text: Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney.

text: Australia

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Australia

text: is

text: country

text: comprising

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: continent

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Tasmania

text: and

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: islands

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sixth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: The

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: are

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: East

text: Timor

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: and

text: Vanuatu

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: Australia

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: Canberra

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: Sydney

text:
Canberra (or )
is the capital city of Australia. With a population of 381,488, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), south-west of Sydney, and north-east of Melbourne. A resident of Canberra is known as a "Canberran".

text: Canberra

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Australia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: Australia

text: 's

text: largest

text: inland

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: city

text: overall

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: northern

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: Capital

text: Territory

text: ACT

text: south

text: west

text: of

text: Sydney

text: and

text: north

text: east

text: of

text: Melbourne

text: resident

text: of

text: Canberra

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Canberran

text: The Yarra Valley is the name given to the region surrounding the Yarra River in Victoria, Australia. The river originates approximately 90 kilometres east of the Melbourne central business district and flows towards it and out into Port Phillip Bay. The name Yarra Valley is used in reference to the upper regions surrounding the Yarra River and generally does not encompass the lower regions including the city and suburban areas, where the topography flattens out, or the upper reaches which are in inaccessible bushland. Included in the Yarra Valley is the sub-region of Upper Yarra (or the Upper Yarra Valley) which encompasses the towns of the former Shire of Upper Yarra in the catchment area upstream of and including Woori Yallock. The Yarra Valley is a popular day-trip and tourist area, featuring a range of natural features and agricultural produce, as well as the Lilydale to Warburton Rail Trail.

text: The

text: Yarra

text: Valley

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: region

text: surrounding

text: the

text: Yarra

text: River

text: in

text: Victoria

text: Australia

text: The

text: river

text: originates

text: approximately

text: kilometres

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Melbourne

text: central

text: business

text: district

text: and

text: flows

text: towards

text: it

text: and

text: out

text: into

text: Port

text: Phillip

text: Bay

text: The

text: name

text: Yarra

text: Valley

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: upper

text: regions

text: surrounding

text: the

text: Yarra

text: River

text: and

text: generally

text: does

text: not

text: encompass

text: the

text: lower

text: regions

text: including

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: suburban

text: areas

text: where

text: the

text: topography

text: flattens

text: out

text: or

text: the

text: upper

text: reaches

text: which

text: are

text: in

text: inaccessible

text: bushland

text: Included

text: in

text: the

text: Yarra

text: Valley

text: is

text: the

text: sub

text: region

text: of

text: Upper

text: Yarra

text: or

text: the

text: Upper

text: Yarra

text: Valley

text: which

text: encompasses

text: the

text: towns

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Shire

text: of

text: Upper

text: Yarra

text: in

text: the

text: catchment

text: area

text: upstream

text: of

text: and

text: including

text: Woori

text: Yallock

text: The

text: Yarra

text: Valley

text: is

text: popular

text: day

text: trip

text: and

text: tourist

text: area

text: featuring

text: range

text: of

text: natural

text: features

text: and

text: agricultural

text: produce

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Lilydale

text: to

text: Warburton

text: Rail

text: Trail

text: Tremont is a suburb in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia , 31 km east of Melbourne 's central business district . Its local government area is the Shire of Yarra Ranges . At the 2006 census , Tremont had a population of 4094 . Almost the entire suburban area is within the Dandenong Ranges National Park . The Post Office opened on 16 July 1913 , was known as Dunstan 's until 1919 , and closed in 1977 . Tremont was affected by the Dandenong Ranges fire of 22 January 1997 .

text: Tremont

text: is

text: suburb

text: in

text: Melbourne

text: Victoria

text: Australia

text: km

text: east

text: of

text: Melbourne

text: 's

text: central

text: business

text: district

text: Its

text: local

text: government

text: area

text: is

text: the

text: Shire

text: of

text: Yarra

text: Ranges

text: At

text: the

text: census

text: Tremont

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: Almost

text: the

text: entire

text: suburban

text: area

text: is

text: within

text: the

text: Dandenong

text: Ranges

text: National

text: Park

text: The

text: Post

text: Office

text: opened

text: on

text: July

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: Dunstan

text: 's

text: until

text: and

text: closed

text: in

text: Tremont

text: was

text: affected

text: by

text: the

text: Dandenong

text: Ranges

text: fire

text: of

text: January

text: Papua New Guinea (PNG  Hiri Motu: "Papua Niu Gini"), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is an Oceanian country that occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia, a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia. Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. The western half of New Guinea forms the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua.

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: PNG

text: Hiri

text: Motu

text: Papua

text: Niu

text: Gini

text: officially

text: the

text: Independent

text: State

text: of

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: is

text: an

text: Oceanian

text: country

text: that

text: occupies

text: the

text: eastern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: its

text: offshore

text: islands

text: in

text: Melanesia

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: southwestern

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: north

text: of

text: Australia

text: Its

text: capital

text: located

text: along

text: its

text: southeastern

text: coast

text: is

text: Port

text: Moresby

text: The

text: western

text: half

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: forms

text: the

text: Indonesian

text: provinces

text: of

text: Papua

text: and

text: West

text: Papua

text: Vanuatu (or ; Bislama ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (Bislama: "Ripablik blong Vanuatu"), is a Pacific island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is some east of northern Australia, northeast of New Caledonia, east of New Guinea, southeast of the Solomon Islands, and west of Fiji.

text: Vanuatu

text: or

text: Bislama

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vanuatu

text: Bislama

text: Ripablik

text: blong

text: Vanuatu

text: is

text: Pacific

text: island

text: nation

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: The

text: archipelago

text: which

text: is

text: of

text: volcanic

text: origin

text: is

text: some

text: east

text: of

text: northern

text: Australia

text: northeast

text: of

text: New

text: Caledonia

text: east

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: southeast

text: of

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: Fiji

text: Mainland is a contiguous landmass that is larger and often politically, economically and/or demographically more significant than politically associated remote territories, such as exclaves or oceanic islands situated outside the continental shelf.

text: Mainland

text: is

text: contiguous

text: landmass

text: that

text: is

text: larger

text: and

text: often

text: politically

text: economically

text: and/or

text: demographically

text: more

text: significant

text: than

text: politically

text: associated

text: remote

text: territories

text: such

text: as

text: exclaves

text: or

text: oceanic

text: islands

text: situated

text: outside

text: the

text: continental

text: shelf

text: East Timor or Timor-Leste (Tetum: "Timór Lorosa'e"), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a sovereign state in Maritime Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor; the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco; and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island surrounded by Indonesian West Timor. The country's size is about 15,410 km (5,400 sq mi).

