text:
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity and drinking alcohol. Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants. In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human papillomavirus (HPV). These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell. Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops. Approximately 510% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person's parents. Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests. It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy.
Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat, and avoiding too much sunlight exposure. Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer. The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial. Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Pain and symptom management are an important part of care. Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease. The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment. In children under 15 at diagnosis the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80%. For cancer in the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66%.
In 2012 about 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred globally (not including skin cancer other than melanoma). It caused about 8.2 million deaths or 14.6% of human deaths. The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer. In females, the most common types are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and cervical cancer. If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancers each year it would account for around 40% of cases. In children, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and brain tumors are most common except in Africa where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often. In 2012, about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer. The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries. Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world. The financial costs of cancer were estimated at $1.16 trillion US dollars per year as of 2010.
Definitions.
Cancers are a large family of diseases that involve abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. They form a subset of neoplasms. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely.

text: Cancer

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: diseases

text: involving

text: abnormal

text: cell

text: growth

text: with

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: invade

text: or

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Not

text: all

text: tumors

text: are

text: cancerous

text: benign

text: tumors

text: do

text: not

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Possible

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: include

text: lump

text: abnormal

text: bleeding

text: prolonged

text: cough

text: unexplained

text: weight

text: loss

text: and

text: change

text: in

text: bowel

text: movements

text: While

text: these

text: symptoms

text: may

text: indicate

text: cancer

text: they

text: may

text: have

text: other

text: causes

text: Over

text: types

text: of

text: cancers

text: affect

text: humans

text: Tobacco

text: use

text: is

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: cancer

text: deaths

text: Another

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: obesity

text: poor

text: diet

text: lack

text: of

text: physical

text: activity

text: and

text: drinking

text: alcohol

text: Other

text: factors

text: include

text: certain

text: infections

text: exposure

text: to

text: ionizing

text: radiation

text: and

text: environmental

text: pollutants

text: In

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: nearly

text: of

text: cancers

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: infections

text: such

text: as

text: hepatitis

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: human

text: papillomavirus

text: HPV

text: These

text: factors

text: act

text: at

text: least

text: partly

text: by

text: changing

text: the

text: genes

text: of

text: cell

text: Typically

text: many

text: genetic

text: changes

text: are

text: required

text: before

text: cancer

text: develops

text: Approximately

text: of

text: cancers

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: inherited

text: genetic

text: defects

text: from

text: person

text: 's

text: parents

text: Cancer

text: can

text: be

text: detected

text: by

text: certain

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: or

text: screening

text: tests

text: It

text: is

text: then

text: typically

text: further

text: investigated

text: by

text: medical

text: imaging

text: and

text: confirmed

text: by

text: biopsy

text: Many

text: cancers

text: can

text: be

text: prevented

text: by

text: not

text: smoking

text: maintaining

text: healthy

text: weight

text: not

text: drinking

text: too

text: much

text: alcohol

text: eating

text: plenty

text: of

text: vegetables

text: fruits

text: and

text: whole

text: grains

text: vaccination

text: against

text: certain

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: not

text: eating

text: too

text: much

text: processed

text: and

text: red

text: meat

text: and

text: avoiding

text: too

text: much

text: sunlight

text: exposure

text: Early

text: detection

text: through

text: screening

text: is

text: useful

text: for

text: cervical

text: and

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: The

text: benefits

text: of

text: screening

text: in

text: breast

text: cancer

text: are

text: controversial

text: Cancer

text: is

text: often

text: treated

text: with

text: some

text: combination

text: of

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: surgery

text: chemotherapy

text: and

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: Pain

text: and

text: symptom

text: management

text: are

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: care

text: Palliative

text: care

text: is

text: particularly

text: important

text: in

text: people

text: with

text: advanced

text: disease

text: The

text: chance

text: of

text: survival

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: cancer

text: and

text: extent

text: of

text: disease

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: treatment

text: In

text: children

text: under

text: at

text: diagnosis

text: the

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rate

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: is

text: on

text: average

text: For

text: cancer

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: average

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rate

text: is

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: of

text: cancer

text: occurred

text: globally

text: not

text: including

text: skin

text: cancer

text: other

text: than

text: melanoma

text: It

text: caused

text: about

text: million

text: deaths

text: or

text: of

text: human

text: deaths

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: of

text: cancer

text: in

text: males

text: are

text: lung

text: cancer

text: prostate

text: cancer

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: and

text: stomach

text: cancer

text: In

text: females

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: are

text: breast

text: cancer

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: lung

text: cancer

text: and

text: cervical

text: cancer

text: If

text: skin

text: cancer

text: other

text: than

text: melanoma

text: were

text: included

text: in

text: total

text: new

text: cancers

text: each

text: year

text: it

text: would

text: account

text: for

text: around

text: of

text: cases

text: In

text: children

text: acute

text: lymphoblastic

text: leukaemia

text: and

text: brain

text: tumors

text: are

text: most

text: common

text: except

text: in

text: Africa

text: where

text: non

text: Hodgkin

text: lymphoma

text: occurs

text: more

text: often

text: In

text: about

text: children

text: under

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: were

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: cancer

text: The

text: risk

text: of

text: cancer

text: increases

text: significantly

text: with

text: age

text: and

text: many

text: cancers

text: occur

text: more

text: commonly

text: in

text: developed

text: countries

text: Rates

text: are

text: increasing

text: as

text: more

text: people

text: live

text: to

text: an

text: old

text: age

text: and

text: as

text: lifestyle

text: changes

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: The

text: financial

text: costs

text: of

text: cancer

text: were

text: estimated

text: at

text: trillion

text: US

text: dollars

text: per

text: year

text: as

text: of

text: Definitions

text: Cancers

text: are

text: large

text: family

text: of

text: diseases

text: that

text: involve

text: abnormal

text: cell

text: growth

text: with

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: invade

text: or

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: They

text: form

text: subset

text: of

text: neoplasms

text: neoplasm

text: or

text: tumor

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: cells

text: that

text: have

text: undergone

text: unregulated

text: growth

text: and

text: will

text: often

text: form

text: mass

text: or

text: lump

text: but

text: may

text: be

text: distributed

text: diffusely

text: Cachexia (from Greek  "kakos" "bad" and  "hexis" "condition") or wasting syndrome is loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight. The formal definition of cachexia is decrease of body mass, less fatty tissue accumulation that cannot be reversed nutritionally: Even if the affected patient eats more calories, lean body mass will be lost, indicating a primary pathology is in place.

text: Cachexia

text: from

text: Greek

text: kakos

text: bad

text: and

text: hexis

text: condition

text: or

text: wasting

text: syndrome

text: is

text: loss

text: of

text: weight

text: muscle

text: atrophy

text: fatigue

text: weakness

text: and

text: significant

text: loss

text: of

text: appetite

text: in

text: someone

text: who

text: is

text: not

text: actively

text: trying

text: to

text: lose

text: weight

text: The

text: formal

text: definition

text: of

text: cachexia

text: is

text: decrease

text: of

text: body

text: mass

text: less

text: fatty

text: tissue

text: accumulation

text: that

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: reversed

text: nutritionally

text: Even

text: if

text: the

text: affected

text: patient

text: eats

text: more

text: calories

text: lean

text: body

text: mass

text: will

text: be

text: lost

text: indicating

text: primary

text: pathology

text: is

text: in

text: place

text:
The endocrine system is the collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs. The phenomenon of biochemical processes' serving to regulate distant tissues by means of secretions directly into the circulatory system is called endocrine signaling. The major endocrine glands include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and adrenal glands. The endocrine system is in contrast to the exocrine system, which secretes its hormones to the outside of the body using ducts. The endocrine system is an information signal system like the nervous system, yet its effects and mechanism are classifiably different. The endocrine system's effects are slow to initiate, and prolonged in their response, lasting from a few hours up to weeks. The nervous system sends information very quickly, and responses are generally short lived. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. The field of study dealing with the endocrine system and its disorders is endocrinology, a branch of internal medicine.
Special features of endocrine glands are, in general, their ductless nature, their vascularity, and commonly the presence of intracellular vacuoles or granules that store their hormones. In contrast, exocrine glands, such as salivary glands, sweat glands, and glands within the gastrointestinal tract, tend to be much less vascular and have ducts or a hollow lumen.

