text: John Winthrop (12 January 1587/88  26 March 1649) was an English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the second major settlement in New England, following Plymouth Colony. Winthrop led the first large wave of immigrants from England in 1630 and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years. His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the governments and religions of neighboring colonies.

text: John

text: Winthrop

text: January

text: March

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: Puritan

text: lawyer

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: figures

text: in

text: founding

text: the

text: Massachusetts

text: Bay

text: Colony

text: the

text: second

text: major

text: settlement

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: following

text: Plymouth

text: Colony

text: Winthrop

text: led

text: the

text: first

text: large

text: wave

text: of

text: immigrants

text: from

text: England

text: in

text: and

text: served

text: as

text: governor

text: for

text: of

text: the

text: colony

text: 's

text: first

text: years

text: His

text: writings

text: and

text: vision

text: of

text: the

text: colony

text: as

text: Puritan

text: city

text: upon

text: hill

text: dominated

text: New

text: England

text: colonial

text: development

text: influencing

text: the

text: governments

text: and

text: religions

text: of

text: neighboring

text: colonies

text: Boston (pronounced ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1, 1999. The city proper covers with an estimated population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England and the 23rd most populous city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 4.7 million people in 2014 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area (CSA), this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest as such in the United States.

text: Boston

text: pronounced

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Boston

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: Suffolk

text: County

text: although

text: the

text: county

text: government

text: was

text: disbanded

text: on

text: July

text: The

text: city

text: proper

text: covers

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: economic

text: and

text: cultural

text: anchor

text: of

text: substantially

text: larger

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: known

text: as

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: MSA

text: home

text: to

text: census

text: estimated

text: million

text: people

text: in

text: and

text: ranking

text: as

text: the

text: tenth

text: largest

text: such

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Alternately

text: as

text: Combined

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: CSA

text: this

text: wider

text: commuting

text: region

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: some

text: million

text: people

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: sixth

text: largest

text: as

text: such

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport. The state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U.S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word "Connecticut" is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for "long tidal river".

text: Connecticut

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: England

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: Connecticut

text: is

text: also

text: often

text: grouped

text: along

text: with

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: New

text: Jersey

text: as

text: the

text: Tri

text: State

text: Area

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Massachusetts

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Long

text: Island

text: Sound

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Its

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Hartford

text: and

text: its

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: is

text: Bridgeport

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: named

text: for

text: the

text: Connecticut

text: River

text: major

text: U.S.

text: river

text: that

text: approximately

text: bisects

text: the

text: state

text: The

text: word

text: Connecticut

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: various

text: anglicized

text: spellings

text: of

text: an

text: Algonquian

text: word

text: for

text: long

text: tidal

text: river

text: The American Enlightenment is a period of intellectual ferment in the thirteen American colonies in the period 17141818, which led to the American Revolution, and the creation of the American Republic. Influenced by the 18th-century European Enlightenment and its own native American philosophy, the American Enlightenment applied scientific reasoning to politics, science, and religion, promoted religious tolerance, and restored literature, the arts, and music as important disciplines and professions worthy of study in colleges. The "new-model" American style colleges of King's College New York (now Columbia University), and the College of Philadelphia (now Penn) were founded, Yale College and the College of William & Mary were reformed, and a non-denominational moral philosophy replaced theology in many college curricula; even Puritan colleges such as the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and Harvard University reformed their curricula to include natural philosophy (science), modern astronomy, and mathematics.

text: The

text: American

text: Enlightenment

text: is

text: period

text: of

text: intellectual

text: ferment

text: in

text: the

text: thirteen

text: American

text: colonies

text: in

text: the

text: period

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: Revolution

text: and

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Republic

text: Influenced

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: European

text: Enlightenment

text: and

text: its

text: own

text: native

text: American

text: philosophy

text: the

text: American

text: Enlightenment

text: applied

text: scientific

text: reasoning

text: to

text: politics

text: science

text: and

text: religion

text: promoted

text: religious

text: tolerance

text: and

text: restored

text: literature

text: the

text: arts

text: and

text: music

text: as

text: important

text: disciplines

text: and

text: professions

text: worthy

text: of

text: study

text: in

text: colleges

text: The

text: new

text: model

text: American

text: style

text: colleges

text: of

text: King

text: 's

text: College

text: New

text: York

text: now

text: Columbia

text: University

text: and

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Philadelphia

text: now

text: Penn

text: were

text: founded

text: Yale

text: College

text: and

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: William

text: Mary

text: were

text: reformed

text: and

text: non

text: denominational

text: moral

text: philosophy

text: replaced

text: theology

text: in

text: many

text: college

text: curricula

text: even

text: Puritan

text: colleges

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: New

text: Jersey

text: now

text: Princeton

text: University

text: and

text: Harvard

text: University

text: reformed

text: their

text: curricula

text: to

text: include

text: natural

text: philosophy

text: science

text: modern

text: astronomy

text: and

text: mathematics

text: New Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces (together with Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia) and is the only constitutionally bilingual (EnglishFrench) province. Fredericton is the capital, Moncton is the largest metropolitan (CMA) area and Saint John is the most populous city. In the 2011 nationwide census, Statistics Canada estimated the provincial population to have been 751,171, being on an area of almost 73,000 km. The majority of the population is English-speaking, but there is also a large Francophone minority (33%), chiefly of Acadian origin. The current premier of the province is Brian Gallant. It was created as a result of the partitioning of the British colony of Nova Scotia in 1784. The provincial flag features a ship superimposed on a yellow background with a yellow "lion passant guardant" on red pennon above it.

text: New

text: Brunswick

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: Canada

text: 's

text: three

text: Maritime

text: provinces

text: together

text: with

text: Prince

text: Edward

text: Island

text: and

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: constitutionally

text: bilingual

text: EnglishFrench

text: province

text: Fredericton

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: Moncton

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: CMA

text: area

text: and

text: Saint

text: John

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: In

text: the

text: nationwide

text: census

text: Statistics

text: Canada

text: estimated

text: the

text: provincial

text: population

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: being

text: on

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: almost

text: km

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: is

text: English

text: speaking

text: but

text: there

text: is

text: also

text: large

text: Francophone

text: minority

text: chiefly

text: of

text: Acadian

text: origin

text: The

text: current

text: premier

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: is

text: Brian

text: Gallant

text: It

text: was

text: created

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: partitioning

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: colony

text: of

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: in

text: The

text: provincial

text: flag

text: features

text: ship

text: superimposed

text: on

text: yellow

text: background

text: with

text: yellow

text: lion

text: passant

text: guardant

text: on

text: red

text: pennon

text: above

text: it

text: An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can be violent enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

text: An

text: earthquake

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: quake

text: tremor

text: or

text: temblor

text: is

text: the

text: shaking

text: of

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: resulting

text: from

text: the

text: sudden

text: release

text: of

text: energy

text: in

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: lithosphere

text: that

text: creates

text: seismic

text: waves

text: Earthquakes

text: can

text: be

text: violent

text: enough

text: to

text: toss

text: people

text: around

text: and

text: destroy

text: whole

text: cities

text: The

text: seismicity

text: or

text: seismic

text: activity

text: of

text: an

text: area

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: frequency

text: type

text: and

text: size

text: of

text: earthquakes

text: experienced

text: over

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who concentrates their studies on a specific question or field outside of the scope of Earth. They look at stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies, as well as many other celestial objects  either in observational astronomy, in analyzing the data or in theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers work on include: planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. There are also related but distinct subjects like physical cosmology which studies the Universe as a whole.

