text: The even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla) are ungulates (hoofed animals) whose weight is borne equally by the third and fourth toes. By contrast, odd-toed ungulates, such as horses, bear their weight primarily on their third toe. The aquatic Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) evolved from even-toed ungulate ancestors, and therefore modern taxonomic classification combines Artiodactyla and Cetacea into Cetartiodactyla.

text: The

text: even

text: toed

text: ungulates

text: order

text: Artiodactyla

text: are

text: ungulates

text: hoofed

text: animals

text: whose

text: weight

text: is

text: borne

text: equally

text: by

text: the

text: third

text: and

text: fourth

text: toes

text: By

text: contrast

text: odd

text: toed

text: ungulates

text: such

text: as

text: horses

text: bear

text: their

text: weight

text: primarily

text: on

text: their

text: third

text: toe

text: The

text: aquatic

text: Cetaceans

text: whales

text: dolphins

text: and

text: porpoises

text: evolved

text: from

text: even

text: toed

text: ungulate

text: ancestors

text: and

text: therefore

text: modern

text: taxonomic

text: classification

text: combines

text: Artiodactyla

text: and

text: Cetacea

text: into

text: Cetartiodactyla

text: The ginkgo - toothed beaked whale ( Mesoplodon ginkgodens ) is a poorly known species of whale even for a beaked whale , and was named for the unusual shape of its dual teeth . It is a fairly typical - looking species , but is notable for the males not having any scarring .

text: The

text: ginkgo

text: toothed

text: beaked

text: whale

text: Mesoplodon

text: ginkgodens

text: is

text: poorly

text: known

text: species

text: of

text: whale

text: even

text: for

text: beaked

text: whale

text: and

text: was

text: named

text: for

text: the

text: unusual

text: shape

text: of

text: its

text: dual

text: teeth

text: It

text: is

text: fairly

text: typical

text: looking

text: species

text: but

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: the

text: males

text: not

text: having

text: any

text: scarring

text: Beaked whales are the members of the family Ziphiidae, which consists of 22 species. These toothed whales are notable for their elongated beaks. Among air-breathing animals, beaked whales are some of the most extreme divers: Cuvier's beaked whales regularly dive for an hour at a depth over , and the longest and deepest foraging dive recorded is 137.5 minutes at . This is the greatest dive-depth known for a mammal.

text: Beaked

text: whales

text: are

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: Ziphiidae

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: species

text: These

text: toothed

text: whales

text: are

text: notable

text: for

text: their

text: elongated

text: beaks

text: Among

text: air

text: breathing

text: animals

text: beaked

text: whales

text: are

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: extreme

text: divers

text: Cuvier

text: 's

text: beaked

text: whales

text: regularly

text: dive

text: for

text: an

text: hour

text: at

text: depth

text: over

text: and

text: the

text: longest

text: and

text: deepest

text: foraging

text: dive

text: recorded

text: is

text: minutes

text: at

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: greatest

text: dive

text: depth

text: known

text: for

text: mammal

text: Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully aquatic placental marine mammals. They are an informal grouping within the infraorder Cetacea, usually excluding dolphins and porpoises. Whales, dolphins and porpoises belong to the order Cetartiodactyla with even-toed ungulates and their closest living relatives are the hippopotamuses, having diverged about 40 million years ago. The two parvorders of whales, baleen whales (Mysticeti) and toothed whales (Odontoceti), are thought to have split apart around 34 million years ago. The whales comprise eight extant families: Balaenopteridae (the rorquals), Balaenidae (right whales), Cetotheriidae (the pygmy right whale), Eschrichtiidae (the gray whale), Monodontidae (belugas and narwhals), Physeteridae (the sperm whale), Kogiidae (the dwarf and pygmy sperm whale), and Ziphiidae (the beaked whales).

