text: Weight loss, in the context of medicine, health, or physical fitness, refers to a reduction of the total body mass, due to a mean loss of fluid, body fat or adipose tissue and/or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other connective tissue. Weight loss can either occur unintentionally due to malnourishment or an underlying disease or arise from a conscious effort to improve an actual or perceived overweight or obese state. "Unexplained" weight loss that is not caused by reduction in calorific intake or exercise is called cachexia and may be a symptom of a serious medical condition. Intentional weight loss is commonly referred to as slimming.

text: Weight

text: loss

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: medicine

text: health

text: or

text: physical

text: fitness

text: refers

text: to

text: reduction

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: body

text: mass

text: due

text: to

text: mean

text: loss

text: of

text: fluid

text: body

text: fat

text: or

text: adipose

text: tissue

text: and/or

text: lean

text: mass

text: namely

text: bone

text: mineral

text: deposits

text: muscle

text: tendon

text: and

text: other

text: connective

text: tissue

text: Weight

text: loss

text: can

text: either

text: occur

text: unintentionally

text: due

text: to

text: malnourishment

text: or

text: an

text: underlying

text: disease

text: or

text: arise

text: from

text: conscious

text: effort

text: to

text: improve

text: an

text: actual

text: or

text: perceived

text: overweight

text: or

text: obese

text: state

text: Unexplained

text: weight

text: loss

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: caused

text: by

text: reduction

text: in

text: calorific

text: intake

text: or

text: exercise

text: is

text: called

text: cachexia

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: symptom

text: of

text: serious

text: medical

text: condition

text: Intentional

text: weight

text: loss

text: is

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: slimming

text:
A brain tumor or intracranial neoplasm occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain. There are two main types of tumors: malignant or cancerous tumors and benign tumors. Cancerous tumors can be divided into primary tumors that start within the brain, and secondary tumors that have spread from somewhere else, known as brain metastasis tumors. All types of brain tumors may produce symptoms that vary depending on the part of the brain involved. These symptoms may include headaches, seizures, problem with vision, vomiting, and mental changes. The headache is classically worse in the morning and goes away with vomiting. More specific problems may include difficulty in walking, speaking, and with sensation. As the disease progresses unconsciousness may occur.
The cause of most brain tumors is unknown. Uncommon risk factors include inherited neurofibromatosis, exposure to vinyl chloride, EpsteinBarr virus, and ionizing radiation. The evidence for mobile phones is not clear. The most common types of primary tumors in adults are meningiomas (usually benign), and astrocytomas such as glioblastomas. In children, the most common type is a malignant medulloblastoma. Diagnosis is usually by medical examination along with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. This is then often confirmed by a biopsy. Based on the findings, the tumors are divided into different grades of severity.
Treatment may include some combination of surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Anticonvulsant medication may be needed if seizures occur. Dexamethasone and furosemide may be used to decrease swelling around the tumor. Some tumors grow gradually, requiring only monitoring and possibly needing no further intervention. Treatments that use a person's immune system are being studied. Outcome varies considerably depending on the type of tumor and how far it has spread at diagnosis. Glioblastomas usually have poor outcomes while meningiomas usually have good outcomes. The average five-year survival rate for brain cancer in the United States is 33%.
Secondary or metastatic brain tumors are more common than primary brain tumors, with about half of metastases coming from lung cancer. Primary brain tumors occur in around 250,000 people a year globally, making up less than 2% of cancers. In children younger than 15, brain tumors are second only to acute lymphoblastic leukemia as a cause of cancer. In Australia the average economic cost of a case of brain cancer is $1.9 million, the greatest of any type of cancer.

text: brain

text: tumor

text: or

text: intracranial

text: neoplasm

text: occurs

text: when

text: abnormal

text: cells

text: form

text: within

text: the

text: brain

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: tumors

text: malignant

text: or

text: cancerous

text: tumors

text: and

text: benign

text: tumors

text: Cancerous

text: tumors

text: can

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: primary

text: tumors

text: that

text: start

text: within

text: the

text: brain

text: and

text: secondary

text: tumors

text: that

text: have

text: spread

text: from

text: somewhere

text: else

text: known

text: as

text: brain

text: metastasis

text: tumors

text: All

text: types

text: of

text: brain

text: tumors

text: may

text: produce

text: symptoms

text: that

text: vary

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: involved

text: These

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: headaches

text: seizures

text: problem

text: with

text: vision

text: vomiting

text: and

text: mental

text: changes

text: The

text: headache

text: is

text: classically

text: worse

text: in

text: the

text: morning

text: and

text: goes

text: away

text: with

text: vomiting

text: More

text: specific

text: problems

text: may

text: include

text: difficulty

text: in

text: walking

text: speaking

text: and

text: with

text: sensation

text: As

text: the

text: disease

text: progresses

text: unconsciousness

text: may

text: occur

text: The

text: cause

text: of

text: most

text: brain

text: tumors

text: is

text: unknown

text: Uncommon

text: risk

text: factors

text: include

text: inherited

text: neurofibromatosis

text: exposure

text: to

text: vinyl

text: chloride

text: EpsteinBarr

text: virus

text: and

text: ionizing

text: radiation

text: The

text: evidence

text: for

text: mobile

text: phones

text: is

text: not

text: clear

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: of

text: primary

text: tumors

text: in

text: adults

text: are

text: meningiomas

text: usually

text: benign

text: and

text: astrocytomas

text: such

text: as

text: glioblastomas

text: In

text: children

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: is

text: malignant

text: medulloblastoma

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: usually

text: by

text: medical

text: examination

text: along

text: with

text: computed

text: tomography

text: or

text: magnetic

text: resonance

text: imaging

text: This

text: is

text: then

text: often

text: confirmed

text: by

text: biopsy

text: Based

text: on

text: the

text: findings

text: the

text: tumors

text: are

text: divided

text: into

text: different

text: grades

text: of

text: severity

text: Treatment

text: may

text: include

text: some

text: combination

text: of

text: surgery

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: and

text: chemotherapy

text: Anticonvulsant

text: medication

text: may

text: be

text: needed

text: if

text: seizures

text: occur

text: Dexamethasone

text: and

text: furosemide

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: decrease

text: swelling

text: around

text: the

text: tumor

text: Some

text: tumors

text: grow

text: gradually

text: requiring

text: only

text: monitoring

text: and

text: possibly

text: needing

text: no

text: further

text: intervention

text: Treatments

text: that

text: use

text: person

text: 's

text: immune

text: system

text: are

text: being

text: studied

text: Outcome

text: varies

text: considerably

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: tumor

text: and

text: how

text: far

text: it

text: has

text: spread

text: at

text: diagnosis

text: Glioblastomas

text: usually

text: have

text: poor

text: outcomes

text: while

text: meningiomas

text: usually

text: have

text: good

text: outcomes

text: The

text: average

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rate

text: for

text: brain

text: cancer

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: Secondary

text: or

text: metastatic

text: brain

text: tumors

text: are

text: more

text: common

text: than

text: primary

text: brain

text: tumors

text: with

text: about

text: half

text: of

text: metastases

text: coming

text: from

text: lung

text: cancer

text: Primary

text: brain

text: tumors

text: occur

text: in

text: around

text: people

text: year

text: globally

text: making

text: up

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: cancers

text: In

text: children

text: younger

text: than

text: brain

text: tumors

text: are

text: second

text: only

text: to

text: acute

text: lymphoblastic

text: leukemia

text: as

text: cause

text: of

text: cancer

text: In

text: Australia

text: the

text: average

text: economic

text: cost

text: of

text: case

text: of

text: brain

text: cancer

text: is

text: million

text: the

text: greatest

text: of

text: any

text: type

text: of

text: cancer

text: Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate morbidity from infection. When a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, this results in herd immunity. The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified; for example, the influenza vaccine, the HPV vaccine, and the chicken pox vaccine. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as polio, measles, and tetanus from much of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available to prevent or contribute to the prevention and control of twenty-five preventable infections.

text: Vaccination

text: is

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: antigenic

text: material

text: vaccine

text: to

text: stimulate

text: an

text: individual

text: 's

text: immune

text: system

text: to

text: develop

text: adaptive

text: immunity

text: to

text: pathogen

text: Vaccines

text: can

text: prevent

text: or

text: ameliorate

text: morbidity

text: from

text: infection

text: When

text: sufficiently

text: large

text: percentage

text: of

text: population

text: has

text: been

text: vaccinated

text: this

text: results

text: in

text: herd

text: immunity

text: The

text: effectiveness

text: of

text: vaccination

text: has

text: been

text: widely

text: studied

text: and

text: verified

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: influenza

text: vaccine

text: the

text: HPV

text: vaccine

text: and

text: the

text: chicken

text: pox

text: vaccine

text: Vaccination

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: effective

text: method

text: of

text: preventing

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: widespread

text: immunity

text: due

text: to

text: vaccination

text: is

text: largely

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: worldwide

text: eradication

text: of

text: smallpox

text: and

text: the

text: restriction

text: of

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: polio

text: measles

text: and

text: tetanus

text: from

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: WHO

text: reports

text: that

text: licensed

text: vaccines

text: are

text: currently

text: available

text: to

text: prevent

text: or

text: contribute

text: to

text: the

text: prevention

text: and

text: control

text: of

text: twenty

text: five

text: preventable

text: infections

text: A symptom (from Greek , "accident, misfortune, that which befalls", from , "I befall", from - "together, with" and , "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state, or of a disease. A symptom is subjective, observed by the patient, and cannot be measured directly, whereas a sign is objectively observable by others. For example, paresthesia is a symptom (only the person experiencing it can directly observe their own tingling feeling), whereas erythema is a sign (anyone can confirm that the skin is redder than usual). Symptoms and signs are often nonspecific, but often combinations of them are at least suggestive of certain diagnoses, helping to narrow down what may be wrong. In other cases they are specific even to the point of being pathognomonic.

text: symptom

text: from

text: Greek

text: accident

text: misfortune

text: that

text: which

text: befalls

text: from

text: befall

text: from

text: together

text: with

text: and

text: fall

text: is

text: departure

text: from

text: normal

text: function

text: or

text: feeling

text: which

text: is

text: noticed

text: by

text: patient

text: reflecting

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: an

text: unusual

text: state

text: or

text: of

text: disease

text: symptom

text: is

text: subjective

text: observed

text: by

text: the

text: patient

text: and

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: measured

text: directly

text: whereas

text: sign

text: is

text: objectively

text: observable

text: by

text: others

text: For

text: example

text: paresthesia

text: is

text: symptom

text: only

text: the

text: person

text: experiencing

text: it

text: can

text: directly

text: observe

text: their

text: own

text: tingling

text: feeling

text: whereas

text: erythema

text: is

text: sign

text: anyone

text: can

text: confirm

text: that

text: the

text: skin

text: is

text: redder

text: than

text: usual

text: Symptoms

text: and

text: signs

text: are

text: often

text: nonspecific

text: but

text: often

text: combinations

text: of

text: them

text: are

text: at

text: least

text: suggestive

text: of

text: certain

text: diagnoses

text: helping

text: to

text: narrow

text: down

text: what

text: may

text: be

text: wrong

text: In

text: other

text: cases

text: they

text: are

text: specific

text: even

text: to

text: the

text: point

text: of

text: being

text: pathognomonic

text: A benign tumor is a mass of cells (tumor) that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize. These characteristics are required for a tumor to be defined as cancerous and therefore benign tumors are non-cancerous. Also, benign tumors generally have a slower growth rate than malignant tumors and the tumor cells are usually more differentiated (cells have normal features). Benign tumors are typically surrounded by an outer surface (fibrous sheath of connective tissue) or remain with the epithelium. Common examples of benign tumors include moles and uterine fibroids.

text: benign

text: tumor

text: is

text: mass

text: of

text: cells

text: tumor

text: that

text: lacks

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: invade

text: neighboring

text: tissue

text: or

text: metastasize

text: These

text: characteristics

text: are

text: required

text: for

text: tumor

text: to

text: be

text: defined

text: as

text: cancerous

text: and

text: therefore

text: benign

text: tumors

text: are

text: non

text: cancerous

text: Also

text: benign

text: tumors

text: generally

text: have

text: slower

text: growth

text: rate

text: than

text: malignant

text: tumors

text: and

text: the

text: tumor

text: cells

text: are

text: usually

text: more

text: differentiated

text: cells

text: have

text: normal

text: features

text: Benign

text: tumors

text: are

text: typically

text: surrounded

text: by

text: an

text: outer

text: surface

text: fibrous

text: sheath

text: of

text: connective

text: tissue

text: or

text: remain

text: with

text: the

text: epithelium

text: Common

text: examples

text: of

text: benign

text: tumors

text: include

text: moles

text: and

text: uterine

text: fibroids

text: Surgery (from the "cheirourgik" (composed of , "hand", and , "work"), via , meaning "hand work") is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas (for example, a perforated ear drum).

