text:
Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In some types other organs are also affected. Onset can be gradual or sudden.
There are over 100 types of arthritis. The most common forms are osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis usually occurs with age and affects the fingers, knees, and hips. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that often affects the hands and feet. Other types include gout, lupus, fibromyalgia, and septic arthritis. They are all types of rheumatic disease.
Treatment may include resting the joint and alternating between applying ice and heat. Weight loss and exercise may also be useful. Pain medications such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) may be used. In some a joint replacement may be useful.
Osteoarthritis affects more than 3.8% of people while rheumatoid arthritis affects about 0.24% of people. Gout affects about 1 to 2% of the Western population at some point in their lives. In Australia about 15% of people are affected, while in the United States more than 20% of have a type of arthritis. Overall the disease becomes more common with age. Arthritis is a common reason that people miss work and can result in a decreased quality of life. The term is from Greek "arthro-" meaning joint and "-itis" meaning inflammation.

text: Arthritis

text: is

text: term

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: mean

text: any

text: disorder

text: that

text: affects

text: joints

text: Symptoms

text: generally

text: include

text: joint

text: pain

text: and

text: stiffness

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: redness

text: warmth

text: swelling

text: and

text: decreased

text: range

text: of

text: motion

text: of

text: the

text: affected

text: joints

text: In

text: some

text: types

text: other

text: organs

text: are

text: also

text: affected

text: Onset

text: can

text: be

text: gradual

text: or

text: sudden

text: There

text: are

text: over

text: types

text: of

text: arthritis

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: forms

text: are

text: osteoarthritis

text: degenerative

text: joint

text: disease

text: and

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: Osteoarthritis

text: usually

text: occurs

text: with

text: age

text: and

text: affects

text: the

text: fingers

text: knees

text: and

text: hips

text: Rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: is

text: an

text: autoimmune

text: disorder

text: that

text: often

text: affects

text: the

text: hands

text: and

text: feet

text: Other

text: types

text: include

text: gout

text: lupus

text: fibromyalgia

text: and

text: septic

text: arthritis

text: They

text: are

text: all

text: types

text: of

text: rheumatic

text: disease

text: Treatment

text: may

text: include

text: resting

text: the

text: joint

text: and

text: alternating

text: between

text: applying

text: ice

text: and

text: heat

text: Weight

text: loss

text: and

text: exercise

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: useful

text: Pain

text: medications

text: such

text: as

text: ibuprofen

text: and

text: paracetamol

text: acetaminophen

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: In

text: some

text: joint

text: replacement

text: may

text: be

text: useful

text: Osteoarthritis

text: affects

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: people

text: while

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: affects

text: about

text: of

text: people

text: Gout

text: affects

text: about

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: population

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: in

text: their

text: lives

text: In

text: Australia

text: about

text: of

text: people

text: are

text: affected

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: have

text: type

text: of

text: arthritis

text: Overall

text: the

text: disease

text: becomes

text: more

text: common

text: with

text: age

text: Arthritis

text: is

text: common

text: reason

text: that

text: people

text: miss

text: work

text: and

text: can

text: result

text: in

text: decreased

text: quality

text: of

text: life

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: from

text: Greek

text: arthro-

text: meaning

text: joint

text: and

text: -itis

text: meaning

text: inflammation

text:
Jean-Martin Charcot (29 November 1825  16 August 1893) was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology. He is known as "the founder of modern neurology", and his name has been associated with at least 15 medical eponyms, including CharcotMarieTooth disease and Charcot disease (better known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, motor neurone disease, or Lou Gehrig disease). Charcot has been referred to as "the father of French neurology and one of the world's pioneers of neurology".
His work greatly influenced the developing fields of neurology and psychology; modern psychiatry owes much to the work of Charcot and his direct followers. He was the "foremost neurologist of late nineteenth-century France" and has been called "the Napoléon of the neuroses".

text: Jean

text: Martin

text: Charcot

text: November

text: August

text: was

text: French

text: neurologist

text: and

text: professor

text: of

text: anatomical

text: pathology

text: He

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: modern

text: neurology

text: and

text: his

text: name

text: has

text: been

text: associated

text: with

text: at

text: least

text: medical

text: eponyms

text: including

text: CharcotMarieTooth

text: disease

text: and

text: Charcot

text: disease

text: better

text: known

text: as

text: amyotrophic

text: lateral

text: sclerosis

text: motor

text: neurone

text: disease

text: or

text: Lou

text: Gehrig

text: disease

text: Charcot

text: has

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: French

text: neurology

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: pioneers

text: of

text: neurology

text: His

text: work

text: greatly

text: influenced

text: the

text: developing

text: fields

text: of

text: neurology

text: and

text: psychology

text: modern

text: psychiatry

text: owes

text: much

text: to

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Charcot

text: and

text: his

text: direct

text: followers

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: foremost

text: neurologist

text: of

text: late

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: France

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: Napoléon

text: of

text: the

text: neuroses

text: Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, or bumping the "funny bone". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition states: "Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." In medical diagnosis, pain is regarded as a symptom of an underlying condition.

text: Pain

text: is

text: distressing

text: feeling

text: often

text: caused

text: by

text: intense

text: or

text: damaging

text: stimuli

text: such

text: as

text: stubbing

text: toe

text: burning

text: finger

text: putting

text: alcohol

text: on

text: cut

text: or

text: bumping

text: the

text: funny

text: bone

text: Because

text: it

text: is

text: complex

text: subjective

text: phenomenon

text: defining

text: pain

text: has

text: been

text: challenge

text: The

text: International

text: Association

text: for

text: the

text: Study

text: of

text: Pain

text: 's

text: widely

text: used

text: definition

text: states

text: Pain

text: is

text: an

text: unpleasant

text: sensory

text: and

text: emotional

text: experience

text: associated

text: with

text: actual

text: or

text: potential

text: tissue

text: damage

text: or

text: described

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: such

text: damage

text: In

text: medical

text: diagnosis

text: pain

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: symptom

text: of

text: an

text: underlying

text: condition

text: Alemtuzumab is a drug used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and T-cell lymphoma under the trade names Campath, MabCampath and Campath-1H, and in the treatment of multiple sclerosis as Lemtrada. It is also used in some conditioning regimens for bone marrow transplantation, kidney transplantation and islet cell transplantation.

text: Alemtuzumab

text: is

text: drug

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: chronic

text: lymphocytic

text: leukemia

text: CLL

text: cutaneous

text: cell

text: lymphoma

text: CTCL

text: and

text: cell

text: lymphoma

text: under

text: the

text: trade

text: names

text: Campath

text: MabCampath

text: and

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: multiple

text: sclerosis

text: as

text: Lemtrada

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: some

text: conditioning

text: regimens

text: for

text: bone

text: marrow

text: transplantation

text: kidney

text: transplantation

text: and

text: islet

text: cell

text: transplantation

text: Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) is a category of otherwise unrelated drugs defined by their use in rheumatoid arthritis to slow down disease progression. The term is often used in contrast to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (which refers to agents that treat the inflammation but not the underlying cause) and steroids (which blunt the immune response but are insufficient to slow down the progression of the disease).

text: Disease

text: modifying

text: antirheumatic

text: drugs

text: DMARDs

text: is

text: category

text: of

text: otherwise

text: unrelated

text: drugs

text: defined

text: by

text: their

text: use

text: in

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: to

text: slow

text: down

text: disease

text: progression

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: non

text: steroidal

text: anti

text: inflammatory

text: drug

text: which

text: refers

text: to

text: agents

text: that

text: treat

text: the

text: inflammation

text: but

text: not

text: the

text: underlying

text: cause

text: and

text: steroids

text: which

text: blunt

text: the

text: immune

text: response

text: but

text: are

text: insufficient

text: to

text: slow

text: down

text: the

text: progression

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: Myelin is a fatty white substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an electrically insulating layer. It is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. It is an outgrowth of a type of glial cell.

text: Myelin

text: is

text: fatty

text: white

text: substance

text: that

text: surrounds

text: the

text: axon

text: of

text: some

text: nerve

text: cells

text: forming

text: an

text: electrically

text: insulating

text: layer

text: It

text: is

text: essential

text: for

text: the

text: proper

text: functioning

text: of

text: the

text: nervous

text: system

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: outgrowth

text: of

text: type

text: of

text: glial

text: cell

text: Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different plasma cell (antibody secreting immune cell) lineages. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered, by increasing the therapeutic targets of one single monoclonal antibody to two epitopes.

