all of its citizens. The task of the military is usually defined as defense of the state and its citizens, and the prosecution of war against another state. The military may also have additional sanctioned and non-sanctioned functions within a society, including, the promotion of a political agenda, protecting corporate economic interests, internal population control, construction, emergency services, social ceremonies, and guarding important areas. The military can also function as a discrete subculture within a larger civil society, through the development of separate infrastructures, which may include housing, schools, utilities, food production and banking.

text: The

text: military

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: are

text: forces

text: authorized

text: to

text: use

text: deadly

text: force

text: and

text: weapons

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: interests

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: some

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: citizens

text: The

text: task

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: is

text: usually

text: defined

text: as

text: defense

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: its

text: citizens

text: and

text: the

text: prosecution

text: of

text: war

text: against

text: another

text: state

text: The

text: military

text: may

text: also

text: have

text: additional

text: sanctioned

text: and

text: non

text: sanctioned

text: functions

text: within

text: society

text: including

text: the

text: promotion

text: of

text: political

text: agenda

text: protecting

text: corporate

text: economic

text: interests

text: internal

text: population

text: control

text: construction

text: emergency

text: services

text: social

text: ceremonies

text: and

text: guarding

text: important

text: areas

text: The

text: military

text: can

text: also

text: function

text: as

text: discrete

text: subculture

text: within

text: larger

text: civil

text: society

text: through

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: separate

text: infrastructures

text: which

text: may

text: include

text: housing

text: schools

text: utilities

text: food

text: production

text: and

text: banking

text:
A monarchy is a form of government in which a group, usually a family called the dynasty, embodies the country's national identity and one of its members, called the monarch, exercises a role of sovereignty. The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic (crowned republic), to partial and restricted ("constitutional" monarchy), to completely autocratic ("absolute" monarchy). Traditionally and in most cases, the monarch's post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication, but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected. Each of these has variations: in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are, whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion, age, gender, mental capacity, and other factors. Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election. Finally, there have been cases where the term of a monarch's reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved: an invasion being repulsed, for instance. Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy.
Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century, but it is no longer prevalent. Where it exists, it is now usually a constitutional monarchy, in which the monarch retains a unique legal and ceremonial role, but exercises limited or no official political power: under the written or unwritten constitution, others have governing authority. Currently, 47 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state, 19 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state. All European monarchies are constitutional ones, with the exception of the Vatican City which is an elective monarchy, but sovereigns in the smaller states exercise greater political influence than in the larger. The monarchs of Cambodia, Japan, and Malaysia "reign, but do not rule" although there is considerable variation in the degree of authority they wield. Although they reign under constitutions, the monarchs of Brunei, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Swaziland appear to continue to exercise more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations, either by constitutional mandate or by tradition.

