text: The North Island or Te Ika-a-Mui ("Mori") is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait. The island's area is , making it the world's 14th-largest island. It has a population of

text: The

text: North

text: Island

text: or

text: Te

text: Ika

text: Mui

text: Mori

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: main

text: islands

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: separated

text: from

text: the

text: slightly

text: larger

text: but

text: much

text: less

text: populous

text: South

text: Island

text: by

text: Cook

text: Strait

text: The

text: island

text: 's

text: area

text: is

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: island

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.

text: The

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: It

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: or

text: depending

text: on

text: definition

text: to

text: Antarctica

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: Asia

text: and

text: Australia

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Americas

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney.

text: Australia

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Australia

text: is

text: country

text: comprising

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: continent

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Tasmania

text: and

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: islands

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sixth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: The

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: are

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: East

text: Timor

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: and

text: Vanuatu

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: Australia

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: Canberra

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: Sydney

text: Te Matua Ngahere is a giant kauri ("Agathis australis") coniferous tree in the Waipoua Forest of Northland Region, New Zealand. The tree's Maori name means "Father of the Forest". Although not as massive or tall as its neighbour Tne Mahuta, Te Matua Ngahere is stouter, with a girth just over . It is believed to be the second largest living kauri tree, and to have the biggest girth of any kauri in the country. According to "The New Zealand Herald", it has the biggest girth of any tree in New Zealand.

text: Te

text: Matua

text: Ngahere

text: is

text: giant

text: kauri

text: Agathis

text: australis

text: coniferous

text: tree

text: in

text: the

text: Waipoua

text: Forest

text: of

text: Northland

text: Region

text: New

text: Zealand

text: The

text: tree

text: 's

text: Maori

text: name

text: means

text: Father

text: of

text: the

text: Forest

text: Although

text: not

text: as

text: massive

text: or

text: tall

text: as

text: its

text: neighbour

text: Tne

text: Mahuta

text: Te

text: Matua

text: Ngahere

text: is

text: stouter

text: with

text: girth

text: just

text: over

text: It

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: living

text: kauri

text: tree

text: and

text: to

text: have

text: the

text: biggest

text: girth

text: of

text: any

text: kauri

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: According

text: to

text: The

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Herald

text: it

text: has

text: the

text: biggest

text: girth

text: of

text: any

text: tree

text: in

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the most populous urban area in the country. Auckland has a population of , which constitutes percent of New Zealand's population. It is part of the wider Auckland Regionthe area governed by the Auckland Councilwhich also includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf, resulting in a total population of . Auckland also has the largest Polynesian population of any city in the world. The Mori language name for Auckland is or , meaning "Tmaki with a hundred lovers", in reference to the desirability of its fertile land at the hub of waterways in all directions. It has also been called karana, the Mori enunciation of "Auckland".

text: Auckland

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Island

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Auckland

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: which

text: constitutes

text: percent

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: population

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: wider

text: Auckland

text: Regionthe

text: area

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Auckland

text: Councilwhich

text: also

text: includes

text: outlying

text: rural

text: areas

text: and

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: the

text: Hauraki

text: Gulf

text: resulting

text: in

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: Auckland

text: also

text: has

text: the

text: largest

text: Polynesian

text: population

text: of

text: any

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Mori

text: language

text: name

text: for

text: Auckland

text: is

text: or

text: meaning

text: Tmaki

text: with

text: hundred

text: lovers

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: desirability

text: of

text: its

text: fertile

text: land

text: at

text: the

text: hub

text: of

text: waterways

text: in

text: all

text: directions

text: It

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: called

text: karana

text: the

text: Mori

text: enunciation

text: of

text: Auckland

text: Tectonic uplift is the portion of the total geologic uplift of the mean Earth surface that is not attributable to an isostatic response to unloading. While isostatic response is important, an increase in the mean elevation of a region can only occur in response to tectonic processes of crustal thickening (such as mountain building events), changes in the density distribution of the crust and underlying mantle, and flexural support due to the bending of rigid lithosphere.

text: Tectonic

text: uplift

text: is

text: the

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: geologic

text: uplift

text: of

text: the

text: mean

text: Earth

text: surface

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: attributable

text: to

text: an

text: isostatic

text: response

text: to

text: unloading

text: While

text: isostatic

text: response

text: is

text: important

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: mean

text: elevation

text: of

text: region

text: can

text: only

text: occur

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: tectonic

text: processes

text: of

text: crustal

text: thickening

text: such

text: as

text: mountain

text: building

text: events

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: density

text: distribution

text: of

text: the

text: crust

text: and

text: underlying

text: mantle

text: and

text: flexural

text: support

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: bending

text: of

text: rigid

text: lithosphere

text: The Kaihu River is a river of the far north of New Zealand 's North Island . It flows southeast from just south of Waipoua Forest , reaching the Wairoa River at the town of Dargaville .

text: The

text: Kaihu

text: River

text: is

text: river

text: of

text: the

text: far

text: north

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: North

text: Island

text: It

text: flows

text: southeast

text: from

text: just

text: south

text: of

text: Waipoua

text: Forest

text: reaching

text: the

text: Wairoa

text: River

text: at

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Dargaville

text: Fiji ((), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec Islands to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast, and Tuvalu to the north.

text: Fiji

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Fiji

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: country

text: in

text: Melanesia

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: about

text: northeast

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: North

text: Island

text: Its

text: closest

text: neighbours

text: are

text: Vanuatu

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: New

text: Caledonia

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: Kermadec

text: Islands

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Tonga

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Samoas

text: and

text: France

text: 's

text: Wallis

text: and

text: Futuna

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Tuvalu

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: The South Island or Te Waipounamu ("Mori") is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the smaller but more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman Sea, and to the south and east by the Pacific Ocean. The South Island covers and is influenced by a temperate climate.