text: Monoclonal

text: antibodies

text: mAb

text: or

text: moAb

text: are

text: antibodies

text: that

text: are

text: made

text: by

text: identical

text: immune

text: cells

text: that

text: are

text: all

text: clones

text: of

text: unique

text: parent

text: cell

text: Monoclonal

text: antibodies

text: can

text: have

text: monovalent

text: affinity

text: in

text: that

text: they

text: bind

text: to

text: the

text: same

text: epitope

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: antigen

text: that

text: is

text: recognized

text: by

text: the

text: antibody

text: In

text: contrast

text: polyclonal

text: antibodies

text: bind

text: to

text: multiple

text: epitopes

text: and

text: are

text: usually

text: made

text: by

text: several

text: different

text: plasma

text: cell

text: antibody

text: secreting

text: immune

text: cell

text: lineages

text: Bispecific

text: monoclonal

text: antibodies

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: engineered

text: by

text: increasing

text: the

text: therapeutic

text: targets

text: of

text: one

text: single

text: monoclonal

text: antibody

text: to

text: two

text: epitopes

text:
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a medical condition characterised by chronic widespread pain and a heightened pain response to pressure. Other symptoms include feeling tired to a degree that normal activities are affected, sleep problems, and troubles with memory. Some people also report restless legs syndrome, bowel or bladder problems, numbness and tingling, and sensitivity to noise, lights or temperature. Fibromyalgia is frequently associated with depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Other types of chronic pain are also frequently present.
The cause of fibromyalgia is unknown; however, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors with half the risk attributed to each. The condition runs in families and many genes are believed to be involved. Environmental factors may include psychological stress, trauma, and certain infections. The pain appears to result from processes in the central nervous system and the condition is referred to as a "central sensitization syndrome". Fibromyalgia is recognized as a disorder by the US National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology. There is no specific diagnostic test. Diagnosis involves first ruling out other potential causes and verifying that a set number of symptoms are present.
The treatment of fibromyalgia can be difficult. Recommendations often include getting enough sleep, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet. Cognitive behavioral therapy may also be helpful. The medications duloxetine, milnacipran, or pregabalin may be used. Use of opioid pain medication is controversial with some stating their use is poorly supported by evidence and others saying that weak opioids may be reasonable if other medications are not effective. Dietary supplements also lack evidence to support their use. While fibromyalgia can last a long time, it does not result in death or tissue damage.
Fibromyalgia is estimated to affect 28% of the population. Females are affected about twice as often as males. Rates appear similar in different areas of the world and among different cultures. Fibromyalgia was first defined in 1990 with updated criteria in 2011. There is controversy about the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of fibromyalgia. While some feel the diagnosis of fibromyalgia may negatively affect a person, other research finds it to be beneficial. The term "fibromyalgia" is from New Latin, "fibro-", meaning "fibrous tissues", Greek  "myo-", "muscle", and Greek  "algos", "pain"; thus the term literally means "muscle and fibrous connective tissue pain".

text: Fibromyalgia

text: FM

text: is

text: medical

text: condition

text: characterised

text: by

text: chronic

text: widespread

text: pain

text: and

text: heightened

text: pain

text: response

text: to

text: pressure

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: include

text: feeling

text: tired

text: to

text: degree

text: that

text: normal

text: activities

text: are

text: affected

text: sleep

text: problems

text: and

text: troubles

text: with

text: memory

text: Some

text: people

text: also

text: report

text: restless

text: legs

text: syndrome

text: bowel

text: or

text: bladder

text: problems

text: numbness

text: and

text: tingling

text: and

text: sensitivity

text: to

text: noise

text: lights

text: or

text: temperature

text: Fibromyalgia

text: is

text: frequently

text: associated

text: with

text: depression

text: anxiety

text: and

text: posttraumatic

text: stress

text: disorder

text: Other

text: types

text: of

text: chronic

text: pain

text: are

text: also

text: frequently

text: present

text: The

text: cause

text: of

text: fibromyalgia

text: is

text: unknown

text: however

text: it

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: involve

text: combination

text: of

text: genetic

text: and

text: environmental

text: factors

text: with

text: half

text: the

text: risk

text: attributed

text: to

text: each

text: The

text: condition

text: runs

text: in

text: families

text: and

text: many

text: genes

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: involved

text: Environmental

text: factors

text: may

text: include

text: psychological

text: stress

text: trauma

text: and

text: certain

text: infections

text: The

text: pain

text: appears

text: to

text: result

text: from

text: processes

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: nervous

text: system

text: and

text: the

text: condition

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: central

text: sensitization

text: syndrome

text: Fibromyalgia

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: disorder

text: by

text: the

text: US

text: National

text: Institutes

text: of

text: Health

text: and

text: the

text: American

text: College

text: of

text: Rheumatology

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: specific

text: diagnostic

text: test

text: Diagnosis

text: involves

text: first

text: ruling

text: out

text: other

text: potential

text: causes

text: and

text: verifying

text: that

text: set

text: number

text: of

text: symptoms

text: are

text: present

text: The

text: treatment

text: of

text: fibromyalgia

text: can

text: be

text: difficult

text: Recommendations

text: often

text: include

text: getting

text: enough

text: sleep

text: exercising

text: regularly

text: and

text: eating

text: healthy

text: diet

text: Cognitive

text: behavioral

text: therapy

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: helpful

text: The

text: medications

text: duloxetine

text: milnacipran

text: or

text: pregabalin

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: Use

text: of

text: opioid

text: pain

text: medication

text: is

text: controversial

text: with

text: some

text: stating

text: their

text: use

text: is

text: poorly

text: supported

text: by

text: evidence

text: and

text: others

text: saying

text: that

text: weak

text: opioids

text: may

text: be

text: reasonable

text: if

text: other

text: medications

text: are

text: not

text: effective

text: Dietary

text: supplements

text: also

text: lack

text: evidence

text: to

text: support

text: their

text: use

text: While

text: fibromyalgia

text: can

text: last

text: long

text: time

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: result

text: in

text: death

text: or

text: tissue

text: damage

text: Fibromyalgia

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: affect

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: Females

text: are

text: affected

text: about

text: twice

text: as

text: often

text: as

text: males

text: Rates

text: appear

text: similar

text: in

text: different

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: among

text: different

text: cultures

text: Fibromyalgia

text: was

text: first

text: defined

text: in

text: with

text: updated

text: criteria

text: in

text: There

text: is

text: controversy

text: about

text: the

text: classification

text: diagnosis

text: and

text: treatment

text: of

text: fibromyalgia

text: While

text: some

text: feel

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: of

text: fibromyalgia

text: may

text: negatively

text: affect

text: person

text: other

text: research

text: finds

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: beneficial

text: The

text: term

text: fibromyalgia

text: is

text: from

text: New

text: Latin

text: fibro-

text: meaning

text: fibrous

text: tissues

text: Greek

text: myo-

text: muscle

text: and

text: Greek

text: algos

text: pain

text: thus

text: the

text: term

text: literally

text: means

text: muscle

text: and

text: fibrous

text: connective

text: tissue

text: pain

text:
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). The spinal cord begins at the occipital bone and extends down to the space between the first and second lumbar vertebrae; it does not extend the entire length of the vertebral column. It is around in men and around long in women. Also, the spinal cord has a varying width, ranging from thick in the cervical and lumbar regions to thick in the thoracic area. The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord. The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body but also contains neural circuits that can independently control numerous reflexes and central pattern generators.
The spinal cord has three major functions:
as a conduit for motor information, which travels down the spinal cord, as a conduit for sensory information in the reverse direction, and finally as a center for coordinating certain reflexes.

text: The

text: spinal

text: cord

text: is

text: long

text: thin

text: tubular

text: bundle

text: of

text: nervous

text: tissue

text: and

text: support

text: cells

text: that

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: medulla

text: oblongata

text: in

text: the

text: brainstem

text: to

text: the

text: lumbar

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: vertebral

text: column

text: The

text: brain

text: and

text: spinal

text: cord

text: together

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: central

text: nervous

text: system

text: CNS

text: The

text: spinal

text: cord

text: begins

text: at

text: the

text: occipital

text: bone

text: and

text: extends

text: down

text: to

text: the

text: space

text: between

text: the

text: first

text: and

text: second

text: lumbar

text: vertebrae

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: extend

text: the

text: entire

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: vertebral

text: column

text: It

text: is

text: around

text: in

text: men

text: and

text: around

text: long

text: in

text: women

text: Also

text: the

text: spinal

text: cord

text: has

text: varying

text: width

text: ranging

text: from

text: thick

text: in

text: the

text: cervical

text: and

text: lumbar

text: regions

text: to

text: thick

text: in

text: the

text: thoracic

text: area

text: The

text: enclosing

text: bony

text: vertebral

text: column

text: protects

text: the

text: relatively

text: shorter

text: spinal

text: cord

text: The

text: spinal

text: cord

text: functions

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: transmission

text: of

text: neural

text: signals

text: between

text: the

text: brain

text: and

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: but

text: also

text: contains

text: neural

text: circuits

text: that

text: can

text: independently

text: control

text: numerous

text: reflexes

text: and

text: central

text: pattern

text: generators

text: The

text: spinal

text: cord

text: has

text: three

text: major

text: functions

text: as

text: conduit

text: for

text: motor

text: information

text: which

text: travels

text: down

text: the

text: spinal

text: cord

text: as

text: conduit

text: for

text: sensory

text: information

text: in

text: the

text: reverse

text: direction

text: and

text: finally

text: as

text: center

text: for

text: coordinating

text: certain

text: reflexes

text: Kidney transplantation or renal transplantation is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage renal disease. Kidney transplantation is typically classified as deceased-donor (formerly known as cadaveric) or living-donor transplantation depending on the source of the donor organ. Living-donor renal transplants are further characterized as genetically related (living-related) or non-related (living-unrelated) transplants, depending on whether a biological relationship exists between the donor and recipient. Exchanges and chains are a novel approach to expand the living donor pool. In February 2012, this novel approach to expand the living donor pool was featured on the front page of the New York Times in a story covering the largest chain in the world involving 60 participants organized by the National Kidney Registry. In 2014 the record for the largest chain was broken again by a swap involving 70 participants, covered by ABC News.