text: East

text: Timor

text: or

text: Timor

text: Leste

text: Tetum

text: Timór

text: Lorosa'e

text: officially

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Timor

text: Leste

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Maritime

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: It

text: comprises

text: the

text: eastern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Timor

text: the

text: nearby

text: islands

text: of

text: Atauro

text: and

text: Jaco

text: and

text: Oecusse

text: an

text: exclave

text: on

text: the

text: northwestern

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: surrounded

text: by

text: Indonesian

text: West

text: Timor

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: size

text: is

text: about

text: km

text: sq

text: mi

text: New Zealand is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmassesthat of the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Mui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamuand numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal and plant life. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland.

text: New

text: Zealand

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: nation

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: The

text: country

text: geographically

text: comprises

text: two

text: main

text: landmassesthat

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Island

text: or

text: Te

text: Ika

text: Mui

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Island

text: or

text: Te

text: Waipounamuand

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: islands

text: New

text: Zealand

text: is

text: situated

text: some

text: east

text: of

text: Australia

text: across

text: the

text: Tasman

text: Sea

text: and

text: roughly

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: island

text: areas

text: of

text: New

text: Caledonia

text: Fiji

text: and

text: Tonga

text: Because

text: of

text: its

text: remoteness

text: it

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: lands

text: to

text: be

text: settled

text: by

text: humans

text: During

text: its

text: long

text: period

text: of

text: isolation

text: New

text: Zealand

text: developed

text: distinct

text: biodiversity

text: of

text: animal

text: fungal

text: and

text: plant

text: life

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: varied

text: topography

text: and

text: its

text: sharp

text: mountain

text: peaks

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Southern

text: Alps

text: owe

text: much

text: to

text: the

text: tectonic

text: uplift

text: of

text: land

text: and

text: volcanic

text: eruptions

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Wellington

text: while

text: its

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: is

text: Auckland

text: Port Phillip (also commonly referred to as Port Phillip Bay or (locally) just The Bay), is a large bay in southern Victoria, Australia; it is the location of Melbourne. Geographically, the bay covers and the shore stretches roughly . Although it is extremely shallow for its size, most of the bay is navigable. The deepest portion is only , and half the region is shallower than . The volume of the water in the bay is around .

text: Port

text: Phillip

text: also

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Port

text: Phillip

text: Bay

text: or

text: locally

text: just

text: The

text: Bay

text: is

text: large

text: bay

text: in

text: southern

text: Victoria

text: Australia

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: location

text: of

text: Melbourne

text: Geographically

text: the

text: bay

text: covers

text: and

text: the

text: shore

text: stretches

text: roughly

text: Although

text: it

text: is

text: extremely

text: shallow

text: for

text: its

text: size

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: bay

text: is

text: navigable

text: The

text: deepest

text: portion

text: is

text: only

text: and

text: half

text: the

text: region

text: is

text: shallower

text: than

text: The

text: volume

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: in

text: the

text: bay

text: is

text: around

text: Tasmania (abbreviated as Tas and known colloquially as "Tassie") is an island state of the Commonwealth of Australia. It is located to the south of the Australian mainland, separated by Bass Strait. The state encompasses the main island of Tasmania, the 26th-largest island in the world, and the surrounding 334 islands. The state has a population of around 518,500, just over forty percent of which resides in the Greater Hobart precinct, which forms the metropolitan area of the state capital and largest city, Hobart.

text: Tasmania

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: Tas

text: and

text: known

text: colloquially

text: as

text: Tassie

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Australia

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: mainland

text: separated

text: by

text: Bass

text: Strait

text: The

text: state

text: encompasses

text: the

text: main

text: island

text: of

text: Tasmania

text: the

text: largest

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: surrounding

text: islands

text: The

text: state

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: around

text: just

text: over

text: forty

text: percent

text: of

text: which

text: resides

text: in

text: the

text: Greater

text: Hobart

text: precinct

text: which

text: forms

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: Hobart

text: Solomon Islands is a sovereign country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania lying to the east of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu and covering a land area of . The country's capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The country takes its name from the Solomon Islands archipelago, which is a collection of Melanesian islands that also includes the North Solomon Islands (part of Papua New Guinea), but excludes outlying islands, such as Rennell and Bellona, and the Santa Cruz Islands.

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: is

text: sovereign

text: country

text: consisting

text: of

text: six

text: major

text: islands

text: and

text: over

text: smaller

text: islands

text: in

text: Oceania

text: lying

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: northwest

text: of

text: Vanuatu

text: and

text: covering

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: Honiara

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Guadalcanal

text: The

text: country

text: takes

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: archipelago

text: which

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: Melanesian

text: islands

text: that

text: also

text: includes

text: the

text: North

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: part

text: of

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: but

text: excludes

text: outlying

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: Rennell

text: and

text: Bellona

text: and

text: the

text: Santa

text: Cruz

text: Islands

text: In the study of human settlements, an urban agglomeration is an extended city or town area comprising the built-up area of a central place ("usually a municipality") and any suburbs linked by continuous urban area. INSEE, the French Statistical Institute, uses the term "unité urbaine", which means continuous urbanized area. However, because of differences in definitions of what does and does not constitute an "agglomeration", as well as variations and limitations in statistical or geographical methodology, it can be problematic to compare different agglomerations around the world. It may not be clear, for instance, whether an area should be considered to be a satellite and part of an agglomeration, or a distinct entity in itself.

text: In

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: human

text: settlements

text: an

text: urban

text: agglomeration

text: is

text: an

text: extended

text: city

text: or

text: town

text: area

text: comprising

text: the

text: built

text: up

text: area

text: of

text: central

text: place

text: usually

text: municipality

text: and

text: any

text: suburbs

text: linked

text: by

text: continuous

text: urban

text: area

text: INSEE

text: the

text: French

text: Statistical

text: Institute

text: uses

text: the

text: term

text: unité

text: urbaine

text: which

text: means

text: continuous

text: urbanized

text: area

text: However

text: because

text: of

text: differences

text: in

text: definitions

text: of

text: what

text: does

text: and

text: does

text: not

text: constitute

text: an

text: agglomeration

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: variations

text: and

text: limitations

text: in

text: statistical

text: or

text: geographical

text: methodology

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: problematic

text: to

text: compare

text: different

text: agglomerations

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: clear

text: for

text: instance

text: whether

text: an

text: area

text: should

text: be

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: satellite

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: agglomeration

text: or

text: distinct

text: entity

text: in

text: itself

text: The Mornington Peninsula is a peninsula located south-east of Melbourne, Australia. It is surrounded by Port Phillip to the west, Western Port to the east and Bass Strait to the south, and is connected to the mainland in the north. Geographically, the peninsula begins its protrusion from the mainland in the area between Pearcedale and Frankston. The area was originally home to the "Mayone-bulluk" and "Boonwurrung-Balluk" clans and formed part of the Boonwurrung nation's territory prior to European settlement.

