text: Helwan (""), is a city in Egypt and part of Greater Cairo, on the bank of the Nile, opposite the ruins of Memphis. Originally a southern suburb of Cairo, it served as the capital of the now defunct Helwan Governorate from April 2008 to April 2011, after which it was re-incorporated into the Cairo Governorate. The "kism" of Helwan had a population of 643,327 at the 2006 population census.

text: Helwan

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: Egypt

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: Greater

text: Cairo

text: on

text: the

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Nile

text: opposite

text: the

text: ruins

text: of

text: Memphis

text: Originally

text: southern

text: suburb

text: of

text: Cairo

text: it

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: now

text: defunct

text: Helwan

text: Governorate

text: from

text: April

text: to

text: April

text: after

text: which

text: it

text: was

text: re

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: Cairo

text: Governorate

text: The

text: kism

text: of

text: Helwan

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: at

text: the

text: population

text: census

text: Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. It is one of six civilizations to arise independently. Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3150 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh Narmer (commonly referred to as Menes). The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age.

text: Ancient

text: Egypt

text: was

text: civilization

text: of

text: ancient

text: Northeastern

text: Africa

text: concentrated

text: along

text: the

text: lower

text: reaches

text: of

text: the

text: Nile

text: River

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: the

text: modern

text: country

text: of

text: Egypt

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: six

text: civilizations

text: to

text: arise

text: independently

text: Egyptian

text: civilization

text: followed

text: prehistoric

text: Egypt

text: and

text: coalesced

text: around

text: BC

text: according

text: to

text: conventional

text: Egyptian

text: chronology

text: with

text: the

text: political

text: unification

text: of

text: Upper

text: and

text: Lower

text: Egypt

text: under

text: the

text: first

text: pharaoh

text: Narmer

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Menes

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: ancient

text: Egypt

text: occurred

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: stable

text: kingdoms

text: separated

text: by

text: periods

text: of

text: relative

text: instability

text: known

text: as

text: Intermediate

text: Periods

text: the

text: Old

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Early

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: the

text: Middle

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: and

text: the

text: New

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Late

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: Egypt (; ', , "Kimi"), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with Egypt. It is the world's only contiguous Afrasian nation.

text: Egypt

text: Kimi

text: officially

text: the

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: of

text: Egypt

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: spanning

text: the

text: northeast

text: corner

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: southwest

text: corner

text: of

text: Asia

text: by

text: land

text: bridge

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: Egypt

text: is

text: Mediterranean

text: country

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: and

text: Israel

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: Sudan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Libya

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: lies

text: Jordan

text: and

text: across

text: from

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: lies

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: although

text: Jordan

text: and

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: do

text: not

text: share

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: Egypt

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: only

text: contiguous

text: Afrasian

text: nation

text: Architecture (Latin "architectura", from the Greek  "arkhitekton" "architect", from - "chief" and  "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

text: Architecture

text: Latin

text: architectura

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: arkhitekton

text: architect

text: from

text: chief

text: and

text: builder

text: is

text: both

text: the

text: process

text: and

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: planning

text: designing

text: and

text: constructing

text: buildings

text: and

text: other

text: physical

text: structures

text: Architectural

text: works

text: in

text: the

text: material

text: form

text: of

text: buildings

text: are

text: often

text: perceived

text: as

text: cultural

text: symbols

text: and

text: as

text: works

text: of

text: art

text: Historical

text: civilizations

text: are

text: often

text: identified

text: with

text: their

text: surviving

text: architectural

text: achievements

text: Cairo Governorate ("") is the most populated of the governorates of Egypt. Its capital, the city of Cairo, is the national capital of Egypt, and is part of the Greater Cairo metropolitan area. Because it is completely urbanized, the governorate is considered a city proper, and functions as a municipality. However, there are uninhabited desert areas.

text: Cairo

text: Governorate

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populated

text: of

text: the

text: governorates

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Its

text: capital

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Cairo

text: is

text: the

text: national

text: capital

text: of

text: Egypt

text: and

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Greater

text: Cairo

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: Because

text: it

text: is

text: completely

text: urbanized

text: the

text: governorate

text: is

text: considered

text: city

text: proper

text: and

text: functions

text: as

text: municipality

text: However

text: there

text: are

text: uninhabited

text: desert

text: areas

text: Alessandro Barsanti ( 1858 -- 1917 ) was an Italian architect and Egyptologist who worked for the Egyptian Antiquities Service . He excavated throughout Egypt ( most notably he ' discovered ' the tomb of Akhenaten in 1891 -- 1892 ) . He was also in charge of the transfer of collection of the Cairo Museum from its site at Giza to the current location in Cairo itself .

text: Alessandro

text: Barsanti

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: architect

text: and

text: Egyptologist

text: who

text: worked

text: for

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: Antiquities

text: Service

text: He

text: excavated

text: throughout

text: Egypt

text: most

text: notably

text: he

text: discovered

text: the

text: tomb

text: of

text: Akhenaten

text: in

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: in

text: charge

text: of

text: the

text: transfer

text: of

text: collection

text: of

text: the

text: Cairo

text: Museum

text: from

text: its

text: site

text: at

text: Giza

text: to

text: the

text: current

text: location

text: in

text: Cairo

text: itself

text: The Arab world ('; formally: '), also known as the Arab nation (""), consists of the 22 Arabic-speaking countries of the Arab League. These Arab states occupy an area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. The contemporary Arab world has a combined population of around 422 million people, over half of whom are under 25 years of age.

text: The

text: Arab

text: world

text: formally

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Arab

text: nation

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: Arabic

text: speaking

text: countries

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: League

text: These

text: Arab

text: states

text: occupy

text: an

text: area

text: stretching

text: from

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: to

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: The

text: contemporary

text: Arab

text: world

text: has

text: combined

text: population

text: of

text: around

text: million

text: people

text: over

text: half

text: of

text: whom

text: are

text: under

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: A minaret (', ,), from ', "lighthouse", also known as "Goldaste", is a distinctive architectural structure akin to a tower and typically found adjacent to mosques. Generally a tall spire with a conical or onion-shaped crown, usually either free-standing or taller than associated support structure. The basic form of a minaret includes a base, shaft, and gallery. Styles vary regionally and by period. Minarets provide a visual focal point and are traditionally used for the Muslim call to prayer.

