text: The Italian Liberal Party (PLI) was a liberal and conservative political party in Italy.

text: The

text: Italian

text: Liberal

text: Party

text: PLI

text: was

text: liberal

text: and

text: conservative

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: Italy

text: Grecìa Salentina (Italian for "Salentinian Greek-speaking land") is an area in the peninsula of Salento in southern Italy, near the town of Lecce which is inhabited by the Griko people, an ethnic Greek minority in southern Italy who speak Griko, a variant of Greek.

text: Grecìa

text: Salentina

text: Italian

text: for

text: Salentinian

text: Greek

text: speaking

text: land

text: is

text: an

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: peninsula

text: of

text: Salento

text: in

text: southern

text: Italy

text: near

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Lecce

text: which

text: is

text: inhabited

text: by

text: the

text: Griko

text: people

text: an

text: ethnic

text: Greek

text: minority

text: in

text: southern

text: Italy

text: who

text: speak

text: Griko

text: variant

text: of

text: Greek

text: Politika is a Serbian daily newspaper, published in Belgrade. Founded in 1904 by Vladislav F. Ribnikar, it is the oldest daily newspaper still in circulation in the Balkans and is considered to be Serbia's newspaper of record.

text: Politika

text: is

text: Serbian

text: daily

text: newspaper

text: published

text: in

text: Belgrade

text: Founded

text: in

text: by

text: Vladislav

text: Ribnikar

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: daily

text: newspaper

text: still

text: in

text: circulation

text: in

text: the

text: Balkans

text: and

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: Serbia

text: 's

text: newspaper

text: of

text: record

text: Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as "lo Stivale" (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state.

text: Italy

text: officially

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Italy

text: shares

text: open

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovenia

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Italy

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: shape

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: Italy

text: as

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: EU

text: member

text: state

text: Italian unification, or the Risorgimento (meaning "resurgence" or "revival"), was the political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century. The process began in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna and was completed in 1871 when Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. The memory of the Risorgimento is central to both Italian politics and Italian historiography, for this short period (181560) is one of the most contested and controversial in modern Italian history. Italian nationalism was based among intellectuals and political activists, often operating from exile.

text: Italian

text: unification

text: or

text: the

text: Risorgimento

text: meaning

text: resurgence

text: or

text: revival

text: was

text: the

text: political

text: and

text: social

text: movement

text: that

text: consolidated

text: different

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: peninsula

text: into

text: the

text: single

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: process

text: began

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: and

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: when

text: Rome

text: became

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Italy

text: The

text: memory

text: of

text: the

text: Risorgimento

text: is

text: central

text: to

text: both

text: Italian

text: politics

text: and

text: Italian

text: historiography

text: for

text: this

text: short

text: period

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: contested

text: and

text: controversial

text: in

text: modern

text: Italian

text: history

text: Italian

text: nationalism

text: was

text: based

text: among

text: intellectuals

text: and

text: political

text: activists

text: often

text: operating

text: from

text: exile

text: The concept of universal suffrage, also known as general suffrage or common suffrage, consists of the right to vote of all except a small number of adult citizens (or subjects). As minors are generally excluded, the concept is frequently described as "universal adult suffrage". Many countries make an exception for small numbers of adults that are considered mentally incapable of voting. Other countries also exclude people convicted of serious crimes or people in jail, but this is considered a violation of a basic human right in an increasing number of countries. In some countries, including the United States, it is very difficult and expensive for convicted criminals to regain this right even after having served their jail sentence. In any case, where universal suffrage exists, the right to vote is not restricted by race, sex, belief, wealth, or social status.

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: universal

text: suffrage

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: general

text: suffrage

text: or

text: common

text: suffrage

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: vote

text: of

text: all

text: except

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: adult

text: citizens

text: or

text: subjects

text: As

text: minors

text: are

text: generally

text: excluded

text: the

text: concept

text: is

text: frequently

text: described

text: as

text: universal

text: adult

text: suffrage

text: Many

text: countries

text: make

text: an

text: exception

text: for

text: small

text: numbers

text: of

text: adults

text: that

text: are

text: considered

text: mentally

text: incapable

text: of

text: voting

text: Other

text: countries

text: also

text: exclude

text: people

text: convicted

text: of

text: serious

text: crimes

text: or

text: people

text: in

text: jail

text: but

text: this

text: is

text: considered

text: violation

text: of

text: basic

text: human

text: right

text: in

text: an

text: increasing

text: number

text: of

text: countries

text: In

text: some

text: countries

text: including

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: it

text: is

text: very

text: difficult

text: and

text: expensive

text: for

text: convicted

text: criminals

text: to

text: regain

text: this

text: right

text: even

text: after

text: having

text: served

text: their

text: jail

text: sentence

text: In

text: any

text: case

text: where

text: universal

text: suffrage

text: exists

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: vote

text: is

text: not

text: restricted

text: by

text: race

text: sex

text: belief

text: wealth

text: or

text: social

text: status

text: Giuseppe Grassi ( 1883 in Martano -- August 25 , 1950 ) was a 20th - century Italian politician . Member of the Italian Liberal Party , he served as Minister of Justice in Alcide De Gasperi 's fourth and fifth cabinets between 1947 and 1950 . He signed the Constitution of Italy in 1948 .

text: Giuseppe

text: Grassi

text: in

text: Martano

text: August

text: was

text: century

text: Italian

text: politician

text: Member

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Liberal

text: Party

text: he

text: served

text: as

text: Minister

text: of

text: Justice

text: in

text: Alcide

text: De

text: Gasperi

text: 's

text: fourth

text: and

text: fifth

text: cabinets

text: between

text: and

text: He

text: signed

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: Italy

text: in

text: Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883  28 April 1945) was an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party ("Partito Nazionale Fascista"; PNF), ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 to 1943. He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship. Known as "Il Duce" (The Leader), Mussolini was the founder of Italian Fascism.

text: Benito

text: Amilcare

text: Andrea

text: Mussolini

text: July

text: April

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: politician

text: journalist

text: and

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Fascist

text: Party

text: Partito

text: Nazionale

text: Fascista

text: PNF

text: ruling

text: the

text: country

text: as

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: ruled

text: constitutionally

text: until

text: when

text: he

text: dropped

text: all

text: pretense

text: of

text: democracy

text: and

text: set

text: up

text: legal

text: dictatorship

text: Known

text: as

text: Il

text: Duce

text: The

text: Leader

text: Mussolini

text: was

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: Italian

text: Fascism

text: The Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana (Italian, trans. "Official Gazette of the Italian Republic") is the official journal of record of the Italian government. It is published by the Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato in Rome.

text: The

text: Gazzetta

text: Ufficiale

text: della

text: Repubblica

text: Italiana

text: Italian

text: trans

text: Official

text: Gazette

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: journal

text: of

text: record

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: government

text: It

text: is

text: published

text: by

text: the

text: Istituto

text: Poligrafico

text: Zecca

text: dello

text: Stato

text: in

text: Rome

text: The Constitution of the Italian Republic was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 December 1947, with 453 votes in favour and 62 against. The text, which has since been amended 15 times, was promulgated in the extraordinary edition of Gazzetta Ufficiale No. 298 on 27 December 1947. The Constituent Assembly was elected by universal suffrage on 2 June 1946, at the same time as a referendum on the abolition of the monarchy. The Constitution came into force on 1 January 1948, one century after the Statuto Albertino had been enacted. Although the latter remained in force after Benito Mussolini's March on Rome in 1922, it had become devoid of substantive value.