text: The

text: endocrine

text: system

text: is

text: the

text: collection

text: of

text: glands

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: that

text: secrete

text: hormones

text: directly

text: into

text: the

text: circulatory

text: system

text: to

text: be

text: carried

text: towards

text: distant

text: target

text: organs

text: The

text: phenomenon

text: of

text: biochemical

text: processes

text: serving

text: to

text: regulate

text: distant

text: tissues

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: secretions

text: directly

text: into

text: the

text: circulatory

text: system

text: is

text: called

text: endocrine

text: signaling

text: The

text: major

text: endocrine

text: glands

text: include

text: the

text: pineal

text: gland

text: pituitary

text: gland

text: pancreas

text: ovaries

text: testes

text: thyroid

text: gland

text: parathyroid

text: gland

text: and

text: adrenal

text: glands

text: The

text: endocrine

text: system

text: is

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: exocrine

text: system

text: which

text: secretes

text: its

text: hormones

text: to

text: the

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: using

text: ducts

text: The

text: endocrine

text: system

text: is

text: an

text: information

text: signal

text: system

text: like

text: the

text: nervous

text: system

text: yet

text: its

text: effects

text: and

text: mechanism

text: are

text: classifiably

text: different

text: The

text: endocrine

text: system

text: 's

text: effects

text: are

text: slow

text: to

text: initiate

text: and

text: prolonged

text: in

text: their

text: response

text: lasting

text: from

text: few

text: hours

text: up

text: to

text: weeks

text: The

text: nervous

text: system

text: sends

text: information

text: very

text: quickly

text: and

text: responses

text: are

text: generally

text: short

text: lived

text: In

text: vertebrates

text: the

text: hypothalamus

text: is

text: the

text: neural

text: control

text: center

text: for

text: all

text: endocrine

text: systems

text: The

text: field

text: of

text: study

text: dealing

text: with

text: the

text: endocrine

text: system

text: and

text: its

text: disorders

text: is

text: endocrinology

text: branch

text: of

text: internal

text: medicine

text: Special

text: features

text: of

text: endocrine

text: glands

text: are

text: in

text: general

text: their

text: ductless

text: nature

text: their

text: vascularity

text: and

text: commonly

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: intracellular

text: vacuoles

text: or

text: granules

text: that

text: store

text: their

text: hormones

text: In

text: contrast

text: exocrine

text: glands

text: such

text: as

text: salivary

text: glands

text: sweat

text: glands

text: and

text: glands

text: within

text: the

text: gastrointestinal

text: tract

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: much

text: less

text: vascular

text: and

text: have

text: ducts

text: or

text: hollow

text: lumen

text:
Acromegaly is a disorder that results from excess growth hormone (GH) after the growth plates have closed. The initial symptom is typically enlargement of the hands and feet. There may also be enlargement of the forehead, jaw, and nose. Other symptoms may include joint pain, thicker skin, deepening of the voice, headaches, and problems with vision. Complications of the disease may include type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, and high blood pressure.
Acromegaly is typically due to the pituitary gland producing too much growth hormone. In more than 95% of people the excess production is due to a benign tumor, known as a pituitary adenoma. The condition is not inherited from a person's parents. Rarely acromegally is due to tumors in other parts of the body. Diagnosis is by measuring growth hormone after a person has drunk glucose or by measuring insulin-like growth factor I in the blood. After diagnosis, medical imaging of the pituitary is carried out to look for an adenoma. If excess growth hormone is produced during childhood the result is gigantism.
Treatment option include surgery to remove the tumor, medications, and radiation therapy. Surgery is usually the preferred treatment and is most effective when the tumor is smaller. In those in whom surgery is not effective, medications of the somatostatin analogue or GH receptor antagonist type may be used. The effects of radiation therapy are more gradual than that of surgery or medication. Without treatment those affected live on average 10 years less; however, with treatment life expectancy is typically normal.
Acromegaly affects about 6 per 100,000 people. It is most commonly diagnosed in middle age. Males and females are affected with equal frequency. The first medical description of the disorder occurred in 1772 by Nicolas Saucerotte. The term is from Greek "akron" meaning "extremity" and "mega" meaning "large".
Signs and symptoms.
Features that result from high level of GH or expanding tumor include:

text: Acromegaly

text: is

text: disorder

text: that

text: results

text: from

text: excess

text: growth

text: hormone

text: GH

text: after

text: the

text: growth

text: plates

text: have

text: closed

text: The

text: initial

text: symptom

text: is

text: typically

text: enlargement

text: of

text: the

text: hands

text: and

text: feet

text: There

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: enlargement

text: of

text: the

text: forehead

text: jaw

text: and

text: nose

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: joint

text: pain

text: thicker

text: skin

text: deepening

text: of

text: the

text: voice

text: headaches

text: and

text: problems

text: with

text: vision

text: Complications

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: may

text: include

text: type

text: diabetes

text: sleep

text: apnea

text: and

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: Acromegaly

text: is

text: typically

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: pituitary

text: gland

text: producing

text: too

text: much

text: growth

text: hormone

text: In

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: people

text: the

text: excess

text: production

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: benign

text: tumor

text: known

text: as

text: pituitary

text: adenoma

text: The

text: condition

text: is

text: not

text: inherited

text: from

text: person

text: 's

text: parents

text: Rarely

text: acromegally

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: tumors

text: in

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: by

text: measuring

text: growth

text: hormone

text: after

text: person

text: has

text: drunk

text: glucose

text: or

text: by

text: measuring

text: insulin

text: like

text: growth

text: factor

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: After

text: diagnosis

text: medical

text: imaging

text: of

text: the

text: pituitary

text: is

text: carried

text: out

text: to

text: look

text: for

text: an

text: adenoma

text: If

text: excess

text: growth

text: hormone

text: is

text: produced

text: during

text: childhood

text: the

text: result

text: is

text: gigantism

text: Treatment

text: option

text: include

text: surgery

text: to

text: remove

text: the

text: tumor

text: medications

text: and

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: Surgery

text: is

text: usually

text: the

text: preferred

text: treatment

text: and

text: is

text: most

text: effective

text: when

text: the

text: tumor

text: is

text: smaller

text: In

text: those

text: in

text: whom

text: surgery

text: is

text: not

text: effective

text: medications

text: of

text: the

text: somatostatin

text: analogue

text: or

text: GH

text: receptor

text: antagonist

text: type

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: The

text: effects

text: of

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: are

text: more

text: gradual

text: than

text: that

text: of

text: surgery

text: or

text: medication

text: Without

text: treatment

text: those

text: affected

text: live

text: on

text: average

text: years

text: less

text: however

text: with

text: treatment

text: life

text: expectancy

text: is

text: typically

text: normal

text: Acromegaly

text: affects

text: about

text: per

text: people

text: It

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: diagnosed

text: in

text: middle

text: age

text: Males

text: and

text: females

text: are

text: affected

text: with

text: equal

text: frequency

text: The

text: first

text: medical

text: description

text: of

text: the

text: disorder

text: occurred

text: in

text: by

text: Nicolas

text: Saucerotte

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: from

text: Greek

text: akron

text: meaning

text: extremity

text: and

text: mega

text: meaning

text: large

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: Features

text: that

text: result

text: from

text: high

text: level

text: of

text: GH

text: or

text: expanding

text: tumor

text: include

text:
Stillbirth is typically defined as fetal death at or after 20 to 28 weeks of pregnancy. It results in a baby born without signs of life. A stillbirth can result in the feeling of guilt in the mother. The term is in contrast to miscarriage which is an early pregnancy loss and live birth where the baby is born alive, even if it dies shortly after.
Often the cause is unknown. Causes may include pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and birth complications, problems with the placenta or umbilical cord, birth defects, infections such as malaria, and poor health in the mother. Risk factors include a mother's age over 35, smoking, drug use, use of assisted reproductive technology, and first pregnancy. Stillbirth may be suspected when no fetal movement is felt. Confirmation is by ultrasound.
Worldwide prevention of most stillbirths is possible with improved health systems. About half of stillbirths occur during childbirth, with this being more common in the developing than developed world. Otherwise depending on how far along the pregnancy is, medications may be used to start labor or a type of surgery known as dilation and evacuation may be carried out. Following a stillbirth, women are at higher risk of another one; however, most subsequent pregnancies do not have similar problems. Depression, financial loss, and family breakdown are known complications.
Worldwide in 2015 there were about 2.6 million stillbirths that occurred after 28 weeks of pregnancy (about 1 for every 45 births). They occur most commonly in the developing world, particularly South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. In the United States for every 167 births there is one stillbirth. Rates of stillbirth in the United States have decreased by about 2/3rds since the 1950s.
Definition.
There are a number of definitions for stillbirth. To allow comparison, the World Health Organization recommends that any baby born without signs of life at greater than or equal to 28 completed weeks' gestation be classified as a stillbirth. Others use greater than any combination of 16, 20, 22, 24, or 28 weeks gestational age or 350g, 400g, 500g, or 1000g birth weight may be considered stillborn.

