text: In the history of France, the First Republic, officially the French Republic, was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon, although the form of the government changed several times. This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power.

text: In

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: France

text: the

text: First

text: Republic

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: September

text: during

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: The

text: First

text: Republic

text: lasted

text: until

text: the

text: declaration

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: Empire

text: in

text: under

text: Napoleon

text: although

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: changed

text: several

text: times

text: This

text: period

text: was

text: characterized

text: by

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: monarchy

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Convention

text: and

text: the

text: Reign

text: of

text: Terror

text: the

text: Thermidorian

text: Reaction

text: and

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: the

text: Directory

text: and

text: finally

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Consulate

text: and

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: rise

text: to

text: power

text: In Sweden , a common system for weights and measures was introduced by law in 1665 . Before that , there were a number of local variants . The system was slightly revised in 1735 . In 1855 , a decimal reform was instituted that defined a new Swedish inch as 1/10 foot . Up to the middle of the 19th century there was a law allowing for the imposition of the death penalty for falsifying weights or measures . Sweden adopted the metric system in 1889 . Only the mil has been preserved , now measuring 10km , however .

text: In

text: Sweden

text: common

text: system

text: for

text: weights

text: and

text: measures

text: was

text: introduced

text: by

text: law

text: in

text: Before

text: that

text: there

text: were

text: number

text: of

text: local

text: variants

text: The

text: system

text: was

text: slightly

text: revised

text: in

text: In

text: decimal

text: reform

text: was

text: instituted

text: that

text: defined

text: new

text: Swedish

text: inch

text: as

text: foot

text: Up

text: to

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: there

text: was

text: law

text: allowing

text: for

text: the

text: imposition

text: of

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: for

text: falsifying

text: weights

text: or

text: measures

text: Sweden

text: adopted

text: the

text: metric

text: system

text: in

text: Only

text: the

text: mil

text: has

text: been

text: preserved

text: now

text: measuring

text: km

text: however

text: The metre, or meter (American spelling), (from the Greek noun , "measure") is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). The SI unit symbol is m. The metre is defined as the distance travelled by light in a vacuum in seconds.

text: The

text: metre

text: or

text: meter

text: American

text: spelling

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: noun

text: measure

text: is

text: the

text: base

text: unit

text: of

text: length

text: in

text: the

text: International

text: System

text: of

text: Units

text: SI

text: The

text: SI

text: unit

text: symbol

text: is

text: The

text: metre

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: distance

text: travelled

text: by

text: light

text: in

text: vacuum

text: in

text: seconds

text: Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund. At , Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low population density of , with the highest concentration in the southern half of the country. Approximately 85% of the population lives in urban areas.

text: Sweden

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Sweden

text: Swedish

text: is

text: Scandinavian

text: country

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: It

text: borders

text: Norway

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Finland

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: is

text: connected

text: to

text: Denmark

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: by

text: bridge

text: tunnel

text: across

text: the

text: Öresund

text: At

text: Sweden

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: by

text: area

text: with

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: Sweden

text: consequently

text: has

text: low

text: population

text: density

text: of

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: concentration

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: Approximately

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: lives

text: in

text: urban

text: areas

text: Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland. Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finland's population is 5.5 million (2014), staying roughly on the same level over the past two decades. The majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union.

text: Finland

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Finland

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: peninsula

text: with

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Bothnia

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Sweden

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Norway

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Estonia

text: is

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: Finland

text: is

text: Nordic

text: country

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: geographical

text: region

text: of

text: Fennoscandia

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: Scandinavia

text: Finland

text: 's

text: population

text: is

text: million

text: staying

text: roughly

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: level

text: over

text: the

text: past

text: two

text: decades

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: is

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: region

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: area

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Norway (; Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk); Sami: "Norgga"), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a sovereign and unitary monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the island Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard. The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land. Until 1814, the Kingdom included the Faroe Islands (since 1035), Greenland (1261), and Iceland (1262). It also included Shetland and Orkney until 1468. It also included the following provinces, now in Sweden: Jämtland, Härjedalen and Bohuslän.

text: Norway

text: Norwegian

text: Bokmål

text: or

text: Nynorsk

text: Sami

text: Norgga

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Norway

text: is

text: sovereign

text: and

text: unitary

text: monarchy

text: whose

text: territory

text: comprises

text: the

text: western

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Scandinavian

text: Peninsula

text: plus

text: the

text: island

text: Jan

text: Mayen

text: and

text: the

text: archipelago

text: of

text: Svalbard

text: The

text: Antarctic

text: Peter

text: Island

text: and

text: the

text: sub

text: Antarctic

text: Bouvet

text: Island

text: are

text: dependent

text: territories

text: and

text: thus

text: not

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: Norway

text: also

text: lays

text: claim

text: to

text: section

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: known

text: as

text: Queen

text: Maud

text: Land

text: Until

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: included

text: the

text: Faroe

text: Islands

text: since

text: Greenland

text: and

text: Iceland

text: It

text: also

text: included

text: Shetland

text: and

text: Orkney

text: until

text: It

text: also

text: included

text: the

text: following

text: provinces

text: now

text: in

text: Sweden

text: Jämtland

text: Härjedalen

text: and

text: Bohuslän

text: The metric system is an internationally agreed decimal system of measurement. It was originally based on the and the introduced by the French First Republic in 1799, but over the years the definitions of the metre and the kilogram have been refined, and the metric system has been extended to incorporate many more units. Although a number of variants of the metric system emerged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the term is now often used as a synonym for "SI" or the "International System of Units"the official system of measurement in almost every country in the world.

text: The

text: metric

text: system

text: is

text: an

text: internationally

text: agreed

text: decimal

text: system

text: of

text: measurement

text: It

text: was

text: originally

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: introduced

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: First

text: Republic

text: in

text: but

text: over

text: the

text: years

text: the

text: definitions

text: of

text: the

text: metre

text: and

text: the

text: kilogram

text: have

text: been

text: refined

text: and

text: the

text: metric

text: system

text: has

text: been

text: extended

text: to

text: incorporate

text: many

text: more

text: units

text: Although

text: number

text: of

text: variants

text: of

text: the

text: metric

text: system

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: nineteenth

text: and

text: early

text: twentieth

text: centuries

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: now

text: often

text: used

text: as

text: synonym

text: for

text: SI

text: or

text: the

text: International

text: System

text: of

text: Units"the

text: official

text: system

text: of

text: measurement

text: in

text: almost

text: every

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The kilogram or kilogramme (SI unit symbol: kg) is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI) (the Metric system) and is defined as being equal to the mass of the "International Prototype of the Kilogram" (IPK, also known as "Le Grand K" or "Big K").

text: The

text: kilogram

text: or

text: kilogramme

text: SI

text: unit

text: symbol

text: kg

text: is

text: the

text: base

text: unit

text: of

text: mass

text: in

text: the

text: International

text: System

text: of

text: Units

text: SI

text: the

text: Metric

text: system

text: and

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: being

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: mass

text: of

text: the

text: International

text: Prototype

text: of

text: the

text: Kilogram

text: IPK

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Le

text: Grand

text: or

text: Big

text: The erg is a unit of energy and work equal to 10 joules. It originated in the centimetregramsecond (CGS) system of units. It has the symbol "erg". The erg is not an SI unit. Its name is derived from "ergon" () a Greek word meaning "work" or "task".

text: The

text: erg

text: is

text: unit

text: of

text: energy

text: and

text: work

text: equal

text: to

text: joules

text: It

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: centimetregramsecond

text: CGS

text: system

text: of

text: units

text: It

text: has

text: the

text: symbol

text: erg

text: The

text: erg

text: is

text: not

text: an

text: SI

text: unit

text: Its

text: name

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: ergon

text: Greek

text: word

text: meaning

text: work

text: or

text: task

text: Scandinavia is a historical and cultural region in Northern Europe characterized by a common ethnocultural North Germanic heritage and mutually intelligible North Germanic languages.

text: Scandinavia

text: is

text: historical

text: and

text: cultural

text: region

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: characterized

text: by

text: common

text: ethnocultural

text: North

text: Germanic

text: heritage

text: and

text: mutually

text: intelligible

text: North

text: Germanic

text: languages

text: Northern Europe is the northern part or region of Europe. Although no definitive borders or definition exists for the term, geographically, Northern Europe may be considered to consist approximately of all of Europe above the 52nd parallel north; which includes (from west to east) most or all of: Iceland, the Republic of Ireland, the Isle of Man, the United Kingdom, the Faroe Islands, the Netherlands, northern Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, northern Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and northwest Russia. However, narrower definitions may also be used based on other geographical factors, such as climate and ecology. Greenland, geographically a part of North America, is politically a part of the Kingdom of Denmark, and may be included depending on the definition.