text: The

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: was

text: enacted

text: by

text: the

text: Constituent

text: Assembly

text: on

text: December

text: with

text: votes

text: in

text: favour

text: and

text: against

text: The

text: text

text: which

text: has

text: since

text: been

text: amended

text: times

text: was

text: promulgated

text: in

text: the

text: extraordinary

text: edition

text: of

text: Gazzetta

text: Ufficiale

text: No

text: on

text: December

text: The

text: Constituent

text: Assembly

text: was

text: elected

text: by

text: universal

text: suffrage

text: on

text: June

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: as

text: referendum

text: on

text: the

text: abolition

text: of

text: the

text: monarchy

text: The

text: Constitution

text: came

text: into

text: force

text: on

text: January

text: one

text: century

text: after

text: the

text: Statuto

text: Albertino

text: had

text: been

text: enacted

text: Although

text: the

text: latter

text: remained

text: in

text: force

text: after

text: Benito

text: Mussolini

text: 's

text: March

text: on

text: Rome

text: in

text: it

text: had

text: become

text: devoid

text: of

text: substantive

text: value

text: A politician (from "politics" + "-ian", from the Greek title of Aristotle's book  "Politika", meaning "Civic Affairs") is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking office in government. In democratic countries, politicians seek elective positions within a government through elections or, at times, temporary appointment to replace politicians who have died, resigned or have been otherwise removed from office. In non-democratic countries, they employ other means of reaching power through appointment, bribery, revolutions and intrigues. Some politicians are experienced in the art or science of government. Politicians propose, support and create laws or policies that govern the land and, by extension, its people. Broadly speaking, a "politician" can be anyone who seeks to achieve political power in any bureaucratic institution.

text: politician

text: from

text: politics

text: -ian

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: title

text: of

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: book

text: Politika

text: meaning

text: Civic

text: Affairs

text: is

text: person

text: active

text: in

text: party

text: politics

text: or

text: person

text: holding

text: or

text: seeking

text: office

text: in

text: government

text: In

text: democratic

text: countries

text: politicians

text: seek

text: elective

text: positions

text: within

text: government

text: through

text: elections

text: or

text: at

text: times

text: temporary

text: appointment

text: to

text: replace

text: politicians

text: who

text: have

text: died

text: resigned

text: or

text: have

text: been

text: otherwise

text: removed

text: from

text: office

text: In

text: non

text: democratic

text: countries

text: they

text: employ

text: other

text: means

text: of

text: reaching

text: power

text: through

text: appointment

text: bribery

text: revolutions

text: and

text: intrigues

text: Some

text: politicians

text: are

text: experienced

text: in

text: the

text: art

text: or

text: science

text: of

text: government

text: Politicians

text: propose

text: support

text: and

text: create

text: laws

text: or

text: policies

text: that

text: govern

text: the

text: land

text: and

text: by

text: extension

text: its

text: people

text: Broadly

text: speaking

text: politician

text: can

text: be

text: anyone

text: who

text: seeks

text: to

text: achieve

text: political

text: power

text: in

text: any

text: bureaucratic

text: institution

text: The Statuto Albertino (English: "Albertine Statute"), was the constitution that Charles Albert of Sardinia conceded to the Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy on 4 March 1848. The Statute later became the constitution of the unified Kingdom of Italy and remained in force, with changes, until 1948.

text: The

text: Statuto

text: Albertino

text: English

text: Albertine

text: Statute

text: was

text: the

text: constitution

text: that

text: Charles

text: Albert

text: of

text: Sardinia

text: conceded

text: to

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Sardinia

text: in

text: Italy

text: on

text: March

text: The

text: Statute

text: later

text: became

text: the

text: constitution

text: of

text: the

text: unified

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Italy

text: and

text: remained

text: in

text: force

text: with

text: changes

text: until

text: Rome is a city and special "comune" (named "Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2,870,336 residents in , it is also the country's largest and most populated "comune" and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4.3 million residents. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of Tiber river. The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states.

text: Rome

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: special

text: comune

text: named

text: Roma

text: Capitale

text: in

text: Italy

text: Rome

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Italy

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Lazio

text: region

text: With

text: residents

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populated

text: comune

text: and

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: by

text: population

text: within

text: city

text: limits

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: City

text: of

text: Rome

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: residents

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: western

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: within

text: Lazio

text: Latium

text: along

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: Tiber

text: river

text: The

text: Vatican

text: City

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: country

text: geographically

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: boundaries

text: of

text: Rome

text: the

text: only

text: existing

text: example

text: of

text: country

text: within

text: city

text: for

text: this

text: reason

text: Rome

text: has

text: been

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: capital

text: of

text: two

text: states

text: Apulia ( Apoulia) is a region of Italy in Southern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east, the Ionian Sea to the southeast, and the Strait of Òtranto and Gulf of Taranto in the south. Its southernmost portion, known as the Salento peninsula, forms a "stiletto" on the "boot" of Italy. The region comprises , and its population is about 4 million.

text: Apulia

text: Apoulia

text: is

text: region

text: of

text: Italy

text: in

text: Southern

text: Italy

text: bordering

text: the

text: Adriatic

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Ionian

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: the

text: Strait

text: of

text: Òtranto

text: and

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Taranto

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: Its

text: southernmost

text: portion

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Salento

text: peninsula

text: forms

text: stiletto

text: on

text: the

text: boot

text: of

text: Italy

text: The

text: region

text: comprises

text: and

text: its

text: population

text: is

text: about

text: million

text: The March on Rome was a march by which Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party ("Partito Nazionale Fascista", or PNF) came to power in the Kingdom of Italy ("Regno d'Italia"). The march took place from 22 to 29 October 1922.

text: The

text: March

text: on

text: Rome

text: was

text: march

text: by

text: which

text: Italian

text: dictator

text: Benito

text: Mussolini

text: 's

text: National

text: Fascist

text: Party

text: Partito

text: Nazionale

text: Fascista

text: or

text: PNF

text: came

text: to

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Italy

text: Regno

text: d'Italia

text: The

text: march

text: took

text: place

text: from

text: to

text: October

text: Politics (from Greek: Politiká: P"olitika", definition "affairs of the cities") is the process of making decisions applying to all members of each group. More narrowly, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance  organized control over a human community, particularly a state. Furthermore, politics is the study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given community (a usually hierarchically organized population) as well as the interrelationship(s) between communities.

text: Politics

text: from

text: Greek

text: Politiká

text: P"olitika

text: definition

text: affairs

text: of

text: the

text: cities

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: making

text: decisions

text: applying

text: to

text: all

text: members

text: of

text: each

text: group

text: More

text: narrowly

text: it

text: refers

text: to

text: achieving

text: and

text: exercising

text: positions

text: of

text: governance

text: organized

text: control

text: over

text: human

text: community

text: particularly

text: state

text: Furthermore

text: politics

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: or

text: practice

text: of

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: power

text: and

text: resources

text: within

text: given

text: community

text: usually

text: hierarchically

text: organized

text: population

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: interrelationship(s

text: between

text: communities

text: Otranto is a town and "comune" in the province of Lecce (Apulia, Italy), in a fertile region once famous for its breed of horses.

