text: Triatoma is a genus of assassin bug in the subfamily Triatominae (kissing bugs). The members of "Triatoma" (like all members of Triatominae) are blood-sucking insects that can transmit serious diseases, such as Chagas disease. Their saliva may also trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals, up to and including severe anaphylactic shock.

text: Triatoma

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: assassin

text: bug

text: in

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Triatominae

text: kissing

text: bugs

text: The

text: members

text: of

text: Triatoma

text: like

text: all

text: members

text: of

text: Triatominae

text: are

text: blood

text: sucking

text: insects

text: that

text: can

text: transmit

text: serious

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: Their

text: saliva

text: may

text: also

text: trigger

text: allergic

text: reactions

text: in

text: sensitive

text: individuals

text: up

text: to

text: and

text: including

text: severe

text: anaphylactic

text: shock

text: Rhodnius is a genus of assassin bugs in the subfamily Triatominae (the kissing bugs), and is an important vector in the spread of Chagas disease. The "Rhodnius" species were important models for Sir Vincent Wigglesworth's studies of insect physiology, specifically growth and development.

text: Rhodnius

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: assassin

text: bugs

text: in

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Triatominae

text: the

text: kissing

text: bugs

text: and

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: vector

text: in

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: The

text: Rhodnius

text: species

text: were

text: important

text: models

text: for

text: Sir

text: Vincent

text: Wigglesworth

text: 's

text: studies

text: of

text: insect

text: physiology

text: specifically

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: Trypanosoma cruzi is a species of parasitic euglenoids. Amongst the protozoa, the trypanosomes characteristically bore tissue in another organism and feed on blood (primarily) and also lymph. This behaviour causes disease or the likelihood of disease that varies with the organism: for example, trypanosomiasis in humans (Chagas disease in South America ), dourine and surra in horses, and a brucellosis-like disease in cattle. Parasites need a host body and the haematophagous insect triatomine (descriptions "assassin bug", "cone-nose bug", and "kissing bug") is the major vector in accord with a mechanism of infection. The triatomine likes the nests of vertebrate animals for shelter, where it bites and sucks blood for food. Individual triatomines infected with protozoa from other contact with animals transmit trypanosomes when the triatomine deposits its faeces on the host's skin surface and then bites. Penetration of the infected faeces is further facilitated by the scratching of the bite area by the human or animal host.

text: Trypanosoma

text: cruzi

text: is

text: species

text: of

text: parasitic

text: euglenoids

text: Amongst

text: the

text: protozoa

text: the

text: trypanosomes

text: characteristically

text: bore

text: tissue

text: in

text: another

text: organism

text: and

text: feed

text: on

text: blood

text: primarily

text: and

text: also

text: lymph

text: This

text: behaviour

text: causes

text: disease

text: or

text: the

text: likelihood

text: of

text: disease

text: that

text: varies

text: with

text: the

text: organism

text: for

text: example

text: trypanosomiasis

text: in

text: humans

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: dourine

text: and

text: surra

text: in

text: horses

text: and

text: brucellosis

text: like

text: disease

text: in

text: cattle

text: Parasites

text: need

text: host

text: body

text: and

text: the

text: haematophagous

text: insect

text: triatomine

text: descriptions

text: assassin

text: bug

text: cone

text: nose

text: bug

text: and

text: kissing

text: bug

text: is

text: the

text: major

text: vector

text: in

text: accord

text: with

text: mechanism

text: of

text: infection

text: The

text: triatomine

text: likes

text: the

text: nests

text: of

text: vertebrate

text: animals

text: for

text: shelter

text: where

text: it

text: bites

text: and

text: sucks

text: blood

text: for

text: food

text: Individual

text: triatomines

text: infected

text: with

text: protozoa

text: from

text: other

text: contact

text: with

text: animals

text: transmit

text: trypanosomes

text: when

text: the

text: triatomine

text: deposits

text: its

text: faeces

text: on

text: the

text: host

text: 's

text: skin

text: surface

text: and

text: then

text: bites

text: Penetration

text: of

text: the

text: infected

text: faeces

text: is

text: further

text: facilitated

text: by

text: the

text: scratching

text: of

text: the

text: bite

text: area

text: by

text: the

text: human

text: or

text: animal

text: host

text: Triatoma infestans, commonly called winchuka "(vinchuca)" in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile, barbeiro in Brazil and also known as "kissing bug" or "barber bug" in English, is a blood-sucking bug (like all the members of its subfamily Triatominae) and the most important vector of "Trypanosoma cruzi" which can lead to Chagas disease. It is widespread in the Southern Cone countries of South America; that is, in Bolivia, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Brazil and Peru. In all these countries "T. infestans" is almost an exclusively domestic species, except in Bolivia where sylvatic forms have been recorded in rock piles in association with wild guinea pigs. This region has joined the control intervention called "Southern Cone Initiative" managed by the PAHO.

text: Triatoma

text: infestans

text: commonly

text: called

text: winchuka

text: vinchuca

text: in

text: Argentina

text: Bolivia

text: and

text: Chile

text: barbeiro

text: in

text: Brazil

text: and

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: kissing

text: bug

text: or

text: barber

text: bug

text: in

text: English

text: is

text: blood

text: sucking

text: bug

text: like

text: all

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: its

text: subfamily

text: Triatominae

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: vector

text: of

text: Trypanosoma

text: cruzi

text: which

text: can

text: lead

text: to

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: It

text: is

text: widespread

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Cone

text: countries

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: that

text: is

text: in

text: Bolivia

text: Argentina

text: Uruguay

text: Paraguay

text: Chile

text: Brazil

text: and

text: Peru

text: In

text: all

text: these

text: countries

text: infestans

text: is

text: almost

text: an

text: exclusively

text: domestic

text: species

text: except

text: in

text: Bolivia

text: where

text: sylvatic

text: forms

text: have

text: been

text: recorded

text: in

text: rock

text: piles

text: in

text: association

text: with

text: wild

text: guinea

text: pigs

text: This

text: region

text: has

text: joined

text: the

text: control

text: intervention

text: called

text: Southern

text: Cone

text: Initiative

text: managed

text: by

text: the

text: PAHO

text: Mepraia is a genus in the subfamily Triatominae , endemic of Chile , and vector of Chagas disease . Currently this genus contains 3 species Mepraia spinolai ( Porter , 1933 ) , Mepraia gajardoi ( Frías , Henry & González , 1998 ) and Mepraia parapatrica ( Frías , 2010 ) .

text: Mepraia

text: is

text: genus

text: in

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Triatominae

text: endemic

text: of

text: Chile

text: and

text: vector

text: of

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: Currently

text: this

text: genus

text: contains

text: species

text: Mepraia

text: spinolai

text: Porter

text: Mepraia

text: gajardoi

text: Frías

text: Henry

text: González

text: and

text: Mepraia

text: parapatrica

text: Frías

text: The Reduviidae are a large cosmopolitan family of the order Hemiptera (true bugs). They are slightly unusual overall, but very common among the Hemiptera because almost all are terrestrial ambush predators (most other predatory Hemiptera are aquatic). The main examples of nonpredatory Reduviidae are some blood-sucking ectoparasites in the subfamily Triatominae. Though spectacular exceptions are known, most members of the family are fairly easily recognizable; they have a relatively narrow neck, sturdy build, and formidable curved proboscis (sometimes called a rostrum). Large specimens should be handled with caution, if at all, because they sometimes defend themselves with a very painful stab from the proboscis.