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: is

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: or

text: region

text: of

text: Europe

text: Although

text: no

text: definitive

text: borders

text: or

text: definition

text: exists

text: for

text: the

text: term

text: geographically

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: may

text: be

text: considered

text: to

text: consist

text: approximately

text: of

text: all

text: of

text: Europe

text: above

text: the

text: parallel

text: north

text: which

text: includes

text: from

text: west

text: to

text: east

text: most

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: Iceland

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: Faroe

text: Islands

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: northern

text: Germany

text: Denmark

text: Norway

text: Sweden

text: northern

text: Poland

text: Finland

text: Estonia

text: Latvia

text: Lithuania

text: and

text: northwest

text: Russia

text: However

text: narrower

text: definitions

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: based

text: on

text: other

text: geographical

text: factors

text: such

text: as

text: climate

text: and

text: ecology

text: Greenland

text: geographically

text: part

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: is

text: politically

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Denmark

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: included

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: definition

text: The gram (alternative British English spelling: gramme; SI unit symbol: g) (Greek/Latin root "grámma") is a metric system unit of mass.

text: The

text: gram

text: alternative

text: British

text: English

text: spelling

text: gramme

text: SI

text: unit

text: symbol

text: Greek

text: Latin

text: root

text: grámma

text: is

text: metric

text: system

text: unit

text: of

text: mass

text: A system of measurement is a collection of units of measurement and rules relating them to each other. Systems of measurement have historically been important, regulated and defined for the purposes of science and commerce. Systems of measurement in modern use include the metric system, the imperial system, and United States customary units.

text: system

text: of

text: measurement

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: units

text: of

text: measurement

text: and

text: rules

text: relating

text: them

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: Systems

text: of

text: measurement

text: have

text: historically

text: been

text: important

text: regulated

text: and

text: defined

text: for

text: the

text: purposes

text: of

text: science

text: and

text: commerce

text: Systems

text: of

text: measurement

text: in

text: modern

text: use

text: include

text: the

text: metric

text: system

text: the

text: imperial

text: system

text: and

text: United

text: States

text: customary

text: units

text: The decimal numeral system (also called base-ten and occasionally called denary) has ten as its base, which, in decimal, is written 10, as is the base in every positional numeral system. It is the numerical base most widely used by modern civilizations.

text: The

text: decimal

text: numeral

text: system

text: also

text: called

text: base

text: ten

text: and

text: occasionally

text: called

text: denary

text: has

text: ten

text: as

text: its

text: base

text: which

text: in

text: decimal

text: is

text: written

text: as

text: is

text: the

text: base

text: in

text: every

text: positional

text: numeral

text: system

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: numerical

text: base

text: most

text: widely

text: used

text: by

text: modern

text: civilizations

text: Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Europe. The southernmost and smallest of the Nordic countries, it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The Kingdom of Denmark is the sovereign state that comprises Denmark proper and two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has a total area of , and a population of 5.7 million. The country consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand and Funen. The islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate.

text: Denmark

text: is

text: Scandinavian

text: country

text: in

text: Europe

text: The

text: southernmost

text: and

text: smallest

text: of

text: the

text: Nordic

text: countries

text: it

text: is

text: south

text: west

text: of

text: Sweden

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: Norway

text: and

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: Germany

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Denmark

text: is

text: the

text: sovereign

text: state

text: that

text: comprises

text: Denmark

text: proper

text: and

text: two

text: autonomous

text: constituent

text: countries

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: the

text: Faroe

text: Islands

text: and

text: Greenland

text: Denmark

text: has

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: The

text: country

text: consists

text: of

text: peninsula

text: Jutland

text: and

text: an

text: archipelago

text: of

text: named

text: islands

text: with

text: the

text: largest

text: being

text: Zealand

text: and

text: Funen

text: The

text: islands

text: are

text: characterised

text: by

text: flat

text: arable

text: land

text: and

text: sandy

text: coasts

text: low

text: elevation

text: and

text: temperate

text: climate

text: Count (male) or countess (female) is a title in European countries for a noble of varying status, but historically deemed to convey an approximate rank intermediate between the highest and lowest titles of nobility. The word "count" came into English from the French "comte", itself from Latin "comes"in its accusative "comitem"meaning companion, and later companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor. The adjective form of the word is "". The British and Irish equivalent is an earl (whose wife is a "countess", for lack of an English term). Alternative names for the "count" rank in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as "Graf" in Germany and "Hakushaku" during the Japanese Imperial era.

text: Count

text: male

text: or

text: countess

text: female

text: is

text: title

text: in

text: European

text: countries

text: for

text: noble

text: of

text: varying

text: status

text: but

text: historically

text: deemed

text: to

text: convey

text: an

text: approximate

text: rank

text: intermediate

text: between

text: the

text: highest

text: and

text: lowest

text: titles

text: of

text: nobility

text: The

text: word

text: count

text: came

text: into

text: English

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: comte

text: itself

text: from

text: Latin

text: comes"in

text: its

text: accusative

text: comitem"meaning

text: companion

text: and

text: later

text: companion

text: of

text: the

text: emperor

text: delegate

text: of

text: the

text: emperor

text: The

text: adjective

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: is

text: The

text: British

text: and

text: Irish

text: equivalent

text: is

text: an

text: earl

text: whose

text: wife

text: is

text: countess

text: for

text: lack

text: of

text: an

text: English

text: term

text: Alternative

text: names

text: for

text: the

text: count

text: rank

text: in

text: the

text: nobility

text: structure

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: other

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: Graf

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: Hakushaku

text: during

text: the

text: Japanese

text: Imperial

text: era

text: The International System of Units (; abbreviated as SI) is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement. It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built on seven base units. The system also establishes a set of twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying multiples and fractions of the units.

text: The

text: International

text: System

text: of

text: Units

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: SI

text: is

text: the

text: modern

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: metric

text: system

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: used

text: system

text: of

text: measurement

text: It

text: comprises

text: coherent

text: system

text: of

text: units

text: of

text: measurement

text: built

text: on

text: seven

text: base

text: units

text: The

text: system

text: also

text: establishes

text: set

text: of

text: twenty

text: prefixes

text: to

text: the

text: unit

text: names

text: and

text: unit

text: symbols

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: when

text: specifying

text: multiples

text: and

text: fractions

text: of

text: the

text: units

text: The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.

text: The

text: European

text: Union

text: EU

text: is

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: union

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: that

text: are

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: The

text: EU

text: has

text: developed

text: an

text: internal

text: single

text: market

text: through

text: standardised

text: system

text: of

text: laws

text: that

text: apply

text: in

text: all

text: member

text: states

text: EU

text: policies

text: aim

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: free

text: movement

text: of

text: people

text: goods

text: services

text: and

text: capital

text: within

text: the

text: internal

text: market

text: enact

text: legislation

text: in

text: justice

text: and

text: home

text: affairs

text: and

text: maintain

text: common

text: policies

text: on

text: trade

text: agriculture

text: fisheries

text: and

text: regional

text: development

text: Within

text: the

text: Schengen

text: Area

text: passport

text: controls

text: have

text: been

text: abolished

text: monetary

text: union

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: came

text: into

text: full

text: force

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: EU

text: member

text: states

text: which

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: currency

annotations: likely single

question: instance_of swedish units of measurement

answer: system of measurement

text: system of measurement

text: system of measurement

text: system of measurement

text: system of measurement


text: Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 514,414 . It lies within the United Kingdom's second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.55 million. Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council.

text: Manchester

text: is

text: major

text: city

text: and

text: metropolitan

text: borough

text: in

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: England

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: It

text: lies

text: within

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: area

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: Manchester

text: is

text: fringed

text: by

text: the

text: Cheshire

text: Plain

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Pennines

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: and

text: an

text: arc

text: of

text: towns

text: with

text: which

text: it

text: forms

text: continuous

text: conurbation

text: The

text: local

text: authority

text: is

text: Manchester

text: City

text: Council

text: The DuckworthLewis (D/L) method is a mathematical formulation designed to calculate the target score for the team batting second in a limited overs cricket match interrupted by weather or other circumstances. It is generally accepted to be the most accurate method of setting a target score. The D/L method was devised by two English statisticians, Frank Duckworth and Tony Lewis. After their retirements Professor Steven Stern became the custodian of the method. In November 2014, it was renamed the DuckworthLewisStern method (or D/L/S method).