text: An

text: astronomer

text: is

text: scientist

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: astronomy

text: who

text: concentrates

text: their

text: studies

text: on

text: specific

text: question

text: or

text: field

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: Earth

text: They

text: look

text: at

text: stars

text: planets

text: moons

text: comets

text: and

text: galaxies

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: many

text: other

text: celestial

text: objects

text: either

text: in

text: observational

text: astronomy

text: in

text: analyzing

text: the

text: data

text: or

text: in

text: theoretical

text: astronomy

text: Examples

text: of

text: topics

text: or

text: fields

text: astronomers

text: work

text: on

text: include

text: planetary

text: science

text: solar

text: astronomy

text: the

text: origin

text: or

text: evolution

text: of

text: stars

text: or

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: galaxies

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: related

text: but

text: distinct

text: subjects

text: like

text: physical

text: cosmology

text: which

text: studies

text: the

text: Universe

text: as

text: whole

text: Electricity is a physical phenomenon associated with the presence of electric charge. Although initially considered a phenomenon separate to magnetism, since the development of Maxwell's Equations both are recognized as part of a single phenomenon:electromagnetism. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others. In addition, electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies.

text: Electricity

text: is

text: physical

text: phenomenon

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: electric

text: charge

text: Although

text: initially

text: considered

text: phenomenon

text: separate

text: to

text: magnetism

text: since

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: Maxwell

text: 's

text: Equations

text: both

text: are

text: recognized

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: single

text: phenomenon

text: electromagnetism

text: Various

text: common

text: phenomena

text: are

text: related

text: to

text: electricity

text: including

text: lightning

text: static

text: electricity

text: electric

text: heating

text: electric

text: discharges

text: and

text: many

text: others

text: In

text: addition

text: electricity

text: is

text: at

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: many

text: modern

text: technologies

text: A star is a luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked eye from Earth during the night, appearing as a multitude of fixed luminous points in the sky due to their immense distance from Earth. Historically, the most prominent stars were grouped into constellations and asterisms, the brightest of which gained proper names. Astronomers have assembled star catalogues that identify the known stars and provide standardized stellar designations. However, most of the stars in the Universe, including all stars outside our galaxy, the Milky Way, are invisible to the naked eye from Earth. Indeed, most are invisible from Earth even through the most powerful telescopes.

text: star

text: is

text: luminous

text: sphere

text: of

text: plasma

text: held

text: together

text: by

text: its

text: own

text: gravity

text: The

text: nearest

text: star

text: to

text: Earth

text: is

text: the

text: Sun

text: Many

text: other

text: stars

text: are

text: visible

text: to

text: the

text: naked

text: eye

text: from

text: Earth

text: during

text: the

text: night

text: appearing

text: as

text: multitude

text: of

text: fixed

text: luminous

text: points

text: in

text: the

text: sky

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: immense

text: distance

text: from

text: Earth

text: Historically

text: the

text: most

text: prominent

text: stars

text: were

text: grouped

text: into

text: constellations

text: and

text: asterisms

text: the

text: brightest

text: of

text: which

text: gained

text: proper

text: names

text: Astronomers

text: have

text: assembled

text: star

text: catalogues

text: that

text: identify

text: the

text: known

text: stars

text: and

text: provide

text: standardized

text: stellar

text: designations

text: However

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: stars

text: in

text: the

text: Universe

text: including

text: all

text: stars

text: outside

text: our

text: galaxy

text: the

text: Milky

text: Way

text: are

text: invisible

text: to

text: the

text: naked

text: eye

text: from

text: Earth

text: Indeed

text: most

text: are

text: invisible

text: from

text: Earth

text: even

text: through

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: telescopes

text: Massachusetts Bay is a bay on the Atlantic Ocean that forms part of the coastline of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

text: Massachusetts

text: Bay

text: is

text: bay

text: on

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: that

text: forms

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: coastline

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: Venkatraman "Venki" Ramakrishnan (born 1952) is an Indian-American-British structural biologist of Indian origin. He is the current President of the Royal Society, having held the position since November 2015. In 2009 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada Yonath, "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome".

text: Venkatraman

text: Venki

text: Ramakrishnan

text: born

text: is

text: an

text: Indian

text: American

text: British

text: structural

text: biologist

text: of

text: Indian

text: origin

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: current

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: having

text: held

text: the

text: position

text: since

text: November

text: In

text: he

text: shared

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Chemistry

text: with

text: Thomas

text: Steitz

text: and

text: Ada

text: Yonath

text: for

text: studies

text: of

text: the

text: structure

text: and

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: ribosome

text: Bavaria  is a federal state of Germany. Located in the German southeast with an area of 70,548 square kilometres (27,200 sq mi), Bavaria is the largest German state. Its territory comprises roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany, and, with 12.9 million inhabitants, it is Germany's second most populous state. Munich, Bavaria's capital and largest city, is the third largest city in Germany.

text: Bavaria

text: is

text: federal

text: state

text: of

text: Germany

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: southeast

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: Bavaria

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: German

text: state

text: Its

text: territory

text: comprises

text: roughly

text: fifth

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: Germany

text: and

text: with

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: Germany

text: 's

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: Munich

text: Bavaria

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: Long Island Sound is a tidal estuary of the Atlantic Ocean, lying between the eastern shores of Bronx County, New York City, southern Westchester County, and Connecticut to the north, and the North Shore of Long Island, to the south. From east to west, the sound stretches 110 miles (177 km) from the East River in New York City, along the North Shore of Long Island, to Block Island Sound. A mix of freshwater from tributaries and saltwater from the ocean, Long Island Sound is 21 miles (34 km) at its widest point and varies in depth from .

text: Long

text: Island

text: Sound

text: is

text: tidal

text: estuary

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: lying

text: between

text: the

text: eastern

text: shores

text: of

text: Bronx

text: County

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: southern

text: Westchester

text: County

text: and

text: Connecticut

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Shore

text: of

text: Long

text: Island

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: From

text: east

text: to

text: west

text: the

text: sound

text: stretches

text: miles

text: km

text: from

text: the

text: East

text: River

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: along

text: the

text: North

text: Shore

text: of

text: Long

text: Island

text: to

text: Block

text: Island

text: Sound

text: mix

text: of

text: freshwater

text: from

text: tributaries

text: and

text: saltwater

text: from

text: the

text: ocean

text: Long

text: Island

text: Sound

text: is

text: miles

text: km

text: at

text: its

text: widest

text: point

text: and

text: varies

text: in

text: depth

text: from

text:
A seismogram is a graph output by a seismograph. It is a record of the ground motion at a measuring station as a function of time. Seismograms typically record motions in three cartesian axes (x, y, and z), with the z axis perpendicular to the Earth's surface and the x- and y- axes parallel to the surface. The energy measured in a seismogram may result from an earthquake or from some other source, such as an explosion. Seismograms can record lots of things, and record many little waves, called microseisms. These tiny microseisms can be caused by heavy traffic near the seismograph, waves hitting a beach, the wind, and any number of other ordinary things that cause some shaking of the seismograph.
Historically, seismograms were recorded on paper attached to rotating drums. Some used pens on ordinary paper, while others used light beams to expose photosensitive paper. Today, practically all seismograms are recorded digitally to make analysis by computer easier. Some drum seismometers are still found, especially when used for public display. Seismograms are essential for finding the location and magnitude of earthquakes.