text: Whales

text: are

text: widely

text: distributed

text: and

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: fully

text: aquatic

text: placental

text: marine

text: mammals

text: They

text: are

text: an

text: informal

text: grouping

text: within

text: the

text: infraorder

text: Cetacea

text: usually

text: excluding

text: dolphins

text: and

text: porpoises

text: Whales

text: dolphins

text: and

text: porpoises

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: order

text: Cetartiodactyla

text: with

text: even

text: toed

text: ungulates

text: and

text: their

text: closest

text: living

text: relatives

text: are

text: the

text: hippopotamuses

text: having

text: diverged

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The

text: two

text: parvorders

text: of

text: whales

text: baleen

text: whales

text: Mysticeti

text: and

text: toothed

text: whales

text: Odontoceti

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: split

text: apart

text: around

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The

text: whales

text: comprise

text: eight

text: extant

text: families

text: Balaenopteridae

text: the

text: rorquals

text: Balaenidae

text: right

text: whales

text: Cetotheriidae

text: the

text: pygmy

text: right

text: whale

text: Eschrichtiidae

text: the

text: gray

text: whale

text: Monodontidae

text: belugas

text: and

text: narwhals

text: Physeteridae

text: the

text: sperm

text: whale

text: Kogiidae

text: the

text: dwarf

text: and

text: pygmy

text: sperm

text: whale

text: and

text: Ziphiidae

text: the

text: beaked

text: whales

text: Marine mammals are aquatic mammals that rely on the ocean and other marine ecosystems for their existence. They include animals such as seals, whales, manatees, sea otters and polar bears. They do not represent a distinct taxon or systematic grouping, but rather have a paraphyletic relation. They are also unified by their reliance on the marine environment for feeding.

text: Marine

text: mammals

text: are

text: aquatic

text: mammals

text: that

text: rely

text: on

text: the

text: ocean

text: and

text: other

text: marine

text: ecosystems

text: for

text: their

text: existence

text: They

text: include

text: animals

text: such

text: as

text: seals

text: whales

text: manatees

text: sea

text: otters

text: and

text: polar

text: bears

text: They

text: do

text: not

text: represent

text: distinct

text: taxon

text: or

text: systematic

text: grouping

text: but

text: rather

text: have

text: paraphyletic

text: relation

text: They

text: are

text: also

text: unified

text: by

text: their

text: reliance

text: on

text: the

text: marine

text: environment

text: for

text: feeding

text: Baleen whales (systematic name Mysticeti), known earlier as whalebone whales, form a parvorder of the infraorder Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises). They are a widely distributed and diverse parvorder of carnivorous marine mammals. Mysticeti comprise the families Balaenidae (right whales), Balaenopteridae (rorquals), Cetotheriidae (the pygmy right whale), and Eschrichtiidae (the gray whale). There are currently 15 species of baleen whale. While cetaceans were historically thought to have descended from mesonychids, molecular evidence supports them as relatives of even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla). Baleen whales split from toothed whales (Odontoceti) around 34 million years ago.

text: Baleen

text: whales

text: systematic

text: name

text: Mysticeti

text: known

text: earlier

text: as

text: whalebone

text: whales

text: form

text: parvorder

text: of

text: the

text: infraorder

text: Cetacea

text: whales

text: dolphins

text: and

text: porpoises

text: They

text: are

text: widely

text: distributed

text: and

text: diverse

text: parvorder

text: of

text: carnivorous

text: marine

text: mammals

text: Mysticeti

text: comprise

text: the

text: families

text: Balaenidae

text: right

text: whales

text: Balaenopteridae

text: rorquals

text: Cetotheriidae

text: the

text: pygmy

text: right

text: whale

text: and

text: Eschrichtiidae

text: the

text: gray

text: whale

text: There

text: are

text: currently

text: species

text: of

text: baleen

text: whale

text: While

text: cetaceans

text: were

text: historically

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: descended

text: from

text: mesonychids

text: molecular

text: evidence

text: supports

text: them

text: as

text: relatives

text: of

text: even

text: toed

text: ungulates

text: Artiodactyla

text: Baleen

text: whales

text: split

text: from

text: toothed

text: whales

text: Odontoceti

text: around

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The cetacean family Monodontidae comprises two unusual whale species, the narwhal, in which the male has a long tusk, and the dorsal fin-lacking, pure white beluga whale. They are native to coastal regions and pack ice around the Arctic Sea. Belugas can be found in the far north of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; the distribution of narwhals is restricted to the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans.

text: The

text: cetacean

text: family

text: Monodontidae

text: comprises

text: two

text: unusual

text: whale

text: species

text: the

text: narwhal

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: male

text: has

text: long

text: tusk

text: and

text: the

text: dorsal

text: fin

text: lacking

text: pure

text: white

text: beluga

text: whale

text: They

text: are

text: native

text: to

text: coastal

text: regions

text: and

text: pack

text: ice

text: around

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Sea

text: Belugas

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: far

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Pacific

text: Oceans

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: narwhals

text: is

text: restricted

text: to

text: the

text: Arctic

text: and

text: Atlantic

text: Oceans

text: The sperm whale ("Physeter macrocephalus"), or cachalot, is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator. It is the only living member of genus Physeter, and one of three extant species in the sperm whale family, along with the pygmy sperm whale and dwarf sperm whale of the genus "Kogia".

