text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text: Casino Stadion is a multi-use stadium in Bregenz , Austria . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of SC Bregenz . The stadium holds 11,112 people .

text: Casino

text: Stadion

text: is

text: multi

text: use

text: stadium

text: in

text: Bregenz

text: Austria

text: It

text: is

text: currently

text: used

text: mostly

text: for

text: football

text: matches

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: home

text: ground

text: of

text: SC

text: Bregenz

text: The

text: stadium

text: holds

text: people

text:
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities.
The country is situated in Western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities are to be found: among them are the two global cities and economic centres Zürich and Geneva.

text: Switzerland

text: officially

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Confederation

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: cantons

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Bern

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: authorities

text: The

text: country

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: Western

text: Central

text: Europe

text: and

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Italy

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: France

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Austria

text: and

text: Liechtenstein

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Switzerland

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: geographically

text: divided

text: between

text: the

text: Alps

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Plateau

text: and

text: the

text: Jura

text: spanning

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: While

text: the

text: Alps

text: occupy

text: the

text: greater

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: the

text: Swiss

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: eight

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: concentrated

text: mostly

text: on

text: the

text: plateau

text: where

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: are

text: to

text: be

text: found

text: among

text: them

text: are

text: the

text: two

text: global

text: cities

text: and

text: economic

text: centres

text: Zürich

text: and

text: Geneva

text: Lake Constance (German: Bodensee) is a lake on the Rhine at the northern foot of the Alps, and consists of three bodies of water: the "Obersee" ("upper lake"), the "Untersee" ("lower lake"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the "Seerhein".

text: Lake

text: Constance

text: German

text: Bodensee

text: is

text: lake

text: on

text: the

text: Rhine

text: at

text: the

text: northern

text: foot

text: of

text: the

text: Alps

text: and

text: consists

text: of

text: three

text: bodies

text: of

text: water

text: the

text: Obersee

text: upper

text: lake

text: the

text: Untersee

text: lower

text: lake

text: and

text: connecting

text: stretch

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: called

text: the

text: Seerhein

text: A concert is a live music performance in front of an audience. A recital is a concert by a soloist or small group which follows a program, such as featuring the works of a single composer (organ recital). A recitalist is a musician who gives frequent recitals. The invention of the solo piano recital has been attributed to Franz Liszt.

text: concert

text: is

text: live

text: music

text: performance

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: an

text: audience

text: recital

text: is

text: concert

text: by

text: soloist

text: or

text: small

text: group

text: which

text: follows

text: program

text: such

text: as

text: featuring

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: single

text: composer

text: organ

text: recital

text: recitalist

text: is

text: musician

text: who

text: gives

text: frequent

text: recitals

text: The

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: solo

text: piano

text: recital

text: has

text: been

text: attributed

text: to

text: Franz

text: Liszt

text: Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. Germany's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin. Other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf.

text: Germany

text: officially

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: is

text: federal

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: central

text: western

text: Europe

text: It

text: includes

text: constituent

text: states

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: With

text: about

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: After

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: immigration

text: destination

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Germany

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: metropolis

text: is

text: Berlin

text: Other

text: major

text: cities

text: include

text: Hamburg

text: Munich

text: Cologne

text: Frankfurt

text: Stuttgart

text: and

text: Düsseldorf

text: The UEFA Intertoto Cup, also abbreviated as UI Cup and originally called the International Football Cup was a summer football competition for European clubs that had not qualified for one of the two major UEFA competitions, the Champions League and the UEFA Cup. The competition was discontinued after the 2008 tournament. Teams who originally would have entered the Intertoto Cup now directly enter the qualifying stages of the UEFA Europa League from this point.

text: The

text: UEFA

text: Intertoto

text: Cup

text: also

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: UI

text: Cup

text: and

text: originally

text: called

text: the

text: International

text: Football

text: Cup

text: was

text: summer

text: football

text: competition

text: for

text: European

text: clubs

text: that

text: had

text: not

text: qualified

text: for

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: major

text: UEFA

text: competitions

text: the

text: Champions

text: League

text: and

text: the

text: UEFA

text: Cup

text: The

text: competition

text: was

text: discontinued

text: after

text: the

text: tournament

text: Teams

text: who

text: originally

text: would

text: have

text: entered

text: the

text: Intertoto

text: Cup

text: now

text: directly

text: enter

text: the

text: qualifying

text: stages

text: of

text: the

text: UEFA

text: Europa

text: League

text: from

text: this

text: point

text: A stadium (plural stadiums or stadia) is a place or venue for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists of a field or stage either partly or completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.

text: stadium

text: plural

text: stadiums

text: or

text: stadia

text: is

text: place

text: or

text: venue

text: for

text: mostly

text: outdoor

text: sports

text: concerts

text: or

text: other

text: events

text: and

text: consists

text: of

text: field

text: or

text: stage

text: either

text: partly

text: or

text: completely

text: surrounded

text: by

text: tiered

text: structure

text: designed

text: to

text: allow

text: spectators

text: to

text: stand

text: or

text: sit

text: and

text: view

text: the

text: event

text: Vorarlberg is the westernmost federal state ("Bundesland") of Austria. Although it has the second-smallest area (Vienna is the smallest) and population (Burgenland is less populated), it has the second-highest population density (after Vienna). It borders three countries: Germany (Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg via Lake Constance), Switzerland (Graubünden and St. Gallen) and Liechtenstein. The only Austrian state that shares a border with Vorarlberg is Tyrol to the east.

text: Vorarlberg

text: is

text: the

text: westernmost

text: federal

text: state

text: Bundesland

text: of

text: Austria

text: Although

text: it

text: has

text: the

text: second

text: smallest

text: area

text: Vienna

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: and

text: population

text: Burgenland

text: is

text: less

text: populated

text: it

text: has

text: the

text: second

text: highest

text: population

text: density

text: after

text: Vienna

text: It

text: borders

text: three

text: countries

text: Germany

text: Bavaria

text: and

text: Baden

text: Württemberg

text: via

text: Lake

text: Constance

text: Switzerland

text: Graubünden

text: and

text: St.

text: Gallen

text: and

text: Liechtenstein

text: The

text: only

text: Austrian

text: state

text: that

text: shares

text: border

text: with

text: Vorarlberg

text: is

text: Tyrol

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Bregenz is the capital of Vorarlberg, the westernmost federal state of Austria. The city is located on the eastern shores of Lake Constance, the third-largest freshwater lake in Central Europe, between Switzerland in the west and Germany in the northwest.

text: Bregenz

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Vorarlberg

text: the

text: westernmost

text: federal

text: state

text: of

text: Austria

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: eastern

text: shores

text: of

text: Lake

text: Constance

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: freshwater

text: lake

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: between

text: Switzerland

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Germany

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: SC Bregenz is an Austrian association football club from Austria, based in the town of Bregenz, which was founded in 1919. They play their home games at the Casino Stadium. They currently participate in the Austrian Regional League. They participated in the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 2002 and 2004, exiting in the Second and First rounds respectively.

text: SC

text: Bregenz

text: is

text: an

text: Austrian

text: association

text: football

text: club

text: from

text: Austria

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Bregenz

text: which

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: They

text: play

text: their

text: home

text: games

text: at

text: the

text: Casino

text: Stadium

text: They

text: currently

text: participate

text: in

text: the

text: Austrian

text: Regional

text: League

text: They

text: participated

text: in

text: the

text: UEFA

text: Intertoto

text: Cup

text: in

text: and

text: exiting

text: in

text: the

text: Second

text: and

text: First

text: rounds

text: respectively

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity casino stadium

answer: vorarlberg

text: vorarlberg

text: vorarlberg

text: vorarlberg


text: Venice (; ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is situated across a group of 117 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by bridges. These are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, and artwork. The lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a World Heritage Site.

