text: Jenson Alexander Lyons Button (born 19 January 1980) is a British racing driver currently under contract with McLaren-Honda, as a reserve driver. He won the 2009 Formula One World Championship, driving for Brawn GP. Button announced in September 2016 that he would be giving up his 2017 seat at the end of the 2016 Formula One season but announced that he would still be at McLaren as a reserve driver and ambassador of McLaren until the 2018 Formula One season.

text: Jenson

text: Alexander

text: Lyons

text: Button

text: born

text: January

text: is

text: British

text: racing

text: driver

text: currently

text: under

text: contract

text: with

text: McLaren

text: Honda

text: as

text: reserve

text: driver

text: He

text: won

text: the

text: Formula

text: One

text: World

text: Championship

text: driving

text: for

text: Brawn

text: GP

text: Button

text: announced

text: in

text: September

text: that

text: he

text: would

text: be

text: giving

text: up

text: his

text: seat

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Formula

text: One

text: season

text: but

text: announced

text: that

text: he

text: would

text: still

text: be

text: at

text: McLaren

text: as

text: reserve

text: driver

text: and

text: ambassador

text: of

text: McLaren

text: until

text: the

text: Formula

text: One

text: season

text: Michael Schumacher (born 3 January 1969) is a German retired racing driver. He is a seven-time Formula One World Champion and is widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers of all time. He was named Laureus World Sportsman of the Year twice. He won two titles with Benetton in and before moving to Ferrari where he drove for eleven years. His time with Ferrari yielded five consecutive titles between and .

text: Michael

text: Schumacher

text: born

text: January

text: is

text: German

text: retired

text: racing

text: driver

text: He

text: is

text: seven

text: time

text: Formula

text: One

text: World

text: Champion

text: and

text: is

text: widely

text: regarded

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: Formula

text: One

text: drivers

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: He

text: was

text: named

text: Laureus

text: World

text: Sportsman

text: of

text: the

text: Year

text: twice

text: He

text: won

text: two

text: titles

text: with

text: Benetton

text: in

text: and

text: before

text: moving

text: to

text: Ferrari

text: where

text: he

text: drove

text: for

text: eleven

text: years

text: His

text: time

text: with

text: Ferrari

text: yielded

text: five

text: consecutive

text: titles

text: between

text: and

text: Pedro Martínez de la Rosa (born 24 February 1971) is a Spanish Formula One driver who has participated in 107 Grands Prix for the Arrows, Jaguar, McLaren, Sauber and HRT F1 teams, debuting on 7 March 1999, becoming one of very few drivers to score a point at his first race. He has scored a total of 35 championship points, which includes a podium finish at the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix.

text: Pedro

text: Martínez

text: de

text: la

text: Rosa

text: born

text: February

text: is

text: Spanish

text: Formula

text: One

text: driver

text: who

text: has

text: participated

text: in

text: Grands

text: Prix

text: for

text: the

text: Arrows

text: Jaguar

text: McLaren

text: Sauber

text: and

text: HRT

text: teams

text: debuting

text: on

text: March

text: becoming

text: one

text: of

text: very

text: few

text: drivers

text: to

text: score

text: point

text: at

text: his

text: first

text: race

text: He

text: has

text: scored

text: total

text: of

text: championship

text: points

text: which

text: includes

text: podium

text: finish

text: at

text: the

text: Hungarian

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: McLaren Racing Limited, competing as McLaren Honda, is a British Formula One team based at the McLaren Technology Centre, Woking, Surrey, England. McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor but has also competed in and won the Indianapolis 500 and the Canadian-American Challenge Cup (Can-Am). The team is the second oldest active team after Ferrari. They are one of the most successful teams in Formula One history, having won 182 races, 12 drivers' championships and eight constructors' championships. The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of McLaren Technology Group.

text: McLaren

text: Racing

text: Limited

text: competing

text: as

text: McLaren

text: Honda

text: is

text: British

text: Formula

text: One

text: team

text: based

text: at

text: the

text: McLaren

text: Technology

text: Centre

text: Woking

text: Surrey

text: England

text: McLaren

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: Formula

text: One

text: constructor

text: but

text: has

text: also

text: competed

text: in

text: and

text: won

text: the

text: Indianapolis

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: American

text: Challenge

text: Cup

text: Can

text: Am

text: The

text: team

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: oldest

text: active

text: team

text: after

text: Ferrari

text: They

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: teams

text: in

text: Formula

text: One

text: history

text: having

text: won

text: races

text: drivers

text: championships

text: and

text: eight

text: constructors

text: championships

text: The

text: team

text: is

text: wholly

text: owned

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: McLaren

text: Technology

text: Group

text: The 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 6 August 2006 at the Hungaroring, Budapest. It was the 13th race of the 2006 Formula One season. Jenson Button won the race, the first victory of his career and the first race win for a British driver since David Coulthard won the Australian Grand Prix three years previously, and the first by an Englishman since Johnny Herbert won the 1999 European Grand Prix nearly seven years previously, in similarly changeable weather circumstances. Pedro de la Rosa finished second for McLaren, the first podium finish of his career, and Nick Heidfeld finished third, giving BMW Sauber their first ever podium.

text: The

text: Hungarian

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: was

text: Formula

text: One

text: motor

text: race

text: held

text: on

text: August

text: at

text: the

text: Hungaroring

text: Budapest

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: race

text: of

text: the

text: Formula

text: One

text: season

text: Jenson

text: Button

text: won

text: the

text: race

text: the

text: first

text: victory

text: of

text: his

text: career

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: race

text: win

text: for

text: British

text: driver

text: since

text: David

text: Coulthard

text: won

text: the

text: Australian

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: three

text: years

text: previously

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: by

text: an

text: Englishman

text: since

text: Johnny

text: Herbert

text: won

text: the

text: European

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: nearly

text: seven

text: years

text: previously

text: in

text: similarly

text: changeable

text: weather

text: circumstances

text: Pedro

text: de

text: la

text: Rosa

text: finished

text: second

text: for

text: McLaren

text: the

text: first

text: podium

text: finish

text: of

text: his

text: career

text: and

text: Nick

text: Heidfeld

text: finished

text: third

text: giving

text: BMW

text: Sauber

text: their

text: first

text: ever

text: podium

text: Formula Three, also called Formula 3 or F3, is a class of open-wheel formula racing. The various championships held in Europe, Australia, South America and Asia form an important step for many prospective Formula One drivers. Formula Three has traditionally been regarded as the first major stepping stone for F1 hopefuls  it is typically the first point in a driver's career at which most drivers in the series are aiming at professional careers in racing rather than being amateurs and enthusiasts. F3 is not cheap, but is regarded as a key investment in a young driver's future career. Success in F3 can lead directly to higher formula series such as a GP2 seat, or even a Formula One test or race seat.

text: Formula

text: Three

text: also

text: called

text: Formula

text: or

text: is

text: class

text: of

text: open

text: wheel

text: formula

text: racing

text: The

text: various

text: championships

text: held

text: in

text: Europe

text: Australia

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: Asia

text: form

text: an

text: important

text: step

text: for

text: many

text: prospective

text: Formula

text: One

text: drivers

text: Formula

text: Three

text: has

text: traditionally

text: been

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: major

text: stepping

text: stone

text: for

text: hopefuls

text: it

text: is

text: typically

text: the

text: first

text: point

text: in

text: driver

text: 's

text: career

text: at

text: which

text: most

text: drivers

text: in

text: the

text: series

text: are

text: aiming

text: at

text: professional

text: careers

text: in

text: racing

text: rather

text: than

text: being

text: amateurs

text: and

text: enthusiasts

text: is

text: not

text: cheap

text: but

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: key

text: investment

text: in

text: young

text: driver

text: 's

text: future

text: career

text: Success

text: in

text: can

text: lead

text: directly

text: to

text: higher

text: formula

text: series

text: such

text: as

text: seat

text: or

text: even

text: Formula

text: One

text: test

text: or

text: race

text: seat

text: Formula One (also Formula 1 or F1 and officially the FIA Formula One World Championship) is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the premier form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950, although other Formula One races were regularly held until 1983. The "formula", designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, to which all participants' cars must conform. The F1 season consists of a series of races, known as "Grands Prix" (from French, meaning grand prizes), held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads.