text: Surgery

text: from

text: the

text: cheirourgik

text: composed

text: of

text: hand

text: and

text: work

text: via

text: meaning

text: hand

text: work

text: is

text: an

text: ancient

text: medical

text: specialty

text: that

text: uses

text: operative

text: manual

text: and

text: instrumental

text: techniques

text: on

text: patient

text: to

text: investigate

text: and/or

text: treat

text: pathological

text: condition

text: such

text: as

text: disease

text: or

text: injury

text: to

text: help

text: improve

text: bodily

text: function

text: or

text: appearance

text: or

text: to

text: repair

text: unwanted

text: ruptured

text: areas

text: for

text: example

text: perforated

text: ear

text: drum

text:
Lymphoma is a group of blood cell tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). The name often refers to just the cancerous ones rather than all such tumors. Signs and symptoms may include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, drenching sweats, unintended weight loss, itching, and constantly feeling tired. The enlarged lymph nodes are usually painless. The sweats are most common at night.
There are dozens of subtypes of lymphomas. The two main categories of lymphomas are Hodgkin's lymphomas (HL) and the non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). The World Health Organization (WHO) includes two other categories as types of lymphoma: multiple myeloma and immunoproliferative diseases. About 90% of lymphomas are non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Lymphomas and leukemias are a part of the broader group of tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues.
Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include infection with EpsteinBarr virus and a history of the disease in the family. Risk factors for common types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas include autoimmune diseases, HIV/AIDS, infection with human T-lymphotropic virus, immunosuppressant medications, and some pesticides. Eating large amounts of red meat and tobacco smoking may also increase the risk. Diagnosis, if enlarged lymph nodes are present, is usually by lymph node biopsy. Blood, urine, and bone marrow testing may also be useful in the diagnosis. Medical imaging may then be done to determine if and where the cancer has spread. Lymphoma most often spreads to the lungs, liver, and/or brain.
Treatment may involve one or more of the following: chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and surgery. In some non-Hodgkin lymphomas, an increased amount of protein produced by the lymphoma cells causes the blood to become so thick that plasmapheresis is performed to remove the protein. Watchful waiting may be appropriate for certain types. The outcome depends on the subtype with some being curable and treatment prolonging survival in most. The five-year survival rate in the United States for all Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes is 85%, while that for non-Hodgkin lymphomas is 69%. Worldwide, lymphomas developed in 566,000 people in 2012 and caused 305,000 deaths. They make up 34% of all cancers, making them as a group the seventh-most common form. In children, they are the third-most common cancer. They occur more often in the developed world than the developing world.

text: Lymphoma

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: blood

text: cell

text: tumors

text: that

text: develop

text: from

text: lymphocytes

text: type

text: of

text: white

text: blood

text: cell

text: The

text: name

text: often

text: refers

text: to

text: just

text: the

text: cancerous

text: ones

text: rather

text: than

text: all

text: such

text: tumors

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: enlarged

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: fever

text: drenching

text: sweats

text: unintended

text: weight

text: loss

text: itching

text: and

text: constantly

text: feeling

text: tired

text: The

text: enlarged

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: are

text: usually

text: painless

text: The

text: sweats

text: are

text: most

text: common

text: at

text: night

text: There

text: are

text: dozens

text: of

text: subtypes

text: of

text: lymphomas

text: The

text: two

text: main

text: categories

text: of

text: lymphomas

text: are

text: Hodgkin

text: 's

text: lymphomas

text: HL

text: and

text: the

text: non

text: Hodgkin

text: lymphomas

text: NHL

text: The

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: WHO

text: includes

text: two

text: other

text: categories

text: as

text: types

text: of

text: lymphoma

text: multiple

text: myeloma

text: and

text: immunoproliferative

text: diseases

text: About

text: of

text: lymphomas

text: are

text: non

text: Hodgkin

text: lymphomas

text: Lymphomas

text: and

text: leukemias

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: broader

text: group

text: of

text: tumors

text: of

text: the

text: hematopoietic

text: and

text: lymphoid

text: tissues

text: Risk

text: factors

text: for

text: Hodgkin

text: lymphoma

text: include

text: infection

text: with

text: EpsteinBarr

text: virus

text: and

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Risk

text: factors

text: for

text: common

text: types

text: of

text: non

text: Hodgkin

text: lymphomas

text: include

text: autoimmune

text: diseases

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: infection

text: with

text: human

text: lymphotropic

text: virus

text: immunosuppressant

text: medications

text: and

text: some

text: pesticides

text: Eating

text: large

text: amounts

text: of

text: red

text: meat

text: and

text: tobacco

text: smoking

text: may

text: also

text: increase

text: the

text: risk

text: Diagnosis

text: if

text: enlarged

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: are

text: present

text: is

text: usually

text: by

text: lymph

text: node

text: biopsy

text: Blood

text: urine

text: and

text: bone

text: marrow

text: testing

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: useful

text: in

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: Medical

text: imaging

text: may

text: then

text: be

text: done

text: to

text: determine

text: if

text: and

text: where

text: the

text: cancer

text: has

text: spread

text: Lymphoma

text: most

text: often

text: spreads

text: to

text: the

text: lungs

text: liver

text: and/or

text: brain

text: Treatment

text: may

text: involve

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: of

text: the

text: following

text: chemotherapy

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: and

text: surgery

text: In

text: some

text: non

text: Hodgkin

text: lymphomas

text: an

text: increased

text: amount

text: of

text: protein

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: lymphoma

text: cells

text: causes

text: the

text: blood

text: to

text: become

text: so

text: thick

text: that

text: plasmapheresis

text: is

text: performed

text: to

text: remove

text: the

text: protein

text: Watchful

text: waiting

text: may

text: be

text: appropriate

text: for

text: certain

text: types

text: The

text: outcome

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: subtype

text: with

text: some

text: being

text: curable

text: and

text: treatment

text: prolonging

text: survival

text: in

text: most

text: The

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rate

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: all

text: Hodgkin

text: lymphoma

text: subtypes

text: is

text: while

text: that

text: for

text: non

text: Hodgkin

text: lymphomas

text: is

text: Worldwide

text: lymphomas

text: developed

text: in

text: people

text: in

text: and

text: caused

text: deaths

text: They

text: make

text: up

text: of

text: all

text: cancers

text: making

text: them

text: as

text: group

text: the

text: seventh

text: most

text: common

text: form

text: In

text: children

text: they

text: are

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: common

text: cancer

text: They

text: occur

text: more

text: often

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: than

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist, and can also be analyzed chemically. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When only a sample of tissue is removed with preservation of the histological architecture of the tissues cells, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle in such a way that cells are removed without preserving the histological architecture of the tissue cells, the procedure is called a needle aspiration biopsy. Biopsies are most commonly performed for insight into possible cancerous and inflammatory conditions.

text: biopsy

text: is

text: medical

text: test

text: commonly

text: performed

text: by

text: surgeon

text: interventional

text: radiologist

text: or

text: an

text: interventional

text: cardiologist

text: involving

text: extraction

text: of

text: sample

text: cells

text: or

text: tissues

text: for

text: examination

text: to

text: determine

text: the

text: presence

text: or

text: extent

text: of

text: disease

text: The

text: tissue

text: is

text: generally

text: examined

text: under

text: microscope

text: by

text: pathologist

text: and

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: analyzed

text: chemically

text: When

text: an

text: entire

text: lump

text: or

text: suspicious

text: area

text: is

text: removed

text: the

text: procedure

text: is

text: called

text: an

text: excisional

text: biopsy

text: When

text: only

text: sample

text: of

text: tissue

text: is

text: removed

text: with

text: preservation

text: of

text: the

text: histological

text: architecture

text: of

text: the

text: tissues

text: cells

text: the

text: procedure

text: is

text: called

text: an

text: incisional

text: biopsy

text: or

text: core

text: biopsy

text: When

text: sample

text: of

text: tissue

text: or

text: fluid

text: is

text: removed

text: with

text: needle

text: in

text: such

text: way

text: that

text: cells

text: are

text: removed

text: without

text: preserving

text: the

text: histological

text: architecture

text: of

text: the

text: tissue

text: cells

text: the

text: procedure

text: is

text: called

text: needle

text: aspiration

text: biopsy

text: Biopsies

text: are

text: most

text: commonly

text: performed

text: for

text: insight

text: into

text: possible

text: cancerous

text: and

text: inflammatory

text: conditions

text:
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity and drinking alcohol. Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants. In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human papillomavirus (HPV). These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell. Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops. Approximately 510% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person's parents. Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests. It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy.
Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat, and avoiding too much sunlight exposure. Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer. The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial. Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Pain and symptom management are an important part of care. Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease. The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment. In children under 15 at diagnosis the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80%. For cancer in the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66%.
In 2012 about 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred globally (not including skin cancer other than melanoma). It caused about 8.2 million deaths or 14.6% of human deaths. The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer. In females, the most common types are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and cervical cancer. If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancers each year it would account for around 40% of cases. In children, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and brain tumors are most common except in Africa where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often. In 2012, about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer. The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries. Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world. The financial costs of cancer were estimated at $1.16 trillion US dollars per year as of 2010.
Definitions.
Cancers are a large family of diseases that involve abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. They form a subset of neoplasms. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely.