text: minaret

text: from

text: lighthouse

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Goldaste

text: is

text: distinctive

text: architectural

text: structure

text: akin

text: to

text: tower

text: and

text: typically

text: found

text: adjacent

text: to

text: mosques

text: Generally

text: tall

text: spire

text: with

text: conical

text: or

text: onion

text: shaped

text: crown

text: usually

text: either

text: free

text: standing

text: or

text: taller

text: than

text: associated

text: support

text: structure

text: The

text: basic

text: form

text: of

text: minaret

text: includes

text: base

text: shaft

text: and

text: gallery

text: Styles

text: vary

text: regionally

text: and

text: by

text: period

text: Minarets

text: provide

text: visual

text: focal

text: point

text: and

text: are

text: traditionally

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: Muslim

text: call

text: to

text: prayer

text: Giza (sometimes spelled "Gizah "or "Jizah"; '; '), is the third-largest city in Egypt. It is located on the west bank of the Nile, southwest of central Cairo. Along with Cairo Governorate, Shubra El-Kheima, Helwan, 6th October City and Obour, the five form Greater Cairo metropolis.

text: Giza

text: sometimes

text: spelled

text: Gizah

text: or

text: Jizah

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Egypt

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Nile

text: southwest

text: of

text: central

text: Cairo

text: Along

text: with

text: Cairo

text: Governorate

text: Shubra

text: El

text: Kheima

text: Helwan

text: October

text: City

text: and

text: Obour

text: the

text: five

text: form

text: Greater

text: Cairo

text: metropolis

text: The Giza pyramid complex (, "pyramids of Giza") is an archaeological site on the Giza Plateau, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt.

text: The

text: Giza

text: pyramid

text: complex

text: pyramids

text: of

text: Giza

text: is

text: an

text: archaeological

text: site

text: on

text: the

text: Giza

text: Plateau

text: on

text: the

text: outskirts

text: of

text: Cairo

text: Egypt

text: Cairo (; ', ') is the capital and largest city of Egypt. The city's metropolitan area is the largest in the Middle East and the Arab world, and 15th-largest in the world, and is associated with ancient Egypt, as the famous Giza pyramid complex and the ancient city of Memphis are located in its geographical area. Located near the Nile Delta, modern Cairo was founded in 969 CE by Jawhar al-Siqilli ("the Sicilian") of the Fatimid dynasty, but the land composing the present-day city was the site of ancient national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life, and is nicknamed "the city of a thousand minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture.

text: Cairo

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Egypt

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: and

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: ancient

text: Egypt

text: as

text: the

text: famous

text: Giza

text: pyramid

text: complex

text: and

text: the

text: ancient

text: city

text: of

text: Memphis

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: its

text: geographical

text: area

text: Located

text: near

text: the

text: Nile

text: Delta

text: modern

text: Cairo

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: CE

text: by

text: Jawhar

text: al

text: Siqilli

text: the

text: Sicilian

text: of

text: the

text: Fatimid

text: dynasty

text: but

text: the

text: land

text: composing

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: city

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: ancient

text: national

text: capitals

text: whose

text: remnants

text: remain

text: visible

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: Old

text: Cairo

text: Cairo

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: life

text: and

text: is

text: nicknamed

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: thousand

text: minarets

text: for

text: its

text: preponderance

text: of

text: Islamic

text: architecture

text: Aten (also Aton, Egyptian "jtn") is the disk of the sun in ancient Egyptian mythology, and originally an aspect of the god Ra. The deified Aten is the focus of the religion of Atenism established by Amenhotep IV, who later took the name Akhenaten (died ca. 1335 BCE) in worship and recognition of Aten. In his poem "Great Hymn to the Aten", Akhenaten praises Aten as the creator, giver of life, and nurturing spirit of the world. Aten does not have a Creation Myth or family, but is mentioned in the Book of the Dead. The worship of Aten was eradicated by Horemheb.

text: Aten

text: also

text: Aton

text: Egyptian

text: jtn

text: is

text: the

text: disk

text: of

text: the

text: sun

text: in

text: ancient

text: Egyptian

text: mythology

text: and

text: originally

text: an

text: aspect

text: of

text: the

text: god

text: Ra

text: The

text: deified

text: Aten

text: is

text: the

text: focus

text: of

text: the

text: religion

text: of

text: Atenism

text: established

text: by

text: Amenhotep

text: IV

text: who

text: later

text: took

text: the

text: name

text: Akhenaten

text: died

text: ca

text: BCE

text: in

text: worship

text: and

text: recognition

text: of

text: Aten

text: In

text: his

text: poem

text: Great

text: Hymn

text: to

text: the

text: Aten

text: Akhenaten

text: praises

text: Aten

text: as

text: the

text: creator

text: giver

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: nurturing

text: spirit

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Aten

text: does

text: not

text: have

text: Creation

text: Myth

text: or

text: family

text: but

text: is

text: mentioned

text: in

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: the

text: Dead

text: The

text: worship

text: of

text: Aten

text: was

text: eradicated

text: by

text: Horemheb

text: The Nile ( "en-Nl",  "an-Nl" "P(h)iaro"; Ancient Egyptian: "'p" and "Iteru"; Biblical Hebrew: , "Ha-Ye'or") is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It is generally regarded as the longest river in the world, however other conflicting sources cite a 2007 study that gave the title to the Amazon River in South America. The Nile, which is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long, is an "international" river as its water resources are shared by eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo-Kinshasa, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt. In particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan.

text: The

text: Nile

text: en

text: Nl

text: an

text: Nl

text: P(h)iaro

text: Ancient

text: Egyptian

text: and

text: Iteru

text: Biblical

text: Hebrew

text: Ha

text: Ye'or

text: is

text: major

text: north

text: flowing

text: river

text: in

text: northeastern

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: generally

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: longest

text: river

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: however

text: other

text: conflicting

text: sources

text: cite

text: study

text: that

text: gave

text: the

text: title

text: to

text: the

text: Amazon

text: River

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: The

text: Nile

text: which

text: is

text: km

text: miles

text: long

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: river

text: as

text: its

text: water

text: resources

text: are

text: shared

text: by

text: eleven

text: countries

text: namely

text: Tanzania

text: Uganda

text: Rwanda

text: Burundi

text: Congo

text: Kinshasa

text: Kenya

text: Ethiopia

text: Eritrea

text: South

text: Sudan

text: Sudan

text: and

text: Egypt

text: In

text: particular

text: the

text: Nile

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: water

text: source

text: of

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Sudan

text: Greater Cairo ("") is the largest metropolitan area in Egypt and the largest urban area in Africa. It is the third largest urban area in the Islamic World after Jakarta and Karachi, and the world's 16th largest metropolitan area, consisting of Cairo Governorate, New Cairo City, Giza, Shubra El-Kheima, 6th of October City and Obour City, with a total population estimated at 20,500,000 (as of 2012); area: 1,709 km; density: 10,400/km.

