text: An archipelago, sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster or collection of islands. The word "archipelago" is derived from the Greek "-  arkhi-" ("chief") and "  pélagos" ("sea") through the Italian "arcipelago". In Italian, possibly following a tradition of antiquity, the Archipelago (from medieval Greek "*" and Latin "archipelagus") was the proper name for the Aegean Sea and, later, usage shifted to refer to the Aegean Islands (since the sea is remarkable for its large number of islands). It is now used to refer to any island group or, sometimes, to a sea containing a small number of scattered islands.

text: An

text: archipelago

text: sometimes

text: called

text: an

text: island

text: group

text: or

text: island

text: chain

text: is

text: chain

text: cluster

text: or

text: collection

text: of

text: islands

text: The

text: word

text: archipelago

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: arkhi-

text: chief

text: and

text: pélagos

text: sea

text: through

text: the

text: Italian

text: arcipelago

text: In

text: Italian

text: possibly

text: following

text: tradition

text: of

text: antiquity

text: the

text: Archipelago

text: from

text: medieval

text: Greek

text: and

text: Latin

text: archipelagus

text: was

text: the

text: proper

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: Aegean

text: Sea

text: and

text: later

text: usage

text: shifted

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: Aegean

text: Islands

text: since

text: the

text: sea

text: is

text: remarkable

text: for

text: its

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: islands

text: It

text: is

text: now

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: any

text: island

text: group

text: or

text: sometimes

text: to

text: sea

text: containing

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: scattered

text: islands

text: Physical geography (also known as geosystems or physiography) is one of the two major sub-fields of geography. Physical geography is that branch of natural science which deals with the study of processes and patterns in the natural environment like the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere, as opposed to the cultural or built environment, the domain of human geography.

text: Physical

text: geography

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: geosystems

text: or

text: physiography

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: major

text: sub

text: fields

text: of

text: geography

text: Physical

text: geography

text: is

text: that

text: branch

text: of

text: natural

text: science

text: which

text: deals

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: processes

text: and

text: patterns

text: in

text: the

text: natural

text: environment

text: like

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: biosphere

text: and

text: geosphere

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: cultural

text: or

text: built

text: environment

text: the

text: domain

text: of

text: human

text: geography

text: The Americas, also collectively called America, encompass the totality of the continents of North America and South America. Together they make up most of Earth's western hemisphere and comprise the "New World".

text: The

text: Americas

text: also

text: collectively

text: called

text: America

text: encompass

text: the

text: totality

text: of

text: the

text: continents

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: Together

text: they

text: make

text: up

text: most

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: western

text: hemisphere

text: and

text: comprise

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: Australasia, a region of Oceania, comprises Australia, New Zealand, the island of New Guinea, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. Charles de Brosses coined the term (as French "Australasie") in "Histoire des navigations aux terres australes" (1756). He derived it from the Latin for "south of Asia" and differentiated the area from Polynesia (to the east) and the southeast Pacific (Magellanica). The bulk of Australasia sits on the Indo-Australian Plate, together with India.

text: Australasia

text: region

text: of

text: Oceania

text: comprises

text: Australia

text: New

text: Zealand

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: neighbouring

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: Charles

text: de

text: Brosses

text: coined

text: the

text: term

text: as

text: French

text: Australasie

text: in

text: Histoire

text: des

text: navigations

text: aux

text: terres

text: australes

text: He

text: derived

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: for

text: south

text: of

text: Asia

text: and

text: differentiated

text: the

text: area

text: from

text: Polynesia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: southeast

text: Pacific

text: Magellanica

text: The

text: bulk

text: of

text: Australasia

text: sits

text: on

text: the

text: Indo

text: Australian

text: Plate

text: together

text: with

text: India

text:
Human geography is the branch of the social sciences that deals with the study of people and their communities,
cultures, economies and interaction with the environment by noticing their relations with and across space and place. As an intellectual discipline, geography is divided into the sub-fields of physical geography and human geography, the latter concentrating upon the study of human activities, by the application of qualitative and quantitative research methods.

text: Human

text: geography

text: is

text: the

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: social

text: sciences

text: that

text: deals

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: people

text: and

text: their

text: communities

text: cultures

text: economies

text: and

text: interaction

text: with

text: the

text: environment

text: by

text: noticing

text: their

text: relations

text: with

text: and

text: across

text: space

text: and

text: place

text: As

text: an

text: intellectual

text: discipline

text: geography

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: sub

text: fields

text: of

text: physical

text: geography

text: and

text: human

text: geography

text: the

text: latter

text: concentrating

text: upon

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: human

text: activities

text: by

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: qualitative

text: and

text: quantitative

text: research

text: methods

text: Modern humans ("Homo sapiens", primarily ssp. "Homo sapiens sapiens") are the only extant members of Hominina tribe (or human tribe), a branch of the tribe Hominini belonging to the family of great apes. They are characterized by erect posture and bipedal locomotion; manual dexterity and increased tool use, compared to other animals; and a general trend toward larger, more complex brains and societies.

text: Modern

text: humans

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: primarily

text: ssp

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: sapiens

text: are

text: the

text: only

text: extant

text: members

text: of

text: Hominina

text: tribe

text: or

text: human

text: tribe

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: tribe

text: Hominini

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: family

text: of

text: great

text: apes

text: They

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: erect

text: posture

text: and

text: bipedal

text: locomotion

text: manual

text: dexterity

text: and

text: increased

text: tool

text: use

text: compared

text: to

text: other

text: animals

text: and

text: general

text: trend

text: toward

text: larger

text: more

text: complex

text: brains

text: and

text: societies

text: Fiji ((), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec Islands to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast, and Tuvalu to the north.

text: Fiji

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Fiji

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: country

text: in

text: Melanesia

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: about

text: northeast

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: North

text: Island

text: Its

text: closest

text: neighbours

text: are

text: Vanuatu

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: New

text: Caledonia

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: Kermadec

text: Islands

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Tonga

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Samoas

text: and

text: France

text: 's

text: Wallis

text: and

text: Futuna

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Tuvalu

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait, and a small island off the coast may be called a holm. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago, e.g. the Philippines.

text: An

text: island

text: or

text: isle

text: is

text: any

text: piece

text: of

text: sub

text: continental

text: land

text: that

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: water

text: Very

text: small

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: emergent

text: land

text: features

text: on

text: atolls

text: can

text: be

text: called

text: islets

text: skerries

text: cays

text: or

text: keys

text: An

text: island

text: in

text: river

text: or

text: lake

text: island

text: may

text: be

text: called

text: an

text: eyot

text: or

text: ait

text: and

text: small

text: island

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: may

text: be

text: called

text: holm

text: grouping

text: of

text: geographically

text: or

text: geologically

text: related

text: islands

text: is

text: called

text: an

text: archipelago

text: e.g.

text: the

text: Philippines

text: The Indo-Australian Plate is a major tectonic plate that includes the continent of Australia and surrounding ocean, and extends northwest to include the Indian subcontinent and adjacent waters. It was formed by the fusion of Indian and Australian plates 43 million years ago. Recent studies, and seismic events such as the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes, suggest that the Indo-Australian Plate may have broken up into two or three separate plates due primarily to stresses induced by the collision of the Indo-Australian Plate with Eurasia along the Himalayas, and that the Indian Plate and Australian Plate have been separate since at least .