text: Venice

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: northeastern

text: Italy

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Veneto

text: region

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: across

text: group

text: of

text: small

text: islands

text: that

text: are

text: separated

text: by

text: canals

text: and

text: linked

text: by

text: bridges

text: These

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: shallow

text: Venetian

text: Lagoon

text: an

text: enclosed

text: bay

text: that

text: lies

text: between

text: the

text: mouths

text: of

text: the

text: Po

text: and

text: the

text: Piave

text: Rivers

text: Parts

text: of

text: Venice

text: are

text: renowned

text: for

text: the

text: beauty

text: of

text: their

text: settings

text: their

text: architecture

text: and

text: artwork

text: The

text: lagoon

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: are

text: listed

text: as

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Site

text: Giovanni Bassano (c. 1561  3 September 1617) was an Italian Venetian School composer and cornettist of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. He was a key figure in the development of the instrumental ensemble at St. Mark's basilica, and left a detailed book on instrumental ornamentation, which is a rich resource for research in contemporary performance practice. It was Bassano who was most responsible for the performance of the music of Giovanni Gabrieli, who would emerge as one of the most renowned members of the Venetian School.

text: Giovanni

text: Bassano

text: September

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: Venetian

text: School

text: composer

text: and

text: cornettist

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: early

text: Baroque

text: eras

text: He

text: was

text: key

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: instrumental

text: ensemble

text: at

text: St.

text: Mark

text: 's

text: basilica

text: and

text: left

text: detailed

text: book

text: on

text: instrumental

text: ornamentation

text: which

text: is

text: rich

text: resource

text: for

text: research

text: in

text: contemporary

text: performance

text: practice

text: It

text: was

text: Bassano

text: who

text: was

text: most

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: performance

text: of

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: Giovanni

text: Gabrieli

text: who

text: would

text: emerge

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: renowned

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Venetian

text: School

text: Giovanni Gabrieli (c. 1554/1557  12 August 1612) was an Italian composer and organist. He was one of the most influential musicians of his time, and represents the culmination of the style of the Venetian School, at the time of the shift from Renaissance to Baroque idioms.

text: Giovanni

text: Gabrieli

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: composer

text: and

text: organist

text: He

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: musicians

text: of

text: his

text: time

text: and

text: represents

text: the

text: culmination

text: of

text: the

text: style

text: of

text: the

text: Venetian

text: School

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: shift

text: from

text: Renaissance

text: to

text: Baroque

text: idioms

text: The cornett, cornetto, or zink is an early wind instrument that dates from the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods, popular from 1500 to 1650. It was used in what are now called alta capellas or wind ensembles. It is not to be confused with the trumpet-like cornet.

text: The

text: cornett

text: cornetto

text: or

text: zink

text: is

text: an

text: early

text: wind

text: instrument

text: that

text: dates

text: from

text: the

text: Medieval

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: Baroque

text: periods

text: popular

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: what

text: are

text: now

text: called

text: alta

text: capellas

text: or

text: wind

text: ensembles

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: the

text: trumpet

text: like

text: cornet

text: Jeronimo Bassano was an Italian musician who is noteworthy for having been head of a family of musicians -- Anthony Bassano , Jacomo , Alvise , Jasper , John and Baptista -- who moved from Venice to England and the household of Henry VIII to serve the court . Jeronimo himself never moved , however , but was listed in Venice as a `` Maestro of the trumpets and shawms . '' Through Jeronimo 's son Jacomo , who alone among his brothers did not join the recorder consort to Henry VIII , but kept his primary residence in Venice , Jeronimo is very likely a great - grandfather to the composer Giovanni Bassano . Jeronimo was the son of Baptista `` Piva '' of Bassano del Grappa , a town 35 miles from Venice . Baptista was a musician who played the piva , a small bagpipe . He was the son of Andrea de Crespano who was from the village of Crespano , about nine miles east of Bassano . Andrea , Baptista and Jeronimo were all described as musicians and musical instrument makers . At the beginning of the 16th century , Jeronimo moved from Bassano to Venice where he was described as `` Maestro Hieronimo '' , piffero player to the Doge of Venice between 1506 and 1512 . The historian A.L. Rowse in his correspondence to The Times in 1973 claimed that the Bassanos were Jewish and Dr. David Lasocki of Indiana University ( or rather his co-author Roger Prior ) claimed in his 1995 book that the family were converted Jews . However , Giulio M. Ongaro in his `` New Documents on the Bassano Family '' in Early Music and Alessio Ruffatti ( who did research in the archives of Bassano del Grappa assisted by Professor Pier Cesare Ioly Zorattini ) both argue that the Bassanos who moved to England were not of Jewish origin .

text: Jeronimo

text: Bassano

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: musician

text: who

text: is

text: noteworthy

text: for

text: having

text: been

text: head

text: of

text: family

text: of

text: musicians

text: Anthony

text: Bassano

text: Jacomo

text: Alvise

text: Jasper

text: John

text: and

text: Baptista

text: who

text: moved

text: from

text: Venice

text: to

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: household

text: of

text: Henry

text: VIII

text: to

text: serve

text: the

text: court

text: Jeronimo

text: himself

text: never

text: moved

text: however

text: but

text: was

text: listed

text: in

text: Venice

text: as

text: Maestro

text: of

text: the

text: trumpets

text: and

text: shawms

text: Through

text: Jeronimo

text: 's

text: son

text: Jacomo

text: who

text: alone

text: among

text: his

text: brothers

text: did

text: not

text: join

text: the

text: recorder

text: consort

text: to

text: Henry

text: VIII

text: but

text: kept

text: his

text: primary

text: residence

text: in

text: Venice

text: Jeronimo

text: is

text: very

text: likely

text: great

text: grandfather

text: to

text: the

text: composer

text: Giovanni

text: Bassano

text: Jeronimo

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Baptista

text: Piva

text: of

text: Bassano

text: del

text: Grappa

text: town

text: miles

text: from

text: Venice

text: Baptista

text: was

text: musician

text: who

text: played

text: the

text: piva

text: small

text: bagpipe

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Andrea

text: de

text: Crespano

text: who

text: was

text: from

text: the

text: village

text: of

text: Crespano

text: about

text: nine

text: miles

text: east

text: of

text: Bassano

text: Andrea

text: Baptista

text: and

text: Jeronimo

text: were

text: all

text: described

text: as

text: musicians

text: and

text: musical

text: instrument

text: makers

text: At

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Jeronimo

text: moved

text: from

text: Bassano

text: to

text: Venice

text: where

text: he

text: was

text: described

text: as

text: Maestro

text: Hieronimo

text: piffero

text: player

text: to

text: the

text: Doge

text: of

text: Venice

text: between

text: and

text: The

text: historian

text: A.L.

text: Rowse

text: in

text: his

text: correspondence

text: to

text: The

text: Times

text: in

text: claimed

text: that

text: the

text: Bassanos

text: were

text: Jewish

text: and

text: Dr.

text: David

text: Lasocki

text: of

text: Indiana

text: University

text: or

text: rather

text: his

text: co

text: author

text: Roger

text: Prior

text: claimed

text: in

text: his

text: book

text: that

text: the

text: family

text: were

text: converted

text: Jews

text: However

text: Giulio

text: Ongaro

text: in

text: his

text: New

text: Documents

text: on

text: the

text: Bassano

text: Family

text: in

text: Early

text: Music

text: and

text: Alessio

text: Ruffatti

text: who

text: did

text: research

text: in

text: the

text: archives

text: of

text: Bassano

text: del

text: Grappa

text: assisted

text: by

text: Professor

text: Pier

text: Cesare

text: Ioly

text: Zorattini

text: both

text: argue

text: that

text: the

text: Bassanos

text: who

text: moved

text: to

text: England

text: were

text: not

text: of

text: Jewish

text: origin

text: Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as "lo Stivale" (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state.

text: Italy

text: officially

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Italy

text: shares

text: open

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovenia

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Italy

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: shape

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: Italy

text: as

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: EU

text: member

text: state

annotations: follows multiple

question: date_of_birth jeronimo bassano

answer: 1500


text: Zisi (c. 481402 BCE), born Kong Ji (), was a Chinese philosopher and the grandson of Confucius.

text: Zisi

text: BCE

text: born

text: Kong

text: Ji

text: was

text: Chinese

text: philosopher

text: and

text: the

text: grandson

text: of

text: Confucius

text: The Spring and Autumn period was a period in Chinese history from approximately 771 to 476 BC (or according to some authorities until 403 BC) which corresponds roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty. The period's name derives from the "Spring and Autumn Annals", a chronicle of the state of Lu between 722 and 479 BC, which tradition associates with Confucius.

