text: Dissociatives are a class of hallucinogen, which distort perceptions of sight and sound and produce feelings of detachment  dissociation  from the environment and self. This is done through reducing or blocking signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain. Although many kinds of drugs are capable of such action, dissociatives are unique in that they do so in such a way that they produce hallucinogenic effects, which may include sensory deprivation, dissociation, hallucinations, and dream-like states or trances. Some, which are nonselective in action and affect the dopamine and/or opioid systems, may be capable of inducing euphoria. Many dissociatives have general depressant effects and can produce sedation, respiratory depression, analgesia, anesthesia, and ataxia, as well as cognitive and memory impairment and amnesia.

text: Dissociatives

text: are

text: class

text: of

text: hallucinogen

text: which

text: distort

text: perceptions

text: of

text: sight

text: and

text: sound

text: and

text: produce

text: feelings

text: of

text: detachment

text: dissociation

text: from

text: the

text: environment

text: and

text: self

text: This

text: is

text: done

text: through

text: reducing

text: or

text: blocking

text: signals

text: to

text: the

text: conscious

text: mind

text: from

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: Although

text: many

text: kinds

text: of

text: drugs

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: such

text: action

text: dissociatives

text: are

text: unique

text: in

text: that

text: they

text: do

text: so

text: in

text: such

text: way

text: that

text: they

text: produce

text: hallucinogenic

text: effects

text: which

text: may

text: include

text: sensory

text: deprivation

text: dissociation

text: hallucinations

text: and

text: dream

text: like

text: states

text: or

text: trances

text: Some

text: which

text: are

text: nonselective

text: in

text: action

text: and

text: affect

text: the

text: dopamine

text: and/or

text: opioid

text: systems

text: may

text: be

text: capable

text: of

text: inducing

text: euphoria

text: Many

text: dissociatives

text: have

text: general

text: depressant

text: effects

text: and

text: can

text: produce

text: sedation

text: respiratory

text: depression

text: analgesia

text: anesthesia

text: and

text: ataxia

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: cognitive

text: and

text: memory

text: impairment

text: and

text: amnesia

text: Salvia divinorum (also known as sage of the diviners, ska maría pastora, seer's sage, yerba de la pastora and just salvia) is a psychoactive plant which can induce visions and other altered and spiritual experiences. Its native habitat is in cloud forest in the isolated Sierra Mazateca of Oaxaca, Mexico, where it grows in shady and moist locations. The plant grows to over a meter high, has hollow square stems, large leaves, and occasional white flowers with violet calyxes. Botanists have not determined whether "Salvia divinorum" is a cultigen or a hybrid; native plants reproduce vegetatively, rarely producing viable seed.

text: Salvia

text: divinorum

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: sage

text: of

text: the

text: diviners

text: ska

text: maría

text: pastora

text: seer

text: 's

text: sage

text: yerba

text: de

text: la

text: pastora

text: and

text: just

text: salvia

text: is

text: psychoactive

text: plant

text: which

text: can

text: induce

text: visions

text: and

text: other

text: altered

text: and

text: spiritual

text: experiences

text: Its

text: native

text: habitat

text: is

text: in

text: cloud

text: forest

text: in

text: the

text: isolated

text: Sierra

text: Mazateca

text: of

text: Oaxaca

text: Mexico

text: where

text: it

text: grows

text: in

text: shady

text: and

text: moist

text: locations

text: The

text: plant

text: grows

text: to

text: over

text: meter

text: high

text: has

text: hollow

text: square

text: stems

text: large

text: leaves

text: and

text: occasional

text: white

text: flowers

text: with

text: violet

text: calyxes

text: Botanists

text: have

text: not

text: determined

text: whether

text: Salvia

text: divinorum

text: is

text: cultigen

text: or

text: hybrid

text: native

text: plants

text: reproduce

text: vegetatively

text: rarely

text: producing

text: viable

text: seed

text: Salvinorin A is the main active psychotropic molecule in "Salvia divinorum", a Mexican plant which has a long history of use as an entheogen by indigenous Mazatec shamans. Salvinorin A is considered a dissociative.

text: Salvinorin

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: active

text: psychotropic

text: molecule

text: in

text: Salvia

text: divinorum

text: Mexican

text: plant

text: which

text: has

text: long

text: history

text: of

text: use

text: as

text: an

text: entheogen

text: by

text: indigenous

text: Mazatec

text: shamans

text: Salvinorin

text: is

text: considered

text: dissociative

text: Mexico (, modern Nahuatl ), officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world while being the second most populous country in Latin America. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana and León.

text: Mexico

text: modern

text: Nahuatl

text: officially

text: the

text: United

text: Mexican

text: States

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: west

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: Guatemala

text: Belize

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Sea

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: Covering

text: almost

text: two

text: million

text: square

text: kilometers

text: over

text: sq

text: mi

text: Mexico

text: is

text: the

text: sixth

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: independent

text: nation

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: eleventh

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Spanish

text: speaking

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: while

text: being

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: Mexico

text: is

text: federation

text: comprising

text: states

text: and

text: federal

text: district

text: that

text: is

text: also

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: Other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Guadalajara

text: Monterrey

text: Puebla

text: Toluca

text: Tijuana

text: and

text: León

text: A cloud forest, also called a fog forest, is a generally tropical or subtropical, evergreen, montane, moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover, usually at the canopy level. Cloud forests often exhibit an abundance of mosses covering the ground and vegetation, in which case they are also referred to as mossy forests. Mossy forests usually develop on the saddles of mountains, where moisture introduced by settling clouds is more effectively retained.

text: cloud

text: forest

text: also

text: called

text: fog

text: forest

text: is

text: generally

text: tropical

text: or

text: subtropical

text: evergreen

text: montane

text: moist

text: forest

text: characterized

text: by

text: persistent

text: frequent

text: or

text: seasonal

text: low

text: level

text: cloud

text: cover

text: usually

text: at

text: the

text: canopy

text: level

text: Cloud

text: forests

text: often

text: exhibit

text: an

text: abundance

text: of

text: mosses

text: covering

text: the

text: ground

text: and

text: vegetation

text: in

text: which

text: case

text: they

text: are

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: mossy

text: forests

text: Mossy

text: forests

text: usually

text: develop

text: on

text: the

text: saddles

text: of

text: mountains

text: where

text: moisture

text: introduced

text: by

text: settling

text: clouds

text: is

text: more

text: effectively

text: retained

text:
A cultigen (from the Latin "cultus"  cultivated, and "gens"  kind) is a plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans; it is the result of artificial selection. These "man-made" or anthropogenic plants are, for the most part, plants of commerce that are used in horticulture, agriculture and forestry. Because cultigens are defined by their mode of origin and not by where they are growing, plants meeting this definition remain cultigens whether they are naturalised in the wild, deliberately planted in the wild, or growing in cultivation.
Cultigens arise in the following ways: selections of variants from the wild or cultivation including vegetative sports (aberrant growth that can be reproduced reliably in cultivation); plants that are the result of plant breeding and selection programs; genetically modified plants (plants modified by the deliberate implantation of genetic material); and graft-chimaeras (plants grafted to produce mixed tissue, the graft material possibly from wild plants, special selections, or hybrids).