text: Formula

text: One

text: also

text: Formula

text: or

text: and

text: officially

text: the

text: FIA

text: Formula

text: One

text: World

text: Championship

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: class

text: of

text: single

text: seat

text: auto

text: racing

text: that

text: is

text: sanctioned

text: by

text: the

text: Fédération

text: Internationale

text: de

text: l'Automobile

text: FIA

text: The

text: FIA

text: Formula

text: One

text: World

text: Championship

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: premier

text: form

text: of

text: racing

text: since

text: the

text: inaugural

text: season

text: in

text: although

text: other

text: Formula

text: One

text: races

text: were

text: regularly

text: held

text: until

text: The

text: formula

text: designated

text: in

text: the

text: name

text: refers

text: to

text: set

text: of

text: rules

text: to

text: which

text: all

text: participants

text: cars

text: must

text: conform

text: The

text: season

text: consists

text: of

text: series

text: of

text: races

text: known

text: as

text: Grands

text: Prix

text: from

text: French

text: meaning

text: grand

text: prizes

text: held

text: worldwide

text: on

text: purpose

text: built

text: circuits

text: and

text: public

text: roads

text: Johannes Franciscus "Jos" Verstappen (born 4 March 1972) is a Dutch racing driver. Jos Verstappen has won races in A1 Grand Prix and Le Mans Series LMP2 races. Prior to his F1 début in 1994, he was also the German Formula Three champion and Masters of Formula Three winner in 1993.

text: Johannes

text: Franciscus

text: Jos

text: Verstappen

text: born

text: March

text: is

text: Dutch

text: racing

text: driver

text: Jos

text: Verstappen

text: has

text: won

text: races

text: in

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: and

text: Le

text: Mans

text: Series

text: races

text: Prior

text: to

text: his

text: début

text: in

text: he

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: German

text: Formula

text: Three

text: champion

text: and

text: Masters

text: of

text: Formula

text: Three

text: winner

text: in

text: The 2000 Formula One season was the 51st season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2000 FIA Formula One World Championship which commenced on 12 March 2000, and ended on 22 October after seventeen races. Michael Schumacher became Ferrari's first World Drivers' Champion for 21 years having clinched the Drivers' title at the penultimate race of the season. Ferrari successfully defended its Constructors' title. This season marked the first for future world champion Jenson Button.

text: The

text: Formula

text: One

text: season

text: was

text: the

text: season

text: of

text: FIA

text: Formula

text: One

text: motor

text: racing

text: It

text: featured

text: the

text: FIA

text: Formula

text: One

text: World

text: Championship

text: which

text: commenced

text: on

text: March

text: and

text: ended

text: on

text: October

text: after

text: seventeen

text: races

text: Michael

text: Schumacher

text: became

text: Ferrari

text: 's

text: first

text: World

text: Drivers

text: Champion

text: for

text: years

text: having

text: clinched

text: the

text: Drivers

text: title

text: at

text: the

text: penultimate

text: race

text: of

text: the

text: season

text: Ferrari

text: successfully

text: defended

text: its

text: Constructors

text: title

text: This

text: season

text: marked

text: the

text: first

text: for

text: future

text: world

text: champion

text: Jenson

text: Button

text: Auto racing (also known as car racing, motor racing or automobile racing) is a sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition.

text: Auto

text: racing

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: car

text: racing

text: motor

text: racing

text: or

text: automobile

text: racing

text: is

text: sport

text: involving

text: the

text: racing

text: of

text: automobiles

text: for

text: competition

text: The Arrows A21 was the car with which the Arrows Formula One team competed in the 2000 Formula One season . It was driven by the young Spaniard Pedro de la Rosa , in his second year with the team , and experienced Dutchman Jos Verstappen , who had driven for the team in its Footwork guise in 1996 . The car proved to be very promising after the catastrophic 1999 season , but was too unreliable to score more than a handful of points - scoring finishes . De la Rosa looked set for podium finishes at Hockenheim and the A1 - Ring , but lost time after a spin in the former and suffered gearbox failure in the latter . Verstappen also produced a number of impressive performances , culminating in fourth place at Monza . The A21 was also noted for consistently having amongst the highest straight - line speed of any car in the 2000 season . The 2000 season also saw the team adopt a distinctive black - and - orange livery , in deference to their new title sponsor , Orange . The team eventually finished seventh in the constructors ' championship , with seven points .

text: The

text: Arrows

text: was

text: the

text: car

text: with

text: which

text: the

text: Arrows

text: Formula

text: One

text: team

text: competed

text: in

text: the

text: Formula

text: One

text: season

text: It

text: was

text: driven

text: by

text: the

text: young

text: Spaniard

text: Pedro

text: de

text: la

text: Rosa

text: in

text: his

text: second

text: year

text: with

text: the

text: team

text: and

text: experienced

text: Dutchman

text: Jos

text: Verstappen

text: who

text: had

text: driven

text: for

text: the

text: team

text: in

text: its

text: Footwork

text: guise

text: in

text: The

text: car

text: proved

text: to

text: be

text: very

text: promising

text: after

text: the

text: catastrophic

text: season

text: but

text: was

text: too

text: unreliable

text: to

text: score

text: more

text: than

text: handful

text: of

text: points

text: scoring

text: finishes

text: De

text: la

text: Rosa

text: looked

text: set

text: for

text: podium

text: finishes

text: at

text: Hockenheim

text: and

text: the

text: Ring

text: but

text: lost

text: time

text: after

text: spin

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: and

text: suffered

text: gearbox

text: failure

text: in

text: the

text: latter

text: Verstappen

text: also

text: produced

text: number

text: of

text: impressive

text: performances

text: culminating

text: in

text: fourth

text: place

text: at

text: Monza

text: The

text: was

text: also

text: noted

text: for

text: consistently

text: having

text: amongst

text: the

text: highest

text: straight

text: line

text: speed

text: of

text: any

text: car

text: in

text: the

text: season

text: The

text: season

text: also

text: saw

text: the

text: team

text: adopt

text: distinctive

text: black

text: and

text: orange

text: livery

text: in

text: deference

text: to

text: their

text: new

text: title

text: sponsor

text: Orange

text: The

text: team

text: eventually

text: finished

text: seventh

text: in

text: the

text: constructors

text: championship

text: with

text: seven

text: points

text: Sauber Motorsport AG, competing as Sauber F1 Team, is a Swiss Formula One team. It was founded in the 1970s by Peter Sauber, who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sports Prototype Championship to reach Formula One in 1993. Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A. are the current majority owners of Sauber.

text: Sauber

text: Motorsport

text: AG

text: competing

text: as

text: Sauber

text: Team

text: is

text: Swiss

text: Formula

text: One

text: team

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: the

text: by

text: Peter

text: Sauber

text: who

text: progressed

text: through

text: hillclimbing

text: and

text: the

text: World

text: Sports

text: Prototype

text: Championship

text: to

text: reach

text: Formula

text: One

text: in

text: Swiss

text: investment

text: firm

text: Longbow

text: Finance

text: S.A.

text: are

text: the

text: current

text: majority

text: owners

text: of

text: Sauber

text: The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA, English: International Automobile Federation) is an association established as the "Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus" (AIACR, English: 'International Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs') on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. To the general public, the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for many auto racing events. The FIA also promotes road safety around the world.

text: The

text: Fédération

text: Internationale

text: de

text: l'Automobile

text: FIA

text: English

text: International

text: Automobile

text: Federation

text: is

text: an

text: association

text: established

text: as

text: the

text: Association

text: Internationale

text: des

text: Automobile

text: Clubs

text: Reconnus

text: AIACR

text: English

text: International

text: Association

text: of

text: Recognized

text: Automobile

text: Clubs

text: on

text: June

text: to

text: represent

text: the

text: interests

text: of

text: motoring

text: organisations

text: and

text: motor

text: car

text: users

text: To

text: the

text: general

text: public

text: the

text: FIA

text: is

text: mostly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: governing

text: body

text: for

text: many

text: auto

text: racing

text: events

text: The

text: FIA

text: also

text: promotes

text: road

text: safety

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: A1 Grand Prix (A1GP) was a 'single make' open wheel auto racing series. It was unique in its field in that competitors solely represented their nation as opposed to themselves or a team, the usual format in most formula racing series. As such, it was often promoted as the "World Cup of Motorsport". The series was ratified by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and races were held in the traditional Formula One off-season, the northern hemisphere winter. The nation-based A1GP concept was founded by Sheikh Maktoum Hasher Maktoum Al Maktoum of Dubai, initially in 2003. After a successful first season of A1GP, it was announced on 29 September 2006 that Maktoum was to sell his position as Chairman & Director of A1GP. The transfer of his share in the organisation of A1 Grand Prix to RAB Capital was finalized in December 2006. Tony Teixeira took control of the series in 2006, leading it to liquidation by 2009.