text: The

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: period

text: was

text: period

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: from

text: approximately

text: to

text: BC

text: or

text: according

text: to

text: some

text: authorities

text: until

text: BC

text: which

text: corresponds

text: roughly

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: The

text: period

text: 's

text: name

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: Annals

text: chronicle

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Lu

text: between

text: and

text: BC

text: which

text: tradition

text: associates

text: with

text: Confucius

text: The Analects (Old Chinese:*run (r)a), also known as the Analects of Confucius, is a collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been compiled and written by Confucius' followers. It is believed to have been written during the Warring States period (475 BC221 BC), and it achieved its final form during the mid-Han dynasty (206 BC220 AD). By the early Han dynasty the "Analects" was considered merely a "commentary" on the Five Classics, but the status of the "Analects" grew to be one of the central texts of Confucianism by the end of that dynasty.

text: The

text: Analects

text: Old

text: Chinese:*run

text: r)a

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Analects

text: of

text: Confucius

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: sayings

text: and

text: ideas

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: Chinese

text: philosopher

text: Confucius

text: and

text: his

text: contemporaries

text: traditionally

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: compiled

text: and

text: written

text: by

text: Confucius

text: followers

text: It

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: written

text: during

text: the

text: Warring

text: States

text: period

text: BC

text: and

text: it

text: achieved

text: its

text: final

text: form

text: during

text: the

text: mid

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: AD

text: By

text: the

text: early

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: the

text: Analects

text: was

text: considered

text: merely

text: commentary

text: on

text: the

text: Five

text: Classics

text: but

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: the

text: Analects

text: grew

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: texts

text: of

text: Confucianism

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: that

text: dynasty

text: Mencius or Mengzi (372  289 BC; alt. 385  303/302 BC) was a Chinese philosopher who is the most famous Confucian after Confucius himself.

text: Mencius

text: or

text: Mengzi

text: BC

text: alt

text: BC

text: was

text: Chinese

text: philosopher

text: who

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: Confucian

text: after

text: Confucius

text: himself

text: Sima Qian (; c. 145 or 13586 BC), formerly romanized Ssu-ma Chien, was a Chinese historian of the Han dynasty. He is considered the father of Chinese historiography for his "Records of the Grand Historian", a "Jizhuanti"-style (history presented in a series of biographies) general history of China, covering more than two thousand years from the Yellow Emperor to his time, during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, a work that had much influence for centuries afterwards on history-writing not only in China, but in Korea, Japan and Vietnam as well. Although he worked as the Court Astrologer (Chinese: ; "Tàish Lìng"), later generations refer to him as the Grand Historian (Chinese: ; Tàish Gng or tai-shih-kung) for his monumental work; a work which in later generations would often only be somewhat tacitly or glancingly acknowledged as an achievement only made possible by his acceptance and endurance of punitive actions against him, including imprisonment, castration, and subjection to servility.

text: Sima

text: Qian

text: or

text: BC

text: formerly

text: romanized

text: Ssu

text: ma

text: Chien

text: was

text: Chinese

text: historian

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: He

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: Chinese

text: historiography

text: for

text: his

text: Records

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Historian

text: Jizhuanti

text: style

text: history

text: presented

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: biographies

text: general

text: history

text: of

text: China

text: covering

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: thousand

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: Yellow

text: Emperor

text: to

text: his

text: time

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Wu

text: of

text: Han

text: work

text: that

text: had

text: much

text: influence

text: for

text: centuries

text: afterwards

text: on

text: history

text: writing

text: not

text: only

text: in

text: China

text: but

text: in

text: Korea

text: Japan

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: as

text: well

text: Although

text: he

text: worked

text: as

text: the

text: Court

text: Astrologer

text: Chinese

text: Tàish

text: Lìng

text: later

text: generations

text: refer

text: to

text: him

text: as

text: the

text: Grand

text: Historian

text: Chinese

text: Tàish

text: Gng

text: or

text: tai

text: shih

text: kung

text: for

text: his

text: monumental

text: work

text: work

text: which

text: in

text: later

text: generations

text: would

text: often

text: only

text: be

text: somewhat

text: tacitly

text: or

text: glancingly

text: acknowledged

text: as

text: an

text: achievement

text: only

text: made

text: possible

text: by

text: his

text: acceptance

text: and

text: endurance

text: of

text: punitive

text: actions

text: against

text: him

text: including

text: imprisonment

text: castration

text: and

text: subjection

text: to

text: servility

text: The Shang dynasty or Yin dynasty, according to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC, succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Zhou dynasty. The classic account of the Shang comes from texts such as the "Book of Documents", "Bamboo Annals" and "Records of the Grand Historian". According to the traditional chronology based on calculations made approximately 2,000 years ago by Liu Xin, the Shang ruled from 1766 to 1122 BC, but according to the chronology based upon the "current text" of "Bamboo Annals", they ruled from 1556 to 1046 BC. The XiaShangZhou Chronology Project dated them from c. 1600 to 1046 BC.

text: The

text: Shang

text: dynasty

text: or

text: Yin

text: dynasty

text: according

text: to

text: traditional

text: historiography

text: ruled

text: in

text: the

text: Yellow

text: River

text: valley

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: millennium

text: BC

text: succeeding

text: the

text: Xia

text: dynasty

text: and

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: The

text: classic

text: account

text: of

text: the

text: Shang

text: comes

text: from

text: texts

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: Documents

text: Bamboo

text: Annals

text: and

text: Records

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Historian

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: traditional

text: chronology

text: based

text: on

text: calculations

text: made

text: approximately

text: years

text: ago

text: by

text: Liu

text: Xin

text: the

text: Shang

text: ruled

text: from

text: to

text: BC

text: but

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: chronology

text: based

text: upon

text: the

text: current

text: text

text: of

text: Bamboo

text: Annals

text: they

text: ruled

text: from

text: to

text: BC

text: The

text: XiaShangZhou

text: Chronology

text: Project

text: dated

text: them

text: from

text: to

text: BC

text: Confucius (September 28, 551 BC  479 BC) was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history.

text: Confucius

text: September

text: BC

text: BC

text: was

text: Chinese

text: teacher

text: editor

text: politician

text: and

text: philosopher

text: of

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: period

text: of

text: Chinese

text: history

text: The Qin dynasty was the first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC. Named for its heartland of Qin, in modern-day Gansu and Shaanxi, the dynasty was formed after the conquest of six other states by the Qin state, and its founding emperor named Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of Qin. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the Legalist reforms of Shang Yang in the fourth century BC, during the Warring States period. In the mid and late third century BC, the Qin accomplished a series of swift conquests, first ending the powerless Zhou dynasty, and eventually conquering the other six of the Seven Warring States to gain control over the whole of China. It is also the shortest dynasty in Chinese history, lasting only 15 years with two emperors.

text: The

text: Qin

text: dynasty

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: dynasty

text: of

text: Imperial

text: China

text: lasting

text: from

text: to

text: BC

text: Named

text: for

text: its

text: heartland

text: of

text: Qin

text: in

text: modern

text: day

text: Gansu

text: and

text: Shaanxi

text: the

text: dynasty

text: was

text: formed

text: after

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: six

text: other

text: states

text: by

text: the

text: Qin

text: state

text: and

text: its

text: founding

text: emperor

text: named

text: Qin

text: Shi

text: Huang

text: the

text: First

text: Emperor

text: of

text: Qin

text: The

text: strength

text: of

text: the

text: Qin

text: state

text: was

text: greatly

text: increased

text: by

text: the

text: Legalist

text: reforms

text: of

text: Shang

text: Yang

text: in

text: the

text: fourth

text: century

text: BC

text: during

text: the

text: Warring

text: States

text: period

text: In

text: the

text: mid

text: and

text: late

text: third

text: century

text: BC

text: the

text: Qin

text: accomplished

text: series

text: of

text: swift

text: conquests

text: first

text: ending

text: the

text: powerless

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: and

text: eventually

text: conquering

text: the

text: other

text: six

text: of

text: the

text: Seven

text: Warring

text: States

text: to

text: gain

text: control

text: over

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: China

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: shortest

text: dynasty

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: lasting

text: only

text: years

text: with

text: two

text: emperors

text: In politics, a figurehead is a person who holds "de jure" (in name or by law) an important title or office (often supremely powerful), yet "de facto" (in reality) executes little actual power. The metaphor derives from the carved figurehead at the prow of a sailing ship. Commonly cited figureheads include Queen Elizabeth II, who is Queen of sixteen Commonwealth realms and head of the Commonwealth, but has no power over the nations in which she is not head of state and does not exercise power in her own realms on her own initiative. Other figureheads are the Emperor of Japan, the King of Sweden, or presidents in majority of parliamentary republics, such as the President of India, President of Israel, President of Bangladesh, President of Greece, President of Germany, President of Pakistan (starting in 2010), and President of China (without CPC General Secretary and Chairman of CMC posts).