text: The

text: DuckworthLewis

text: method

text: is

text: mathematical

text: formulation

text: designed

text: to

text: calculate

text: the

text: target

text: score

text: for

text: the

text: team

text: batting

text: second

text: in

text: limited

text: overs

text: cricket

text: match

text: interrupted

text: by

text: weather

text: or

text: other

text: circumstances

text: It

text: is

text: generally

text: accepted

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: most

text: accurate

text: method

text: of

text: setting

text: target

text: score

text: The

text: method

text: was

text: devised

text: by

text: two

text: English

text: statisticians

text: Frank

text: Duckworth

text: and

text: Tony

text: Lewis

text: After

text: their

text: retirements

text: Professor

text: Steven

text: Stern

text: became

text: the

text: custodian

text: of

text: the

text: method

text: In

text: November

text: it

text: was

text: renamed

text: the

text: DuckworthLewisStern

text: method

text: or

text: method

text: Frank Carter Duckworth MBE (born 26 December 1939 in Lytham St Annes, Lancashire) is a retired English statistician, and is one of the two statisticians who developed the DuckworthLewis method of resetting targets in interrupted one-day cricket matches. He studied physics (BSc Hons 1961) and earned a PhD (1965) in metallurgy at the University of Liverpool. Prior to his retirement, he worked as a mathematical scientist for the English nuclear power industry. He is a consultant statistician to the International Cricket Council, and the editor of the Royal Statistical Society's monthly news magazine, RSS News. He also served on the editorial board of "Significance" before stepping down in 2010. In 2004 he delivered the Royal Statistical Society Schools Lecture, entitled "Lies and Statistics".

text: Frank

text: Carter

text: Duckworth

text: MBE

text: born

text: December

text: in

text: Lytham

text: St

text: Annes

text: Lancashire

text: is

text: retired

text: English

text: statistician

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: statisticians

text: who

text: developed

text: the

text: DuckworthLewis

text: method

text: of

text: resetting

text: targets

text: in

text: interrupted

text: one

text: day

text: cricket

text: matches

text: He

text: studied

text: physics

text: BSc

text: Hons

text: and

text: earned

text: PhD

text: in

text: metallurgy

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Liverpool

text: Prior

text: to

text: his

text: retirement

text: he

text: worked

text: as

text: mathematical

text: scientist

text: for

text: the

text: English

text: nuclear

text: power

text: industry

text: He

text: is

text: consultant

text: statistician

text: to

text: the

text: International

text: Cricket

text: Council

text: and

text: the

text: editor

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Statistical

text: Society

text: 's

text: monthly

text: news

text: magazine

text: RSS

text: News

text: He

text: also

text: served

text: on

text: the

text: editorial

text: board

text: of

text: Significance

text: before

text: stepping

text: down

text: in

text: In

text: he

text: delivered

text: the

text: Royal

text: Statistical

text: Society

text: Schools

text: Lecture

text: entitled

text: Lies

text: and

text: Statistics

text: The University of Liverpool is a public university based in the city of Liverpool, England. A member of the elite Russell Group of research-intensive universities, it was founded as a college in 1881 and gained its royal charter in 1903 with the ability to award degrees and is also known to be one of the six original "red brick" civic universities. It comprises three faculties organised into 35 departments and schools. It is a founding member of the Russell Group, the N8 Group for research collaboration and the University Management school is AACSB accredited.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Liverpool

text: is

text: public

text: university

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Liverpool

text: England

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: elite

text: Russell

text: Group

text: of

text: research

text: intensive

text: universities

text: it

text: was

text: founded

text: as

text: college

text: in

text: and

text: gained

text: its

text: royal

text: charter

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: award

text: degrees

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: six

text: original

text: red

text: brick

text: civic

text: universities

text: It

text: comprises

text: three

text: faculties

text: organised

text: into

text: departments

text: and

text: schools

text: It

text: is

text: founding

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Russell

text: Group

text: the

text: Group

text: for

text: research

text: collaboration

text: and

text: the

text: University

text: Management

text: school

text: is

text: AACSB

text: accredited

text: Bolton (or locally ) is a town in Greater Manchester in North West England. A former mill town, Bolton has been a production centre for textiles since Flemish weavers settled in the area in the 14th century, introducing a wool and cotton-weaving tradition. The urbanisation and development of the town largely coincided with the introduction of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. Bolton was a 19th-century boomtown, and at its zenith in 1929 its 216 cotton mills and 26 bleaching and dyeing works made it one of the largest and most productive centres of cotton spinning in the world. The British cotton industry declined sharply after the First World War, and by the 1980s cotton manufacture had virtually ceased in Bolton.

text: Bolton

text: or

text: locally

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: in

text: North

text: West

text: England

text: former

text: mill

text: town

text: Bolton

text: has

text: been

text: production

text: centre

text: for

text: textiles

text: since

text: Flemish

text: weavers

text: settled

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: introducing

text: wool

text: and

text: cotton

text: weaving

text: tradition

text: The

text: urbanisation

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: town

text: largely

text: coincided

text: with

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: textile

text: manufacture

text: during

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: Bolton

text: was

text: century

text: boomtown

text: and

text: at

text: its

text: zenith

text: in

text: its

text: cotton

text: mills

text: and

text: bleaching

text: and

text: dyeing

text: works

text: made

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: productive

text: centres

text: of

text: cotton

text: spinning

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: British

text: cotton

text: industry

text: declined

text: sharply

text: after

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: cotton

text: manufacture

text: had

text: virtually

text: ceased

text: in

text: Bolton

text: A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in his/her work, typically to solve mathematical problems.

text: mathematician

text: is

text: someone

text: who

text: uses

text: an

text: extensive

text: knowledge

text: of

text: mathematics

text: in

text: his

text: her

text: work

text: typically

text: to

text: solve

text: mathematical

text: problems

text: A statistician is someone who works with theoretical or applied statistics. The profession exists in both the private and public sectors. It is common to combine statistical knowledge with expertise in other subjects, and statisticians may work as employees or as statistical consultants.

text: statistician

text: is

text: someone

text: who

text: works

text: with

text: theoretical

text: or

text: applied

text: statistics

text: The

text: profession

text: exists

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: private

text: and

text: public

text: sectors

text: It

text: is

text: common

text: to

text: combine

text: statistical

text: knowledge

text: with

text: expertise

text: in

text: other

text: subjects

text: and

text: statisticians

text: may

text: work

text: as

text: employees

text: or

text: as

text: statistical

text: consultants

text: Lancashire (; archaically the County Palatine of Lancaster; abbreviated Lancs.) is a non-metropolitan ceremonial county in north west England. The county town is Lancaster although the county's administrative centre is Preston. The county has a population of 1,449,300 and an area of . People from Lancashire are known as Lancastrians.

text: Lancashire

text: archaically

text: the

text: County

text: Palatine

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: abbreviated

text: Lancs

text: is

text: non

text: metropolitan

text: ceremonial

text: county

text: in

text: north

text: west

text: England

text: The

text: county

text: town

text: is

text: Lancaster

text: although

text: the

text: county

text: 's

text: administrative

text: centre

text: is

text: Preston

text: The

text: county

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: People

text: from

text: Lancashire

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: Lancastrians

text: North West England, one of nine official regions of England, consists of the five counties of Cheshire, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Lancashire and Merseyside. The North West had a population of 7,052,000 in 2011. It is the third most populated region in the United Kingdom after the South East and Greater London.

text: North

text: West

text: England

text: one

text: of

text: nine

text: official

text: regions

text: of

text: England

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: counties

text: of

text: Cheshire

text: Cumbria

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: Lancashire

text: and

text: Merseyside

text: The

text: North

text: West

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: populated

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: after

text: the

text: South

text: East

text: and

text: Greater

text: London

text:
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. The term includes nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion. Presently, the nuclear fission of elements in the actinide series of the periodic table produce the vast majority of nuclear energy in the direct service of humankind, with nuclear decay processes, primarily in the form of geothermal energy, and radioisotope thermoelectric generators, in niche uses making up the rest.
Owing, fundamentally, to the delayed critical fission process, Fission-electric power stations are one of the leading low carbon power generation methods of producing electricity, and in terms of total life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy generated, has emission values lower than "renewable energy" when the latter is taken as a single energy source. Since all electricity supplying technologies use cement, etc., during construction, emissions are yet to be brought to zero. A 2014 analysis of the carbon footprint literature by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported that the embodied total life-cycle emission intensity of fission electricity has a median value of 12 g eq/kWh which is the lowest out of all commercial baseload energy sources, and second lowest out of all commercial electricity technologies known, after wind power which is an Intermittent energy source with embodied greenhouse gas emissions, per unit of energy generated of 11 g eq/kWh. Each result is contrasted with coal & fossil gas at 820 and 490 g eq/kWh. With this translating into, from the beginning of Fission-electric power station commercialization in the 1970s, having prevented the emission of about 64 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, greenhouse gases that would have otherwise resulted from the burning of fossil fuels in thermal power stations.
There is a social debate about nuclear power. Proponents, such as the World Nuclear Association and Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy, contend that nuclear power is a safe, sustainable energy source that reduces carbon emissions. Opponents, such as Greenpeace International and NIRS, contend that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment.