text: monarchy

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: in

text: which

text: group

text: usually

text: family

text: called

text: the

text: dynasty

text: embodies

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: national

text: identity

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: members

text: called

text: the

text: monarch

text: exercises

text: role

text: of

text: sovereignty

text: The

text: actual

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: monarch

text: may

text: vary

text: from

text: purely

text: symbolic

text: crowned

text: republic

text: to

text: partial

text: and

text: restricted

text: constitutional

text: monarchy

text: to

text: completely

text: autocratic

text: absolute

text: monarchy

text: Traditionally

text: and

text: in

text: most

text: cases

text: the

text: monarch

text: 's

text: post

text: is

text: inherited

text: and

text: lasts

text: until

text: death

text: or

text: abdication

text: but

text: there

text: are

text: also

text: elective

text: monarchies

text: where

text: the

text: monarch

text: is

text: elected

text: Each

text: of

text: these

text: has

text: variations

text: in

text: some

text: elected

text: monarchies

text: only

text: those

text: of

text: certain

text: pedigrees

text: are

text: whereas

text: many

text: hereditary

text: monarchies

text: impose

text: requirements

text: regarding

text: the

text: religion

text: age

text: gender

text: mental

text: capacity

text: and

text: other

text: factors

text: Occasionally

text: this

text: might

text: create

text: situation

text: of

text: rival

text: claimants

text: whose

text: legitimacy

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: effective

text: election

text: Finally

text: there

text: have

text: been

text: cases

text: where

text: the

text: term

text: of

text: monarch

text: 's

text: reign

text: is

text: either

text: fixed

text: in

text: years

text: or

text: continues

text: until

text: certain

text: goals

text: are

text: achieved

text: an

text: invasion

text: being

text: repulsed

text: for

text: instance

text: Thus

text: there

text: are

text: widely

text: divergent

text: structures

text: and

text: traditions

text: defining

text: monarchy

text: Monarchy

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: prevalent

text: Where

text: it

text: exists

text: it

text: is

text: now

text: usually

text: constitutional

text: monarchy

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: monarch

text: retains

text: unique

text: legal

text: and

text: ceremonial

text: role

text: but

text: exercises

text: limited

text: or

text: no

text: official

text: political

text: power

text: under

text: the

text: written

text: or

text: unwritten

text: constitution

text: others

text: have

text: governing

text: authority

text: Currently

text: sovereign

text: nations

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: have

text: monarchs

text: acting

text: as

text: heads

text: of

text: state

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: Commonwealth

text: realms

text: that

text: recognise

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: II

text: as

text: their

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: All

text: European

text: monarchies

text: are

text: constitutional

text: ones

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: the

text: Vatican

text: City

text: which

text: is

text: an

text: elective

text: monarchy

text: but

text: sovereigns

text: in

text: the

text: smaller

text: states

text: exercise

text: greater

text: political

text: influence

text: than

text: in

text: the

text: larger

text: The

text: monarchs

text: of

text: Cambodia

text: Japan

text: and

text: Malaysia

text: reign

text: but

text: do

text: not

text: rule

text: although

text: there

text: is

text: considerable

text: variation

text: in

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: authority

text: they

text: wield

text: Although

text: they

text: reign

text: under

text: constitutions

text: the

text: monarchs

text: of

text: Brunei

text: Morocco

text: Oman

text: Qatar

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: appear

text: to

text: continue

text: to

text: exercise

text: more

text: political

text: influence

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: single

text: source

text: of

text: authority

text: in

text: their

text: nations

text: either

text: by

text: constitutional

text: mandate

text: or

text: by

text: tradition

text: Head of government is a generic term used for either the highest or second highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, (commonly referred to as countries, nations or nation-states) who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments. The term "head of government" is often differentiated from the term "head of state", (e.g. as in article 7 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, article 1 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents and the United Nations protocol list), as they may be separate positions, individuals, and/or roles depending on the country.

text: Head

text: of

text: government

text: is

text: generic

text: term

text: used

text: for

text: either

text: the

text: highest

text: or

text: second

text: highest

text: official

text: in

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: of

text: sovereign

text: state

text: federated

text: state

text: or

text: self

text: governing

text: colony

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: countries

text: nations

text: or

text: nation

text: states

text: who

text: often

text: presides

text: over

text: cabinet

text: group

text: of

text: ministers

text: or

text: secretaries

text: who

text: lead

text: executive

text: departments

text: The

text: term

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: is

text: often

text: differentiated

text: from

text: the

text: term

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: e.g.

text: as

text: in

text: article

text: of

text: the

text: Vienna

text: Convention

text: on

text: the

text: Law

text: of

text: Treaties

text: article

text: of

text: the

text: Convention

text: on

text: the

text: Prevention

text: and

text: Punishment

text: of

text: Crimes

text: against

text: Internationally

text: Protected

text: Persons

text: including

text: Diplomatic

text: Agents

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: protocol

text: list

text: as

text: they

text: may

text: be

text: separate

text: positions

text: individuals

text: and/or

text: roles

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: country

text: A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. In developing the current Constitution of France (1958), former French president Charles de Gaulle said the head of state should embody "the spirit of the nation" (""). In some countries, typically those with parliamentary governments, the head of state is a ceremonial figurehead that does not actually guide day-to-day government activities and may not even be empowered to exercise any kind of political authority (e.g., Queen Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom). In other countries, the head of state is also the head of government, such as in the U.S., where the president is both a public figurehead and the actual highest ranking political leader who, in practice, oversees the executive branch.