text: The

text: Reduviidae

text: are

text: large

text: cosmopolitan

text: family

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: Hemiptera

text: true

text: bugs

text: They

text: are

text: slightly

text: unusual

text: overall

text: but

text: very

text: common

text: among

text: the

text: Hemiptera

text: because

text: almost

text: all

text: are

text: terrestrial

text: ambush

text: predators

text: most

text: other

text: predatory

text: Hemiptera

text: are

text: aquatic

text: The

text: main

text: examples

text: of

text: nonpredatory

text: Reduviidae

text: are

text: some

text: blood

text: sucking

text: ectoparasites

text: in

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Triatominae

text: Though

text: spectacular

text: exceptions

text: are

text: known

text: most

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: are

text: fairly

text: easily

text: recognizable

text: they

text: have

text: relatively

text: narrow

text: neck

text: sturdy

text: build

text: and

text: formidable

text: curved

text: proboscis

text: sometimes

text: called

text: rostrum

text: Large

text: specimens

text: should

text: be

text: handled

text: with

text: caution

text: if

text: at

text: all

text: because

text: they

text: sometimes

text: defend

text: themselves

text: with

text: very

text: painful

text: stab

text: from

text: the

text: proboscis

text:
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan "Trypanosoma cruzi". It is spread mostly by insects known as Triatominae or kissing bugs. The symptoms change over the course of the infection. In the early stage, symptoms are typically either not present or mild, and may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or local swelling at the site of the bite. After 812 weeks, individuals enter the chronic phase of disease and in 6070% it never produces further symptoms. The other 30 to 40% of people develop further symptoms 10 to 30 years after the initial infection, including enlargement of the ventricles of the heart in 20 to 30%, leading to heart failure. An enlarged esophagus or an enlarged colon may also occur in 10% of people.
"T. cruzi" is commonly spread to humans and other mammals by the blood-sucking "kissing bugs" of the subfamily Triatominae. These insects are known by a number of local names, including: "vinchuca" in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Paraguay, "barbeiro" (the barber) in Brazil, "pito" in Colombia, "chinche" in Central America, and "chipo" in Venezuela. The disease may also be spread through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, eating food contaminated with the parasites, and by vertical transmission (from a mother to her fetus). Diagnosis of early disease is by finding the parasite in the blood using a microscope. Chronic disease is diagnosed by finding antibodies for "T. cruzi" in the blood.
Prevention mostly involves eliminating kissing bugs and avoiding their bites. Other preventative efforts include screening blood used for transfusions. A vaccine has not been developed as of 2013. Early infections are treatable with the medication benznidazole or nifurtimox. Medication nearly always results in a cure if given early, but becomes less effective the longer a person has had Chagas disease. When used in chronic disease, medication may delay or prevent the development of endstage symptoms. Benznidazole and nifurtimox cause temporary side effects in up to 40% of people including skin disorders, brain toxicity, and digestive system irritation.
It is estimated that 7 to 8 million people, mostly in Mexico, Central America and South America, have Chagas disease as of 2013. In 2006, Chagas was estimated to result in 12,500 deaths per year. Most people with the disease are poor, and most people with the disease do not realize they are infected. Large-scale population movements have increased the areas where Chagas disease is found and these include many European countries and the United States. These areas have also seen an increase in the years up to 2014. The disease was first described in 1909 by Carlos Chagas after whom it is named. It affects more than 150 other animals.

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: American

text: trypanosomiasis

text: is

text: tropical

text: parasitic

text: disease

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: protozoan

text: Trypanosoma

text: cruzi

text: It

text: is

text: spread

text: mostly

text: by

text: insects

text: known

text: as

text: Triatominae

text: or

text: kissing

text: bugs

text: The

text: symptoms

text: change

text: over

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: infection

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: stage

text: symptoms

text: are

text: typically

text: either

text: not

text: present

text: or

text: mild

text: and

text: may

text: include

text: fever

text: swollen

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: headaches

text: or

text: local

text: swelling

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: bite

text: After

text: weeks

text: individuals

text: enter

text: the

text: chronic

text: phase

text: of

text: disease

text: and

text: in

text: it

text: never

text: produces

text: further

text: symptoms

text: The

text: other

text: to

text: of

text: people

text: develop

text: further

text: symptoms

text: to

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: initial

text: infection

text: including

text: enlargement

text: of

text: the

text: ventricles

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: in

text: to

text: leading

text: to

text: heart

text: failure

text: An

text: enlarged

text: esophagus

text: or

text: an

text: enlarged

text: colon

text: may

text: also

text: occur

text: in

text: of

text: people

text: cruzi

text: is

text: commonly

text: spread

text: to

text: humans

text: and

text: other

text: mammals

text: by

text: the

text: blood

text: sucking

text: kissing

text: bugs

text: of

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Triatominae

text: These

text: insects

text: are

text: known

text: by

text: number

text: of

text: local

text: names

text: including

text: vinchuca

text: in

text: Argentina

text: Bolivia

text: Chile

text: and

text: Paraguay

text: barbeiro

text: the

text: barber

text: in

text: Brazil

text: pito

text: in

text: Colombia

text: chinche

text: in

text: Central

text: America

text: and

text: chipo

text: in

text: Venezuela

text: The

text: disease

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: spread

text: through

text: blood

text: transfusion

text: organ

text: transplantation

text: eating

text: food

text: contaminated

text: with

text: the

text: parasites

text: and

text: by

text: vertical

text: transmission

text: from

text: mother

text: to

text: her

text: fetus

text: Diagnosis

text: of

text: early

text: disease

text: is

text: by

text: finding

text: the

text: parasite

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: using

text: microscope

text: Chronic

text: disease

text: is

text: diagnosed

text: by

text: finding

text: antibodies

text: for

text: cruzi

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: Prevention

text: mostly

text: involves

text: eliminating

text: kissing

text: bugs

text: and

text: avoiding

text: their

text: bites

text: Other

text: preventative

text: efforts

text: include

text: screening

text: blood

text: used

text: for

text: transfusions

text: vaccine

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: developed

text: as

text: of

text: Early

text: infections

text: are

text: treatable

text: with

text: the

text: medication

text: benznidazole

text: or

text: nifurtimox

text: Medication

text: nearly

text: always

text: results

text: in

text: cure

text: if

text: given

text: early

text: but

text: becomes

text: less

text: effective

text: the

text: longer

text: person

text: has

text: had

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: When

text: used

text: in

text: chronic

text: disease

text: medication

text: may

text: delay

text: or

text: prevent

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: endstage

text: symptoms

text: Benznidazole

text: and

text: nifurtimox

text: cause

text: temporary

text: side

text: effects

text: in

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: people

text: including

text: skin

text: disorders

text: brain

text: toxicity

text: and

text: digestive

text: system

text: irritation

text: It

text: is

text: estimated

text: that

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: mostly

text: in

text: Mexico

text: Central

text: America

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: have

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: as

text: of

text: In

text: Chagas

text: was

text: estimated

text: to

text: result

text: in

text: deaths

text: per

text: year

text: Most

text: people

text: with

text: the

text: disease

text: are

text: poor

text: and

text: most

text: people

text: with

text: the

text: disease

text: do

text: not

text: realize

text: they

text: are

text: infected

text: Large

text: scale

text: population

text: movements

text: have

text: increased

text: the

text: areas

text: where

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: is

text: found

text: and

text: these

text: include

text: many

text: European

text: countries

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: These

text: areas

text: have

text: also

text: seen

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: years

text: up

text: to

text: The

text: disease

text: was

text: first

text: described

text: in

text: by

text: Carlos

text: Chagas

text: after

text: whom

text: it

text: is

text: named

text: It

text: affects

text: more

text: than

text: other

text: animals

text:
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with its neighbor Chile to the west, the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. With a mainland area of , Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into twenty-three provinces (singular "provincia") and one autonomous city ("ciudad autónoma"), Buenos Aires, which is the federal capital of the nation as decided by Congress.
The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system.

