text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: The United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively, during the final stage of World War II. The United States had dropped the bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history.

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: dropped

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: on

text: the

text: Japanese

text: cities

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: on

text: August

text: and

text: respectively

text: during

text: the

text: final

text: stage

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: had

text: dropped

text: the

text: bombs

text: with

text: the

text: consent

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: as

text: outlined

text: in

text: the

text: Quebec

text: Agreement

text: The

text: two

text: bombings

text: which

text: killed

text: at

text: least

text: people

text: remain

text: the

text: only

text: use

text: of

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: for

text: warfare

text: in

text: history

text: Charles Kleinsmith ( September 28 , 1904 -- June 4 , 1942 ) was a petty officer in the United States Navy who was missing and presumed dead in action during the Battle of Midway in World War II.

text: Charles

text: Kleinsmith

text: September

text: June

text: was

text: petty

text: officer

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: who

text: was

text: missing

text: and

text: presumed

text: dead

text: in

text: action

text: during

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Midway

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom. The force was initially administered by the War Office from London, which in 1964 was subsumed into the Ministry of Defence. The professional head of the British Army is the Chief of the General Staff.

text: The

text: British

text: Army

text: is

text: the

text: principal

text: land

text: warfare

text: force

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: force

text: was

text: initially

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: War

text: Office

text: from

text: London

text: which

text: in

text: was

text: subsumed

text: into

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: The

text: professional

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Army

text: is

text: the

text: Chief

text: of

text: the

text: General

text: Staff

text: A military alliance is an international agreement concerning national security, when the contracting parties promise to support each other in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance. Military alliances differ from coalitions, as coalitions are formed for a crisis that are already known.

text: military

text: alliance

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: agreement

text: concerning

text: national

text: security

text: when

text: the

text: contracting

text: parties

text: promise

text: to

text: support

text: each

text: other

text: in

text: case

text: of

text: crisis

text: that

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: identified

text: in

text: advance

text: Military

text: alliances

text: differ

text: from

text: coalitions

text: as

text: coalitions

text: are

text: formed

text: for

text: crisis

text: that

text: are

text: already

text: known

text: The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyjitai: Shinjitai: "" or "Nippon Kaigun", "Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire") was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's defeat and surrender in World War II. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff and the Ministry of the Navy, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the navy. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) was formed after the dissolution of the IJN.

text: The

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: IJN

text: Kyjitai

text: Shinjitai

text: or

text: Nippon

text: Kaigun

text: Navy

text: of

text: the

text: Greater

text: Japanese

text: Empire

text: was

text: the

text: navy

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: from

text: until

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: dissolved

text: following

text: Japan

text: 's

text: defeat

text: and

text: surrender

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: It

text: was

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: General

text: Staff

text: and

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: the

text: Navy

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: nominally

text: subordinate

text: to

text: the

text: Emperor

text: of

text: Japan

text: as

text: supreme

text: commander

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: and

text: the

text: navy

text: The

text: Japan

text: Maritime

text: Self

text: Defense

text: Force

text: JMSDF

text: was

text: formed

text: after

text: the

text: dissolution

text: of

text: the

text: IJN

text: The British Armed Forces form the military of the United Kingdom, tasked with defence of the country, its overseas territories, and the Crown dependencies. They also promote the UK's wider interests, support international peacekeeping efforts, and provide humanitarian aid.

text: The

text: British

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: form

text: the

text: military

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: tasked

text: with

text: defence

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: its

text: overseas

text: territories

text: and

text: the

text: Crown

text: dependencies

text: They

text: also

text: promote

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: wider

text: interests

text: support

text: international

text: peacekeeping

text: efforts

text: and

text: provide

text: humanitarian

text: aid

text: Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886  December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral in World War II.

text: Raymond

text: Ames

text: Spruance

text: July

text: December

text: was

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: admiral

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: During World War II, the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second and, to date, last city in the world to experience a nuclear attack.

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: American

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: made

text: Nagasaki

text: the

text: second

text: and

text: to

text: date

text: last

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: experience

text: nuclear

text: attack

text: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO  '), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. Three NATO members are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and are officially nuclear-weapon states: the United States, France and the United Kingdom. NATO's headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, where the Supreme Allied Commander also resides. Belgium is one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe, the newest of which, Albania and Croatia, joined in April 2009. An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total. Members' defence spending is supposed to amount to 2% of GDP.

text: The

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Treaty

text: Organization

text: NATO

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Alliance

text: is

text: an

text: intergovernmental

text: military

text: alliance

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Treaty

text: which

text: was

text: signed

text: on

text: April

text: The

text: organization

text: constitutes

text: system

text: of

text: collective

text: defence

text: whereby

text: its

text: member

text: states

text: agree

text: to

text: mutual

text: defence

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: an

text: attack

text: by

text: any

text: external

text: party

text: Three

text: NATO

text: members

text: are

text: permanent

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Security

text: Council

text: with

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: veto

text: and

text: are

text: officially

text: nuclear

text: weapon

text: states

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: NATO

text: 's

text: headquarters

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: Haren

text: Brussels

text: Belgium

text: where

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Allied

text: Commander

text: also

text: resides

text: Belgium

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: across

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: Europe

text: the

text: newest

text: of

text: which

text: Albania

text: and

text: Croatia

text: joined

text: in

text: April

text: An

text: additional

text: countries

text: participate

text: in

text: NATO

text: 's

text: Partnership

text: for

text: Peace

text: program

text: with

text: other

text: countries

text: involved

text: in

text: institutionalized

text: dialogue

text: programmes

text: The

text: combined

text: military

text: spending

text: of

text: all

text: NATO

text: members

text: constitutes

text: over

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: total

text: Members

text: defence

text: spending

text: is

text: supposed

text: to

text: amount

text: to

text: of

text: GDP

text: The attack on Pearl Harbor, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, the Hawaii Operation or Operation AI by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, and Operation Z during planning, was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II.

