text: A Christian (or ) is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. "Christian" derives from the Koine Greek word "Christós" (), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term "mashiach".

text: Christian

text: or

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: follows

text: or

text: adheres

text: to

text: Christianity

text: an

text: Abrahamic

text: monotheistic

text: religion

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: life

text: and

text: teachings

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: Christian

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Koine

text: Greek

text: word

text: Christós

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: Biblical

text: Hebrew

text: term

text: mashiach

text: Antakya ("Anky" from , "Aniokia" "Antiócheia"), is the seat of the Hatay Province in southern Turkey.

text: Antakya

text: Anky

text: from

text: Aniokia

text: Antiócheia

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: Hatay

text: Province

text: in

text: southern

text: Turkey

text: The Roman Empire (Koine and Medieval Greek:   , tr. ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title "Augustus", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Koine

text: and

text: Medieval

text: Greek

text: tr

text: was

text: the

text: post

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: characterized

text: by

text: government

text: headed

text: by

text: emperors

text: and

text: large

text: territorial

text: holdings

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: in

text: Europe

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: BC

text: AD

text: with

text: Constantinople

text: New

text: Rome

text: becoming

text: the

text: largest

text: around

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: populace

text: grew

text: to

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: old

text: republic

text: which

text: preceded

text: it

text: was

text: severely

text: destabilized

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: and

text: political

text: conflict

text: during

text: which

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: perpetual

text: dictator

text: and

text: then

text: assassinated

text: in

text: BC

text: Civil

text: wars

text: and

text: executions

text: continued

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: victory

text: of

text: Octavian

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: adopted

text: son

text: over

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: Cleopatra

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: power

text: was

text: then

text: unassailable

text: and

text: in

text: BC

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: formally

text: granted

text: him

text: overarching

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: title

text: Augustus

text: effectively

text: marking

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: Theodosius I Borradiotes ( Greek :     ; b. Antioch -- d. after 1183 in Constantinople ) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1179 to 1183 .

text: Theodosius

text: Borradiotes

text: Greek

text: Antioch

text: after

text: in

text: Constantinople

text: was

text: the

text: Ecumenical

text: Patriarch

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: from

text: to

text: Syria, officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (""), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. Syria's capital and largest city is Damascus.

text: Syria

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Syrian

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: bordering

text: Lebanon

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Turkey

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Iraq

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Jordan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Israel

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Syria

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Damascus

text: A capital city (or simply capital) is the municipality exercising primary status in a country, state, province, or other region, usually as its seat of government. A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution. In some jurisdictions, including several countries, the different branches of government are located in different settlements. In some cases, a distinction is made between the official (constitutional) capital and the seat of government, which is in another place.

text: capital

text: city

text: or

text: simply

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: municipality

text: exercising

text: primary

text: status

text: in

text: country

text: state

text: province

text: or

text: other

text: region

text: usually

text: as

text: its

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: capital

text: is

text: typically

text: city

text: that

text: physically

text: encompasses

text: the

text: offices

text: and

text: meeting

text: places

text: of

text: its

text: respective

text: government

text: the

text: status

text: as

text: capital

text: is

text: often

text: designated

text: by

text: its

text: law

text: or

text: constitution

text: In

text: some

text: jurisdictions

text: including

text: several

text: countries

text: the

text: different

text: branches

text: of

text: government

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: different

text: settlements

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: distinction

text: is

text: made

text: between

text: the

text: official

text: constitutional

text: capital

text: and

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: which

text: is

text: in

text: another

text: place

text: The Orontes () or Asi ("") is a northward flowing river starting in Lebanon and flowing through Syria and Turkey before entering the Mediterranean Sea.

text: The

text: Orontes

text: or

text: Asi

text: is

text: northward

text: flowing

text: river

text: starting

text: in

text: Lebanon

text: and

text: flowing

text: through

text: Syria

text: and

text: Turkey

text: before

text: entering

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Originally, a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a pater familias over an extended family. The system of such rule of families by senior males is termed patriarchy.

text: Originally

text: patriarch

text: was

text: man

text: who

text: exercised

text: autocratic

text: authority

text: as

text: pater

text: familias

text: over

text: an

text: extended

text: family

text: The

text: system

text: of

text: such

text: rule

text: of

text: families

text: by

text: senior

text: males

text: is

text: termed

text: patriarchy

text: Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: ), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Greece to the west; Bulgaria to the northwest; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the south. The Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia. Turkey's location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history.

text: Turkey

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Turkey

text: Turkish

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: mainly

text: in

text: Anatolia

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: with

text: smaller

text: portion

text: on

text: the

text: Balkan

text: peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Europe

text: Turkey

text: is

text: democratic

text: secular

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: with

text: diverse

text: cultural

text: heritage

text: Turkey

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: eight

text: countries

text: Greece

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Bulgaria

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Georgia

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Armenia

text: the

text: Azerbaijani

text: exclave

text: of

text: Nakhchivan

text: and

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Iraq

text: and

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: Aegean

text: Sea

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: Bosphorus

text: the

text: Sea

text: of

text: Marmara

text: and

text: the

text: Dardanelles

text: which

text: together

text: form

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: divide

text: Thrace

text: and

text: Anatolia

text: they

text: also

text: separate

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: Turkey

text: 's

text: location

text: has

text: given

text: it

text: geopolitical

text: and

text: strategic

text: importance

text: throughout

text: history

text: The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the "Roman Empire" (tr. ), or "Romania", and to themselves as "Romans".

text: The

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: was

text: the

text: continuation

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: during

text: Late

text: Antiquity

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: when

text: its

text: capital

text: city

text: was

text: Constantinople

text: modern

text: day

text: Istanbul

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: founded

text: as

text: Byzantium

text: It

text: survived

text: the

text: fragmentation

text: and

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: and

text: continued

text: to

text: exist

text: for

text: an

text: additional

text: thousand

text: years

text: until

text: it

text: fell

text: to

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Turks

text: in

text: During

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: existence

text: the

text: empire

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: economic

text: cultural

text: and

text: military

text: force

text: in

text: Europe

text: Both

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: are

text: historiographical

text: terms

text: created

text: after

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: realm

text: its

text: citizens

text: continued

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: their

text: empire

text: as

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: tr

text: or

text: Romania

text: and

text: to

text: themselves

text: as

text: Romans

text: Byzantium ("Byzántion") was an ancient Greek colony on the site that later became Constantinople, and later still Istanbul. Byzantium was colonised by the Greeks from Megara in .

text: Byzantium

text: Byzántion

text: was

text: an

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: colony

text: on

text: the

text: site

text: that

text: later

text: became

text: Constantinople

text: and

text: later

text: still

text: Istanbul

text: Byzantium

text: was

text: colonised

text: by

text: the

text: Greeks

text: from

text: Megara

text: in

text: Constantine the Great (27 February 272 AD  22 May 337 AD), also known as Constantine I or Saint Constantine (in the Orthodox Church as Saint Constantine the Great, Equal-to-the-Apostles), was a Roman Emperor from 306 to 337 AD. Constantine was the son of Flavius Valerius Constantius, a Roman Army officer, and his consort Helena. His father became "Caesar", the deputy emperor in the west, in 293 AD. Constantine was sent east, where he rose through the ranks to become a military tribune under the emperors Diocletian and Galerius. In 305, Constantius was raised to the rank of "Augustus", senior western emperor, and Constantine was recalled west to campaign under his father in Britannia (Britain). Acclaimed as emperor by the army at Eboracum (modern-day York) after his father's death in 306 AD, Constantine emerged victorious in a series of civil wars against the emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become sole ruler of both west and east by 324 AD.