text: Argentina

text: officially

text: the

text: Argentine

text: Republic

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: Sharing

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Cone

text: with

text: its

text: neighbor

text: Chile

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: also

text: bordered

text: by

text: Bolivia

text: and

text: Paraguay

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Brazil

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Uruguay

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Drake

text: Passage

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: With

text: mainland

text: area

text: of

text: Argentina

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: Spanish

text: speaking

text: one

text: The

text: country

text: is

text: subdivided

text: into

text: twenty

text: three

text: provinces

text: singular

text: provincia

text: and

text: one

text: autonomous

text: city

text: ciudad

text: autónoma

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: federal

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: as

text: decided

text: by

text: Congress

text: The

text: provinces

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: have

text: their

text: own

text: constitutions

text: but

text: exist

text: under

text: federal

text: system

text: The members of Triatominae , a subfamily of Reduviidae, are also known as conenose bugs, kissing bugs, assassin bugs, or vampire bugs. Other local names for them used in the Latin Americas include barbeiros, vinchucas, pitos and chinches. Most of the 130 or more species of this subfamily are haematophagous, i.e. feeds on vertebrate blood; a very few species feed on other invertebrates (Sandoval "et al." 2000, 2004). They are mainly found and widespread in the Americas, with a few species present in Asia, Africa, and Australia. These bugs usually share shelter with nesting vertebrates, from which they suck blood. In areas where Chagas disease occurs (from the southern United States to northern Argentina), all triatomine species are potential vectors of the Chagas disease parasite "Trypanosoma cruzi", but only those species (such as "Triatoma infestans" and "Rhodnius prolixus") that are well adapted to living with humans are considered important vectors.

text: The

text: members

text: of

text: Triatominae

text: subfamily

text: of

text: Reduviidae

text: are

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: conenose

text: bugs

text: kissing

text: bugs

text: assassin

text: bugs

text: or

text: vampire

text: bugs

text: Other

text: local

text: names

text: for

text: them

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: Latin

text: Americas

text: include

text: barbeiros

text: vinchucas

text: pitos

text: and

text: chinches

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: or

text: more

text: species

text: of

text: this

text: subfamily

text: are

text: haematophagous

text: i.e.

text: feeds

text: on

text: vertebrate

text: blood

text: very

text: few

text: species

text: feed

text: on

text: other

text: invertebrates

text: Sandoval

text: et

text: al

text: They

text: are

text: mainly

text: found

text: and

text: widespread

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: with

text: few

text: species

text: present

text: in

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: and

text: Australia

text: These

text: bugs

text: usually

text: share

text: shelter

text: with

text: nesting

text: vertebrates

text: from

text: which

text: they

text: suck

text: blood

text: In

text: areas

text: where

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: occurs

text: from

text: the

text: southern

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: northern

text: Argentina

text: all

text: triatomine

text: species

text: are

text: potential

text: vectors

text: of

text: the

text: Chagas

text: disease

text: parasite

text: Trypanosoma

text: cruzi

text: but

text: only

text: those

text: species

text: such

text: as

text: Triatoma

text: infestans

text: and

text: Rhodnius

text: prolixus

text: that

text: are

text: well

text: adapted

text: to

text: living

text: with

text: humans

text: are

text: considered

text: important

text: vectors

text: Rhodnius prolixus is the second most important triatomine vector of the Chagas parasite due to both its sylvatic and domestic populations in northern South America as well as to its exclusively domestic populations in Central America. It has a wide range of ecotopes, mainly savanna and foothills with an altitude of between 500 meters to 1,500 meters (1600 feet to 4,900 feet) above sea level and temperatures of 16 °C to 28 °C (61 °F to 82 °F). Sylvatic "R. prolixus", as virtually all "Rhodnius" spp., is primarily associated with palm tree habitats and has a wide range of hosts including birds, rodents, marsupials, sloths, and reptiles.

text: Rhodnius

text: prolixus

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: important

text: triatomine

text: vector

text: of

text: the

text: Chagas

text: parasite

text: due

text: to

text: both

text: its

text: sylvatic

text: and

text: domestic

text: populations

text: in

text: northern

text: South

text: America

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: to

text: its

text: exclusively

text: domestic

text: populations

text: in

text: Central

text: America

text: It

text: has

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: ecotopes

text: mainly

text: savanna

text: and

text: foothills

text: with

text: an

text: altitude

text: of

text: between

text: meters

text: to

text: meters

text: feet

text: to

text: feet

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: and

text: temperatures

text: of

text: to

text: to

text: Sylvatic

text: prolixus

text: as

text: virtually

text: all

text: Rhodnius

text: spp

text: is

text: primarily

text: associated

text: with

text: palm

text: tree

text: habitats

text: and

text: has

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: hosts

text: including

text: birds

text: rodents

text: marsupials

text: sloths

text: and

text: reptiles

text: Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 64,000 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates, which include the cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) and the bony fish.

text: Vertebrates

text: comprise

text: all

text: species

text: of

text: animals

text: within

text: the

text: subphylum

text: Vertebrata

text: chordates

text: with

text: backbones

text: Vertebrates

text: represent

text: the

text: overwhelming

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: phylum

text: Chordata

text: with

text: currently

text: about

text: species

text: described

text: Vertebrates

text: include

text: the

text: jawless

text: fish

text: and

text: the

text: jawed

text: vertebrates

text: which

text: include

text: the

text: cartilaginous

text: fish

text: sharks

text: and

text: rays

text: and

text: the

text: bony

text: fish

question: parent_taxon mepraia

answer: reduviidae

text: reduviidae

text: reduviidae

text: reduviidae


text: Time travel is the concept of movement (such as by a human) between certain points in time, analogous to movement between different points in space, typically using a hypothetical device known as a time machine, in the form of a vehicle or of a portal connecting distant points in time. Time travel is a recognized concept in philosophy and fiction, but traveling to an arbitrary point in time has a very limited support in theoretical physics, and usually only in conjunction with quantum mechanics or wormholes, also known as Einstein-Rosen bridges. In a more narrow sense, one-way time travel into the future via time dilation is a well-understood phenomenon within the frameworks of special relativity and general relativity, but advancing a large amount of time is not feasible with current technology. The concept was touched upon in various earlier works of fiction, but was popularized by H. G. Wells' 1895 novel "The Time Machine", which moved the concept of time travel into the public imagination, and it remains a popular subject in science fiction.

text: Time

text: travel

text: is

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: movement

text: such

text: as

text: by

text: human

text: between

text: certain

text: points

text: in

text: time

text: analogous

text: to

text: movement

text: between

text: different

text: points

text: in

text: space

text: typically

text: using

text: hypothetical

text: device

text: known

text: as

text: time

text: machine

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: vehicle

text: or

text: of

text: portal

text: connecting

text: distant

text: points

text: in

text: time

text: Time

text: travel

text: is

text: recognized

text: concept

text: in

text: philosophy

text: and

text: fiction

text: but

text: traveling

text: to

text: an

text: arbitrary

text: point

text: in

text: time

text: has

text: very

text: limited

text: support

text: in

text: theoretical

text: physics

text: and

text: usually

text: only

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: quantum

text: mechanics

text: or

text: wormholes

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Einstein

text: Rosen

text: bridges

text: In

text: more

text: narrow

text: sense

text: one

text: way

text: time

text: travel

text: into

text: the

text: future

text: via

text: time

text: dilation

text: is

text: well

text: understood

text: phenomenon

text: within

text: the

text: frameworks

text: of

text: special

text: relativity

text: and

text: general

text: relativity

text: but

text: advancing

text: large

text: amount

text: of

text: time

text: is

text: not

text: feasible

text: with

text: current

text: technology

text: The

text: concept

text: was

text: touched

text: upon

text: in

text: various

text: earlier

text: works

text: of

text: fiction

text: but

text: was

text: popularized

text: by

text: Wells

text: novel

text: The

text: Time

text: Machine

text: which

text: moved

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: time

text: travel

text: into

text: the

text: public

text: imagination

text: and

text: it

text: remains

text: popular

text: subject

text: in

text: science

text: fiction

text: Edward Elmer Smith (also E. E. Smith, E. E. Smith, Ph.D., E. E. "Doc" Smith, Doc Smith, "Skylark" Smith, orto his familyTed; May 2, 1890  August 31, 1965) was an American food engineer (specializing in doughnut and pastry mixes) and an early science-fiction author, best known for the "Lensman" and "Skylark" series. He is sometimes called the father of space opera.

