text: The Soviet space program comprised the rocketry and space exploration programs conducted by the former Soviet Union (USSR) from the 1930s until its dissolution in 1991. Over its sixty-year history, this primarily classified military program was responsible for a number of pioneering accomplishments in space flight, including the first intercontinental ballistic missile (R-7), first satellite (Sputnik 1), first animal in Earth orbit (the dog Laika on Sputnik 2), first human in space and Earth orbit (cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1), first woman in space and Earth orbit (cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova on Vostok 6), first spacewalk (cosmonaut Alexey Leonov on Voskhod 2), first Moon impact (Luna 2), first image of the far side of the moon (Luna 3) and unmanned lunar soft landing (Luna 9), first space rover (Lunokhod 1), first sample of lunar soil automatically extracted and brought to Earth (Luna 16), and first space station (Salyut 1). Further notable records included the first interplanetary probes: Venera 1 and Mars 1 to fly by Venus and Mars, respectively, Venera 3 and Mars 2 to impact the respective planet surface, and Venera 7 and Mars 3 to make soft landings on these planets.

text: The

text: Soviet

text: space

text: program

text: comprised

text: the

text: rocketry

text: and

text: space

text: exploration

text: programs

text: conducted

text: by

text: the

text: former

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: USSR

text: from

text: the

text: until

text: its

text: dissolution

text: in

text: Over

text: its

text: sixty

text: year

text: history

text: this

text: primarily

text: classified

text: military

text: program

text: was

text: responsible

text: for

text: number

text: of

text: pioneering

text: accomplishments

text: in

text: space

text: flight

text: including

text: the

text: first

text: intercontinental

text: ballistic

text: missile

text: first

text: satellite

text: Sputnik

text: first

text: animal

text: in

text: Earth

text: orbit

text: the

text: dog

text: Laika

text: on

text: Sputnik

text: first

text: human

text: in

text: space

text: and

text: Earth

text: orbit

text: cosmonaut

text: Yuri

text: Gagarin

text: on

text: Vostok

text: first

text: woman

text: in

text: space

text: and

text: Earth

text: orbit

text: cosmonaut

text: Valentina

text: Tereshkova

text: on

text: Vostok

text: first

text: spacewalk

text: cosmonaut

text: Alexey

text: Leonov

text: on

text: Voskhod

text: first

text: Moon

text: impact

text: Luna

text: first

text: image

text: of

text: the

text: far

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: moon

text: Luna

text: and

text: unmanned

text: lunar

text: soft

text: landing

text: Luna

text: first

text: space

text: rover

text: Lunokhod

text: first

text: sample

text: of

text: lunar

text: soil

text: automatically

text: extracted

text: and

text: brought

text: to

text: Earth

text: Luna

text: and

text: first

text: space

text: station

text: Salyut

text: Further

text: notable

text: records

text: included

text: the

text: first

text: interplanetary

text: probes

text: Venera

text: and

text: Mars

text: to

text: fly

text: by

text: Venus

text: and

text: Mars

text: respectively

text: Venera

text: and

text: Mars

text: to

text: impact

text: the

text: respective

text: planet

text: surface

text: and

text: Venera

text: and

text: Mars

text: to

text: make

text: soft

text: landings

text: on

text: these

text: planets

text: The October Revolution, officially known in the Soviet literature as the Great October Socialist Revolution , and commonly referred to as Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution, was a seizure of state power instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917. It took place with an armed insurrection in Petrograd on 25 October (7 November, New Style) 1917.

text: The

text: October

text: Revolution

text: officially

text: known

text: in

text: the

text: Soviet

text: literature

text: as

text: the

text: Great

text: October

text: Socialist

text: Revolution

text: and

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Red

text: October

text: the

text: October

text: Uprising

text: or

text: the

text: Bolshevik

text: Revolution

text: was

text: seizure

text: of

text: state

text: power

text: instrumental

text: in

text: the

text: larger

text: Russian

text: Revolution

text: of

text: It

text: took

text: place

text: with

text: an

text: armed

text: insurrection

text: in

text: Petrograd

text: on

text: October

text: November

text: New

text: Style

text:
Deep operation also known as Soviet Deep Battle ("glubokaya operatsiya") was a tenet that emphasized destroying, suppressing or disorganizing enemy forces not only at the line of contact, but throughout the depth of the battlefield. It was a military theory developed by the Soviet Union for its armed forces during the 1920s and 1930s by Vladimir Triandafillov, an influential military writer, who endeavoured to create a military strategy with its own specialized operational art and tactics. The concept of deep operations was a national strategy, tailored to the economic, cultural and geopolitical position of the Soviet Union.
In the aftermath of several failures or defeats in the Russo-Japanese War, First World War and PolishSoviet War, the Soviet High Command ("Stavka") focused on developing new methods for the conduct of war. This new approach considered military strategy and tactics, but also introduced a new intermediate level of military art: operations. The Soviet Union was the first country to officially distinguish the third level of military thinking which occupied the position between strategy and tactics.

text: Deep

text: operation

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Soviet

text: Deep

text: Battle

text: glubokaya

text: operatsiya

text: was

text: tenet

text: that

text: emphasized

text: destroying

text: suppressing

text: or

text: disorganizing

text: enemy

text: forces

text: not

text: only

text: at

text: the

text: line

text: of

text: contact

text: but

text: throughout

text: the

text: depth

text: of

text: the

text: battlefield

text: It

text: was

text: military

text: theory

text: developed

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: for

text: its

text: armed

text: forces

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: by

text: Vladimir

text: Triandafillov

text: an

text: influential

text: military

text: writer

text: who

text: endeavoured

text: to

text: create

text: military

text: strategy

text: with

text: its

text: own

text: specialized

text: operational

text: art

text: and

text: tactics

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: deep

text: operations

text: was

text: national

text: strategy

text: tailored

text: to

text: the

text: economic

text: cultural

text: and

text: geopolitical

text: position

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: In

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: several

text: failures

text: or

text: defeats

text: in

text: the

text: Russo

text: Japanese

text: War

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: and

text: PolishSoviet

text: War

text: the

text: Soviet

text: High

text: Command

text: Stavka

text: focused

text: on

text: developing

text: new

text: methods

text: for

text: the

text: conduct

text: of

text: war

text: This

text: new

text: approach

text: considered

text: military

text: strategy

text: and

text: tactics

text: but

text: also

text: introduced

text: new

text: intermediate

text: level

text: of

text: military

text: art

text: operations

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: country

text: to

text: officially

text: distinguish

text: the

text: third

text: level

text: of

text: military

text: thinking

text: which

text: occupied

text: the

text: position

text: between

text: strategy

text: and

text: tactics

text: The Soviet Navy (literally "Military Maritime Fleet of the USSR") was the naval arm of the Soviet Armed Forces. Often referred to as the Red Fleet, the Soviet Navy was a large part of the Soviet Union's strategic plan in the event of a conflict with the United States, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), or another conflict related to the Warsaw Pact. The influence of the Soviet Navy played a large role in the Cold War, as the majority of conflicts centered on naval forces.