text: Greater

text: Cairo

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: Egypt

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: in

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: Islamic

text: World

text: after

text: Jakarta

text: and

text: Karachi

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: consisting

text: of

text: Cairo

text: Governorate

text: New

text: Cairo

text: City

text: Giza

text: Shubra

text: El

text: Kheima

text: of

text: October

text: City

text: and

text: Obour

text: City

text: with

text: total

text: population

text: estimated

text: at

text: as

text: of

text: area

text: km

text: density

text: Old Cairo (Egyptian Arabic: "Masr el Qadma") is a part of Cairo, Egypt which pre-dates the Fatimid city of Cairo, founded in 969 CE.

text: Old

text: Cairo

text: Egyptian

text: Arabic

text: Masr

text: el

text: Qadma

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: Cairo

text: Egypt

text: which

text: pre

text: dates

text: the

text: Fatimid

text: city

text: of

text: Cairo

text: founded

text: in

text: CE

text: The Nile Delta (' or simply ') is the delta formed in Northern Egypt (Lower Egypt) where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the world's largest river deltasfrom Alexandria in the west to Port Said in the east, it covers of Mediterranean coastlineand is a rich agricultural region. From north to south the delta is approximately in length. The Delta begins slightly down-river from Cairo.

text: The

text: Nile

text: Delta

text: or

text: simply

text: is

text: the

text: delta

text: formed

text: in

text: Northern

text: Egypt

text: Lower

text: Egypt

text: where

text: the

text: Nile

text: River

text: spreads

text: out

text: and

text: drains

text: into

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: river

text: deltasfrom

text: Alexandria

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: to

text: Port

text: Said

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: it

text: covers

text: of

text: Mediterranean

text: coastlineand

text: is

text: rich

text: agricultural

text: region

text: From

text: north

text: to

text: south

text: the

text: delta

text: is

text: approximately

text: in

text: length

text: The

text: Delta

text: begins

text: slightly

text: down

text: river

text: from

text: Cairo

text: Pharaoh is the common title of the monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty (c. 3150) until the Macedonian conquest in 305 BC, although the actual term "Pharaoh" was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until circa 1200 BCE.

text: Pharaoh

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: title

text: of

text: the

text: monarchs

text: of

text: ancient

text: Egypt

text: from

text: the

text: First

text: Dynasty

text: until

text: the

text: Macedonian

text: conquest

text: in

text: BC

text: although

text: the

text: actual

text: term

text: Pharaoh

text: was

text: not

text: used

text: contemporaneously

text: for

text: ruler

text: until

text: circa

text: BCE

text: A solar deity (also sun god or sun goddess) is a sky deity who represents the Sun, or an aspect of it, usually by its perceived power and strength. Solar deities and sun worship can be found throughout most of recorded history in various forms. The Sun is sometimes referred to by its Latin name "Sol" or by its Greek name "Helios". The English word "sun" stems from Proto-Germanic *"sunn".

text: solar

text: deity

text: also

text: sun

text: god

text: or

text: sun

text: goddess

text: is

text: sky

text: deity

text: who

text: represents

text: the

text: Sun

text: or

text: an

text: aspect

text: of

text: it

text: usually

text: by

text: its

text: perceived

text: power

text: and

text: strength

text: Solar

text: deities

text: and

text: sun

text: worship

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: throughout

text: most

text: of

text: recorded

text: history

text: in

text: various

text: forms

text: The

text: Sun

text: is

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: its

text: Latin

text: name

text: Sol

text: or

text: by

text: its

text: Greek

text: name

text: Helios

text: The

text: English

text: word

text: sun

text: stems

text: from

text: Proto

text: Germanic

text: sunn

text: Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day. What today is known as Islamic architecture was influenced by Roman, Byzantine and all other lands which the Muslims conquered in the 7th and 8th centuries. Further east, it was also influenced by Chinese and Indian architecture as Islam spread to Southeast Asia. The principal Islamic architectural types are: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. From these four types, the vocabulary of Islamic architecture is derived and used for other buildings such as public baths, fountains and domestic architecture.

text: Islamic

text: architecture

text: encompasses

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: both

text: secular

text: and

text: religious

text: styles

text: from

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: Islam

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: What

text: today

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Islamic

text: architecture

text: was

text: influenced

text: by

text: Roman

text: Byzantine

text: and

text: all

text: other

text: lands

text: which

text: the

text: Muslims

text: conquered

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: Further

text: east

text: it

text: was

text: also

text: influenced

text: by

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Indian

text: architecture

text: as

text: Islam

text: spread

text: to

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: The

text: principal

text: Islamic

text: architectural

text: types

text: are

text: the

text: Mosque

text: the

text: Tomb

text: the

text: Palace

text: and

text: the

text: Fort

text: From

text: these

text: four

text: types

text: the

text: vocabulary

text: of

text: Islamic

text: architecture

text: is

text: derived

text: and

text: used

text: for

text: other

text: buildings

text: such

text: as

text: public

text: baths

text: fountains

text: and

text: domestic

text: architecture

text:
Amun (also "Amon, Amen"; Greek "Ámmn", "Hámmn") was a major Ancient Egyptian deity. He was attested since the Old Kingdom together with his wife Amaunet.
With the 11th dynasty (21st century BC), he rose to the position of patron deity of Thebes by replacing Monthu.

text: Amun

text: also

text: Amon

text: Amen

text: Greek

text: Ámmn

text: Hámmn

text: was

text: major

text: Ancient

text: Egyptian

text: deity

text: He

text: was

text: attested

text: since

text: the

text: Old

text: Kingdom

text: together

text: with

text: his

text: wife

text: Amaunet

text: With

text: the

text: dynasty

text: century

text: BC

text: he

text: rose

text: to

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: patron

text: deity

text: of

text: Thebes

text: by

text: replacing

text: Monthu

text: The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is "Middle-Eastern" and the derived noun is "Middle-Easterner". The term has come into wider usage as a replacement of the term Near East (as opposed to Far East) beginning in the early 20th century.

text: The

text: Middle

text: East

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: region

text: centered

text: on

text: Western

text: Asia

text: and

text: Egypt

text: The

text: corresponding

text: adjective

text: is

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: and

text: the

text: derived

text: noun

text: is

text: Middle

text: Easterner

text: The

text: term

text: has

text: come

text: into

text: wider

text: usage

text: as

text: replacement

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: Near

text: East

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: Far

text: East

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text:
Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client. Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries.
Construction starts with planning, design, and financing; and continues until the project is built and ready for use.