text: Edward

text: Elmer

text: Smith

text: also

text: Smith

text: Smith

text: Ph.D.

text: Doc

text: Smith

text: Doc

text: Smith

text: Skylark

text: Smith

text: orto

text: his

text: familyTed

text: May

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: food

text: engineer

text: specializing

text: in

text: doughnut

text: and

text: pastry

text: mixes

text: and

text: an

text: early

text: science

text: fiction

text: author

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: Lensman

text: and

text: Skylark

text: series

text: He

text: is

text: sometimes

text: called

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: space

text: opera

text: Science fiction (often shortened to SF, sci-fi or scifi) is a genre of speculative fiction, typically dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a "literature of ideas." It usually avoids the supernatural, and unlike the related genre of fantasy, historically science fiction stories were intended to have a grounding in science-based fact or theory at the time the story was created, but this connection is now limited to hard science fiction.

text: Science

text: fiction

text: often

text: shortened

text: to

text: SF

text: sci

text: fi

text: or

text: scifi

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: speculative

text: fiction

text: typically

text: dealing

text: with

text: imaginative

text: concepts

text: such

text: as

text: futuristic

text: science

text: and

text: technology

text: space

text: travel

text: time

text: travel

text: faster

text: than

text: light

text: travel

text: parallel

text: universes

text: and

text: extraterrestrial

text: life

text: Science

text: fiction

text: often

text: explores

text: the

text: potential

text: consequences

text: of

text: scientific

text: and

text: other

text: innovations

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: literature

text: of

text: ideas

text: It

text: usually

text: avoids

text: the

text: supernatural

text: and

text: unlike

text: the

text: related

text: genre

text: of

text: fantasy

text: historically

text: science

text: fiction

text: stories

text: were

text: intended

text: to

text: have

text: grounding

text: in

text: science

text: based

text: fact

text: or

text: theory

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: the

text: story

text: was

text: created

text: but

text: this

text: connection

text: is

text: now

text: limited

text: to

text: hard

text: science

text: fiction

text: Fantasy Press was an American publishing house specialising in fantasy and science fiction titles. Established in 1946 by Lloyd Arthur Eshbach in Reading, Pennsylvania, it was most notable for publishing the works of authors such as Robert A. Heinlein and E. E. Smith. One of its more notable offerings was the Lensman series.

text: Fantasy

text: Press

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: publishing

text: house

text: specialising

text: in

text: fantasy

text: and

text: science

text: fiction

text: titles

text: Established

text: in

text: by

text: Lloyd

text: Arthur

text: Eshbach

text: in

text: Reading

text: Pennsylvania

text: it

text: was

text: most

text: notable

text: for

text: publishing

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: authors

text: such

text: as

text: Robert

text: Heinlein

text: and

text: Smith

text: One

text: of

text: its

text: more

text: notable

text: offerings

text: was

text: the

text: Lensman

text: series

text: Children of the Lens is a science fiction novel by author Edward E. Smith , Ph.D. . It was first published in book form in 1954 by Fantasy Press in an edition of 4,874 copies . It is the last book in Smith 's Lensman series . The novel was originally serialized in the magazine Astounding beginning in 1947 . The Children of the Lens are the culmination of the Arisian breeding program , and are to be their weapons in the final assault on Eddore . The book introduces the five Kinnison children : Kit , Camilla , Constance , Karen , and Kathryn . Born with the abilities that Second Stage Lensmen possess only through years of intensive training , they become the Third Stage Lensmen with abilities that even the Arisians do not fully understand . Here , battles between massive fleets and super-weapons no longer have the main role . The battles may be just as intense , but most are more low keyed , with brains and subtle maneuvering being more important than who has the biggest fleets and most powerful weapons .

text: Children

text: of

text: the

text: Lens

text: is

text: science

text: fiction

text: novel

text: by

text: author

text: Edward

text: Smith

text: Ph.D.

text: It

text: was

text: first

text: published

text: in

text: book

text: form

text: in

text: by

text: Fantasy

text: Press

text: in

text: an

text: edition

text: of

text: copies

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: book

text: in

text: Smith

text: 's

text: Lensman

text: series

text: The

text: novel

text: was

text: originally

text: serialized

text: in

text: the

text: magazine

text: Astounding

text: beginning

text: in

text: The

text: Children

text: of

text: the

text: Lens

text: are

text: the

text: culmination

text: of

text: the

text: Arisian

text: breeding

text: program

text: and

text: are

text: to

text: be

text: their

text: weapons

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: assault

text: on

text: Eddore

text: The

text: book

text: introduces

text: the

text: five

text: Kinnison

text: children

text: Kit

text: Camilla

text: Constance

text: Karen

text: and

text: Kathryn

text: Born

text: with

text: the

text: abilities

text: that

text: Second

text: Stage

text: Lensmen

text: possess

text: only

text: through

text: years

text: of

text: intensive

text: training

text: they

text: become

text: the

text: Third

text: Stage

text: Lensmen

text: with

text: abilities

text: that

text: even

text: the

text: Arisians

text: do

text: not

text: fully

text: understand

text: Here

text: battles

text: between

text: massive

text: fleets

text: and

text: super

text: weapons

text: no

text: longer

text: have

text: the

text: main

text: role

text: The

text: battles

text: may

text: be

text: just

text: as

text: intense

text: but

text: most

text: are

text: more

text: low

text: keyed

text: with

text: brains

text: and

text: subtle

text: maneuvering

text: being

text: more

text: important

text: than

text: who

text: has

text: the

text: biggest

text: fleets

text: and

text: most

text: powerful

text: weapons

text: Lloyd Arthur Eshbach (June 20, 1910  October 29, 2003) was an American science fiction fan, publisher and writer, secular and religious publisher, and minister.

text: Lloyd

text: Arthur

text: Eshbach

text: June

text: October

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: science

text: fiction

text: fan

text: publisher

text: and

text: writer

text: secular

text: and

text: religious

text: publisher

text: and

text: minister

annotations: follows single

question: author children of the lens

answer: edward elmer smith

text: edward elmer smith


text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text: Michael Gordon "Mike" Oldfield (born 15 May 1953) is an English musician and composer. His work blends progressive rock with world, folk, classical, electronic, ambient, and new-age music. His biggest commercial success is the 1973 album "Tubular Bells"which launched Virgin Records and became a hit in America after its opening was used as the theme for the film "The Exorcist". He also recorded the 1983 hit single "Moonlight Shadow" and a rendition of the Christmas piece "In Dulci Jubilo".

text: Michael

text: Gordon

text: Mike

text: Oldfield

text: born

text: May

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: musician

text: and

text: composer

text: His

text: work

text: blends

text: progressive

text: rock

text: with

text: world

text: folk

text: classical

text: electronic

text: ambient

text: and

text: new

text: age

text: music

text: His

text: biggest

text: commercial

text: success

text: is

text: the

text: album

text: Tubular

text: Bells"which

text: launched

text: Virgin

text: Records

text: and

text: became

text: hit

text: in

text: America

text: after

text: its

text: opening

text: was

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: theme

text: for

text: the

text: film

text: The

text: Exorcist

text: He

text: also

text: recorded

text: the

text: hit

text: single

text: Moonlight

text: Shadow

text: and

text: rendition

text: of

text: the

text: Christmas

text: piece

text: In

text: Dulci

text: Jubilo

text: "Moonlight Shadow" is a song written and performed by English multi-instrumentalist Mike Oldfield, released as a single in May 1983 by Virgin Records, and included in the album "Crises" of the same year. The vocals were performed by Scottish vocalist Maggie Reilly, who had been collaborating with Mike Oldfield since 1980. It is Oldfield's most successful single, reaching number one on a number of charts around Europe.