text: The

text: South

text: Island

text: or

text: Te

text: Waipounamu

text: Mori

text: is

text: the

text: larger

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: major

text: islands

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: the

text: smaller

text: but

text: more

text: populous

text: North

text: Island

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: Cook

text: Strait

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: the

text: Tasman

text: Sea

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: The

text: South

text: Island

text: covers

text: and

text: is

text: influenced

text: by

text: temperate

text: climate

text: Cook Strait lies between the North and South Islands of New Zealand. It connects the Tasman Sea on the northwest with the South Pacific Ocean on the southeast, and runs next to the capital city, Wellington. It is wide at its narrowest point, and is considered one of the most dangerous and unpredictable waters in the world.

text: Cook

text: Strait

text: lies

text: between

text: the

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: Islands

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: It

text: connects

text: the

text: Tasman

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: northwest

text: with

text: the

text: South

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: runs

text: next

text: to

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: Wellington

text: It

text: is

text: wide

text: at

text: its

text: narrowest

text: point

text: and

text: is

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: dangerous

text: and

text: unpredictable

text: waters

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The Southern Alps (Mori: K Tiritiri o te Moana ) are a mountain range extending along much of the length of New Zealand's South Island, reaching its greatest elevations near the island's western side. The term "Southern Alps" generally refers to the entire range, although separate names are given to many of the smaller ranges that form part of it.

text: The

text: Southern

text: Alps

text: Mori

text: Tiritiri

text: te

text: Moana

text: are

text: mountain

text: range

text: extending

text: along

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: South

text: Island

text: reaching

text: its

text: greatest

text: elevations

text: near

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: western

text: side

text: The

text: term

text: Southern

text: Alps

text: generally

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: entire

text: range

text: although

text: separate

text: names

text: are

text: given

text: to

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: smaller

text: ranges

text: that

text: form

text: part

text: of

text: it

text: Wellington is the capital city and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with residents. It is at the south-western tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. Wellington is the major population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region, which also includes the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa. As the nation's capital city, the New Zealand Government and Parliament, Supreme Court and most of the civil service are based in the city.

text: Wellington

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: area

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: with

text: residents

text: It

text: is

text: at

text: the

text: south

text: western

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Island

text: between

text: Cook

text: Strait

text: and

text: the

text: Rimutaka

text: Range

text: Wellington

text: is

text: the

text: major

text: population

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: North

text: Island

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: administrative

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Wellington

text: Region

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: the

text: Kapiti

text: Coast

text: and

text: Wairarapa

text: As

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: capital

text: city

text: the

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Government

text: and

text: Parliament

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: civil

text: service

text: are

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: Whangarei (alt. ) is the northernmost city in New Zealand and the regional capital of Northland Region. It is part of the Whangarei District, a local body created in 1989 to administer both the city proper and its hinterland from the former Whangarei City, Whangarei County and Hikurangi Town councils. The city population was estimated to be up from 47,000 in 2001. The wider Whangarei area had an estimated population of 85,900 in 2015.

text: Whangarei

text: alt

text: is

text: the

text: northernmost

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: Zealand

text: and

text: the

text: regional

text: capital

text: of

text: Northland

text: Region

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Whangarei

text: District

text: local

text: body

text: created

text: in

text: to

text: administer

text: both

text: the

text: city

text: proper

text: and

text: its

text: hinterland

text: from

text: the

text: former

text: Whangarei

text: City

text: Whangarei

text: County

text: and

text: Hikurangi

text: Town

text: councils

text: The

text: city

text: population

text: was

text: estimated

text: to

text: be

text: up

text: from

text: in

text: The

text: wider

text: Whangarei

text: area

text: had

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: Tonga (or ; Tongan: "Puleanga Fakatui o Tonga"), officially the Kingdom of Tonga, is a Polynesian sovereign state and archipelago comprising 169 islands of which 36 are inhabited. The total surface area is about scattered over of the southern Pacific Ocean. It has a population of 103,000 people of whom 70% reside on the main island of Tongatapu.

text: Tonga

text: or

text: Tongan

text: Puleanga

text: Fakatui

text: Tonga

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Tonga

text: is

text: Polynesian

text: sovereign

text: state

text: and

text: archipelago

text: comprising

text: islands

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: inhabited

text: The

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: is

text: about

text: scattered

text: over

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: people

text: of

text: whom

text: reside

text: on

text: the

text: main

text: island

text: of

text: Tongatapu

text: New Caledonia is a special collectivity of France located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, east of Australia and east of Metropolitan France. The archipelago, part of the Melanesia subregion, includes the main island of Grande Terre, the Loyalty Islands, the Chesterfield Islands, the Belep archipelago, the Isle of Pines, and a few remote islets. The Chesterfield Islands are in the Coral Sea. Locals refer to Grande Terre as "" ("the pebble").

text: New

text: Caledonia

text: is

text: special

text: collectivity

text: of

text: France

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: east

text: of

text: Australia

text: and

text: east

text: of

text: Metropolitan

text: France

text: The

text: archipelago

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Melanesia

text: subregion

text: includes

text: the

text: main

text: island

text: of

text: Grande

text: Terre

text: the

text: Loyalty

text: Islands

text: the

text: Chesterfield

text: Islands

text: the

text: Belep

text: archipelago

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Pines

text: and

text: few

text: remote

text: islets

text: The

text: Chesterfield

text: Islands

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: Coral

text: Sea

text: Locals

text: refer

text: to

text: Grande

text: Terre

text: as

text: the

text: pebble

text: The Tasman Sea (Mori: "Te Tai-o-Rehua") is a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean, situated between Australia and New Zealand. It measures about across and about from north to south. The sea was named after the Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman, who was the first recorded European to encounter New Zealand and Tasmania. The British explorer Captain James Cook later extensively navigated the Tasman Sea in the 1770s as part of his first voyage of exploration.

