text: Sabina Hafner ( sometimes misspelled Sabrina Hafner , born May 10 , 1984 ) is a Swiss bobsledder who competed from 2003 to 2012 . She won two medals in the mixed bobsleigh - skeleton team event at the FIBT World Championships with a silver in 2009 and a bronze in 2007 . She won the World Junior Championship three times ( 2007 , 2009 , 2010 ) and the Swiss Championships five times ( 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 ) . Her biggest success is the second place at the European Championship in Igls ( AUT ) in 2010 . Hafner also competed in two Winter Olympics , earning her best finish of tenth in the two - woman event at Turin in 2006 .

text: Sabina

text: Hafner

text: sometimes

text: misspelled

text: Sabrina

text: Hafner

text: born

text: May

text: is

text: Swiss

text: bobsledder

text: who

text: competed

text: from

text: to

text: She

text: won

text: two

text: medals

text: in

text: the

text: mixed

text: bobsleigh

text: skeleton

text: team

text: event

text: at

text: the

text: FIBT

text: World

text: Championships

text: with

text: silver

text: in

text: and

text: bronze

text: in

text: She

text: won

text: the

text: World

text: Junior

text: Championship

text: three

text: times

text: and

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Championships

text: five

text: times

text: Her

text: biggest

text: success

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: place

text: at

text: the

text: European

text: Championship

text: in

text: Igls

text: AUT

text: in

text: Hafner

text: also

text: competed

text: in

text: two

text: Winter

text: Olympics

text: earning

text: her

text: best

text: finish

text: of

text: tenth

text: in

text: the

text: two

text: woman

text: event

text: at

text: Turin

text: in

text:
The International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF), originally known by the French name
"Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing" (FIBT), is the international sports federation for bobsleigh and skeleton. It acts as an umbrella organization for 14 national bobsleigh and skeleton associations . It was founded on November 23, 1923 by the delegates of Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Canada and the United States at the meeting of their first International Congress in Paris, France. In June 2015, it announced a name change from FIBT to IBSF. The federation's headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland.

text: The

text: International

text: Bobsleigh

text: and

text: Skeleton

text: Federation

text: IBSF

text: originally

text: known

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: name

text: Fédération

text: Internationale

text: de

text: Bobsleigh

text: et

text: de

text: Tobogganing

text: FIBT

text: is

text: the

text: international

text: sports

text: federation

text: for

text: bobsleigh

text: and

text: skeleton

text: It

text: acts

text: as

text: an

text: umbrella

text: organization

text: for

text: national

text: bobsleigh

text: and

text: skeleton

text: associations

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: November

text: by

text: the

text: delegates

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: at

text: the

text: meeting

text: of

text: their

text: first

text: International

text: Congress

text: in

text: Paris

text: France

text: In

text: June

text: it

text: announced

text: name

text: change

text: from

text: FIBT

text: to

text: IBSF

text: The

text: federation

text: 's

text: headquarters

text: are

text: in

text: Lausanne

text: Switzerland

text: The IBSF World Championships (originally named the FIBT World Championships until 2015), part of the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation, have taken place on an annual basis in non-Winter Olympic years since 1930. A two-man event was included in 1931 with a combined championship occurring in 1947. Men's skeleton was introduced as a championship of its own in 1982 while women's bobsleigh and skeleton events were introduced in 2000. Both the women's bobsleigh and skeleton events were merged with the men's bobsleigh events at the 2004 championships. A mixed team event, consisting of one run each of men's skeleton, women's skeleton, 2-man bobsleigh, and 2-women bobsleigh debuted in 2007.

text: The

text: IBSF

text: World

text: Championships

text: originally

text: named

text: the

text: FIBT

text: World

text: Championships

text: until

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: International

text: Bobsleigh

text: and

text: Skeleton

text: Federation

text: have

text: taken

text: place

text: on

text: an

text: annual

text: basis

text: in

text: non

text: Winter

text: Olympic

text: years

text: since

text: two

text: man

text: event

text: was

text: included

text: in

text: with

text: combined

text: championship

text: occurring

text: in

text: Men

text: 's

text: skeleton

text: was

text: introduced

text: as

text: championship

text: of

text: its

text: own

text: in

text: while

text: women

text: 's

text: bobsleigh

text: and

text: skeleton

text: events

text: were

text: introduced

text: in

text: Both

text: the

text: women

text: 's

text: bobsleigh

text: and

text: skeleton

text: events

text: were

text: merged

text: with

text: the

text: men

text: 's

text: bobsleigh

text: events

text: at

text: the

text: championships

text: mixed

text: team

text: event

text: consisting

text: of

text: one

text: run

text: each

text: of

text: men

text: 's

text: skeleton

text: women

text: 's

text: skeleton

text: bobsleigh

text: and

text: bobsleigh

text: debuted

text: in

annotations: likely single

question: country_of_citizenship sabina hafner

answer: switzerland

text: switzerland

text: switzerland


text: Ancient Greek comedy was one of the final three principal dramatic forms in the theatre of classical Greece (the others being tragedy and the satyr play). Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods: Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, and New Comedy. Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the eleven surviving plays of Aristophanes, while Middle Comedy is largely lost, i.e. preserved only in relatively short fragments by authors such as Athenaeus of Naucratis. New Comedy is known primarily from the substantial papyrus fragments of Menander.

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: comedy

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: final

text: three

text: principal

text: dramatic

text: forms

text: in

text: the

text: theatre

text: of

text: classical

text: Greece

text: the

text: others

text: being

text: tragedy

text: and

text: the

text: satyr

text: play

text: Athenian

text: comedy

text: is

text: conventionally

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: periods

text: Old

text: Comedy

text: Middle

text: Comedy

text: and

text: New

text: Comedy

text: Old

text: Comedy

text: survives

text: today

text: largely

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: eleven

text: surviving

text: plays

text: of

text: Aristophanes

text: while

text: Middle

text: Comedy

text: is

text: largely

text: lost

text: i.e.

text: preserved

text: only

text: in

text: relatively

text: short

text: fragments

text: by

text: authors

text: such

text: as

text: Athenaeus

text: of

text: Naucratis

text: New

text: Comedy

text: is

text: known

text: primarily

text: from

text: the

text: substantial

text: papyrus

text: fragments

text: of

text: Menander

text: The Suda or Souda is a large 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Suidas. It is an encyclopedic lexicon, written in Greek, with 30,000 entries, many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval Christian compilers. The derivation is probably from the Byzantine Greek word "souda", meaning "fortress" or "stronghold," with the alternate name, "Suidas", stemming from an error made by Eustathius, who mistook the title for the author's name.

text: The

text: Suda

text: or

text: Souda

text: is

text: large

text: century

text: Byzantine

text: encyclopedia

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Mediterranean

text: world

text: formerly

text: attributed

text: to

text: an

text: author

text: called

text: Suidas

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: encyclopedic

text: lexicon

text: written

text: in

text: Greek

text: with

text: entries

text: many

text: drawing

text: from

text: ancient

text: sources

text: that

text: have

text: since

text: been

text: lost

text: and

text: often

text: derived

text: from

text: medieval

text: Christian

text: compilers

text: The

text: derivation

text: is

text: probably

text: from

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Greek

text: word

text: souda

text: meaning

text: fortress

text: or

text: stronghold

text: with

text: the

text: alternate

text: name

text: Suidas

text: stemming

text: from

text: an

text: error

text: made

text: by

text: Eustathius

text: who

text: mistook

text: the

text: title

text: for

text: the

text: author

text: 's

text: name

text: Souda is a town and former municipality in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Chania, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of . It is an important ferry and naval port at the head of Souda Bay.

text: Souda

text: is

text: town

text: and

text: former

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: Chania

text: regional

text: unit

text: Crete

text: Greece

text: Since

text: the

text: local

text: government

text: reform

text: it

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: municipality

text: Chania

text: of

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: municipal

text: unit

text: The

text: municipal

text: unit

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: ferry

text: and

text: naval

text: port

text: at

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: Souda

text: Bay

text: The Clouds ("Nephelai") is a Greek comedy play written by the celebrated playwright Aristophanes. A lampooning of intellectual fashions in classical Athens, it was originally produced at the City Dionysia in 423BC and was not as well-received as the author had hoped, coming last of the three plays competing at the festival that year. It was revised between 420 and 417BC and was thereafter circulated in manuscript form.