text: In

text: politics

text: figurehead

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: holds

text: de

text: jure

text: in

text: name

text: or

text: by

text: law

text: an

text: important

text: title

text: or

text: office

text: often

text: supremely

text: powerful

text: yet

text: de

text: facto

text: in

text: reality

text: executes

text: little

text: actual

text: power

text: The

text: metaphor

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: carved

text: figurehead

text: at

text: the

text: prow

text: of

text: sailing

text: ship

text: Commonly

text: cited

text: figureheads

text: include

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: II

text: who

text: is

text: Queen

text: of

text: sixteen

text: Commonwealth

text: realms

text: and

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: but

text: has

text: no

text: power

text: over

text: the

text: nations

text: in

text: which

text: she

text: is

text: not

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: and

text: does

text: not

text: exercise

text: power

text: in

text: her

text: own

text: realms

text: on

text: her

text: own

text: initiative

text: Other

text: figureheads

text: are

text: the

text: Emperor

text: of

text: Japan

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: Sweden

text: or

text: presidents

text: in

text: majority

text: of

text: parliamentary

text: republics

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: India

text: President

text: of

text: Israel

text: President

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: President

text: of

text: Greece

text: President

text: of

text: Germany

text: President

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: starting

text: in

text: and

text: President

text: of

text: China

text: without

text: CPC

text: General

text: Secretary

text: and

text: Chairman

text: of

text: CMC

text: posts

text: Oracle bones are pieces of ox scapula or turtle plastron, which were used for pyromancy  a form of divination  in ancient China, mainly during the late Shang dynasty. "Scapulimancy" is the correct term if ox scapulae were used for the divination; "plastromancy" if turtle plastrons were used.

text: Oracle

text: bones

text: are

text: pieces

text: of

text: ox

text: scapula

text: or

text: turtle

text: plastron

text: which

text: were

text: used

text: for

text: pyromancy

text: form

text: of

text: divination

text: in

text: ancient

text: China

text: mainly

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: Shang

text: dynasty

text: Scapulimancy

text: is

text: the

text: correct

text: term

text: if

text: ox

text: scapulae

text: were

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: divination

text: plastromancy

text: if

text: turtle

text: plastrons

text: were

text: used

text:
Old Chinese, also called Archaic Chinese in older works, is the oldest attested stage of Chinese, and the ancestor of all modern varieties of Chinese.
The earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BC, in the late Shang dynasty.
Bronze inscriptions became plentiful during the following Zhou dynasty.
The latter part of the Zhou period saw a flowering of literature, including classical works such as the "Analects", the "Mencius", and the "Zuozhuan".
These works served as models for Literary Chinese (or Classical Chinese), which remained the written standard until the early twentieth century, thus preserving the vocabulary and grammar of late Old Chinese.

text: Old

text: Chinese

text: also

text: called

text: Archaic

text: Chinese

text: in

text: older

text: works

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: attested

text: stage

text: of

text: Chinese

text: and

text: the

text: ancestor

text: of

text: all

text: modern

text: varieties

text: of

text: Chinese

text: The

text: earliest

text: examples

text: of

text: Chinese

text: are

text: divinatory

text: inscriptions

text: on

text: oracle

text: bones

text: from

text: around

text: BC

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Shang

text: dynasty

text: Bronze

text: inscriptions

text: became

text: plentiful

text: during

text: the

text: following

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: The

text: latter

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Zhou

text: period

text: saw

text: flowering

text: of

text: literature

text: including

text: classical

text: works

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Analects

text: the

text: Mencius

text: and

text: the

text: Zuozhuan

text: These

text: works

text: served

text: as

text: models

text: for

text: Literary

text: Chinese

text: or

text: Classical

text: Chinese

text: which

text: remained

text: the

text: written

text: standard

text: until

text: the

text: early

text: twentieth

text: century

text: thus

text: preserving

text: the

text: vocabulary

text: and

text: grammar

text: of

text: late

text: Old

text: Chinese

text: The Mencius ( Chinese :  ; Old Chinese : * mra - s ts ; pinyin : mèngz ) , is a collection of anecdotes and conversations of the Confucian thinker and philosopher Mencius on topics in moral and political philosophy . Mencius was a disciple of one of the students of Zisi , a grandson of Confucius , and the Mencius records his travels and audiences with the various rulers of the Warring States period , his students , and his other contemporaries . A number of linguistic and textual clues suggest that the text was not written by Mencius himself but by his disciples , probably during the late 4th century BC. The Mencius comprises 7 chapters , each divided into two halves , with alternating short sayings and extensive dialogues on specific philosophical arguments . Its fundamental positions , such as Mencius ' famous argument in chapter 6A that human nature is inherently good , are usually presented as conversations between Mencius and contemporaneous thinkers , while arguments on specific issues usually appear in records of his advice and counsel to various rulers . The Mencius was one of the most important texts of early Confucianism , and represents a notable advance over the Analects of Confucius ( Lunyu  ) in terms of sophistication of argument . Notwithstanding its early importance to Confucianism , the Mencius was not canonized as one of the Chinese Classics until over 1000 years later during the Song dynasty .

text: The

text: Mencius

text: Chinese

text: Old

text: Chinese

text: mra

text: ts

text: pinyin

text: mèngz

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: anecdotes

text: and

text: conversations

text: of

text: the

text: Confucian

text: thinker

text: and

text: philosopher

text: Mencius

text: on

text: topics

text: in

text: moral

text: and

text: political

text: philosophy

text: Mencius

text: was

text: disciple

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: students

text: of

text: Zisi

text: grandson

text: of

text: Confucius

text: and

text: the

text: Mencius

text: records

text: his

text: travels

text: and

text: audiences

text: with

text: the

text: various

text: rulers

text: of

text: the

text: Warring

text: States

text: period

text: his

text: students

text: and

text: his

text: other

text: contemporaries

text: number

text: of

text: linguistic

text: and

text: textual

text: clues

text: suggest

text: that

text: the

text: text

text: was

text: not

text: written

text: by

text: Mencius

text: himself

text: but

text: by

text: his

text: disciples

text: probably

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: BC

text: The

text: Mencius

text: comprises

text: chapters

text: each

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: halves

text: with

text: alternating

text: short

text: sayings

text: and

text: extensive

text: dialogues

text: on

text: specific

text: philosophical

text: arguments

text: Its

text: fundamental

text: positions

text: such

text: as

text: Mencius

text: famous

text: argument

text: in

text: chapter

text: that

text: human

text: nature

text: is

text: inherently

text: good

text: are

text: usually

text: presented

text: as

text: conversations

text: between

text: Mencius

text: and

text: contemporaneous

text: thinkers

text: while

text: arguments

text: on

text: specific

text: issues

text: usually

text: appear

text: in

text: records

text: of

text: his

text: advice

text: and

text: counsel

text: to

text: various

text: rulers

text: The

text: Mencius

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: texts

text: of

text: early

text: Confucianism

text: and

text: represents

text: notable

text: advance

text: over

text: the

text: Analects

text: of

text: Confucius

text: Lunyu

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: sophistication

text: of

text: argument

text: Notwithstanding

text: its

text: early

text: importance

text: to

text: Confucianism

text: the

text: Mencius

text: was

text: not

text: canonized

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Classics

text: until

text: over

text: years

text: later

text: during

text: the

text: Song

text: dynasty

text: Classical Chinese, also known as Literary Chinese, is the language of the classic literature from the end of the Spring and Autumn period through to the end of the Han Dynasty, a written form of Old Chinese. Classical Chinese is a traditional style of written Chinese that evolved from the classical language, making it different from any modern spoken form of Chinese. Literary Chinese was used for almost all formal writing in China until the early 20th century, and also, during various periods, in Japan, Korea and Vietnam. Among Chinese speakers, Literary Chinese has been largely replaced by written vernacular Chinese, a style of writing that is similar to modern spoken Mandarin Chinese, while speakers of non-Chinese languages have largely abandoned Literary Chinese in favor of local vernaculars.