text: Construction

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: constructing

text: building

text: or

text: infrastructure

text: Construction

text: differs

text: from

text: manufacturing

text: in

text: that

text: manufacturing

text: typically

text: involves

text: mass

text: production

text: of

text: similar

text: items

text: without

text: designated

text: purchaser

text: while

text: construction

text: typically

text: takes

text: place

text: on

text: location

text: for

text: known

text: client

text: Construction

text: as

text: an

text: industry

text: comprises

text: six

text: to

text: nine

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: gross

text: domestic

text: product

text: of

text: developed

text: countries

text: Construction

text: starts

text: with

text: planning

text: design

text: and

text: financing

text: and

text: continues

text: until

text: the

text: project

text: is

text: built

text: and

text: ready

text: for

text: use

text:
Akhenaten (also spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton,
Ikhnaton,
and Khuenaten;
meaning "Effective for Aten") known before the fifth year of his reign as Amenhotep IV (sometimes given its Greek form, "Amenophis IV", and meaning "Amun Is Satisfied"), was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty who ruled for 17 years and died perhaps in 1336 BC or 1334 BC. He is especially noted for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on the Aten, which is sometimes described as monolatristic, henotheistic, or even quasi-monotheistic. An early inscription likens the Aten to the sun as compared to stars, and later official language avoids calling the Aten a god, giving the solar deity a status above mere gods.

text: Akhenaten

text: also

text: spelled

text: Echnaton

text: Akhenaton

text: Ikhnaton

text: and

text: Khuenaten

text: meaning

text: Effective

text: for

text: Aten

text: known

text: before

text: the

text: fifth

text: year

text: of

text: his

text: reign

text: as

text: Amenhotep

text: IV

text: sometimes

text: given

text: its

text: Greek

text: form

text: Amenophis

text: IV

text: and

text: meaning

text: Amun

text: Is

text: Satisfied

text: was

text: an

text: Ancient

text: Egyptian

text: pharaoh

text: of

text: the

text: Dynasty

text: who

text: ruled

text: for

text: years

text: and

text: died

text: perhaps

text: in

text: BC

text: or

text: BC

text: He

text: is

text: especially

text: noted

text: for

text: abandoning

text: traditional

text: Egyptian

text: polytheism

text: and

text: introducing

text: worship

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: Aten

text: which

text: is

text: sometimes

text: described

text: as

text: monolatristic

text: henotheistic

text: or

text: even

text: quasi

text: monotheistic

text: An

text: early

text: inscription

text: likens

text: the

text: Aten

text: to

text: the

text: sun

text: as

text: compared

text: to

text: stars

text: and

text: later

text: official

text: language

text: avoids

text: calling

text: the

text: Aten

text: god

text: giving

text: the

text: solar

text: deity

text: status

text: above

text: mere

text: gods

text: An architect is someone who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings. To "practice architecture" means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings, that have as their principal purpose human occupancy or use. Etymologically, "architect" derives from the Latin "architectus", which derives from the Greek " ("arkhi-", chief + "tekton", builder), i.e., chief builder.

text: An

text: architect

text: is

text: someone

text: who

text: plans

text: designs

text: and

text: reviews

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: buildings

text: To

text: practice

text: architecture

text: means

text: to

text: provide

text: services

text: in

text: connection

text: with

text: the

text: design

text: of

text: buildings

text: and

text: the

text: space

text: within

text: the

text: site

text: surrounding

text: the

text: buildings

text: that

text: have

text: as

text: their

text: principal

text: purpose

text: human

text: occupancy

text: or

text: use

text: Etymologically

text: architect

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: architectus

text: which

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: arkhi-

text: chief

text: tekton

text: builder

text: i.e.

text: chief

text: builder

text: Polytheism is the worship of or belief in multiple deities, which are usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses, along with their own religions and rituals. In most religions which accept polytheism, the different gods and goddesses are representations of forces of nature or ancestral principles, and can be viewed either as autonomous or as aspects or emanations of a creator God or transcendental absolute principle (monistic theologies), which manifests immanently in nature (panentheistic and pantheistic theologies).

text: Polytheism

text: is

text: the

text: worship

text: of

text: or

text: belief

text: in

text: multiple

text: deities

text: which

text: are

text: usually

text: assembled

text: into

text: pantheon

text: of

text: gods

text: and

text: goddesses

text: along

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: religions

text: and

text: rituals

text: In

text: most

text: religions

text: which

text: accept

text: polytheism

text: the

text: different

text: gods

text: and

text: goddesses

text: are

text: representations

text: of

text: forces

text: of

text: nature

text: or

text: ancestral

text: principles

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: viewed

text: either

text: as

text: autonomous

text: or

text: as

text: aspects

text: or

text: emanations

text: of

text: creator

text: God

text: or

text: transcendental

text: absolute

text: principle

text: monistic

text: theologies

text: which

text: manifests

text: immanently

text: in

text: nature

text: panentheistic

text: and

text: pantheistic

text: theologies

question: place_of_birth alessandro barsanti

answer: alexandria

text: alexandria


text: Jockey Shabalala ( 4 November 1943 -- 11 February 2006 ) was a member of Ladysmith Black Mambazo , a South African choral group founded and still led by his brother Joseph . Jockey was born on a farm in the South African town of Ladysmith ( eMnambithi ) , and grew up with six other siblings . His brother Joseph , being the eldest , had to take care of the family and their mother when their father , Jonathan Mluwane Shabalala , died in 1945 . After moving to Durban c. 1957 to find work , Joseph founded the first incarnation of Ladysmith Black Mambazo in 1960 with his brothers Headman and Enoch and various other relatives . Jockey decided to continue working ; he painted cars . In 1974 , after the success of Mambazo 's first album , Joseph managed to persuade Jockey to join the group , where he became a full - time member by the late 1970s . In October 2004 , Jockey decided to retire from international touring to spend more time with his family , though still continued recording and performing with the group in South Africa . In mid- 2005 , Jockey became ill with numerous health problems when he fully retired from the group . He died of heart disease in February 2006 . He is survived by his wife and four adult children .

text: Jockey

text: Shabalala

text: November

text: February

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: Ladysmith

text: Black

text: Mambazo

text: South

text: African

text: choral

text: group

text: founded

text: and

text: still

text: led

text: by

text: his

text: brother

text: Joseph

text: Jockey

text: was

text: born

text: on

text: farm

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: town

text: of

text: Ladysmith

text: eMnambithi

text: and

text: grew

text: up

text: with

text: six

text: other

text: siblings

text: His

text: brother

text: Joseph

text: being

text: the

text: eldest

text: had

text: to

text: take

text: care

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: and

text: their

text: mother

text: when

text: their

text: father

text: Jonathan

text: Mluwane

text: Shabalala

text: died

text: in

text: After

text: moving

text: to

text: Durban

text: to

text: find

text: work

text: Joseph

text: founded

text: the

text: first

text: incarnation

text: of

text: Ladysmith

text: Black

text: Mambazo

text: in

text: with

text: his

text: brothers

text: Headman

text: and

text: Enoch

text: and

text: various

text: other

text: relatives

text: Jockey

text: decided

text: to

text: continue

text: working

text: he

text: painted

text: cars

text: In

text: after

text: the

text: success

text: of

text: Mambazo

text: 's

text: first

text: album

text: Joseph

text: managed

text: to

text: persuade

text: Jockey

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: group

text: where

text: he

text: became

text: full

text: time

text: member

text: by

text: the

text: late

text: In

text: October

text: Jockey

text: decided

text: to

text: retire

text: from

text: international

text: touring

text: to

text: spend

text: more

text: time

text: with

text: his

text: family

text: though

text: still

text: continued

text: recording

text: and

text: performing

text: with

text: the

text: group

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: In

text: mid-

text: Jockey

text: became

text: ill

text: with

text: numerous

text: health

text: problems

text: when

text: he

text: fully

text: retired

text: from

text: the

text: group

text: He

text: died

text: of

text: heart

text: disease

text: in

text: February

text: He

text: is

text: survived

text: by

text: his

text: wife

text: and

text: four

text: adult

text: children

text: South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.