text: The

text: sperm

text: whale

text: Physeter

text: macrocephalus

text: or

text: cachalot

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: toothed

text: whales

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: toothed

text: predator

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: living

text: member

text: of

text: genus

text: Physeter

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: extant

text: species

text: in

text: the

text: sperm

text: whale

text: family

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: pygmy

text: sperm

text: whale

text: and

text: dwarf

text: sperm

text: whale

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Kogia

text: The narwhal, or narwhale ("Monodon monoceros"), is a medium-sized toothed whale that possesses a large "tusk" from a protruding canine tooth. It lives year-round in the Arctic waters around Greenland, Canada, and Russia. It is one of two living species of whale in the Monodontidae family, along with the beluga whale. The narwhal males are distinguished by a long, straight, helical tusk, which is an elongated upper left canine. The narwhal was one of many species described by Carl Linnaeus in his publication "Systema Naturae" in 1758.

text: The

text: narwhal

text: or

text: narwhale

text: Monodon

text: monoceros

text: is

text: medium

text: sized

text: toothed

text: whale

text: that

text: possesses

text: large

text: tusk

text: from

text: protruding

text: canine

text: tooth

text: It

text: lives

text: year

text: round

text: in

text: the

text: Arctic

text: waters

text: around

text: Greenland

text: Canada

text: and

text: Russia

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: living

text: species

text: of

text: whale

text: in

text: the

text: Monodontidae

text: family

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: beluga

text: whale

text: The

text: narwhal

text: males

text: are

text: distinguished

text: by

text: long

text: straight

text: helical

text: tusk

text: which

text: is

text: an

text: elongated

text: upper

text: left

text: canine

text: The

text: narwhal

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: many

text: species

text: described

text: by

text: Carl

text: Linnaeus

text: in

text: his

text: publication

text: Systema

text: Naturae

text: in

text: The Pliocene (also Pleiocene) Epoch is the epoch in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years BP. It is the second and youngest epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch. Prior to the 2009 revision of the geologic time scale, which placed the four most recent major glaciations entirely within the Pleistocene, the Pliocene also included the Gelasian stage, which lasted from 2.588 to 1.806 million years ago, and is now included in the Pleistocene.

text: The

text: Pliocene

text: also

text: Pleiocene

text: Epoch

text: is

text: the

text: epoch

text: in

text: the

text: geologic

text: timescale

text: that

text: extends

text: from

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: BP

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: and

text: youngest

text: epoch

text: of

text: the

text: Neogene

text: Period

text: in

text: the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era

text: The

text: Pliocene

text: follows

text: the

text: Miocene

text: Epoch

text: and

text: is

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Pleistocene

text: Epoch

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: revision

text: of

text: the

text: geologic

text: time

text: scale

text: which

text: placed

text: the

text: four

text: most

text: recent

text: major

text: glaciations

text: entirely

text: within

text: the

text: Pleistocene

text: the

text: Pliocene

text: also

text: included

text: the

text: Gelasian

text: stage

text: which

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: Pleistocene

text: A fern is a member of a group of about 10,560 known extant species of vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having certain tissue that conducts water and nutrients. They have branched stems and leaves like other vascular plants. These are "megaphylls", which are more complex than the simple "microphylls" of clubmosses. Most ferns are Leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes denominated the "true ferns": they produce what are called "fiddleheads" that uncoil and expand into fronds.

text: fern

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: group

text: of

text: about

text: known

text: extant

text: species

text: of

text: vascular

text: plants

text: that

text: reproduce

text: via

text: spores

text: and

text: have

text: neither

text: seeds

text: nor

text: flowers

text: They

text: differ

text: from

text: mosses

text: by

text: being

text: vascular

text: i.e.

text: having

text: certain

text: tissue

text: that

text: conducts

text: water

text: and

text: nutrients

text: They

text: have

text: branched

text: stems

text: and

text: leaves

text: like

text: other

text: vascular

text: plants

text: These

text: are

text: megaphylls

text: which

text: are

text: more

text: complex

text: than

text: the

text: simple

text: microphylls

text: of

text: clubmosses

text: Most

text: ferns

text: are

text: Leptosporangiate

text: ferns

text: sometimes

text: denominated

text: the

text: true

text: ferns

text: they

text: produce

text: what

text: are

text: called

text: fiddleheads

text: that

text: uncoil

text: and

text: expand

text: into

text: fronds

text: The Kogiidae are a family comprising two extant species of Cetacea. A number of genera are extinct.