text: The

text: Tasman

text: Sea

text: Mori

text: Te

text: Tai

text: Rehua

text: is

text: marginal

text: sea

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: situated

text: between

text: Australia

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: It

text: measures

text: about

text: across

text: and

text: about

text: from

text: north

text: to

text: south

text: The

text: sea

text: was

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Dutch

text: explorer

text: Abel

text: Janszoon

text: Tasman

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: recorded

text: European

text: to

text: encounter

text: New

text: Zealand

text: and

text: Tasmania

text: The

text: British

text: explorer

text: Captain

text: James

text: Cook

text: later

text: extensively

text: navigated

text: the

text: Tasman

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: first

text: voyage

text: of

text: exploration

text: New Zealand is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmassesthat of the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Mui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamuand numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal and plant life. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland.

text: New

text: Zealand

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: nation

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: The

text: country

text: geographically

text: comprises

text: two

text: main

text: landmassesthat

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Island

text: or

text: Te

text: Ika

text: Mui

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Island

text: or

text: Te

text: Waipounamuand

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: islands

text: New

text: Zealand

text: is

text: situated

text: some

text: east

text: of

text: Australia

text: across

text: the

text: Tasman

text: Sea

text: and

text: roughly

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: island

text: areas

text: of

text: New

text: Caledonia

text: Fiji

text: and

text: Tonga

text: Because

text: of

text: its

text: remoteness

text: it

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: lands

text: to

text: be

text: settled

text: by

text: humans

text: During

text: its

text: long

text: period

text: of

text: isolation

text: New

text: Zealand

text: developed

text: distinct

text: biodiversity

text: of

text: animal

text: fungal

text: and

text: plant

text: life

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: varied

text: topography

text: and

text: its

text: sharp

text: mountain

text: peaks

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Southern

text: Alps

text: owe

text: much

text: to

text: the

text: tectonic

text: uplift

text: of

text: land

text: and

text: volcanic

text: eruptions

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Wellington

text: while

text: its

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: is

text: Auckland

text:
Waipoua Forest preserves some of the best examples of kauri forest remaining in New Zealand. It is notable for having two of the largest living kauri trees, "Tane Mahuta" and "Te Matua Ngahere".
The forest was declared a sanctuary in 1952.
A community based volunteer organisation, the Waipoua Forest Trust, helps maintain the forest.

text: Waipoua

text: Forest

text: preserves

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: examples

text: of

text: kauri

text: forest

text: remaining

text: in

text: New

text: Zealand

text: It

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: having

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: living

text: kauri

text: trees

text: Tane

text: Mahuta

text: and

text: Te

text: Matua

text: Ngahere

text: The

text: forest

text: was

text: declared

text: sanctuary

text: in

text: community

text: based

text: volunteer

text: organisation

text: the

text: Waipoua

text: Forest

text: Trust

text: helps

text: maintain

text: the

text: forest

text: Dargaville (Mori: Takiwira) is a town in the North Island of New Zealand. It is situated on the bank of the Northern Wairoa River in the Northland region. The town is located 55 kilometres southwest of Whangarei.

text: Dargaville

text: Mori

text: Takiwira

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Island

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Northern

text: Wairoa

text: River

text: in

text: the

text: Northland

text: region

text: The

text: town

text: is

text: located

text: kilometres

text: southwest

text: of

text: Whangarei

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity kaihu river

answer: northland region

text: northland region

text: northland region

text: northland region


text: Colin Muset ( fl . c. 1210 -- 50 or 1230 -- 70 ) was an Old French trouvère and a native of Lorraine . He made his living in the Champagne by travelling from castle to castle singing songs of his own composition and playing the vielle . These are not confined to the praise of courtly love that formed the usual topic of the trouvères , but contain many details of a jongleur 's life . His complete works are eighteen : nine attributed in chansonniers , three self - referencing , and six whose attributions are based on modern scholarship ( one of which is held to be mis - attributed in the manuscripts ) . Twenty one poems credited to him were edited and published by Joseph Bédier in 1912 ( Paris ) and later , with the reduction of his authentic corpus to sixteen poems , by Massimiliano Chiamenti in 2005 ( Rome ) . Nine of his poems have surviving music . Seven are chansons jongleuresques , that is , songs describing the life of a jongleur . His three serventois condemn the avarice of the nobility , but his moralising is balanced by self - deprecating humour . He also wrote two descorts , one lai , and one cynical tenson with Jacques d'Amiens . The nickname `` Muset '' may derive from his inspiration ( `` muse '' ) or from his habit of muser ( wandering about , wasting time ) .

