text: David John Roche , born in Hibbing , Minnesota December 2 , 1918 enlisted in the U.S. Naval Reserve as seaman second class on November 13 , 1939 . He was appointed aviation cadet effective February 15 , 1940 , designated naval aviator ( heavier - than - air ) , October 14 , and became an ensign , USNR , effective October 21 , 1940 . Following training at Pensacola Naval Air Station , he was assigned to Torpedo Squadron 3 and reported for duty on December 1 . He was officially reported missing in action as of June 4 , 1942 , when the plane he was piloting was shot down in the Battle of Midway . For pressing home his torpedo attack on Japanese naval units in the face of tremendous antiaircraft fire and overwhelming fighter opposition , he was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross .

text: David

text: John

text: Roche

text: born

text: in

text: Hibbing

text: Minnesota

text: December

text: enlisted

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Naval

text: Reserve

text: as

text: seaman

text: second

text: class

text: on

text: November

text: He

text: was

text: appointed

text: aviation

text: cadet

text: effective

text: February

text: designated

text: naval

text: aviator

text: heavier

text: than

text: air

text: October

text: and

text: became

text: an

text: ensign

text: USNR

text: effective

text: October

text: Following

text: training

text: at

text: Pensacola

text: Naval

text: Air

text: Station

text: he

text: was

text: assigned

text: to

text: Torpedo

text: Squadron

text: and

text: reported

text: for

text: duty

text: on

text: December

text: He

text: was

text: officially

text: reported

text: missing

text: in

text: action

text: as

text: of

text: June

text: when

text: the

text: plane

text: he

text: was

text: piloting

text: was

text: shot

text: down

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Midway

text: For

text: pressing

text: home

text: his

text: torpedo

text: attack

text: on

text: Japanese

text: naval

text: units

text: in

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: tremendous

text: antiaircraft

text: fire

text: and

text: overwhelming

text: fighter

text: opposition

text: he

text: was

text: posthumously

text: awarded

text: the

text: Navy

text: Cross

text: The attack on Pearl Harbor, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, the Hawaii Operation or Operation AI by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, and Operation Z during planning, was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II.

text: The

text: attack

text: on

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: the

text: Hawaii

text: Operation

text: or

text: Operation

text: AI

text: by

text: the

text: Japanese

text: Imperial

text: General

text: Headquarters

text: and

text: Operation

text: during

text: planning

text: was

text: surprise

text: military

text: strike

text: by

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: Air

text: Service

text: against

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: naval

text: base

text: at

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: Hawaii

text: Territory

text: on

text: the

text: morning

text: of

text: December

text: The

text: attack

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: entry

text: into

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources is the agency of the U.S. state of Minnesota charged with conserving and managing the state's natural resources. The agency maintains areas such as state parks, state forests, recreational trails, and recreation areas as well as managing minerals, wildlife, and forestry. The agency is currently divided into six divisions - Ecological & Water Resources, Enforcement, Fish & Wildlife, Forestry, Lands & Minerals, and Parks & Trails.

text: The

text: Minnesota

text: Department

text: of

text: Natural

text: Resources

text: is

text: the

text: agency

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Minnesota

text: charged

text: with

text: conserving

text: and

text: managing

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: natural

text: resources

text: The

text: agency

text: maintains

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: state

text: parks

text: state

text: forests

text: recreational

text: trails

text: and

text: recreation

text: areas

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: managing

text: minerals

text: wildlife

text: and

text: forestry

text: The

text: agency

text: is

text: currently

text: divided

text: into

text: six

text: divisions

text: Ecological

text: Water

text: Resources

text: Enforcement

text: Fish

text: Wildlife

text: Forestry

text: Lands

text: Minerals

text: and

text: Parks

text: Trails

text: The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U.S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, with the highest combined battle fleet tonnage. The U.S. Navy has the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on active duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 aircraft in active service .

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: USN

text: is

text: the

text: naval

text: warfare

text: service

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: seven

text: uniformed

text: services

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: most

text: capable

text: navy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: combined

text: battle

text: fleet

text: tonnage

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: has

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: aircraft

text: carrier

text: fleet

text: with

text: ten

text: in

text: service

text: two

text: in

text: the

text: reserve

text: fleet

text: and

text: three

text: new

text: carriers

text: under

text: construction

text: The

text: service

text: has

text: personnel

text: on

text: active

text: duty

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Navy

text: Reserve

text: It

text: has

text: deployable

text: combat

text: vessels

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: aircraft

text: in

text: active

text: service

text: The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyjitai: Shinjitai: "" or "Nippon Kaigun", "Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire") was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's defeat and surrender in World War II. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff and the Ministry of the Navy, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the navy. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) was formed after the dissolution of the IJN.

text: The

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: IJN

text: Kyjitai

text: Shinjitai

text: or

text: Nippon

text: Kaigun

text: Navy

text: of

text: the

text: Greater

text: Japanese

text: Empire

text: was

text: the

text: navy

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: from

text: until

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: dissolved

text: following

text: Japan

text: 's

text: defeat

text: and

text: surrender

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: It

text: was

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: General

text: Staff

text: and

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: the

text: Navy

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: nominally

text: subordinate

text: to

text: the

text: Emperor

text: of

text: Japan

text: as

text: supreme

text: commander

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: and

text: the

text: navy

text: The

text: Japan

text: Maritime

text: Self

text: Defense

text: Force

text: JMSDF

text: was

text: formed

text: after

text: the

text: dissolution

text: of

text: the

text: IJN

text: The Battle of Midway was a decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II. Between 4 and 7 June 1942, only six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea, the United States Navy under Admirals Chester Nimitz, Frank Jack Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance decisively defeated an attacking fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto, Chuichi Nagumo, and Nobutake Kondo near Midway Atoll, inflicting devastating damage on the Japanese fleet that proved irreparable. Military historian John Keegan called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare."

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Midway

text: was

text: decisive

text: naval

text: battle

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Theater

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Between

text: and

text: June

text: only

text: six

text: months

text: after

text: Japan

text: 's

text: attack

text: on

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: and

text: one

text: month

text: after

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Coral

text: Sea

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: under

text: Admirals

text: Chester

text: Nimitz

text: Frank

text: Jack

text: Fletcher

text: and

text: Raymond

text: Spruance

text: decisively

text: defeated

text: an

text: attacking

text: fleet

text: of

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: under

text: Admirals

text: Isoroku

text: Yamamoto

text: Chuichi

text: Nagumo

text: and

text: Nobutake

text: Kondo

text: near

text: Midway

text: Atoll

text: inflicting

text: devastating

text: damage

text: on

text: the

text: Japanese

text: fleet

text: that

text: proved

text: irreparable

text: Military

text: historian

text: John

text: Keegan

text: called

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: stunning

text: and

text: decisive

text: blow

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: naval

text: warfare

text:
Minnesota (locally ) is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858, created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory. The state has a large number of lakes, and is known by the slogan "Land of 10,000 Lakes". Its official motto is "L'Étoile du Nord" (French: "Star of the North").
Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states; nearly 60 percent of its residents live in the MinneapolisSaint Paul metropolitan area (known as the "Twin Cities"), the center of transportation, business, industry, education, and government and home to an internationally known arts community. The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now partially cleared, farmed and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation.
Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout. Until European settlement, Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the large majority of the European settlers emigrated from Scandinavia and Germany, and the state remains a center of Scandinavian American and German American culture. In recent decades, immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition. Minnesota's standard of living index is among the highest in the United States, and the state is also among the best-educated and wealthiest in the nation.