text: Cancer

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: diseases

text: involving

text: abnormal

text: cell

text: growth

text: with

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: invade

text: or

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Not

text: all

text: tumors

text: are

text: cancerous

text: benign

text: tumors

text: do

text: not

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Possible

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: include

text: lump

text: abnormal

text: bleeding

text: prolonged

text: cough

text: unexplained

text: weight

text: loss

text: and

text: change

text: in

text: bowel

text: movements

text: While

text: these

text: symptoms

text: may

text: indicate

text: cancer

text: they

text: may

text: have

text: other

text: causes

text: Over

text: types

text: of

text: cancers

text: affect

text: humans

text: Tobacco

text: use

text: is

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: cancer

text: deaths

text: Another

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: obesity

text: poor

text: diet

text: lack

text: of

text: physical

text: activity

text: and

text: drinking

text: alcohol

text: Other

text: factors

text: include

text: certain

text: infections

text: exposure

text: to

text: ionizing

text: radiation

text: and

text: environmental

text: pollutants

text: In

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: nearly

text: of

text: cancers

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: infections

text: such

text: as

text: hepatitis

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: human

text: papillomavirus

text: HPV

text: These

text: factors

text: act

text: at

text: least

text: partly

text: by

text: changing

text: the

text: genes

text: of

text: cell

text: Typically

text: many

text: genetic

text: changes

text: are

text: required

text: before

text: cancer

text: develops

text: Approximately

text: of

text: cancers

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: inherited

text: genetic

text: defects

text: from

text: person

text: 's

text: parents

text: Cancer

text: can

text: be

text: detected

text: by

text: certain

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: or

text: screening

text: tests

text: It

text: is

text: then

text: typically

text: further

text: investigated

text: by

text: medical

text: imaging

text: and

text: confirmed

text: by

text: biopsy

text: Many

text: cancers

text: can

text: be

text: prevented

text: by

text: not

text: smoking

text: maintaining

text: healthy

text: weight

text: not

text: drinking

text: too

text: much

text: alcohol

text: eating

text: plenty

text: of

text: vegetables

text: fruits

text: and

text: whole

text: grains

text: vaccination

text: against

text: certain

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: not

text: eating

text: too

text: much

text: processed

text: and

text: red

text: meat

text: and

text: avoiding

text: too

text: much

text: sunlight

text: exposure

text: Early

text: detection

text: through

text: screening

text: is

text: useful

text: for

text: cervical

text: and

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: The

text: benefits

text: of

text: screening

text: in

text: breast

text: cancer

text: are

text: controversial

text: Cancer

text: is

text: often

text: treated

text: with

text: some

text: combination

text: of

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: surgery

text: chemotherapy

text: and

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: Pain

text: and

text: symptom

text: management

text: are

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: care

text: Palliative

text: care

text: is

text: particularly

text: important

text: in

text: people

text: with

text: advanced

text: disease

text: The

text: chance

text: of

text: survival

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: cancer

text: and

text: extent

text: of

text: disease

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: treatment

text: In

text: children

text: under

text: at

text: diagnosis

text: the

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rate

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: is

text: on

text: average

text: For

text: cancer

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: average

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rate

text: is

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: of

text: cancer

text: occurred

text: globally

text: not

text: including

text: skin

text: cancer

text: other

text: than

text: melanoma

text: It

text: caused

text: about

text: million

text: deaths

text: or

text: of

text: human

text: deaths

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: of

text: cancer

text: in

text: males

text: are

text: lung

text: cancer

text: prostate

text: cancer

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: and

text: stomach

text: cancer

text: In

text: females

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: are

text: breast

text: cancer

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: lung

text: cancer

text: and

text: cervical

text: cancer

text: If

text: skin

text: cancer

text: other

text: than

text: melanoma

text: were

text: included

text: in

text: total

text: new

text: cancers

text: each

text: year

text: it

text: would

text: account

text: for

text: around

text: of

text: cases

text: In

text: children

text: acute

text: lymphoblastic

text: leukaemia

text: and

text: brain

text: tumors

text: are

text: most

text: common

text: except

text: in

text: Africa

text: where

text: non

text: Hodgkin

text: lymphoma

text: occurs

text: more

text: often

text: In

text: about

text: children

text: under

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: were

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: cancer

text: The

text: risk

text: of

text: cancer

text: increases

text: significantly

text: with

text: age

text: and

text: many

text: cancers

text: occur

text: more

text: commonly

text: in

text: developed

text: countries

text: Rates

text: are

text: increasing

text: as

text: more

text: people

text: live

text: to

text: an

text: old

text: age

text: and

text: as

text: lifestyle

text: changes

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: The

text: financial

text: costs

text: of

text: cancer

text: were

text: estimated

text: at

text: trillion

text: US

text: dollars

text: per

text: year

text: as

text: of

text: Definitions

text: Cancers

text: are

text: large

text: family

text: of

text: diseases

text: that

text: involve

text: abnormal

text: cell

text: growth

text: with

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: invade

text: or

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: They

text: form

text: subset

text: of

text: neoplasms

text: neoplasm

text: or

text: tumor

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: cells

text: that

text: have

text: undergone

text: unregulated

text: growth

text: and

text: will

text: often

text: form

text: mass

text: or

text: lump

text: but

text: may

text: be

text: distributed

text: diffusely

text:
Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine). A cancer is the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Signs and symptoms may include blood in the stool, a change in bowel movements, weight loss, and feeling tired all the time.
Most colorectal cancers are due to old age and lifestyle factors with only a small number of cases due to underlying genetic disorders. Some risk factors include diet, obesity, smoking, and lack of physical activity. Dietary factors that increase the risk include red and processed meat as well as alcohol. Another risk factor is inflammatory bowel disease, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Some of the inherited genetic disorders that can cause colorectal cancer include familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer; however, these represent less than 5% of cases. It typically starts as a benign tumor, often in the form of a polyp, which over time becomes cancerous.
Bowel cancer may be diagnosed by obtaining a sample of the colon during a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. This is then followed by medical imaging to determine if the disease has spread. Screening is effective for preventing and decreasing deaths from colorectal cancer. Screening is recommended starting from the age of 50 to 75. During colonoscopy, small polyps may be removed if found. If a large polyp or tumor is found, a biopsy may be performed to check if it is cancerous. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease the risk. Their general use is not recommended for this purpose, however, due to side effects.
Treatments used for colorectal cancer may include some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Cancers that are confined within the wall of the colon may be curable with surgery while cancer that has spread widely are usually not curable, with management being directed towards improving quality of life and symptoms. Five year survival rates in the United States are around 65%. This, however, depends on how advanced the cancer is, whether or not all the cancer can be removed with surgery, and the person's overall health. Globally, colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer making up about 10% of all cases. In 2012, there were 1.4 million new cases and 694,000 deaths from the disease. It is more common in developed countries, where more than 65% of cases are found. It is less common in women than men.

text: Colorectal

text: cancer

text: CRC

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: bowel

text: cancer

text: is

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: cancer

text: from

text: the

text: colon

text: or

text: rectum

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: large

text: intestine

text: cancer

text: is

text: the

text: abnormal

text: growth

text: of

text: cells

text: that

text: have

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: invade

text: or

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: blood

text: in

text: the

text: stool

text: change

text: in

text: bowel

text: movements

text: weight

text: loss

text: and

text: feeling

text: tired

text: all

text: the

text: time

text: Most

text: colorectal

text: cancers

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: old

text: age

text: and

text: lifestyle

text: factors

text: with

text: only

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: cases

text: due

text: to

text: underlying

text: genetic

text: disorders

text: Some

text: risk

text: factors

text: include

text: diet

text: obesity

text: smoking

text: and

text: lack

text: of

text: physical

text: activity

text: Dietary

text: factors

text: that

text: increase

text: the

text: risk

text: include

text: red

text: and

text: processed

text: meat

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: alcohol

text: Another

text: risk

text: factor

text: is

text: inflammatory

text: bowel

text: disease

text: which

text: includes

text: Crohn

text: 's

text: disease

text: and

text: ulcerative

text: colitis

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: inherited

text: genetic

text: disorders

text: that

text: can

text: cause

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: include

text: familial

text: adenomatous

text: polyposis

text: and

text: hereditary

text: non

text: polyposis

text: colon

text: cancer

text: however

text: these

text: represent

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: cases

text: It

text: typically

text: starts

text: as

text: benign

text: tumor

text: often

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: polyp

text: which

text: over

text: time

text: becomes

text: cancerous

text: Bowel

text: cancer

text: may

text: be

text: diagnosed

text: by

text: obtaining

text: sample

text: of

text: the

text: colon

text: during

text: sigmoidoscopy

text: or

text: colonoscopy

text: This

text: is

text: then

text: followed

text: by

text: medical

text: imaging

text: to

text: determine

text: if

text: the

text: disease

text: has

text: spread

text: Screening

text: is

text: effective

text: for

text: preventing

text: and

text: decreasing

text: deaths

text: from

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: Screening

text: is

text: recommended

text: starting

text: from

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: to

text: During

text: colonoscopy

text: small

text: polyps

text: may

text: be

text: removed

text: if

text: found

text: If

text: large

text: polyp

text: or

text: tumor

text: is

text: found

text: biopsy

text: may

text: be

text: performed

text: to

text: check

text: if

text: it

text: is

text: cancerous

text: Aspirin

text: and

text: other

text: non

text: steroidal

text: anti

text: inflammatory

text: drugs

text: decrease

text: the

text: risk

text: Their

text: general

text: use

text: is

text: not

text: recommended

text: for

text: this

text: purpose

text: however

text: due

text: to

text: side

text: effects

text: Treatments

text: used

text: for

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: may

text: include

text: some

text: combination

text: of

text: surgery

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: chemotherapy

text: and

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: Cancers

text: that

text: are

text: confined

text: within

text: the

text: wall

text: of

text: the

text: colon

text: may

text: be

text: curable

text: with

text: surgery

text: while

text: cancer

text: that

text: has

text: spread

text: widely

text: are

text: usually

text: not

text: curable

text: with

text: management

text: being

text: directed

text: towards

text: improving

text: quality

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: symptoms

text: Five

text: year

text: survival

text: rates

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: are

text: around

text: This

text: however

text: depends

text: on

text: how

text: advanced

text: the

text: cancer

text: is

text: whether

text: or

text: not

text: all

text: the

text: cancer

text: can

text: be

text: removed

text: with

text: surgery

text: and

text: the

text: person

text: 's

text: overall

text: health

text: Globally

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: of

text: cancer

text: making

text: up

text: about

text: of

text: all

text: cases

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: and

text: deaths

text: from

text: the

text: disease

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: developed

text: countries

text: where

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: cases

text: are

text: found

text: It

text: is

text: less

text: common

text: in

text: women

text: than

text: men

text:
Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver. During the initial infection people often have mild or no symptoms. Occasionally a fever, dark urine, abdominal pain, and yellow tinged skin occurs. The virus persists in the liver in about 75% to 85% of those initially infected. Early on chronic infection typically has no symptoms. Over many years however, it often leads to liver disease and occasionally cirrhosis. In some cases, those with cirrhosis will develop complications such as liver failure, liver cancer, or esophageal and gastric varices.
HCV is spread primarily by blood-to-blood contact associated with intravenous drug use, poorly sterilized medical equipment, needlestick injuries in healthcare, and transfusions. Using blood screening, the risk from a transfusion is less than one per two million. It may also be spread from an infected mother to her baby during birth. It is not spread by superficial contact. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. Diagnosis is by blood testing to look for either antibodies to the virus or its RNA. Testing is recommended in all people who are at risk.
There is no vaccine against hepatitis C. Prevention includes harm reduction efforts among people who use intravenous drugs and testing donated blood. Chronic infection can be cured about 90% of the time with treatments that include the medications sofosbuvir or simeprevir. Previous to this a combination of peginterferon and ribavirin was used which had a cure rate around 50% and greater side effects. Getting access to the newer treatments however can be expensive. Those who develop cirrhosis or liver cancer may require a liver transplant. Hepatitis C is the leading reason for liver transplantation, though the virus usually recurs after transplantation.
An estimated 130200 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C. In 2013 about 11 million new cases occurred. It occurs most commonly in Africa and Central and East Asia. About 343,000 deaths due to liver cancer and 358,000 deaths due to cirrhosis occurred in 2013 due to hepatitis C. The existence of hepatitis C  originally identifiable only as a type of non-A non-B hepatitis  was suggested in the 1970s and proven in 1989. Hepatitis C infects only humans and chimpanzees.

text: Hepatitis

text: is

text: an

text: infectious

text: disease

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: hepatitis

text: virus

text: HCV

text: that

text: primarily

text: affects

text: the

text: liver

text: During

text: the

text: initial

text: infection

text: people

text: often

text: have

text: mild

text: or

text: no

text: symptoms

text: Occasionally

text: fever

text: dark

text: urine

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: and

text: yellow

text: tinged

text: skin

text: occurs

text: The

text: virus

text: persists

text: in

text: the

text: liver

text: in

text: about

text: to

text: of

text: those

text: initially

text: infected

text: Early

text: on

text: chronic

text: infection

text: typically

text: has

text: no

text: symptoms

text: Over

text: many

text: years

text: however

text: it

text: often

text: leads

text: to

text: liver

text: disease

text: and

text: occasionally

text: cirrhosis

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: those

text: with

text: cirrhosis

text: will

text: develop

text: complications

text: such

text: as

text: liver

text: failure

text: liver

text: cancer

text: or

text: esophageal

text: and

text: gastric

text: varices

text: HCV

text: is

text: spread

text: primarily

text: by

text: blood

text: to

text: blood

text: contact

text: associated

text: with

text: intravenous

text: drug

text: use

text: poorly

text: sterilized

text: medical

text: equipment

text: needlestick

text: injuries

text: in

text: healthcare

text: and

text: transfusions

text: Using

text: blood

text: screening

text: the

text: risk

text: from

text: transfusion

text: is

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: per

text: two

text: million

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: spread

text: from

text: an

text: infected

text: mother

text: to

text: her

text: baby

text: during

text: birth

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: spread

text: by

text: superficial

text: contact

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: five

text: known

text: hepatitis

text: viruses

text: and

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: by

text: blood

text: testing

text: to

text: look

text: for

text: either

text: antibodies

text: to

text: the

text: virus

text: or

text: its

text: RNA

text: Testing

text: is

text: recommended

text: in

text: all

text: people

text: who

text: are

text: at

text: risk

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: vaccine

text: against

text: hepatitis

text: Prevention

text: includes

text: harm

text: reduction

text: efforts

text: among

text: people

text: who

text: use

text: intravenous

text: drugs

text: and

text: testing

text: donated

text: blood

text: Chronic

text: infection

text: can

text: be

text: cured

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: with

text: treatments

text: that

text: include

text: the

text: medications

text: sofosbuvir

text: or

text: simeprevir

text: Previous

text: to

text: this

text: combination

text: of

text: peginterferon

text: and

text: ribavirin

text: was

text: used

text: which

text: had

text: cure

text: rate

text: around

text: and

text: greater

text: side

text: effects

text: Getting

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: newer

text: treatments

text: however

text: can

text: be

text: expensive

text: Those

text: who

text: develop

text: cirrhosis

text: or

text: liver

text: cancer

text: may

text: require

text: liver

text: transplant

text: Hepatitis

text: is

text: the

text: leading

text: reason

text: for

text: liver

text: transplantation

text: though

text: the

text: virus

text: usually

text: recurs

text: after

text: transplantation

text: An

text: estimated

text: million

text: people

text: worldwide

text: are

text: infected

text: with

text: hepatitis

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: occurred

text: It

text: occurs

text: most

text: commonly

text: in

text: Africa

text: and

text: Central

text: and

text: East

text: Asia

text: About

text: deaths

text: due

text: to

text: liver

text: cancer

text: and

text: deaths

text: due

text: to

text: cirrhosis

text: occurred

text: in

text: due

text: to

text: hepatitis

text: The

text: existence

text: of

text: hepatitis

text: originally

text: identifiable

text: only

text: as

text: type

text: of

text: non

text: non

text: hepatitis

text: was

text: suggested

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: proven

text: in

text: Hepatitis

text: infects

text: only

text: humans

text: and

text: chimpanzees

text:
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a group of blood cancers that includes all types of lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphomas. Symptoms include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and feeling tired. Other symptoms may include bone pain, chest pain, or itchiness. Some forms are slow growing while others are fast growing.
Lymphomas are types of cancer that develops from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Risk factors include poor immune function, autoimmune diseases, "Helicobacter pylori" infection, hepatitis C, obesity, and "Epstein-Barr virus" infection. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies lymphomas into five major groups, including one for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Within the four groups for NHL there are over 60 specific types of lymphoma. Diagnosis is by examination of a bone marrow or lymph node biopsy. Medical imaging is done to help with cancer staging.
Treatment depends on if the lymphoma is slow or fast growing and if it is in one area or many areas. Treatments may include chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, stem cell transplantation, surgery, or watchful waiting. If the blood becomes overly thick due to antibodies, plasmapheresis may be used. Radiation and some chemotherapy, however, increase the risk of other cancers, heart disease or nerve problems over the subsequent decades.
In 2013 about 2.96 million people had non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 226,000 died. In the United States 2.1% of people are affected at some point in their life. The most common age of diagnosis is between 65 to 75 years old. The percentage of people who survive five years in the United States is 71%.