text: South

text: Africa

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: RSA

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: of

text: coastline

text: of

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: stretching

text: along

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Indian

text: Oceans

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: of

text: Namibia

text: Botswana

text: and

text: Zimbabwe

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: surrounding

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: South

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: with

text: close

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: nation

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: or

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: that

text: borders

text: both

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: About

text: percent

text: of

text: South

text: Africans

text: are

text: of

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: African

text: ancestry

text: divided

text: among

text: variety

text: of

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: speaking

text: different

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: nine

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: official

text: status

text: The

text: remaining

text: population

text: consists

text: of

text: Africa

text: 's

text: largest

text: communities

text: of

text: European

text: white

text: Asian

text: Indian

text: and

text: multiracial

text: coloured

text: ancestry

text: A Grammy Award (originally called Gramophone Award), or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the music industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards (television), the Tony Awards (stage performance), and the Academy Awards (motion pictures).

text: Grammy

text: Award

text: originally

text: called

text: Gramophone

text: Award

text: or

text: Grammy

text: is

text: an

text: honor

text: awarded

text: by

text: The

text: Recording

text: Academy

text: to

text: recognize

text: outstanding

text: achievement

text: in

text: the

text: mainly

text: English

text: language

text: music

text: industry

text: The

text: annual

text: presentation

text: ceremony

text: features

text: performances

text: by

text: prominent

text: artists

text: and

text: the

text: presentation

text: of

text: those

text: awards

text: that

text: have

text: more

text: popular

text: interest

text: It

text: shares

text: recognition

text: of

text: the

text: music

text: industry

text: as

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: performance

text: awards

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Emmy

text: Awards

text: television

text: the

text: Tony

text: Awards

text: stage

text: performance

text: and

text: the

text: Academy

text: Awards

text: motion

text: pictures

text: Joseph Shabalala (born 28 August 1941), born Bhekizizwe Joseph Siphatimandla Mxoveni Mshengu Bigboy Shabalala, is the founder and musical director of the South African choral group Ladysmith Black Mambazo.

text: Joseph

text: Shabalala

text: born

text: August

text: born

text: Bhekizizwe

text: Joseph

text: Siphatimandla

text: Mxoveni

text: Mshengu

text: Bigboy

text: Shabalala

text: is

text: the

text: founder

text: and

text: musical

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: choral

text: group

text: Ladysmith

text: Black

text: Mambazo

text: Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west and southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique to the east and northeast. Although it does not border Namibia, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country. The capital and largest city is Harare. A country of roughly 13 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used.

text: Zimbabwe

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Zimbabwe

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: between

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: and

text: Limpopo

text: Rivers

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Botswana

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: southwest

text: Zambia

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: Mozambique

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: Although

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: border

text: Namibia

text: less

text: than

text: metres

text: of

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: River

text: separates

text: it

text: from

text: that

text: country

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Harare

text: country

text: of

text: roughly

text: million

text: people

text: Zimbabwe

text: has

text: official

text: languages

text: with

text: English

text: Shona

text: and

text: Ndebele

text: the

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text: Swaziland, officially the Kingdom of Swaziland (or ; Swazi: "Umbuso weSwatini"; sometimes called kaNgwane or Eswatini), is a sovereign state in Southern Africa. It is neighboured by Mozambique to its northeast and by South Africa to its north, west and south. The country and its people take their names from Mswati II, the 19th-century king under whose rule Swazi territory was expanded and unified.

text: Swaziland

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Swaziland

text: or

text: Swazi

text: Umbuso

text: weSwatini

text: sometimes

text: called

text: kaNgwane

text: or

text: Eswatini

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: neighboured

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: to

text: its

text: northeast

text: and

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: its

text: north

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: and

text: its

text: people

text: take

text: their

text: names

text: from

text: Mswati

text: II

text: the

text: century

text: king

text: under

text: whose

text: rule

text: Swazi

text: territory

text: was

text: expanded

text: and

text: unified

text: Ladysmith Black Mambazo is a South African male choral group that sings in the vocal styles of isicathamiya and mbube. They rose to worldwide prominence as a result of singing with Paul Simon on his 1986 album "Graceland", and have won multiple awards, including four Grammy Awards. They were formed by Joseph Shabalala in 1960 and later became one of South Africa's most prolific recording artists, with their releases receiving gold and platinum disc honors. The group has now become a mobile academy, teaching people about South Africa and its culture.

text: Ladysmith

text: Black

text: Mambazo

text: is

text: South

text: African

text: male

text: choral

text: group

text: that

text: sings

text: in

text: the

text: vocal

text: styles

text: of

text: isicathamiya

text: and

text: mbube

text: They

text: rose

text: to

text: worldwide

text: prominence

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: singing

text: with

text: Paul

text: Simon

text: on

text: his

text: album

text: Graceland

text: and

text: have

text: won

text: multiple

text: awards

text: including

text: four

text: Grammy

text: Awards

text: They

text: were

text: formed

text: by

text: Joseph

text: Shabalala

text: in

text: and

text: later

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: 's

text: most

text: prolific

text: recording

text: artists

text: with

text: their

text: releases

text: receiving

text: gold

text: and

text: platinum

text: disc

text: honors

text: The

text: group

text: has

text: now

text: become

text: mobile

text: academy

text: teaching

text: people

text: about

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: its

text: culture

text: Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20.4 % of its total land area. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two "de facto" independent states with limited or no recognition.