text: Kidney

text: transplantation

text: or

text: renal

text: transplantation

text: is

text: the

text: organ

text: transplant

text: of

text: kidney

text: into

text: patient

text: with

text: end

text: stage

text: renal

text: disease

text: Kidney

text: transplantation

text: is

text: typically

text: classified

text: as

text: deceased

text: donor

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: cadaveric

text: or

text: living

text: donor

text: transplantation

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: the

text: donor

text: organ

text: Living

text: donor

text: renal

text: transplants

text: are

text: further

text: characterized

text: as

text: genetically

text: related

text: living

text: related

text: or

text: non

text: related

text: living

text: unrelated

text: transplants

text: depending

text: on

text: whether

text: biological

text: relationship

text: exists

text: between

text: the

text: donor

text: and

text: recipient

text: Exchanges

text: and

text: chains

text: are

text: novel

text: approach

text: to

text: expand

text: the

text: living

text: donor

text: pool

text: In

text: February

text: this

text: novel

text: approach

text: to

text: expand

text: the

text: living

text: donor

text: pool

text: was

text: featured

text: on

text: the

text: front

text: page

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: in

text: story

text: covering

text: the

text: largest

text: chain

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: involving

text: participants

text: organized

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Kidney

text: Registry

text: In

text: the

text: record

text: for

text: the

text: largest

text: chain

text: was

text: broken

text: again

text: by

text: swap

text: involving

text: participants

text: covered

text: by

text: ABC

text: News

text: Physical therapy (PT), also known as physiotherapy, is a physical medicine and rehabilitation specialty that, by using mechanical force and movements, remediates impairments and promotes mobility, function, and quality of life through examination, diagnosis, prognosis, and physical intervention. It is performed by physical therapists (known as physiotherapists in many countries).

text: Physical

text: therapy

text: PT

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: physiotherapy

text: is

text: physical

text: medicine

text: and

text: rehabilitation

text: specialty

text: that

text: by

text: using

text: mechanical

text: force

text: and

text: movements

text: remediates

text: impairments

text: and

text: promotes

text: mobility

text: function

text: and

text: quality

text: of

text: life

text: through

text: examination

text: diagnosis

text: prognosis

text: and

text: physical

text: intervention

text: It

text: is

text: performed

text: by

text: physical

text: therapists

text: known

text: as

text: physiotherapists

text: in

text: many

text: countries

text:
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), also known simply as lupus, is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body. Symptoms vary between people and may be mild to severe. Common symptoms include painful and swollen joints, fever, chest pain, hair loss, mouth ulcers, swollen lymph nodes, feeling tired, and a red rash which is most commonly on the face. Often there are periods of illness, called flares, and periods of remission when there are few symptoms.
The cause is not entirely clear. It is believed to involve hormonal, environmental, and genetic factors. Among identical twins, if one is affected there is a 24% chance the other one will be as well. Female sex hormones, sunlight, smoking, vitamin D deficiency, and certain infections, are also believed to increase the risk. The mechanism involves an immune response by autoantibodies against a person's own tissues. These are most commonly anti-nuclear antibodies and they result in inflammation. Diagnosis can be difficult and is based on a combination of symptoms and laboratory tests. There are a number of other kinds of lupus erythematosus including discoid lupus erythematosus, neonatal lupus, and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus.
There is no cure for SLE. Treatments may include NSAIDs, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, hydroxychloroquine, and methotrexate. Alternative medicine has not been shown to affect the disease. Life expectancy is lower among people with SLE. SLE significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease with this being the most common cause of death. With modern treatment about 80% of those affected survive more than 15 years. Women with lupus have pregnancies that are higher risk but are mostly successful.
Rates of disease vary between countries from 20 to 70 per 100,000. Women of childbearing age are affected about nine times more often than men. While it most commonly begins between the ages of 15 and 45 a wide range of ages can be affected. Those of African, Caribbean, and Chinese descent are at higher risk than white people. Rates of disease in the developing world are unclear. Lupus is Latin for "wolf", as in the 18th century it was thought to be caused by a wolf's bite.

text: Systemic

text: lupus

text: erythematosus

text: SLE

text: also

text: known

text: simply

text: as

text: lupus

text: is

text: an

text: autoimmune

text: disease

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: immune

text: system

text: mistakenly

text: attacks

text: healthy

text: tissue

text: in

text: many

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Symptoms

text: vary

text: between

text: people

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: mild

text: to

text: severe

text: Common

text: symptoms

text: include

text: painful

text: and

text: swollen

text: joints

text: fever

text: chest

text: pain

text: hair

text: loss

text: mouth

text: ulcers

text: swollen

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: feeling

text: tired

text: and

text: red

text: rash

text: which

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: on

text: the

text: face

text: Often

text: there

text: are

text: periods

text: of

text: illness

text: called

text: flares

text: and

text: periods

text: of

text: remission

text: when

text: there

text: are

text: few

text: symptoms

text: The

text: cause

text: is

text: not

text: entirely

text: clear

text: It

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: involve

text: hormonal

text: environmental

text: and

text: genetic

text: factors

text: Among

text: identical

text: twins

text: if

text: one

text: is

text: affected

text: there

text: is

text: chance

text: the

text: other

text: one

text: will

text: be

text: as

text: well

text: Female

text: sex

text: hormones

text: sunlight

text: smoking

text: vitamin

text: deficiency

text: and

text: certain

text: infections

text: are

text: also

text: believed

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: risk

text: The

text: mechanism

text: involves

text: an

text: immune

text: response

text: by

text: autoantibodies

text: against

text: person

text: 's

text: own

text: tissues

text: These

text: are

text: most

text: commonly

text: anti

text: nuclear

text: antibodies

text: and

text: they

text: result

text: in

text: inflammation

text: Diagnosis

text: can

text: be

text: difficult

text: and

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: combination

text: of

text: symptoms

text: and

text: laboratory

text: tests

text: There

text: are

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: kinds

text: of

text: lupus

text: erythematosus

text: including

text: discoid

text: lupus

text: erythematosus

text: neonatal

text: lupus

text: and

text: subacute

text: cutaneous

text: lupus

text: erythematosus

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: cure

text: for

text: SLE

text: Treatments

text: may

text: include

text: NSAIDs

text: corticosteroids

text: immunosuppressants

text: hydroxychloroquine

text: and

text: methotrexate

text: Alternative

text: medicine

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: shown

text: to

text: affect

text: the

text: disease

text: Life

text: expectancy

text: is

text: lower

text: among

text: people

text: with

text: SLE

text: SLE

text: significantly

text: increases

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: cardiovascular

text: disease

text: with

text: this

text: being

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: With

text: modern

text: treatment

text: about

text: of

text: those

text: affected

text: survive

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: Women

text: with

text: lupus

text: have

text: pregnancies

text: that

text: are

text: higher

text: risk

text: but

text: are

text: mostly

text: successful

text: Rates

text: of

text: disease

text: vary

text: between

text: countries

text: from

text: to

text: per

text: Women

text: of

text: childbearing

text: age

text: are

text: affected

text: about

text: nine

text: times

text: more

text: often

text: than

text: men

text: While

text: it

text: most

text: commonly

text: begins

text: between

text: the

text: ages

text: of

text: and

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: ages

text: can

text: be

text: affected

text: Those

text: of

text: African

text: Caribbean

text: and

text: Chinese

text: descent

text: are

text: at

text: higher

text: risk

text: than

text: white

text: people

text: Rates

text: of

text: disease

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: are

text: unclear

text: Lupus

text: is

text: Latin

text: for

text: wolf

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: was

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: wolf

text: 's

text: bite

text: Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are antibodies that are secreted by different B cell lineages within the body (whereas monoclonal antibodies come from a single cell lineage). They are a collection of immunoglobulin molecules that react against a specific antigen, each identifying a different epitope.

text: Polyclonal

text: antibodies

text: pAbs

text: are

text: antibodies

text: that

text: are

text: secreted

text: by

text: different

text: cell

text: lineages

text: within

text: the

text: body

text: whereas

text: monoclonal

text: antibodies

text: come

text: from

text: single

text: cell

text: lineage

text: They

text: are

text: collection

text: of

text: immunoglobulin

text: molecules

text: that

text: react

text: against

text: specific

text: antigen

text: each

text: identifying

text: different

text: epitope

text: White matter refers to areas of the central nervous system that are mainly made up of myelinated axons also called tracts. Long thought to be passive tissue, white matter actively affects learning and brain functions, modulating the distribution of action potentials, acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions.

