text: A bumblebee (also written bumble bee) is a member of the genus Bombus, part of Apidae, one of the bee families. This genus is the only extant group in the tribe Bombini, though a few extinct related genera (e.g., "Calyptapis") are known from fossils. Over 250 species of bumblebee are known. They are found primarily in higher altitudes or latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, although they are also found in South America where a few lowland tropical species have been identified. European bumblebees have also been introduced to New Zealand and Tasmania. The brood parasitic or cuckoo bumblebees have sometimes been classified as a subgenus or genus, "Psithyrus", but are now usually treated as members of "Bombus".

text: bumblebee

text: also

text: written

text: bumble

text: bee

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Bombus

text: part

text: of

text: Apidae

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: bee

text: families

text: This

text: genus

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: extant

text: group

text: in

text: the

text: tribe

text: Bombini

text: though

text: few

text: extinct

text: related

text: genera

text: e.g.

text: Calyptapis

text: are

text: known

text: from

text: fossils

text: Over

text: species

text: of

text: bumblebee

text: are

text: known

text: They

text: are

text: found

text: primarily

text: in

text: higher

text: altitudes

text: or

text: latitudes

text: in

text: the

text: Northern

text: Hemisphere

text: although

text: they

text: are

text: also

text: found

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: where

text: few

text: lowland

text: tropical

text: species

text: have

text: been

text: identified

text: European

text: bumblebees

text: have

text: also

text: been

text: introduced

text: to

text: New

text: Zealand

text: and

text: Tasmania

text: The

text: brood

text: parasitic

text: or

text: cuckoo

text: bumblebees

text: have

text: sometimes

text: been

text: classified

text: as

text: subgenus

text: or

text: genus

text: Psithyrus

text: but

text: are

text: now

text: usually

text: treated

text: as

text: members

text: of

text: Bombus

text: Carpenter bees are species in the genus Xylocopa of the subfamily Xylocopinae. The genus includes some 500 species in 31 subgenera. Members of the related tribe Ceratinini sometimes are called "small carpenter bees". The common name "carpenter bee" derives from their nesting behavior; nearly all species burrow into hard plant material such as dead wood or bamboo. The main exceptions are species in the subgenus "Proxylocopa"; they dig nesting tunnels in suitable soil.

text: Carpenter

text: bees

text: are

text: species

text: in

text: the

text: genus

text: Xylocopa

text: of

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Xylocopinae

text: The

text: genus

text: includes

text: some

text: species

text: in

text: subgenera

text: Members

text: of

text: the

text: related

text: tribe

text: Ceratinini

text: sometimes

text: are

text: called

text: small

text: carpenter

text: bees

text: The

text: common

text: name

text: carpenter

text: bee

text: derives

text: from

text: their

text: nesting

text: behavior

text: nearly

text: all

text: species

text: burrow

text: into

text: hard

text: plant

text: material

text: such

text: as

text: dead

text: wood

text: or

text: bamboo

text: The

text: main

text: exceptions

text: are

text: species

text: in

text: the

text: subgenus

text: Proxylocopa

text: they

text: dig

text: nesting

text: tunnels

text: in

text: suitable

text: soil

text: Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from wasp-like ancestors in the Cretaceous period, about 99 million years ago and diversified after the rise of flowering plants. More than 12,500 of an estimated total of 22,000 species have been classified. They are easily identified by their elbowed antennae and the distinctive node-like structure that forms their slender waists.

text: Ants

text: are

text: eusocial

text: insects

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: Formicidae

text: and

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: related

text: wasps

text: and

text: bees

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: order

text: Hymenoptera

text: Ants

text: evolved

text: from

text: wasp

text: like

text: ancestors

text: in

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: period

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: and

text: diversified

text: after

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: flowering

text: plants

text: More

text: than

text: of

text: an

text: estimated

text: total

text: of

text: species

text: have

text: been

text: classified

text: They

text: are

text: easily

text: identified

text: by

text: their

text: elbowed

text: antennae

text: and

text: the

text: distinctive

text: node

text: like

text: structure

text: that

text: forms

text: their

text: slender

text: waists

text: The flowering plants (angiosperms), also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approx. 13,164 known genera and a total of c. 295,383 known species. Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants; they are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. Etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure, in other words, a fruiting plant. The term "angiosperm" comes from the Greek composite word ("angeion", "case" or "casing", and "sperma", "seed") meaning "enclosed seeds", after the enclosed condition of the seeds.

text: The

text: flowering

text: plants

text: angiosperms

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Angiospermae

text: or

text: Magnoliophyta

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: land

text: plants

text: with

text: families

text: approx

text: known

text: genera

text: and

text: total

text: of

text: known

text: species

text: Like

text: gymnosperms

text: angiosperms

text: are

text: seed

text: producing

text: plants

text: they

text: are

text: distinguished

text: from

text: gymnosperms

text: by

text: characteristics

text: including

text: flowers

text: endosperm

text: within

text: the

text: seeds

text: and

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: fruits

text: that

text: contain

text: the

text: seeds

text: Etymologically

text: angiosperm

text: means

text: plant

text: that

text: produces

text: seeds

text: within

text: an

text: enclosure

text: in

text: other

text: words

text: fruiting

text: plant

text: The

text: term

text: angiosperm

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: composite

text: word

text: angeion

text: case

text: or

text: casing

text: and

text: sperma

text: seed

text: meaning

text: enclosed

text: seeds

text: after

text: the

text: enclosed

text: condition

text: of

text: the

text: seeds

text: Insects (from Latin ', a calque of Greek ['], "cut into sections") are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. They are the most diverse group of animals on the planet, including more than a million described species and representing more than half of all known living organisms. The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million, and potentially represent over 90% of the differing animal life forms on Earth. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans.

text: Insects

text: from

text: Latin

text: calque

text: of

text: Greek

text: cut

text: into

text: sections

text: are

text: class

text: of

text: invertebrates

text: within

text: the

text: arthropod

text: phylum

text: that

text: have

text: chitinous

text: exoskeleton

text: three

text: part

text: body

text: head

text: thorax

text: and

text: abdomen

text: three

text: pairs

text: of

text: jointed

text: legs

text: compound

text: eyes

text: and

text: one

text: pair

text: of

text: antennae

text: They

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: animals

text: on

text: the

text: planet

text: including

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: described

text: species

text: and

text: representing

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: living

text: organisms

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: extant

text: species

text: is

text: estimated

text: at

text: between

text: six

text: and

text: ten

text: million

text: and

text: potentially

text: represent

text: over

text: of

text: the

text: differing

text: animal

text: life

text: forms

text: on

text: Earth

text: Insects

text: may

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: nearly

text: all

text: environments

text: although

text: only

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: species

text: reside

text: in

text: the

text: oceans

text: habitat

text: dominated

text: by

text: another

text: arthropod

text: group

text: crustaceans

text: Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred to the female reproductive organs of a plant, thereby enabling fertilization to take place. Like all living organisms, seed plants have a single major goal: to pass their genetic information on to the next generation. The reproductive unit is the seed, and pollination is an essential step in the production of seeds in all spermatophytes (seed plants).