text: The

text: Clouds

text: Nephelai

text: is

text: Greek

text: comedy

text: play

text: written

text: by

text: the

text: celebrated

text: playwright

text: Aristophanes

text: lampooning

text: of

text: intellectual

text: fashions

text: in

text: classical

text: Athens

text: it

text: was

text: originally

text: produced

text: at

text: the

text: City

text: Dionysia

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: not

text: as

text: well

text: received

text: as

text: the

text: author

text: had

text: hoped

text: coming

text: last

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: plays

text: competing

text: at

text: the

text: festival

text: that

text: year

text: It

text: was

text: revised

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: was

text: thereafter

text: circulated

text: in

text: manuscript

text: form

text: Lysistrata (or ; Attic Greek: , "Army Disbander") is a comedy by Aristophanes. Originally performed in classical Athens in 411 BC, it is a comic account of one woman's extraordinary mission to end the Peloponnesian War. Lysistrata persuades the women of Greece to withhold sexual privileges from their husbands and lovers as a means of forcing the men to negotiate peacea strategy, however, that inflames the battle between the sexes. The play is notable for being an early exposé of sexual relations in a male-dominated society. Additionally, its dramatic structure represents a shift from the conventions of Old Comedy, a trend typical of the author's career. It was produced in the same year as the "Thesmophoriazusae", another play with a focus on gender-based issues, just two years after Athens' catastrophic defeat in the Sicilian Expedition.

text: Lysistrata

text: or

text: Attic

text: Greek

text: Army

text: Disbander

text: is

text: comedy

text: by

text: Aristophanes

text: Originally

text: performed

text: in

text: classical

text: Athens

text: in

text: BC

text: it

text: is

text: comic

text: account

text: of

text: one

text: woman

text: 's

text: extraordinary

text: mission

text: to

text: end

text: the

text: Peloponnesian

text: War

text: Lysistrata

text: persuades

text: the

text: women

text: of

text: Greece

text: to

text: withhold

text: sexual

text: privileges

text: from

text: their

text: husbands

text: and

text: lovers

text: as

text: means

text: of

text: forcing

text: the

text: men

text: to

text: negotiate

text: peacea

text: strategy

text: however

text: that

text: inflames

text: the

text: battle

text: between

text: the

text: sexes

text: The

text: play

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: being

text: an

text: early

text: exposé

text: of

text: sexual

text: relations

text: in

text: male

text: dominated

text: society

text: Additionally

text: its

text: dramatic

text: structure

text: represents

text: shift

text: from

text: the

text: conventions

text: of

text: Old

text: Comedy

text: trend

text: typical

text: of

text: the

text: author

text: 's

text: career

text: It

text: was

text: produced

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: as

text: the

text: Thesmophoriazusae

text: another

text: play

text: with

text: focus

text: on

text: gender

text: based

text: issues

text: just

text: two

text: years

text: after

text: Athens

text: catastrophic

text: defeat

text: in

text: the

text: Sicilian

text: Expedition

text: Old Comedy ("archaia") is the first period of the ancient Greek comedy, according to the canonical division by the Alexandrian grammarians. The most important Old Comic playwright is Aristophanes  whose works, with their daring political commentary and abundance of sexual innuendo, effectively define the genre today. Aristophanes satirized and lampooned the most prominent personalities and institutions of his time, as can be seen, for example, in his scurrilous portrayal of Socrates in "The Clouds", and in his racy anti-war farce "Lysistrata". Aristophanes was only one of a large number of comic poets, however, working in Athens in the late 5th century BC; his biggest rivals were Hermippus and Eupolis.

text: Old

text: Comedy

text: archaia

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: comedy

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: canonical

text: division

text: by

text: the

text: Alexandrian

text: grammarians

text: The

text: most

text: important

text: Old

text: Comic

text: playwright

text: is

text: Aristophanes

text: whose

text: works

text: with

text: their

text: daring

text: political

text: commentary

text: and

text: abundance

text: of

text: sexual

text: innuendo

text: effectively

text: define

text: the

text: genre

text: today

text: Aristophanes

text: satirized

text: and

text: lampooned

text: the

text: most

text: prominent

text: personalities

text: and

text: institutions

text: of

text: his

text: time

text: as

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: his

text: scurrilous

text: portrayal

text: of

text: Socrates

text: in

text: The

text: Clouds

text: and

text: in

text: his

text: racy

text: anti

text: war

text: farce

text: Lysistrata

text: Aristophanes

text: was

text: only

text: one

text: of

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: comic

text: poets

text: however

text: working

text: in

text: Athens

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: BC

text: his

text: biggest

text: rivals

text: were

text: Hermippus

text: and

text: Eupolis

text:
Hermippus (fl. 5th century BC) was the one-eyed Athenian writer of the Old Comedy who flourished during the Peloponnesian War.
Life.
He was the son of Lysis, and the brother of the comic poet Myrtilus. He was younger than Telecleides and older than Eupolis and Aristophanes. According to the Suda, he wrote forty plays, and his chief actor was Simeron, according to the scholiast of Aristophanes. The titles and fragments of nine of his plays are preserved. He was a bitter opponent of Pericles, whom he accused (probably in the "Moirai") of being a bully and a coward, and of carousing with his boon companions while the Lacedaemonians were invading Attica. He also accused Aspasia of impiety and offences against morality, and her acquittal was only secured by the tears of Pericles (Plutarch, "Pericles", 32). In the "Female Bread-Sellers", he attacked the demagogue Hyperbolus. The "Mat-Carriers" contains many parodies of Homer.

text: Hermippus

text: fl

text: century

text: BC

text: was

text: the

text: one

text: eyed

text: Athenian

text: writer

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: Comedy

text: who

text: flourished

text: during

text: the

text: Peloponnesian

text: War

text: Life

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Lysis

text: and

text: the

text: brother

text: of

text: the

text: comic

text: poet

text: Myrtilus

text: He

text: was

text: younger

text: than

text: Telecleides

text: and

text: older

text: than

text: Eupolis

text: and

text: Aristophanes

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Suda

text: he

text: wrote

text: forty

text: plays

text: and

text: his

text: chief

text: actor

text: was

text: Simeron

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: scholiast

text: of

text: Aristophanes

text: The

text: titles

text: and

text: fragments

text: of

text: nine

text: of

text: his

text: plays

text: are

text: preserved

text: He

text: was

text: bitter

text: opponent

text: of

text: Pericles

text: whom

text: he

text: accused

text: probably

text: in

text: the

text: Moirai

text: of

text: being

text: bully

text: and

text: coward

text: and

text: of

text: carousing

text: with

text: his

text: boon

text: companions

text: while

text: the

text: Lacedaemonians

text: were

text: invading

text: Attica

text: He

text: also

text: accused

text: Aspasia

text: of

text: impiety

text: and

text: offences

text: against

text: morality

text: and

text: her

text: acquittal

text: was

text: only

text: secured

text: by

text: the

text: tears

text: of

text: Pericles

text: Plutarch

text: Pericles

text: In

text: the

text: Female

text: Bread

text: Sellers

text: he

text: attacked

text: the

text: demagogue

text: Hyperbolus

text: The

text: Mat

text: Carriers

text: contains

text: many

text: parodies

text: of

text: Homer

text: Aristophanes (or  ; c. 446  c. 386 BC), son of Philippus, of the deme Kydathenaion, was a comic playwright of ancient Athens. Eleven of his forty plays survive virtually complete. These, together with fragments of some of his other plays, provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, and are used to define it.

text: Aristophanes

text: or

text: BC

text: son

text: of

text: Philippus

text: of

text: the

text: deme

text: Kydathenaion

text: was

text: comic

text: playwright

text: of

text: ancient

text: Athens

text: Eleven

text: of

text: his

text: forty

text: plays

text: survive

text: virtually

text: complete

text: These

text: together

text: with

text: fragments

text: of

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: other

text: plays

text: provide

text: the

text: only

text: real

text: examples

text: of

text: genre

text: of

text: comic

text: drama

text: known

text: as

text: Old

text: Comedy

text: and

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: define

text: it

text: Strattis ( Ancient Greek :  ) was an Athenian comic poet of the Old Comedy . According to the Suda , he flourished later than Callias Schoenion . Therefore , it is likely that his poetry was performed at the 92nd Olympiad , that is , 412 BC. Strattis was a contemporary of Sannyrion and Philyllius , both of whom were attacked in the extant fragments of his plays . The drama in which Philyllius was attacked was the Potamioi . According to the scholiast of Aristophanes , this drama was performed before Aristophanes ' Ecclesiazusae . Therefore , this could not be later than 394/3 BC. Also , in his Anthroporrhaistes , Strattis attacked Hegelochus , the actor of the Orestes of Euripides . Therefore this play would have been performed later than 408 BC , the year in which the Orestes was performed . Strattis was performing his works at the end of the 99th Olympiad , that is , 380 BC , when he attacked Isocrates on account of his fondness for Lagisca when he was far advanced in years . The Suda gives a list of his works : The Human Orestes (  ) Atalante (  ) Good Men or Disappearance of the Money (     ) Iphigeron (  ) Callippides (  ) Cinesias (  ) Limnomedon (  ) Macedonians or Pausanias (    ) Medea (  ) Troilus (  ) Phoenician Women (  ) Philoctetes (  ) Chrysippus (  ) Psychastae (  ) This list is not complete . Other writers mention four more plays : Zopyros Surrounded By Flames (   ) Myrmidons (  ) Potamioi (  ) Pytisos (  ) Some authors call him , inaccurately , Strato . Some scholars believed the comic poets Strato and Strattis to be the same person , but this idea is now considered by most classicists as to be incorrect .