text: Non

text: Hodgkin

text: lymphoma

text: NHL

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: blood

text: cancers

text: that

text: includes

text: all

text: types

text: of

text: lymphoma

text: except

text: Hodgkin

text: 's

text: lymphomas

text: Symptoms

text: include

text: enlarged

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: fever

text: night

text: sweats

text: weight

text: loss

text: and

text: feeling

text: tired

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: bone

text: pain

text: chest

text: pain

text: or

text: itchiness

text: Some

text: forms

text: are

text: slow

text: growing

text: while

text: others

text: are

text: fast

text: growing

text: Lymphomas

text: are

text: types

text: of

text: cancer

text: that

text: develops

text: from

text: lymphocytes

text: type

text: of

text: white

text: blood

text: cell

text: Risk

text: factors

text: include

text: poor

text: immune

text: function

text: autoimmune

text: diseases

text: Helicobacter

text: pylori

text: infection

text: hepatitis

text: obesity

text: and

text: Epstein

text: Barr

text: virus

text: infection

text: The

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: WHO

text: classifies

text: lymphomas

text: into

text: five

text: major

text: groups

text: including

text: one

text: for

text: Hodgkin

text: 's

text: lymphoma

text: Within

text: the

text: four

text: groups

text: for

text: NHL

text: there

text: are

text: over

text: specific

text: types

text: of

text: lymphoma

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: by

text: examination

text: of

text: bone

text: marrow

text: or

text: lymph

text: node

text: biopsy

text: Medical

text: imaging

text: is

text: done

text: to

text: help

text: with

text: cancer

text: staging

text: Treatment

text: depends

text: on

text: if

text: the

text: lymphoma

text: is

text: slow

text: or

text: fast

text: growing

text: and

text: if

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: one

text: area

text: or

text: many

text: areas

text: Treatments

text: may

text: include

text: chemotherapy

text: radiation

text: immunotherapy

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: stem

text: cell

text: transplantation

text: surgery

text: or

text: watchful

text: waiting

text: If

text: the

text: blood

text: becomes

text: overly

text: thick

text: due

text: to

text: antibodies

text: plasmapheresis

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: Radiation

text: and

text: some

text: chemotherapy

text: however

text: increase

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: other

text: cancers

text: heart

text: disease

text: or

text: nerve

text: problems

text: over

text: the

text: subsequent

text: decades

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: had

text: non

text: Hodgkin

text: lymphoma

text: and

text: died

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: people

text: are

text: affected

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: in

text: their

text: life

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: age

text: of

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: between

text: to

text: years

text: old

text: The

text: percentage

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: survive

text: five

text: years

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text:
Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix. It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Early on, typically no symptoms are seen. Later symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or pain during sexual intercourse. While bleeding after sex may not be serious, it may also indicate the presence of cervical cancer.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection appears to be involved in the development of more than 90% of cases; most people who have had HPV infections, however, do not develop cervical cancer. Other risk factors include smoking, a weak immune system, birth control pills, starting sex at a young age, and having many sexual partners, but these are less important. Cervical cancer typically develops from precancerous changes over 10 to 20 years. About 90% of cervical cancer cases are squamous cell carcinomas, 10% are adenocarcinoma, and a small number are other types. Diagnosis is typically by cervical screening followed by a biopsy. Medical imaging is then done to determine whether or not the cancer has spread.
HPV vaccines protect against between two and seven high-risk strains of this family of viruses and may prevent up to 90% of cervical cancers. As a risk of cancer still exists, guidelines recommend continuing regular Pap smears. Other methods of prevention include: having few or no sexual partners and the use of condoms. Cervical cancer screening using the Pap smear or acetic acid can identify precancerous changes which when treated can prevent the development of cancer. Treatment of cervical cancer may consist of some combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Five year survival rates in the United States are 68%. Outcomes, however, depend very much on how early the cancer is detected.
Worldwide, cervical cancer is both the fourth-most common cause of cancer and the fourth-most common cause of death from cancer in women. In 2012, an estimated 528,000 cases of cervical cancer occurred, with 266,000 deaths. This is about 8% of the total cases and total deaths from cancer. About 70% of cervical cancers occur in developing countries. In low-income countries, it is the most common cause of cancer death. In developed countries, the widespread use of cervical screening programs has dramatically reduced rates of cervical cancer. In medical research, the most famous cell line known as HeLa was developed from cervical cancer cells of a woman named Henrietta Lacks.

text: Cervical

text: cancer

text: is

text: cancer

text: arising

text: from

text: the

text: cervix

text: It

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: abnormal

text: growth

text: of

text: cells

text: that

text: have

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: invade

text: or

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Early

text: on

text: typically

text: no

text: symptoms

text: are

text: seen

text: Later

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: abnormal

text: vaginal

text: bleeding

text: pelvic

text: pain

text: or

text: pain

text: during

text: sexual

text: intercourse

text: While

text: bleeding

text: after

text: sex

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: serious

text: it

text: may

text: also

text: indicate

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: cervical

text: cancer

text: Human

text: papillomavirus

text: HPV

text: infection

text: appears

text: to

text: be

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: cases

text: most

text: people

text: who

text: have

text: had

text: HPV

text: infections

text: however

text: do

text: not

text: develop

text: cervical

text: cancer

text: Other

text: risk

text: factors

text: include

text: smoking

text: weak

text: immune

text: system

text: birth

text: control

text: pills

text: starting

text: sex

text: at

text: young

text: age

text: and

text: having

text: many

text: sexual

text: partners

text: but

text: these

text: are

text: less

text: important

text: Cervical

text: cancer

text: typically

text: develops

text: from

text: precancerous

text: changes

text: over

text: to

text: years

text: About

text: of

text: cervical

text: cancer

text: cases

text: are

text: squamous

text: cell

text: carcinomas

text: are

text: adenocarcinoma

text: and

text: small

text: number

text: are

text: other

text: types

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: typically

text: by

text: cervical

text: screening

text: followed

text: by

text: biopsy

text: Medical

text: imaging

text: is

text: then

text: done

text: to

text: determine

text: whether

text: or

text: not

text: the

text: cancer

text: has

text: spread

text: HPV

text: vaccines

text: protect

text: against

text: between

text: two

text: and

text: seven

text: high

text: risk

text: strains

text: of

text: this

text: family

text: of

text: viruses

text: and

text: may

text: prevent

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: cervical

text: cancers

text: As

text: risk

text: of

text: cancer

text: still

text: exists

text: guidelines

text: recommend

text: continuing

text: regular

text: Pap

text: smears

text: Other

text: methods

text: of

text: prevention

text: include

text: having

text: few

text: or

text: no

text: sexual

text: partners

text: and

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: condoms

text: Cervical

text: cancer

text: screening

text: using

text: the

text: Pap

text: smear

text: or

text: acetic

text: acid

text: can

text: identify

text: precancerous

text: changes

text: which

text: when

text: treated

text: can

text: prevent

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: cancer

text: Treatment

text: of

text: cervical

text: cancer

text: may

text: consist

text: of

text: some

text: combination

text: of

text: surgery

text: chemotherapy

text: and

text: radiotherapy

text: Five

text: year

text: survival

text: rates

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: are

text: Outcomes

text: however

text: depend

text: very

text: much

text: on

text: how

text: early

text: the

text: cancer

text: is

text: detected

text: Worldwide

text: cervical

text: cancer

text: is

text: both

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: cancer

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: from

text: cancer

text: in

text: women

text: In

text: an

text: estimated

text: cases

text: of

text: cervical

text: cancer

text: occurred

text: with

text: deaths

text: This

text: is

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: cases

text: and

text: total

text: deaths

text: from

text: cancer

text: About

text: of

text: cervical

text: cancers

text: occur

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: In

text: low

text: income

text: countries

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: cancer

text: death

text: In

text: developed

text: countries

text: the

text: widespread

text: use

text: of

text: cervical

text: screening

text: programs

text: has

text: dramatically

text: reduced

text: rates

text: of

text: cervical

text: cancer

text: In

text: medical

text: research

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: cell

text: line

text: known

text: as

text: HeLa

text: was

text: developed

text: from

text: cervical

text: cancer

text: cells

text: of

text: woman

text: named

text: Henrietta

text: Lacks

text:
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which affects the liver. It can cause both acute and chronic infections. Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, tiredness, dark urine and abdominal pain. Often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial infection result in death. It may take 30 to 180 days for symptoms to begin. In those who get infected around the time of birth 90% develop chronic while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five do. Most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms; however, cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually develop. These complications result in the death of 15 to 25% of those with chronic disease.
The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people's blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis B is acquired in areas where the disease is common. In areas where the disease is rare, intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse are the most frequent routes of infection. Other risk factors include working in healthcare, blood transfusions, dialysis, living with an infected person, travel in countries where the infection rate is high, and living in an institution. Tattooing and acupuncture led to a significant number of cases in the 1980s; however, this has become less common with improved sterility. The viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding. The infection can be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by testing the blood for parts of the virus and for antibodies against the virus. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.
The infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982. Vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization in the first day of life if possible. Two or three more doses are required at a later time for full effect. This vaccine works about 95% of the time. About 180 countries gave the vaccine as part of national programs as of 2006. It is also recommended that all blood be tested for hepatitis B before transfusion and condoms be used to prevent infection. During an initial infection, care is based on the symptoms that a person has. In those who develop chronic disease, antiviral medication such as tenofovir or interferon may be useful; however, these drugs are expensive. Liver transplantation is sometimes used for cirrhosis.
About a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives, including 240 million to 350 million who have chronic infections. Another 129 million new infections occurred in 2013. Over 750,000 people die of hepatitis B each year. About 300,000 of these are due to liver cancer. The disease is now only common in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where between 5 and 10% of adults are chronically infected. Rates in Europe and North America are less than 1%. It was originally known as "serum hepatitis". Research is looking to create foods that contain HBV vaccine. The disease may affect other great apes as well.
Signs and symptoms.
Acute infection with virus is associated with acute viral hepatitis, an illness that begins with general ill-health, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, body aches, mild fever, and dark urine, and then progresses to development of jaundice. It has been noted that itchy skin has been an indication as a possible symptom of all hepatitis virus types. The illness lasts for a few weeks and then gradually improves in most affected people. A few people may have a more severe form of liver disease known as (fulminant hepatic failure) and may die as a result. The infection may be entirely asymptomatic and may go unrecognized.