text: Stillbirth

text: is

text: typically

text: defined

text: as

text: fetal

text: death

text: at

text: or

text: after

text: to

text: weeks

text: of

text: pregnancy

text: It

text: results

text: in

text: baby

text: born

text: without

text: signs

text: of

text: life

text: stillbirth

text: can

text: result

text: in

text: the

text: feeling

text: of

text: guilt

text: in

text: the

text: mother

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: miscarriage

text: which

text: is

text: an

text: early

text: pregnancy

text: loss

text: and

text: live

text: birth

text: where

text: the

text: baby

text: is

text: born

text: alive

text: even

text: if

text: it

text: dies

text: shortly

text: after

text: Often

text: the

text: cause

text: is

text: unknown

text: Causes

text: may

text: include

text: pregnancy

text: complications

text: such

text: as

text: preeclampsia

text: and

text: birth

text: complications

text: problems

text: with

text: the

text: placenta

text: or

text: umbilical

text: cord

text: birth

text: defects

text: infections

text: such

text: as

text: malaria

text: and

text: poor

text: health

text: in

text: the

text: mother

text: Risk

text: factors

text: include

text: mother

text: 's

text: age

text: over

text: smoking

text: drug

text: use

text: use

text: of

text: assisted

text: reproductive

text: technology

text: and

text: first

text: pregnancy

text: Stillbirth

text: may

text: be

text: suspected

text: when

text: no

text: fetal

text: movement

text: is

text: felt

text: Confirmation

text: is

text: by

text: ultrasound

text: Worldwide

text: prevention

text: of

text: most

text: stillbirths

text: is

text: possible

text: with

text: improved

text: health

text: systems

text: About

text: half

text: of

text: stillbirths

text: occur

text: during

text: childbirth

text: with

text: this

text: being

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: than

text: developed

text: world

text: Otherwise

text: depending

text: on

text: how

text: far

text: along

text: the

text: pregnancy

text: is

text: medications

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: start

text: labor

text: or

text: type

text: of

text: surgery

text: known

text: as

text: dilation

text: and

text: evacuation

text: may

text: be

text: carried

text: out

text: Following

text: stillbirth

text: women

text: are

text: at

text: higher

text: risk

text: of

text: another

text: one

text: however

text: most

text: subsequent

text: pregnancies

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: similar

text: problems

text: Depression

text: financial

text: loss

text: and

text: family

text: breakdown

text: are

text: known

text: complications

text: Worldwide

text: in

text: there

text: were

text: about

text: million

text: stillbirths

text: that

text: occurred

text: after

text: weeks

text: of

text: pregnancy

text: about

text: for

text: every

text: births

text: They

text: occur

text: most

text: commonly

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: particularly

text: South

text: Asia

text: and

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: every

text: births

text: there

text: is

text: one

text: stillbirth

text: Rates

text: of

text: stillbirth

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: have

text: decreased

text: by

text: about

text: since

text: the

text: Definition

text: There

text: are

text: number

text: of

text: definitions

text: for

text: stillbirth

text: To

text: allow

text: comparison

text: the

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: recommends

text: that

text: any

text: baby

text: born

text: without

text: signs

text: of

text: life

text: at

text: greater

text: than

text: or

text: equal

text: to

text: completed

text: weeks

text: gestation

text: be

text: classified

text: as

text: stillbirth

text: Others

text: use

text: greater

text: than

text: any

text: combination

text: of

text: or

text: weeks

text: gestational

text: age

text: or

text: or

text: birth

text: weight

text: may

text: be

text: considered

text: stillborn

text:
Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels. It is commonly associated with itchiness. The feces may be pale and the urine dark. Jaundice in babies occurs in over half in the first week following birth and in most is not a problem. If bilirubin levels in babies are very high for too long a type of brain damage, known as kernicterus, may occur.
Causes of jaundice vary from non-serious to potentially fatal. Levels of bilirubin in blood are normally below 1.0 mg/dL (17 µmol/L) and levels over 2-3 mg/dL (34-51 µmol/L) typically results in jaundice. High bilirubin is divided into two types: unconjugated (indirect) and conjugated (direct). Conjugated bilirubin can be confirmed by finding bilirubin in the urine. Other conditions that can cause yellowish skin but are not jaundice include carotenemia from eating large amounts of certain foods and medications like rifampin.
High unconjugated bilirubin may be due to excess red blood cell breakdown, large bruises, genetic conditions such as Gilbert's syndrome, no eating for a prolonged period of time, newborn jaundice, or thyroid problems. High conjugated bilirubin may be due to liver diseases such as cirrhosis or hepatitis, infections, medications, or blockage of the bile duct. In the developed world the cause is more often blockage of the bile duct or medications while in the developing world it is more often infections such as viral hepatitis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, or malaria. Blockage of the bile duct may occur due to gallstones, cancer, or pancreatitis. Medical imaging such as ultrasound is useful for detecting bile duct blockage.
Treatment of jaundice is typically determined by the underlying cause. If a bile duct blockage is present surgery is typically required, otherwise management is medical. Medical management may involve treating infectious causes and stopping medication that could be contributing. Among newborns, depending on age and prematurity, a bilirubin greater than 4-21 mg/dL (68-360 µmol/L) may be treated with phototherapy or exchanged transfusion. The itchiness may be helped by draining the gallbladder or ursodeoxycholic acid. The word "jaundice" is from the French "jaunisse", meaning "yellow disease".

text: Jaundice

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: icterus

text: is

text: yellowish

text: or

text: greenish

text: pigmentation

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: and

text: whites

text: of

text: the

text: eyes

text: due

text: to

text: high

text: bilirubin

text: levels

text: It

text: is

text: commonly

text: associated

text: with

text: itchiness

text: The

text: feces

text: may

text: be

text: pale

text: and

text: the

text: urine

text: dark

text: Jaundice

text: in

text: babies

text: occurs

text: in

text: over

text: half

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: week

text: following

text: birth

text: and

text: in

text: most

text: is

text: not

text: problem

text: If

text: bilirubin

text: levels

text: in

text: babies

text: are

text: very

text: high

text: for

text: too

text: long

text: type

text: of

text: brain

text: damage

text: known

text: as

text: kernicterus

text: may

text: occur

text: Causes

text: of

text: jaundice

text: vary

text: from

text: non

text: serious

text: to

text: potentially

text: fatal

text: Levels

text: of

text: bilirubin

text: in

text: blood

text: are

text: normally

text: below

text: mg

text: dL

text: µmol

text: and

text: levels

text: over

text: mg

text: dL

text: µmol

text: typically

text: results

text: in

text: jaundice

text: High

text: bilirubin

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: types

text: unconjugated

text: indirect

text: and

text: conjugated

text: direct

text: Conjugated

text: bilirubin

text: can

text: be

text: confirmed

text: by

text: finding

text: bilirubin

text: in

text: the

text: urine

text: Other

text: conditions

text: that

text: can

text: cause

text: yellowish

text: skin

text: but

text: are

text: not

text: jaundice

text: include

text: carotenemia

text: from

text: eating

text: large

text: amounts

text: of

text: certain

text: foods

text: and

text: medications

text: like

text: rifampin

text: High

text: unconjugated

text: bilirubin

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: excess

text: red

text: blood

text: cell

text: breakdown

text: large

text: bruises

text: genetic

text: conditions

text: such

text: as

text: Gilbert

text: 's

text: syndrome

text: no

text: eating

text: for

text: prolonged

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: newborn

text: jaundice

text: or

text: thyroid

text: problems

text: High

text: conjugated

text: bilirubin

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: liver

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: cirrhosis

text: or

text: hepatitis

text: infections

text: medications

text: or

text: blockage

text: of

text: the

text: bile

text: duct

text: In

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: the

text: cause

text: is

text: more

text: often

text: blockage

text: of

text: the

text: bile

text: duct

text: or

text: medications

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: it

text: is

text: more

text: often

text: infections

text: such

text: as

text: viral

text: hepatitis

text: leptospirosis

text: schistosomiasis

text: or

text: malaria

text: Blockage

text: of

text: the

text: bile

text: duct

text: may

text: occur

text: due

text: to

text: gallstones

text: cancer

text: or

text: pancreatitis

text: Medical

text: imaging

text: such

text: as

text: ultrasound

text: is

text: useful

text: for

text: detecting

text: bile

text: duct

text: blockage

text: Treatment

text: of

text: jaundice

text: is

text: typically

text: determined

text: by

text: the

text: underlying

text: cause

text: If

text: bile

text: duct

text: blockage

text: is

text: present

text: surgery

text: is

text: typically

text: required

text: otherwise

text: management

text: is

text: medical

text: Medical

text: management

text: may

text: involve

text: treating

text: infectious

text: causes

text: and

text: stopping

text: medication

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: contributing

text: Among

text: newborns

text: depending

text: on

text: age

text: and

text: prematurity

text: bilirubin

text: greater

text: than

text: mg

text: dL

text: µmol

text: may

text: be

text: treated

text: with

text: phototherapy

text: or

text: exchanged

text: transfusion

text: The

text: itchiness

text: may

text: be

text: helped

text: by

text: draining

text: the

text: gallbladder

text: or

text: ursodeoxycholic

text: acid

text: The

text: word

text: jaundice

text: is

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: jaunisse

text: meaning

text: yellow

text: disease

text:
Gestational diabetes also known as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), is when a woman without diabetes, develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes generally results in few symptoms; however, it does increase the risk of pre-eclampsia, depression, and requiring a Caesarean section. Babies born to mothers with poorly treated gestational diabetes are at increased risk of being too large, having low blood sugar after birth, and jaundice. If untreated, it can also result in a stillbirth. Long term, children are at higher risk of being overweight and developing type 2 diabetes.
Gestational diabetes is caused by not enough insulin in the setting of insulin resistance. Risk factors include being overweight, previously having gestational diabetes, a family history of type 2 diabetes, and having polycystic ovarian syndrome. Diagnosis is by blood tests. For those at normal risk screening is recommended between 24 and 28 weeks gestation. For those at high risk testing may occur at the first prenatal visit.
Prevention is by maintaining a healthy weight and exercising before pregnancy. Gestational diabetes is a treated with a diabetic diet, exercise, and possibly insulin injections. Most women are able to manage their blood sugar with a diet and exercise. Blood sugar testing among those who are affected is often recommended four times a day. Breastfeeding is recommended as soon as possible after birth.
Gestational diabetes affects 39% of pregnancies, depending on the population studied. It is especially common during the last third of pregnancy. It affects 1% of those under the age of 20 and 13% of those over the age of 44. A number of ethnic groups including Asians, American Indians, Indigenous Australians, and Pacific Islanders are at higher risk. In 90% of people gestational diabetes will resolve after the baby is born. Women, however, are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Classification.
Gestational diabetes is formally defined as "any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy". This definition acknowledges the possibility that a woman may have previously undiagnosed diabetes mellitus, or may have developed diabetes coincidentally with pregnancy. Whether symptoms subside after pregnancy is also irrelevant to the diagnosis.
A woman is diagnosed with gestational diabetes when glucose intolerance continues beyond 2428 weeks of gestation.