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: or

text: chief

text: of

text: state

text: is

text: the

text: public

text: persona

text: that

text: officially

text: represents

text: the

text: national

text: unity

text: and

text: legitimacy

text: of

text: sovereign

text: state

text: In

text: developing

text: the

text: current

text: Constitution

text: of

text: France

text: former

text: French

text: president

text: Charles

text: de

text: Gaulle

text: said

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: should

text: embody

text: the

text: spirit

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: In

text: some

text: countries

text: typically

text: those

text: with

text: parliamentary

text: governments

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: is

text: ceremonial

text: figurehead

text: that

text: does

text: not

text: actually

text: guide

text: day

text: to

text: day

text: government

text: activities

text: and

text: may

text: not

text: even

text: be

text: empowered

text: to

text: exercise

text: any

text: kind

text: of

text: political

text: authority

text: e.g.

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: II

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: In

text: other

text: countries

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: where

text: the

text: president

text: is

text: both

text: public

text: figurehead

text: and

text: the

text: actual

text: highest

text: ranking

text: political

text: leader

text: who

text: in

text: practice

text: oversees

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: Civilian control of the military is a doctrine in military and political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country's strategic decision-making in the hands of the civilian political leadership, rather than professional military officers. The reverse situation, where professional military officers control national politics, is called a military dictatorship. A lack of control over the military may result in a state within a state. One author, paraphrasing Samuel P. Huntington's writings in "The Soldier and the State", has summarized the civilian control ideal as "the proper subordination of a competent, professional military to the ends of policy as determined by civilian authority".

text: Civilian

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: is

text: doctrine

text: in

text: military

text: and

text: political

text: science

text: that

text: places

text: ultimate

text: responsibility

text: for

text: country

text: 's

text: strategic

text: decision

text: making

text: in

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: the

text: civilian

text: political

text: leadership

text: rather

text: than

text: professional

text: military

text: officers

text: The

text: reverse

text: situation

text: where

text: professional

text: military

text: officers

text: control

text: national

text: politics

text: is

text: called

text: military

text: dictatorship

text: lack

text: of

text: control

text: over

text: the

text: military

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: state

text: within

text: state

text: One

text: author

text: paraphrasing

text: Samuel

text: Huntington

text: 's

text: writings

text: in

text: The

text: Soldier

text: and

text: the

text: State

text: has

text: summarized

text: the

text: civilian

text: control

text: ideal

text: as

text: the

text: proper

text: subordination

text: of

text: competent

text: professional

text: military

text: to

text: the

text: ends

text: of

text: policy

text: as

text: determined

text: by

text: civilian

text: authority

text: An "official" is someone who holds an office (function or mandate, regardless whether it carries an actual working space with it) in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority (either their own or that of their superior and/or employer, public or legally private).

text: An

text: official

text: is

text: someone

text: who

text: holds

text: an

text: office

text: function

text: or

text: mandate

text: regardless

text: whether

text: it

text: carries

text: an

text: actual

text: working

text: space

text: with

text: it

text: in

text: an

text: organization

text: or

text: government

text: and

text: participates

text: in

text: the

text: exercise

text: of

text: authority

text: either

text: their

text: own

text: or

text: that

text: of

text: their

text: superior

text: and/or

text: employer

text: public

text: or

text: legally

text: private

text: The American Revolutionary War (17751783), also referred to as the American War of Independence and the Revolutionary War in the United States, was an armed conflict between Great Britain and thirteen of its North American colonies that after onset of the war declared independence as the United States of America.

text: The

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: American

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: and

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: was

text: an

text: armed

text: conflict

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: thirteen

text: of

text: its

text: North

text: American

text: colonies

text: that

text: after

text: onset

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: declared

text: independence

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text:
Command generally refers to the ability to "dominate an area of situation".
There are several definitions of command and control (C2). According to older versions of U.S. Army FM 3-0, C2 in a military organization is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commanding officer over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. The term may also refer to command and control systems within a military system.