text: Moonlight

text: Shadow

text: is

text: song

text: written

text: and

text: performed

text: by

text: English

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: Mike

text: Oldfield

text: released

text: as

text: single

text: in

text: May

text: by

text: Virgin

text: Records

text: and

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: album

text: Crises

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: The

text: vocals

text: were

text: performed

text: by

text: Scottish

text: vocalist

text: Maggie

text: Reilly

text: who

text: had

text: been

text: collaborating

text: with

text: Mike

text: Oldfield

text: since

text: It

text: is

text: Oldfield

text: 's

text: most

text: successful

text: single

text: reaching

text: number

text: one

text: on

text: number

text: of

text: charts

text: around

text: Europe

text: Virgin Records is a major record label first founded by English entrepreneur Richard Branson, Simon Draper, Nik Powell and musician Tom Newman in 1972. The company grew to be a worldwide phenomenon over time with the success of its platinum performers such as Janet Jackson, Roy Orbison, Devo, Genesis, Keith Richards, the Human League, Culture Club, Simple Minds, Lenny Kravitz, dc Talk, the Smashing Pumpkins, Mike Oldfield, Spice Girls and more on their list of artists. It was later sold to Thorn EMI in 1992.

text: Virgin

text: Records

text: is

text: major

text: record

text: label

text: first

text: founded

text: by

text: English

text: entrepreneur

text: Richard

text: Branson

text: Simon

text: Draper

text: Nik

text: Powell

text: and

text: musician

text: Tom

text: Newman

text: in

text: The

text: company

text: grew

text: to

text: be

text: worldwide

text: phenomenon

text: over

text: time

text: with

text: the

text: success

text: of

text: its

text: platinum

text: performers

text: such

text: as

text: Janet

text: Jackson

text: Roy

text: Orbison

text: Devo

text: Genesis

text: Keith

text: Richards

text: the

text: Human

text: League

text: Culture

text: Club

text: Simple

text: Minds

text: Lenny

text: Kravitz

text: dc

text: Talk

text: the

text: Smashing

text: Pumpkins

text: Mike

text: Oldfield

text: Spice

text: Girls

text: and

text: more

text: on

text: their

text: list

text: of

text: artists

text: It

text: was

text: later

text: sold

text: to

text: Thorn

text: EMI

text: in

text: A multi-instrumentalist is a musician who plays two or more musical instruments at a professional level. Multi-instrumentalists who play closely related instruments, a practice known as doubling are common in orchestra (e.g., flute players who double on piccolo and percussion players, who play snare drum, cymbals, bass drum, etc.), in jazz (e.g., saxophone players who double on clarinet or flute; or double bass players who also play electric bass); in music theatre pit orchestras (e.g., reed players who are required to play numerous reed instruments); and in other areas of classical music (e.g., church piano players are often expected to play the church's pipe organ or Hammond organ as well). Popular music composers and songwriters are often multi-instrumentalists. In pop and rock, it is more common than in classical or jazz for performers to be multi-instrumentalists on instruments that are not from the same family: it is common for pop and rock musicians to play both guitar and keyboards. Many bluegrass musicians are multi-instrumentalists. Some musicians' unions or associations specify a higher rate of pay for musicians who double on two or more instruments for a performance or recording.

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: is

text: musician

text: who

text: plays

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: musical

text: instruments

text: at

text: professional

text: level

text: Multi

text: instrumentalists

text: who

text: play

text: closely

text: related

text: instruments

text: practice

text: known

text: as

text: doubling

text: are

text: common

text: in

text: orchestra

text: e.g.

text: flute

text: players

text: who

text: double

text: on

text: piccolo

text: and

text: percussion

text: players

text: who

text: play

text: snare

text: drum

text: cymbals

text: bass

text: drum

text: etc

text: in

text: jazz

text: e.g.

text: saxophone

text: players

text: who

text: double

text: on

text: clarinet

text: or

text: flute

text: or

text: double

text: bass

text: players

text: who

text: also

text: play

text: electric

text: bass

text: in

text: music

text: theatre

text: pit

text: orchestras

text: e.g.

text: reed

text: players

text: who

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: play

text: numerous

text: reed

text: instruments

text: and

text: in

text: other

text: areas

text: of

text: classical

text: music

text: e.g.

text: church

text: piano

text: players

text: are

text: often

text: expected

text: to

text: play

text: the

text: church

text: 's

text: pipe

text: organ

text: or

text: Hammond

text: organ

text: as

text: well

text: Popular

text: music

text: composers

text: and

text: songwriters

text: are

text: often

text: multi

text: instrumentalists

text: In

text: pop

text: and

text: rock

text: it

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: than

text: in

text: classical

text: or

text: jazz

text: for

text: performers

text: to

text: be

text: multi

text: instrumentalists

text: on

text: instruments

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: family

text: it

text: is

text: common

text: for

text: pop

text: and

text: rock

text: musicians

text: to

text: play

text: both

text: guitar

text: and

text: keyboards

text: Many

text: bluegrass

text: musicians

text: are

text: multi

text: instrumentalists

text: Some

text: musicians

text: unions

text: or

text: associations

text: specify

text: higher

text: rate

text: of

text: pay

text: for

text: musicians

text: who

text: double

text: on

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: instruments

text: for

text: performance

text: or

text: recording

text: Progressive rock (shortened as "prog"; sometimes "art rock", "classical rock" or "symphonic rock") is a broad subgenre of rock music that developed in the United Kingdom and United States throughout the mid to late 1960s. Initially termed "progressive pop", the style was an outgrowth of psychedelic bands who abandoned standard pop traditions in favour of instrumentation and compositional techniques more frequently associated with jazz, folk or classical music. Additional elements contributed to its "progressive" label: lyrics were more poetic, technology was harnessed for new sounds, music approached the condition of "art", and the studio, rather than the stage, became the focus of musical activity, which often involved creating music for listening, not dancing.

text: Progressive

text: rock

text: shortened

text: as

text: prog

text: sometimes

text: art

text: rock

text: classical

text: rock

text: or

text: symphonic

text: rock

text: is

text: broad

text: subgenre

text: of

text: rock

text: music

text: that

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: United

text: States

text: throughout

text: the

text: mid

text: to

text: late

text: Initially

text: termed

text: progressive

text: pop

text: the

text: style

text: was

text: an

text: outgrowth

text: of

text: psychedelic

text: bands

text: who

text: abandoned

text: standard

text: pop

text: traditions

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: instrumentation

text: and

text: compositional

text: techniques

text: more

text: frequently

text: associated

text: with

text: jazz

text: folk

text: or

text: classical

text: music

text: Additional

text: elements

text: contributed

text: to

text: its

text: progressive

text: label

text: lyrics

text: were

text: more

text: poetic

text: technology

text: was

text: harnessed

text: for

text: new

text: sounds

text: music

text: approached

text: the

text: condition

text: of

text: art

text: and

text: the

text: studio

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: stage

text: became

text: the

text: focus

text: of

text: musical

text: activity

text: which

text: often

text: involved

text: creating

text: music

text: for

text: listening

text: not

text: dancing

text: `` Everytime We Touch '' is a song recorded by Maggie Reilly for her 1992 album Echoes . The song was produced by Armand Volker and recorded under the label of Mambo Musik . It was a major hit in Europe in the 1990s , reaching # 1 chart position in Norway and helped increase her profile as an independent artist -- back in the 1980s she was known mostly for her contribution of the female vocals in the hit song `` Moonlight Shadow '' by Mike Oldfield and many other Oldfield 's albums .