text: Gestational

text: diabetes

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: gestational

text: diabetes

text: mellitus

text: GDM

text: is

text: when

text: woman

text: without

text: diabetes

text: develops

text: high

text: blood

text: sugar

text: levels

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: Gestational

text: diabetes

text: generally

text: results

text: in

text: few

text: symptoms

text: however

text: it

text: does

text: increase

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: pre

text: eclampsia

text: depression

text: and

text: requiring

text: Caesarean

text: section

text: Babies

text: born

text: to

text: mothers

text: with

text: poorly

text: treated

text: gestational

text: diabetes

text: are

text: at

text: increased

text: risk

text: of

text: being

text: too

text: large

text: having

text: low

text: blood

text: sugar

text: after

text: birth

text: and

text: jaundice

text: If

text: untreated

text: it

text: can

text: also

text: result

text: in

text: stillbirth

text: Long

text: term

text: children

text: are

text: at

text: higher

text: risk

text: of

text: being

text: overweight

text: and

text: developing

text: type

text: diabetes

text: Gestational

text: diabetes

text: is

text: caused

text: by

text: not

text: enough

text: insulin

text: in

text: the

text: setting

text: of

text: insulin

text: resistance

text: Risk

text: factors

text: include

text: being

text: overweight

text: previously

text: having

text: gestational

text: diabetes

text: family

text: history

text: of

text: type

text: diabetes

text: and

text: having

text: polycystic

text: ovarian

text: syndrome

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: by

text: blood

text: tests

text: For

text: those

text: at

text: normal

text: risk

text: screening

text: is

text: recommended

text: between

text: and

text: weeks

text: gestation

text: For

text: those

text: at

text: high

text: risk

text: testing

text: may

text: occur

text: at

text: the

text: first

text: prenatal

text: visit

text: Prevention

text: is

text: by

text: maintaining

text: healthy

text: weight

text: and

text: exercising

text: before

text: pregnancy

text: Gestational

text: diabetes

text: is

text: treated

text: with

text: diabetic

text: diet

text: exercise

text: and

text: possibly

text: insulin

text: injections

text: Most

text: women

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: manage

text: their

text: blood

text: sugar

text: with

text: diet

text: and

text: exercise

text: Blood

text: sugar

text: testing

text: among

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: affected

text: is

text: often

text: recommended

text: four

text: times

text: day

text: Breastfeeding

text: is

text: recommended

text: as

text: soon

text: as

text: possible

text: after

text: birth

text: Gestational

text: diabetes

text: affects

text: of

text: pregnancies

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: population

text: studied

text: It

text: is

text: especially

text: common

text: during

text: the

text: last

text: third

text: of

text: pregnancy

text: It

text: affects

text: of

text: those

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: and

text: of

text: those

text: over

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: including

text: Asians

text: American

text: Indians

text: Indigenous

text: Australians

text: and

text: Pacific

text: Islanders

text: are

text: at

text: higher

text: risk

text: In

text: of

text: people

text: gestational

text: diabetes

text: will

text: resolve

text: after

text: the

text: baby

text: is

text: born

text: Women

text: however

text: are

text: at

text: an

text: increased

text: risk

text: of

text: developing

text: type

text: diabetes

text: Classification

text: Gestational

text: diabetes

text: is

text: formally

text: defined

text: as

text: any

text: degree

text: of

text: glucose

text: intolerance

text: with

text: onset

text: or

text: first

text: recognition

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: This

text: definition

text: acknowledges

text: the

text: possibility

text: that

text: woman

text: may

text: have

text: previously

text: undiagnosed

text: diabetes

text: mellitus

text: or

text: may

text: have

text: developed

text: diabetes

text: coincidentally

text: with

text: pregnancy

text: Whether

text: symptoms

text: subside

text: after

text: pregnancy

text: is

text: also

text: irrelevant

text: to

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: woman

text: is

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: gestational

text: diabetes

text: when

text: glucose

text: intolerance

text: continues

text: beyond

text: weeks

text: of

text: gestation

text:
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (also known as type 1 diabetes) is a form of diabetes mellitus in which not enough insulin is produced. The lack of insulin results in high blood sugar levels. The classical symptoms are frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, and weight loss. Additional symptoms may include blurry vision, feeling tired, and poor healing. Symptoms typically develop over a short period of time.
The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. However, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors include having a family member with the condition. The underlying mechanism involves an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Diabetes is diagnosed by testing the level of sugar or A1C in the blood. Type 1 diabetes may be distinguished from type 2 by autoantibody testing.
There is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes. Treatment with insulin is typically required for survival. Insulin therapy is usually given by injection just under the skin but can also be delivered by an insulin pump. A diabetic diet and exercise are an important part of management. Untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Complications of relatively rapid onset include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. Long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, foot ulcers and damage to the eyes. Furthermore, complications may arise from low blood sugar caused by excessive insulin treatment.
Type 1 diabetes makes up an estimated 510% of all diabetes cases. The number of people affected globally is unknown, although it is estimated that about 80,000 children develop the disease each year. Within the United States the number of people affected is estimated at one to three million. Rates of disease vary widely with approximately 1 new case per 100,000 per year in East Asia and Latin America and around 30 new cases per 100,000 per year in Scandinavia and Kuwait. It typically begins in children and young adults.

text: Diabetes

text: mellitus

text: type

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: type

text: diabetes

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: diabetes

text: mellitus

text: in

text: which

text: not

text: enough

text: insulin

text: is

text: produced

text: The

text: lack

text: of

text: insulin

text: results

text: in

text: high

text: blood

text: sugar

text: levels

text: The

text: classical

text: symptoms

text: are

text: frequent

text: urination

text: increased

text: thirst

text: increased

text: hunger

text: and

text: weight

text: loss

text: Additional

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: blurry

text: vision

text: feeling

text: tired

text: and

text: poor

text: healing

text: Symptoms

text: typically

text: develop

text: over

text: short

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: The

text: cause

text: of

text: type

text: diabetes

text: is

text: unknown

text: However

text: it

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: involve

text: combination

text: of

text: genetic

text: and

text: environmental

text: factors

text: Risk

text: factors

text: include

text: having

text: family

text: member

text: with

text: the

text: condition

text: The

text: underlying

text: mechanism

text: involves

text: an

text: autoimmune

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: insulin

text: producing

text: beta

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: pancreas

text: Diabetes

text: is

text: diagnosed

text: by

text: testing

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: sugar

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: Type

text: diabetes

text: may

text: be

text: distinguished

text: from

text: type

text: by

text: autoantibody

text: testing

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: known

text: way

text: to

text: prevent

text: type

text: diabetes

text: Treatment

text: with

text: insulin

text: is

text: typically

text: required

text: for

text: survival

text: Insulin

text: therapy

text: is

text: usually

text: given

text: by

text: injection

text: just

text: under

text: the

text: skin

text: but

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: delivered

text: by

text: an

text: insulin

text: pump

text: diabetic

text: diet

text: and

text: exercise

text: are

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: management

text: Untreated

text: diabetes

text: can

text: cause

text: many

text: complications

text: Complications

text: of

text: relatively

text: rapid

text: onset

text: include

text: diabetic

text: ketoacidosis

text: and

text: nonketotic

text: hyperosmolar

text: coma

text: Long

text: term

text: complications

text: include

text: heart

text: disease

text: stroke

text: kidney

text: failure

text: foot

text: ulcers

text: and

text: damage

text: to

text: the

text: eyes

text: Furthermore

text: complications

text: may

text: arise

text: from

text: low

text: blood

text: sugar

text: caused

text: by

text: excessive

text: insulin

text: treatment

text: Type

text: diabetes

text: makes

text: up

text: an

text: estimated

text: of

text: all

text: diabetes

text: cases

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: affected

text: globally

text: is

text: unknown

text: although

text: it

text: is

text: estimated

text: that

text: about

text: children

text: develop

text: the

text: disease

text: each

text: year

text: Within

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: affected

text: is

text: estimated

text: at

text: one

text: to

text: three

text: million

text: Rates

text: of

text: disease

text: vary

text: widely

text: with

text: approximately

text: new

text: case

text: per

text: per

text: year

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: and

text: Latin

text: America

text: and

text: around

text: new

text: cases

text: per

text: per

text: year

text: in

text: Scandinavia

text: and

text: Kuwait

text: It

text: typically

text: begins

text: in

text: children

text: and

text: young

text: adults

text: The glucose tolerance test is a medical test in which glucose is given and blood samples taken afterward to determine how quickly it is cleared from the blood. The test is usually used to test for diabetes, insulin resistance, impaired beta cell function, and sometimes reactive hypoglycemia and acromegaly, or rarer disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. In the most commonly performed version of the test, an "oral glucose tolerance test" (OGTT), a standard dose of glucose is ingested by mouth and blood levels are checked two hours later. Many variations of the GTT have been devised over the years for various purposes, with different standard doses of glucose, different routes of administration, different intervals and durations of sampling, and various substances measured in addition to blood glucose.

text: The

text: glucose

text: tolerance

text: test

text: is

text: medical

text: test

text: in

text: which

text: glucose

text: is

text: given

text: and

text: blood

text: samples

text: taken

text: afterward

text: to

text: determine

text: how

text: quickly

text: it

text: is

text: cleared

text: from

text: the

text: blood

text: The

text: test

text: is

text: usually

text: used

text: to

text: test

text: for

text: diabetes

text: insulin

text: resistance

text: impaired

text: beta

text: cell

text: function

text: and

text: sometimes

text: reactive

text: hypoglycemia

text: and

text: acromegaly

text: or

text: rarer

text: disorders

text: of

text: carbohydrate

text: metabolism

text: In

text: the

text: most

text: commonly

text: performed

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: test

text: an

text: oral

text: glucose

text: tolerance

text: test

text: OGTT

text: standard

text: dose

text: of

text: glucose

text: is

text: ingested

text: by

text: mouth

text: and

text: blood

text: levels

text: are

text: checked

text: two

text: hours

text: later

text: Many

text: variations

text: of

text: the

text: GTT

text: have

text: been

text: devised

text: over

text: the

text: years

text: for

text: various

text: purposes

text: with

text: different

text: standard

text: doses

text: of

text: glucose

text: different

text: routes

text: of

text: administration

text: different

text: intervals

text: and

text: durations

text: of

text: sampling

text: and

text: various

text: substances

text: measured

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: blood

text: glucose

text: Gastric bypass surgery refers to a surgical procedure in which the stomach is divided into a small upper pouch and a much larger lower "remnant" pouch and then the small intestine is rearranged to connect to both. Surgeons have developed several different ways to reconnect the intestine, thus leading to several different gastric bypass (GBP) procedures. Any GBP leads to a marked reduction in the functional volume of the stomach, accompanied by an altered physiological and physical response to food.

