text: A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics. Regardless of the physical geography, in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945, a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise of legal jurisdiction.

text: country

text: is

text: region

text: that

text: is

text: identified

text: as

text: distinct

text: national

text: entity

text: in

text: political

text: geography

text: country

text: may

text: be

text: an

text: independent

text: sovereign

text: state

text: or

text: one

text: that

text: is

text: occupied

text: by

text: another

text: state

text: as

text: non

text: sovereign

text: or

text: formerly

text: sovereign

text: political

text: division

text: or

text: geographic

text: region

text: associated

text: with

text: sets

text: of

text: previously

text: independent

text: or

text: differently

text: associated

text: people

text: with

text: distinct

text: political

text: characteristics

text: Regardless

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: geography

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: internationally

text: accepted

text: legal

text: definition

text: as

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: in

text: and

text: reaffirmed

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: in

text: resident

text: of

text: country

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: independent

text: exercise

text: of

text: legal

text: jurisdiction

text: The Eighty Years' War or Dutch War of Independence (15681648) was a revolt of the Seventeen Provinces against the political and religious hegemony of Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands. After the initial stages, Philip II deployed his armies and regained control over most of the rebelling provinces. Under the leadership of the exiled William the Silent, the northern provinces continued their resistance. They eventually were able to oust the Habsburg armies, and in 1581 they established the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. The war continued in other areas, although the heartland of the republic was no longer threatened; this included the beginnings of the Dutch Colonial Empire, which at the time were conceived as carrying overseas the war with Spain. After a 12-year truce, hostilities broke out again around 1619 which can be said to coincide with the Thirty Years' War. An end was reached in 1648 with the Peace of Münster (a treaty part of the Peace of Westphalia), when the Dutch Republic was recognised as an independent country (though the fact of its being such was evident long before).

text: The

text: Eighty

text: Years

text: War

text: or

text: Dutch

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: was

text: revolt

text: of

text: the

text: Seventeen

text: Provinces

text: against

text: the

text: political

text: and

text: religious

text: hegemony

text: of

text: Philip

text: II

text: of

text: Spain

text: the

text: sovereign

text: of

text: the

text: Habsburg

text: Netherlands

text: After

text: the

text: initial

text: stages

text: Philip

text: II

text: deployed

text: his

text: armies

text: and

text: regained

text: control

text: over

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: rebelling

text: provinces

text: Under

text: the

text: leadership

text: of

text: the

text: exiled

text: William

text: the

text: Silent

text: the

text: northern

text: provinces

text: continued

text: their

text: resistance

text: They

text: eventually

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: oust

text: the

text: Habsburg

text: armies

text: and

text: in

text: they

text: established

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Seven

text: United

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: war

text: continued

text: in

text: other

text: areas

text: although

text: the

text: heartland

text: of

text: the

text: republic

text: was

text: no

text: longer

text: threatened

text: this

text: included

text: the

text: beginnings

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Colonial

text: Empire

text: which

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: were

text: conceived

text: as

text: carrying

text: overseas

text: the

text: war

text: with

text: Spain

text: After

text: truce

text: hostilities

text: broke

text: out

text: again

text: around

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: said

text: to

text: coincide

text: with

text: the

text: Thirty

text: Years

text: War

text: An

text: end

text: was

text: reached

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: Peace

text: of

text: Münster

text: treaty

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Peace

text: of

text: Westphalia

text: when

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Republic

text: was

text: recognised

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: country

text: though

text: the

text: fact

text: of

text: its

text: being

text: such

text: was

text: evident

text: long

text: before

text: Staf De Clercq (16 September 1884  22 October 1942) was a Flemish nationalist collaborator, co-founder and leader of the Flemish nationalist Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond (Flemish National League, or VNV).

text: Staf

text: De

text: Clercq

text: September

text: October

text: was

text: Flemish

text: nationalist

text: collaborator

text: co

text: founder

text: and

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Flemish

text: nationalist

text: Vlaamsch

text: Nationaal

text: Verbond

text: Flemish

text: National

text: League

text: or

text: VNV

text: Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels which is the capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community, but is separate from the region of Flanders (in which it forms an enclave) or Wallonia. The region has a population of 1.2 million and a metropolitan area with a population of over 1.8 million, the largest in Belgium.

text: Brussels

text: officially

text: the

text: Brussels

text: Capital

text: Region

text: is

text: region

text: of

text: Belgium

text: comprising

text: municipalities

text: including

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Brussels

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Belgium

text: The

text: Brussels

text: Capital

text: Region

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: French

text: Community

text: of

text: Belgium

text: and

text: the

text: Flemish

text: Community

text: but

text: is

text: separate

text: from

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Flanders

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: forms

text: an

text: enclave

text: or

text: Wallonia

text: The

text: region

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: and

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Belgium

text: The Vlaams Nationaal Verbond ( VNV ; Dutch for `` Flemish National Union '' or `` Flemish National League '' ) was a nationalist Flemish political party in Belgium , active between 1933 and 1944 . It was founded by Staf de Clercq who became known as den Leider ( `` the Leader '' ) . The party strove for an authoritarian rule and included some fascist elements , but was not a genuinely fascist organisation per se . Its aim was to separate Flanders from Belgium and to unite it with the Netherlands to form a Greater Netherlands which they termed Dietsland ( `` Dutch land '' ) . It collaborated with Nazi German occupation authorities during World War II. VNV activists willingly contributed to the persecution of Jews and the Holocaust in Belgium .