text: Pollination

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: pollen

text: is

text: transferred

text: to

text: the

text: female

text: reproductive

text: organs

text: of

text: plant

text: thereby

text: enabling

text: fertilization

text: to

text: take

text: place

text: Like

text: all

text: living

text: organisms

text: seed

text: plants

text: have

text: single

text: major

text: goal

text: to

text: pass

text: their

text: genetic

text: information

text: on

text: to

text: the

text: next

text: generation

text: The

text: reproductive

text: unit

text: is

text: the

text: seed

text: and

text: pollination

text: is

text: an

text: essential

text: step

text: in

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: seeds

text: in

text: all

text: spermatophytes

text: seed

text: plants

text: Mexico (, modern Nahuatl ), officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world while being the second most populous country in Latin America. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana and León.

text: Mexico

text: modern

text: Nahuatl

text: officially

text: the

text: United

text: Mexican

text: States

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: west

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: Guatemala

text: Belize

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Sea

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: Covering

text: almost

text: two

text: million

text: square

text: kilometers

text: over

text: sq

text: mi

text: Mexico

text: is

text: the

text: sixth

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: independent

text: nation

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: eleventh

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Spanish

text: speaking

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: while

text: being

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: Mexico

text: is

text: federation

text: comprising

text: states

text: and

text: federal

text: district

text: that

text: is

text: also

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: Other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Guadalajara

text: Monterrey

text: Puebla

text: Toluca

text: Tijuana

text: and

text: León

text: A crop is any cultivated plant, fungus, or alga that is harvested for food, clothing, livestock, fodder, biofuel, medicine, or other uses. In contrast, animals that are raised by humans are called livestock, except those that are kept as pets. Microbes, such as bacteria or viruses, are referred to as cultures. Microbes are not typically grown for food, but are rather used to alter food. For example, bacteria are used to ferment milk to produce yogurt.

text: crop

text: is

text: any

text: cultivated

text: plant

text: fungus

text: or

text: alga

text: that

text: is

text: harvested

text: for

text: food

text: clothing

text: livestock

text: fodder

text: biofuel

text: medicine

text: or

text: other

text: uses

text: In

text: contrast

text: animals

text: that

text: are

text: raised

text: by

text: humans

text: are

text: called

text: livestock

text: except

text: those

text: that

text: are

text: kept

text: as

text: pets

text: Microbes

text: such

text: as

text: bacteria

text: or

text: viruses

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: cultures

text: Microbes

text: are

text: not

text: typically

text: grown

text: for

text: food

text: but

text: are

text: rather

text: used

text: to

text: alter

text: food

text: For

text: example

text: bacteria

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: ferment

text: milk

text: to

text: produce

text: yogurt

text: The Holarctic is the name for the biogeographic realm that encompasses the majority of habitats found throughout the northern continents of the world, combining Wallace's Palearctic zoogeographical region, consisting of North Africa and all of Eurasia (with the exception of the southern Arabian Peninsula, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent), and the Nearctic zoogeographical region, consisting of North America north of Southern Mexico. These regions are further subdivided into a variety of ecoregions. Many ecosystems, and the animal and plant communities that depend on them, are found across multiple continents in large portions of this realm. The continuity of these ecosystems results from the shared glacial history of the realm. The floristic Boreal Kingdom corresponds to the Holarctic realm.

text: The

text: Holarctic

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: biogeographic

text: realm

text: that

text: encompasses

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: habitats

text: found

text: throughout

text: the

text: northern

text: continents

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: combining

text: Wallace

text: 's

text: Palearctic

text: zoogeographical

text: region

text: consisting

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: all

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: Arabian

text: Peninsula

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: and

text: the

text: Nearctic

text: zoogeographical

text: region

text: consisting

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: north

text: of

text: Southern

text: Mexico

text: These

text: regions

text: are

text: further

text: subdivided

text: into

text: variety

text: of

text: ecoregions

text: Many

text: ecosystems

text: and

text: the

text: animal

text: and

text: plant

text: communities

text: that

text: depend

text: on

text: them

text: are

text: found

text: across

text: multiple

text: continents

text: in

text: large

text: portions

text: of

text: this

text: realm

text: The

text: continuity

text: of

text: these

text: ecosystems

text: results

text: from

text: the

text: shared

text: glacial

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: realm

text: The

text: floristic

text: Boreal

text: Kingdom

text: corresponds

text: to

text: the

text: Holarctic

text: realm

text:
Honey is a sugary food substance produced and stored by certain social hymenopteran insects. It is produced from the sugary secretions of plants or insects, such as floral nectar or aphid honeydew, through regurgitation, enzymatic activity, and water evaporation. The variety of honey produced by honey bees (the genus "Apis") is the most well-known, due to its worldwide commercial production and human consumption.
Honey gets its sweetness from the monosaccharides fructose and glucose, and has about the same relative sweetness as granulated sugar. It has attractive chemical properties for baking and a distinctive flavor that leads some people to prefer it to sugar and other sweeteners. Most microorganisms do not grow in honey, so sealed honey does not spoil, even after thousands of years. However, honey sometimes contains dormant endospores of the bacterium "Clostridium botulinum", which can be dangerous to babies, as it may result in botulism.
People who have a weakened immune system should not eat honey because of the risk of bacterial or fungal infection. Although some evidence indicates honey may be effective in treating diseases and other medical conditions, such as wounds and burns, the overall evidence for its use in therapy is not conclusive. Providing 64 calories in a typical serving of one tablespoon (15 ml) equivalent to 1272 kj per 100 g, honey has no significant nutritional value. Honey is generally safe, but may have various, potential adverse effects or interactions with excessive consumption, existing disease conditions, or drugs.
Honey use and production have a long and varied history as an ancient activity, depicted in Valencia, Spain by a cave painting of humans foraging for honey at least 8,000 years ago.