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: February

text: AD

text: May

text: AD

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Constantine

text: or

text: Saint

text: Constantine

text: in

text: the

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: as

text: Saint

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: Equal

text: to

text: the

text: Apostles

text: was

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: from

text: to

text: AD

text: Constantine

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Flavius

text: Valerius

text: Constantius

text: Roman

text: Army

text: officer

text: and

text: his

text: consort

text: Helena

text: His

text: father

text: became

text: Caesar

text: the

text: deputy

text: emperor

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: in

text: AD

text: Constantine

text: was

text: sent

text: east

text: where

text: he

text: rose

text: through

text: the

text: ranks

text: to

text: become

text: military

text: tribune

text: under

text: the

text: emperors

text: Diocletian

text: and

text: Galerius

text: In

text: Constantius

text: was

text: raised

text: to

text: the

text: rank

text: of

text: Augustus

text: senior

text: western

text: emperor

text: and

text: Constantine

text: was

text: recalled

text: west

text: to

text: campaign

text: under

text: his

text: father

text: in

text: Britannia

text: Britain

text: Acclaimed

text: as

text: emperor

text: by

text: the

text: army

text: at

text: Eboracum

text: modern

text: day

text: York

text: after

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: AD

text: Constantine

text: emerged

text: victorious

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: against

text: the

text: emperors

text: Maxentius

text: and

text: Licinius

text: to

text: become

text: sole

text: ruler

text: of

text: both

text: west

text: and

text: east

text: by

text: AD

text: The Ecumenical Patriarch ("His Most Divine All-Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch") is the Archbishop of ConstantinopleNew Rome and ranks as "primus inter pares" (first among equals) among the heads of the several autocephalous churches that make up the Eastern Orthodox Church, and is widely regarded as the representative and spiritual leader of the 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide. The term "Ecumenical" in the title historically referred to the Ecumene, a Greek designation for the civilised universe, i.e. the Roman Empire, and legally stems from Canon 28 of the Council of Chalcedon.

text: The

text: Ecumenical

text: Patriarch

text: His

text: Most

text: Divine

text: All

text: Holiness

text: the

text: Archbishop

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: New

text: Rome

text: and

text: Ecumenical

text: Patriarch

text: is

text: the

text: Archbishop

text: of

text: ConstantinopleNew

text: Rome

text: and

text: ranks

text: as

text: primus

text: inter

text: pares

text: first

text: among

text: equals

text: among

text: the

text: heads

text: of

text: the

text: several

text: autocephalous

text: churches

text: that

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: and

text: is

text: widely

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: representative

text: and

text: spiritual

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: million

text: Orthodox

text: Christians

text: worldwide

text: The

text: term

text: Ecumenical

text: in

text: the

text: title

text: historically

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: Ecumene

text: Greek

text: designation

text: for

text: the

text: civilised

text: universe

text: i.e.

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: legally

text: stems

text: from

text: Canon

text: of

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Chalcedon

text: The ecumene (US) or oecumene (UK "oikoumén",  "inhabited") was an ancient Greek term for the known world, the inhabited world, or the habitable world. Under the Roman Empire, it came to refer to civilization and the secular and religious imperial administration. In present usage, it is used as the noun form of "ecumenical" and describes the Christian Church as a unified whole or the unified modern world civilization. It is also used in cartography to describe a type of world map ("mappa mundi") used in late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

text: The

text: ecumene

text: US

text: or

text: oecumene

text: UK

text: oikoumén

text: inhabited

text: was

text: an

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: known

text: world

text: the

text: inhabited

text: world

text: or

text: the

text: habitable

text: world

text: Under

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: it

text: came

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: civilization

text: and

text: the

text: secular

text: and

text: religious

text: imperial

text: administration

text: In

text: present

text: usage

text: it

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: noun

text: form

text: of

text: ecumenical

text: and

text: describes

text: the

text: Christian

text: Church

text: as

text: unified

text: whole

text: or

text: the

text: unified

text: modern

text: world

text: civilization

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: cartography

text: to

text: describe

text: type

text: of

text: world

text: map

text: mappa

text: mundi

text: used

text: in

text: late

text: Antiquity

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Constantinople  was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (3301204 and 12611453), and also of the brief Latin (12041261), and the later Ottoman (14531923) empires. It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330 AD.

text: Constantinople

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: and

text: also

text: of

text: the

text: brief

text: Latin

text: and

text: the

text: later

text: Ottoman

text: empires

text: It

text: was

text: reinaugurated

text: in

text: AD

text: from

text: ancient

text: Byzantium

text: as

text: the

text: new

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: by

text: Emperor

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: after

text: whom

text: it

text: was

text: named

text: and

text: dedicated

text: on

text: May

text: AD

text: Primus inter pares ("prtos metax ísn") is a Latin phrase meaning first among equals. It is typically used as an honorary title for those who are formally equal to other members of their group but are accorded unofficial respect, traditionally owing to their seniority in office. Historically, the "princeps senatus" of the Roman Senate was such a figure and initially only bore the distinction that he was allowed to speak first during debate. Also, Constantine the Great was given the role of "primus inter pares". However, the term is also often used ironically or self-deprecatingly by leaders with much higher status as a form of respect, camaraderie, or propaganda. After the fall of the Republic, Roman emperors initially referred to themselves only as "princeps" despite having power of life and death over their "fellow citizens". Various modern figures such as the Chair of the Federal Reserve, the prime minister of parliamentary regimes, the Federal President of Switzerland, the Chief Justice of the United States, and the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church fall under both senses: bearing higher status and various additional powers while remaining still merely equal to their peers in important senses.

text: Primus

text: inter

text: pares

text: prtos

text: metax

text: ísn

text: is

text: Latin

text: phrase

text: meaning

text: first

text: among

text: equals

text: It

text: is

text: typically

text: used

text: as

text: an

text: honorary

text: title

text: for

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: formally

text: equal

text: to

text: other

text: members

text: of

text: their

text: group

text: but

text: are

text: accorded

text: unofficial

text: respect

text: traditionally

text: owing

text: to

text: their

text: seniority

text: in

text: office

text: Historically

text: the

text: princeps

text: senatus

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: was

text: such

text: figure

text: and

text: initially

text: only

text: bore

text: the

text: distinction

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: allowed

text: to

text: speak

text: first

text: during

text: debate

text: Also

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: primus

text: inter

text: pares

text: However

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: also

text: often

text: used

text: ironically

text: or

text: self

text: deprecatingly

text: by

text: leaders

text: with

text: much

text: higher

text: status

text: as

text: form

text: of

text: respect

text: camaraderie

text: or

text: propaganda

text: After

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: Roman

text: emperors

text: initially

text: referred

text: to

text: themselves

text: only

text: as

text: princeps

text: despite

text: having

text: power

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: death

text: over

text: their

text: fellow

text: citizens

text: Various

text: modern

text: figures

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Chair

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: Reserve

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: of

text: parliamentary

text: regimes

text: the

text: Federal

text: President

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: the

text: Chief

text: Justice

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: Ecumenical

text: Patriarch

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: fall

text: under

text: both

text: senses

text: bearing

text: higher

text: status

text: and

text: various

text: additional

text: powers

text: while

text: remaining

text: still

text: merely

text: equal

text: to

text: their

text: peers

text: in

text: important

text: senses

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second largest Christian church and one of the oldest current religious institutions in the world. The Eastern Orthodox Church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission to the apostles. It practices what it understands to be the original Christian faith and maintains the sacred tradition passed down from the apostles.

text: The

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: or

text: officially

text: as

text: the

text: Orthodox

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: Christian

text: church

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: current

text: religious

text: institutions

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: teaches

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: One

text: Holy

text: Catholic

text: and

text: Apostolic

text: Church

text: established

text: by

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: in

text: his

text: Great

text: Commission

text: to

text: the

text: apostles

text: It

text: practices

text: what

text: it

text: understands

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: original

text: Christian

text: faith

text: and

text: maintains

text: the

text: sacred

text: tradition

text: passed

text: down

text: from

text: the

text: apostles

text: New Rome (Greek:  , "Nea Rom"; Latin: "Nova Roma") was a name given by the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great in 330 AD to his new imperial capital at the city on the European coast of the Bosporus strait, also known as Byzantium until then, and as "Knstantinoúpolis" (Constantinople). The city is now known as Istanbul.