text: The

text: attack

text: on

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: the

text: Hawaii

text: Operation

text: or

text: Operation

text: AI

text: by

text: the

text: Japanese

text: Imperial

text: General

text: Headquarters

text: and

text: Operation

text: during

text: planning

text: was

text: surprise

text: military

text: strike

text: by

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: Air

text: Service

text: against

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: naval

text: base

text: at

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: Hawaii

text: Territory

text: on

text: the

text: morning

text: of

text: December

text: The

text: attack

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: entry

text: into

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Naval warfare is combat in and on the sea, the ocean, or any other major body of water such as a large lake or wide river.

text: Naval

text: warfare

text: is

text: combat

text: in

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: sea

text: the

text: ocean

text: or

text: any

text: other

text: major

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: such

text: as

text: large

text: lake

text: or

text: wide

text: river

text: Frank Jack Fletcher (April 29, 1885  April 25, 1973) was an admiral in the United States Navy during World War II. Fletcher was the operational commander at the pivotal Battles of Coral Sea and of Midway. As a lieutenant, Fletcher was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in battle at Veracruz. He was the nephew of Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher, who was also awarded the Medal of Honor for actions at Veracruz.

text: Frank

text: Jack

text: Fletcher

text: April

text: April

text: was

text: an

text: admiral

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Fletcher

text: was

text: the

text: operational

text: commander

text: at

text: the

text: pivotal

text: Battles

text: of

text: Coral

text: Sea

text: and

text: of

text: Midway

text: As

text: lieutenant

text: Fletcher

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Medal

text: of

text: Honor

text: for

text: his

text: actions

text: in

text: battle

text: at

text: Veracruz

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: nephew

text: of

text: Admiral

text: Frank

text: Friday

text: Fletcher

text: who

text: was

text: also

text: awarded

text: the

text: Medal

text: of

text: Honor

text: for

text: actions

text: at

text: Veracruz

text: The United States of America has seven federal uniformed services that commission officers as defined by Title 10, and subsequently structured and organized by Title 10, Title 14, Title 32 and Title 42 of the United States Code.

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: has

text: seven

text: federal

text: uniformed

text: services

text: that

text: commission

text: officers

text: as

text: defined

text: by

text: Title

text: and

text: subsequently

text: structured

text: and

text: organized

text: by

text: Title

text: Title

text: Title

text: and

text: Title

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Code

text: The Battle of Midway was a decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II. Between 4 and 7 June 1942, only six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea, the United States Navy under Admirals Chester Nimitz, Frank Jack Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance decisively defeated an attacking fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto, Chuichi Nagumo, and Nobutake Kondo near Midway Atoll, inflicting devastating damage on the Japanese fleet that proved irreparable. Military historian John Keegan called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare."

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Midway

text: was

text: decisive

text: naval

text: battle

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Theater

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Between

text: and

text: June

text: only

text: six

text: months

text: after

text: Japan

text: 's

text: attack

text: on

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: and

text: one

text: month

text: after

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Coral

text: Sea

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: under

text: Admirals

text: Chester

text: Nimitz

text: Frank

text: Jack

text: Fletcher

text: and

text: Raymond

text: Spruance

text: decisively

text: defeated

text: an

text: attacking

text: fleet

text: of

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: under

text: Admirals

text: Isoroku

text: Yamamoto

text: Chuichi

text: Nagumo

text: and

text: Nobutake

text: Kondo

text: near

text: Midway

text: Atoll

text: inflicting

text: devastating

text: damage

text: on

text: the

text: Japanese

text: fleet

text: that

text: proved

text: irreparable

text: Military

text: historian

text: John

text: Keegan

text: called

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: stunning

text: and

text: decisive

text: blow

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: naval

text: warfare

text: A petty officer (PO) is a non-commissioned officer in many navies and is given the NATO rank denotion OR-6. They are equal in rank to sergeant in the British Army and Royal Air Force. A petty officer is superior in rank to leading rate and subordinate to chief petty officer, in the case of the British armed forces.

text: petty

text: officer

text: PO

text: is

text: non

text: commissioned

text: officer

text: in

text: many

text: navies

text: and

text: is

text: given

text: the

text: NATO

text: rank

text: denotion

text: They

text: are

text: equal

text: in

text: rank

text: to

text: sergeant

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: Army

text: and

text: Royal

text: Air

text: Force

text: petty

text: officer

text: is

text: superior

text: in

text: rank

text: to

text: leading

text: rate

text: and

text: subordinate

text: to

text: chief

text: petty

text: officer

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: armed

text: forces

text: Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The U.S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet and the right to maintain a repair and coaling station for ships here in 1887. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941 was the immediate cause of the United States' entry into World War II.

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: is

text: lagoon

text: harbor

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Oahu

text: Hawaii

text: west

text: of

text: Honolulu

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: harbor

text: and

text: surrounding

text: lands

text: is

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: deep

text: water

text: naval

text: base

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Pacific

text: Fleet

text: The

text: U.S.

text: government

text: first

text: obtained

text: exclusive

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: inlet

text: and

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: maintain

text: repair

text: and

text: coaling

text: station

text: for

text: ships

text: here

text: in

text: The

text: attack

text: on

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: by

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: on

text: December

text: was

text: the

text: immediate

text: cause

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: entry

text: into

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations. Aircraft carriers are expensive to build and are critical assets. Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry numerous fighter planes, strike aircraft, helicopters, and other types of aircraft.

