text: In physics, energy is the property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on  or to heat  the object, and can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The SI unit of energy is the joule, which is the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.

text: In

text: physics

text: energy

text: is

text: the

text: property

text: that

text: must

text: be

text: transferred

text: to

text: an

text: object

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: perform

text: work

text: on

text: or

text: to

text: heat

text: the

text: object

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: converted

text: in

text: form

text: but

text: not

text: created

text: or

text: destroyed

text: The

text: SI

text: unit

text: of

text: energy

text: is

text: the

text: joule

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: energy

text: transferred

text: to

text: an

text: object

text: by

text: the

text: mechanical

text: work

text: of

text: moving

text: it

text: distance

text: of

text: metre

text: against

text: force

text: of

text: newton

text: Graz is the capital of Styria and second-largest city in Austria after Vienna. On 1 January 2017, it had a population of 320,587 (of which 286,686 had principal residence status). In 2014, the population of the Graz Larger Urban Zone who had principal residence status stood at 605,143.

text: Graz

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Styria

text: and

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Austria

text: after

text: Vienna

text: On

text: January

text: it

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: of

text: which

text: had

text: principal

text: residence

text: status

text: In

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: Graz

text: Larger

text: Urban

text: Zone

text: who

text: had

text: principal

text: residence

text: status

text: stood

text: at

text: In physics, thermal conductivity (often denoted "k", "", or "") is the property of a material to conduct heat. It is evaluated primarily in terms of Fourier's Law for heat conduction.

text: In

text: physics

text: thermal

text: conductivity

text: often

text: denoted

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: property

text: of

text: material

text: to

text: conduct

text: heat

text: It

text: is

text: evaluated

text: primarily

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: Fourier

text: 's

text: Law

text: for

text: heat

text: conduction

text: Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future. Time is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to compare the duration of events or the intervals between them, and to quantify rates of change of quantities in material reality or in the conscious experience. Time is often referred to as the fourth dimension, along with the three spatial dimensions.

text: Time

text: is

text: the

text: indefinite

text: continued

text: progress

text: of

text: existence

text: and

text: events

text: that

text: occur

text: in

text: apparently

text: irreversible

text: succession

text: from

text: the

text: past

text: through

text: the

text: present

text: to

text: the

text: future

text: Time

text: is

text: component

text: quantity

text: of

text: various

text: measurements

text: used

text: to

text: sequence

text: events

text: to

text: compare

text: the

text: duration

text: of

text: events

text: or

text: the

text: intervals

text: between

text: them

text: and

text: to

text: quantify

text: rates

text: of

text: change

text: of

text: quantities

text: in

text: material

text: reality

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: conscious

text: experience

text: Time

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: fourth

text: dimension

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: three

text: spatial

text: dimensions

text: Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force usually exhibits electromagnetic fields such as electric fields, magnetic fields, and light and is one of the four fundamental interactions (commonly called forces) in nature. The other three fundamental interactions are the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation.

text: Electromagnetism

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: physics

text: involving

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: electromagnetic

text: force

text: type

text: of

text: physical

text: interaction

text: that

text: occurs

text: between

text: electrically

text: charged

text: particles

text: The

text: electromagnetic

text: force

text: usually

text: exhibits

text: electromagnetic

text: fields

text: such

text: as

text: electric

text: fields

text: magnetic

text: fields

text: and

text: light

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: fundamental

text: interactions

text: commonly

text: called

text: forces

text: in

text: nature

text: The

text: other

text: three

text: fundamental

text: interactions

text: are

text: the

text: strong

text: interaction

text: the

text: weak

text: interaction

text: and

text: gravitation

text: A physicist is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of physics, the exploration of the interactions of matter and energy across the physical universe.

text: physicist

text: is

text: scientist

text: who

text: has

text: specialized

text: knowledge

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: physics

text: the

text: exploration

text: of

text: the

text: interactions

text: of

text: matter

text: and

text: energy

text: across

text: the

text: physical

text: universe

text: Engineering is the application of mathematics and scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge in order to invent, innovate, design, build, maintain, research, and improve structures, machines, tools, systems, components, materials, processes, solutions, and organizations.

text: Engineering

text: is

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: mathematics

text: and

text: scientific

text: economic

text: social

text: and

text: practical

text: knowledge

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: invent

text: innovate

text: design

text: build

text: maintain

text: research

text: and

text: improve

text: structures

text: machines

text: tools

text: systems

text: components

text: materials

text: processes

text: solutions

text: and

text: organizations

text: Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.

text: Electric

text: power

text: is

text: the

text: rate

text: per

text: unit

text: time

text: at

text: which

text: electrical

text: energy

text: is

text: transferred

text: by

text: an

text: electric

text: circuit

text: The

text: SI

text: unit

text: of

text: power

text: is

text: the

text: watt

text: one

text: joule

text: per

text: second

text: The Graz University of Technology (short "TU Graz") is the second-largest university in Styria, Austria, after the University of Graz. Austria has three universities of technology  in Graz, in Leoben, and in Vienna. The Graz University of Technology was founded in 1811 by Archduke John of Austria. TU Graz is a public university. In the academic year 2015/16, 18.1% of the students were from abroad and 22.8% of the students were female out of the 13,171 students enrolled at the TU Graz.

text: The

text: Graz

text: University

text: of

text: Technology

text: short

text: TU

text: Graz

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: university

text: in

text: Styria

text: Austria

text: after

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Graz

text: Austria

text: has

text: three

text: universities

text: of

text: technology

text: in

text: Graz

text: in

text: Leoben

text: and

text: in

text: Vienna

text: The

text: Graz

text: University

text: of

text: Technology

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Archduke

text: John

text: of

text: Austria

text: TU

text: Graz

text: is

text: public

text: university

text: In

text: the

text: academic

text: year

text: of

text: the

text: students

text: were

text: from

text: abroad

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: students

text: were

text: female

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: students

text: enrolled

text: at

text: the

text: TU

text: Graz

text: An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are very small; typical sizes are around 100 picometers (a ten-billionth of a meter, in the short scale).

text: An

text: atom

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: constituent

text: unit

text: of

text: ordinary

text: matter

text: that

text: has

text: the

text: properties

text: of

text: chemical

text: element

text: Every

text: solid

text: liquid

text: gas

text: and

text: plasma

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: neutral

text: or

text: ionized

text: atoms

text: Atoms

text: are

text: very

text: small

text: typical

text: sizes

text: are

text: around

text: picometers

text: ten

text: billionth

text: of

text: meter

text: in

text: the

text: short

text: scale

text: Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction. Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe. However, disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework.