text: The

text: Indo

text: Australian

text: Plate

text: is

text: major

text: tectonic

text: plate

text: that

text: includes

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Australia

text: and

text: surrounding

text: ocean

text: and

text: extends

text: northwest

text: to

text: include

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: and

text: adjacent

text: waters

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: fusion

text: of

text: Indian

text: and

text: Australian

text: plates

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Recent

text: studies

text: and

text: seismic

text: events

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: earthquakes

text: suggest

text: that

text: the

text: Indo

text: Australian

text: Plate

text: may

text: have

text: broken

text: up

text: into

text: two

text: or

text: three

text: separate

text: plates

text: due

text: primarily

text: to

text: stresses

text: induced

text: by

text: the

text: collision

text: of

text: the

text: Indo

text: Australian

text: Plate

text: with

text: Eurasia

text: along

text: the

text: Himalayas

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: Indian

text: Plate

text: and

text: Australian

text: Plate

text: have

text: been

text: separate

text: since

text: at

text: least

text: The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.

text: The

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: It

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: or

text: depending

text: on

text: definition

text: to

text: Antarctica

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: Asia

text: and

text: Australia

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Americas

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney.

text: Australia

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Australia

text: is

text: country

text: comprising

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: continent

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Tasmania

text: and

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: islands

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sixth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: The

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: are

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: East

text: Timor

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: and

text: Vanuatu

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: Australia

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: Canberra

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: Sydney

text: Earth, otherwise known as the world, is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets.

text: Earth

text: otherwise

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: planet

text: from

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: object

text: in

text: the

text: Universe

text: known

text: to

text: harbor

text: life

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: densest

text: planet

text: in

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: terrestrial

text: planets

text: The Arafura Sea lies west of the Pacific Ocean overlying the continental shelf between Australia and Indonesian New Guinea.

text: The

text: Arafura

text: Sea

text: lies

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: overlying

text: the

text: continental

text: shelf

text: between

text: Australia

text: and

text: Indonesian

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Latin (Latin: ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets.

text: Latin

text: Latin

text: is

text: classical

text: language

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Italic

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: The

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Etruscan

text: and

text: Greek

text: alphabets

text: A subregion is a part of a larger region or continent and is usually based on location. Cardinal directions, such as south or southern, are commonly used to define a subregion.

text: subregion

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: larger

text: region

text: or

text: continent

text: and

text: is

text: usually

text: based

text: on

text: location

text: Cardinal

text: directions

text: such

text: as

text: south

text: or

text: southern

text: are

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: define

text: subregion

text: Geography (from Greek , "geographia", literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth. The first person to use the word "" was Eratosthenes (276194 BC). Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of the Earth and its human and natural complexitiesnot merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. It is often defined in terms of the two branches of human geography and physical geography. The four historical traditions in geographical research are: spatial analyses of natural and the human phenomena, area studies of places and regions, studies of human-land relationships, and the Earth sciences. Geography has been called "the world discipline" and "the bridge between the human and the physical sciences".

text: Geography

text: from

text: Greek

text: geographia

text: literally

text: earth

text: description

text: is

text: field

text: of

text: science

text: devoted

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: lands

text: the

text: features

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: and

text: the

text: phenomena

text: of

text: Earth

text: The

text: first

text: person

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: was

text: Eratosthenes

text: BC

text: Geography

text: is

text: an

text: all

text: encompassing

text: discipline

text: that

text: seeks

text: an

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: and

text: its

text: human

text: and

text: natural

text: complexitiesnot

text: merely

text: where

text: objects

text: are

text: but

text: how

text: they

text: have

text: changed

text: and

text: come

text: to

text: be

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: defined

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: branches

text: of

text: human

text: geography

text: and

text: physical

text: geography

text: The

text: four

text: historical

text: traditions

text: in

text: geographical

text: research

text: are

text: spatial

text: analyses

text: of

text: natural

text: and

text: the

text: human

text: phenomena

text: area

text: studies

text: of

text: places

text: and

text: regions

text: studies

text: of

text: human

text: land

text: relationships

text: and

text: the

text: Earth

text: sciences

text: Geography

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: world

text: discipline

text: and

text: the

text: bridge

text: between

text: the

text: human

text: and

text: the

text: physical

text: sciences

text: India, officially the Republic of India ("Bhrat Gaarjya"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.

text: India

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: India

text: Bhrat

text: Gaarjya

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: democracy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: China

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Bhutan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: India

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: India

text: 's

text: Andaman

text: and

text: Nicobar

text: Islands

text: share

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: New

text: Delhi

text: other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Mumbai

text: Kolkata

text: Chennai

text: Bangalore

text: Hyderabad

text: and

text: Ahmedabad

text: New Zealand is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmassesthat of the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Mui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamuand numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal and plant life. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland.

text: New

text: Zealand

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: nation

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: The

text: country

text: geographically

text: comprises

text: two

text: main

text: landmassesthat

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Island

text: or

text: Te

text: Ika

text: Mui

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Island

text: or

text: Te

text: Waipounamuand

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: islands

text: New

text: Zealand

text: is

text: situated

text: some

text: east

text: of

text: Australia

text: across

text: the

text: Tasman

text: Sea

text: and

text: roughly

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: island

text: areas

text: of

text: New

text: Caledonia

text: Fiji

text: and

text: Tonga

text: Because

text: of

text: its

text: remoteness

text: it

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: lands

text: to

text: be

text: settled

text: by

text: humans

text: During

text: its

text: long

text: period

text: of

text: isolation

text: New

text: Zealand

text: developed

text: distinct

text: biodiversity

text: of

text: animal

text: fungal

text: and

text: plant

text: life

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: varied

text: topography

text: and

text: its

text: sharp

text: mountain

text: peaks

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Southern

text: Alps

text: owe

text: much

text: to

text: the

text: tectonic

text: uplift

text: of

text: land

text: and

text: volcanic

text: eruptions

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Wellington

text: while

text: its

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: is

text: Auckland

text: The New World is one of the names used for the Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas (including nearby islands such as those of the Caribbean and Bermuda).

text: The

text: New

text: World

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: names

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: Western

text: Hemisphere

text: specifically

text: the

text: Americas

text: including

text: nearby

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: and

text: Bermuda

text: Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia (Malaysian Borneo). Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia. East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. With a population of over 30 million, Malaysia is the 44th most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia. Located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species.

text: Malaysia

text: is

text: federal

text: constitutional

text: monarchy

text: located

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: thirteen

text: states

text: and

text: three

text: federal

text: territories

text: and

text: has

text: total

text: landmass

text: of

text: separated

text: by

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: into

text: two

text: similarly

text: sized

text: regions

text: Peninsular

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: East

text: Malaysia

text: Malaysian

text: Borneo

text: Peninsular

text: Malaysia

text: shares

text: land

text: and

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: Singapore

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: East

text: Malaysia

text: shares

text: land

text: and

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: Brunei

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: Philippines

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: The

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Kuala

text: Lumpur

text: while

text: Putrajaya

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: Malaysia

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: southernmost

text: point

text: of

text: continental

text: Eurasia

text: Tanjung

text: Piai

text: is

text: in

text: Malaysia

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: tropics

text: Malaysia

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: megadiverse

text: countries

text: on

text: earth

text: with

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: endemic

text: species

text: Nusantara is a contemporary Indonesian term for the Indonesian archipelago. It originated in Old Javanese and literally means "archipelago". In Malay, "Nusantara" means the Malay world.