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Navy

text: literally

text: Military

text: Maritime

text: Fleet

text: of

text: the

text: USSR

text: was

text: the

text: naval

text: arm

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: Often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Red

text: Fleet

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Navy

text: was

text: large

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: 's

text: strategic

text: plan

text: in

text: the

text: event

text: of

text: conflict

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Treaty

text: Organization

text: NATO

text: or

text: another

text: conflict

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: Pact

text: The

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Navy

text: played

text: large

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: as

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: conflicts

text: centered

text: on

text: naval

text: forces

text: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, abbreviated in English as CPSU, was the founding and ruling political party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet Union). The CPSU was the sole governing party of the Soviet Union until 1990, when the Congress of People's Deputies modified the article of the constitution which granted the CPSU a monopoly over the political system. The party was founded in 1912 by the Bolsheviks (the majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party), a revolutionary group led by Vladimir Lenin which seized power in the aftermath of the October Revolution of 1917. The party was dissolved on 29 August 1991 on Soviet territory soon after a failed coup d'état and was completely abolished on 6 November 1991 on Russian territory.

text: The

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: abbreviated

text: in

text: English

text: as

text: CPSU

text: was

text: the

text: founding

text: and

text: ruling

text: political

text: party

text: of

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republics

text: USSR

text: or

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: The

text: CPSU

text: was

text: the

text: sole

text: governing

text: party

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: until

text: when

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: People

text: 's

text: Deputies

text: modified

text: the

text: article

text: of

text: the

text: constitution

text: which

text: granted

text: the

text: CPSU

text: monopoly

text: over

text: the

text: political

text: system

text: The

text: party

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Bolsheviks

text: the

text: majority

text: faction

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Social

text: Democratic

text: Labour

text: Party

text: revolutionary

text: group

text: led

text: by

text: Vladimir

text: Lenin

text: which

text: seized

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: the

text: October

text: Revolution

text: of

text: The

text: party

text: was

text: dissolved

text: on

text: August

text: on

text: Soviet

text: territory

text: soon

text: after

text: failed

text: coup

text: d'état

text: and

text: was

text: completely

text: abolished

text: on

text: November

text: on

text: Russian

text: territory

text: In general, a civilian is "a person who is not a member of the military or of a police or firefighting force", as defined by Merriam Webster's Dictionary. From the perspective of the U.S. Department of Defense, Chapter 18 of Title 10 United States Code refers to non-military law enforcement officers as civilians since they are employees rather than enlisted personnel, and also in order to distinguish itself from military police. In military and law enforcement slang, the term "Civies" or "Civvies" are often used to refer civilian population or civilian clothing.

text: In

text: general

text: civilian

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: is

text: not

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: or

text: of

text: police

text: or

text: firefighting

text: force

text: as

text: defined

text: by

text: Merriam

text: Webster

text: 's

text: Dictionary

text: From

text: the

text: perspective

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Department

text: of

text: Defense

text: Chapter

text: of

text: Title

text: United

text: States

text: Code

text: refers

text: to

text: non

text: military

text: law

text: enforcement

text: officers

text: as

text: civilians

text: since

text: they

text: are

text: employees

text: rather

text: than

text: enlisted

text: personnel

text: and

text: also

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: distinguish

text: itself

text: from

text: military

text: police

text: In

text: military

text: and

text: law

text: enforcement

text: slang

text: the

text: term

text: Civies

text: or

text: Civvies

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: civilian

text: population

text: or

text: civilian

text: clothing

text: The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the Russian Revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army, fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialism, and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army, which included diverse interests favoring monarchism, capitalism and alternative forms of socialism, each with democratic and antidemocratic variants. In addition, rival militant socialists and nonideological Green armies fought against both the Bolsheviks and the Whites. Eight foreign nations intervened against the Red Army, notably the Allied Forces and the pro-German armies. The Red Army defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine and the army led by Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia in 1919. The remains of the White forces commanded by Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel were beaten in Crimea and evacuated in late 1920. Lesser battles of the war continued on the periphery for two more years, and minor skirmishes with the remnants of the White forces in the Far East continued well into 1923. Armed national resistance in Central Asia was not completely crushed until 1934. There were an estimated 7,000,000-12,000,000 casualties during the war, mostly civilians. The Russian Civil War has been described by some as the greatest national catastrophe that Europe had yet seen.

text: The

text: Russian

text: Civil

text: War

text: was

text: multi

text: party

text: war

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: immediately

text: after

text: the

text: Russian

text: Revolutions

text: of

text: as

text: many

text: factions

text: vied

text: to

text: determine

text: Russia

text: 's

text: political

text: future

text: The

text: two

text: largest

text: combatant

text: groups

text: were

text: the

text: Red

text: Army

text: fighting

text: for

text: the

text: Bolshevik

text: form

text: of

text: socialism

text: and

text: the

text: loosely

text: allied

text: forces

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: White

text: Army

text: which

text: included

text: diverse

text: interests

text: favoring

text: monarchism

text: capitalism

text: and

text: alternative

text: forms

text: of

text: socialism

text: each

text: with

text: democratic

text: and

text: antidemocratic

text: variants

text: In

text: addition

text: rival

text: militant

text: socialists

text: and

text: nonideological

text: Green

text: armies

text: fought

text: against

text: both

text: the

text: Bolsheviks

text: and

text: the

text: Whites

text: Eight

text: foreign

text: nations

text: intervened

text: against

text: the

text: Red

text: Army

text: notably

text: the

text: Allied

text: Forces

text: and

text: the

text: pro

text: German

text: armies

text: The

text: Red

text: Army

text: defeated

text: the

text: White

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: of

text: South

text: Russia

text: in

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: the

text: army

text: led

text: by

text: Admiral

text: Aleksandr

text: Kolchak

text: in

text: Siberia

text: in

text: The

text: remains

text: of

text: the

text: White

text: forces

text: commanded

text: by

text: Pyotr

text: Nikolayevich

text: Wrangel

text: were

text: beaten

text: in

text: Crimea

text: and

text: evacuated

text: in

text: late

text: Lesser

text: battles

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: continued

text: on

text: the

text: periphery

text: for

text: two

text: more

text: years

text: and

text: minor

text: skirmishes

text: with

text: the

text: remnants

text: of

text: the

text: White

text: forces

text: in

text: the

text: Far

text: East

text: continued

text: well

text: into

text: Armed

text: national

text: resistance

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: was

text: not

text: completely

text: crushed

text: until

text: There

text: were

text: an

text: estimated

text: casualties

text: during

text: the

text: war

text: mostly

text: civilians

text: The

text: Russian

text: Civil

text: War

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: by

text: some

text: as

text: the

text: greatest

text: national

text: catastrophe

text: that

text: Europe

text: had

text: yet

text: seen

text: Total war is warfare that includes any and all civilian-associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets, mobilizes all of the resources of society to fight the war, and gives priority to warfare over non-combatant needs. The American-English Dictionary defines total war as "war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded."

text: Total

text: war

text: is

text: warfare

text: that

text: includes

text: any

text: and

text: all

text: civilian

text: associated

text: resources

text: and

text: infrastructure

text: as

text: legitimate

text: military

text: targets

text: mobilizes

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: resources

text: of

text: society

text: to

text: fight

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: gives

text: priority

text: to

text: warfare

text: over

text: non

text: combatant

text: needs

text: The

text: American

text: English

text: Dictionary

text: defines

text: total

text: war

text: as

text: war

text: that

text: is

text: unrestricted

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: weapons

text: used

text: the

text: territory

text: or

text: combatants

text: involved

text: or

text: the

text: objectives

text: pursued

text: especially

text: one

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: war

text: are

text: disregarded

text: Throughout the history of the Soviet Union tens of millions of people became victims of political repression, which was an instrument of the state since the October Revolution. Culminating during the Stalin era, it still existed during the "Khrushchev Thaw", followed by increased persecution of Soviet dissidents during the Brezhnev stagnation, and didn't cease to exist during Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika. Its heritage still influences the life of modern Russia and other former Soviet states.