text: Space

text: is

text: the

text: boundless

text: three

text: dimensional

text: extent

text: in

text: which

text: objects

text: and

text: events

text: have

text: relative

text: position

text: and

text: direction

text: Physical

text: space

text: is

text: often

text: conceived

text: in

text: three

text: linear

text: dimensions

text: although

text: modern

text: physicists

text: usually

text: consider

text: it

text: with

text: time

text: to

text: be

text: part

text: of

text: boundless

text: four

text: dimensional

text: continuum

text: known

text: as

text: spacetime

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: space

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: of

text: fundamental

text: importance

text: to

text: an

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: universe

text: However

text: disagreement

text: continues

text: between

text: philosophers

text: over

text: whether

text: it

text: is

text: itself

text: an

text: entity

text: relationship

text: between

text: entities

text: or

text: part

text: of

text: conceptual

text: framework

text: Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on observational and empirical evidence. Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatability of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances.

text: Natural

text: science

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: science

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: description

text: prediction

text: and

text: understanding

text: of

text: natural

text: phenomena

text: based

text: on

text: observational

text: and

text: empirical

text: evidence

text: Mechanisms

text: such

text: as

text: peer

text: review

text: and

text: repeatability

text: of

text: findings

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: validity

text: of

text: scientific

text: advances

text: Archduke John of Austria (20 January 1782  11 May 1859), a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, was an Austrian field marshal and Imperial regent ("Reichsverweser") of the emerging German Empire during the Revolutions of 1848.

text: Archduke

text: John

text: of

text: Austria

text: January

text: May

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Habsburg

text: Lorraine

text: was

text: an

text: Austrian

text: field

text: marshal

text: and

text: Imperial

text: regent

text: Reichsverweser

text: of

text: the

text: emerging

text: German

text: Empire

text: during

text: the

text: Revolutions

text: of

text: Magnetism is a class of physical phenomena that are mediated by magnetic fields. Electric currents and the magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, which acts on other currents and magnetic moments. The most familiar effects occur in ferromagnetic materials, which are strongly attracted by magnetic fields and can be magnetized to become permanent magnets, producing magnetic fields themselves. Only a few substances are ferromagnetic; the most common ones are iron, nickel and cobalt and their alloys. The prefix "" refers to iron, because permanent magnetism was first observed in lodestone, a form of natural iron ore called magnetite, FeO.

text: Magnetism

text: is

text: class

text: of

text: physical

text: phenomena

text: that

text: are

text: mediated

text: by

text: magnetic

text: fields

text: Electric

text: currents

text: and

text: the

text: magnetic

text: moments

text: of

text: elementary

text: particles

text: give

text: rise

text: to

text: magnetic

text: field

text: which

text: acts

text: on

text: other

text: currents

text: and

text: magnetic

text: moments

text: The

text: most

text: familiar

text: effects

text: occur

text: in

text: ferromagnetic

text: materials

text: which

text: are

text: strongly

text: attracted

text: by

text: magnetic

text: fields

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: magnetized

text: to

text: become

text: permanent

text: magnets

text: producing

text: magnetic

text: fields

text: themselves

text: Only

text: few

text: substances

text: are

text: ferromagnetic

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: ones

text: are

text: iron

text: nickel

text: and

text: cobalt

text: and

text: their

text: alloys

text: The

text: prefix

text: refers

text: to

text: iron

text: because

text: permanent

text: magnetism

text: was

text: first

text: observed

text: in

text: lodestone

text: form

text: of

text: natural

text: iron

text: ore

text: called

text: magnetite

text: FeO.

text: A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

text: transistor

text: is

text: semiconductor

text: device

text: used

text: to

text: amplify

text: or

text: switch

text: electronic

text: signals

text: and

text: electrical

text: power

text: It

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: semiconductor

text: material

text: usually

text: with

text: at

text: least

text: three

text: terminals

text: for

text: connection

text: to

text: an

text: external

text: circuit

text: voltage

text: or

text: current

text: applied

text: to

text: one

text: pair

text: of

text: the

text: transistor

text: 's

text: terminals

text: controls

text: the

text: current

text: through

text: another

text: pair

text: of

text: terminals

text: Because

text: the

text: controlled

text: output

text: power

text: can

text: be

text: higher

text: than

text: the

text: controlling

text: input

text: power

text: transistor

text: can

text: amplify

text: signal

text: Today

text: some

text: transistors

text: are

text: packaged

text: individually

text: but

text: many

text: more

text: are

text: found

text: embedded

text: in

text: integrated

text: circuits

text: Albert von Ettingshausen ( 1850 -- 1932 ) was an Austrian physicist . He was professor of physics at Graz University of Technology , where he also taught electrical engineering . Earlier he was an assistant to Ludwig Boltzmann at the University of Graz . In 1886 , he and his colleague Walther Nernst , then a PhD student at the University of Graz , jointly discovered the thermoelectric phenomena now known as the Ettingshausen effect and Nernst effect .

text: Albert

text: von

text: Ettingshausen

text: was

text: an

text: Austrian

text: physicist

text: He

text: was

text: professor

text: of

text: physics

text: at

text: Graz

text: University

text: of

text: Technology

text: where

text: he

text: also

text: taught

text: electrical

text: engineering

text: Earlier

text: he

text: was

text: an

text: assistant

text: to

text: Ludwig

text: Boltzmann

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Graz

text: In

text: he

text: and

text: his

text: colleague

text: Walther

text: Nernst

text: then

text: PhD

text: student

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Graz

text: jointly

text: discovered

text: the

text: thermoelectric

text: phenomena

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Ettingshausen

text: effect

text: and

text: Nernst

text: effect

text: The Universe is all of time and space and its contents. It includes planets, moons, minor planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, and all matter and energy. The size of the entire Universe is unknown.

text: The

text: Universe

text: is

text: all

text: of

text: time

text: and

text: space

text: and

text: its

text: contents

text: It

text: includes

text: planets

text: moons

text: minor

text: planets

text: stars

text: galaxies

text: the

text: contents

text: of

text: intergalactic

text: space

text: and

text: all

text: matter

text: and

text: energy

text: The

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: Universe

text: is

text: unknown

text: In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. In other words, a force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate. Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F.