text: Nusantara

text: is

text: contemporary

text: Indonesian

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: Indonesian

text: archipelago

text: It

text: originated

text: in

text: Old

text: Javanese

text: and

text: literally

text: means

text: archipelago

text: In

text: Malay

text: Nusantara

text: means

text: the

text: Malay

text: world

text: Polynesia ( from "poly" "many" + "nsos" "island") is a subregion of Oceania, made up of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The indigenous people who inhabit the islands of Polynesia are termed Polynesians and they share many similar traits including language family, culture, and beliefs. Historically, they were experienced sailors and used stars to navigate during the night.

text: Polynesia

text: from

text: poly

text: many

text: nsos

text: island

text: is

text: subregion

text: of

text: Oceania

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: over

text: islands

text: scattered

text: over

text: the

text: central

text: and

text: southern

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: The

text: indigenous

text: people

text: who

text: inhabit

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Polynesia

text: are

text: termed

text: Polynesians

text: and

text: they

text: share

text: many

text: similar

text: traits

text: including

text: language

text: family

text: culture

text: and

text: beliefs

text: Historically

text: they

text: were

text: experienced

text: sailors

text: and

text: used

text: stars

text: to

text: navigate

text: during

text: the

text: night

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text: A star is a luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked eye from Earth during the night, appearing as a multitude of fixed luminous points in the sky due to their immense distance from Earth. Historically, the most prominent stars were grouped into constellations and asterisms, the brightest of which gained proper names. Astronomers have assembled star catalogues that identify the known stars and provide standardized stellar designations. However, most of the stars in the Universe, including all stars outside our galaxy, the Milky Way, are invisible to the naked eye from Earth. Indeed, most are invisible from Earth even through the most powerful telescopes.

text: star

text: is

text: luminous

text: sphere

text: of

text: plasma

text: held

text: together

text: by

text: its

text: own

text: gravity

text: The

text: nearest

text: star

text: to

text: Earth

text: is

text: the

text: Sun

text: Many

text: other

text: stars

text: are

text: visible

text: to

text: the

text: naked

text: eye

text: from

text: Earth

text: during

text: the

text: night

text: appearing

text: as

text: multitude

text: of

text: fixed

text: luminous

text: points

text: in

text: the

text: sky

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: immense

text: distance

text: from

text: Earth

text: Historically

text: the

text: most

text: prominent

text: stars

text: were

text: grouped

text: into

text: constellations

text: and

text: asterisms

text: the

text: brightest

text: of

text: which

text: gained

text: proper

text: names

text: Astronomers

text: have

text: assembled

text: star

text: catalogues

text: that

text: identify

text: the

text: known

text: stars

text: and

text: provide

text: standardized

text: stellar

text: designations

text: However

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: stars

text: in

text: the

text: Universe

text: including

text: all

text: stars

text: outside

text: our

text: galaxy

text: the

text: Milky

text: Way

text: are

text: invisible

text: to

text: the

text: naked

text: eye

text: from

text: Earth

text: Indeed

text: most

text: are

text: invisible

text: from

text: Earth

text: even

text: through

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: telescopes

text: Micronesia (from , "mikrós", "small" + , "nêsos", "island") is a subregion of Oceania, comprising thousands of small islands in the western Pacific Ocean. It has a shared cultural history with two other island regions, Polynesia to the east and Melanesia to the south.

text: Micronesia

text: from

text: mikrós

text: small

text: nêsos

text: island

text: is

text: subregion

text: of

text: Oceania

text: comprising

text: thousands

text: of

text: small

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: It

text: has

text: shared

text: cultural

text: history

text: with

text: two

text: other

text: island

text: regions

text: Polynesia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Melanesia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. The region lies near the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic and volcanic activity. Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions:

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: or

text: Southeastern

text: Asia

text: is

text: subregion

text: of

text: Asia

text: consisting

text: of

text: the

text: countries

text: that

text: are

text: geographically

text: south

text: of

text: China

text: east

text: of

text: India

text: west

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: north

text: of

text: Australia

text: The

text: region

text: lies

text: near

text: the

text: intersection

text: of

text: geological

text: plates

text: with

text: heavy

text: seismic

text: and

text: volcanic

text: activity

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: consists

text: of

text: two

text: geographic

text: regions

text: Charles de Brosses, comte de Tournay, baron de Montfalcon, seigneur de Vezins et de Prevessin (7 February 1709  7 May 1777), was a French writer of the 18th century.

text: Charles

text: de

text: Brosses

text: comte

text: de

text: Tournay

text: baron

text: de

text: Montfalcon

text: seigneur

text: de

text: Vezins

text: et

text: de

text: Prevessin

text: February

text: May

text: was

text: French

text: writer

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The Western Hemisphere is a geographical term for the half of the earth that lies west of the Prime meridian (which crosses Greenwich, UK) and east of the antimeridian, the other half being called the Eastern Hemisphere.

text: The

text: Western

text: Hemisphere

text: is

text: geographical

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: earth

text: that

text: lies

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Prime

text: meridian

text: which

text: crosses

text: Greenwich

text: UK

text: and

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: antimeridian

text: the

text: other

text: half

text: being

text: called

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Hemisphere

text: North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.

text: North

text: America

text: is

text: continent

text: entirely

text: within

text: the

text: Northern

text: Hemisphere

text: and

text: almost

text: all

text: within

text: the

text: Western

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: considered

text: northern

text: subcontinent

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Sea

text: The Malay Archipelago (Malaysian: "Kepulauan Melayu", , , Visayan: "Kapupud-ang Malay") is the archipelago between mainland Indochina and Australia. It has also been called the Malay World, Indo-Australian Archipelago, East Indies, Nusantara, Spices Archipelago, and other names over time. The name was taken from the 19th-century European concept of a Malay race.

text: The

text: Malay

text: Archipelago

text: Malaysian

text: Kepulauan

text: Melayu

text: Visayan

text: Kapupud

text: ang

text: Malay

text: is

text: the

text: archipelago

text: between

text: mainland

text: Indochina

text: and

text: Australia

text: It

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: Malay

text: World

text: Indo

text: Australian

text: Archipelago

text: East

text: Indies

text: Nusantara

text: Spices

text: Archipelago

text: and

text: other

text: names

text: over

text: time

text: The

text: name

text: was

text: taken

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: European

text: concept

text: of

text: Malay

text: race

text: South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is the model used in nations that speak Romance languages. The reference to South America instead of other regions (like Latin America or the Southern Cone) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics (in particular, the rise of Brazil).

text: South

text: America

text: is

text: continent

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: hemisphere

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: hemisphere

text: with

text: relatively

text: small

text: portion

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: hemisphere

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: considered

text: subcontinent

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: model

text: used

text: in

text: nations

text: that

text: speak

text: Romance

text: languages

text: The

text: reference

text: to

text: South

text: America

text: instead

text: of

text: other

text: regions

text: like

text: Latin

text: America

text: or

text: the

text: Southern

text: Cone

text: has

text: increased

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: decades

text: due

text: to

text: changing

text: geopolitical

text: dynamics

text: in

text: particular

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: Brazil

text: The concept of a Malay race was originally proposed by the German scientist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (17521840), and classified as a brown race. "Malay" is a loose term used in the late 19th century and early 20th century to describe the Austronesian peoples / categorize Austronesian speakers into a race.