text: Honey

text: is

text: sugary

text: food

text: substance

text: produced

text: and

text: stored

text: by

text: certain

text: social

text: hymenopteran

text: insects

text: It

text: is

text: produced

text: from

text: the

text: sugary

text: secretions

text: of

text: plants

text: or

text: insects

text: such

text: as

text: floral

text: nectar

text: or

text: aphid

text: honeydew

text: through

text: regurgitation

text: enzymatic

text: activity

text: and

text: water

text: evaporation

text: The

text: variety

text: of

text: honey

text: produced

text: by

text: honey

text: bees

text: the

text: genus

text: Apis

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: well

text: known

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: worldwide

text: commercial

text: production

text: and

text: human

text: consumption

text: Honey

text: gets

text: its

text: sweetness

text: from

text: the

text: monosaccharides

text: fructose

text: and

text: glucose

text: and

text: has

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: relative

text: sweetness

text: as

text: granulated

text: sugar

text: It

text: has

text: attractive

text: chemical

text: properties

text: for

text: baking

text: and

text: distinctive

text: flavor

text: that

text: leads

text: some

text: people

text: to

text: prefer

text: it

text: to

text: sugar

text: and

text: other

text: sweeteners

text: Most

text: microorganisms

text: do

text: not

text: grow

text: in

text: honey

text: so

text: sealed

text: honey

text: does

text: not

text: spoil

text: even

text: after

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

text: However

text: honey

text: sometimes

text: contains

text: dormant

text: endospores

text: of

text: the

text: bacterium

text: Clostridium

text: botulinum

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: dangerous

text: to

text: babies

text: as

text: it

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: botulism

text: People

text: who

text: have

text: weakened

text: immune

text: system

text: should

text: not

text: eat

text: honey

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: bacterial

text: or

text: fungal

text: infection

text: Although

text: some

text: evidence

text: indicates

text: honey

text: may

text: be

text: effective

text: in

text: treating

text: diseases

text: and

text: other

text: medical

text: conditions

text: such

text: as

text: wounds

text: and

text: burns

text: the

text: overall

text: evidence

text: for

text: its

text: use

text: in

text: therapy

text: is

text: not

text: conclusive

text: Providing

text: calories

text: in

text: typical

text: serving

text: of

text: one

text: tablespoon

text: ml

text: equivalent

text: to

text: kj

text: per

text: honey

text: has

text: no

text: significant

text: nutritional

text: value

text: Honey

text: is

text: generally

text: safe

text: but

text: may

text: have

text: various

text: potential

text: adverse

text: effects

text: or

text: interactions

text: with

text: excessive

text: consumption

text: existing

text: disease

text: conditions

text: or

text: drugs

text: Honey

text: use

text: and

text: production

text: have

text: long

text: and

text: varied

text: history

text: as

text: an

text: ancient

text: activity

text: depicted

text: in

text: Valencia

text: Spain

text: by

text: cave

text: painting

text: of

text: humans

text: foraging

text: for

text: honey

text: at

text: least

text: years

text: ago

text: A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant, or other type of organism. The term typically refers to the zone in which the organism lives and where it can find food, shelter, protection and mates for reproduction. It is the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the physical environment that surrounds a species population.

text: habitat

text: is

text: an

text: ecological

text: or

text: environmental

text: area

text: that

text: is

text: inhabited

text: by

text: particular

text: species

text: of

text: animal

text: plant

text: or

text: other

text: type

text: of

text: organism

text: The

text: term

text: typically

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: zone

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: organism

text: lives

text: and

text: where

text: it

text: can

text: find

text: food

text: shelter

text: protection

text: and

text: mates

text: for

text: reproduction

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: natural

text: environment

text: in

text: which

text: an

text: organism

text: lives

text: or

text: the

text: physical

text: environment

text: that

text: surrounds

text: species

text: population

text: Stingless bees, sometimes called stingless honey bees or simply meliponines, are a large group of bees (about 500 species), comprising the tribe Meliponini (or subtribe Meliponina according to other authors). They belong in the family Apidae, and are closely related to common honey bees, carpenter bees, orchid bees, and bumblebees. Meliponines have stingers, but they are highly reduced and cannot be used for defense. Meliponines are not the only type of "stingless" bee; all male bees and many female bees of several other families, such as Andrenidae, also cannot sting.

text: Stingless

text: bees

text: sometimes

text: called

text: stingless

text: honey

text: bees

text: or

text: simply

text: meliponines

text: are

text: large

text: group

text: of

text: bees

text: about

text: species

text: comprising

text: the

text: tribe

text: Meliponini

text: or

text: subtribe

text: Meliponina

text: according

text: to

text: other

text: authors

text: They

text: belong

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Apidae

text: and

text: are

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: common

text: honey

text: bees

text: carpenter

text: bees

text: orchid

text: bees

text: and

text: bumblebees

text: Meliponines

text: have

text: stingers

text: but

text: they

text: are

text: highly

text: reduced

text: and

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: defense

text: Meliponines

text: are

text: not

text: the

text: only

text: type

text: of

text: stingless

text: bee

text: all

text: male

text: bees

text: and

text: many

text: female

text: bees

text: of

text: several

text: other

text: families

text: such

text: as

text: Andrenidae

text: also

text: can

text: not

text: sting

text: A pollinator is an animal that moves pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma of a flower. This helps to bring about fertilization of the ovules in the flower by the male gametes from the pollen grains.

text: pollinator

text: is

text: an

text: animal

text: that

text: moves

text: pollen

text: from

text: the

text: male

text: anther

text: of

text: flower

text: to

text: the

text: female

text: stigma

text: of

text: flower

text: This

text: helps

text: to

text: bring

text: about

text: fertilization

text: of

text: the

text: ovules

text: in

text: the

text: flower

text: by

text: the

text: male

text: gametes

text: from

text: the

text: pollen

text: grains

text: Amegilla is a large genus of bees in the tribe Anthophorini. Several species have blue metallic bands on the abdomen, and are referred to as "blue-banded bees".

text: Amegilla

text: is

text: large

text: genus

text: of

text: bees

text: in

text: the

text: tribe

text: Anthophorini

text: Several

text: species

text: have

text: blue

text: metallic

text: bands

text: on

text: the

text: abdomen

text: and

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: blue

text: banded

text: bees

text: Apidae is the largest family within the superfamily Apoidea, containing at least 5700 species of bees. The family includes some of the most commonly seen bees, including bumblebees and honey bees, but also includes stingless bees (also used for honey production), carpenter bees, orchid bees, cuckoo bees, and a number of other less widely known groups. Many are valuable pollinators in natural habitats and for agricultural crops.

text: Apidae

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: family

text: within

text: the

text: superfamily

text: Apoidea

text: containing

text: at

text: least

text: species

text: of

text: bees

text: The

text: family

text: includes

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: commonly

text: seen

text: bees

text: including

text: bumblebees

text: and

text: honey

text: bees

text: but

text: also

text: includes

text: stingless

text: bees

text: also

text: used

text: for

text: honey

text: production

text: carpenter

text: bees

text: orchid

text: bees

text: cuckoo

text: bees

text: and

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: less

text: widely

text: known

text: groups

text: Many

text: are

text: valuable

text: pollinators

text: in

text: natural

text: habitats

text: and

text: for

text: agricultural

text: crops

text: Bees are flying insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their role in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the European honey bee, for producing honey and beeswax. Bees are a monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea, presently considered as a clade Anthophila. There are nearly 20,000 known species of bees in seven to nine recognized families, though many are undescribed and the actual number is probably higher. They are found on every continent except Antarctica, in every habitat on the planet that contains insect-pollinated flowering plants.