text: In

text: physics

text: force

text: is

text: any

text: interaction

text: that

text: when

text: unopposed

text: will

text: change

text: the

text: motion

text: of

text: an

text: object

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: force

text: can

text: cause

text: an

text: object

text: with

text: mass

text: to

text: change

text: its

text: velocity

text: which

text: includes

text: to

text: begin

text: moving

text: from

text: state

text: of

text: rest

text: i.e.

text: to

text: accelerate

text: Force

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: described

text: intuitively

text: as

text: push

text: or

text: pull

text: force

text: has

text: both

text: magnitude

text: and

text: direction

text: making

text: it

text: vector

text: quantity

text: It

text: is

text: measured

text: in

text: the

text: SI

text: unit

text: of

text: newtons

text: and

text: represented

text: by

text: the

text: symbol

text: The University of Graz (German: "Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz"), located in Graz, Austria, is the largest and oldest university in Styria, as well as the second-largest and second-oldest university in Austria.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Graz

text: German

text: Karl

text: Franzens

text: Universität

text: Graz

text: located

text: in

text: Graz

text: Austria

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: oldest

text: university

text: in

text: Styria

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: and

text: second

text: oldest

text: university

text: in

text: Austria

text: Electricity is a physical phenomenon associated with the presence of electric charge. Although initially considered a phenomenon separate to magnetism, since the development of Maxwell's Equations both are recognized as part of a single phenomenon:electromagnetism. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others. In addition, electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies.

text: Electricity

text: is

text: physical

text: phenomenon

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: electric

text: charge

text: Although

text: initially

text: considered

text: phenomenon

text: separate

text: to

text: magnetism

text: since

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: Maxwell

text: 's

text: Equations

text: both

text: are

text: recognized

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: single

text: phenomenon

text: electromagnetism

text: Various

text: common

text: phenomena

text: are

text: related

text: to

text: electricity

text: including

text: lightning

text: static

text: electricity

text: electric

text: heating

text: electric

text: discharges

text: and

text: many

text: others

text: In

text: addition

text: electricity

text: is

text: at

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: many

text: modern

text: technologies

text: Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video content or other messages to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model. Broadcasting began with AM radio, which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread of vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers. Before this, all forms of electronic communication (early radio, telephone, and telegraph) were one-to-one, with the message intended for a single recipient. The term "broadcasting", borrowed from the agricultural method of sowing seeds in a field by casting them broadly about, was coined by either KDKA manager Frank Conrad or RCA historian George Clark around 1920 to distinguish this new activity of "one-to-many" communication; a single radio station transmitting to multiple listeners.

text: Broadcasting

text: is

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: audio

text: and/or

text: video

text: content

text: or

text: other

text: messages

text: to

text: dispersed

text: audience

text: via

text: any

text: electronic

text: mass

text: communications

text: medium

text: but

text: typically

text: one

text: using

text: the

text: electromagnetic

text: spectrum

text: radio

text: waves

text: in

text: one

text: to

text: many

text: model

text: Broadcasting

text: began

text: with

text: AM

text: radio

text: which

text: came

text: into

text: popular

text: use

text: around

text: with

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: vacuum

text: tube

text: radio

text: transmitters

text: and

text: receivers

text: Before

text: this

text: all

text: forms

text: of

text: electronic

text: communication

text: early

text: radio

text: telephone

text: and

text: telegraph

text: were

text: one

text: to

text: one

text: with

text: the

text: message

text: intended

text: for

text: single

text: recipient

text: The

text: term

text: broadcasting

text: borrowed

text: from

text: the

text: agricultural

text: method

text: of

text: sowing

text: seeds

text: in

text: field

text: by

text: casting

text: them

text: broadly

text: about

text: was

text: coined

text: by

text: either

text: KDKA

text: manager

text: Frank

text: Conrad

text: or

text: RCA

text: historian

text: George

text: Clark

text: around

text: to

text: distinguish

text: this

text: new

text: activity

text: of

text: one

text: to

text: many

text: communication

text: single

text: radio

text: station

text: transmitting

text: to

text: multiple

text: listeners

text:
A university ("a whole", "a corporation") is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which grants academic degrees in various subjects.
Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education.

text: university

text: whole

text: corporation

text: is

text: an

text: institution

text: of

text: higher

text: or

text: tertiary

text: education

text: and

text: research

text: which

text: grants

text: academic

text: degrees

text: in

text: various

text: subjects

text: Universities

text: typically

text: provide

text: undergraduate

text: education

text: and

text: postgraduate

text: education

text: Electronics is the science of controlling electrical energy electrically, in which the electrons have a fundamental role. Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, integrated circuits, associated passive electrical components, and interconnection technologies. Commonly, electronic devices contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively of active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements; such a circuit is described as an electronic circuit.

text: Electronics

text: is

text: the

text: science

text: of

text: controlling

text: electrical

text: energy

text: electrically

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: electrons

text: have

text: fundamental

text: role

text: Electronics

text: deals

text: with

text: electrical

text: circuits

text: that

text: involve

text: active

text: electrical

text: components

text: such

text: as

text: vacuum

text: tubes

text: transistors

text: diodes

text: integrated

text: circuits

text: associated

text: passive

text: electrical

text: components

text: and

text: interconnection

text: technologies

text: Commonly

text: electronic

text: devices

text: contain

text: circuitry

text: consisting

text: primarily

text: or

text: exclusively

text: of

text: active

text: semiconductors

text: supplemented

text: with

text: passive

text: elements

text: such

text: circuit

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: an

text: electronic

text: circuit

text: Commercialization or commercialisation is the process of introducing a new product or production method into commercemaking it available on the market. The term often connotes especially entry into the mass market (as opposed to entry into earlier niche markets), but it also includes a move from the laboratory into (even limited) commerce. Many technologies begin in a research and development laboratory or in an inventor's workshop and may not be practical for commercial use in their infancy (as prototypes). The "development" segment of the "research and development" spectrum requires time and money as systems are engineered with a view to making the product or method a paying commercial proposition. The product launch of a new product is the final stage of new product development - at this point advertising, sales promotion, and other marketing efforts encourage commercial adoption of the product or method. Beyond commercialization (in which technologies enter the business world) can lie consumerization (in which they become consumer goods, as for example when computers went from the laboratory to the enterprise and then to the home, pocket, or body).