text: Nuclear

text: power

text: is

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: nuclear

text: reactions

text: that

text: release

text: nuclear

text: energy

text: to

text: generate

text: heat

text: which

text: most

text: frequently

text: is

text: then

text: used

text: in

text: steam

text: turbines

text: to

text: produce

text: electricity

text: in

text: nuclear

text: power

text: plant

text: The

text: term

text: includes

text: nuclear

text: fission

text: nuclear

text: decay

text: and

text: nuclear

text: fusion

text: Presently

text: the

text: nuclear

text: fission

text: of

text: elements

text: in

text: the

text: actinide

text: series

text: of

text: the

text: periodic

text: table

text: produce

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: nuclear

text: energy

text: in

text: the

text: direct

text: service

text: of

text: humankind

text: with

text: nuclear

text: decay

text: processes

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: geothermal

text: energy

text: and

text: radioisotope

text: thermoelectric

text: generators

text: in

text: niche

text: uses

text: making

text: up

text: the

text: rest

text: Owing

text: fundamentally

text: to

text: the

text: delayed

text: critical

text: fission

text: process

text: Fission

text: electric

text: power

text: stations

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: low

text: carbon

text: power

text: generation

text: methods

text: of

text: producing

text: electricity

text: and

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: total

text: life

text: cycle

text: greenhouse

text: gas

text: emissions

text: per

text: unit

text: of

text: energy

text: generated

text: has

text: emission

text: values

text: lower

text: than

text: renewable

text: energy

text: when

text: the

text: latter

text: is

text: taken

text: as

text: single

text: energy

text: source

text: Since

text: all

text: electricity

text: supplying

text: technologies

text: use

text: cement

text: etc

text: during

text: construction

text: emissions

text: are

text: yet

text: to

text: be

text: brought

text: to

text: zero

text: analysis

text: of

text: the

text: carbon

text: footprint

text: literature

text: by

text: the

text: Intergovernmental

text: Panel

text: on

text: Climate

text: Change

text: IPCC

text: reported

text: that

text: the

text: embodied

text: total

text: life

text: cycle

text: emission

text: intensity

text: of

text: fission

text: electricity

text: has

text: median

text: value

text: of

text: eq

text: kWh

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: lowest

text: out

text: of

text: all

text: commercial

text: baseload

text: energy

text: sources

text: and

text: second

text: lowest

text: out

text: of

text: all

text: commercial

text: electricity

text: technologies

text: known

text: after

text: wind

text: power

text: which

text: is

text: an

text: Intermittent

text: energy

text: source

text: with

text: embodied

text: greenhouse

text: gas

text: emissions

text: per

text: unit

text: of

text: energy

text: generated

text: of

text: eq

text: kWh

text: Each

text: result

text: is

text: contrasted

text: with

text: coal

text: fossil

text: gas

text: at

text: and

text: eq

text: kWh

text: With

text: this

text: translating

text: into

text: from

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: Fission

text: electric

text: power

text: station

text: commercialization

text: in

text: the

text: having

text: prevented

text: the

text: emission

text: of

text: about

text: billion

text: tonnes

text: of

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: equivalent

text: greenhouse

text: gases

text: that

text: would

text: have

text: otherwise

text: resulted

text: from

text: the

text: burning

text: of

text: fossil

text: fuels

text: in

text: thermal

text: power

text: stations

text: There

text: is

text: social

text: debate

text: about

text: nuclear

text: power

text: Proponents

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: World

text: Nuclear

text: Association

text: and

text: Environmentalists

text: for

text: Nuclear

text: Energy

text: contend

text: that

text: nuclear

text: power

text: is

text: safe

text: sustainable

text: energy

text: source

text: that

text: reduces

text: carbon

text: emissions

text: Opponents

text: such

text: as

text: Greenpeace

text: International

text: and

text: NIRS

text: contend

text: that

text: nuclear

text: power

text: poses

text: many

text: threats

text: to

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: environment

text: Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2.8 million. It encompasses one of the largest metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom and comprises ten metropolitan boroughs: Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan, and the cities of Manchester and Salford. Greater Manchester was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972; and designated a City Region on 1 April 2011.

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: is

text: metropolitan

text: county

text: in

text: North

text: West

text: England

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: It

text: encompasses

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: comprises

text: ten

text: metropolitan

text: boroughs

text: Bolton

text: Bury

text: Oldham

text: Rochdale

text: Stockport

text: Tameside

text: Trafford

text: Wigan

text: and

text: the

text: cities

text: of

text: Manchester

text: and

text: Salford

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: was

text: created

text: on

text: April

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: Local

text: Government

text: Act

text: and

text: designated

text: City

text: Region

text: on

text: April

text: Anthony John Lewis MBE ( born 25 February 1942 in Bolton , Lancashire ) is a mathematician who , along with Frank Duckworth , developed the Duckworth - Lewis method of resetting targets in interrupted cricket matches . Lewis received degrees in mathematics and statistics from Sheffield University in the 1960s . In January 2008 , he retired as a lecturer in Quantitative Research Methods from Oxford Brookes University . He was formerly a lecturer at the University of the West of England where the Duckworth - Lewis method originated from an undergraduate final - year project . He is also a former chairman of the Western Operational Research Discussion Society and was a keynote speaker at the Second IMA International Conference on Mathematics in Sport in 2009 . Lewis was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 2010 Birthday Honours .

text: Anthony

text: John

text: Lewis

text: MBE

text: born

text: February

text: in

text: Bolton

text: Lancashire

text: is

text: mathematician

text: who

text: along

text: with

text: Frank

text: Duckworth

text: developed

text: the

text: Duckworth

text: Lewis

text: method

text: of

text: resetting

text: targets

text: in

text: interrupted

text: cricket

text: matches

text: Lewis

text: received

text: degrees

text: in

text: mathematics

text: and

text: statistics

text: from

text: Sheffield

text: University

text: in

text: the

text: In

text: January

text: he

text: retired

text: as

text: lecturer

text: in

text: Quantitative

text: Research

text: Methods

text: from

text: Oxford

text: Brookes

text: University

text: He

text: was

text: formerly

text: lecturer

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: of

text: England

text: where

text: the

text: Duckworth

text: Lewis

text: method

text: originated

text: from

text: an

text: undergraduate

text: final

text: year

text: project

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: former

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Operational

text: Research

text: Discussion

text: Society

text: and

text: was

text: keynote

text: speaker

text: at

text: the

text: Second

text: IMA

text: International

text: Conference

text: on

text: Mathematics

text: in

text: Sport

text: in

text: Lewis

text: was

text: appointed

text: Member

text: of

text: the

text: Order

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: MBE

text: in

text: the

text: Birthday

text: Honours

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: occupation tony lewis

answer: statistician

text: statistician

text: statistician

text: statistician


text: Hummingbirds are birds from the Americas that constitute the family Trochilidae. They are among the smallest of birds, most species measuring . Indeed, the smallest extant bird species is a hummingbird, the 5-cm bee hummingbird weighing less than a U.S. penny (2.5 g).

text: Hummingbirds

text: are

text: birds

text: from

text: the

text: Americas

text: that

text: constitute

text: the

text: family

text: Trochilidae

text: They

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: smallest

text: of

text: birds

text: most

text: species

text: measuring

text: Indeed

text: the

text: smallest

text: extant

text: bird

text: species

text: is

text: hummingbird

text: the

text: bee

text: hummingbird

text: weighing

text: less

text: than

text: U.S.

text: penny

text: The Republic of Iceland, "Lýðveldið Ísland" in Icelandic, is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of and an area of , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Reykjavík. Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence still keeps summers chilly, with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate.

text: The

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iceland

text: Lýðveldið

text: Ísland

text: in

text: Icelandic

text: is

text: Nordic

text: island

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: Europe

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Reykjavík

text: Reykjavík

text: and

text: the

text: surrounding

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: are

text: home

text: to

text: over

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: Iceland

text: is

text: volcanically

text: and

text: geologically

text: active

text: The

text: interior

text: consists

text: of

text: plateau

text: characterised

text: by

text: sand

text: and

text: lava

text: fields

text: mountains

text: and

text: glaciers

text: while

text: many

text: glacial

text: rivers

text: flow

text: to

text: the

text: sea

text: through

text: the

text: lowlands

text: Iceland

text: is

text: warmed

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: Stream

text: and

text: has

text: temperate

text: climate

text: despite

text: high

text: latitude

text: just

text: outside

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Circle

text: Its

text: high

text: latitude

text: and

text: marine

text: influence

text: still

text: keeps

text: summers

text: chilly

text: with

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: archipelago

text: having

text: tundra

text: climate

text: The Atlantic puffin ('), also known as the common puffin, is a species of seabird in the auk family. It is the only puffin native to the Atlantic Ocean; two related species, the tufted puffin and the horned puffin, are found in the northeastern Pacific. The Atlantic puffin breeds in Iceland, Norway, Greenland, Newfoundland and many North Atlantic islands, and as far south as Maine in the west and the British Isles in the east. Although it has a large population and a wide range, the species has declined rapidly, at least in parts of its range, resulting in it being rated as vulnerable by the IUCN. On land, it has the typical upright stance of an auk. At sea, it swims on the surface and feeds mainly on small fish, which it catches by diving underwater, using its wings for propulsion.