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: Malay

text: race

text: was

text: originally

text: proposed

text: by

text: the

text: German

text: scientist

text: Johann

text: Friedrich

text: Blumenbach

text: and

text: classified

text: as

text: brown

text: race

text: Malay

text: is

text: loose

text: term

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: and

text: early

text: century

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: Austronesian

text: peoples

text: categorize

text: Austronesian

text: speakers

text: into

text: race

text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text: Oceania ( UK / oni , os - / or US / oiæni / ) , also known as Oceanica , is a region centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean . Opinions of what constitutes Oceania range from its three subregions of Melanesia , Micronesia , and Polynesia to , more broadly , the entire insular region between Southeast Asia and the Americas , including Australasia and the Malay Archipelago . The term is often used more specifically to denote a continent comprising Australia and proximate islands or biogeographically as a synonym for either the Australasian ecozone ( Wallacea and Australasia ) or the Pacific ecozone ( Melanesia , Polynesia , and Micronesia apart either from New Zealand or from mainland New Guinea ) .

text: Oceania

text: UK

text: oni

text: os

text: or

text: US

text: oiæni

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Oceanica

text: is

text: region

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: the

text: tropical

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: Opinions

text: of

text: what

text: constitutes

text: Oceania

text: range

text: from

text: its

text: three

text: subregions

text: of

text: Melanesia

text: Micronesia

text: and

text: Polynesia

text: to

text: more

text: broadly

text: the

text: entire

text: insular

text: region

text: between

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: Americas

text: including

text: Australasia

text: and

text: the

text: Malay

text: Archipelago

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: more

text: specifically

text: to

text: denote

text: continent

text: comprising

text: Australia

text: and

text: proximate

text: islands

text: or

text: biogeographically

text: as

text: synonym

text: for

text: either

text: the

text: Australasian

text: ecozone

text: Wallacea

text: and

text: Australasia

text: or

text: the

text: Pacific

text: ecozone

text: Melanesia

text: Polynesia

text: and

text: Micronesia

text: apart

text: either

text: from

text: New

text: Zealand

text: or

text: from

text: mainland

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Melanesia is a subregion of Oceania (and occasionally Australasia) extending from the western end of the Pacific Ocean to the Arafura Sea, and eastward to Fiji.

text: Melanesia

text: is

text: subregion

text: of

text: Oceania

text: and

text: occasionally

text: Australasia

text: extending

text: from

text: the

text: western

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: Arafura

text: Sea

text: and

text: eastward

text: to

text: Fiji

text: In geography, regions are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of humanity and the environment (environmental geography). Geographic regions and sub-regions are mostly described by their imprecisely defined, and sometimes transitory boundaries, except in human geography, where jurisdiction areas such as national borders are defined in law.

text: In

text: geography

text: regions

text: are

text: areas

text: that

text: are

text: broadly

text: divided

text: by

text: physical

text: characteristics

text: physical

text: geography

text: human

text: impact

text: characteristics

text: human

text: geography

text: and

text: the

text: interaction

text: of

text: humanity

text: and

text: the

text: environment

text: environmental

text: geography

text: Geographic

text: regions

text: and

text: sub

text: regions

text: are

text: mostly

text: described

text: by

text: their

text: imprecisely

text: defined

text: and

text: sometimes

text: transitory

text: boundaries

text: except

text: in

text: human

text: geography

text: where

text: jurisdiction

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: national

text: borders

text: are

text: defined

text: in

text: law

text: Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe. Asia covers an area of , about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population, but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4.4 billion people.

text: Asia

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: and

text: northern

text: hemispheres

text: and

text: sharing

text: the

text: continental

text: landmass

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: with

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: The

text: continent

text: which

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: civilizations

text: Asia

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: not

text: only

text: its

text: overall

text: large

text: size

text: and

text: population

text: but

text: also

text: dense

text: and

text: large

text: settlements

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: vast

text: barely

text: populated

text: regions

text: within

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: billion

text: people

annotations: follows single

question: part_of oceania

answer: earth

text: earth

text: earth

text: earth

text: earth

text: earth

text: earth

text: earth

text: earth

text: earth

text: earth

text: earth

text: earth

text: earth

text: earth

text: earth

text: earth

text: earth

text: earth


text: Newcastle upon Tyne, commonly known as Newcastle, is a city in Tyne and Wear, North East England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London on the northern bank of the River Tyne, from the North Sea. Newcastle is the most populous city in the North East and forms the core of Tyneside conurbation, the eighth most populous urban area in the United Kingdom. Newcastle is a member of the English Core Cities Group and is a member of the Eurocities network of European cities. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it became a county of itself, a status it retained until becoming part of Tyne and Wear in 1974. The regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie. Newcastle also houses Newcastle University, a member of the Russell Group, as well as Northumbria University.

text: Newcastle

text: upon

text: Tyne

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Newcastle

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: Tyne

text: and

text: Wear

text: North

text: East

text: England

text: miles

text: km

text: south

text: of

text: Edinburgh

text: and

text: miles

text: km

text: north

text: of

text: London

text: on

text: the

text: northern

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Tyne

text: from

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: Newcastle

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: East

text: and

text: forms

text: the

text: core

text: of

text: Tyneside

text: conurbation

text: the

text: eighth

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Newcastle

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: Core

text: Cities

text: Group

text: and

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Eurocities

text: network

text: of

text: European

text: cities

text: Newcastle

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: of

text: Northumberland

text: until

text: when

text: it

text: became

text: county

text: of

text: itself

text: status

text: it

text: retained

text: until

text: becoming

text: part

text: of

text: Tyne

text: and

text: Wear

text: in

text: The

text: regional

text: nickname

text: and

text: dialect

text: for

text: people

text: from

text: Newcastle

text: and

text: the

text: surrounding

text: area

text: is

text: Geordie

text: Newcastle

text: also

text: houses

text: Newcastle

text: University

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Russell

text: Group

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Northumbria

text: University

text: Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art (BALTIC) is an international centre for contemporary art located on the south bank of the River Tyne alongside the Gateshead Millennium Bridge in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, in North East England, United Kingdom. It presents a constantly changing programme of exhibitions and events. It opened in 2002 in a converted flour mill. The Director is Sarah Munro who joined Baltic in November 2015. Munro is the first woman to hold the position of Director in the history of the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. BALTIC is a registered charity under English law.

text: Baltic

text: Centre

text: for

text: Contemporary

text: Art

text: BALTIC

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: centre

text: for

text: contemporary

text: art

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Tyne

text: alongside

text: the

text: Gateshead

text: Millennium

text: Bridge

text: in

text: Gateshead

text: Tyne

text: and

text: Wear

text: in

text: North

text: East

text: England

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: presents

text: constantly

text: changing

text: programme

text: of

text: exhibitions

text: and

text: events

text: It

text: opened

text: in

text: in

text: converted

text: flour

text: mill

text: The

text: Director

text: is

text: Sarah

text: Munro

text: who

text: joined

text: Baltic

text: in

text: November

text: Munro

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: woman

text: to

text: hold

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: Director

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Centre

text: for

text: Contemporary

text: Art

text: BALTIC

text: is

text: registered

text: charity

text: under

text: English

text: law

text: The River Tyne is a river in North East England and its length (excluding tributaries) is . It is formed by the confluence of two rivers: the North Tyne and the South Tyne. These two rivers converge at Warden Rock near Hexham in Northumberland at a place dubbed 'The Meeting of the Waters'.