text: New

text: Rome

text: Greek

text: Nea

text: Rom

text: Latin

text: Nova

text: Roma

text: was

text: name

text: given

text: by

text: the

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: in

text: AD

text: to

text: his

text: new

text: imperial

text: capital

text: at

text: the

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Bosporus

text: strait

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Byzantium

text: until

text: then

text: and

text: as

text: Knstantinoúpolis

text: Constantinople

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: Istanbul

text: Antioch on the Orontes (also Syrian Antioch) was an ancient Greco-Roman city on the eastern side of the Orontes River. Its ruins lie near the modern city of Antakya, Turkey, and lends the modern city its name.

text: Antioch

text: on

text: the

text: Orontes

text: also

text: Syrian

text: Antioch

text: was

text: an

text: ancient

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: eastern

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Orontes

text: River

text: Its

text: ruins

text: lie

text: near

text: the

text: modern

text: city

text: of

text: Antakya

text: Turkey

text: and

text: lends

text: the

text: modern

text: city

text: its

text: name

text: Rome is a city and special "comune" (named "Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2,870,336 residents in , it is also the country's largest and most populated "comune" and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4.3 million residents. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of Tiber river. The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states.

text: Rome

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: special

text: comune

text: named

text: Roma

text: Capitale

text: in

text: Italy

text: Rome

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Italy

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Lazio

text: region

text: With

text: residents

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populated

text: comune

text: and

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: by

text: population

text: within

text: city

text: limits

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: City

text: of

text: Rome

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: residents

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: western

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: within

text: Lazio

text: Latium

text: along

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: Tiber

text: river

text: The

text: Vatican

text: City

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: country

text: geographically

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: boundaries

text: of

text: Rome

text: the

text: only

text: existing

text: example

text: of

text: country

text: within

text: city

text: for

text: this

text: reason

text: Rome

text: has

text: been

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: capital

text: of

text: two

text: states

text: The Council of Chalcedon (or ) was a church council held from October 8 to November 1, AD 451, at Chalcedon. The Council is numbered as the fourth ecumenical council by the Great Church. A minority of Christians do not agree with the council's teachings. Its most important achievement was to issue the Chalcedonian Definition. The Council's judgements and definitions regarding the divine marked a significant turning point in the Christological debates. Chalcedon was a city in Bithynia, on the Asian side of the Bosphorus; today the city it is part of the Republic of Turkey and is known as Kadköy (a district of Istanbul).

text: The

text: Council

text: of

text: Chalcedon

text: or

text: was

text: church

text: council

text: held

text: from

text: October

text: to

text: November

text: AD

text: at

text: Chalcedon

text: The

text: Council

text: is

text: numbered

text: as

text: the

text: fourth

text: ecumenical

text: council

text: by

text: the

text: Great

text: Church

text: minority

text: of

text: Christians

text: do

text: not

text: agree

text: with

text: the

text: council

text: 's

text: teachings

text: Its

text: most

text: important

text: achievement

text: was

text: to

text: issue

text: the

text: Chalcedonian

text: Definition

text: The

text: Council

text: 's

text: judgements

text: and

text: definitions

text: regarding

text: the

text: divine

text: marked

text: significant

text: turning

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: Christological

text: debates

text: Chalcedon

text: was

text: city

text: in

text: Bithynia

text: on

text: the

text: Asian

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Bosphorus

text: today

text: the

text: city

text: it

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Turkey

text: and

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Kadköy

text: district

text: of

text: Istanbul

question: place_of_birth theodosius i of constantinople

answer: antakya

text: antakya

text: antakya


text: The Fourth Crusade (120204) was a Western European armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III, originally intended to conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Instead, a sequence of events culminated in the Crusaders sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Christian-controlled Byzantine Empire.

text: The

text: Fourth

text: Crusade

text: was

text: Western

text: European

text: armed

text: expedition

text: called

text: by

text: Pope

text: Innocent

text: III

text: originally

text: intended

text: to

text: conquer

text: Muslim

text: controlled

text: Jerusalem

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: an

text: invasion

text: through

text: Egypt

text: Instead

text: sequence

text: of

text: events

text: culminated

text: in

text: the

text: Crusaders

text: sacking

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Christian

text: controlled

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: Hagia Sophia (from the ), "Holy Wisdom"; or "Sancta Sapientia") was a Greek Orthodox Christian patriarchal basilica (church), later an imperial mosque, and now a museum (Ayasofya Müzesi) in Istanbul, Turkey. From the date of its construction in 537 AD, and until 1453, it served as an Eastern Orthodox cathedral and seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople, except between 1204 and 1261, when it was converted by the Fourth Crusaders to a Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire. The building was later converted into an Ottoman mosque from 29 May 1453 until 1931. It was then secularized and opened as a museum on 1 February 1935. Famous in particular for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture and is said to have "changed the history of architecture". It remained the world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years, until Seville Cathedral was completed in 1520.

text: Hagia

text: Sophia

text: from

text: the

text: Holy

text: Wisdom

text: or

text: Sancta

text: Sapientia

text: was

text: Greek

text: Orthodox

text: Christian

text: patriarchal

text: basilica

text: church

text: later

text: an

text: imperial

text: mosque

text: and

text: now

text: museum

text: Ayasofya

text: Müzesi

text: in

text: Istanbul

text: Turkey

text: From

text: the

text: date

text: of

text: its

text: construction

text: in

text: AD

text: and

text: until

text: it

text: served

text: as

text: an

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: cathedral

text: and

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: Patriarch

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: except

text: between

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: converted

text: by

text: the

text: Fourth

text: Crusaders

text: to

text: Catholic

text: cathedral

text: under

text: the

text: Latin

text: Empire

text: The

text: building

text: was

text: later

text: converted

text: into

text: an

text: Ottoman

text: mosque

text: from

text: May

text: until

text: It

text: was

text: then

text: secularized

text: and

text: opened

text: as

text: museum

text: on

text: February

text: Famous

text: in

text: particular

text: for

text: its

text: massive

text: dome

text: it

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: epitome

text: of

text: Byzantine

text: architecture

text: and

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: changed

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: architecture

text: It

text: remained

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: cathedral

text: for

text: nearly

text: thousand

text: years

text: until

text: Seville

text: Cathedral

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: The

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: was

text: the

text: continuation

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: during

text: Late

text: Antiquity

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: when

text: its

text: capital

text: city

text: was

text: Constantinople

text: modern

text: day

text: Istanbul

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: founded

text: as

text: Byzantium

text: It

text: survived

text: the

text: fragmentation

text: and

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: and

text: continued

text: to

text: exist

text: for

text: an

text: additional

text: thousand

text: years

text: until

text: it

text: fell

text: to

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Turks

text: in

text: During

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: existence

text: the

text: empire

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: economic

text: cultural

text: and

text: military

text: force

text: in

text: Europe

text: Both

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: are

text: historiographical

text: terms

text: created

text: after

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: realm

text: its

text: citizens

text: continued

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: their

text: empire

text: as

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: tr

text: or

text: Romania

text: and

text: to

text: themselves

text: as

text: Romans

text: An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who concentrates their studies on a specific question or field outside of the scope of Earth. They look at stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies, as well as many other celestial objects  either in observational astronomy, in analyzing the data or in theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers work on include: planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. There are also related but distinct subjects like physical cosmology which studies the Universe as a whole.