text: The

text: Vlaams

text: Nationaal

text: Verbond

text: VNV

text: Dutch

text: for

text: Flemish

text: National

text: Union

text: or

text: Flemish

text: National

text: League

text: was

text: nationalist

text: Flemish

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: Belgium

text: active

text: between

text: and

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Staf

text: de

text: Clercq

text: who

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: den

text: Leider

text: the

text: Leader

text: The

text: party

text: strove

text: for

text: an

text: authoritarian

text: rule

text: and

text: included

text: some

text: fascist

text: elements

text: but

text: was

text: not

text: genuinely

text: fascist

text: organisation

text: per

text: se

text: Its

text: aim

text: was

text: to

text: separate

text: Flanders

text: from

text: Belgium

text: and

text: to

text: unite

text: it

text: with

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: to

text: form

text: Greater

text: Netherlands

text: which

text: they

text: termed

text: Dietsland

text: Dutch

text: land

text: It

text: collaborated

text: with

text: Nazi

text: German

text: occupation

text: authorities

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: VNV

text: activists

text: willingly

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: persecution

text: of

text: Jews

text: and

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: Belgium

text: Greater Netherlands or Dietsland ("Dutchland") is a hypothetical monolingual polity formed by fusing the two Dutch-speaking regions of Flanders and the Netherlands. The concept was originally developed by Pieter Geyl, who argued that the two only separated during the Eighty Years' War against Spain in the 16th century.

text: Greater

text: Netherlands

text: or

text: Dietsland

text: Dutchland

text: is

text: hypothetical

text: monolingual

text: polity

text: formed

text: by

text: fusing

text: the

text: two

text: Dutch

text: speaking

text: regions

text: of

text: Flanders

text: and

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: concept

text: was

text: originally

text: developed

text: by

text: Pieter

text: Geyl

text: who

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: two

text: only

text: separated

text: during

text: the

text: Eighty

text: Years

text: War

text: against

text: Spain

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 847,176 within the city proper, 1,343,647 in the urban area, and 2,431,000 in the Amsterdam metropolitan area. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the northern part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe, with a population of approximately 7 million.

text: Amsterdam

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: municipality

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Its

text: status

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: is

text: mandated

text: by

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: although

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: which

text: is

text: The

text: Hague

text: Amsterdam

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: proper

text: in

text: the

text: urban

text: area

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Amsterdam

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: North

text: Holland

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: comprises

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Randstad

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: conurbations

text: in

text: Europe

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: million

text: The Netherlands  is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three island territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing maritime borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Amsterdam is the country's capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of government and parliament. The name "Holland" is used to refer informally to the whole of the country of the Netherlands.

text: The

text: Netherlands

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: constituent

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: is

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: with

text: three

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: The

text: European

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: borders

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Belgium

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: sharing

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: Belgium

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Germany

text: The

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: are

text: Amsterdam

text: Rotterdam

text: The

text: Hague

text: and

text: Utrecht

text: Amsterdam

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: while

text: The

text: Hague

text: holds

text: the

text: Dutch

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: parliament

text: The

text: name

text: Holland

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: informally

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The High Fens , which were declared a nature reserve in 1957, are an upland area, a plateau region in the province of Liège, in the east of Belgium and adjoining parts of Germany, between the Ardennes and the Eifel highlands. The High Fens are the largest nature reserve or park in Belgium, with an area of ; it lies within the German-Belgian natural park "Hohes Venn-Eifel", in the Ardennes. Its highest point, at above sea level, is the Signal de Botrange near Eupen, and also the highest point in Belgium. A tower high was built here that reaches above sea level. The reserve is a rich ecological endowment of Belgium covered with alpine sphagnum raised bogs (not "fens" as the name would imply) both on the plateau and in the valley basin; the bogs, which are over 10,000 years old, with their unique subalpine flora, fauna and microclimate, are key to the conservation work of the park.

text: The

text: High

text: Fens

text: which

text: were

text: declared

text: nature

text: reserve

text: in

text: are

text: an

text: upland

text: area

text: plateau

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Liège

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: Belgium

text: and

text: adjoining

text: parts

text: of

text: Germany

text: between

text: the

text: Ardennes

text: and

text: the

text: Eifel

text: highlands

text: The

text: High

text: Fens

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: nature

text: reserve

text: or

text: park

text: in

text: Belgium

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: it

text: lies

text: within

text: the

text: German

text: Belgian

text: natural

text: park

text: Hohes

text: Venn

text: Eifel

text: in

text: the

text: Ardennes

text: Its

text: highest

text: point

text: at

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: is

text: the

text: Signal

text: de

text: Botrange

text: near

text: Eupen

text: and

text: also

text: the

text: highest

text: point

text: in

text: Belgium

text: tower

text: high

text: was

text: built

text: here

text: that

text: reaches

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: The

text: reserve

text: is

text: rich

text: ecological

text: endowment

text: of

text: Belgium

text: covered

text: with

text: alpine

text: sphagnum

text: raised

text: bogs

text: not

text: fens

text: as

text: the

text: name

text: would

text: imply

text: both

text: on

text: the

text: plateau

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: valley

text: basin

text: the

text: bogs

text: which

text: are

text: over

text: years

text: old

text: with

text: their

text: unique

text: subalpine

text: flora

text: fauna

text: and

text: microclimate

text: are

text: key

text: to

text: the

text: conservation

text: work

text: of

text: the

text: park

text: Rotterdam is a city in the Netherlands, located in South Holland, within the RhineMeuseScheldt river delta at the North Sea. Its history goes back to 1270 when a dam was constructed in the Rotte river by people settled around it for safety. In 1340 Rotterdam was granted city rights by the Count of Holland and slowly grew into a major logistic and economic centre. Nowadays it is home to Europe's largest port and has a population of 633,471 (city proper), ranking second in the Netherlands. The Greater Rijnmond area is home to approximately 1.4 million people and the Rotterdam The Hague Metropolitan Area makes for the 168th most populous urban area in the world. Rotterdam is part of the yet larger Randstad conurbation with a total population of 7,100,000.