text: Strattis

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: was

text: an

text: Athenian

text: comic

text: poet

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: Comedy

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Suda

text: he

text: flourished

text: later

text: than

text: Callias

text: Schoenion

text: Therefore

text: it

text: is

text: likely

text: that

text: his

text: poetry

text: was

text: performed

text: at

text: the

text: Olympiad

text: that

text: is

text: BC

text: Strattis

text: was

text: contemporary

text: of

text: Sannyrion

text: and

text: Philyllius

text: both

text: of

text: whom

text: were

text: attacked

text: in

text: the

text: extant

text: fragments

text: of

text: his

text: plays

text: The

text: drama

text: in

text: which

text: Philyllius

text: was

text: attacked

text: was

text: the

text: Potamioi

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: scholiast

text: of

text: Aristophanes

text: this

text: drama

text: was

text: performed

text: before

text: Aristophanes

text: Ecclesiazusae

text: Therefore

text: this

text: could

text: not

text: be

text: later

text: than

text: BC

text: Also

text: in

text: his

text: Anthroporrhaistes

text: Strattis

text: attacked

text: Hegelochus

text: the

text: actor

text: of

text: the

text: Orestes

text: of

text: Euripides

text: Therefore

text: this

text: play

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: performed

text: later

text: than

text: BC

text: the

text: year

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Orestes

text: was

text: performed

text: Strattis

text: was

text: performing

text: his

text: works

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Olympiad

text: that

text: is

text: BC

text: when

text: he

text: attacked

text: Isocrates

text: on

text: account

text: of

text: his

text: fondness

text: for

text: Lagisca

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: far

text: advanced

text: in

text: years

text: The

text: Suda

text: gives

text: list

text: of

text: his

text: works

text: The

text: Human

text: Orestes

text: Atalante

text: Good

text: Men

text: or

text: Disappearance

text: of

text: the

text: Money

text: Iphigeron

text: Callippides

text: Cinesias

text: Limnomedon

text: Macedonians

text: or

text: Pausanias

text: Medea

text: Troilus

text: Phoenician

text: Women

text: Philoctetes

text: Chrysippus

text: Psychastae

text: This

text: list

text: is

text: not

text: complete

text: Other

text: writers

text: mention

text: four

text: more

text: plays

text: Zopyros

text: Surrounded

text: By

text: Flames

text: Myrmidons

text: Potamioi

text: Pytisos

text: Some

text: authors

text: call

text: him

text: inaccurately

text: Strato

text: Some

text: scholars

text: believed

text: the

text: comic

text: poets

text: Strato

text: and

text: Strattis

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: same

text: person

text: but

text: this

text: idea

text: is

text: now

text: considered

text: by

text: most

text: classicists

text: as

text: to

text: be

text: incorrect

text: The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, Africa and Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism. Greek Science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism.

text: The

text: Hellenistic

text: period

text: covers

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: Hellenic

text: history

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: history

text: between

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: as

text: signified

text: by

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: subsequent

text: conquest

text: of

text: Ptolemaic

text: Egypt

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: At

text: this

text: time

text: Greek

text: cultural

text: influence

text: and

text: power

text: was

text: at

text: its

text: peak

text: in

text: Europe

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: experiencing

text: prosperity

text: and

text: progress

text: in

text: the

text: arts

text: exploration

text: literature

text: theatre

text: architecture

text: music

text: mathematics

text: philosophy

text: and

text: science

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: considered

text: period

text: of

text: transition

text: sometimes

text: even

text: of

text: decadence

text: or

text: degeneration

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: enlightenment

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: Classical

text: era

text: The

text: Hellenistic

text: period

text: saw

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: New

text: Comedy

text: Alexandrian

text: poetry

text: the

text: Septuagint

text: and

text: the

text: philosophies

text: of

text: Stoicism

text: and

text: Epicureanism

text: Greek

text: Science

text: was

text: advanced

text: by

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: the

text: mathematician

text: Euclid

text: and

text: the

text: polymath

text: Archimedes

text: The

text: religious

text: sphere

text: expanded

text: to

text: include

text: new

text: gods

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Greco

text: Egyptian

text: Serapis

text: eastern

text: deities

text: such

text: as

text: Attis

text: and

text: Cybele

text: and

text: the

text: Greek

text: adoption

text: of

text: Buddhism

text:
An Olympiad ("olympiás") is a period of four years associated with the Olympic Games of the Ancient Greeks. During the Hellenistic period, beginning with Ephorus, it was used as a calendar epoch.
By this reckoning, the first Olympiad lasted from the summer of 776 BC to that of 772 BC.
By extrapolation to the Gregorian calendar, the
1st year of the ((2017+779)/4 -.5)round 0th Olympiad begins in (Northern-Hemisphere) mid-summer 2017.

text: An

text: Olympiad

text: olympiás

text: is

text: period

text: of

text: four

text: years

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: of

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greeks

text: During

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: period

text: beginning

text: with

text: Ephorus

text: it

text: was

text: used

text: as

text: calendar

text: epoch

text: By

text: this

text: reckoning

text: the

text: first

text: Olympiad

text: lasted

text: from

text: the

text: summer

text: of

text: BC

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: BC

text: By

text: extrapolation

text: to

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: calendar

text: the

text: year

text: of

text: the

text: Olympiad

text: begins

text: in

text: Northern

text: Hemisphere

text: mid

text: summer

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

question: country_of_citizenship strattis

answer: classical athens

text: classical athens

text: classical athens


text: Tulsa Public Schools is an independent school district serving the Tulsa, Oklahoma area in Northeastern Oklahoma. It is the 2nd largest school district in Oklahoma. As of 2010 the district serves approximately 41,224 students, up slightly from 41,200 students from Kindergarten through Twelfth grade in 2006. It is governed by an elected school board.

text: Tulsa

text: Public

text: Schools

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: school

text: district

text: serving

text: the

text: Tulsa

text: Oklahoma

text: area

text: in

text: Northeastern

text: Oklahoma

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: school

text: district

text: in

text: Oklahoma

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: district

text: serves

text: approximately

text: students

text: up

text: slightly

text: from

text: students

text: from

text: Kindergarten

text: through

text: Twelfth

text: grade

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: an

text: elected

text: school

text: board

text: A school district is a form of special-purpose district which serves to operate local public primary and secondary schools, for formal academic or scholastic teaching, in various nations.

text: school

text: district

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: special

text: purpose

text: district

text: which

text: serves

text: to

text: operate

text: local

text: public

text: primary

text: and

text: secondary

text: schools

text: for

text: formal

text: academic

text: or

text: scholastic

text: teaching

text: in

text: various

text: nations

text: Memorial High School is one of eleven high schools in Tulsa Public Schools . The school also encompasses an engineering academy . Memorial includes fine arts offerings and offers several Advanced Placement Program courses . The school offers several foreign language classes ( Spanish , Latin , and French ) . Memorial Stadium is also where FC Tulsa plays its games .

text: Memorial

text: High

text: School

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: eleven

text: high

text: schools

text: in

text: Tulsa

text: Public

text: Schools

text: The

text: school

text: also

text: encompasses

text: an

text: engineering

text: academy

text: Memorial

text: includes

text: fine

text: arts

text: offerings

text: and

text: offers

text: several

text: Advanced

text: Placement

text: Program

text: courses

text: The

text: school

text: offers

text: several

text: foreign

text: language

text: classes

text: Spanish

text: Latin

text: and

text: French

text: Memorial

text: Stadium

text: is

text: also

text: where

text: FC

text: Tulsa

text: plays

text: its

text: games

text: Oklahoma (Cherokee: "Asgaya gigageyi" /  ; or transliterated from English as  ("òàlàhoma"), Pawnee: "Uukuhuúwa", Cayuga: "Gahnawiyogeh") is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words "okla" and "humma", meaning "red people". It is also known informally by its nickname, "The Sooner State", in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on the choicest pieces of land before the official opening date, and the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889, which opened the door for white settlement in America's Indian Territory. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged and Indian was dropped from the name. On November 16, 1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as "Oklahomans", or informally "Okies", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.