text: Bees

text: are

text: flying

text: insects

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: wasps

text: and

text: ants

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: role

text: in

text: pollination

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: known

text: bee

text: species

text: the

text: European

text: honey

text: bee

text: for

text: producing

text: honey

text: and

text: beeswax

text: Bees

text: are

text: monophyletic

text: lineage

text: within

text: the

text: superfamily

text: Apoidea

text: presently

text: considered

text: as

text: clade

text: Anthophila

text: There

text: are

text: nearly

text: known

text: species

text: of

text: bees

text: in

text: seven

text: to

text: nine

text: recognized

text: families

text: though

text: many

text: are

text: undescribed

text: and

text: the

text: actual

text: number

text: is

text: probably

text: higher

text: They

text: are

text: found

text: on

text: every

text: continent

text: except

text: Antarctica

text: in

text: every

text: habitat

text: on

text: the

text: planet

text: that

text: contains

text: insect

text: pollinated

text: flowering

text: plants

text: A wasp is any insect of the order Hymenoptera and suborder Apocrita that is neither a bee nor an ant. The Apocrita have a common evolutionary ancestor and form a clade; wasps as a group do not form a clade, but are paraphyletic with respect to bees and ants.

text: wasp

text: is

text: any

text: insect

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: Hymenoptera

text: and

text: suborder

text: Apocrita

text: that

text: is

text: neither

text: bee

text: nor

text: an

text: ant

text: The

text: Apocrita

text: have

text: common

text: evolutionary

text: ancestor

text: and

text: form

text: clade

text: wasps

text: as

text: group

text: do

text: not

text: form

text: clade

text: but

text: are

text: paraphyletic

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: bees

text: and

text: ants

text: The Anthophorini are a large tribe in the subfamily Apinae of the family Apidae. Species in this tribe are often referred to as digger bees, although this common name is sometimes also applied to members of the tribe Centridini. It has over 750 species worldwide that were previously classified in the family Anthophoridae; the vast majority of species are in the genera "Amegilla" and "Anthophora".

text: The

text: Anthophorini

text: are

text: large

text: tribe

text: in

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Apinae

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: Apidae

text: Species

text: in

text: this

text: tribe

text: are

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: digger

text: bees

text: although

text: this

text: common

text: name

text: is

text: sometimes

text: also

text: applied

text: to

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: tribe

text: Centridini

text: It

text: has

text: over

text: species

text: worldwide

text: that

text: were

text: previously

text: classified

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Anthophoridae

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: species

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: genera

text: Amegilla

text: and

text: Anthophora

text: The bee genus Anthophora is one of the largest in the family Apidae , with over 450 species worldwide in 14 different subgenera . They are most abundant and diverse in the Holarctic and African biogeographic regions . All species are solitary , though many nest in large aggregations . Nearly all species make nests in the soil , either in banks or in flat ground ; the larvae develop in cells with waterproof linings and do not spin cocoons . Males commonly have pale white or yellow facial markings , and / or peculiarly modified leg armature and hairs . Anthophora individuals can be distinguished from the very similar genus Amegilla by the possession of an arolium between the tarsal claws . Species include : Anthophora curta Anthophora dispar Anthophora edwardsii Anthophora urbana Anthophora furcata Anthophora plumipes

text: The

text: bee

text: genus

text: Anthophora

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Apidae

text: with

text: over

text: species

text: worldwide

text: in

text: different

text: subgenera

text: They

text: are

text: most

text: abundant

text: and

text: diverse

text: in

text: the

text: Holarctic

text: and

text: African

text: biogeographic

text: regions

text: All

text: species

text: are

text: solitary

text: though

text: many

text: nest

text: in

text: large

text: aggregations

text: Nearly

text: all

text: species

text: make

text: nests

text: in

text: the

text: soil

text: either

text: in

text: banks

text: or

text: in

text: flat

text: ground

text: the

text: larvae

text: develop

text: in

text: cells

text: with

text: waterproof

text: linings

text: and

text: do

text: not

text: spin

text: cocoons

text: Males

text: commonly

text: have

text: pale

text: white

text: or

text: yellow

text: facial

text: markings

text: and

text: or

text: peculiarly

text: modified

text: leg

text: armature

text: and

text: hairs

text: Anthophora

text: individuals

text: can

text: be

text: distinguished

text: from

text: the

text: very

text: similar

text: genus

text: Amegilla

text: by

text: the

text: possession

text: of

text: an

text: arolium

text: between

text: the

text: tarsal

text: claws

text: Species

text: include

text: Anthophora

text: curta

text: Anthophora

text: dispar

text: Anthophora

text: edwardsii

text: Anthophora

text: urbana

text: Anthophora

text: furcata

text: Anthophora

text: plumipes

text: A honey bee (or honeybee) is any bee member of the genus Apis, primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the construction of perennial, colonial nests from wax. Currently, only seven species of honey bee are recognized, with a total of 44 subspecies, though historically, from six to eleven species have been recognized. The best known honey bee is the Western honey bee which has been domesticated for honey production and crop pollination. Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known species of bees. Some other types of related bees produce and store honey, including the stingless honey bees, but only members of the genus "Apis" are true honey bees. The study of bees including honey bees is known as melittology.

text: honey

text: bee

text: or

text: honeybee

text: is

text: any

text: bee

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Apis

text: primarily

text: distinguished

text: by

text: the

text: production

text: and

text: storage

text: of

text: honey

text: and

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: perennial

text: colonial

text: nests

text: from

text: wax

text: Currently

text: only

text: seven

text: species

text: of

text: honey

text: bee

text: are

text: recognized

text: with

text: total

text: of

text: subspecies

text: though

text: historically

text: from

text: six

text: to

text: eleven

text: species

text: have

text: been

text: recognized

text: The

text: best

text: known

text: honey

text: bee

text: is

text: the

text: Western

text: honey

text: bee

text: which

text: has

text: been

text: domesticated

text: for

text: honey

text: production

text: and

text: crop

text: pollination

text: Honey

text: bees

text: represent

text: only

text: small

text: fraction

text: of

text: the

text: roughly

text: known

text: species

text: of

text: bees

text: Some

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: related

text: bees

text: produce

text: and

text: store

text: honey

text: including

text: the

text: stingless

text: honey

text: bees

text: but

text: only

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Apis

text: are

text: true

text: honey

text: bees

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: bees

text: including

text: honey

text: bees

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: melittology

text: The superfamily Apoidea is a major group within the Hymenoptera, which includes two traditionally recognized lineages, the "sphecoid" wasps, and the bees. Molecular phylogeny demonstrates that the bees arose from within the Crabronidae, so that grouping is paraphyletic.