text: Colin

text: Muset

text: fl

text: or

text: was

text: an

text: Old

text: French

text: trouvère

text: and

text: native

text: of

text: Lorraine

text: He

text: made

text: his

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: Champagne

text: by

text: travelling

text: from

text: castle

text: to

text: castle

text: singing

text: songs

text: of

text: his

text: own

text: composition

text: and

text: playing

text: the

text: vielle

text: These

text: are

text: not

text: confined

text: to

text: the

text: praise

text: of

text: courtly

text: love

text: that

text: formed

text: the

text: usual

text: topic

text: of

text: the

text: trouvères

text: but

text: contain

text: many

text: details

text: of

text: jongleur

text: 's

text: life

text: His

text: complete

text: works

text: are

text: eighteen

text: nine

text: attributed

text: in

text: chansonniers

text: three

text: self

text: referencing

text: and

text: six

text: whose

text: attributions

text: are

text: based

text: on

text: modern

text: scholarship

text: one

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: held

text: to

text: be

text: mis

text: attributed

text: in

text: the

text: manuscripts

text: Twenty

text: one

text: poems

text: credited

text: to

text: him

text: were

text: edited

text: and

text: published

text: by

text: Joseph

text: Bédier

text: in

text: Paris

text: and

text: later

text: with

text: the

text: reduction

text: of

text: his

text: authentic

text: corpus

text: to

text: sixteen

text: poems

text: by

text: Massimiliano

text: Chiamenti

text: in

text: Rome

text: Nine

text: of

text: his

text: poems

text: have

text: surviving

text: music

text: Seven

text: are

text: chansons

text: jongleuresques

text: that

text: is

text: songs

text: describing

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: jongleur

text: His

text: three

text: serventois

text: condemn

text: the

text: avarice

text: of

text: the

text: nobility

text: but

text: his

text: moralising

text: is

text: balanced

text: by

text: self

text: deprecating

text: humour

text: He

text: also

text: wrote

text: two

text: descorts

text: one

text: lai

text: and

text: one

text: cynical

text: tenson

text: with

text: Jacques

text: d'Amiens

text: The

text: nickname

text: Muset

text: may

text: derive

text: from

text: his

text: inspiration

text: muse

text: or

text: from

text: his

text: habit

text: of

text: muser

text: wandering

text: about

text: wasting

text: time

text: Johannes de Grocheio (Grocheo) (c. 1255  c. 1320) was a Parisian musical theorist of the early fourteenth century. His French name was Jean de Grouchy, but he is more commonly known by his Latinized name. A Master of Arts, he is the author of the treatise "Ars musicae" ("The art of music") (c. 1300), an attempt to describe the music of his time as it was practiced in and around Paris.

text: Johannes

text: de

text: Grocheio

text: Grocheo

text: was

text: Parisian

text: musical

text: theorist

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: fourteenth

text: century

text: His

text: French

text: name

text: was

text: Jean

text: de

text: Grouchy

text: but

text: he

text: is

text: more

text: commonly

text: known

text: by

text: his

text: Latinized

text: name

text: Master

text: of

text: Arts

text: he

text: is

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: treatise

text: Ars

text: musicae

text: The

text: art

text: of

text: music

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: his

text: time

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: practiced

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: Paris

text: Lyric poetry is a formal type of poetry which expresses personal emotions or feelings, typically spoken in the first person. The term derives from a form of Ancient Greek literature, the lyric, which was defined by its musical accompaniment, usually on a stringed instrument known as a lyre. The term owes its importance in literary theory to the division developed by Aristotle between three broad categories of poetry: lyrical, dramatic and epic.

text: Lyric

text: poetry

text: is

text: formal

text: type

text: of

text: poetry

text: which

text: expresses

text: personal

text: emotions

text: or

text: feelings

text: typically

text: spoken

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: The

text: term

text: derives

text: from

text: form

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: literature

text: the

text: lyric

text: which

text: was

text: defined

text: by

text: its

text: musical

text: accompaniment

text: usually

text: on

text: stringed

text: instrument

text: known

text: as

text: lyre

text: The

text: term

text: owes

text: its

text: importance

text: in

text: literary

text: theory

text: to

text: the

text: division

text: developed

text: by

text: Aristotle

text: between

text: three

text: broad

text: categories

text: of

text: poetry

text: lyrical

text: dramatic

text: and

text: epic

text:
A lai (or "lay lyrique", "lyric lay", to distinguish it from a "lai breton") is a lyrical, narrative poem written in octosyllabic couplets that often deals with tales of adventure and romance. "Lais" were mainly composed in France and Germany, during the 13th and 14th centuries. The English term
"lay" is a 13th-century loan from Old French "lai". The origin of the French term itself is unclear; perhaps it is itself a loan from German "Leich" (reflected in archaic or dialectal English "lake", "sport, play").The terms "note", "nota" and "notula" (as used by Johannes de Grocheio) appear to have been synonyms for "lai".

text: lai

text: or

text: lay

text: lyrique

text: lyric

text: lay

text: to

text: distinguish

text: it

text: from

text: lai

text: breton

text: is

text: lyrical

text: narrative

text: poem

text: written

text: in

text: octosyllabic

text: couplets

text: that

text: often

text: deals

text: with

text: tales

text: of

text: adventure

text: and

text: romance

text: Lais

text: were

text: mainly

text: composed

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: Germany

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: The

text: English

text: term

text: lay

text: is

text: century

text: loan

text: from

text: Old

text: French

text: lai

text: The

text: origin

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: term

text: itself

text: is

text: unclear

text: perhaps

text: it

text: is

text: itself

text: loan

text: from

text: German

text: Leich

text: reflected

text: in

text: archaic

text: or

text: dialectal

text: English

text: lake

text: sport

text: play").The

text: terms

text: note

text: nota

text: and

text: notula

text: as

text: used

text: by

text: Johannes

text: de

text: Grocheio

text: appear

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: synonyms

text: for

text: lai

text: Chrétien de Troyes ("Christian") was a late-12th-century French poet and trouvère known for his work on Arthurian subjects, and for originating the character Lancelot. This work represents some of the best-regarded of medieval literature. His use of structure, particularly in "Yvain, the Knight of the Lion", has been seen as a step towards the modern novel. Little is known of his life, but he seems to have been from Troyes, or at least intimately connected with it, and between 1160 and 1172 he served at the court of his patroness Marie of France, Countess of Champagne, daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine, perhaps as herald-at-arms (as Gaston Paris speculated).