text: Rotterdam

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: located

text: in

text: South

text: Holland

text: within

text: the

text: RhineMeuseScheldt

text: river

text: delta

text: at

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: Its

text: history

text: goes

text: back

text: to

text: when

text: dam

text: was

text: constructed

text: in

text: the

text: Rotte

text: river

text: by

text: people

text: settled

text: around

text: it

text: for

text: safety

text: In

text: Rotterdam

text: was

text: granted

text: city

text: rights

text: by

text: the

text: Count

text: of

text: Holland

text: and

text: slowly

text: grew

text: into

text: major

text: logistic

text: and

text: economic

text: centre

text: Nowadays

text: it

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: Europe

text: 's

text: largest

text: port

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: city

text: proper

text: ranking

text: second

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: Greater

text: Rijnmond

text: area

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: Rotterdam

text: The

text: Hague

text: Metropolitan

text: Area

text: makes

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Rotterdam

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: yet

text: larger

text: Randstad

text: conurbation

text: with

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: Pieter Catharinus Arie Geyl (15 December 1887, Dordrecht  31 December 1966, Utrecht) was a Dutch historian, well known for his studies in early modern Dutch history and in historiography.

text: Pieter

text: Catharinus

text: Arie

text: Geyl

text: December

text: Dordrecht

text: December

text: Utrecht

text: was

text: Dutch

text: historian

text: well

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: studies

text: in

text: early

text: modern

text: Dutch

text: history

text: and

text: in

text: historiography

text: Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of and has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups: the Dutch-speaking, mostly Flemish community, which constitutes about 59% of the population, and the French-speaking, mostly Walloon population, which comprises 41% of all Belgians. Additionally, there is a small group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area, and bordering Germany.

text: Belgium

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Belgium

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: bordered

text: by

text: France

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Germany

text: Luxembourg

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: It

text: is

text: small

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: which

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: Straddling

text: the

text: cultural

text: boundary

text: between

text: Germanic

text: and

text: Latin

text: Europe

text: Belgium

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: two

text: main

text: linguistic

text: groups

text: the

text: Dutch

text: speaking

text: mostly

text: Flemish

text: community

text: which

text: constitutes

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: and

text: the

text: French

text: speaking

text: mostly

text: Walloon

text: population

text: which

text: comprises

text: of

text: all

text: Belgians

text: Additionally

text: there

text: is

text: small

text: group

text: of

text: German

text: speakers

text: who

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: Cantons

text: located

text: around

text: the

text: High

text: Fens

text: area

text: and

text: bordering

text: Germany

text: Flanders is the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium, although there are several overlapping definitions, including ones related to culture, language, politics and history. It is one of the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium. The demonym associated with Flanders is Fleming, while the corresponding adjective is Flemish. The official capital of Flanders is Brussels, although Brussels itself has an independent regional government, and the government of Flanders only oversees some cultural aspects of Brussels life.

text: Flanders

text: is

text: the

text: Dutch

text: speaking

text: northern

text: portion

text: of

text: Belgium

text: although

text: there

text: are

text: several

text: overlapping

text: definitions

text: including

text: ones

text: related

text: to

text: culture

text: language

text: politics

text: and

text: history

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: communities

text: regions

text: and

text: language

text: areas

text: of

text: Belgium

text: The

text: demonym

text: associated

text: with

text: Flanders

text: is

text: Fleming

text: while

text: the

text: corresponding

text: adjective

text: is

text: Flemish

text: The

text: official

text: capital

text: of

text: Flanders

text: is

text: Brussels

text: although

text: Brussels

text: itself

text: has

text: an

text: independent

text: regional

text: government

text: and

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: Flanders

text: only

text: oversees

text: some

text: cultural

text: aspects

text: of

text: Brussels

text: life

annotations: follows single

question: dissolved_or_abolished vlaams nationaal verbond

answer: 1945


text: Modern humans ("Homo sapiens", primarily ssp. "Homo sapiens sapiens") are the only extant members of Hominina tribe (or human tribe), a branch of the tribe Hominini belonging to the family of great apes. They are characterized by erect posture and bipedal locomotion; manual dexterity and increased tool use, compared to other animals; and a general trend toward larger, more complex brains and societies.

text: Modern

text: humans

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: primarily

text: ssp

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: sapiens

text: are

text: the

text: only

text: extant

text: members

text: of

text: Hominina

text: tribe

text: or

text: human

text: tribe

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: tribe

text: Hominini

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: family

text: of

text: great

text: apes

text: They

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: erect

text: posture

text: and

text: bipedal

text: locomotion

text: manual

text: dexterity

text: and

text: increased

text: tool

text: use

text: compared

text: to

text: other

text: animals

text: and

text: general

text: trend

text: toward

text: larger

text: more

text: complex

text: brains

text: and

text: societies

text: Orcs & Goblins is a supplemental book for the Warhammer Fantasy Battle tabletop game . The phrase `` orcs & goblins '' also refers collectively to all of the races that are described in this book , which includes other `` greenskins '' as well . The book includes background information , illustrations , and game rules for these races . The Orcs and Goblins represent a generic Dark Ages warband army with little internal cohesion and discipline , and relying on the ferocious charge and individual fighting skills rather than organized generalship .