text: The

text: superfamily

text: Apoidea

text: is

text: major

text: group

text: within

text: the

text: Hymenoptera

text: which

text: includes

text: two

text: traditionally

text: recognized

text: lineages

text: the

text: sphecoid

text: wasps

text: and

text: the

text: bees

text: Molecular

text: phylogeny

text: demonstrates

text: that

text: the

text: bees

text: arose

text: from

text: within

text: the

text: Crabronidae

text: so

text: that

text: grouping

text: is

text: paraphyletic

question: parent_taxon anthophora

answer: anthophorini

text: anthophorini

text: anthophorini


text: Eusporangiate ferns are vascular spore plants, whose sporangia arise from several epidermal cells and not from a single cell as in leptosporangiate ferns. Typically these ferns have reduced root systems and sporangia that produce large amounts of spores (up to 7000 spores per sporangium in "Christensenia")

text: Eusporangiate

text: ferns

text: are

text: vascular

text: spore

text: plants

text: whose

text: sporangia

text: arise

text: from

text: several

text: epidermal

text: cells

text: and

text: not

text: from

text: single

text: cell

text: as

text: in

text: leptosporangiate

text: ferns

text: Typically

text: these

text: ferns

text: have

text: reduced

text: root

text: systems

text: and

text: sporangia

text: that

text: produce

text: large

text: amounts

text: of

text: spores

text: up

text: to

text: spores

text: per

text: sporangium

text: in

text: Christensenia

text: In biological classification, rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain, etc.

text: In

text: biological

text: classification

text: rank

text: is

text: the

text: relative

text: level

text: of

text: group

text: of

text: organisms

text: taxon

text: in

text: taxonomic

text: hierarchy

text: Examples

text: of

text: taxonomic

text: ranks

text: are

text: species

text: genus

text: family

text: order

text: class

text: phylum

text: kingdom

text: domain

text: etc

text: In biology, offspring are the young born of living organisms, produced either by a single organism or, in the case of sexual reproduction, two organisms. Collective offspring may be known as a brood or progeny in a more general way. This can refer to a set of simultaneous offspring, such as the chicks hatched from one clutch of eggs, or to all the offspring, as with the honeybee.

text: In

text: biology

text: offspring

text: are

text: the

text: young

text: born

text: of

text: living

text: organisms

text: produced

text: either

text: by

text: single

text: organism

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: sexual

text: reproduction

text: two

text: organisms

text: Collective

text: offspring

text: may

text: be

text: known

text: as

text: brood

text: or

text: progeny

text: in

text: more

text: general

text: way

text: This

text: can

text: refer

text: to

text: set

text: of

text: simultaneous

text: offspring

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: chicks

text: hatched

text: from

text: one

text: clutch

text: of

text: eggs

text: or

text: to

text: all

text: the

text: offspring

text: as

text: with

text: the

text: honeybee

text: Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into single, coherent field. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood today that all the organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition known as homeostasis.

text: Biology

text: is

text: natural

text: science

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: living

text: organisms

text: including

text: their

text: structure

text: function

text: growth

text: evolution

text: distribution

text: identification

text: and

text: taxonomy

text: Modern

text: biology

text: is

text: vast

text: and

text: eclectic

text: field

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: branches

text: and

text: subdisciplines

text: However

text: despite

text: the

text: broad

text: scope

text: of

text: biology

text: there

text: are

text: certain

text: general

text: and

text: unifying

text: concepts

text: within

text: it

text: that

text: govern

text: all

text: study

text: and

text: research

text: consolidating

text: it

text: into

text: single

text: coherent

text: field

text: In

text: general

text: biology

text: recognizes

text: the

text: cell

text: as

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: life

text: genes

text: as

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: heredity

text: and

text: evolution

text: as

text: the

text: engine

text: that

text: propels

text: the

text: synthesis

text: and

text: creation

text: of

text: new

text: species

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: understood

text: today

text: that

text: all

text: the

text: organisms

text: survive

text: by

text: consuming

text: and

text: transforming

text: energy

text: and

text: by

text: regulating

text: their

text: internal

text: environment

text: to

text: maintain

text: stable

text: and

text: vital

text: condition

text: known

text: as

text: homeostasis

text: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix.

text: Deoxyribonucleic

text: acid

text: DNA

text: is

text: molecule

text: that

text: carries

text: the

text: genetic

text: instructions

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: growth

text: development

text: functioning

text: and

text: reproduction

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: living

text: organisms

text: and

text: many

text: viruses

text: DNA

text: and

text: RNA

text: are

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: alongside

text: proteins

text: lipids

text: and

text: complex

text: carbohydrates

text: polysaccharides

text: they

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: types

text: of

text: macromolecules

text: that

text: are

text: essential

text: for

text: all

text: known

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: Most

text: DNA

text: molecules

text: consist

text: of

text: two

text: biopolymer

text: strands

text: coiled

text: around

text: each

text: other

text: to

text: form

text: double

text: helix

text: Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus "Homo" and within this genus to the species "Homo sapiens". The "formal" introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work "Species Plantarum" in 1753. But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book "Pinax theatri botanici" (English, "Illustrated exposition of plants") many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus.

text: Binomial

text: nomenclature

text: also

text: called

text: binominal

text: nomenclature

text: or

text: binary

text: nomenclature

text: is

text: formal

text: system

text: of

text: naming

text: species

text: of

text: living

text: things

text: by

text: giving

text: each

text: name

text: composed

text: of

text: two

text: parts

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: use

text: Latin

text: grammatical

text: forms

text: although

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: words

text: from

text: other

text: languages

text: Such

text: name

text: is

text: called

text: binomial

text: name

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: shortened

text: to

text: just

text: binomial

text: binomen

text: or

text: scientific

text: name

text: more

text: informally

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: called

text: Latin

text: name

text: The

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: identifies

text: the

text: genus

text: to

text: which

text: the

text: species

text: belongs

text: the

text: second

text: part

text: identifies

text: the

text: species

text: within

text: the

text: genus

text: For

text: example

text: humans

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: genus

text: Homo

text: and

text: within

text: this

text: genus

text: to

text: the

text: species

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: The

text: formal

text: introduction

text: of

text: this

text: system

text: of

text: naming

text: species

text: is

text: credited

text: to

text: Carl

text: Linnaeus

text: effectively

text: beginning

text: with

text: his

text: work

text: Species

text: Plantarum

text: in

text: But

text: Gaspard

text: Bauhin

text: in

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: had

text: introduced

text: in

text: his

text: book

text: Pinax

text: theatri

text: botanici

text: English

text: Illustrated

text: exposition

text: of

text: plants

text: many

text: names

text: of

text: genera

text: that

text: were

text: later

text: adopted

text: by

text: Linnaeus

text: Ophioglossales (lit. 'snake-tongue [plants]') are a small group of pteridophyte plants. Traditionally they are included in the division Pteridophyta, the ferns, originally as a family and later as the order Ophioglossales. In some classifications this group is placed in a separate division, the Ophioglossophyta, but recent molecular systematic studies have shown the Ophioglossales to be closely related to the Psilotales.