text: An

text: astronomer

text: is

text: scientist

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: astronomy

text: who

text: concentrates

text: their

text: studies

text: on

text: specific

text: question

text: or

text: field

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: Earth

text: They

text: look

text: at

text: stars

text: planets

text: moons

text: comets

text: and

text: galaxies

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: many

text: other

text: celestial

text: objects

text: either

text: in

text: observational

text: astronomy

text: in

text: analyzing

text: the

text: data

text: or

text: in

text: theoretical

text: astronomy

text: Examples

text: of

text: topics

text: or

text: fields

text: astronomers

text: work

text: on

text: include

text: planetary

text: science

text: solar

text: astronomy

text: the

text: origin

text: or

text: evolution

text: of

text: stars

text: or

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: galaxies

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: related

text: but

text: distinct

text: subjects

text: like

text: physical

text: cosmology

text: which

text: studies

text: the

text: Universe

text: as

text: whole

text: Turkey

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Turkey

text: Turkish

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: mainly

text: in

text: Anatolia

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: with

text: smaller

text: portion

text: on

text: the

text: Balkan

text: peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Europe

text: Turkey

text: is

text: democratic

text: secular

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: with

text: diverse

text: cultural

text: heritage

text: Turkey

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: eight

text: countries

text: Greece

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Bulgaria

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Georgia

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Armenia

text: the

text: Azerbaijani

text: exclave

text: of

text: Nakhchivan

text: and

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Iraq

text: and

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: Aegean

text: Sea

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: Bosphorus

text: the

text: Sea

text: of

text: Marmara

text: and

text: the

text: Dardanelles

text: which

text: together

text: form

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: divide

text: Thrace

text: and

text: Anatolia

text: they

text: also

text: separate

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: Turkey

text: 's

text: location

text: has

text: given

text: it

text: geopolitical

text: and

text: strategic

text: importance

text: throughout

text: history

text: Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is a term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world. It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and Southwestern Asia.

text: Classical

text: antiquity

text: also

text: the

text: classical

text: era

text: classical

text: period

text: or

text: classical

text: age

text: is

text: term

text: for

text: long

text: period

text: of

text: cultural

text: history

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: comprising

text: the

text: interlocking

text: civilizations

text: of

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: Greek

text: and

text: Roman

text: society

text: flourished

text: and

text: wielded

text: great

text: influence

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: Southwestern

text: Asia

text: Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. Byzantine architecture was mostly influenced by Roman and Greek architecture and later Sassanian and Islamic influences to an extent. This terminology is used by modern historians to designate the medieval Roman Empire as it evolved as a distinct artistic and cultural entity centered on the new capital of Constantinople rather than the city of Rome and environs. The empire endured for more than a millennium, dramatically influencing Medieval architecture throughout Europe and the Near East, and becoming the primary progenitor of the Renaissance and Ottoman architectural traditions that followed its collapse.

text: Byzantine

text: architecture

text: is

text: the

text: architecture

text: of

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Later

text: Roman

text: or

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Byzantine

text: architecture

text: was

text: mostly

text: influenced

text: by

text: Roman

text: and

text: Greek

text: architecture

text: and

text: later

text: Sassanian

text: and

text: Islamic

text: influences

text: to

text: an

text: extent

text: This

text: terminology

text: is

text: used

text: by

text: modern

text: historians

text: to

text: designate

text: the

text: medieval

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: as

text: it

text: evolved

text: as

text: distinct

text: artistic

text: and

text: cultural

text: entity

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: new

text: capital

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: and

text: environs

text: The

text: empire

text: endured

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: millennium

text: dramatically

text: influencing

text: Medieval

text: architecture

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: Near

text: East

text: and

text: becoming

text: the

text: primary

text: progenitor

text: of

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: Ottoman

text: architectural

text: traditions

text: that

text: followed

text: its

text: collapse

text: The Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See, better known as Seville Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Seville (Andalusia, Spain). It is the largest Gothic cathedral and the third-largest church in the world. It is also the largest cathedral in the world, as the two larger churches, the Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida and St. Peter's Basilica, are not the seats of bishops. It was registered in 1987 by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, along with the Alcázar palace complex and the General Archive of the Indies. "See" refers to the episcopal see, i.e., the bishop's ecclesiastical jurisdiction.

text: The

text: Cathedral

text: of

text: Saint

text: Mary

text: of

text: the

text: See

text: better

text: known

text: as

text: Seville

text: Cathedral

text: is

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: cathedral

text: in

text: Seville

text: Andalusia

text: Spain

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: Gothic

text: cathedral

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: church

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: largest

text: cathedral

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: as

text: the

text: two

text: larger

text: churches

text: the

text: Basilica

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Shrine

text: of

text: Our

text: Lady

text: of

text: Aparecida

text: and

text: St.

text: Peter

text: 's

text: Basilica

text: are

text: not

text: the

text: seats

text: of

text: bishops

text: It

text: was

text: registered

text: in

text: by

text: UNESCO

text: as

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Site

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Alcázar

text: palace

text: complex

text: and

text: the

text: General

text: Archive

text: of

text: the

text: Indies

text: See

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: episcopal

text: see

text: i.e.

text: the

text: bishop

text: 's

text: ecclesiastical

text: jurisdiction

text: The Empire of Romania, more commonly known in historiography as the Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople, and known to the Byzantines as the Latin Occupation, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. It was established after the capture of Constantinople in 1204 and lasted until 1261. The Latin Empire was intended to supplant the Byzantine Empire as the titular Roman Empire in the east, with a Western Roman Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern Orthodox Roman emperors. Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders, was crowned the first Latin emperor as Baldwin I on 16 May 1204. The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, especially Venice, and after a short initial period of military successes it went into a steady decline. Weakened by constant warfare with the Bulgarians and the unconquered sections of the empire, it eventually fell when Byzantines recaptured Constantinople under Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261. The last Latin emperor, Baldwin II, went into exile, but the imperial title survived, with several pretenders to it, until the 14th century.

text: The

text: Empire

text: of

text: Romania

text: more

text: commonly

text: known

text: in

text: historiography

text: as

text: the

text: Latin

text: Empire

text: or

text: Latin

text: Empire

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: and

text: known

text: to

text: the

text: Byzantines

text: as

text: the

text: Latin

text: Occupation

text: was

text: feudal

text: Crusader

text: state

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: Fourth

text: Crusade

text: on

text: lands

text: captured

text: from

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: It

text: was

text: established

text: after

text: the

text: capture

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: in

text: and

text: lasted

text: until

text: The

text: Latin

text: Empire

text: was

text: intended

text: to

text: supplant

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: as

text: the

text: titular

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: with

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: emperor

text: enthroned

text: in

text: place

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Roman

text: emperors

text: Baldwin

text: IX

text: Count

text: of

text: Flanders

text: was

text: crowned

text: the

text: first

text: Latin

text: emperor

text: as

text: Baldwin

text: on

text: May

text: The

text: Latin

text: Empire

text: failed

text: to

text: attain

text: political

text: or

text: economic

text: dominance

text: over

text: the

text: other

text: Latin

text: powers

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: established

text: in

text: former

text: Byzantine

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: the

text: Fourth

text: Crusade

text: especially

text: Venice

text: and

text: after

text: short

text: initial

text: period

text: of

text: military

text: successes

text: it

text: went

text: into

text: steady

text: decline

text: Weakened

text: by

text: constant

text: warfare

text: with

text: the

text: Bulgarians

text: and

text: the

text: unconquered

text: sections

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: it

text: eventually

text: fell

text: when

text: Byzantines

text: recaptured

text: Constantinople

text: under

text: Emperor

text: Michael

text: VIII

text: Palaiologos

text: in

text: The

text: last

text: Latin

text: emperor

text: Baldwin

text: II

text: went

text: into

text: exile

text: but

text: the

text: imperial

text: title

text: survived

text: with

text: several

text: pretenders

text: to

text: it

text: until

text: the

text: century

text:
Anthemius of Tralles (Medieval Greek , "Anthémios o Trallianós";   533  558) was a Greek from Tralles who worked as a geometer and architect in Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. With Isidore of Miletus, he designed the Hagia Sophia for Justinian I.
Life.
Anthemius was one of the five sons of Stephanus of Tralles, a physician. His brothers were Dioscorus, Alexander, Olympius, and Metrodorus. Dioscorus followed his father's profession in Tralles; Alexander did so in Rome and became one of the most celebrated medical men of his time; Olympius became a noted lawyer; and Metrodorus worked as a grammarian in Constantinople.