text: Orcs

text: Goblins

text: is

text: supplemental

text: book

text: for

text: the

text: Warhammer

text: Fantasy

text: Battle

text: tabletop

text: game

text: The

text: phrase

text: orcs

text: goblins

text: also

text: refers

text: collectively

text: to

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: races

text: that

text: are

text: described

text: in

text: this

text: book

text: which

text: includes

text: other

text: greenskins

text: as

text: well

text: The

text: book

text: includes

text: background

text: information

text: illustrations

text: and

text: game

text: rules

text: for

text: these

text: races

text: The

text: Orcs

text: and

text: Goblins

text: represent

text: generic

text: Dark

text: Ages

text: warband

text: army

text: with

text: little

text: internal

text: cohesion

text: and

text: discipline

text: and

text: relying

text: on

text: the

text: ferocious

text: charge

text: and

text: individual

text: fighting

text: skills

text: rather

text: than

text: organized

text: generalship

text: Infantry is the general branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot. As the troops who engage with the enemy in close-ranged combat, infantry units bear the largest brunt of warfare and typically suffer the greatest number of casualties during a military campaign. Historically, as the oldest branch of the combat arms, the infantry are the tip of the spear of a modern army, and continually undergo training that is typically more physically demanding and psychologically stressful than that of any other branch of the combat arms. Common representations of infantry fighting forces include the U.S. Army Infantry Branch, U.S. Marine Corps Infantry, Royal Canadian Infantry Corps, Infantry of the British Army, and the Royal Australian Corps of Infantry.

text: Infantry

text: is

text: the

text: general

text: branch

text: of

text: an

text: army

text: that

text: engages

text: in

text: military

text: combat

text: on

text: foot

text: As

text: the

text: troops

text: who

text: engage

text: with

text: the

text: enemy

text: in

text: close

text: ranged

text: combat

text: infantry

text: units

text: bear

text: the

text: largest

text: brunt

text: of

text: warfare

text: and

text: typically

text: suffer

text: the

text: greatest

text: number

text: of

text: casualties

text: during

text: military

text: campaign

text: Historically

text: as

text: the

text: oldest

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: combat

text: arms

text: the

text: infantry

text: are

text: the

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: spear

text: of

text: modern

text: army

text: and

text: continually

text: undergo

text: training

text: that

text: is

text: typically

text: more

text: physically

text: demanding

text: and

text: psychologically

text: stressful

text: than

text: that

text: of

text: any

text: other

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: combat

text: arms

text: Common

text: representations

text: of

text: infantry

text: fighting

text: forces

text: include

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: Infantry

text: Branch

text: U.S.

text: Marine

text: Corps

text: Infantry

text: Royal

text: Canadian

text: Infantry

text: Corps

text: Infantry

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Army

text: and

text: the

text: Royal

text: Australian

text: Corps

text: of

text: Infantry

text:
Warhammer: The Game of Fantasy Battles (formerly Warhammer Fantasy Battle and often abbreviated to Warhammer, WFB or WHFB) is an out-of-production tabletop wargame created by Games Workshop. It is the origin of the "Warhammer Fantasy" setting.
The game is designed for regiments of fantasy miniatures. It uses stock fantasy races such as humans (The Empire, Bretonnia, Kislev), Elves (Dark Elves, High Elves, Wood Elves), Dwarfs, Undead, Orcs and Goblins, as well as some more unusual types such as Lizardmen, Skaven and the daemonic forces of Chaos. Each race has its own unique strengths and flaws; Wood Elves, for example, have the most powerful archers in the game but have poor overall defence and Bretonnia have the strongest cavalry but weak infantry. Similarly, the High Elves are very powerful in close combat, but have weak armour, and cannot be fielded in very large numbers.

text: Warhammer

text: The

text: Game

text: of

text: Fantasy

text: Battles

text: formerly

text: Warhammer

text: Fantasy

text: Battle

text: and

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: Warhammer

text: WFB

text: or

text: WHFB

text: is

text: an

text: out

text: of

text: production

text: tabletop

text: wargame

text: created

text: by

text: Games

text: Workshop

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: the

text: Warhammer

text: Fantasy

text: setting

text: The

text: game

text: is

text: designed

text: for

text: regiments

text: of

text: fantasy

text: miniatures

text: It

text: uses

text: stock

text: fantasy

text: races

text: such

text: as

text: humans

text: The

text: Empire

text: Bretonnia

text: Kislev

text: Elves

text: Dark

text: Elves

text: High

text: Elves

text: Wood

text: Elves

text: Dwarfs

text: Undead

text: Orcs

text: and

text: Goblins

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: some

text: more

text: unusual

text: types

text: such

text: as

text: Lizardmen

text: Skaven

text: and

text: the

text: daemonic

text: forces

text: of

text: Chaos

text: Each

text: race

text: has

text: its

text: own

text: unique

text: strengths

text: and

text: flaws

text: Wood

text: Elves

text: for

text: example

text: have

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: archers

text: in

text: the

text: game

text: but

text: have

text: poor

text: overall

text: defence

text: and

text: Bretonnia

text: have

text: the

text: strongest

text: cavalry

text: but

text: weak

text: infantry

text: Similarly

text: the

text: High

text: Elves

text: are

text: very

text: powerful

text: in

text: close

text: combat

text: but

text: have

text: weak

text: armour

text: and

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: fielded

text: in

text: very

text: large

text: numbers

text: Cavalry (from French "cavalerie", cf. "cheval" 'horse') or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the most mobile of the combat arms. An individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations such as cavalryman, horseman, dragoon or trooper. The designation of cavalry was not usually given to any military forces that used other animals, such as camels, mules or elephants. Infantry who moved on horseback, but dismounted to fight on foot, were known in the 17th and early 18th centuries as dragoons, a class of mounted infantry which later evolved into cavalry proper while retaining their historic title.