text: The

text: Kogiidae

text: are

text: family

text: comprising

text: two

text: extant

text: species

text: of

text: Cetacea

text: number

text: of

text: genera

text: are

text: extinct

text: Dolphins are a widely distributed and diverse group of aquatic mammals. They are an informal grouping within the order Cetacea, excluding whales and porpoises, so to zoologists the grouping is paraphyletic. The dolphins comprise the extant families Delphinidae (the oceanic dolphins), Platanistidae (the Indian river dolphins), Iniidae (the new world river dolphins), and Pontoporiidae (the brackish dolphins), and the extinct Lipotidae (baiji or Chinese river dolphin). There are 40 extant species of dolphins. Dolphins, alongside other cetaceans, belong to the clade Cetartiodactyla with even-toed ungulates. Their closest living relatives are the hippopotamuses, having diverged about 40 million years ago.

text: Dolphins

text: are

text: widely

text: distributed

text: and

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: aquatic

text: mammals

text: They

text: are

text: an

text: informal

text: grouping

text: within

text: the

text: order

text: Cetacea

text: excluding

text: whales

text: and

text: porpoises

text: so

text: to

text: zoologists

text: the

text: grouping

text: is

text: paraphyletic

text: The

text: dolphins

text: comprise

text: the

text: extant

text: families

text: Delphinidae

text: the

text: oceanic

text: dolphins

text: Platanistidae

text: the

text: Indian

text: river

text: dolphins

text: Iniidae

text: the

text: new

text: world

text: river

text: dolphins

text: and

text: Pontoporiidae

text: the

text: brackish

text: dolphins

text: and

text: the

text: extinct

text: Lipotidae

text: baiji

text: or

text: Chinese

text: river

text: dolphin

text: There

text: are

text: extant

text: species

text: of

text: dolphins

text: Dolphins

text: alongside

text: other

text: cetaceans

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: clade

text: Cetartiodactyla

text: with

text: even

text: toed

text: ungulates

text: Their

text: closest

text: living

text: relatives

text: are

text: the

text: hippopotamuses

text: having

text: diverged

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The gray whale ("Eschrichtius robustus"), also known as the grey whale, gray back whale, Pacific gray whale, or California gray whale is a baleen whale that migrates between feeding and breeding grounds yearly. It reaches a length of , a weight of , and lives between 55 and 70 years. The common name of the whale comes from the gray patches and white mottling on its dark skin. Gray whales were once called devil fish because of their fighting behavior when hunted. The gray whale is the sole living species in the genus Eschrichtius, which in turn is the sole living genus in the family Eschrichtiidae. This mammal descended from filter-feeding whales that appeared at the beginning of the Oligocene, over 30 million years ago.

text: The

text: gray

text: whale

text: Eschrichtius

text: robustus

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: grey

text: whale

text: gray

text: back

text: whale

text: Pacific

text: gray

text: whale

text: or

text: California

text: gray

text: whale

text: is

text: baleen

text: whale

text: that

text: migrates

text: between

text: feeding

text: and

text: breeding

text: grounds

text: yearly

text: It

text: reaches

text: length

text: of

text: weight

text: of

text: and

text: lives

text: between

text: and

text: years

text: The

text: common

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: whale

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: gray

text: patches

text: and

text: white

text: mottling

text: on

text: its

text: dark

text: skin

text: Gray

text: whales

text: were

text: once

text: called

text: devil

text: fish

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: fighting

text: behavior

text: when

text: hunted

text: The

text: gray

text: whale

text: is

text: the

text: sole

text: living

text: species

text: in

text: the

text: genus

text: Eschrichtius

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: is

text: the

text: sole

text: living

text: genus

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Eschrichtiidae

text: This

text: mammal

text: descended

text: from

text: filter

text: feeding

text: whales

text: that

text: appeared

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Oligocene

text: over

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Eschrichtiidae or the gray whales is a family of baleen whale (suborder Mysticeti) with a single extant species, the gray whale ("Eschrichtius robustus"). The family, however, also includes three described fossil genera: "Archaeschrichtius" and "Eschrichtioides" from the Miocene and Pliocene of Italy respectively, and "Gricetoides" from the Pliocene of North Carolina. The names of the extant genus and the family honours Danish zoologist Daniel Eschricht.

text: Eschrichtiidae

text: or

text: the

text: gray

text: whales

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: baleen

text: whale

text: suborder

text: Mysticeti

text: with

text: single

text: extant

text: species

text: the

text: gray

text: whale

text: Eschrichtius

text: robustus

text: The

text: family

text: however

text: also

text: includes

text: three

text: described

text: fossil

text: genera

text: Archaeschrichtius

text: and

text: Eschrichtioides

text: from

text: the

text: Miocene

text: and

text: Pliocene

text: of

text: Italy

text: respectively

text: and

text: Gricetoides

text: from

text: the

text: Pliocene

text: of

text: North

text: Carolina

text: The

text: names

text: of

text: the

text: extant

text: genus

text: and

text: the

text: family

text: honours

text: Danish

text: zoologist

text: Daniel

text: Eschricht

text: A genus ( genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.