text: cultigen

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: cultus

text: cultivated

text: and

text: gens

text: kind

text: is

text: plant

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: deliberately

text: altered

text: or

text: selected

text: by

text: humans

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: artificial

text: selection

text: These

text: man

text: made

text: or

text: anthropogenic

text: plants

text: are

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: part

text: plants

text: of

text: commerce

text: that

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: horticulture

text: agriculture

text: and

text: forestry

text: Because

text: cultigens

text: are

text: defined

text: by

text: their

text: mode

text: of

text: origin

text: and

text: not

text: by

text: where

text: they

text: are

text: growing

text: plants

text: meeting

text: this

text: definition

text: remain

text: cultigens

text: whether

text: they

text: are

text: naturalised

text: in

text: the

text: wild

text: deliberately

text: planted

text: in

text: the

text: wild

text: or

text: growing

text: in

text: cultivation

text: Cultigens

text: arise

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: ways

text: selections

text: of

text: variants

text: from

text: the

text: wild

text: or

text: cultivation

text: including

text: vegetative

text: sports

text: aberrant

text: growth

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: reproduced

text: reliably

text: in

text: cultivation

text: plants

text: that

text: are

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: plant

text: breeding

text: and

text: selection

text: programs

text: genetically

text: modified

text: plants

text: plants

text: modified

text: by

text: the

text: deliberate

text: implantation

text: of

text: genetic

text: material

text: and

text: graft

text: chimaeras

text: plants

text: grafted

text: to

text: produce

text: mixed

text: tissue

text: the

text: graft

text: material

text: possibly

text: from

text: wild

text: plants

text: special

text: selections

text: or

text: hybrids

text: An entheogen, meaning "generating the divine within" is any chemical substance used in a mystical, religious, shamanic, or spiritual context with the intention to induce psychological or physiological changes.

text: An

text: entheogen

text: meaning

text: generating

text: the

text: divine

text: within

text: is

text: any

text: chemical

text: substance

text: used

text: in

text: mystical

text: religious

text: shamanic

text: or

text: spiritual

text: context

text: with

text: the

text: intention

text: to

text: induce

text: psychological

text: or

text: physiological

text: changes

text: Salvinorins are a group of natural chemical compounds and their structural analogs . Several salvinorins have been isolated from Salvia divinorum . They are classified as diterpenoid furanolactones . Salvinorin A is a hallucinogen with dissociative effects . Several salvinorins have been isolated and characterized .

text: Salvinorins

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: natural

text: chemical

text: compounds

text: and

text: their

text: structural

text: analogs

text: Several

text: salvinorins

text: have

text: been

text: isolated

text: from

text: Salvia

text: divinorum

text: They

text: are

text: classified

text: as

text: diterpenoid

text: furanolactones

text: Salvinorin

text: is

text: hallucinogen

text: with

text: dissociative

text: effects

text: Several

text: salvinorins

text: have

text: been

text: isolated

text: and

text: characterized

text: Oaxaca (, , from ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca, is one of the 31 states which, along with the Federal District, make up the 32 federative entities of Mexico. It is divided into 570 municipalities, of which 418 (almost three quarters) are governed by the system of Usos y costumbres (customs and traditions) with recognized local forms of self governance. Its capital city is Oaxaca de Juárez.

text: Oaxaca

text: from

text: officially

text: the

text: Free

text: and

text: Sovereign

text: State

text: of

text: Oaxaca

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: which

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Federal

text: District

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: federative

text: entities

text: of

text: Mexico

text: It

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: municipalities

text: of

text: which

text: almost

text: three

text: quarters

text: are

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: system

text: of

text: Usos

text: costumbres

text: customs

text: and

text: traditions

text: with

text: recognized

text: local

text: forms

text: of

text: self

text: governance

text: Its

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Oaxaca

text: de

text: Juárez

question: subclass_of salvinorin

answer: chemical substance

text: chemical substance


text: Lapis lazuli, or lapis for short, is a deep blue semi-precious stone prized since antiquity for its intense color. As early as the 7th millennium BC, lapis lazuli was mined in the Sar-i Sang mines, in Shortugai, and in other mines in the Badakhshan province in northeast Afghanistan. Lapis was highly valued by the Indus Valley Civilisation (33001900 BC). Lapis beads have been found at neolithic burials in Mehrgarh, the Caucasus, and even as far from Afghanistan as Mauritania. It was used in the funeral mask of Tutankhamun (13411323 BC).

text: Lapis

text: lazuli

text: or

text: lapis

text: for

text: short

text: is

text: deep

text: blue

text: semi

text: precious

text: stone

text: prized

text: since

text: antiquity

text: for

text: its

text: intense

text: color

text: As

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: millennium

text: BC

text: lapis

text: lazuli

text: was

text: mined

text: in

text: the

text: Sar

text: Sang

text: mines

text: in

text: Shortugai

text: and

text: in

text: other

text: mines

text: in

text: the

text: Badakhshan

text: province

text: in

text: northeast

text: Afghanistan

text: Lapis

text: was

text: highly

text: valued

text: by

text: the

text: Indus

text: Valley

text: Civilisation

text: BC

text: Lapis

text: beads

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: at

text: neolithic

text: burials

text: in

text: Mehrgarh

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: and

text: even

text: as

text: far

text: from

text: Afghanistan

text: as

text: Mauritania

text: It

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: funeral

text: mask

text: of

text: Tutankhamun

text: BC

text: Tuva or Tyva, "Tyva Respublika"), officially Republic of Tyva, is a federal subject of Russia (a republic, also defined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation as a state). It lies in the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders the Altai Republic, the Republic of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, and the Republic of Buryatia in Russia and Mongolia to the south. Its capital is the city of Kyzyl. It has a population of 307,930 (2010 census).

text: Tuva

text: or

text: Tyva

text: Tyva

text: Respublika

text: officially

text: Republic

text: of

text: Tyva

text: is

text: federal

text: subject

text: of

text: Russia

text: republic

text: also

text: defined

text: in

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: as

text: state

text: It

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: geographical

text: center

text: of

text: Asia

text: in

text: southern

text: Siberia

text: The

text: republic

text: borders

text: the

text: Altai

text: Republic

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Khakassia

text: Krasnoyarsk

text: Krai

text: Irkutsk

text: Oblast

text: and

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Buryatia

text: in

text: Russia

text: and

text: Mongolia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Kyzyl

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: census

text: A triangle is a polygon with three edges and three vertices. It is one of the basic shapes in geometry. A triangle with vertices "A", "B", and "C" is denoted formula_1.

text: triangle

text: is

text: polygon

text: with

text: three

text: edges

text: and

text: three

text: vertices

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: basic

text: shapes

text: in

text: geometry

text: triangle

text: with

text: vertices

text: and

text: is

text: denoted

text: Irkutsk Oblast ("Irkutskaya oblast") is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in southeastern Siberia in the basins of the Angara, Lena, and Nizhnyaya Tunguska Rivers. The administrative center is the city of Irkutsk. Population: 2,428,750 (2010 Census).