text: An

text: aircraft

text: carrier

text: is

text: warship

text: that

text: serves

text: as

text: seagoing

text: airbase

text: equipped

text: with

text: full

text: length

text: flight

text: deck

text: and

text: facilities

text: for

text: carrying

text: arming

text: deploying

text: and

text: recovering

text: aircraft

text: Typically

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: ship

text: of

text: fleet

text: as

text: it

text: allows

text: naval

text: force

text: to

text: project

text: air

text: power

text: worldwide

text: without

text: depending

text: on

text: local

text: bases

text: for

text: staging

text: aircraft

text: operations

text: Aircraft

text: carriers

text: are

text: expensive

text: to

text: build

text: and

text: are

text: critical

text: assets

text: Carriers

text: have

text: evolved

text: since

text: their

text: inception

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: twentieth

text: century

text: from

text: wooden

text: vessels

text: used

text: to

text: deploy

text: balloons

text: to

text: nuclear

text: powered

text: warships

text: that

text: carry

text: numerous

text: fighter

text: planes

text: strike

text: aircraft

text: helicopters

text: and

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: aircraft

text: Midway Atoll (also called Midway Island and Midway Islands; Hawaiian: "Pihemanu Kauihelani") is a atoll in the North Pacific Ocean at . As its name suggests, Midway is roughly equidistant between North America and Asia. Midway Atoll is an unorganized, unincorporated territory of the United States. Midway continues to be the only island in the Hawaiian archipelago that is not part of the state of Hawaii. Unlike the other Hawaiian islands, Midway observes Samoa Time (i.e., eleven hours behind Coordinated Universal Time), which is one hour behind the time in the state of Hawaii. For statistical purposes, Midway is grouped as one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. The Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, encompassing of land and water (mostly water) in the surrounding area, is administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). The refuge and most of its surrounding area are part of the larger Papahnaumokukea Marine National Monument.

text: Midway

text: Atoll

text: also

text: called

text: Midway

text: Island

text: and

text: Midway

text: Islands

text: Hawaiian

text: Pihemanu

text: Kauihelani

text: is

text: atoll

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: at

text: As

text: its

text: name

text: suggests

text: Midway

text: is

text: roughly

text: equidistant

text: between

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: Asia

text: Midway

text: Atoll

text: is

text: an

text: unorganized

text: unincorporated

text: territory

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Midway

text: continues

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: only

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: Hawaiian

text: archipelago

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: Unlike

text: the

text: other

text: Hawaiian

text: islands

text: Midway

text: observes

text: Samoa

text: Time

text: i.e.

text: eleven

text: hours

text: behind

text: Coordinated

text: Universal

text: Time

text: which

text: is

text: one

text: hour

text: behind

text: the

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: For

text: statistical

text: purposes

text: Midway

text: is

text: grouped

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Minor

text: Outlying

text: Islands

text: The

text: Midway

text: Atoll

text: National

text: Wildlife

text: Refuge

text: encompassing

text: of

text: land

text: and

text: water

text: mostly

text: water

text: in

text: the

text: surrounding

text: area

text: is

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Fish

text: and

text: Wildlife

text: Service

text: FWS

text: The

text: refuge

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: surrounding

text: area

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: Papahnaumokukea

text: Marine

text: National

text: Monument

text: The Holocaust (from the Greek ': "hólos", "whole" and "kaustós", "burnt"), also referred to as the Shoah"' (Hebrew: , "HaShoah", "the catastrophe"), was a genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews. The victims included 1.5 million children and represented about two-thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe. Some definitions of the Holocaust include the additional five million non-Jewish victims of Nazi mass murders, bringing the total to about 11 million. Killings took place throughout Nazi Germany, German-occupied territories, and territories held by allies of Nazi Germany.

text: The

text: Holocaust

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: hólos

text: whole

text: and

text: kaustós

text: burnt

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Shoah

text: Hebrew

text: HaShoah

text: the

text: catastrophe

text: was

text: genocide

text: in

text: which

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: and

text: its

text: collaborators

text: killed

text: about

text: six

text: million

text: Jews

text: The

text: victims

text: included

text: million

text: children

text: and

text: represented

text: about

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: million

text: Jews

text: who

text: had

text: resided

text: in

text: Europe

text: Some

text: definitions

text: of

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: include

text: the

text: additional

text: five

text: million

text: non

text: Jewish

text: victims

text: of

text: Nazi

text: mass

text: murders

text: bringing

text: the

text: total

text: to

text: about

text: million

text: Killings

text: took

text: place

text: throughout

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: German

text: occupied

text: territories

text: and

text: territories

text: held

text: by

text: allies

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: Sir John Desmond Patrick Keegan (15 May 1934  2 August 2012) was a British military historian, lecturer, writer and journalist. He was the author of many published works on the nature of combat between the 14th and 21st centuries concerning land, air, maritime, and intelligence warfare, as well as the psychology of battle.

text: Sir

text: John

text: Desmond

text: Patrick

text: Keegan

text: May

text: August

text: was

text: British

text: military

text: historian

text: lecturer

text: writer

text: and

text: journalist

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: many

text: published

text: works

text: on

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: combat

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: concerning

text: land

text: air

text: maritime

text: and

text: intelligence

text: warfare

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: psychology

text: of

text: battle

text: The Battle of the Coral Sea, fought during 48 May 1942, was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and naval and air forces from the United States and Australia. The battle was the first action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other, as well as the first in which neither side's ships sighted or fired directly upon the other.

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Coral

text: Sea

text: fought

text: during

text: May

text: was

text: major

text: naval

text: battle

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Theater

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: between

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: and

text: naval

text: and

text: air

text: forces

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Australia

text: The

text: battle

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: action

text: in

text: which

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: engaged

text: each

text: other

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: in

text: which

text: neither

text: side

text: 's

text: ships

text: sighted

text: or

text: fired

text: directly

text: upon

text: the

text: other

text: The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's aerial warfare force. Formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, it is the oldest independent air force in the world. Following victory over the Central Powers in 1918 the RAF emerged as, at the time, the largest air force in the world. Since its formation, the RAF has taken a significant role in British military history, in particular, playing a large part in the Second World War where it fought its most famous campaign, the Battle of Britain.