text: Chrétien

text: de

text: Troyes

text: Christian

text: was

text: century

text: French

text: poet

text: and

text: trouvère

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: on

text: Arthurian

text: subjects

text: and

text: for

text: originating

text: the

text: character

text: Lancelot

text: This

text: work

text: represents

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: regarded

text: of

text: medieval

text: literature

text: His

text: use

text: of

text: structure

text: particularly

text: in

text: Yvain

text: the

text: Knight

text: of

text: the

text: Lion

text: has

text: been

text: seen

text: as

text: step

text: towards

text: the

text: modern

text: novel

text: Little

text: is

text: known

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: but

text: he

text: seems

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: from

text: Troyes

text: or

text: at

text: least

text: intimately

text: connected

text: with

text: it

text: and

text: between

text: and

text: he

text: served

text: at

text: the

text: court

text: of

text: his

text: patroness

text: Marie

text: of

text: France

text: Countess

text: of

text: Champagne

text: daughter

text: of

text: Eleanor

text: of

text: Aquitaine

text: perhaps

text: as

text: herald

text: at

text: arms

text: as

text: Gaston

text: Paris

text: speculated

text: A troubadour was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (11001350). Since the word "troubadour" is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a trobairitz.

text: troubadour

text: was

text: composer

text: and

text: performer

text: of

text: Old

text: Occitan

text: lyric

text: poetry

text: during

text: the

text: High

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Since

text: the

text: word

text: troubadour

text: is

text: etymologically

text: masculine

text: female

text: troubadour

text: is

text: usually

text: called

text: trobairitz

text: Literary fiction comprises fictional works that hold literary merit; that is, they involve social commentary, or political criticism, or focus on the human condition. Literary fiction is deliberately written in dialogue with existing works, created with the above aims in mind and is focused more on themes than on plot, and it is common for literary fiction to be taught and discussed in schools and universities.

text: Literary

text: fiction

text: comprises

text: fictional

text: works

text: that

text: hold

text: literary

text: merit

text: that

text: is

text: they

text: involve

text: social

text: commentary

text: or

text: political

text: criticism

text: or

text: focus

text: on

text: the

text: human

text: condition

text: Literary

text: fiction

text: is

text: deliberately

text: written

text: in

text: dialogue

text: with

text: existing

text: works

text: created

text: with

text: the

text: above

text: aims

text: in

text: mind

text: and

text: is

text: focused

text: more

text: on

text: themes

text: than

text: on

text: plot

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: common

text: for

text: literary

text: fiction

text: to

text: be

text: taught

text: and

text: discussed

text: in

text: schools

text: and

text: universities

text: The French Renaissance was the cultural and artistic movement in France between the 15th and early 17th centuries. The period is associated with the pan-European Renaissance, a word first used by the French historian Jules Michelet to define the artistic and cultural "rebirth" of Europe.

text: The

text: French

text: Renaissance

text: was

text: the

text: cultural

text: and

text: artistic

text: movement

text: in

text: France

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: The

text: period

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: pan

text: European

text: Renaissance

text: word

text: first

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: historian

text: Jules

text: Michelet

text: to

text: define

text: the

text: artistic

text: and

text: cultural

text: rebirth

text: of

text: Europe

text: Île-de-France (, , "Island of France"), also known as the "région parisienne" ("Parisian Region"; see Etymology), is one of the 18 regions of France, and includes the city of Paris. It covers 12012 square kilometers (4638 square miles), and has its own regional council and president. It has a population of 12,005,077 as of January 2014, or 18.2 percent of the population of France.

text: Île

text: de

text: France

text: Island

text: of

text: France

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: région

text: parisienne

text: Parisian

text: Region

text: see

text: Etymology

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: regions

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: includes

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Paris

text: It

text: covers

text: square

text: kilometers

text: square

text: miles

text: and

text: has

text: its

text: own

text: regional

text: council

text: and

text: president

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: or

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: France

text: Massimiliano Chiamenti (Florence, 1967 - Bologna, 2011) was an Italian poet and philologist.

text: Massimiliano

text: Chiamenti

text: Florence

text: Bologna

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: poet

text: and

text: philologist

text: The vielle is a European bowed stringed instrument used in the Medieval period, similar to a modern violin but with a somewhat longer and deeper body, three to five gut strings, and a leaf-shaped pegbox with frontal tuning pegs, sometimes with a figure-8 shaped body.

text: The

text: vielle

text: is

text: European

text: bowed

text: stringed

text: instrument

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: Medieval

text: period

text: similar

text: to

text: modern

text: violin

text: but

text: with

text: somewhat

text: longer

text: and

text: deeper

text: body

text: three

text: to

text: five

text: gut

text: strings

text: and

text: leaf

text: shaped

text: pegbox

text: with

text: frontal

text: tuning

text: pegs

text: sometimes

text: with

text: shaped

text: body

text: The violin is a wooden string instrument in the violin family. It is the smallest and highest-pitched instrument in the family in regular use. Smaller violin-type instruments are known, including the violino piccolo and the kit violin, but these are virtually unused in the 2010s. The violin typically has four strings tuned in perfect fifths, and is most commonly played by drawing a bow across its strings, though it can also be played by plucking the strings with the fingers (pizzicato). Violins are important instruments in a wide variety of musical genres. They are most prominent in the Western classical tradition and in many varieties of folk music. They are also frequently used in genres of folk including country music and bluegrass music and in jazz. Electric violins are used in some forms of rock music; further, the violin has come to be played in many non-Western music cultures, including Indian music and Iranian music. The violin is sometimes informally called a fiddle, particularly in Irish traditional music and bluegrass, but this nickname is also used regardless of the type of music played on it.