text: Minnesota

text: locally

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: midwestern

text: and

text: northern

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Minnesota

text: was

text: admitted

text: as

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: on

text: May

text: created

text: from

text: the

text: eastern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Minnesota

text: Territory

text: The

text: state

text: has

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: lakes

text: and

text: is

text: known

text: by

text: the

text: slogan

text: Land

text: of

text: Lakes

text: Its

text: official

text: motto

text: is

text: L'Étoile

text: du

text: Nord

text: French

text: Star

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Minnesota

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: states

text: nearly

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: residents

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: MinneapolisSaint

text: Paul

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Twin

text: Cities

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: transportation

text: business

text: industry

text: education

text: and

text: government

text: and

text: home

text: to

text: an

text: internationally

text: known

text: arts

text: community

text: The

text: remainder

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: consists

text: of

text: western

text: prairies

text: now

text: given

text: over

text: to

text: intensive

text: agriculture

text: deciduous

text: forests

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: now

text: partially

text: cleared

text: farmed

text: and

text: settled

text: and

text: the

text: less

text: populated

text: North

text: Woods

text: used

text: for

text: mining

text: forestry

text: and

text: recreation

text: Minnesota

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: progressive

text: political

text: orientation

text: and

text: its

text: high

text: rate

text: of

text: civic

text: participation

text: and

text: voter

text: turnout

text: Until

text: European

text: settlement

text: Minnesota

text: was

text: inhabited

text: by

text: the

text: Dakota

text: and

text: Ojibwe

text: Anishinaabe

text: During

text: the

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: the

text: large

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: settlers

text: emigrated

text: from

text: Scandinavia

text: and

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: state

text: remains

text: center

text: of

text: Scandinavian

text: American

text: and

text: German

text: American

text: culture

text: In

text: recent

text: decades

text: immigration

text: from

text: Asia

text: the

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: Latin

text: America

text: has

text: broadened

text: its

text: historic

text: demographic

text: and

text: cultural

text: composition

text: Minnesota

text: 's

text: standard

text: of

text: living

text: index

text: is

text: among

text: the

text: highest

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: state

text: is

text: also

text: among

text: the

text: best

text: educated

text: and

text: wealthiest

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: Hibbing is a city in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 16,361 at the 2010 census. The city was built on the rich iron ore of the Mesabi Iron Range. At the edge of town is the largest open-pit iron mine in the world, the HullRustMahoning Open Pit Iron Mine. U.S. Highway 169, State Highway 37, State Highway 73, Howard Street, and 1st Avenue are five of the main routes in Hibbing. The Range Regional Airport offers daily commercial flights between Hibbing and Minneapolis, as well as hosting many private pilots and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources fire fighting aircraft.

text: Hibbing

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: Saint

text: Louis

text: County

text: Minnesota

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: population

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: census

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: built

text: on

text: the

text: rich

text: iron

text: ore

text: of

text: the

text: Mesabi

text: Iron

text: Range

text: At

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: town

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: open

text: pit

text: iron

text: mine

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: HullRustMahoning

text: Open

text: Pit

text: Iron

text: Mine

text: U.S.

text: Highway

text: State

text: Highway

text: State

text: Highway

text: Howard

text: Street

text: and

text: Avenue

text: are

text: five

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: routes

text: in

text: Hibbing

text: The

text: Range

text: Regional

text: Airport

text: offers

text: daily

text: commercial

text: flights

text: between

text: Hibbing

text: and

text: Minneapolis

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: hosting

text: many

text: private

text: pilots

text: and

text: the

text: Minnesota

text: Department

text: of

text: Natural

text: Resources

text: fire

text: fighting

text: aircraft

text: Yamamoto held several important posts in the Imperial Japanese Navy, and undertook many of its changes and reorganizations, especially its development of naval aviation. He was the commander-in-chief during the decisive early years of the Pacific War and so was responsible for major battles such as Pearl Harbor and Midway. He died when American codebreakers identified his flight plans and his plane was shot down. His death was a major blow to Japanese military morale during World War II.

text: Yamamoto

text: held

text: several

text: important

text: posts

text: in

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: and

text: undertook

text: many

text: of

text: its

text: changes

text: and

text: reorganizations

text: especially

text: its

text: development

text: of

text: naval

text: aviation

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: commander

text: in

text: chief

text: during

text: the

text: decisive

text: early

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: War

text: and

text: so

text: was

text: responsible

text: for

text: major

text: battles

text: such

text: as

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: and

text: Midway

text: He

text: died

text: when

text: American

text: codebreakers

text: identified

text: his

text: flight

text: plans

text: and

text: his

text: plane

text: was

text: shot

text: down

text: His

text: death

text: was

text: major

text: blow

text: to

text: Japanese

text: military

text: morale

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text:
The Hull-Rust-Mahoning Mine in Hibbing, Minnesota, United States, is one of the largest open pit iron mines in the world, with a 1.5 by 3.5 mile footprint and depths up to 600 feet. The mine, located in the Mesabi Range, supplied as much as one-fourth of all the iron ore mined in the United States during its peak production during World War I and World War II.
This area of the Mesabi Range was explored in 18931894, shortly after the Mountain Iron mine was established in 1892. The early development was as an underground mine, but open pit mining soon proved to be a better choice because of the shallow nature of the ore deposits. The many smaller open pit mines developed in the area soon merged into one large mine. The growth of the mine even resulted in the town of Hibbing being relocated to accommodate expansion. The move started in 1919 and took two years to complete at a cost of $16,000,000. 185 houses and 20 businesses were moved, and some of the larger buildings had to be cut in half for the move. Only a few uninhabited remnants of the original townsite are left near an observational lookout at the edge of the mine.

text: The

text: Hull

text: Rust

text: Mahoning

text: Mine

text: in

text: Hibbing

text: Minnesota

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: open

text: pit

text: iron

text: mines

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: by

text: mile

text: footprint

text: and

text: depths

text: up

text: to

text: feet

text: The

text: mine

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Mesabi

text: Range

text: supplied

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: one

text: fourth

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: iron

text: ore

text: mined

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: during

text: its

text: peak

text: production

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: and

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: This

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: Mesabi

text: Range

text: was

text: explored

text: in

text: shortly

text: after

text: the

text: Mountain

text: Iron

text: mine

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: The

text: early

text: development

text: was

text: as

text: an

text: underground

text: mine

text: but

text: open

text: pit

text: mining

text: soon

text: proved

text: to

text: be

text: better

text: choice

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: shallow

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: ore

text: deposits

text: The

text: many

text: smaller

text: open

text: pit

text: mines

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: soon

text: merged

text: into

text: one

text: large

text: mine

text: The

text: growth

text: of

text: the

text: mine

text: even

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Hibbing

text: being

text: relocated

text: to

text: accommodate

text: expansion

text: The

text: move

text: started

text: in

text: and

text: took

text: two

text: years

text: to

text: complete

text: at

text: cost

text: of

text: houses

text: and

text: businesses

text: were

text: moved

text: and

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: buildings

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: cut

text: in

text: half

text: for

text: the

text: move

text: Only

text: few

text: uninhabited

text: remnants

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: townsite

text: are

text: left

text: near

text: an

text: observational

text: lookout

text: at

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: mine

text: Sir John Desmond Patrick Keegan (15 May 1934  2 August 2012) was a British military historian, lecturer, writer and journalist. He was the author of many published works on the nature of combat between the 14th and 21st centuries concerning land, air, maritime, and intelligence warfare, as well as the psychology of battle.

text: Sir

text: John

text: Desmond

text: Patrick

text: Keegan

text: May

text: August

text: was

text: British

text: military

text: historian

text: lecturer

text: writer

text: and

text: journalist

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: many

text: published

text: works

text: on

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: combat

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: concerning

text: land

text: air

text: maritime

text: and

text: intelligence

text: warfare

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: psychology

text: of

text: battle

text: Range Regional Airport is a public use airport located four nautical miles (5 mi, 7 km) southeast of the central business district of Hibbing, in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. It was formerly known as Chisholm-Hibbing Airport or Chisholm-Hibbing Municipal Airport. The airport is mostly used for general aviation but is also served by one commercial and one charter airline. Scheduled passenger service is subsidized by the Essential Air Service program.

text: Range

text: Regional

text: Airport

text: is

text: public

text: use

text: airport

text: located

text: four

text: nautical

text: miles

text: mi

text: km

text: southeast

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: business

text: district

text: of

text: Hibbing

text: in

text: Saint

text: Louis

text: County

text: Minnesota

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: was

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Chisholm

text: Hibbing

text: Airport

text: or

text: Chisholm

text: Hibbing

text: Municipal

text: Airport

text: The

text: airport

text: is

text: mostly

text: used

text: for

text: general

text: aviation

text: but

text: is

text: also

text: served

text: by

text: one

text: commercial

text: and

text: one

text: charter

text: airline

text: Scheduled

text: passenger

text: service

text: is

text: subsidized

text: by

text: the

text: Essential

text: Air

text: Service

text: program

text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886  December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral in World War II.

text: Raymond

text: Ames

text: Spruance

text: July

text: December

text: was

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: admiral

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The U.S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet and the right to maintain a repair and coaling station for ships here in 1887. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941 was the immediate cause of the United States' entry into World War II.