text: Ophioglossales

text: lit

text: snake

text: tongue

text: plants

text: are

text: small

text: group

text: of

text: pteridophyte

text: plants

text: Traditionally

text: they

text: are

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: division

text: Pteridophyta

text: the

text: ferns

text: originally

text: as

text: family

text: and

text: later

text: as

text: the

text: order

text: Ophioglossales

text: In

text: some

text: classifications

text: this

text: group

text: is

text: placed

text: in

text: separate

text: division

text: the

text: Ophioglossophyta

text: but

text: recent

text: molecular

text: systematic

text: studies

text: have

text: shown

text: the

text: Ophioglossales

text: to

text: be

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Psilotales

text: In biology, a species (abbreviated sp., with the plural form species abbreviated spp.) is the basic unit of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. While this definition is often adequate, looked at more closely it is often problematic. For example, in a species complex, the boundaries between closely related species become unclear or disappear altogether. Other ways of defining species include similarity of DNA, morphology, or ecological niche. The presence of locally adaptive traits may further subdivide species into infraspecific taxa such as subspecies.

text: In

text: biology

text: species

text: abbreviated

text: sp

text: with

text: the

text: plural

text: form

text: species

text: abbreviated

text: spp

text: is

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: biological

text: classification

text: and

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: species

text: is

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: group

text: of

text: organisms

text: in

text: which

text: two

text: individuals

text: can

text: produce

text: fertile

text: offspring

text: typically

text: by

text: sexual

text: reproduction

text: While

text: this

text: definition

text: is

text: often

text: adequate

text: looked

text: at

text: more

text: closely

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: problematic

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: species

text: complex

text: the

text: boundaries

text: between

text: closely

text: related

text: species

text: become

text: unclear

text: or

text: disappear

text: altogether

text: Other

text: ways

text: of

text: defining

text: species

text: include

text: similarity

text: of

text: DNA

text: morphology

text: or

text: ecological

text: niche

text: The

text: presence

text: of

text: locally

text: adaptive

text: traits

text: may

text: further

text: subdivide

text: species

text: into

text: infraspecific

text: taxa

text: such

text: as

text: subspecies

text: A pteridophyte "sensu lato" is a vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that reproduces via spores, and therefore was a member of the former and now invalid taxon denominated Pteridophyta; the denomination "sensu stricto" presently only has informal use to denominate a monilophyte (fern) or lycophyte, or simply and only a monilophyte. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers or seeds, they are also denominated "cryptogams". The pteridophytes include the ferns, horsetails, and the lycophytes (clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts). These are not a monophyletic group because ferns and horsetails are more closely related to seed plants than to the lycophytes. Therefore, "Pteridophyta" is now an invalid taxon.

text: pteridophyte

text: sensu

text: lato

text: is

text: vascular

text: plant

text: with

text: xylem

text: and

text: phloem

text: that

text: reproduces

text: via

text: spores

text: and

text: therefore

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: and

text: now

text: invalid

text: taxon

text: denominated

text: Pteridophyta

text: the

text: denomination

text: sensu

text: stricto

text: presently

text: only

text: has

text: informal

text: use

text: to

text: denominate

text: monilophyte

text: fern

text: or

text: lycophyte

text: or

text: simply

text: and

text: only

text: monilophyte

text: Because

text: pteridophytes

text: produce

text: neither

text: flowers

text: or

text: seeds

text: they

text: are

text: also

text: denominated

text: cryptogams

text: The

text: pteridophytes

text: include

text: the

text: ferns

text: horsetails

text: and

text: the

text: lycophytes

text: clubmosses

text: spikemosses

text: and

text: quillworts

text: These

text: are

text: not

text: monophyletic

text: group

text: because

text: ferns

text: and

text: horsetails

text: are

text: more

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: seed

text: plants

text: than

text: to

text: the

text: lycophytes

text: Therefore

text: Pteridophyta

text: is

text: now

text: an

text: invalid

text: taxon

text: Psilotaceae is a family of Pteridophyta (in order Psilotales) consisting of two genera, "Psilotum" and "Tmesipteris" with a dozen species.

text: Psilotaceae

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: Pteridophyta

text: in

text: order

text: Psilotales

text: consisting

text: of

text: two

text: genera

text: Psilotum

text: and

text: Tmesipteris

text: with

text: dozen

text: species

text: Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two morphologically distinct types of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse together, involving a female's large ovum (or egg) and a male's smaller sperm. Each gamete contains half the number of chromosomes of normal cells. They are created by a specialized type of cell division, which only occurs in eukaryotic cells, known as meiosis. The two gametes fuse during fertilization to produce DNA replication and the creation of a single-celled zygote which includes genetic material from both gametes. In a process called genetic recombination, genetic material (DNA) joins up so that homologous chromosome sequences are aligned with each other, and this is followed by exchange of genetic information. Two rounds of cell division then produce four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes from each original parent cell, and the same number of chromosomes as both parents, though self-fertilization can occur. For instance, in human reproduction each human cell contains 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs, except gamete cells, which only contain 23 chromosomes, so the child will have 23 chromosomes from each parent genetically recombined into 23 pairs. Cell division initiates the development of a new individual organism in multicellular organisms, including animals and plants, for the vast majority of whom this is the primary method of reproduction.