text: White

text: matter

text: refers

text: to

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: nervous

text: system

text: that

text: are

text: mainly

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: myelinated

text: axons

text: also

text: called

text: tracts

text: Long

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: passive

text: tissue

text: white

text: matter

text: actively

text: affects

text: learning

text: and

text: brain

text: functions

text: modulating

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: action

text: potentials

text: acting

text: as

text: relay

text: and

text: coordinating

text: communication

text: between

text: different

text: brain

text: regions

text: Copenhagen (, ); ) is the capital and most populated city of Denmark. It has a municipal population of 591,481 and a larger urban population of 1,280,371. The Copenhagen metropolitan area has just over 2 million inhabitants. The city is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand; another small portion of the city is located on Amager, and is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road.

text: Copenhagen

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populated

text: city

text: of

text: Denmark

text: It

text: has

text: municipal

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: larger

text: urban

text: population

text: of

text: The

text: Copenhagen

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: has

text: just

text: over

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: eastern

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Zealand

text: another

text: small

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: Amager

text: and

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Malmö

text: Sweden

text: by

text: the

text: strait

text: of

text: Øresund

text: The

text: Øresund

text: Bridge

text: connects

text: the

text: two

text: cities

text: by

text: rail

text: and

text: road

text: A demyelinating disease is any disease of the nervous system in which the myelin sheath of neurons is damaged. This damage impairs the conduction of signals in the affected nerves. In turn, the reduction in conduction ability causes deficiency in sensation, movement, cognition, or other functions depending on which nerves are involved.

text: demyelinating

text: disease

text: is

text: any

text: disease

text: of

text: the

text: nervous

text: system

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: myelin

text: sheath

text: of

text: neurons

text: is

text: damaged

text: This

text: damage

text: impairs

text: the

text: conduction

text: of

text: signals

text: in

text: the

text: affected

text: nerves

text: In

text: turn

text: the

text: reduction

text: in

text: conduction

text: ability

text: causes

text: deficiency

text: in

text: sensation

text: movement

text: cognition

text: or

text: other

text: functions

text: depending

text: on

text: which

text: nerves

text: are

text: involved

text: Psoriatic arthritis (also arthritis psoriatica, arthropathic psoriasis or psoriatic arthropathy) is a type of inflammatory arthritis that will develop in between 6 and 42% of people who have the chronic skin condition psoriasis. Psoriatic arthritis is classified as a seronegative spondyloarthropathy. Approximately 60% of those affected have the tissue type HLA-B27.

text: Psoriatic

text: arthritis

text: also

text: arthritis

text: psoriatica

text: arthropathic

text: psoriasis

text: or

text: psoriatic

text: arthropathy

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: inflammatory

text: arthritis

text: that

text: will

text: develop

text: in

text: between

text: and

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: have

text: the

text: chronic

text: skin

text: condition

text: psoriasis

text: Psoriatic

text: arthritis

text: is

text: classified

text: as

text: seronegative

text: spondyloarthropathy

text: Approximately

text: of

text: those

text: affected

text: have

text: the

text: tissue

text: type

text: HLA

text:
In human anatomy, the wrist is variously defined as 1) the carpus or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the hand; (2) the wrist joint or radiocarpal joint, the joint between the radius and the carpus; and
(3) the anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as "wrist joints". This region also includes the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum.

text: In

text: human

text: anatomy

text: the

text: wrist

text: is

text: variously

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: carpus

text: or

text: carpal

text: bones

text: the

text: complex

text: of

text: eight

text: bones

text: forming

text: the

text: proximal

text: skeletal

text: segment

text: of

text: the

text: hand

text: the

text: wrist

text: joint

text: or

text: radiocarpal

text: joint

text: the

text: joint

text: between

text: the

text: radius

text: and

text: the

text: carpus

text: and

text: the

text: anatomical

text: region

text: surrounding

text: the

text: carpus

text: including

text: the

text: distal

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: bones

text: of

text: the

text: forearm

text: and

text: the

text: proximal

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: metacarpus

text: or

text: five

text: metacarpal

text: bones

text: and

text: the

text: series

text: of

text: joints

text: between

text: these

text: bones

text: thus

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: wrist

text: joints

text: This

text: region

text: also

text: includes

text: the

text: carpal

text: tunnel

text: the

text: anatomical

text: snuff

text: box

text: the

text: flexor

text: retinaculum

text: and

text: the

text: extensor

text: retinaculum

text: Islet transplantation is the transplantation of isolated islets from a donor pancreas into another person. It is an experimental treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Once transplanted, the islets begin to produce insulin, actively regulating the level of glucose in the blood.

text: Islet

text: transplantation

text: is

text: the

text: transplantation

text: of

text: isolated

text: islets

text: from

text: donor

text: pancreas

text: into

text: another

text: person

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: experimental

text: treatment

text: for

text: type

text: diabetes

text: mellitus

text: Once

text: transplanted

text: the

text: islets

text: begin

text: to

text: produce

text: insulin

text: actively

text: regulating

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: glucose

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: A hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered organ located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs. A few other vertebrates such as the koala (which has two opposable thumbs on each "hand" and fingerprints remarkably similar to human fingerprints) are often described as having "hands" instead of paws on their front limbs. The raccoon is usually described as having "hands" though opposable thumbs are lacking.

text: hand

text: is

text: prehensile

text: multi

text: fingered

text: organ

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: forearm

text: or

text: forelimb

text: of

text: primates

text: such

text: as

text: humans

text: chimpanzees

text: monkeys

text: and

text: lemurs

text: few

text: other

text: vertebrates

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: koala

text: which

text: has

text: two

text: opposable

text: thumbs

text: on

text: each

text: hand

text: and

text: fingerprints

text: remarkably

text: similar

text: to

text: human

text: fingerprints

text: are

text: often

text: described

text: as

text: having

text: hands

text: instead

text: of

text: paws

text: on

text: their

text: front

text: limbs

text: The

text: raccoon

text: is

text: usually

text: described

text: as

text: having

text: hands

text: though

text: opposable

text: thumbs

text: are

text: lacking

text: In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response on the part of the host organism, though sometimes antigens can be part of the host itself. In other words, an antigen is any substance that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it. Each antibody is specifically produced by the immune system to match an antigen after cells in the immune system come into contact with it; this allows a precise identification of the antigen and the initiation of a tailored response. The antibody is said to "match" the antigen in the sense that it can bind to it thanks to adaptations performed to a region of the antibody; because of this, many different antibodies can be produced, with specificity to bind many different antigens while sharing the same basic structure. In most cases, an antibody can only bind one specific antigen; in some instances, however, antibodies may bind more than one antigen.

text: In

text: immunology

text: an

text: antigen

text: is

text: molecule

text: capable

text: of

text: inducing

text: an

text: immune

text: response

text: on

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: host

text: organism

text: though

text: sometimes

text: antigens

text: can

text: be

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: host

text: itself

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: an

text: antigen

text: is

text: any

text: substance

text: that

text: causes

text: an

text: immune

text: system

text: to

text: produce

text: antibodies

text: against

text: it

text: Each

text: antibody

text: is

text: specifically

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: to

text: match

text: an

text: antigen

text: after

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: come

text: into

text: contact

text: with

text: it

text: this

text: allows

text: precise

text: identification

text: of

text: the

text: antigen

text: and

text: the

text: initiation

text: of

text: tailored

text: response

text: The

text: antibody

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: match

text: the

text: antigen

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: that

text: it

text: can

text: bind

text: to

text: it

text: thanks

text: to

text: adaptations

text: performed

text: to

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: antibody

text: because

text: of

text: this

text: many

text: different

text: antibodies

text: can

text: be

text: produced

text: with

text: specificity

text: to

text: bind

text: many

text: different

text: antigens

text: while

text: sharing

text: the

text: same

text: basic

text: structure

text: In

text: most

text: cases

text: an

text: antibody

text: can

text: only

text: bind

text: one

text: specific

text: antigen

text: in

text: some

text: instances

text: however

text: antibodies

text: may

text: bind

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: antigen

text: Inflammation (from Latin "inflammatio") is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and to initiate tissue repair.

text: Inflammation

text: from

text: Latin

text: inflammatio

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: complex

text: biological

text: response

text: of

text: body

text: tissues

text: to

text: harmful

text: stimuli

text: such

text: as

text: pathogens

text: damaged

text: cells

text: or

text: irritants

text: and

text: is

text: protective

text: response

text: involving

text: immune

text: cells

text: blood

text: vessels

text: and

text: molecular

text: mediators

text: The

text: function

text: of

text: inflammation

text: is

text: to

text: eliminate

text: the

text: initial

text: cause

text: of

text: cell

text: injury

text: clear

text: out

text: necrotic

text: cells

text: and

text: tissues

text: damaged

text: from

text: the

text: original

text: insult

text: and

text: the

text: inflammatory

text: process

text: and

text: to

text: initiate

text: tissue

text: repair

text: Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, that was established in its current form on January 1, 2013, through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township. As of the 2010 United States Census, the municipality's population was 28,572, reflecting the former township's population of 16,265, along with the 12,307 in the former borough.