text: Throughout

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: tens

text: of

text: millions

text: of

text: people

text: became

text: victims

text: of

text: political

text: repression

text: which

text: was

text: an

text: instrument

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: since

text: the

text: October

text: Revolution

text: Culminating

text: during

text: the

text: Stalin

text: era

text: it

text: still

text: existed

text: during

text: the

text: Khrushchev

text: Thaw

text: followed

text: by

text: increased

text: persecution

text: of

text: Soviet

text: dissidents

text: during

text: the

text: Brezhnev

text: stagnation

text: and

text: did

text: n't

text: cease

text: to

text: exist

text: during

text: Mikhail

text: Gorbachev

text: 's

text: perestroika

text: Its

text: heritage

text: still

text: influences

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: modern

text: Russia

text: and

text: other

text: former

text: Soviet

text: states

text: A military alliance is an international agreement concerning national security, when the contracting parties promise to support each other in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance. Military alliances differ from coalitions, as coalitions are formed for a crisis that are already known.

text: military

text: alliance

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: agreement

text: concerning

text: national

text: security

text: when

text: the

text: contracting

text: parties

text: promise

text: to

text: support

text: each

text: other

text: in

text: case

text: of

text: crisis

text: that

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: identified

text: in

text: advance

text: Military

text: alliances

text: differ

text: from

text: coalitions

text: as

text: coalitions

text: are

text: formed

text: for

text: crisis

text: that

text: are

text: already

text: known

text: In politics and military planning, a war effort refers to a coordinated mobilization of society's resourcesboth industrial and humantowards the support of a military force. Depending on the militarization of the culture, the relative size of the armed forces and the society supporting them, the style of government, and the popular support for the military objectives, such war effort can range from a small industry to complete command of society.

text: In

text: politics

text: and

text: military

text: planning

text: war

text: effort

text: refers

text: to

text: coordinated

text: mobilization

text: of

text: society

text: 's

text: resourcesboth

text: industrial

text: and

text: humantowards

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: military

text: force

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: militarization

text: of

text: the

text: culture

text: the

text: relative

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: and

text: the

text: society

text: supporting

text: them

text: the

text: style

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: the

text: popular

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: military

text: objectives

text: such

text: war

text: effort

text: can

text: range

text: from

text: small

text: industry

text: to

text: complete

text: command

text: of

text: society

text: The title chief of staff identifies the leader of a complex organization, institution, or body of persons and it also may identify a principal staff officer (PSO), who is the coordinator of the supporting staff or a primary aide-de-camp to an important individual, such as a president or a senior military officer.

text: The

text: title

text: chief

text: of

text: staff

text: identifies

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: complex

text: organization

text: institution

text: or

text: body

text: of

text: persons

text: and

text: it

text: also

text: may

text: identify

text: principal

text: staff

text: officer

text: PSO

text: who

text: is

text: the

text: coordinator

text: of

text: the

text: supporting

text: staff

text: or

text: primary

text: aide

text: de

text: camp

text: to

text: an

text: important

text: individual

text: such

text: as

text: president

text: or

text: senior

text: military

text: officer

text: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; ), commonly known as , was a sovereign state in 191722 and 1991-93, the largest, most populous, and most economically developed republic of the Soviet Union in 192291 and a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation in 199091. The Republic comprised sixteen autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais, and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. The capital of the Russian SFSR was Moscow and the other major urban centers included Leningrad, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.

text: Russian

text: Soviet

text: Federative

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: Russian

text: SFSR

text: or

text: RSFSR

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: was

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: most

text: populous

text: and

text: most

text: economically

text: developed

text: republic

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: in

text: and

text: sovereign

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: with

text: its

text: own

text: legislation

text: in

text: The

text: Republic

text: comprised

text: sixteen

text: autonomous

text: republics

text: five

text: autonomous

text: oblasts

text: ten

text: autonomous

text: okrugs

text: six

text: krais

text: and

text: forty

text: oblasts

text: Russians

text: formed

text: the

text: largest

text: ethnic

text: group

text: The

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: SFSR

text: was

text: Moscow

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: centers

text: included

text: Leningrad

text: Novosibirsk

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: and

text: Samara

text: Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (  June 12, 1937) was a leading Soviet military leader and theoretician from 1918 to 1937. He commanded the Soviet Western Front in the Russo-Polish War of 192021 and served as chief of staff of the Red Army from 1925 through 1928, as assistant in the People's Commissariat of Defense after 1934 and as commander of the Volga Military District in 1937. He contributed to the modernization of Soviet armament and army force structure in the 1920s and 1930s and became instrumental in the development of aviation, mechanized, and airborne forces. As a theoretician, he was a driving force behind Soviet development of the theory of deep operations. The Soviet authorities accused him of treason and had him shot during the military purges of 193738, but rehabilitated his reputation in the 1960s.

text: Mikhail

text: Nikolayevich

text: Tukhachevsky

text: June

text: was

text: leading

text: Soviet

text: military

text: leader

text: and

text: theoretician

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: commanded

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Western

text: Front

text: in

text: the

text: Russo

text: Polish

text: War

text: of

text: and

text: served

text: as

text: chief

text: of

text: staff

text: of

text: the

text: Red

text: Army

text: from

text: through

text: as

text: assistant

text: in

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Commissariat

text: of

text: Defense

text: after

text: and

text: as

text: commander

text: of

text: the

text: Volga

text: Military

text: District

text: in

text: He

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: modernization

text: of

text: Soviet

text: armament

text: and

text: army

text: force

text: structure

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: and

text: became

text: instrumental

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: aviation

text: mechanized

text: and

text: airborne

text: forces

text: As

text: theoretician

text: he

text: was

text: driving

text: force

text: behind

text: Soviet

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: deep

text: operations

text: The

text: Soviet

text: authorities

text: accused

text: him

text: of

text: treason

text: and

text: had

text: him

text: shot

text: during

text: the

text: military

text: purges

text: of

text: but

text: rehabilitated

text: his

text: reputation

text: in

text: the

text: The Great Purge or the Great Terror was a campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union which occurred from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants and the Red Army leadership, and widespread police surveillance, suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. In Russian historiography, the period of the most intense purge, 19371938, is called Yezhovshchina (literally, "Yezhov phenomenon", commonly translated as "times of Yezhov" or "doings of Yezhov"), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, NKVD. It has been estimated between 600,000 and 3 million people died at the hands of the Soviet government during the Purge.

text: The

text: Great

text: Purge

text: or

text: the

text: Great

text: Terror

text: was

text: campaign

text: of

text: political

text: repression

text: in

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: which

text: occurred

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: involved

text: large

text: scale

text: purge

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: and

text: government

text: officials

text: repression

text: of

text: peasants

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Army

text: leadership

text: and

text: widespread

text: police

text: surveillance

text: suspicion

text: of

text: saboteurs

text: imprisonment

text: and

text: arbitrary

text: executions

text: In

text: Russian

text: historiography

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: intense

text: purge

text: is

text: called

text: Yezhovshchina

text: literally

text: Yezhov

text: phenomenon

text: commonly

text: translated

text: as

text: times

text: of

text: Yezhov

text: or

text: doings

text: of

text: Yezhov

text: after

text: Nikolai

text: Yezhov

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: secret

text: police

text: NKVD

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: estimated

text: between

text: and

text: million

text: people

text: died

text: at

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: government

text: during

text: the

text: Purge

text: The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others). Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period (the second half of the 20th century) between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine (a U.S. policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism) was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed.