text: Irkutsk

text: Oblast

text: Irkutskaya

text: oblast

text: is

text: federal

text: subject

text: of

text: Russia

text: an

text: oblast

text: located

text: in

text: southeastern

text: Siberia

text: in

text: the

text: basins

text: of

text: the

text: Angara

text: Lena

text: and

text: Nizhnyaya

text: Tunguska

text: Rivers

text: The

text: administrative

text: center

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Irkutsk

text: Population

text: Census

text: The Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age.

text: The

text: Renaissance

text: was

text: period

text: in

text: European

text: history

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: cultural

text: bridge

text: between

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: modern

text: history

text: It

text: started

text: as

text: cultural

text: movement

text: in

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: Late

text: Medieval

text: period

text: and

text: later

text: spread

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Europe

text: marking

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Early

text: Modern

text: Age

text: The flag of Tuva , a republic in the Russian Federation , is a light blue field with a white - fimbriated pall of the same color bordering a yellow triangle on the hoist . White symbolizes silver and virtue ; additionally , it is common in Tuva for hostesses to greet guests with silver streamers in their arms . The yellow triangle symbolizes gold and Buddhism . Blue symbolizes the morals of nomadic herdsmen ( who are commonly respected in the region ) , as well the Tuvan sky . The blue pall symbolizes the confluence of the Bii - Khem ( Bolshoy Yenisei ) and Kaa - Khem ( Maly Yenisei ) rivers at the Tuvan capital of Qzl , where they form the Yenisei River , known to locals as the Ulug - Khem River . The flag was created on September 18 , 1992 by Oyun - ool Sat , I. C. Salchak and O. I. Lazarev . The proportions are 2:3 .

text: The

text: flag

text: of

text: Tuva

text: republic

text: in

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: is

text: light

text: blue

text: field

text: with

text: white

text: fimbriated

text: pall

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: color

text: bordering

text: yellow

text: triangle

text: on

text: the

text: hoist

text: White

text: symbolizes

text: silver

text: and

text: virtue

text: additionally

text: it

text: is

text: common

text: in

text: Tuva

text: for

text: hostesses

text: to

text: greet

text: guests

text: with

text: silver

text: streamers

text: in

text: their

text: arms

text: The

text: yellow

text: triangle

text: symbolizes

text: gold

text: and

text: Buddhism

text: Blue

text: symbolizes

text: the

text: morals

text: of

text: nomadic

text: herdsmen

text: who

text: are

text: commonly

text: respected

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: as

text: well

text: the

text: Tuvan

text: sky

text: The

text: blue

text: pall

text: symbolizes

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Bii

text: Khem

text: Bolshoy

text: Yenisei

text: and

text: Kaa

text: Khem

text: Maly

text: Yenisei

text: rivers

text: at

text: the

text: Tuvan

text: capital

text: of

text: Qzl

text: where

text: they

text: form

text: the

text: Yenisei

text: River

text: known

text: to

text: locals

text: as

text: the

text: Ulug

text: Khem

text: River

text: The

text: flag

text: was

text: created

text: on

text: September

text: by

text: Oyun

text: ool

text: Sat

text: Salchak

text: and

text: Lazarev

text: The

text: proportions

text: are

text: Yellow is the color between green and orange in the spectrum of visible light. It is the color of ripe lemons, sunflowers, and gold. It is a primary color in subtractive color, used in color printing. According to surveys in Europe, Canada, and the United States, yellow is the color people most often associate with amusement, gentleness, and spontaneity, but also with duplicity, envy, jealousy, avarice, and, in the U.S., with cowardice. It plays an important role in Asian culture, particularly in China, where it is seen as the color of happiness, glory, wisdom, harmony, and culture.

text: Yellow

text: is

text: the

text: color

text: between

text: green

text: and

text: orange

text: in

text: the

text: spectrum

text: of

text: visible

text: light

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: ripe

text: lemons

text: sunflowers

text: and

text: gold

text: It

text: is

text: primary

text: color

text: in

text: subtractive

text: color

text: used

text: in

text: color

text: printing

text: According

text: to

text: surveys

text: in

text: Europe

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: yellow

text: is

text: the

text: color

text: people

text: most

text: often

text: associate

text: with

text: amusement

text: gentleness

text: and

text: spontaneity

text: but

text: also

text: with

text: duplicity

text: envy

text: jealousy

text: avarice

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: with

text: cowardice

text: It

text: plays

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: Asian

text: culture

text: particularly

text: in

text: China

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: seen

text: as

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: happiness

text: glory

text: wisdom

text: harmony

text: and

text: culture

text: IndiGo is a low-cost airline headquartered at Gurgaon, Haryana, India. It is the largest airline in India in passengers carried, with a 42.6% market share as of October 2016. The airline operates to 41 destinations and is the second largest low-cost carrier in Asia. It has its primary hub at Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi.

text: IndiGo

text: is

text: low

text: cost

text: airline

text: headquartered

text: at

text: Gurgaon

text: Haryana

text: India

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: airline

text: in

text: India

text: in

text: passengers

text: carried

text: with

text: market

text: share

text: as

text: of

text: October

text: The

text: airline

text: operates

text: to

text: destinations

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: low

text: cost

text: carrier

text: in

text: Asia

text: It

text: has

text: its

text: primary

text: hub

text: at

text: Indira

text: Gandhi

text: International

text: Airport

text: Delhi

text: Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.

text: Russia

text: from

text: the

text: Rus

text: also

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: At

text: Russia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: surface

text: area

text: covering

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: eighth

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: inhabited

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: most

text: populous

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: March

text: The

text: European

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: populated

text: and

text: urbanised

text: than

text: the

text: eastern

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: live

text: in

text: European

text: Russia

text: Russia

text: 's

text: capital

text: Moscow

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: centers

text: include

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Novosibirsk

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: and

text: Samara

text: Mongolia (Mongolian: ["Monggol Ulus"] in Mongolian script; ["Mongol Uls"] in Mongolian Cyrillic) is a landlocked unitary sovereign state in East Asia. Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia, and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state. It is sandwiched between China to the south and Russia to the north. While it does not share a border with Kazakhstan, Mongolia is separated from it by only .

text: Mongolia

text: Mongolian

text: Monggol

text: Ulus

text: in

text: Mongolian

text: script

text: Mongol

text: Uls

text: in

text: Mongolian

text: Cyrillic

text: is

text: landlocked

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: Its

text: area

text: is

text: roughly

text: equivalent

text: with

text: the

text: historical

text: territory

text: of

text: Outer

text: Mongolia

text: and

text: that

text: term

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: current

text: state

text: It

text: is

text: sandwiched

text: between

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: While

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: share

text: border

text: with

text: Kazakhstan

text: Mongolia

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: it

text: by

text: only

text: Krasnoyarsk Krai is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), with its administrative center being the Siberian city of Krasnoyarsk, which is the third-largest city in Siberia (after Novosibirsk and Omsk). Krasnoyarsk Krai is the largest krai in the Russian Federation, the second largest federal subject (after the Sakha Republic), and the third largest subnational governing body by area in the world. The krai covers an area of , which is nearly one quarter the size of the entire country of Canada (the next-largest country in the world after Russia), constituting roughly 13% of the Russian Federation's total area and containing a population of 2,828,187, or just under 2% of its population. (2010 Census).