text: Oklahoma

text: Cherokee

text: Asgaya

text: gigageyi

text: or

text: transliterated

text: from

text: English

text: as

text: òàlàhoma

text: Pawnee

text: Uukuhuúwa

text: Cayuga

text: Gahnawiyogeh

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Central

text: United

text: States

text: Oklahoma

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: extensive

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: state

text: 's

text: name

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Choctaw

text: words

text: okla

text: and

text: humma

text: meaning

text: red

text: people

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: informally

text: by

text: its

text: nickname

text: The

text: Sooner

text: State

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: non

text: Native

text: settlers

text: who

text: staked

text: their

text: claims

text: on

text: the

text: choicest

text: pieces

text: of

text: land

text: before

text: the

text: official

text: opening

text: date

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Appropriations

text: Act

text: of

text: which

text: opened

text: the

text: door

text: for

text: white

text: settlement

text: in

text: America

text: 's

text: Indian

text: Territory

text: The

text: name

text: was

text: settled

text: upon

text: statehood

text: Oklahoma

text: Territory

text: and

text: Indian

text: Territory

text: were

text: merged

text: and

text: Indian

text: was

text: dropped

text: from

text: the

text: name

text: On

text: November

text: Oklahoma

text: became

text: the

text: state

text: to

text: enter

text: the

text: union

text: Its

text: residents

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: Oklahomans

text: or

text: informally

text: Okies

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Oklahoma

text: City

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity memorial high school

answer: oklahoma

text: oklahoma

text: oklahoma

text: oklahoma

text: oklahoma

text: oklahoma

text: oklahoma

text: oklahoma

text: oklahoma


text: A militia is generally an army or some other type of fighting unit that is composed of non-professional fighters, citizens of a nation or subjects of a state or government who can be called upon to enter a combat situation, as opposed to a professional force of regular, full-time military personnel, or historically, members of the warrior nobility class (e.g., knights or samurai). Unable to hold their own against properly trained and equipped professional forces, it is common for militias to engage in guerrilla warfare or defense instead of being used in open attacks and offensive actions.

text: militia

text: is

text: generally

text: an

text: army

text: or

text: some

text: other

text: type

text: of

text: fighting

text: unit

text: that

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: non

text: professional

text: fighters

text: citizens

text: of

text: nation

text: or

text: subjects

text: of

text: state

text: or

text: government

text: who

text: can

text: be

text: called

text: upon

text: to

text: enter

text: combat

text: situation

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: professional

text: force

text: of

text: regular

text: full

text: time

text: military

text: personnel

text: or

text: historically

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: warrior

text: nobility

text: class

text: e.g.

text: knights

text: or

text: samurai

text: Unable

text: to

text: hold

text: their

text: own

text: against

text: properly

text: trained

text: and

text: equipped

text: professional

text: forces

text: it

text: is

text: common

text: for

text: militias

text: to

text: engage

text: in

text: guerrilla

text: warfare

text: or

text: defense

text: instead

text: of

text: being

text: used

text: in

text: open

text: attacks

text: and

text: offensive

text: actions

text: The Barbary Wars was a series of conflicts that culminated in two wars fought at different times over the same reasons between the United States, Sweden, and the Barbary states (the "de jure" possessions of the Ottoman Empire, but "de facto" independent, Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli) of North Africa in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Swedes having been at war with the Tripolitans since 1800 were eventually joined by the Americans. At issue was the Barbary pirates' demand for tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. If ships of a given country failed to pay, pirates would attack the ship and take their goods, and often enslave crew members or hold them for ransom. When Thomas Jefferson became President he refused to pay tribute and sent a United States Naval fleet to the Mediterranean; they bombarded the various fortified pirate cities, ultimately extracting concessions of fair passage from their rulers. Both the administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison undertook actions against the Barbary States at different times. Jefferson led the first, from 1801 to 1805, against pirates' cities in what are today Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria. Madison directed forces for the second war in 1815.

text: The

text: Barbary

text: Wars

text: was

text: series

text: of

text: conflicts

text: that

text: culminated

text: in

text: two

text: wars

text: fought

text: at

text: different

text: times

text: over

text: the

text: same

text: reasons

text: between

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Sweden

text: and

text: the

text: Barbary

text: states

text: the

text: de

text: jure

text: possessions

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: but

text: de

text: facto

text: independent

text: Tunis

text: Algiers

text: and

text: Tripoli

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: The

text: Swedes

text: having

text: been

text: at

text: war

text: with

text: the

text: Tripolitans

text: since

text: were

text: eventually

text: joined

text: by

text: the

text: Americans

text: At

text: issue

text: was

text: the

text: Barbary

text: pirates

text: demand

text: for

text: tribute

text: from

text: American

text: merchant

text: vessels

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: If

text: ships

text: of

text: given

text: country

text: failed

text: to

text: pay

text: pirates

text: would

text: attack

text: the

text: ship

text: and

text: take

text: their

text: goods

text: and

text: often

text: enslave

text: crew

text: members

text: or

text: hold

text: them

text: for

text: ransom

text: When

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: became

text: President

text: he

text: refused

text: to

text: pay

text: tribute

text: and

text: sent

text: United

text: States

text: Naval

text: fleet

text: to

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: they

text: bombarded

text: the

text: various

text: fortified

text: pirate

text: cities

text: ultimately

text: extracting

text: concessions

text: of

text: fair

text: passage

text: from

text: their

text: rulers

text: Both

text: the

text: administrations

text: of

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: and

text: James

text: Madison

text: undertook

text: actions

text: against

text: the

text: Barbary

text: States

text: at

text: different

text: times

text: Jefferson

text: led

text: the

text: first

text: from

text: to

text: against

text: pirates

text: cities

text: in

text: what

text: are

text: today

text: Libya

text: Tunisia

text: and

text: Algeria

text: Madison

text: directed

text: forces

text: for

text: the

text: second

text: war

text: in

text: Thomas Macdonough , Jr. ( December 21 , 1783 -- November 10 , 1825 ) was an early - 19th - century American naval officer noted for his roles in the first Barbary War and the War of 1812 . He was the son of a revolutionary officer , Thomas Macdonough , Sr. who lived near Middletown , Delaware . He was the sixth child from a family of ten siblings and was raised in the countryside . He entered naval life at an early age , receiving a midshipman 's commission at the age of sixteen . Serving with Stephen Decatur at Tripoli , he was a member of `` Preble 's Boys '' , a select group of U.S. naval officers who served under the command of Commodore Preble during the First Barbary War . Macdonough achieved fame during the War of 1812 , commanding the American naval forces that defeated the British navy at the Battle of Lake Champlain , part of the larger Battle of Plattsburgh , which helped lead to an end to that war .

text: Thomas

text: Macdonough

text: Jr.

text: December

text: November

text: was

text: an

text: early

text: century

text: American

text: naval

text: officer

text: noted

text: for

text: his

text: roles

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: Barbary

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: revolutionary

text: officer

text: Thomas

text: Macdonough

text: Sr

text: who

text: lived

text: near

text: Middletown

text: Delaware

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: sixth

text: child

text: from

text: family

text: of

text: ten

text: siblings

text: and

text: was

text: raised

text: in

text: the

text: countryside

text: He

text: entered

text: naval

text: life

text: at

text: an

text: early

text: age

text: receiving

text: midshipman

text: 's

text: commission

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: sixteen

text: Serving

text: with

text: Stephen

text: Decatur

text: at

text: Tripoli

text: he

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: Preble

text: 's

text: Boys

text: select

text: group

text: of

text: U.S.

text: naval

text: officers

text: who

text: served

text: under

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: Commodore

text: Preble

text: during

text: the

text: First

text: Barbary

text: War

text: Macdonough

text: achieved

text: fame

text: during

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: commanding

text: the

text: American

text: naval

text: forces

text: that

text: defeated

text: the

text: British

text: navy

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Lake

text: Champlain

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: Battle

text: of

text: Plattsburgh

text: which

text: helped

text: lead

text: to

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: that

text: war

text: The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U.S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, with the highest combined battle fleet tonnage. The U.S. Navy has the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on active duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 aircraft in active service .