text: The

text: Cold

text: War

text: was

text: state

text: of

text: political

text: and

text: military

text: tension

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: between

text: powers

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Bloc

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: and

text: its

text: satellite

text: states

text: and

text: powers

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Bloc

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: its

text: NATO

text: allies

text: and

text: others

text: Historians

text: do

text: not

text: fully

text: agree

text: on

text: the

text: dates

text: but

text: common

text: timeframe

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: between

text: the

text: year

text: the

text: Truman

text: Doctrine

text: U.S.

text: policy

text: pledging

text: to

text: aid

text: nations

text: threatened

text: by

text: Soviet

text: expansionism

text: was

text: announced

text: and

text: the

text: year

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: collapsed

text: World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved.

text: World

text: War

text: WWI

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: or

text: the

text: Great

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: originating

text: in

text: Europe

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: July

text: to

text: November

text: More

text: than

text: million

text: military

text: personnel

text: including

text: million

text: Europeans

text: were

text: mobilised

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: wars

text: in

text: history

text: Over

text: nine

text: million

text: combatants

text: and

text: seven

text: million

text: civilians

text: died

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: including

text: the

text: victims

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: genocides

text: casualty

text: rate

text: exacerbated

text: by

text: the

text: belligerents

text: technological

text: and

text: industrial

text: sophistication

text: and

text: the

text: tactical

text: stalemate

text: caused

text: by

text: gruelling

text: trench

text: warfare

text: It

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflicts

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: paved

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: major

text: political

text: changes

text: including

text: revolutions

text: in

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: nations

text: involved

text: Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov or Ezhov (; May 1, 1895  February 4, 1940) was a Soviet secret police official under Joseph Stalin. He was head of the NKVD from 1936 to 1938, during the most deadly period of Stalin's Great Purge. His time in office is known as the ""Yezhovshchina"", a term coined during the de-Stalinization campaign of the 1950s. After presiding over mass arrests and executions during the Great Purge, Yezhov became a victim of it himself. He was arrested, confessed under torture to a range of anti-Soviet activity, and was executed in 1940. By the beginning of World War II, his status within the Soviet Union became that of a political unperson.

text: Nikolai

text: Ivanovich

text: Yezhov

text: or

text: Ezhov

text: May

text: February

text: was

text: Soviet

text: secret

text: police

text: official

text: under

text: Joseph

text: Stalin

text: He

text: was

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: NKVD

text: from

text: to

text: during

text: the

text: most

text: deadly

text: period

text: of

text: Stalin

text: 's

text: Great

text: Purge

text: His

text: time

text: in

text: office

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Yezhovshchina

text: term

text: coined

text: during

text: the

text: de

text: Stalinization

text: campaign

text: of

text: the

text: After

text: presiding

text: over

text: mass

text: arrests

text: and

text: executions

text: during

text: the

text: Great

text: Purge

text: Yezhov

text: became

text: victim

text: of

text: it

text: himself

text: He

text: was

text: arrested

text: confessed

text: under

text: torture

text: to

text: range

text: of

text: anti

text: Soviet

text: activity

text: and

text: was

text: executed

text: in

text: By

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: his

text: status

text: within

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: became

text: that

text: of

text: political

text: unperson

text: The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki (derived from  "bol'shinstvo", "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority") were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903. The RSDLP was a revolutionary socialist political party formed in 1898 in Minsk(Belarus) to unite the various revolutionary organisations of the Russian Empire into one party.

text: The

text: Bolsheviks

text: originally

text: also

text: Bolshevists

text: or

text: Bolsheviki

text: derived

text: from

text: bol'shinstvo

text: majority

text: literally

text: meaning

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: majority

text: were

text: faction

text: of

text: the

text: Marxist

text: Russian

text: Social

text: Democratic

text: Labour

text: Party

text: RSDLP

text: which

text: split

text: apart

text: from

text: the

text: Menshevik

text: faction

text: at

text: the

text: Second

text: Party

text: Congress

text: in

text: The

text: RSDLP

text: was

text: revolutionary

text: socialist

text: political

text: party

text: formed

text: in

text: in

text: Minsk(Belarus

text: to

text: unite

text: the

text: various

text: revolutionary

text: organisations

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: into

text: one

text: party

text: Alexei Nikolayevich Kosygin ( 18 December 1980) was a Soviet-Russian statesman during the Cold War. Kosygin was born in the city of Saint Petersburg in 1904 to a Russian working-class family. He was conscripted into the labour army during the Russian Civil War, and after the Red Army's demobilisation in 1921, he worked in Siberia as an industrial manager. Kosygin returned to Leningrad in the early 1930s and worked his way up the Soviet hierarchy. During the Great Patriotic War (World War II), Kosygin was a member of the State Defence Committee and was tasked with moving Soviet industry out of territories soon to be overrun by the German Army. He served as Minister of Finance for a year before becoming Minister of Light Industry and later, the Minister of Light and Food Industry. Stalin removed Kosygin from the Politburo one year before his own death in 1953, intentionally weakening Kosygin's position within the Soviet hierarchy.

text: Alexei

text: Nikolayevich

text: Kosygin

text: December

text: was

text: Soviet

text: Russian

text: statesman

text: during

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: Kosygin

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: in

text: to

text: Russian

text: working

text: class

text: family

text: He

text: was

text: conscripted

text: into

text: the

text: labour

text: army

text: during

text: the

text: Russian

text: Civil

text: War

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: Red

text: Army

text: 's

text: demobilisation

text: in

text: he

text: worked

text: in

text: Siberia

text: as

text: an

text: industrial

text: manager

text: Kosygin

text: returned

text: to

text: Leningrad

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: worked

text: his

text: way

text: up

text: the

text: Soviet

text: hierarchy

text: During

text: the

text: Great

text: Patriotic

text: War

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Kosygin

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: Defence

text: Committee

text: and

text: was

text: tasked

text: with

text: moving

text: Soviet

text: industry

text: out

text: of

text: territories

text: soon

text: to

text: be

text: overrun

text: by

text: the

text: German

text: Army

text: He

text: served

text: as

text: Minister

text: of

text: Finance

text: for

text: year

text: before

text: becoming

text: Minister

text: of

text: Light

text: Industry

text: and

text: later

text: the

text: Minister

text: of

text: Light

text: and

text: Food

text: Industry

text: Stalin

text: removed

text: Kosygin

text: from

text: the

text: Politburo

text: one

text: year

text: before

text: his

text: own

text: death

text: in

text: intentionally

text: weakening

text: Kosygin

text: 's

text: position

text: within

text: the

text: Soviet

text: hierarchy

text: The Soviet Armed Forces, also called the Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Armed Forces of the Soviet Union (Russian:       "Vooruzhonnyye Sily Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik",    ) refers to the armed forces of the Russian SFSR (19171922), and Soviet Union (19221991) from their beginnings in the aftermath of the Russian Civil War to its dissolution in December 1991.

