text: Kilkea (meaning "church of Cathac"), (pop 92) is a village in County Kildare, Ireland, about from Dublin, and from the town of Carlow. The R418 regional road from Athy to Tullow passes through the village.

text: Kilkea

text: meaning

text: church

text: of

text: Cathac

text: pop

text: is

text: village

text: in

text: County

text: Kildare

text: Ireland

text: about

text: from

text: Dublin

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Carlow

text: The

text: regional

text: road

text: from

text: Athy

text: to

text: Tullow

text: passes

text: through

text: the

text: village

text: Antarctica (US English , UK English or ) is Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At , it is the fifth-largest continent. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.

text: Antarctica

text: US

text: English

text: UK

text: English

text: or

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: southernmost

text: continent

text: It

text: contains

text: the

text: geographic

text: South

text: Pole

text: and

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

text: almost

text: entirely

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Circle

text: and

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: At

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: continent

text: For

text: comparison

text: Antarctica

text: is

text: nearly

text: twice

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: Australia

text: About

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: is

text: covered

text: by

text: ice

text: that

text: averages

text: in

text: thickness

text: which

text: extends

text: to

text: all

text: but

text: the

text: northernmost

text: reaches

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Peninsula

text: County Kildare is a county in Ireland. It is located in the province of Leinster and is part of the Mid-East Region. It is named after the town of Kildare. Kildare County Council is the local authority for the county which has a population of 222,130.

text: County

text: Kildare

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: Ireland

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Leinster

text: and

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Mid

text: East

text: Region

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Kildare

text: Kildare

text: County

text: Council

text: is

text: the

text: local

text: authority

text: for

text: the

text: county

text: which

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: The British Antarctic Expedition 190709, otherwise known as the Nimrod Expedition, was the first of three expeditions to the Antarctic led by Ernest Shackleton. Its main target, among a range of geographical and scientific objectives, was to be first to the South Pole. This was not attained, but the expedition's southern march reached a Farthest South latitude of 88° 23' S, just from the pole. This was by far the longest southern polar journey to that date and a record convergence on either Pole. A separate group led by Welsh Australian geology professor Edgeworth David reached the estimated location of the South Magnetic Pole, and the expedition also achieved the first ascent of Mount Erebus, Antarctica's second highest volcano.

text: The

text: British

text: Antarctic

text: Expedition

text: otherwise

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Nimrod

text: Expedition

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: three

text: expeditions

text: to

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: led

text: by

text: Ernest

text: Shackleton

text: Its

text: main

text: target

text: among

text: range

text: of

text: geographical

text: and

text: scientific

text: objectives

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: first

text: to

text: the

text: South

text: Pole

text: This

text: was

text: not

text: attained

text: but

text: the

text: expedition

text: 's

text: southern

text: march

text: reached

text: Farthest

text: South

text: latitude

text: of

text: just

text: from

text: the

text: pole

text: This

text: was

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: longest

text: southern

text: polar

text: journey

text: to

text: that

text: date

text: and

text: record

text: convergence

text: on

text: either

text: Pole

text: separate

text: group

text: led

text: by

text: Welsh

text: Australian

text: geology

text: professor

text: Edgeworth

text: David

text: reached

text: the

text: estimated

text: location

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: Magnetic

text: Pole

text: and

text: the

text: expedition

text: also

text: achieved

text: the

text: first

text: ascent

text: of

text: Mount

text: Erebus

text: Antarctica

text: 's

text: second

text: highest

text: volcano

text: Mount Erebus is the second-highest volcano in Antarctica (after Mount Sidley) and the southernmost active volcano on Earth. It is the sixth highest ultra mountain on an island. With a summit elevation of , it is located on Ross Island, which is also home to three inactive volcanoes, Mount Terror, Mount Bird, and Mount Terra Nova.