text: The

text: Royal

text: Air

text: Force

text: RAF

text: is

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: aerial

text: warfare

text: force

text: Formed

text: towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: on

text: April

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: independent

text: air

text: force

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Following

text: victory

text: over

text: the

text: Central

text: Powers

text: in

text: the

text: RAF

text: emerged

text: as

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: the

text: largest

text: air

text: force

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Since

text: its

text: formation

text: the

text: RAF

text: has

text: taken

text: significant

text: role

text: in

text: British

text: military

text: history

text: in

text: particular

text: playing

text: large

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: where

text: it

text: fought

text: its

text: most

text: famous

text: campaign

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Britain

text: A reserve fleet is a collection of naval vessels of all types that are fully equipped for service but are not currently needed, and thus partially or fully decommissioned. A reserve fleet is informally said to be "in mothballs" or "mothballed"; an equivalent expression in unofficial modern U.S. naval usage is "ghost fleet". In earlier times, and especially in British usage, these ships were said to be "laid up in ordinary".

text: reserve

text: fleet

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: naval

text: vessels

text: of

text: all

text: types

text: that

text: are

text: fully

text: equipped

text: for

text: service

text: but

text: are

text: not

text: currently

text: needed

text: and

text: thus

text: partially

text: or

text: fully

text: decommissioned

text: reserve

text: fleet

text: is

text: informally

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: mothballs

text: or

text: mothballed

text: an

text: equivalent

text: expression

text: in

text: unofficial

text: modern

text: U.S.

text: naval

text: usage

text: is

text: ghost

text: fleet

text: In

text: earlier

text: times

text: and

text: especially

text: in

text: British

text: usage

text: these

text: ships

text: were

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: laid

text: up

text: in

text: ordinary

text: Yamamoto held several important posts in the Imperial Japanese Navy, and undertook many of its changes and reorganizations, especially its development of naval aviation. He was the commander-in-chief during the decisive early years of the Pacific War and so was responsible for major battles such as Pearl Harbor and Midway. He died when American codebreakers identified his flight plans and his plane was shot down. His death was a major blow to Japanese military morale during World War II.

text: Yamamoto

text: held

text: several

text: important

text: posts

text: in

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: and

text: undertook

text: many

text: of

text: its

text: changes

text: and

text: reorganizations

text: especially

text: its

text: development

text: of

text: naval

text: aviation

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: commander

text: in

text: chief

text: during

text: the

text: decisive

text: early

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: War

text: and

text: so

text: was

text: responsible

text: for

text: major

text: battles

text: such

text: as

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: and

text: Midway

text: He

text: died

text: when

text: American

text: codebreakers

text: identified

text: his

text: flight

text: plans

text: and

text: his

text: plane

text: was

text: shot

text: down

text: His

text: death

text: was

text: major

text: blow

text: to

text: Japanese

text: military

text: morale

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Hiroshima is perhaps best known as the first city in history to be targeted by a nuclear weapon when the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dropped an atomic bomb on the city (and later on Nagasaki) at 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, near the end of World War II.

text: Hiroshima

text: is

text: perhaps

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: city

text: in

text: history

text: to

text: be

text: targeted

text: by

text: nuclear

text: weapon

text: when

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: Air

text: Forces

text: USAAF

text: dropped

text: an

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: later

text: on

text: Nagasaki

text: at

text: a.m.

text: on

text: August

text: near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U.S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, with the highest combined battle fleet tonnage. The U.S. Navy has the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on active duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 aircraft in active service .

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: USN

text: is

text: the

text: naval

text: warfare

text: service

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: seven

text: uniformed

text: services

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: most

text: capable

text: navy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: combined

text: battle

text: fleet

text: tonnage

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: has

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: aircraft

text: carrier

text: fleet

text: with

text: ten

text: in

text: service

text: two

text: in

text: the

text: reserve

text: fleet

text: and

text: three

text: new

text: carriers

text: under

text: construction

text: The

text: service

text: has

text: personnel

text: on

text: active

text: duty

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Navy

text: Reserve

text: It

text: has

text: deployable

text: combat

text: vessels

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: aircraft

text: in

text: active

text: service

question: place_of_death charles kleinsmith

answer: pacific ocean

text: pacific ocean


text: Dear 23 is the major label debut by Seattle Alternative rock/grunge/power pop band The Posies. "Apology" appears in "" along with "I May Hate you Sometimes" from their first album, "Failure".

text: Dear

text: is

text: the

text: major

text: label

text: debut

text: by

text: Seattle

text: Alternative

text: rock

text: grunge

text: power

text: pop

text: band

text: The

text: Posies

text: Apology

text: appears

text: in

text: along

text: with

text: May

text: Hate

text: you

text: Sometimes

text: from

text: their

text: first

text: album

text: Failure

text: Big Star was an American power pop band formed in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1971 by Alex Chilton, Chris Bell, Jody Stephens, and Andy Hummel. The group broke up in 1974, and reorganized with a new line-up nearly 20 years later. In its first era, the band's musical style drew on the vocal harmonies of the Beatles, as well as the swaggering rhythms of the Rolling Stones and the jangling guitars of the Byrds. To the resulting power pop, Big Star added dark, existential themes, and produced a style that foreshadowed the alternative rock of the 1980s and 1990s. Before it broke up, Big Star created a "seminal body of work that never stopped inspiring succeeding generations" in the words of "Rolling Stone," as the "quintessential American power pop band" and "one of the most mythic and influential cult acts in all of rock & roll".

text: Big

text: Star

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: power

text: pop

text: band

text: formed

text: in

text: Memphis

text: Tennessee

text: in

text: by

text: Alex

text: Chilton

text: Chris

text: Bell

text: Jody

text: Stephens

text: and

text: Andy

text: Hummel

text: The

text: group

text: broke

text: up

text: in

text: and

text: reorganized

text: with

text: new

text: line

text: up

text: nearly

text: years

text: later

text: In

text: its

text: first

text: era

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: musical

text: style

text: drew

text: on

text: the

text: vocal

text: harmonies

text: of

text: the

text: Beatles

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: swaggering

text: rhythms

text: of

text: the

text: Rolling

text: Stones

text: and

text: the

text: jangling

text: guitars

text: of

text: the

text: Byrds

text: To

text: the

text: resulting

text: power

text: pop

text: Big

text: Star

text: added

text: dark

text: existential

text: themes

text: and

text: produced

text: style

text: that

text: foreshadowed

text: the

text: alternative

text: rock

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: Before

text: it

text: broke

text: up

text: Big

text: Star

text: created

text: seminal

text: body

text: of

text: work

text: that

text: never

text: stopped

text: inspiring

text: succeeding

text: generations

text: in

text: the

text: words

text: of

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: as

text: the

text: quintessential

text: American

text: power

text: pop

text: band

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: mythic

text: and

text: influential

text: cult

text: acts

text: in

text: all

text: of

text: rock

text: roll

text: The Posies are an American power pop group. The band was formed in 1987 in Bellingham, Washington by primary songwriters Jon Auer and Ken Stringfellow. They are best known for their radio hits "Golden Blunders" (from "Dear 23"), as well as "Dream All Day", "Solar Sister" and "Flavor of the Month" (from "Frosting on the Beater").