text: Cavalry

text: from

text: French

text: cavalerie

text: cf

text: cheval

text: horse

text: or

text: horsemen

text: were

text: soldiers

text: or

text: warriors

text: who

text: fought

text: mounted

text: on

text: horseback

text: Cavalry

text: were

text: historically

text: the

text: most

text: mobile

text: of

text: the

text: combat

text: arms

text: An

text: individual

text: soldier

text: in

text: the

text: cavalry

text: is

text: known

text: by

text: number

text: of

text: designations

text: such

text: as

text: cavalryman

text: horseman

text: dragoon

text: or

text: trooper

text: The

text: designation

text: of

text: cavalry

text: was

text: not

text: usually

text: given

text: to

text: any

text: military

text: forces

text: that

text: used

text: other

text: animals

text: such

text: as

text: camels

text: mules

text: or

text: elephants

text: Infantry

text: who

text: moved

text: on

text: horseback

text: but

text: dismounted

text: to

text: fight

text: on

text: foot

text: were

text: known

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: as

text: dragoons

text: class

text: of

text: mounted

text: infantry

text: which

text: later

text: evolved

text: into

text: cavalry

text: proper

text: while

text: retaining

text: their

text: historic

text: title

text: Games Workshop Group PLC (often abbreviated as GW) is a British miniature wargaming manufacturing company. Games Workshop is best known as developer and publisher of the tabletop wargames "Warhammer Age of Sigmar", "Warhammer 40,000" and "The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game". The company is listed on the London Stock Exchange with the symbol GAW.L. The company's British operating subsidiary company is Games Workshop Limited.

text: Games

text: Workshop

text: Group

text: PLC

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: GW

text: is

text: British

text: miniature

text: wargaming

text: manufacturing

text: company

text: Games

text: Workshop

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: developer

text: and

text: publisher

text: of

text: the

text: tabletop

text: wargames

text: Warhammer

text: Age

text: of

text: Sigmar

text: Warhammer

text: and

text: The

text: Lord

text: of

text: the

text: Rings

text: Strategy

text: Battle

text: Game

text: The

text: company

text: is

text: listed

text: on

text: the

text: London

text: Stock

text: Exchange

text: with

text: the

text: symbol

text: GAW.L.

text: The

text: company

text: 's

text: British

text: operating

text: subsidiary

text: company

text: is

text: Games

text: Workshop

text: Limited

annotations: follows multiple

question: genre orcs and goblins

answer: wargame

text: wargame


text: The genus Psammolestes belongs to the subfamily Triatominae . 3 species : Psammolestes arthuri ( Pinto , 1926 ) ( Tc ) Psammolestes coreodes Bergroth , 1911 Psammolestes tertius Lent & Jurberg , 1965 ( Tc ) ( Tc ) means associated with Trypanosoma cruzi

text: The

text: genus

text: Psammolestes

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Triatominae

text: species

text: Psammolestes

text: arthuri

text: Pinto

text: Tc

text: Psammolestes

text: coreodes

text: Bergroth

text: Psammolestes

text: tertius

text: Lent

text: Jurberg

text: Tc

text: Tc

text: means

text: associated

text: with

text: Trypanosoma

text: cruzi

text: Triatoma infestans, commonly called winchuka "(vinchuca)" in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile, barbeiro in Brazil and also known as "kissing bug" or "barber bug" in English, is a blood-sucking bug (like all the members of its subfamily Triatominae) and the most important vector of "Trypanosoma cruzi" which can lead to Chagas disease. It is widespread in the Southern Cone countries of South America; that is, in Bolivia, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Brazil and Peru. In all these countries "T. infestans" is almost an exclusively domestic species, except in Bolivia where sylvatic forms have been recorded in rock piles in association with wild guinea pigs. This region has joined the control intervention called "Southern Cone Initiative" managed by the PAHO.

text: Triatoma

text: infestans

text: commonly

text: called

text: winchuka

text: vinchuca

text: in

text: Argentina

text: Bolivia

text: and

text: Chile

text: barbeiro

text: in

text: Brazil

text: and

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: kissing

text: bug

text: or

text: barber

text: bug

text: in

text: English

text: is

text: blood

text: sucking

text: bug

text: like

text: all

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: its

text: subfamily

text: Triatominae

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: vector

text: of

text: Trypanosoma

text: cruzi

text: which

text: can

text: lead

text: to

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: It

text: is

text: widespread

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Cone

text: countries

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: that

text: is

text: in

text: Bolivia

text: Argentina

text: Uruguay

text: Paraguay

text: Chile

text: Brazil

text: and

text: Peru

text: In

text: all

text: these

text: countries

text: infestans

text: is

text: almost

text: an

text: exclusively

text: domestic

text: species

text: except

text: in

text: Bolivia

text: where

text: sylvatic

text: forms

text: have

text: been

text: recorded

text: in

text: rock

text: piles

text: in

text: association

text: with

text: wild

text: guinea

text: pigs

text: This

text: region

text: has

text: joined

text: the

text: control

text: intervention

text: called

text: Southern

text: Cone

text: Initiative

text: managed

text: by

text: the

text: PAHO

text: Rhodnius is a genus of assassin bugs in the subfamily Triatominae (the kissing bugs), and is an important vector in the spread of Chagas disease. The "Rhodnius" species were important models for Sir Vincent Wigglesworth's studies of insect physiology, specifically growth and development.

text: Rhodnius

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: assassin

text: bugs

text: in

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Triatominae

text: the

text: kissing

text: bugs

text: and

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: vector

text: in

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: The

text: Rhodnius

text: species

text: were

text: important

text: models

text: for

text: Sir

text: Vincent

text: Wigglesworth

text: 's

text: studies

text: of

text: insect

text: physiology

text: specifically

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 64,000 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates, which include the cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) and the bony fish.