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: USN

text: is

text: the

text: naval

text: warfare

text: service

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: seven

text: uniformed

text: services

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: most

text: capable

text: navy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: combined

text: battle

text: fleet

text: tonnage

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: has

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: aircraft

text: carrier

text: fleet

text: with

text: ten

text: in

text: service

text: two

text: in

text: the

text: reserve

text: fleet

text: and

text: three

text: new

text: carriers

text: under

text: construction

text: The

text: service

text: has

text: personnel

text: on

text: active

text: duty

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Navy

text: Reserve

text: It

text: has

text: deployable

text: combat

text: vessels

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: aircraft

text: in

text: active

text: service

text: Thomas West, 3rd and 12th Baron De La Warr (9 July 1577  7 June 1618) was an English politician, for whom the bay, the river, and, consequently, a Native American people and U.S. state, all later called "Delaware", were named. "De La Warr" is pronounced "Delaware".

text: Thomas

text: West

text: and

text: Baron

text: De

text: La

text: Warr

text: July

text: June

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: politician

text: for

text: whom

text: the

text: bay

text: the

text: river

text: and

text: consequently

text: Native

text: American

text: people

text: and

text: U.S.

text: state

text: all

text: later

text: called

text: Delaware

text: were

text: named

text: De

text: La

text: Warr

text: is

text: pronounced

text: Delaware

text: Colonel (abbreviated Col., Col or COL and pronounced , similar to "kernel") is a senior military officer rank below the general officer ranks. However, in some small military forces, such as those of Iceland or the Vatican, colonel is the highest rank. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations.

text: Colonel

text: abbreviated

text: Col

text: Col

text: or

text: COL

text: and

text: pronounced

text: similar

text: to

text: kernel

text: is

text: senior

text: military

text: officer

text: rank

text: below

text: the

text: general

text: officer

text: ranks

text: However

text: in

text: some

text: small

text: military

text: forces

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: of

text: Iceland

text: or

text: the

text: Vatican

text: colonel

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: rank

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: some

text: police

text: forces

text: and

text: paramilitary

text: organizations

text: The War of 1812 was a military conflict that lasted from June 1812 to February 1815, fought between the United States of America and the United Kingdom, its North American colonies, and its Native American allies. Historians in the United States and Canada see it as a war in its own right, but the British often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars. By the war's end in early 1815, the key issues had been resolved and peace returned with no boundary changes.

text: The

text: War

text: of

text: was

text: military

text: conflict

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: June

text: to

text: February

text: fought

text: between

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: its

text: North

text: American

text: colonies

text: and

text: its

text: Native

text: American

text: allies

text: Historians

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Canada

text: see

text: it

text: as

text: war

text: in

text: its

text: own

text: right

text: but

text: the

text: British

text: often

text: see

text: it

text: as

text: minor

text: theatre

text: of

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: By

text: the

text: war

text: 's

text: end

text: in

text: early

text: the

text: key

text: issues

text: had

text: been

text: resolved

text: and

text: peace

text: returned

text: with

text: no

text: boundary

text: changes

text: A capital city (or simply capital) is the municipality exercising primary status in a country, state, province, or other region, usually as its seat of government. A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution. In some jurisdictions, including several countries, the different branches of government are located in different settlements. In some cases, a distinction is made between the official (constitutional) capital and the seat of government, which is in another place.

text: capital

text: city

text: or

text: simply

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: municipality

text: exercising

text: primary

text: status

text: in

text: country

text: state

text: province

text: or

text: other

text: region

text: usually

text: as

text: its

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: capital

text: is

text: typically

text: city

text: that

text: physically

text: encompasses

text: the

text: offices

text: and

text: meeting

text: places

text: of

text: its

text: respective

text: government

text: the

text: status

text: as

text: capital

text: is

text: often

text: designated

text: by

text: its

text: law

text: or

text: constitution

text: In

text: some

text: jurisdictions

text: including

text: several

text: countries

text: the

text: different

text: branches

text: of

text: government

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: different

text: settlements

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: distinction

text: is

text: made

text: between

text: the

text: official

text: constitutional

text: capital

text: and

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: which

text: is

text: in

text: another

text: place

text: The Battle of Plattsburgh, also known as the Battle of Lake Champlain, ended the final invasion of the northern states of the United States during the War of 1812. A British army under Lieutenant General Sir George Prévost and a naval squadron under Captain George Downie converged on the lakeside town of Plattsburgh, which was defended by New York and Vermont militia and detachments of regular troops of the United States Army, all under the command of Brigadier General Alexander Macomb, and ships commanded by Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough. Downie's squadron attacked shortly after dawn on 11 September 1814, but was defeated after a hard fight in which Downie was killed. Prévost then abandoned the attack by land against Macomb's defences and retreated to Canada, stating that even if Plattsburgh was captured, any British troops there could not be supplied without control of the lake.

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Plattsburgh

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Lake

text: Champlain

text: ended

text: the

text: final

text: invasion

text: of

text: the

text: northern

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: during

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: British

text: army

text: under

text: Lieutenant

text: General

text: Sir

text: George

text: Prévost

text: and

text: naval

text: squadron

text: under

text: Captain

text: George

text: Downie

text: converged

text: on

text: the

text: lakeside

text: town

text: of

text: Plattsburgh

text: which

text: was

text: defended

text: by

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: Vermont

text: militia

text: and

text: detachments

text: of

text: regular

text: troops

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: all

text: under

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: Brigadier

text: General

text: Alexander

text: Macomb

text: and

text: ships

text: commanded

text: by

text: Master

text: Commandant

text: Thomas

text: Macdonough

text: Downie

text: 's

text: squadron

text: attacked

text: shortly

text: after

text: dawn

text: on

text: September

text: but

text: was

text: defeated

text: after

text: hard

text: fight

text: in

text: which

text: Downie

text: was

text: killed

text: Prévost

text: then

text: abandoned

text: the

text: attack

text: by

text: land

text: against

text: Macomb

text: 's

text: defences

text: and

text: retreated

text: to

text: Canada

text: stating

text: that

text: even

text: if

text: Plattsburgh

text: was

text: captured

text: any

text: British

text: troops

text: there

text: could

text: not

text: be

text: supplied

text: without

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: lake

text: The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, primarily led and financed by the United Kingdom. The wars resulted from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and the Revolutionary Wars, which had raged on for years before concluding with the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. The resumption of hostilities the following year paved the way for more than a decade of constant warfare often categorized into five conflicts: the War of the Third Coalition (1805), the War of the Fourth Coalition (1806-7), the War of the Fifth Coalition (1809), the War of the Sixth Coalition (1813), and the War of the Seventh Coalition (1815). The Napoleonic Wars had profound consequences for global and European history, leading to the spread of nationalism and liberalism, the rise of the British Empire as the world's premier power, the independence movements in Latin America and the collapse of the Spanish Empire, the fundamental reorganization of German and Italian territories into larger states, and the establishment of radically new methods in warfare.

text: The

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: were

text: series

text: of

text: major

text: conflicts

text: pitting

text: the

text: French

text: Empire

text: and

text: its

text: allies

text: led

text: by

text: Napoleon

text: against

text: fluctuating

text: array

text: of

text: European

text: powers

text: formed

text: into

text: various

text: coalitions

text: primarily

text: led

text: and

text: financed

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: wars

text: resulted

text: from

text: the

text: unresolved

text: disputes

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: and

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: Wars

text: which

text: had

text: raged

text: on

text: for

text: years

text: before

text: concluding

text: with

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Amiens

text: in

text: The

text: resumption

text: of

text: hostilities

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: paved

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: decade

text: of

text: constant

text: warfare

text: often

text: categorized

text: into

text: five

text: conflicts

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Third

text: Coalition

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Fourth

text: Coalition

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Fifth

text: Coalition

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Sixth

text: Coalition

text: and

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Seventh

text: Coalition

text: The

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: had

text: profound

text: consequences

text: for

text: global

text: and

text: European

text: history

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: nationalism

text: and

text: liberalism

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: premier

text: power

text: the

text: independence

text: movements

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Empire

text: the

text: fundamental

text: reorganization

text: of

text: German

text: and

text: Italian

text: territories

text: into

text: larger

text: states

text: and

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: radically

text: new

text: methods

text: in

text: warfare

text: Officer Cadet is a rank held by military cadets during their training to become commissioned officers. In the United Kingdom, the rank is also used by members of University Royal Naval Units, University Officer Training Corps and University Air Squadron.