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: is

text: lagoon

text: harbor

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Oahu

text: Hawaii

text: west

text: of

text: Honolulu

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: harbor

text: and

text: surrounding

text: lands

text: is

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: deep

text: water

text: naval

text: base

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Pacific

text: Fleet

text: The

text: U.S.

text: government

text: first

text: obtained

text: exclusive

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: inlet

text: and

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: maintain

text: repair

text: and

text: coaling

text: station

text: for

text: ships

text: here

text: in

text: The

text: attack

text: on

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: by

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: on

text: December

text: was

text: the

text: immediate

text: cause

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: entry

text: into

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The Battle of the Coral Sea, fought during 48 May 1942, was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and naval and air forces from the United States and Australia. The battle was the first action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other, as well as the first in which neither side's ships sighted or fired directly upon the other.

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Coral

text: Sea

text: fought

text: during

text: May

text: was

text: major

text: naval

text: battle

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Theater

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: between

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: and

text: naval

text: and

text: air

text: forces

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Australia

text: The

text: battle

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: action

text: in

text: which

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: engaged

text: each

text: other

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: in

text: which

text: neither

text: side

text: 's

text: ships

text: sighted

text: or

text: fired

text: directly

text: upon

text: the

text: other

text: Frank Jack Fletcher (April 29, 1885  April 25, 1973) was an admiral in the United States Navy during World War II. Fletcher was the operational commander at the pivotal Battles of Coral Sea and of Midway. As a lieutenant, Fletcher was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in battle at Veracruz. He was the nephew of Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher, who was also awarded the Medal of Honor for actions at Veracruz.

text: Frank

text: Jack

text: Fletcher

text: April

text: April

text: was

text: an

text: admiral

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Fletcher

text: was

text: the

text: operational

text: commander

text: at

text: the

text: pivotal

text: Battles

text: of

text: Coral

text: Sea

text: and

text: of

text: Midway

text: As

text: lieutenant

text: Fletcher

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Medal

text: of

text: Honor

text: for

text: his

text: actions

text: in

text: battle

text: at

text: Veracruz

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: nephew

text: of

text: Admiral

text: Frank

text: Friday

text: Fletcher

text: who

text: was

text: also

text: awarded

text: the

text: Medal

text: of

text: Honor

text: for

text: actions

text: at

text: Veracruz

text: Midway Atoll (also called Midway Island and Midway Islands; Hawaiian: "Pihemanu Kauihelani") is a atoll in the North Pacific Ocean at . As its name suggests, Midway is roughly equidistant between North America and Asia. Midway Atoll is an unorganized, unincorporated territory of the United States. Midway continues to be the only island in the Hawaiian archipelago that is not part of the state of Hawaii. Unlike the other Hawaiian islands, Midway observes Samoa Time (i.e., eleven hours behind Coordinated Universal Time), which is one hour behind the time in the state of Hawaii. For statistical purposes, Midway is grouped as one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. The Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, encompassing of land and water (mostly water) in the surrounding area, is administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). The refuge and most of its surrounding area are part of the larger Papahnaumokukea Marine National Monument.

text: Midway

text: Atoll

text: also

text: called

text: Midway

text: Island

text: and

text: Midway

text: Islands

text: Hawaiian

text: Pihemanu

text: Kauihelani

text: is

text: atoll

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: at

text: As

text: its

text: name

text: suggests

text: Midway

text: is

text: roughly

text: equidistant

text: between

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: Asia

text: Midway

text: Atoll

text: is

text: an

text: unorganized

text: unincorporated

text: territory

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Midway

text: continues

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: only

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: Hawaiian

text: archipelago

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: Unlike

text: the

text: other

text: Hawaiian

text: islands

text: Midway

text: observes

text: Samoa

text: Time

text: i.e.

text: eleven

text: hours

text: behind

text: Coordinated

text: Universal

text: Time

text: which

text: is

text: one

text: hour

text: behind

text: the

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: For

text: statistical

text: purposes

text: Midway

text: is

text: grouped

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Minor

text: Outlying

text: Islands

text: The

text: Midway

text: Atoll

text: National

text: Wildlife

text: Refuge

text: encompassing

text: of

text: land

text: and

text: water

text: mostly

text: water

text: in

text: the

text: surrounding

text: area

text: is

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Fish

text: and

text: Wildlife

text: Service

text: FWS

text: The

text: refuge

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: surrounding

text: area

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: Papahnaumokukea

text: Marine

text: National

text: Monument

annotations: likely multiple

question: place_of_death david john roche

answer: midway atoll

text: midway atoll

text: midway atoll

text: midway atoll

text: midway atoll


text: Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies, making it the world's most popular sport. The game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal.

text: Association

text: football

text: more

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: football

text: or

text: soccer

text: is

text: team

text: sport

text: played

text: between

text: two

text: teams

text: of

text: eleven

text: players

text: with

text: spherical

text: ball

text: It

text: is

text: played

text: by

text: million

text: players

text: in

text: over

text: countries

text: and

text: dependencies

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: popular

text: sport

text: The

text: game

text: is

text: played

text: on

text: rectangular

text: field

text: with

text: goal

text: at

text: each

text: end

text: The

text: object

text: of

text: the

text: game

text: is

text: to

text: score

text: by

text: getting

text: the

text: ball

text: into

text: the

text: opposing

text: goal

text: A head coach, senior coach, or manager is a professional at training and developing athletes. They typically hold a more public profile and are paid more than other coaches. In some sports, the head coach is instead called the "manager", as in association football and professional baseball. In other sports such as Australian rules football, the head coach is generally termed a senior coach.

text: head

text: coach

text: senior

text: coach

text: or

text: manager

text: is

text: professional

text: at

text: training

text: and

text: developing

text: athletes

text: They

text: typically

text: hold

text: more

text: public

text: profile

text: and

text: are

text: paid

text: more

text: than

text: other

text: coaches

text: In

text: some

text: sports

text: the

text: head

text: coach

text: is

text: instead

text: called

text: the

text: manager

text: as

text: in

text: association

text: football

text: and

text: professional

text: baseball

text: In

text: other

text: sports

text: such

text: as

text: Australian

text: rules

text: football

text: the

text: head

text: coach

text: is

text: generally

text: termed

text: senior

text: coach

text: Canadian football is a form of gridiron football played in Canada in which two teams of 12 players each compete for territorial control of a field of play long and wide attempting to advance a pointed prolate spheroid ball into the opposing team's scoring area (end zone).

text: Canadian

text: football

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: gridiron

text: football

text: played

text: in

text: Canada

text: in

text: which

text: two

text: teams

text: of

text: players

text: each

text: compete

text: for

text: territorial

text: control

text: of

text: field

text: of

text: play

text: long

text: and

text: wide

text: attempting

text: to

text: advance

text: pointed

text: prolate

text: spheroid

text: ball

text: into

text: the

text: opposing

text: team

text: 's

text: scoring

text: area

text: end

text: zone

text: The Montreal Alouettes finished third place in the East Division in 2007 . Jim Popp decided to remain as Head Coach rather than hire a replacement for Don Matthews , who unexpectedly resigned the previous season . The result was unintended as the Alouettes endured their first losing season since rejoining the league in 1996 . They appeared in the East Semi-Final , losing to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and putting an end to a disappointing season .

text: The

text: Montreal

text: Alouettes

text: finished

text: third

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: Division

text: in

text: Jim

text: Popp

text: decided

text: to

text: remain

text: as

text: Head

text: Coach

text: rather

text: than

text: hire

text: replacement

text: for

text: Don

text: Matthews

text: who

text: unexpectedly

text: resigned

text: the

text: previous

text: season

text: The

text: result

text: was

text: unintended

text: as

text: the

text: Alouettes

text: endured

text: their

text: first

text: losing

text: season

text: since

text: rejoining

text: the

text: league

text: in

text: They

text: appeared

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: Semi

text: Final

text: losing

text: to

text: the

text: Winnipeg

text: Blue

text: Bombers

text: and

text: putting

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: disappointing

text: season

text: Investors Group Field is a football stadium in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The stadium, which opened in 2013, is located on the University of Manitoba campus next to University Stadium. Owned by Triple B Stadium Inc., a consortium of the City of Winnipeg, the Province of Manitoba, the Winnipeg Football Club, and the University of Manitoba, the stadium is home to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League, University of Manitoba Bisons football team, and the Winnipeg Rifles (CJFL).