text: The

text: Mornington

text: Peninsula

text: is

text: peninsula

text: located

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: Melbourne

text: Australia

text: It

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: Port

text: Phillip

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Western

text: Port

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Bass

text: Strait

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: mainland

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: Geographically

text: the

text: peninsula

text: begins

text: its

text: protrusion

text: from

text: the

text: mainland

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: between

text: Pearcedale

text: and

text: Frankston

text: The

text: area

text: was

text: originally

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Mayone

text: bulluk

text: and

text: Boonwurrung

text: Balluk

text: clans

text: and

text: formed

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Boonwurrung

text: nation

text: 's

text: territory

text: prior

text: to

text: European

text: settlement

text: Sydney is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds the world's largest natural harbour, and sprawls towards the Blue Mountains to the west. Residents of Sydney are known as "Sydneysiders". Sydney is the second official seat and second official residence of the Governor-General of Australia and the Prime Minister of Australia and many federal ministries maintain substantial presences in Sydney.

text: Sydney

text: is

text: the

text: state

text: capital

text: of

text: New

text: South

text: Wales

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Australia

text: and

text: Oceania

text: Located

text: on

text: Australia

text: 's

text: east

text: coast

text: the

text: metropolis

text: surrounds

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: natural

text: harbour

text: and

text: sprawls

text: towards

text: the

text: Blue

text: Mountains

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Residents

text: of

text: Sydney

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: Sydneysiders

text: Sydney

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: official

text: seat

text: and

text: second

text: official

text: residence

text: of

text: the

text: Governor

text: General

text: of

text: Australia

text: and

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: Australia

text: and

text: many

text: federal

text: ministries

text: maintain

text: substantial

text: presences

text: in

text: Sydney

text: Indonesia (or ; Indonesian: ), officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the world's largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At , Indonesia is the world's 14th-largest country in terms of land area and world's 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea and land area. It has an estimated population of over 260 million people and is the world's fourth most populous country, the most populous Austronesian nation, as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country. The world's most populous island of Java contains more than half of the country's population.

text: Indonesia

text: or

text: Indonesian

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Indonesia

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: and

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: located

text: mainly

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: with

text: some

text: territories

text: in

text: Oceania

text: Situated

text: between

text: the

text: Indian

text: and

text: Pacific

text: oceans

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: island

text: country

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: seventeen

text: thousand

text: islands

text: At

text: Indonesia

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: combined

text: sea

text: and

text: land

text: area

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Austronesian

text: nation

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Muslim

text: majority

text: country

text: The

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: of

text: Java

text: contains

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia. The name "Melbourne" refers to an urban agglomeration spanning which comprises the broader metropolitan area, as well as being the common name for its city centre. The metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. Melbourne consists of 31 municipalities. It has a population of 4,529,500 , and its inhabitants are called Melburnians.

text: Melbourne

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: state

text: of

text: Victoria

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Australia

text: The

text: name

text: Melbourne

text: refers

text: to

text: an

text: urban

text: agglomeration

text: spanning

text: which

text: comprises

text: the

text: broader

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: being

text: the

text: common

text: name

text: for

text: its

text: city

text: centre

text: The

text: metropolis

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: large

text: natural

text: bay

text: of

text: Port

text: Phillip

text: and

text: expands

text: into

text: the

text: hinterlands

text: towards

text: the

text: Dandenong

text: and

text: Macedon

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: Mornington

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: Yarra

text: Valley

text: Melbourne

text: consists

text: of

text: municipalities

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: its

text: inhabitants

text: are

text: called

text: Melburnians

annotations: follows single

annotations: likely single

question: instance_of tremont

answer: town

text: town


text: A rail yard, railway yard or railroad yard is the US term for a complex series of railroad tracks for storing, sorting, or loading/unloading, railroad cars and/or locomotives. Railroad yards have many tracks in parallel for keeping rolling stock stored off the mainline, so that they do not obstruct the flow of traffic. Railroad cars are moved around by specially designed yard switchers, a type of locomotive. Cars in a railroad yard may be sorted by numerous categories, including railroad company, loaded or unloaded, destination, car type, or whether they need repairs. Railroad yards are normally built where there is a need to store cars while they are not being loaded or unloaded, or are waiting to be assembled into trains. Large yards may have a tower to control operations.

text: rail

text: yard

text: railway

text: yard

text: or

text: railroad

text: yard

text: is

text: the

text: US

text: term

text: for

text: complex

text: series

text: of

text: railroad

text: tracks

text: for

text: storing

text: sorting

text: or

text: loading

text: unloading

text: railroad

text: cars

text: and/or

text: locomotives

text: Railroad

text: yards

text: have

text: many

text: tracks

text: in

text: parallel

text: for

text: keeping

text: rolling

text: stock

text: stored

text: off

text: the

text: mainline

text: so

text: that

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: obstruct

text: the

text: flow

text: of

text: traffic

text: Railroad

text: cars

text: are

text: moved

text: around

text: by

text: specially

text: designed

text: yard

text: switchers

text: type

text: of

text: locomotive

text: Cars

text: in

text: railroad

text: yard

text: may

text: be

text: sorted

text: by

text: numerous

text: categories

text: including

text: railroad

text: company

text: loaded

text: or

text: unloaded

text: destination

text: car

text: type

text: or

text: whether

text: they

text: need

text: repairs

text: Railroad

text: yards

text: are

text: normally

text: built

text: where

text: there

text: is

text: need

text: to

text: store

text: cars

text: while

text: they

text: are

text: not

text: being

text: loaded

text: or

text: unloaded

text: or

text: are

text: waiting

text: to

text: be

text: assembled

text: into

text: trains

text: Large

text: yards

text: may

text: have

text: tower

text: to

text: control

text: operations

text: A switcher or shunter (Great Britain: "shunter"; Australia: "shunter" or yard pilot; United States: "switcher", switch engine, or yard goat, except Pennsylvania Railroad: shifter) is a small railroad locomotive intended not for moving trains over long distances but rather for assembling trains ready for a road locomotive to take over, disassembling a train that has been brought in, and generally moving railroad cars around  a process usually known as "switching" (USA) or "shunting" (UK). They do this in classification yards (Great Britain: "marshalling yards"). Switchers may also make short transfer runs and even be the only motive power on branch lines and switching and terminal railroads. The term can also be used to describe the workers operating these engines or engaged in directing shunting operations.

text: switcher

text: or

text: shunter

text: Great

text: Britain

text: shunter

text: Australia

text: shunter

text: or

text: yard

text: pilot

text: United

text: States

text: switcher

text: switch

text: engine

text: or

text: yard

text: goat

text: except

text: Pennsylvania

text: Railroad

text: shifter

text: is

text: small

text: railroad

text: locomotive

text: intended

text: not

text: for

text: moving

text: trains

text: over

text: long

text: distances

text: but

text: rather

text: for

text: assembling

text: trains

text: ready

text: for

text: road

text: locomotive

text: to

text: take

text: over

text: disassembling

text: train

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: brought

text: in

text: and

text: generally

text: moving

text: railroad

text: cars

text: around

text: process

text: usually

text: known

text: as

text: switching

text: USA

text: or

text: shunting

text: UK

text: They

text: do

text: this

text: in

text: classification

text: yards

text: Great

text: Britain

text: marshalling

text: yards

text: Switchers

text: may

text: also

text: make

text: short

text: transfer

text: runs

text: and

text: even

text: be

text: the

text: only

text: motive

text: power

text: on

text: branch

text: lines

text: and

text: switching

text: and

text: terminal

text: railroads

text: The

text: term

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: workers

text: operating

text: these

text: engines

text: or

text: engaged

text: in

text: directing

text: shunting

text: operations

text: The New York City Transit Authority (also known as NYCTA, The TA or simply Transit, and branded as MTA New York City Transit) is a public authority in the U.S. state of New York that operates public transportation in New York City. Part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the busiest and largest transit system in North America, the NYCTA has a daily ridership of 7 million trips (over 2 billion annually).