text: Gastric

text: bypass

text: surgery

text: refers

text: to

text: surgical

text: procedure

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: stomach

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: small

text: upper

text: pouch

text: and

text: much

text: larger

text: lower

text: remnant

text: pouch

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: small

text: intestine

text: is

text: rearranged

text: to

text: connect

text: to

text: both

text: Surgeons

text: have

text: developed

text: several

text: different

text: ways

text: to

text: reconnect

text: the

text: intestine

text: thus

text: leading

text: to

text: several

text: different

text: gastric

text: bypass

text: GBP

text: procedures

text: Any

text: GBP

text: leads

text: to

text: marked

text: reduction

text: in

text: the

text: functional

text: volume

text: of

text: the

text: stomach

text: accompanied

text: by

text: an

text: altered

text: physiological

text: and

text: physical

text: response

text: to

text: food

text:
Stroke is when poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. They result in part of the brain not functioning properly. Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include an inability to move or feel on one side of the body, problems understanding or speaking, feeling like the world is spinning, or loss of vision to one side. Signs and symptoms often appear soon after the stroke has occurred. If symptoms last less than one or two hours it is known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or mini-stroke. A hemorrhagic stroke may also be associated with a severe headache. The symptoms of a stroke can be permanent. Long-term complications may include pneumonia or loss of bladder control.
The main risk factor for stroke is high blood pressure. Other risk factors include tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, previous TIA, and atrial fibrillation. An ischemic stroke is typically caused by blockage of a blood vessel, though there are also less common causes. A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by either bleeding directly into the brain or into the space between the brain's membranes. Bleeding may occur due to a ruptured brain aneurysm. Diagnosis is typically with medical imaging such as a CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan along with a physical exam. Other tests such as an electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood tests are done to determine risk factors and rule out other possible causes. Low blood sugar may cause similar symptoms.
Prevention includes decreasing risk factors, as well as possibly aspirin, statins, surgery to open up the arteries to the brain in those with problematic narrowing, and warfarin in those with atrial fibrillation. A stroke or TIA often requires emergency care. An ischemic stroke, if detected within three to four and half hours, may be treatable with a medication that can break down the clot. Aspirin should be used. Some hemorrhagic strokes benefit from surgery. Treatment to try recover lost function is called stroke rehabilitation and ideally takes place in a stroke unit; however, these are not available in much of the world.
In 2013 approximately 6.9 million people had an ischemic stroke and 3.4 million people had a hemorrhagic stroke. In 2010 there were about 33 million people who had previously had a stroke and were still alive. Between 1990 and 2010 the number of strokes which occurred each year decreased by approximately 10% in the developed world and increased by 10% in the developing world. In 2013, stroke was the second most frequent cause of death after coronary artery disease, accounting for 6.4 million deaths (12% of the total). About 3.3 million deaths resulted from ischemic stroke while 3.2 million deaths resulted from hemorrhagic stroke. About half of people who have had a stroke live less than one year. Overall, two thirds of strokes occurred in those over 65 years old.

text: Stroke

text: is

text: when

text: poor

text: blood

text: flow

text: to

text: the

text: brain

text: results

text: in

text: cell

text: death

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: stroke

text: ischemic

text: due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: blood

text: flow

text: and

text: hemorrhagic

text: due

text: to

text: bleeding

text: They

text: result

text: in

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: not

text: functioning

text: properly

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: of

text: stroke

text: may

text: include

text: an

text: inability

text: to

text: move

text: or

text: feel

text: on

text: one

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: problems

text: understanding

text: or

text: speaking

text: feeling

text: like

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: spinning

text: or

text: loss

text: of

text: vision

text: to

text: one

text: side

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: often

text: appear

text: soon

text: after

text: the

text: stroke

text: has

text: occurred

text: If

text: symptoms

text: last

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: or

text: two

text: hours

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: transient

text: ischemic

text: attack

text: TIA

text: or

text: mini

text: stroke

text: hemorrhagic

text: stroke

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: associated

text: with

text: severe

text: headache

text: The

text: symptoms

text: of

text: stroke

text: can

text: be

text: permanent

text: Long

text: term

text: complications

text: may

text: include

text: pneumonia

text: or

text: loss

text: of

text: bladder

text: control

text: The

text: main

text: risk

text: factor

text: for

text: stroke

text: is

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: Other

text: risk

text: factors

text: include

text: tobacco

text: smoking

text: obesity

text: high

text: blood

text: cholesterol

text: diabetes

text: mellitus

text: previous

text: TIA

text: and

text: atrial

text: fibrillation

text: An

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: is

text: typically

text: caused

text: by

text: blockage

text: of

text: blood

text: vessel

text: though

text: there

text: are

text: also

text: less

text: common

text: causes

text: hemorrhagic

text: stroke

text: is

text: caused

text: by

text: either

text: bleeding

text: directly

text: into

text: the

text: brain

text: or

text: into

text: the

text: space

text: between

text: the

text: brain

text: 's

text: membranes

text: Bleeding

text: may

text: occur

text: due

text: to

text: ruptured

text: brain

text: aneurysm

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: typically

text: with

text: medical

text: imaging

text: such

text: as

text: CT

text: scan

text: or

text: magnetic

text: resonance

text: imaging

text: MRI

text: scan

text: along

text: with

text: physical

text: exam

text: Other

text: tests

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: electrocardiogram

text: ECG

text: and

text: blood

text: tests

text: are

text: done

text: to

text: determine

text: risk

text: factors

text: and

text: rule

text: out

text: other

text: possible

text: causes

text: Low

text: blood

text: sugar

text: may

text: cause

text: similar

text: symptoms

text: Prevention

text: includes

text: decreasing

text: risk

text: factors

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: possibly

text: aspirin

text: statins

text: surgery

text: to

text: open

text: up

text: the

text: arteries

text: to

text: the

text: brain

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: problematic

text: narrowing

text: and

text: warfarin

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: atrial

text: fibrillation

text: stroke

text: or

text: TIA

text: often

text: requires

text: emergency

text: care

text: An

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: if

text: detected

text: within

text: three

text: to

text: four

text: and

text: half

text: hours

text: may

text: be

text: treatable

text: with

text: medication

text: that

text: can

text: break

text: down

text: the

text: clot

text: Aspirin

text: should

text: be

text: used

text: Some

text: hemorrhagic

text: strokes

text: benefit

text: from

text: surgery

text: Treatment

text: to

text: try

text: recover

text: lost

text: function

text: is

text: called

text: stroke

text: rehabilitation

text: and

text: ideally

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: stroke

text: unit

text: however

text: these

text: are

text: not

text: available

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: had

text: an

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: and

text: million

text: people

text: had

text: hemorrhagic

text: stroke

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: who

text: had

text: previously

text: had

text: stroke

text: and

text: were

text: still

text: alive

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: strokes

text: which

text: occurred

text: each

text: year

text: decreased

text: by

text: approximately

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: and

text: increased

text: by

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: In

text: stroke

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: frequent

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: after

text: coronary

text: artery

text: disease

text: accounting

text: for

text: million

text: deaths

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: About

text: million

text: deaths

text: resulted

text: from

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: while

text: million

text: deaths

text: resulted

text: from

text: hemorrhagic

text: stroke

text: About

text: half

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: have

text: had

text: stroke

text: live

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: year

text: Overall

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: strokes

text: occurred

text: in

text: those

text: over

text: years

text: old

text:
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus. Signs and symptoms may include vomiting, abdominal pain, deep gasping breathing, increased urination, weakness, confusion, and occasionally loss of consciousness. A person's breath may develop a specific smell. Onset of symptoms is usually rapid. In some cases people may not realize they previously had diabetes.
DKA happens most often in those with type 1 diabetes, but can also occur in those with other types of diabetes under certain circumstances. Triggers may include infection, not taking insulin correctly, stroke, and certain medications such as steroids. DKA results from a shortage of insulin; in response the body switches to burning fatty acids which produces acidic ketone bodies. DKA is typically diagnosed when testing finds high blood sugar, low blood pH, and ketoacids in either the blood or urine.
The primary treatment of DKA is with intravenous fluids and insulin. Depending on the severity, insulin may be given intravenously or by injection under the skin. Usually potassium is also needed to prevent the development of low blood potassium. Throughout treatment blood sugar and potassium levels should be regularly checked. Antibiotics may be required in those with an underlying infection. In those with severely low blood pH, sodium bicarbonate may be given; however, its use is of unclear benefit and typically not recommended.
Rates of DKA vary around the world. About 4% of people with type 1 diabetes in United Kingdom develop DKA a year while in Malaysia the condition affects about 25% a year. DKA was first described in 1886 and until the introduction of insulin therapy in the 1920s, it was almost universally fatal. The risk of death with adequate and timely treatment is currently around 14%. Up to 1% of children with DKA develop a complication known as cerebral edema.