text: Vertebrates

text: comprise

text: all

text: species

text: of

text: animals

text: within

text: the

text: subphylum

text: Vertebrata

text: chordates

text: with

text: backbones

text: Vertebrates

text: represent

text: the

text: overwhelming

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: phylum

text: Chordata

text: with

text: currently

text: about

text: species

text: described

text: Vertebrates

text: include

text: the

text: jawless

text: fish

text: and

text: the

text: jawed

text: vertebrates

text: which

text: include

text: the

text: cartilaginous

text: fish

text: sharks

text: and

text: rays

text: and

text: the

text: bony

text: fish

text: The Reduviidae are a large cosmopolitan family of the order Hemiptera (true bugs). They are slightly unusual overall, but very common among the Hemiptera because almost all are terrestrial ambush predators (most other predatory Hemiptera are aquatic). The main examples of nonpredatory Reduviidae are some blood-sucking ectoparasites in the subfamily Triatominae. Though spectacular exceptions are known, most members of the family are fairly easily recognizable; they have a relatively narrow neck, sturdy build, and formidable curved proboscis (sometimes called a rostrum). Large specimens should be handled with caution, if at all, because they sometimes defend themselves with a very painful stab from the proboscis.

text: The

text: Reduviidae

text: are

text: large

text: cosmopolitan

text: family

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: Hemiptera

text: true

text: bugs

text: They

text: are

text: slightly

text: unusual

text: overall

text: but

text: very

text: common

text: among

text: the

text: Hemiptera

text: because

text: almost

text: all

text: are

text: terrestrial

text: ambush

text: predators

text: most

text: other

text: predatory

text: Hemiptera

text: are

text: aquatic

text: The

text: main

text: examples

text: of

text: nonpredatory

text: Reduviidae

text: are

text: some

text: blood

text: sucking

text: ectoparasites

text: in

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Triatominae

text: Though

text: spectacular

text: exceptions

text: are

text: known

text: most

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: are

text: fairly

text: easily

text: recognizable

text: they

text: have

text: relatively

text: narrow

text: neck

text: sturdy

text: build

text: and

text: formidable

text: curved

text: proboscis

text: sometimes

text: called

text: rostrum

text: Large

text: specimens

text: should

text: be

text: handled

text: with

text: caution

text: if

text: at

text: all

text: because

text: they

text: sometimes

text: defend

text: themselves

text: with

text: very

text: painful

text: stab

text: from

text: the

text: proboscis

text:
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with its neighbor Chile to the west, the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. With a mainland area of , Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three provinces (singular "provincia") and one autonomous city ("ciudad autónoma"), Buenos Aires, which is the federal capital of the nation as decided by Congress.
The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system.

text: Argentina

text: officially

text: the

text: Argentine

text: Republic

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: Sharing

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Cone

text: with

text: its

text: neighbor

text: Chile

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: also

text: bordered

text: by

text: Bolivia

text: and

text: Paraguay

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Brazil

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Uruguay

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Drake

text: Passage

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: With

text: mainland

text: area

text: of

text: Argentina

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: Spanish

text: speaking

text: one

text: The

text: country

text: is

text: subdivided

text: into

text: twenty

text: three

text: provinces

text: singular

text: provincia

text: and

text: one

text: autonomous

text: city

text: ciudad

text: autónoma

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: federal

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: as

text: decided

text: by

text: Congress

text: The

text: provinces

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: have

text: their

text: own

text: constitutions

text: but

text: exist

text: under

text: federal

text: system

text: Rhodnius prolixus is the second most important triatomine vector of the Chagas parasite due to both its sylvatic and domestic populations in northern South America as well as to its exclusively domestic populations in Central America. It has a wide range of ecotopes, mainly savanna and foothills with an altitude of between 500 meters to 1,500 meters (1600 feet to 4,900 feet) above sea level and temperatures of 16 °C to 28 °C (61 °F to 82 °F). Sylvatic "R. prolixus", as virtually all "Rhodnius" spp., is primarily associated with palm tree habitats and has a wide range of hosts including birds, rodents, marsupials, sloths, and reptiles.

text: Rhodnius

text: prolixus

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: important

text: triatomine

text: vector

text: of

text: the

text: Chagas

text: parasite

text: due

text: to

text: both

text: its

text: sylvatic

text: and

text: domestic

text: populations

text: in

text: northern

text: South

text: America

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: to

text: its

text: exclusively

text: domestic

text: populations

text: in

text: Central

text: America

text: It

text: has

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: ecotopes

text: mainly

text: savanna

text: and

text: foothills

text: with

text: an

text: altitude

text: of

text: between

text: meters

text: to

text: meters

text: feet

text: to

text: feet

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: and

text: temperatures

text: of

text: to

text: to

text: Sylvatic

text: prolixus

text: as

text: virtually

text: all

text: Rhodnius

text: spp

text: is

text: primarily

text: associated

text: with

text: palm

text: tree

text: habitats

text: and

text: has

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: hosts

text: including

text: birds

text: rodents

text: marsupials

text: sloths

text: and

text: reptiles

text: Trypanosoma cruzi is a species of parasitic euglenoids. Amongst the protozoa, the trypanosomes characteristically bore tissue in another organism and feed on blood (primarily) and also lymph. This behaviour causes disease or the likelihood of disease that varies with the organism: for example, trypanosomiasis in humans (Chagas disease in South America ), dourine and surra in horses, and a brucellosis-like disease in cattle. Parasites need a host body and the haematophagous insect triatomine (descriptions "assassin bug", "cone-nose bug", and "kissing bug") is the major vector in accord with a mechanism of infection. The triatomine likes the nests of vertebrate animals for shelter, where it bites and sucks blood for food. Individual triatomines infected with protozoa from other contact with animals transmit trypanosomes when the triatomine deposits its faeces on the host's skin surface and then bites. Penetration of the infected faeces is further facilitated by the scratching of the bite area by the human or animal host.