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Transit

text: Authority

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: NYCTA

text: The

text: TA

text: or

text: simply

text: Transit

text: and

text: branded

text: as

text: MTA

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Transit

text: is

text: public

text: authority

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: that

text: operates

text: public

text: transportation

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Part

text: of

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: Transportation

text: Authority

text: the

text: busiest

text: and

text: largest

text: transit

text: system

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: the

text: NYCTA

text: has

text: daily

text: ridership

text: of

text: million

text: trips

text: over

text: billion

text: annually

text: Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province by a large margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians, and is the second-largest province in total area. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included. It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto.

text: Ontario

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: provinces

text: and

text: territories

text: of

text: Canada

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: east

text: central

text: Canada

text: It

text: is

text: Canada

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: province

text: by

text: large

text: margin

text: accounting

text: for

text: nearly

text: percent

text: of

text: all

text: Canadians

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: province

text: in

text: total

text: area

text: Ontario

text: is

text: fourth

text: largest

text: in

text: total

text: area

text: when

text: the

text: territories

text: of

text: the

text: Northwest

text: Territories

text: and

text: Nunavut

text: are

text: included

text: It

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: capital

text: city

text: Ottawa

text: and

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: Toronto

text: A transit bus (also commuter bus, city bus, town bus, stage bus, public bus or simply bus) is a type of bus used on shorter-distance public transport bus services which include low-floor buses, double-decker buses, articulated buses and midibuses.

text: transit

text: bus

text: also

text: commuter

text: bus

text: city

text: bus

text: town

text: bus

text: stage

text: bus

text: public

text: bus

text: or

text: simply

text: bus

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: bus

text: used

text: on

text: shorter

text: distance

text: public

text: transport

text: bus

text: services

text: which

text: include

text: low

text: floor

text: buses

text: double

text: decker

text: buses

text: articulated

text: buses

text: and

text: midibuses

text: Toronto is the most populous city in Canada, the provincial capital of Ontario, and the centre of the Greater Toronto Area, the most populous metropolitan area in Canada. Growing in population, the 2011 census recorded a population of 2,615,060. As of 2015, the population is now estimated at 2,826,498, making Toronto the fourth-largest city in North America based on the population within its city limits. Toronto trails only Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles by this measure, while it is the fifth-largest (behind also Chicago) if ranked by the size of its metropolitan area . An established global city, Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, and culture, and widely recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world.

text: Toronto

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Canada

text: the

text: provincial

text: capital

text: of

text: Ontario

text: and

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Greater

text: Toronto

text: Area

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: Canada

text: Growing

text: in

text: population

text: the

text: census

text: recorded

text: population

text: of

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: is

text: now

text: estimated

text: at

text: making

text: Toronto

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: population

text: within

text: its

text: city

text: limits

text: Toronto

text: trails

text: only

text: Mexico

text: City

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: by

text: this

text: measure

text: while

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: behind

text: also

text: Chicago

text: if

text: ranked

text: by

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: its

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: An

text: established

text: global

text: city

text: Toronto

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: centre

text: of

text: business

text: finance

text: arts

text: and

text: culture

text: and

text: widely

text: recognized

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: multicultural

text: and

text: cosmopolitan

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The Mexico City Metro, officially called Sistema de Transporte Colectivo, often shortened to STC, is a metro system that serves the metropolitan area of Mexico City, including some municipalities in Mexico State. It is the second largest metro system in North America after the New York City Subway. In 2015, the system served 1.623 billion passengers, placing it as the ninth highest ridership in the world.

text: The

text: Mexico

text: City

text: Metro

text: officially

text: called

text: Sistema

text: de

text: Transporte

text: Colectivo

text: often

text: shortened

text: to

text: STC

text: is

text: metro

text: system

text: that

text: serves

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: Mexico

text: City

text: including

text: some

text: municipalities

text: in

text: Mexico

text: State

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: metro

text: system

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: after

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Subway

text: In

text: the

text: system

text: served

text: billion

text: passengers

text: placing

text: it

text: as

text: the

text: ninth

text: highest

text: ridership

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.

text: North

text: America

text: is

text: continent

text: entirely

text: within

text: the

text: Northern

text: Hemisphere

text: and

text: almost

text: all

text: within

text: the

text: Western

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: considered

text: northern

text: subcontinent

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Sea

text: Wheel-Trans is a specialized accessible transit service in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, provided by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). It involves door-to-door accessible transit service for persons with physical disabilities using its fleet of accessible minibuses or contracted accessible taxis. Users must register with the TTC who will typically grant access to those with permanent disabilities or show difficulty in traveling short distances. Wheel-Trans only provides service within the City of Toronto and accepts regular TTC fare.

text: Wheel

text: Trans

text: is

text: specialized

text: accessible

text: transit

text: service

text: in

text: Toronto

text: Ontario

text: Canada

text: provided

text: by

text: the

text: Toronto

text: Transit

text: Commission

text: TTC

text: It

text: involves

text: door

text: to

text: door

text: accessible

text: transit

text: service

text: for

text: persons

text: with

text: physical

text: disabilities

text: using

text: its

text: fleet

text: of

text: accessible

text: minibuses

text: or

text: contracted

text: accessible

text: taxis

text: Users

text: must

text: register

text: with

text: the

text: TTC

text: who

text: will

text: typically

text: grant

text: access

text: to

text: those

text: with

text: permanent

text: disabilities

text: or

text: show

text: difficulty

text: in

text: traveling

text: short

text: distances

text: Wheel

text: Trans

text: only

text: provides

text: service

text: within

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Toronto

text: and

text: accepts

text: regular

text: TTC

text: fare

text: The Davisville Subway Yard is a rail yard on the Toronto Transit Commission 's Yonge subway line . The yard is located adjoining the Davisville Station , between Eglinton and St. Clair Stations . When the subway line first opened in 1954 , this was the only yard on the subway system , as there was only service between Union and Eglinton stations . The yard is next to the TTC headquarters at 1900 Yonge Street . This yard now houses all the trains that service the Sheppard line .