text: Investors

text: Group

text: Field

text: is

text: football

text: stadium

text: in

text: Winnipeg

text: Manitoba

text: Canada

text: The

text: stadium

text: which

text: opened

text: in

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Manitoba

text: campus

text: next

text: to

text: University

text: Stadium

text: Owned

text: by

text: Triple

text: Stadium

text: Inc.

text: consortium

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Winnipeg

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: Manitoba

text: the

text: Winnipeg

text: Football

text: Club

text: and

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Manitoba

text: the

text: stadium

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Winnipeg

text: Blue

text: Bombers

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: University

text: of

text: Manitoba

text: Bisons

text: football

text: team

text: and

text: the

text: Winnipeg

text: Rifles

text: CJFL

text: The Canadian Football League (CFL LCF) is a professional sports league in Canada. The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football, a form of gridiron football closely related to American football. Its nine teams, which are located in nine separate cities, are divided into two divisions: the East Division, with four teams, and the West Division with five teams. As of 2016, the league features a 20-week regular season, which traditionally runs from late June to early November; each team plays 18 games with at least two bye weeks. Following the regular season, six teams compete in the league's three-week divisional playoffs, which culminate in the late-November Grey Cup championship, the country's largest annual sports and television event.

text: The

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: CFL

text: LCF

text: is

text: professional

text: sports

text: league

text: in

text: Canada

text: The

text: CFL

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: level

text: of

text: competition

text: in

text: Canadian

text: football

text: form

text: of

text: gridiron

text: football

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: American

text: football

text: Its

text: nine

text: teams

text: which

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: nine

text: separate

text: cities

text: are

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: divisions

text: the

text: East

text: Division

text: with

text: four

text: teams

text: and

text: the

text: West

text: Division

text: with

text: five

text: teams

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: league

text: features

text: regular

text: season

text: which

text: traditionally

text: runs

text: from

text: late

text: June

text: to

text: early

text: November

text: each

text: team

text: plays

text: games

text: with

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: bye

text: weeks

text: Following

text: the

text: regular

text: season

text: six

text: teams

text: compete

text: in

text: the

text: league

text: 's

text: three

text: week

text: divisional

text: playoffs

text: which

text: culminate

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: November

text: Grey

text: Cup

text: championship

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: annual

text: sports

text: and

text: television

text: event

text: Canad Inns Stadium (also known as Winnipeg Stadium) was a multipurpose stadium in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The stadium was located at the corner of St. James Street and Maroons Road, immediately north of Polo Park Shopping Centre and the now-defunct Winnipeg Arena. Although built for the Canadian Football League's Winnipeg Blue Bombers, the stadium also accommodated baseball and soccer, and was used by various iterations of the Winnipeg Goldeyes and Winnipeg Whips. The stadium was demolished after the Blue Bombers moved to Investors Group Field in 2013.

text: Canad

text: Inns

text: Stadium

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Winnipeg

text: Stadium

text: was

text: multipurpose

text: stadium

text: in

text: Winnipeg

text: Manitoba

text: Canada

text: The

text: stadium

text: was

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: corner

text: of

text: St.

text: James

text: Street

text: and

text: Maroons

text: Road

text: immediately

text: north

text: of

text: Polo

text: Park

text: Shopping

text: Centre

text: and

text: the

text: now

text: defunct

text: Winnipeg

text: Arena

text: Although

text: built

text: for

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: 's

text: Winnipeg

text: Blue

text: Bombers

text: the

text: stadium

text: also

text: accommodated

text: baseball

text: and

text: soccer

text: and

text: was

text: used

text: by

text: various

text: iterations

text: of

text: the

text: Winnipeg

text: Goldeyes

text: and

text: Winnipeg

text: Whips

text: The

text: stadium

text: was

text: demolished

text: after

text: the

text: Blue

text: Bombers

text: moved

text: to

text: Investors

text: Group

text: Field

text: in

text: The Canadian Football Hall of Fame is a not-for-profit corporation, located in Hamilton, Ontario, that celebrates great achievements in Canadian football. It is maintained by the Canadian Football League. It includes displays about the Canadian Football League, Canadian university football and Canadian junior football history. It has a website.

text: The

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: Hall

text: of

text: Fame

text: is

text: not

text: for

text: profit

text: corporation

text: located

text: in

text: Hamilton

text: Ontario

text: that

text: celebrates

text: great

text: achievements

text: in

text: Canadian

text: football

text: It

text: is

text: maintained

text: by

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: It

text: includes

text: displays

text: about

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: Canadian

text: university

text: football

text: and

text: Canadian

text: junior

text: football

text: history

text: It

text: has

text: website

text: Percival Molson Memorial Stadium (also known in French as Stade Percival-Molson; commonly referred to as Molson Stadium in English or Stade Molson in French) is an outdoor football stadium located downtown on the slopes of Mount Royal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Named in honour of Percival Molson, it is owned by McGill University and has been the home of the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League from 1947 to 1967 and again from 1998 to present. The stadium is also home to the McGill Redmen of the Quebec University Football League. The Selwyn House Gryphons high-school football team also play their home games at the stadium. The stadium has a capacity of 23,420 the result of a renovation project begun in 2009 that increased capacity from the previous 20,202.

text: Percival

text: Molson

text: Memorial

text: Stadium

text: also

text: known

text: in

text: French

text: as

text: Stade

text: Percival

text: Molson

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Molson

text: Stadium

text: in

text: English

text: or

text: Stade

text: Molson

text: in

text: French

text: is

text: an

text: outdoor

text: football

text: stadium

text: located

text: downtown

text: on

text: the

text: slopes

text: of

text: Mount

text: Royal

text: in

text: Montreal

text: Quebec

text: Canada

text: Named

text: in

text: honour

text: of

text: Percival

text: Molson

text: it

text: is

text: owned

text: by

text: McGill

text: University

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: the

text: Montreal

text: Alouettes

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: again

text: from

text: to

text: present

text: The

text: stadium

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: McGill

text: Redmen

text: of

text: the

text: Quebec

text: University

text: Football

text: League

text: The

text: Selwyn

text: House

text: Gryphons

text: high

text: school

text: football

text: team

text: also

text: play

text: their

text: home

text: games

text: at

text: the

text: stadium

text: The

text: stadium

text: has

text: capacity

text: of

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: renovation

text: project

text: begun

text: in

text: that

text: increased

text: capacity

text: from

text: the

text: previous

text: The Winnipeg Blue Bombers are a Canadian football team based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. They are currently members of the West Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL). They play their home games at Investors Group Field after many years of playing at the since demolished Canad Inns Stadium.

text: The

text: Winnipeg

text: Blue

text: Bombers

text: are

text: Canadian

text: football

text: team

text: based

text: in

text: Winnipeg

text: Manitoba

text: They

text: are

text: currently

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Division

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: CFL

text: They

text: play

text: their

text: home

text: games

text: at

text: Investors

text: Group

text: Field

text: after

text: many

text: years

text: of

text: playing

text: at

text: the

text: since

text: demolished

text: Canad

text: Inns

text: Stadium

text: Don Matthews, a.k.a. "The Don", (born June 22, 1939) is a former head coach of several teams in the Canadian Football League (CFL). He won 231 games in the CFL, the second highest win total by a head coach in the league's history. He was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in September 2011.

text: Don

text: Matthews

text: a.k.a

text: The

text: Don

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: former

text: head

text: coach

text: of

text: several

text: teams

text: in

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: CFL

text: He

text: won

text: games

text: in

text: the

text: CFL

text: the

text: second

text: highest

text: win

text: total

text: by

text: head

text: coach

text: in

text: the

text: league

text: 's

text: history

text: He

text: was

text: inducted

text: into

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: Hall

text: of

text: Fame

text: in

text: September

text: Australian rules football, officially known as Australian football, but also called Aussie rules, football or footy (and in some regions marketed as AFL after the Australian Football League), is a contact sport played between two teams of eighteen players on an oval-shaped field, often a modified cricket ground.