text: Anthemius

text: of

text: Tralles

text: Medieval

text: Greek

text: Anthémios

text: Trallianós

text: was

text: Greek

text: from

text: Tralles

text: who

text: worked

text: as

text: geometer

text: and

text: architect

text: in

text: Constantinople

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: With

text: Isidore

text: of

text: Miletus

text: he

text: designed

text: the

text: Hagia

text: Sophia

text: for

text: Justinian

text: Life

text: Anthemius

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: sons

text: of

text: Stephanus

text: of

text: Tralles

text: physician

text: His

text: brothers

text: were

text: Dioscorus

text: Alexander

text: Olympius

text: and

text: Metrodorus

text: Dioscorus

text: followed

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: profession

text: in

text: Tralles

text: Alexander

text: did

text: so

text: in

text: Rome

text: and

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: celebrated

text: medical

text: men

text: of

text: his

text: time

text: Olympius

text: became

text: noted

text: lawyer

text: and

text: Metrodorus

text: worked

text: as

text: grammarian

text: in

text: Constantinople

text: Justinian I  (482 14 November 565), traditionally known as Justinian the Great and also Saint Justinian the Great in the Eastern Orthodox Church, was a Byzantine (East Roman) emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the historical Roman Empire. Justinian's rule constitutes a distinct epoch in the history of the Later Roman empire, and his reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized "renovatio imperii", or "restoration of the Empire".

text: Justinian

text: November

text: traditionally

text: known

text: as

text: Justinian

text: the

text: Great

text: and

text: also

text: Saint

text: Justinian

text: the

text: Great

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: was

text: Byzantine

text: East

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: from

text: to

text: During

text: his

text: reign

text: Justinian

text: sought

text: to

text: revive

text: the

text: empire

text: 's

text: greatness

text: and

text: reconquer

text: the

text: lost

text: western

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: historical

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Justinian

text: 's

text: rule

text: constitutes

text: distinct

text: epoch

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Later

text: Roman

text: empire

text: and

text: his

text: reign

text: is

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: ambitious

text: but

text: only

text: partly

text: realized

text: renovatio

text: imperii

text: or

text: restoration

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: Medieval Greek, also known as Byzantine Greek, is the stage of the Greek language between the end of Classical antiquity in the 5th-6th centuries and the end of the Middle Ages, conventionally dated to the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453. From the 7th century onwards, Greek was the only language of administration and government in the Byzantine Empire. This stage of language is thus described as Byzantine Greek. The study of the Medieval Greek language and literature is a branch of Byzantine Studies, or Byzantinology, the study of the history and culture of the Byzantine Empire.

text: Medieval

text: Greek

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Byzantine

text: Greek

text: is

text: the

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: language

text: between

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: Classical

text: antiquity

text: in

text: the

text: centuries

text: and

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: conventionally

text: dated

text: to

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: conquest

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: in

text: From

text: the

text: century

text: onwards

text: Greek

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: language

text: of

text: administration

text: and

text: government

text: in

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: This

text: stage

text: of

text: language

text: is

text: thus

text: described

text: as

text: Byzantine

text: Greek

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: Medieval

text: Greek

text: language

text: and

text: literature

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: Byzantine

text: Studies

text: or

text: Byzantinology

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: and

text: culture

text: of

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: Archimedes of Syracuse  was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time, Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying concepts of infinitesimals and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems, including the area of a circle, the surface area and volume of a sphere, and the area under a parabola.

text: Archimedes

text: of

text: Syracuse

text: was

text: Greek

text: mathematician

text: physicist

text: engineer

text: inventor

text: and

text: astronomer

text: Although

text: few

text: details

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: are

text: known

text: he

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: scientists

text: in

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: Generally

text: considered

text: the

text: greatest

text: mathematician

text: of

text: antiquity

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: Archimedes

text: anticipated

text: modern

text: calculus

text: and

text: analysis

text: by

text: applying

text: concepts

text: of

text: infinitesimals

text: and

text: the

text: method

text: of

text: exhaustion

text: to

text: derive

text: and

text: rigorously

text: prove

text: range

text: of

text: geometrical

text: theorems

text: including

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: circle

text: the

text: surface

text: area

text: and

text: volume

text: of

text: sphere

text: and

text: the

text: area

text: under

text: parabola

text: The Roman Empire (Koine and Medieval Greek:   , tr. ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title "Augustus", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Koine

text: and

text: Medieval

text: Greek

text: tr

text: was

text: the

text: post

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: characterized

text: by

text: government

text: headed

text: by

text: emperors

text: and

text: large

text: territorial

text: holdings

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: in

text: Europe

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: BC

text: AD

text: with

text: Constantinople

text: New

text: Rome

text: becoming

text: the

text: largest

text: around

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: populace

text: grew

text: to

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: old

text: republic

text: which

text: preceded

text: it

text: was

text: severely

text: destabilized

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: and

text: political

text: conflict

text: during

text: which

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: perpetual

text: dictator

text: and

text: then

text: assassinated

text: in

text: BC

text: Civil

text: wars

text: and

text: executions

text: continued

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: victory

text: of

text: Octavian

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: adopted

text: son

text: over

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: Cleopatra

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: power

text: was

text: then

text: unassailable

text: and

text: in

text: BC

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: formally

text: granted

text: him

text: overarching

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: title

text: Augustus

text: effectively

text: marking

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: Isidore of Miletus ( Greek :    ) was one of the two main Byzantine Greek architects ( Anthemius of Tralles was the other ) that Emperor Justinian I commissioned to design the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople from 532 - 537 . He also created the first comprehensive compilation of Archimedes ' works .

text: Isidore

text: of

text: Miletus

text: Greek

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: main

text: Byzantine

text: Greek

text: architects

text: Anthemius

text: of

text: Tralles

text: was

text: the

text: other

text: that

text: Emperor

text: Justinian

text: commissioned

text: to

text: design

text: the

text: church

text: of

text: Hagia

text: Sophia

text: in

text: Constantinople

text: from

text: He

text: also

text: created

text: the

text: first

text: comprehensive

text: compilation

text: of

text: Archimedes

text: works

text: Byzantium

text: Byzántion

text: was

text: an

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: colony

text: on

text: the

text: site

text: that

text: later

text: became

text: Constantinople

text: and

text: later

text: still

text: Istanbul

text: Byzantium

text: was

text: colonised

text: by

text: the

text: Greeks

text: from

text: Megara

text: in

text:
Istanbul (or ), historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural, and historic center. Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosphorus strait (which separates Europe and Asia) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side.
The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (coterminous with Istanbul Province), both hosting a population of around 14.7 million residents. Istanbul is one of the world's most populous cities and ranks as the world's 7th-largest city proper and the largest European city.