text: Everytime

text: We

text: Touch

text: is

text: song

text: recorded

text: by

text: Maggie

text: Reilly

text: for

text: her

text: album

text: Echoes

text: The

text: song

text: was

text: produced

text: by

text: Armand

text: Volker

text: and

text: recorded

text: under

text: the

text: label

text: of

text: Mambo

text: Musik

text: It

text: was

text: major

text: hit

text: in

text: Europe

text: in

text: the

text: reaching

text: chart

text: position

text: in

text: Norway

text: and

text: helped

text: increase

text: her

text: profile

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: artist

text: back

text: in

text: the

text: she

text: was

text: known

text: mostly

text: for

text: her

text: contribution

text: of

text: the

text: female

text: vocals

text: in

text: the

text: hit

text: song

text: Moonlight

text: Shadow

text: by

text: Mike

text: Oldfield

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: Oldfield

text: 's

text: albums

text: "To France" is a single by musician Mike Oldfield, released in 1984. It is from the album "Discovery" and features Maggie Reilly on vocals.

text: To

text: France

text: is

text: single

text: by

text: musician

text: Mike

text: Oldfield

text: released

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: from

text: the

text: album

text: Discovery

text: and

text: features

text: Maggie

text: Reilly

text: on

text: vocals

text: Tubular Bells is the first album by English musician Mike Oldfield, recorded when he was 19 and released in 1973 when he was 20.

text: Tubular

text: Bells

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: album

text: by

text: English

text: musician

text: Mike

text: Oldfield

text: recorded

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: and

text: released

text: in

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: Maggie Reilly (born 15 September 1956 in Glasgow) is a Scottish singer of Irish descent best known for her collaborations with the composer and instrumentalist Mike Oldfield. Most notably, she performed lead vocals on the Oldfield songs "Family Man", "Moonlight Shadow", "To France" and "Foreign Affair", all of which were international hits in the early 1980s.

text: Maggie

text: Reilly

text: born

text: September

text: in

text: Glasgow

text: is

text: Scottish

text: singer

text: of

text: Irish

text: descent

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: her

text: collaborations

text: with

text: the

text: composer

text: and

text: instrumentalist

text: Mike

text: Oldfield

text: Most

text: notably

text: she

text: performed

text: lead

text: vocals

text: on

text: the

text: Oldfield

text: songs

text: Family

text: Man

text: Moonlight

text: Shadow

text: To

text: France

text: and

text: Foreign

text: Affair

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: international

text: hits

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: Glasgow  is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. It is situated on the River Clyde in the country's West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians.

text: Glasgow

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Scotland

text: and

text: third

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Historically

text: part

text: of

text: Lanarkshire

text: it

text: is

text: now

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: council

text: areas

text: of

text: Scotland

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Clyde

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: West

text: Central

text: Lowlands

text: Inhabitants

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Glaswegians

annotations: follows multiple

question: instance_of everytime we touch

answer: single

text: single

text: single

text: single

text: single


text: A continent is one of several very large landmasses on Earth. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in size to smallest, they are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. In geology, areas of continental crust include regions covered with water.

text: continent

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: several

text: very

text: large

text: landmasses

text: on

text: Earth

text: Generally

text: identified

text: by

text: convention

text: rather

text: than

text: any

text: strict

text: criteria

text: up

text: to

text: seven

text: regions

text: are

text: commonly

text: regarded

text: as

text: continents

text: Ordered

text: from

text: largest

text: in

text: size

text: to

text: smallest

text: they

text: are

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: North

text: America

text: South

text: America

text: Antarctica

text: Europe

text: and

text: Australia

text: In

text: geology

text: areas

text: of

text: continental

text: crust

text: include

text: regions

text: covered

text: with

text: water

text: Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.

text: Russia

text: from

text: the

text: Rus

text: also

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: At

text: Russia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: surface

text: area

text: covering

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: eighth

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: inhabited

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: most

text: populous

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: March

text: The

text: European

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: populated

text: and

text: urbanised

text: than

text: the

text: eastern

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: live

text: in

text: European

text: Russia

text: Russia

text: 's

text: capital

text: Moscow

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: centers

text: include

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Novosibirsk

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: and

text: Samara

text: Oceania (or ), also known as Oceanica, is a region centred on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Opinions of what constitutes Oceania range from its three subregions of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia to, more broadly, the entire insular region between Southeast Asia and the Americas, including Australasia and the Malay Archipelago.

text: Oceania

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Oceanica

text: is

text: region

text: centred

text: on

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: the

text: tropical

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: Opinions

text: of

text: what

text: constitutes

text: Oceania

text: range

text: from

text: its

text: three

text: subregions

text: of

text: Melanesia

text: Micronesia

text: and

text: Polynesia

text: to

text: more

text: broadly

text: the

text: entire

text: insular

text: region

text: between

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: Americas

text: including

text: Australasia

text: and

text: the

text: Malay

text: Archipelago

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text: North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of Africa. The United Nations definition of "North Africa" includes seven countries and territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, and Western Sahara. The countries of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya are often collectively referred to as the Maghreb, which is the Arabic word for "sunset". Egypt lies to the northeast and encompasses part of West Asia, while Sudan is situated on the edge of the Sahel, to the south of Egypt.

text: North

text: Africa

text: or

text: Northern

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: northernmost

text: region

text: of

text: Africa

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: definition

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: includes

text: seven

text: countries

text: and

text: territories

text: Algeria

text: Egypt

text: Libya

text: Mauritania

text: Morocco

text: Sudan

text: Tunisia

text: and

text: Western

text: Sahara

text: The

text: countries

text: of

text: Algeria

text: Morocco

text: Tunisia

text: and

text: Libya

text: are

text: often

text: collectively

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Maghreb

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: Arabic

text: word

text: for

text: sunset

text: Egypt

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: encompasses

text: part

text: of

text: West

text: Asia

text: while

text: Sudan

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: Sahel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Crocus sativus, commonly known as saffron crocus, or autumn crocus, is a species of flowering plant of the "Crocus" genus in the Iridaceae family. It is best known for the spice saffron, which is produced from parts of the flowers.

text: Crocus

text: sativus

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: saffron

text: crocus

text: or

text: autumn

text: crocus

text: is

text: species

text: of

text: flowering

text: plant

text: of

text: the

text: Crocus

text: genus

text: in

text: the

text: Iridaceae

text: family

text: It

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: spice

text: saffron

text: which

text: is

text: produced

text: from

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: flowers

text:
SPICE ("Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis") is a general-purpose, open source analog electronic circuit simulator.
It is a program used in integrated circuit and board-level design to check the integrity of circuit designs and to predict circuit behavior.

text: SPICE

text: Simulation

text: Program

text: with

text: Integrated

text: Circuit

text: Emphasis

text: is

text: general

text: purpose

text: open

text: source

text: analog

text: electronic

text: circuit

text: simulator

text: It

text: is

text: program

text: used

text: in

text: integrated

text: circuit

text: and

text: board

text: level

text: design

text: to

text: check

text: the

text: integrity

text: of

text: circuit

text: designs

text: and

text: to

text: predict

text: circuit

text: behavior

text: The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethnic groups that live in central, eastern, northern, and western Asia as well as parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds. The term "Turkic" represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of peoples including existing societies such as Altai, Azerbaijanis, Balkars, Bashkirs, Chuvashes, Crimean Karaites, Gagauz, Karachays, Karakalpaks, Kazakhs, Khakas, Krymchaks, Kyrgyz people, Nogais, Qashqai, Tatars, Turkmens, Turkish people, Tuvans, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, and Yakuts and as well as ancient and medieval states such as Dingling, Bulgars, Alat, Basmyl, Onogurs, Shatuo, Chuban, Göktürks, Oghuz Turks, Kankalis, Khazars, Khiljis, Kipchaks, Kumans, Karluks, Bahri Mamluks, Ottoman Turks, Seljuk Turks, Tiele, Timurids, Turgeshes, Yenisei Kirghiz, and possibly Huns, Tuoba, and Xiongnu.