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: was

text: single

text: make

text: open

text: wheel

text: auto

text: racing

text: series

text: It

text: was

text: unique

text: in

text: its

text: field

text: in

text: that

text: competitors

text: solely

text: represented

text: their

text: nation

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: themselves

text: or

text: team

text: the

text: usual

text: format

text: in

text: most

text: formula

text: racing

text: series

text: As

text: such

text: it

text: was

text: often

text: promoted

text: as

text: the

text: World

text: Cup

text: of

text: Motorsport

text: The

text: series

text: was

text: ratified

text: by

text: the

text: Fédération

text: Internationale

text: de

text: l'Automobile

text: FIA

text: and

text: races

text: were

text: held

text: in

text: the

text: traditional

text: Formula

text: One

text: off

text: season

text: the

text: northern

text: hemisphere

text: winter

text: The

text: nation

text: based

text: concept

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Sheikh

text: Maktoum

text: Hasher

text: Maktoum

text: Al

text: Maktoum

text: of

text: Dubai

text: initially

text: in

text: After

text: successful

text: first

text: season

text: of

text: it

text: was

text: announced

text: on

text: September

text: that

text: Maktoum

text: was

text: to

text: sell

text: his

text: position

text: as

text: Chairman

text: Director

text: of

text: The

text: transfer

text: of

text: his

text: share

text: in

text: the

text: organisation

text: of

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: to

text: RAB

text: Capital

text: was

text: finalized

text: in

text: December

text: Tony

text: Teixeira

text: took

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: series

text: in

text: leading

text: it

text: to

text: liquidation

text: by

question: sport arrows a21

answer: motorsport

text: motorsport

text: motorsport


text: The Bretton Woods Conference, formally known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, was the gathering of 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II.

text: The

text: Bretton

text: Woods

text: Conference

text: formally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Monetary

text: and

text: Financial

text: Conference

text: was

text: the

text: gathering

text: of

text: delegates

text: from

text: all

text: Allied

text: nations

text: at

text: the

text: Mount

text: Washington

text: Hotel

text: situated

text: in

text: Bretton

text: Woods

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: regulate

text: the

text: international

text: monetary

text: and

text: financial

text: order

text: after

text: the

text: conclusion

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: This is a list of Asian countries by GDP per capita at Purchasing Power Parity . All figures are from the 2014 International Monetary Fund and World Bank list published in April 2015 .

text: This

text: is

text: list

text: of

text: Asian

text: countries

text: by

text: GDP

text: per

text: capita

text: at

text: Purchasing

text: Power

text: Parity

text: All

text: figures

text: are

text: from

text: the

text: International

text: Monetary

text: Fund

text: and

text: World

text: Bank

text: list

text: published

text: in

text: April

text: John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes (; 5 June 1883  21 April 1946), was a British economist. His ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments. He built on and greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles, and is widely considered to be one of the most influential economists of the 20th century and the founder of modern macroeconomics. His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics and its various offshoots.

text: John

text: Maynard

text: Keynes

text: Baron

text: Keynes

text: June

text: April

text: was

text: British

text: economist

text: His

text: ideas

text: fundamentally

text: changed

text: the

text: theory

text: and

text: practice

text: of

text: macroeconomics

text: and

text: the

text: economic

text: policies

text: of

text: governments

text: He

text: built

text: on

text: and

text: greatly

text: refined

text: earlier

text: work

text: on

text: the

text: causes

text: of

text: business

text: cycles

text: and

text: is

text: widely

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: economists

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: modern

text: macroeconomics

text: His

text: ideas

text: are

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: school

text: of

text: thought

text: known

text: as

text: Keynesian

text: economics

text: and

text: its

text: various

text: offshoots

text:
The balance of payments, also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated BoP, of a country is the record of all economic transactions between the residents of the country and the rest of the world in a particular period (over a quarter of a year or more commonly over a year). These transactions are made by individuals, firms and government bodies. Thus the balance of payments includes all external visible and non-visible transactions of a country. It is an important issue to be studied, especially in international financial management field, for a few reasons. First, the balance of payments provides detailed information concerning the demand and supply of a country's currency. For example, if the United States imports more than it exports, then this means that the supply of dollars is likely to exceed the demand in the foreign exchanging market, "ceteris paribus". One can thus infer that the U.S. dollar would be under pressure to depreciate against other currencies. On the other hand, if the United States exports more than it imports, then the dollar would be likely to appreciate. Second, a country's balance-of-payment data may signal its potential as a business partner for the rest of the world. If a country is grappling with a major balance-of-payment difficulty, it may not be able to expand imports from the outside world. Instead, the country may be tempted to impose measures to restrict imports and discourage capital outflows in order to improve the balance-of-payment situation. On the other hand, a country experiencing a significant balance-of payment surplus would be more likely to expand imports, offering marketing opportunities for foreign enterprises, and less likely to impose foreign exchange restrictions. Third, balance-of-payments data can be used to evaluate the performance of the country in international economic competition. Suppose a country is experiencing trade deficits year after year. This trade data may then signal that the country's domestic industries lack international competitiveness. To interpret balance-of-payments data properly, it is necessary to understand how the balance of payments account is constructed.
These transactions include payments for the country's exports and imports of goods, services, financial capital, and financial transfers. It is prepared in a single currency, typically the domestic currency for the country concerned. Sources of funds for a nation, such as exports or the receipts of loans and investments, are recorded as positive or surplus items. Uses of funds, such as for imports or to invest in foreign countries, are recorded as negative or deficit items.

text: The

text: balance

text: of

text: payments

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: balance

text: of

text: international

text: payments

text: and

text: abbreviated

text: BoP

text: of

text: country

text: is

text: the

text: record

text: of

text: all

text: economic

text: transactions

text: between

text: the

text: residents

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: particular

text: period

text: over

text: quarter

text: of

text: year

text: or

text: more

text: commonly

text: over

text: year

text: These

text: transactions

text: are

text: made

text: by

text: individuals

text: firms

text: and

text: government

text: bodies

text: Thus

text: the

text: balance

text: of

text: payments

text: includes

text: all

text: external

text: visible

text: and

text: non

text: visible

text: transactions

text: of

text: country

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: issue

text: to

text: be

text: studied

text: especially

text: in

text: international

text: financial

text: management

text: field

text: for

text: few

text: reasons

text: First

text: the

text: balance

text: of

text: payments

text: provides

text: detailed

text: information

text: concerning

text: the

text: demand

text: and

text: supply

text: of

text: country

text: 's

text: currency

text: For

text: example

text: if

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: imports

text: more

text: than

text: it

text: exports

text: then

text: this

text: means

text: that

text: the

text: supply

text: of

text: dollars

text: is

text: likely

text: to

text: exceed

text: the

text: demand

text: in

text: the

text: foreign

text: exchanging

text: market

text: ceteris

text: paribus

text: One

text: can

text: thus

text: infer

text: that

text: the

text: U.S.