text: The

text: Posies

text: are

text: an

text: American

text: power

text: pop

text: group

text: The

text: band

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: in

text: Bellingham

text: Washington

text: by

text: primary

text: songwriters

text: Jon

text: Auer

text: and

text: Ken

text: Stringfellow

text: They

text: are

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: radio

text: hits

text: Golden

text: Blunders

text: from

text: Dear

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Dream

text: All

text: Day

text: Solar

text: Sister

text: and

text: Flavor

text: of

text: the

text: Month

text: from

text: Frosting

text: on

text: the

text: Beater

text: Bellingham is the largest city in and the county seat of Whatcom County in the U.S. state of Washington. It is the thirteenth-largest city in the state, with 85,146 residents in 2015 as estimated by the US Census, or sixth-largest by metropolitan area after Seattle-Tacoma, Spokane, the northern side of the Portland metropolitan area, the Tri-Cities, and Yakima. The boundaries of the city encompass the former towns of Fairhaven, Whatcom, Sehome, and Bellingham.

text: Bellingham

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Whatcom

text: County

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Washington

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: thirteenth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: with

text: residents

text: in

text: as

text: estimated

text: by

text: the

text: US

text: Census

text: or

text: sixth

text: largest

text: by

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: after

text: Seattle

text: Tacoma

text: Spokane

text: the

text: northern

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Portland

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: the

text: Tri

text: Cities

text: and

text: Yakima

text: The

text: boundaries

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: encompass

text: the

text: former

text: towns

text: of

text: Fairhaven

text: Whatcom

text: Sehome

text: and

text: Bellingham

text: Frosting on the Beater is the third album by the Seattle rock group The Posies, released in 1993. It featured a heavier, more intense sound than the band's prior works, in part due to production duties being handled by Don Fleming. "Dream All Day," "Solar Sister" and "Definite Door" were released as singles, with the first two getting moderate airplay and the third being the band's only single to break the UK Top 75. "Flavor of the Month" was a swipe at the many overnight-sensation grunge bands in The Posies' hometown of Seattle. "Coming Right Along" appeared on the soundtrack to the movie "The Basketball Diaries" (1995, Island Records). "Dream All Day" was later used as the title of the band's best-of compilation, released in 2000. Frosting On The Beater was the last album original drummer Mike Musburger appeared on.

text: Frosting

text: on

text: the

text: Beater

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: album

text: by

text: the

text: Seattle

text: rock

text: group

text: The

text: Posies

text: released

text: in

text: It

text: featured

text: heavier

text: more

text: intense

text: sound

text: than

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: prior

text: works

text: in

text: part

text: due

text: to

text: production

text: duties

text: being

text: handled

text: by

text: Don

text: Fleming

text: Dream

text: All

text: Day

text: Solar

text: Sister

text: and

text: Definite

text: Door

text: were

text: released

text: as

text: singles

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: two

text: getting

text: moderate

text: airplay

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: being

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: only

text: single

text: to

text: break

text: the

text: UK

text: Top

text: Flavor

text: of

text: the

text: Month

text: was

text: swipe

text: at

text: the

text: many

text: overnight

text: sensation

text: grunge

text: bands

text: in

text: The

text: Posies

text: hometown

text: of

text: Seattle

text: Coming

text: Right

text: Along

text: appeared

text: on

text: the

text: soundtrack

text: to

text: the

text: movie

text: The

text: Basketball

text: Diaries

text: Island

text: Records

text: Dream

text: All

text: Day

text: was

text: later

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: best

text: of

text: compilation

text: released

text: in

text: Frosting

text: On

text: The

text: Beater

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: album

text: original

text: drummer

text: Mike

text: Musburger

text: appeared

text: on

text:
Kenneth Stuart Stringfellow (born October 30, 1968) is an American singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, arranger, and producer. Best known for his work with The Posies, R.E.M., and the re-formed Big Star, Stringfellow's discography includes more than 200 albums.
Early life and education.
Stringfellow was born in Hollywood, California. His father, a television executive, relocated the family frequently as his career developed, and Stringfellow went to elementary schools in New York, Chicago, and Detroit. After his parents divorced, in 1978, he moved to Bellingham, Washington. In high school, Stringfellow, who had learned to play piano at nine and guitar at 11, met Jon Auer, with whom he would later form The Posies.

text: Kenneth

text: Stuart

text: Stringfellow

text: born

text: October

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: arranger

text: and

text: producer

text: Best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: with

text: The

text: Posies

text: R.E.M.