text: Diabetic

text: ketoacidosis

text: DKA

text: is

text: potentially

text: life

text: threatening

text: complication

text: of

text: diabetes

text: mellitus

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: vomiting

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: deep

text: gasping

text: breathing

text: increased

text: urination

text: weakness

text: confusion

text: and

text: occasionally

text: loss

text: of

text: consciousness

text: person

text: 's

text: breath

text: may

text: develop

text: specific

text: smell

text: Onset

text: of

text: symptoms

text: is

text: usually

text: rapid

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: people

text: may

text: not

text: realize

text: they

text: previously

text: had

text: diabetes

text: DKA

text: happens

text: most

text: often

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: type

text: diabetes

text: but

text: can

text: also

text: occur

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: diabetes

text: under

text: certain

text: circumstances

text: Triggers

text: may

text: include

text: infection

text: not

text: taking

text: insulin

text: correctly

text: stroke

text: and

text: certain

text: medications

text: such

text: as

text: steroids

text: DKA

text: results

text: from

text: shortage

text: of

text: insulin

text: in

text: response

text: the

text: body

text: switches

text: to

text: burning

text: fatty

text: acids

text: which

text: produces

text: acidic

text: ketone

text: bodies

text: DKA

text: is

text: typically

text: diagnosed

text: when

text: testing

text: finds

text: high

text: blood

text: sugar

text: low

text: blood

text: pH

text: and

text: ketoacids

text: in

text: either

text: the

text: blood

text: or

text: urine

text: The

text: primary

text: treatment

text: of

text: DKA

text: is

text: with

text: intravenous

text: fluids

text: and

text: insulin

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: severity

text: insulin

text: may

text: be

text: given

text: intravenously

text: or

text: by

text: injection

text: under

text: the

text: skin

text: Usually

text: potassium

text: is

text: also

text: needed

text: to

text: prevent

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: low

text: blood

text: potassium

text: Throughout

text: treatment

text: blood

text: sugar

text: and

text: potassium

text: levels

text: should

text: be

text: regularly

text: checked

text: Antibiotics

text: may

text: be

text: required

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: an

text: underlying

text: infection

text: In

text: those

text: with

text: severely

text: low

text: blood

text: pH

text: sodium

text: bicarbonate

text: may

text: be

text: given

text: however

text: its

text: use

text: is

text: of

text: unclear

text: benefit

text: and

text: typically

text: not

text: recommended

text: Rates

text: of

text: DKA

text: vary

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: About

text: of

text: people

text: with

text: type

text: diabetes

text: in

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: develop

text: DKA

text: year

text: while

text: in

text: Malaysia

text: the

text: condition

text: affects

text: about

text: year

text: DKA

text: was

text: first

text: described

text: in

text: and

text: until

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: insulin

text: therapy

text: in

text: the

text: it

text: was

text: almost

text: universally

text: fatal

text: The

text: risk

text: of

text: death

text: with

text: adequate

text: and

text: timely

text: treatment

text: is

text: currently

text: around

text: Up

text: to

text: of

text: children

text: with

text: DKA

text: develop

text: complication

text: known

text: as

text: cerebral

text: edema

text:
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height, is over , with the range defined as overweight. Some East Asian countries use lower values. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.
Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or mental illness. The view that obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is not generally supported. On average, obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass.
Obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social changes and personal choices. Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments. Diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods, such as those high in fat and sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber. Medications may be taken, along with a suitable diet, to reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption. If diet, exercise, and medication are not effective, a gastric balloon or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume or bowel length, leading to feeling full earlier or a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.
Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing rates in adults and children. In 2014, 600 million adults (13%) and 42 million children under the age of five were obese. Obesity is more common in women than men. Authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was seen as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history and still is in some parts of the world. In 2013, the American Medical Association classified obesity as a disease.

text: Obesity

text: is

text: medical

text: condition

text: in

text: which

text: excess

text: body

text: fat

text: has

text: accumulated

text: to

text: the

text: extent

text: that

text: it

text: may

text: have

text: negative

text: effect

text: on

text: health

text: People

text: are

text: generally

text: considered

text: obese

text: when

text: their

text: body

text: mass

text: index

text: BMI

text: measurement

text: obtained

text: by

text: dividing

text: person

text: 's

text: weight

text: by

text: the

text: square

text: of

text: the

text: person

text: 's

text: height

text: is

text: over

text: with

text: the

text: range

text: defined

text: as

text: overweight

text: Some

text: East

text: Asian

text: countries

text: use

text: lower

text: values

text: Obesity

text: increases

text: the

text: likelihood

text: of

text: various

text: diseases

text: particularly

text: heart

text: disease

text: type

text: diabetes

text: obstructive

text: sleep

text: apnea

text: certain

text: types

text: of

text: cancer

text: and

text: osteoarthritis

text: Obesity

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: caused

text: by

text: combination

text: of

text: excessive

text: food

text: intake

text: lack

text: of

text: physical

text: activity

text: and

text: genetic

text: susceptibility

text: few

text: cases

text: are

text: caused

text: primarily

text: by

text: genes

text: endocrine

text: disorders

text: medications

text: or

text: mental

text: illness

text: The

text: view

text: that

text: obese

text: people

text: eat

text: little

text: yet

text: gain

text: weight

text: due

text: to

text: slow

text: metabolism

text: is

text: not

text: generally

text: supported

text: On

text: average

text: obese

text: people

text: have

text: greater

text: energy

text: expenditure

text: than

text: their

text: thin

text: counterparts

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: energy

text: required

text: to

text: maintain

text: an

text: increased

text: body

text: mass

text: Obesity

text: is

text: mostly

text: preventable

text: through

text: combination

text: of

text: social

text: changes

text: and

text: personal

text: choices

text: Changes

text: to

text: diet

text: and

text: exercising

text: are

text: the

text: main

text: treatments

text: Diet

text: quality

text: can

text: be

text: improved

text: by

text: reducing

text: the

text: consumption

text: of

text: energy

text: dense

text: foods

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: high

text: in

text: fat

text: and

text: sugars

text: and

text: by

text: increasing

text: the

text: intake

text: of

text: dietary

text: fiber

text: Medications

text: may

text: be

text: taken

text: along

text: with

text: suitable

text: diet

text: to

text: reduce

text: appetite

text: or

text: decrease

text: fat

text: absorption

text: If

text: diet

text: exercise

text: and

text: medication

text: are

text: not

text: effective

text: gastric

text: balloon

text: or

text: surgery

text: may

text: be

text: performed

text: to

text: reduce

text: stomach

text: volume

text: or

text: bowel

text: length

text: leading

text: to

text: feeling

text: full

text: earlier

text: or

text: reduced

text: ability

text: to

text: absorb

text: nutrients

text: from

text: food

text: Obesity

text: is

text: leading

text: preventable

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: worldwide

text: with

text: increasing

text: rates

text: in

text: adults

text: and

text: children

text: In

text: million

text: adults

text: and

text: million

text: children

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: five

text: were

text: obese

text: Obesity

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: women

text: than

text: men

text: Authorities

text: view

text: it

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: serious

text: public

text: health

text: problems

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Obesity

text: is

text: stigmatized

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: world

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: though

text: it

text: was

text: seen

text: as

text: symbol

text: of

text: wealth

text: and

text: fertility

text: at

text: other

text: times

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: still

text: is

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: the

text: American

text: Medical

text: Association

text: classified

text: obesity

text: as

text: disease

text:
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of joint disease that results from breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone. The most common symptoms are joint pain and stiffness. Initially, symptoms may occur only following exercise, but over time may become constant. Other symptoms may include joint swelling, decreased range of motion, and when the back is affected weakness or numbness of the arms and legs. The most commonly involved joints are those near the ends of the fingers, at the base of the thumb, neck, lower back, knee, and hips. Joints on one side of the body are often more affected than those on the other. Usually the symptoms come on over years. It can affect work and normal daily activities. Unlike other types of arthritis, only the joints are typically affected.
Causes include previous joint injury, abnormal joint or limb development, and inherited factors. Risk is greater in those who are overweight, have one leg of a different length, and have jobs that result in high levels of joint stress. Osteoarthritis is believed to be caused by mechanical stress on the joint and low grade inflammatory processes. It develops as cartilage is lost and the underlying bone becomes affected. As pain may make it difficult to exercise, muscle loss may occur. Diagnosis is typically based on signs and symptoms, with medical imaging and other tests occasionally used to either support or rule out other problems. In contrast to rheumatoid arthritis, which is primarily an inflammatory condition, in osteoarthritis, the joints do not typically become hot or red.
Treatment includes exercise, efforts to decrease joint stress, support groups, and pain medications. Efforts to decrease joint stress include resting and the use of a cane. Weight loss may help in those who are overweight. Pain medications may include paracetamol (acetaminophen) as well as NSAIDs such as naproxen or ibuprofen. Long-term opioid use is generally discouraged due to lack of information on benefits as well as risks of addiction and other side effects. If pain interferes with normal life despite other treatments, joint replacement surgery may help. An artificial joint typically lasts 10 to 15 years.
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis with disease of the knee and hip affecting about 3.8% of people as of 2010. Among those over 60 years old, about 10% of males and 18% of females are affected. It is the cause of about 2% of years lived with disability. In Australia, about 1.9 million people are affected, and in the United States, 30 to 52.5 million people are affected. It becomes more common in both sexes as people become older.