text: dollar

text: would

text: be

text: under

text: pressure

text: to

text: depreciate

text: against

text: other

text: currencies

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: if

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: exports

text: more

text: than

text: it

text: imports

text: then

text: the

text: dollar

text: would

text: be

text: likely

text: to

text: appreciate

text: Second

text: country

text: 's

text: balance

text: of

text: payment

text: data

text: may

text: signal

text: its

text: potential

text: as

text: business

text: partner

text: for

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: If

text: country

text: is

text: grappling

text: with

text: major

text: balance

text: of

text: payment

text: difficulty

text: it

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: expand

text: imports

text: from

text: the

text: outside

text: world

text: Instead

text: the

text: country

text: may

text: be

text: tempted

text: to

text: impose

text: measures

text: to

text: restrict

text: imports

text: and

text: discourage

text: capital

text: outflows

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: improve

text: the

text: balance

text: of

text: payment

text: situation

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: country

text: experiencing

text: significant

text: balance

text: of

text: payment

text: surplus

text: would

text: be

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: expand

text: imports

text: offering

text: marketing

text: opportunities

text: for

text: foreign

text: enterprises

text: and

text: less

text: likely

text: to

text: impose

text: foreign

text: exchange

text: restrictions

text: Third

text: balance

text: of

text: payments

text: data

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: evaluate

text: the

text: performance

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: in

text: international

text: economic

text: competition

text: Suppose

text: country

text: is

text: experiencing

text: trade

text: deficits

text: year

text: after

text: year

text: This

text: trade

text: data

text: may

text: then

text: signal

text: that

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: domestic

text: industries

text: lack

text: international

text: competitiveness

text: To

text: interpret

text: balance

text: of

text: payments

text: data

text: properly

text: it

text: is

text: necessary

text: to

text: understand

text: how

text: the

text: balance

text: of

text: payments

text: account

text: is

text: constructed

text: These

text: transactions

text: include

text: payments

text: for

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: exports

text: and

text: imports

text: of

text: goods

text: services

text: financial

text: capital

text: and

text: financial

text: transfers

text: It

text: is

text: prepared

text: in

text: single

text: currency

text: typically

text: the

text: domestic

text: currency

text: for

text: the

text: country

text: concerned

text: Sources

text: of

text: funds

text: for

text: nation

text: such

text: as

text: exports

text: or

text: the

text: receipts

text: of

text: loans

text: and

text: investments

text: are

text: recorded

text: as

text: positive

text: or

text: surplus

text: items

text: Uses

text: of

text: funds

text: such

text: as

text: for

text: imports

text: or

text: to

text: invest

text: in

text: foreign

text: countries

text: are

text: recorded

text: as

text: negative

text: or

text: deficit

text: items

text: The "International Monetary Fund" (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system. It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises. Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money. , the fund had SDR 477 billion (about $668 billion).

text: The

text: International

text: Monetary

text: Fund

text: IMF

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: organization

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: of

text: countries

text: working

text: to

text: foster

text: global

text: monetary

text: cooperation

text: secure

text: financial

text: stability

text: facilitate

text: international

text: trade

text: promote

text: high

text: employment

text: and

text: sustainable

text: economic

text: growth

text: and

text: reduce

text: poverty

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: Formed

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: Bretton

text: Woods

text: Conference

text: primarily

text: by

text: the

text: ideas

text: of

text: Harry

text: Dexter

text: White

text: and

text: John

text: Maynard

text: Keynes

text: it

text: came

text: into

text: formal

text: existence

text: in

text: with

text: member

text: countries

text: and

text: the

text: goal

text: of

text: reconstructing

text: the

text: international

text: payment

text: system

text: It

text: now

text: plays

text: central

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: management

text: of

text: balance

text: of

text: payments

text: difficulties

text: and

text: international

text: financial

text: crises

text: Countries

text: contribute

text: funds

text: to

text: pool

text: through

text: quota

text: system

text: from

text: which

text: countries

text: experiencing

text: balance

text: of

text: payments

text: problems

text: can

text: borrow

text: money

text: the

text: fund

text: had

text: SDR

text: billion

text: about

text: billion

text: Purchasing power (sometimes retroactively called adjusted for inflation) is the number of goods or services that can be purchased with a unit of currency. For example, if one had taken one unit of currency to a store in the 1950s, it is probable that it would have been possible to buy a greater number of items than would today, indicating that one would have had a greater purchasing power in the 1950s. Currency can be either a commodity money, like gold or silver, or fiat money emitted by government sanctioned agencies. Traditionally, the purchasing power of money depended heavily upon the local value of gold and silver, but was also made subject to the availability and demand of certain goods on the market. Most modern fiat currencies like US dollars are traded against each other and commodity money in the secondary market for the purpose of international transfer of payment for goods and services. As Adam Smith noted, having money gives one the ability to "command" others' labor, so purchasing power to some extent is power over other people, to the extent that they are willing to trade their labor or goods for money or currency.

text: Purchasing

text: power

text: sometimes

text: retroactively

text: called

text: adjusted

text: for

text: inflation

text: is

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: goods

text: or

text: services

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: purchased

text: with

text: unit

text: of

text: currency

text: For

text: example

text: if

text: one

text: had

text: taken

text: one

text: unit

text: of

text: currency

text: to

text: store

text: in

text: the

text: it

text: is

text: probable

text: that

text: it

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: possible

text: to

text: buy

text: greater

text: number

text: of

text: items

text: than

text: would

text: today

text: indicating

text: that

text: one

text: would

text: have

text: had

text: greater

text: purchasing

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: Currency

text: can

text: be

text: either

text: commodity

text: money

text: like

text: gold

text: or

text: silver

text: or

text: fiat

text: money

text: emitted

text: by

text: government

text: sanctioned

text: agencies

text: Traditionally

text: the

text: purchasing

text: power

text: of

text: money

text: depended

text: heavily

text: upon

text: the

text: local

text: value

text: of

text: gold

text: and

text: silver

text: but

text: was

text: also

text: made

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: availability

text: and

text: demand

text: of

text: certain

text: goods

text: on

text: the

text: market

text: Most

text: modern

text: fiat

text: currencies

text: like

text: US

text: dollars

text: are

text: traded

text: against

text: each

text: other

text: and

text: commodity

text: money

text: in

text: the

text: secondary

text: market

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: international

text: transfer

text: of

text: payment

text: for

text: goods

text: and

text: services

text: As

text: Adam

text: Smith

text: noted

text: having

text: money

text: gives

text: one

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: command

text: others

text: labor

text: so

text: purchasing

text: power

text: to

text: some

text: extent

text: is

text: power

text: over

text: other

text: people

text: to

text: the

text: extent

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: willing

text: to

text: trade

text: their

text: labor

text: or

text: goods

text: for

text: money

text: or

text: currency

text: Theories that invoke purchasing power parity (PPP) assume that in some circumstances (for example, as a long-run tendency) it would cost exactly the same number of, for example, US dollars to buy euros and then to use the proceeds to buy a market basket of goods as it would cost to use those dollars directly in purchasing the market basket of goods.

text: Theories

text: that

text: invoke

text: purchasing

text: power

text: parity

text: PPP

text: assume

text: that

text: in

text: some

text: circumstances

text: for

text: example

text: as

text: long

text: run

text: tendency

text: it

text: would

text: cost

text: exactly

text: the

text: same

text: number

text: of

text: for

text: example

text: US

text: dollars

text: to

text: buy

text: euros

text: and

text: then

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: proceeds

text: to

text: buy

text: market

text: basket

text: of

text: goods

text: as

text: it

text: would

text: cost

text: to

text: use

text: those

text: dollars

text: directly

text: in

text: purchasing

text: the

text: market

text: basket

text: of

text: goods

text: In production, research, retail, and accounting, a cost is the value of money that has been used up to produce something, and hence is not available for use anymore. In business, the cost may be one of acquisition, in which case the amount of money expended to acquire it is counted as cost. In this case, money is the input that is gone in order to acquire the thing. This acquisition cost may be the sum of the cost of production as incurred by the original producer, and further costs of transaction as incurred by the acquirer over and above the price paid to the producer. Usually, the price also includes a mark-up for profit over the cost of production.