text: Australian

text: rules

text: football

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: Australian

text: football

text: but

text: also

text: called

text: Aussie

text: rules

text: football

text: or

text: footy

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: regions

text: marketed

text: as

text: AFL

text: after

text: the

text: Australian

text: Football

text: League

text: is

text: contact

text: sport

text: played

text: between

text: two

text: teams

text: of

text: eighteen

text: players

text: on

text: an

text: oval

text: shaped

text: field

text: often

text: modified

text: cricket

text: ground

text: The Montreal Alouettes are a Canadian football team based in Montreal, Quebec. Founded in 1946, the team has folded and been revived twice. The Alouettes compete in the East Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and last won the Grey Cup championship in 2010. Their home field is Percival Molson Memorial Stadium for the regular season and as of 2014 also home of their playoff games.

text: The

text: Montreal

text: Alouettes

text: are

text: Canadian

text: football

text: team

text: based

text: in

text: Montreal

text: Quebec

text: Founded

text: in

text: the

text: team

text: has

text: folded

text: and

text: been

text: revived

text: twice

text: The

text: Alouettes

text: compete

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: Division

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: CFL

text: and

text: last

text: won

text: the

text: Grey

text: Cup

text: championship

text: in

text: Their

text: home

text: field

text: is

text: Percival

text: Molson

text: Memorial

text: Stadium

text: for

text: the

text: regular

text: season

text: and

text: as

text: of

text: also

text: home

text: of

text: their

text: playoff

text: games

text: The Grey Cup is the name of both the championship game of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing Canadian football. It is contested between the winners of the CFL's East and West Divisional playoffs and is one of Canadian television's largest annual sporting events. The Toronto Argonauts have 16 championships, more than any other team. The latest, the 104th Grey Cup, took place in Toronto, Ontario, on November 27, 2016, when the Ottawa Redblacks defeated the Calgary Stampeders 3933 in overtime.

text: The

text: Grey

text: Cup

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: championship

text: game

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: CFL

text: and

text: the

text: trophy

text: awarded

text: to

text: the

text: victorious

text: team

text: playing

text: Canadian

text: football

text: It

text: is

text: contested

text: between

text: the

text: winners

text: of

text: the

text: CFL

text: 's

text: East

text: and

text: West

text: Divisional

text: playoffs

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: Canadian

text: television

text: 's

text: largest

text: annual

text: sporting

text: events

text: The

text: Toronto

text: Argonauts

text: have

text: championships

text: more

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: team

text: The

text: latest

text: the

text: Grey

text: Cup

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: Toronto

text: Ontario

text: on

text: November

text: when

text: the

text: Ottawa

text: Redblacks

text: defeated

text: the

text: Calgary

text: Stampeders

text: in

text: overtime

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

question: sport 2007 montreal alouettes season

answer: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football

text: canadian football


text: The Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904  5 September 1905) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden in Southern Manchuria and the seas around Korea, Japan and the Yellow Sea.

text: The

text: Russo

text: Japanese

text: War

text: February

text: September

text: was

text: fought

text: between

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: over

text: rival

text: imperial

text: ambitions

text: in

text: Manchuria

text: and

text: Korea

text: The

text: major

text: theatres

text: of

text: operations

text: were

text: the

text: Liaodong

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: Mukden

text: in

text: Southern

text: Manchuria

text: and

text: the

text: seas

text: around

text: Korea

text: Japan

text: and

text: the

text: Yellow

text: Sea

text: Mikhail Dmitrievich Skobelev ( ) was a Russian general famous for his conquest of Central Asia and heroism during the Russo-Turkish War of 18771878. Dressed in white uniform and mounted on a white horse, and always in the thickest of the fray, he was known and adored by his soldiers as the "White General" (and by the Turks as the "White Pasha"). During a campaign in Khiva, his Turkmen opponents called him "goz zanli" or "Bloody Eyes". British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery wrote that Skobelev was the world's "ablest single commander" between 1870 and 1914 and called him a "skilful and inspiring" leader.

text: Mikhail

text: Dmitrievich

text: Skobelev

text: was

text: Russian

text: general

text: famous

text: for

text: his

text: conquest

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: heroism

text: during

text: the

text: Russo

text: Turkish

text: War

text: of

text: Dressed

text: in

text: white

text: uniform

text: and

text: mounted

text: on

text: white

text: horse

text: and

text: always

text: in

text: the

text: thickest

text: of

text: the

text: fray

text: he

text: was

text: known

text: and

text: adored

text: by

text: his

text: soldiers

text: as

text: the

text: White

text: General

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: Turks

text: as

text: the

text: White

text: Pasha

text: During

text: campaign

text: in

text: Khiva

text: his

text: Turkmen

text: opponents

text: called

text: him

text: goz

text: zanli

text: or

text: Bloody

text: Eyes

text: British

text: Field

text: Marshal

text: Bernard

text: Montgomery

text: wrote

text: that

text: Skobelev

text: was

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: ablest

text: single

text: commander

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: called

text: him

text: skilful

text: and

text: inspiring

text: leader

text: Alexei Nikolayevich Kuropatkin (March 29, 1848  January 16, 1925) was the Russian Imperial Minister of War from 1898 to 1904, and often held responsible for major Russian defeats in the Russian-Japanese War, most notably at the Battle of Mukden and the Battle of Liaoyang.

text: Alexei

text: Nikolayevich

text: Kuropatkin

text: March

text: January

text: was

text: the

text: Russian

text: Imperial

text: Minister

text: of

text: War

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: often

text: held

text: responsible

text: for

text: major

text: Russian

text: defeats

text: in

text: the

text: Russian

text: Japanese

text: War

text: most

text: notably

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Mukden

text: and

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Liaoyang

text: Manchuria is a modern name, first created by Japanese, given to a large geographic region in Northeast Asia. Depending on the context, Manchuria can either refer to a region that falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or a larger region divided between China and Russia. The region that falls entirely within modern China is now usually referred to as Northeast China in China, although "Manchuria" is widely used outside of China to denote the geographical and historical region. This region is the traditional homeland of the Xianbei, Khitan, and Jurchen (later called Manchu) peoples, who built several states historically, although no term for "Manchuria" exists in the Manchu language, which originally referred to the area as the "Three Eastern Provinces".

text: Manchuria

text: is

text: modern

text: name

text: first

text: created

text: by

text: Japanese

text: given

text: to

text: large

text: geographic

text: region

text: in

text: Northeast

text: Asia

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: context

text: Manchuria

text: can

text: either

text: refer

text: to

text: region

text: that

text: falls

text: entirely

text: within

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: or

text: larger

text: region

text: divided

text: between

text: China

text: and

text: Russia

text: The

text: region

text: that

text: falls

text: entirely

text: within

text: modern

text: China

text: is

text: now

text: usually

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Northeast

text: China

text: in

text: China

text: although

text: Manchuria

text: is

text: widely

text: used

text: outside

text: of

text: China

text: to

text: denote

text: the

text: geographical

text: and

text: historical

text: region

text: This

text: region

text: is

text: the

text: traditional

text: homeland

text: of

text: the

text: Xianbei

text: Khitan

text: and

text: Jurchen

text: later

text: called

text: Manchu

text: peoples

text: who

text: built

text: several

text: states

text: historically

text: although

text: no

text: term

text: for

text: Manchuria

text: exists

text: in

text: the

text: Manchu

text: language

text: which

text: originally

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: as

text: the

text: Three

text: Eastern

text: Provinces

text: The Imperial Russian Army was the land armed force of the Russian Empire, active from around 1721 to the Russian Revolution of 1917. In the early 1850s, the Russian army consisted of more than 900,000 regular soldiers and nearly 250,000 irregulars (mostly Cossacks).

text: The

text: Imperial

text: Russian

text: Army

text: was

text: the

text: land

text: armed

text: force

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: active

text: from

text: around

text: to

text: the

text: Russian

text: Revolution

text: of

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: the

text: Russian

text: army

text: consisted

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: regular

text: soldiers

text: and

text: nearly

text: irregulars

text: mostly

text: Cossacks

text: The Yellow Sea is the name given to the northern part of the East China Sea, which is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. It is located between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula. Its name comes from the sand particles from Gobi Desert sand storms that turn the surface of the water golden yellow.