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: puffin

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: common

text: puffin

text: is

text: species

text: of

text: seabird

text: in

text: the

text: auk

text: family

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: puffin

text: native

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: two

text: related

text: species

text: the

text: tufted

text: puffin

text: and

text: the

text: horned

text: puffin

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: northeastern

text: Pacific

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: puffin

text: breeds

text: in

text: Iceland

text: Norway

text: Greenland

text: Newfoundland

text: and

text: many

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: islands

text: and

text: as

text: far

text: south

text: as

text: Maine

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: Although

text: it

text: has

text: large

text: population

text: and

text: wide

text: range

text: the

text: species

text: has

text: declined

text: rapidly

text: at

text: least

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: its

text: range

text: resulting

text: in

text: it

text: being

text: rated

text: as

text: vulnerable

text: by

text: the

text: IUCN

text: On

text: land

text: it

text: has

text: the

text: typical

text: upright

text: stance

text: of

text: an

text: auk

text: At

text: sea

text: it

text: swims

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: and

text: feeds

text: mainly

text: on

text: small

text: fish

text: which

text: it

text: catches

text: by

text: diving

text: underwater

text: using

text: its

text: wings

text: for

text: propulsion

text: The horned puffin ("Fratercula corniculata") is an auk, similar in appearance to the Atlantic puffin. It is a pelagic seabird that feeds primarily by diving for fish. It nests in colonies, often with other auks.

text: The

text: horned

text: puffin

text: Fratercula

text: corniculata

text: is

text: an

text: auk

text: similar

text: in

text: appearance

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: puffin

text: It

text: is

text: pelagic

text: seabird

text: that

text: feeds

text: primarily

text: by

text: diving

text: for

text: fish

text: It

text: nests

text: in

text: colonies

text: often

text: with

text: other

text: auks

text: An auk or alcid is a bird of the family Alcidae in the order Charadriiformes. The alcid family includes the murres, guillemots, auklets, puffins, and murrelets.

text: An

text: auk

text: or

text: alcid

text: is

text: bird

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: Alcidae

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: Charadriiformes

text: The

text: alcid

text: family

text: includes

text: the

text: murres

text: guillemots

text: auklets

text: puffins

text: and

text: murrelets

text:
The tufted puffin (Fratercula cirrhata), also known as crested puffin, is a relatively abundant medium-sized pelagic seabird in the auk family (Alcidae) found throughout the North Pacific Ocean.
It is one of three species of puffin that make up the genus "Fratercula" and is easily recognizable by its thick red bill and yellow tufts.

text: The

text: tufted

text: puffin

text: Fratercula

text: cirrhata

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: crested

text: puffin

text: is

text: relatively

text: abundant

text: medium

text: sized

text: pelagic

text: seabird

text: in

text: the

text: auk

text: family

text: Alcidae

text: found

text: throughout

text: the

text: North

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: species

text: of

text: puffin

text: that

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: genus

text: Fratercula

text: and

text: is

text: easily

text: recognizable

text: by

text: its

text: thick

text: red

text: bill

text: and

text: yellow

text: tufts

text: The superclass Tetrapoda (Ancient Greek s tetrapods, "four-footed"), or the tetrapods , comprises the first four-limbed vertebrates and their descendants, including the living and extinct amphibians, birds, mammals, reptiles and some ancient, exclusively aquatic creatures such as the Acanthostega. Tetrapods evolved from the lobe-finned fishes around 390 million years ago in the middle Devonian Period, with modern tetrapod groups having appeared by the late Devonian, 367.5 million years ago. The specific aquatic ancestors of the tetrapods, and the process by which land colonization occurred, remain unclear, and are areas of active research and debate among palaeontologists at present.

text: The

text: superclass

text: Tetrapoda

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: tetrapods

text: four

text: footed

text: or

text: the

text: tetrapods

text: comprises

text: the

text: first

text: four

text: limbed

text: vertebrates

text: and

text: their

text: descendants

text: including

text: the

text: living

text: and

text: extinct

text: amphibians

text: birds

text: mammals

text: reptiles

text: and

text: some

text: ancient

text: exclusively

text: aquatic

text: creatures

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Acanthostega

text: Tetrapods

text: evolved

text: from

text: the

text: lobe

text: finned

text: fishes

text: around

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: Devonian

text: Period

text: with

text: modern

text: tetrapod

text: groups

text: having

text: appeared

text: by

text: the

text: late

text: Devonian

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The

text: specific

text: aquatic

text: ancestors

text: of

text: the

text: tetrapods

text: and

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: land

text: colonization

text: occurred

text: remain

text: unclear

text: and

text: are

text: areas

text: of

text: active

text: research

text: and

text: debate

text: among

text: palaeontologists

text: at

text: present

text: Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U.S. states and territories. It is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and the northernmost east of the Great Lakes. It is known for its jagged, rocky coastline; low, rolling mountains; heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways; and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in coastal areas such as its most populous city of Portland. The capital is Augusta.

text: Maine

text: is

text: the

text: northernmost

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: England

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: Maine

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: extensive

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: states

text: and

text: territories

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: provinces

text: of

text: New

text: Brunswick

text: and

text: Quebec

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Maine

text: is

text: the

text: easternmost

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: contiguous

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: northernmost

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: It

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: jagged

text: rocky

text: coastline

text: low

text: rolling

text: mountains

text: heavily

text: forested

text: interior

text: and

text: picturesque

text: waterways

text: and

text: also

text: its

text: seafood

text: cuisine

text: especially

text: clams

text: and

text: lobster

text: There

text: is

text: continental

text: climate

text: throughout

text: the

text: state

text: even

text: in

text: coastal

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: its

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: Portland

text: The

text: capital

text: is

text: Augusta

text: The bee hummingbird, zunzuncito or Helena hummingbird ("Mellisuga helenae") is a species of hummingbird.

text: The

text: bee

text: hummingbird

text: zunzuncito

text: or

text: Helena

text: hummingbird

text: Mellisuga

text: helenae

text: is

text: species

text: of

text: hummingbird

text: Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 64,000 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates, which include the cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) and the bony fish.

text: Vertebrates

text: comprise

text: all

text: species

text: of

text: animals

text: within

text: the

text: subphylum

text: Vertebrata

text: chordates

text: with

text: backbones

text: Vertebrates

text: represent

text: the

text: overwhelming

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: phylum

text: Chordata

text: with

text: currently

text: about

text: species

text: described

text: Vertebrates

text: include

text: the

text: jawless

text: fish

text: and

text: the

text: jawed

text: vertebrates

text: which

text: include

text: the

text: cartilaginous

text: fish

text: sharks

text: and

text: rays

text: and

text: the

text: bony

text: fish

text: The term billfish refers to a group of predatory fish characterised by prominent bills, or rostra, and by their large size; some are longer than 4 m (13 ft). Billfish include sailfish and marlin, which make up the family Istiophoridae, and swordfish, sole member of the family Xiphiidae. They are apex predators which feed on a wide variety of smaller fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods.

text: The

text: term

text: billfish

text: refers

text: to

text: group

text: of

text: predatory

text: fish

text: characterised

text: by

text: prominent

text: bills

text: or

text: rostra

text: and

text: by

text: their

text: large

text: size

text: some

text: are

text: longer

text: than

text: ft

text: Billfish

text: include

text: sailfish

text: and

text: marlin

text: which

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: family

text: Istiophoridae

text: and

text: swordfish

text: sole

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: Xiphiidae

text: They

text: are

text: apex

text: predators

text: which

text: feed

text: on

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: smaller

text: fish

text: crustaceans

text: and

text: cephalopods

text: The ostrich or common ostrich ("Struthio camelus") is either one or two species of large flightless birds native to Africa, the only living member(s) of the genus "Struthio", which is in the ratite family. In 2014, the Somali ostrich ("Struthio molybdophanes") was recognized as a distinct species.

text: The

text: ostrich

text: or

text: common

text: ostrich

text: Struthio

text: camelus

text: is

text: either

text: one

text: or

text: two

text: species

text: of

text: large

text: flightless

text: birds

text: native

text: to

text: Africa

text: the

text: only

text: living

text: member(s

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Struthio

text: which

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: ratite

text: family

text: In

text: the

text: Somali

text: ostrich

text: Struthio

text: molybdophanes

text: was

text: recognized

text: as

text: distinct

text: species

text: The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the "New World".