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: At

text: about

text: million

text: million

text: square

text: miles

text: including

text: adjacent

text: islands

text: it

text: covers

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: its

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: With

text: billion

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: it

text: accounts

text: for

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: human

text: population

text: The

text: continent

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: both

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: along

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: continent

text: includes

text: Madagascar

text: and

text: various

text: archipelagos

text: It

text: contains

text: fully

text: recognized

text: sovereign

text: states

text: countries

text: nine

text: territories

text: and

text: two

text: de

text: facto

text: independent

text: states

text: with

text: limited

text: or

text: no

text: recognition

text: The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering (approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface). It is bounded by Asia on the north, on the west by Africa, on the east by Australia, and on the south by the Southern Ocean or, depending on definition, by Antarctica. It is named after the country of India. The Indian Ocean is known as "Ratnkara", ""the mine of gems"" in ancient Sanskrit literature, and as "Hind Mahsgar", ""the great Indian sea"", in Hindi.

text: The

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: covering

text: approximately

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: on

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: Asia

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Africa

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Australia

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: or

text: depending

text: on

text: definition

text: by

text: Antarctica

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: India

text: The

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Ratnkara

text: the

text: mine

text: of

text: gems

text: in

text: ancient

text: Sanskrit

text: literature

text: and

text: as

text: Hind

text: Mahsgar

text: the

text: great

text: Indian

text: sea

text: in

text: Hindi

text: Paul Frederic Simon (born October 13, 1941) is an American musician, singer-songwriter and actor. Simon's fame, influence, and commercial success began as part of the duo Simon & Garfunkel, formed in 1964 with musical partner Art Garfunkel. Simon wrote nearly all of the pair's songs, including three that reached No. 1 on the U.S. singles charts: "The Sound of Silence", "Mrs. Robinson", and "Bridge over Troubled Water".

text: Paul

text: Frederic

text: Simon

text: born

text: October

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: musician

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: and

text: actor

text: Simon

text: 's

text: fame

text: influence

text: and

text: commercial

text: success

text: began

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: duo

text: Simon

text: Garfunkel

text: formed

text: in

text: with

text: musical

text: partner

text: Art

text: Garfunkel

text: Simon

text: wrote

text: nearly

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: pair

text: 's

text: songs

text: including

text: three

text: that

text: reached

text: No

text: on

text: the

text: U.S.

text: singles

text: charts

text: The

text: Sound

text: of

text: Silence

text: Mrs.

text: Robinson

text: and

text: Bridge

text: over

text: Troubled

text: Water

text: Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (German: ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.

text: Namibia

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Namibia

text: German

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: whose

text: western

text: border

text: is

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Zambia

text: and

text: Angola

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Botswana

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: Although

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: border

text: Zimbabwe

text: part

text: of

text: less

text: than

text: metres

text: of

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: River

text: essentially

text: small

text: bulge

text: in

text: Botswana

text: to

text: achieve

text: Botswana

text: Zambia

text: micro

text: border

text: separates

text: the

text: two

text: countries

text: Namibia

text: gained

text: independence

text: from

text: South

text: Africa

text: on

text: March

text: following

text: the

text: Namibian

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Windhoek

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: UN

text: the

text: Southern

text: African

text: Development

text: Community

text: SADC

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: AU

text: and

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Nations

annotations: follows single

question: occupation jockey shabalala

answer: singer

text: singer


text: Shen Buhai (c. 400c. 337) was a Chinese bureaucrat who was the Chancellor of Han under Marquis Zhao of Han from 351 BC to 337 BC. Born in the State of Zheng, he was likely a minor official there. After Han conquered Zheng in 375 BC, he rose up in the ranks of the Han officialdom, diving up its territories and successfully reforming it. Not dealing in penal law, his administrative innovations would be taken into Chinese Legalistm by Han Fei, his most famous successor, and Shen Buhai's book most resembles the Han Feizi. Shen Buhai died of natural causes while in office.

text: Shen

text: Buhai

text: was

text: Chinese

text: bureaucrat

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: Chancellor

text: of

text: Han

text: under

text: Marquis

text: Zhao

text: of

text: Han

text: from

text: BC

text: to

text: BC

text: Born

text: in

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Zheng

text: he

text: was

text: likely

text: minor

text: official

text: there

text: After

text: Han

text: conquered

text: Zheng

text: in

text: BC

text: he

text: rose

text: up

text: in

text: the

text: ranks

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: officialdom

text: diving

text: up

text: its

text: territories

text: and

text: successfully

text: reforming

text: it

text: Not

text: dealing

text: in

text: penal

text: law

text: his

text: administrative

text: innovations

text: would

text: be

text: taken

text: into

text: Chinese

text: Legalistm

text: by

text: Han

text: Fei

text: his

text: most

text: famous

text: successor

text: and

text: Shen

text: Buhai

text: 's

text: book

text: most

text: resembles

text: the

text: Han

text: Feizi

text: Shen

text: Buhai

text: died

text: of

text: natural

text: causes

text: while

text: in

text: office

text:
The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China (206 BC220 AD), preceded by the Qin dynasty (221206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters".
It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (923 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BC  9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25220 AD).

text: The

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: of

text: China

text: AD

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Qin

text: dynasty

text: BC

text: and

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: AD

text: Spanning

text: over

text: four

text: centuries

text: the

text: Han

text: period

text: is

text: considered

text: golden

text: age

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: To

text: this

text: day

text: China

text: 's

text: majority

text: ethnic

text: group

text: refers

text: to

text: itself

text: as

text: the

text: Han

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: Chinese

text: script

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Han

text: characters

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: rebel

text: leader

text: Liu

text: Bang

text: known

text: posthumously

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Gaozu

text: of

text: Han

text: and

text: briefly

text: interrupted

text: by

text: the

text: Xin

text: dynasty

text: AD

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: regent

text: Wang

text: Mang

text: This

text: interregnum

text: separates

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: into

text: two

text: periods

text: the

text: Western

text: Han

text: or

text: Former

text: Han

text: BC

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: or

text: Later

text: Han

text: AD

text: Liu Bei (161  10 June 223), courtesy name Xuande, was a warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty who founded the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period and became its first ruler. Despite early failings compared to his rivals and lacking both the material resources and social status they commanded, he gathered support along disheartened Han loyalists who objected to Cao Cao's reign over the emperor and relied heavily on this support. Liu Bei overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm, which at its peak spanned present-day Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, parts of Hubei, and parts of Gansu.