text: Trypanosoma

text: cruzi

text: is

text: species

text: of

text: parasitic

text: euglenoids

text: Amongst

text: the

text: protozoa

text: the

text: trypanosomes

text: characteristically

text: bore

text: tissue

text: in

text: another

text: organism

text: and

text: feed

text: on

text: blood

text: primarily

text: and

text: also

text: lymph

text: This

text: behaviour

text: causes

text: disease

text: or

text: the

text: likelihood

text: of

text: disease

text: that

text: varies

text: with

text: the

text: organism

text: for

text: example

text: trypanosomiasis

text: in

text: humans

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: dourine

text: and

text: surra

text: in

text: horses

text: and

text: brucellosis

text: like

text: disease

text: in

text: cattle

text: Parasites

text: need

text: host

text: body

text: and

text: the

text: haematophagous

text: insect

text: triatomine

text: descriptions

text: assassin

text: bug

text: cone

text: nose

text: bug

text: and

text: kissing

text: bug

text: is

text: the

text: major

text: vector

text: in

text: accord

text: with

text: mechanism

text: of

text: infection

text: The

text: triatomine

text: likes

text: the

text: nests

text: of

text: vertebrate

text: animals

text: for

text: shelter

text: where

text: it

text: bites

text: and

text: sucks

text: blood

text: for

text: food

text: Individual

text: triatomines

text: infected

text: with

text: protozoa

text: from

text: other

text: contact

text: with

text: animals

text: transmit

text: trypanosomes

text: when

text: the

text: triatomine

text: deposits

text: its

text: faeces

text: on

text: the

text: host

text: 's

text: skin

text: surface

text: and

text: then

text: bites

text: Penetration

text: of

text: the

text: infected

text: faeces

text: is

text: further

text: facilitated

text: by

text: the

text: scratching

text: of

text: the

text: bite

text: area

text: by

text: the

text: human

text: or

text: animal

text: host

text: Triatoma is a genus of assassin bug in the subfamily Triatominae (kissing bugs). The members of "Triatoma" (like all members of Triatominae) are blood-sucking insects that can transmit serious diseases, such as Chagas disease. Their saliva may also trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals, up to and including severe anaphylactic shock.

text: Triatoma

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: assassin

text: bug

text: in

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Triatominae

text: kissing

text: bugs

text: The

text: members

text: of

text: Triatoma

text: like

text: all

text: members

text: of

text: Triatominae

text: are

text: blood

text: sucking

text: insects

text: that

text: can

text: transmit

text: serious

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: Their

text: saliva

text: may

text: also

text: trigger

text: allergic

text: reactions

text: in

text: sensitive

text: individuals

text: up

text: to

text: and

text: including

text: severe

text: anaphylactic

text: shock

text:
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan "Trypanosoma cruzi". It is spread mostly by insects known as Triatominae or kissing bugs. The symptoms change over the course of the infection. In the early stage, symptoms are typically either not present or mild, and may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or local swelling at the site of the bite. After 812 weeks, individuals enter the chronic phase of disease and in 6070% it never produces further symptoms. The other 30 to 40% of people develop further symptoms 10 to 30 years after the initial infection, including enlargement of the ventricles of the heart in 20 to 30%, leading to heart failure. An enlarged esophagus or an enlarged colon may also occur in 10% of people.
"T. cruzi" is commonly spread to humans and other mammals by the blood-sucking "kissing bugs" of the subfamily Triatominae. These insects are known by a number of local names, including: "vinchuca" in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Paraguay, "barbeiro" (the barber) in Brazil, "pito" in Colombia, "chinche" in Central America, and "chipo" in Venezuela. The disease may also be spread through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, eating food contaminated with the parasites, and by vertical transmission (from a mother to her fetus). Diagnosis of early disease is by finding the parasite in the blood using a microscope. Chronic disease is diagnosed by finding antibodies for "T. cruzi" in the blood.
Prevention mostly involves eliminating kissing bugs and avoiding their bites. Other preventative efforts include screening blood used for transfusions. A vaccine has not been developed as of 2013. Early infections are treatable with the medication benznidazole or nifurtimox. Medication nearly always results in a cure if given early, but becomes less effective the longer a person has had Chagas disease. When used in chronic disease, medication may delay or prevent the development of endstage symptoms. Benznidazole and nifurtimox cause temporary side effects in up to 40% of people including skin disorders, brain toxicity, and digestive system irritation.
It is estimated that 7 to 8 million people, mostly in Mexico, Central America and South America, have Chagas disease as of 2013. In 2006, Chagas was estimated to result in 12,500 deaths per year. Most people with the disease are poor, and most people with the disease do not realize they are infected. Large-scale population movements have increased the areas where Chagas disease is found and these include many European countries and the United States. These areas have also seen an increase in the years up to 2014. The disease was first described in 1909 by Carlos Chagas after whom it is named. It affects more than 150 other animals.