text: Otranto

text: is

text: town

text: and

text: comune

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Lecce

text: Apulia

text: Italy

text: in

text: fertile

text: region

text: once

text: famous

text: for

text: its

text: breed

text: of

text: horses

text: Lecce (or  Griko: "Luppìu", ) is a historic city of 94,766 inhabitants (2015) in southern Italy, the capital of the province of Lecce, the third province in the region by population, as well as one of the most important cities of Apulia. It is the main city of the Salentine Peninsula, a sub-peninsula at the heel of the Italian Peninsula and is over 2,000 years old.

text: Lecce

text: or

text: Griko

text: Luppìu

text: is

text: historic

text: city

text: of

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: southern

text: Italy

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Lecce

text: the

text: third

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: by

text: population

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: cities

text: of

text: Apulia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Salentine

text: Peninsula

text: sub

text: peninsula

text: at

text: the

text: heel

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: is

text: over

text: years

text: old

text: Martano is a town and "comune" of 9,573 inhabitants in the province of Lecce in Apulia, Italy, from Lecce and from Otranto. It is the biggest town of Grecìa Salentina, a Greek-speaking area where the elders can also speak an ancient dialect called "Griko".

text: Martano

text: is

text: town

text: and

text: comune

text: of

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Lecce

text: in

text: Apulia

text: Italy

text: from

text: Lecce

text: and

text: from

text: Otranto

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: biggest

text: town

text: of

text: Grecìa

text: Salentina

text: Greek

text: speaking

text: area

text: where

text: the

text: elders

text: can

text: also

text: speak

text: an

text: ancient

text: dialect

text: called

text: Griko

text: The (plural: "") is a basic administrative division in Italy, roughly equivalent to a township or municipality.

text: The

text: plural

text: is

text: basic

text: administrative

text: division

text: in

text: Italy

text: roughly

text: equivalent

text: to

text: township

text: or

text: municipality

text: Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi (3 April 1881  19 August 1954) was an Italian statesman and politician who founded the Christian Democracy party. From 1945 to 1953 he was the prime minister of eight successive coalition governments. His eight-year term in office remains a landmark of political longevity for a leader in modern Italian politics. De Gasperi is the fourth longest-serving Prime Minister since the Italian Unification.

text: Alcide

text: Amedeo

text: Francesco

text: De

text: Gasperi

text: April

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: statesman

text: and

text: politician

text: who

text: founded

text: the

text: Christian

text: Democracy

text: party

text: From

text: to

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: of

text: eight

text: successive

text: coalition

text: governments

text: His

text: eight

text: year

text: term

text: in

text: office

text: remains

text: landmark

text: of

text: political

text: longevity

text: for

text: leader

text: in

text: modern

text: Italian

text: politics

text: De

text: Gasperi

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: longest

text: serving

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: since

text: the

text: Italian

text: Unification

question: place_of_birth giuseppe grassi

answer: lecce

text: lecce

text: lecce

text: lecce

text: lecce

text: lecce

text: lecce


text: The Bantu languages, technically the Narrow Bantu languages (as opposed to "Wide Bantu", a loosely defined categorization which includes other Bantoid languages), constitute a traditional branch of the NigerCongo languages. There are about 250 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility, though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear, and "Ethnologue" counts 535 languages. Bantu languages are spoken largely east and south of present-day Cameroon, that is, in the regions commonly known as Central Africa, Southeast Africa, and Southern Africa. Parts of the Bantu area include languages from other language families (see map).

text: The

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: technically

text: the

text: Narrow

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: Wide

text: Bantu

text: loosely

text: defined

text: categorization

text: which

text: includes

text: other

text: Bantoid

text: languages

text: constitute

text: traditional

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: NigerCongo

text: languages

text: There

text: are

text: about

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: by

text: the

text: criterion

text: of

text: mutual

text: intelligibility

text: though

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: language

text: and

text: dialect

text: is

text: often

text: unclear

text: and

text: Ethnologue

text: counts

text: languages

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: are

text: spoken

text: largely

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Cameroon

text: that

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: regions

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Central

text: Africa

text: Southeast

text: Africa

text: and

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: Parts

text: of

text: the

text: Bantu

text: area

text: include

text: languages

text: from

text: other

text: language

text: families

text: see

text: map

text:
Kinyarwanda, also known as Rwanda (Ruanda) or Rwandan, or in Uganda as Fumbira, is the official language of Rwanda and a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language spoken by 12 million people in Rwanda, Eastern Congo and adjacent parts of southern Uganda. (The Kirundi dialect is the official language of neighboring Burundi.)
Kinyarwanda is one of the three official languages of Rwanda (along with English and French), and is spoken by almost all of the native population. This contrasts with most modern African states, whose borders were drawn by colonial powers and did not correspond to ethnic boundaries or pre-colonial kingdoms.

text: Kinyarwanda

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Rwanda

text: Ruanda

text: or

text: Rwandan

text: or

text: in

text: Uganda

text: as

text: Fumbira

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: language

text: of

text: Rwanda

text: and

text: dialect

text: of

text: the

text: Rwanda

text: Rundi

text: language

text: spoken

text: by

text: million

text: people

text: in

text: Rwanda

text: Eastern

text: Congo

text: and

text: adjacent

text: parts

text: of

text: southern

text: Uganda

text: The

text: Kirundi

text: dialect

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: language

text: of

text: neighboring

text: Burundi

text: Kinyarwanda

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: Rwanda

text: along

text: with

text: English

text: and

text: French

text: and

text: is

text: spoken

text: by

text: almost

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: native

text: population

text: This

text: contrasts

text: with

text: most

text: modern

text: African

text: states

text: whose

text: borders

text: were

text: drawn

text: by

text: colonial

text: powers

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: correspond

text: to

text: ethnic

text: boundaries

text: or

text: pre

text: colonial

text: kingdoms

text: Lake Victoria (' in Luo; ' in Luganda; "" in Kinyarwanda and some Bantu languages) is one of the African Great Lakes. The lake was named after Queen Victoria by the explorer John Hanning Speke, the first Briton to document it. Speke accomplished this in 1858, while on an expedition with Richard Francis Burton to locate the source of the Nile River.

text: Lake

text: Victoria

text: in

text: Luo

text: in

text: Luganda

text: in

text: Kinyarwanda

text: and

text: some

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: The

text: lake

text: was

text: named

text: after

text: Queen

text: Victoria

text: by

text: the

text: explorer

text: John

text: Hanning

text: Speke

text: the

text: first

text: Briton

text: to

text: document

text: it

text: Speke

text: accomplished

text: this

text: in

text: while

text: on

text: an

text: expedition

text: with

text: Richard

text: Francis

text: Burton

text: to

text: locate

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: the

text: Nile

text: River

text: The African Great Lakes are a series of lakes constituting the part of the Rift Valley lakes in and around the East African Rift. They include Lake Victoria, the second largest fresh water lake in the world by area, and Lake Tanganyika, the world's second largest freshwater lake by volume and depth. Collectively, they contain 31,000 km (7400 cu mi) of water, which is more than either Lake Baikal or the North American Great Lakes, and constitutes about 25% of the planet's unfrozen surface fresh water.