text: The

text: Davisville

text: Subway

text: Yard

text: is

text: rail

text: yard

text: on

text: the

text: Toronto

text: Transit

text: Commission

text: 's

text: Yonge

text: subway

text: line

text: The

text: yard

text: is

text: located

text: adjoining

text: the

text: Davisville

text: Station

text: between

text: Eglinton

text: and

text: St.

text: Clair

text: Stations

text: When

text: the

text: subway

text: line

text: first

text: opened

text: in

text: this

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: yard

text: on

text: the

text: subway

text: system

text: as

text: there

text: was

text: only

text: service

text: between

text: Union

text: and

text: Eglinton

text: stations

text: The

text: yard

text: is

text: next

text: to

text: the

text: TTC

text: headquarters

text: at

text: Yonge

text: Street

text: This

text: yard

text: now

text: houses

text: all

text: the

text: trains

text: that

text: service

text: the

text: Sheppard

text: line

text: Paratransit is recognized in North America as special transportation services for people with disabilities, often provided as a supplement to fixed-route bus and rail systems by public transit agencies. Paratransit services may vary considerably on the degree of flexibility they provide their customers. At their simplest they may consist of a taxi or small bus that will run along a more or less defined route and then stop to pick up or discharge passengers on request. At the other end of the spectrumfully demand responsive transportthe most flexible paratransit systems offer on-demand call-up door-to-door service from any origin to any destination in a service area. In addition to public transit agencies, Paratransit services are operated by community groups or not-for-profit organizations, and for-profit private companies or operators.

text: Paratransit

text: is

text: recognized

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: as

text: special

text: transportation

text: services

text: for

text: people

text: with

text: disabilities

text: often

text: provided

text: as

text: supplement

text: to

text: fixed

text: route

text: bus

text: and

text: rail

text: systems

text: by

text: public

text: transit

text: agencies

text: Paratransit

text: services

text: may

text: vary

text: considerably

text: on

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: flexibility

text: they

text: provide

text: their

text: customers

text: At

text: their

text: simplest

text: they

text: may

text: consist

text: of

text: taxi

text: or

text: small

text: bus

text: that

text: will

text: run

text: along

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: defined

text: route

text: and

text: then

text: stop

text: to

text: pick

text: up

text: or

text: discharge

text: passengers

text: on

text: request

text: At

text: the

text: other

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: spectrumfully

text: demand

text: responsive

text: transportthe

text: most

text: flexible

text: paratransit

text: systems

text: offer

text: on

text: demand

text: call

text: up

text: door

text: to

text: door

text: service

text: from

text: any

text: origin

text: to

text: any

text: destination

text: in

text: service

text: area

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: public

text: transit

text: agencies

text: Paratransit

text: services

text: are

text: operated

text: by

text: community

text: groups

text: or

text: not

text: for

text: profit

text: organizations

text: and

text: for

text: profit

text: private

text: companies

text: or

text: operators

text: Canada (French: ) is a country in the northern half of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering , making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Canada's border with the United States is the world's longest land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. About four-fifths of the country's population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, its largest city is Toronto; other major urban areas include Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg and Hamilton.

text: Canada

text: French

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: half

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: Its

text: ten

text: provinces

text: and

text: three

text: territories

text: extend

text: from

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: to

text: the

text: Pacific

text: and

text: northward

text: into

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: covering

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: Canada

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: longest

text: land

text: border

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: cold

text: or

text: severely

text: cold

text: winter

text: climate

text: but

text: southerly

text: areas

text: are

text: warm

text: in

text: summer

text: Canada

text: is

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: its

text: land

text: territory

text: being

text: dominated

text: by

text: forest

text: and

text: tundra

text: and

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: About

text: four

text: fifths

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: urbanized

text: and

text: live

text: near

text: the

text: southern

text: border

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Ottawa

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Toronto

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Montreal

text: Vancouver

text: Calgary

text: Edmonton

text: Quebec

text: City

text: Winnipeg

text: and

text: Hamilton

text: A railroad car or railcar (American and Canadian English), railway wagon or railway carriage (UK and IUR), also called a train car or train wagon, is a vehicle used for the carrying of cargo or passengers on a rail transport system (a railroad/railway). Such cars, when coupled together and hauled by one or more locomotives, form a train. Alternatively, some passenger cars are self-propelled in which case they may be either single railcars or make up multiple units.

text: railroad

text: car

text: or

text: railcar

text: American

text: and

text: Canadian

text: English

text: railway

text: wagon

text: or

text: railway

text: carriage

text: UK

text: and

text: IUR

text: also

text: called

text: train

text: car

text: or

text: train

text: wagon

text: is

text: vehicle

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: carrying

text: of

text: cargo

text: or

text: passengers

text: on

text: rail

text: transport

text: system

text: railroad

text: railway

text: Such

text: cars

text: when

text: coupled

text: together

text: and

text: hauled

text: by

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: locomotives

text: form

text: train

text: Alternatively

text: some

text: passenger

text: cars

text: are

text: self

text: propelled

text: in

text: which

text: case

text: they

text: may

text: be

text: either

text: single

text: railcars

text: or

text: make

text: up

text: multiple

text: units

text: The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over a land area of just , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term "New York minute". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world.

text: The

text: City

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: often

text: called

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: or

text: simply

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: distributed

text: over

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: just

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: major

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Located

text: at

text: the

text: southern

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: agglomerations

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: global

text: power

text: city

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: exerts

text: significant

text: impact

text: upon

text: commerce

text: finance

text: media

text: art

text: fashion

text: research

text: technology

text: education

text: and

text: entertainment

text: its

text: fast

text: pace

text: defining

text: the

text: term

text: New

text: York

text: minute

text: Home

text: to

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: center

text: for

text: international

text: diplomacy

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: cultural

text: and

text: financial

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) is a public transport agency that operates transit bus, streetcar, paratransit, and subway services in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Established in 1921, the TTC comprises four rapid transit lines with 69 stations, over 149 bus routes, and 10 streetcar lines. In 4th quarter 2012, the average daily ridership was 2.76 million passengers: 1,425,300 by bus, 271,100 by streetcar, 46,400 by intermediate rail, and 1,011,700 by subway. The TTC also operates door-to-door paratransit service for the elderly and disabled, known as Wheel-Trans. The TTC is the third most heavily used urban mass transit system in North America, after the New York City Transit Authority and Mexico City Metro.