text: The

text: Turkic

text: peoples

text: are

text: collection

text: of

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: that

text: live

text: in

text: central

text: eastern

text: northern

text: and

text: western

text: Asia

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: parts

text: of

text: eastern

text: Europe

text: They

text: speak

text: languages

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Turkic

text: language

text: family

text: They

text: share

text: to

text: varying

text: degrees

text: certain

text: cultural

text: traits

text: and

text: historical

text: backgrounds

text: The

text: term

text: Turkic

text: represents

text: broad

text: ethno

text: linguistic

text: group

text: of

text: peoples

text: including

text: existing

text: societies

text: such

text: as

text: Altai

text: Azerbaijanis

text: Balkars

text: Bashkirs

text: Chuvashes

text: Crimean

text: Karaites

text: Gagauz

text: Karachays

text: Karakalpaks

text: Kazakhs

text: Khakas

text: Krymchaks

text: Kyrgyz

text: people

text: Nogais

text: Qashqai

text: Tatars

text: Turkmens

text: Turkish

text: people

text: Tuvans

text: Uyghurs

text: Uzbeks

text: and

text: Yakuts

text: and

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: ancient

text: and

text: medieval

text: states

text: such

text: as

text: Dingling

text: Bulgars

text: Alat

text: Basmyl

text: Onogurs

text: Shatuo

text: Chuban

text: Göktürks

text: Oghuz

text: Turks

text: Kankalis

text: Khazars

text: Khiljis

text: Kipchaks

text: Kumans

text: Karluks

text: Bahri

text: Mamluks

text: Ottoman

text: Turks

text: Seljuk

text: Turks

text: Tiele

text: Timurids

text: Turgeshes

text: Yenisei

text: Kirghiz

text: and

text: possibly

text: Huns

text: Tuoba

text: and

text: Xiongnu

text: Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari: , "Afnistn"), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. It has a population of approximately 32 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast. Its territory covers , making it the 41st largest country in the world.

text: Afghanistan

text: Pashto

text: Dari

text: Afnistn

text: officially

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Afghanistan

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: within

text: South

text: Asia

text: and

text: Central

text: Asia

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: million

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Pakistan

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: Iran

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: Turkmenistan

text: Uzbekistan

text: and

text: Tajikistan

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: far

text: northeast

text: Its

text: territory

text: covers

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The Turkic languages are a language family of at least thirty-five languages, spoken by Turkic peoples from Southeastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China. The Turkic languages originated in a region spanning Western China to Mongolia from where it expanded to Central Asia and farther west.

text: The

text: Turkic

text: languages

text: are

text: language

text: family

text: of

text: at

text: least

text: thirty

text: five

text: languages

text: spoken

text: by

text: Turkic

text: peoples

text: from

text: Southeastern

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: to

text: Siberia

text: and

text: Western

text: China

text: The

text: Turkic

text: languages

text: originated

text: in

text: region

text: spanning

text: Western

text: China

text: to

text: Mongolia

text: from

text: where

text: it

text: expanded

text: to

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: farther

text: west

text: A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common "ancestral language" or "parental language", called the proto-language of that family. The term 'family' reflects the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree, or in a subsequent modification, to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy. Linguists therefore describe the "daughter languages" within a language family as being "genetically related".

text: language

text: family

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: languages

text: related

text: through

text: descent

text: from

text: common

text: ancestral

text: language

text: or

text: parental

text: language

text: called

text: the

text: proto

text: language

text: of

text: that

text: family

text: The

text: term

text: family

text: reflects

text: the

text: tree

text: model

text: of

text: language

text: origination

text: in

text: historical

text: linguistics

text: which

text: makes

text: use

text: of

text: metaphor

text: comparing

text: languages

text: to

text: people

text: in

text: biological

text: family

text: tree

text: or

text: in

text: subsequent

text: modification

text: to

text: species

text: in

text: phylogenetic

text: tree

text: of

text: evolutionary

text: taxonomy

text: Linguists

text: therefore

text: describe

text: the

text: daughter

text: languages

text: within

text: language

text: family

text: as

text: being

text: genetically

text: related

text: Siberia is an extensive geographical region, and by the broadest definition is also known as North Asia. Siberia has historically been a part of Russia since the 17th century.

text: Siberia

text: is

text: an

text: extensive

text: geographical

text: region

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: broadest

text: definition

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: North

text: Asia

text: Siberia

text: has

text: historically

text: been

text: part

text: of

text: Russia

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: Piti is a soup in the cuisines of the Caucasus , it 's bordering nations , and Central Asia , and is prepared in the oven in individual crocks with a glazed interior ( called piti in Turkic languages ) . It is made with mutton and vegetables ( tomatoes , potatoes , chickpeas ) , infused with saffron water to add flavour and colour , all covered by a lump of fat , and cooked in a sealed crock . Piti is served in the crock , usually accompanied by an additional plate for `` disassembling '' the meat and the liquid part with vegetables , which may be eaten separately as the first ( soup with vegs ) and second ( meat ) course meal . Piti is particularly popular in Azerbaijan , Iran ( where it is mostly called Dizi or Abgusht ) , Tajikistan , and Armenia ( where it is called putuk from the Armenian word for crock ) . In Azerbaijan , Piti is eaten in two steps . First , bread is crumpled in the additional plate and sprinkled with a purple mix of spices . Then , the broth is poured over it and the resulting mixture is consumed as a hearty soup . Second , more crumpled bread is added to the same plate and the remainder of the Piti ( the lump of mutton fat , the meat and the vegetables ) is poured over , sprinkled with the same spices , mixed together so as to break down the fat and then eaten .

text: Piti

text: is

text: soup

text: in

text: the

text: cuisines

text: of

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: it

text: 's

text: bordering

text: nations

text: and

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: is

text: prepared

text: in

text: the

text: oven

text: in

text: individual

text: crocks

text: with

text: glazed

text: interior

text: called

text: piti

text: in

text: Turkic

text: languages

text: It

text: is

text: made

text: with

text: mutton

text: and

text: vegetables

text: tomatoes

text: potatoes

text: chickpeas

text: infused

text: with

text: saffron

text: water

text: to

text: add

text: flavour

text: and

text: colour

text: all

text: covered

text: by

text: lump

text: of

text: fat

text: and

text: cooked

text: in

text: sealed

text: crock

text: Piti

text: is

text: served

text: in

text: the

text: crock

text: usually

text: accompanied

text: by

text: an

text: additional

text: plate

text: for

text: disassembling

text: the

text: meat

text: and

text: the

text: liquid

text: part

text: with

text: vegetables

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: eaten

text: separately

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: soup

text: with

text: vegs

text: and

text: second

text: meat

text: course

text: meal

text: Piti

text: is

text: particularly

text: popular

text: in

text: Azerbaijan

text: Iran

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: mostly

text: called

text: Dizi

text: or

text: Abgusht

text: Tajikistan

text: and

text: Armenia

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: called

text: putuk

text: from

text: the

text: Armenian

text: word

text: for

text: crock

text: In

text: Azerbaijan

text: Piti

text: is

text: eaten

text: in

text: two

text: steps

text: First

text: bread

text: is

text: crumpled

text: in

text: the

text: additional

text: plate

text: and

text: sprinkled

text: with

text: purple

text: mix

text: of

text: spices

text: Then

text: the

text: broth

text: is

text: poured

text: over

text: it

text: and

text: the

text: resulting

text: mixture

text: is

text: consumed

text: as

text: hearty

text: soup

text: Second

text: more

text: crumpled

text: bread

text: is

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: same

text: plate

text: and

text: the

text: remainder

text: of

text: the

text: Piti

text: the

text: lump

text: of

text: mutton

text: fat

text: the

text: meat

text: and

text: the

text: vegetables

text: is

text: poured

text: over

text: sprinkled

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: spices

text: mixed

text: together

text: so

text: as

text: to

text: break

text: down

text: the

text: fat

text: and

text: then

text: eaten

text: Seasoning is the process of adding salt, herbs, or spices to food to enhance the flavor.