text: Istanbul

text: or

text: historically

text: known

text: as

text: Constantinople

text: and

text: Byzantium

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Turkey

text: and

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: economic

text: cultural

text: and

text: historic

text: center

text: Istanbul

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: city

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: straddling

text: the

text: Bosphorus

text: strait

text: which

text: separates

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: between

text: the

text: Sea

text: of

text: Marmara

text: and

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: Its

text: commercial

text: and

text: historical

text: center

text: lies

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: side

text: and

text: about

text: third

text: of

text: its

text: population

text: lives

text: on

text: the

text: Asian

text: side

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: administrative

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Istanbul

text: Metropolitan

text: Municipality

text: coterminous

text: with

text: Istanbul

text: Province

text: both

text: hosting

text: population

text: of

text: around

text: million

text: residents

text: Istanbul

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: cities

text: and

text: ranks

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: proper

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: European

text: city

text: Constantinople

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: and

text: also

text: of

text: the

text: brief

text: Latin

text: and

text: the

text: later

text: Ottoman

text: empires

text: It

text: was

text: reinaugurated

text: in

text: AD

text: from

text: ancient

text: Byzantium

text: as

text: the

text: new

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: by

text: Emperor

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: after

text: whom

text: it

text: was

text: named

text: and

text: dedicated

text: on

text: May

text: AD

text: A cathedral (French: "cathédrale" from Latin: "cathedra", "seat" from the Greek "kathédra" (), seat, bench, from "kata" "down" + "hedra" seat, base, chair) is a Christian church which contains the seat of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate. The counterpart term for such a church in German is "Dom" from Latin "domus ecclesiae" or "domus episcopalis"; also Italian Duomo, Dutch "Domkerk" and cognates in many other European languages. Churches with the function of "cathedral" are usually specific to those Christian denominations with an episcopal hierarchy, such as the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Orthodox, and some Lutheran and Methodist churches. Church buildings embodying the functions of a cathedral first appear in Italy, Gaul, Spain and North Africa in the 4th century, but cathedrals did not become universal within the Western Catholic Church until the 12th century, by which time they had developed architectural forms, institutional structures and legal identities distinct from parish churches, monastic churches and episcopal residences.

text: cathedral

text: French

text: cathédrale

text: from

text: Latin

text: cathedra

text: seat

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: kathédra

text: seat

text: bench

text: from

text: kata

text: down

text: hedra

text: seat

text: base

text: chair

text: is

text: Christian

text: church

text: which

text: contains

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: bishop

text: thus

text: serving

text: as

text: the

text: central

text: church

text: of

text: diocese

text: conference

text: or

text: episcopate

text: The

text: counterpart

text: term

text: for

text: such

text: church

text: in

text: German

text: is

text: Dom

text: from

text: Latin

text: domus

text: ecclesiae

text: or

text: domus

text: episcopalis

text: also

text: Italian

text: Duomo

text: Dutch

text: Domkerk

text: and

text: cognates

text: in

text: many

text: other

text: European

text: languages

text: Churches

text: with

text: the

text: function

text: of

text: cathedral

text: are

text: usually

text: specific

text: to

text: those

text: Christian

text: denominations

text: with

text: an

text: episcopal

text: hierarchy

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Anglican

text: Orthodox

text: and

text: some

text: Lutheran

text: and

text: Methodist

text: churches

text: Church

text: buildings

text: embodying

text: the

text: functions

text: of

text: cathedral

text: first

text: appear

text: in

text: Italy

text: Gaul

text: Spain

text: and

text: North

text: Africa

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: but

text: cathedrals

text: did

text: not

text: become

text: universal

text: within

text: the

text: Western

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: by

text: which

text: time

text: they

text: had

text: developed

text: architectural

text: forms

text: institutional

text: structures

text: and

text: legal

text: identities

text: distinct

text: from

text: parish

text: churches

text: monastic

text: churches

text: and

text: episcopal

text: residences

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

question: country_of_citizenship isidore of miletus

answer: byzantine empire

text: byzantine empire

text: byzantine empire

text: byzantine empire

text: byzantine empire

text: byzantine empire

text: byzantine empire

text: byzantine empire

text: byzantine empire

text: byzantine empire

text: byzantine empire


text: Daniel Whittle Harvey ( 10 January 1786 -- 24 February 1863 ) was a Radical English politician who founded The Sunday Times newspaper and was the first Commissioner of the City of London Police . Harvey trained as a lawyer , and became a Fellow of the Inner Temple in 1818 , but was twice refused admission to the bar . He first stood for Parliament in 1812 as Radical candidate for Colchester , and was defeated , but secured election for the same borough in 1818 . At the 1820 election he was deprived of victory when his qualification proved defective , but he was re-elected in 1826 and for several elections thereafter ; he subsequently also represented Southwark . He was a gifted orator and consistently took a moderate radical line , advocating limited reform both of Parliament and of the Church , and was at times bitterly at odds with the Whig government . In 1839 he was one of the MPs who took part in the conference with William Lovett 's London Working Men 's Association from which the Chartists emerged . In 1821 , Harvey founded a Sunday newspaper , The New Observer , which the following year adopted its present title , The Sunday Times . On one occasion he was imprisoned when the paper libelled the King , George IV. In 1839 , he was appointed Registrar of the Metropolitan Public Carriages , becoming the chief regulator of the taxi trade in London . Later the same year , the City of London Police was re-organised , and Harvey relinquished his seat in Parliament to become its first Commissioner ; he retained the post until 1863 .

text: Daniel

text: Whittle

text: Harvey

text: January

text: February

text: was

text: Radical

text: English

text: politician

text: who

text: founded

text: The

text: Sunday

text: Times

text: newspaper

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: Commissioner

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: Police

text: Harvey

text: trained

text: as

text: lawyer

text: and

text: became

text: Fellow

text: of

text: the

text: Inner

text: Temple

text: in

text: but

text: was

text: twice

text: refused

text: admission

text: to

text: the

text: bar

text: He

text: first

text: stood

text: for

text: Parliament

text: in

text: as

text: Radical

text: candidate

text: for

text: Colchester

text: and

text: was

text: defeated

text: but

text: secured

text: election

text: for

text: the

text: same

text: borough

text: in

text: At

text: the

text: election

text: he

text: was

text: deprived

text: of

text: victory

text: when

text: his

text: qualification

text: proved

text: defective

text: but

text: he

text: was

text: re

text: elected

text: in

text: and

text: for

text: several

text: elections

text: thereafter

text: he

text: subsequently

text: also

text: represented

text: Southwark

text: He

text: was

text: gifted

text: orator

text: and

text: consistently

text: took

text: moderate

text: radical

text: line

text: advocating

text: limited

text: reform

text: both

text: of

text: Parliament

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: and

text: was

text: at

text: times

text: bitterly

text: at

text: odds

text: with

text: the

text: Whig

text: government

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: MPs

text: who

text: took

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: conference

text: with

text: William

text: Lovett

text: 's

text: London

text: Working

text: Men

text: 's

text: Association

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: Chartists

text: emerged

text: In

text: Harvey

text: founded

text: Sunday

text: newspaper

text: The

text: New

text: Observer

text: which

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: adopted

text: its

text: present

text: title

text: The

text: Sunday

text: Times

text: On

text: one

text: occasion

text: he

text: was

text: imprisoned

text: when

text: the

text: paper

text: libelled

text: the

text: King

text: George

text: IV

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: appointed

text: Registrar

text: of

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: Public

text: Carriages

text: becoming

text: the

text: chief

text: regulator

text: of

text: the

text: taxi

text: trade

text: in

text: London

text: Later

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: Police

text: was

text: re

text: organised

text: and

text: Harvey

text: relinquished

text: his

text: seat

text: in

text: Parliament

text: to

text: become

text: its

text: first

text: Commissioner

text: he

text: retained

text: the

text: post

text: until

text: The Sunday Times is the largest-selling British national newspaper in the "quality press" market category. It is published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News UK, which is in turn owned by News Corp. Times Newspapers also publishes "The Times". The two papers were founded independently and have been under common ownership only since 1966. They were bought by News International in 1981.