text: The

text: violin

text: is

text: wooden

text: string

text: instrument

text: in

text: the

text: violin

text: family

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: and

text: highest

text: pitched

text: instrument

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: in

text: regular

text: use

text: Smaller

text: violin

text: type

text: instruments

text: are

text: known

text: including

text: the

text: violino

text: piccolo

text: and

text: the

text: kit

text: violin

text: but

text: these

text: are

text: virtually

text: unused

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: violin

text: typically

text: has

text: four

text: strings

text: tuned

text: in

text: perfect

text: fifths

text: and

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: played

text: by

text: drawing

text: bow

text: across

text: its

text: strings

text: though

text: it

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: played

text: by

text: plucking

text: the

text: strings

text: with

text: the

text: fingers

text: pizzicato

text: Violins

text: are

text: important

text: instruments

text: in

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: musical

text: genres

text: They

text: are

text: most

text: prominent

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: classical

text: tradition

text: and

text: in

text: many

text: varieties

text: of

text: folk

text: music

text: They

text: are

text: also

text: frequently

text: used

text: in

text: genres

text: of

text: folk

text: including

text: country

text: music

text: and

text: bluegrass

text: music

text: and

text: in

text: jazz

text: Electric

text: violins

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: some

text: forms

text: of

text: rock

text: music

text: further

text: the

text: violin

text: has

text: come

text: to

text: be

text: played

text: in

text: many

text: non

text: Western

text: music

text: cultures

text: including

text: Indian

text: music

text: and

text: Iranian

text: music

text: The

text: violin

text: is

text: sometimes

text: informally

text: called

text: fiddle

text: particularly

text: in

text: Irish

text: traditional

text: music

text: and

text: bluegrass

text: but

text: this

text: nickname

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: regardless

text: of

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: music

text: played

text: on

text: it

text: Joseph Bédier (28 January 1864  29 August 1938) was a French writer and scholar and historian of medieval France.

text: Joseph

text: Bédier

text: January

text: August

text: was

text: French

text: writer

text: and

text: scholar

text: and

text: historian

text: of

text: medieval

text: France

text: Trouvère, sometimes spelled trouveur , is the Northern French (langue d'oïl) form of the langue d'oc (Occitan) word "trobador". It refers to poet-composers who were roughly contemporary with and influenced by the troubadours (composers and performers of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages) but who composed their works in the northern dialects of France. The first known "trouvère" was Chrétien de Troyes ("fl". 1160s-1180s) (Butterfield, 1997) and the "trouvères" continued to flourish until about 1300. Some 2130 "trouvère" poems have survived; of these, at least two-thirds have melodies.

text: Trouvère

text: sometimes

text: spelled

text: trouveur

text: is

text: the

text: Northern

text: French

text: langue

text: d'oïl

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: langue

text: d'oc

text: Occitan

text: word

text: trobador

text: It

text: refers

text: to

text: poet

text: composers

text: who

text: were

text: roughly

text: contemporary

text: with

text: and

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: troubadours

text: composers

text: and

text: performers

text: of

text: Old

text: Occitan

text: lyric

text: poetry

text: during

text: the

text: High

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: but

text: who

text: composed

text: their

text: works

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: dialects

text: of

text: France

text: The

text: first

text: known

text: trouvère

text: was

text: Chrétien

text: de

text: Troyes

text: fl

text: Butterfield

text: and

text: the

text: trouvères

text: continued

text: to

text: flourish

text: until

text: about

text: Some

text: trouvère

text: poems

text: have

text: survived

text: of

text: these

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: thirds

text: have

text: melodies

text: Courtly love (or fin'amor in Occitan) was a medieval European literary conception of love that emphasized nobility and chivalry. Medieval literature is filled with examples of knights setting out on adventures and performing various services for ladies because of their "courtly love". This kind of love is originally a literary fiction created for the entertainment of the nobility, but as time passed, these ideas about love changed and attracted a larger audience. In the high Middle Ages, a "game of love" developed around these ideas as a set of social practices. "Loving nobly" was considered to be an enriching and improving practice.

text: Courtly

text: love

text: or

text: fin'amor

text: in

text: Occitan

text: was

text: medieval

text: European

text: literary

text: conception

text: of

text: love

text: that

text: emphasized

text: nobility

text: and

text: chivalry

text: Medieval

text: literature

text: is

text: filled

text: with

text: examples

text: of

text: knights

text: setting

text: out

text: on

text: adventures

text: and

text: performing

text: various

text: services

text: for

text: ladies

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: courtly

text: love

text: This

text: kind

text: of

text: love

text: is

text: originally

text: literary

text: fiction

text: created

text: for

text: the

text: entertainment

text: of

text: the

text: nobility

text: but

text: as

text: time

text: passed

text: these

text: ideas

text: about

text: love

text: changed

text: and

text: attracted

text: larger

text: audience

text: In

text: the

text: high

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: game

text: of

text: love

text: developed

text: around

text: these

text: ideas

text: as

text: set

text: of

text: social

text: practices

text: Loving

text: nobly

text: was

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: enriching

text: and

text: improving

text: practice

text: A poet is a person who writes poetry. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be a writer of poetry, or may perform their art to an audience.

text: poet

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: writes

text: poetry

text: Poets

text: may

text: describe

text: themselves

text: as

text: such

text: or

text: be

text: described

text: as

text: such

text: by

text: others

text: poet

text: may

text: simply

text: be

text: writer

text: of

text: poetry

text: or

text: may

text: perform

text: their

text: art

text: to

text: an

text: audience

text: Chivalry, or the chivalric code, is a code of conduct associated with the medieval institution of knighthood which developed between 1170 and 1220. The ideals of chivalry were popularized in medieval literature, especially the Matter of Britain and Matter of France, the former based on Geoffrey of Monmouth's "Historia Regum Britanniae" which introduced the legend of King Arthur, written in the 1130s.