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: of

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republics

text: and

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: Russian

text: Vooruzhonnyye

text: Sily

text: Soyuza

text: Sovetskikh

text: Sotsialisticheskikh

text: Respublik

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: SFSR

text: and

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: from

text: their

text: beginnings

text: in

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Civil

text: War

text: to

text: its

text: dissolution

text: in

text: December

text: Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev ( 19 December 1906   10 November 1982) was the General Secretary of the Central Committee (CC) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), presiding over the country from 1964 until his death in 1982. His eighteen-year term as General Secretary was second only to that of Joseph Stalin in duration. During Brezhnev's rule, the global influence of the Soviet Union grew dramatically, in part because of the expansion of the Soviet military during this time. His tenure as leader was marked by the beginning of an era of economic and social stagnation in the Soviet Union.

text: Leonid

text: Ilyich

text: Brezhnev

text: December

text: November

text: was

text: the

text: General

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Central

text: Committee

text: CC

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: CPSU

text: presiding

text: over

text: the

text: country

text: from

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: His

text: eighteen

text: year

text: term

text: as

text: General

text: Secretary

text: was

text: second

text: only

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: Joseph

text: Stalin

text: in

text: duration

text: During

text: Brezhnev

text: 's

text: rule

text: the

text: global

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: grew

text: dramatically

text: in

text: part

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: military

text: during

text: this

text: time

text: His

text: tenure

text: as

text: leader

text: was

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: an

text: era

text: of

text: economic

text: and

text: social

text: stagnation

text: in

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text:
Military personnel are members of the armed forces. Usually, personnel are divided into military branches roughly defined by certain circumstances of their deployment. Those who serve in a typical large land force are soldiers, making up an army. Those who serve in seagoing forces are seamen or sailors, and their branch is a navy or coast guard . Marines serve in a marine corps. In the 20th century, the development of powered flight aircraft prompted the development of air forces, serviced by airmen. Designated leaders of military personnel are officers. These include commissioned officers, warrant officers and non-commissioned officers (NCOs). For naval forces, non-commissioned officers are referred to as petty officers (POs).
military personnel are instructed to wear dog tags

text: Military

text: personnel

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: Usually

text: personnel

text: are

text: divided

text: into

text: military

text: branches

text: roughly

text: defined

text: by

text: certain

text: circumstances

text: of

text: their

text: deployment

text: Those

text: who

text: serve

text: in

text: typical

text: large

text: land

text: force

text: are

text: soldiers

text: making

text: up

text: an

text: army

text: Those

text: who

text: serve

text: in

text: seagoing

text: forces

text: are

text: seamen

text: or

text: sailors

text: and

text: their

text: branch

text: is

text: navy

text: or

text: coast

text: guard

text: Marines

text: serve

text: in

text: marine

text: corps

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: powered

text: flight

text: aircraft

text: prompted

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: air

text: forces

text: serviced

text: by

text: airmen

text: Designated

text: leaders

text: of

text: military

text: personnel

text: are

text: officers

text: These

text: include

text: commissioned

text: officers

text: warrant

text: officers

text: and

text: non

text: commissioned

text: officers

text: NCOs

text: For

text: naval

text: forces

text: non

text: commissioned

text: officers

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: petty

text: officers

text: POs

text: military

text: personnel

text: are

text: instructed

text: to

text: wear

text: dog

text: tags

text: The Soviet Army is the name given to the main land-based branch of the Soviet Armed Forces between February 1946 and December 1991, when it was replaced with the Russian Ground Forces, although it was not taken fully out of service until 25 December 1993. Until 25 February 1946, it was known as the Red Army, established by decree on 15 (28) January 1918 "to protect the population, territorial integrity and civil liberties in the territory of the Soviet state." It had 2.4 million men under its service during the Cold War.

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Army

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: main

text: land

text: based

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: between

text: February

text: and

text: December

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: replaced

text: with

text: the

text: Russian

text: Ground

text: Forces

text: although

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: taken

text: fully

text: out

text: of

text: service

text: until

text: December

text: Until

text: February

text: it

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Red

text: Army

text: established

text: by

text: decree

text: on

text: January

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: population

text: territorial

text: integrity

text: and

text: civil

text: liberties

text: in

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: state

text: It

text: had

text: million

text: men

text: under

text: its

text: service

text: during

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying its morale or its economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both. It is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize strategic bombers, long- or medium-range missiles, or nuclear-armed fighter-bomber aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to the enemy's war-making capability.

text: Strategic

text: bombing

text: is

text: military

text: strategy

text: used

text: in

text: total

text: war

text: with

text: the

text: goal

text: of

text: defeating

text: the

text: enemy

text: by

text: destroying

text: its

text: morale

text: or

text: its

text: economic

text: ability

text: to

text: produce

text: and

text: transport

text: materiel

text: to

text: the

text: theatres

text: of

text: military

text: operations

text: or

text: both

text: It

text: is

text: systematically

text: organized

text: and

text: executed

text: attack

text: from

text: the

text: air

text: which

text: can

text: utilize

text: strategic

text: bombers

text: long-

text: or

text: medium

text: range

text: missiles

text: or

text: nuclear

text: armed

text: fighter

text: bomber

text: aircraft

text: to

text: attack

text: targets

text: deemed

text: vital

text: to

text: the

text: enemy

text: 's

text: war

text: making

text: capability

text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions.

text: great

text: power

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: that

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: having

text: the

text: ability

text: and

text: expertise

text: to

text: exert

text: its

text: influence

text: on

text: global

text: scale

text: Great

text: powers

text: characteristically

text: possess

text: military

text: and

text: economic

text: strength

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: diplomatic

text: and

text: soft

text: power

text: influence

text: which

text: may

text: cause

text: middle

text: or

text: small

text: powers

text: to

text: consider

text: the

text: great

text: powers

text: opinions

text: before

text: taking

text: actions

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: International

text: relations

text: theorists

text: have

text: posited

text: that

text: great

text: power

text: status

text: can

text: be

text: characterized

text: into

text: power

text: capabilities

text: spatial

text: aspects

text: and

text: status

text: dimensions

text: Iona Emmanuilovich Yakir ( Russian :    ; August 3 , 1896 -- June 12 , 1937 ) was a Red Army commander and one of the world 's major military reformers between World War I and World War II. He was an early and major military victim of the Great Purge , alongside Mikhail Tukhachevsky . He was rehabilitated in 1957 by Nikita Khrushchev .

text: Iona

text: Emmanuilovich

text: Yakir

text: Russian

text: August

text: June

text: was

text: Red

text: Army

text: commander

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: major

text: military

text: reformers

text: between

text: World

text: War

text: and

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: He

text: was

text: an

text: early

text: and

text: major

text: military

text: victim

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Purge

text: alongside

text: Mikhail

text: Tukhachevsky

text: He

text: was

text: rehabilitated

text: in

text: by

text: Nikita

text: Khrushchev

text: Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (  11 September 1971) was a politician who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.

text: Nikita

text: Sergeyevich

text: Khrushchev

text: September

text: was

text: politician

text: who

text: led

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: during

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: He

text: served

text: as

text: First

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: as

text: Chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Ministers

text: or

text: Premier

text: from

text: to

text: Khrushchev

text: was

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: de

text: Stalinization

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: for

text: backing

text: the

text: progress

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: Soviet

text: space

text: program

text: and

text: for

text: several

text: relatively

text: liberal

text: reforms

text: in

text: areas

text: of

text: domestic

text: policy

text: Khrushchev

text: 's

text: party

text: colleagues

text: removed

text: him

text: from

text: power

text: in

text: replacing

text: him

text: with

text: Leonid

text: Brezhnev

text: as

text: First

text: Secretary

text: and

text: Alexei

text: Kosygin

text: as

text: Premier

text: The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (: RKKA, frequently shortened in Russian to ; KA, in English: Red Army also in critical literature and folklore of that epoch - Red Horde, Army of Work) was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and after 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The army was established immediately after the 1917 October Revolution (Red October or Bolshevik Revolution). The Bolsheviks raised an army to oppose the military confederations (especially the various groups collectively known as the White Army) of their adversaries during the Russian Civil War. Beginning in February 1946, the Red Army, along with the Soviet Navy, embodied the main component of the Soviet Armed Forces; taking the official name of "Soviet Army", until its dissolution in December 1991.