text: Commercialization

text: or

text: commercialisation

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: introducing

text: new

text: product

text: or

text: production

text: method

text: into

text: commercemaking

text: it

text: available

text: on

text: the

text: market

text: The

text: term

text: often

text: connotes

text: especially

text: entry

text: into

text: the

text: mass

text: market

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: entry

text: into

text: earlier

text: niche

text: markets

text: but

text: it

text: also

text: includes

text: move

text: from

text: the

text: laboratory

text: into

text: even

text: limited

text: commerce

text: Many

text: technologies

text: begin

text: in

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: laboratory

text: or

text: in

text: an

text: inventor

text: 's

text: workshop

text: and

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: practical

text: for

text: commercial

text: use

text: in

text: their

text: infancy

text: as

text: prototypes

text: The

text: development

text: segment

text: of

text: the

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: spectrum

text: requires

text: time

text: and

text: money

text: as

text: systems

text: are

text: engineered

text: with

text: view

text: to

text: making

text: the

text: product

text: or

text: method

text: paying

text: commercial

text: proposition

text: The

text: product

text: launch

text: of

text: new

text: product

text: is

text: the

text: final

text: stage

text: of

text: new

text: product

text: development

text: at

text: this

text: point

text: advertising

text: sales

text: promotion

text: and

text: other

text: marketing

text: efforts

text: encourage

text: commercial

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: product

text: or

text: method

text: Beyond

text: commercialization

text: in

text: which

text: technologies

text: enter

text: the

text: business

text: world

text: can

text: lie

text: consumerization

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: become

text: consumer

text: goods

text: as

text: for

text: example

text: when

text: computers

text: went

text: from

text: the

text: laboratory

text: to

text: the

text: enterprise

text: and

text: then

text: to

text: the

text: home

text: pocket

text: or

text: body

text: Statistical mechanics is a branch of theoretical physics using probability theory to study the average behaviour of a mechanical system, where the state of the system is uncertain.

text: Statistical

text: mechanics

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: theoretical

text: physics

text: using

text: probability

text: theory

text: to

text: study

text: the

text: average

text: behaviour

text: of

text: mechanical

text: system

text: where

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: system

text: is

text: uncertain

text: In the classical physics observed in everyday life, if something has mass and takes up space, it is said to be composed of matter; this includes atoms (and thus molecules) and anything made up of these, but not other energy phenomena or waves such as light or sound. More generally, however, in (modern) physics, matter is not a fundamental concept because a universal definition of it is elusive: elementary constituents of atoms may not take up space individually, and massless particles may be composed to form objects that have mass (even when at rest).

text: In

text: the

text: classical

text: physics

text: observed

text: in

text: everyday

text: life

text: if

text: something

text: has

text: mass

text: and

text: takes

text: up

text: space

text: it

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: composed

text: of

text: matter

text: this

text: includes

text: atoms

text: and

text: thus

text: molecules

text: and

text: anything

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: these

text: but

text: not

text: other

text: energy

text: phenomena

text: or

text: waves

text: such

text: as

text: light

text: or

text: sound

text: More

text: generally

text: however

text: in

text: modern

text: physics

text: matter

text: is

text: not

text: fundamental

text: concept

text: because

text: universal

text: definition

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: elusive

text: elementary

text: constituents

text: of

text: atoms

text: may

text: not

text: take

text: up

text: space

text: individually

text: and

text: massless

text: particles

text: may

text: be

text: composed

text: to

text: form

text: objects

text: that

text: have

text: mass

text: even

text: when

text: at

text: rest

text: An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip resulted in circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, cheaper, and faster than those constructed of discrete electronic components. The IC's mass production capability, reliability and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors. ICs are now used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size and low cost of ICs.

text: An

text: integrated

text: circuit

text: or

text: monolithic

text: integrated

text: circuit

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: an

text: IC

text: chip

text: or

text: microchip

text: is

text: set

text: of

text: electronic

text: circuits

text: on

text: one

text: small

text: flat

text: piece

text: or

text: chip

text: of

text: semiconductor

text: material

text: normally

text: silicon

text: The

text: integration

text: of

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: tiny

text: transistors

text: into

text: small

text: chip

text: resulted

text: in

text: circuits

text: that

text: are

text: orders

text: of

text: magnitude

text: smaller

text: cheaper

text: and

text: faster

text: than

text: those

text: constructed

text: of

text: discrete

text: electronic

text: components

text: The

text: IC

text: 's

text: mass

text: production

text: capability

text: reliability

text: and

text: building

text: block

text: approach

text: to

text: circuit

text: design

text: ensured

text: the

text: rapid

text: adoption

text: of

text: standardized

text: ICs

text: in

text: place

text: of

text: designs

text: using

text: discrete

text: transistors

text: ICs

text: are

text: now

text: used

text: in

text: virtually

text: all

text: electronic

text: equipment

text: and

text: have

text: revolutionized

text: the

text: world

text: of

text: electronics

text: Computers

text: mobile

text: phones

text: and

text: other

text: digital

text: home

text: appliances

text: are

text: now

text: inextricable

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: structure

text: of

text: modern

text: societies

text: made

text: possible

text: by

text: the

text: small

text: size

text: and

text: low

text: cost

text: of

text: ICs

text: Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. This field first became an identifiable occupation in the later half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone, and electric power distribution and use. Subsequently, broadcasting and recording media made electronics part of daily life. The invention of the transistor, and later the integrated circuit, brought down the cost of electronics to the point they can be used in almost any household object.

text: Electrical

text: engineering

text: is

text: field

text: of

text: engineering

text: that

text: generally

text: deals

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: and

text: application

text: of

text: electricity

text: electronics

text: and

text: electromagnetism

text: This

text: field

text: first

text: became

text: an

text: identifiable

text: occupation

text: in

text: the

text: later

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: after

text: commercialization

text: of

text: the

text: electric

text: telegraph

text: the

text: telephone

text: and

text: electric

text: power

text: distribution

text: and

text: use

text: Subsequently

text: broadcasting

text: and

text: recording

text: media

text: made

text: electronics

text: part

text: of

text: daily

text: life

text: The

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: transistor

text: and

text: later

text: the

text: integrated

text: circuit

text: brought

text: down

text: the

text: cost

text: of

text: electronics

text: to

text: the

text: point

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: almost

text: any

text: household

text: object

text: A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals suitable for transmission via cables or other transmission media over long distances, and replays such signals simultaneously in audible form to its user.