text: Chivalry

text: or

text: the

text: chivalric

text: code

text: is

text: code

text: of

text: conduct

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: medieval

text: institution

text: of

text: knighthood

text: which

text: developed

text: between

text: and

text: The

text: ideals

text: of

text: chivalry

text: were

text: popularized

text: in

text: medieval

text: literature

text: especially

text: the

text: Matter

text: of

text: Britain

text: and

text: Matter

text: of

text: France

text: the

text: former

text: based

text: on

text: Geoffrey

text: of

text: Monmouth

text: 's

text: Historia

text: Regum

text: Britanniae

text: which

text: introduced

text: the

text: legend

text: of

text: King

text: Arthur

text: written

text: in

text: the

text:
Old French (', ', ""; Modern French ) was the Gallo-Romance dialect continuum spoken from the 9th century to the 14th century.
In the 14th century, these dialects came to be collectively known as the "langues d'oïl", contrasting with the "langue d'oc" or Occitan language in the south of France. The mid-14th century is taken as the transitional period to Middle French, the language of the French Renaissance, specifically based on the dialect of the Île-de-France region.

text: Old

text: French

text: Modern

text: French

text: was

text: the

text: Gallo

text: Romance

text: dialect

text: continuum

text: spoken

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: these

text: dialects

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: langues

text: d'oïl

text: contrasting

text: with

text: the

text: langue

text: d'oc

text: or

text: Occitan

text: language

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: France

text: The

text: century

text: is

text: taken

text: as

text: the

text: transitional

text: period

text: to

text: Middle

text: French

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Renaissance

text: specifically

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: dialect

text: of

text: the

text: Île

text: de

text: France

text: region

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

annotations: likely multiple

question: occupation colin muset

answer: poet

text: poet

text: poet

text: poet

text: poet

text: poet


text: Thomas Lobb (18171894) was a British botanist and, along with his older brother, William Lobb, collected plants for the plant nursery Veitch.

text: Thomas

text: Lobb

text: was

text: British

text: botanist

text: and

text: along

text: with

text: his

text: older

text: brother

text: William

text: Lobb

text: collected

text: plants

text: for

text: the

text: plant

text: nursery

text: Veitch

text: Peter Christian Massyn Veitch ( February 1850 -- 1929 ) was a member of the family of horticulturists who established the renowned family business Veitch Nurseries .

text: Peter

text: Christian

text: Massyn

text: Veitch

text: February

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: of

text: horticulturists

text: who

text: established

text: the

text: renowned

text: family

text: business

text: Veitch

text: Nurseries

text: Sir William Jackson Hooker (6 July 1785  12 August 1865) was an English systematic botanist and organiser, and botanical illustrator. He held the post of Regius Professor of Botany at Glasgow University, and was Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. He enjoyed the friendship and support of Sir Joseph Banks for his exploring, collecting and organising work. His son, Joseph Dalton Hooker, succeeded him to the Directorship of Kew Gardens.

text: Sir

text: William

text: Jackson

text: Hooker

text: July

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: systematic

text: botanist

text: and

text: organiser

text: and

text: botanical

text: illustrator

text: He

text: held

text: the

text: post

text: of

text: Regius

text: Professor

text: of

text: Botany

text: at

text: Glasgow

text: University

text: and

text: was

text: Director

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Botanic

text: Gardens

text: Kew

text: He

text: enjoyed

text: the

text: friendship

text: and

text: support

text: of

text: Sir

text: Joseph

text: Banks

text: for

text: his

text: exploring

text: collecting

text: and

text: organising

text: work

text: His

text: son

text: Joseph

text: Dalton

text: Hooker

text: succeeded

text: him

text: to

text: the

text: Directorship

text: of

text: Kew

text: Gardens

text:
The Veitch Nurseries were the largest group of family-run plant nurseries in Europe during the 19th century. Started by John Veitch sometime before 1808, the original nursery grew substantially over several decades and was eventually split into two separate businessesbased at Chelsea and Exeteras it became unfeasible to run the whole operation from one location. Famous plant hunters in the Victorian period employed by the Veitch family include the brothers Thomas Lobb and William Lobb from Cornwall and the Scottish plant collector David Bowman.
The Veitch's ability to rear exotic plants is noted in William Jackson Hooker's description of "Verticordia nitens", and they were able to supply a specimen for its illustration.

text: The

text: Veitch

text: Nurseries

text: were

text: the

text: largest

text: group

text: of

text: family

text: run

text: plant

text: nurseries

text: in

text: Europe

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: Started

text: by

text: John

text: Veitch

text: sometime

text: before

text: the

text: original

text: nursery

text: grew

text: substantially

text: over

text: several

text: decades

text: and

text: was

text: eventually

text: split

text: into

text: two

text: separate

text: businessesbased

text: at

text: Chelsea

text: and

text: Exeteras

text: it

text: became

text: unfeasible

text: to

text: run

text: the

text: whole

text: operation

text: from

text: one

text: location

text: Famous

text: plant

text: hunters

text: in

text: the

text: Victorian

text: period

text: employed

text: by

text: the

text: Veitch

text: family

text: include

text: the

text: brothers

text: Thomas

text: Lobb

text: and

text: William

text: Lobb

text: from

text: Cornwall

text: and

text: the

text: Scottish

text: plant

text: collector

text: David

text: Bowman

text: The

text: Veitch

text: 's

text: ability

text: to

text: rear

text: exotic

text: plants

text: is

text: noted

text: in

text: William

text: Jackson

text: Hooker

text: 's

text: description

text: of

text: Verticordia

text: nitens

text: and

text: they

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: supply

text: specimen

text: for

text: its

text: illustration

text: William Lobb (1809  3 May 1864) was a Cornish plant collector, employed by Veitch Nurseries of Exeter, who was responsible for the commercial introduction to England of "Araucaria araucana" (the monkey-puzzle tree) from Chile and the massive "Sequoiadendron giganteum" (Wellingtonia) from North America.