text: The

text: Toronto

text: Transit

text: Commission

text: TTC

text: is

text: public

text: transport

text: agency

text: that

text: operates

text: transit

text: bus

text: streetcar

text: paratransit

text: and

text: subway

text: services

text: in

text: Toronto

text: Ontario

text: Canada

text: Established

text: in

text: the

text: TTC

text: comprises

text: four

text: rapid

text: transit

text: lines

text: with

text: stations

text: over

text: bus

text: routes

text: and

text: streetcar

text: lines

text: In

text: quarter

text: the

text: average

text: daily

text: ridership

text: was

text: million

text: passengers

text: by

text: bus

text: by

text: streetcar

text: by

text: intermediate

text: rail

text: and

text: by

text: subway

text: The

text: TTC

text: also

text: operates

text: door

text: to

text: door

text: paratransit

text: service

text: for

text: the

text: elderly

text: and

text: disabled

text: known

text: as

text: Wheel

text: Trans

text: The

text: TTC

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: heavily

text: used

text: urban

text: mass

text: transit

text: system

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: after

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Transit

text: Authority

text: and

text: Mexico

text: City

text: Metro

annotations: follows multiple

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity davisville yard

answer: ontario

text: ontario

text: ontario

text: ontario

text: ontario

text: ontario


text: Nurse with Wound (abbreviated NWW) is the main recording name for British musician Steven Stapleton. Nurse with Wound was originally a band, formed in 1978 by Stapleton, John Fothergill and Heman Pathak. The band has performed in many genres such as avant-garde, experimental, industrial, noise, dark ambient, and drone.

text: Nurse

text: with

text: Wound

text: abbreviated

text: NWW

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: recording

text: name

text: for

text: British

text: musician

text: Steven

text: Stapleton

text: Nurse

text: with

text: Wound

text: was

text: originally

text: band

text: formed

text: in

text: by

text: Stapleton

text: John

text: Fothergill

text: and

text: Heman

text: Pathak

text: The

text: band

text: has

text: performed

text: in

text: many

text: genres

text: such

text: as

text: avant

text: garde

text: experimental

text: industrial

text: noise

text: dark

text: ambient

text: and

text: drone

text: Michael (Mike) Simon Youle (born 1960) is a British doctor and clinical researcher specializing in HIV treatment. He publicised the concept of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP) for HIV and has studied the health economics of HIV therapy. In 1995, he was listed as one of 40 influential gay men by "The Independent".

text: Michael

text: Mike

text: Simon

text: Youle

text: born

text: is

text: British

text: doctor

text: and

text: clinical

text: researcher

text: specializing

text: in

text: HIV

text: treatment

text: He

text: publicised

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: pre

text: exposure

text: prophylaxis

text: PREP

text: for

text: HIV

text: and

text: has

text: studied

text: the

text: health

text: economics

text: of

text: HIV

text: therapy

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: listed

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: influential

text: gay

text: men

text: by

text: The

text: Independent

text: Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behavior in the production and consumption of health and healthcare. In broad terms, health economists study the functioning of healthcare systems and health-affecting behaviors such as smoking.

text: Health

text: economics

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: economics

text: concerned

text: with

text: issues

text: related

text: to

text: efficiency

text: effectiveness

text: value

text: and

text: behavior

text: in

text: the

text: production

text: and

text: consumption

text: of

text: health

text: and

text: healthcare

text: In

text: broad

text: terms

text: health

text: economists

text: study

text: the

text: functioning

text: of

text: healthcare

text: systems

text: and

text: health

text: affecting

text: behaviors

text: such

text: as

text: smoking

text: The Independent is a British online newspaper. Established in 1986 as an independent national morning newspaper published in London, it was controlled by Tony O'Reilly's Independent News & Media from 1997 until it was sold to Russian oligarch Alexander Lebedev in 2010. Since March 2016, it is no longer printed, but is available for readers online.

text: The

text: Independent

text: is

text: British

text: online

text: newspaper

text: Established

text: in

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: national

text: morning

text: newspaper

text: published

text: in

text: London

text: it

text: was

text: controlled

text: by

text: Tony

text: O'Reilly

text: 's

text: Independent

text: News

text: Media

text: from

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: sold

text: to

text: Russian

text: oligarch

text: Alexander

text: Lebedev

text: in

text: Since

text: March

text: it

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: printed

text: but

text: is

text: available

text: for

text: readers

text: online

text: Hipgnosis was an English art design group based in London that specialised in creating cover art for the albums of rock musicians and bands. Notable commissions included work for Pink Floyd, T. Rex, The Pretty Things, UFO, 10cc, Bad Company, Led Zeppelin, AC/DC, Scorpions, Yes, Def Leppard, Paul McCartney & Wings, The Alan Parsons Project, Genesis, Peter Gabriel, Electric Light Orchestra, The Police, Rainbow, Styx, Pezband, XTC and Al Stewart.

text: Hipgnosis

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: art

text: design

text: group

text: based

text: in

text: London

text: that

text: specialised

text: in

text: creating

text: cover

text: art

text: for

text: the

text: albums

text: of

text: rock

text: musicians

text: and

text: bands

text: Notable

text: commissions

text: included

text: work

text: for

text: Pink

text: Floyd

text: Rex

text: The

text: Pretty

text: Things

text: UFO

text: Bad

text: Company

text: Led

text: Zeppelin

text: AC

text: DC

text: Scorpions

text: Yes

text: Def

text: Leppard

text: Paul

text: McCartney

text: Wings

text: The

text: Alan

text: Parsons

text: Project

text: Genesis

text: Peter

text: Gabriel

text: Electric

text: Light

text: Orchestra

text: The

text: Police

text: Rainbow

text: Styx

text: Pezband

text: XTC

text: and

text: Al

text: Stewart

text: John Balance (first name also spelled "Jhon" and "Jhonn"); a pseudonym for Geoffrey Laurence Burton, later Geoff(rey) or Geff Rushton (his stepfather's last name) (16 February 1962  13 November 2004), was an English musician, poet and a co-founder of the experimental music group Coil, in collaboration with his partner Peter 'Sleazy' Christopherson. He was responsible for vocals, lyrics, chants, synthetics and various esoteric sound-making instruments and devices. Outside of Coil he collaborated with Nurse with Wound, Death in June, Psychic TV, Current 93, Chris & Cosey, Thighpaulsandra and produced several Nine Inch Nails remixes. His early work and wide-ranging collaborations made him one of the most influential figures in the industrial, experimental minimalist and neofolk music scenes.

text: John

text: Balance

text: first

text: name

text: also

text: spelled

text: Jhon

text: and

text: Jhonn

text: pseudonym

text: for

text: Geoffrey

text: Laurence

text: Burton

text: later

text: Geoff(rey

text: or

text: Geff

text: Rushton

text: his

text: stepfather

text: 's

text: last

text: name

text: February

text: November

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: musician

text: poet

text: and

text: co

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: experimental

text: music

text: group

text: Coil

text: in

text: collaboration

text: with

text: his

text: partner

text: Peter

text: Sleazy

text: Christopherson

text: He

text: was

text: responsible

text: for

text: vocals

text: lyrics

text: chants

text: synthetics

text: and

text: various

text: esoteric

text: sound

text: making

text: instruments

text: and

text: devices

text: Outside

text: of

text: Coil

text: he

text: collaborated

text: with

text: Nurse

text: with

text: Wound

text: Death

text: in

text: June

text: Psychic

text: TV

text: Current

text: Chris

text: Cosey

text: Thighpaulsandra

text: and

text: produced

text: several

text: Nine

text: Inch

text: Nails

text: remixes

text: His

text: early

text: work

text: and

text: wide

text: ranging

text: collaborations

text: made

text: him

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: figures

text: in

text: the

text: industrial

text: experimental

text: minimalist

text: and

text: neofolk

text: music

text: scenes

text: Peter Martin Christopherson (also known as Sleazy, 27 February 1955  25 November 2010) was a musician, video director, commercial artist, designer and photographer, and former member of British design agency Hipgnosis.