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: June

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Xuande

text: was

text: warlord

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: who

text: founded

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Shu

text: Han

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: and

text: became

text: its

text: first

text: ruler

text: Despite

text: early

text: failings

text: compared

text: to

text: his

text: rivals

text: and

text: lacking

text: both

text: the

text: material

text: resources

text: and

text: social

text: status

text: they

text: commanded

text: he

text: gathered

text: support

text: along

text: disheartened

text: Han

text: loyalists

text: who

text: objected

text: to

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: 's

text: reign

text: over

text: the

text: emperor

text: and

text: relied

text: heavily

text: on

text: this

text: support

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: overcame

text: his

text: many

text: defeats

text: to

text: carve

text: out

text: his

text: own

text: realm

text: which

text: at

text: its

text: peak

text: spanned

text: present

text: day

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Guizhou

text: Hunan

text: parts

text: of

text: Hubei

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: Gansu

text: Guan Zhong (c. 720645 BC) was a chancellor and reformer of the State of Qi during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. His given name was "Yíwú" (). "Zhong" was his courtesy name. Recommended by Bao Shuya, he was appointed Prime Minister by Duke Huan of Qi in 685 BC. Through Guan Zhong's reforms and skilful diplomacy Qi became the most powerful of the feudal states and Duke Huan lord protector over the feudal lords. Though knowledge of his reforms is limited, in particular he instituted a famous fiscal policy known as "balancing the light and the heavy", associated with salt and iron monopolies. Though otherwise a diverse work, the Guanzi compilation making use of his name makes similar such recommendations.

text: Guan

text: Zhong

text: BC

text: was

text: chancellor

text: and

text: reformer

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Qi

text: during

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: period

text: of

text: Chinese

text: history

text: His

text: given

text: name

text: was

text: Yíwú

text: Zhong

text: was

text: his

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Recommended

text: by

text: Bao

text: Shuya

text: he

text: was

text: appointed

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: by

text: Duke

text: Huan

text: of

text: Qi

text: in

text: BC

text: Through

text: Guan

text: Zhong

text: 's

text: reforms

text: and

text: skilful

text: diplomacy

text: Qi

text: became

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: of

text: the

text: feudal

text: states

text: and

text: Duke

text: Huan

text: lord

text: protector

text: over

text: the

text: feudal

text: lords

text: Though

text: knowledge

text: of

text: his

text: reforms

text: is

text: limited

text: in

text: particular

text: he

text: instituted

text: famous

text: fiscal

text: policy

text: known

text: as

text: balancing

text: the

text: light

text: and

text: the

text: heavy

text: associated

text: with

text: salt

text: and

text: iron

text: monopolies

text: Though

text: otherwise

text: diverse

text: work

text: the

text: Guanzi

text: compilation

text: making

text: use

text: of

text: his

text: name

text: makes

text: similar

text: such

text: recommendations

text: Han Fei (233 BC), also known as Han Fei Zi, was an influential political philosopher of the Warring States period "Chinese Legalist" school. He synthesized the methods of his predecessors, as described in his eponymous work, the Han Feizi. He is often considered to be the greatest representative of Chinese Legalism, his work "Han Feizi" consisting of the combination of the core Legalist principles.

text: Han

text: Fei

text: BC

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Han

text: Fei

text: Zi

text: was

text: an

text: influential

text: political

text: philosopher

text: of

text: the

text: Warring

text: States

text: period

text: Chinese

text: Legalist

text: school

text: He

text: synthesized

text: the

text: methods

text: of

text: his

text: predecessors

text: as

text: described

text: in

text: his

text: eponymous

text: work

text: the

text: Han

text: Feizi

text: He

text: is

text: often

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: greatest

text: representative

text: of

text: Chinese

text: Legalism

text: his

text: work

text: Han

text: Feizi

text: consisting

text: of

text: the

text: combination

text: of

text: the

text: core

text: Legalist

text: principles

text: The Three Kingdoms (AD 220280) was the tripartite division of China between the states of Wei, Shu, and Wu, following the Han dynasty and preceding the Jin dynasty. The term "Three Kingdoms" itself is something of a mistranslation, since each state was eventually headed not by a king, but by an emperor who claimed legitimate succession from the Han dynasty. Nevertheless, the term "Three Kingdoms" has become standard among sinologists. To further distinguish the three states from other historical Chinese states of similar names, historians have added a relevant character: Wei is also known as Cao Wei, Shu is also known as Shu Han, and Wu is also known as Dong (or Eastern) Wu.

text: The

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: AD

text: was

text: the

text: tripartite

text: division

text: of

text: China

text: between

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Wei

text: Shu

text: and

text: Wu

text: following

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: and

text: preceding

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: The

text: term

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: itself

text: is

text: something

text: of

text: mistranslation

text: since

text: each

text: state

text: was

text: eventually

text: headed

text: not

text: by

text: king

text: but

text: by

text: an

text: emperor

text: who

text: claimed

text: legitimate

text: succession

text: from

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: term

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: has

text: become

text: standard

text: among

text: sinologists

text: To

text: further

text: distinguish

text: the

text: three

text: states

text: from

text: other

text: historical

text: Chinese

text: states

text: of

text: similar

text: names

text: historians

text: have

text: added

text: relevant

text: character

text: Wei

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: Shu

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Shu

text: Han

text: and

text: Wu

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Dong

text: or

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text: Sun Tzu (also rendered as Sun Zi) was a Chinese general, military strategist, and philosopher who lived in the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. Sun Tzu is traditionally credited as the author of "The Art of War", a widely influential work of military strategy that has affected both Western and Eastern philosophy. Aside from his legacy as the author of "The Art of War", Sun Tzu is revered in Chinese and the Culture of Asia as a legendary historical figure. His birth name was Sun Wu, and he was known outside of his family by his courtesy name Changqing. The name "Sun Tzu" by which he is best known in the West is an honorific which means "Master Sun."

text: Sun

text: Tzu

text: also

text: rendered

text: as

text: Sun

text: Zi

text: was

text: Chinese

text: general

text: military

text: strategist

text: and

text: philosopher

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: period

text: of

text: ancient

text: China

text: Sun

text: Tzu

text: is

text: traditionally

text: credited

text: as

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: The

text: Art

text: of

text: War

text: widely

text: influential

text: work

text: of

text: military

text: strategy

text: that

text: has

text: affected

text: both

text: Western

text: and

text: Eastern

text: philosophy

text: Aside

text: from

text: his

text: legacy

text: as

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: The

text: Art

text: of

text: War

text: Sun

text: Tzu

text: is

text: revered

text: in

text: Chinese

text: and

text: the

text: Culture

text: of

text: Asia

text: as

text: legendary

text: historical

text: figure

text: His

text: birth

text: name

text: was

text: Sun

text: Wu

text: and

text: he

text: was

text: known

text: outside

text: of

text: his

text: family

text: by

text: his

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Changqing

text: The

text: name

text: Sun

text: Tzu

text: by

text: which

text: he

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: is

text: an

text: honorific

text: which

text: means

text: Master

text: Sun

text: Shu or Shu Han (221263) was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220280). The state was based in the area around present-day Sichuan and Chongqing, which was historically known as "Shu" after an earlier state in Sichuan named Shu. Shu Han's founder Liu Bei had named his state "Han" as he considered it the legitimate successor to the Han dynasty, while "Shu" is added to the name as a geographical prefix to differentiate it from the many "Han" states throughout Chinese history.