text: seismogram

text: is

text: graph

text: output

text: by

text: seismograph

text: It

text: is

text: record

text: of

text: the

text: ground

text: motion

text: at

text: measuring

text: station

text: as

text: function

text: of

text: time

text: Seismograms

text: typically

text: record

text: motions

text: in

text: three

text: cartesian

text: axes

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: axis

text: perpendicular

text: to

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: and

text: the

text: x-

text: and

text: y-

text: axes

text: parallel

text: to

text: the

text: surface

text: The

text: energy

text: measured

text: in

text: seismogram

text: may

text: result

text: from

text: an

text: earthquake

text: or

text: from

text: some

text: other

text: source

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: explosion

text: Seismograms

text: can

text: record

text: lots

text: of

text: things

text: and

text: record

text: many

text: little

text: waves

text: called

text: microseisms

text: These

text: tiny

text: microseisms

text: can

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: heavy

text: traffic

text: near

text: the

text: seismograph

text: waves

text: hitting

text: beach

text: the

text: wind

text: and

text: any

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: ordinary

text: things

text: that

text: cause

text: some

text: shaking

text: of

text: the

text: seismograph

text: Historically

text: seismograms

text: were

text: recorded

text: on

text: paper

text: attached

text: to

text: rotating

text: drums

text: Some

text: used

text: pens

text: on

text: ordinary

text: paper

text: while

text: others

text: used

text: light

text: beams

text: to

text: expose

text: photosensitive

text: paper

text: Today

text: practically

text: all

text: seismograms

text: are

text: recorded

text: digitally

text: to

text: make

text: analysis

text: by

text: computer

text: easier

text: Some

text: drum

text: seismometers

text: are

text: still

text: found

text: especially

text: when

text: used

text: for

text: public

text: display

text: Seismograms

text: are

text: essential

text: for

text: finding

text: the

text: location

text: and

text: magnitude

text: of

text: earthquakes

text: Plymouth Colony (sometimes New Plymouth) was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 to 1691. The first settlement of the Plymouth Colony was at New Plymouth, a location previously surveyed and named by Captain John Smith. The settlement served as the capital of the colony, and is the modern town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. At its height, Plymouth Colony occupied most of the southeastern portion of the modern state of Massachusetts.

text: Plymouth

text: Colony

text: sometimes

text: New

text: Plymouth

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: colonial

text: venture

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: first

text: settlement

text: of

text: the

text: Plymouth

text: Colony

text: was

text: at

text: New

text: Plymouth

text: location

text: previously

text: surveyed

text: and

text: named

text: by

text: Captain

text: John

text: Smith

text: The

text: settlement

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: colony

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: modern

text: town

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: Massachusetts

text: At

text: its

text: height

text: Plymouth

text: Colony

text: occupied

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: southeastern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: state

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeast United States. It borders the other U.S. states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Lake Champlain forms half of Vermont's western border with the state of New York and the Green Mountains run north-south the length of the state.

text: Vermont

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: England

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: northeast

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: borders

text: the

text: other

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: province

text: of

text: Quebec

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Lake

text: Champlain

text: forms

text: half

text: of

text: Vermont

text: 's

text: western

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: the

text: Green

text: Mountains

text: run

text: north

text: south

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: The President of the United States (POTUS) is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.

text: The

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: POTUS

text: is

text: the

text: elected

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: and

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: president

text: directs

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: commander

text: in

text: chief

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: Fellowship of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS & HonFRS) is an award and fellowship granted by the Royal Society of London to individuals the society judges to have made a "substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science".

text: Fellowship

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: FRS

text: ForMemRS

text: HonFRS

text: is

text: an

text: award

text: and

text: fellowship

text: granted

text: by

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: of

text: London

text: to

text: individuals

text: the

text: society

text: judges

text: to

text: have

text: made

text: substantial

text: contribution

text: to

text: the

text: improvement

text: of

text: natural

text: knowledge

text: including

text: mathematics

text: engineering

text: science

text: and

text: medical

text: science

text: Quebec (pronounced or ) is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language.

text: Quebec

text: pronounced

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: province

text: of

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: to

text: have

text: predominantly

text: French

text: speaking

text: population

text: with

text: French

text: as

text: the

text: sole

text: provincial

text: official

text: language

text: A lightning rod (US, AUS) or lightning conductor (UK) is a metal rod or metallic object mounted on top of an elevated structure, such as a building, a ship, or even a tree, electrically bonded using a wire or electrical conductor to interface with ground or "earth" through an electrode, engineered to protect the structure in the event of lightning strike. If lightning hits the structure, it will preferentially strike the rod and be conducted to ground through the wire, instead of passing through the structure, where it could start a fire or cause electrocution. Lightning rods are also called finials, air terminals or strike termination devices.

text: lightning

text: rod

text: US

text: AUS

text: or

text: lightning

text: conductor

text: UK

text: is

text: metal

text: rod

text: or

text: metallic

text: object

text: mounted

text: on

text: top

text: of

text: an

text: elevated

text: structure

text: such

text: as

text: building

text: ship

text: or

text: even

text: tree

text: electrically

text: bonded

text: using

text: wire

text: or

text: electrical

text: conductor

text: to

text: interface

text: with

text: ground

text: or

text: earth

text: through

text: an

text: electrode

text: engineered

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: structure

text: in

text: the

text: event

text: of

text: lightning

text: strike

text: If

text: lightning

text: hits

text: the

text: structure

text: it

text: will

text: preferentially

text: strike

text: the

text: rod

text: and

text: be

text: conducted

text: to

text: ground

text: through

text: the

text: wire

text: instead

text: of

text: passing

text: through

text: the

text: structure

text: where

text: it

text: could

text: start

text: fire

text: or

text: cause

text: electrocution

text: Lightning

text: rods

text: are

text: also

text: called

text: finials

text: air

text: terminals

text: or

text: strike

text: termination

text: devices

text:
The President, Council and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, commonly known as the Royal Society, is a learned society for science and is possibly the oldest such society still in existence. Founded in November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II as "The Royal Society". The Society is the United Kingdom's and Commonwealth of Nations' Academy of Sciences and fulfills a number of roles; promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, fostering international and global cooperation, education and public engagement.
The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the Society's President, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the President are elected from and by its Fellows, the basic members of the society, who are themselves elected by existing Fellows. As of 2016, there are about 1,600 fellows, allowed to use the postnominal title FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society), with up to 52 new fellows appointed each year. There are also royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members, the last of which are allowed to use the postnominal title ForMemRS (Foreign Member of the Royal Society). The Royal Society President is Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, who took up the post on November 30, 2015.