text: Krasnoyarsk

text: Krai

text: is

text: federal

text: subject

text: of

text: Russia

text: krai

text: with

text: its

text: administrative

text: center

text: being

text: the

text: Siberian

text: city

text: of

text: Krasnoyarsk

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Siberia

text: after

text: Novosibirsk

text: and

text: Omsk

text: Krasnoyarsk

text: Krai

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: krai

text: in

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: federal

text: subject

text: after

text: the

text: Sakha

text: Republic

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: subnational

text: governing

text: body

text: by

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: krai

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: nearly

text: one

text: quarter

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: country

text: of

text: Canada

text: the

text: next

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: after

text: Russia

text: constituting

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: 's

text: total

text: area

text: and

text: containing

text: population

text: of

text: or

text: just

text: under

text: of

text: its

text: population

text: Census

text: Judaism (from , derived from Greek , originally from Hebrew , "Yehudah", "Judah"; in Hebrew: , "Yahadut", the distinctive characteristics of the Judean ethnos) encompasses the religion, philosophy, culture and way of life of the Jewish people. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship that God established with the Children of Israel. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth-largest religion in the world.

text: Judaism

text: from

text: derived

text: from

text: Greek

text: originally

text: from

text: Hebrew

text: Yehudah

text: Judah

text: in

text: Hebrew

text: Yahadut

text: the

text: distinctive

text: characteristics

text: of

text: the

text: Judean

text: ethnos

text: encompasses

text: the

text: religion

text: philosophy

text: culture

text: and

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: people

text: Judaism

text: is

text: an

text: ancient

text: monotheistic

text: religion

text: with

text: the

text: Torah

text: as

text: its

text: foundational

text: text

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: text

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Tanakh

text: or

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: and

text: supplemental

text: oral

text: tradition

text: represented

text: by

text: later

text: texts

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Midrash

text: and

text: the

text: Talmud

text: Judaism

text: is

text: considered

text: by

text: religious

text: Jews

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: expression

text: of

text: the

text: covenantal

text: relationship

text: that

text: God

text: established

text: with

text: the

text: Children

text: of

text: Israel

text: With

text: between

text: and

text: million

text: adherents

text: worldwide

text: Judaism

text: is

text: the

text: tenth

text: largest

text: religion

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Siberia is an extensive geographical region, and by the broadest definition is also known as North Asia. Siberia has historically been a part of Russia since the 17th century.

text: Siberia

text: is

text: an

text: extensive

text: geographical

text: region

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: broadest

text: definition

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: North

text: Asia

text: Siberia

text: has

text: historically

text: been

text: part

text: of

text: Russia

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: Pierre-Auguste Renoir, commonly known as Auguste Renoir (or  25 February 1841  3 December 1919), was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style. As a celebrator of beauty and especially feminine sensuality, it has been said that "Renoir is the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from Rubens to Watteau."

text: Pierre

text: Auguste

text: Renoir

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Auguste

text: Renoir

text: or

text: February

text: December

text: was

text: French

text: artist

text: who

text: was

text: leading

text: painter

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: Impressionist

text: style

text: As

text: celebrator

text: of

text: beauty

text: and

text: especially

text: feminine

text: sensuality

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: said

text: that

text: Renoir

text: is

text: the

text: final

text: representative

text: of

text: tradition

text: which

text: runs

text: directly

text: from

text: Rubens

text: to

text: Watteau

text:
Old French (', ', ""; Modern French ) was the Gallo-Romance dialect continuum spoken from the 9th century to the 14th century.
In the 14th century, these dialects came to be collectively known as the "langues d'oïl", contrasting with the "langue d'oc" or Occitan language in the south of France. The mid-14th century is taken as the transitional period to Middle French, the language of the French Renaissance, specifically based on the dialect of the Île-de-France region.

text: Old

text: French

text: Modern

text: French

text: was

text: the

text: Gallo

text: Romance

text: dialect

text: continuum

text: spoken

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: these

text: dialects

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: langues

text: d'oïl

text: contrasting

text: with

text: the

text: langue

text: d'oc

text: or

text: Occitan

text: language

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: France

text: The

text: century

text: is

text: taken

text: as

text: the

text: transitional

text: period

text: to

text: Middle

text: French

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Renaissance

text: specifically

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: dialect

text: of

text: the

text: Île

text: de

text: France

text: region

text: Altai Republic ("Respublika Altay", ; Altay: , "Altay Respublika") is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). Its capital is the town of Gorno-Altaysk. The area of the republic is , and its population is 206,168 (2010 Census).

text: Altai

text: Republic

text: Respublika

text: Altay

text: Altay

text: Altay

text: Respublika

text: is

text: federal

text: subject

text: of

text: Russia

text: republic

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Gorno

text: Altaysk

text: The

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: republic

text: is

text: and

text: its

text: population

text: is

text: Census

text: Old Frisian is a West Germanic language spoken between the 8th and 16th centuries in the area between the Rhine and Weser on the European North Sea coast. The Frisian settlers on the coast of South Jutland (today's Northern Friesland) also spoke Old Frisian but no medieval texts of this area are known. The language of the earlier inhabitants of the region between the Zuiderzee and Ems River (the Frisians famously mentioned by Tacitus) is attested in only a few personal names and place-names. Old Frisian evolved into Middle Frisian, spoken from the 16th to the 19th century.