text: In

text: production

text: research

text: retail

text: and

text: accounting

text: cost

text: is

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: money

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: up

text: to

text: produce

text: something

text: and

text: hence

text: is

text: not

text: available

text: for

text: use

text: anymore

text: In

text: business

text: the

text: cost

text: may

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: acquisition

text: in

text: which

text: case

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: money

text: expended

text: to

text: acquire

text: it

text: is

text: counted

text: as

text: cost

text: In

text: this

text: case

text: money

text: is

text: the

text: input

text: that

text: is

text: gone

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: acquire

text: the

text: thing

text: This

text: acquisition

text: cost

text: may

text: be

text: the

text: sum

text: of

text: the

text: cost

text: of

text: production

text: as

text: incurred

text: by

text: the

text: original

text: producer

text: and

text: further

text: costs

text: of

text: transaction

text: as

text: incurred

text: by

text: the

text: acquirer

text: over

text: and

text: above

text: the

text: price

text: paid

text: to

text: the

text: producer

text: Usually

text: the

text: price

text: also

text: includes

text: mark

text: up

text: for

text: profit

text: over

text: the

text: cost

text: of

text: production

text: International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. It is the exchange of goods and services among nations of the world. In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade has existed throughout history (for example Uttarapatha, Silk Road, Amber Road, salt roads), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.

text: International

text: trade

text: is

text: the

text: exchange

text: of

text: capital

text: goods

text: and

text: services

text: across

text: international

text: borders

text: or

text: territories

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: exchange

text: of

text: goods

text: and

text: services

text: among

text: nations

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: most

text: countries

text: such

text: trade

text: represents

text: significant

text: share

text: of

text: gross

text: domestic

text: product

text: GDP

text: While

text: international

text: trade

text: has

text: existed

text: throughout

text: history

text: for

text: example

text: Uttarapatha

text: Silk

text: Road

text: Amber

text: Road

text: salt

text: roads

text: its

text: economic

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: importance

text: has

text: been

text: on

text: the

text: rise

text: in

text: recent

text: centuries

text: Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as "Washington", "the District", or simply "D.C.", is the capital of the United States.

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: formally

text: the

text: District

text: of

text: Columbia

text: and

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Washington

text: the

text: District

text: or

text: simply

text: D.C.

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Harry Dexter White (October 9, 1892  August 16, 1948) was an American economist and senior U.S. Treasury department official. Working closely with the Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau, Jr., he helped set American financial policy toward the Allies of World War II while at the same time he passed numerous secrets to the Soviet Union. He was the senior American official at the 1944 Bretton Woods conference, that established the postwar economic order. He dominated the conference and imposed his vision of post-war financial institutions over the objections of John Maynard Keynes, the British representative. At Bretton Woods, White was a major architect of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank.

text: Harry

text: Dexter

text: White

text: October

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: economist

text: and

text: senior

text: U.S.

text: Treasury

text: department

text: official

text: Working

text: closely

text: with

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Treasury

text: Henry

text: Morgenthau

text: Jr.

text: he

text: helped

text: set

text: American

text: financial

text: policy

text: toward

text: the

text: Allies

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: while

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: he

text: passed

text: numerous

text: secrets

text: to

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: senior

text: American

text: official

text: at

text: the

text: Bretton

text: Woods

text: conference

text: that

text: established

text: the

text: postwar

text: economic

text: order

text: He

text: dominated

text: the

text: conference

text: and

text: imposed

text: his

text: vision

text: of

text: post

text: war

text: financial

text: institutions

text: over

text: the

text: objections

text: of

text: John

text: Maynard

text: Keynes

text: the

text: British

text: representative

text: At

text: Bretton

text: Woods

text: White

text: was

text: major

text: architect

text: of

text: the

text: International

text: Monetary

text: Fund

text: and

text: World

text: Bank

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

question: is_a_list_of list of asian countries by gdp per capita

answer: country

text: country

text: country

text: country

text: country

text: country

text: country

text: country

text: country

text: country

text: country

text: country

text: country

text: country


text: An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century. Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. This process is also used in many other private and business organizations, from clubs to voluntary associations and corporations.

text: An

text: election

text: is

text: formal

text: decision

text: making

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: population

text: chooses

text: an

text: individual

text: to

text: hold

text: public

text: office

text: Elections

text: have

text: been

text: the

text: usual

text: mechanism

text: by

text: which

text: modern

text: representative

text: democracy

text: has

text: operated

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: Elections

text: may

text: fill

text: offices

text: in

text: the

text: legislature

text: sometimes

text: in

text: the

text: executive

text: and

text: judiciary

text: and

text: for

text: regional

text: and

text: local

text: government

text: This

text: process

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: many

text: other

text: private

text: and

text: business

text: organizations

text: from

text: clubs

text: to

text: voluntary

text: associations

text: and

text: corporations

text: The environmental movement (sometimes referred to as the ecology movement), also including conservation and green politics, is a diverse scientific, social, and political movement for addressing environmental issues. Environmentalists advocate the sustainable management of resources and stewardship of the environment through changes in public policy and individual behavior. In its recognition of humanity as a participant in (not enemy of) ecosystems, the movement is centered on ecology, health, and human rights.

text: The

text: environmental

text: movement

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: ecology

text: movement

text: also

text: including

text: conservation

text: and

text: green

text: politics

text: is

text: diverse

text: scientific

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: movement

text: for

text: addressing

text: environmental

text: issues

text: Environmentalists

text: advocate

text: the

text: sustainable

text: management

text: of

text: resources

text: and

text: stewardship

text: of

text: the

text: environment

text: through

text: changes

text: in

text: public

text: policy

text: and

text: individual

text: behavior

text: In

text: its

text: recognition

text: of

text: humanity

text: as

text: participant

text: in

text: not

text: enemy

text: of

text: ecosystems

text: the

text: movement

text: is

text: centered

text: on

text: ecology

text: health

text: and

text: human

text: rights

text: Green politics (also known as ecopolitics) is a political ideology that aims to create an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, nonviolence, social justice, and grassroots democracy. It began taking shape in the western world in the 1970s; since then Green parties have developed and established themselves in many countries around the globe, and have achieved some electoral success.

text: Green

text: politics

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: ecopolitics

text: is

text: political

text: ideology

text: that

text: aims

text: to

text: create

text: an

text: ecologically

text: sustainable

text: society

text: rooted

text: in

text: environmentalism

text: nonviolence

text: social

text: justice

text: and

text: grassroots

text: democracy

text: It

text: began

text: taking

text: shape

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: world

text: in

text: the

text: since

text: then

text: Green

text: parties

text: have

text: developed

text: and

text: established

text: themselves

text: in

text: many

text: countries

text: around

text: the

text: globe

text: and

text: have

text: achieved

text: some

text: electoral

text: success

text: The Ecological Movement of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek : O`zbekiston ekologik hrkti ; Russian :    ) is a political party and environmental movement in Uzbekistan . It was founded on 2 August 2008 , and registered as a political party with the Ministry of Justice the following 20 September . Fifteen of the 150 seats in the Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan ( the lower chamber of the Oliy Majlis ) are reserved for the Ecological Movement of Uzbekistan under the revised electoral law of 2008 . The movement elected its legislators at a congress held in conjunction with the general election of 27 December 2009 . One leglislator was elected from each territorial subdivision of Uzbekistan ( Republic of Karakalpakstan , provinces and Tashkent city ) plus one member from the Executive Committee of the Central Council of the Ecological Movement . Delegates to the congress were elected in equal numbers at the conferences of each of the territorial branches of the Ecological Movement .