text: and

text: the

text: re

text: formed

text: Big

text: Star

text: Stringfellow

text: 's

text: discography

text: includes

text: more

text: than

text: albums

text: Early

text: life

text: and

text: education

text: Stringfellow

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Hollywood

text: California

text: His

text: father

text: television

text: executive

text: relocated

text: the

text: family

text: frequently

text: as

text: his

text: career

text: developed

text: and

text: Stringfellow

text: went

text: to

text: elementary

text: schools

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: Chicago

text: and

text: Detroit

text: After

text: his

text: parents

text: divorced

text: in

text: he

text: moved

text: to

text: Bellingham

text: Washington

text: In

text: high

text: school

text: Stringfellow

text: who

text: had

text: learned

text: to

text: play

text: piano

text: at

text: nine

text: and

text: guitar

text: at

text: met

text: Jon

text: Auer

text: with

text: whom

text: he

text: would

text: later

text: form

text: The

text: Posies

text: R.E.M. was an American rock band from Athens, Georgia, that was formed in 1980 by drummer Bill Berry, lead guitarist Peter Buck, bassist/backing vocalist Mike Mills, and lead vocalist Michael Stipe. One of the first alternative rock bands, R.E.M. was noted for Buck's ringing, arpeggiated guitar style, Stipe's particular vocal quality and obscure lyrics, and Mills' melodic basslines and backing vocals. R.E.M. released its first single"Radio Free Europe"in 1981 on the independent record label Hib-Tone. The single was followed by the "Chronic Town" EP in 1982, the band's first release on I.R.S. Records. In 1983, the group released its critically acclaimed debut album, "Murmur", and built its reputation over the next few years through subsequent releases, constant touring, and the support of college radio. Following years of underground success, R.E.M. achieved a mainstream hit in 1987 with the single "The One I Love". The group signed to Warner Bros. Records in 1988, and began to espouse political and environmental concerns while playing large arenas worldwide.

text: R.E.M.

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: rock

text: band

text: from

text: Athens

text: Georgia

text: that

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: by

text: drummer

text: Bill

text: Berry

text: lead

text: guitarist

text: Peter

text: Buck

text: bassist

text: backing

text: vocalist

text: Mike

text: Mills

text: and

text: lead

text: vocalist

text: Michael

text: Stipe

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: alternative

text: rock

text: bands

text: R.E.M.

text: was

text: noted

text: for

text: Buck

text: 's

text: ringing

text: arpeggiated

text: guitar

text: style

text: Stipe

text: 's

text: particular

text: vocal

text: quality

text: and

text: obscure

text: lyrics

text: and

text: Mills

text: melodic

text: basslines

text: and

text: backing

text: vocals

text: R.E.M.

text: released

text: its

text: first

text: single"Radio

text: Free

text: Europe"in

text: on

text: the

text: independent

text: record

text: label

text: Hib

text: Tone

text: The

text: single

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Chronic

text: Town

text: EP

text: in

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: first

text: release

text: on

text: I.R.S.

text: Records

text: In

text: the

text: group

text: released

text: its

text: critically

text: acclaimed

text: debut

text: album

text: Murmur

text: and

text: built

text: its

text: reputation

text: over

text: the

text: next

text: few

text: years

text: through

text: subsequent

text: releases

text: constant

text: touring

text: and

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: college

text: radio

text: Following

text: years

text: of

text: underground

text: success

text: R.E.M.

text: achieved

text: mainstream

text: hit

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: single

text: The

text: One

text: Love

text: The

text: group

text: signed

text: to

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Records

text: in

text: and

text: began

text: to

text: espouse

text: political

text: and

text: environmental

text: concerns

text: while

text: playing

text: large

text: arenas

text: worldwide

text: Jonathan Paul `` Jon '' Auer ( born September 29 , 1969 ) is an American musician who co-founded the power pop band The Posies , along with Ken Stringfellow . Auer and Stringfellow have also been a part of the rejuvenated Big Star . Auer was a founding member of Sky Cries Mary . Auer was also a member of The Squirrels , Lucky Me , Jean Jacket Shotgun and Chariot . As a solo artist , Auer has released an EP , 61/2 , and a full - length record on the label Pattern25 called Songs from the Year of Our Demise . Auer is also a record producer . He has worked with bands such as You Am I , Monostereo , Cheap Star , Love Battery , Redd Kross , Truly , The Melismatics , and Tad . In 2003 , Auer and Ken Stringfellow released Private Sides , a six - song split EP ( Arena Rock Recording Co. / Rykodisc ) . Auer played guitar on the 2004 William Shatner record Has Been which was produced and arranged by Ben Folds .

text: Jonathan

text: Paul

text: Jon

text: Auer

text: born

text: September

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: musician

text: who

text: co

text: founded

text: the

text: power

text: pop

text: band

text: The

text: Posies

text: along

text: with

text: Ken

text: Stringfellow

text: Auer

text: and

text: Stringfellow

text: have

text: also

text: been

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: rejuvenated

text: Big

text: Star

text: Auer

text: was

text: founding

text: member

text: of

text: Sky

text: Cries

text: Mary

text: Auer

text: was

text: also

text: member

text: of

text: The

text: Squirrels

text: Lucky

text: Me

text: Jean

text: Jacket

text: Shotgun

text: and

text: Chariot

text: As

text: solo

text: artist

text: Auer

text: has

text: released

text: an

text: EP

text: and

text: full

text: length

text: record

text: on

text: the

text: label

text: called

text: Songs

text: from

text: the

text: Year

text: of

text: Our

text: Demise

text: Auer

text: is

text: also

text: record

text: producer

text: He

text: has

text: worked

text: with

text: bands

text: such

text: as

text: You

text: Am

text: Monostereo

text: Cheap

text: Star

text: Love

text: Battery

text: Redd

text: Kross

text: Truly

text: The

text: Melismatics

text: and

text: Tad

text: In

text: Auer

text: and

text: Ken

text: Stringfellow

text: released

text: Private

text: Sides

text: six

text: song

text: split

text: EP

text: Arena

text: Rock

text: Recording

text: Co.

text: Rykodisc

text: Auer

text: played

text: guitar

text: on

text: the

text: William

text: Shatner

text: record

text: Has

text: Been

text: which

text: was

text: produced

text: and

text: arranged

text: by

text: Ben

text: Folds

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: work_location jon auer

answer: seattle

text: seattle

text: seattle

text: seattle

text: seattle


text: Jonathan Mark `` Jonny '' Buckland ( born 11 September 1977 ) is an English musician and multi-instrumentalist , best known as the lead guitarist and co-founder of the band Coldplay .