text: The

text: Sunday

text: Times

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: selling

text: British

text: national

text: newspaper

text: in

text: the

text: quality

text: press

text: market

text: category

text: It

text: is

text: published

text: by

text: Times

text: Newspapers

text: Ltd

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: News

text: UK

text: which

text: is

text: in

text: turn

text: owned

text: by

text: News

text: Corp.

text: Times

text: Newspapers

text: also

text: publishes

text: The

text: Times

text: The

text: two

text: papers

text: were

text: founded

text: independently

text: and

text: have

text: been

text: under

text: common

text: ownership

text: only

text: since

text: They

text: were

text: bought

text: by

text: News

text: International

text: in

text: The phrase territorial police force varies in precise meaning according to the country to which it is related, generally distinguishing a force whose area of responsibility is defined by sub-national boundaries from others which deal with the entire country or a restricted range of crime.

text: The

text: phrase

text: territorial

text: police

text: force

text: varies

text: in

text: precise

text: meaning

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: country

text: to

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: related

text: generally

text: distinguishing

text: force

text: whose

text: area

text: of

text: responsibility

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: sub

text: national

text: boundaries

text: from

text: others

text: which

text: deal

text: with

text: the

text: entire

text: country

text: or

text: restricted

text: range

text: of

text: crime

text: The City of London is a city and county within London. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, but the agglomeration has since grown far beyond the City's borders. The City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London, though it remains a notable part of central London. Administratively, it forms one of the 33 local authority districts of Greater London; however, the City of London is not a London borough, a status reserved for the other 32 districts (including London's only other city, the City of Westminster).

text: The

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: county

text: within

text: London

text: It

text: constituted

text: most

text: of

text: London

text: from

text: its

text: settlement

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: to

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: but

text: the

text: agglomeration

text: has

text: since

text: grown

text: far

text: beyond

text: the

text: City

text: 's

text: borders

text: The

text: City

text: is

text: now

text: only

text: tiny

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: metropolis

text: of

text: London

text: though

text: it

text: remains

text: notable

text: part

text: of

text: central

text: London

text: Administratively

text: it

text: forms

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: authority

text: districts

text: of

text: Greater

text: London

text: however

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: is

text: not

text: London

text: borough

text: status

text: reserved

text: for

text: the

text: other

text: districts

text: including

text: London

text: 's

text: only

text: other

text: city

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Westminster

text: The City of London Police is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement within the City of London, including the Middle and Inner Temples. The force responsible for law enforcement within the remainder of Greater London, outside of the City, is the Metropolitan Police Service, a separate organisation. The City of London, which is now primarily a financial business district with a small resident population but a large commuting workforce, is the historic core of London, and has an administrative history distinct from that of the rest of the metropolis, of which its separate police force is one manifestation.

text: The

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: Police

text: is

text: the

text: territorial

text: police

text: force

text: responsible

text: for

text: law

text: enforcement

text: within

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: including

text: the

text: Middle

text: and

text: Inner

text: Temples

text: The

text: force

text: responsible

text: for

text: law

text: enforcement

text: within

text: the

text: remainder

text: of

text: Greater

text: London

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: is

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: Police

text: Service

text: separate

text: organisation

text: The

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: which

text: is

text: now

text: primarily

text: financial

text: business

text: district

text: with

text: small

text: resident

text: population

text: but

text: large

text: commuting

text: workforce

text: is

text: the

text: historic

text: core

text: of

text: London

text: and

text: has

text: an

text: administrative

text: history

text: distinct

text: from

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: metropolis

text: of

text: which

text: its

text: separate

text: police

text: force

text: is

text: one

text: manifestation

text: The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple, commonly known as Inner Temple, is one of the four Inns of Court (professional associations for barristers and judges) in London. To be called to the Bar and practise as a barrister in England and Wales, an individual must belong to one of these Inns. It is located in the wider Temple area of the capital, near the Royal Courts of Justice, and within the City of London.

text: The

text: Honourable

text: Society

text: of

text: the

text: Inner

text: Temple

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Inner

text: Temple

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: Inns

text: of

text: Court

text: professional

text: associations

text: for

text: barristers

text: and

text: judges

text: in

text: London

text: To

text: be

text: called

text: to

text: the

text: Bar

text: and

text: practise

text: as

text: barrister

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: Wales

text: an

text: individual

text: must

text: belong

text: to

text: one

text: of

text: these

text: Inns

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: wider

text: Temple

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: capital

text: near

text: the

text: Royal

text: Courts

text: of

text: Justice

text: and

text: within

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: News Corp UK & Ireland Limited (trading as News UK, formerly News International and NI Group), is a British-based American-owned newspaper publisher, and a wholly owned subsidiary of the American mass media conglomerate News Corp. It is the current publisher of "The Times", "The Sunday Times" and "The Sun" newspapers and its former publications include the "Today", "News of the World" and "The London Paper" newspapers. Until June 2002, it was called News International plc. On 31 May 2011 the company name was changed from News International Limited to NI Group Limited, and on 26 June 2013 to News UK.

text: News

text: Corp

text: UK

text: Ireland

text: Limited

text: trading

text: as

text: News

text: UK

text: formerly

text: News

text: International

text: and

text: NI

text: Group

text: is

text: British

text: based

text: American

text: owned

text: newspaper

text: publisher

text: and

text: wholly

text: owned

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: mass

text: media

text: conglomerate

text: News

text: Corp.

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: current

text: publisher

text: of

text: The

text: Times

text: The

text: Sunday

text: Times

text: and

text: The

text: Sun

text: newspapers

text: and

text: its

text: former

text: publications

text: include

text: the

text: Today

text: News

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: and

text: The

text: London

text: Paper

text: newspapers

text: Until

text: June

text: it

text: was

text: called

text: News

text: International

text: plc

text: On

text: May

text: the

text: company

text: name

text: was

text: changed

text: from

text: News

text: International

text: Limited

text: to

text: NI

text: Group

text: Limited

text: and

text: on

text: June

text: to

text: News

text: UK

text: The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS), formerly and still commonly the Metropolitan Police, and informally referred to as the Met Police, is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement in Greater London, excluding the "square mile" of the City of London, which is the responsibility of the City of London Police. The Met also has significant national responsibilities, such as co-ordinating and leading on counter-terrorism matters and protection of the British Royal Family and senior figures of Her Majesty's Government.

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: Police

text: Service

text: MPS

text: formerly

text: and

text: still

text: commonly

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: Police

text: and

text: informally

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Met

text: Police

text: is

text: the

text: territorial

text: police

text: force

text: responsible

text: for

text: law

text: enforcement

text: in

text: Greater

text: London

text: excluding

text: the

text: square

text: mile

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: responsibility

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: Police

text: The

text: Met

text: also

text: has

text: significant

text: national

text: responsibilities

text: such

text: as

text: co

text: ordinating

text: and

text: leading

text: on

text: counter

text: terrorism

text: matters

text: and

text: protection

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Royal

text: Family

text: and

text: senior

text: figures

text: of

text: Her

text: Majesty

text: 's

text: Government

text: Common ownership refers to holding the assets of an organization, enterprise, or community indivisibly rather than in the names of the individual members or groups of members, as common property. The principle of holding the means of production in common with free access to the output is the defining feature of a communist society.

text: Common

text: ownership

text: refers

text: to

text: holding

text: the

text: assets

text: of

text: an

text: organization

text: enterprise

text: or

text: community

text: indivisibly

text: rather

text: than

text: in

text: the

text: names

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: members

text: or

text: groups

text: of

text: members

text: as

text: common

text: property

text: The

text: principle

text: of

text: holding

text: the

text: means

text: of

text: production

text: in

text: common

text: with

text: free

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: output

text: is

text: the

text: defining

text: feature

text: of

text: communist

text: society

text: The Times is a British daily (Monday to Saturday) national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title , adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. "The Times" and its sister paper "The Sunday Times" (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. "The Times" and "The Sunday Times" do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967.