text: The

text: Ecological

text: Movement

text: of

text: Uzbekistan

text: Uzbek

text: O`zbekiston

text: ekologik

text: hrkti

text: Russian

text: is

text: political

text: party

text: and

text: environmental

text: movement

text: in

text: Uzbekistan

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: August

text: and

text: registered

text: as

text: political

text: party

text: with

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Justice

text: the

text: following

text: September

text: Fifteen

text: of

text: the

text: seats

text: in

text: the

text: Legislative

text: Chamber

text: of

text: Uzbekistan

text: the

text: lower

text: chamber

text: of

text: the

text: Oliy

text: Majlis

text: are

text: reserved

text: for

text: the

text: Ecological

text: Movement

text: of

text: Uzbekistan

text: under

text: the

text: revised

text: electoral

text: law

text: of

text: The

text: movement

text: elected

text: its

text: legislators

text: at

text: congress

text: held

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: the

text: general

text: election

text: of

text: December

text: One

text: leglislator

text: was

text: elected

text: from

text: each

text: territorial

text: subdivision

text: of

text: Uzbekistan

text: Republic

text: of

text: Karakalpakstan

text: provinces

text: and

text: Tashkent

text: city

text: plus

text: one

text: member

text: from

text: the

text: Executive

text: Committee

text: of

text: the

text: Central

text: Council

text: of

text: the

text: Ecological

text: Movement

text: Delegates

text: to

text: the

text: congress

text: were

text: elected

text: in

text: equal

text: numbers

text: at

text: the

text: conferences

text: of

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: territorial

text: branches

text: of

text: the

text: Ecological

text: Movement

text: Human rights are moral principles or norms, which describe certain standards of human behaviour, and are regularly protected as legal rights in municipal and international law. They are commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights "to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being," and which are "inherent in all human beings" regardless of their nation, location, language, religion, ethnic origin or any other status. They are applicable everywhere and at every time in the sense of being universal, and they are egalitarian in the sense of being the same for everyone. They require empathy and the rule of law and impose an obligation on persons to respect the human rights of others. They should not be taken away except as a result of due process based on specific circumstances; for example, human rights may include freedom from unlawful imprisonment, torture, and execution.

text: Human

text: rights

text: are

text: moral

text: principles

text: or

text: norms

text: which

text: describe

text: certain

text: standards

text: of

text: human

text: behaviour

text: and

text: are

text: regularly

text: protected

text: as

text: legal

text: rights

text: in

text: municipal

text: and

text: international

text: law

text: They

text: are

text: commonly

text: understood

text: as

text: inalienable

text: fundamental

text: rights

text: to

text: which

text: person

text: is

text: inherently

text: entitled

text: simply

text: because

text: she

text: or

text: he

text: is

text: human

text: being

text: and

text: which

text: are

text: inherent

text: in

text: all

text: human

text: beings

text: regardless

text: of

text: their

text: nation

text: location

text: language

text: religion

text: ethnic

text: origin

text: or

text: any

text: other

text: status

text: They

text: are

text: applicable

text: everywhere

text: and

text: at

text: every

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: being

text: universal

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: egalitarian

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: being

text: the

text: same

text: for

text: everyone

text: They

text: require

text: empathy

text: and

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: and

text: impose

text: an

text: obligation

text: on

text: persons

text: to

text: respect

text: the

text: human

text: rights

text: of

text: others

text: They

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: taken

text: away

text: except

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: due

text: process

text: based

text: on

text: specific

text: circumstances

text: for

text: example

text: human

text: rights

text: may

text: include

text: freedom

text: from

text: unlawful

text: imprisonment

text: torture

text: and

text: execution

text: Ecology (from , "house", or "environment"; -, "study of") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology, geography, and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms, as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.

text: Ecology

text: from

text: house

text: or

text: environment

text: study

text: of

text: is

text: the

text: scientific

text: analysis

text: and

text: study

text: of

text: interactions

text: among

text: organisms

text: and

text: their

text: environment

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: interdisciplinary

text: field

text: that

text: includes

text: biology

text: geography

text: and

text: Earth

text: science

text: Ecology

text: includes

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: interactions

text: organisms

text: have

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: other

text: organisms

text: and

text: with

text: abiotic

text: components

text: of

text: their

text: environment

text: Topics

text: of

text: interest

text: to

text: ecologists

text: include

text: the

text: diversity

text: distribution

text: amount

text: biomass

text: and

text: number

text: population

text: of

text: particular

text: organisms

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: cooperation

text: and

text: competition

text: between

text: organisms

text: both

text: within

text: and

text: among

text: ecosystems

text: Ecosystems

text: are

text: composed

text: of

text: dynamically

text: interacting

text: parts

text: including

text: organisms

text: the

text: communities

text: they

text: make

text: up

text: and

text: the

text: non

text: living

text: components

text: of

text: their

text: environment

text: Ecosystem

text: processes

text: such

text: as

text: primary

text: production

text: pedogenesis

text: nutrient

text: cycling

text: and

text: various

text: niche

text: construction

text: activities

text: regulate

text: the

text: flux

text: of

text: energy

text: and

text: matter

text: through

text: an

text: environment

text: These

text: processes

text: are

text: sustained

text: by

text: organisms

text: with

text: specific

text: life

text: history

text: traits

text: and

text: the

text: variety

text: of

text: organisms

text: is

text: called

text: biodiversity

text: Biodiversity

text: which

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: varieties

text: of

text: species

text: genes

text: and

text: ecosystems

text: enhances

text: certain

text: ecosystem

text: services

text: A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. The party agrees on some proposed policies and programmes, with a view to promoting the collective good or furthering their supporters' interests.

text: political

text: party

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: come

text: together

text: to

text: contest

text: elections

text: and

text: hold

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: government

text: The

text: party

text: agrees

text: on

text: some

text: proposed

text: policies

text: and

text: programmes

text: with

text: view

text: to

text: promoting

text: the

text: collective

text: good

text: or

text: furthering

text: their

text: supporters

text: interests

text: Environmental issues are harmful effects of human activity on the biophysical environment. Environmental protection is a practice of protecting the natural environment on individual, organizational or governmental levels, for the benefit of both the environment and humans. Environmentalism, a social and environmental movement, addresses environmental issues through advocacy, education and activism.

text: Environmental

text: issues

text: are

text: harmful

text: effects

text: of

text: human

text: activity

text: on

text: the

text: biophysical

text: environment

text: Environmental

text: protection

text: is

text: practice

text: of

text: protecting

text: the

text: natural

text: environment

text: on

text: individual

text: organizational

text: or

text: governmental

text: levels

text: for

text: the

text: benefit

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: environment

text: and

text: humans

text: Environmentalism

text: social

text: and

text: environmental

text: movement

text: addresses

text: environmental

text: issues

text: through

text: advocacy

text: education

text: and

text: activism

text: An autonomous republic is a type of administrative division similar to a province or state. A significant number of autonomous republics can be found within the successor states of the Soviet Union, but the majority are located within Russia. Many of these republics were established during the Soviet period as Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics, or ASSRs.

text: An

text: autonomous

text: republic

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: administrative

text: division

text: similar

text: to

text: province

text: or

text: state

text: significant

text: number

text: of

text: autonomous

text: republics

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: within

text: the

text: successor

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: but

text: the

text: majority

text: are

text: located

text: within

text: Russia

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: republics

text: were

text: established

text: during

text: the

text: Soviet

text: period

text: as

text: Autonomous

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republics

text: or

text: ASSRs

text: Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia. It is a unitary, constitutional, presidential republic, comprising twelve provinces, one autonomous republic and a capital city. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Tajikistan to the southeast; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest.

text: Uzbekistan

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Uzbekistan

text: is

text: doubly

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: constitutional

text: presidential

text: republic

text: comprising

text: twelve

text: provinces

text: one

text: autonomous

text: republic

text: and

text: capital

text: city

text: Uzbekistan

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: five

text: landlocked

text: countries

text: Kazakhstan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Tajikistan

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Afghanistan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Turkmenistan

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

annotations: likely multiple

question: political_ideology ecological movement of uzbekistan

answer: environmentalism

text: environmentalism

text: environmentalism


text: The paoa River, formerly called the Opawa River, is in the Marlborough region of the South Island of New Zealand. It begins in the Wairau valley where floodways are joined. It makes its way down the valley and flows through and looping around the eastern suburbs of Blenheim where it is crossed by the Opawa River Bridge. It joins the Taylor River in Blenheim (keeping the paoa name) and flows into Cook Strait at Cloudy Bay, just southeast of the mouth of the Wairau River.