text: Jonathan

text: Mark

text: Jonny

text: Buckland

text: born

text: September

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: musician

text: and

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: lead

text: guitarist

text: and

text: co

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: band

text: Coldplay

text: Guy Rupert Berryman (born 12 April 1978) is a Scottish musician, multi-instrumentalist and producer. He is the bass guitarist for the bands Coldplay and Apparatjik. Though Berryman is left-handed, he plays the bass right-handed.

text: Guy

text: Rupert

text: Berryman

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: Scottish

text: musician

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: and

text: producer

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: bass

text: guitarist

text: for

text: the

text: bands

text: Coldplay

text: and

text: Apparatjik

text: Though

text: Berryman

text: is

text: left

text: handed

text: he

text: plays

text: the

text: bass

text: right

text: handed

text: Christopher Anthony John "Chris" Martin (born 2 March 1977) is a British singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist. He is the co-founder and lead singer of the British alternative rock band Coldplay. Born in Whitestone, near Exeter in Devon, Martin went to University College London where he formed a rock band with fellow musician Jonny Buckland in 1996 called Pectoralz, which was eventually renamed Coldplay in 1998.

text: Christopher

text: Anthony

text: John

text: Chris

text: Martin

text: born

text: March

text: is

text: British

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: record

text: producer

text: and

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: co

text: founder

text: and

text: lead

text: singer

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: alternative

text: rock

text: band

text: Coldplay

text: Born

text: in

text: Whitestone

text: near

text: Exeter

text: in

text: Devon

text: Martin

text: went

text: to

text: University

text: College

text: London

text: where

text: he

text: formed

text: rock

text: band

text: with

text: fellow

text: musician

text: Jonny

text: Buckland

text: in

text: called

text: Pectoralz

text: which

text: was

text: eventually

text: renamed

text: Coldplay

text: in

text: Coldplay are a British rock band formed in 1996 by lead vocalist and keyboardist Chris Martin and lead guitarist Jonny Buckland at University College London (UCL). After they formed under the name Pectoralz, Guy Berryman joined the group as bassist and they changed their name to Starfish. Will Champion joined as drummer and backing vocalist, completing the performing line-up. Creative Director Phil Harvey is often referred to as the official fifth member by the band. The band renamed themselves "Coldplay" in 1998, before recording and releasing three EPs: "Safety" in 1998, "Brothers & Sisters" as a single in 1999, and "The Blue Room" in the same year. "The Blue Room" was their first release on a major label, after signing to Parlophone.

text: Coldplay

text: are

text: British

text: rock

text: band

text: formed

text: in

text: by

text: lead

text: vocalist

text: and

text: keyboardist

text: Chris

text: Martin

text: and

text: lead

text: guitarist

text: Jonny

text: Buckland

text: at

text: University

text: College

text: London

text: UCL

text: After

text: they

text: formed

text: under

text: the

text: name

text: Pectoralz

text: Guy

text: Berryman

text: joined

text: the

text: group

text: as

text: bassist

text: and

text: they

text: changed

text: their

text: name

text: to

text: Starfish

text: Will

text: Champion

text: joined

text: as

text: drummer

text: and

text: backing

text: vocalist

text: completing

text: the

text: performing

text: line

text: up

text: Creative

text: Director

text: Phil

text: Harvey

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: official

text: fifth

text: member

text: by

text: the

text: band

text: The

text: band

text: renamed

text: themselves

text: Coldplay

text: in

text: before

text: recording

text: and

text: releasing

text: three

text: EPs

text: Safety

text: in

text: Brothers

text: Sisters

text: as

text: single

text: in

text: and

text: The

text: Blue

text: Room

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: The

text: Blue

text: Room

text: was

text: their

text: first

text: release

text: on

text: major

text: label

text: after

text: signing

text: to

text: Parlophone

text:
University College London (UCL) is a public research university in London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It is the largest postgraduate institution in the UK by enrollment and is regarded as one of the world's leading multidisciplinary research universities.
Established in 1826 as London University by founders inspired by the radical ideas of Jeremy Bentham, UCL was the first university institution to be established in London, and the first in England to be entirely secular and to admit students regardless of their religion. UCL also makes the contested claims of being the third-oldest university in England and the first to admit women. In 1836 UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London, which was granted a royal charter in the same year. It has grown through mergers, including with the Institute of Neurology (in 1997), the Royal Free Hospital Medical School (in 1998), the Eastman Dental Institute (in 1999), the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (in 1999), the School of Pharmacy (in 2012) and the Institute of Education (in 2014).
UCL has its main campus in the Bloomsbury area of central London, with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals elsewhere in central London and a satellite campus in Doha, Qatar. UCL is organised into 11 constituent faculties, within which there are over 100 departments, institutes and research centres. UCL operates several culturally significant museums and manages collections in a wide range of fields, including the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology and the Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, and administers the annual Orwell Prize in political writing. In 2015/16, UCL had around 38,300 students and 12,000 staff (including around 7,100 academic staff and 840 professors) and had a total income of £1.36 billion, of which £530 million was from research grants and contracts.
UCL ranks highly in national and international league tables and its graduates rank among the most employable in the world. UCL alumni include the "Father of the Nation" of each of India, Kenya and Mauritius, the founders of Ghana, modern Japan and Nigeria, the inventor of the telephone, and one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. UCL academics discovered five of the naturally occurring noble gases, co-discovered hormones, invented the vacuum tube, and made several foundational advances in modern statistics. There are at least 29 Nobel Prize winners and 3 Fields medalists amongst UCL's alumni and current and former staff. UCL is a member of numerous academic organisations, including the Russell Group, and is part of UCL Partners, the world's largest academic health science centre, and the 'golden triangle' of research-intensive English universities.