text: telephone

text: or

text: phone

text: is

text: telecommunications

text: device

text: that

text: permits

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: users

text: to

text: conduct

text: conversation

text: when

text: they

text: are

text: too

text: far

text: apart

text: to

text: be

text: heard

text: directly

text: telephone

text: converts

text: sound

text: typically

text: and

text: most

text: efficiently

text: the

text: human

text: voice

text: into

text: electronic

text: signals

text: suitable

text: for

text: transmission

text: via

text: cables

text: or

text: other

text: transmission

text: media

text: over

text: long

text: distances

text: and

text: replays

text: such

text: signals

text: simultaneously

text: in

text: audible

text: form

text: to

text: its

text: user

text: Physics (from , from "phúsis" "nature") is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. One of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves.

text: Physics

text: from

text: from

text: phúsis

text: nature

text: is

text: the

text: natural

text: science

text: that

text: involves

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: matter

text: and

text: its

text: motion

text: and

text: behavior

text: through

text: space

text: and

text: time

text: along

text: with

text: related

text: concepts

text: such

text: as

text: energy

text: and

text: force

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: fundamental

text: scientific

text: disciplines

text: the

text: main

text: goal

text: of

text: physics

text: is

text: to

text: understand

text: how

text: the

text: universe

text: behaves

text: Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (February 20, 1844  September 5, 1906) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher whose greatest achievement was in the development of statistical mechanics, which explains and predicts how the properties of atoms (such as mass, charge, and structure) determine the physical properties of matter (such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion).

text: Ludwig

text: Eduard

text: Boltzmann

text: February

text: September

text: was

text: an

text: Austrian

text: physicist

text: and

text: philosopher

text: whose

text: greatest

text: achievement

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: statistical

text: mechanics

text: which

text: explains

text: and

text: predicts

text: how

text: the

text: properties

text: of

text: atoms

text: such

text: as

text: mass

text: charge

text: and

text: structure

text: determine

text: the

text: physical

text: properties

text: of

text: matter

text: such

text: as

text: viscosity

text: thermal

text: conductivity

text: and

text: diffusion

text: Styria (, Slovene/) is a state or "Bundesland", located in the southeast of Austria. In area it is the second largest of the nine Austrian federated states, covering . It borders Slovenia and the Austrian states of Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Salzburg, Burgenland, and Carinthia. The population (as of ) was . The capital city is Graz which had 276,526 inhabitants at the beginning of 2015.

text: Styria

text: Slovene/

text: is

text: state

text: or

text: Bundesland

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: of

text: Austria

text: In

text: area

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: Austrian

text: federated

text: states

text: covering

text: It

text: borders

text: Slovenia

text: and

text: the

text: Austrian

text: states

text: of

text: Upper

text: Austria

text: Lower

text: Austria

text: Salzburg

text: Burgenland

text: and

text: Carinthia

text: The

text: population

text: as

text: of

text: was

text: The

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Graz

text: which

text: had

text: inhabitants

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

question: place_of_birth albert von ettingshausen

answer: vienna

text: vienna

text: vienna


text: Dame Esmerelda Cicely Courtneidge DBE ( 1 April 1893 -- 26 April 1980 ) was an English actress , comedienne and singer . The daughter of the producer Robert Courtneidge , she was appearing in his productions in the West End , by the age of 16 , and was quickly promoted from minor to major roles in his Edwardian musical comedies . After the outbreak of the First World War , her father had a series of failures and temporarily withdrew from production . No other producers offered the young Courtneidge leading roles in musical comedies , and she turned instead to the music hall , learning her craft as a comedienne . In 1916 she married the actor and dancer Jack Hulbert , with whom she formed a professional as well as a private partnership that lasted until his death 62 years later . They acted together on stage and screen , initially in a series of revues , with Hulbert frequently producing as well as performing . Courtneidge appeared in 11 British films in the 1930s , and one in Hollywood , finding this work to be very lucrative . She and Hulbert also recorded for Columbia and HMV , returning to the stage in the late 1930s . During the Second World War , Courtneidge entertained the armed forces and raised funds for the troops . She then had a long run in Under the Counter , a comedy in which she received glowing notices . Notable among her other successes was Courtneidge 's performance in Ivor Novello 's musical Gay 's the Word in 1951 -- 52 . During the rest of the decade , she focused on revues and straight plays . After the mid- 1960s , Courtneidge concentrated on the non-musical theatre , appearing in the West End and on tour in a range of plays , both serious and comic . While appearing in her last West End run in 1971 , she celebrated 70 years on the stage . Afterwards , she continued to work for a further five years before retiring .