text: Old

text: Frisian

text: is

text: West

text: Germanic

text: language

text: spoken

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: between

text: the

text: Rhine

text: and

text: Weser

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: North

text: Sea

text: coast

text: The

text: Frisian

text: settlers

text: on

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: South

text: Jutland

text: today

text: 's

text: Northern

text: Friesland

text: also

text: spoke

text: Old

text: Frisian

text: but

text: no

text: medieval

text: texts

text: of

text: this

text: area

text: are

text: known

text: The

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: earlier

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: between

text: the

text: Zuiderzee

text: and

text: Ems

text: River

text: the

text: Frisians

text: famously

text: mentioned

text: by

text: Tacitus

text: is

text: attested

text: in

text: only

text: few

text: personal

text: names

text: and

text: place

text: names

text: Old

text: Frisian

text: evolved

text: into

text: Middle

text: Frisian

text: spoken

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text:
Green is the color between blue and yellow on the spectrum of visible light. It is evoked by light with a predominant wavelength of roughly 495570 nm. In the subtractive color system, used in painting and color printing, it is created by a combination of yellow and blue, or yellow and cyan; in the RGB color model, used on television and computer screens, it is one of the additive primary colors, along with red and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors.
The modern English word green comes from the Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word "grene", from the same Germanic root as the words "grass" and "grow". It is the color of living grass and leaves and as a result is the color most associated with springtime, growth and nature. By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll, the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy. Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage. Several minerals have a green color, including the emerald, which is colored green by its chromium content.
In surveys made in Europe and the United States, green is the color most commonly associated with nature, life, health, youth, spring, hope and envy. In Europe and the U.S. green is sometimes associated with death (green has several seemingly contrary associations), sickness, or the devil, but in China its associations are very positive, as the symbol of fertility and happiness. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, when the color of clothing showed the owner's social status, green was worn by merchants, bankers and the gentry, while red was the color of the nobility. The "Mona Lisa" by Leonardo da Vinci wears green, showing she is not from a noble family; the benches in the British House of Commons are green, while those in the House of Lords are red. Green is also the traditional color of safety and permission; a green light means go ahead, a green card permits permanent residence in the United States. It is the most important color in Islam. It was the color of the banner of Muhammad, and is found in the flags of nearly all Islamic countries, and represents the lush vegetation of Paradise. It is also often associated with the culture of Gaelic Ireland, and is a color of the flag of Ireland. Because of its association with nature, it is the color of the environmental movement. Political groups advocating environmental protection and social justice describe themselves as part of the Green movement, some naming themselves Green parties. This has led to similar campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or environmentally friendly, products.

text: Green

text: is

text: the

text: color

text: between

text: blue

text: and

text: yellow

text: on

text: the

text: spectrum

text: of

text: visible

text: light

text: It

text: is

text: evoked

text: by

text: light

text: with

text: predominant

text: wavelength

text: of

text: roughly

text: nm

text: In

text: the

text: subtractive

text: color

text: system

text: used

text: in

text: painting

text: and

text: color

text: printing

text: it

text: is

text: created

text: by

text: combination

text: of

text: yellow

text: and

text: blue

text: or

text: yellow

text: and

text: cyan

text: in

text: the

text: RGB

text: color

text: model

text: used

text: on

text: television

text: and

text: computer

text: screens

text: it

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: additive

text: primary

text: colors

text: along

text: with

text: red

text: and

text: blue

text: which

text: are

text: mixed

text: in

text: different

text: combinations

text: to

text: create

text: all

text: other

text: colors

text: The

text: modern

text: English

text: word

text: green

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Middle

text: English

text: and

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: word

text: grene

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: Germanic

text: root

text: as

text: the

text: words

text: grass

text: and

text: grow

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: living

text: grass

text: and

text: leaves

text: and

text: as

text: result

text: is

text: the

text: color

text: most

text: associated

text: with

text: springtime

text: growth

text: and

text: nature

text: By

text: far

text: the

text: largest

text: contributor

text: to

text: green

text: in

text: nature

text: is

text: chlorophyll

text: the

text: chemical

text: by

text: which

text: plants

text: photosynthesize

text: and

text: convert

text: sunlight

text: into

text: chemical

text: energy

text: Many

text: creatures

text: have

text: adapted

text: to

text: their

text: green

text: environments

text: by

text: taking

text: on

text: green

text: hue

text: themselves

text: as

text: camouflage

text: Several

text: minerals

text: have

text: green

text: color

text: including

text: the

text: emerald

text: which

text: is

text: colored

text: green

text: by

text: its

text: chromium

text: content

text: In

text: surveys

text: made

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: green

text: is

text: the

text: color

text: most

text: commonly

text: associated

text: with

text: nature

text: life

text: health

text: youth

text: spring

text: hope

text: and

text: envy

text: In

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: U.S.

text: green

text: is

text: sometimes

text: associated

text: with

text: death

text: green

text: has

text: several

text: seemingly

text: contrary

text: associations

text: sickness

text: or

text: the

text: devil

text: but

text: in

text: China

text: its

text: associations

text: are

text: very

text: positive

text: as

text: the

text: symbol

text: of

text: fertility

text: and

text: happiness

text: In

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: Renaissance

text: when

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: clothing

text: showed

text: the

text: owner

text: 's

text: social

text: status

text: green

text: was

text: worn

text: by

text: merchants

text: bankers

text: and

text: the

text: gentry

text: while

text: red

text: was

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: the

text: nobility

text: The

text: Mona

text: Lisa

text: by

text: Leonardo

text: da

text: Vinci

text: wears

text: green

text: showing

text: she

text: is

text: not

text: from

text: noble

text: family

text: the

text: benches

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: are

text: green

text: while

text: those

text: in

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Lords

text: are

text: red

text: Green

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: traditional

text: color

text: of

text: safety

text: and

text: permission

text: green

text: light

text: means

text: go

text: ahead

text: green

text: card

text: permits

text: permanent

text: residence

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: color

text: in

text: Islam

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: the

text: banner

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: and

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: flags

text: of

text: nearly

text: all

text: Islamic

text: countries

text: and

text: represents

text: the

text: lush

text: vegetation

text: of

text: Paradise

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: often

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: culture

text: of

text: Gaelic

text: Ireland

text: and

text: is

text: color

text: of

text: the

text: flag

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Because

text: of

text: its

text: association

text: with

text: nature

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: the

text: environmental

text: movement

text: Political

text: groups

text: advocating

text: environmental

text: protection

text: and

text: social

text: justice

text: describe

text: themselves

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Green

text: movement

text: some

text: naming

text: themselves

text: Green

text: parties

text: This

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: similar

text: campaigns

text: in

text: advertising

text: as

text: companies

text: have

text: sold

text: green

text: or

text: environmentally

text: friendly

text: products

text: Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light. On Earth, sunlight is filtered through Earth's atmosphere, and is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon. When the direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds, it is experienced as sunshine, a combination of bright light and radiant heat. When it is blocked by clouds or reflects off other objects, it is experienced as diffused light. The World Meteorological Organization uses the term "sunshine duration" to mean the cumulative time during which an area receives direct irradiance from the Sun of at least 120 watts per square meter. Other sources indicate an "Average over the entire earth" of "164 Watts per square meter over a 24 hour day".

text: Sunlight

text: is

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: given

text: off

text: by

text: the

text: Sun

text: in

text: particular

text: infrared

text: visible

text: and

text: ultraviolet

text: light

text: On

text: Earth

text: sunlight

text: is

text: filtered

text: through

text: Earth

text: 's

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: is

text: obvious

text: as

text: daylight

text: when

text: the

text: Sun

text: is

text: above

text: the

text: horizon

text: When

text: the

text: direct

text: solar

text: radiation

text: is

text: not

text: blocked

text: by

text: clouds

text: it

text: is

text: experienced

text: as

text: sunshine

text: combination

text: of

text: bright

text: light

text: and

text: radiant

text: heat

text: When

text: it

text: is

text: blocked

text: by

text: clouds

text: or

text: reflects

text: off

text: other

text: objects

text: it

text: is

text: experienced

text: as

text: diffused

text: light

text: The

text: World

text: Meteorological

text: Organization

text: uses

text: the

text: term

text: sunshine

text: duration

text: to

text: mean

text: the

text: cumulative

text: time

text: during

text: which

text: an

text: area

text: receives

text: direct

text: irradiance

text: from

text: the

text: Sun

text: of

text: at

text: least

text: watts

text: per

text: square

text: meter

text: Other

text: sources

text: indicate

text: an

text: Average

text: over

text: the

text: entire

text: earth

text: of

text: Watts

text: per

text: square

text: meter

text: over

text: hour

text: day

text: White is an achromatic color, a color without hue. An incoming light to the human eye that stimulates all its three types of color sensitive cone cells in nearly equal amounts results in white. White is one of the most common colors in nature, the color of sunlight, snow, milk, chalk, limestone and other common minerals. In many cultures white represents or signifies purity, innocence, and light, and is the symbolic opposite of black, or darkness. According to surveys in Europe and the United States, white is the color most often associated with perfection, the good, honesty, cleanliness, the beginning, the new, neutrality, and exactitude.