text: The

text: President

text: Council

text: and

text: Fellows

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: of

text: London

text: for

text: Improving

text: Natural

text: Knowledge

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: is

text: learned

text: society

text: for

text: science

text: and

text: is

text: possibly

text: the

text: oldest

text: such

text: society

text: still

text: in

text: existence

text: Founded

text: in

text: November

text: it

text: was

text: granted

text: royal

text: charter

text: by

text: King

text: Charles

text: II

text: as

text: The

text: Royal

text: Society

text: The

text: Society

text: is

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: and

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Nations

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: and

text: fulfills

text: number

text: of

text: roles

text: promoting

text: science

text: and

text: its

text: benefits

text: recognising

text: excellence

text: in

text: science

text: supporting

text: outstanding

text: science

text: providing

text: scientific

text: advice

text: for

text: policy

text: fostering

text: international

text: and

text: global

text: cooperation

text: education

text: and

text: public

text: engagement

text: The

text: society

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: its

text: Council

text: which

text: is

text: chaired

text: by

text: the

text: Society

text: 's

text: President

text: according

text: to

text: set

text: of

text: statutes

text: and

text: standing

text: orders

text: The

text: members

text: of

text: Council

text: and

text: the

text: President

text: are

text: elected

text: from

text: and

text: by

text: its

text: Fellows

text: the

text: basic

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: society

text: who

text: are

text: themselves

text: elected

text: by

text: existing

text: Fellows

text: As

text: of

text: there

text: are

text: about

text: fellows

text: allowed

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: postnominal

text: title

text: FRS

text: Fellow

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: with

text: up

text: to

text: new

text: fellows

text: appointed

text: each

text: year

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: royal

text: fellows

text: honorary

text: fellows

text: and

text: foreign

text: members

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: allowed

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: postnominal

text: title

text: ForMemRS

text: Foreign

text: Member

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: The

text: Royal

text: Society

text: President

text: is

text: Venkatraman

text: Ramakrishnan

text: who

text: took

text: up

text: the

text: post

text: on

text: November

text: Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U.S. states and territories. It is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and the northernmost east of the Great Lakes. It is known for its jagged, rocky coastline; low, rolling mountains; heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways; and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in coastal areas such as its most populous city of Portland. The capital is Augusta.

text: Maine

text: is

text: the

text: northernmost

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: England

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: Maine

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: extensive

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: states

text: and

text: territories

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: provinces

text: of

text: New

text: Brunswick

text: and

text: Quebec

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Maine

text: is

text: the

text: easternmost

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: contiguous

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: northernmost

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: It

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: jagged

text: rocky

text: coastline

text: low

text: rolling

text: mountains

text: heavily

text: forested

text: interior

text: and

text: picturesque

text: waterways

text: and

text: also

text: its

text: seafood

text: cuisine

text: especially

text: clams

text: and

text: lobster

text: There

text: is

text: continental

text: climate

text: throughout

text: the

text: state

text: even

text: in

text: coastal

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: its

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: Portland

text: The

text: capital

text: is

text: Augusta

text: The American Revolutionary War (17751783), also referred to as the American War of Independence and the Revolutionary War in the United States, was an armed conflict between Great Britain and thirteen of its North American colonies that after onset of the war declared independence as the United States of America.

text: The

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: American

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: and

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: was

text: an

text: armed

text: conflict

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: thirteen

text: of

text: its

text: North

text: American

text: colonies

text: that

text: after

text: onset

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: declared

text: independence

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: Seismology (from Ancient Greek  ("seismós") meaning "earthquake" and - ("-logía") meaning "study of") is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies. The field also includes studies of earthquake environmental effects such as tsunamis as well as diverse seismic sources such as volcanic, tectonic, oceanic, atmospheric, and artificial processes such as explosions. A related field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes is paleoseismology. A recording of earth motion as a function of time is called a seismogram. A seismologist is a scientist who does research in seismology.

text: Seismology

text: from

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: seismós

text: meaning

text: earthquake

text: and

text: -logía

text: meaning

text: study

text: of

text: is

text: the

text: scientific

text: study

text: of

text: earthquakes

text: and

text: the

text: propagation

text: of

text: elastic

text: waves

text: through

text: the

text: Earth

text: or

text: through

text: other

text: planet

text: like

text: bodies

text: The

text: field

text: also

text: includes

text: studies

text: of

text: earthquake

text: environmental

text: effects

text: such

text: as

text: tsunamis

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: diverse

text: seismic

text: sources

text: such

text: as

text: volcanic

text: tectonic

text: oceanic

text: atmospheric

text: and

text: artificial

text: processes

text: such

text: as

text: explosions

text: related

text: field

text: that

text: uses

text: geology

text: to

text: infer

text: information

text: regarding

text: past

text: earthquakes

text: is

text: paleoseismology

text: recording

text: of

text: earth

text: motion

text: as

text: function

text: of

text: time

text: is

text: called

text: seismogram

text: seismologist

text: is

text: scientist

text: who

text: does

text: research

text: in

text: seismology

text: An academy of sciences is a type of learned society or academy (as special scientific institution) dedicated to sciences that could be or not state funded. Some state funded academies are tuned into national or royal (in case of the United Kingdom i.e. Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge) as a form of honor. The other types of academy is an academy of arts (see Academy of Arts) or combination of both (i.e. American Academy of Arts and Sciences).

text: An

text: academy

text: of

text: sciences

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: learned

text: society

text: or

text: academy

text: as

text: special

text: scientific

text: institution

text: dedicated

text: to

text: sciences

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: or

text: not

text: state

text: funded

text: Some

text: state

text: funded

text: academies

text: are

text: tuned

text: into

text: national

text: or

text: royal

text: in

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: i.e.

text: Royal

text: Society

text: of

text: London

text: for

text: Improving

text: Natural

text: Knowledge

text: as

text: form

text: of

text: honor

text: The

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: academy

text: is

text: an

text: academy

text: of

text: arts

text: see

text: Academy

text: of

text: Arts

text: or

text: combination

text: of

text: both

text: i.e.

text: American

text: Academy

text: of

text: Arts

text: and

text: Sciences

text: The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the "New World".

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceans

text: with

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: It

text: covers

text: approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: and

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: water

text: surface

text: area

text: It

text: separates

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: from

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: Earth, otherwise known as the world, is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets.

text: Earth

text: otherwise

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: planet

text: from

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: object

text: in

text: the

text: Universe

text: known

text: to

text: harbor

text: life

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: densest

text: planet

text: in

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: terrestrial

text: planets

text: Harvard College is the undergraduate liberal arts college of Harvard University. Founded in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and one of the most prestigious in the world.

text: Harvard

text: College

text: is

text: the

text: undergraduate

text: liberal

text: arts

text: college

text: of

text: Harvard

text: University

text: Founded

text: in

text: in

text: Cambridge

text: Massachusetts

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: institution

text: of

text: higher

text: learning

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: prestigious

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The Universe is all of time and space and its contents. It includes planets, moons, minor planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, and all matter and energy. The size of the entire Universe is unknown.

text: The

text: Universe

text: is

text: all

text: of

text: time

text: and

text: space

text: and

text: its

text: contents

text: It

text: includes

text: planets

text: moons

text: minor

text: planets

text: stars

text: galaxies

text: the

text: contents

text: of

text: intergalactic

text: space

text: and

text: all

text: matter

text: and

text: energy

text: The

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: Universe

text: is

text: unknown

text: Massachusetts ; officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which once inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston. Over 80% of Massachusetts' population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution. During the 20th century, Massachusetts' economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade.