text: Dame

text: Esmerelda

text: Cicely

text: Courtneidge

text: DBE

text: April

text: April

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: actress

text: comedienne

text: and

text: singer

text: The

text: daughter

text: of

text: the

text: producer

text: Robert

text: Courtneidge

text: she

text: was

text: appearing

text: in

text: his

text: productions

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: End

text: by

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: and

text: was

text: quickly

text: promoted

text: from

text: minor

text: to

text: major

text: roles

text: in

text: his

text: Edwardian

text: musical

text: comedies

text: After

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: her

text: father

text: had

text: series

text: of

text: failures

text: and

text: temporarily

text: withdrew

text: from

text: production

text: No

text: other

text: producers

text: offered

text: the

text: young

text: Courtneidge

text: leading

text: roles

text: in

text: musical

text: comedies

text: and

text: she

text: turned

text: instead

text: to

text: the

text: music

text: hall

text: learning

text: her

text: craft

text: as

text: comedienne

text: In

text: she

text: married

text: the

text: actor

text: and

text: dancer

text: Jack

text: Hulbert

text: with

text: whom

text: she

text: formed

text: professional

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: private

text: partnership

text: that

text: lasted

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: years

text: later

text: They

text: acted

text: together

text: on

text: stage

text: and

text: screen

text: initially

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: revues

text: with

text: Hulbert

text: frequently

text: producing

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: performing

text: Courtneidge

text: appeared

text: in

text: British

text: films

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: one

text: in

text: Hollywood

text: finding

text: this

text: work

text: to

text: be

text: very

text: lucrative

text: She

text: and

text: Hulbert

text: also

text: recorded

text: for

text: Columbia

text: and

text: HMV

text: returning

text: to

text: the

text: stage

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: During

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: Courtneidge

text: entertained

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: and

text: raised

text: funds

text: for

text: the

text: troops

text: She

text: then

text: had

text: long

text: run

text: in

text: Under

text: the

text: Counter

text: comedy

text: in

text: which

text: she

text: received

text: glowing

text: notices

text: Notable

text: among

text: her

text: other

text: successes

text: was

text: Courtneidge

text: 's

text: performance

text: in

text: Ivor

text: Novello

text: 's

text: musical

text: Gay

text: 's

text: the

text: Word

text: in

text: During

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: decade

text: she

text: focused

text: on

text: revues

text: and

text: straight

text: plays

text: After

text: the

text: mid-

text: Courtneidge

text: concentrated

text: on

text: the

text: non

text: musical

text: theatre

text: appearing

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: End

text: and

text: on

text: tour

text: in

text: range

text: of

text: plays

text: both

text: serious

text: and

text: comic

text: While

text: appearing

text: in

text: her

text: last

text: West

text: End

text: run

text: in

text: she

text: celebrated

text: years

text: on

text: the

text: stage

text: Afterwards

text: she

text: continued

text: to

text: work

text: for

text: further

text: five

text: years

text: before

text: retiring

text: Robert Courtneidge (29 June 1859  6 April 1939) was a British theatrical manager-producer and playwright. He is best remembered as the co-author of the light opera "Tom Jones" (1907) and the producer of "The Arcadians" (1909). He was the father of the actress Cicely Courtneidge, who played in many of his early 20th century productions.

text: Robert

text: Courtneidge

text: June

text: April

text: was

text: British

text: theatrical

text: manager

text: producer

text: and

text: playwright

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: remembered

text: as

text: the

text: co

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: light

text: opera

text: Tom

text: Jones

text: and

text: the

text: producer

text: of

text: The

text: Arcadians

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: the

text: actress

text: Cicely

text: Courtneidge

text: who

text: played

text: in

text: many

text: of

text: his

text: early

text: century

text: productions

text: Dame Esmerelda Cicely Courtneidge DBE (1 April 1893  26 April 1980) was an English actress, comedian and singer. The daughter of the producer and playwright Robert Courtneidge, she was appearing in his productions in the West End, by the age of 16, and was quickly promoted from minor to major roles in his Edwardian musical comedies.

text: Dame

text: Esmerelda

text: Cicely

text: Courtneidge

text: DBE

text: April

text: April

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: actress

text: comedian

text: and

text: singer

text: The

text: daughter

text: of

text: the

text: producer

text: and

text: playwright

text: Robert

text: Courtneidge

text: she

text: was

text: appearing

text: in

text: his

text: productions

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: End

text: by

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: and

text: was

text: quickly

text: promoted

text: from

text: minor

text: to

text: major

text: roles

text: in

text: his

text: Edwardian

text: musical

text: comedies

annotations: follows single

question: occupation cicely courtneidge

answer: comedian

text: comedian


text: It 's Adam and Shelley is a British television variety series written by brother and sister Adam and Shelley Longworth . The series was directed by Tim Kirkby and was broadcast on BBC Three from 1 October to 5 November 2007 . Following poor reception and ratings , the show was axed by BBC Three in December 2007 .

text: It

text: 's

text: Adam

text: and

text: Shelley

text: is

text: British

text: television

text: variety

text: series

text: written

text: by

text: brother

text: and

text: sister

text: Adam

text: and

text: Shelley

text: Longworth

text: The

text: series

text: was

text: directed

text: by

text: Tim

text: Kirkby

text: and

text: was

text: broadcast

text: on

text: BBC

text: Three

text: from

text: October

text: to

text: November

text: Following

text: poor

text: reception

text: and

text: ratings

text: the

text: show

text: was

text: axed

text: by

text: BBC

text: Three

text: in

text: December

text: Look Around You is a British television comedy series devised and written by Robert Popper and Peter Serafinowicz, and narrated in the first series by Nigel Lambert. The first series of eight 10-minute shorts was shown in 2002, and the second series of six 30-minute episodes in 2005, both on BBC Two. The first series of "Look Around You" was nominated for a BAFTA award in 2003.

text: Look

text: Around

text: You

text: is

text: British

text: television

text: comedy

text: series

text: devised

text: and

text: written

text: by

text: Robert

text: Popper

text: and

text: Peter

text: Serafinowicz

text: and

text: narrated

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: series

text: by

text: Nigel

text: Lambert

text: The

text: first

text: series

text: of

text: eight

text: shorts

text: was

text: shown

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: series

text: of

text: six

text: episodes

text: in

text: both

text: on

text: BBC

text: Two

text: The

text: first

text: series

text: of

text: Look

text: Around

text: You

text: was

text: nominated

text: for

text: BAFTA

text: award

text: in

text: BBC Choice was a BBC TV station which launched on 23 September 1998 and closed on 28 February 2003. It was the first British TV channel to broadcast exclusively in digital format, as well as the BBC's second non-terrestrial channel launch (following on from the BBC News channel in 1997).

text: BBC

text: Choice

text: was

text: BBC

text: TV

text: station

text: which

text: launched

text: on

text: September

text: and

text: closed

text: on

text: February

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: British

text: TV

text: channel

text: to

text: broadcast

text: exclusively

text: in

text: digital

text: format

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: BBC

text: 's

text: second

text: non

text: terrestrial

text: channel

text: launch

text: following

text: on

text: from

text: the

text: BBC

text: News

text: channel

text: in

text: Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle is a British comedy series created by and starring Stewart Lee and broadcast on BBC Two. It features stand-up comedy and sketches united by a theme for each episode. It is script-edited by Chris Morris and was initially executive-produced by Armando Iannucci, marking a rare reformation of a creative team formed for "On the Hour" in 1991. Lee has said that this is exactly the sort of show he wants to do, saying "I don't want to do any television that I don't have complete control of."

text: Stewart

text: Lee

text: 's

text: Comedy

text: Vehicle

text: is

text: British

text: comedy

text: series

text: created

text: by

text: and

text: starring

text: Stewart

text: Lee

text: and

text: broadcast

text: on

text: BBC

text: Two

text: It

text: features

text: stand

text: up

text: comedy

text: and

text: sketches

text: united

text: by

text: theme

text: for

text: each

text: episode

text: It

text: is

text: script

text: edited

text: by

text: Chris

text: Morris

text: and

text: was

text: initially

text: executive

text: produced

text: by

text: Armando

text: Iannucci

text: marking

text: rare

text: reformation

text: of

text: creative

text: team

text: formed

text: for

text: On

text: the

text: Hour

text: in

text: Lee

text: has

text: said

text: that

text: this

text: is

text: exactly

text: the

text: sort

text: of

text: show

text: he

text: wants

text: to

text: do

text: saying

text: do

text: n't

text: want

text: to

text: do

text: any

text: television

text: that

text: do

text: n't

text: have

text: complete

text: control

text: of

text: A target audience is the intended audience or readership of a publication, advertisement, or other message. In marketing and advertising, it is a particular group of consumers within the predetermined target market, identified as the targets or recipients for a particular advertisement or message. Businesses that have a wide target market will focus on a specific target audience for certain messages to send, such as The Body Shops Mothers Day advertisements, which were aimed at the children and spouses of women, rather than the whole market which would have included the women themselves.