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceans

text: with

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: It

text: covers

text: approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: and

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: water

text: surface

text: area

text: It

text: separates

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: from

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: Birds (Aves), also known as avian dinosaurs, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the bee hummingbird to the ostrich. They rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, at approximately ten thousand, with more than half of these being passerines, sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds.

text: Birds

text: Aves

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: avian

text: dinosaurs

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: endothermic

text: vertebrates

text: characterised

text: by

text: feathers

text: toothless

text: beaked

text: jaws

text: the

text: laying

text: of

text: hard

text: shelled

text: eggs

text: high

text: metabolic

text: rate

text: four

text: chambered

text: heart

text: and

text: lightweight

text: but

text: strong

text: skeleton

text: Birds

text: live

text: worldwide

text: and

text: range

text: in

text: size

text: from

text: the

text: bee

text: hummingbird

text: to

text: the

text: ostrich

text: They

text: rank

text: as

text: the

text: class

text: of

text: tetrapods

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: living

text: species

text: at

text: approximately

text: ten

text: thousand

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: these

text: being

text: passerines

text: sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: perching

text: birds

text: or

text: less

text: accurately

text: as

text: songbirds

text:
A passerine is any bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species. A notable feature of passerines compared to other orders of Aves is the arrangement of their toes, three pointing forward and one back, which facilitates perching. Sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds, the passerines form one of the most diverse terrestrial vertebrate orders, with over 5,000 identified species. It has roughly twice as many species as the largest of the mammal orders, the Rodentia. It contains more than 110 families, the second-most of any order of tetrapods (after Squamata, the scaled reptiles).
The passerines contain several groups of brood parasites such as the viduas, cuckoo-finches, and the cowbirds. Most passerines are omnivorous, while the shrikes are carnivorous.

text: passerine

text: is

text: any

text: bird

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: Passeriformes

text: which

text: includes

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: bird

text: species

text: notable

text: feature

text: of

text: passerines

text: compared

text: to

text: other

text: orders

text: of

text: Aves

text: is

text: the

text: arrangement

text: of

text: their

text: toes

text: three

text: pointing

text: forward

text: and

text: one

text: back

text: which

text: facilitates

text: perching

text: Sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: perching

text: birds

text: or

text: less

text: accurately

text: as

text: songbirds

text: the

text: passerines

text: form

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: terrestrial

text: vertebrate

text: orders

text: with

text: over

text: identified

text: species

text: It

text: has

text: roughly

text: twice

text: as

text: many

text: species

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: mammal

text: orders

text: the

text: Rodentia

text: It

text: contains

text: more

text: than

text: families

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: of

text: any

text: order

text: of

text: tetrapods

text: after

text: Squamata

text: the

text: scaled

text: reptiles

text: The

text: passerines

text: contain

text: several

text: groups

text: of

text: brood

text: parasites

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: viduas

text: cuckoo

text: finches

text: and

text: the

text: cowbirds

text: Most

text: passerines

text: are

text: omnivorous

text: while

text: the

text: shrikes

text: are

text: carnivorous

text: The domestic cat is a small, typically furry, carnivorous mammal. They are often called house cats when kept as indoor pets or simply cats when there is no need to distinguish them from other felids and felines. Cats are often valued by humans for companionship and for their ability to hunt vermin. There are more than 70 cat breeds, though different associations proclaim different numbers according to their standards.

text: The

text: domestic

text: cat

text: is

text: small

text: typically

text: furry

text: carnivorous

text: mammal

text: They

text: are

text: often

text: called

text: house

text: cats

text: when

text: kept

text: as

text: indoor

text: pets

text: or

text: simply

text: cats

text: when

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: need

text: to

text: distinguish

text: them

text: from

text: other

text: felids

text: and

text: felines

text: Cats

text: are

text: often

text: valued

text: by

text: humans

text: for

text: companionship

text: and

text: for

text: their

text: ability

text: to

text: hunt

text: vermin

text: There

text: are

text: more

text: than

text: cat

text: breeds

text: though

text: different

text: associations

text: proclaim

text: different

text: numbers

text: according

text: to

text: their

text: standards

text: Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade Dinosauria that first appeared during the Triassic. Although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research, the current scientific consensus places their origin between 231 and 243 million years ago. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the TriassicJurassic extinction event 201 million years ago. Their dominance continued through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods and ended when the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur groups 66 million years ago.

text: Dinosaurs

text: are

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: animals

text: of

text: the

text: clade

text: Dinosauria

text: that

text: first

text: appeared

text: during

text: the

text: Triassic

text: Although

text: the

text: exact

text: origin

text: and

text: timing

text: of

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: dinosaurs

text: is

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: active

text: research

text: the

text: current

text: scientific

text: consensus

text: places

text: their

text: origin

text: between

text: and

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: They

text: became

text: the

text: dominant

text: terrestrial

text: vertebrates

text: after

text: the

text: TriassicJurassic

text: extinction

text: event

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Their

text: dominance

text: continued

text: through

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: and

text: Cretaceous

text: periods

text: and

text: ended

text: when

text: the

text: CretaceousPaleogene

text: extinction

text: event

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: extinction

text: of

text: most

text: dinosaur

text: groups

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The beak, bill, or rostrum is an external anatomical structure of birds that is used for eating and for grooming, manipulating objects, killing prey, fighting, probing for food, courtship and feeding young. The terms "beak" and "rostrum" are also used to refer to a similar mouth part in some dicynodonts, Ornithischians, cephalopods, cetaceans, billfishes, pufferfishes, turtles, Anuran tadpoles and sirens.

text: The

text: beak

text: bill

text: or

text: rostrum

text: is

text: an

text: external

text: anatomical

text: structure

text: of

text: birds

text: that

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: eating

text: and

text: for

text: grooming

text: manipulating

text: objects

text: killing

text: prey

text: fighting

text: probing

text: for

text: food

text: courtship

text: and

text: feeding

text: young

text: The

text: terms

text: beak

text: and

text: rostrum

text: are

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: similar

text: mouth

text: part

text: in

text: some

text: dicynodonts

text: Ornithischians

text: cephalopods

text: cetaceans

text: billfishes

text: pufferfishes

text: turtles

text: Anuran

text: tadpoles

text: and

text: sirens

text: The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three partsthe outer ear, middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal. Since the outer ear is the only visible portion of the ear in most animals, the word "ear" often refers to the external part alone. The middle ear includes the tympanic cavity and the three ossicles. The inner ear sits in the bony labyrinth, and contains structures which are key to several senses: the semicircular canals, which enable balance and eye tracking when moving; the utricle and saccule, which enable balance when stationary; and the cochlea, which enables hearing. The ears of vertebrates are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side of the head, an arrangement that aids sound localisation.

text: The

text: ear

text: is

text: the

text: organ

text: of

text: hearing

text: and

text: in

text: mammals

text: balance

text: In

text: mammals

text: the

text: ear

text: is

text: usually

text: described

text: as

text: having

text: three

text: partsthe

text: outer

text: ear

text: middle

text: ear

text: and

text: the

text: inner

text: ear

text: The

text: outer

text: ear

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: pinna

text: and

text: the

text: ear

text: canal

text: Since

text: the

text: outer

text: ear

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: visible

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: ear

text: in

text: most

text: animals

text: the

text: word

text: ear

text: often

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: external

text: part

text: alone

text: The

text: middle

text: ear

text: includes

text: the

text: tympanic

text: cavity

text: and

text: the

text: three

text: ossicles

text: The

text: inner

text: ear

text: sits

text: in

text: the

text: bony

text: labyrinth

text: and

text: contains

text: structures

text: which

text: are

text: key

text: to

text: several

text: senses

text: the

text: semicircular

text: canals

text: which

text: enable

text: balance

text: and

text: eye

text: tracking

text: when

text: moving

text: the

text: utricle

text: and

text: saccule

text: which

text: enable

text: balance

text: when

text: stationary

text: and

text: the

text: cochlea

text: which

text: enables

text: hearing

text: The

text: ears

text: of

text: vertebrates

text: are

text: placed

text: somewhat

text: symmetrically

text: on

text: either

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: head

text: an

text: arrangement

text: that

text: aids

text: sound

text: localisation

text: A songbird is a bird belonging to the clade Passeri of the perching birds (Passeriformes). Another name that is sometimes seen as a scientific or vernacular name is Oscines, from Latin "oscen", "a songbird". This group contains some 4,000 species found all over the world, in which the vocal organ typically is developed in such a way as to produce a diverse and elaborate bird song.