text: Massachusetts

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: England

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Connecticut

text: and

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: and

text: Vermont

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: named

text: for

text: the

text: Massachusett

text: tribe

text: which

text: once

text: inhabited

text: the

text: area

text: The

text: capital

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: is

text: Boston

text: Over

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: population

text: lives

text: in

text: the

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: region

text: influential

text: upon

text: American

text: history

text: academia

text: and

text: industry

text: Originally

text: dependent

text: on

text: agriculture

text: fishing

text: and

text: trade

text: Massachusetts

text: was

text: transformed

text: into

text: manufacturing

text: center

text: during

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: During

text: the

text: century

text: Massachusetts

text: economy

text: shifted

text: from

text: manufacturing

text: to

text: services

text: Modern

text: Massachusetts

text: is

text: global

text: leader

text: in

text: biotechnology

text: engineering

text: higher

text: education

text: finance

text: and

text: maritime

text: trade

text: John Winthrop ( December 19 , 1714 -- May 3 , 1779 ) was the 2nd Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Harvard College . He was a distinguished mathematician , physicist and astronomer , born in Boston , Mass. His great - great - grandfather , also named John Winthrop , was founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . He graduated in 1732 from Harvard , where , from 1738 until his death he served as professor of mathematics and natural philosophy . Professor Winthrop was one of the foremost men of science in America during the 18th century , and his impact on its early advance in New England was particularly significant . Both Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Thompson ( Count Rumford ) probably owed much of their early interest in scientific research to his influence . He also had a decisive influence in the early philosophical education of John Adams , during the latter 's time at Harvard . He corresponded regularly with the Royal Society in London -- as such , one of the first American intellectuals of his time to be taken seriously in Europe . He was noted for attempting to explain the great Lisbon earthquake of 1755 as a scientific -- rather than religious -- phenomenon , and his application of mathematical computations to earthquake activity following the great quake has formed the basis of the claim made on his behalf as the founder of the science of seismology . Additionally , he observed the transits of Mercury in 1740 and 1761 and journeyed to Newfoundland to observe a transit of Venus . He traveled in a ship provided by the Province of Massachusetts - probably the first scientific expedition ever sent out by any incipient American state . He served as acting president of Harvard in 1769 and again in 1773 ; but both times declined the offer of the full presidency on the grounds of old age . During the nine months in 1775 - 1776 when Harvard moved to Concord , Massachusetts , Winthrop occupied the house which was later to become famous as The Wayside , home to Louisa May Alcott and Nathaniel Hawthorne . Additionally , he was actively interested in public affairs , was for several years a judge of probate in Middlesex County , was a member of the Governor 's Council in 1773 - 74 , and subsequently offered the weight of his influence to the patriotic cause in the Revolution . He published : Lecture on Earthquakes ( 1755 ) Answer to Mr. Prince 's Letter on Earthquakes ( 1756 ) Account of Some Fiery Meteors ( 1755 ) Two Lectures on the Parallax ( 1769 ) In addition to his scientific and mathematical accomplishments , he also fathered a son , James Winthrop , who continued his father 's political work .

text: John

text: Winthrop

text: December

text: May

text: was

text: the

text: Hollis

text: Professor

text: of

text: Mathematics

text: and

text: Natural

text: Philosophy

text: in

text: Harvard

text: College

text: He

text: was

text: distinguished

text: mathematician

text: physicist

text: and

text: astronomer

text: born

text: in

text: Boston

text: Mass.

text: His

text: great

text: great

text: grandfather

text: also

text: named

text: John

text: Winthrop

text: was

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Massachusetts

text: Bay

text: Colony

text: He

text: graduated

text: in

text: from

text: Harvard

text: where

text: from

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: he

text: served

text: as

text: professor

text: of

text: mathematics

text: and

text: natural

text: philosophy

text: Professor

text: Winthrop

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: foremost

text: men

text: of

text: science

text: in

text: America

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: his

text: impact

text: on

text: its

text: early

text: advance

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: was

text: particularly

text: significant

text: Both

text: Benjamin

text: Franklin

text: and

text: Benjamin

text: Thompson

text: Count

text: Rumford

text: probably

text: owed

text: much

text: of

text: their

text: early

text: interest

text: in

text: scientific

text: research

text: to

text: his

text: influence

text: He

text: also

text: had

text: decisive

text: influence

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: philosophical

text: education

text: of

text: John

text: Adams

text: during

text: the

text: latter

text: 's

text: time

text: at

text: Harvard

text: He

text: corresponded

text: regularly

text: with

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: in

text: London

text: as

text: such

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: American

text: intellectuals

text: of

text: his

text: time

text: to

text: be

text: taken

text: seriously

text: in

text: Europe

text: He

text: was

text: noted

text: for

text: attempting

text: to

text: explain

text: the

text: great

text: Lisbon

text: earthquake

text: of

text: as

text: scientific

text: rather

text: than

text: religious

text: phenomenon

text: and

text: his

text: application

text: of

text: mathematical

text: computations

text: to

text: earthquake

text: activity

text: following

text: the

text: great

text: quake

text: has

text: formed

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: claim

text: made

text: on

text: his

text: behalf

text: as

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: science

text: of

text: seismology

text: Additionally

text: he

text: observed

text: the

text: transits

text: of

text: Mercury

text: in

text: and

text: and

text: journeyed

text: to

text: Newfoundland

text: to

text: observe

text: transit

text: of

text: Venus

text: He

text: traveled

text: in

text: ship

text: provided

text: by

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: probably

text: the

text: first

text: scientific

text: expedition

text: ever

text: sent

text: out

text: by

text: any

text: incipient

text: American

text: state

text: He

text: served

text: as

text: acting

text: president

text: of

text: Harvard

text: in

text: and

text: again

text: in

text: but

text: both

text: times

text: declined

text: the

text: offer

text: of

text: the

text: full

text: presidency

text: on

text: the

text: grounds

text: of

text: old

text: age

text: During

text: the

text: nine

text: months

text: in

text: when

text: Harvard

text: moved

text: to

text: Concord

text: Massachusetts

text: Winthrop

text: occupied

text: the

text: house

text: which

text: was

text: later

text: to

text: become

text: famous

text: as

text: The

text: Wayside

text: home

text: to

text: Louisa

text: May

text: Alcott

text: and

text: Nathaniel

text: Hawthorne

text: Additionally

text: he

text: was

text: actively

text: interested

text: in

text: public

text: affairs

text: was

text: for

text: several

text: years

text: judge

text: of

text: probate

text: in

text: Middlesex

text: County

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Governor

text: 's

text: Council

text: in

text: and

text: subsequently

text: offered

text: the

text: weight

text: of

text: his

text: influence

text: to

text: the

text: patriotic

text: cause

text: in

text: the

text: Revolution

text: He

text: published

text: Lecture

text: on

text: Earthquakes

text: Answer

text: to

text: Mr.

text: Prince

text: 's

text: Letter

text: on

text: Earthquakes

text: Account

text: of

text: Some

text: Fiery

text: Meteors

text: Two

text: Lectures

text: on

text: the

text: Parallax

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: his

text: scientific

text: and

text: mathematical

text: accomplishments

text: he

text: also

text: fathered

text: son

text: James

text: Winthrop

text: who

text: continued

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: political

text: work

text: A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and a superior planet, becoming visible against (and hence obscuring a small portion of) the solar disk. During a transit, Venus can be seen from Earth as a small black disk moving across the face of the Sun. The duration of such transits is usually measured in hours (the transit of 2012 lasted 6 hours and 40 minutes). A transit is similar to a solar eclipse by the Moon. While the diameter of Venus is more than 3 times that of the Moon, Venus appears smaller, and travels more slowly across the face of the Sun, because it is much farther away from Earth.