text: White

text: is

text: an

text: achromatic

text: color

text: color

text: without

text: hue

text: An

text: incoming

text: light

text: to

text: the

text: human

text: eye

text: that

text: stimulates

text: all

text: its

text: three

text: types

text: of

text: color

text: sensitive

text: cone

text: cells

text: in

text: nearly

text: equal

text: amounts

text: results

text: in

text: white

text: White

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: colors

text: in

text: nature

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: sunlight

text: snow

text: milk

text: chalk

text: limestone

text: and

text: other

text: common

text: minerals

text: In

text: many

text: cultures

text: white

text: represents

text: or

text: signifies

text: purity

text: innocence

text: and

text: light

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: symbolic

text: opposite

text: of

text: black

text: or

text: darkness

text: According

text: to

text: surveys

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: white

text: is

text: the

text: color

text: most

text: often

text: associated

text: with

text: perfection

text: the

text: good

text: honesty

text: cleanliness

text: the

text: beginning

text: the

text: new

text: neutrality

text: and

text: exactitude

text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text:
Blue is the colour between violet and green on the optical spectrum of visible light. Human eyes perceive blue when observing light with a wavelength between 450 and 495 nanometres, which is between 4500 and 4950 ångströms. Blues with a higher frequency and thus a shorter wavelength gradually look more violet, while those with a lower frequency and a longer wavelength gradually appear more green. Pure blue, in the middle, has a wavelength of 470 nanometers (4700 ångströms). In painting and traditional colour theory, blue is one of the three primary colours of pigments, along with red and yellow, which can be mixed to form a wide gamut of colours. Red and blue mixed together form violet, blue and yellow together form green. Blue is also a primary colour in the RGB colour model, used to create all the colours on the screen of a television or computer monitor.
The modern English word "blue" comes from Middle English "bleu" or "blewe", from the Old French "bleu", a word of Germanic origin related to Old Dutch, Old High German, Old Saxon "blo" and Old Frisian "blw", "blau". The clear sky and the deep sea appear blue because of an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering. When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the blue wavelengths are scattered more widely by the oxygen and nitrogen molecules, and more blue comes to our eyes. An optical effect called Tyndall scattering, similar to Rayleigh scattering, explains blue eyes; there is no blue pigment in blue eyes. Distant objects appear more blue because of another optical effect called atmospheric perspective.
Blue has been used for art and decoration since ancient times. The semi-precious stone lapis lazuli, coming from mines in Afghanistan, was used in ancient Egypt for jewelry and ornament and later, in The Renaissance, to make the pigment ultramarine, the most expensive of all pigments.
It is the most important color in Judaism. In the Middle Ages, cobalt blue was used to colour the stained glass windows of cathedrals. Beginning in the 9th century, Chinese artists used cobalt to make fine blue and white porcelain. Blue dyes for clothing were made from woad in Europe and indigo in Asia and Africa. In 1828 a synthetic ultramarine pigment was developed, and synthetic blue dyes and pigments gradually replaced mineral pigments and vegetable dyes. Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Vincent van Gogh and other late 19th century painters used ultramarine and cobalt blue not just to depict nature, but to create moods and emotions. In the late 18th century and 19th century, blue became a popular colour for military uniforms and police uniforms. In the 20th century, because blue was commonly associated with harmony, it was chosen as the colour of the flags of the United Nations and the European Union. Toward the end of the 20th century, dark blue replaced dark grey as the most common colour for business suits; surveys showed that blue was the colour most associated with the masculine, just ahead of black, and was also the colour most associated with intelligence, knowledge, calm and concentration.