text: genus

text: genera

text: is

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: biological

text: classification

text: of

text: living

text: and

text: fossil

text: organisms

text: in

text: biology

text: In

text: the

text: hierarchy

text: of

text: biological

text: classification

text: genus

text: comes

text: above

text: species

text: and

text: below

text: family

text: In

text: binomial

text: nomenclature

text: the

text: genus

text: name

text: forms

text: the

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: binomial

text: species

text: name

text: for

text: each

text: species

text: within

text: the

text: genus

text: Cuvier's beaked whale or the goose-beaked whale ("Ziphius cavirostris"), the only member of the genus Ziphius, is the most widely distributed of all the beaked whales. Though it is pelagic, prefers water deeper than , and avoids ships, it is still one of the most frequently spotted beaked whales.

text: Cuvier

text: 's

text: beaked

text: whale

text: or

text: the

text: goose

text: beaked

text: whale

text: Ziphius

text: cavirostris

text: the

text: only

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Ziphius

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: distributed

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: beaked

text: whales

text: Though

text: it

text: is

text: pelagic

text: prefers

text: water

text: deeper

text: than

text: and

text: avoids

text: ships

text: it

text: is

text: still

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: frequently

text: spotted

text: beaked

text: whales

text: Cetacea are a widely distributed and diverse clade of aquatic mammals that today consists of the whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Cetaceans are carnivorous and finned. Most species live in the sea, some in rivers. The name is derived from the Latin "cetus" "whale" and Greek "ketos" "huge fish".

text: Cetacea

text: are

text: widely

text: distributed

text: and

text: diverse

text: clade

text: of

text: aquatic

text: mammals

text: that

text: today

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: whales

text: dolphins

text: and

text: porpoises

text: Cetaceans

text: are

text: carnivorous

text: and

text: finned

text: Most

text: species

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: sea

text: some

text: in

text: rivers

text: The

text: name

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: cetus

text: whale

text: and

text: Greek

text: ketos

text: huge

text: fish

text: Ginkgo biloba, known as ginkgo or gingko (both pronounced ), also known as the ginkgo tree or the maidenhair tree, is the only living species in the division Ginkgophyta, all others being extinct. It is found in fossils dating back 270 million years. Native to China, the tree is widely cultivated and was introduced early to human history. It has various uses in traditional medicine and as a source of food. The genus name "Ginkgo" is regarded as a misspelling of the Japanese "gin kyo", "silver apricot".

text: Ginkgo

text: biloba

text: known

text: as

text: ginkgo

text: or

text: gingko

text: both

text: pronounced

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: ginkgo

text: tree

text: or

text: the

text: maidenhair

text: tree

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: living

text: species

text: in

text: the

text: division

text: Ginkgophyta

text: all

text: others

text: being

text: extinct

text: It

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: fossils

text: dating

text: back

text: million

text: years

text: Native

text: to

text: China

text: the

text: tree

text: is

text: widely

text: cultivated

text: and

text: was

text: introduced

text: early

text: to

text: human

text: history

text: It

text: has

text: various

text: uses

text: in

text: traditional

text: medicine

text: and

text: as

text: source

text: of

text: food

text: The

text: genus

text: name

text: Ginkgo

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: misspelling

text: of

text: the

text: Japanese

text: gin

text: kyo

text: silver

text: apricot

text: Ginkgo is a genus of highly unusual non-flowering plants. The scientific name is also used as the English name. The order to which it belongs, Ginkgoales, first appeared in the Permian, 270 million years ago, possibly derived from "seed ferns" of the order Peltaspermales. The rate of evolution within the genus has been slow, and almost all its species had become extinct by the end of the Pliocene; the exception is the sole living species, "Ginkgo biloba", which is only found in the wild in China, but is cultivated across the world. The relationships between ginkgos and other groups of plants are not fully resolved.

text: Ginkgo

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: highly

text: unusual

text: non

text: flowering

text: plants

text: The

text: scientific

text: name

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: English

text: name

text: The

text: order

text: to

text: which

text: it

text: belongs

text: Ginkgoales

text: first

text: appeared

text: in

text: the

text: Permian

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: possibly

text: derived

text: from

text: seed

text: ferns

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: Peltaspermales

text: The

text: rate

text: of

text: evolution

text: within

text: the

text: genus

text: has

text: been

text: slow

text: and

text: almost

text: all

text: its

text: species

text: had

text: become

text: extinct

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Pliocene

text: the

text: exception

text: is

text: the

text: sole

text: living

text: species

text: Ginkgo

text: biloba

text: which

text: is

text: only

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: wild

text: in

text: China

text: but

text: is

text: cultivated

text: across

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: relationships

text: between

text: ginkgos

text: and

text: other

text: groups

text: of

text: plants

text: are

text: not

text: fully

text: resolved

text: Balaenidae is a family of whales of the parvorder Mysticeti that contains two living genera. Historically, it is known as the right whale family, as it was thought to contain only species of right whales. Through most of the 20th Century, however, that became a much-debated (and unresolved) topic amongst the scientific community. Finally, in the early 2000s, science reached a definitive conclusion: the bowhead whale, once commonly known as the Greenland right whale, was not in fact a right whale. The family of Balaenids, therefore, comprises the right whales (genus "Eubalaena"), and in a genus all to its own, the very closely related bowhead whale (genus "Balaena").