text: William

text: Lobb

text: May

text: was

text: Cornish

text: plant

text: collector

text: employed

text: by

text: Veitch

text: Nurseries

text: of

text: Exeter

text: who

text: was

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: commercial

text: introduction

text: to

text: England

text: of

text: Araucaria

text: araucana

text: the

text: monkey

text: puzzle

text: tree

text: from

text: Chile

text: and

text: the

text: massive

text: Sequoiadendron

text: giganteum

text: Wellingtonia

text: from

text: North

text: America

annotations: likely single

question: occupation peter veitch

answer: botanist

text: botanist

text: botanist


text: Antiochus VIII Epiphanes/Callinicus/Philometor, nicknamed "Grypus" (hook-nose), was crowned as ruler of the Greek Seleucid kingdom in 125 BC. He was the son of Demetrius II Nicator and Cleopatra Thea.

text: Antiochus

text: VIII

text: Epiphanes

text: Callinicus

text: Philometor

text: nicknamed

text: Grypus

text: hook

text: nose

text: was

text: crowned

text: as

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: Seleucid

text: kingdom

text: in

text: BC

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Demetrius

text: II

text: Nicator

text: and

text: Cleopatra

text: Thea

text: Philip I Philadelphus ( Greek :   '   , `` Philip the brother - loving '' ) , a ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid kingdom , was the fourth son of Antiochus VIII Grypus and his wife Tryphaena . Philip I took the diadem in 95 BC together with his brother ( probably twin ) Antiochus XI Ephiphanes , after the eldest son Seleucus VI Epiphanes was killed by their cousin Antiochus X Eusebes . He established himself in Antiochia after 92 BC and survived attacks from younger brother Demetrius III Eucaerus . His rule was ended in 83 BC when Tigranes conquered Syria , or earlier . He disappears from history at that point , but coins bearing his portrait were issued by later Roman authorities .

text: Philip

text: Philadelphus

text: Greek

text: Philip

text: the

text: brother

text: loving

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: Seleucid

text: kingdom

text: was

text: the

text: fourth

text: son

text: of

text: Antiochus

text: VIII

text: Grypus

text: and

text: his

text: wife

text: Tryphaena

text: Philip

text: took

text: the

text: diadem

text: in

text: BC

text: together

text: with

text: his

text: brother

text: probably

text: twin

text: Antiochus

text: XI

text: Ephiphanes

text: after

text: the

text: eldest

text: son

text: Seleucus

text: VI

text: Epiphanes

text: was

text: killed

text: by

text: their

text: cousin

text: Antiochus

text: Eusebes

text: He

text: established

text: himself

text: in

text: Antiochia

text: after

text: BC

text: and

text: survived

text: attacks

text: from

text: younger

text: brother

text: Demetrius

text: III

text: Eucaerus

text: His

text: rule

text: was

text: ended

text: in

text: BC

text: when

text: Tigranes

text: conquered

text: Syria

text: or

text: earlier

text: He

text: disappears

text: from

text: history

text: at

text: that

text: point

text: but

text: coins

text: bearing

text: his

text: portrait

text: were

text: issued

text: by

text: later

text: Roman

text: authorities

text: Cleopatra Thea (which means "Cleopatra the Goddess"; c. 164  121 BC) surnamed Eueteria (i.e., "good-harvest/fruitful season") was the ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire. She ruled Syria from 125 BC after the death of Demetrius II Nicator. She eventually ruled in co-regency with her son Antiochus VIII Grypus until 121 or 120 BC.

text: Cleopatra

text: Thea

text: which

text: means

text: Cleopatra

text: the

text: Goddess

text: BC

text: surnamed

text: Eueteria

text: i.e.

text: good

text: harvest

text: fruitful

text: season

text: was

text: the

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: Seleucid

text: Empire

text: She

text: ruled

text: Syria

text: from

text: BC

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Demetrius

text: II

text: Nicator

text: She

text: eventually

text: ruled

text: in

text: co

text: regency

text: with

text: her

text: son

text: Antiochus

text: VIII

text: Grypus

text: until

text: or

text: BC

text: Jordan ('), officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ('), is an Arab kingdom in Western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the east and south, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north, Israel, Palestine and the Dead Sea to the west and the Red Sea in its extreme south-west. Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe. The capital, Amman, is Jordan's most populous city as well as the country's economic, political and cultural centre.

text: Jordan

text: officially

text: The

text: Hashemite

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Jordan

text: is

text: an

text: Arab

text: kingdom

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: on

text: the

text: East

text: Bank

text: of

text: the

text: Jordan

text: River

text: Jordan

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: Iraq

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Israel

text: Palestine

text: and

text: the

text: Dead

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: in

text: its

text: extreme

text: south

text: west

text: Jordan

text: is

text: strategically

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: crossroads

text: of

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: and

text: Europe

text: The

text: capital

text: Amman

text: is

text: Jordan

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: economic

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: centre

text: Demetrius II ("Dmtrios B"; died 125 BC), called Nicator ("Nikátr", "the Victor"), was one of the sons of Demetrius I Soter, brother of Antiochus VII Sidetes and his mother could have been Laodice V. He ruled the Seleucid Empire for two periods, separated by a number of years of captivity in Hyrcania in Parthia.

text: Demetrius

text: II

text: Dmtrios

text: died

text: BC

text: called

text: Nicator

text: Nikátr

text: the

text: Victor

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: sons

text: of

text: Demetrius

text: Soter

text: brother

text: of

text: Antiochus

text: VII

text: Sidetes

text: and

text: his

text: mother

text: could

text: have

text: been

text: Laodice

text: He

text: ruled

text: the

text: Seleucid

text: Empire

text: for

text: two

text: periods

text: separated

text: by

text: number

text: of

text: years

text: of

text: captivity

text: in

text: Hyrcania

text: in

text: Parthia

text: Syria, officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (""), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. Syria's capital and largest city is Damascus.

text: Syria

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Syrian

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: bordering

text: Lebanon

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Turkey

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Iraq

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Jordan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Israel

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Syria

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Damascus

question: noble_family philip i philadelphus

answer: seleucid empire

text: seleucid empire

text: seleucid empire