text: Shu

text: or

text: Shu

text: Han

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: major

text: states

text: that

text: competed

text: for

text: supremacy

text: over

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: The

text: state

text: was

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: around

text: present

text: day

text: Sichuan

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: which

text: was

text: historically

text: known

text: as

text: Shu

text: after

text: an

text: earlier

text: state

text: in

text: Sichuan

text: named

text: Shu

text: Shu

text: Han

text: 's

text: founder

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: had

text: named

text: his

text: state

text: Han

text: as

text: he

text: considered

text: it

text: the

text: legitimate

text: successor

text: to

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: while

text: Shu

text: is

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: name

text: as

text: geographical

text: prefix

text: to

text: differentiate

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: many

text: Han

text: states

text: throughout

text: Chinese

text: history

text: The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the 5th century BC. Attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu ("Master Sun", also spelled Sunzi) the text is composed of 13 chapters, each of which is devoted to one aspect of warfare. It is commonly thought of as a definitive work on military strategy and tactics. It was placed at the head of China's Seven Military Classics upon the collection's creation in 1080 by Emperor Shenzong of Song, and has long been the most influential strategy text in East Asia. It has had an influence on Eastern and Western military thinking, business tactics, legal strategy and beyond.

text: The

text: Art

text: of

text: War

text: is

text: an

text: ancient

text: Chinese

text: military

text: treatise

text: dating

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: Attributed

text: to

text: the

text: ancient

text: Chinese

text: military

text: strategist

text: Sun

text: Tzu

text: Master

text: Sun

text: also

text: spelled

text: Sunzi

text: the

text: text

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: chapters

text: each

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: devoted

text: to

text: one

text: aspect

text: of

text: warfare

text: It

text: is

text: commonly

text: thought

text: of

text: as

text: definitive

text: work

text: on

text: military

text: strategy

text: and

text: tactics

text: It

text: was

text: placed

text: at

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: China

text: 's

text: Seven

text: Military

text: Classics

text: upon

text: the

text: collection

text: 's

text: creation

text: in

text: by

text: Emperor

text: Shenzong

text: of

text: Song

text: and

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: strategy

text: text

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: It

text: has

text: had

text: an

text: influence

text: on

text: Eastern

text: and

text: Western

text: military

text: thinking

text: business

text: tactics

text: legal

text: strategy

text: and

text: beyond

text: Chongqing, formerly transliterated as Chungking, is a major city in Southwest China and one of the Five national central cities in China. Administratively, it is one of China's four direct-controlled municipalities (the other three are Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), and the only such municipality in inland China.

text: Chongqing

text: formerly

text: transliterated

text: as

text: Chungking

text: is

text: major

text: city

text: in

text: Southwest

text: China

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Five

text: national

text: central

text: cities

text: in

text: China

text: Administratively

text: it

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: China

text: 's

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: the

text: other

text: three

text: are

text: Beijing

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: such

text: municipality

text: in

text: inland

text: China

text: Zhuge (Chu-ko) is a Chinese double surname. It is ranked 314th in "Hundred Family Surnames". The surname has often been synonymous with wisdom in Chinese culture, due to the fame of Zhuge Liang.

text: Zhuge

text: Chu

text: ko

text: is

text: Chinese

text: double

text: surname

text: It

text: is

text: ranked

text: in

text: Hundred

text: Family

text: Surnames

text: The

text: surname

text: has

text: often

text: been

text: synonymous

text: with

text: wisdom

text: in

text: Chinese

text: culture

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: fame

text: of

text: Zhuge

text: Liang

text: Lady Huang ( birth and death dates unknown ) , also known in fiction as Huang Yueying , was the wife of Zhuge Liang , chancellor and regent of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period . Her name was not recorded in history ; `` Huang Yueying '' is simply a fictional name .

text: Lady

text: Huang

text: birth

text: and

text: death

text: dates

text: unknown

text: also

text: known

text: in

text: fiction

text: as

text: Huang

text: Yueying

text: was

text: the

text: wife

text: of

text: Zhuge

text: Liang

text: chancellor

text: and

text: regent

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Shu

text: Han

text: in

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: Her

text: name

text: was

text: not

text: recorded

text: in

text: history

text: Huang

text: Yueying

text: is

text: simply

text: fictional

text: name

text: A courtesy name ("zi"), also known as a style name, is a name bestowed upon one at adulthood in addition to one's given name. This practice is a tradition in East Asian cultures, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.

text: courtesy

text: name

text: zi

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: style

text: name

text: is

text: name

text: bestowed

text: upon

text: one

text: at

text: adulthood

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: one

text: 's

text: given

text: name

text: This

text: practice

text: is

text: tradition

text: in

text: East

text: Asian

text: cultures

text: including

text: China

text: Japan

text: Korea

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: Zhuge Liang (181234), courtesy name Kongming, was a chancellor (or prime minister) and regent of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. He is recognised as the most accomplished strategist of his era, and has been compared to Sun Tzu, the author of "The Art of War". A self-avowed Legalist, he compared himself with Guan Zhong, developing Shu's agriculture and industry to become a regional power. He attached great importance to the works of Shen Buhai and Han Fei, refusing to indulge local elites and adopting strict, but fair and clear laws. In remembrance of his governance, local people maintained shrines to him for ages.

text: Zhuge

text: Liang

text: courtesy

text: name

text: Kongming

text: was

text: chancellor

text: or

text: prime

text: minister

text: and

text: regent

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Shu

text: Han

text: during

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: He

text: is

text: recognised

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: accomplished

text: strategist

text: of

text: his

text: era

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: compared

text: to

text: Sun

text: Tzu

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: The

text: Art

text: of

text: War

text: self

text: avowed

text: Legalist

text: he

text: compared

text: himself

text: with

text: Guan

text: Zhong

text: developing

text: Shu

text: 's

text: agriculture

text: and

text: industry

text: to

text: become

text: regional

text: power

text: He

text: attached

text: great

text: importance

text: to

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: Shen

text: Buhai

text: and

text: Han

text: Fei

text: refusing

text: to

text: indulge

text: local

text: elites

text: and

text: adopting

text: strict

text: but

text: fair

text: and

text: clear

text: laws

text: In

text: remembrance

text: of

text: his

text: governance

text: local

text: people

text: maintained

text: shrines

text: to

text: him

text: for

text: ages

text: Sichuan, formerly romanized as Szechwan, is a province in southwest China occupying most of the Sichuan Basin between the Himalayas on the west, the Daba in the north, and the Yungui Plateau to the east. Sichuan's capital is Chengdu.

text: Sichuan

text: formerly

text: romanized

text: as

text: Szechwan

text: is

text: province

text: in

text: southwest

text: China

text: occupying

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Sichuan

text: Basin

text: between

text: the

text: Himalayas

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Daba

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: Yungui

text: Plateau

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Sichuan

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: Chengdu

question: place_of_birth huang yueying

answer: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china

text: china