text: Officer

text: Cadet

text: is

text: rank

text: held

text: by

text: military

text: cadets

text: during

text: their

text: training

text: to

text: become

text: commissioned

text: officers

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: rank

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: by

text: members

text: of

text: University

text: Royal

text: Naval

text: Units

text: University

text: Officer

text: Training

text: Corps

text: and

text: University

text: Air

text: Squadron

text: George Downie (19 January 1778  11 September 1814) was a Scottish officer of the British Royal Navy who, during the War of 1812, commanded a British squadron which fought an American squadron on Lake Champlain in the Battle of Plattsburgh, during which he was killed.

text: George

text: Downie

text: January

text: September

text: was

text: Scottish

text: officer

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: who

text: during

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: commanded

text: British

text: squadron

text: which

text: fought

text: an

text: American

text: squadron

text: on

text: Lake

text: Champlain

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Plattsburgh

text: during

text: which

text: he

text: was

text: killed

text: A lake is an area of variable size filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, and therefore are distinct from lagoons, and are also larger and deeper than ponds, though there are no official or scientific definitions. Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams.

text: lake

text: is

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: variable

text: size

text: filled

text: with

text: water

text: localized

text: in

text: basin

text: that

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: land

text: apart

text: from

text: any

text: river

text: or

text: other

text: outlet

text: that

text: serves

text: to

text: feed

text: or

text: drain

text: the

text: lake

text: Lakes

text: lie

text: on

text: land

text: and

text: are

text: not

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: ocean

text: and

text: therefore

text: are

text: distinct

text: from

text: lagoons

text: and

text: are

text: also

text: larger

text: and

text: deeper

text: than

text: ponds

text: though

text: there

text: are

text: no

text: official

text: or

text: scientific

text: definitions

text: Lakes

text: can

text: be

text: contrasted

text: with

text: rivers

text: or

text: streams

text: which

text: are

text: usually

text: flowing

text: Most

text: lakes

text: are

text: fed

text: and

text: drained

text: by

text: rivers

text: and

text: streams

text: Lake Champlain (French: "Lac Champlain") is a natural freshwater lake in North America, mainly within the borders of the United States (states of Vermont and New York) but partially situated across the CanadaU.S. border in the Canadian province of Quebec.

text: Lake

text: Champlain

text: French

text: Lac

text: Champlain

text: is

text: natural

text: freshwater

text: lake

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: mainly

text: within

text: the

text: borders

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: states

text: of

text: Vermont

text: and

text: New

text: York

text: but

text: partially

text: situated

text: across

text: the

text: CanadaU.S.

text: border

text: in

text: the

text: Canadian

text: province

text: of

text: Quebec

text: Quebec (pronounced or ) is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language.

text: Quebec

text: pronounced

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: province

text: of

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: to

text: have

text: predominantly

text: French

text: speaking

text: population

text: with

text: French

text: as

text: the

text: sole

text: provincial

text: official

text: language

text: A midshipman is an officer cadet or a commissioned officer candidate of the junior-most rank, in the Royal Navy, United States Navy, and many Commonwealth navies. Commonwealth countries which use the rank include Canada, Australia, Bangladesh, Namibia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Kenya.

text: midshipman

text: is

text: an

text: officer

text: cadet

text: or

text: commissioned

text: officer

text: candidate

text: of

text: the

text: junior

text: most

text: rank

text: in

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: and

text: many

text: Commonwealth

text: navies

text: Commonwealth

text: countries

text: which

text: use

text: the

text: rank

text: include

text: Canada

text: Australia

text: Bangladesh

text: Namibia

text: New

text: Zealand

text: South

text: Africa

text: India

text: Pakistan

text: Singapore

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: Kenya

text: Middletown is a town in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. According to the 2010 Census, the population of the town is 18,710.

text: Middletown

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: New

text: Castle

text: County

text: Delaware

text: United

text: States

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Census

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: town

text: is

text: Thomas Jefferson (April 13 [O.S. April 2] 1743  July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Prior thereto, he was elected the second Vice President of the United States, serving under John Adams from 1797 to 1801. A proponent of democracy, republicanism, and individual rights motivating American colonists to break from Great Britain and form a new nation, he produced formative documents and decisions at both the state and national level.

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: April

text: O.S.

text: April

text: July

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: Founding

text: Father

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: principal

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: Declaration

text: of

text: Independence

text: and

text: later

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: third

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: from

text: to

text: Prior

text: thereto

text: he

text: was

text: elected

text: the

text: second

text: Vice

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: serving

text: under

text: John

text: Adams

text: from

text: to

text: proponent

text: of

text: democracy

text: republicanism

text: and

text: individual

text: rights

text: motivating

text: American

text: colonists

text: to

text: break

text: from

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: form

text: new

text: nation

text: he

text: produced

text: formative

text: documents

text: and

text: decisions

text: at

text: both

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: national

text: level

text: Delaware is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic and/or Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland, to the northeast by New Jersey, and to the north by Pennsylvania. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor.

text: Delaware

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Mid

text: Atlantic

text: and/or

text: Northeastern

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: west

text: by

text: Maryland

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: by

text: New

text: Jersey

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: Pennsylvania

text: The

text: state

text: takes

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: Thomas

text: West

text: Baron

text: De

text: La

text: Warr

text: an

text: English

text: nobleman

text: and

text: Virginia

text: 's

text: first

text: colonial

text: governor

text: The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (17751783)before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775.

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: USA

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: and

text: performs

text: land

text: based

text: military

text: operations

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: seven

text: uniformed

text: services

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: is

text: designated

text: as

text: the

text: Army

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Constitution

text: Article

text: Section

text: Clause

text: and

text: United

text: States

text: Code

text: Title

text: Subtitle

text: Chapter

text: Section

text: As

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: senior

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: military

text: the

text: modern

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: has

text: its

text: roots

text: in

text: the

text: Continental

text: Army

text: which

text: was

text: formed

text: June

text: to

text: fight

text: the

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: the

text: U.S.

text: was

text: established

text: as

text: country

text: After

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: the

text: Confederation

text: created

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: on

text: June

text: to

text: replace

text: the

text: disbanded

text: Continental

text: Army

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: considers

text: itself

text: descended

text: from

text: the

text: Continental

text: Army

text: and

text: dates

text: its

text: institutional

text: inception

text: from

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: that

text: armed

text: force

text: in

text:
Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi (20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi, was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. He was initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, but he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism.
Born near Sirte, Gaddafi was the son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder. He became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, later enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. He founded a revolutionary cell within the military; in 1969, they seized power from the monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Gaddafi became Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC); he then abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic, ruling by decree. He implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments, particularly Gamal Abdel Nasser's Egypt. He was intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", introducing "sharia" as the basis for the legal system and nationalising the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs, and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973, he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in "The Green Book".
In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state called the "Jamahiriya" ("state of the masses"), officially adopting a symbolic role in governance. He retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents. He oversaw unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, and his support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya's label of "international pariah". A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions. Gaddafi rejected his earlier ideological commitments and encouraged economic privatisation from 1999, seeking rapprochement with Western nations while also embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 200910. Amid the Arab Spring in 2011, an anti-Gaddafist uprising broke out in eastern Libya, led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) and resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC, bringing about the government's downfall. Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants.
Gaddafi dominated Libya's politics for four decades and was the subject of a pervasive cult of personality. A controversial and highly divisive world figure, he was decorated with various awards and lauded for both his anti-imperialist stance and his support for Pan-Africanism and Pan-Arabism. Conversely, he was internationally condemned as a dictator and autocrat whose authoritarian administration violated the human rights of Libyan citizens and supported irredentist movements, tribal warfare, and terrorism in many other nations.