text: songbird

text: is

text: bird

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: clade

text: Passeri

text: of

text: the

text: perching

text: birds

text: Passeriformes

text: Another

text: name

text: that

text: is

text: sometimes

text: seen

text: as

text: scientific

text: or

text: vernacular

text: name

text: is

text: Oscines

text: from

text: Latin

text: oscen

text: songbird

text: This

text: group

text: contains

text: some

text: species

text: found

text: all

text: over

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: vocal

text: organ

text: typically

text: is

text: developed

text: in

text: such

text: way

text: as

text: to

text: produce

text: diverse

text: and

text: elaborate

text: bird

text: song

text:
An endotherm (from Greek  "endon" "within" and  "therm" "heat") is an organism that maintains its body at a metabolically favorable temperature, largely by the use of heat set free by its internal bodily functions instead of relying almost purely on ambient heat. Such internally generated heat is mainly an incidental product of the animal's routine metabolism, but under conditions of excessive cold or low activity an endotherm might apply special mechanisms adapted specifically to heat production. Examples include special-function muscular exertion such as shivering, and uncoupled oxidative metabolism such as within brown adipose tissue.
Only birds and mammals are extant universally endothermic groups of animals. Certain lamnid sharks, tuna and billfishes are also endothermic.

text: An

text: endotherm

text: from

text: Greek

text: endon

text: within

text: and

text: therm

text: heat

text: is

text: an

text: organism

text: that

text: maintains

text: its

text: body

text: at

text: metabolically

text: favorable

text: temperature

text: largely

text: by

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: heat

text: set

text: free

text: by

text: its

text: internal

text: bodily

text: functions

text: instead

text: of

text: relying

text: almost

text: purely

text: on

text: ambient

text: heat

text: Such

text: internally

text: generated

text: heat

text: is

text: mainly

text: an

text: incidental

text: product

text: of

text: the

text: animal

text: 's

text: routine

text: metabolism

text: but

text: under

text: conditions

text: of

text: excessive

text: cold

text: or

text: low

text: activity

text: an

text: endotherm

text: might

text: apply

text: special

text: mechanisms

text: adapted

text: specifically

text: to

text: heat

text: production

text: Examples

text: include

text: special

text: function

text: muscular

text: exertion

text: such

text: as

text: shivering

text: and

text: uncoupled

text: oxidative

text: metabolism

text: such

text: as

text: within

text: brown

text: adipose

text: tissue

text: Only

text: birds

text: and

text: mammals

text: are

text: extant

text: universally

text: endothermic

text: groups

text: of

text: animals

text: Certain

text: lamnid

text: sharks

text: tuna

text: and

text: billfishes

text: are

text: also

text: endothermic

text: Dicynodontia is a taxon of anomodont therapsids or synapsids with beginnings in the mid-Permian, which were dominant in the Late Permian and continued throughout the Triassic, with a few possibly surviving into the Early Cretaceous. Dicynodonts were herbivorous animals with two tusks, hence their name, which means 'two dog tooth'. They are also the most successful and diverse of the non-mammalian therapsids, with over 70 genera known, varying from rat- to ox-sized.

text: Dicynodontia

text: is

text: taxon

text: of

text: anomodont

text: therapsids

text: or

text: synapsids

text: with

text: beginnings

text: in

text: the

text: mid

text: Permian

text: which

text: were

text: dominant

text: in

text: the

text: Late

text: Permian

text: and

text: continued

text: throughout

text: the

text: Triassic

text: with

text: few

text: possibly

text: surviving

text: into

text: the

text: Early

text: Cretaceous

text: Dicynodonts

text: were

text: herbivorous

text: animals

text: with

text: two

text: tusks

text: hence

text: their

text: name

text: which

text: means

text: two

text: dog

text: tooth

text: They

text: are

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: and

text: diverse

text: of

text: the

text: non

text: mammalian

text: therapsids

text: with

text: over

text: genera

text: known

text: varying

text: from

text: rat-

text: to

text: ox

text: sized

text: Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents of the superfamily Muroidea. "True rats" are members of the genus "Rattus", the most important of which to humans are the black rat, "Rattus rattus", and the brown rat, "Rattus norvegicus". Many members of other rodent genera and families are also referred to as rats, and share many characteristics with true rats.

text: Rats

text: are

text: various

text: medium

text: sized

text: long

text: tailed

text: rodents

text: of

text: the

text: superfamily

text: Muroidea

text: True

text: rats

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Rattus

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: of

text: which

text: to

text: humans

text: are

text: the

text: black

text: rat

text: Rattus

text: rattus

text: and

text: the

text: brown

text: rat

text: Rattus

text: norvegicus

text: Many

text: members

text: of

text: other

text: rodent

text: genera

text: and

text: families

text: are

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: rats

text: and

text: share

text: many

text: characteristics

text: with

text: true

text: rats

text: Puffins are any of three small species of alcids ( auks ) in the bird genus Fratercula with a brightly coloured beak during the breeding season . These are pelagic seabirds that feed primarily by diving in the water . They breed in large colonies on coastal cliffs or offshore islands , nesting in crevices among rocks or in burrows in the soil . Two species , the tufted puffin and horned puffin , are found in the North Pacific Ocean , while the Atlantic puffin is found in the North Atlantic Ocean . All puffin species have predominantly black or black and white plumage , a stocky build , and large beaks . They shed the colourful outer parts of their bills after the breeding season , leaving a smaller and duller beak . Their short wings are adapted for swimming with a flying technique under water . In the air , they beat their wings rapidly ( up to 400 times per minute ) in swift flight , often flying low over the ocean 's surface .

text: Puffins

text: are

text: any

text: of

text: three

text: small

text: species

text: of

text: alcids

text: auks

text: in

text: the

text: bird

text: genus

text: Fratercula

text: with

text: brightly

text: coloured

text: beak

text: during

text: the

text: breeding

text: season

text: These

text: are

text: pelagic

text: seabirds

text: that

text: feed

text: primarily

text: by

text: diving

text: in

text: the

text: water

text: They

text: breed

text: in

text: large

text: colonies

text: on

text: coastal

text: cliffs

text: or

text: offshore

text: islands

text: nesting

text: in

text: crevices

text: among

text: rocks

text: or

text: in

text: burrows

text: in

text: the

text: soil

text: Two

text: species

text: the

text: tufted

text: puffin

text: and

text: horned

text: puffin

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: while

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: puffin

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: All

text: puffin

text: species

text: have

text: predominantly

text: black

text: or

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: plumage

text: stocky

text: build

text: and

text: large

text: beaks

text: They

text: shed

text: the

text: colourful

text: outer

text: parts

text: of

text: their

text: bills

text: after

text: the

text: breeding

text: season

text: leaving

text: smaller

text: and

text: duller

text: beak

text: Their

text: short

text: wings

text: are

text: adapted

text: for

text: swimming

text: with

text: flying

text: technique

text: under

text: water

text: In

text: the

text: air

text: they

text: beat

text: their

text: wings

text: rapidly

text: up

text: to

text: times

text: per

text: minute

text: in

text: swift

text: flight

text: often

text: flying

text: low

text: over

text: the

text: ocean

text: 's

text: surface

text: The British Isles are a group of islands off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consist of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. Situated in the North Atlantic, the islands have a total area of approximately 315,159 km, and a combined population of just under 70 million. Two sovereign states are located on the islands: Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of the island with the same name) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The British Isles also include three Crown Dependencies: the Isle of Man and, by tradition, the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands, although the latter are not physically a part of the archipelago.