text: transit

text: of

text: Venus

text: across

text: the

text: Sun

text: takes

text: place

text: when

text: the

text: planet

text: Venus

text: passes

text: directly

text: between

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: superior

text: planet

text: becoming

text: visible

text: against

text: and

text: hence

text: obscuring

text: small

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: solar

text: disk

text: During

text: transit

text: Venus

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: from

text: Earth

text: as

text: small

text: black

text: disk

text: moving

text: across

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: the

text: Sun

text: The

text: duration

text: of

text: such

text: transits

text: is

text: usually

text: measured

text: in

text: hours

text: the

text: transit

text: of

text: lasted

text: hours

text: and

text: minutes

text: transit

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: solar

text: eclipse

text: by

text: the

text: Moon

text: While

text: the

text: diameter

text: of

text: Venus

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: times

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Moon

text: Venus

text: appears

text: smaller

text: and

text: travels

text: more

text: slowly

text: across

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: the

text: Sun

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: much

text: farther

text: away

text: from

text: Earth

text: Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, FRS (March 26, 1753August 21, 1814) was an American-born British physicist and inventor whose challenges to established physical theory were part of the 19th century revolution in thermodynamics. He served as lieutenant-colonel of the King's American Dragoons, part of the British Loyalist forces, during the American Revolutionary War. After the end of the war he moved to London, where his administrative talents were recognized when he was appointed a full Colonel, and in 1784 he received a knighthood from King George III. A prolific designer, Thompson also drew designs for warships. He later moved to Bavaria and entered government service there, being appointed Bavarian Army Minister and re-organizing the army, and, in 1791, was made a Count of the Holy Roman Empire.

text: Sir

text: Benjamin

text: Thompson

text: Count

text: Rumford

text: FRS

text: March

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: born

text: British

text: physicist

text: and

text: inventor

text: whose

text: challenges

text: to

text: established

text: physical

text: theory

text: were

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: revolution

text: in

text: thermodynamics

text: He

text: served

text: as

text: lieutenant

text: colonel

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: 's

text: American

text: Dragoons

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Loyalist

text: forces

text: during

text: the

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: After

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: he

text: moved

text: to

text: London

text: where

text: his

text: administrative

text: talents

text: were

text: recognized

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: appointed

text: full

text: Colonel

text: and

text: in

text: he

text: received

text: knighthood

text: from

text: King

text: George

text: III

text: prolific

text: designer

text: Thompson

text: also

text: drew

text: designs

text: for

text: warships

text: He

text: later

text: moved

text: to

text: Bavaria

text: and

text: entered

text: government

text: service

text: there

text: being

text: appointed

text: Bavarian

text: Army

text: Minister

text: and

text: re

text: organizing

text: the

text: army

text: and

text: in

text: was

text: made

text: Count

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: The University of Pennsylvania (commonly known as Penn or UPenn) is a private, Ivy League university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Incorporated as "The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania", Penn is one of 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and one of the nine original colonial colleges.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Penn

text: or

text: UPenn

text: is

text: private

text: Ivy

text: League

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: Pennsylvania

text: United

text: States

text: Incorporated

text: as

text: The

text: Trustees

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: Penn

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: founding

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Association

text: of

text: American

text: Universities

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: original

text: colonial

text: colleges

text: Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636, whose history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the world's most prestigious universities.

text: Harvard

text: University

text: is

text: private

text: Ivy

text: League

text: research

text: university

text: in

text: Cambridge

text: Massachusetts

text: established

text: in

text: whose

text: history

text: influence

text: and

text: wealth

text: have

text: made

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: prestigious

text: universities

text: London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom, as well as the most populous city proper in the European Union. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it "Londinium". London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its medieval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, "London" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which today largely makes up Greater London, governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.

text: London

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: proper

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Standing

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: London

text: has

text: been

text: major

text: settlement

text: for

text: two

text: millennia

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: who

text: named

text: it

text: Londinium

text: London

text: 's

text: ancient

text: core

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: largely

text: retains

text: its

text: medieval

text: boundaries

text: Since

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: century

text: London

text: has

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: metropolis

text: around

text: this

text: core

text: historically

text: split

text: between

text: Middlesex

text: Essex

text: Surrey

text: Kent

text: and

text: Hertfordshire

text: which

text: today

text: largely

text: makes

text: up

text: Greater

text: London

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Mayor

text: of

text: London

text: and

text: the

text: London

text: Assembly

text: Greater Boston is the metropolitan region of New England encompassing the municipality of Boston, the capital of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England, as well as its surrounding areas. The region forms the northern arc of the U.S. northeast megalopolis and as such, Greater Boston can be described as either a metropolitan statistical area (MSA), or as a broader combined statistical area (CSA). The MSA consists of most of the eastern third of Massachusetts, excluding the South Coast region and Cape Cod; while the CSA additionally includes the municipalities of Manchester (the largest city in the U.S. state of New Hampshire), Providence (the capital of the U.S. state of Rhode Island), Worcester, Massachusetts (the second largest city in New England), as well as the South Coast region and Cape Cod in Massachusetts. Greater Boston's most impactful contributions to human civilization involve the region's higher education institutions and sports culture. Greater Boston also constitutes a region influential upon American history and industry. The region and the state of Massachusetts are global leaders in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade.

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: is

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: region

text: of

text: New

text: England

text: encompassing

text: the

text: municipality

text: of

text: Boston

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: surrounding

text: areas

text: The

text: region

text: forms

text: the

text: northern

text: arc

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: northeast

text: megalopolis

text: and

text: as

text: such

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: can

text: be

text: described

text: as

text: either

text: metropolitan

text: statistical

text: area

text: MSA

text: or

text: as

text: broader

text: combined

text: statistical

text: area

text: CSA

text: The

text: MSA

text: consists

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: eastern

text: third

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: excluding

text: the

text: South

text: Coast

text: region

text: and

text: Cape

text: Cod

text: while

text: the

text: CSA

text: additionally

text: includes

text: the

text: municipalities

text: of

text: Manchester

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: Providence

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: Worcester

text: Massachusetts

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: South

text: Coast

text: region

text: and

text: Cape

text: Cod

text: in

text: Massachusetts

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: 's

text: most

text: impactful

text: contributions

text: to

text: human

text: civilization

text: involve

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: higher

text: education

text: institutions

text: and

text: sports

text: culture

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: also

text: constitutes

text: region

text: influential

text: upon

text: American

text: history

text: and

text: industry

text: The

text: region

text: and

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: are

text: global

text: leaders

text: in

text: biotechnology

text: engineering

text: higher

text: education

text: finance

text: and

text: maritime

text: trade

text: A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as cities (with municipal charters) or universities and learned societies. Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment, as they have perpetual effect. Typically, a Royal Charter is produced as a high-quality work of calligraphy on vellum. The British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters. Of these about 750 remain in existence. The earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066, making it the oldest Royal Burgh in Scotland, followed by the University of Cambridge in 1231. Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown, a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity, on 7 April 2011.

text: royal

text: charter

text: is

text: formal

text: document

text: issued

text: by

text: monarch

text: as

text: letters

text: patent

text: granting

text: right

text: or

text: power

text: to

text: an

text: individual

text: or

text: body

text: corporate

text: They

text: were

text: and

text: are

text: still

text: used

text: to

text: establish

text: significant

text: organisations

text: such

text: as

text: cities

text: with

text: municipal

text: charters

text: or

text: universities

text: and

text: learned

text: societies

text: Charters

text: should

text: be

text: distinguished

text: from

text: warrants

text: and

text: letters

text: of

text: appointment

text: as

text: they

text: have

text: perpetual

text: effect

text: Typically

text: Royal

text: Charter

text: is

text: produced

text: as

text: high

text: quality

text: work

text: of

text: calligraphy

text: on

text: vellum

text: The

text: British

text: monarchy

text: has

text: issued

text: over

text: royal

text: charters

text: Of

text: these

text: about

text: remain

text: in

text: existence

text: The

text: earliest

text: was

text: to

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Tain

text: in

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: oldest

text: Royal

text: Burgh

text: in

text: Scotland

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Cambridge

text: in

text: Charters

text: continue

text: to

text: be

text: issued

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: Crown

text: recent

text: example

text: being

text: that

text: awarded

text: to

text: the

text: Chartered

text: Institute

text: for

text: the

text: Management

text: of

text: Sport

text: and

text: Physical

text: Activity

text: on

text: April

text: The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context. The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. The term "Ivy League" has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism.