text: The

text: paoa

text: River

text: formerly

text: called

text: the

text: Opawa

text: River

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: Marlborough

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: Island

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: It

text: begins

text: in

text: the

text: Wairau

text: valley

text: where

text: floodways

text: are

text: joined

text: It

text: makes

text: its

text: way

text: down

text: the

text: valley

text: and

text: flows

text: through

text: and

text: looping

text: around

text: the

text: eastern

text: suburbs

text: of

text: Blenheim

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: crossed

text: by

text: the

text: Opawa

text: River

text: Bridge

text: It

text: joins

text: the

text: Taylor

text: River

text: in

text: Blenheim

text: keeping

text: the

text: paoa

text: name

text: and

text: flows

text: into

text: Cook

text: Strait

text: at

text: Cloudy

text: Bay

text: just

text: southeast

text: of

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: Wairau

text: River

text: The Fairhall River is a river in the Marlborough region of New Zealand. It arises near Blairich Pass and flows north-east to join the paoa River between Renwick and Blenheim. The locality of Fairhall is east of the river. The river and locality were named in 1847 for a chainman in a survey team in the area.

text: The

text: Fairhall

text: River

text: is

text: river

text: in

text: the

text: Marlborough

text: region

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: It

text: arises

text: near

text: Blairich

text: Pass

text: and

text: flows

text: north

text: east

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: paoa

text: River

text: between

text: Renwick

text: and

text: Blenheim

text: The

text: locality

text: of

text: Fairhall

text: is

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: The

text: river

text: and

text: locality

text: were

text: named

text: in

text: for

text: chainman

text: in

text: survey

text: team

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: Fairhall is a locality in Marlborough , New Zealand . Blenheim is about 7.5 km to the northeast . The Fairhall River runs past to the west . The river and locality were named in 1847 for a chainman in a survey team in the area .

text: Fairhall

text: is

text: locality

text: in

text: Marlborough

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Blenheim

text: is

text: about

text: km

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: The

text: Fairhall

text: River

text: runs

text: past

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: river

text: and

text: locality

text: were

text: named

text: in

text: for

text: chainman

text: in

text: survey

text: team

text: in

text: the

text: area

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity fairhall

answer: marlborough region

text: marlborough region

text: marlborough region


text: Art Nouveau (Anglicised to ) is an international style of art, architecture and applied art, especially the decorative arts, that was most popular between 1890 and 1910. A reaction to the academic art of the 19th century, it was inspired by natural forms and structures, particularly the curved lines of plants and flowers.

text: Art

text: Nouveau

text: Anglicised

text: to

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: style

text: of

text: art

text: architecture

text: and

text: applied

text: art

text: especially

text: the

text: decorative

text: arts

text: that

text: was

text: most

text: popular

text: between

text: and

text: reaction

text: to

text: the

text: academic

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: was

text: inspired

text: by

text: natural

text: forms

text: and

text: structures

text: particularly

text: the

text: curved

text: lines

text: of

text: plants

text: and

text: flowers

text: The Taganrog City Architectural Development Museum is housed in mansion designed by the architect Fyodor Schechtel in 1912 which belonged to merchant Sharonov . The majolica panel decorating the frieze of the building was produced by Abramtsevo workshop based on the sketches of renowned artists as Nicholas Roerich , Mikhail Vrubel and Viktor Vasnetsov .

text: The

text: Taganrog

text: City

text: Architectural

text: Development

text: Museum

text: is

text: housed

text: in

text: mansion

text: designed

text: by

text: the

text: architect

text: Fyodor

text: Schechtel

text: in

text: which

text: belonged

text: to

text: merchant

text: Sharonov

text: The

text: majolica

text: panel

text: decorating

text: the

text: frieze

text: of

text: the

text: building

text: was

text: produced

text: by

text: Abramtsevo

text: workshop

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: sketches

text: of

text: renowned

text: artists

text: as

text: Nicholas

text: Roerich

text: Mikhail

text: Vrubel

text: and

text: Viktor

text: Vasnetsov

text: The term neo-romanticism is used to cover a variety of movements in philosophy, literature, music, painting, and architecture, as well as social movements, that exist after and incorporate elements from the era of Romanticism. It has been used with reference to late-19th-century composers such as Richard Wagner particularly by Carl Dahlhaus who describes his music as "a late flowering of romanticism in a positivist age". He regards it as synonymous with "the age of Wagner", from about 1850 until 1890the start of the era of modernism, whose leading early representatives were Richard Strauss and Gustav Mahler . It has been applied to writers, painters, and composers who rejected, abandoned, or opposed realism, naturalism, or avant-garde modernism at various points in time from about 1840 down to the present.

text: The

text: term

text: neo

text: romanticism

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: cover

text: variety

text: of

text: movements

text: in

text: philosophy

text: literature

text: music

text: painting

text: and

text: architecture

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: social

text: movements

text: that

text: exist

text: after

text: and

text: incorporate

text: elements

text: from

text: the

text: era

text: of

text: Romanticism

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: with

text: reference

text: to

text: century

text: composers

text: such

text: as

text: Richard

text: Wagner

text: particularly

text: by

text: Carl

text: Dahlhaus

text: who

text: describes

text: his

text: music

text: as

text: late

text: flowering

text: of

text: romanticism

text: in

text: positivist

text: age

text: He

text: regards

text: it

text: as

text: synonymous

text: with

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: Wagner

text: from

text: about

text: until

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: era

text: of

text: modernism

text: whose

text: leading

text: early

text: representatives

text: were

text: Richard

text: Strauss

text: and

text: Gustav

text: Mahler

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: applied

text: to

text: writers

text: painters

text: and

text: composers

text: who

text: rejected

text: abandoned

text: or

text: opposed

text: realism

text: naturalism

text: or

text: avant

text: garde

text: modernism

text: at

text: various

text: points

text: in

text: time

text: from

text: about

text: down

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: Fyodor Osipovich Schechtel (August 7, 1859  July 7, 1926) was a Russian architect, graphic artist and stage designer, the most influential and prolific master of Russian Art Nouveau and late Russian Revival.

text: Fyodor

text: Osipovich

text: Schechtel

text: August

text: July

text: was

text: Russian

text: architect

text: graphic

text: artist

text: and

text: stage

text: designer

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: and

text: prolific

text: master

text: of

text: Russian

text: Art

text: Nouveau

text: and

text: late

text: Russian

text: Revival

text: Mikhail Aleksandrovich Vrubel (March 17, 1856  April 14, 1910, all n.s.) is usually regarded amongst the Russian painters of the Symbolist movement and of Art Nouveau. In reality, he deliberately stood aloof from contemporary art trends, so that the origin of his unusual manner should be sought in Late Byzantine and Early Renaissance painting.

text: Mikhail

text: Aleksandrovich

text: Vrubel

text: March

text: April

text: all

text: n.s

text: is

text: usually

text: regarded

text: amongst

text: the

text: Russian

text: painters

text: of

text: the

text: Symbolist

text: movement

text: and

text: of

text: Art

text: Nouveau

text: In

text: reality

text: he

text: deliberately

text: stood

text: aloof

text: from

text: contemporary

text: art

text: trends

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: his

text: unusual

text: manner

text: should

text: be

text: sought

text: in

text: Late

text: Byzantine

text: and

text: Early

text: Renaissance

text: painting

text: Viktor Mikhaylovich Vasnetsov (May 15 (N.S.), 1848  July 23, 1926) was a Russian artist who specialized in mythological and historical subjects. He is considered the co-founder of Russian folklorist and romantic nationalistic painting (see also neo-romanticism), and a key figure in the Russian revivalist movement.

text: Viktor

text: Mikhaylovich

text: Vasnetsov

text: May

text: N.S.

text: July

text: was

text: Russian

text: artist

text: who

text: specialized

text: in

text: mythological

text: and

text: historical

text: subjects

text: He

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: co

text: founder

text: of

text: Russian

text: folklorist

text: and

text: romantic

text: nationalistic

text: painting

text: see

text: also

text: neo

text: romanticism

text: and

text: key

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: Russian

text: revivalist

text: movement

question: architectural_style taganrog city architectural development museum

answer: art nouveau

text: art nouveau

text: art nouveau

text: art nouveau


text: The Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on September 18, 1931, when the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria immediately following the Mukden Incident. The Japanese established a puppet state called Manchukuo, and their occupation lasted until the end of World War II.