text: Hepatitis

text: is

text: an

text: infectious

text: disease

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: hepatitis

text: virus

text: HBV

text: which

text: affects

text: the

text: liver

text: It

text: can

text: cause

text: both

text: acute

text: and

text: chronic

text: infections

text: Many

text: people

text: have

text: no

text: symptoms

text: during

text: the

text: initial

text: infection

text: Some

text: develop

text: rapid

text: onset

text: of

text: sickness

text: with

text: vomiting

text: yellowish

text: skin

text: tiredness

text: dark

text: urine

text: and

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: Often

text: these

text: symptoms

text: last

text: few

text: weeks

text: and

text: rarely

text: does

text: the

text: initial

text: infection

text: result

text: in

text: death

text: It

text: may

text: take

text: to

text: days

text: for

text: symptoms

text: to

text: begin

text: In

text: those

text: who

text: get

text: infected

text: around

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: birth

text: develop

text: chronic

text: while

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: those

text: infected

text: after

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: five

text: do

text: Most

text: of

text: those

text: with

text: chronic

text: disease

text: have

text: no

text: symptoms

text: however

text: cirrhosis

text: and

text: liver

text: cancer

text: may

text: eventually

text: develop

text: These

text: complications

text: result

text: in

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: to

text: of

text: those

text: with

text: chronic

text: disease

text: The

text: virus

text: is

text: transmitted

text: by

text: exposure

text: to

text: infectious

text: blood

text: or

text: body

text: fluids

text: Infection

text: around

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: birth

text: or

text: from

text: contact

text: with

text: other

text: people

text: 's

text: blood

text: during

text: childhood

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: frequent

text: method

text: by

text: which

text: hepatitis

text: is

text: acquired

text: in

text: areas

text: where

text: the

text: disease

text: is

text: common

text: In

text: areas

text: where

text: the

text: disease

text: is

text: rare

text: intravenous

text: drug

text: use

text: and

text: sexual

text: intercourse

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: frequent

text: routes

text: of

text: infection

text: Other

text: risk

text: factors

text: include

text: working

text: in

text: healthcare

text: blood

text: transfusions

text: dialysis

text: living

text: with

text: an

text: infected

text: person

text: travel

text: in

text: countries

text: where

text: the

text: infection

text: rate

text: is

text: high

text: and

text: living

text: in

text: an

text: institution

text: Tattooing

text: and

text: acupuncture

text: led

text: to

text: significant

text: number

text: of

text: cases

text: in

text: the

text: however

text: this

text: has

text: become

text: less

text: common

text: with

text: improved

text: sterility

text: The

text: viruses

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: spread

text: by

text: holding

text: hands

text: sharing

text: eating

text: utensils

text: kissing

text: hugging

text: coughing

text: sneezing

text: or

text: breastfeeding

text: The

text: infection

text: can

text: be

text: diagnosed

text: to

text: days

text: after

text: exposure

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: usually

text: confirmed

text: by

text: testing

text: the

text: blood

text: for

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: virus

text: and

text: for

text: antibodies

text: against

text: the

text: virus

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: five

text: known

text: hepatitis

text: viruses

text: and

text: The

text: infection

text: has

text: been

text: preventable

text: by

text: vaccination

text: since

text: Vaccination

text: is

text: recommended

text: by

text: the

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: day

text: of

text: life

text: if

text: possible

text: Two

text: or

text: three

text: more

text: doses

text: are

text: required

text: at

text: later

text: time

text: for

text: full

text: effect

text: This

text: vaccine

text: works

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: About

text: countries

text: gave

text: the

text: vaccine

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: national

text: programs

text: as

text: of

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: recommended

text: that

text: all

text: blood

text: be

text: tested

text: for

text: hepatitis

text: before

text: transfusion

text: and

text: condoms

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: prevent

text: infection

text: During

text: an

text: initial

text: infection

text: care

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: symptoms

text: that

text: person

text: has

text: In

text: those

text: who

text: develop

text: chronic

text: disease

text: antiviral

text: medication

text: such

text: as

text: tenofovir

text: or

text: interferon

text: may

text: be

text: useful

text: however

text: these

text: drugs

text: are

text: expensive

text: Liver

text: transplantation

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: for

text: cirrhosis

text: About

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: population

text: has

text: been

text: infected

text: at

text: one

text: point

text: in

text: their

text: lives

text: including

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: who

text: have

text: chronic

text: infections

text: Another

text: million

text: new

text: infections

text: occurred

text: in

text: Over

text: people

text: die

text: of

text: hepatitis

text: each

text: year

text: About

text: of

text: these

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: liver

text: cancer

text: The

text: disease

text: is

text: now

text: only

text: common

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: and

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: where

text: between

text: and

text: of

text: adults

text: are

text: chronically

text: infected

text: Rates

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: North

text: America

text: are

text: less

text: than

text: It

text: was

text: originally

text: known

text: as

text: serum

text: hepatitis

text: Research

text: is

text: looking

text: to

text: create

text: foods

text: that

text: contain

text: HBV

text: vaccine

text: The

text: disease

text: may

text: affect

text: other

text: great

text: apes

text: as

text: well

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: Acute

text: infection

text: with

text: virus

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: acute

text: viral

text: hepatitis

text: an

text: illness

text: that

text: begins

text: with

text: general

text: ill

text: health

text: loss

text: of

text: appetite

text: nausea

text: vomiting

text: body

text: aches

text: mild

text: fever

text: and

text: dark

text: urine

text: and

text: then

text: progresses

text: to

text: development

text: of

text: jaundice

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: noted

text: that

text: itchy

text: skin

text: has

text: been

text: an

text: indication

text: as

text: possible

text: symptom

text: of

text: all

text: hepatitis

text: virus

text: types

text: The

text: illness

text: lasts

text: for

text: few

text: weeks

text: and

text: then

text: gradually

text: improves

text: in

text: most

text: affected

text: people

text: few

text: people

text: may

text: have

text: more

text: severe

text: form

text: of

text: liver

text: disease

text: known

text: as

text: fulminant

text: hepatic

text: failure

text: and

text: may

text: die

text: as

text: result

text: The

text: infection

text: may

text: be

text: entirely

text: asymptomatic

text: and

text: may

text: go

text: unrecognized

text: Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen. Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent (which almost always involves combinations of drugs), or it may aim to prolong life or to reduce symptoms (palliative chemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of medical oncology (the medical discipline specifically devoted to pharmacotherapy for cancer).

text: Chemotherapy

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: chemo

text: and

text: sometimes

text: CTX

text: or

text: CTx

text: is

text: category

text: of

text: cancer

text: treatment

text: that

text: uses

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: anti

text: cancer

text: drugs

text: chemotherapeutic

text: agents

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: standardized

text: chemotherapy

text: regimen

text: Chemotherapy

text: may

text: be

text: given

text: with

text: curative

text: intent

text: which

text: almost

text: always

text: involves

text: combinations

text: of

text: drugs

text: or

text: it

text: may

text: aim

text: to

text: prolong

text: life

text: or

text: to

text: reduce

text: symptoms

text: palliative

text: chemotherapy

text: Chemotherapy

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: categories

text: of

text: medical

text: oncology

text: the

text: medical

text: discipline

text: specifically

text: devoted

text: to

text: pharmacotherapy

text: for

text: cancer

text:
Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, or a red scaly patch of skin. In those with distant spread of the disease, there may be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, or yellow skin.
Risk factors for developing breast cancer include being female, obesity, lack of physical exercise, drinking alcohol, hormone replacement therapy during menopause, ionizing radiation, early age at first menstruation, having children late or not at all, older age, and family history. About 510% of cases are due to genes inherited from a person's parents, including BRCA1 and BRCA2 among others. Breast cancer most commonly develops in cells from the lining of milk ducts and the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. Cancers developing from the ducts are known as ductal carcinomas, while those developing from lobules are known as lobular carcinomas. In addition, there are more than 18 other sub-types of breast cancer. Some cancers, such as ductal carcinoma in situ, develop from pre-invasive lesions. The diagnosis of breast cancer is confirmed by taking a biopsy of the concerning lump. Once the diagnosis is made, further tests are done to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the breast and which treatments it may respond to.
The balance of benefits versus harms of breast cancer screening is controversial. A 2013 Cochrane review stated that it is unclear if mammographic screening does more good or harm. A 2009 review for the US Preventive Services Task Force found evidence of benefit in those 40 to 70 years of age, and the organization recommends screening every two years in women 50 to 74 years old. The medications tamoxifen or raloxifene may be used in an effort to prevent breast cancer in those who are at high risk of developing it. Surgical removal of both breasts is another preventative measure in some high risk women. In those who have been diagnosed with cancer, a number of treatments may be used, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and targeted therapy. Types of surgery vary from breast-conserving surgery to mastectomy. Breast reconstruction may take place at the time of surgery or at a later date. In those in whom the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, treatments are mostly aimed at improving quality of life and comfort.
Outcomes for breast cancer vary depending on the cancer type, extent of disease, and person's age. Survival rates in the developed world are high, with between 80% and 90% of those in England and the United States alive for at least 5 years. In developing countries survival rates are poorer. Worldwide, breast cancer is the leading type of cancer in women, accounting for 25% of all cases. In 2012 it resulted in 1.68 million cases and 522,000 deaths. It is more common in developed countries and is more than 100 times more common in women than in men.

text: Breast

text: cancer

text: is

text: cancer

text: that

text: develops

text: from

text: breast

text: tissue

text: Signs

text: of

text: breast

text: cancer

text: may

text: include

text: lump

text: in

text: the

text: breast

text: change

text: in

text: breast

text: shape

text: dimpling

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: fluid

text: coming

text: from

text: the

text: nipple

text: or

text: red

text: scaly

text: patch

text: of

text: skin

text: In

text: those

text: with

text: distant

text: spread

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: bone

text: pain

text: swollen

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: or

text: yellow

text: skin

text: Risk

text: factors

text: for

text: developing

text: breast

text: cancer

text: include

text: being

text: female

text: obesity

text: lack

text: of

text: physical

text: exercise

text: drinking

text: alcohol

text: hormone

text: replacement

text: therapy

text: during

text: menopause

text: ionizing

text: radiation

text: early

text: age

text: at

text: first

text: menstruation

text: having

text: children

text: late

text: or

text: not

text: at

text: all

text: older

text: age

text: and

text: family

text: history

text: About

text: of

text: cases

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: genes

text: inherited

text: from

text: person

text: 's

text: parents

text: including

text: and

text: among

text: others

text: Breast

text: cancer

text: most

text: commonly

text: develops

text: in

text: cells

text: from

text: the

text: lining

text: of

text: milk

text: ducts

text: and

text: the

text: lobules

text: that

text: supply

text: the

text: ducts

text: with

text: milk

text: Cancers

text: developing

text: from

text: the

text: ducts

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: ductal

text: carcinomas

text: while

text: those

text: developing

text: from

text: lobules

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: lobular

text: carcinomas

text: In

text: addition

text: there

text: are

text: more

text: than

text: other

text: sub

text: types

text: of

text: breast

text: cancer

text: Some

text: cancers

text: such

text: as

text: ductal

text: carcinoma

text: in

text: situ

text: develop

text: from

text: pre

text: invasive

text: lesions

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: of

text: breast

text: cancer

text: is

text: confirmed

text: by

text: taking

text: biopsy

text: of

text: the

text: concerning

text: lump

text: Once

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: made

text: further

text: tests

text: are

text: done

text: to

text: determine

text: if

text: the

text: cancer

text: has

text: spread

text: beyond

text: the

text: breast

text: and

text: which

text: treatments

text: it

text: may

text: respond

text: to

text: The

text: balance

text: of

text: benefits

text: versus

text: harms

text: of

text: breast

text: cancer

text: screening

text: is

text: controversial

text: Cochrane

text: review

text: stated

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: unclear

text: if

text: mammographic

text: screening

text: does

text: more

text: good

text: or

text: harm

text: review

text: for

text: the

text: US

text: Preventive

text: Services

text: Task

text: Force

text: found

text: evidence

text: of

text: benefit

text: in

text: those

text: to

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: and

text: the

text: organization

text: recommends

text: screening

text: every

text: two

text: years

text: in

text: women

text: to

text: years

text: old

text: The

text: medications

text: tamoxifen

text: or

text: raloxifene

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: prevent

text: breast

text: cancer

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: at

text: high

text: risk

text: of

text: developing

text: it

text: Surgical

text: removal

text: of

text: both

text: breasts

text: is

text: another

text: preventative

text: measure

text: in

text: some

text: high

text: risk

text: women

text: In

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: been

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: cancer

text: number

text: of

text: treatments

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: including

text: surgery

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: chemotherapy

text: hormonal

text: therapy

text: and

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: Types

text: of

text: surgery

text: vary

text: from

text: breast

text: conserving

text: surgery

text: to

text: mastectomy

text: Breast

text: reconstruction

text: may

text: take

text: place

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: surgery

text: or

text: at

text: later

text: date

text: In

text: those

text: in

text: whom

text: the

text: cancer

text: has

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: treatments

text: are

text: mostly

text: aimed

text: at

text: improving

text: quality

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: comfort

text: Outcomes

text: for

text: breast

text: cancer

text: vary

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: cancer

text: type

text: extent

text: of

text: disease

text: and

text: person

text: 's

text: age

text: Survival

text: rates

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: are

text: high

text: with

text: between

text: and

text: of

text: those

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: alive

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: years

text: In

text: developing

text: countries

text: survival

text: rates

text: are

text: poorer

text: Worldwide

text: breast

text: cancer

text: is

text: the

text: leading

text: type

text: of

text: cancer

text: in

text: women

text: accounting

text: for

text: of

text: all

text: cases

text: In

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: million

text: cases

text: and

text: deaths

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: developed

text: countries

text: and

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: times

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: women

text: than

text: in

text: men

text: Radiation therapy or radiotherapy, often abbreviated RT, RTx, or XRT, is therapy using ionizing radiation, generally as part of cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells and normally delivered by a linear accelerator. Radiation therapy may be curative in a number of types of cancer if they are localized to one area of the body. It may also be used as part of adjuvant therapy, to prevent tumor recurrence after surgery to remove a primary malignant tumor (for example, early stages of breast cancer). Radiation therapy is synergistic with chemotherapy, and has been used before, during, and after chemotherapy in susceptible cancers. The subspecialty of oncology concerned with radiotherapy is called radiation oncology.

text: Radiation

text: therapy

text: or

text: radiotherapy

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: RT

text: RTx

text: or

text: XRT

text: is

text: therapy

text: using

text: ionizing

text: radiation

text: generally

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: cancer

text: treatment

text: to

text: control

text: or

text: kill

text: malignant

text: cells

text: and

text: normally

text: delivered

text: by

text: linear

text: accelerator

text: Radiation

text: therapy

text: may

text: be

text: curative

text: in

text: number

text: of

text: types

text: of

text: cancer

text: if

text: they

text: are

text: localized

text: to

text: one

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: adjuvant

text: therapy

text: to

text: prevent

text: tumor

text: recurrence

text: after

text: surgery

text: to

text: remove

text: primary

text: malignant

text: tumor

text: for

text: example

text: early

text: stages

text: of

text: breast

text: cancer

text: Radiation

text: therapy

text: is

text: synergistic

text: with

text: chemotherapy

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: before

text: during

text: and

text: after

text: chemotherapy

text: in

text: susceptible

text: cancers

text: The

text: subspecialty

text: of

text: oncology

text: concerned

text: with

text: radiotherapy

text: is

text: called

text: radiation

text: oncology

text:
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height, is over , with the range defined as overweight. Some East Asian countries use lower values. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.
Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or mental illness. The view that obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is not generally supported. On average, obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass.
Obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social changes and personal choices. Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments. Diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods, such as those high in fat and sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber. Medications may be taken, along with a suitable diet, to reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption. If diet, exercise, and medication are not effective, a gastric balloon or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume or bowel length, leading to feeling full earlier or a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.
Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing rates in adults and children. In 2014, 600 million adults (13%) and 42 million children under the age of five were obese. Obesity is more common in women than men. Authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was seen as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history and still is in some parts of the world. In 2013, the American Medical Association classified obesity as a disease.