text: Princeton

text: is

text: municipality

text: with

text: borough

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: in

text: Mercer

text: County

text: New

text: Jersey

text: United

text: States

text: that

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: its

text: current

text: form

text: on

text: January

text: through

text: the

text: consolidation

text: of

text: the

text: Borough

text: of

text: Princeton

text: and

text: Princeton

text: Township

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: the

text: municipality

text: 's

text: population

text: was

text: reflecting

text: the

text: former

text: township

text: 's

text: population

text: of

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: borough

text: Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components. It is not as hard and rigid as bone, but it is stiffer and less flexible than muscle.

text: Cartilage

text: is

text: resilient

text: and

text: smooth

text: elastic

text: tissue

text: rubber

text: like

text: padding

text: that

text: covers

text: and

text: protects

text: the

text: ends

text: of

text: long

text: bones

text: at

text: the

text: joints

text: and

text: is

text: structural

text: component

text: of

text: the

text: rib

text: cage

text: the

text: ear

text: the

text: nose

text: the

text: bronchial

text: tubes

text: the

text: intervertebral

text: discs

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: body

text: components

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: as

text: hard

text: and

text: rigid

text: as

text: bone

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: stiffer

text: and

text: less

text: flexible

text: than

text: muscle

text: A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA which is made up of nucleotides and is the molecular unit of heredity. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as geneenvironment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.

text: gene

text: is

text: locus

text: or

text: region

text: of

text: DNA

text: which

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: nucleotides

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: molecular

text: unit

text: of

text: heredity

text: The

text: transmission

text: of

text: genes

text: to

text: an

text: organism

text: 's

text: offspring

text: is

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: inheritance

text: of

text: phenotypic

text: traits

text: Most

text: biological

text: traits

text: are

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: polygenes

text: many

text: different

text: genes

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: geneenvironment

text: interactions

text: Some

text: genetic

text: traits

text: are

text: instantly

text: visible

text: such

text: as

text: eye

text: colour

text: or

text: number

text: of

text: limbs

text: and

text: some

text: are

text: not

text: such

text: as

text: blood

text: type

text: risk

text: for

text: specific

text: diseases

text: or

text: the

text: thousands

text: of

text: basic

text: biochemical

text: processes

text: that

text: comprise

text: life

text: Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais (17721840) was a French surgeon best known for his description of rheumatoid arthritis. Born in Orléans, he studied under Pierre-Joseph Desault and Marie François Xavier Bichat in Paris, and then from 1792 under Jean Louis Petit in Lyon. In 1796 he obtained an internship at the famed Salpêtrière Hospital, where he assisted Philippe Pinel. He was appointed professor of clinical medicine at the Salpêtrière in 1799. After the restoration, he also held the professorship at the Paris polytechnic school. He was removed in 1830 at the insistence of King Louis-Philippe of France.

text: Augustin

text: Jacob

text: Landré

text: Beauvais

text: was

text: French

text: surgeon

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: description

text: of

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: Born

text: in

text: Orléans

text: he

text: studied

text: under

text: Pierre

text: Joseph

text: Desault

text: and

text: Marie

text: François

text: Xavier

text: Bichat

text: in

text: Paris

text: and

text: then

text: from

text: under

text: Jean

text: Louis

text: Petit

text: in

text: Lyon

text: In

text: he

text: obtained

text: an

text: internship

text: at

text: the

text: famed

text: Salpêtrière

text: Hospital

text: where

text: he

text: assisted

text: Philippe

text: Pinel

text: He

text: was

text: appointed

text: professor

text: of

text: clinical

text: medicine

text: at

text: the

text: Salpêtrière

text: in

text: After

text: the

text: restoration

text: he

text: also

text: held

text: the

text: professorship

text: at

text: the

text: Paris

text: polytechnic

text: school

text: He

text: was

text: removed

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: insistence

text: of

text: King

text: Louis

text: Philippe

text: of

text: France

text: The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity. In humans, the bloodbrain barrier, bloodcerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluidbrain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain.

text: The

text: immune

text: system

text: is

text: host

text: defense

text: system

text: comprising

text: many

text: biological

text: structures

text: and

text: processes

text: within

text: an

text: organism

text: that

text: protects

text: against

text: disease

text: To

text: function

text: properly

text: an

text: immune

text: system

text: must

text: detect

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: agents

text: known

text: as

text: pathogens

text: from

text: viruses

text: to

text: parasitic

text: worms

text: and

text: distinguish

text: them

text: from

text: the

text: organism

text: 's

text: own

text: healthy

text: tissue

text: In

text: many

text: species

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: into

text: subsystems

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: innate

text: immune

text: system

text: versus

text: the

text: adaptive

text: immune

text: system

text: or

text: humoral

text: immunity

text: versus

text: cell

text: mediated

text: immunity

text: In

text: humans

text: the

text: bloodbrain

text: barrier

text: bloodcerebrospinal

text: fluid

text: barrier

text: and

text: similar

text: fluidbrain

text: barriers

text: separate

text: the

text: peripheral

text: immune

text: system

text: from

text: the

text: neuroimmune

text: system

text: which

text: protects

text: the

text: brain

text: X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×10 Hz to 3×10 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is referred to with terms meaning Röntgen radiation, after the German (German-Dutch to be precise) scientist Wilhelm Röntgen, who usually is credited as its discoverer, and who had named it "X-radiation" to signify an unknown type of radiation. Spelling of "X-ray(s)" in the English language includes the variants "x-ray(s)", "xray(s)", and "X ray(s)".

text: radiation

text: composed

text: of

text: rays

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: Most

text: rays

text: have

text: wavelength

text: ranging

text: from

text: to

text: nanometers

text: corresponding

text: to

text: frequencies

text: in

text: the

text: range

text: petahertz

text: to

text: exahertz

text: Hz

text: to

text: Hz

text: and

text: energies

text: in

text: the

text: range

text: eV

text: to

text: keV.

text: ray

text: wavelengths

text: are

text: shorter

text: than

text: those

text: of

text: UV

text: rays

text: and

text: typically

text: longer

text: than

text: those

text: of

text: gamma

text: rays

text: In

text: many

text: languages

text: radiation

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: with

text: terms

text: meaning

text: Röntgen

text: radiation

text: after

text: the

text: German

text: German

text: Dutch

text: to

text: be

text: precise

text: scientist

text: Wilhelm

text: Röntgen

text: who

text: usually

text: is

text: credited

text: as

text: its

text: discoverer

text: and

text: who

text: had

text: named

text: it

text: radiation

text: to

text: signify

text: an

text: unknown

text: type

text: of

text: radiation

text: Spelling

text: of

text: ray(s

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: language

text: includes

text: the

text: variants

text: ray(s

text: xray(s

text: and

text: ray(s

text: B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 or CD20 is an activated-glycosylated phosphoprotein expressed on the surface of all B-cells beginning at the pro-B phase (CD45R+, CD117+) and progressively increasing in concentration until maturity.

text: lymphocyte

text: antigen

text: or

text: is

text: an

text: activated

text: glycosylated

text: phosphoprotein

text: expressed

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: all

text: cells

text: beginning

text: at

text: the

text: pro

text: phase

text: and

text: progressively

text: increasing

text: in

text: concentration

text: until

text: maturity

text: Lupus erythematosus is a name given to a collection of autoimmune diseases in which the human immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks healthy tissues. Symptoms of these diseases can affect many different body systems, including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs. The most common and severe form is systemic lupus erythematosus.