text: The

text: Workers

text: and

text: Peasants

text: Red

text: Army

text: RKKA

text: frequently

text: shortened

text: in

text: Russian

text: to

text: KA

text: in

text: English

text: Red

text: Army

text: also

text: in

text: critical

text: literature

text: and

text: folklore

text: of

text: that

text: epoch

text: Red

text: Horde

text: Army

text: of

text: Work

text: was

text: the

text: army

text: and

text: the

text: air

text: force

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Soviet

text: Federative

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republics

text: The

text: army

text: was

text: established

text: immediately

text: after

text: the

text: October

text: Revolution

text: Red

text: October

text: or

text: Bolshevik

text: Revolution

text: The

text: Bolsheviks

text: raised

text: an

text: army

text: to

text: oppose

text: the

text: military

text: confederations

text: especially

text: the

text: various

text: groups

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: White

text: Army

text: of

text: their

text: adversaries

text: during

text: the

text: Russian

text: Civil

text: War

text: Beginning

text: in

text: February

text: the

text: Red

text: Army

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Navy

text: embodied

text: the

text: main

text: component

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: taking

text: the

text: official

text: name

text: of

text: Soviet

text: Army

text: until

text: its

text: dissolution

text: in

text: December

text: The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR " ) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party federation, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital.

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: officially

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republics

text: USSR

text: was

text: socialist

text: state

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: to

text: union

text: of

text: multiple

text: subnational

text: republics

text: its

text: government

text: and

text: economy

text: were

text: highly

text: centralized

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: was

text: one

text: party

text: federation

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: with

text: Moscow

text: as

text: its

text: capital

question: member_of_political_party iona yakir

answer: communist party of the soviet union

text: communist party of the soviet union

text: communist party of the soviet union

text: communist party of the soviet union


text: The Fédération Internationale de Hockey (English: International Hockey Federation), commonly known by the acronym FIH is the international governing body of field hockey and indoor field hockey. Its headquarters are located in Lausanne, Switzerland and president is Narinder Batra. FIH is responsible for field hockey's major international tournaments, notably the World Cup.

text: The

text: Fédération

text: Internationale

text: de

text: Hockey

text: English

text: International

text: Hockey

text: Federation

text: commonly

text: known

text: by

text: the

text: acronym

text: FIH

text: is

text: the

text: international

text: governing

text: body

text: of

text: field

text: hockey

text: and

text: indoor

text: field

text: hockey

text: Its

text: headquarters

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: Lausanne

text: Switzerland

text: and

text: president

text: is

text: Narinder

text: Batra

text: FIH

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: field

text: hockey

text: 's

text: major

text: international

text: tournaments

text: notably

text: the

text: World

text: Cup

text: The Irish Hockey Association (IHA) is the governing body for the game of (field) hockey throughout the island of Ireland. The IHA was formed in 2000 by the merger of the (men's) Irish Hockey Union (founded 1886) and the Irish Ladies Hockey Union (founded 1894). This followed a 1998 decision of the International Hockey Federation to affiliate only one association per nation.

text: The

text: Irish

text: Hockey

text: Association

text: IHA

text: is

text: the

text: governing

text: body

text: for

text: the

text: game

text: of

text: field

text: hockey

text: throughout

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: The

text: IHA

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: merger

text: of

text: the

text: men

text: 's

text: Irish

text: Hockey

text: Union

text: founded

text: and

text: the

text: Irish

text: Ladies

text: Hockey

text: Union

text: founded

text: This

text: followed

text: decision

text: of

text: the

text: International

text: Hockey

text: Federation

text: to

text: affiliate

text: only

text: one

text: association

text: per

text: nation

text: A shire is a traditional term for a division of land, found in the United Kingdom and Australia. It was first used in Wessex from the beginning of Anglo-Saxon settlement, and spread to most of the rest of England in the tenth century.

text: shire

text: is

text: traditional

text: term

text: for

text: division

text: of

text: land

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Australia

text: It

text: was

text: first

text: used

text: in

text: Wessex

text: from

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: settlement

text: and

text: spread

text: to

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: England

text: in

text: the

text: tenth

text: century

text: John (24 December 1166  19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: "Johan sanz Terre"), was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death in 1216. John lost the Duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributing to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered to be an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom.

text: John

text: December

text: October

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: John

text: Lackland

text: Norman

text: French

text: Johan

text: sanz

text: Terre

text: was

text: King

text: of

text: England

text: from

text: April

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: John

text: lost

text: the

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Normandy

text: to

text: King

text: Philip

text: II

text: of

text: France

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Angevin

text: Empire

text: and

text: contributing

text: to

text: the

text: subsequent

text: growth

text: in

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: Capetian

text: dynasty

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: baronial

text: revolt

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: John

text: 's

text: reign

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: sealing

text: of

text: Magna

text: Carta

text: document

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: early

text: step

text: in

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: the

text: constitution

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: County Dublin (or "Contae Átha Cliath") is a former county in Ireland. It is conterminous with the Dublin Region and is in the province of Leinster. It is named after the city of Dublin, which is the regional capital and the capital city of Ireland. County Dublin was one of the first parts of Ireland to be shired by John, King of England following the Norman invasion of Ireland.

text: County

text: Dublin

text: or

text: Contae

text: Átha

text: Cliath

text: is

text: former

text: county

text: in

text: Ireland

text: It

text: is

text: conterminous

text: with

text: the

text: Dublin

text: Region

text: and

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Leinster

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Dublin

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: regional

text: capital

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Ireland

text: County

text: Dublin

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: parts

text: of

text: Ireland

text: to

text: be

text: shired

text: by

text: John

text: King

text: of

text: England

text: following

text: the

text: Norman

text: invasion

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Avoca Hockey Club ( Cumann Haca Abhóca in Irish ) is a hockey club based in Blackrock , County Dublin , Ireland . The club is affiliated to the Leinster Branch of the Irish Hockey Association . The club currently fields three men 's teams and four women 's teams in the Leinster Hockey leagues . With a history dating back to 1891 , Avoca in its current form was set up in 1929 to provide a place for past pupils of Avoca School to continue playing hockey after leaving the education system . After Avoca School was amalgamated with Kingstown Grammar School in 1973 to form Newpark Comprehensive School , the purpose of the club expanded to cater for past pupils of Newpark . To this day there continues to be a strong link between club and school .

text: Avoca

text: Hockey

text: Club

text: Cumann

text: Haca

text: Abhóca

text: in

text: Irish

text: is

text: hockey

text: club

text: based

text: in

text: Blackrock

text: County

text: Dublin

text: Ireland

text: The

text: club

text: is

text: affiliated

text: to

text: the

text: Leinster

text: Branch

text: of

text: the

text: Irish

text: Hockey

text: Association

text: The

text: club

text: currently

text: fields

text: three

text: men

text: 's

text: teams

text: and

text: four

text: women

text: 's

text: teams

text: in

text: the

text: Leinster

text: Hockey

text: leagues

text: With

text: history

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: Avoca

text: in

text: its

text: current

text: form

text: was

text: set

text: up

text: in

text: to

text: provide

text: place

text: for

text: past

text: pupils

text: of

text: Avoca

text: School

text: to

text: continue

text: playing

text: hockey

text: after

text: leaving

text: the

text: education

text: system

text: After

text: Avoca

text: School

text: was

text: amalgamated

text: with

text: Kingstown

text: Grammar

text: School

text: in

text: to

text: form

text: Newpark

text: Comprehensive

text: School

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: the

text: club

text: expanded

text: to

text: cater

text: for

text: past

text: pupils

text: of

text: Newpark

text: To

text: this

text: day

text: there

text: continues

text: to

text: be

text: strong

text: link

text: between

text: club

text: and

text: school

annotations: likely multiple

annotations: follows multiple

question: sport avoca hockey club

answer: field hockey

text: field hockey

text: field hockey

text: field hockey

text: field hockey


text: Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.