text: The

text: British

text: Isles

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: islands

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: continental

text: Europe

text: that

text: consist

text: of

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: Ireland

text: and

text: over

text: six

text: thousand

text: smaller

text: isles

text: Situated

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: the

text: islands

text: have

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: km

text: and

text: combined

text: population

text: of

text: just

text: under

text: million

text: Two

text: sovereign

text: states

text: are

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: islands

text: Ireland

text: which

text: covers

text: roughly

text: five

text: sixths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: The

text: British

text: Isles

text: also

text: include

text: three

text: Crown

text: Dependencies

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: and

text: by

text: tradition

text: the

text: Bailiwick

text: of

text: Jersey

text: and

text: the

text: Bailiwick

text: of

text: Guernsey

text: in

text: the

text: Channel

text: Islands

text: although

text: the

text: latter

text: are

text: not

text: physically

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: archipelago

question: parent_taxon puffin

answer: alcidae

text: alcidae

text: alcidae


text: Magog ( / me / ; Hebrew  ( mao ) , Greek  ) is the second of the seven sons of Japheth mentioned in the Table of Nations in Genesis 10 . It may represent Hebrew for `` from Gog '' , though this is far from certain . Magog is often associated with apocalyptic traditions , mainly in connection with Ezekiel 38 and 39 which mentions `` Gog of the land of Magog , the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal '' ( Ezek 38:2 NIV ) ; on the basis of this mention , `` Gog and Magog '' over time became associated with each other as a pair . In the New Testament , this pairing is found in the Book of Revelation 20:8 , in which instance they may merely be metaphors for archetypal enemies of God . Josephus identified the offspring of Magog as the Scythians , a name used in antiquity for peoples north of the Black Sea . According to him , the Greeks called Scythia Magogia ( Ant. , bk . I , 6 ) . An alternate identification derived from an examination of the order in which tribal names are listed in Ezekiel 38 , `` would place Magog between Cappadocia and Media . '' According to Rabbi Shlomo Ganzfried ( 19th century ) Magog refers to the Mongols . He cites an Arab writer who refers to the Great Wall of China with the name ' Magog ' . Jordanes ' Getica ( 551 ) mentions Magog as ancestor of the Goths , as does the Historia Brittonum , but Isidore of Seville ( c. 635 ) asserts that this identification was popular `` because of the similarity of the last syllable '' ( Etymologiae , IX , 89 ) . Johannes Magnus ( 1488 -- 1544 ) stated that Magog migrated to Scandinavia ( via Finland ) 88 years after the flood , and that his five sons were Suenno ( ancestor of the Swedes ) , Gethar ( or Gog , ancestor of the Goths ) , Ubbo ( who later ruled the Swedes and built Old Uppsala ) , Thor , and German . Magnus ' accounts became accepted at the Swedish court for a long time , and even caused the dynastic numerals of the Swedish monarchs to be renumbered accordingly . Queen Christina of Sweden reckoned herself as number 249 in a list of kings going back to Magog . Magnus also influenced several later historians such as Daniel Juslenius ( 1676 -- 1752 ) , who derived the roots of the Finns from Magog . According to several medieval Irish chronicles , most notably the Auraicept na n - Éces and Lebor Gabála Érenn , the Irish race are a composite including descendants of Japheth 's son Magog from `` Scythia '' . Baath mac Magog ( Boath ) , Jobhath , and Fathochta are the three sons of Magog . Fenius Farsaid , Partholón , Nemed , the Fir Bolg , the Tuatha de Danann , and the Milesians are among Magog 's descendants . Magog was also supposed to have had a grandson called Heber , whose offspring spread throughout the Mediterranean . There is also a medieval Hungarian legend that says the Huns , as well as the Magyars , are descended from twin brothers named Hunor and Magor respectively , who lived by the sea of Azov in the years after the flood , and took wives from the Alans . The version of this legend in the 14th century Chronicon Pictum equates this Magor with Magog , son of Japheth .

text: Magog

text: me

text: Hebrew

text: mao

text: Greek

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: of

text: the

text: seven

text: sons

text: of

text: Japheth

text: mentioned

text: in

text: the

text: Table

text: of

text: Nations

text: in

text: Genesis

text: It

text: may

text: represent

text: Hebrew

text: for

text: from

text: Gog

text: though

text: this

text: is

text: far

text: from

text: certain

text: Magog

text: is

text: often

text: associated

text: with

text: apocalyptic

text: traditions

text: mainly

text: in

text: connection

text: with

text: Ezekiel

text: and

text: which

text: mentions

text: Gog

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: of

text: Magog

text: the

text: chief

text: prince

text: of

text: Meshech

text: and

text: Tubal

text: Ezek

text: NIV

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: this

text: mention

text: Gog

text: and

text: Magog

text: over

text: time

text: became

text: associated

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: as

text: pair

text: In

text: the

text: New

text: Testament

text: this

text: pairing

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: Revelation

text: in

text: which

text: instance

text: they

text: may

text: merely

text: be

text: metaphors

text: for

text: archetypal

text: enemies

text: of

text: God

text: Josephus

text: identified

text: the

text: offspring

text: of

text: Magog

text: as

text: the

text: Scythians

text: name

text: used

text: in

text: antiquity

text: for

text: peoples

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: According

text: to

text: him

text: the

text: Greeks

text: called

text: Scythia

text: Magogia

text: Ant

text: bk

text: An

text: alternate

text: identification

text: derived

text: from

text: an

text: examination

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: in

text: which

text: tribal

text: names

text: are

text: listed

text: in

text: Ezekiel

text: would

text: place

text: Magog

text: between

text: Cappadocia

text: and

text: Media

text: According

text: to

text: Rabbi

text: Shlomo

text: Ganzfried

text: century

text: Magog

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: Mongols

text: He

text: cites

text: an

text: Arab

text: writer

text: who

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: Great

text: Wall

text: of

text: China

text: with

text: the

text: name

text: Magog

text: Jordanes

text: Getica

text: mentions

text: Magog

text: as

text: ancestor

text: of

text: the

text: Goths

text: as

text: does

text: the

text: Historia

text: Brittonum

text: but

text: Isidore

text: of

text: Seville

text: asserts

text: that

text: this

text: identification

text: was

text: popular

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: similarity

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: syllable

text: Etymologiae

text: IX

text: Johannes

text: Magnus

text: stated

text: that

text: Magog

text: migrated

text: to

text: Scandinavia

text: via

text: Finland

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: flood

text: and

text: that

text: his

text: five

text: sons

text: were

text: Suenno

text: ancestor

text: of

text: the

text: Swedes

text: Gethar

text: or

text: Gog

text: ancestor

text: of

text: the

text: Goths

text: Ubbo

text: who

text: later

text: ruled

text: the

text: Swedes

text: and

text: built

text: Old

text: Uppsala

text: Thor

text: and

text: German

text: Magnus

text: accounts

text: became

text: accepted

text: at

text: the

text: Swedish

text: court

text: for

text: long

text: time

text: and

text: even

text: caused

text: the

text: dynastic

text: numerals

text: of

text: the

text: Swedish

text: monarchs

text: to

text: be

text: renumbered

text: accordingly

text: Queen

text: Christina

text: of

text: Sweden

text: reckoned

text: herself

text: as

text: number

text: in

text: list

text: of

text: kings

text: going

text: back

text: to

text: Magog

text: Magnus

text: also

text: influenced

text: several

text: later

text: historians

text: such

text: as

text: Daniel

text: Juslenius

text: who

text: derived

text: the

text: roots

text: of

text: the

text: Finns

text: from

text: Magog

text: According

text: to

text: several

text: medieval

text: Irish

text: chronicles

text: most

text: notably

text: the

text: Auraicept

text: Éces

text: and

text: Lebor

text: Gabála

text: Érenn

text: the

text: Irish

text: race

text: are

text: composite

text: including

text: descendants

text: of

text: Japheth

text: 's

text: son

text: Magog

text: from

text: Scythia

text: Baath

text: mac

text: Magog

text: Boath

text: Jobhath

text: and

text: Fathochta

text: are

text: the

text: three

text: sons

text: of

text: Magog

text: Fenius

text: Farsaid

text: Partholón

text: Nemed

text: the

text: Fir

text: Bolg

text: the

text: Tuatha

text: de

text: Danann

text: and

text: the

text: Milesians

text: are

text: among

text: Magog

text: 's

text: descendants

text: Magog

text: was

text: also

text: supposed

text: to

text: have

text: had

text: grandson

text: called

text: Heber

text: whose

text: offspring

text: spread

text: throughout

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: medieval

text: Hungarian

text: legend

text: that

text: says

text: the

text: Huns

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Magyars

text: are

text: descended

text: from

text: twin

text: brothers

text: named

text: Hunor

text: and

text: Magor

text: respectively

text: who

text: lived

text: by

text: the

text: sea

text: of

text: Azov

text: in

text: the

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: flood

text: and

text: took

text: wives

text: from

text: the

text: Alans

text: The

text: version

text: of

text: this

text: legend

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Chronicon

text: Pictum

text: equates

text: this

text: Magor

text: with

text: Magog

text: son

text: of

text: Japheth

text: Japheth (', '; '; ), meaning "enlarge", is one of the sons of Noah in the Abrahamic tradition. In Arabic citations, his name is normally given as Yafeth bin Nuh ("Japheth, son of Noah").

text: Japheth

text: meaning

text: enlarge

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: sons

text: of

text: Noah

text: in

text: the

text: Abrahamic

text: tradition

text: In

text: Arabic

text: citations

text: his

text: name

text: is

text: normally

text: given

text: as

text: Yafeth

text: bin

text: Nuh

text: Japheth

text: son

text: of

text: Noah

text: In the Abrahamic religions, Noah ("Nukh"; "") was the tenth and last of the pre-flood Patriarchs. The story of Noah's Ark is told in the Bible's Genesis flood narrative. The biblical account is followed by the story of the Curse of Canaan.

text: In

text: the

text: Abrahamic

text: religions

text: Noah

text: Nukh

text: was

text: the

text: tenth

text: and

text: last

text: of

text: the

text: pre

text: flood

text: Patriarchs

text: The

text: story

text: of

text: Noah

text: 's

text: Ark

text: is

text: told

text: in

text: the

text: Bible

text: 's

text: Genesis

text: flood

text: narrative

text: The

text: biblical

text: account

text: is

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: story

text: of

text: the

text: Curse

text: of

text: Canaan

question: present_in_work magog

answer: bible

text: bible