text: target

text: audience

text: is

text: the

text: intended

text: audience

text: or

text: readership

text: of

text: publication

text: advertisement

text: or

text: other

text: message

text: In

text: marketing

text: and

text: advertising

text: it

text: is

text: particular

text: group

text: of

text: consumers

text: within

text: the

text: predetermined

text: target

text: market

text: identified

text: as

text: the

text: targets

text: or

text: recipients

text: for

text: particular

text: advertisement

text: or

text: message

text: Businesses

text: that

text: have

text: wide

text: target

text: market

text: will

text: focus

text: on

text: specific

text: target

text: audience

text: for

text: certain

text: messages

text: to

text: send

text: such

text: as

text: The

text: Body

text: Shops

text: Mothers

text: Day

text: advertisements

text: which

text: were

text: aimed

text: at

text: the

text: children

text: and

text: spouses

text: of

text: women

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: whole

text: market

text: which

text: would

text: have

text: included

text: the

text: women

text: themselves

text: Tim Kirkby is an English film, television and commercials director woking in both the UK and US. He directed both spoof science parody series "Look Around You" and the BAFTA winning BBC 2 show "Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle".

text: Tim

text: Kirkby

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: film

text: television

text: and

text: commercials

text: director

text: woking

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: US

text: He

text: directed

text: both

text: spoof

text: science

text: parody

text: series

text: Look

text: Around

text: You

text: and

text: the

text: BAFTA

text: winning

text: BBC

text: show

text: Stewart

text: Lee

text: 's

text: Comedy

text: Vehicle

text: Shelley Nicola Longworth (born 22 March 1976) is an English comedy actress and voice over artist. She is best known for playing the role of Sam Wood in "Benidorm", from 2011 to 2012 and from 2017 onwards.

text: Shelley

text: Nicola

text: Longworth

text: born

text: March

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: comedy

text: actress

text: and

text: voice

text: over

text: artist

text: She

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: playing

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: Sam

text: Wood

text: in

text: Benidorm

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: from

text: onwards

text: Stewart Graham Lee (born 5 April 1968) is an English stand-up comedian, writer, director and musician. He made his name in the mid-1990s as one half of the radio duo Lee and Herring, alongside Richard Herring, a success followed through with extensive touring to build up a live following. He co-wrote and co-directed the mock Broadway hit "", a critical success that sparked a backlash from Christian groups who staged a series of protests outside its early stagings.

text: Stewart

text: Graham

text: Lee

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: stand

text: up

text: comedian

text: writer

text: director

text: and

text: musician

text: He

text: made

text: his

text: name

text: in

text: the

text: as

text: one

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: radio

text: duo

text: Lee

text: and

text: Herring

text: alongside

text: Richard

text: Herring

text: success

text: followed

text: through

text: with

text: extensive

text: touring

text: to

text: build

text: up

text: live

text: following

text: He

text: co

text: wrote

text: and

text: co

text: directed

text: the

text: mock

text: Broadway

text: hit

text: critical

text: success

text: that

text: sparked

text: backlash

text: from

text: Christian

text: groups

text: who

text: staged

text: series

text: of

text: protests

text: outside

text: its

text: early

text: stagings

text: BBC Three (stylised as BBC II!) is a British digital publisher and broadcaster operated by the BBC. It launched on 16 February 2016, having previously been a broadcast channel since 9 February 2003. BBC Three was originally intended as a replacement for BBC Choice. The service's remit was to provide "innovative" programming to a target audience of viewers between 16 and 34 years old, leveraging technology as well as new talent.

text: BBC

text: Three

text: stylised

text: as

text: BBC

text: II

text: is

text: British

text: digital

text: publisher

text: and

text: broadcaster

text: operated

text: by

text: the

text: BBC

text: It

text: launched

text: on

text: February

text: having

text: previously

text: been

text: broadcast

text: channel

text: since

text: February

text: BBC

text: Three

text: was

text: originally

text: intended

text: as

text: replacement

text: for

text: BBC

text: Choice

text: The

text: service

text: 's

text: remit

text: was

text: to

text: provide

text: innovative

text: programming

text: to

text: target

text: audience

text: of

text: viewers

text: between

text: and

text: years

text: old

text: leveraging

text: technology

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: new

text: talent

annotations: likely multiple

question: genre it's adam and shelley

answer: television comedy

text: television comedy


text: Oberführer was an early paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party dating back to 1921. Translated as "senior leader", an "Oberführer" was typically a Nazi Party member in charge of a group of paramilitary units in a particular geographical region. From 1921 to 1925, the phrase "Oberführer" was used as a title in the "Sturmabteilung" (SA), but became an actual SA rank after 1926.

text: Oberführer

text: was

text: an

text: early

text: paramilitary

text: rank

text: of

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: Translated

text: as

text: senior

text: leader

text: an

text: Oberführer

text: was

text: typically

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: member

text: in

text: charge

text: of

text: group

text: of

text: paramilitary

text: units

text: in

text: particular

text: geographical

text: region

text: From

text: to

text: the

text: phrase

text: Oberführer

text: was

text: used

text: as

text: title

text: in

text: the

text: Sturmabteilung

text: SA

text: but

text: became

text: an

text: actual

text: SA

text: rank

text: after

text: The Holocaust (from the Greek ': "hólos", "whole" and "kaustós", "burnt"), also referred to as the Shoah"' (Hebrew: , "HaShoah", "the catastrophe"), was a genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews. The victims included 1.5 million children and represented about two-thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe. Some definitions of the Holocaust include the additional five million non-Jewish victims of Nazi mass murders, bringing the total to about 11 million. Killings took place throughout Nazi Germany, German-occupied territories, and territories held by allies of Nazi Germany.