text: Lupus

text: erythematosus

text: is

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: collection

text: of

text: autoimmune

text: diseases

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: human

text: immune

text: system

text: becomes

text: hyperactive

text: and

text: attacks

text: healthy

text: tissues

text: Symptoms

text: of

text: these

text: diseases

text: can

text: affect

text: many

text: different

text: body

text: systems

text: including

text: joints

text: skin

text: kidneys

text: blood

text: cells

text: heart

text: and

text: lungs

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: and

text: severe

text: form

text: is

text: systemic

text: lupus

text: erythematosus

text:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. Pain and stiffness often worsen following rest. Most commonly, the wrist and hands are involved, with the same joints typically involved on both sides of the body. The disease may also affect other parts of the body. This may result in a low red blood cell count, inflammation around the lungs, and inflammation around the heart. Fever and low energy may also be present. Often, symptoms come on gradually over weeks to months.
While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism involves the body's immune system attacking the joints. This results in inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule. It also affects the underlying bone and cartilage. The diagnosis is made mostly on the basis of a person's signs and symptoms. X-rays and laboratory testing may support a diagnosis or exclude other diseases with similar symptoms. Other diseases that may present similarly include systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, and fibromyalgia among others.
The goal of treatment is to reduce pain, decrease inflammation, and improve a person's overall functioning. This may be helped by balancing rest and exercise, the use of splints and braces, or the use of assistive devices. Pain medications, steroids, and NSAIDs are frequently used to help with symptoms. A group of medications called disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate, may be used to try to slow the progression of disease. Biological DMARDs may be used when disease does not respond to other treatments. However, they may have a greater rate of adverse effects. Surgery to repair, replace, or fuse joints may help in certain situations. Most alternative medicine treatments are not supported by evidence.
RA affects between 0.5 and 1% of adults in the developed world with between 5 and 50 per 100,000 people newly developing the condition each year. Onset is most frequent during middle age and women are affected 2.5 times as frequently as men. In 2013, it resulted in 38,000 deaths up from 28,000 deaths in 1990. The first recognized description of RA was made in 1800 by Dr. Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais (17721840) of Paris. The term "rheumatoid arthritis" is based on the Greek for watery and inflamed joints.
Signs and symptoms.
RA primarily affects joints, but it also affects other organs in more than 1525% of individuals.

text: Rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: RA

text: is

text: long

text: term

text: autoimmune

text: disorder

text: that

text: primarily

text: affects

text: joints

text: It

text: typically

text: results

text: in

text: warm

text: swollen

text: and

text: painful

text: joints

text: Pain

text: and

text: stiffness

text: often

text: worsen

text: following

text: rest

text: Most

text: commonly

text: the

text: wrist

text: and

text: hands

text: are

text: involved

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: joints

text: typically

text: involved

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: The

text: disease

text: may

text: also

text: affect

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: This

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: low

text: red

text: blood

text: cell

text: count

text: inflammation

text: around

text: the

text: lungs

text: and

text: inflammation

text: around

text: the

text: heart

text: Fever

text: and

text: low

text: energy

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: present

text: Often

text: symptoms

text: come

text: on

text: gradually

text: over

text: weeks

text: to

text: months

text: While

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: is

text: not

text: clear

text: it

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: involve

text: combination

text: of

text: genetic

text: and

text: environmental

text: factors

text: The

text: underlying

text: mechanism

text: involves

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: immune

text: system

text: attacking

text: the

text: joints

text: This

text: results

text: in

text: inflammation

text: and

text: thickening

text: of

text: the

text: joint

text: capsule

text: It

text: also

text: affects

text: the

text: underlying

text: bone

text: and

text: cartilage

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: made

text: mostly

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: person

text: 's

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: rays

text: and

text: laboratory

text: testing

text: may

text: support

text: diagnosis

text: or

text: exclude

text: other

text: diseases

text: with

text: similar

text: symptoms

text: Other

text: diseases

text: that

text: may

text: present

text: similarly

text: include

text: systemic

text: lupus

text: erythematosus

text: psoriatic

text: arthritis

text: and

text: fibromyalgia

text: among

text: others

text: The

text: goal

text: of

text: treatment

text: is

text: to

text: reduce

text: pain

text: decrease

text: inflammation

text: and

text: improve

text: person

text: 's

text: overall

text: functioning

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: helped

text: by

text: balancing

text: rest

text: and

text: exercise

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: splints

text: and

text: braces

text: or

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: assistive

text: devices

text: Pain

text: medications

text: steroids

text: and

text: NSAIDs

text: are

text: frequently

text: used

text: to

text: help

text: with

text: symptoms

text: group

text: of

text: medications

text: called

text: disease

text: modifying

text: antirheumatic

text: drugs

text: DMARDs

text: such

text: as

text: hydroxychloroquine

text: and

text: methotrexate

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: slow

text: the

text: progression

text: of

text: disease

text: Biological

text: DMARDs

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: when

text: disease

text: does

text: not

text: respond

text: to

text: other

text: treatments

text: However

text: they

text: may

text: have

text: greater

text: rate

text: of

text: adverse

text: effects

text: Surgery

text: to

text: repair

text: replace

text: or

text: fuse

text: joints

text: may

text: help

text: in

text: certain

text: situations

text: Most

text: alternative

text: medicine

text: treatments

text: are

text: not

text: supported

text: by

text: evidence

text: RA

text: affects

text: between

text: and

text: of

text: adults

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: with

text: between

text: and

text: per

text: people

text: newly

text: developing

text: the

text: condition

text: each

text: year

text: Onset

text: is

text: most

text: frequent

text: during

text: middle

text: age

text: and

text: women

text: are

text: affected

text: times

text: as

text: frequently

text: as

text: men

text: In

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: up

text: from

text: deaths

text: in

text: The

text: first

text: recognized

text: description

text: of

text: RA

text: was

text: made

text: in

text: by

text: Dr.

text: Augustin

text: Jacob

text: Landré

text: Beauvais

text: of

text: Paris

text: The

text: term

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: Greek

text: for

text: watery

text: and

text: inflamed

text: joints

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: RA

text: primarily

text: affects

text: joints

text: but

text: it

text: also

text: affects

text: other

text: organs

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: individuals

text: Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, plasmacytes, or effector B cells, are white blood cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies. They are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system. Plasma cells originate in the bone marrow; B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibody molecules closely modeled after the receptors of the precursor B cell. Once released into the blood and lymph, these antibody molecules bind to the target antigen (foreign substance) and initiate its neutralization or destruction.

text: Plasma

text: cells

text: also

text: called

text: plasma

text: cells

text: plasmocytes

text: plasmacytes

text: or

text: effector

text: cells

text: are

text: white

text: blood

text: cells

text: that

text: secrete

text: large

text: volumes

text: of

text: antibodies

text: They

text: are

text: transported

text: by

text: the

text: blood

text: plasma

text: and

text: the

text: lymphatic

text: system

text: Plasma

text: cells

text: originate

text: in

text: the

text: bone

text: marrow

text: cells

text: differentiate

text: into

text: plasma

text: cells

text: that

text: produce

text: antibody

text: molecules

text: closely

text: modeled

text: after

text: the

text: receptors

text: of

text: the

text: precursor

text: cell

text: Once

text: released

text: into

text: the

text: blood

text: and

text: lymph

text: these

text: antibody

text: molecules

text: bind

text: to

text: the

text: target

text: antigen

text: foreign

text: substance

text: and

text: initiate

text: its

text: neutralization

text: or

text: destruction

text:
Genmab A/S is a Danish biotechnology company, founded in February 1999 by Florian Schönharting, at the time managing director of BankInvest Biomedical venture fund.
Genmab is based in Copenhagen. Internationally, it operates through the subsidiaries Genmab BV in Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Genmab, Inc in Princeton, New Jersey, USA. The Company is publicly traded on the NASDAQ OMX Copenhagen A/S.

text: Genmab

text: is

text: Danish

text: biotechnology

text: company

text: founded

text: in

text: February

text: by

text: Florian

text: Schönharting

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: managing

text: director

text: of

text: BankInvest

text: Biomedical

text: venture

text: fund

text: Genmab

text: is

text: based

text: in

text: Copenhagen

text: Internationally

text: it

text: operates

text: through

text: the

text: subsidiaries

text: Genmab

text: BV

text: in

text: Utrecht

text: The

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: Genmab

text: Inc

text: in

text: Princeton

text: New

text: Jersey

text: USA

text: The

text: Company

text: is

text: publicly

text: traded

text: on

text: the

text: NASDAQ

text: OMX

text: Copenhagen

text: A phosphoprotein is a protein that is posttranslationally modified by the attachment of either a single phosphate group, or a complex molecule such as 5'-phospho-DNA, through a phosphate group. The target amino acid is usually serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues (mostly in eukaryotes), or aspartic acid or histidine residues (mostly in prokaryotes).

text: phosphoprotein

text: is

text: protein

text: that

text: is

text: posttranslationally

text: modified

text: by

text: the

text: attachment

text: of

text: either

text: single

text: phosphate

text: group

text: or

text: complex

text: molecule

text: such

text: as

text: DNA

text: through

text: phosphate

text: group

text: The

text: target

text: amino

text: acid

text: is

text: usually

text: serine

text: threonine

text: or

text: tyrosine

text: residues

text: mostly

text: in

text: eukaryotes

text: or

text: aspartic

text: acid

text: or

text: histidine

text: residues

text: mostly

text: in

text: prokaryotes

text: Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of their birth, their current age and other demographic factors including sex. The most commonly used measure of life expectancy is at birth (LEB), which can be defined in two ways: while "cohort" LEB is the mean length of life of an actual birth cohort (all individuals born a given year) and can be computed only for cohorts born many decades ago, so that all their members died, "period" LEB is the mean length of life of a hypothetical cohort assumed to be exposed since birth until death of all their members to the mortality rates observed at a given year.