text: Blue

text: is

text: the

text: colour

text: between

text: violet

text: and

text: green

text: on

text: the

text: optical

text: spectrum

text: of

text: visible

text: light

text: Human

text: eyes

text: perceive

text: blue

text: when

text: observing

text: light

text: with

text: wavelength

text: between

text: and

text: nanometres

text: which

text: is

text: between

text: and

text: ångströms

text: Blues

text: with

text: higher

text: frequency

text: and

text: thus

text: shorter

text: wavelength

text: gradually

text: look

text: more

text: violet

text: while

text: those

text: with

text: lower

text: frequency

text: and

text: longer

text: wavelength

text: gradually

text: appear

text: more

text: green

text: Pure

text: blue

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: has

text: wavelength

text: of

text: nanometers

text: ångströms

text: In

text: painting

text: and

text: traditional

text: colour

text: theory

text: blue

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: primary

text: colours

text: of

text: pigments

text: along

text: with

text: red

text: and

text: yellow

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: mixed

text: to

text: form

text: wide

text: gamut

text: of

text: colours

text: Red

text: and

text: blue

text: mixed

text: together

text: form

text: violet

text: blue

text: and

text: yellow

text: together

text: form

text: green

text: Blue

text: is

text: also

text: primary

text: colour

text: in

text: the

text: RGB

text: colour

text: model

text: used

text: to

text: create

text: all

text: the

text: colours

text: on

text: the

text: screen

text: of

text: television

text: or

text: computer

text: monitor

text: The

text: modern

text: English

text: word

text: blue

text: comes

text: from

text: Middle

text: English

text: bleu

text: or

text: blewe

text: from

text: the

text: Old

text: French

text: bleu

text: word

text: of

text: Germanic

text: origin

text: related

text: to

text: Old

text: Dutch

text: Old

text: High

text: German

text: Old

text: Saxon

text: blo

text: and

text: Old

text: Frisian

text: blw

text: blau

text: The

text: clear

text: sky

text: and

text: the

text: deep

text: sea

text: appear

text: blue

text: because

text: of

text: an

text: optical

text: effect

text: known

text: as

text: Rayleigh

text: scattering

text: When

text: sunlight

text: passes

text: through

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: the

text: blue

text: wavelengths

text: are

text: scattered

text: more

text: widely

text: by

text: the

text: oxygen

text: and

text: nitrogen

text: molecules

text: and

text: more

text: blue

text: comes

text: to

text: our

text: eyes

text: An

text: optical

text: effect

text: called

text: Tyndall

text: scattering

text: similar

text: to

text: Rayleigh

text: scattering

text: explains

text: blue

text: eyes

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: blue

text: pigment

text: in

text: blue

text: eyes

text: Distant

text: objects

text: appear

text: more

text: blue

text: because

text: of

text: another

text: optical

text: effect

text: called

text: atmospheric

text: perspective

text: Blue

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: for

text: art

text: and

text: decoration

text: since

text: ancient

text: times

text: The

text: semi

text: precious

text: stone

text: lapis

text: lazuli

text: coming

text: from

text: mines

text: in

text: Afghanistan

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: ancient

text: Egypt

text: for

text: jewelry

text: and

text: ornament

text: and

text: later

text: in

text: The

text: Renaissance

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: pigment

text: ultramarine

text: the

text: most

text: expensive

text: of

text: all

text: pigments

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: color

text: in

text: Judaism

text: In

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: cobalt

text: blue

text: was

text: used

text: to

text: colour

text: the

text: stained

text: glass

text: windows

text: of

text: cathedrals

text: Beginning

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Chinese

text: artists

text: used

text: cobalt

text: to

text: make

text: fine

text: blue

text: and

text: white

text: porcelain

text: Blue

text: dyes

text: for

text: clothing

text: were

text: made

text: from

text: woad

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: indigo

text: in

text: Asia

text: and

text: Africa

text: In

text: synthetic

text: ultramarine

text: pigment

text: was

text: developed

text: and

text: synthetic

text: blue

text: dyes

text: and

text: pigments

text: gradually

text: replaced

text: mineral

text: pigments

text: and

text: vegetable

text: dyes

text: Pierre

text: Auguste

text: Renoir

text: Vincent

text: van

text: Gogh

text: and

text: other

text: late

text: century

text: painters

text: used

text: ultramarine

text: and

text: cobalt

text: blue

text: not

text: just

text: to

text: depict

text: nature

text: but

text: to

text: create

text: moods

text: and

text: emotions

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: and

text: century

text: blue

text: became

text: popular

text: colour

text: for

text: military

text: uniforms

text: and

text: police

text: uniforms

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: because

text: blue

text: was

text: commonly

text: associated

text: with

text: harmony

text: it

text: was

text: chosen

text: as

text: the

text: colour

text: of

text: the

text: flags

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: and

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Toward

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: dark

text: blue

text: replaced

text: dark

text: grey

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: colour

text: for

text: business

text: suits

text: surveys

text: showed

text: that

text: blue

text: was

text: the

text: colour

text: most

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: masculine

text: just

text: ahead

text: of

text: black

text: and

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: colour

text: most

text: associated

text: with

text: intelligence

text: knowledge

text: calm

text: and

text: concentration

text: The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan, New York City, and experiences extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict.

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: UN

text: is

text: an

text: intergovernmental

text: organization

text: to

text: promote

text: international

text: co

text: operation

text: replacement

text: for

text: the

text: ineffective

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: the

text: organization

text: was

text: established

text: on

text: October

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: prevent

text: another

text: such

text: conflict

text: At

text: its

text: founding

text: the

text: UN

text: had

text: member

text: states

text: there

text: are

text: now

text: The

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: is

text: in

text: Manhattan

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: experiences

text: extraterritoriality

text: Further

text: main

text: offices

text: are

text: situated

text: in

text: Geneva

text: Nairobi

text: and

text: Vienna

text: The

text: organization

text: is

text: financed

text: by

text: assessed

text: and

text: voluntary

text: contributions

text: from

text: its

text: member

text: states

text: Its

text: objectives

text: include

text: maintaining

text: international

text: peace

text: and

text: security

text: promoting

text: human

text: rights

text: fostering

text: social

text: and

text: economic

text: development

text: protecting

text: the

text: environment

text: and

text: providing

text: humanitarian

text: aid

text: in

text: cases

text: of

text: famine

text: natural

text: disaster

text: and

text: armed

text: conflict

text: The Multinational Aircrew Electronic Warfare Tactics Facility Polygone - POLYGON is an Electronic Warfare Tactics Range located on the border between Germany and France. It is a tri-national facility operated by France, Germany and the United States.

text: The

text: Multinational

text: Aircrew

text: Electronic

text: Warfare

text: Tactics

text: Facility

text: Polygone

text: POLYGON

text: is

text: an

text: Electronic

text: Warfare

text: Tactics

text: Range

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: Germany

text: and

text: France

text: It

text: is

text: tri

text: national

text: facility

text: operated

text: by

text: France

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Modern English (sometimes New English or NE as opposed to Middle English and Old English) is the form of the English language spoken since the Great Vowel Shift in England, which began in the late 14th century and was completed in roughly 1550.

text: Modern

text: English

text: sometimes

text: New

text: English

text: or

text: NE

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: Middle

text: English

text: and

text: Old

text: English

text: is

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: language

text: spoken

text: since

text: the

text: Great

text: Vowel

text: Shift

text: in

text: England

text: which

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: and

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: roughly

text: Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German, is a Germanic language and the earliest recorded form of Low German. It belongs to the West Germanic branch and is most closely related to the Anglo-Frisian languages. It is documented from the 8th century until the 12th century, when it evolved into Middle Low German. It was spoken on the north-west coast of Germany and in the Netherlands by Saxon peoples. It is close enough to Old Anglo-Frisian (Old Frisian, Old English) that it partially participates in the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law; it is also closely related to Old Dutch.

text: Old

text: Saxon

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Old

text: Low

text: German

text: is

text: Germanic

text: language

text: and

text: the

text: earliest

text: recorded

text: form

text: of

text: Low

text: German

text: It

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: West

text: Germanic

text: branch

text: and

text: is

text: most

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Frisian

text: languages

text: It

text: is

text: documented

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: when

text: it

text: evolved

text: into

text: Middle

text: Low

text: German

text: It

text: was

text: spoken

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: west

text: coast

text: of

text: Germany

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: by

text: Saxon

text: peoples

text: It

text: is

text: close

text: enough

text: to

text: Old

text: Anglo

text: Frisian

text: Old

text: Frisian

text: Old

text: English

text: that

text: it

text: partially

text: participates

text: in

text: the

text: Ingvaeonic

text: nasal

text: spirant

text: law

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: Old

text: Dutch

text: Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe. Asia covers an area of , about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population, but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4.4 billion people.

text: Asia

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: and

text: northern

text: hemispheres

text: and

text: sharing

text: the

text: continental

text: landmass

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: with

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: The

text: continent

text: which

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: civilizations

text: Asia

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: not

text: only

text: its

text: overall

text: large

text: size

text: and

text: population

text: but

text: also

text: dense

text: and

text: large

text: settlements

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: vast

text: barely

text: populated

text: regions

text: within

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: billion

text: people

text: Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Henry Cavendish had independently done so at about the same time, Rutherford is generally accorded the credit because his work was published first. The name "nitrogen" was suggested by Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal in 1790, when it was found that nitrogen was present in nitric acid and nitrates; this name derives from the Greek roots  "nitre" and - "to form". Antoine Lavoisier suggested instead the name "azote", from the Greek  "no life", as it is an asphyxiant gas; his name is instead used in many languages, such as French, Russian, and Turkish, and appears in the English names of some nitrogen compounds such as hydrazine, azides and azo compounds.