text: The

text: Times

text: is

text: British

text: daily

text: Monday

text: to

text: Saturday

text: national

text: newspaper

text: based

text: in

text: London

text: England

text: It

text: began

text: in

text: under

text: the

text: title

text: adopting

text: its

text: current

text: name

text: on

text: January

text: The

text: Times

text: and

text: its

text: sister

text: paper

text: The

text: Sunday

text: Times

text: founded

text: in

text: are

text: published

text: by

text: Times

text: Newspapers

text: since

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: News

text: UK

text: itself

text: wholly

text: owned

text: by

text: News

text: Corp.

text: The

text: Times

text: and

text: The

text: Sunday

text: Times

text: do

text: not

text: share

text: editorial

text: staff

text: were

text: founded

text: independently

text: and

text: have

text: only

text: had

text: common

text: ownership

text: since

annotations: likely multiple

question: place_of_death daniel whittle harvey

answer: greater london

text: greater london

text: greater london

text: greater london


text: Christianshavn is a neighbourhood in Copenhagen, Denmark. Part of the Indre By District, it is located on the island of Amager and separated from the rest of the city centre by the Inner Harbour. It was founded in the early 17th century by Christian IV as part of his extension of the fortifications of Copenhagen. Originally, it was laid out as an independent privileged merchant's town with inspiration from Dutch cities but it was soon incorporated into Copenhagen proper. Dominated by canals, it is the part of Copenhagen with the most nautical atmosphere.

text: Christianshavn

text: is

text: neighbourhood

text: in

text: Copenhagen

text: Denmark

text: Part

text: of

text: the

text: Indre

text: By

text: District

text: it

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Amager

text: and

text: separated

text: from

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: by

text: the

text: Inner

text: Harbour

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: by

text: Christian

text: IV

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: extension

text: of

text: the

text: fortifications

text: of

text: Copenhagen

text: Originally

text: it

text: was

text: laid

text: out

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: privileged

text: merchant

text: 's

text: town

text: with

text: inspiration

text: from

text: Dutch

text: cities

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: soon

text: incorporated

text: into

text: Copenhagen

text: proper

text: Dominated

text: by

text: canals

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: Copenhagen

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: nautical

text: atmosphere

text: Gasolin' was a Danish rock band from Christianshavn in Copenhagen formed by Kim Larsen, Franz Beckerlee and Wili Jønsson in 1969. Their first drummer was the late Bjørn Uglebjerg. He was replaced by Søren Berlev in 1971. At the formation the guitar playing of Franz Beckerlee was inspired by Jimi Hendrix and the singing and lyrics of Larsen was inspired by Bob Dylan, while the rhythm playing of Jønsson and Berlev owed much to The Beatles. However, they would soon develop their own musical style. The pop sensibility of Kim Larsen, the artistic attitude of Franz Beckerlee and the musical competence of Wili Jønsson would prove to be a recipe for success. Gasolin's lyrics were generally written by the entire group, often with the assistance of friend Mogens Mogensen.

text: Gasolin

text: was

text: Danish

text: rock

text: band

text: from

text: Christianshavn

text: in

text: Copenhagen

text: formed

text: by

text: Kim

text: Larsen

text: Franz

text: Beckerlee

text: and

text: Wili

text: Jønsson

text: in

text: Their

text: first

text: drummer

text: was

text: the

text: late

text: Bjørn

text: Uglebjerg

text: He

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: Søren

text: Berlev

text: in

text: At

text: the

text: formation

text: the

text: guitar

text: playing

text: of

text: Franz

text: Beckerlee

text: was

text: inspired

text: by

text: Jimi

text: Hendrix

text: and

text: the

text: singing

text: and

text: lyrics

text: of

text: Larsen

text: was

text: inspired

text: by

text: Bob

text: Dylan

text: while

text: the

text: rhythm

text: playing

text: of

text: Jønsson

text: and

text: Berlev

text: owed

text: much

text: to

text: The

text: Beatles

text: However

text: they

text: would

text: soon

text: develop

text: their

text: own

text: musical

text: style

text: The

text: pop

text: sensibility

text: of

text: Kim

text: Larsen

text: the

text: artistic

text: attitude

text: of

text: Franz

text: Beckerlee

text: and

text: the

text: musical

text: competence

text: of

text: Wili

text: Jønsson

text: would

text: prove

text: to

text: be

text: recipe

text: for

text: success

text: Gasolin

text: 's

text: lyrics

text: were

text: generally

text: written

text: by

text: the

text: entire

text: group

text: often

text: with

text: the

text: assistance

text: of

text: friend

text: Mogens

text: Mogensen

text: Gasolin ' is a 2006 documentary film directed by Anders Østergaard . It 's a film about Denmark 's most influential rock band Gasolin ' . For the first time since they split up in 1978 the four band members reflect upon their career and why they parted .

text: Gasolin

text: is

text: documentary

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Anders

text: Østergaard

text: It

text: 's

text: film

text: about

text: Denmark

text: 's

text: most

text: influential

text: rock

text: band

text: Gasolin

text: For

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: since

text: they

text: split

text: up

text: in

text: the

text: four

text: band

text: members

text: reflect

text: upon

text: their

text: career

text: and

text: why

text: they

text: parted

text: Kim Melius Flyvholm Larsen (born 23 October 1945) is a Danish rock musician.

text: Kim

text: Melius

text: Flyvholm

text: Larsen

text: born

text: October

text: is

text: Danish

text: rock

text: musician

text: Wili Jønsson (born 27 March 1942) is a Danish rock musician and member of 1970s band Gasolin'. He was known as a backing singer, keyboardist, composer and bass guitarist.

text: Wili

text: Jønsson

text: born

text: March

text: is

text: Danish

text: rock

text: musician

text: and

text: member

text: of

text: band

text: Gasolin

text: He

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: backing

text: singer

text: keyboardist

text: composer

text: and

text: bass

text: guitarist

text: The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, they became widely regarded as the foremost and most influential act of the rock era. Rooted in skiffle, beat, and 1950s rock and roll, the Beatles later experimented with several musical styles, ranging from pop ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock, often incorporating classical elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways. In the early 1960s, their enormous popularity first emerged as "Beatlemania", but as the group's music grew in sophistication, led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney, they came to be perceived as an embodiment of the ideals shared by the counterculture of the 1960s.

text: The

text: Beatles

text: were

text: an

text: English

text: rock

text: band

text: formed

text: in

text: Liverpool

text: in

text: With

text: members

text: John

text: Lennon

text: Paul

text: McCartney

text: George

text: Harrison

text: and

text: Ringo

text: Starr

text: they

text: became

text: widely

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: foremost

text: and

text: most

text: influential

text: act

text: of

text: the

text: rock

text: era

text: Rooted

text: in

text: skiffle

text: beat

text: and

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: the

text: Beatles

text: later

text: experimented

text: with

text: several

text: musical

text: styles

text: ranging

text: from

text: pop

text: ballads

text: and

text: Indian

text: music

text: to

text: psychedelia

text: and

text: hard

text: rock

text: often

text: incorporating

text: classical

text: elements

text: and

text: unconventional

text: recording

text: techniques

text: in

text: innovative

text: ways

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: their

text: enormous

text: popularity

text: first

text: emerged

text: as

text: Beatlemania

text: but

text: as

text: the

text: group

text: 's

text: music

text: grew

text: in

text: sophistication

text: led

text: by

text: primary

text: songwriters

text: Lennon

text: and

text: McCartney

text: they

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: perceived

text: as

text: an

text: embodiment

text: of

text: the

text: ideals

text: shared

text: by

text: the

text: counterculture

text: of

text: the

question: original_language_of_work gasolin'

answer: danish

text: danish

text: danish

text: danish