text: Osteoarthritis

text: OA

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: joint

text: disease

text: that

text: results

text: from

text: breakdown

text: of

text: joint

text: cartilage

text: and

text: underlying

text: bone

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: symptoms

text: are

text: joint

text: pain

text: and

text: stiffness

text: Initially

text: symptoms

text: may

text: occur

text: only

text: following

text: exercise

text: but

text: over

text: time

text: may

text: become

text: constant

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: joint

text: swelling

text: decreased

text: range

text: of

text: motion

text: and

text: when

text: the

text: back

text: is

text: affected

text: weakness

text: or

text: numbness

text: of

text: the

text: arms

text: and

text: legs

text: The

text: most

text: commonly

text: involved

text: joints

text: are

text: those

text: near

text: the

text: ends

text: of

text: the

text: fingers

text: at

text: the

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: thumb

text: neck

text: lower

text: back

text: knee

text: and

text: hips

text: Joints

text: on

text: one

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: are

text: often

text: more

text: affected

text: than

text: those

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: Usually

text: the

text: symptoms

text: come

text: on

text: over

text: years

text: It

text: can

text: affect

text: work

text: and

text: normal

text: daily

text: activities

text: Unlike

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: arthritis

text: only

text: the

text: joints

text: are

text: typically

text: affected

text: Causes

text: include

text: previous

text: joint

text: injury

text: abnormal

text: joint

text: or

text: limb

text: development

text: and

text: inherited

text: factors

text: Risk

text: is

text: greater

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: overweight

text: have

text: one

text: leg

text: of

text: different

text: length

text: and

text: have

text: jobs

text: that

text: result

text: in

text: high

text: levels

text: of

text: joint

text: stress

text: Osteoarthritis

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: mechanical

text: stress

text: on

text: the

text: joint

text: and

text: low

text: grade

text: inflammatory

text: processes

text: It

text: develops

text: as

text: cartilage

text: is

text: lost

text: and

text: the

text: underlying

text: bone

text: becomes

text: affected

text: As

text: pain

text: may

text: make

text: it

text: difficult

text: to

text: exercise

text: muscle

text: loss

text: may

text: occur

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: typically

text: based

text: on

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: with

text: medical

text: imaging

text: and

text: other

text: tests

text: occasionally

text: used

text: to

text: either

text: support

text: or

text: rule

text: out

text: other

text: problems

text: In

text: contrast

text: to

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: which

text: is

text: primarily

text: an

text: inflammatory

text: condition

text: in

text: osteoarthritis

text: the

text: joints

text: do

text: not

text: typically

text: become

text: hot

text: or

text: red

text: Treatment

text: includes

text: exercise

text: efforts

text: to

text: decrease

text: joint

text: stress

text: support

text: groups

text: and

text: pain

text: medications

text: Efforts

text: to

text: decrease

text: joint

text: stress

text: include

text: resting

text: and

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: cane

text: Weight

text: loss

text: may

text: help

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: overweight

text: Pain

text: medications

text: may

text: include

text: paracetamol

text: acetaminophen

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: NSAIDs

text: such

text: as

text: naproxen

text: or

text: ibuprofen

text: Long

text: term

text: opioid

text: use

text: is

text: generally

text: discouraged

text: due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: information

text: on

text: benefits

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: risks

text: of

text: addiction

text: and

text: other

text: side

text: effects

text: If

text: pain

text: interferes

text: with

text: normal

text: life

text: despite

text: other

text: treatments

text: joint

text: replacement

text: surgery

text: may

text: help

text: An

text: artificial

text: joint

text: typically

text: lasts

text: to

text: years

text: Osteoarthritis

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: form

text: of

text: arthritis

text: with

text: disease

text: of

text: the

text: knee

text: and

text: hip

text: affecting

text: about

text: of

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: Among

text: those

text: over

text: years

text: old

text: about

text: of

text: males

text: and

text: of

text: females

text: are

text: affected

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: years

text: lived

text: with

text: disability

text: In

text: Australia

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: are

text: affected

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: are

text: affected

text: It

text: becomes

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: both

text: sexes

text: as

text: people

text: become

text: older

text: The duodenal switch (DS) procedure, also known as biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) or gastric reduction duodenal switch (GRDS), is a weight loss surgery procedure that is composed of a restrictive and a malabsorptive aspect.

text: The

text: duodenal

text: switch

text: DS

text: procedure

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: biliopancreatic

text: diversion

text: with

text: duodenal

text: switch

text: BPD

text: DS

text: or

text: gastric

text: reduction

text: duodenal

text: switch

text: GRDS

text: is

text: weight

text: loss

text: surgery

text: procedure

text: that

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: restrictive

text: and

text: malabsorptive

text: aspect

text: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is a complication of diabetes mellitus (predominantly type 2) in which high blood sugars cause severe dehydration, increases in osmolarity (relative concentration of solute) and a high risk of complications, coma and death. It is diagnosed with blood tests. It is related to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), another complication of diabetes more often (but not exclusively) encountered in people with type 1 diabetes; they are differentiated with measurement of ketone bodies, organic molecules that are the underlying driver for DKA but are usually not detectable in HHS.

text: Hyperosmolar

text: hyperglycemic

text: state

text: HHS

text: is

text: complication

text: of

text: diabetes

text: mellitus

text: predominantly

text: type

text: in

text: which

text: high

text: blood

text: sugars

text: cause

text: severe

text: dehydration

text: increases

text: in

text: osmolarity

text: relative

text: concentration

text: of

text: solute

text: and

text: high

text: risk

text: of

text: complications

text: coma

text: and

text: death

text: It

text: is

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: blood

text: tests

text: It

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: diabetic

text: ketoacidosis

text: DKA

text: another

text: complication

text: of

text: diabetes

text: more

text: often

text: but

text: not

text: exclusively

text: encountered

text: in

text: people

text: with

text: type

text: diabetes

text: they

text: are

text: differentiated

text: with

text: measurement

text: of

text: ketone

text: bodies

text: organic

text: molecules

text: that

text: are

text: the

text: underlying

text: driver

text: for

text: DKA

text: but

text: are

text: usually

text: not

text: detectable

text: in

text: HHS

text: Weight loss, in the context of medicine, health, or physical fitness, refers to a reduction of the total body mass, due to a mean loss of fluid, body fat or adipose tissue and/or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other connective tissue. Weight loss can either occur unintentionally due to malnourishment or an underlying disease or arise from a conscious effort to improve an actual or perceived overweight or obese state. "Unexplained" weight loss that is not caused by reduction in calorific intake or exercise is called cachexia and may be a symptom of a serious medical condition. Intentional weight loss is commonly referred to as slimming.

text: Weight

text: loss

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: medicine

text: health

text: or

text: physical

text: fitness

text: refers

text: to

text: reduction

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: body

text: mass

text: due

text: to

text: mean

text: loss

text: of

text: fluid

text: body

text: fat

text: or

text: adipose

text: tissue

text: and/or

text: lean

text: mass

text: namely

text: bone

text: mineral

text: deposits

text: muscle

text: tendon

text: and

text: other

text: connective

text: tissue

text: Weight

text: loss

text: can

text: either

text: occur

text: unintentionally

text: due

text: to

text: malnourishment

text: or

text: an

text: underlying

text: disease

text: or

text: arise

text: from

text: conscious

text: effort

text: to

text: improve

text: an

text: actual

text: or

text: perceived

text: overweight

text: or

text: obese

text: state

text: Unexplained

text: weight

text: loss

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: caused

text: by

text: reduction

text: in

text: calorific

text: intake

text: or

text: exercise

text: is

text: called

text: cachexia

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: symptom

text: of

text: serious

text: medical

text: condition

text: Intentional

text: weight

text: loss

text: is

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: slimming

text: Bariatric surgery (weight loss surgery) includes a variety of procedures performed on people who have obesity. Weight loss is achieved by reducing the size of the stomach with a gastric band or through removal of a portion of the stomach (sleeve gastrectomy or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch) or by resecting and re-routing the small intestine to a small stomach pouch (gastric bypass surgery).

text: Bariatric

text: surgery

text: weight

text: loss

text: surgery

text: includes

text: variety

text: of

text: procedures

text: performed

text: on

text: people

text: who

text: have

text: obesity

text: Weight

text: loss

text: is

text: achieved

text: by

text: reducing

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: stomach

text: with

text: gastric

text: band

text: or

text: through

text: removal

text: of

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: stomach

text: sleeve

text: gastrectomy

text: or

text: biliopancreatic

text: diversion

text: with

text: duodenal

text: switch

text: or

text: by

text: resecting

text: and

text: re

text: routing

text: the

text: small

text: intestine

text: to

text: small

text: stomach

text: pouch

text: gastric

text: bypass

text: surgery

text: The pancreas is a glandular organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. In humans, it is located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. It is an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide which circulate in the blood. The pancreas is also a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. These enzymes help to further break down the carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the chyme. The pancreas is also known as mixed gland.

text: The

text: pancreas

text: is

text: glandular

text: organ

text: in

text: the

text: digestive

text: system

text: and

text: endocrine

text: system

text: of

text: vertebrates

text: In

text: humans

text: it

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: abdominal

text: cavity

text: behind

text: the

text: stomach

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: endocrine

text: gland

text: producing

text: several

text: important

text: hormones

text: including

text: insulin

text: glucagon

text: somatostatin

text: and

text: pancreatic

text: polypeptide

text: which

text: circulate

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: The

text: pancreas

text: is

text: also

text: digestive

text: organ

text: secreting

text: pancreatic

text: juice

text: containing

text: digestive

text: enzymes

text: that

text: assist

text: digestion

text: and

text: absorption

text: of

text: nutrients

text: in

text: the

text: small

text: intestine

text: These

text: enzymes

text: help

text: to

text: further

text: break

text: down

text: the

text: carbohydrates

text: proteins

text: and

text: lipids

text: in

text: the

text: chyme

text: The

text: pancreas

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: mixed

text: gland

text: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a long term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar , insulin resistance , and relative lack of insulin . Common symptoms include increased thirst , frequent urination , and unexplained weight loss . Symptoms may also include increased hunger , feeling tired , and sores that do not heal . Often symptoms come on slowly . Long - term complications from high blood sugar include heart disease , strokes , diabetic retinopathy which can result in blindness , kidney failure , and poor blood flow in the limbs which may lead to amputations . The sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state may occur ; however , ketoacidosis is uncommon . Type 2 diabetes is primarily due to obesity and not enough exercise in people who are genetically predisposed . It makes up about 90 % of cases of diabetes , with the other 10 % due primarily to diabetes mellitus type 1 and gestational diabetes . In diabetes mellitus type 1 there is an absolute lack of insulin due to breakdown of islet cells in the pancreas . Diagnosis of diabetes is by blood tests such as fasting plasma glucose , oral glucose tolerance test , or A1C . Type 2 diabetes is partly preventable by staying a normal weight , exercising regularly , and eating properly . Treatment involves exercise and dietary changes . If blood sugar levels are not adequately lowered , the medication metformin is typically recommended . Many people may eventually also require insulin injections . In those on insulin , routinely check blood sugar levels is advised , however this may not be needed in those taking pills . Bariatric surgery often improves diabetes in those who are obese . Rates of type 2 diabetes have increased markedly since 1960 in parallel with obesity . As of 2013 there were approximately 368 million people diagnosed with the disease compared to around 30 million in 1985 . Typically it begins in middle or older age . Type 2 diabetes is associated with a ten - year - shorter life expectancy . Diabetes was one of the first diseases described . The importance of insulin in the disease was determined in the 1920s .