text: Mount

text: Erebus

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: highest

text: volcano

text: in

text: Antarctica

text: after

text: Mount

text: Sidley

text: and

text: the

text: southernmost

text: active

text: volcano

text: on

text: Earth

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: sixth

text: highest

text: ultra

text: mountain

text: on

text: an

text: island

text: With

text: summit

text: elevation

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: Ross

text: Island

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: three

text: inactive

text: volcanoes

text: Mount

text: Terror

text: Mount

text: Bird

text: and

text: Mount

text: Terra

text: Nova

text: The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is one of the two points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface. It is the southernmost point on the surface of the Earth and lies on the opposite side of the Earth from the North Pole.

text: The

text: South

text: Pole

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Geographic

text: South

text: Pole

text: or

text: Terrestrial

text: South

text: Pole

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: points

text: where

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: axis

text: of

text: rotation

text: intersects

text: its

text: surface

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: point

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: and

text: lies

text: on

text: the

text: opposite

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: from

text: the

text: North

text: Pole

text: The Antarctic (US English , UK English or and or ) is a polar region, specifically the region around the Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises in the strict sense the continent of Antarctica and the island territories located on the Antarctic Plate. In a broader sense the Antarctic region include the ice shelves, waters, and island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, a zone approximately wide varying in latitude seasonally. The region covers some 20% of the Southern Hemisphere, of which 5.5% (14 million km) is the surface area of the Antarctic continent itself. All of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude are administrated under the Antarctic Treaty System. In a biogeographic sense, the Antarctic ecozone is one of eight ecozones of the Earth's land surface.

text: The

text: Antarctic

text: US

text: English

text: UK

text: English

text: or

text: and

text: or

text: is

text: polar

text: region

text: specifically

text: the

text: region

text: around

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: South

text: Pole

text: opposite

text: the

text: Arctic

text: region

text: around

text: the

text: North

text: Pole

text: The

text: Antarctic

text: comprises

text: in

text: the

text: strict

text: sense

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: and

text: the

text: island

text: territories

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Plate

text: In

text: broader

text: sense

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: region

text: include

text: the

text: ice

text: shelves

text: waters

text: and

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: situated

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Convergence

text: zone

text: approximately

text: wide

text: varying

text: in

text: latitude

text: seasonally

text: The

text: region

text: covers

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

text: of

text: which

text: million

text: km

text: is

text: the

text: surface

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: continent

text: itself

text: All

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: and

text: ice

text: shelves

text: south

text: of

text: latitude

text: are

text: administrated

text: under

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Treaty

text: System

text: In

text: biogeographic

text: sense

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: ecozone

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: eight

text: ecozones

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: land

text: surface

text: Sir Tannatt William Edgeworth David (28 January 1858  28 August 1934), professionally known as Edgeworth David, was a Welsh Australian geologist and Antarctic explorer. A household name in his lifetime, David's most significant achievements were discovering the major Hunter Valley coalfield in New South Wales and leading the first expedition to reach the South Magnetic Pole. He also served with distinction in World War I.

text: Sir

text: Tannatt

text: William

text: Edgeworth

text: David

text: January

text: August

text: professionally

text: known

text: as

text: Edgeworth

text: David

text: was

text: Welsh

text: Australian

text: geologist

text: and

text: Antarctic

text: explorer

text: household

text: name

text: in

text: his

text: lifetime

text: David

text: 's

text: most

text: significant

text: achievements

text: were

text: discovering

text: the

text: major

text: Hunter

text: Valley

text: coalfield

text: in

text: New

text: South

text: Wales

text: and

text: leading

text: the

text: first

text: expedition

text: to

text: reach

text: the

text: South

text: Magnetic

text: Pole

text: He

text: also

text: served

text: with

text: distinction

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica. As such, it is regarded as the fourth-largest of the five principal oceanic divisions: smaller than the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean. This ocean zone is where cold, northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix with warmer subantarctic waters.