text: The

text: Yellow

text: Sea

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: East

text: China

text: Sea

text: which

text: is

text: marginal

text: sea

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: between

text: mainland

text: China

text: and

text: the

text: Korean

text: Peninsula

text: Its

text: name

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: sand

text: particles

text: from

text: Gobi

text: Desert

text: sand

text: storms

text: that

text: turn

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: golden

text: yellow

text: Cossacks (,) are a group of predominantly East Slavic-speaking people who became known as members of democratic, self-governing, semi-military communities, predominantly located in Ukraine and in Russia. They inhabited sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower Dnieper, Don, Terek, and Ural river basins and played an important role in the historical and cultural development of both Russia and Ukraine.

text: Cossacks

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: predominantly

text: East

text: Slavic

text: speaking

text: people

text: who

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: members

text: of

text: democratic

text: self

text: governing

text: semi

text: military

text: communities

text: predominantly

text: located

text: in

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: in

text: Russia

text: They

text: inhabited

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: areas

text: and

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: lower

text: Dnieper

text: Don

text: Terek

text: and

text: Ural

text: river

text: basins

text: and

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: historical

text: and

text: cultural

text: development

text: of

text: both

text: Russia

text: and

text: Ukraine

text: The Liaodong Peninsula is a peninsula in Liaoning Province of Northeast China, historically known in the West as Southeastern Manchuria. Liaodong (formerly spelled Liaotung) means "East of the Liao River"; referring to the Liao River which divided the Yan commanderies of Liaoxi (West of the Liao River) and Liaodong during time of the Warring States period.

text: The

text: Liaodong

text: Peninsula

text: is

text: peninsula

text: in

text: Liaoning

text: Province

text: of

text: Northeast

text: China

text: historically

text: known

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: as

text: Southeastern

text: Manchuria

text: Liaodong

text: formerly

text: spelled

text: Liaotung

text: means

text: East

text: of

text: the

text: Liao

text: River

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: Liao

text: River

text: which

text: divided

text: the

text: Yan

text: commanderies

text: of

text: Liaoxi

text: West

text: of

text: the

text: Liao

text: River

text: and

text: Liaodong

text: during

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: Warring

text: States

text: period

text: Count Fyodor Keller ( Russian :   ; 1850 - 31 July 1904 ) was a general in the Imperial Russian Army , noted for his role in the Battle of Motien Pass during the Russo - Japanese War .

text: Count

text: Fyodor

text: Keller

text: Russian

text: July

text: was

text: general

text: in

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Russian

text: Army

text: noted

text: for

text: his

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Motien

text: Pass

text: during

text: the

text: Russo

text: Japanese

text: War

text: The was the historical Japanese nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the enactment of the 1947 constitution of modern Japan.

text: The

text: was

text: the

text: historical

text: Japanese

text: nation

text: state

text: and

text: great

text: power

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: the

text: Meiji

text: Restoration

text: in

text: to

text: the

text: enactment

text: of

text: the

text: constitution

text: of

text: modern

text: Japan

text: Liaoyang is a prefecture-level city of east-central Liaoning province, People's Republic of China, situated on the T'ai-tzu River and, together with Anshan, forms a metro area of 2,057,200 inhabitants in 2010. It is approximately one hour south of Shenyang, the provincial capital, by car. Liaoyang is home to Liaoning University's College of Foreign Studies and a number of vocational colleges. The city hosts a limited number of professional basketball and volleyball games in a modern sports facility.

text: Liaoyang

text: is

text: prefecture

text: level

text: city

text: of

text: east

text: central

text: Liaoning

text: province

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: T'ai

text: tzu

text: River

text: and

text: together

text: with

text: Anshan

text: forms

text: metro

text: area

text: of

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: approximately

text: one

text: hour

text: south

text: of

text: Shenyang

text: the

text: provincial

text: capital

text: by

text: car

text: Liaoyang

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: Liaoning

text: University

text: 's

text: College

text: of

text: Foreign

text: Studies

text: and

text: number

text: of

text: vocational

text: colleges

text: The

text: city

text: hosts

text: limited

text: number

text: of

text: professional

text: basketball

text: and

text: volleyball

text: games

text: in

text: modern

text: sports

text: facility

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text: Russia, also officially known as the Russian Empire, was a state that existed from 1721 until it was overthrown by the short-lived liberal February Revolution in 1917. One of the largest empires in world history, stretching over three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, Persia and the Ottoman Empire. It played a major role in 181214 in defeating Napoleon's ambitions to control Europe, and expanded to the west and south.

text: Russia

text: also

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: was

text: state

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: overthrown

text: by

text: the

text: short

text: lived

text: liberal

text: February

text: Revolution

text: in

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: empires

text: in

text: world

text: history

text: stretching

text: over

text: three

text: continents

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: was

text: surpassed

text: in

text: landmass

text: only

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: and

text: Mongol

text: empires

text: The

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: happened

text: in

text: association

text: with

text: the

text: decline

text: of

text: neighboring

text: rival

text: powers

text: the

text: Swedish

text: Empire

text: the

text: PolishLithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: Persia

text: and

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: It

text: played

text: major

text: role

text: in

text: in

text: defeating

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: ambitions

text: to

text: control

text: Europe

text: and

text: expanded

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: Korea is a historical state in East Asia, since 1945 divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea (officially the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea") and South Korea (officially the "Republic of Korea"). Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast. It is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the East Sea.

text: Korea

text: is

text: historical

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: since

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: distinct

text: sovereign

text: states

text: North

text: Korea

text: officially

text: the

text: Democratic

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: and

text: South

text: Korea

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: Korean

text: Peninsula

text: Korea

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Japan

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Korea

text: Strait

text: and

text: the

text: East

text: Sea

text:
Preliminary movements.
General Count Fedor Keller had assumed command of the Russian Eastern Force from General Zasulich after the Battle of Yalu River. His force of 25,000 men held Motien Pass, in the middle of Liaodong Peninsula, on the main road between Antung (modern Dandong, China) and Liaoyang. Keller, a loyal friend of General Aleksey Kuropatkin and a student of General Mikhail Skobelev, observed that the Japanese strategy was similar to that of the First Sino-Japanese War (i.e. that the three Japanese armies would converge on Haicheng, as they had 10 years previously). Kuropatin agreed, and in an effort to fortify his position at Haicheng, he began a series of complex and confusing troop movements as he endeavored to plug real or imaginary gaps in his defensive line. Keller, already weakened by the loss of men at the Battle of Te-li-Ssu, was further forced to give up two more regiments to Kuropatin's defenses at Haicheng.

text: Preliminary

text: movements

text: General

text: Count

text: Fedor

text: Keller

text: had

text: assumed

text: command

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Eastern

text: Force

text: from

text: General

text: Zasulich

text: after

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Yalu

text: River

text: His

text: force

text: of

text: men

text: held

text: Motien

text: Pass

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: Liaodong

text: Peninsula

text: on

text: the

text: main

text: road

text: between

text: Antung

text: modern

text: Dandong

text: China

text: and

text: Liaoyang

text: Keller

text: loyal

text: friend

text: of

text: General

text: Aleksey

text: Kuropatkin

text: and

text: student

text: of

text: General

text: Mikhail

text: Skobelev

text: observed

text: that

text: the

text: Japanese

text: strategy

text: was

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: i.e.

text: that

text: the

text: three

text: Japanese

text: armies

text: would

text: converge

text: on

text: Haicheng

text: as

text: they

text: had

text: years

text: previously

text: Kuropatin

text: agreed

text: and

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: fortify

text: his

text: position

text: at

text: Haicheng

text: he

text: began

text: series

text: of

text: complex

text: and

text: confusing

text: troop

text: movements

text: as

text: he

text: endeavored

text: to

text: plug

text: real

text: or

text: imaginary

text: gaps

text: in

text: his

text: defensive

text: line

text: Keller

text: already

text: weakened

text: by

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: men

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Te

text: li

text: Ssu

text: was

text: further

text: forced

text: to

text: give

text: up

text: two

text: more

text: regiments

text: to

text: Kuropatin

text: 's

text: defenses

text: at

text: Haicheng

text: The First Sino-Japanese War (1 August 1894  17 April 1895) was fought between the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan, primarily over control of Korea. After more than six months of unbroken successes by Japanese land and naval forces and the loss of the Chinese port of Weihaiwei, the Qing government sued for peace in February 1895.

text: The

text: First

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: August

text: April

text: was

text: fought

text: between

text: the

text: Qing

text: Empire

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: primarily

text: over

text: control

text: of

text: Korea

text: After

text: more

text: than

text: six

text: months

text: of

text: unbroken

text: successes

text: by

text: Japanese

text: land

text: and

text: naval

text: forces

text: and

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: port

text: of

text: Weihaiwei

text: the

text: Qing

text: government

text: sued

text: for

text: peace

text: in

text: February

text: Dandong, formerly known as Andong, is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Liaoning province, People's Republic of China.

text: Dandong

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Andong

text: is

text: prefecture

text: level

text: city

text: in

text: southeastern

text: Liaoning

text: province

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: The Battle of Te-li-ssu ('), also called Battle of Wafangou"' after the nearby railway station, was a land battle of the Russo-Japanese War. It was fought at a hamlet some north of Port Arthur, Manchuria. The hamlet is known today as "Delisi", and is located just north of Wafangdian, Liaoning Province, China. It was fought on 1415 June 1904 between the Japanese Second Army under General Oku Yasukata and the Russian First Siberian Army Corps under Lieutenant General Georgii Stackelberg.