text: The

text: Ivy

text: League

text: is

text: collegiate

text: athletic

text: conference

text: comprising

text: sports

text: teams

text: from

text: eight

text: private

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: Northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: conference

text: name

text: is

text: also

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: those

text: eight

text: schools

text: as

text: group

text: beyond

text: the

text: sports

text: context

text: The

text: eight

text: institutions

text: are

text: Brown

text: University

text: Columbia

text: University

text: Cornell

text: University

text: Dartmouth

text: College

text: Harvard

text: University

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: Princeton

text: University

text: and

text: Yale

text: University

text: The

text: term

text: Ivy

text: League

text: has

text: connotations

text: of

text: academic

text: excellence

text: selectivity

text: in

text: admissions

text: and

text: social

text: elitism

text: The Founding Fathers of the United States are the individuals of the Thirteen British Colonies in North America who led the American Revolution against the authority of the British Crown and established the United States of America. The term is also used more narrowly, referring specifically to those who either signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 or who were delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention and took part in drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States. A further subset includes those who signed the Continental Association or the Articles of Confederation. During much of the 19th century, they were referred to as either the "Founders" or the "Fathers".

text: The

text: Founding

text: Fathers

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: are

text: the

text: individuals

text: of

text: the

text: Thirteen

text: British

text: Colonies

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: who

text: led

text: the

text: American

text: Revolution

text: against

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Crown

text: and

text: established

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: more

text: narrowly

text: referring

text: specifically

text: to

text: those

text: who

text: either

text: signed

text: the

text: Declaration

text: of

text: Independence

text: in

text: or

text: who

text: were

text: delegates

text: to

text: the

text: Constitutional

text: Convention

text: and

text: took

text: part

text: in

text: drafting

text: the

text: proposed

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: further

text: subset

text: includes

text: those

text: who

text: signed

text: the

text: Continental

text: Association

text: or

text: the

text: Articles

text: of

text: Confederation

text: During

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: they

text: were

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: either

text: the

text: Founders

text: or

text: the

text: Fathers

text: Professor (commonly abbreviated as "prof.") is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, "professor" derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences, a teacher of the highest rank.

text: Professor

text: commonly

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: prof

text: is

text: an

text: academic

text: rank

text: at

text: universities

text: and

text: other

text: post

text: secondary

text: education

text: and

text: research

text: institutions

text: in

text: most

text: countries

text: Literally

text: professor

text: derives

text: from

text: Latin

text: as

text: person

text: who

text: professes

text: being

text: usually

text: an

text: expert

text: in

text: arts

text: or

text: sciences

text: teacher

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: rank

text:
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma, with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process.<ref name="doi10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040012"></ref> It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth. Its diameter is about 109 times that of Earth, and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth, accounting for about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System.
About three quarters of the Sun's mass consists of hydrogen (~73%); the rest is mostly helium (~25%), with much smaller quantities of heavier elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon, and iron.

text: The

text: Sun

text: is

text: the

text: star

text: at

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: It

text: is

text: nearly

text: perfect

text: sphere

text: of

text: hot

text: plasma

text: with

text: internal

text: convective

text: motion

text: that

text: generates

text: magnetic

text: field

text: via

text: dynamo

text: process.<ref

text: It

text: is

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: source

text: of

text: energy

text: for

text: life

text: on

text: Earth

text: Its

text: diameter

text: is

text: about

text: times

text: that

text: of

text: Earth

text: and

text: its

text: mass

text: is

text: about

text: times

text: that

text: of

text: Earth

text: accounting

text: for

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: mass

text: of

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: About

text: three

text: quarters

text: of

text: the

text: Sun

text: 's

text: mass

text: consists

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: the

text: rest

text: is

text: mostly

text: helium

text: with

text: much

text: smaller

text: quantities

text: of

text: heavier

text: elements

text: including

text: oxygen

text: carbon

text: neon

text: and

text: iron

text: Benjamin Franklin (April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a renowned polymath and a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As an inventor, he is known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove, among other inventions. He facilitated many civic organizations, including Philadelphia's fire department and The University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League institution.

text: Benjamin

text: Franklin

text: April

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Founding

text: Fathers

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Franklin

text: was

text: renowned

text: polymath

text: and

text: leading

text: author

text: printer

text: political

text: theorist

text: politician

text: freemason

text: postmaster

text: scientist

text: inventor

text: civic

text: activist

text: statesman

text: and

text: diplomat

text: As

text: scientist

text: he

text: was

text: major

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: Enlightenment

text: and

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: physics

text: for

text: his

text: discoveries

text: and

text: theories

text: regarding

text: electricity

text: As

text: an

text: inventor

text: he

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: lightning

text: rod

text: bifocals

text: and

text: the

text: Franklin

text: stove

text: among

text: other

text: inventions

text: He

text: facilitated

text: many

text: civic

text: organizations

text: including

text: Philadelphia

text: 's

text: fire

text: department

text: and

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: an

text: Ivy

text: League

text: institution

text: New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by land area and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States.

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: England

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Massachusetts

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Vermont

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Maine

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: province

text: of

text: Quebec

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: least

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: As seen from the Earth, a solar eclipse is a type of eclipse that occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, and the Moon fully or partially blocks ("occults") the Sun. This can happen only at new moon when the Sun and the Moon are in conjunction as seen from Earth in an alignment referred to as syzygy. In a total eclipse, the disk of the Sun is fully obscured by the Moon. In partial and annular eclipses, only part of the Sun is obscured.

text: As

text: seen

text: from

text: the

text: Earth

text: solar

text: eclipse

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: eclipse

text: that

text: occurs

text: when

text: the

text: Moon

text: passes

text: between

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: Earth

text: and

text: the

text: Moon

text: fully

text: or

text: partially

text: blocks

text: occults

text: the

text: Sun

text: This

text: can

text: happen

text: only

text: at

text: new

text: moon

text: when

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: the

text: Moon

text: are

text: in

text: conjunction

text: as

text: seen

text: from

text: Earth

text: in

text: an

text: alignment

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: syzygy

text: In

text: total

text: eclipse

text: the

text: disk

text: of

text: the

text: Sun

text: is

text: fully

text: obscured

text: by

text: the

text: Moon

text: In

text: partial

text: and

text: annular

text: eclipses

text: only

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Sun

text: is

text: obscured

text: New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeast United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and south, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and north, respectively. The Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast, and Long Island Sound is to the south. Boston is its largest city. Its largest metropolitan area is Greater Boston, which also includes Worcester (the second-largest city in New England), Manchester (the largest city in New Hampshire), and Providence (the capital and largest city of Rhode Island), with nearly a third of the entire region's population.

text: New

text: England

text: is

text: geographical

text: region

text: comprising

text: six

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: northeast

text: United

text: States

text: Connecticut

text: Maine

text: Massachusetts

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: and

text: Vermont

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: provinces

text: of

text: New

text: Brunswick

text: and

text: Quebec

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: north

text: respectively

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: and

text: Long

text: Island

text: Sound

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Boston

text: is

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: Its

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: is

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: Worcester

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: Manchester

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: and

text: Providence

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: with

text: nearly

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: region

text: 's

text: population

text: Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest rotation period (243 days) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets. It has no natural satellite. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, reaching an apparent magnitude of 4.6, bright enough to cast shadows. Because Venus orbits within Earth's orbit it is an inferior planet and never appears to venture far from the Sun; its maximum angular distance from the Sun (elongation) is 47.8°.