text: Muammar

text: Mohammed

text: Abu

text: Minyar

text: Gaddafi

text: October

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Colonel

text: Gaddafi

text: was

text: Libyan

text: revolutionary

text: politician

text: and

text: political

text: theorist

text: He

text: governed

text: Libya

text: as

text: Revolutionary

text: Chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Libyan

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: then

text: as

text: the

text: Brotherly

text: Leader

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Socialist

text: People

text: 's

text: Libyan

text: Arab

text: Jamahiriya

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: was

text: initially

text: ideologically

text: committed

text: to

text: Arab

text: nationalism

text: and

text: Arab

text: socialism

text: but

text: he

text: came

text: to

text: rule

text: according

text: to

text: his

text: own

text: Third

text: International

text: Theory

text: before

text: embracing

text: Pan

text: Africanism

text: Born

text: near

text: Sirte

text: Gaddafi

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: an

text: impoverished

text: Bedouin

text: goat

text: herder

text: He

text: became

text: involved

text: in

text: politics

text: while

text: at

text: school

text: in

text: Sabha

text: later

text: enrolling

text: in

text: the

text: Royal

text: Military

text: Academy

text: Benghazi

text: He

text: founded

text: revolutionary

text: cell

text: within

text: the

text: military

text: in

text: they

text: seized

text: power

text: from

text: the

text: monarchy

text: of

text: King

text: Idris

text: in

text: bloodless

text: coup

text: Gaddafi

text: became

text: Chairman

text: of

text: the

text: governing

text: Revolutionary

text: Command

text: Council

text: RCC

text: he

text: then

text: abolished

text: the

text: monarchy

text: and

text: proclaimed

text: the

text: Republic

text: ruling

text: by

text: decree

text: He

text: implemented

text: measures

text: to

text: remove

text: what

text: he

text: viewed

text: as

text: foreign

text: imperialist

text: influence

text: from

text: Libya

text: and

text: strengthened

text: ties

text: to

text: Arab

text: nationalist

text: governments

text: particularly

text: Gamal

text: Abdel

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: Egypt

text: He

text: was

text: intent

text: on

text: pushing

text: Libya

text: towards

text: Islamic

text: socialism

text: introducing

text: sharia

text: as

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: legal

text: system

text: and

text: nationalising

text: the

text: oil

text: industry

text: using

text: the

text: increased

text: revenues

text: to

text: bolster

text: the

text: military

text: implement

text: social

text: programs

text: and

text: fund

text: revolutionary

text: militants

text: across

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: he

text: initiated

text: Popular

text: Revolution

text: with

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: General

text: People

text: 's

text: Committees

text: GPCs

text: purported

text: to

text: be

text: system

text: of

text: direct

text: democracy

text: but

text: retained

text: personal

text: control

text: over

text: major

text: decisions

text: He

text: outlined

text: his

text: Third

text: International

text: Theory

text: that

text: year

text: publishing

text: these

text: ideas

text: in

text: The

text: Green

text: Book

text: In

text: Gaddafi

text: dissolved

text: the

text: Republic

text: and

text: created

text: new

text: socialist

text: state

text: called

text: the

text: Jamahiriya

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: masses

text: officially

text: adopting

text: symbolic

text: role

text: in

text: governance

text: He

text: retained

text: power

text: as

text: military

text: commander

text: in

text: chief

text: and

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: Committees

text: responsible

text: for

text: policing

text: and

text: suppressing

text: opponents

text: He

text: oversaw

text: unsuccessful

text: border

text: conflicts

text: with

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Chad

text: and

text: his

text: support

text: for

text: foreign

text: militants

text: and

text: alleged

text: responsibility

text: for

text: the

text: Lockerbie

text: bombing

text: led

text: to

text: Libya

text: 's

text: label

text: of

text: international

text: pariah

text: particularly

text: hostile

text: relationship

text: developed

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: bombing

text: of

text: Libya

text: and

text: United

text: Nations

text: imposed

text: economic

text: sanctions

text: Gaddafi

text: rejected

text: his

text: earlier

text: ideological

text: commitments

text: and

text: encouraged

text: economic

text: privatisation

text: from

text: seeking

text: rapprochement

text: with

text: Western

text: nations

text: while

text: also

text: embracing

text: Pan

text: Africanism

text: and

text: serving

text: as

text: Chairperson

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: from

text: Amid

text: the

text: Arab

text: Spring

text: in

text: an

text: anti

text: Gaddafist

text: uprising

text: broke

text: out

text: in

text: eastern

text: Libya

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Transitional

text: Council

text: NTC

text: and

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: Libyan

text: Civil

text: War

text: NATO

text: intervened

text: militarily

text: on

text: the

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: NTC

text: bringing

text: about

text: the

text: government

text: 's

text: downfall

text: Retreating

text: to

text: Sirte

text: Gaddafi

text: was

text: captured

text: and

text: killed

text: by

text: NTC

text: militants

text: Gaddafi

text: dominated

text: Libya

text: 's

text: politics

text: for

text: four

text: decades

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: pervasive

text: cult

text: of

text: personality

text: controversial

text: and

text: highly

text: divisive

text: world

text: figure

text: he

text: was

text: decorated

text: with

text: various

text: awards

text: and

text: lauded

text: for

text: both

text: his

text: anti

text: imperialist

text: stance

text: and

text: his

text: support

text: for

text: Pan

text: Africanism

text: and

text: Pan

text: Arabism

text: Conversely

text: he

text: was

text: internationally

text: condemned

text: as

text: dictator

text: and

text: autocrat

text: whose

text: authoritarian

text: administration

text: violated

text: the

text: human

text: rights

text: of

text: Libyan

text: citizens

text: and

text: supported

text: irredentist

text: movements

text: tribal

text: warfare

text: and

text: terrorism

text: in

text: many

text: other

text: nations

text:
Tripoli (; Berber: "rables") is the capital city and the largest city of Libya. Tripoli, with its metropolitan area, has a population of about 1.1 million people. The city is located in the northwestern part of Libya on the edge of the desert, on a point of rocky land projecting into the Mediterranean and forming a bay.
Tripoli includes the Port of Tripoli and the country's largest commercial and manufacturing centre. It is also the site of the University of Tripoli. The vast Bab al-Azizia barracks, which includes the former family estate of Muammar Gaddafi, is also located in the city. Colonel Gaddafi largely ruled the country from his residence in this barracks.

text: Tripoli

text: Berber

text: rables

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Libya

text: Tripoli

text: with

text: its

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: northwestern

text: part

text: of

text: Libya

text: on

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: desert

text: on

text: point

text: of

text: rocky

text: land

text: projecting

text: into

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: and

text: forming

text: bay

text: Tripoli

text: includes

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: Tripoli

text: and

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: commercial

text: and

text: manufacturing

text: centre

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Tripoli

text: The

text: vast

text: Bab

text: al

text: Azizia

text: barracks

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: former

text: family

text: estate

text: of

text: Muammar

text: Gaddafi

text: is

text: also

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: Colonel

text: Gaddafi

text: largely

text: ruled

text: the

text: country

text: from

text: his

text: residence

text: in

text: this

text: barracks

text: A barrack or barracks is a building or group of buildings built to house soldiers. The English word comes via French from an old Catalan word "barraca" (hut), originally referring to temporary shelters or huts for various people and animals, but today barracks are usually permanent buildings for military accommodation. The word may apply to separate housing blocks or to complete complexes, and the plural form often refers to a single structure and may be singular in construction.

text: barrack

text: or

text: barracks

text: is

text: building

text: or

text: group

text: of

text: buildings

text: built

text: to

text: house

text: soldiers

text: The

text: English

text: word

text: comes

text: via

text: French

text: from

text: an

text: old

text: Catalan

text: word

text: barraca

text: hut

text: originally

text: referring

text: to

text: temporary

text: shelters

text: or

text: huts

text: for

text: various

text: people

text: and

text: animals

text: but

text: today

text: barracks

text: are

text: usually

text: permanent

text: buildings

text: for

text: military

text: accommodation

text: The

text: word

text: may

text: apply

text: to

text: separate

text: housing

text: blocks

text: or

text: to

text: complete

text: complexes

text: and

text: the

text: plural

text: form

text: often

text: refers

text: to

text: single

text: structure

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: singular

text: in

text: construction

text: The First Barbary War (18011805), also known as the Tripolitanian War and the Barbary Coast War, was the first of two Barbary Wars between the United States, Sweden and the four North African states known collectively as the "Barbary States". Three of these were nominal provinces of the Ottoman Empire, but in practice autonomous: Tripoli, Algiers, and Tunis. The fourth was the independent Sultanate of Morocco. The cause of the war was pirates from the Barbary States seizing American merchant ships and holding the crews for ransom, demanding the U.S. pay tribute to the Barbary rulers. United States President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay this tribute, in addition the Swedes had been at war with the Tripolitans since 1800.

text: The

text: First

text: Barbary

text: War

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Tripolitanian

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: Barbary

text: Coast

text: War

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: two

text: Barbary

text: Wars

text: between

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Sweden

text: and

text: the

text: four

text: North

text: African

text: states

text: known

text: collectively

text: as

text: the

text: Barbary

text: States

text: Three

text: of

text: these

text: were

text: nominal

text: provinces

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: but

text: in

text: practice

text: autonomous

text: Tripoli

text: Algiers

text: and

text: Tunis

text: The

text: fourth

text: was

text: the

text: independent

text: Sultanate

text: of

text: Morocco

text: The

text: cause

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: was

text: pirates

text: from

text: the

text: Barbary

text: States

text: seizing

text: American

text: merchant

text: ships

text: and

text: holding

text: the

text: crews

text: for

text: ransom

text: demanding

text: the

text: U.S.