text: Obesity

text: is

text: medical

text: condition

text: in

text: which

text: excess

text: body

text: fat

text: has

text: accumulated

text: to

text: the

text: extent

text: that

text: it

text: may

text: have

text: negative

text: effect

text: on

text: health

text: People

text: are

text: generally

text: considered

text: obese

text: when

text: their

text: body

text: mass

text: index

text: BMI

text: measurement

text: obtained

text: by

text: dividing

text: person

text: 's

text: weight

text: by

text: the

text: square

text: of

text: the

text: person

text: 's

text: height

text: is

text: over

text: with

text: the

text: range

text: defined

text: as

text: overweight

text: Some

text: East

text: Asian

text: countries

text: use

text: lower

text: values

text: Obesity

text: increases

text: the

text: likelihood

text: of

text: various

text: diseases

text: particularly

text: heart

text: disease

text: type

text: diabetes

text: obstructive

text: sleep

text: apnea

text: certain

text: types

text: of

text: cancer

text: and

text: osteoarthritis

text: Obesity

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: caused

text: by

text: combination

text: of

text: excessive

text: food

text: intake

text: lack

text: of

text: physical

text: activity

text: and

text: genetic

text: susceptibility

text: few

text: cases

text: are

text: caused

text: primarily

text: by

text: genes

text: endocrine

text: disorders

text: medications

text: or

text: mental

text: illness

text: The

text: view

text: that

text: obese

text: people

text: eat

text: little

text: yet

text: gain

text: weight

text: due

text: to

text: slow

text: metabolism

text: is

text: not

text: generally

text: supported

text: On

text: average

text: obese

text: people

text: have

text: greater

text: energy

text: expenditure

text: than

text: their

text: thin

text: counterparts

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: energy

text: required

text: to

text: maintain

text: an

text: increased

text: body

text: mass

text: Obesity

text: is

text: mostly

text: preventable

text: through

text: combination

text: of

text: social

text: changes

text: and

text: personal

text: choices

text: Changes

text: to

text: diet

text: and

text: exercising

text: are

text: the

text: main

text: treatments

text: Diet

text: quality

text: can

text: be

text: improved

text: by

text: reducing

text: the

text: consumption

text: of

text: energy

text: dense

text: foods

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: high

text: in

text: fat

text: and

text: sugars

text: and

text: by

text: increasing

text: the

text: intake

text: of

text: dietary

text: fiber

text: Medications

text: may

text: be

text: taken

text: along

text: with

text: suitable

text: diet

text: to

text: reduce

text: appetite

text: or

text: decrease

text: fat

text: absorption

text: If

text: diet

text: exercise

text: and

text: medication

text: are

text: not

text: effective

text: gastric

text: balloon

text: or

text: surgery

text: may

text: be

text: performed

text: to

text: reduce

text: stomach

text: volume

text: or

text: bowel

text: length

text: leading

text: to

text: feeling

text: full

text: earlier

text: or

text: reduced

text: ability

text: to

text: absorb

text: nutrients

text: from

text: food

text: Obesity

text: is

text: leading

text: preventable

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: worldwide

text: with

text: increasing

text: rates

text: in

text: adults

text: and

text: children

text: In

text: million

text: adults

text: and

text: million

text: children

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: five

text: were

text: obese

text: Obesity

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: women

text: than

text: men

text: Authorities

text: view

text: it

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: serious

text: public

text: health

text: problems

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Obesity

text: is

text: stigmatized

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: world

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: though

text: it

text: was

text: seen

text: as

text: symbol

text: of

text: wealth

text: and

text: fertility

text: at

text: other

text: times

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: still

text: is

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: the

text: American

text: Medical

text: Association

text: classified

text: obesity

text: as

text: disease

text:
Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is cancer developing from the lining of the stomach. Early symptoms may include heartburn, upper abdominal pain, nausea and loss of appetite. Later signs and symptoms may include weight loss, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, and blood in the stool among others. The cancer may spread from the stomach to other parts of the body, particularly the liver, lungs, bones, lining of the abdomen and lymph nodes.
The most common cause is infection by the bacterium "Helicobacter pylori", which accounts for more than 60% of cases. Certain types of "H. pylori" have greater risks than others. Other common causes include eating pickled vegetables and smoking. About 10% of cases run in families and between 1% and 3% of cases are due to genetic syndromes inherited from a person's parents such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Most cases of stomach cancers are gastric carcinomas. This type can be divided into a number of subtypes. Lymphomas and mesenchymal tumors may also develop in the stomach. Most of the time, stomach cancer develops in stages over years. Diagnosis is usually by biopsy done during endoscopy. This is followed by medical imaging to determine if the disease has spread to other parts of the body. Japan and South Korea, two countries that have high rates of the disease, screen for stomach cancer.
A Mediterranean diet lowers the risk of cancer as does the stopping of smoking. There is tentative evidence that treating "H. pylori" decreases the future risk. If cancer is treated early, many cases can be cured. Treatments may include some combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy. If treated late, palliative care may be advised. Outcomes are often poor with a less than 10% 5-year survival rate globally. This is largely because most people with the condition present with advanced disease. In the United States 5-year survival is 28% while in South Korea it is over 65% partly due to screening efforts.
Globally stomach cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer and the third leading cause of death from cancer making up 7% of cases and 9% of deaths. In 2012 it occurred in 950,000 people and caused 723,000 deaths. Before the 1930s in much of the world, including most Western developed countries, it was the most common cause of death from cancer. Rates of death have been decreasing in many areas of the world since then. This is believed to be due to the eating of less salted and pickled foods as a result of the development of refrigeration as a method of keeping food fresh. Stomach cancer occurs most commonly in East Asia and Eastern Europe. It occurs twice as often in males as in females.

text: Stomach

text: cancer

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: gastric

text: cancer

text: is

text: cancer

text: developing

text: from

text: the

text: lining

text: of

text: the

text: stomach

text: Early

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: heartburn

text: upper

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: nausea

text: and

text: loss

text: of

text: appetite

text: Later

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: weight

text: loss

text: yellowing

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: and

text: whites

text: of

text: the

text: eyes

text: vomiting

text: difficulty

text: swallowing

text: and

text: blood

text: in

text: the

text: stool

text: among

text: others

text: The

text: cancer

text: may

text: spread

text: from

text: the

text: stomach

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: particularly

text: the

text: liver

text: lungs

text: bones

text: lining

text: of

text: the

text: abdomen

text: and

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: is

text: infection

text: by

text: the

text: bacterium

text: Helicobacter

text: pylori

text: which

text: accounts

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: cases

text: Certain

text: types

text: of

text: pylori

text: have

text: greater

text: risks

text: than

text: others

text: Other

text: common

text: causes

text: include

text: eating

text: pickled

text: vegetables

text: and

text: smoking

text: About

text: of

text: cases

text: run

text: in

text: families

text: and

text: between

text: and

text: of

text: cases

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: genetic

text: syndromes

text: inherited

text: from

text: person

text: 's

text: parents

text: such

text: as

text: hereditary

text: diffuse

text: gastric

text: cancer

text: Most

text: cases

text: of

text: stomach

text: cancers

text: are

text: gastric

text: carcinomas

text: This

text: type

text: can

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: number

text: of

text: subtypes

text: Lymphomas

text: and

text: mesenchymal

text: tumors

text: may

text: also

text: develop

text: in

text: the

text: stomach

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: stomach

text: cancer

text: develops

text: in

text: stages

text: over

text: years

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: usually

text: by

text: biopsy

text: done

text: during

text: endoscopy

text: This

text: is

text: followed

text: by

text: medical

text: imaging

text: to

text: determine

text: if

text: the

text: disease

text: has

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Japan

text: and

text: South

text: Korea

text: two

text: countries

text: that

text: have

text: high

text: rates

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: screen

text: for

text: stomach

text: cancer

text: Mediterranean

text: diet

text: lowers

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: cancer

text: as

text: does

text: the

text: stopping

text: of

text: smoking

text: There

text: is

text: tentative

text: evidence

text: that

text: treating

text: pylori

text: decreases

text: the

text: future

text: risk

text: If

text: cancer

text: is

text: treated

text: early

text: many

text: cases

text: can

text: be

text: cured

text: Treatments

text: may

text: include

text: some

text: combination

text: of

text: surgery

text: chemotherapy

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: and

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: If

text: treated

text: late

text: palliative

text: care

text: may

text: be

text: advised

text: Outcomes

text: are

text: often

text: poor

text: with

text: less

text: than

text: survival

text: rate

text: globally

text: This

text: is

text: largely

text: because

text: most

text: people

text: with

text: the

text: condition

text: present

text: with

text: advanced

text: disease

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: survival

text: is

text: while

text: in

text: South

text: Korea

text: it

text: is

text: over

text: partly

text: due

text: to

text: screening

text: efforts

text: Globally

text: stomach

text: cancer

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: leading

text: cause

text: of

text: cancer

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: leading

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: from

text: cancer

text: making

text: up

text: of

text: cases

text: and

text: of

text: deaths

text: In

text: it

text: occurred

text: in

text: people

text: and

text: caused

text: deaths

text: Before

text: the

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: including

text: most

text: Western

text: developed

text: countries

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: from

text: cancer

text: Rates

text: of

text: death

text: have

text: been

text: decreasing

text: in

text: many

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: since

text: then

text: This

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: eating

text: of

text: less

text: salted

text: and

text: pickled

text: foods

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: refrigeration

text: as

text: method

text: of

text: keeping

text: food

text: fresh

text: Stomach

text: cancer

text: occurs

text: most

text: commonly

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: It

text: occurs

text: twice

text: as

text: often

text: in

text: males

text: as

text: in

text: females

text:
Skin cancers are cancers that arise from the skin. They are due to the development of abnormal cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. There are three main types of skin cancers: basal-cell skin cancer (BCC), squamous-cell skin cancer (SCC) and melanoma. The first two together along with a number of less common skin cancers are known as nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Basal-cell cancer grows slowly and can damage the tissue around it but is unlikely to spread to distant areas or result in death. It often appears as a painless raised area of skin, that may be shiny with small blood vessel running over it or may present as a raised area with an ulcer. Squamous-cell cancer is more likely to spread. It usually presents as a hard lump with a scaly top but may also form an ulcer. Melanomas are the most aggressive. Signs include a mole that has changed in size, shape, color, has irregular edges, has more than one color, is itchy or bleeds.
Greater than 90% of cases are caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. This exposure increases the risk of all three main types of skin cancer. Exposure has increased partly due to a thinner ozone layer. Tanning beds are becoming another common source of ultraviolet radiation. For melanomas and basal-cell cancers exposure during childhood is particularly harmful. For squamous-cell cancers total exposure, irrespective of when it occurs, is more important. Between 20% and 30% of melanomas develop from moles. People with light skin are at higher risk as are those with poor immune function such as from medications or HIV/AIDS. Diagnosis is by biopsy.
Decreasing exposure to ultraviolet radiation and the use of sunscreen appear to be effective methods of preventing melanoma and squamous-cell cancer. It is not clear if sunscreen affects the risk of basal-cell cancer. Nonmelanoma skin cancer is usually curable. Treatment is generally by surgical removal but may less commonly involve radiation therapy or topical medications such as fluorouracil. Treatment of melanoma may involve some combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy. In those people whose disease has spread to other areas of their bodies, palliative care may be used to improve quality of life. Melanoma has one of the higher survival rates among cancers, with over 86% of people in the UK and more than 90% in the United States surviving more than 5 years.
Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, globally accounting for at least 40% of cases. It is especially common among people with light skin. The most common type is nonmelanoma skin cancer, which occurs in at least 2-3 million people per year. This is a rough estimate, however, as good statistics are not kept. Of nonmelanoma skin cancers, about 80% are basal-cell cancers and 20% squamous-cell cancers. Basal-cell and squamous-cell cancers rarely result in death. In the United States they were the cause of less than 0.1% of all cancer deaths. Globally in 2012 melanoma occurred in 232,000 people, and resulted in 55,000 deaths. Australia and New Zealand have the highest rates of melanoma in the world. The three main types of skin cancer have become more common in the last 20 to 40 years, especially in those areas which are mostly Caucasian.