text: Venus

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: planet

text: from

text: the

text: Sun

text: orbiting

text: it

text: every

text: Earth

text: days

text: It

text: has

text: the

text: longest

text: rotation

text: period

text: days

text: of

text: any

text: planet

text: in

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: and

text: rotates

text: in

text: the

text: opposite

text: direction

text: to

text: most

text: other

text: planets

text: It

text: has

text: no

text: natural

text: satellite

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Roman

text: goddess

text: of

text: love

text: and

text: beauty

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: brightest

text: natural

text: object

text: in

text: the

text: night

text: sky

text: after

text: the

text: Moon

text: reaching

text: an

text: apparent

text: magnitude

text: of

text: bright

text: enough

text: to

text: cast

text: shadows

text: Because

text: Venus

text: orbits

text: within

text: Earth

text: 's

text: orbit

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: inferior

text: planet

text: and

text: never

text: appears

text: to

text: venture

text: far

text: from

text: the

text: Sun

text: its

text: maximum

text: angular

text: distance

text: from

text: the

text: Sun

text: elongation

text: is

text: A comet is an icy small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to evolve gasses, a process called outgassing. This produces a visible atmosphere or coma, and sometimes also a tail. These phenomena are due to the effects of solar radiation and the solar wind acting upon the nucleus of the comet. Comet nuclei range from a few hundred metres to tens of kilometres across and are composed of loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles. The coma may be up to 15 times the Earth's diameter, while the tail may stretch one astronomical unit. If sufficiently bright, a comet may be seen from the Earth without the aid of a telescope and may subtend an arc of 30° (60 Moons) across the sky. Comets have been observed and recorded since ancient times by many cultures.

text: comet

text: is

text: an

text: icy

text: small

text: Solar

text: System

text: body

text: that

text: when

text: passing

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: Sun

text: warms

text: and

text: begins

text: to

text: evolve

text: gasses

text: process

text: called

text: outgassing

text: This

text: produces

text: visible

text: atmosphere

text: or

text: coma

text: and

text: sometimes

text: also

text: tail

text: These

text: phenomena

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: solar

text: radiation

text: and

text: the

text: solar

text: wind

text: acting

text: upon

text: the

text: nucleus

text: of

text: the

text: comet

text: Comet

text: nuclei

text: range

text: from

text: few

text: hundred

text: metres

text: to

text: tens

text: of

text: kilometres

text: across

text: and

text: are

text: composed

text: of

text: loose

text: collections

text: of

text: ice

text: dust

text: and

text: small

text: rocky

text: particles

text: The

text: coma

text: may

text: be

text: up

text: to

text: times

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: diameter

text: while

text: the

text: tail

text: may

text: stretch

text: one

text: astronomical

text: unit

text: If

text: sufficiently

text: bright

text: comet

text: may

text: be

text: seen

text: from

text: the

text: Earth

text: without

text: the

text: aid

text: of

text: telescope

text: and

text: may

text: subtend

text: an

text: arc

text: of

text: Moons

text: across

text: the

text: sky

text: Comets

text: have

text: been

text: observed

text: and

text: recorded

text: since

text: ancient

text: times

text: by

text: many

text: cultures

text: Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the eighth least populous, and the second most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states, following New Jersey. Its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound. The state also shares a short maritime border with New York.

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: officially

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: and

text: Providence

text: Plantations

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: England

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: in

text: area

text: the

text: eighth

text: least

text: populous

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: states

text: following

text: New

text: Jersey

text: Its

text: official

text: name

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: longest

text: of

text: any

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Union

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Connecticut

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Massachusetts

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: via

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: Sound

text: and

text: Block

text: Island

text: Sound

text: The

text: state

text: also

text: shares

text: short

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: New

text: York

text: John Adams (October 30 [O.S. October 19] 1735  July 4, 1826) was an American patriot who served as the second President of the United States (17971801) and the first Vice President (178997). He was a lawyer, diplomat, statesman, political theorist, and, as a Founding Father, a leader of the movement for American independence from Great Britain. He was also a dedicated diarist and correspondent, particularly with his wife and closest advisor Abigail.

text: John

text: Adams

text: October

text: O.S.

text: October

text: July

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: patriot

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: Vice

text: President

text: He

text: was

text: lawyer

text: diplomat

text: statesman

text: political

text: theorist

text: and

text: as

text: Founding

text: Father

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: movement

text: for

text: American

text: independence

text: from

text: Great

text: Britain

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: dedicated

text: diarist

text: and

text: correspondent

text: particularly

text: with

text: his

text: wife

text: and

text: closest

text: advisor

text: Abigail

annotations: follows single

question: employer john winthrop

answer: harvard university

text: harvard university

text: harvard university

text: harvard university

text: harvard university


text: Colson Whitehead (born November 6, 1969) is a New York-based novelist. He is the author of six novels, including his debut work, the 1999 novel "The Intuitionist", and the National Book Award-winning novel "The Underground Railroad". He has also published two books of non-fiction. In 2002, he received a MacArthur Fellowship.

text: Colson

text: Whitehead

text: born

text: November

text: is

text: New

text: York

text: based

text: novelist

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: six

text: novels

text: including

text: his

text: debut

text: work

text: the

text: novel

text: The

text: Intuitionist

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Book

text: Award

text: winning

text: novel

text: The

text: Underground

text: Railroad

text: He

text: has

text: also

text: published

text: two

text: books

text: of

text: non

text: fiction

text: In

text: he

text: received

text: MacArthur

text: Fellowship

text: The Intuitionist is a 1999 novel by Colson Whitehead. It falls broadly into speculative fiction.

text: The

text: Intuitionist

text: is

text: novel

text: by

text: Colson

text: Whitehead

text: It

text: falls

text: broadly

text: into

text: speculative

text: fiction

text: John Henry Days is a 2001 Pulitzer Prize shortlisted novel by African American author Colson Whitehead . John Henry Days is a portrait of America . Through a patchwork of interweaving histories , Whitehead reveals how a nation creates its present through the stories it tells of its past .

text: John

text: Henry

text: Days

text: is

text: Pulitzer

text: Prize

text: shortlisted

text: novel

text: by

text: African

text: American

text: author

text: Colson

text: Whitehead

text: John

text: Henry

text: Days

text: is

text: portrait

text: of

text: America

text: Through

text: patchwork

text: of

text: interweaving

text: histories

text: Whitehead

text: reveals

text: how

text: nation

text: creates

text: its

text: present

text: through

text: the

text: stories

text: it

text: tells

text: of

text: its

text: past

text: The National Book Awards are a set of annual U.S. literary awards. At the final National Book Awards Ceremony every November, the National Book Foundation presents the National Book Awards and two lifetime achievement awards to authors.

text: The

text: National

text: Book

text: Awards

text: are

text: set

text: of

text: annual

text: U.S.

text: literary

text: awards

text: At

text: the

text: final

text: National

text: Book

text: Awards

text: Ceremony

text: every

text: November

text: the

text: National

text: Book

text: Foundation

text: presents

text: the

text: National

text: Book

text: Awards

text: and

text: two

text: lifetime

text: achievement

text: awards

text: to

text: authors

annotations: follows multiple

question: follows john henry days

answer: the intuitionist

text: the intuitionist

text: the intuitionist