text: The

text: River

text: Tyne

text: is

text: river

text: in

text: North

text: East

text: England

text: and

text: its

text: length

text: excluding

text: tributaries

text: is

text: It

text: is

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: two

text: rivers

text: the

text: North

text: Tyne

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Tyne

text: These

text: two

text: rivers

text: converge

text: at

text: Warden

text: Rock

text: near

text: Hexham

text: in

text: Northumberland

text: at

text: place

text: dubbed

text: The

text: Meeting

text: of

text: the

text: Waters

text: Tyneside is a conurbation in North East England which includes a number of settlements on the banks of the River Tyne. As defined by the Office for National Statistics, the conurbation comprises Newcastle upon Tynea city forming the urban coreas well as a number of other towns including Gateshead, Tynemouth, Wallsend, South Shields, and Jarrow. The population of the conurbation was 774,891 according to the 2011 census.

text: Tyneside

text: is

text: conurbation

text: in

text: North

text: East

text: England

text: which

text: includes

text: number

text: of

text: settlements

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Tyne

text: As

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: Office

text: for

text: National

text: Statistics

text: the

text: conurbation

text: comprises

text: Newcastle

text: upon

text: Tynea

text: city

text: forming

text: the

text: urban

text: coreas

text: well

text: as

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: towns

text: including

text: Gateshead

text: Tynemouth

text: Wallsend

text: South

text: Shields

text: and

text: Jarrow

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: conurbation

text: was

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: The One and Only is a 2002 British romantic comedy film directed by Simon Cellan Jones , and starring Richard Roxburgh , Justine Waddell and Sharon Scurfield . The film is a remake of Susanne Bier 's 1999 Danish box - office hit Den Eneste Ene. Supported by the Newcastle City Council to promote a positive image of the city , the story was reset in Newcastle and Gateshead .

text: The

text: One

text: and

text: Only

text: is

text: British

text: romantic

text: comedy

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Simon

text: Cellan

text: Jones

text: and

text: starring

text: Richard

text: Roxburgh

text: Justine

text: Waddell

text: and

text: Sharon

text: Scurfield

text: The

text: film

text: is

text: remake

text: of

text: Susanne

text: Bier

text: 's

text: Danish

text: box

text: office

text: hit

text: Den

text: Eneste

text: Ene

text: Supported

text: by

text: the

text: Newcastle

text: City

text: Council

text: to

text: promote

text: positive

text: image

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: the

text: story

text: was

text: reset

text: in

text: Newcastle

text: and

text: Gateshead

text: Justine Waddell (born 4 November 1976) is a British film actress, best known for her roles in the 2006 film "The Fall" and 2005 film "Chaos" as well as Tess in the 1998 LWT adaptation of "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" and Estella in the 1999 BBC adaptation of "Great Expectations".

text: Justine

text: Waddell

text: born

text: November

text: is

text: British

text: film

text: actress

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: her

text: roles

text: in

text: the

text: film

text: The

text: Fall

text: and

text: film

text: Chaos

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Tess

text: in

text: the

text: LWT

text: adaptation

text: of

text: Tess

text: of

text: the

text: d'Urbervilles

text: and

text: Estella

text: in

text: the

text: BBC

text: adaptation

text: of

text: Great

text: Expectations

text: Richard Roxburgh (born 23 January 1962) is an Australian actor who has starred in many Australian films and television series and has appeared in supporting roles in a number of Hollywood productions, usually as villains.

text: Richard

text: Roxburgh

text: born

text: January

text: is

text: an

text: Australian

text: actor

text: who

text: has

text: starred

text: in

text: many

text: Australian

text: films

text: and

text: television

text: series

text: and

text: has

text: appeared

text: in

text: supporting

text: roles

text: in

text: number

text: of

text: Hollywood

text: productions

text: usually

text: as

text: villains

text: Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a novel by Thomas Hardy. It initially appeared in a censored and serialised version, published by the British illustrated newspaper "The Graphic" in 1891 and in book form in 1892. Though now considered a major nineteenth-century English novel and possibly Hardy's fictional masterpiece, "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" received mixed reviews when it first appeared, in part because it challenged the sexual morals of late Victorian England.

text: Tess

text: of

text: the

text: d'Urbervilles

text: Pure

text: Woman

text: Faithfully

text: Presented

text: is

text: novel

text: by

text: Thomas

text: Hardy

text: It

text: initially

text: appeared

text: in

text: censored

text: and

text: serialised

text: version

text: published

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: illustrated

text: newspaper

text: The

text: Graphic

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: book

text: form

text: in

text: Though

text: now

text: considered

text: major

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: English

text: novel

text: and

text: possibly

text: Hardy

text: 's

text: fictional

text: masterpiece

text: Tess

text: of

text: the

text: d'Urbervilles

text: received

text: mixed

text: reviews

text: when

text: it

text: first

text: appeared

text: in

text: part

text: because

text: it

text: challenged

text: the

text: sexual

text: morals

text: of

text: late

text: Victorian

text: England

text: The Gateshead Millennium Bridge is a pedestrian and cyclist tilt bridge spanning the River Tyne in England between Gateshead's Quays arts quarter on the south bank, and the Quayside of Newcastle upon Tyne on the north bank. Opened for public use in 2001, the award-winning structure was conceived and designed by architect Wilkinson Eyre and structural engineer Gifford. The bridge is sometimes referred to as the 'Blinking Eye Bridge' or the 'Winking Eye Bridge' due to its shape and its tilting method. In terms of height, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge is slightly shorter than the neighbouring Tyne Bridge, and stands as the sixteenth tallest structure in the city.

text: The

text: Gateshead

text: Millennium

text: Bridge

text: is

text: pedestrian

text: and

text: cyclist

text: tilt

text: bridge

text: spanning

text: the

text: River

text: Tyne

text: in

text: England

text: between

text: Gateshead

text: 's

text: Quays

text: arts

text: quarter

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: bank

text: and

text: the

text: Quayside

text: of

text: Newcastle

text: upon

text: Tyne

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: bank

text: Opened

text: for

text: public

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: award

text: winning

text: structure

text: was

text: conceived

text: and

text: designed

text: by

text: architect

text: Wilkinson

text: Eyre

text: and

text: structural

text: engineer

text: Gifford

text: The

text: bridge

text: is

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Blinking

text: Eye

text: Bridge

text: or

text: the

text: Winking

text: Eye

text: Bridge

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: shape

text: and

text: its

text: tilting

text: method

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: height

text: the

text: Gateshead

text: Millennium

text: Bridge

text: is

text: slightly

text: shorter

text: than

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: Tyne

text: Bridge

text: and

text: stands

text: as

text: the

text: sixteenth

text: tallest

text: structure

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: Newcastle City Council is the local government authority for Newcastle upon Tyne, a city in Tyne and Wear, England. The council consists of 78 councillors, three for each of the city's 26 wards.