text: University

text: College

text: London

text: UCL

text: is

text: public

text: research

text: university

text: in

text: London

text: England

text: and

text: constituent

text: college

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: University

text: of

text: London

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: postgraduate

text: institution

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: by

text: enrollment

text: and

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: leading

text: multidisciplinary

text: research

text: universities

text: Established

text: in

text: as

text: London

text: University

text: by

text: founders

text: inspired

text: by

text: the

text: radical

text: ideas

text: of

text: Jeremy

text: Bentham

text: UCL

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: university

text: institution

text: to

text: be

text: established

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: in

text: England

text: to

text: be

text: entirely

text: secular

text: and

text: to

text: admit

text: students

text: regardless

text: of

text: their

text: religion

text: UCL

text: also

text: makes

text: the

text: contested

text: claims

text: of

text: being

text: the

text: third

text: oldest

text: university

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: admit

text: women

text: In

text: UCL

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: founding

text: colleges

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: London

text: which

text: was

text: granted

text: royal

text: charter

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: It

text: has

text: grown

text: through

text: mergers

text: including

text: with

text: the

text: Institute

text: of

text: Neurology

text: in

text: the

text: Royal

text: Free

text: Hospital

text: Medical

text: School

text: in

text: the

text: Eastman

text: Dental

text: Institute

text: in

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: Slavonic

text: and

text: East

text: European

text: Studies

text: in

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: Pharmacy

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: Institute

text: of

text: Education

text: in

text: UCL

text: has

text: its

text: main

text: campus

text: in

text: the

text: Bloomsbury

text: area

text: of

text: central

text: London

text: with

text: number

text: of

text: institutes

text: and

text: teaching

text: hospitals

text: elsewhere

text: in

text: central

text: London

text: and

text: satellite

text: campus

text: in

text: Doha

text: Qatar

text: UCL

text: is

text: organised

text: into

text: constituent

text: faculties

text: within

text: which

text: there

text: are

text: over

text: departments

text: institutes

text: and

text: research

text: centres

text: UCL

text: operates

text: several

text: culturally

text: significant

text: museums

text: and

text: manages

text: collections

text: in

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: fields

text: including

text: the

text: Petrie

text: Museum

text: of

text: Egyptian

text: Archaeology

text: and

text: the

text: Grant

text: Museum

text: of

text: Zoology

text: and

text: Comparative

text: Anatomy

text: and

text: administers

text: the

text: annual

text: Orwell

text: Prize

text: in

text: political

text: writing

text: In

text: UCL

text: had

text: around

text: students

text: and

text: staff

text: including

text: around

text: academic

text: staff

text: and

text: professors

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: income

text: of

text: billion

text: of

text: which

text: million

text: was

text: from

text: research

text: grants

text: and

text: contracts

text: UCL

text: ranks

text: highly

text: in

text: national

text: and

text: international

text: league

text: tables

text: and

text: its

text: graduates

text: rank

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: employable

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: UCL

text: alumni

text: include

text: the

text: Father

text: of

text: the

text: Nation

text: of

text: each

text: of

text: India

text: Kenya

text: and

text: Mauritius

text: the

text: founders

text: of

text: Ghana

text: modern

text: Japan

text: and

text: Nigeria

text: the

text: inventor

text: of

text: the

text: telephone

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: co

text: discoverers

text: of

text: the

text: structure

text: of

text: DNA

text: UCL

text: academics

text: discovered

text: five

text: of

text: the

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: noble

text: gases

text: co

text: discovered

text: hormones

text: invented

text: the

text: vacuum

text: tube

text: and

text: made

text: several

text: foundational

text: advances

text: in

text: modern

text: statistics

text: There

text: are

text: at

text: least

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: winners

text: and

text: Fields

text: medalists

text: amongst

text: UCL

text: 's

text: alumni

text: and

text: current

text: and

text: former

text: staff

text: UCL

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: numerous

text: academic

text: organisations

text: including

text: the

text: Russell

text: Group

text: and

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: UCL

text: Partners

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: academic

text: health

text: science

text: centre

text: and

text: the

text: golden

text: triangle

text: of

text: research

text: intensive

text: English

text: universities

text: Parlophone Limited (also known as Parlophone Records) is a German-British record label that was founded in Germany in 1896 by the Carl Lindström Company as Parlophon. The British branch of the company was formed in 1923 as The Parlophone Co. Ltd., which developed a reputation in the 1920s as a leading jazz record label. In 1926, the Columbia Graphophone Company acquired Parlophone's business, name and releases. Columbia Graphophone later merged with the Gramophone Company in 1931 to become Electric & Musical Industries Limited (EMI). George Martin joined EMI in 1950 as assistant label manager, taking over as manager in 1955. Martin produced and released a mix of product including comedy recordings of the Goons, the pianist Mrs Mills, and teen idol Adam Faith.

text: Parlophone

text: Limited

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Parlophone

text: Records

text: is

text: German

text: British

text: record

text: label

text: that

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: Germany

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Carl

text: Lindström

text: Company

text: as

text: Parlophon

text: The

text: British

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: company

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: as

text: The

text: Parlophone

text: Co.

text: Ltd.

text: which

text: developed

text: reputation

text: in

text: the

text: as

text: leading

text: jazz

text: record

text: label

text: In

text: the

text: Columbia

text: Graphophone

text: Company

text: acquired

text: Parlophone

text: 's

text: business

text: name

text: and

text: releases

text: Columbia

text: Graphophone

text: later

text: merged

text: with

text: the

text: Gramophone

text: Company

text: in

text: to

text: become

text: Electric

text: Musical

text: Industries

text: Limited

text: EMI

text: George

text: Martin

text: joined

text: EMI

text: in

text: as

text: assistant

text: label

text: manager

text: taking

text: over

text: as

text: manager

text: in

text: Martin

text: produced

text: and

text: released

text: mix

text: of

text: product

text: including

text: comedy

text: recordings

text: of

text: the

text: Goons

text: the

text: pianist

text: Mrs

text: Mills

text: and

text: teen

text: idol

text: Adam

text: Faith

text: William "Will" Champion (born 31 July 1978) is a British musician and multi-instrumentalist. He is the drummer and backing vocalist for the alternative rock band Coldplay.

text: William

text: Will

text: Champion

text: born

text: July

text: is

text: British

text: musician

text: and

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: drummer

text: and

text: backing

text: vocalist

text: for

text: the

text: alternative

text: rock

text: band

text: Coldplay

annotations: follows single

question: given_name jonny buckland

answer: john

text: john