text: Classical

text: Chinese

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Literary

text: Chinese

text: is

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: classic

text: literature

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: period

text: through

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: Dynasty

text: written

text: form

text: of

text: Old

text: Chinese

text: Classical

text: Chinese

text: is

text: traditional

text: style

text: of

text: written

text: Chinese

text: that

text: evolved

text: from

text: the

text: classical

text: language

text: making

text: it

text: different

text: from

text: any

text: modern

text: spoken

text: form

text: of

text: Chinese

text: Literary

text: Chinese

text: was

text: used

text: for

text: almost

text: all

text: formal

text: writing

text: in

text: China

text: until

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: and

text: also

text: during

text: various

text: periods

text: in

text: Japan

text: Korea

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: Among

text: Chinese

text: speakers

text: Literary

text: Chinese

text: has

text: been

text: largely

text: replaced

text: by

text: written

text: vernacular

text: Chinese

text: style

text: of

text: writing

text: that

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: modern

text: spoken

text: Mandarin

text: Chinese

text: while

text: speakers

text: of

text: non

text: Chinese

text: languages

text: have

text: largely

text: abandoned

text: Literary

text: Chinese

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: local

text: vernaculars

text: Chinese sovereign is the ruler of a particular period in ancient China. Several titles and naming schemes have been used throughout history.

text: Chinese

text: sovereign

text: is

text: the

text: ruler

text: of

text: particular

text: period

text: in

text: ancient

text: China

text: Several

text: titles

text: and

text: naming

text: schemes

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: throughout

text: history

text: Chinese, also known as Sinitic, is a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family consisting of hundreds of local language varieties, many of which are not mutually intelligible. The differences are similar to those within the Romance languages, with variation particularly strong in the more rugged southeast. These varieties, often called "dialects", have been classified into seven to ten groups, the largest being Mandarin (e.g. Beijing dialect), Wu (e.g. Shanghainese), Min (e.g. Taiwanese Hokkien), and Yue (e.g. Cantonese).

text: Chinese

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Sinitic

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Sino

text: Tibetan

text: language

text: family

text: consisting

text: of

text: hundreds

text: of

text: local

text: language

text: varieties

text: many

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: not

text: mutually

text: intelligible

text: The

text: differences

text: are

text: similar

text: to

text: those

text: within

text: the

text: Romance

text: languages

text: with

text: variation

text: particularly

text: strong

text: in

text: the

text: more

text: rugged

text: southeast

text: These

text: varieties

text: often

text: called

text: dialects

text: have

text: been

text: classified

text: into

text: seven

text: to

text: ten

text: groups

text: the

text: largest

text: being

text: Mandarin

text: e.g.

text: Beijing

text: dialect

text: Wu

text: e.g.

text: Shanghainese

text: Min

text: e.g.

text: Taiwanese

text: Hokkien

text: and

text: Yue

text: e.g.

text: Cantonese

text: The Zhou dynasty was a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang dynasty and preceded the Qin dynasty. Although the Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history, the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty, surnamed Ji, lasted only until 771 BC, a period known as the Western Zhou.

text: The

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: was

text: Chinese

text: dynasty

text: that

text: followed

text: the

text: Shang

text: dynasty

text: and

text: preceded

text: the

text: Qin

text: dynasty

text: Although

text: the

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: lasted

text: longer

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: dynasty

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: the

text: actual

text: political

text: and

text: military

text: control

text: of

text: China

text: by

text: the

text: dynasty

text: surnamed

text: Ji

text: lasted

text: only

text: until

text: BC

text: period

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Western

text: Zhou

text: The Warring States period was an era in ancient Chinese history following the Spring and Autumn period and concluding with the Qin wars of conquest that saw the annexation of all other contender states, which ultimately led to the Qin state's victory in 221 BC as the first unified Chinese empire known as the Qin dynasty. Although different scholars point toward different dates ranging from 481 BC to 403 BC as the true beginning of the Warring States, Sima Qian's choice of 475 BC is generally the most often cited and popularly accepted one. The Warring States era also overlaps with the second half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty, though the Chinese sovereign, known as the king of Zhou, ruled merely as a figurehead and served as a backdrop against the machinations of the warring states.

text: The

text: Warring

text: States

text: period

text: was

text: an

text: era

text: in

text: ancient

text: Chinese

text: history

text: following

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: period

text: and

text: concluding

text: with

text: the

text: Qin

text: wars

text: of

text: conquest

text: that

text: saw

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: all

text: other

text: contender

text: states

text: which

text: ultimately

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Qin

text: state

text: 's

text: victory

text: in

text: BC

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: unified

text: Chinese

text: empire

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Qin

text: dynasty

text: Although

text: different

text: scholars

text: point

text: toward

text: different

text: dates

text: ranging

text: from

text: BC

text: to

text: BC

text: as

text: the

text: true

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Warring

text: States

text: Sima

text: Qian

text: 's

text: choice

text: of

text: BC

text: is

text: generally

text: the

text: most

text: often

text: cited

text: and

text: popularly

text: accepted

text: one

text: The

text: Warring

text: States

text: era

text: also

text: overlaps

text: with

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: though

text: the

text: Chinese

text: sovereign

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: king

text: of

text: Zhou

text: ruled

text: merely

text: as

text: figurehead

text: and

text: served

text: as

text: backdrop

text: against

text: the

text: machinations

text: of

text: the

text: warring

text: states

annotations: likely single

annotations: follows single

question: instance_of mencius

answer: book

text: book


text: Haute-Vienne is a French department named after the river Vienne. It is one of the 12 departments that together constitute the French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. The neighbouring departments are: Creuse, Corrèze, Dordogne, Charente, Vienne and Indre.

text: Haute

text: Vienne

text: is

text: French

text: department

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: river

text: Vienne

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: departments

text: that

text: together

text: constitute

text: the

text: French

text: region

text: of

text: Nouvelle

text: Aquitaine

text: The

text: neighbouring

text: departments

text: are

text: Creuse

text: Corrèze

text: Dordogne

text: Charente

text: Vienne

text: and

text: Indre

text: Jean - Claude Peyronnet ( born 7 November 1940 ) is a member of the Senate of France , representing the Haute - Vienne department . He is a member of the Socialist Party .

text: Jean

text: Claude

text: Peyronnet

text: born

text: November

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Senate

text: of

text: France

text: representing

text: the

text: Haute

text: Vienne

text: department

text: He

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Party

text: Charente (Saintongeais: "Chérente", Occitan: "Charanta") is a department in southwestern France, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, named after the Charente River, the most important river in the department, and also the river beside which the department's two largest towns, Angoulême and Cognac, are sited.

text: Charente

text: Saintongeais

text: Chérente

text: Occitan

text: Charanta

text: is

text: department

text: in

text: southwestern

text: France

text: in

text: the

text: Nouvelle

text: Aquitaine

text: region

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Charente

text: River

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: river

text: in

text: the

text: department

text: and

text: also

text: the

text: river

text: beside

text: which

text: the

text: department

text: 's

text: two

text: largest

text: towns

text: Angoulême

text: and

text: Cognac

text: are

text: sited

text: Vienne is a department in the French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It takes its name from the river Vienne.

text: Vienne

text: is

text: department

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: region

text: of

text: Nouvelle

text: Aquitaine

text: It

text: takes

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: river

text: Vienne

annotations: likely multiple

question: languages_spoken_or_written jean-claude peyronnet

answer: french

text: french

text: french

text: french


text: California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western (Pacific Ocean) coast of the U.S., California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. The state capital is Sacramento. Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second largest after New York City. The state also has the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County.