text: Newcastle

text: City

text: Council

text: is

text: the

text: local

text: government

text: authority

text: for

text: Newcastle

text: upon

text: Tyne

text: city

text: in

text: Tyne

text: and

text: Wear

text: England

text: The

text: council

text: consists

text: of

text: councillors

text: three

text: for

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: wards

text: England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.

text: England

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Scotland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Wales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: northwest

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: England

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: continental

text: Europe

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: covers

text: five

text: eighths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: which

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: in

text: its

text: centre

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: includes

text: over

text: smaller

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: and

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: The Local Government Act 1972 (c 70) is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom that reformed local government in England and Wales on 1 April 1974.

text: The

text: Local

text: Government

text: Act

text: is

text: an

text: Act

text: of

text: Parliament

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: that

text: reformed

text: local

text: government

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: Wales

text: on

text: April

text: The Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead is a metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, in North East England. The borough forms the south west part of the county. It is named after its largest town, Gateshead, but also spans the towns of Rowlands Gill, Whickham, Blaydon and Ryton; suburban areas include Felling, Pelaw, Dunston and Low Fell.

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: Borough

text: of

text: Gateshead

text: is

text: metropolitan

text: borough

text: in

text: Tyne

text: and

text: Wear

text: in

text: North

text: East

text: England

text: The

text: borough

text: forms

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: its

text: largest

text: town

text: Gateshead

text: but

text: also

text: spans

text: the

text: towns

text: of

text: Rowlands

text: Gill

text: Whickham

text: Blaydon

text: and

text: Ryton

text: suburban

text: areas

text: include

text: Felling

text: Pelaw

text: Dunston

text: and

text: Low

text: Fell

text: The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, is the world's oldest national broadcasting organisation, and is the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees, with over 20,950 staff in total, of whom 16,672 are in public sector broadcasting; including part-time, flexible as well as fixed contract staff, the total number is 35,402.

text: The

text: British

text: Broadcasting

text: Corporation

text: BBC

text: is

text: British

text: public

text: service

text: broadcaster

text: It

text: is

text: headquartered

text: at

text: Broadcasting

text: House

text: in

text: London

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oldest

text: national

text: broadcasting

text: organisation

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: broadcaster

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: number

text: of

text: employees

text: with

text: over

text: staff

text: in

text: total

text: of

text: whom

text: are

text: in

text: public

text: sector

text: broadcasting

text: including

text: part

text: time

text: flexible

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: fixed

text: contract

text: staff

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: is

text: Gateshead is a large town in Tyne and Wear, England, and the main settlement in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead. The local authority of Gateshead is also the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead. Gateshead lay in the County of County Durham. In 1835 it became part of the Gateshead County Borough. After the Local Government Act 1972, in 1974, Gateshead became part of the Gateshead Metropolitan Borough local authority, and part of the Tyne & Wear Metropolitan County. The town lies on the southern bank of the River Tyne opposite Newcastle upon Tyne. Gateshead and Newcastle are joined by seven bridges across the Tyne, including the Gateshead Millennium Bridge. The town is known for its architecture, including the Sage Gateshead, the Angel of the North and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. Residents of Gateshead, like the rest of Tyneside, are referred to as Geordies. Gateshead's population in 2011 was 120,046.

text: Gateshead

text: is

text: large

text: town

text: in

text: Tyne

text: and

text: Wear

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: main

text: settlement

text: in

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: Borough

text: of

text: Gateshead

text: The

text: local

text: authority

text: of

text: Gateshead

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: Borough

text: of

text: Gateshead

text: Gateshead

text: lay

text: in

text: the

text: County

text: of

text: County

text: Durham

text: In

text: it

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Gateshead

text: County

text: Borough

text: After

text: the

text: Local

text: Government

text: Act

text: in

text: Gateshead

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Gateshead

text: Metropolitan

text: Borough

text: local

text: authority

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Tyne

text: Wear

text: Metropolitan

text: County

text: The

text: town

text: lies

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Tyne

text: opposite

text: Newcastle

text: upon

text: Tyne

text: Gateshead

text: and

text: Newcastle

text: are

text: joined

text: by

text: seven

text: bridges

text: across

text: the

text: Tyne

text: including

text: the

text: Gateshead

text: Millennium

text: Bridge

text: The

text: town

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: architecture

text: including

text: the

text: Sage

text: Gateshead

text: the

text: Angel

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: and

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Centre

text: for

text: Contemporary

text: Art

text: Residents

text: of

text: Gateshead

text: like

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Tyneside

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Geordies

text: Gateshead

text: 's

text: population

text: in

text: was

text: The Angel of the North is a contemporary sculpture, designed by Antony Gormley, located in Gateshead in Tyne and Wear, England.

text: The

text: Angel

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: is

text: contemporary

text: sculpture

text: designed

text: by

text: Antony

text: Gormley

text: located

text: in

text: Gateshead

text: in

text: Tyne

text: and

text: Wear

text: England

text: Tyne and Wear is a metropolitan county in the North East region of England around the mouths of the rivers Tyne and Wear. It came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. It consists of the five metropolitan boroughs of South Tyneside, North Tyneside, City of Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and City of Sunderland. It is bounded on the east by the North Sea, and has borders with Northumberland to the north and County Durham to the south.

text: Tyne

text: and

text: Wear

text: is

text: metropolitan

text: county

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: East

text: region

text: of

text: England

text: around

text: the

text: mouths

text: of

text: the

text: rivers

text: Tyne

text: and

text: Wear

text: It

text: came

text: into

text: existence

text: in

text: after

text: the

text: passage

text: of

text: the

text: Local

text: Government

text: Act

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: metropolitan

text: boroughs

text: of

text: South

text: Tyneside

text: North

text: Tyneside

text: City

text: of

text: Newcastle

text: upon

text: Tyne

text: Gateshead

text: and

text: City

text: of

text: Sunderland

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: has

text: borders

text: with

text: Northumberland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: County

text: Durham

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Sage Gateshead is a concert venue and also a centre for musical education, located in Gateshead on the south bank of the River Tyne, in the North East of England. It opened in 2004 and is tenanted by the North Music Trust.

text: Sage

text: Gateshead

text: is

text: concert

text: venue

text: and

text: also

text: centre

text: for

text: musical

text: education

text: located

text: in

text: Gateshead

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Tyne

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: East

text: of

text: England

text: It

text: opened

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: tenanted

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Music

text: Trust

text: County Durham (locally ), occasionally Durhamshire, is a county in North East England. The county town is Durham, a cathedral city, whilst the largest settlement is Darlington. It borders Tyne and Wear to the north east, Northumberland to the north, Cumbria to the west and North Yorkshire to the south. Historically, the county included southern Tyne and Wear, including Gateshead and Sunderland.

text: County

text: Durham

text: locally

text: occasionally

text: Durhamshire

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: North

text: East

text: England

text: The

text: county

text: town

text: is

text: Durham

text: cathedral

text: city

text: whilst

text: the

text: largest

text: settlement

text: is

text: Darlington

text: It

text: borders

text: Tyne

text: and

text: Wear

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: Northumberland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Cumbria