text: The

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Ocean

text: or

text: the

text: Austral

text: Ocean

text: comprises

text: the

text: southernmost

text: waters

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Ocean

text: generally

text: taken

text: to

text: be

text: south

text: of

text: latitude

text: and

text: encircling

text: Antarctica

text: As

text: such

text: it

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: principal

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: smaller

text: than

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Indian

text: Oceans

text: but

text: larger

text: than

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: This

text: ocean

text: zone

text: is

text: where

text: cold

text: northward

text: flowing

text: waters

text: from

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: mix

text: with

text: warmer

text: subantarctic

text: waters

text: Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (15 February 1874  5 January 1922) was a polar explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic, and one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Born in Kilkea, Athy, County Kildare, Ireland, Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family moved to Sydenham in suburban south London when he was ten. His first experience of the polar regions was as third officer on Captain Robert Falcon Scott's Discovery Expedition 19011904, from which he was sent home early on health grounds, after he and his companions Scott and Edward Adrian Wilson set a new southern record by marching to latitude 82°S.

text: Sir

text: Ernest

text: Henry

text: Shackleton

text: February

text: January

text: was

text: polar

text: explorer

text: who

text: led

text: three

text: British

text: expeditions

text: to

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: principal

text: figures

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Heroic

text: Age

text: of

text: Antarctic

text: Exploration

text: Born

text: in

text: Kilkea

text: Athy

text: County

text: Kildare

text: Ireland

text: Shackleton

text: and

text: his

text: Anglo

text: Irish

text: family

text: moved

text: to

text: Sydenham

text: in

text: suburban

text: south

text: London

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: ten

text: His

text: first

text: experience

text: of

text: the

text: polar

text: regions

text: was

text: as

text: third

text: officer

text: on

text: Captain

text: Robert

text: Falcon

text: Scott

text: 's

text: Discovery

text: Expedition

text: from

text: which

text: he

text: was

text: sent

text: home

text: early

text: on

text: health

text: grounds

text: after

text: he

text: and

text: his

text: companions

text: Scott

text: and

text: Edward

text: Adrian

text: Wilson

text: set

text: new

text: southern

text: record

text: by

text: marching

text: to

text: latitude

text: George Buckley ( 1866 -- 1937 ) explored Antarctica with the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton .

text: George

text: Buckley

text: explored

text: Antarctica

text: with

text: the

text: Nimrod

text: Expedition

text: led

text: by

text: Ernest

text: Shackleton

text: The British National Antarctic Expedition, 190104, generally known as the "Discovery" Expedition, was the first official British exploration of the Antarctic regions since James Clark Ross's voyage sixty years earlier. Organized on a large scale under a joint committee of the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), the new expedition aimed to carry out scientific research and geographical exploration in what was then largely an untouched continent. It launched the Antarctic careers of many who would become leading figures in the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, including Robert Falcon Scott who led the expedition, Ernest Shackleton, Edward Wilson, Frank Wild, Tom Crean and William Lashly.

text: The

text: British

text: National

text: Antarctic

text: Expedition

text: generally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Discovery

text: Expedition

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: official

text: British

text: exploration

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: regions

text: since

text: James

text: Clark

text: Ross

text: 's

text: voyage

text: sixty

text: years

text: earlier

text: Organized

text: on

text: large

text: scale

text: under

text: joint

text: committee

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: and

text: the

text: Royal

text: Geographical

text: Society

text: RGS

text: the

text: new

text: expedition

text: aimed

text: to

text: carry

text: out

text: scientific

text: research

text: and

text: geographical

text: exploration

text: in

text: what

text: was

text: then

text: largely

text: an

text: untouched

text: continent

text: It

text: launched

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: careers

text: of

text: many

text: who

text: would

text: become

text: leading

text: figures

text: in

text: the

text: Heroic

text: Age

text: of

text: Antarctic

text: Exploration

text: including

text: Robert

text: Falcon

text: Scott

text: who

text: led

text: the

text: expedition

text: Ernest

text: Shackleton

text: Edward

text: Wilson

text: Frank

text: Wild

text: Tom

text: Crean

text: and

text: William

text: Lashly

text: A continent is one of several very large landmasses on Earth. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in size to smallest, they are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. In geology, areas of continental crust include regions covered with water.