text: The

text: African

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: are

text: series

text: of

text: lakes

text: constituting

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Rift

text: Valley

text: lakes

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: East

text: African

text: Rift

text: They

text: include

text: Lake

text: Victoria

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: fresh

text: water

text: lake

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: area

text: and

text: Lake

text: Tanganyika

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: freshwater

text: lake

text: by

text: volume

text: and

text: depth

text: Collectively

text: they

text: contain

text: km

text: cu

text: mi

text: of

text: water

text: which

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: either

text: Lake

text: Baikal

text: or

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: and

text: constitutes

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: planet

text: 's

text: unfrozen

text: surface

text: fresh

text: water

text: The Nile ( "en-Nl",  "an-Nl" "P(h)iaro"; Ancient Egyptian: "'p" and "Iteru"; Biblical Hebrew: , "Ha-Ye'or") is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It is generally regarded as the longest river in the world, however other conflicting sources cite a 2007 study that gave the title to the Amazon River in South America. The Nile, which is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long, is an "international" river as its water resources are shared by eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo-Kinshasa, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt. In particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan.

text: The

text: Nile

text: en

text: Nl

text: an

text: Nl

text: P(h)iaro

text: Ancient

text: Egyptian

text: and

text: Iteru

text: Biblical

text: Hebrew

text: Ha

text: Ye'or

text: is

text: major

text: north

text: flowing

text: river

text: in

text: northeastern

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: generally

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: longest

text: river

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: however

text: other

text: conflicting

text: sources

text: cite

text: study

text: that

text: gave

text: the

text: title

text: to

text: the

text: Amazon

text: River

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: The

text: Nile

text: which

text: is

text: km

text: miles

text: long

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: river

text: as

text: its

text: water

text: resources

text: are

text: shared

text: by

text: eleven

text: countries

text: namely

text: Tanzania

text: Uganda

text: Rwanda

text: Burundi

text: Congo

text: Kinshasa

text: Kenya

text: Ethiopia

text: Eritrea

text: South

text: Sudan

text: Sudan

text: and

text: Egypt

text: In

text: particular

text: the

text: Nile

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: water

text: source

text: of

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Sudan

text: Yuweh Island lies about 3 km south east of Buvuma Island in Lake Victoria . It covers an area of 2sq kilometers .

text: Yuweh

text: Island

text: lies

text: about

text: km

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: Buvuma

text: Island

text: in

text: Lake

text: Victoria

text: It

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: kilometers

text: Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819  22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India.

text: Victoria

text: Alexandrina

text: Victoria

text: May

text: January

text: was

text: Queen

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: from

text: June

text: until

text: her

text: death

text: From

text: May

text: she

text: adopted

text: the

text: additional

text: title

text: of

text: Empress

text: of

text: India

text: The Ganda language, Luganda ("Oluganda" ), is one of the major languages in Uganda, spoken by five million Baganda and other people principally in Southern Uganda, including the capital Kampala. It belongs to the Bantu branch of the NigerCongo language family. Typologically, it is a highly agglutinating language with subjectverbobject word order and nominativeaccusative morphosyntactic alignment.

text: The

text: Ganda

text: language

text: Luganda

text: Oluganda

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: languages

text: in

text: Uganda

text: spoken

text: by

text: five

text: million

text: Baganda

text: and

text: other

text: people

text: principally

text: in

text: Southern

text: Uganda

text: including

text: the

text: capital

text: Kampala

text: It

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: Bantu

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: NigerCongo

text: language

text: family

text: Typologically

text: it

text: is

text: highly

text: agglutinating

text: language

text: with

text: subjectverbobject

text: word

text: order

text: and

text: nominativeaccusative

text: morphosyntactic

text: alignment

annotations: likely multiple

question: country yuweh island

answer: uganda

text: uganda

text: uganda

text: uganda

text: uganda

text: uganda


text: Vancouver, officially the City of Vancouver, is a coastal seaport city on the mainland of British Columbia, Canada, and the most populous city in the province.

text: Vancouver

text: officially

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Vancouver

text: is

text: coastal

text: seaport

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: British

text: Columbia

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: Victor Kraatz, MSC (born April 7, 1971) is a Canadian former ice dancer. In 2003, he and his partner, Shae-Lynn Bourne, became the first North American ice dancers to win a World Championship.

text: Victor

text: Kraatz

text: MSC

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: Canadian

text: former

text: ice

text: dancer

text: In

text: he

text: and

text: his

text: partner

text: Shae

text: Lynn

text: Bourne

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: North

text: American

text: ice

text: dancers

text: to

text: win

text: World

text: Championship

text: The "Champs International Skating Centre of British Columbia" (formerly known as the 'BC Centre of Excellence') is one of two major figure skating training centers in Canada. Located in Burnaby, British Columbia, it is home to many great national and international skaters. The programs there are overseen by a staff, including Joanne McLeod, who coaches 3-time Canadian men's national champion Emanuel Sandhu; Bruno Marcotte, who competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics; Victor Kraatz, the 2003 World Champion in ice dancing, and Maikki Uotila, who was a national champion in Finland. The center operates out of Canlan Ice Sports Burnaby 8 Rinks. Notable skaters who train there include Emanuel Sandhu, Mira Leung, Allie Hann-McCurdy & Michael Coreno, Jessica Millar & Ian Moram, Jeremy Ten, and Kevin Reynolds. This skating school is sometimes known as a training site for international competitors to practice for competitions in Vancouver. Champs International hosts its annual competition known as the BC/YK SummerSkate Competition every August.

text: The

text: Champs

text: International

text: Skating

text: Centre

text: of

text: British

text: Columbia

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: BC

text: Centre

text: of

text: Excellence

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: major

text: figure

text: skating

text: training

text: centers

text: in

text: Canada

text: Located

text: in

text: Burnaby

text: British

text: Columbia

text: it

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: many

text: great

text: national

text: and

text: international

text: skaters

text: The

text: programs

text: there

text: are

text: overseen

text: by

text: staff

text: including

text: Joanne

text: McLeod

text: who

text: coaches

text: Canadian

text: men

text: 's

text: national

text: champion

text: Emanuel

text: Sandhu

text: Bruno

text: Marcotte

text: who

text: competed

text: at

text: the

text: Winter

text: Olympics

text: Victor

text: Kraatz

text: the

text: World

text: Champion

text: in

text: ice

text: dancing

text: and

text: Maikki

text: Uotila

text: who

text: was

text: national

text: champion

text: in

text: Finland

text: The

text: center

text: operates

text: out

text: of

text: Canlan

text: Ice

text: Sports

text: Burnaby

text: Rinks

text: Notable

text: skaters

text: who

text: train

text: there

text: include

text: Emanuel

text: Sandhu

text: Mira

text: Leung

text: Allie

text: Hann

text: McCurdy

text: Michael

text: Coreno

text: Jessica

text: Millar

text: Ian

text: Moram

text: Jeremy

text: Ten

text: and

text: Kevin

text: Reynolds

text: This

text: skating

text: school

text: is

text: sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: training

text: site

text: for

text: international

text: competitors

text: to

text: practice

text: for

text: competitions

text: in

text: Vancouver

text: Champs

text: International

text: hosts

text: its

text: annual

text: competition

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: BC

text: YK

text: SummerSkate

text: Competition

text: every

text: August

text: Jeremy Ten (born February 21, 1989) is a Canadian figure skater. He is the 2013 Nebelhorn Trophy bronze medalist and the 2015 Canadian national silver medalist.