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Te

text: li

text: ssu

text: also

text: called

text: Battle

text: of

text: Wafangou

text: after

text: the

text: nearby

text: railway

text: station

text: was

text: land

text: battle

text: of

text: the

text: Russo

text: Japanese

text: War

text: It

text: was

text: fought

text: at

text: hamlet

text: some

text: north

text: of

text: Port

text: Arthur

text: Manchuria

text: The

text: hamlet

text: is

text: known

text: today

text: as

text: Delisi

text: and

text: is

text: located

text: just

text: north

text: of

text: Wafangdian

text: Liaoning

text: Province

text: China

text: It

text: was

text: fought

text: on

text: June

text: between

text: the

text: Japanese

text: Second

text: Army

text: under

text: General

text: Oku

text: Yasukata

text: and

text: the

text: Russian

text: First

text: Siberian

text: Army

text: Corps

text: under

text: Lieutenant

text: General

text: Georgii

text: Stackelberg

question: place_of_death fyodor keller

answer: liaoning

text: liaoning

text: liaoning

text: liaoning

text: liaoning

text: liaoning


text: The term proposition has a broad use in contemporary philosophy . It is used to refer to some or all of the following : the primary bearers of truth - value , the objects of belief and other `` propositional attitudes '' ( i.e. , what is believed , doubted , etc. ) , the referents of that - clauses and the meanings of declarative sentences . Propositions are the sharable objects of attitudes and the primary bearers of truth and falsity . This stipulation rules out certain candidates for propositions , including thought - and utterance - tokens which are not sharable , and concrete events or facts , which can not be false .

text: The

text: term

text: proposition

text: has

text: broad

text: use

text: in

text: contemporary

text: philosophy

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: some

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: following

text: the

text: primary

text: bearers

text: of

text: truth

text: value

text: the

text: objects

text: of

text: belief

text: and

text: other

text: propositional

text: attitudes

text: i.e.

text: what

text: is

text: believed

text: doubted

text: etc

text: the

text: referents

text: of

text: that

text: clauses

text: and

text: the

text: meanings

text: of

text: declarative

text: sentences

text: Propositions

text: are

text: the

text: sharable

text: objects

text: of

text: attitudes

text: and

text: the

text: primary

text: bearers

text: of

text: truth

text: and

text: falsity

text: This

text: stipulation

text: rules

text: out

text: certain

text: candidates

text: for

text: propositions

text: including

text: thought

text: and

text: utterance

text: tokens

text: which

text: are

text: not

text: sharable

text: and

text: concrete

text: events

text: or

text: facts

text: which

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: false

text: Orthodoxy (from Greek , "orthodoxia"  "right opinion") is adherence to correct or accepted creeds, especially in religion. In the Christian sense the term means "conforming to the Christian faith as represented in the creeds of the early Church". The first seven Ecumenical Councils were held between the years of 325 and 787 with the aim of formalizing accepted doctrines.

text: Orthodoxy

text: from

text: Greek

text: orthodoxia

text: right

text: opinion

text: is

text: adherence

text: to

text: correct

text: or

text: accepted

text: creeds

text: especially

text: in

text: religion

text: In

text: the

text: Christian

text: sense

text: the

text: term

text: means

text: conforming

text: to

text: the

text: Christian

text: faith

text: as

text: represented

text: in

text: the

text: creeds

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: Church

text: The

text: first

text: seven

text: Ecumenical

text: Councils

text: were

text: held

text: between

text: the

text: years

text: of

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: aim

text: of

text: formalizing

text: accepted

text: doctrines

text: The mind is a set of cognitive faculties including consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, and memory.

text: The

text: mind

text: is

text: set

text: of

text: cognitive

text: faculties

text: including

text: consciousness

text: perception

text: thinking

text: judgement

text: and

text: memory

text: Western philosophy is the philosophical thought and work of the Western world. Historically, the term refers to the philosophical thinking of Western culture, beginning with Hellenic (i.e. Greek) philosophy of the Pre-Socratics such as Thales (c. 624  c. 546 BC) and Pythagoras (c. 570  c. 495 BC), and eventually covering a large area of the globe. The word "philosophy" itself originated from the Hellenic: "philosophia" (), literally, "the love of wisdom" ( "philein", "to love" and  "sophia", "wisdom").

text: Western

text: philosophy

text: is

text: the

text: philosophical

text: thought

text: and

text: work

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: Historically

text: the

text: term

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: philosophical

text: thinking

text: of

text: Western

text: culture

text: beginning

text: with

text: Hellenic

text: i.e.

text: Greek

text: philosophy

text: of

text: the

text: Pre

text: Socratics

text: such

text: as

text: Thales

text: BC

text: and

text: Pythagoras

text: BC

text: and

text: eventually

text: covering

text: large

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: globe

text: The

text: word

text: philosophy

text: itself

text: originated

text: from

text: the

text: Hellenic

text: philosophia

text: literally

text: the

text: love

text: of

text: wisdom

text: philein

text: to

text: love

text: and

text: sophia

text: wisdom

text: Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case, with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty. Another way of defining belief sees it as a mental representation of an attitude positively oriented towards the likelihood of something being true. In the context of Ancient Greek thought, two related concepts were identified with regards to the concept of belief: "pistis" and "doxa". Simplified, we may say that "pistis" refers to "trust" and "confidence", while "doxa" refers to "opinion" and "acceptance". The English word "orthodoxy" derives from "doxa". Jonathan Leicester suggests that belief has the purpose of guiding action rather than indicating truth.

text: Belief

text: is

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: mind

text: in

text: which

text: person

text: thinks

text: something

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: case

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: there

text: being

text: empirical

text: evidence

text: to

text: prove

text: that

text: something

text: is

text: the

text: case

text: with

text: factual

text: certainty

text: Another

text: way

text: of

text: defining

text: belief

text: sees

text: it

text: as

text: mental

text: representation

text: of

text: an

text: attitude

text: positively

text: oriented

text: towards

text: the

text: likelihood

text: of

text: something

text: being

text: true

text: In

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: thought

text: two

text: related

text: concepts

text: were

text: identified

text: with

text: regards

text: to

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: belief

text: pistis

text: and

text: doxa

text: Simplified

text: we

text: may

text: say

text: that

text: pistis

text: refers

text: to

text: trust

text: and

text: confidence

text: while

text: doxa

text: refers

text: to

text: opinion

text: and

text: acceptance

text: The

text: English

text: word

text: orthodoxy

text: derives

text: from

text: doxa

text: Jonathan

text: Leicester

text: suggests

text: that

text: belief

text: has

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: guiding

text: action

text: rather

text: than

text: indicating

text: truth

text: Continental philosophy is a set of 19th- and 20th-century philosophical traditions from mainland Europe. This sense of the term originated among English-speaking philosophers in the second half of the 20th century, who used it to refer to a range of thinkers and traditions outside the analytic movement. Continental philosophy includes the following movements: German idealism, phenomenology, existentialism (and its antecedents, such as the thought of Kierkegaard and Nietzsche), hermeneutics, structuralism, post-structuralism, French feminism, psychoanalytic theory, and the critical theory of the Frankfurt School and related branches of Western Marxism.