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: American

text: trypanosomiasis

text: is

text: tropical

text: parasitic

text: disease

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: protozoan

text: Trypanosoma

text: cruzi

text: It

text: is

text: spread

text: mostly

text: by

text: insects

text: known

text: as

text: Triatominae

text: or

text: kissing

text: bugs

text: The

text: symptoms

text: change

text: over

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: infection

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: stage

text: symptoms

text: are

text: typically

text: either

text: not

text: present

text: or

text: mild

text: and

text: may

text: include

text: fever

text: swollen

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: headaches

text: or

text: local

text: swelling

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: bite

text: After

text: weeks

text: individuals

text: enter

text: the

text: chronic

text: phase

text: of

text: disease

text: and

text: in

text: it

text: never

text: produces

text: further

text: symptoms

text: The

text: other

text: to

text: of

text: people

text: develop

text: further

text: symptoms

text: to

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: initial

text: infection

text: including

text: enlargement

text: of

text: the

text: ventricles

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: in

text: to

text: leading

text: to

text: heart

text: failure

text: An

text: enlarged

text: esophagus

text: or

text: an

text: enlarged

text: colon

text: may

text: also

text: occur

text: in

text: of

text: people

text: cruzi

text: is

text: commonly

text: spread

text: to

text: humans

text: and

text: other

text: mammals

text: by

text: the

text: blood

text: sucking

text: kissing

text: bugs

text: of

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Triatominae

text: These

text: insects

text: are

text: known

text: by

text: number

text: of

text: local

text: names

text: including

text: vinchuca

text: in

text: Argentina

text: Bolivia

text: Chile

text: and

text: Paraguay

text: barbeiro

text: the

text: barber

text: in

text: Brazil

text: pito

text: in

text: Colombia

text: chinche

text: in

text: Central

text: America

text: and

text: chipo

text: in

text: Venezuela

text: The

text: disease

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: spread

text: through

text: blood

text: transfusion

text: organ

text: transplantation

text: eating

text: food

text: contaminated

text: with

text: the

text: parasites

text: and

text: by

text: vertical

text: transmission

text: from

text: mother

text: to

text: her

text: fetus

text: Diagnosis

text: of

text: early

text: disease

text: is

text: by

text: finding

text: the

text: parasite

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: using

text: microscope

text: Chronic

text: disease

text: is

text: diagnosed

text: by

text: finding

text: antibodies

text: for

text: cruzi

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: Prevention

text: mostly

text: involves

text: eliminating

text: kissing

text: bugs

text: and

text: avoiding

text: their

text: bites

text: Other

text: preventative

text: efforts

text: include

text: screening

text: blood

text: used

text: for

text: transfusions

text: vaccine

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: developed

text: as

text: of

text: Early

text: infections

text: are

text: treatable

text: with

text: the

text: medication

text: benznidazole

text: or

text: nifurtimox

text: Medication

text: nearly

text: always

text: results

text: in

text: cure

text: if

text: given

text: early

text: but

text: becomes

text: less

text: effective

text: the

text: longer

text: person

text: has

text: had

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: When

text: used

text: in

text: chronic

text: disease

text: medication

text: may

text: delay

text: or

text: prevent

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: endstage

text: symptoms

text: Benznidazole

text: and

text: nifurtimox

text: cause

text: temporary

text: side

text: effects

text: in

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: people

text: including

text: skin

text: disorders

text: brain

text: toxicity

text: and

text: digestive

text: system

text: irritation

text: It

text: is

text: estimated

text: that

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: mostly

text: in

text: Mexico

text: Central

text: America

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: have

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: as

text: of

text: In

text: Chagas

text: was

text: estimated

text: to

text: result

text: in

text: deaths

text: per

text: year

text: Most

text: people

text: with

text: the

text: disease

text: are

text: poor

text: and

text: most

text: people

text: with

text: the

text: disease

text: do

text: not

text: realize

text: they

text: are

text: infected

text: Large

text: scale

text: population

text: movements

text: have

text: increased

text: the

text: areas

text: where

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: is

text: found

text: and

text: these

text: include

text: many

text: European

text: countries

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: These

text: areas

text: have

text: also

text: seen

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: years

text: up

text: to

text: The

text: disease

text: was

text: first

text: described

text: in

text: by

text: Carlos

text: Chagas

text: after

text: whom

text: it

text: is

text: named

text: It

text: affects

text: more

text: than

text: other

text: animals

text: The members of Triatominae , a subfamily of Reduviidae, are also known as conenose bugs, kissing bugs, assassin bugs, or vampire bugs. Other local names for them used in the Latin Americas include barbeiros, vinchucas, pitos and chinches. Most of the 130 or more species of this subfamily are haematophagous, i.e. feeds on vertebrate blood; a very few species feed on other invertebrates (Sandoval "et al." 2000, 2004). They are mainly found and widespread in the Americas, with a few species present in Asia, Africa, and Australia. These bugs usually share shelter with nesting vertebrates, from which they suck blood. In areas where Chagas disease occurs (from the southern United States to northern Argentina), all triatomine species are potential vectors of the Chagas disease parasite "Trypanosoma cruzi", but only those species (such as "Triatoma infestans" and "Rhodnius prolixus") that are well adapted to living with humans are considered important vectors.

text: The

text: members

text: of

text: Triatominae

text: subfamily

text: of

text: Reduviidae

text: are

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: conenose

text: bugs

text: kissing

text: bugs

text: assassin

text: bugs

text: or

text: vampire

text: bugs

text: Other

text: local

text: names

text: for

text: them

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: Latin

text: Americas

text: include

text: barbeiros

text: vinchucas

text: pitos

text: and

text: chinches

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: or

text: more

text: species

text: of

text: this

text: subfamily

text: are

text: haematophagous

text: i.e.

text: feeds

text: on

text: vertebrate

text: blood

text: very

text: few

text: species

text: feed

text: on

text: other

text: invertebrates

text: Sandoval

text: et

text: al

text: They

text: are

text: mainly

text: found

text: and

text: widespread

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: with

text: few

text: species

text: present

text: in

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: and

text: Australia

text: These

text: bugs

text: usually

text: share

text: shelter

text: with

text: nesting

text: vertebrates

text: from

text: which

text: they

text: suck

text: blood

text: In

text: areas

text: where

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: occurs

text: from

text: the

text: southern

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: northern

text: Argentina

text: all

text: triatomine

text: species

text: are

text: potential

text: vectors

text: of

text: the

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: parasite

text: Trypanosoma

text: cruzi

text: but

text: only

text: those

text: species

text: such

text: as

text: Triatoma

text: infestans

text: and

text: Rhodnius

text: prolixus

text: that

text: are

text: well

text: adapted

text: to

text: living

text: with

text: humans

text: are

text: considered

text: important

text: vectors

annotations: likely multiple

question: parent_taxon psammolestes

answer: reduviidae

text: reduviidae

text: reduviidae

text: reduviidae