text: Jeremy

text: Ten

text: born

text: February

text: is

text: Canadian

text: figure

text: skater

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: Nebelhorn

text: Trophy

text: bronze

text: medalist

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: national

text: silver

text: medalist

text:
British Columbia (BC) is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains.
British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U.S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska.

text: British

text: Columbia

text: BC

text: is

text: the

text: westernmost

text: province

text: of

text: Canada

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: four

text: million

text: people

text: located

text: between

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: and

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: British

text: Columbia

text: is

text: also

text: component

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Northwest

text: and

text: the

text: Cascadia

text: bioregion

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: Idaho

text: Oregon

text: Washington

text: and

text: Alaska

text: Emanuel Sandhu (born November 18, 1980) is a Canadian figure skater and dancer. He is the 2004 Grand Prix Final champion and a three-time Canadian national champion.

text: Emanuel

text: Sandhu

text: born

text: November

text: is

text: Canadian

text: figure

text: skater

text: and

text: dancer

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: Final

text: champion

text: and

text: three

text: time

text: Canadian

text: national

text: champion

text: Ian Moram (born February 8, 1980,) is a Canadian pair skater. He teamed up with Jessica Miller in 2002. Miller and Moram trained at the BC Centre of Excellence and were coached by Bruno Marcotte. They announced their retirement from competitive skating on May 9, 2008.

text: Ian

text: Moram

text: born

text: February

text: is

text: Canadian

text: pair

text: skater

text: He

text: teamed

text: up

text: with

text: Jessica

text: Miller

text: in

text: Miller

text: and

text: Moram

text: trained

text: at

text: the

text: BC

text: Centre

text: of

text: Excellence

text: and

text: were

text: coached

text: by

text: Bruno

text: Marcotte

text: They

text: announced

text: their

text: retirement

text: from

text: competitive

text: skating

text: on

text: May

text: Figure skating is a sport in which individuals, duos, or groups perform on figure skates on ice. It was the first winter sport included in the Olympics, in 1908. The four Olympic disciplines are men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Non-Olympic disciplines include synchronized skating and four skating. From novice through senior-level competition, skaters generally perform two programs (short and long) which, depending on the discipline, may include spins, jumps, moves in the field, lifts, throw jumps, death spirals, and other elements or moves.

text: Figure

text: skating

text: is

text: sport

text: in

text: which

text: individuals

text: duos

text: or

text: groups

text: perform

text: on

text: figure

text: skates

text: on

text: ice

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: winter

text: sport

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: Olympics

text: in

text: The

text: four

text: Olympic

text: disciplines

text: are

text: men

text: 's

text: singles

text: ladies

text: singles

text: pair

text: skating

text: and

text: ice

text: dancing

text: Non

text: Olympic

text: disciplines

text: include

text: synchronized

text: skating

text: and

text: four

text: skating

text: From

text: novice

text: through

text: senior

text: level

text: competition

text: skaters

text: generally

text: perform

text: two

text: programs

text: short

text: and

text: long

text: which

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: discipline

text: may

text: include

text: spins

text: jumps

text: moves

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: lifts

text: throw

text: jumps

text: death

text: spirals

text: and

text: other

text: elements

text: or

text: moves

text: For the Joanne McLeod who co-hosts Body Break , see Body Break . Joanne McLeod is a Canadian figure skating coach . She is the skating director at the BC Centre of Excellence . Here current and former students include Emanuel Sandhu , Mira Leung , Kevin Reynolds , Jeremy Ten , Nam Nguyen , and many others . In 2012 , McLeod became the first level 5 certified figure skating coach in British Columbia .

text: For

text: the

text: Joanne

text: McLeod

text: who

text: co

text: hosts

text: Body

text: Break

text: see

text: Body

text: Break

text: Joanne

text: McLeod

text: is

text: Canadian

text: figure

text: skating

text: coach

text: She

text: is

text: the

text: skating

text: director

text: at

text: the

text: BC

text: Centre

text: of

text: Excellence

text: Here

text: current

text: and

text: former

text: students

text: include

text: Emanuel

text: Sandhu

text: Mira

text: Leung

text: Kevin

text: Reynolds

text: Jeremy

text: Ten

text: Nam

text: Nguyen

text: and

text: many

text: others

text: In

text: McLeod

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: level

text: certified

text: figure

text: skating

text: coach

text: in

text: British

text: Columbia

text: Mira Leung (born March 28, 1989) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater. She is the 2004 Nebelhorn Trophy bronze medalist and a three-time Canadian national silver medalist (20062008). Leung placed 12th at the 2006 Winter Olympics and 5th at the 2008 Four Continents.

text: Mira

text: Leung

text: born

text: March

text: is

text: Canadian

text: former

text: competitive

text: figure

text: skater

text: She

text: is

text: the

text: Nebelhorn

text: Trophy

text: bronze

text: medalist

text: and

text: three

text: time

text: Canadian

text: national

text: silver

text: medalist

text: Leung

text: placed

text: at

text: the

text: Winter

text: Olympics

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: Four

text: Continents

text: Allie Hann-McCurdy (born May 23, 1987 in Nanaimo, British Columbia) is a Canadian ice dancer. McCurdy began skating at age eight and was a singles skater until age 12 when she switched to ice dancing. In 2003 she teamed up with Michael Coreno, with whom she was the 2010 Four Continents silver medalist and the 2008 Canadian bronze medalist. The pair retired in June 2010, to coach at the Gloucester Skating Club.

text: Allie

text: Hann

text: McCurdy

text: born

text: May

text: in

text: Nanaimo

text: British

text: Columbia

text: is

text: Canadian

text: ice

text: dancer

text: McCurdy

text: began

text: skating

text: at

text: age

text: eight

text: and

text: was

text: singles

text: skater

text: until

text: age

text: when

text: she

text: switched

text: to

text: ice

text: dancing

text: In

text: she

text: teamed

text: up

text: with

text: Michael

text: Coreno

text: with

text: whom

text: she

text: was

text: the

text: Four

text: Continents

text: silver

text: medalist

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: bronze

text: medalist

text: The

text: pair

text: retired

text: in

text: June

text: to

text: coach

text: at

text: the

text: Gloucester

text: Skating

text: Club

text: Burnaby is a city in British Columbia, Canada, located immediately to the east of Vancouver. It is the third-largest city in British Columbia by population, surpassed only by nearby Surrey and Vancouver.

text: Burnaby

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: British

text: Columbia

text: Canada

text: located

text: immediately

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: Vancouver

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: British

text: Columbia

text: by

text: population

text: surpassed

text: only

text: by

text: nearby

text: Surrey

text: and

text: Vancouver

text: Michael Coreno (born August 31, 1984 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian ice dancer. Coreno began skating at age seven. In 2003, he teamed up with Allie Hann-McCurdy, with whom he was 2010 Four Continents silver medalist and 2008 Canadian bronze medalist. The pair retired in June 2010, to coach at the Gloucester Skating Club.

text: Michael

text: Coreno

text: born

text: August

text: in

text: Toronto

text: Ontario

text: is

text: Canadian

text: ice

text: dancer

text: Coreno

text: began

text: skating

text: at

text: age

text: seven

text: In

text: he

text: teamed

text: up

text: with

text: Allie

text: Hann

text: McCurdy

text: with

text: whom

text: he

text: was

text: Four

text: Continents

text: silver

text: medalist

text: and

text: Canadian

text: bronze

text: medalist

text: The

text: pair

text: retired

text: in

text: June

text: to

text: coach

text: at

text: the

text: Gloucester

text: Skating

text: Club

text: Canada (French: ) is a country in the northern half of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering , making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Canada's border with the United States is the world's longest land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. About four-fifths of the country's population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, its largest city is Toronto; other major urban areas include Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg and Hamilton.