text: Life

text: expectancy

text: is

text: statistical

text: measure

text: of

text: the

text: average

text: time

text: an

text: organism

text: is

text: expected

text: to

text: live

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: year

text: of

text: their

text: birth

text: their

text: current

text: age

text: and

text: other

text: demographic

text: factors

text: including

text: sex

text: The

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text: measure

text: of

text: life

text: expectancy

text: is

text: at

text: birth

text: LEB

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: defined

text: in

text: two

text: ways

text: while

text: cohort

text: LEB

text: is

text: the

text: mean

text: length

text: of

text: life

text: of

text: an

text: actual

text: birth

text: cohort

text: all

text: individuals

text: born

text: given

text: year

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: computed

text: only

text: for

text: cohorts

text: born

text: many

text: decades

text: ago

text: so

text: that

text: all

text: their

text: members

text: died

text: period

text: LEB

text: is

text: the

text: mean

text: length

text: of

text: life

text: of

text: hypothetical

text: cohort

text: assumed

text: to

text: be

text: exposed

text: since

text: birth

text: until

text: death

text: of

text: all

text: their

text: members

text: to

text: the

text: mortality

text: rates

text: observed

text: at

text: given

text: year

text:
Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (SCFR), also known as proto-oncogene c-Kit or tyrosine-protein kinase Kit or CD117, is a receptor tyrosine kinase protein that in humans is encoded by the KIT gene. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
KIT was first described by the German biochemist Axel Ullrich in 1987 as the cellular homolog of the feline sarcoma viral oncogene v-kit.

text: Mast

text: stem

text: cell

text: growth

text: factor

text: receptor

text: SCFR

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: proto

text: oncogene

text: Kit

text: or

text: tyrosine

text: protein

text: kinase

text: Kit

text: or

text: is

text: receptor

text: tyrosine

text: kinase

text: protein

text: that

text: in

text: humans

text: is

text: encoded

text: by

text: the

text: KIT

text: gene

text: Multiple

text: transcript

text: variants

text: encoding

text: different

text: isoforms

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: for

text: this

text: gene

text: KIT

text: was

text: first

text: described

text: by

text: the

text: German

text: biochemist

text: Axel

text: Ullrich

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: cellular

text: homolog

text: of

text: the

text: feline

text: sarcoma

text: viral

text: oncogene

text: kit

text: An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. For example, the epitope is the specific piece of the antigen to which an antibody binds. The part of an antibody that binds to the epitope is called a paratope. Although epitopes are usually non-self proteins, sequences derived from the host that can be recognized (as in the case of autoimmune diseases) are also epitopes.

text: An

text: epitope

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: antigenic

text: determinant

text: is

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: antigen

text: that

text: is

text: recognized

text: by

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: specifically

text: by

text: antibodies

text: cells

text: or

text: cells

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: epitope

text: is

text: the

text: specific

text: piece

text: of

text: the

text: antigen

text: to

text: which

text: an

text: antibody

text: binds

text: The

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: antibody

text: that

text: binds

text: to

text: the

text: epitope

text: is

text: called

text: paratope

text: Although

text: epitopes

text: are

text: usually

text: non

text: self

text: proteins

text: sequences

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: host

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: recognized

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: autoimmune

text: diseases

text: are

text: also

text: epitopes

text:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems. Specific symptoms can include double vision, blindness in one eye, muscle weakness, trouble with sensation, or trouble with coordination. MS takes several forms, with new symptoms either occurring in isolated attacks (relapsing forms) or building up over time (progressive forms). Between attacks, symptoms may disappear completely; however, permanent neurological problems often remain, especially as the disease advances.
While the cause is not clear, the underlying mechanism is thought to be either destruction by the immune system or failure of the myelin-producing cells. Proposed causes for this include genetics and environmental factors such as being triggered by a viral infection. MS is usually diagnosed based on the presenting signs and symptoms and the results of supporting medical tests.
There is no known cure for multiple sclerosis. Treatments attempt to improve function after an attack and prevent new attacks. Medications used to treat MS, while modestly effective, can have side effects and be poorly tolerated. Physical therapy can help with people's ability to function. Many people pursue alternative treatments, despite a lack of evidence. The long-term outcome is difficult to predict, with good outcomes more often seen in women, those who develop the disease early in life, those with a relapsing course, and those who initially experienced few attacks. Life expectancy is on average 5 to 10 years lower than that of an unaffected population.
Multiple sclerosis is the most common autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system. In 2013, about 2.3 million people were affected globally with rates varying widely in different regions and among different populations. That year about 20,000 people died from MS, up from 12,000 in 1990. The disease usually begins between the ages of 20 and 50 and is twice as common in women as in men. MS was first described in 1868 by Jean-Martin Charcot. The name "multiple sclerosis" refers to the numerous scars (scleraebetter known as plaques or lesions) that develop on the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. A number of new treatments and diagnostic methods are under development.

text: Multiple

text: sclerosis

text: MS

text: is

text: demyelinating

text: disease

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: insulating

text: covers

text: of

text: nerve

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: and

text: spinal

text: cord

text: are

text: damaged

text: This

text: damage

text: disrupts

text: the

text: ability

text: of

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: nervous

text: system

text: to

text: communicate

text: resulting

text: in

text: range

text: of

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: including

text: physical

text: mental

text: and

text: sometimes

text: psychiatric

text: problems

text: Specific

text: symptoms

text: can

text: include

text: double

text: vision

text: blindness

text: in

text: one

text: eye

text: muscle

text: weakness

text: trouble

text: with

text: sensation

text: or

text: trouble

text: with

text: coordination

text: MS

text: takes

text: several

text: forms

text: with

text: new

text: symptoms

text: either

text: occurring

text: in

text: isolated

text: attacks

text: relapsing

text: forms

text: or

text: building

text: up

text: over

text: time

text: progressive

text: forms

text: Between

text: attacks

text: symptoms

text: may

text: disappear

text: completely

text: however

text: permanent

text: neurological

text: problems

text: often

text: remain

text: especially

text: as

text: the

text: disease

text: advances

text: While

text: the

text: cause

text: is

text: not

text: clear

text: the

text: underlying

text: mechanism

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: either

text: destruction

text: by

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: or

text: failure

text: of

text: the

text: myelin

text: producing

text: cells

text: Proposed

text: causes

text: for

text: this

text: include

text: genetics

text: and

text: environmental

text: factors

text: such

text: as

text: being

text: triggered

text: by

text: viral

text: infection

text: MS

text: is

text: usually

text: diagnosed

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: presenting

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: and

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: supporting

text: medical

text: tests

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: known

text: cure

text: for

text: multiple

text: sclerosis

text: Treatments

text: attempt

text: to

text: improve

text: function

text: after

text: an

text: attack

text: and

text: prevent

text: new

text: attacks

text: Medications

text: used

text: to

text: treat

text: MS

text: while

text: modestly

text: effective

text: can

text: have

text: side

text: effects

text: and

text: be

text: poorly

text: tolerated

text: Physical

text: therapy

text: can

text: help

text: with

text: people

text: 's

text: ability

text: to

text: function

text: Many

text: people

text: pursue

text: alternative

text: treatments

text: despite

text: lack

text: of

text: evidence

text: The

text: long

text: term

text: outcome

text: is

text: difficult

text: to

text: predict

text: with

text: good

text: outcomes

text: more

text: often

text: seen

text: in

text: women

text: those

text: who

text: develop

text: the

text: disease

text: early

text: in

text: life

text: those

text: with

text: relapsing

text: course

text: and

text: those

text: who

text: initially

text: experienced

text: few

text: attacks

text: Life

text: expectancy

text: is

text: on

text: average

text: to

text: years

text: lower

text: than

text: that

text: of

text: an

text: unaffected

text: population

text: Multiple

text: sclerosis

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: autoimmune

text: disorder

text: affecting

text: the

text: central

text: nervous

text: system

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: affected

text: globally

text: with

text: rates

text: varying

text: widely

text: in

text: different

text: regions

text: and

text: among

text: different

text: populations

text: That

text: year

text: about

text: people

text: died

text: from

text: MS

text: up

text: from

text: in

text: The

text: disease

text: usually

text: begins

text: between

text: the

text: ages

text: of

text: and

text: and

text: is

text: twice

text: as

text: common

text: in

text: women

text: as

text: in

text: men

text: MS

text: was

text: first

text: described

text: in

text: by

text: Jean

text: Martin

text: Charcot

text: The

text: name

text: multiple

text: sclerosis

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: numerous

text: scars

text: scleraebetter

text: known

text: as

text: plaques

text: or

text: lesions

text: that

text: develop

text: on

text: the

text: white

text: matter

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: and

text: spinal

text: cord

text: number

text: of

text: new

text: treatments

text: and

text: diagnostic

text: methods

text: are

text: under

text: development

text: Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms. It is generally considered a field of biology, but intersects frequently with many other life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems.