text: Chile

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Chile

text: is

text: South

text: American

text: country

text: occupying

text: long

text: narrow

text: strip

text: of

text: land

text: between

text: the

text: Andes

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: It

text: borders

text: Peru

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Bolivia

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Argentina

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Drake

text: Passage

text: in

text: the

text: far

text: south

text: Chilean

text: territory

text: includes

text: the

text: Pacific

text: islands

text: of

text: Juan

text: Fernández

text: Salas

text: Gómez

text: Desventuradas

text: and

text: Easter

text: Island

text: in

text: Oceania

text: Chile

text: also

text: claims

text: about

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: although

text: all

text: claims

text: are

text: suspended

text: under

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Treaty

text: Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in the southeastern region of South America. It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east, with the Río de la Plata (River of Silver) to the south and with the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.42 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Montevideo. With an area of approximately , Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America, only larger in size than Suriname.

text: Uruguay

text: officially

text: the

text: Oriental

text: Republic

text: of

text: Uruguay

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: southeastern

text: region

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: It

text: borders

text: Argentina

text: to

text: its

text: west

text: and

text: Brazil

text: to

text: its

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: with

text: the

text: Río

text: de

text: la

text: Plata

text: River

text: of

text: Silver

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Uruguay

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: people

text: of

text: whom

text: million

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: Montevideo

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: Uruguay

text: is

text: geographically

text: the

text: second

text: smallest

text: nation

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: only

text: larger

text: in

text: size

text: than

text: Suriname

text: La Plata is the capital city of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and of the partido La Plata. According to the , it has a population of 765,378 and its metropolitan area has 899,523 inhabitants.

text: La

text: Plata

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: Argentina

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: partido

text: La

text: Plata

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: it

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: its

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: has

text: inhabitants

text: Lobos Partido is a partido of Buenos Aires Province in Argentina.

text: Lobos

text: Partido

text: is

text: partido

text: of

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: Province

text: in

text: Argentina

text: The Drake Passage or Mar de HocesSea of Hocesis the body of water between South America's Cape Horn and the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. It connects the southwestern part of the Atlantic Ocean (Scotia Sea) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean and extends into the Southern Ocean.

text: The

text: Drake

text: Passage

text: or

text: Mar

text: de

text: HocesSea

text: of

text: Hocesis

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: between

text: South

text: America

text: 's

text: Cape

text: Horn

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Shetland

text: Islands

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: It

text: connects

text: the

text: southwestern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Scotia

text: Sea

text: with

text: the

text: southeastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: and

text: extends

text: into

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: Laguna de Lobos is a lake located near Lobos , Buenos Aires Province in Argentina . In its shallow waters there are many pejerrey fish . Many tourists visit it , especially during the summer .

text: Laguna

text: de

text: Lobos

text: is

text: lake

text: located

text: near

text: Lobos

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: Province

text: in

text: Argentina

text: In

text: its

text: shallow

text: waters

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: pejerrey

text: fish

text: Many

text: tourists

text: visit

text: it

text: especially

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the South American continent's southeastern coast. "Buenos aires" can be translated as "fair winds" or "good airs", but the first one was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century, by the use of the original name "Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre". The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas, with a population of around 17 million.

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: Argentina

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: estuary

text: of

text: the

text: Río

text: de

text: la

text: Plata

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: 's

text: southeastern

text: coast

text: Buenos

text: aires

text: can

text: be

text: translated

text: as

text: fair

text: winds

text: or

text: good

text: airs

text: but

text: the

text: first

text: one

text: was

text: the

text: meaning

text: intended

text: by

text: the

text: founders

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: by

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: name

text: Real

text: de

text: Nuestra

text: Señora

text: Santa

text: María

text: del

text: Buen

text: Ayre

text: The

text: Greater

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: conurbation

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: several

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: Province

text: districts

text: constitutes

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: around

text: million

text: Latin (Latin: ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets.

text: Latin

text: Latin

text: is

text: classical

text: language

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Italic

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: The

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Etruscan

text: and

text: Greek

text: alphabets

text: Autonomous city is a type of autonomous administrative division.

text: Autonomous

text: city

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: autonomous

text: administrative

text: division

text: South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is the model used in nations that speak Romance languages. The reference to South America instead of other regions (like Latin America or the Southern Cone) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics (in particular, the rise of Brazil).

text: South

text: America

text: is

text: continent

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: hemisphere

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: hemisphere

text: with

text: relatively

text: small

text: portion

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: hemisphere

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: considered

text: subcontinent

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: model

text: used

text: in

text: nations

text: that

text: speak

text: Romance

text: languages

text: The

text: reference

text: to

text: South

text: America

text: instead

text: of

text: other

text: regions

text: like

text: Latin

text: America

text: or

text: the

text: Southern

text: Cone

text: has

text: increased

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: decades

text: due

text: to

text: changing

text: geopolitical

text: dynamics

text: in

text: particular

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: Brazil

text: A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government means: "a country that is governed by elected representatives and by an elected leader (such as a president) rather than by a king or queen".

text: federal

text: republic

text: is

text: federation

text: of

text: states

text: with

text: republican

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: At

text: its

text: core

text: the

text: literal

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: republic

text: when

text: used

text: to

text: reference

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: means

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: elected

text: representatives

text: and

text: by

text: an

text: elected

text: leader

text: such

text: as

text: president

text: rather

text: than

text: by

text: king

text: or

text: queen

text: Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the world's fifth-largest country by both area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection.

text: Brazil

text: officially

text: the

text: Federative

text: Republic

text: of

text: Brazil

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: both

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: Latin

text: America

text: As

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fifth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: both

text: area

text: and

text: population

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: to

text: have

text: Portuguese

text: as

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: Brazil

text: has

text: coastline

text: of

text: It

text: borders

text: all

text: other

text: South

text: American

text: countries

text: except

text: Ecuador

text: and

text: Chile

text: and

text: covers

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: land

text: area

text: Its

text: Amazon

text: River

text: basin

text: includes

text: vast

text: tropical

text: forest

text: home

text: to

text: diverse

text: wildlife

text: variety

text: of

text: ecological

text: systems

text: and

text: extensive

text: natural

text: resources

text: spanning

text: numerous

text: protected

text: habitats

text: This

text: unique

text: environmental

text: heritage

text: makes

text: Brazil

text: one

text: of

text: megadiverse

text: countries

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: significant

text: global

text: interest

text: and

text: debate

text: regarding

text: deforestation

text: and

text: environmental

text: protection

text: A federal capital is a political entity, often a municipality or capital city, that enjoys status as a seat of government in a federal state. A federal capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government, where its location and relationship to subnational states are fixed by law or federal constitution. Federal capitals may or may not be considered states in themselves, and either exercise significant political autonomy from the federation or are directly ruled by the national government located within their premises, as federal districts.

text: federal

text: capital

text: is

text: political

text: entity

text: often

text: municipality

text: or

text: capital

text: city

text: that

text: enjoys

text: status

text: as

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: in

text: federal

text: state

text: federal

text: capital

text: is

text: typically

text: city

text: that

text: physically

text: encompasses

text: the

text: offices

text: and

text: meeting

text: places

text: of

text: its

text: respective

text: government

text: where

text: its

text: location

text: and

text: relationship

text: to

text: subnational

text: states

text: are

text: fixed

text: by

text: law

text: or

text: federal

text: constitution

text: Federal

text: capitals

text: may

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: considered

text: states

text: in

text: themselves

text: and

text: either

text: exercise

text: significant

text: political

text: autonomy

text: from

text: the

text: federation

text: or

text: are

text: directly

text: ruled

text: by

text: the

text: national

text: government

text: located

text: within

text: their

text: premises

text: as

text: federal

text: districts

text:
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with its neighbor Chile to the west, the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. With a mainland area of , Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three provinces (singular "provincia") and one autonomous city ("ciudad autónoma"), Buenos Aires, which is the federal capital of the nation as decided by Congress.
The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system.