text: Canada

text: French

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: half

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: Its

text: ten

text: provinces

text: and

text: three

text: territories

text: extend

text: from

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: to

text: the

text: Pacific

text: and

text: northward

text: into

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: covering

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: Canada

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: longest

text: land

text: border

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: cold

text: or

text: severely

text: cold

text: winter

text: climate

text: but

text: southerly

text: areas

text: are

text: warm

text: in

text: summer

text: Canada

text: is

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: its

text: land

text: territory

text: being

text: dominated

text: by

text: forest

text: and

text: tundra

text: and

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: About

text: four

text: fifths

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: urbanized

text: and

text: live

text: near

text: the

text: southern

text: border

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Ottawa

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Toronto

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Montreal

text: Vancouver

text: Calgary

text: Edmonton

text: Quebec

text: City

text: Winnipeg

text: and

text: Hamilton

text: Maikki Uotila-Kraatz (born 25 February 1977) is a Finnish ice dancer. She is a former Finnish national champion with Toni Mattila. She married Victor Kraatz on June 19, 2004. The two coach in Vancouver, where they are the ice dancing directors at the BC Centre of Excellence. She and Kraatz have two sons, born September 14, 2006 and July 10, 2010.

text: Maikki

text: Uotila

text: Kraatz

text: born

text: February

text: is

text: Finnish

text: ice

text: dancer

text: She

text: is

text: former

text: Finnish

text: national

text: champion

text: with

text: Toni

text: Mattila

text: She

text: married

text: Victor

text: Kraatz

text: on

text: June

text: The

text: two

text: coach

text: in

text: Vancouver

text: where

text: they

text: are

text: the

text: ice

text: dancing

text: directors

text: at

text: the

text: BC

text: Centre

text: of

text: Excellence

text: She

text: and

text: Kraatz

text: have

text: two

text: sons

text: born

text: September

text: and

text: July

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

question: occupation joanne mcleod

answer: figure skater

text: figure skater

text: figure skater

text: figure skater


text: Salanoia is a genus of euplerid carnivoran with two currently described species found in Madagascar . They are mongoose - like , which is reflected in the older versions of their English names , for example brown - tailed mongoose which is now called brown - tailed vontsira . The name Salanoia is derived from one of the vernacular names for Salanoia concolor : Salano . In 2010 , the two described members of the genus were referred to by the common name vontsira in announcements of the discovery of Salanoia durrelli . Vontsira is a Malagasy vernacular name that seems to apply to a few local species of local mongoose - like carnivores in the related genera Salanoia , Galidia , and Galidictis

text: Salanoia

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: euplerid

text: carnivoran

text: with

text: two

text: currently

text: described

text: species

text: found

text: in

text: Madagascar

text: They

text: are

text: mongoose

text: like

text: which

text: is

text: reflected

text: in

text: the

text: older

text: versions

text: of

text: their

text: English

text: names

text: for

text: example

text: brown

text: tailed

text: mongoose

text: which

text: is

text: now

text: called

text: brown

text: tailed

text: vontsira

text: The

text: name

text: Salanoia

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: vernacular

text: names

text: for

text: Salanoia

text: concolor

text: Salano

text: In

text: the

text: two

text: described

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: were

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: the

text: common

text: name

text: vontsira

text: in

text: announcements

text: of

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: Salanoia

text: durrelli

text: Vontsira

text: is

text: Malagasy

text: vernacular

text: name

text: that

text: seems

text: to

text: apply

text: to

text: few

text: local

text: species

text: of

text: local

text: mongoose

text: like

text: carnivores

text: in

text: the

text: related

text: genera

text: Salanoia

text: Galidia

text: and

text: Galidictis

text: In geology, a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass. However, the definition of a supercontinent can be ambiguous. Many earth scientists, such as P.F. Hoffman (1999), use the term "supercontinent" to mean "a clustering of nearly all continents". This definition leaves room for interpretation when labeling a continental body and is easier to apply to Precambrian times. Using the first definition provided here, Gondwana (a.k.a. Gondwanaland) is not considered a supercontinent, because the landmasses of Baltica, Laurentia and Siberia also existed at the same time but physically separate from each other. The landmass of Pangaea is the collective name describing all of these continental masses when they were in proximity to one another. This would classify Pangaea as a supercontinent. According to the definition by Rogers and Santosh (2004), a supercontinent does not exist today. Supercontinents have assembled and dispersed multiple times in the geologic past (see table). The positions of continents have been accurately determined back to the early Jurassic. However, beyond , continental positions are much less certain.

text: In

text: geology

text: supercontinent

text: is

text: the

text: assembly

text: of

text: most

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: continental

text: blocks

text: or

text: cratons

text: to

text: form

text: single

text: large

text: landmass

text: However

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: supercontinent

text: can

text: be

text: ambiguous

text: Many

text: earth

text: scientists

text: such

text: as

text: P.F.

text: Hoffman

text: use

text: the

text: term

text: supercontinent

text: to

text: mean

text: clustering

text: of

text: nearly

text: all

text: continents

text: This

text: definition

text: leaves

text: room

text: for

text: interpretation

text: when

text: labeling

text: continental

text: body

text: and

text: is

text: easier

text: to

text: apply

text: to

text: Precambrian

text: times

text: Using

text: the

text: first

text: definition

text: provided

text: here

text: Gondwana

text: a.k.a

text: Gondwanaland

text: is

text: not

text: considered

text: supercontinent

text: because

text: the

text: landmasses

text: of

text: Baltica

text: Laurentia

text: and

text: Siberia

text: also

text: existed

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: but

text: physically

text: separate

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: The

text: landmass

text: of

text: Pangaea

text: is

text: the

text: collective

text: name

text: describing

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: continental

text: masses

text: when

text: they

text: were

text: in

text: proximity

text: to

text: one

text: another

text: This

text: would

text: classify

text: Pangaea

text: as

text: supercontinent

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: definition

text: by

text: Rogers

text: and

text: Santosh

text: supercontinent

text: does

text: not

text: exist

text: today

text: Supercontinents

text: have

text: assembled

text: and

text: dispersed

text: multiple

text: times

text: in

text: the

text: geologic

text: past

text: see

text: table

text: The

text: positions

text: of

text: continents

text: have

text: been

text: accurately

text: determined

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: Jurassic

text: However

text: beyond

text: continental

text: positions

text: are

text: much

text: less

text: certain

text: Eupleridae is a family of carnivorans endemic to Madagascar and comprising 10 known living species in seven genera, commonly known as euplerids, or malagasy mongooses. The best known species is the fossa ("Cryptoprocta ferox"), in the subfamily Euplerinae. All species of Euplerinae were formerly classified as viverrids, while all species in the subfamily Galidiinae were classified as herpestids.