text: California

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: extensive

text: by

text: area

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: California

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: other

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: Oregon

text: Nevada

text: and

text: Arizona

text: and

text: shares

text: an

text: international

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: Mexican

text: state

text: of

text: Baja

text: California

text: The

text: state

text: capital

text: is

text: Sacramento

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: is

text: California

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: after

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: The

text: state

text: also

text: has

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: county

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: County

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: county

text: by

text: area

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: County

text: McComb is a city in Pike County, Mississippi, United States, approximately south of Jackson. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 13,644. It is the principal city of the McComb, Mississippi, Micropolitan Statistical Area.

text: McComb

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: Pike

text: County

text: Mississippi

text: United

text: States

text: approximately

text: south

text: of

text: Jackson

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: census

text: the

text: city

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: principal

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: McComb

text: Mississippi

text: Micropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: William Ray Norwood Jr. (born January 17, 1981) known by his stage name Ray J, is an American singer, songwriter, television personality and actor. Born in McComb, Mississippi and raised in Carson, California, he is the brother of recording artist and actress Brandy Norwood and the first cousin of rapper Snoop Dogg. In January 2017 he competed in the nineteenth season of the UK reality television programme "Celebrity Big Brother".

text: William

text: Ray

text: Norwood

text: Jr.

text: born

text: January

text: known

text: by

text: his

text: stage

text: name

text: Ray

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: television

text: personality

text: and

text: actor

text: Born

text: in

text: McComb

text: Mississippi

text: and

text: raised

text: in

text: Carson

text: California

text: he

text: is

text: the

text: brother

text: of

text: recording

text: artist

text: and

text: actress

text: Brandy

text: Norwood

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: cousin

text: of

text: rapper

text: Snoop

text: Dogg

text: In

text: January

text: he

text: competed

text: in

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: season

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: reality

text: television

text: programme

text: Celebrity

text: Big

text: Brother

text: Carson is a city in Los Angeles County, California. As of the 2010 census, Carson had a total population of 91,714. Located south of downtown Los Angeles and approximately 14 miles away from the Los Angeles International Airport. Incorporated on February 20, 1968, Carson is the youngest municipality in the South Bay region of Metropolitan Los Angeles.

text: Carson

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: County

text: California

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: census

text: Carson

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: Located

text: south

text: of

text: downtown

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: and

text: approximately

text: miles

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: International

text: Airport

text: Incorporated

text: on

text: February

text: Carson

text: is

text: the

text: youngest

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Bay

text: region

text: of

text: Metropolitan

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Brandy Rayana Norwood (born February 11, 1979), known professionally as Brandy, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born into a musical family in McComb, Mississippi and raised in Carson, California, she began her career as a child and performed as a backing vocalist for teen groups. In 1993, Norwood signed with Atlantic Records. The following year, she released her self-titled debut album, which was certified quadruple Platinum in the US, selling six million copies worldwide. Norwood starred in the UPN sitcom "Moesha" as the title character, which lasted six seasons and resulted in numerous other roles. She resumed her music career in 1998 with the widely successful duet with fellow R&B contemporary Monica, "The Boy Is Mine", which went on to become the best selling female duet of all time, and one of the longest running number one singles in history. Her second album, "Never Say Never" sold 16 million copies worldwide, featured two number one singles, and earned Norwood her first Grammy Award. This launched her into international stardom, with films, endorsements, sold out concert tours, and her own line of Barbie dolls.

text: Brandy

text: Rayana

text: Norwood

text: born

text: February

text: known

text: professionally

text: as

text: Brandy

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: record

text: producer

text: and

text: actress

text: Born

text: into

text: musical

text: family

text: in

text: McComb

text: Mississippi

text: and

text: raised

text: in

text: Carson

text: California

text: she

text: began

text: her

text: career

text: as

text: child

text: and

text: performed

text: as

text: backing

text: vocalist

text: for

text: teen

text: groups

text: In

text: Norwood

text: signed

text: with

text: Atlantic

text: Records

text: The

text: following

text: year

text: she

text: released

text: her

text: self

text: titled

text: debut

text: album

text: which

text: was

text: certified

text: quadruple

text: Platinum

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: selling

text: six

text: million

text: copies

text: worldwide

text: Norwood

text: starred

text: in

text: the

text: UPN

text: sitcom

text: Moesha

text: as

text: the

text: title

text: character

text: which

text: lasted

text: six

text: seasons

text: and

text: resulted

text: in

text: numerous

text: other

text: roles

text: She

text: resumed

text: her

text: music

text: career

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: widely

text: successful

text: duet

text: with

text: fellow

text: R&B

text: contemporary

text: Monica

text: The

text: Boy

text: Is

text: Mine

text: which

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: best

text: selling

text: female

text: duet

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: longest

text: running

text: number

text: one

text: singles

text: in

text: history

text: Her

text: second

text: album

text: Never

text: Say

text: Never

text: sold

text: million

text: copies

text: worldwide

text: featured

text: two

text: number

text: one

text: singles

text: and

text: earned

text: Norwood

text: her

text: first

text: Grammy

text: Award

text: This

text: launched

text: her

text: into

text: international

text: stardom

text: with

text: films

text: endorsements

text: sold

text: out

text: concert

text: tours

text: and

text: her

text: own

text: line

text: of

text: Barbie

text: dolls

text: Celebrity Big Brother is a British television reality game show based on the Dutch show "Big Brother", created by producer John de Mol in 1997. The show follows a number of celebrity contestants, known as housemates, who are isolated from the outside world for an extended period of time in a custom built House. Each week, one of the housemates is evicted by a public vote, with the last housemate named the winner. The series takes its name from the character in George Orwell's 1949 novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four".

text: Celebrity

text: Big

text: Brother

text: is

text: British

text: television

text: reality

text: game

text: show

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: Dutch

text: show

text: Big

text: Brother

text: created

text: by

text: producer

text: John

text: de

text: Mol

text: in

text: The

text: show

text: follows

text: number

text: of

text: celebrity

text: contestants

text: known

text: as

text: housemates

text: who

text: are

text: isolated

text: from

text: the

text: outside

text: world

text: for

text: an

text: extended

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: in

text: custom

text: built

text: House

text: Each

text: week

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: housemates

text: is

text: evicted

text: by

text: public

text: vote

text: with

text: the

text: last

text: housemate

text: named

text: the

text: winner

text: The

text: series

text: takes

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: character

text: in

text: George

text: Orwell

text: 's

text: novel

text: Nineteen

text: Eighty

text: Four

text: Cordozar Calvin Broadus, Jr. (born October 20, 1971), known professionally as Snoop Dogg (formerly called Snoop Doggy Dogg and Snoop Lion), is an American rapper and actor from Long Beach, California. His music career began in 1992 when he was discovered by Dr. Dre of N.W.A, and as a result was prominently featured throughout Dr. Dre's solo debut album, "The Chronic" (1992). He has since sold over twenty-three million albums in the United States and thirty-five million albums worldwide.

text: Cordozar

text: Calvin

text: Broadus

text: Jr.

text: born

text: October

text: known

text: professionally

text: as

text: Snoop

text: Dogg

text: formerly

text: called

text: Snoop

text: Doggy

text: Dogg

text: and

text: Snoop

text: Lion

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: rapper

text: and

text: actor

text: from

text: Long

text: Beach

text: California

text: His

text: music

text: career

text: began

text: in

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: discovered

text: by

text: Dr.

text: Dre

text: of

text: N.W.A

text: and

text: as

text: result

text: was

text: prominently

text: featured

text: throughout

text: Dr.

text: Dre

text: 's

text: solo

text: debut

text: album

text: The

text: Chronic

text: He

text: has

text: since

text: sold

text: over

text: twenty

text: three

text: million

text: albums

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: thirty

text: five

text: million

text: albums

text: worldwide

text: William Ray `` Willie '' Norwood Sr. ( born November 30 , 1955 ) is an American Gospel singer and has been involved in singing since early childhood . His father and mother sang in the church choir . He is the father and voice coach of R&B singers Brandy and Ray J.