text: Argentina

text: officially

text: the

text: Argentine

text: Republic

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: Sharing

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Cone

text: with

text: its

text: neighbor

text: Chile

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: also

text: bordered

text: by

text: Bolivia

text: and

text: Paraguay

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Brazil

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Uruguay

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Drake

text: Passage

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: With

text: mainland

text: area

text: of

text: Argentina

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: Spanish

text: speaking

text: one

text: The

text: country

text: is

text: subdivided

text: into

text: twenty

text: three

text: provinces

text: singular

text: provincia

text: and

text: one

text: autonomous

text: city

text: ciudad

text: autónoma

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: federal

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: as

text: decided

text: by

text: Congress

text: The

text: provinces

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: have

text: their

text: own

text: constitutions

text: but

text: exist

text: under

text: federal

text: system

text: Southern Cone is a geographic region composed of the southernmost areas of South America, south of and around the Tropic of Capricorn. Traditionally, it covers Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and south to the junction between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, which is the closest continental area of Antarctica (1000 km). In terms of social and political geography, the Southern Cone comprises Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Southern Brazil and sometimes Paraguay.

text: Southern

text: Cone

text: is

text: geographic

text: region

text: composed

text: of

text: the

text: southernmost

text: areas

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: south

text: of

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: Tropic

text: of

text: Capricorn

text: Traditionally

text: it

text: covers

text: Argentina

text: Chile

text: and

text: Uruguay

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: and

text: south

text: to

text: the

text: junction

text: between

text: the

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Atlantic

text: Oceans

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: closest

text: continental

text: area

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: km

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: geography

text: the

text: Southern

text: Cone

text: comprises

text: Argentina

text: Chile

text: Uruguay

text: Southern

text: Brazil

text: and

text: sometimes

text: Paraguay

text: Lobos is the headquarters city of the Lobos Partido in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It was founded on 2 June 1802 by José Salgado.

text: Lobos

text: is

text: the

text: headquarters

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Lobos

text: Partido

text: in

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: Province

text: Argentina

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: June

text: by

text: José

text: Salgado

text: A province is almost always an administrative division, within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman "provincia", which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term province has since been adopted by many countries, and in those with no actual provinces, it has come to mean "outside the capital city". While some provinces were produced artificially by colonial powers, others were formed around local groups with their own ethnic identities. Many have their own powers independent of federal authority, especially in Canada. In other countries, like China, provinces are the creation of central government, with very little autonomy.

text: province

text: is

text: almost

text: always

text: an

text: administrative

text: division

text: within

text: country

text: or

text: state

text: The

text: term

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: provincia

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: major

text: territorial

text: and

text: administrative

text: unit

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: 's

text: territorial

text: possessions

text: outside

text: Italy

text: The

text: term

text: province

text: has

text: since

text: been

text: adopted

text: by

text: many

text: countries

text: and

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: no

text: actual

text: provinces

text: it

text: has

text: come

text: to

text: mean

text: outside

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: While

text: some

text: provinces

text: were

text: produced

text: artificially

text: by

text: colonial

text: powers

text: others

text: were

text: formed

text: around

text: local

text: groups

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: ethnic

text: identities

text: Many

text: have

text: their

text: own

text: powers

text: independent

text: of

text: federal

text: authority

text: especially

text: in

text: Canada

text: In

text: other

text: countries

text: like

text: China

text: provinces

text: are

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: central

text: government

text: with

text: very

text: little

text: autonomy

text: Buenos Aires ("Provincia de Buenos Aires"; English: "good airs") is the largest and most populous Argentinian province. It takes the name from the city of Buenos Aires, which used to be the provincial capital until it was federalized in 1880. The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata, founded in 1882.

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: Provincia

text: de

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: English

text: good

text: airs

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: Argentinian

text: province

text: It

text: takes

text: the

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: which

text: used

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: provincial

text: capital

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: federalized

text: in

text: The

text: current

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: La

text: Plata

text: founded

text: in

text: Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a landlocked country in central South America, bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as "Corazón de Sudamérica" ("Heart of South America"). Paraguay is one of the two landlocked countries (the other is Bolivia) that lie outside Afro-Eurasia. Paraguay is the smallest landlocked country in the Americas.

text: Paraguay

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Paraguay

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: central

text: South

text: America

text: bordered

text: by

text: Argentina

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: southwest

text: Brazil

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: and

text: Bolivia

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Paraguay

text: lies

text: on

text: both

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: Paraguay

text: River

text: which

text: runs

text: through

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: from

text: north

text: to

text: south

text: Due

text: to

text: its

text: central

text: location

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: it

text: is

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Corazón

text: de

text: Sudamérica

text: Heart

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: Paraguay

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: landlocked

text: countries

text: the

text: other

text: is

text: Bolivia

text: that

text: lie

text: outside

text: Afro

text: Eurasia

text: Paraguay

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Americas where Romance languages are predominant. The term originated in 19th century France as "Amérique latine" to consider French-speaking territories in the Americas (Haiti, French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin, Saint Barthélemy) along with the larger group of countries where Spanish and Portuguese languages prevailed. It is therefore broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic Americathough it usually excludes French Canada and modern French Louisiana.

text: Latin

text: America

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: countries

text: and

text: dependencies

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: where

text: Romance

text: languages

text: are

text: predominant

text: The

text: term

text: originated

text: in

text: century

text: France

text: as

text: Amérique

text: latine

text: to

text: consider

text: French

text: speaking

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Haiti

text: French

text: Guiana

text: Martinique

text: Guadeloupe

text: Saint

text: Martin

text: Saint

text: Barthélemy

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: larger

text: group

text: of

text: countries

text: where

text: Spanish

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: languages

text: prevailed

text: It

text: is

text: therefore

text: broader

text: than

text: the

text: terms

text: Ibero

text: America

text: or

text: Hispanic

text: Americathough

text: it

text: usually

text: excludes

text: French

text: Canada

text: and

text: modern

text: French

text: Louisiana

text: Bolivia (; ), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil, to the southeast by Paraguay, to the south by Argentina, to the southwest by Chile, and to the northwest by Peru. One-third of the country is the Andean mountain range, with one of its largest cities and principal economic centers, El Alto, located on the Altiplano. Bolivia is one of two landlocked countries (the other is Paraguay) that lie outside Afro-Eurasia. Bolivia is the largest landlocked country in the Americas.

text: Bolivia

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Plurinational

text: State

text: of

text: Bolivia

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: western

text: central

text: South

text: America

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: by

text: Brazil

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: Paraguay

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: Argentina

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: by

text: Chile

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: by

text: Peru

text: One

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: the

text: Andean

text: mountain

text: range

text: with

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: largest

text: cities

text: and

text: principal

text: economic

text: centers

text: El

text: Alto

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Altiplano

text: Bolivia

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: landlocked

text: countries

text: the

text: other

text: is

text: Paraguay

text: that

text: lie

text: outside

text: Afro

text: Eurasia

text: Bolivia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity laguna de lobos

answer: lobos partido

text: lobos partido

text: lobos partido