text: The

text: Japanese

text: invasion

text: of

text: Manchuria

text: began

text: on

text: September

text: when

text: the

text: Kwantung

text: Army

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: invaded

text: Manchuria

text: immediately

text: following

text: the

text: Mukden

text: Incident

text: The

text: Japanese

text: established

text: puppet

text: state

text: called

text: Manchukuo

text: and

text: their

text: occupation

text: lasted

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Ting Chao or Ding Chao ( Chinese :  ; 1883 -- 1950s ) was a military general of the Republic of China , known for his defense of Harbin during the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and 1932 .

text: Ting

text: Chao

text: or

text: Ding

text: Chao

text: Chinese

text: was

text: military

text: general

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: defense

text: of

text: Harbin

text: during

text: the

text: Japanese

text: invasion

text: of

text: Manchuria

text: in

text: and

text: The was the historical Japanese nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the enactment of the 1947 constitution of modern Japan.

text: The

text: was

text: the

text: historical

text: Japanese

text: nation

text: state

text: and

text: great

text: power

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: the

text: Meiji

text: Restoration

text: in

text: to

text: the

text: enactment

text: of

text: the

text: constitution

text: of

text: modern

text: Japan

text: The Defense of Harbin occurred during the early Second Sino-Japanese War, as part of the campaign of the Invasion of Manchuria by forces of the Empire of Japan from 25 January to 4 February 1932.

text: The

text: Defense

text: of

text: Harbin

text: occurred

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: campaign

text: of

text: the

text: Invasion

text: of

text: Manchuria

text: by

text: forces

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: from

text: January

text: to

text: February

text: The Mukden Incident, or Manchurian Incident, was a staged event engineered by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for the Japanese invasion in 1931 of northeastern China, known as Manchuria.

text: The

text: Mukden

text: Incident

text: or

text: Manchurian

text: Incident

text: was

text: staged

text: event

text: engineered

text: by

text: Japanese

text: military

text: personnel

text: as

text: pretext

text: for

text: the

text: Japanese

text: invasion

text: in

text: of

text: northeastern

text: China

text: known

text: as

text: Manchuria

text:
The Second Sino-Japanese War (September 18, 1931  September 9, 1945) was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from 1931 to 1945. The First Sino-Japanese War happened in 189495. In January 2017, the Chinese Government extended their official definition of the Second Sino-Japanese War back to September 18, 1931  the Invasion of Manchuria by Japan  as opposed to the traditional 1937 start date, defined by the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.
China fought Japan, with some economic help from Germany, the Soviet Union and the United States. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the war would merge into the greater conflict of World War II as a major front of what is broadly known as the Pacific War. One could call the Second Sino-Japanese War part of World War II, but the latter conflict is still mainly considered to have started in 1939 when France and the British Empire declared war on Nazi Germany following the invasion of Poland. The Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th century. It accounted for the majority of civilian and military casualties in the Pacific War, with anywhere between 10 and 25 million Chinese civilians and over 4 million Chinese and Japanese military personnel dying from war-related violence, famine, and other causes.

text: The

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: September

text: September

text: was

text: military

text: conflict

text: fought

text: primarily

text: between

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: First

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: happened

text: in

text: In

text: January

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Government

text: extended

text: their

text: official

text: definition

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: back

text: to

text: September

text: the

text: Invasion

text: of

text: Manchuria

text: by

text: Japan

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: traditional

text: start

text: date

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: Marco

text: Polo

text: Bridge

text: Incident

text: China

text: fought

text: Japan

text: with

text: some

text: economic

text: help

text: from

text: Germany

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: After

text: the

text: Japanese

text: attack

text: on

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: in

text: the

text: war

text: would

text: merge

text: into

text: the

text: greater

text: conflict

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: as

text: major

text: front

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: broadly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Pacific

text: War

text: One

text: could

text: call

text: the

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: part

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: but

text: the

text: latter

text: conflict

text: is

text: still

text: mainly

text: considered

text: to

text: have

text: started

text: in

text: when

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: declared

text: war

text: on

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: following

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: Poland

text: The

text: Second

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: Asian

text: war

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: accounted

text: for

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: casualties

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: War

text: with

text: anywhere

text: between

text: and

text: million

text: Chinese

text: civilians

text: and

text: over

text: million

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Japanese

text: military

text: personnel

text: dying

text: from

text: war

text: related

text: violence

text: famine

text: and

text: other

text: causes

text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: Manchukuo was a puppet state in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, which was governed under a form of constitutional monarchy. The area, collectively known as Manchuria by westerners and Japanese, was designated by China's erstwhile Qing Dynasty as the "homeland" of the ruling family's ethnic group, the Manchus, but the Manchus themselves never used "Manchuria" () as a place name to refer to the area. In 1931, the region was seized by Japan following the Mukden Incident and a pro-Japanese government was installed one year later with Puyi, the last Qing emperor, as the nominal regent and emperor. Manchukuo's government was abolished in 1945 after the defeat of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II. The territories formally claimed by the puppet state were first seized in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945, and then formally transferred to Chinese administration in the following year.

text: Manchukuo

text: was

text: puppet

text: state

text: in

text: Northeast

text: China

text: and

text: Inner

text: Mongolia

text: which

text: was

text: governed

text: under

text: form

text: of

text: constitutional

text: monarchy

text: The

text: area

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: Manchuria

text: by

text: westerners

text: and

text: Japanese

text: was

text: designated

text: by

text: China

text: 's

text: erstwhile

text: Qing

text: Dynasty

text: as

text: the

text: homeland

text: of

text: the

text: ruling

text: family

text: 's

text: ethnic

text: group

text: the

text: Manchus

text: but

text: the

text: Manchus

text: themselves

text: never

text: used

text: Manchuria

text: as

text: place

text: name

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: In

text: the

text: region

text: was

text: seized

text: by

text: Japan

text: following

text: the

text: Mukden

text: Incident

text: and

text: pro

text: Japanese

text: government

text: was

text: installed

text: one

text: year

text: later

text: with

text: Puyi

text: the

text: last

text: Qing

text: emperor

text: as

text: the

text: nominal

text: regent

text: and

text: emperor

text: Manchukuo

text: 's

text: government

text: was

text: abolished

text: in

text: after

text: the

text: defeat

text: of

text: Imperial

text: Japan

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The

text: territories

text: formally

text: claimed

text: by

text: the

text: puppet

text: state

text: were

text: first

text: seized

text: in

text: the

text: Soviet

text: invasion

text: of

text: Manchuria

text: in

text: August

text: and

text: then

text: formally

text: transferred

text: to

text: Chinese

text: administration

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: Harbin is the capital and largest city of Heilongjiang province in the northeastern region of the People's Republic of China. Holding sub-provincial administrative status, Harbin has direct jurisdiction over nine metropolitan districts, two county-level cities and seven counties. Harbin is the eighth most populous Chinese city and the most populous city in Northeast China. According to the 2010 census, the built-up area made of seven out of nine urban districts ("all but Shuangcheng and Acheng not urbanized yet") had 5,282,093 inhabitants, while the total population of the sub-provincial city was up to 10,635,971. Harbin serves as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural, and communications hub in Northeast China, as well as an important industrial base of the nation.

text: Harbin

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Heilongjiang

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: northeastern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: Holding

text: sub

text: provincial

text: administrative

text: status

text: Harbin

text: has

text: direct

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: nine

text: metropolitan

text: districts

text: two

text: county

text: level

text: cities

text: and

text: seven

text: counties

text: Harbin

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: most

text: populous

text: Chinese

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Northeast

text: China

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: the

text: built

text: up

text: area

text: made

text: of

text: seven

text: out

text: of

text: nine

text: urban

text: districts

text: all

text: but

text: Shuangcheng

text: and

text: Acheng

text: not

text: urbanized

text: yet

text: had

text: inhabitants

text: while

text: the

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: sub

text: provincial

text: city

text: was

text: up

text: to

text: Harbin

text: serves

text: as

text: key

text: political

text: economic

text: scientific

text: cultural

text: and

text: communications

text: hub

text: in

text: Northeast

text: China

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: an

text: important

text: industrial

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: nation

question: date_of_death ting chao

answer: 1939