text: Peter

text: Martin

text: Christopherson

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Sleazy

text: February

text: November

text: was

text: musician

text: video

text: director

text: commercial

text: artist

text: designer

text: and

text: photographer

text: and

text: former

text: member

text: of

text: British

text: design

text: agency

text: Hipgnosis

text: Psychic TV (sometimes spelled Psychick TV) or PTV, is an English experimental video art and music group, formed by performance artist Genesis P-Orridge and video director Peter Christopherson after the break-up of Throbbing Gristle. Psychic TV is signed to Some Bizzare Label working along with Alex Fergusson, musician and producer from Alternative TV.

text: Psychic

text: TV

text: sometimes

text: spelled

text: Psychick

text: TV

text: or

text: PTV

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: experimental

text: video

text: art

text: and

text: music

text: group

text: formed

text: by

text: performance

text: artist

text: Genesis

text: Orridge

text: and

text: video

text: director

text: Peter

text: Christopherson

text: after

text: the

text: break

text: up

text: of

text: Throbbing

text: Gristle

text: Psychic

text: TV

text: is

text: signed

text: to

text: Some

text: Bizzare

text: Label

text: working

text: along

text: with

text: Alex

text: Fergusson

text: musician

text: and

text: producer

text: from

text: Alternative

text: TV

text: Nine Inch Nails (abbreviated as NIN and stylized as NI) is an American industrial rock band founded in 1988 by Trent Reznor in Cleveland, Ohio. The band released two influential albums during the 1990s  "The Downward Spiral" (1994) and "The Fragile" (1999) and has record sales exceeding over 20 million copies worldwide, with 10 million sales certified in the United States alone.

text: Nine

text: Inch

text: Nails

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: NIN

text: and

text: stylized

text: as

text: NI

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: industrial

text: rock

text: band

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Trent

text: Reznor

text: in

text: Cleveland

text: Ohio

text: The

text: band

text: released

text: two

text: influential

text: albums

text: during

text: the

text: The

text: Downward

text: Spiral

text: and

text: The

text: Fragile

text: and

text: has

text: record

text: sales

text: exceeding

text: over

text: million

text: copies

text: worldwide

text: with

text: million

text: sales

text: certified

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: alone

text: Terrence Higgins Trust is a British charity that campaigns on various issues related to AIDS and HIV. In particular, the charity aims to reduce the spread of HIV and promote good sexual health (including safe sex); to provide services on a national and local level to people with, affected by, or at risk of contracting HIV; and to campaign for greater public understanding of the impact of HIV and AIDS.

text: Terrence

text: Higgins

text: Trust

text: is

text: British

text: charity

text: that

text: campaigns

text: on

text: various

text: issues

text: related

text: to

text: AIDS

text: and

text: HIV

text: In

text: particular

text: the

text: charity

text: aims

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: HIV

text: and

text: promote

text: good

text: sexual

text: health

text: including

text: safe

text: sex

text: to

text: provide

text: services

text: on

text: national

text: and

text: local

text: level

text: to

text: people

text: with

text: affected

text: by

text: or

text: at

text: risk

text: of

text: contracting

text: HIV

text: and

text: to

text: campaign

text: for

text: greater

text: public

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: impact

text: of

text: HIV

text: and

text: AIDS

text: Safe sex is sexual activity engaged in by people who have taken precautions to protect themselves against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV. It is also referred to as safer sex or protected sex, while unsafe or unprotected sex is sexual activity engaged in without precautions, especially forgoing condom use.

text: Safe

text: sex

text: is

text: sexual

text: activity

text: engaged

text: in

text: by

text: people

text: who

text: have

text: taken

text: precautions

text: to

text: protect

text: themselves

text: against

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infections

text: STIs

text: such

text: as

text: HIV

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: safer

text: sex

text: or

text: protected

text: sex

text: while

text: unsafe

text: or

text: unprotected

text: sex

text: is

text: sexual

text: activity

text: engaged

text: in

text: without

text: precautions

text: especially

text: forgoing

text: condom

text: use

text: Gay Man 's Guide To Safer Sex is the name of a safer sex instructional documentary produced by Mike Esser and Tony Carne of Pride Video in association with the Terrence Higgins Trust in 1992 . The film was directed by David Lewis and featured a soundtrack by John Balance and Peter Christopherson of Coil . The medical information included in the film is presented by Mike Youle , a British doctor specialising in HIV treatment . In 1997 a sequel was released directed by Robert Falconer . `` Gay Man 's Guide To Safer Sex ' 97 '' featured a radical recut of some of the original scenes asking the BBFC to look again at what was permissible and becoming one of the very first programmes to discuss the breakthrough of Triple Combination Therapy and the ramifications and personal experiences of living with HIV . The medical information and discussion was again led by Mike Youle . The 1997 film was released on retail video in the UK and USA and later on DVD . It is still in distribution on DVD . The film won in the Best Special Interest Category in 1992 's British Videogramme Association awards . `` Gay Man 's Guide To Safer Sex ' 97 '' premiered to a sellout audience at the National Film Theatre on London 's South Bank and was exhibited around the world on the international festival circuit .