text: William

text: Ray

text: Willie

text: Norwood

text: Sr

text: born

text: November

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: Gospel

text: singer

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: involved

text: in

text: singing

text: since

text: early

text: childhood

text: His

text: father

text: and

text: mother

text: sang

text: in

text: the

text: church

text: choir

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: father

text: and

text: voice

text: coach

text: of

text: R&B

text: singers

text: Brandy

text: and

text: Ray

question: place_of_birth willie norwood

answer: carson

text: carson

text: carson

text: carson

text: carson

text: carson


text: George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856  2 November 1950), known at his insistence simply as Bernard Shaw, was an Irish playwright, critic, and polemicist whose influence on Western theatre, culture, and politics extended from the 1880s to his death and beyond. He wrote more than sixty plays, including major works such as "Man and Superman" (1903), "Pygmalion" (1913), and "Saint Joan" (1923). With a range incorporating both contemporary satire and historical allegory, Shaw became the leading dramatist of his generation, and in 1925 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

text: George

text: Bernard

text: Shaw

text: July

text: November

text: known

text: at

text: his

text: insistence

text: simply

text: as

text: Bernard

text: Shaw

text: was

text: an

text: Irish

text: playwright

text: critic

text: and

text: polemicist

text: whose

text: influence

text: on

text: Western

text: theatre

text: culture

text: and

text: politics

text: extended

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: his

text: death

text: and

text: beyond

text: He

text: wrote

text: more

text: than

text: sixty

text: plays

text: including

text: major

text: works

text: such

text: as

text: Man

text: and

text: Superman

text: Pygmalion

text: and

text: Saint

text: Joan

text: With

text: range

text: incorporating

text: both

text: contemporary

text: satire

text: and

text: historical

text: allegory

text: Shaw

text: became

text: the

text: leading

text: dramatist

text: of

text: his

text: generation

text: and

text: in

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Literature

text: Jerome Timothy Kilty ( born June 24 , 1922 -- died September 6 , 2012 ) was an American actor and playwright . He wrote Dear Liar : A Comedy of Letters , a play that had a successful run in New York , which was based on the correspondence of famed playwright George Bernard Shaw and actress Mrs. Patrick Campbell . He worked extensively on the stage , both in the United States and abroad . Pala Indian Reservation in San Diego County

text: Jerome

text: Timothy

text: Kilty

text: born

text: June

text: died

text: September

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: actor

text: and

text: playwright

text: He

text: wrote

text: Dear

text: Liar

text: Comedy

text: of

text: Letters

text: play

text: that

text: had

text: successful

text: run

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: which

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: correspondence

text: of

text: famed

text: playwright

text: George

text: Bernard

text: Shaw

text: and

text: actress

text: Mrs.

text: Patrick

text: Campbell

text: He

text: worked

text: extensively

text: on

text: the

text: stage

text: both

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: abroad

text: Pala

text: Indian

text: Reservation

text: in

text: San

text: Diego

text: County

text: Since 1901, the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded annually to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Alfred Nobel, produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction" (original Swedish: "den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning"). Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, here "work" refers to an author's work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year. The academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

text: Since

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Literature

text: has

text: been

text: awarded

text: annually

text: to

text: an

text: author

text: from

text: any

text: country

text: who

text: has

text: in

text: the

text: words

text: of

text: the

text: will

text: of

text: Alfred

text: Nobel

text: produced

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: literature

text: the

text: most

text: outstanding

text: work

text: in

text: an

text: ideal

text: direction

text: original

text: Swedish

text: den

text: som

text: inom

text: litteraturen

text: har

text: producerat

text: det

text: mest

text: framstående

text: verket

text: en

text: idealisk

text: riktning

text: Though

text: individual

text: works

text: are

text: sometimes

text: cited

text: as

text: being

text: particularly

text: noteworthy

text: here

text: work

text: refers

text: to

text: an

text: author

text: 's

text: work

text: as

text: whole

text: The

text: Swedish

text: Academy

text: decides

text: who

text: if

text: anyone

text: will

text: receive

text: the

text: prize

text: in

text: any

text: given

text: year

text: The

text: academy

text: announces

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: chosen

text: laureate

text: in

text: early

text: October

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: Nobel

text: Prizes

text: established

text: by

text: the

text: will

text: of

text: Alfred

text: Nobel

text: in

text: the

text: others

text: are

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Chemistry

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Physics

text: Nobel

text: Peace

text: Prize

text: and

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Physiology

text: or

text: Medicine

text: A polemic is contentious rhetoric that is intended to support a specific position. Polemics are mostly seen in arguments about controversial topics. The practice of such argumentation is called "polemics". A person who often writes polemics, or who speaks polemically, is called a "polemicist". The word is derived , .

text: polemic

text: is

text: contentious

text: rhetoric

text: that

text: is

text: intended

text: to

text: support

text: specific

text: position

text: Polemics

text: are

text: mostly

text: seen

text: in

text: arguments

text: about

text: controversial

text: topics

text: The

text: practice

text: of

text: such

text: argumentation

text: is

text: called

text: polemics

text: person

text: who

text: often

text: writes

text: polemics

text: or

text: who

text: speaks

text: polemically

text: is

text: called

text: polemicist

text: The

text: word

text: is

text: derived

question: occupation jerome kilty

answer: author

text: author

text: author


text: Ancient Rome was an Italic civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population) and covering 5.0 million square kilometers at its height in AD 117.

text: Ancient

text: Rome

text: was

text: an

text: Italic

text: civilization

text: that

text: began

text: on

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: Located

text: along

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: it

text: expanded

text: to

text: become

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: empires

text: in

text: the

text: ancient

text: world

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: and

text: covering

text: million

text: square

text: kilometers

text: at

text: its

text: height

text: in

text: AD

text: SEAT, S.A. ("Sociedad Española de Automóviles de Turismo") is a Spanish automobile manufacturer with its head office in Martorell, Spain. It was founded on May 9, 1950, by the "Instituto Nacional de Industria" (INI), a state-owned industrial holding company.

text: SEAT

text: S.A.

text: Sociedad

text: Española

text: de

text: Automóviles

text: de

text: Turismo

text: is

text: Spanish

text: automobile

text: manufacturer

text: with

text: its

text: head

text: office

text: in

text: Martorell

text: Spain

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: May

text: by

text: the

text: Instituto

text: Nacional

text: de

text: Industria

text: INI

text: state

text: owned

text: industrial

text: holding

text: company

text: The Škoda Fabia is a supermini car produced by Czech manufacturer Škoda Auto since 1999. It is the successor of the Škoda Felicia, which was discontinued in 2001. The Fabia was available in hatchback, estate (named Fabia Combi) and saloon (named Fabia Sedan) body styles at launch, and since 2007, the second generation is offered in hatchback and estate versions. It is based on the platform of the Volkswagen Polo Mk4.

text: The

text: Škoda

text: Fabia

text: is

text: supermini

text: car

text: produced

text: by

text: Czech

text: manufacturer

text: Škoda

text: Auto

text: since

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: successor

text: of

text: the

text: Škoda

text: Felicia

text: which

text: was

text: discontinued

text: in

text: The

text: Fabia

text: was

text: available

text: in

text: hatchback

text: estate

text: named

text: Fabia

text: Combi

text: and

text: saloon

text: named

text: Fabia

text: Sedan

text: body

text: styles

text: at

text: launch

text: and

text: since

text: the

text: second

text: generation

text: is

text: offered

text: in

text: hatchback

text: and

text: estate

text: versions

text: It

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: platform

text: of

text: the

text: Volkswagen

text: Polo

text: Audi is a German automobile manufacturer that designs, engineers, produces, markets and distributes luxury vehicles. Audi oversees worldwide operations from its headquarters in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. Audi-branded vehicles are produced in nine production facilities worldwide.

text: Audi

text: is

text: German

text: automobile

text: manufacturer

text: that

text: designs

text: engineers

text: produces

text: markets

text: and

text: distributes

text: luxury

text: vehicles

text: Audi

text: oversees

text: worldwide

text: operations

text: from

text: its

text: headquarters

text: in

text: Ingolstadt

text: Bavaria

text: Germany

text: Audi

text: branded

text: vehicles

text: are

text: produced

text: in

text: nine

text: production

text: facilities

text: worldwide

text: N (named "en" ) is the 14th letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

text: named

text: en

text: is

text: the

text: letter

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: English

text: alphabet

text: and

text: the

text: ISO

text: basic

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the period of European history generally comprising the 14th and 15th centuries (c. 13011500). The Late Middle Ages followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the onset of the early modern era (and, in much of Europe, the Renaissance).