text: Genetics

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: genes

text: genetic

text: variation

text: and

text: heredity

text: in

text: living

text: organisms

text: It

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: field

text: of

text: biology

text: but

text: intersects

text: frequently

text: with

text: many

text: other

text: life

text: sciences

text: and

text: is

text: strongly

text: linked

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: information

text: systems

text: Ofatumumab ( trade name Arzerra , also known as HuMax - CD20 ) is a fully human monoclonal antibody ( for the CD20 protein ) which appears to inhibit early - stage B lymphocyte activation . It is FDA approved for treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia that is refractory to fludarabine and alemtuzumab ( Campath ) and has also shown potential in treating Follicular non-Hodgkin 's lymphoma , Diffuse large B cell lymphoma , rheumatoid arthritis and relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis . Ofatumumab has also received conditional approval in Europe for the treatment of refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia . This makes ofatumumab the first marketing application for an antibody produced by Genmab , as well as the first human monoclonal antibody which targets the CD20 molecule that will be available for patients with refractory CLL .

text: Ofatumumab

text: trade

text: name

text: Arzerra

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: HuMax

text: is

text: fully

text: human

text: monoclonal

text: antibody

text: for

text: the

text: protein

text: which

text: appears

text: to

text: inhibit

text: early

text: stage

text: lymphocyte

text: activation

text: It

text: is

text: FDA

text: approved

text: for

text: treating

text: chronic

text: lymphocytic

text: leukemia

text: that

text: is

text: refractory

text: to

text: fludarabine

text: and

text: alemtuzumab

text: Campath

text: and

text: has

text: also

text: shown

text: potential

text: in

text: treating

text: Follicular

text: non

text: Hodgkin

text: 's

text: lymphoma

text: Diffuse

text: large

text: cell

text: lymphoma

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: and

text: relapsing

text: remitting

text: multiple

text: sclerosis

text: Ofatumumab

text: has

text: also

text: received

text: conditional

text: approval

text: in

text: Europe

text: for

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: refractory

text: chronic

text: lymphocytic

text: leukemia

text: This

text: makes

text: ofatumumab

text: the

text: first

text: marketing

text: application

text: for

text: an

text: antibody

text: produced

text: by

text: Genmab

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: human

text: monoclonal

text: antibody

text: which

text: targets

text: the

text: molecule

text: that

text: will

text: be

text: available

text: for

text: patients

text: with

text: refractory

text: CLL

text: A symptom (from Greek , "accident, misfortune, that which befalls", from , "I befall", from - "together, with" and , "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state, or of a disease. A symptom is subjective, observed by the patient, and cannot be measured directly, whereas a sign is objectively observable by others. For example, paresthesia is a symptom (only the person experiencing it can directly observe their own tingling feeling), whereas erythema is a sign (anyone can confirm that the skin is redder than usual). Symptoms and signs are often nonspecific, but often combinations of them are at least suggestive of certain diagnoses, helping to narrow down what may be wrong. In other cases they are specific even to the point of being pathognomonic.

text: symptom

text: from

text: Greek

text: accident

text: misfortune

text: that

text: which

text: befalls

text: from

text: befall

text: from

text: together

text: with

text: and

text: fall

text: is

text: departure

text: from

text: normal

text: function

text: or

text: feeling

text: which

text: is

text: noticed

text: by

text: patient

text: reflecting

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: an

text: unusual

text: state

text: or

text: of

text: disease

text: symptom

text: is

text: subjective

text: observed

text: by

text: the

text: patient

text: and

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: measured

text: directly

text: whereas

text: sign

text: is

text: objectively

text: observable

text: by

text: others

text: For

text: example

text: paresthesia

text: is

text: symptom

text: only

text: the

text: person

text: experiencing

text: it

text: can

text: directly

text: observe

text: their

text: own

text: tingling

text: feeling

text: whereas

text: erythema

text: is

text: sign

text: anyone

text: can

text: confirm

text: that

text: the

text: skin

text: is

text: redder

text: than

text: usual

text: Symptoms

text: and

text: signs

text: are

text: often

text: nonspecific

text: but

text: often

text: combinations

text: of

text: them

text: are

text: at

text: least

text: suggestive

text: of

text: certain

text: diagnoses

text: helping

text: to

text: narrow

text: down

text: what

text: may

text: be

text: wrong

text: In

text: other

text: cases

text: they

text: are

text: specific

text: even

text: to

text: the

text: point

text: of

text: being

text: pathognomonic

text: The lungs are the primary organs of respiration in humans and many other animals including a few fish and some snails. In mammals and most other vertebrates, two lungs are located near the backbone on either side of the heart. Their function in the respiratory system is to extract oxygen from the atmosphere and transfer it into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere, in a process of gas exchange. Respiration is driven by different muscular systems in different species. Mammals, reptiles and birds use their musculoskeletal systems to support and foster breathing. In early tetrapods, air was driven into the lungs by the pharyngeal muscles via buccal pumping, a mechanism still seen in amphibians. In humans, the primary muscle that drives breathing is the diaphragm. The lungs also provide airflow that makes vocal sounds including human speech possible.

text: The

text: lungs

text: are

text: the

text: primary

text: organs

text: of

text: respiration

text: in

text: humans

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: animals

text: including

text: few

text: fish

text: and

text: some

text: snails

text: In

text: mammals

text: and

text: most

text: other

text: vertebrates

text: two

text: lungs

text: are

text: located

text: near

text: the

text: backbone

text: on

text: either

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: Their

text: function

text: in

text: the

text: respiratory

text: system

text: is

text: to

text: extract

text: oxygen

text: from

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: transfer

text: it

text: into

text: the

text: bloodstream

text: and

text: to

text: release

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: from

text: the

text: bloodstream

text: into

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: in

text: process

text: of

text: gas

text: exchange

text: Respiration

text: is

text: driven

text: by

text: different

text: muscular

text: systems

text: in

text: different

text: species

text: Mammals

text: reptiles

text: and

text: birds

text: use

text: their

text: musculoskeletal

text: systems

text: to

text: support

text: and

text: foster

text: breathing

text: In

text: early

text: tetrapods

text: air

text: was

text: driven

text: into

text: the

text: lungs

text: by

text: the

text: pharyngeal

text: muscles

text: via

text: buccal

text: pumping

text: mechanism

text: still

text: seen

text: in

text: amphibians

text: In

text: humans

text: the

text: primary

text: muscle

text: that

text: drives

text: breathing

text: is

text: the

text: diaphragm

text: The

text: lungs

text: also

text: provide

text: airflow

text: that

text: makes

text: vocal

text: sounds

text: including

text: human

text: speech

text: possible

text: The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system is so named because it integrates information it receives from, and coordinates and influences the activity of all parts of the bodies of bilaterally symmetric animalsthat is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfishand it contains the majority of the nervous system. Many consider the retina and the optic nerve (2nd cranial nerve), as well as the olfactory nerves (1st) and olfactory epithelium as parts of the CNS, synapsing directly on brain tissue without intermediate ganglia. Following this classification the olfactory epithelium is the only central nervous tissue in direct contact with the environment, which opens up for therapeutic treatments.

text: The

text: central

text: nervous

text: system

text: CNS

text: is

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: nervous

text: system

text: consisting

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: and

text: spinal

text: cord

text: The

text: central

text: nervous

text: system

text: is

text: so

text: named

text: because

text: it

text: integrates

text: information

text: it

text: receives

text: from

text: and

text: coordinates

text: and

text: influences

text: the

text: activity

text: of

text: all

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: bodies

text: of

text: bilaterally

text: symmetric

text: animalsthat

text: is

text: all

text: multicellular

text: animals

text: except

text: sponges

text: and

text: radially

text: symmetric

text: animals

text: such

text: as

text: jellyfishand

text: it

text: contains

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: nervous

text: system

text: Many

text: consider

text: the

text: retina

text: and

text: the

text: optic

text: nerve

text: cranial

text: nerve

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: olfactory

text: nerves

text: and

text: olfactory

text: epithelium

text: as

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: CNS

text: synapsing

text: directly

text: on

text: brain

text: tissue

text: without

text: intermediate

text: ganglia

text: Following

text: this

text: classification

text: the

text: olfactory

text: epithelium

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: central

text: nervous

text: tissue

text: in

text: direct

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: environment

text: which

text: opens

text: up

text: for

text: therapeutic

text: treatments

text: A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton. Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have a complex internal and external structure. They are lightweight yet strong and hard, and serve multiple functions.

text: bone

text: is

text: rigid

text: organ

text: that

text: constitutes

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: vertebrate

text: skeleton

text: Bones

text: support

text: and

text: protect

text: the

text: various

text: organs

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: produce

text: red

text: and

text: white

text: blood

text: cells

text: store

text: minerals

text: provide

text: structure

text: and

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: body

text: and

text: enable

text: mobility

text: Bones

text: come

text: in

text: variety

text: of

text: shapes

text: and

text: sizes

text: and

text: have

text: complex

text: internal

text: and

text: external

text: structure

text: They

text: are

text: lightweight

text: yet

text: strong

text: and

text: hard

text: and

text: serve

text: multiple

text: functions

annotations: likely multiple

question: has_part ofatumumab

answer: carbon

text: carbon