text: continent

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: several

text: very

text: large

text: landmasses

text: on

text: Earth

text: Generally

text: identified

text: by

text: convention

text: rather

text: than

text: any

text: strict

text: criteria

text: up

text: to

text: seven

text: regions

text: are

text: commonly

text: regarded

text: as

text: continents

text: Ordered

text: from

text: largest

text: in

text: size

text: to

text: smallest

text: they

text: are

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: North

text: America

text: South

text: America

text: Antarctica

text: Europe

text: and

text: Australia

text: In

text: geology

text: areas

text: of

text: continental

text: crust

text: include

text: regions

text: covered

text: with

text: water

text: Sydenham is a suburban district of south-east London in the London Boroughs of Lewisham, Bromley and Southwark. Located in Kent until 1889, when the County of London was created, Sydenham was historically a very affluent town and the Crystal Palace from the Great Exhibition was relocated to Sydenham Hill in 1854. Bordering Forest Hill, Dulwich, Crystal Palace, Penge, Beckenham, Catford and Bellingham; Sydenham today is a diverse area with a 2011 population of 28,378.

text: Sydenham

text: is

text: suburban

text: district

text: of

text: south

text: east

text: London

text: in

text: the

text: London

text: Boroughs

text: of

text: Lewisham

text: Bromley

text: and

text: Southwark

text: Located

text: in

text: Kent

text: until

text: when

text: the

text: County

text: of

text: London

text: was

text: created

text: Sydenham

text: was

text: historically

text: very

text: affluent

text: town

text: and

text: the

text: Crystal

text: Palace

text: from

text: the

text: Great

text: Exhibition

text: was

text: relocated

text: to

text: Sydenham

text: Hill

text: in

text: Bordering

text: Forest

text: Hill

text: Dulwich

text: Crystal

text: Palace

text: Penge

text: Beckenham

text: Catford

text: and

text: Bellingham

text: Sydenham

text: today

text: is

text: diverse

text: area

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: Athy is a market town at the meeting of the River Barrow and the Grand Canal in south-west County Kildare, Ireland, 72 kilometres southwest of Dublin.

text: Athy

text: is

text: market

text: town

text: at

text: the

text: meeting

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Barrow

text: and

text: the

text: Grand

text: Canal

text: in

text: south

text: west

text: County

text: Kildare

text: Ireland

text: kilometres

text: southwest

text: of

text: Dublin

text: Earth, otherwise known as the world, is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets.

text: Earth

text: otherwise

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: planet

text: from

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: object

text: in

text: the

text: Universe

text: known

text: to

text: harbor

text: life

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: densest

text: planet

text: in

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: terrestrial

text: planets

text: Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney.

text: Australia

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Australia

text: is

text: country

text: comprising

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: continent

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Tasmania

text: and

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: islands

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sixth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: The

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: are

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: East

text: Timor

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: and

text: Vanuatu

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: Australia

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: Canberra

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: Sydney

text: The Southern Hemisphere is the half sphere of Earth which is south of the equator. It contains all or parts of five continents (Antarctica, Australia, about 90% of South America, the southern third of Africa, and several southern islands off the continental mainland of Asia), four oceans (Indian, South Atlantic, Southern, and South Pacific) and most of the Pacific Islands in Oceania. Its surface is 80.9% water, compared with 60.7% water in the case of the Northern Hemisphere, and it contains 32.7% of Earth's land.

text: The

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

text: is

text: the

text: half

text: sphere

text: of

text: Earth

text: which

text: is

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: equator

text: It

text: contains

text: all

text: or

text: parts

text: of

text: five

text: continents

text: Antarctica

text: Australia

text: about

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: the

text: southern

text: third

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: several

text: southern

text: islands

text: off

text: the

text: continental

text: mainland

text: of

text: Asia

text: four

text: oceans

text: Indian

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: Southern

text: and

text: South

text: Pacific

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Islands

text: in

text: Oceania

text: Its

text: surface

text: is

text: water

text: compared

text: with

text: water

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: Northern

text: Hemisphere

text: and

text: it

text: contains

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: land

text: Captain Robert Falcon Scott, (6 June 1868  29 March 1912) was a British Royal Navy officer and explorer who led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 19011904, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 19101913. On the first expedition, he set a new southern record by marching to latitude 82°S and discovered the Polar Plateau, on which the South Pole is located. During the second venture, Scott led a party of five which reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, four weeks after Roald Amundsen's Norwegian expedition. On their return journey, Scott's party discovered plant fossils, proving Antarctica was once forested and joined to other continents. A planned meeting with supporting dog teams from the base camp failed, despite Scott's written instructions, and at a distance of 150 miles from their base camp and 11 miles from the next depot, Scott and his companions perished.