text: pay

text: tribute

text: to

text: the

text: Barbary

text: rulers

text: United

text: States

text: President

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: refused

text: to

text: pay

text: this

text: tribute

text: in

text: addition

text: the

text: Swedes

text: had

text: been

text: at

text: war

text: with

text: the

text: Tripolitans

text: since

text: Napoleon Bonaparte ("Napoléon Bonaparte";  , born ""Napoleone di Buonaparte""; 15 August 1769  5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. One of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy has ensured his status as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history.

text: Napoleon

text: Bonaparte

text: Napoléon

text: Bonaparte

text: born

text: Napoleone

text: di

text: Buonaparte

text: August

text: May

text: was

text: French

text: military

text: and

text: political

text: leader

text: who

text: rose

text: to

text: prominence

text: during

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: and

text: led

text: several

text: successful

text: campaigns

text: during

text: the

text: French

text: Revolutionary

text: Wars

text: As

text: Napoleon

text: he

text: was

text: Emperor

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: from

text: until

text: and

text: again

text: in

text: Napoleon

text: dominated

text: European

text: and

text: global

text: affairs

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: decade

text: while

text: leading

text: France

text: against

text: series

text: of

text: coalitions

text: in

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: He

text: won

text: most

text: of

text: these

text: wars

text: and

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: his

text: battles

text: building

text: large

text: empire

text: that

text: ruled

text: over

text: continental

text: Europe

text: before

text: its

text: final

text: collapse

text: in

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: commanders

text: in

text: history

text: his

text: wars

text: and

text: campaigns

text: are

text: studied

text: at

text: military

text: schools

text: worldwide

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: legacy

text: has

text: ensured

text: his

text: status

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: celebrated

text: and

text: controversial

text: leaders

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: The Ottoman Empire ('; Modern Turkish: ' or '), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey, was an empire founded at the end of the thirteenth century in northwestern Anatolia in the vicinity of Bilecik and Söüt by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: Modern

text: Turkish

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Empire

text: Ottoman

text: Turkey

text: was

text: an

text: empire

text: founded

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: thirteenth

text: century

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Anatolia

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Bilecik

text: and

text: Söüt

text: by

text: the

text: Oghuz

text: Turkish

text: tribal

text: leader

text: Osman

text: After

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: crossed

text: into

text: Europe

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Balkans

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Beylik

text: was

text: transformed

text: into

text: transcontinental

text: empire

text: The

text: Ottomans

text: ended

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: with

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: by

text: Mehmed

text: the

text: Conqueror

text: Lieutenant-General Sir George Prévost, 1st Baronet (19 May 1767  5 January 1816) was a British Army officer and colonial administrator. Prévost wrongfully became known as the "defender of Canada" for his alleged leadership during the War of 1812. See "Letters of Veritas" as written by various high ranking officials of the time. Born in Hackensack, New Jersey, the eldest son of Swiss French Augustine Prévost, he joined the British Army as a youth and became a captain in 1784. Prévost served in the West Indies during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars, and was commander of St. Vincent from 1794 to 1796. He became Lieutenant-Governor of Saint Lucia from 1798 to 1802 and Governor of Dominica from 1802 to 1805. He is best known to history for serving as both the civilian Governor General and the military Commander in Chief in British North America (now part of Canada) during the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States of America. See letters of Veritas by Sewell take note of allegations of treason around p 84. Many concrete examples of questionnable activities, and described as a coward with no honor on p.120. Comments were made in writing by multiple high ranking military personnel

text: Lieutenant

text: General

text: Sir

text: George

text: Prévost

text: Baronet

text: May

text: January

text: was

text: British

text: Army

text: officer

text: and

text: colonial

text: administrator

text: Prévost

text: wrongfully

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: defender

text: of

text: Canada

text: for

text: his

text: alleged

text: leadership

text: during

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: See

text: Letters

text: of

text: Veritas

text: as

text: written

text: by

text: various

text: high

text: ranking

text: officials

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: Born

text: in

text: Hackensack

text: New

text: Jersey

text: the

text: eldest

text: son

text: of

text: Swiss

text: French

text: Augustine

text: Prévost

text: he

text: joined

text: the

text: British

text: Army

text: as

text: youth

text: and

text: became

text: captain

text: in

text: Prévost

text: served

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: Indies

text: during

text: the

text: French

text: Revolutionary

text: Wars

text: and

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: and

text: was

text: commander

text: of

text: St.

text: Vincent

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: became

text: Lieutenant

text: Governor

text: of

text: Saint

text: Lucia

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: Governor

text: of

text: Dominica

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: to

text: history

text: for

text: serving

text: as

text: both

text: the

text: civilian

text: Governor

text: General

text: and

text: the

text: military

text: Commander

text: in

text: Chief

text: in

text: British

text: North

text: America

text: now

text: part

text: of

text: Canada

text: during

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: between

text: Britain

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: See

text: letters

text: of

text: Veritas

text: by

text: Sewell

text: take

text: note

text: of

text: allegations

text: of

text: treason

text: around

text: Many

text: concrete

text: examples

text: of

text: questionnable

text: activities

text: and

text: described

text: as

text: coward

text: with

text: no

text: honor

text: on

text: Comments

text: were

text: made

text: in

text: writing

text: by

text: multiple

text: high

text: ranking

text: military

text: personnel

text: A tribute (from Latin "tributum", contribution) is wealth, often in kind, that a party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often the case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance. Various ancient states exacted tribute from the rulers of land which the state conquered or otherwise threatened to conquer. In case of alliances, lesser parties may pay tribute to more powerful parties as a sign of allegiance and often in order to finance projects that benefited both parties. To be called "tribute" a recognition by the payer of political submission to the payee is normally required; the large sums, essentially protection money, paid by the later Roman and Byzantine Empires to barbarian peoples to prevent them attacking imperial territory, would not usually be termed "tribute" as the Empire accepted no inferior political position. Payments "by" a superior political entity to an inferior one, made for various purposes, are described by terms including "subsidy".

text: tribute

text: from

text: Latin

text: tributum

text: contribution

text: is

text: wealth

text: often

text: in

text: kind

text: that

text: party

text: gives

text: to

text: another

text: as

text: sign

text: of

text: respect

text: or

text: as

text: was

text: often

text: the

text: case

text: in

text: historical

text: contexts

text: of

text: submission

text: or

text: allegiance

text: Various

text: ancient

text: states

text: exacted

text: tribute

text: from

text: the

text: rulers

text: of

text: land

text: which

text: the

text: state

text: conquered

text: or

text: otherwise

text: threatened

text: to

text: conquer

text: In

text: case

text: of

text: alliances

text: lesser

text: parties

text: may

text: pay

text: tribute

text: to

text: more

text: powerful

text: parties

text: as

text: sign

text: of

text: allegiance

text: and

text: often

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: finance

text: projects

text: that

text: benefited

text: both

text: parties

text: To

text: be

text: called

text: tribute

text: recognition

text: by

text: the

text: payer

text: of

text: political

text: submission

text: to

text: the

text: payee

text: is

text: normally

text: required

text: the

text: large

text: sums

text: essentially

text: protection

text: money

text: paid

text: by

text: the

text: later

text: Roman

text: and

text: Byzantine

text: Empires

text: to

text: barbarian

text: peoples

text: to

text: prevent

text: them

text: attacking

text: imperial

text: territory

text: would

text: not

text: usually

text: be

text: termed

text: tribute

text: as

text: the

text: Empire

text: accepted

text: no

text: inferior

text: political

text: position

text: Payments

text: by

text: superior

text: political

text: entity

text: to

text: an

text: inferior

text: one

text: made

text: for

text: various

text: purposes

text: are

text: described

text: by

text: terms

text: including

text: subsidy

text: The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years War against the kingdom of France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is known as the Senior Service.

text: The

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: RN

text: is

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: naval

text: warfare

text: force

text: Although

text: warships

text: were

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: English

text: kings

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: medieval

text: period

text: the

text: first

text: major

text: maritime

text: engagements

text: were

text: fought

text: in

text: the

text: Hundred

text: Years

text: War

text: against

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: France

text: The

text: modern

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: traces

text: its

text: origins

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: the

text: oldest

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: armed

text: services

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Senior

text: Service

question: occupation thomas macdonough

answer: military personnel

text: military personnel

text: military personnel