text: Eupleridae

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: carnivorans

text: endemic

text: to

text: Madagascar

text: and

text: comprising

text: known

text: living

text: species

text: in

text: seven

text: genera

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: euplerids

text: or

text: malagasy

text: mongooses

text: The

text: best

text: known

text: species

text: is

text: the

text: fossa

text: Cryptoprocta

text: ferox

text: in

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Euplerinae

text: All

text: species

text: of

text: Euplerinae

text: were

text: formerly

text: classified

text: as

text: viverrids

text: while

text: all

text: species

text: in

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Galidiinae

text: were

text: classified

text: as

text: herpestids

text: Mammals are any vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin "mamma" "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles and birds by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones and mammary glands. The sister group of mammals may be the extinct "Haldanodon." The mammals represent the only living Synapsida, which together with the Sauropsida form the Amniota clade. The mammals consist of the Yinotheria including monotrema and the Theriiformes including the theria.

text: Mammals

text: are

text: any

text: vertebrates

text: within

text: the

text: class

text: Mammalia

text: from

text: Latin

text: mamma

text: breast

text: clade

text: of

text: endothermic

text: amniotes

text: distinguished

text: from

text: reptiles

text: and

text: birds

text: by

text: the

text: possession

text: of

text: neocortex

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: hair

text: three

text: middle

text: ear

text: bones

text: and

text: mammary

text: glands

text: The

text: sister

text: group

text: of

text: mammals

text: may

text: be

text: the

text: extinct

text: Haldanodon

text: The

text: mammals

text: represent

text: the

text: only

text: living

text: Synapsida

text: which

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: Sauropsida

text: form

text: the

text: Amniota

text: clade

text: The

text: mammals

text: consist

text: of

text: the

text: Yinotheria

text: including

text: monotrema

text: and

text: the

text: Theriiformes

text: including

text: the

text: theria

text: India, officially the Republic of India ("Bhrat Gaarjya"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.

text: India

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: India

text: Bhrat

text: Gaarjya

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: democracy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: China

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Bhutan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: India

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: India

text: 's

text: Andaman

text: and

text: Nicobar

text: Islands

text: share

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: New

text: Delhi

text: other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Mumbai

text: Kolkata

text: Chennai

text: Bangalore

text: Hyderabad

text: and

text: Ahmedabad

text: Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Southeast Africa. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in the world), and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from the Indian peninsula around 88 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot; over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats.

text: Madagascar

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Madagascar

text: and

text: previously

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Malagasy

text: Republic

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Southeast

text: Africa

text: The

text: nation

text: comprises

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Madagascar

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: peripheral

text: islands

text: Following

text: the

text: prehistoric

text: breakup

text: of

text: the

text: supercontinent

text: Gondwana

text: Madagascar

text: split

text: from

text: the

text: Indian

text: peninsula

text: around

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: allowing

text: native

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: to

text: evolve

text: in

text: relative

text: isolation

text: Consequently

text: Madagascar

text: is

text: biodiversity

text: hotspot

text: over

text: of

text: its

text: wildlife

text: is

text: found

text: nowhere

text: else

text: on

text: Earth

text: The

text: island

text: 's

text: diverse

text: ecosystems

text: and

text: unique

text: wildlife

text: are

text: threatened

text: by

text: the

text: encroachment

text: of

text: the

text: rapidly

text: growing

text: human

text: population

text: and

text: other

text: environmental

text: threats

text: A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant, or other type of organism. The term typically refers to the zone in which the organism lives and where it can find food, shelter, protection and mates for reproduction. It is the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the physical environment that surrounds a species population.

text: habitat

text: is

text: an

text: ecological

text: or

text: environmental

text: area

text: that

text: is

text: inhabited

text: by

text: particular

text: species

text: of

text: animal

text: plant

text: or

text: other

text: type

text: of

text: organism

text: The

text: term

text: typically

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: zone

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: organism

text: lives

text: and

text: where

text: it

text: can

text: find

text: food

text: shelter

text: protection

text: and

text: mates

text: for

text: reproduction

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: natural

text: environment

text: in

text: which

text: an

text: organism

text: lives

text: or

text: the

text: physical

text: environment

text: that

text: surrounds

text: species

text: population

text: The brown-tailed mongoose, Malagasy brown-tailed mongoose, or salano ("Salanoia concolor") is a species of mammal in the family Eupleridae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text: The

text: brown

text: tailed

text: mongoose

text: Malagasy

text: brown

text: tailed

text: mongoose

text: or

text: salano

text: Salanoia

text: concolor

text: is

text: species

text: of

text: mammal

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Eupleridae

text: It

text: is

text: endemic

text: to

text: Madagascar

text: Its

text: natural

text: habitat

text: is

text: subtropical

text: or

text: tropical

text: dry

text: forests

text: It

text: is

text: threatened

text: by

text: habitat

text: loss

text:
In paleogeography, Gondwana,
also Gondwanaland, is the name given to an ancient supercontinent. It is believed to have sutured between about 573 and 510 million years ago (Mya), joining East Gondwana to West Gondwana. Gondwana formed prior to Pangaea, and later became part of it.

text: In

text: paleogeography

text: Gondwana

text: also

text: Gondwanaland

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: an

text: ancient

text: supercontinent

text: It

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: sutured

text: between

text: about

text: and

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: joining

text: East

text: Gondwana

text: to

text: West

text: Gondwana

text: Gondwana

text: formed

text: prior

text: to

text: Pangaea

text: and

text: later

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: it

question: parent_taxon salanoia

answer: galidiinae

text: galidiinae


text: Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language or ethnolect of southwestern Iran that during the Sasanian Empire (224654) became a prestige dialect and so came to be spoken in other regions of the empire as well. Middle Persian is classified as a Western Iranian language. It descends from Old Persian and is the linguistic ancestor of Modern Persian.

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: is

text: the

text: Middle

text: Iranian

text: language

text: or

text: ethnolect

text: of

text: southwestern

text: Iran

text: that

text: during

text: the

text: Sasanian

text: Empire

text: became

text: prestige

text: dialect

text: and

text: so

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: spoken

text: in

text: other

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: as

text: well

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: is

text: classified

text: as

text: Western

text: Iranian

text: language

text: It

text: descends

text: from

text: Old

text: Persian

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: linguistic

text: ancestor

text: of

text: Modern

text: Persian

text: Parthia (Parava, , Paraw, , Pahlaw) is a historical region located in north-eastern Iran. It was the political and cultural base of the Arsacid dynasty, rulers of the Parthian Empire (247 BC  224 AD).

text: Parthia

text: Parava

text: Paraw

text: Pahlaw

text: is

text: historical

text: region

text: located

text: in

text: north

text: eastern

text: Iran

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: Arsacid

text: dynasty

text: rulers

text: of

text: the

text: Parthian

text: Empire

text: BC

text: AD

text: The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the "Roman Empire" (tr. ), or "Romania", and to themselves as "Romans".

text: The

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: was

text: the

text: continuation

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: during

text: Late

text: Antiquity

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: when

text: its

text: capital

text: city

text: was

text: Constantinople

text: modern

text: day

text: Istanbul

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: founded

text: as

text: Byzantium

text: It

text: survived

text: the

text: fragmentation

text: and

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: and

text: continued

text: to

text: exist

text: for

text: an

text: additional

text: thousand

text: years

text: until

text: it

text: fell

text: to

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Turks

text: in

text: During

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: existence

text: the

text: empire

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: economic

text: cultural

text: and

text: military

text: force

text: in

text: Europe

text: Both

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: are

text: historiographical

text: terms

text: created

text: after

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: realm

text: its

text: citizens

text: continued

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: their

text: empire

text: as

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: tr

text: or

text: Romania

text: and

text: to

text: themselves

text: as

text: Romans

text: Iran (, also , ; ' ), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (' ), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the "de facto" Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; to the north by the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of , it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country. It is the only country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, make it of great geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic center.