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: North

text: Yorkshire

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Historically

text: the

text: county

text: included

text: southern

text: Tyne

text: and

text: Wear

text: including

text: Gateshead

text: and

text: Sunderland

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: narrative_location the one and only

answer: newcastle upon tyne

text: newcastle upon tyne

text: newcastle upon tyne

text: newcastle upon tyne

text: newcastle upon tyne

text: newcastle upon tyne


text: Porphyrins are a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their  carbon atoms via methine bridges (=CH). The parent porphyrin is porphin, and substituted porphines are called porphyrins. The porphyrin ring structure is aromatic, with a total of 26 electrons in the conjugated system. Various analyses indicate that not all atoms of the ring are involved equally in the conjugation or that the molecule's overall nature is substantially based on several smaller conjugated systems. One result of the large conjugated system is that porphyrin molecules typically have very intense absorption bands in the visible region and may be deeply colored; the name "porphyrin" comes from the Greek word  ("porphyra"), meaning "purple".

text: Porphyrins

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: heterocyclic

text: macrocycle

text: organic

text: compounds

text: composed

text: of

text: four

text: modified

text: pyrrole

text: subunits

text: interconnected

text: at

text: their

text: carbon

text: atoms

text: via

text: methine

text: bridges

text: CH

text: The

text: parent

text: porphyrin

text: is

text: porphin

text: and

text: substituted

text: porphines

text: are

text: called

text: porphyrins

text: The

text: porphyrin

text: ring

text: structure

text: is

text: aromatic

text: with

text: total

text: of

text: electrons

text: in

text: the

text: conjugated

text: system

text: Various

text: analyses

text: indicate

text: that

text: not

text: all

text: atoms

text: of

text: the

text: ring

text: are

text: involved

text: equally

text: in

text: the

text: conjugation

text: or

text: that

text: the

text: molecule

text: 's

text: overall

text: nature

text: is

text: substantially

text: based

text: on

text: several

text: smaller

text: conjugated

text: systems

text: One

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: large

text: conjugated

text: system

text: is

text: that

text: porphyrin

text: molecules

text: typically

text: have

text: very

text: intense

text: absorption

text: bands

text: in

text: the

text: visible

text: region

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: deeply

text: colored

text: the

text: name

text: porphyrin

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: word

text: porphyra

text: meaning

text: purple

text: An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are very small; typical sizes are around 100 picometers (a ten-billionth of a meter, in the short scale).

text: An

text: atom

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: constituent

text: unit

text: of

text: ordinary

text: matter

text: that

text: has

text: the

text: properties

text: of

text: chemical

text: element

text: Every

text: solid

text: liquid

text: gas

text: and

text: plasma

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: neutral

text: or

text: ionized

text: atoms

text: Atoms

text: are

text: very

text: small

text: typical

text: sizes

text: are

text: around

text: picometers

text: ten

text: billionth

text: of

text: meter

text: in

text: the

text: short

text: scale

text: Abelsonite is a nickel porphyrin mineral with chemical formula C31H32N4Ni . It was discovered in 1969 in the U.S. State of Utah and described in 1975 . The mineral is named after geochemist Philip H. Abelson . It is the only known crystalline geoporphyrin .

text: Abelsonite

text: is

text: nickel

text: porphyrin

text: mineral

text: with

text: chemical

text: formula

text: It

text: was

text: discovered

text: in

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: State

text: of

text: Utah

text: and

text: described

text: in

text: The

text: mineral

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: geochemist

text: Philip

text: Abelson

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: known

text: crystalline

text: geoporphyrin

text: A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge. However, in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term "molecule" is often used less strictly, also being applied to polyatomic ions.

text: molecule

text: is

text: an

text: electrically

text: neutral

text: group

text: of

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: atoms

text: held

text: together

text: by

text: chemical

text: bonds

text: Molecules

text: are

text: distinguished

text: from

text: ions

text: by

text: their

text: lack

text: of

text: electrical

text: charge

text: However

text: in

text: quantum

text: physics

text: organic

text: chemistry

text: and

text: biochemistry

text: the

text: term

text: molecule

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: less

text: strictly

text: also

text: being

text: applied

text: to

text: polyatomic

text: ions

text: An organic compound is virtually any chemical compound that contains carbon, although a consensus definition remains elusive and likely arbitrary. Organic compounds are rare terrestrially, but of central importance because all known life is based on organic compounds. The most basic petrochemicals are considered the building blocks of organic chemistry.

text: An

text: organic

text: compound

text: is

text: virtually

text: any

text: chemical

text: compound

text: that

text: contains

text: carbon

text: although

text: consensus

text: definition

text: remains

text: elusive

text: and

text: likely

text: arbitrary

text: Organic

text: compounds

text: are

text: rare

text: terrestrially

text: but

text: of

text: central

text: importance

text: because

text: all

text: known

text: life

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: organic

text: compounds

text: The

text: most

text: basic

text: petrochemicals

text: are

text: considered

text: the

text: building

text: blocks

text: of

text: organic

text: chemistry

text: The connectivity of a molecule often has a strong influence on its physical and chemical properties and behavior. Two molecules composed of the same numbers of the same types of atoms (i.e. a pair of isomers) might have completely different chemical and/or physical properties if the atoms are connected differently or in different positions. In such cases, a structural formula is useful, as it illustrates which atoms are bonded to which other ones. From the connectivity, it is often possible to deduce the approximate shape of the molecule.

text: The

text: connectivity

text: of

text: molecule

text: often

text: has

text: strong

text: influence

text: on

text: its

text: physical

text: and

text: chemical

text: properties

text: and

text: behavior

text: Two

text: molecules

text: composed

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: numbers

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: types

text: of

text: atoms

text: i.e.

text: pair

text: of

text: isomers

text: might

text: have

text: completely

text: different

text: chemical

text: and/or

text: physical

text: properties

text: if

text: the

text: atoms

text: are

text: connected

text: differently

text: or

text: in

text: different

text: positions

text: In

text: such

text: cases

text: structural

text: formula

text: is

text: useful

text: as

text: it

text: illustrates

text: which

text: atoms

text: are

text: bonded

text: to

text: which

text: other

text: ones

text: From

text: the

text: connectivity

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: possible

text: to

text: deduce

text: the

text: approximate

text: shape

text: of

text: the

text: molecule

text: The structural formula of a chemical compound is a graphic representation of the molecular structure, showing how the atoms are arranged. The chemical bonding within the molecule is also shown, either explicitly or implicitly. Unlike chemical formulas, which have a limited number of symbols and are capable of only limited descriptive power, structural formulas provide a complete geometric representation of the molecular structure. For example, many chemical compounds exist in different isomeric forms, which have different enantiomeric structures but the same chemical formula. A structural formula is able to indicate arrangements of atoms in three dimensional space in a way that a chemical formula may not be able to do.