text: Command

text: generally

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: dominate

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: situation

text: There

text: are

text: several

text: definitions

text: of

text: command

text: and

text: control

text: According

text: to

text: older

text: versions

text: of

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: FM

text: in

text: military

text: organization

text: is

text: the

text: exercise

text: of

text: authority

text: and

text: direction

text: by

text: properly

text: designated

text: commanding

text: officer

text: over

text: assigned

text: and

text: attached

text: forces

text: in

text: the

text: accomplishment

text: of

text: the

text: mission

text: The

text: term

text: may

text: also

text: refer

text: to

text: command

text: and

text: control

text: systems

text: within

text: military

text: system

text: Marshal Jean - Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur , comte de Rochambeau ( French pronunciation :  ( bo ) ; 1 July 1725 -- 10 May 1807 ) was a French nobleman and general who played a major role in helping the United States win independence during the American Revolution . During this time , he served as commander - in - chief of the French Expeditionary Force that embarked from France in order to help the American Continental Army fight against British forces .

text: Marshal

text: Jean

text: Baptiste

text: Donatien

text: de

text: Vimeur

text: comte

text: de

text: Rochambeau

text: French

text: pronunciation

text: bo

text: July

text: May

text: was

text: French

text: nobleman

text: and

text: general

text: who

text: played

text: major

text: role

text: in

text: helping

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: win

text: independence

text: during

text: the

text: American

text: Revolution

text: During

text: this

text: time

text: he

text: served

text: as

text: commander

text: in

text: chief

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Expeditionary

text: Force

text: that

text: embarked

text: from

text: France

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: help

text: the

text: American

text: Continental

text: Army

text: fight

text: against

text: British

text: forces

text: A commander-in-chief is the person or body that exercises supreme operational command and control of a nation's military forces or significant elements of those forces. In the latter case, the force element is those forces within a particular region, or associated by function. As a practical term; it refers to military competencies that reside in a nation-state's executive leadershipeither a head of state, a head of government, a minister of defence, a national cabinet, or some other collegial body. Often, a given country's commander-in-chief (if held by an official) need not be or have been a commissioned officer or even a veteran. This follows the principle of civilian control of the military.

text: commander

text: in

text: chief

text: is

text: the

text: person

text: or

text: body

text: that

text: exercises

text: supreme

text: operational

text: command

text: and

text: control

text: of

text: nation

text: 's

text: military

text: forces

text: or

text: significant

text: elements

text: of

text: those

text: forces

text: In

text: the

text: latter

text: case

text: the

text: force

text: element

text: is

text: those

text: forces

text: within

text: particular

text: region

text: or

text: associated

text: by

text: function

text: As

text: practical

text: term

text: it

text: refers

text: to

text: military

text: competencies

text: that

text: reside

text: in

text: nation

text: state

text: 's

text: executive

text: leadershipeither

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: minister

text: of

text: defence

text: national

text: cabinet

text: or

text: some

text: other

text: collegial

text: body

text: Often

text: given

text: country

text: 's

text: commander

text: in

text: chief

text: if

text: held

text: by

text: an

text: official

text: need

text: not

text: be

text: or

text: have

text: been

text: commissioned

text: officer

text: or

text: even

text: veteran

text: This

text: follows

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: civilian

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: George Washington (  , 1799) was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and later presided over the 1787 convention that drafted the United States Constitution. He is popularly considered the driving force behind the nation's establishment and came to be known as the "father of the country," both during his lifetime and to this day.

text: George

text: Washington

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: politician

text: and

text: soldier

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Founding

text: Fathers

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: He

text: served

text: as

text: Commander

text: in

text: Chief

text: of

text: the

text: Continental

text: Army

text: during

text: the

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: and

text: later

text: presided

text: over

text: the

text: convention

text: that

text: drafted

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Constitution

text: He

text: is

text: popularly

text: considered

text: the

text: driving

text: force

text: behind

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: establishment

text: and

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: both

text: during

text: his

text: lifetime

text: and

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America.

text: The

text: American

text: Revolution

text: was

text: political

text: upheaval

text: that

text: took

text: place

text: between

text: and

text: during

text: which

text: colonists

text: in

text: the

text: Thirteen

text: American

text: Colonies

text: rejected

text: the

text: British

text: monarchy

text: and

text: aristocracy

text: overthrew

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: founded

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

question: occupation jean-baptiste donatien de vimeur

answer: officer

text: officer

text: officer