text: Iran

text: also

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Persia

text: officially

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iran

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: by

text: Armenia

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: Nagorno

text: Karabakh

text: Republic

text: and

text: Azerbaijan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: by

text: Turkmenistan

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Oman

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Turkey

text: and

text: Iraq

text: Comprising

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Iran

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: with

text: both

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: and

text: an

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: coastline

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: central

text: location

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: and

text: Western

text: Asia

text: and

text: its

text: proximity

text: to

text: the

text: Strait

text: of

text: Hormuz

text: make

text: it

text: of

text: great

text: geostrategic

text: importance

text: Tehran

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: leading

text: economic

text: center

text: The Parthian Empire (247 BC  224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran and Iraq. Its latter name comes from Arsaces I of Parthia who, as leader of the Parni tribe, founded it in the mid-3rd century BC when he conquered the region of Parthia in Iran's northeast, then a satrapy (province) in rebellion against the Seleucid Empire. Mithridates I of Parthia (r. "c". 171138 BC) greatly expanded the empire by seizing Media and Mesopotamia from the Seleucids. At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the northern reaches of the Euphrates, in what is now central-eastern Turkey, to eastern Iran. The empire, located on the Silk Road trade route between the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean Basin and the Han Empire of China, became a center of trade and commerce.

text: The

text: Parthian

text: Empire

text: BC

text: AD

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Arsacid

text: Empire

text: was

text: major

text: Iranian

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: power

text: in

text: ancient

text: Iran

text: and

text: Iraq

text: Its

text: latter

text: name

text: comes

text: from

text: Arsaces

text: of

text: Parthia

text: who

text: as

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Parni

text: tribe

text: founded

text: it

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: when

text: he

text: conquered

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Parthia

text: in

text: Iran

text: 's

text: northeast

text: then

text: satrapy

text: province

text: in

text: rebellion

text: against

text: the

text: Seleucid

text: Empire

text: Mithridates

text: of

text: Parthia

text: BC

text: greatly

text: expanded

text: the

text: empire

text: by

text: seizing

text: Media

text: and

text: Mesopotamia

text: from

text: the

text: Seleucids

text: At

text: its

text: height

text: the

text: Parthian

text: Empire

text: stretched

text: from

text: the

text: northern

text: reaches

text: of

text: the

text: Euphrates

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: central

text: eastern

text: Turkey

text: to

text: eastern

text: Iran

text: The

text: empire

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Silk

text: Road

text: trade

text: route

text: between

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Basin

text: and

text: the

text: Han

text: Empire

text: of

text: China

text: became

text: center

text: of

text: trade

text: and

text: commerce

text: The Sasanian Empire (or ), also known as Sassanian, Sasanid, Sassanid or Neo-Persian Empire), known to its inhabitants as rnshahr in Middle Persian, was the last imperial dynasty in Persia (Iran) before the rise of Islam, ruled by and named after the Sasanian dynasty from 224 to 651 AD. The Sasanian Empire, which succeeded the Parthian Empire, was recognized as one of the leading world powers alongside its neighboring arch-rival the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than 400 years.

text: The

text: Sasanian

text: Empire

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Sassanian

text: Sasanid

text: Sassanid

text: or

text: Neo

text: Persian

text: Empire

text: known

text: to

text: its

text: inhabitants

text: as

text: rnshahr

text: in

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: in

text: Persia

text: Iran

text: before

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: Islam

text: ruled

text: by

text: and

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Sasanian

text: dynasty

text: from

text: to

text: AD

text: The

text: Sasanian

text: Empire

text: which

text: succeeded

text: the

text: Parthian

text: Empire

text: was

text: recognized

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: world

text: powers

text: alongside

text: its

text: neighboring

text: arch

text: rival

text: the

text: Roman

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: for

text: period

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: Shapur I ( Middle Persian :  ; New Persian :  ) , also known as Shapur I the Great , was the second shahanshah ( king of kings ) of the Sasanian Empire . The dates of his reign are commonly given as 240/42 -- 270/72 , but it is likely that he also reigned as co-regent ( together with his father ) prior to his father 's death in 242 ( more probably than 240 ) . Amongst the most notable events of his reign was the decisive defeat of the Romans at the infamous Battle of Edessa , where the Roman army was defeated and captured in its entirity , including the Roman Emperor , Valerian . He became the only Roman Emperor who was captured as a prisoner of war , causing instability in the Empire . As such , the battle is generally viewed as one of the worst disasters in Roman military history .

text: Shapur

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: New

text: Persian

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Shapur

text: the

text: Great

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: shahanshah

text: king

text: of

text: kings

text: of

text: the

text: Sasanian

text: Empire

text: The

text: dates

text: of

text: his

text: reign

text: are

text: commonly

text: given

text: as

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: likely

text: that

text: he

text: also

text: reigned

text: as

text: co

text: regent

text: together

text: with

text: his

text: father

text: prior

text: to

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: more

text: probably

text: than

text: Amongst

text: the

text: most

text: notable

text: events

text: of

text: his

text: reign

text: was

text: the

text: decisive

text: defeat

text: of

text: the

text: Romans

text: at

text: the

text: infamous

text: Battle

text: of

text: Edessa

text: where

text: the

text: Roman

text: army

text: was

text: defeated

text: and

text: captured

text: in

text: its

text: entirity

text: including

text: the

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: Valerian

text: He

text: became

text: the

text: only

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: who

text: was

text: captured

text: as

text: prisoner

text: of

text: war

text: causing

text: instability

text: in

text: the

text: Empire

text: As

text: such

text: the

text: battle

text: is

text: generally

text: viewed

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: worst

text: disasters

text: in

text: Roman

text: military

text: history

text: Persian Empire refers to any of a series of imperial dynasties centered in Persia (modernday Iran). The first of these was the Achaemenid Empire established by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC with the conquest of Median, Lydian and Babylonian empires. It covered much of the Ancient world when it was conquered by Alexander the Great. Several later dynasties "claimed to be heirs of the Achaemenids". Persia was then ruled by the Parthian Empire which supplanted the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire, and then by the Sassanian Empire which ruled up until mid 7th century.

text: Persian

text: Empire

text: refers

text: to

text: any

text: of

text: series

text: of

text: imperial

text: dynasties

text: centered

text: in

text: Persia

text: modernday

text: Iran

text: The

text: first

text: of

text: these

text: was

text: the

text: Achaemenid

text: Empire

text: established

text: by

text: Cyrus

text: the

text: Great

text: in

text: BC

text: with

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: Median

text: Lydian

text: and

text: Babylonian

text: empires

text: It

text: covered

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: Ancient

text: world

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: conquered

text: by

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: Several

text: later

text: dynasties

text: claimed

text: to

text: be

text: heirs

text: of

text: the

text: Achaemenids

text: Persia

text: was

text: then

text: ruled

text: by

text: the

text: Parthian

text: Empire

text: which

text: supplanted

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: Seleucid

text: Empire

text: and

text: then

text: by

text: the

text: Sassanian

text: Empire

text: which

text: ruled

text: up

text: until

text: mid

text: century

question: country_of_citizenship shapur i

answer: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran

text: iran