text: Balaenidae

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: whales

text: of

text: the

text: parvorder

text: Mysticeti

text: that

text: contains

text: two

text: living

text: genera

text: Historically

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: right

text: whale

text: family

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: thought

text: to

text: contain

text: only

text: species

text: of

text: right

text: whales

text: Through

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Century

text: however

text: that

text: became

text: much

text: debated

text: and

text: unresolved

text: topic

text: amongst

text: the

text: scientific

text: community

text: Finally

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: science

text: reached

text: definitive

text: conclusion

text: the

text: bowhead

text: whale

text: once

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Greenland

text: right

text: whale

text: was

text: not

text: in

text: fact

text: right

text: whale

text: The

text: family

text: of

text: Balaenids

text: therefore

text: comprises

text: the

text: right

text: whales

text: genus

text: Eubalaena

text: and

text: in

text: genus

text: all

text: to

text: its

text: own

text: the

text: very

text: closely

text: related

text: bowhead

text: whale

text: genus

text: Balaena

text: The common hippopotamus ("Hippopotamus amphibius"), or hippo, is a large, mostly herbivorous mammal in sub-Saharan Africa, and one of only two extant species in the family Hippopotamidae, the other being the pygmy hippopotamus ("Choeropsis liberiensis" or "Hexaprotodon liberiensis"). The name comes from the ancient Greek for "river horse". After the elephant and rhinoceros, the common hippopotamus is the third-largest type of land mammal and the heaviest extant artiodactyl. Despite their physical resemblance to pigs and other terrestrial even-toed ungulates, the closest living relatives of the Hippopotamidae are cetaceans (whales, porpoises, etc.) from which they diverged about . The common ancestor of whales and hippos split from other even-toed ungulates around . The earliest known hippopotamus fossils, belonging to the genus "Kenyapotamus" in Africa, date to around .

text: The

text: common

text: hippopotamus

text: Hippopotamus

text: amphibius

text: or

text: hippo

text: is

text: large

text: mostly

text: herbivorous

text: mammal

text: in

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: two

text: extant

text: species

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Hippopotamidae

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: the

text: pygmy

text: hippopotamus

text: Choeropsis

text: liberiensis

text: or

text: Hexaprotodon

text: liberiensis

text: The

text: name

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: for

text: river

text: horse

text: After

text: the

text: elephant

text: and

text: rhinoceros

text: the

text: common

text: hippopotamus

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: type

text: of

text: land

text: mammal

text: and

text: the

text: heaviest

text: extant

text: artiodactyl

text: Despite

text: their

text: physical

text: resemblance

text: to

text: pigs

text: and

text: other

text: terrestrial

text: even

text: toed

text: ungulates

text: the

text: closest

text: living

text: relatives

text: of

text: the

text: Hippopotamidae

text: are

text: cetaceans

text: whales

text: porpoises

text: etc

text: from

text: which

text: they

text: diverged

text: about

text: The

text: common

text: ancestor

text: of

text: whales

text: and

text: hippos

text: split

text: from

text: other

text: even

text: toed

text: ungulates

text: around

text: The

text: earliest

text: known

text: hippopotamus

text: fossils

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: genus

text: Kenyapotamus

text: in

text: Africa

text: date

text: to

text: around

text: Ginkgoales is a plant order containing only one extant species: "Ginkgo biloba", the ginkgo tree. It is monotypic, (the only taxon) within the class Ginkgoopsida, which itself is monotypic within the division Ginkgophyta. The order includes five families, of which only Ginkgoaceae remains extant.

text: Ginkgoales

text: is

text: plant

text: order

text: containing

text: only

text: one

text: extant

text: species

text: Ginkgo

text: biloba

text: the

text: ginkgo

text: tree

text: It

text: is

text: monotypic

text: the

text: only

text: taxon

text: within

text: the

text: class

text: Ginkgoopsida

text: which

text: itself

text: is

text: monotypic

text: within

text: the

text: division

text: Ginkgophyta

text: The

text: order

text: includes

text: five

text: families

text: of

text: which

text: only

text: Ginkgoaceae

text: remains

text: extant

text: The Permian is a geologic period and system which spans 46.7 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 252.2 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleozoic Era; the following Triassic Period belongs to the Mesozoic Era. The concept of the Permian was introduced in 1841 by geologist Sir Roderick Murchison, who named it after the city of Perm.