text: Captain

text: Robert

text: Falcon

text: Scott

text: June

text: March

text: was

text: British

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: officer

text: and

text: explorer

text: who

text: led

text: two

text: expeditions

text: to

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: regions

text: the

text: Discovery

text: Expedition

text: and

text: the

text: ill

text: fated

text: Terra

text: Nova

text: Expedition

text: On

text: the

text: first

text: expedition

text: he

text: set

text: new

text: southern

text: record

text: by

text: marching

text: to

text: latitude

text: and

text: discovered

text: the

text: Polar

text: Plateau

text: on

text: which

text: the

text: South

text: Pole

text: is

text: located

text: During

text: the

text: second

text: venture

text: Scott

text: led

text: party

text: of

text: five

text: which

text: reached

text: the

text: South

text: Pole

text: on

text: January

text: four

text: weeks

text: after

text: Roald

text: Amundsen

text: 's

text: Norwegian

text: expedition

text: On

text: their

text: return

text: journey

text: Scott

text: 's

text: party

text: discovered

text: plant

text: fossils

text: proving

text: Antarctica

text: was

text: once

text: forested

text: and

text: joined

text: to

text: other

text: continents

text: planned

text: meeting

text: with

text: supporting

text: dog

text: teams

text: from

text: the

text: base

text: camp

text: failed

text: despite

text: Scott

text: 's

text: written

text: instructions

text: and

text: at

text: distance

text: of

text: miles

text: from

text: their

text: base

text: camp

text: and

text: miles

text: from

text: the

text: next

text: depot

text: Scott

text: and

text: his

text: companions

text: perished

text:
In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the northsouth position of a point on the Earth's surface. Latitude is an angle (defined below) which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run eastwest as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth.
Approximations employed.
Two levels of abstraction are employed in the definition of these coordinates. In the first step the physical surface is modelled by the geoid, a surface which approximates the mean sea level over the oceans and its continuation under the land masses. The second step is to approximate the geoid by a mathematically simpler reference surface. The simplest choice for the reference surface is a sphere, but the geoid is more accurately modelled by an ellipsoid. The definitions of latitude and longitude on such reference surfaces are detailed in the following sections. Lines of constant latitude and longitude together constitute a graticule on the reference surface. The latitude of a point on the "actual" surface is that of the corresponding point on the reference surface, the correspondence being along the normal to the reference surface which passes through the point on the physical surface. Latitude and longitude together with some specification of height constitute a geographic coordinate system as defined in the specification of the ISO 19111 standard.