text: Nitrogen

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: It

text: was

text: first

text: discovered

text: and

text: isolated

text: by

text: Scottish

text: physician

text: Daniel

text: Rutherford

text: in

text: Although

text: Carl

text: Wilhelm

text: Scheele

text: and

text: Henry

text: Cavendish

text: had

text: independently

text: done

text: so

text: at

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: Rutherford

text: is

text: generally

text: accorded

text: the

text: credit

text: because

text: his

text: work

text: was

text: published

text: first

text: The

text: name

text: nitrogen

text: was

text: suggested

text: by

text: Jean

text: Antoine

text: Claude

text: Chaptal

text: in

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: found

text: that

text: nitrogen

text: was

text: present

text: in

text: nitric

text: acid

text: and

text: nitrates

text: this

text: name

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: roots

text: nitre

text: and

text: to

text: form

text: Antoine

text: Lavoisier

text: suggested

text: instead

text: the

text: name

text: azote

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: no

text: life

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: asphyxiant

text: gas

text: his

text: name

text: is

text: instead

text: used

text: in

text: many

text: languages

text: such

text: as

text: French

text: Russian

text: and

text: Turkish

text: and

text: appears

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: names

text: of

text: some

text: nitrogen

text: compounds

text: such

text: as

text: hydrazine

text: azides

text: and

text: azo

text: compounds

text: Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari: , "Afnistn"), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. It has a population of approximately 32 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast. Its territory covers , making it the 41st largest country in the world.

text: Afghanistan

text: Pashto

text: Dari

text: Afnistn

text: officially

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Afghanistan

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: within

text: South

text: Asia

text: and

text: Central

text: Asia

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: million

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Pakistan

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: Iran

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: Turkmenistan

text: Uzbekistan

text: and

text: Tajikistan

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: far

text: northeast

text: Its

text: territory

text: covers

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.

text: The

text: European

text: Union

text: EU

text: is

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: union

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: that

text: are

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: The

text: EU

text: has

text: developed

text: an

text: internal

text: single

text: market

text: through

text: standardised

text: system

text: of

text: laws

text: that

text: apply

text: in

text: all

text: member

text: states

text: EU

text: policies

text: aim

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: free

text: movement

text: of

text: people

text: goods

text: services

text: and

text: capital

text: within

text: the

text: internal

text: market

text: enact

text: legislation

text: in

text: justice

text: and

text: home

text: affairs

text: and

text: maintain

text: common

text: policies

text: on

text: trade

text: agriculture

text: fisheries

text: and

text: regional

text: development

text: Within

text: the

text: Schengen

text: Area

text: passport

text: controls

text: have

text: been

text: abolished

text: monetary

text: union

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: came

text: into

text: full

text: force

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: EU

text: member

text: states

text: which

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: currency

text: In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.

text: In

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Europe

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: or

text: medieval

text: period

text: lasted

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: The

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: is

text: the

text: middle

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: traditional

text: divisions

text: of

text: Western

text: history

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: the

text: medieval

text: period

text: and

text: the

text: modern

text: period

text: The

text: medieval

text: period

text: is

text: itself

text: subdivided

text: into

text: the

text: Early

text: High

text: and

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Kyzyl ("Kzl/Kzl") is the capital city of the Tuva Republic, Russia. The name of the city means "red" or "crimson" in Tuvan (as well as in many other Turkic languages). Population:

text: Kyzyl

text: Kzl

text: Kzl

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Tuva

text: Republic

text: Russia

text: The

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: means

text: red

text: or

text: crimson

text: in

text: Tuvan

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: many

text: other

text: Turkic

text: languages

text: Population

text: Ultramarine is a deep blue color and a pigment which was originally made by grinding lapis lazuli into a powder. The name comes from the Latin "ultramarinus", literally "beyond the sea", because the pigment was imported into Europe from mines in Afghanistan by Italian traders during the 14th and 15th centuries.

text: Ultramarine

text: is

text: deep

text: blue

text: color

text: and

text: pigment

text: which

text: was

text: originally

text: made

text: by

text: grinding

text: lapis

text: lazuli

text: into

text: powder

text: The

text: name

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: ultramarinus

text: literally

text: beyond

text: the

text: sea

text: because

text: the

text: pigment

text: was

text: imported

text: into

text: Europe

text: from

text: mines

text: in

text: Afghanistan

text: by

text: Italian

text: traders

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text: A cathedral (French: "cathédrale" from Latin: "cathedra", "seat" from the Greek "kathédra" (), seat, bench, from "kata" "down" + "hedra" seat, base, chair) is a Christian church which contains the seat of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate. The counterpart term for such a church in German is "Dom" from Latin "domus ecclesiae" or "domus episcopalis"; also Italian Duomo, Dutch "Domkerk" and cognates in many other European languages. Churches with the function of "cathedral" are usually specific to those Christian denominations with an episcopal hierarchy, such as the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Orthodox, and some Lutheran and Methodist churches. Church buildings embodying the functions of a cathedral first appear in Italy, Gaul, Spain and North Africa in the 4th century, but cathedrals did not become universal within the Western Catholic Church until the 12th century, by which time they had developed architectural forms, institutional structures and legal identities distinct from parish churches, monastic churches and episcopal residences.

text: cathedral

text: French

text: cathédrale

text: from

text: Latin

text: cathedra

text: seat

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: kathédra

text: seat

text: bench

text: from

text: kata

text: down

text: hedra

text: seat

text: base

text: chair

text: is

text: Christian

text: church

text: which

text: contains

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: bishop

text: thus

text: serving

text: as

text: the

text: central

text: church

text: of

text: diocese

text: conference

text: or

text: episcopate

text: The

text: counterpart

text: term

text: for

text: such

text: church

text: in

text: German

text: is

text: Dom

text: from

text: Latin

text: domus

text: ecclesiae

text: or

text: domus

text: episcopalis

text: also

text: Italian

text: Duomo

text: Dutch

text: Domkerk

text: and

text: cognates

text: in

text: many

text: other

text: European

text: languages

text: Churches

text: with

text: the

text: function

text: of

text: cathedral

text: are

text: usually

text: specific

text: to

text: those

text: Christian

text: denominations

text: with

text: an

text: episcopal

text: hierarchy

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Anglican

text: Orthodox

text: and

text: some

text: Lutheran

text: and

text: Methodist

text: churches

text: Church

text: buildings

text: embodying

text: the

text: functions

text: of

text: cathedral

text: first

text: appear

text: in

text: Italy

text: Gaul

text: Spain

text: and

text: North

text: Africa

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: but

text: cathedrals

text: did

text: not

text: become

text: universal

text: within

text: the

text: Western

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: by

text: which

text: time

text: they

text: had

text: developed

text: architectural

text: forms

text: institutional

text: structures

text: and

text: legal

text: identities

text: distinct

text: from

text: parish

text: churches

text: monastic

text: churches

text: and

text: episcopal

text: residences

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

question: applies_to_jurisdiction flag of tuva

answer: tuva republic

text: tuva republic

text: tuva republic