text: Continental

text: philosophy

text: is

text: set

text: of

text: and

text: century

text: philosophical

text: traditions

text: from

text: mainland

text: Europe

text: This

text: sense

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: originated

text: among

text: English

text: speaking

text: philosophers

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: who

text: used

text: it

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: range

text: of

text: thinkers

text: and

text: traditions

text: outside

text: the

text: analytic

text: movement

text: Continental

text: philosophy

text: includes

text: the

text: following

text: movements

text: German

text: idealism

text: phenomenology

text: existentialism

text: and

text: its

text: antecedents

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: thought

text: of

text: Kierkegaard

text: and

text: Nietzsche

text: hermeneutics

text: structuralism

text: post

text: structuralism

text: French

text: feminism

text: psychoanalytic

text: theory

text: and

text: the

text: critical

text: theory

text: of

text: the

text: Frankfurt

text: School

text: and

text: related

text: branches

text: of

text: Western

text: Marxism

text: Contemporary philosophy is the present period in the history of Western philosophy beginning at the end of the 19th century with the professionalization of the discipline and the rise of analytic and continental philosophy.

text: Contemporary

text: philosophy

text: is

text: the

text: present

text: period

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Western

text: philosophy

text: beginning

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: with

text: the

text: professionalization

text: of

text: the

text: discipline

text: and

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: analytic

text: and

text: continental

text: philosophy

text: A fact is something that has really occurred or is actually correct. The usual test for a statement of fact is verifiabilitythat is, whether it can be demonstrated to correspond to experience. Standard reference works are often used to check facts. Scientific facts are verified by repeatable careful observation or measurement (by experiments or other means).

text: fact

text: is

text: something

text: that

text: has

text: really

text: occurred

text: or

text: is

text: actually

text: correct

text: The

text: usual

text: test

text: for

text: statement

text: of

text: fact

text: is

text: verifiabilitythat

text: is

text: whether

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: demonstrated

text: to

text: correspond

text: to

text: experience

text: Standard

text: reference

text: works

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: check

text: facts

text: Scientific

text: facts

text: are

text: verified

text: by

text: repeatable

text: careful

text: observation

text: or

text: measurement

text: by

text: experiments

text: or

text: other

text: means

text: Truth is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard. Truth may also often be used in modern contexts to refer to an idea of "truth to self," or authenticity.

text: Truth

text: is

text: most

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: mean

text: being

text: in

text: accord

text: with

text: fact

text: or

text: reality

text: or

text: fidelity

text: to

text: an

text: original

text: or

text: standard

text: Truth

text: may

text: also

text: often

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: modern

text: contexts

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: an

text: idea

text: of

text: truth

text: to

text: self

text: or

text: authenticity

text: Doxa (from ancient Greek , "glory", "praise" from  "dokein", "to appear", "to seem", "to think" and "to accept") is a Greek word meaning common belief or popular opinion. Used by the Greek rhetoricians as a tool for the formation of argument by using common opinions, the "doxa" was often manipulated by sophists to persuade the people, leading to Plato's condemnation of Athenian democracy.

text: Doxa

text: from

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: glory

text: praise

text: from

text: dokein

text: to

text: appear

text: to

text: seem

text: to

text: think

text: and

text: to

text: accept

text: is

text: Greek

text: word

text: meaning

text: common

text: belief

text: or

text: popular

text: opinion

text: Used

text: by

text: the

text: Greek

text: rhetoricians

text: as

text: tool

text: for

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: argument

text: by

text: using

text: common

text: opinions

text: the

text: doxa

text: was

text: often

text: manipulated

text: by

text: sophists

text: to

text: persuade

text: the

text: people

text: leading

text: to

text: Plato

text: 's

text: condemnation

text: of

text: Athenian

text: democracy

text: Professionalization, also called credentialism, is the social process by which any trade or occupation transforms itself into a true "profession of the highest integrity and competence." This process tends to result in establishing acceptable qualifications, a professional body or association to oversee the conduct of members of the profession and some degree of demarcation of the qualified from unqualified amateurs. It is also likely to create "occupational closure", closing the profession to entry from outsiders, amateurs and the unqualified.

text: Professionalization

text: also

text: called

text: credentialism

text: is

text: the

text: social

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: any

text: trade

text: or

text: occupation

text: transforms

text: itself

text: into

text: true

text: profession

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: integrity

text: and

text: competence

text: This

text: process

text: tends

text: to

text: result

text: in

text: establishing

text: acceptable

text: qualifications

text: professional

text: body

text: or

text: association

text: to

text: oversee

text: the

text: conduct

text: of

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: profession

text: and

text: some

text: degree

text: of

text: demarcation

text: of

text: the

text: qualified

text: from

text: unqualified

text: amateurs

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: likely

text: to

text: create

text: occupational

text: closure

text: closing

text: the

text: profession

text: to

text: entry

text: from

text: outsiders

text: amateurs

text: and

text: the

text: unqualified

text: Reality is the state of things as they actually exist, rather than as they may appear or might be imagined. Reality includes everything that is and has been, whether or not it is observable or comprehensible. A still broader definition includes that which has existed, exists, or will exist.

text: Reality

text: is

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: things

text: as

text: they

text: actually

text: exist

text: rather

text: than

text: as

text: they

text: may

text: appear

text: or

text: might

text: be

text: imagined

text: Reality

text: includes

text: everything

text: that

text: is

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: whether

text: or

text: not

text: it

text: is

text: observable

text: or

text: comprehensible

text: still

text: broader

text: definition

text: includes

text: that

text: which

text: has

text: existed

text: exists

text: or

text: will

text: exist

text: A mental representation (or cognitive representation), in philosophy of mind, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science, is a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality, or else a mental process that makes use of such a symbol: "a formal system for making explicit certain entities or types of information, together with a specification of how the system does this."

text: mental

text: representation

text: or

text: cognitive

text: representation

text: in

text: philosophy

text: of

text: mind

text: cognitive

text: psychology

text: neuroscience

text: and

text: cognitive

text: science

text: is

text: hypothetical

text: internal

text: cognitive

text: symbol

text: that

text: represents

text: external

text: reality

text: or

text: else

text: mental

text: process

text: that

text: makes

text: use

text: of

text: such

text: symbol

text: formal

text: system

text: for

text: making

text: explicit

text: certain

text: entities

text: or

text: types

text: of

text: information

text: together

text: with

text: specification

text: of

text: how

text: the

text: system

text: does

text: this

text: A profession is a vocation founded upon specialized educational training, the purpose of which is to supply disinterested objective counsel and service to others, for a direct and definite compensation, wholly apart from expectation of other business gain. The term is a truncation of the term "liberal profession", which is, in turn, an Anglicization of the French term "profession libérale". Originally borrowed by English users in the 19th century, it has been re-borrowed by international users from the late 20th, though the (upper-middle) class overtones of the term do not seem to survive retranslation: "liberal professions" are, according to the European Union's Directive on Recognition of Professional Qualifications (2005/36/EC) "those practiced on the basis of relevant professional qualifications in a personal, responsible and professionally independent capacity by those providing intellectual and conceptual services in the interest of the client and the public".

text: profession

text: is

text: vocation

text: founded

text: upon

text: specialized

text: educational

text: training

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: to

text: supply

text: disinterested

text: objective

text: counsel

text: and

text: service

text: to

text: others

text: for

text: direct

text: and

text: definite

text: compensation

text: wholly

text: apart

text: from

text: expectation

text: of

text: other

text: business

text: gain

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: truncation

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: liberal

text: profession

text: which

text: is

text: in

text: turn

text: an

text: Anglicization

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: term

text: profession

text: libérale

text: Originally

text: borrowed

text: by

text: English

text: users

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: re

text: borrowed

text: by

text: international

text: users

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: though

text: the

text: upper

text: middle

text: class

text: overtones

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: do

text: not

text: seem

text: to

text: survive

text: retranslation

text: liberal

text: professions

text: are

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: 's

text: Directive

text: on

text: Recognition

text: of

text: Professional

text: Qualifications

text: those

text: practiced

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: relevant

text: professional

text: qualifications

text: in

text: personal

text: responsible

text: and

text: professionally

text: independent

text: capacity

text: by

text: those

text: providing

text: intellectual

text: and

text: conceptual

text: services

text: in

text: the

text: interest

text: of

text: the

text: client

text: and

text: the

text: public

question: subclass_of proposition

answer: information

text: information