text: The

text: Permian

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: which

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Carboniferous

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Triassic

text: Period

text: Mya

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Paleozoic

text: Era

text: the

text: following

text: Triassic

text: Period

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: Permian

text: was

text: introduced

text: in

text: by

text: geologist

text: Sir

text: Roderick

text: Murchison

text: who

text: named

text: it

text: after

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Perm

text: Mammals are any vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin "mamma" "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles and birds by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones and mammary glands. The sister group of mammals may be the extinct "Haldanodon." The mammals represent the only living Synapsida, which together with the Sauropsida form the Amniota clade. The mammals consist of the Yinotheria including monotrema and the Theriiformes including the theria.

text: Mammals

text: are

text: any

text: vertebrates

text: within

text: the

text: class

text: Mammalia

text: from

text: Latin

text: mamma

text: breast

text: clade

text: of

text: endothermic

text: amniotes

text: distinguished

text: from

text: reptiles

text: and

text: birds

text: by

text: the

text: possession

text: of

text: neocortex

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: hair

text: three

text: middle

text: ear

text: bones

text: and

text: mammary

text: glands

text: The

text: sister

text: group

text: of

text: mammals

text: may

text: be

text: the

text: extinct

text: Haldanodon

text: The

text: mammals

text: represent

text: the

text: only

text: living

text: Synapsida

text: which

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: Sauropsida

text: form

text: the

text: Amniota

text: clade

text: The

text: mammals

text: consist

text: of

text: the

text: Yinotheria

text: including

text: monotrema

text: and

text: the

text: Theriiformes

text: including

text: the

text: theria

text: The toothed whales (systematic name Odontoceti) are a parvorder of cetaceans that includes all the dolphins and porpoises, as well as the whales that have teeth, such as the beaked whales and sperm whales. Seventy-three species of toothed whales (also called odontocetes) are described. They are one of two living groups of cetaceans, the other being the baleen whales (Mysticeti), which have baleen instead of teeth. The two groups are thought to have diverged around 34 million years ago (mya).

text: The

text: toothed

text: whales

text: systematic

text: name

text: Odontoceti

text: are

text: parvorder

text: of

text: cetaceans

text: that

text: includes

text: all

text: the

text: dolphins

text: and

text: porpoises

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: whales

text: that

text: have

text: teeth

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: beaked

text: whales

text: and

text: sperm

text: whales

text: Seventy

text: three

text: species

text: of

text: toothed

text: whales

text: also

text: called

text: odontocetes

text: are

text: described

text: They

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: living

text: groups

text: of

text: cetaceans

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: the

text: baleen

text: whales

text: Mysticeti

text: which

text: have

text: baleen

text: instead

text: of

text: teeth

text: The

text: two

text: groups

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: diverged

text: around

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: mya

text: Rorquals (Balaenopteridae) are the largest group of baleen whales, a family with nine extant species in two genera. They include what is believed to be the largest animal that has ever lived, the blue whale, which can reach , and the fin whale, which reaches ; even the smallest of the group, the northern minke whale, reaches .

text: Rorquals

text: Balaenopteridae

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: group

text: of

text: baleen

text: whales

text: family

text: with

text: nine

text: extant

text: species

text: in

text: two

text: genera

text: They

text: include

text: what

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: largest

text: animal

text: that

text: has

text: ever

text: lived

text: the

text: blue

text: whale

text: which

text: can

text: reach

text: and

text: the

text: fin

text: whale

text: which

text: reaches

text: even

text: the

text: smallest

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: the

text: northern

text: minke

text: whale

text: reaches

text: In biology, a species (abbreviated sp., with the plural form species abbreviated spp.) is the basic unit of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. While this definition is often adequate, looked at more closely it is often problematic. For example, in a species complex, the boundaries between closely related species become unclear or disappear altogether. Other ways of defining species include similarity of DNA, morphology, or ecological niche. The presence of locally adaptive traits may further subdivide species into infraspecific taxa such as subspecies.