text: Seasoning

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: adding

text: salt

text: herbs

text: or

text: spices

text: to

text: food

text: to

text: enhance

text: the

text: flavor

text: Eurasia is the combined continental landmass of Europe and Asia. The term is a portmanteau of its constituent continents. Located primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and by Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Indian Ocean to the south. The division between Europe and Asia as two different continents is a historical and cultural construct, with no clear physical separation between them; thus, in some parts of the world, Eurasia is recognized as the largest of five or six continents. In geology, Eurasia is often considered as a single rigid megablock. However, the rigidity of Eurasia is debated based on the paleomagnet data.

text: Eurasia

text: is

text: the

text: combined

text: continental

text: landmass

text: of

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: portmanteau

text: of

text: its

text: constituent

text: continents

text: Located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: Northern

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Hemispheres

text: it

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: by

text: Africa

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: division

text: between

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: as

text: two

text: different

text: continents

text: is

text: historical

text: and

text: cultural

text: construct

text: with

text: no

text: clear

text: physical

text: separation

text: between

text: them

text: thus

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Eurasia

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: five

text: or

text: six

text: continents

text: In

text: geology

text: Eurasia

text: is

text: often

text: considered

text: as

text: single

text: rigid

text: megablock

text: However

text: the

text: rigidity

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: is

text: debated

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: paleomagnet

text: data

text: In everyday usage, a vegetable is any part of a plant that is consumed by humans as food as part of a savory meal. The term "vegetable" is somewhat arbitrary, and largely defined through culinary and cultural tradition. It normally excludes other food derived from plants such as fruits, nuts, and cereal grains, but includes seeds such as pulses. The original meaning of the word "vegetable", still used in biology, was to describe all types of plant, as in the terms "vegetable kingdom" and "vegetable matter".

text: In

text: everyday

text: usage

text: vegetable

text: is

text: any

text: part

text: of

text: plant

text: that

text: is

text: consumed

text: by

text: humans

text: as

text: food

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: savory

text: meal

text: The

text: term

text: vegetable

text: is

text: somewhat

text: arbitrary

text: and

text: largely

text: defined

text: through

text: culinary

text: and

text: cultural

text: tradition

text: It

text: normally

text: excludes

text: other

text: food

text: derived

text: from

text: plants

text: such

text: as

text: fruits

text: nuts

text: and

text: cereal

text: grains

text: but

text: includes

text: seeds

text: such

text: as

text: pulses

text: The

text: original

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: vegetable

text: still

text: used

text: in

text: biology

text: was

text: to

text: describe

text: all

text: types

text: of

text: plant

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: terms

text: vegetable

text: kingdom

text: and

text: vegetable

text: matter

text: The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region at the border of Europe and Asia, situated between the Black and the Caspian seas.

text: The

text: Caucasus

text: or

text: Caucasia

text: is

text: region

text: at

text: the

text: border

text: of

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: situated

text: between

text: the

text: Black

text: and

text: the

text: Caspian

text: seas

text: The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. It is in an endorheic basin (it has no outflows) located between Europe and Asia. It is bound by Kazakhstan to the northeast, Russia to the northwest, Azerbaijan to the west, Iran to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southeast.

text: The

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: enclosed

text: inland

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: on

text: Earth

text: by

text: area

text: variously

text: classed

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: lake

text: or

text: full

text: fledged

text: sea

text: It

text: is

text: in

text: an

text: endorheic

text: basin

text: it

text: has

text: no

text: outflows

text: located

text: between

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: bound

text: by

text: Kazakhstan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Azerbaijan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Turkmenistan

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe. Asia covers an area of , about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population, but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4.4 billion people.

text: Asia

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: and

text: northern

text: hemispheres

text: and

text: sharing

text: the

text: continental

text: landmass

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: with

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: The

text: continent

text: which

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: civilizations

text: Asia

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: not

text: only

text: its

text: overall

text: large

text: size

text: and

text: population

text: but

text: also

text: dense

text: and

text: large

text: settlements

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: vast

text: barely

text: populated

text: regions

text: within

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: billion

text: people

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text: Central Asia or Middle Asia is the core region of the Asian continent and stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north. It is also colloquially referred to as "the 'stans" (as the six countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix "-stan", meaning "land of") and is within the scope of the wider Eurasian continent.

text: Central

text: Asia

text: or

text: Middle

text: Asia

text: is

text: the

text: core

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Asian

text: continent

text: and

text: stretches

text: from

text: the

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: to

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: from

text: Afghanistan

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: to

text: Russia

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: colloquially

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: stans

text: as

text: the

text: six

text: countries

text: generally

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: within

text: the

text: region

text: all

text: have

text: names

text: ending

text: with

text: the

text: Persian

text: suffix

text: -stan

text: meaning

text: land

text: of

text: and

text: is

text: within

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: the

text: wider

text: Eurasian

text: continent

text: Saffron (pronounced or ) is a spice derived from the flower of "Crocus sativus", commonly known as the "saffron crocus". Saffron crocus grows to and bears up to four flowers, each with three vivid crimson stigmas, which are the distal end of a carpel. The styles and stigmas, called threads, are collected and dried to be used mainly as a seasoning and colouring agent in food. Saffron, long among the world's most costly spices by weight, is native to Southwest Asia and was probably first cultivated in or near Greece. As a genetically monomorphic clone, it was slowly propagated throughout much of Eurasia and was later brought to parts of North Africa, North America, and Oceania.

text: Saffron

text: pronounced

text: or

text: is

text: spice

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: flower

text: of

text: Crocus

text: sativus

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: saffron

text: crocus

text: Saffron

text: crocus

text: grows

text: to

text: and

text: bears

text: up

text: to

text: four

text: flowers

text: each

text: with

text: three

text: vivid

text: crimson

text: stigmas

text: which

text: are

text: the

text: distal

text: end

text: of

text: carpel

text: The

text: styles

text: and

text: stigmas

text: called

text: threads

text: are

text: collected

text: and

text: dried

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: mainly

text: as

text: seasoning

text: and

text: colouring

text: agent

text: in

text: food

text: Saffron

text: long

text: among

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: costly

text: spices

text: by

text: weight

text: is

text: native

text: to

text: Southwest

text: Asia

text: and

text: was

text: probably

text: first

text: cultivated

text: in

text: or

text: near

text: Greece

text: As

text: genetically

text: monomorphic

text: clone

text: it

text: was

text: slowly

text: propagated

text: throughout

text: much

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: and

text: was

text: later

text: brought

text: to

text: parts

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: Oceania

text: North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.

text: North

text: America

text: is

text: continent

text: entirely

text: within

text: the

text: Northern

text: Hemisphere

text: and

text: almost

text: all

text: within

text: the

text: Western

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: considered

text: northern

text: subcontinent

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Sea

question: instance_of piti

answer: food

text: food

text: food

text: food

text: food