text: The

text: structural

text: formula

text: of

text: chemical

text: compound

text: is

text: graphic

text: representation

text: of

text: the

text: molecular

text: structure

text: showing

text: how

text: the

text: atoms

text: are

text: arranged

text: The

text: chemical

text: bonding

text: within

text: the

text: molecule

text: is

text: also

text: shown

text: either

text: explicitly

text: or

text: implicitly

text: Unlike

text: chemical

text: formulas

text: which

text: have

text: limited

text: number

text: of

text: symbols

text: and

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: only

text: limited

text: descriptive

text: power

text: structural

text: formulas

text: provide

text: complete

text: geometric

text: representation

text: of

text: the

text: molecular

text: structure

text: For

text: example

text: many

text: chemical

text: compounds

text: exist

text: in

text: different

text: isomeric

text: forms

text: which

text: have

text: different

text: enantiomeric

text: structures

text: but

text: the

text: same

text: chemical

text: formula

text: structural

text: formula

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: indicate

text: arrangements

text: of

text: atoms

text: in

text: three

text: dimensional

text: space

text: in

text: way

text: that

text: chemical

text: formula

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: do

text: In chemistry, a conjugated system of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons in molecules with alternating single and multiple bonds, which in general may lower the overall energy of the molecule and increase stability. Lone pairs, radicals or carbenium ions may be part of the system. The compound may be cyclic, acyclic, linear or mixed.

text: In

text: chemistry

text: conjugated

text: system

text: of

text: connected

text: orbitals

text: with

text: delocalized

text: electrons

text: in

text: molecules

text: with

text: alternating

text: single

text: and

text: multiple

text: bonds

text: which

text: in

text: general

text: may

text: lower

text: the

text: overall

text: energy

text: of

text: the

text: molecule

text: and

text: increase

text: stability

text: Lone

text: pairs

text: radicals

text: or

text: carbenium

text: ions

text: may

text: be

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: system

text: The

text: compound

text: may

text: be

text: cyclic

text: acyclic

text: linear

text: or

text: mixed

text: A macrocycle is, as defined by IUPAC, "a cyclic macromolecule or a macromolecular cyclic portion of a molecule". In the chemical literature, macrocycles varyingly include molecules containing rings of 8 or more atoms, or 12 or more atoms. Well-known examples are the group of drugs known as macrolides. The IUPAC definition notes that a "cyclic macromolecule has no end-groups but may nevertheless be regarded as a chain", and that ""macrocycle" is sometimes used [in the literature] for molecules of low relative molecular mass that are not considered macromolecules. Many macrocycles are employed as macrocyclic ligands.

text: macrocycle

text: is

text: as

text: defined

text: by

text: IUPAC

text: cyclic

text: macromolecule

text: or

text: macromolecular

text: cyclic

text: portion

text: of

text: molecule

text: In

text: the

text: chemical

text: literature

text: macrocycles

text: varyingly

text: include

text: molecules

text: containing

text: rings

text: of

text: or

text: more

text: atoms

text: or

text: or

text: more

text: atoms

text: Well

text: known

text: examples

text: are

text: the

text: group

text: of

text: drugs

text: known

text: as

text: macrolides

text: The

text: IUPAC

text: definition

text: notes

text: that

text: cyclic

text: macromolecule

text: has

text: no

text: end

text: groups

text: but

text: may

text: nevertheless

text: be

text: regarded

text: as

text: chain

text: and

text: that

text: macrocycle

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: literature

text: for

text: molecules

text: of

text: low

text: relative

text: molecular

text: mass

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: considered

text: macromolecules

text: Many

text: macrocycles

text: are

text: employed

text: as

text: macrocyclic

text: ligands

text: Pyrrole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, a five-membered ring with the formula CHNH. It is a colorless volatile liquid that darkens readily upon exposure to air. Substituted derivatives are also called pyrroles, e.g., "N"-methylpyrrole, CHNCH. Porphobilinogen, a trisubstituted pyrrole, is the biosynthetic precursor to many natural products such as heme.

text: Pyrrole

text: is

text: heterocyclic

text: aromatic

text: organic

text: compound

text: five

text: membered

text: ring

text: with

text: the

text: formula

text: CHNH

text: It

text: is

text: colorless

text: volatile

text: liquid

text: that

text: darkens

text: readily

text: upon

text: exposure

text: to

text: air

text: Substituted

text: derivatives

text: are

text: also

text: called

text: pyrroles

text: e.g.

text: methylpyrrole

text: CHNCH

text: Porphobilinogen

text: trisubstituted

text: pyrrole

text: is

text: the

text: biosynthetic

text: precursor

text: to

text: many

text: natural

text: products

text: such

text: as

text: heme

text: An isomer (from Greek , isomerès; isos = "equal", méros = "part") is a molecule with the same molecular formula as another molecule, but with a different chemical structure. That is, isomers contain the same number of atoms of each element, but have different arrangements of their atoms. Isomers do not necessarily share similar properties, unless they also have the same functional groups. There are two main forms of isomerism (or ): structural isomerism (or constitutional isomerism) and stereoisomerism (or spatial isomerism).

text: An

text: isomer

text: from

text: Greek

text: isomerès

text: isos

text: equal

text: méros

text: part

text: is

text: molecule

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: molecular

text: formula

text: as

text: another

text: molecule

text: but

text: with

text: different

text: chemical

text: structure

text: That

text: is

text: isomers

text: contain

text: the

text: same

text: number

text: of

text: atoms

text: of

text: each

text: element

text: but

text: have

text: different

text: arrangements

text: of

text: their

text: atoms

text: Isomers

text: do

text: not

text: necessarily

text: share

text: similar

text: properties

text: unless

text: they

text: also

text: have

text: the

text: same

text: functional

text: groups

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: main

text: forms

text: of

text: isomerism

text: or

text: structural

text: isomerism

text: or

text: constitutional

text: isomerism

text: and

text: stereoisomerism

text: or

text: spatial

text: isomerism

text: Porphin, sometimes spelled porphine, is the parent chemical compound for types of biochemically significant compounds called porphyrins. The chemical formula of porphin is CHN. Porphin is an organic compound that is aromatic and heterocyclic since its chemical structure, shown at right, essentially consists of four pyrrole rings joined together by four methine (=CH) groups to form a larger macrocycle ring. The compound itself is a solid.

text: Porphin

text: sometimes

text: spelled

text: porphine

text: is

text: the

text: parent

text: chemical

text: compound

text: for

text: types

text: of

text: biochemically

text: significant

text: compounds

text: called

text: porphyrins

text: The

text: chemical

text: formula

text: of

text: porphin

text: is

text: CHN

text: Porphin

text: is

text: an

text: organic

text: compound

text: that

text: is

text: aromatic

text: and

text: heterocyclic

text: since

text: its

text: chemical

text: structure

text: shown

text: at

text: right

text: essentially

text: consists

text: of

text: four

text: pyrrole

text: rings

text: joined

text: together

text: by

text: four

text: methine

text: CH

text: groups

text: to

text: form

text: larger

text: macrocycle

text: ring

text: The

text: compound

text: itself

text: is

text: solid

text: An ion is an atom or a molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving the atom or molecule a net positive or negative electrical charge. Ions can be created, by either chemical or physical means, via ionization.

text: An

text: ion

text: is

text: an

text: atom

text: or

text: molecule

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: electrons

text: is

text: not

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: protons

text: giving

text: the

text: atom

text: or

text: molecule

text: net

text: positive

text: or

text: negative

text: electrical

text: charge

text: Ions

text: can

text: be

text: created

text: by

text: either

text: chemical

text: or

text: physical

text: means

text: via

text: ionization

annotations: likely single

question: instance_of abelsonite

answer: chemical compound

text: chemical compound

text: chemical compound

text: chemical compound