text: Diabetes

text: mellitus

text: type

text: is

text: long

text: term

text: metabolic

text: disorder

text: that

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: high

text: blood

text: sugar

text: insulin

text: resistance

text: and

text: relative

text: lack

text: of

text: insulin

text: Common

text: symptoms

text: include

text: increased

text: thirst

text: frequent

text: urination

text: and

text: unexplained

text: weight

text: loss

text: Symptoms

text: may

text: also

text: include

text: increased

text: hunger

text: feeling

text: tired

text: and

text: sores

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: heal

text: Often

text: symptoms

text: come

text: on

text: slowly

text: Long

text: term

text: complications

text: from

text: high

text: blood

text: sugar

text: include

text: heart

text: disease

text: strokes

text: diabetic

text: retinopathy

text: which

text: can

text: result

text: in

text: blindness

text: kidney

text: failure

text: and

text: poor

text: blood

text: flow

text: in

text: the

text: limbs

text: which

text: may

text: lead

text: to

text: amputations

text: The

text: sudden

text: onset

text: of

text: hyperosmolar

text: hyperglycemic

text: state

text: may

text: occur

text: however

text: ketoacidosis

text: is

text: uncommon

text: Type

text: diabetes

text: is

text: primarily

text: due

text: to

text: obesity

text: and

text: not

text: enough

text: exercise

text: in

text: people

text: who

text: are

text: genetically

text: predisposed

text: It

text: makes

text: up

text: about

text: of

text: cases

text: of

text: diabetes

text: with

text: the

text: other

text: due

text: primarily

text: to

text: diabetes

text: mellitus

text: type

text: and

text: gestational

text: diabetes

text: In

text: diabetes

text: mellitus

text: type

text: there

text: is

text: an

text: absolute

text: lack

text: of

text: insulin

text: due

text: to

text: breakdown

text: of

text: islet

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: pancreas

text: Diagnosis

text: of

text: diabetes

text: is

text: by

text: blood

text: tests

text: such

text: as

text: fasting

text: plasma

text: glucose

text: oral

text: glucose

text: tolerance

text: test

text: or

text: Type

text: diabetes

text: is

text: partly

text: preventable

text: by

text: staying

text: normal

text: weight

text: exercising

text: regularly

text: and

text: eating

text: properly

text: Treatment

text: involves

text: exercise

text: and

text: dietary

text: changes

text: If

text: blood

text: sugar

text: levels

text: are

text: not

text: adequately

text: lowered

text: the

text: medication

text: metformin

text: is

text: typically

text: recommended

text: Many

text: people

text: may

text: eventually

text: also

text: require

text: insulin

text: injections

text: In

text: those

text: on

text: insulin

text: routinely

text: check

text: blood

text: sugar

text: levels

text: is

text: advised

text: however

text: this

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: needed

text: in

text: those

text: taking

text: pills

text: Bariatric

text: surgery

text: often

text: improves

text: diabetes

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: obese

text: Rates

text: of

text: type

text: diabetes

text: have

text: increased

text: markedly

text: since

text: in

text: parallel

text: with

text: obesity

text: As

text: of

text: there

text: were

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: the

text: disease

text: compared

text: to

text: around

text: million

text: in

text: Typically

text: it

text: begins

text: in

text: middle

text: or

text: older

text: age

text: Type

text: diabetes

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: ten

text: year

text: shorter

text: life

text: expectancy

text: Diabetes

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: diseases

text: described

text: The

text: importance

text: of

text: insulin

text: in

text: the

text: disease

text: was

text: determined

text: in

text: the

text:
Caesarean section, also known as C-section, is the use of surgery to deliver one or more babies. A Caesarean section is often performed when a vaginal delivery would put the baby or mother at risk. This may include obstructed labour, twin pregnancy, high blood pressure in the mother, breech birth, problems with the placenta, umbilical cord or shape of the pelvis, and previous C-section. A trial of vaginal birth in some of these situations, including after C-section, may be possible. Some C-sections are also performed upon request. The World Health Organization recommends that they should be done based on medical need and in many cases they are lifesaving for the mother and baby.
A C-section typically takes 45 minutes to an hour. It may be done with a spinal block such that the woman is awake or under general anesthesia. A urinary catheter is used to drain the bladder and the skin of the abdomen is then cleaned with an antiseptic. An incision of about 15 cm (6 inches) is then typically made through the mother's lower abdomen. The uterus is then opened with a second incision and the baby delivered. The incisions are then stitched closed. A woman can typically begin breastfeeding as soon as she is awake and out of the operating room. Often a number of days are required in hospital to recover sufficiently to return home.
C-sections result in a small overall increase in poor outcomes in low risk pregnancies. They also typically take longer to heal from, about six weeks, than vaginal birth. The increased risks include breathing problems in the baby and amniotic fluid embolism and postpartum bleeding in the mother. Established guidelines recommend that caesarean sections not be used before 39 weeks of pregnancy without a medical reason. The method of delivery does not appear to have an effect on subsequent sexual function.
In 2012, about 23 million C-sections were done globally. The international healthcare community has previously considered the rate of 10% and 15% to be ideal for caesarean sections. Some evidence finds a higher rate of 19% may result in better outcomes. More than 45 countries globally have C-section rates less than 7.5% while more than 50 have rates greater than 27%. There are efforts to both improve access to and reduce the use of C-section. In the United States about 33% of deliveries are by C-section. The surgery has been performed at least as far back as 715 BC following the death of the mother with the occasional baby surviving. Descriptions of mothers surviving date back to the 1500s. With the introduction of antiseptics and anesthetics in the 1800s survival of both the mother and baby became common.

text: Caesarean

text: section

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: section

text: is

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: surgery

text: to

text: deliver

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: babies

text: Caesarean

text: section

text: is

text: often

text: performed

text: when

text: vaginal

text: delivery

text: would

text: put

text: the

text: baby

text: or

text: mother

text: at

text: risk

text: This

text: may

text: include

text: obstructed

text: labour

text: twin

text: pregnancy

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: in

text: the

text: mother

text: breech

text: birth

text: problems

text: with

text: the

text: placenta

text: umbilical

text: cord

text: or

text: shape

text: of

text: the

text: pelvis

text: and

text: previous

text: section

text: trial

text: of

text: vaginal

text: birth

text: in

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: situations

text: including

text: after

text: section

text: may

text: be

text: possible

text: Some

text: sections

text: are

text: also

text: performed

text: upon

text: request

text: The

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: recommends

text: that

text: they

text: should

text: be

text: done

text: based

text: on

text: medical

text: need

text: and

text: in

text: many

text: cases

text: they

text: are

text: lifesaving

text: for

text: the

text: mother

text: and

text: baby

text: section

text: typically

text: takes

text: minutes

text: to

text: an

text: hour

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: done

text: with

text: spinal

text: block

text: such

text: that

text: the

text: woman

text: is

text: awake

text: or

text: under

text: general

text: anesthesia

text: urinary

text: catheter

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: drain

text: the

text: bladder

text: and

text: the

text: skin

text: of

text: the

text: abdomen

text: is

text: then

text: cleaned

text: with

text: an

text: antiseptic

text: An

text: incision

text: of

text: about

text: cm

text: inches

text: is

text: then

text: typically

text: made

text: through

text: the

text: mother

text: 's

text: lower

text: abdomen

text: The

text: uterus

text: is

text: then

text: opened

text: with

text: second

text: incision

text: and

text: the

text: baby

text: delivered

text: The

text: incisions

text: are

text: then

text: stitched

text: closed

text: woman

text: can

text: typically

text: begin

text: breastfeeding

text: as

text: soon

text: as

text: she

text: is

text: awake

text: and

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: operating

text: room

text: Often

text: number

text: of

text: days

text: are

text: required

text: in

text: hospital

text: to

text: recover

text: sufficiently

text: to

text: return

text: home

text: sections

text: result

text: in

text: small

text: overall

text: increase

text: in

text: poor

text: outcomes

text: in

text: low

text: risk

text: pregnancies

text: They

text: also

text: typically

text: take

text: longer

text: to

text: heal

text: from

text: about

text: six

text: weeks

text: than

text: vaginal

text: birth

text: The

text: increased

text: risks

text: include

text: breathing

text: problems

text: in

text: the

text: baby

text: and

text: amniotic

text: fluid

text: embolism

text: and

text: postpartum

text: bleeding

text: in

text: the

text: mother

text: Established

text: guidelines

text: recommend

text: that

text: caesarean

text: sections

text: not

text: be

text: used

text: before

text: weeks

text: of

text: pregnancy

text: without

text: medical

text: reason

text: The

text: method

text: of

text: delivery

text: does

text: not

text: appear

text: to

text: have

text: an

text: effect

text: on

text: subsequent

text: sexual

text: function

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: sections

text: were

text: done

text: globally

text: The

text: international

text: healthcare

text: community

text: has

text: previously

text: considered

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: and

text: to

text: be

text: ideal

text: for

text: caesarean

text: sections

text: Some

text: evidence

text: finds

text: higher

text: rate

text: of

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: better

text: outcomes

text: More

text: than

text: countries

text: globally

text: have

text: section

text: rates

text: less

text: than

text: while

text: more

text: than

text: have

text: rates

text: greater

text: than

text: There

text: are

text: efforts

text: to

text: both

text: improve

text: access

text: to

text: and

text: reduce

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: section

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: about

text: of

text: deliveries

text: are

text: by

text: section

text: The

text: surgery

text: has

text: been

text: performed

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: far

text: back

text: as

text: BC

text: following

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: mother

text: with

text: the

text: occasional

text: baby

text: surviving

text: Descriptions

text: of

text: mothers

text: surviving

text: date

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: With

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: antiseptics

text: and

text: anesthetics

text: in

text: the

text: survival

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: mother

text: and

text: baby

text: became

text: common

question: medical_specialty diabetes mellitus type 2

answer: endocrinology

text: endocrinology