text: In

text: geography

text: latitude

text: is

text: geographic

text: coordinate

text: that

text: specifies

text: the

text: northsouth

text: position

text: of

text: point

text: on

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: Latitude

text: is

text: an

text: angle

text: defined

text: below

text: which

text: ranges

text: from

text: at

text: the

text: Equator

text: to

text: North

text: or

text: South

text: at

text: the

text: poles

text: Lines

text: of

text: constant

text: latitude

text: or

text: parallels

text: run

text: eastwest

text: as

text: circles

text: parallel

text: to

text: the

text: equator

text: Latitude

text: is

text: used

text: together

text: with

text: longitude

text: to

text: specify

text: the

text: precise

text: location

text: of

text: features

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: Approximations

text: employed

text: Two

text: levels

text: of

text: abstraction

text: are

text: employed

text: in

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: these

text: coordinates

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: step

text: the

text: physical

text: surface

text: is

text: modelled

text: by

text: the

text: geoid

text: surface

text: which

text: approximates

text: the

text: mean

text: sea

text: level

text: over

text: the

text: oceans

text: and

text: its

text: continuation

text: under

text: the

text: land

text: masses

text: The

text: second

text: step

text: is

text: to

text: approximate

text: the

text: geoid

text: by

text: mathematically

text: simpler

text: reference

text: surface

text: The

text: simplest

text: choice

text: for

text: the

text: reference

text: surface

text: is

text: sphere

text: but

text: the

text: geoid

text: is

text: more

text: accurately

text: modelled

text: by

text: an

text: ellipsoid

text: The

text: definitions

text: of

text: latitude

text: and

text: longitude

text: on

text: such

text: reference

text: surfaces

text: are

text: detailed

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: sections

text: Lines

text: of

text: constant

text: latitude

text: and

text: longitude

text: together

text: constitute

text: graticule

text: on

text: the

text: reference

text: surface

text: The

text: latitude

text: of

text: point

text: on

text: the

text: actual

text: surface

text: is

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: corresponding

text: point

text: on

text: the

text: reference

text: surface

text: the

text: correspondence

text: being

text: along

text: the

text: normal

text: to

text: the

text: reference

text: surface

text: which

text: passes

text: through

text: the

text: point

text: on

text: the

text: physical

text: surface

text: Latitude

text: and

text: longitude

text: together

text: with

text: some

text: specification

text: of

text: height

text: constitute

text: geographic

text: coordinate

text: system

text: as

text: defined

text: in

text: the

text: specification

text: of

text: the

text: ISO

text: standard

text: Ireland (Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth.

text: Ireland

text: Ulster

text: Scots

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Great

text: Britain

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Channel

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: and

text: St

text: George

text: 's

text: Channel

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: island

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: twentieth

text: largest

text: on

text: Earth

text: The Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration was an era beginning at the end of the 19th century and closing with Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, the survivors stepping ashore in Wellington, New Zealand February 9, 1917. Historian Aant Elzinga gives the much later date of 1945, considering World War II to be the turning point in Antarctic research. During this period the Antarctic continent became the focus of an international effort that resulted in intensive scientific and geographical exploration and in which 17 major Antarctic expeditions were launched from ten countries. The common factor in these expeditions was the limited nature of the resources available to them before advances in transport and communication technologies revolutionized the work of exploration. This meant that each expedition became a feat of endurance that tested, and sometimes exceeded its personnel's physical and mental limits. The "heroic" label, bestowed later, recognized the adversities which had to be overcome by these pioneers, some of whom did not survive the experience; during this period 19 expedition members died.

text: The

text: Heroic

text: Age

text: of

text: Antarctic

text: Exploration

text: was

text: an

text: era

text: beginning

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: closing

text: with

text: Shackleton

text: 's

text: Imperial

text: Trans

text: Antarctic

text: Expedition

text: the

text: survivors

text: stepping

text: ashore

text: in

text: Wellington

text: New

text: Zealand

text: February

text: Historian

text: Aant

text: Elzinga

text: gives

text: the

text: much

text: later

text: date

text: of

text: considering

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: turning

text: point

text: in

text: Antarctic

text: research

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: continent

text: became

text: the

text: focus

text: of

text: an

text: international

text: effort

text: that

text: resulted

text: in

text: intensive

text: scientific

text: and

text: geographical

text: exploration

text: and

text: in

text: which

text: major

text: Antarctic

text: expeditions

text: were

text: launched

text: from

text: ten

text: countries

text: The

text: common

text: factor

text: in

text: these

text: expeditions

text: was

text: the

text: limited

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: resources

text: available

text: to

text: them

text: before

text: advances

text: in

text: transport

text: and

text: communication

text: technologies

text: revolutionized

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: exploration

text: This

text: meant

text: that

text: each

text: expedition

text: became

text: feat

text: of

text: endurance

text: that

text: tested

text: and

text: sometimes

text: exceeded

text: its

text: personnel

text: 's

text: physical

text: and

text: mental

text: limits

text: The

text: heroic

text: label

text: bestowed

text: later

text: recognized

text: the

text: adversities

text: which

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: overcome

text: by

text: these

text: pioneers

text: some

text: of

text: whom

text: did

text: not

text: survive

text: the

text: experience

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: expedition

text: members

text: died

question: country_of_citizenship george buckley

answer: new zealand

text: new zealand

text: new zealand