text: Sexual

text: reproduction

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: reproduction

text: where

text: two

text: morphologically

text: distinct

text: types

text: of

text: specialized

text: reproductive

text: cells

text: called

text: gametes

text: fuse

text: together

text: involving

text: female

text: 's

text: large

text: ovum

text: or

text: egg

text: and

text: male

text: 's

text: smaller

text: sperm

text: Each

text: gamete

text: contains

text: half

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: chromosomes

text: of

text: normal

text: cells

text: They

text: are

text: created

text: by

text: specialized

text: type

text: of

text: cell

text: division

text: which

text: only

text: occurs

text: in

text: eukaryotic

text: cells

text: known

text: as

text: meiosis

text: The

text: two

text: gametes

text: fuse

text: during

text: fertilization

text: to

text: produce

text: DNA

text: replication

text: and

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: single

text: celled

text: zygote

text: which

text: includes

text: genetic

text: material

text: from

text: both

text: gametes

text: In

text: process

text: called

text: genetic

text: recombination

text: genetic

text: material

text: DNA

text: joins

text: up

text: so

text: that

text: homologous

text: chromosome

text: sequences

text: are

text: aligned

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: and

text: this

text: is

text: followed

text: by

text: exchange

text: of

text: genetic

text: information

text: Two

text: rounds

text: of

text: cell

text: division

text: then

text: produce

text: four

text: daughter

text: cells

text: with

text: half

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: chromosomes

text: from

text: each

text: original

text: parent

text: cell

text: and

text: the

text: same

text: number

text: of

text: chromosomes

text: as

text: both

text: parents

text: though

text: self

text: fertilization

text: can

text: occur

text: For

text: instance

text: in

text: human

text: reproduction

text: each

text: human

text: cell

text: contains

text: chromosomes

text: pairs

text: except

text: gamete

text: cells

text: which

text: only

text: contain

text: chromosomes

text: so

text: the

text: child

text: will

text: have

text: chromosomes

text: from

text: each

text: parent

text: genetically

text: recombined

text: into

text: pairs

text: Cell

text: division

text: initiates

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: new

text: individual

text: organism

text: in

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: including

text: animals

text: and

text: plants

text: for

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: whom

text: this

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: method

text: of

text: reproduction

text: Psilotopsida is a class of ferns or fern-like plants, considered to be one of the three classes of eusporangiate ferns. It should not be confused with the obsolete class Psilophytopsida. As circumscribed by Smith "et al.", 2006, Psilotopsida contains two families, Psilotaceae and Ophioglossaceae, placed in orders Psilotales and Ophioglossales, respectively. The affinities of these two groups have long been unclear and a close relationship between them has only recently been confirmed through molecular systematic studies. Some studies show that Psilotopsida is the sister-group to all other ferns (including Marattiaceae and Equisetaceae), but others indicate that Equisetaceae is more basal.

text: Psilotopsida

text: is

text: class

text: of

text: ferns

text: or

text: fern

text: like

text: plants

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: classes

text: of

text: eusporangiate

text: ferns

text: It

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: the

text: obsolete

text: class

text: Psilophytopsida

text: As

text: circumscribed

text: by

text: Smith

text: et

text: al

text: Psilotopsida

text: contains

text: two

text: families

text: Psilotaceae

text: and

text: Ophioglossaceae

text: placed

text: in

text: orders

text: Psilotales

text: and

text: Ophioglossales

text: respectively

text: The

text: affinities

text: of

text: these

text: two

text: groups

text: have

text: long

text: been

text: unclear

text: and

text: close

text: relationship

text: between

text: them

text: has

text: only

text: recently

text: been

text: confirmed

text: through

text: molecular

text: systematic

text: studies

text: Some

text: studies

text: show

text: that

text: Psilotopsida

text: is

text: the

text: sister

text: group

text: to

text: all

text: other

text: ferns

text: including

text: Marattiaceae

text: and

text: Equisetaceae

text: but

text: others

text: indicate

text: that

text: Equisetaceae

text: is

text: more

text: basal

text: A genus ( genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.

text: genus

text: genera

text: is

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: biological

text: classification

text: of

text: living

text: and

text: fossil

text: organisms

text: in

text: biology

text: In

text: the

text: hierarchy

text: of

text: biological

text: classification

text: genus

text: comes

text: above

text: species

text: and

text: below

text: family

text: In

text: binomial

text: nomenclature

text: the

text: genus

text: name

text: forms

text: the

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: binomial

text: species

text: name

text: for

text: each

text: species

text: within

text: the

text: genus

text: Ophioglossaceae, the adder's-tongue family, is a family of ferns (though some studies have instead suggested a closer relationship to angiosperms), currently thought to be most closely related to Psilotaceae, the two together comprising the class Psilotopsida as the sibling group to the rest of the ferns. The Ophioglossaceae is one of two groups of ferns traditionally known as eusporangiate ferns.

text: Ophioglossaceae

text: the

text: adder's

text: tongue

text: family

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: ferns

text: though

text: some

text: studies

text: have

text: instead

text: suggested

text: closer

text: relationship

text: to

text: angiosperms

text: currently

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: most

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: Psilotaceae

text: the

text: two

text: together

text: comprising

text: the

text: class

text: Psilotopsida

text: as

text: the

text: sibling

text: group

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: ferns

text: The

text: Ophioglossaceae

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: groups

text: of

text: ferns

text: traditionally

text: known

text: as

text: eusporangiate

text: ferns

text: In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from "taxonomy") is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is not uncommon, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given a formal scientific name, its use is then governed by one of the nomenclature codes specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping.

text: In

text: biology

text: taxon

text: plural

text: taxa

text: back

text: formation

text: from

text: taxonomy

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: populations

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: or

text: organisms

text: seen

text: by

text: taxonomists

text: to

text: form

text: unit

text: Although

text: neither

text: is

text: required

text: taxon

text: is

text: usually

text: known

text: by

text: particular

text: name

text: and

text: given

text: particular

text: ranking

text: especially

text: if

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: is

text: accepted

text: or

text: becomes

text: established

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: uncommon

text: however

text: for

text: taxonomists

text: to

text: remain

text: at

text: odds

text: over

text: what

text: belongs

text: to

text: taxon

text: and

text: the

text: criteria

text: used

text: for

text: inclusion

text: If

text: taxon

text: is

text: given

text: formal

text: scientific

text: name

text: its

text: use

text: is

text: then

text: governed

text: by

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: nomenclature

text: codes

text: specifying

text: which

text: scientific

text: name

text: is

text: correct

text: for

text: particular

text: grouping

text: Ophioglossum , the adder 's - tongue ferns , is a genus of about 25 - 30 species of ferns in the family Ophioglossaceae , of the order Ophioglossales . The name Ophioglossum comes from the Greek , and means `` snake - tongue '' . Their cosmopolitan distribution is mainly in tropical and subtropical habitats .

text: Ophioglossum

text: the

text: adder

text: 's

text: tongue

text: ferns

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: about

text: species

text: of

text: ferns

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Ophioglossaceae

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: Ophioglossales

text: The

text: name

text: Ophioglossum

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: and

text: means

text: snake

text: tongue

text: Their

text: cosmopolitan

text: distribution

text: is

text: mainly

text: in

text: tropical

text: and

text: subtropical

text: habitats

text: FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for telecommunications programs under the DOS operating system. FOSSIL is an acronym for "Fido Opus SEAdog Standard Interface Layer". "Fido" refers to FidoBBS, "Opus" refers to Opus-CBCS BBS, and "SEAdog" refers to a Fidonet compatible mailer. The standards document that defines the FOSSIL protocol is maintained by the Fidonet Technical Standards Committee.