text: In

text: biology

text: species

text: abbreviated

text: sp

text: with

text: the

text: plural

text: form

text: species

text: abbreviated

text: spp

text: is

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: biological

text: classification

text: and

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: species

text: is

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: group

text: of

text: organisms

text: in

text: which

text: two

text: individuals

text: can

text: produce

text: fertile

text: offspring

text: typically

text: by

text: sexual

text: reproduction

text: While

text: this

text: definition

text: is

text: often

text: adequate

text: looked

text: at

text: more

text: closely

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: problematic

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: species

text: complex

text: the

text: boundaries

text: between

text: closely

text: related

text: species

text: become

text: unclear

text: or

text: disappear

text: altogether

text: Other

text: ways

text: of

text: defining

text: species

text: include

text: similarity

text: of

text: DNA

text: morphology

text: or

text: ecological

text: niche

text: The

text: presence

text: of

text: locally

text: adaptive

text: traits

text: may

text: further

text: subdivide

text: species

text: into

text: infraspecific

text: taxa

text: such

text: as

text: subspecies

text: Porpoises are a group of fully aquatic marine mammals that are sometimes referred to as mereswine, all of which are classified under the family Phocoenidae, parvorder Odontoceti (toothed whales). There are six extant species of porpoise. They are small toothed whales that are very closely related to oceanic dolphins. The most obvious visible difference between the two groups is that porpoises have shorter beaks and flattened, spade-shaped teeth distinct from the conical teeth of dolphins. Porpoises, and other cetaceans, belong to the clade Cetartiodactyla with even-toed ungulates, and their closest living relatives are the hippopotamuses, having diverged from them about 40 million years ago.

text: Porpoises

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: fully

text: aquatic

text: marine

text: mammals

text: that

text: are

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: mereswine

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: classified

text: under

text: the

text: family

text: Phocoenidae

text: parvorder

text: Odontoceti

text: toothed

text: whales

text: There

text: are

text: six

text: extant

text: species

text: of

text: porpoise

text: They

text: are

text: small

text: toothed

text: whales

text: that

text: are

text: very

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: oceanic

text: dolphins

text: The

text: most

text: obvious

text: visible

text: difference

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: groups

text: is

text: that

text: porpoises

text: have

text: shorter

text: beaks

text: and

text: flattened

text: spade

text: shaped

text: teeth

text: distinct

text: from

text: the

text: conical

text: teeth

text: of

text: dolphins

text: Porpoises

text: and

text: other

text: cetaceans

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: clade

text: Cetartiodactyla

text: with

text: even

text: toed

text: ungulates

text: and

text: their

text: closest

text: living

text: relatives

text: are

text: the

text: hippopotamuses

text: having

text: diverged

text: from

text: them

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Baleen is a filter-feeder system inside the mouths of baleen whales. The baleen system works by whale opening its mouth underwater and taking in water. The whale then pushes the water out, and animals such as krill are filtered by the baleen and remain as food source for the whale. Baleen is similar to bristles and is made of keratin, the same substance found in human fingernails and hair. Baleen is a skin derivative. Some whales, such as the bowhead whale, have longer baleen than others. Other whales, such as the gray whale, only use one side of their baleen. These baleen bristles are arranged in plates across the upper jaw of the whale. Baleen is often called whalebone, but that name also can refer to the normal bones of whales, which have often been used as a material, especially as a cheaper substitute for ivory in carving.

text: Baleen

text: is

text: filter

text: feeder

text: system

text: inside

text: the

text: mouths

text: of

text: baleen

text: whales

text: The

text: baleen

text: system

text: works

text: by

text: whale

text: opening

text: its

text: mouth

text: underwater

text: and

text: taking

text: in

text: water

text: The

text: whale

text: then

text: pushes

text: the

text: water

text: out

text: and

text: animals

text: such

text: as

text: krill

text: are

text: filtered

text: by

text: the

text: baleen

text: and

text: remain

text: as

text: food

text: source

text: for

text: the

text: whale

text: Baleen

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: bristles

text: and

text: is

text: made

text: of

text: keratin

text: the

text: same

text: substance

text: found

text: in

text: human

text: fingernails

text: and

text: hair

text: Baleen

text: is

text: skin

text: derivative

text: Some

text: whales

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: bowhead

text: whale

text: have

text: longer

text: baleen

text: than

text: others

text: Other

text: whales

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: gray

text: whale

text: only

text: use

text: one

text: side

text: of

text: their

text: baleen

text: These

text: baleen

text: bristles

text: are

text: arranged

text: in

text: plates

text: across

text: the

text: upper

text: jaw

text: of

text: the

text: whale

text: Baleen

text: is

text: often

text: called

text: whalebone

text: but

text: that

text: name

text: also

text: can

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: normal

text: bones

text: of

text: whales

text: which

text: have

text: often

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: material

text: especially

text: as

text: cheaper

text: substitute

text: for

text: ivory

text: in

text: carving

question: instance_of ginkgo-toothed beaked whale

answer: taxon

text: taxon

text: taxon