text: Skin

text: cancers

text: are

text: cancers

text: that

text: arise

text: from

text: the

text: skin

text: They

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: abnormal

text: cells

text: that

text: have

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: invade

text: or

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: skin

text: cancers

text: basal

text: cell

text: skin

text: cancer

text: BCC

text: squamous

text: cell

text: skin

text: cancer

text: SCC

text: and

text: melanoma

text: The

text: first

text: two

text: together

text: along

text: with

text: number

text: of

text: less

text: common

text: skin

text: cancers

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: nonmelanoma

text: skin

text: cancer

text: NMSC

text: Basal

text: cell

text: cancer

text: grows

text: slowly

text: and

text: can

text: damage

text: the

text: tissue

text: around

text: it

text: but

text: is

text: unlikely

text: to

text: spread

text: to

text: distant

text: areas

text: or

text: result

text: in

text: death

text: It

text: often

text: appears

text: as

text: painless

text: raised

text: area

text: of

text: skin

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: shiny

text: with

text: small

text: blood

text: vessel

text: running

text: over

text: it

text: or

text: may

text: present

text: as

text: raised

text: area

text: with

text: an

text: ulcer

text: Squamous

text: cell

text: cancer

text: is

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: spread

text: It

text: usually

text: presents

text: as

text: hard

text: lump

text: with

text: scaly

text: top

text: but

text: may

text: also

text: form

text: an

text: ulcer

text: Melanomas

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: aggressive

text: Signs

text: include

text: mole

text: that

text: has

text: changed

text: in

text: size

text: shape

text: color

text: has

text: irregular

text: edges

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: color

text: is

text: itchy

text: or

text: bleeds

text: Greater

text: than

text: of

text: cases

text: are

text: caused

text: by

text: exposure

text: to

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation

text: from

text: the

text: Sun

text: This

text: exposure

text: increases

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: all

text: three

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: skin

text: cancer

text: Exposure

text: has

text: increased

text: partly

text: due

text: to

text: thinner

text: ozone

text: layer

text: Tanning

text: beds

text: are

text: becoming

text: another

text: common

text: source

text: of

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation

text: For

text: melanomas

text: and

text: basal

text: cell

text: cancers

text: exposure

text: during

text: childhood

text: is

text: particularly

text: harmful

text: For

text: squamous

text: cell

text: cancers

text: total

text: exposure

text: irrespective

text: of

text: when

text: it

text: occurs

text: is

text: more

text: important

text: Between

text: and

text: of

text: melanomas

text: develop

text: from

text: moles

text: People

text: with

text: light

text: skin

text: are

text: at

text: higher

text: risk

text: as

text: are

text: those

text: with

text: poor

text: immune

text: function

text: such

text: as

text: from

text: medications

text: or

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: by

text: biopsy

text: Decreasing

text: exposure

text: to

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation

text: and

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: sunscreen

text: appear

text: to

text: be

text: effective

text: methods

text: of

text: preventing

text: melanoma

text: and

text: squamous

text: cell

text: cancer

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: clear

text: if

text: sunscreen

text: affects

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: basal

text: cell

text: cancer

text: Nonmelanoma

text: skin

text: cancer

text: is

text: usually

text: curable

text: Treatment

text: is

text: generally

text: by

text: surgical

text: removal

text: but

text: may

text: less

text: commonly

text: involve

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: or

text: topical

text: medications

text: such

text: as

text: fluorouracil

text: Treatment

text: of

text: melanoma

text: may

text: involve

text: some

text: combination

text: of

text: surgery

text: chemotherapy

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: and

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: In

text: those

text: people

text: whose

text: disease

text: has

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: areas

text: of

text: their

text: bodies

text: palliative

text: care

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: improve

text: quality

text: of

text: life

text: Melanoma

text: has

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: higher

text: survival

text: rates

text: among

text: cancers

text: with

text: over

text: of

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: surviving

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: Skin

text: cancer

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: form

text: of

text: cancer

text: globally

text: accounting

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: of

text: cases

text: It

text: is

text: especially

text: common

text: among

text: people

text: with

text: light

text: skin

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: is

text: nonmelanoma

text: skin

text: cancer

text: which

text: occurs

text: in

text: at

text: least

text: million

text: people

text: per

text: year

text: This

text: is

text: rough

text: estimate

text: however

text: as

text: good

text: statistics

text: are

text: not

text: kept

text: Of

text: nonmelanoma

text: skin

text: cancers

text: about

text: are

text: basal

text: cell

text: cancers

text: and

text: squamous

text: cell

text: cancers

text: Basal

text: cell

text: and

text: squamous

text: cell

text: cancers

text: rarely

text: result

text: in

text: death

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: they

text: were

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: all

text: cancer

text: deaths

text: Globally

text: in

text: melanoma

text: occurred

text: in

text: people

text: and

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: Australia

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: have

text: the

text: highest

text: rates

text: of

text: melanoma

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: three

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: skin

text: cancer

text: have

text: become

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: to

text: years

text: especially

text: in

text: those

text: areas

text: which

text: are

text: mostly

text: Caucasian

text:
Prostate cancer, also known as carcinoma of the prostate, is the development of cancer in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. Most prostate cancers are slow growing; however, some grow relatively quickly. The cancer cells may spread from the prostate to other parts of the body, particularly the bones and lymph nodes. It may initially cause no symptoms. In later stages it can lead to difficulty urinating, blood in the urine, or pain in the pelvis, back or when urinating. A disease known as benign prostatic hyperplasia may produce similar symptoms. Other late symptoms may include feeling tired due to low levels of red blood cells.
Factors that increase the risk of prostate cancer include: older age, a family history of the disease, and race. About 99% of cases occur in those over the age of 50. Having a first-degree relative with the disease increases the risk two to threefold. In the United States it is more common in the African American population than the white American population. Other factors that may be involved include a diet high in processed meat, red meat, or milk products or low in certain vegetables. An association with gonorrhea has been found, but a reason for this relationship has not been identified. Prostate cancer is diagnosed by biopsy. Medical imaging may then be done to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Prostate cancer screening is controversial. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing increases cancer detection but does not decrease mortality. The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends against screening using the PSA test, due to the risk of overdiagnosis and overtreatment, as most cancer diagnosed would remain asymptomatic. The USPSTF concludes that the potential benefits of testing do not outweigh the expected harms. While 5-reductase inhibitors appear to decrease low-grade cancer risk they do not affect high-grade cancer risk and thus are not recommended for prevention. Supplementation with vitamins or minerals does not appear to affect the risk.
Many cases can be safely followed with active surveillance or watchful waiting. Other treatments may include a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy or chemotherapy. When it only occurs inside the prostate it may be curable. In those in whom the disease has spread to the bones, pain medications, bisphosphonates and targeted therapy, among others, may be useful. Outcomes depend on a person's age and other health problems as well as how aggressive and extensive the cancer is. Most people with prostate cancer do not end up dying from the disease. The 5-year survival rate in the United States is 99%. Globally it is the second most common type of cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in men. In 2012 it occurred in 1.1 million men and caused 307,000 deaths. It was the most common cancer in males in 84 countries, occurring more commonly in the developed world. Rates have been increasing in the developing world. Detection increased significantly in the 1980s and 1990s in many areas due to increased PSA testing. Studies of males who died from unrelated causes have found prostate cancer in 30% to 70% of those over age 60.
Signs and symptoms.
Early prostate cancer usually has no clear symptoms. Sometimes, however, prostate cancer does cause symptoms, often similar to those of diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia. These include frequent urination, nocturia (increased urination at night), difficulty starting and maintaining a steady stream of urine, hematuria (blood in the urine), and dysuria (painful urination). A study based on the 1998 Patient Care Evaluation in the US found that about a third of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer had one or more such symptoms, while two-thirds had no symptoms.

text: Prostate

text: cancer

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: carcinoma

text: of

text: the

text: prostate

text: is

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: cancer

text: in

text: the

text: prostate

text: gland

text: in

text: the

text: male

text: reproductive

text: system

text: Most

text: prostate

text: cancers

text: are

text: slow

text: growing

text: however

text: some

text: grow

text: relatively

text: quickly

text: The

text: cancer

text: cells

text: may

text: spread

text: from

text: the

text: prostate

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: particularly

text: the

text: bones

text: and

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: It

text: may

text: initially

text: cause

text: no

text: symptoms

text: In

text: later

text: stages

text: it

text: can

text: lead

text: to

text: difficulty

text: urinating

text: blood

text: in

text: the

text: urine

text: or

text: pain

text: in

text: the

text: pelvis

text: back

text: or

text: when

text: urinating

text: disease

text: known

text: as

text: benign

text: prostatic

text: hyperplasia

text: may

text: produce

text: similar

text: symptoms

text: Other

text: late

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: feeling

text: tired

text: due

text: to

text: low

text: levels

text: of

text: red

text: blood

text: cells

text: Factors

text: that

text: increase

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: prostate

text: cancer

text: include

text: older

text: age

text: family

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: and

text: race

text: About

text: of

text: cases

text: occur

text: in

text: those

text: over

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: Having

text: first

text: degree

text: relative

text: with

text: the

text: disease

text: increases

text: the

text: risk

text: two

text: to

text: threefold

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: it

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: African

text: American

text: population

text: than

text: the

text: white

text: American

text: population

text: Other

text: factors

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: involved

text: include

text: diet

text: high

text: in

text: processed

text: meat

text: red

text: meat

text: or

text: milk

text: products

text: or

text: low

text: in

text: certain

text: vegetables

text: An

text: association

text: with

text: gonorrhea

text: has

text: been

text: found

text: but

text: reason

text: for

text: this

text: relationship

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: identified

text: Prostate

text: cancer

text: is

text: diagnosed

text: by

text: biopsy

text: Medical

text: imaging

text: may

text: then

text: be

text: done

text: to

text: determine

text: if

text: the

text: cancer

text: has

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Prostate

text: cancer

text: screening

text: is

text: controversial

text: Prostate

text: specific

text: antigen

text: PSA

text: testing

text: increases

text: cancer

text: detection

text: but

text: does

text: not

text: decrease

text: mortality

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Preventive

text: Services

text: Task

text: Force

text: recommends

text: against

text: screening

text: using

text: the

text: PSA

text: test

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: overdiagnosis

text: and

text: overtreatment

text: as

text: most

text: cancer

text: diagnosed

text: would

text: remain

text: asymptomatic

text: The

text: USPSTF

text: concludes

text: that

text: the

text: potential

text: benefits

text: of

text: testing

text: do

text: not

text: outweigh

text: the

text: expected

text: harms

text: While

text: inhibitors

text: appear

text: to

text: decrease

text: low

text: grade

text: cancer

text: risk

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: affect

text: high

text: grade

text: cancer

text: risk

text: and

text: thus

text: are

text: not

text: recommended

text: for

text: prevention

text: Supplementation

text: with

text: vitamins

text: or

text: minerals

text: does

text: not

text: appear

text: to

text: affect

text: the

text: risk

text: Many

text: cases

text: can

text: be

text: safely

text: followed

text: with

text: active

text: surveillance

text: or

text: watchful

text: waiting

text: Other

text: treatments

text: may

text: include

text: combination

text: of

text: surgery

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: hormone

text: therapy

text: or

text: chemotherapy

text: When

text: it

text: only

text: occurs

text: inside

text: the

text: prostate

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: curable

text: In

text: those

text: in

text: whom

text: the

text: disease

text: has

text: spread

text: to

text: the

text: bones

text: pain

text: medications

text: bisphosphonates

text: and

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: among

text: others

text: may

text: be

text: useful

text: Outcomes

text: depend

text: on

text: person

text: 's

text: age

text: and

text: other

text: health

text: problems

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: how

text: aggressive

text: and

text: extensive

text: the

text: cancer

text: is

text: Most

text: people

text: with

text: prostate

text: cancer

text: do

text: not

text: end

text: up

text: dying

text: from

text: the

text: disease

text: The

text: survival

text: rate

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: Globally

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: of

text: cancer

text: and

text: the

text: fifth

text: leading

text: cause

text: of

text: cancer

text: related

text: death

text: in

text: men

text: In

text: it

text: occurred

text: in

text: million

text: men

text: and

text: caused

text: deaths

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: cancer

text: in

text: males

text: in

text: countries

text: occurring

text: more

text: commonly

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: Rates

text: have

text: been

text: increasing

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: Detection

text: increased

text: significantly

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: in

text: many

text: areas

text: due

text: to

text: increased

text: PSA

text: testing

text: Studies

text: of

text: males

text: who

text: died

text: from

text: unrelated

text: causes

text: have

text: found

text: prostate

text: cancer

text: in

text: to

text: of

text: those

text: over

text: age

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: Early

text: prostate

text: cancer

text: usually

text: has

text: no

text: clear

text: symptoms

text: Sometimes

text: however

text: prostate

text: cancer

text: does

text: cause

text: symptoms

text: often

text: similar

text: to

text: those

text: of

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: benign

text: prostatic

text: hyperplasia

text: These

text: include

text: frequent

text: urination

text: nocturia

text: increased

text: urination

text: at

text: night

text: difficulty

text: starting

text: and

text: maintaining

text: steady

text: stream

text: of

text: urine

text: hematuria

text: blood

text: in

text: the

text: urine

text: and

text: dysuria

text: painful

text: urination

text: study

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: Patient

text: Care

text: Evaluation

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: found

text: that

text: about

text: third

text: of

text: patients

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: prostate

text: cancer

text: had

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: such

text: symptoms

text: while

text: two

text: thirds

text: had

text: no

text: symptoms

text:
Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung by the process of metastasis into nearby tissue or other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in the lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas. The two main types are small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The most common symptoms are coughing (including coughing up blood), weight loss, shortness of breath, and chest pains.
The vast majority (85%) of cases of lung cancer are due to long-term tobacco smoking. About 1015% of cases occur in people who have never smoked. These cases are often caused by a combination of genetic factors and exposure to radon gas, asbestos, second-hand smoke, or other forms of air pollution. Lung cancer may be seen on chest radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans. The diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy which is usually performed by bronchoscopy or CT-guidance.
Prevention is by avoiding risk factors including smoking and air pollution. Treatment and long-term outcomes depend on the type of cancer, the stage (degree of spread), and the person's overall health. Most cases are not curable. Common treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. NSCLC is sometimes treated with surgery, whereas SCLC usually responds better to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Worldwide in 2012, lung cancer occurred in 1.8 million people and resulted in 1.6 million deaths. This makes it the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and second most common in women after breast cancer. The most common age at diagnosis is 70 years. Overall, 17.4% of people in the United States diagnosed with lung cancer survive five years after the diagnosis, while outcomes on average are worse in the developing world.
Signs and symptoms.
Signs and symptoms which may suggest lung cancer include:

text: Lung

text: cancer

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: lung

text: carcinoma

text: is

text: malignant

text: lung

text: tumor

text: characterized

text: by

text: uncontrolled

text: cell

text: growth

text: in

text: tissues

text: of

text: the

text: lung

text: If

text: left

text: untreated

text: this

text: growth

text: can

text: spread

text: beyond

text: the

text: lung

text: by

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: metastasis

text: into

text: nearby

text: tissue

text: or

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Most

text: cancers

text: that

text: start

text: in

text: the

text: lung

text: known

text: as

text: primary

text: lung

text: cancers

text: are

text: carcinomas

text: The

text: two

text: main

text: types

text: are

text: small

text: cell

text: lung

text: carcinoma

text: SCLC

text: and

text: non

text: small

text: cell

text: lung

text: carcinoma

text: NSCLC

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: symptoms

text: are

text: coughing

text: including

text: coughing

text: up

text: blood

text: weight

text: loss

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: and

text: chest

text: pains

text: The

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: cases

text: of

text: lung

text: cancer

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: long

text: term

text: tobacco

text: smoking

text: About

text: of

text: cases

text: occur

text: in

text: people

text: who

text: have

text: never

text: smoked

text: These

text: cases

text: are

text: often

text: caused

text: by

text: combination

text: of

text: genetic

text: factors

text: and

text: exposure

text: to

text: radon

text: gas

text: asbestos

text: second

text: hand

text: smoke

text: or

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: air

text: pollution

text: Lung

text: cancer

text: may

text: be

text: seen

text: on

text: chest

text: radiographs

text: and

text: computed

text: tomography

text: CT

text: scans

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: confirmed

text: by

text: biopsy

text: which

text: is

text: usually

text: performed

text: by

text: bronchoscopy

text: or

text: CT

text: guidance

text: Prevention

text: is

text: by

text: avoiding

text: risk

text: factors

text: including

text: smoking

text: and

text: air

text: pollution

text: Treatment

text: and

text: long

text: term

text: outcomes

text: depend

text: on

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: cancer

text: the

text: stage

text: degree

text: of

text: spread

text: and

text: the

text: person

text: 's

text: overall

text: health

text: Most

text: cases

text: are

text: not

text: curable

text: Common

text: treatments

text: include

text: surgery

text: chemotherapy

text: and

text: radiotherapy

text: NSCLC

text: is

text: sometimes

text: treated

text: with

text: surgery

text: whereas

text: SCLC

text: usually

text: responds

text: better

text: to

text: chemotherapy

text: and

text: radiotherapy

text: Worldwide

text: in

text: lung

text: cancer

text: occurred

text: in

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: resulted

text: in

text: million

text: deaths

text: This

text: makes

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: cancer

text: related

text: death

text: in

text: men

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: common

text: in

text: women

text: after

text: breast

text: cancer

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: age

text: at

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: years

text: Overall

text: of

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: lung

text: cancer

text: survive

text: five

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: while

text: outcomes

text: on

text: average

text: are

text: worse

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: which

text: may

text: suggest

text: lung

text: cancer

text: include

text: Targeted therapy or molecularly targeted therapy is one of the major modalities of medical treatment (pharmacotherapy) for cancer, others being hormonal therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy. As a form of molecular medicine, targeted therapy blocks the growth of cancer cells by interfering with specific targeted molecules needed for carcinogenesis and tumor growth, rather than by simply interfering with all rapidly dividing cells (e.g. with traditional chemotherapy). Because most agents for targeted therapy are biopharmaceuticals, the term "biologic therapy" is sometimes synonymous with "targeted therapy" when used in the context of cancer therapy (and thus distinguished from chemotherapy, that is, cytotoxic therapy). However, the modalities can be combined; antibody-drug conjugates combine biologic and cytotoxic mechanisms into one targeted therapy.

text: Targeted

text: therapy

text: or

text: molecularly

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: modalities

text: of

text: medical

text: treatment

text: pharmacotherapy

text: for

text: cancer

text: others

text: being

text: hormonal

text: therapy

text: and

text: cytotoxic

text: chemotherapy

text: As

text: form

text: of

text: molecular

text: medicine

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: blocks

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: cancer

text: cells

text: by

text: interfering

text: with

text: specific

text: targeted

text: molecules

text: needed

text: for

text: carcinogenesis

text: and

text: tumor

text: growth

text: rather

text: than

text: by

text: simply

text: interfering

text: with

text: all

text: rapidly

text: dividing

text: cells

text: e.g.

text: with

text: traditional

text: chemotherapy

text: Because

text: most

text: agents

text: for

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: are

text: biopharmaceuticals

text: the

text: term

text: biologic

text: therapy

text: is

text: sometimes

text: synonymous

text: with

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: when

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: cancer

text: therapy

text: and

text: thus

text: distinguished

text: from

text: chemotherapy

text: that

text: is

text: cytotoxic

text: therapy

text: However

text: the

text: modalities

text: can

text: be

text: combined

text: antibody

text: drug

text: conjugates

text: combine

text: biologic

text: and

text: cytotoxic

text: mechanisms

text: into

text: one

text: targeted

text: therapy

text:
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce. Infectious disease, also known as transmissible disease or communicable disease, is illness resulting from an infection.
Infections are caused by infectious agents including viruses, viroids, prions, bacteria, nematodes such as parasitic roundworms and pinworms, arthropods such as ticks, mites, fleas, and lice, fungi such as ringworm, and other macroparasites such as tapeworms and other helminths.

text: Infection

text: is

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: 's

text: body

text: tissues

text: by

text: disease

text: causing

text: agents

text: their

text: multiplication

text: and

text: the

text: reaction

text: of

text: host

text: tissues

text: to

text: these

text: organisms

text: and

text: the

text: toxins

text: they

text: produce

text: Infectious

text: disease

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: transmissible

text: disease

text: or

text: communicable

text: disease

text: is

text: illness

text: resulting

text: from

text: an

text: infection

text: Infections

text: are

text: caused

text: by

text: infectious

text: agents

text: including

text: viruses

text: viroids

text: prions

text: bacteria

text: nematodes

text: such

text: as

text: parasitic

text: roundworms

text: and

text: pinworms

text: arthropods

text: such

text: as

text: ticks

text: mites

text: fleas

text: and

text: lice

text: fungi

text: such

text: as

text: ringworm

text: and

text: other

text: macroparasites

text: such

text: as

text: tapeworms

text: and

text: other

text: helminths

text:
Melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. Melanomas typically occur in the skin but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye. In women they most commonly occur on the legs, while in men they are most common on the back. Sometimes they develop from a mole with concerning changes including an increase in size, irregular edges, change in color, itchiness, or skin breakdown.
The primary cause of melanoma is ultraviolet light (UV) exposure in those with low levels of skin pigment. The UV light may be from either the sun or from other sources, such as tanning devices. About 25% develop from moles. Those with many moles, a history of affected family members, and who have poor immune function are at greater risk. A number of rare genetic defects such as xeroderma pigmentosum also increase risk. Diagnosis is by biopsy of any concerning skin lesion.
Using sunscreen and avoiding UV light may prevent melanoma. Treatment is typically removal by surgery. In those with slightly larger cancers, nearby lymph nodes may be tested for spread. Most people are cured if spread has not occurred. For those in whom melanoma has spread, immunotherapy, biologic therapy, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy may improve survival. With treatment the five-year survival rates in the United States is 98% among those with localized disease and 17% among those in whom spread has occurred. The likelihood that it will come back or spread depends how thick the melanoma is, how fast the cells are dividing, and whether or not the overlying skin has broken down.
Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer. Globally, in 2012, it occurred in 232,000 people and resulted in 55,000 deaths. Australia and New Zealand have the highest rates of melanoma in the world. There are also high rates in Northern Europe and North America, while it is less common in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Melanoma is more common in men than women. Melanoma has become more common since the 1960s in areas that are mostly Caucasian.

text: Melanoma

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: malignant

text: melanoma

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: cancer

text: that

text: develops

text: from

text: the

text: pigment

text: containing

text: cells

text: known

text: as

text: melanocytes

text: Melanomas

text: typically

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: skin

text: but

text: may

text: rarely

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: mouth

text: intestines

text: or

text: eye

text: In

text: women

text: they

text: most

text: commonly

text: occur

text: on

text: the

text: legs

text: while

text: in

text: men

text: they

text: are

text: most

text: common

text: on

text: the

text: back

text: Sometimes

text: they

text: develop

text: from

text: mole

text: with

text: concerning

text: changes

text: including

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: size

text: irregular

text: edges

text: change

text: in

text: color

text: itchiness

text: or

text: skin

text: breakdown

text: The

text: primary

text: cause

text: of

text: melanoma

text: is

text: ultraviolet

text: light

text: UV

text: exposure

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: low

text: levels

text: of

text: skin

text: pigment

text: The

text: UV

text: light

text: may

text: be

text: from

text: either

text: the

text: sun

text: or

text: from

text: other

text: sources

text: such

text: as

text: tanning

text: devices

text: About

text: develop

text: from

text: moles

text: Those

text: with

text: many

text: moles

text: history

text: of

text: affected

text: family

text: members

text: and

text: who

text: have

text: poor

text: immune

text: function

text: are

text: at

text: greater

text: risk

text: number

text: of

text: rare

text: genetic

text: defects

text: such

text: as

text: xeroderma

text: pigmentosum

text: also

text: increase

text: risk

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: by

text: biopsy

text: of

text: any

text: concerning

text: skin

text: lesion

text: Using

text: sunscreen

text: and

text: avoiding

text: UV

text: light

text: may

text: prevent

text: melanoma

text: Treatment

text: is

text: typically

text: removal

text: by

text: surgery

text: In

text: those

text: with

text: slightly

text: larger

text: cancers

text: nearby

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: may

text: be

text: tested

text: for

text: spread

text: Most

text: people

text: are

text: cured

text: if

text: spread

text: has

text: not

text: occurred

text: For

text: those

text: in

text: whom

text: melanoma

text: has

text: spread

text: immunotherapy

text: biologic

text: therapy

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: or

text: chemotherapy

text: may

text: improve

text: survival

text: With

text: treatment

text: the

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rates

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: among

text: those

text: with

text: localized

text: disease

text: and

text: among

text: those

text: in

text: whom

text: spread

text: has

text: occurred

text: The

text: likelihood

text: that

text: it

text: will

text: come

text: back

text: or

text: spread

text: depends

text: how

text: thick

text: the

text: melanoma

text: is

text: how

text: fast

text: the

text: cells

text: are

text: dividing

text: and

text: whether

text: or

text: not

text: the

text: overlying

text: skin

text: has

text: broken

text: down

text: Melanoma

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: dangerous

text: type

text: of

text: skin

text: cancer

text: Globally

text: in

text: it

text: occurred

text: in

text: people

text: and

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: Australia

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: have

text: the

text: highest

text: rates

text: of

text: melanoma

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: high

text: rates

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: and

text: North

text: America

text: while

text: it

text: is

text: less

text: common

text: in

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: and

text: Latin

text: America

text: Melanoma

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: men

text: than

text: women

text: Melanoma

text: has

text: become

text: more

text: common

text: since

text: the

text: in

text: areas

text: that

text: are

text: mostly

text: Caucasian

text: The five-year survival rate is a type of survival rate for estimating the prognosis of a particular disease, normally calculated from the point of diagnosis. Lead time bias from earlier diagnosis can affect interpretation of the five-year survival rate.

text: The

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rate

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: survival

text: rate

text: for

text: estimating

text: the

text: prognosis

text: of

text: particular

text: disease

text: normally

text: calculated

text: from

text: the

text: point

text: of

text: diagnosis

text: Lead

text: time

text: bias

text: from

text: earlier

text: diagnosis

text: can

text: affect

text: interpretation

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rate

text: Benjamin David `` Ben '' Bowen ( November 14 , 2002 -- February 25 , 2005 ) , commonly called Big Ben Bowen , was a boy from Huntington , West Virginia , who was diagnosed with an aggressive brain tumour in 2004 . His family has used his story to raise awareness of childhood cancer and to raise almost $ 4 million for St. Jude Children 's Hospital in Memphis , Tennessee .

text: Benjamin

text: David

text: Ben

text: Bowen

text: November

text: February

text: commonly

text: called

text: Big

text: Ben

text: Bowen

text: was

text: boy

text: from

text: Huntington

text: West

text: Virginia

text: who

text: was

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: an

text: aggressive

text: brain

text: tumour

text: in

text: His

text: family

text: has

text: used

text: his

text: story

text: to

text: raise

text: awareness

text: of

text: childhood

text: cancer

text: and

text: to

text: raise

text: almost

text: million

text: for

text: St.

text: Jude

text: Children

text: 's

text: Hospital

text: in

text: Memphis

text: Tennessee

text: Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology). Medical imaging seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones, as well as to diagnose and treat disease. Medical imaging also establishes a database of normal anatomy and physiology to make it possible to identify abnormalities. Although imaging of removed organs and tissues can be performed for medical reasons, such procedures are usually considered part of pathology instead of medical imaging.

text: Medical

text: imaging

text: is

text: the

text: technique

text: and

text: process

text: of

text: creating

text: visual

text: representations

text: of

text: the

text: interior

text: of

text: body

text: for

text: clinical

text: analysis

text: and

text: medical

text: intervention

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: visual

text: representation

text: of

text: the

text: function

text: of

text: some

text: organs

text: or

text: tissues

text: physiology

text: Medical

text: imaging

text: seeks

text: to

text: reveal

text: internal

text: structures

text: hidden

text: by

text: the

text: skin

text: and

text: bones

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: to

text: diagnose

text: and

text: treat

text: disease

text: Medical

text: imaging

text: also

text: establishes

text: database

text: of

text: normal

text: anatomy

text: and

text: physiology

text: to

text: make

text: it

text: possible

text: to

text: identify

text: abnormalities

text: Although

text: imaging

text: of

text: removed

text: organs

text: and

text: tissues

text: can

text: be

text: performed

text: for

text: medical

text: reasons

text: such

text: procedures

text: are

text: usually

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: pathology

text: instead

text: of

text: medical

text: imaging

annotations: likely single

question: cause_of_death ben bowen

answer: brain tumor

text: brain tumor