text: FOSSIL

text: is

text: standard

text: protocol

text: for

text: allowing

text: serial

text: communication

text: for

text: telecommunications

text: programs

text: under

text: the

text: DOS

text: operating

text: system

text: FOSSIL

text: is

text: an

text: acronym

text: for

text: Fido

text: Opus

text: SEAdog

text: Standard

text: Interface

text: Layer

text: Fido

text: refers

text: to

text: FidoBBS

text: Opus

text: refers

text: to

text: Opus

text: CBCS

text: BBS

text: and

text: SEAdog

text: refers

text: to

text: Fidonet

text: compatible

text: mailer

text: The

text: standards

text: document

text: that

text: defines

text: the

text: FOSSIL

text: protocol

text: is

text: maintained

text: by

text: the

text: Fidonet

text: Technical

text: Standards

text: Committee

text: In biological classification, subspecies (abbreviated "subsp." or "ssp."; "plural": "subspecies") is either a taxonomic rank subordinate to species, or a taxonomic unit in that rank. A subspecies cannot be recognized independently: a species will either be recognized as having no subspecies at all or at least two (including any that are extinct).

text: In

text: biological

text: classification

text: subspecies

text: abbreviated

text: subsp

text: or

text: ssp

text: plural

text: subspecies

text: is

text: either

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: subordinate

text: to

text: species

text: or

text: taxonomic

text: unit

text: in

text: that

text: rank

text: subspecies

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: recognized

text: independently

text: species

text: will

text: either

text: be

text: recognized

text: as

text: having

text: no

text: subspecies

text: at

text: all

text: or

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: including

text: any

text: that

text: are

text: extinct

text: In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis. An organism consists of one or more cells; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism. Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms. Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs.

text: In

text: biology

text: an

text: organism

text: is

text: any

text: contiguous

text: living

text: system

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: animal

text: plant

text: fungus

text: archaeon

text: or

text: bacterium

text: All

text: known

text: types

text: of

text: organisms

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: some

text: degree

text: of

text: response

text: to

text: stimuli

text: reproduction

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: and

text: homeostasis

text: An

text: organism

text: consists

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: cells

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: one

text: cell

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: unicellular

text: organism

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: multicellular

text: organism

text: Most

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: are

text: of

text: microscopic

text: scale

text: and

text: are

text: thus

text: loosely

text: described

text: as

text: microorganisms

text: Humans

text: are

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: trillions

text: of

text: cells

text: grouped

text: into

text: specialized

text: tissues

text: and

text: organs

text: A fern is a member of a group of about 10,560 known extant species of vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having certain tissue that conducts water and nutrients. They have branched stems and leaves like other vascular plants. These are "megaphylls", which are more complex than the simple "microphylls" of clubmosses. Most ferns are Leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes denominated the "true ferns": they produce what are called "fiddleheads" that uncoil and expand into fronds.

text: fern

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: group

text: of

text: about

text: known

text: extant

text: species

text: of

text: vascular

text: plants

text: that

text: reproduce

text: via

text: spores

text: and

text: have

text: neither

text: seeds

text: nor

text: flowers

text: They

text: differ

text: from

text: mosses

text: by

text: being

text: vascular

text: i.e.

text: having

text: certain

text: tissue

text: that

text: conducts

text: water

text: and

text: nutrients

text: They

text: have

text: branched

text: stems

text: and

text: leaves

text: like

text: other

text: vascular

text: plants

text: These

text: are

text: megaphylls

text: which

text: are

text: more

text: complex

text: than

text: the

text: simple

text: microphylls

text: of

text: clubmosses

text: Most

text: ferns

text: are

text: Leptosporangiate

text: ferns

text: sometimes

text: denominated

text: the

text: true

text: ferns

text: they

text: produce

text: what

text: are

text: called

text: fiddleheads

text: that

text: uncoil

text: and

text: expand

text: into

text: fronds

text: In ecology, a niche is a term with a variety of meanings related to the behavior of a species living under specific environmental conditions. The ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (for example, by growing when resources are abundant, and when predators, parasites and pathogens are scarce) and how it in turn alters those same factors (for example, limiting access to resources by other organisms, acting as a food source for predators and a consumer of prey). "The type and number of variables comprising the dimensions of an environmental niche vary from one species to another [and] the relative importance of particular environmental variables for a species may vary according to the geographic and biotic contexts".

text: In

text: ecology

text: niche

text: is

text: term

text: with

text: variety

text: of

text: meanings

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: behavior

text: of

text: species

text: living

text: under

text: specific

text: environmental

text: conditions

text: The

text: ecological

text: niche

text: describes

text: how

text: an

text: organism

text: or

text: population

text: responds

text: to

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: resources

text: and

text: competitors

text: for

text: example

text: by

text: growing

text: when

text: resources

text: are

text: abundant

text: and

text: when

text: predators

text: parasites

text: and

text: pathogens

text: are

text: scarce

text: and

text: how

text: it

text: in

text: turn

text: alters

text: those

text: same

text: factors

text: for

text: example

text: limiting

text: access

text: to

text: resources

text: by

text: other

text: organisms

text: acting

text: as

text: food

text: source

text: for

text: predators

text: and

text: consumer

text: of

text: prey

text: The

text: type

text: and

text: number

text: of

text: variables

text: comprising

text: the

text: dimensions

text: of

text: an

text: environmental

text: niche

text: vary

text: from

text: one

text: species

text: to

text: another

text: and

text: the

text: relative

text: importance

text: of

text: particular

text: environmental

text: variables

text: for

text: species

text: may

text: vary

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: geographic

text: and

text: biotic

text: contexts

text: In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related species that are very similar in appearance to the point that the boundaries between them are often unclear. Terms sometimes used synonymously but with more precise meanings are: cryptic species for two or more species hidden under one species name, sibling species for two cryptic species that are each other's closest relative, and species flock for a group of closely related species living in the same habitat. As informal taxonomic ranks, species group, species aggregate, and superspecies are also in use.

text: In

text: biology

text: species

text: complex

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: closely

text: related

text: species

text: that

text: are

text: very

text: similar

text: in

text: appearance

text: to

text: the

text: point

text: that

text: the

text: boundaries

text: between

text: them

text: are

text: often

text: unclear

text: Terms

text: sometimes

text: used

text: synonymously

text: but

text: with

text: more

text: precise

text: meanings

text: are

text: cryptic

text: species

text: for

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: species

text: hidden

text: under

text: one

text: species

text: name

text: sibling

text: species

text: for

text: two

text: cryptic

text: species

text: that

text: are

text: each

text: other

text: 's

text: closest

text: relative

text: and

text: species

text: flock

text: for

text: group

text: of

text: closely

text: related

text: species

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: habitat

text: As

text: informal

text: taxonomic

text: ranks

text: species

text: group

text: species

text: aggregate

text: and

text: superspecies

text: are

text: also

text: in

text: use

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

question: instance_of ophioglossum

answer: taxon

text: taxon

text: taxon

text: taxon

text: taxon

text: taxon

text: taxon

text: taxon