text: The

text: Holocaust

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: hólos

text: whole

text: and

text: kaustós

text: burnt

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Shoah

text: Hebrew

text: HaShoah

text: the

text: catastrophe

text: was

text: genocide

text: in

text: which

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: and

text: its

text: collaborators

text: killed

text: about

text: six

text: million

text: Jews

text: The

text: victims

text: included

text: million

text: children

text: and

text: represented

text: about

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: million

text: Jews

text: who

text: had

text: resided

text: in

text: Europe

text: Some

text: definitions

text: of

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: include

text: the

text: additional

text: five

text: million

text: non

text: Jewish

text: victims

text: of

text: Nazi

text: mass

text: murders

text: bringing

text: the

text: total

text: to

text: about

text: million

text: Killings

text: took

text: place

text: throughout

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: German

text: occupied

text: territories

text: and

text: territories

text: held

text: by

text: allies

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: The General Governmentsometimes also referred to as General Governorate (, )was a German zone of occupation established by Adolf Hitler after the joint invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 at the onset of World War II. The newly occupied Second Polish Republic was split into three zones: the General Government in its centre, Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany in the west and Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union in the east. The territory was expanded in 1941 to include the District of Galicia.

text: The

text: General

text: Governmentsometimes

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: General

text: Governorate

text: was

text: German

text: zone

text: of

text: occupation

text: established

text: by

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: after

text: the

text: joint

text: invasion

text: of

text: Poland

text: by

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: onset

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The

text: newly

text: occupied

text: Second

text: Polish

text: Republic

text: was

text: split

text: into

text: three

text: zones

text: the

text: General

text: Government

text: in

text: its

text: centre

text: Polish

text: areas

text: annexed

text: by

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Polish

text: areas

text: annexed

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: The

text: territory

text: was

text: expanded

text: in

text: to

text: include

text: the

text: District

text: of

text: Galicia

text: Kraków, also Cracow or Krakow, is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs. It was the capital of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1038 to 1569; the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1795; the Free City of Kraków from 1815 to 1846; the Grand Duchy of Cracow from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1998. It has been the capital of Lesser Poland Voivodeship since 1999.

text: Kraków

text: also

text: Cracow

text: or

text: Krakow

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: cities

text: in

text: Poland

text: Situated

text: on

text: the

text: Vistula

text: River

text: in

text: the

text: Lesser

text: Poland

text: region

text: the

text: city

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: Kraków

text: has

text: traditionally

text: been

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: centres

text: of

text: Polish

text: academic

text: cultural

text: and

text: artistic

text: life

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: Poland

text: 's

text: most

text: important

text: economic

text: hubs

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Poland

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: PolishLithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: Free

text: City

text: of

text: Kraków

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Cracow

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: Kraków

text: Voivodeship

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Lesser

text: Poland

text: Voivodeship

text: since

text: Josef Bühler (also referred to as Joseph Buehler) (16 February 1904  22 August 1948) was a state secretary and deputy governor to the Nazi-controlled General Government in Kraków during World War II.

text: Josef

text: Bühler

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Joseph

text: Buehler

text: February

text: August

text: was

text: state

text: secretary

text: and

text: deputy

text: governor

text: to

text: the

text: Nazi

text: controlled

text: General

text: Government

text: in

text: Kraków

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP). Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over nearly all aspects of life. The official name of the state was "Deutsches Reich" from 1933 to 1943 and "Großdeutsches Reich" ("Greater German Reich") from 1943 to 1945. The period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period (abbreviated as "NS-Zeit"). The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, ending World War II in Europe.

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: English

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: period

text: in

text: German

text: history

text: from

text: to

text: when

text: Germany

text: was

text: governed

text: by

text: dictatorship

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: and

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: NSDAP

text: Under

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: rule

text: Germany

text: was

text: transformed

text: into

text: fascist

text: state

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: took

text: totalitarian

text: control

text: over

text: nearly

text: all

text: aspects

text: of

text: life

text: The

text: official

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: was

text: Deutsches

text: Reich

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: Großdeutsches

text: Reich

text: Greater

text: German

text: Reich

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: period

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: under

text: the

text: names

text: the

text: Third

text: Reich

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Socialist

text: Period

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: NS

text: Zeit

text: The

text: Nazi

text: regime

text: came

text: to

text: an

text: end

text: after

text: the

text: Allied

text: Powers

text: defeated

text: Germany

text: in

text: May

text: ending

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: in

text: Europe

text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: SS - Oberführer Ernst Boepple ( November 30 , 1887 , Betzingen -- December 15 , 1950 ) was a Nazi official , serving as deputy to Josef Bühler in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust .

text: SS

text: Oberführer

text: Ernst

text: Boepple

text: November

text: Betzingen

text: December

text: was

text: Nazi

text: official

text: serving

text: as

text: deputy

text: to

text: Josef

text: Bühler

text: in

text: occupied

text: Poland

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: and

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: The National Socialist German Workers' Party (abbreviated NSDAP), commonly referred to in English as the Nazi Party, was a political party in Germany that was active between 1920 and 1945 and practised the ideology of Nazism. Its precursor, the German Workers' Party ("Deutsche Arbeiterpartei"; DAP), existed from 1919 to 1920.

text: The

text: National

text: Socialist

text: German

text: Workers

text: Party

text: abbreviated

text: NSDAP

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: English

text: as

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: was

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: Germany

text: that

text: was

text: active

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: practised

text: the

text: ideology

text: of

text: Nazism

text: Its

text: precursor

text: the

text: German

text: Workers

text: Party

text: Deutsche

text: Arbeiterpartei

text: DAP

text: existed

text: from

text: to

text: The Sturmabteilung (SA), literally Storm Detachment, functioned as the original paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party (NSDAP).

text: The

text: Sturmabteilung

text: SA

text: literally

text: Storm

text: Detachment

text: functioned

text: as

text: the

text: original

text: paramilitary

text: wing

text: of

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: NSDAP

text: Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889  30 April 1945) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party ("Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei"; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of the German Reich, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was central to the Holocaust.

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: April

text: April

text: was

text: German

text: politician

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: Nationalsozialistische

text: Deutsche

text: Arbeiterpartei

text: NSDAP

text: Chancellor

text: of

text: Germany

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: Führer

text: Leader

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: from

text: to

text: As

text: dictator

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Reich

text: he

text: initiated

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: in

text: Europe

text: with

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: Poland

text: in

text: September

text: and

text: was

text: central

text: to

text: the

text: Holocaust

question: place_of_death ernst boepple

answer: kraków

text: kraków

text: kraków

text: kraków

text: kraków

text: kraków