text: The

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: or

text: Late

text: Medieval

text: Period

text: was

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: European

text: history

text: generally

text: comprising

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: The

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: followed

text: the

text: High

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: preceded

text: the

text: onset

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: modern

text: era

text: and

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: Europe

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: The Volkswagen Polo is a supermini car produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen since 1975. It is sold in Europe and other markets worldwide in hatchback, sedan and estate variants.The Polo has been produced in five generations with intermittent facelifts. Related Volkswagen Group models include the Škoda Fabia, SEAT Ibiza and Audi A1.

text: The

text: Volkswagen

text: Polo

text: is

text: supermini

text: car

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: German

text: manufacturer

text: Volkswagen

text: since

text: It

text: is

text: sold

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: other

text: markets

text: worldwide

text: in

text: hatchback

text: sedan

text: and

text: estate

text: variants

text: The

text: Polo

text: has

text: been

text: produced

text: in

text: five

text: generations

text: with

text: intermittent

text: facelifts

text: Related

text: Volkswagen

text: Group

text: models

text: include

text: the

text: Škoda

text: Fabia

text: SEAT

text: Ibiza

text: and

text: Audi

text: Volkswagen Group, or Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft, shortly VW AG, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the largest automaker in the world with sales 10.3 million units. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades. It ranked seventh in the 2016 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies.

text: Volkswagen

text: Group

text: or

text: Volkswagen

text: Aktiengesellschaft

text: shortly

text: VW

text: AG

text: is

text: German

text: multinational

text: automotive

text: manufacturing

text: company

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Wolfsburg

text: Lower

text: Saxony

text: Germany

text: It

text: designs

text: manufactures

text: and

text: distributes

text: passenger

text: and

text: commercial

text: vehicles

text: motorcycles

text: engines

text: and

text: turbomachinery

text: and

text: offers

text: related

text: services

text: including

text: financing

text: leasing

text: and

text: fleet

text: management

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: automaker

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: sales

text: million

text: units

text: It

text: has

text: maintained

text: the

text: largest

text: market

text: share

text: in

text: Europe

text: for

text: over

text: two

text: decades

text: It

text: ranked

text: seventh

text: in

text: the

text: Fortune

text: Global

text: list

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: companies

text: In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.

text: In

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Europe

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: or

text: medieval

text: period

text: lasted

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: The

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: is

text: the

text: middle

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: traditional

text: divisions

text: of

text: Western

text: history

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: the

text: medieval

text: period

text: and

text: the

text: modern

text: period

text: The

text: medieval

text: period

text: is

text: itself

text: subdivided

text: into

text: the

text: Early

text: High

text: and

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Roman numerals, as used today, are based on seven symbols:

text: The

text: numeric

text: system

text: represented

text: by

text: Roman

text: numerals

text: originated

text: in

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: and

text: remained

text: the

text: usual

text: way

text: of

text: writing

text: numbers

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: well

text: into

text: the

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Numbers

text: in

text: this

text: system

text: are

text: represented

text: by

text: combinations

text: of

text: letters

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: Roman

text: numerals

text: as

text: used

text: today

text: are

text: based

text: on

text: seven

text: symbols

text: Latin (Latin: ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets.

text: Latin

text: Latin

text: is

text: classical

text: language

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Italic

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: The

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Etruscan

text: and

text: Greek

text: alphabets

text: The SEAT Ibiza is a supermini car manufactured by the Spanish automaker SEAT since 1984. It is SEAT's best-selling car. The Ibiza is named after the Spanish island of Ibiza, and its use in the supermini car was the second nomenclature in naming models after Spanish cities, after the SEAT Ronda.

text: The

text: SEAT

text: Ibiza

text: is

text: supermini

text: car

text: manufactured

text: by

text: the

text: Spanish

text: automaker

text: SEAT

text: since

text: It

text: is

text: SEAT

text: 's

text: best

text: selling

text: car

text: The

text: Ibiza

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Spanish

text: island

text: of

text: Ibiza

text: and

text: its

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: supermini

text: car

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: nomenclature

text: in

text: naming

text: models

text: after

text: Spanish

text: cities

text: after

text: the

text: SEAT

text: Ronda

text: The classical Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is a writing system originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. The Latin alphabet evolved from the visually similar Cumaean Greek version of the Greek alphabet, which was itself descended from the Phoenician abjad, which in turn was derived from Egyptian hieroglyphics. The Etruscans who ruled early Rome adopted the Cumaean Greek alphabet which was modified over time to become the Etruscan alphabet, which was in turn adopted and further modified by the Romans to produce the Latin alphabet.

text: The

text: classical

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Roman

text: alphabet

text: is

text: writing

text: system

text: originally

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: ancient

text: Romans

text: to

text: write

text: the

text: Latin

text: language

text: The

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: evolved

text: from

text: the

text: visually

text: similar

text: Cumaean

text: Greek

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: alphabet

text: which

text: was

text: itself

text: descended

text: from

text: the

text: Phoenician

text: abjad

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: was

text: derived

text: from

text: Egyptian

text: hieroglyphics

text: The

text: Etruscans

text: who

text: ruled

text: early

text: Rome

text: adopted

text: the

text: Cumaean

text: Greek

text: alphabet

text: which

text: was

text: modified

text: over

text: time

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: Etruscan

text: alphabet

text: which

text: was

text: in

text: turn

text: adopted

text: and

text: further

text: modified

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: to

text: produce

text: the

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: The Audi A1 (internally designated Typ 8X) is a supermini sized economy car launched by Audi at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show. Sales of the initial three door A1 model started in Germany in August 2010, with the United Kingdom following in November 2010. A five-door version, called Sportback, was launched in November 2011, with sales starting in export markets during spring 2012.

text: The

text: Audi

text: internally

text: designated

text: Typ

text: is

text: supermini

text: sized

text: economy

text: car

text: launched

text: by

text: Audi

text: at

text: the

text: Geneva

text: Motor

text: Show

text: Sales

text: of

text: the

text: initial

text: three

text: door

text: model

text: started

text: in

text: Germany

text: in

text: August

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: following

text: in

text: November

text: five

text: door

text: version

text: called

text: Sportback

text: was

text: launched

text: in

text: November

text: with

text: sales

text: starting

text: in

text: export

text: markets

text: during

text: spring

text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text: Volkswagen (- ; shortened to VW) is a German automaker founded on 4 January 1937 by the German Labour Front, headquartered in Wolfsburg, Germany. It is the flagship marque of the Volkswagen Group and is the largest automaker worldwide currently.

text: Volkswagen

text: shortened

text: to

text: VW

text: is

text: German

text: automaker

text: founded

text: on

text: January

text: by

text: the

text: German

text: Labour

text: Front

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Wolfsburg

text: Germany

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: flagship

text: marque

text: of

text: the

text: Volkswagen

text: Group

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: automaker

text: worldwide

text: currently

text: The Volkswagen Polo Mk1 ( sometimes written in Roman numerals as Mark I ) is the first generation of the Volkswagen Polo supermini . It was produced from 1975 until 1981 .

text: The

text: Volkswagen

text: Polo

text: sometimes

text: written

text: in

text: Roman

text: numerals

text: as

text: Mark

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: generation

text: of

text: the

text: Volkswagen

text: Polo

text: supermini

text: It

text: was

text: produced

text: from

text: until

text: A hatchback is a car body configuration with a rear door that swings upward to provide access to a cargo area. Hatchbacks may feature fold-down second row seating, where the interior can be flexibly reconfigured to prioritize passenger vs. cargo volume. Hatchbacks may feature two- or three-box design.

text: hatchback

text: is

text: car

text: body

text: configuration

text: with

text: rear

text: door

text: that

text: swings

text: upward

text: to

text: provide

text: access

text: to

text: cargo

text: area

text: Hatchbacks

text: may

text: feature

text: fold

text: down

text: second

text: row

text: seating

text: where

text: the

text: interior

text: can

text: be

text: flexibly

text: reconfigured

text: to

text: prioritize

text: passenger

text: vs.

text: cargo

text: volume

text: Hatchbacks

text: may

text: feature

text: two-

text: or

text: three

text: box

text: design

question: subclass_of volkswagen polo mk1

answer: automobile

text: automobile

text: automobile