text: Gay

text: Man

text: 's

text: Guide

text: To

text: Safer

text: Sex

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: safer

text: sex

text: instructional

text: documentary

text: produced

text: by

text: Mike

text: Esser

text: and

text: Tony

text: Carne

text: of

text: Pride

text: Video

text: in

text: association

text: with

text: the

text: Terrence

text: Higgins

text: Trust

text: in

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: directed

text: by

text: David

text: Lewis

text: and

text: featured

text: soundtrack

text: by

text: John

text: Balance

text: and

text: Peter

text: Christopherson

text: of

text: Coil

text: The

text: medical

text: information

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: film

text: is

text: presented

text: by

text: Mike

text: Youle

text: British

text: doctor

text: specialising

text: in

text: HIV

text: treatment

text: In

text: sequel

text: was

text: released

text: directed

text: by

text: Robert

text: Falconer

text: Gay

text: Man

text: 's

text: Guide

text: To

text: Safer

text: Sex

text: featured

text: radical

text: recut

text: of

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: scenes

text: asking

text: the

text: BBFC

text: to

text: look

text: again

text: at

text: what

text: was

text: permissible

text: and

text: becoming

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: very

text: first

text: programmes

text: to

text: discuss

text: the

text: breakthrough

text: of

text: Triple

text: Combination

text: Therapy

text: and

text: the

text: ramifications

text: and

text: personal

text: experiences

text: of

text: living

text: with

text: HIV

text: The

text: medical

text: information

text: and

text: discussion

text: was

text: again

text: led

text: by

text: Mike

text: Youle

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: retail

text: video

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: USA

text: and

text: later

text: on

text: DVD

text: It

text: is

text: still

text: in

text: distribution

text: on

text: DVD

text: The

text: film

text: won

text: in

text: the

text: Best

text: Special

text: Interest

text: Category

text: in

text: 's

text: British

text: Videogramme

text: Association

text: awards

text: Gay

text: Man

text: 's

text: Guide

text: To

text: Safer

text: Sex

text: premiered

text: to

text: sellout

text: audience

text: at

text: the

text: National

text: Film

text: Theatre

text: on

text: London

text: 's

text: South

text: Bank

text: and

text: was

text: exhibited

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: on

text: the

text: international

text: festival

text: circuit

text: Current 93 is an eclectic British experimental music group, working since the early 1980s in folk-based musical forms. The band was founded in 1982 by David Tibet (né David Michael Bunting, renamed 'Tibet' by Genesis P-Orridge some time prior to forming the group).

text: Current

text: is

text: an

text: eclectic

text: British

text: experimental

text: music

text: group

text: working

text: since

text: the

text: early

text: in

text: folk

text: based

text: musical

text: forms

text: The

text: band

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: David

text: Tibet

text: né

text: David

text: Michael

text: Bunting

text: renamed

text: Tibet

text: by

text: Genesis

text: Orridge

text: some

text: time

text: prior

text: to

text: forming

text: the

text: group

text: Death in June are a neofolk group led by English folk musician Douglas Pearce, better known as Douglas P. The band was originally formed in Britain in 1981 as a trio, but after the other members left in 1984 and 1985 to work on other projects, the group became the work of Douglas P. and various collaborators. Douglas P. now lives in Australia.

text: Death

text: in

text: June

text: are

text: neofolk

text: group

text: led

text: by

text: English

text: folk

text: musician

text: Douglas

text: Pearce

text: better

text: known

text: as

text: Douglas

text: The

text: band

text: was

text: originally

text: formed

text: in

text: Britain

text: in

text: as

text: trio

text: but

text: after

text: the

text: other

text: members

text: left

text: in

text: and

text: to

text: work

text: on

text: other

text: projects

text: the

text: group

text: became

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Douglas

text: and

text: various

text: collaborators

text: Douglas

text: now

text: lives

text: in

text: Australia

text: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.

text: The

text: human

text: immunodeficiency

text: virus

text: HIV

text: is

text: lentivirus

text: subgroup

text: of

text: retrovirus

text: that

text: causes

text: HIV

text: infection

text: and

text: over

text: time

text: acquired

text: immunodeficiency

text: syndrome

text: AIDS

text: AIDS

text: is

text: condition

text: in

text: humans

text: in

text: which

text: progressive

text: failure

text: of

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: allows

text: life

text: threatening

text: opportunistic

text: infections

text: and

text: cancers

text: to

text: thrive

text: Without

text: treatment

text: average

text: survival

text: time

text: after

text: infection

text: with

text: HIV

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: be

text: to

text: years

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: HIV

text: subtype

text: Infection

text: with

text: HIV

text: occurs

text: by

text: the

text: transfer

text: of

text: blood

text: semen

text: vaginal

text: fluid

text: pre

text: ejaculate

text: or

text: breast

text: milk

text: Within

text: these

text: bodily

text: fluids

text: HIV

text: is

text: present

text: as

text: both

text: free

text: virus

text: particles

text: and

text: virus

text: within

text: infected

text: immune

text: cells

text: Thighpaulsandra (Tim Lewis) is a Welsh experimental musician and multi-instrumentalist known mostly for performing on synthesizers and keyboards. As Tim Lewis, he began his career working with Julian Cope. A collaboration with Cope in 1993 followed, as the experimental duo Queen Elizabeth. This project completed just the two albums, "Queen Elizabeth" (ESP Records 1994) and "Elizabeth Vagina" (Head Heritage 1997), each containing extremely long spacey tracks of between 2047 minutes in duration. In 1997, former Cope guitarist Mike Mooney invited Lewis to fill for the departing Kate Radley on a Spiritualized tour, where he remained until early 2008. In 1999 he also became a member of the experimental band Coil. He has subsequently released several solo albums.

text: Thighpaulsandra

text: Tim

text: Lewis

text: is

text: Welsh

text: experimental

text: musician

text: and

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: known

text: mostly

text: for

text: performing

text: on

text: synthesizers

text: and

text: keyboards

text: As

text: Tim

text: Lewis

text: he

text: began

text: his

text: career

text: working

text: with

text: Julian

text: Cope

text: collaboration

text: with

text: Cope

text: in

text: followed

text: as

text: the

text: experimental

text: duo

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: This

text: project

text: completed

text: just

text: the

text: two

text: albums

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: ESP

text: Records

text: and

text: Elizabeth

text: Vagina

text: Head

text: Heritage

text: each

text: containing

text: extremely

text: long

text: spacey

text: tracks

text: of

text: between

text: minutes

text: in

text: duration

text: In

text: former

text: Cope

text: guitarist

text: Mike

text: Mooney

text: invited

text: Lewis

text: to

text: fill

text: for

text: the

text: departing

text: Kate

text: Radley

text: on

text: Spiritualized

text: tour

text: where

text: he

text: remained

text: until

text: early

text: In

text: he

text: also

text: became

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: experimental

text: band

text: Coil

text: He

text: has

text: subsequently

text: released

text: several

text: solo

text: albums

text: Neofolk is a form of folk music-inspired experimental music that emerged from post-industrial music circles. Neofolk can either be solely acoustic folk music or a blend of acoustic folk instrumentation aided by varieties of accompanying sounds such as pianos, strings and elements of industrial music and experimental music. The genre encompasses a wide assortment of themes. Neofolk musicians often have ties to other genres such as neoclassical and martial industrial.

text: Neofolk

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: folk

text: music

text: inspired

text: experimental

text: music

text: that

text: emerged

text: from

text: post

text: industrial

text: music

text: circles

text: Neofolk

text: can

text: either

text: be

text: solely

text: acoustic

text: folk

text: music

text: or

text: blend

text: of

text: acoustic

text: folk

text: instrumentation

text: aided

text: by

text: varieties

text: of

text: accompanying

text: sounds

text: such

text: as

text: pianos

text: strings

text: and

text: elements

text: of

text: industrial

text: music

text: and

text: experimental

text: music

text: The

text: genre

text: encompasses

text: wide

text: assortment

text: of

text: themes

text: Neofolk

text: musicians

text: often

text: have

text: ties

text: to

text: other

text: genres

text: such

text: as

text: neoclassical

text: and

text: martial

text: industrial

annotations: likely multiple

question: main_subject gay man's guide to safer sex

answer: aids

text: aids

text: aids

text: aids

text: aids