text: Volker Finke (born 24 March 1948) is a German football manager. He was the coach of SC Freiburg for 16 years.

text: Volker

text: Finke

text: born

text: March

text: is

text: German

text: football

text: manager

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: coach

text: of

text: SC

text: Freiburg

text: for

text: years

text: Hanover or Hannover, on the River Leine, is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony ("Niedersachsen"), and was once by personal union the family seat of the Hanoverian Kings of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, under their title as the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg (later described as the Elector of Hanover). At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Electorate was enlarged to become a Kingdom with Hanover as its capital.

text: Hanover

text: or

text: Hannover

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Leine

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: of

text: Lower

text: Saxony

text: Niedersachsen

text: and

text: was

text: once

text: by

text: personal

text: union

text: the

text: family

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: Hanoverian

text: Kings

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: under

text: their

text: title

text: as

text: the

text: dukes

text: of

text: Brunswick

text: Lüneburg

text: later

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: Elector

text: of

text: Hanover

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: the

text: Electorate

text: was

text: enlarged

text: to

text: become

text: Kingdom

text: with

text: Hanover

text: as

text: its

text: capital

text: Field hockey is a team sport of the hockey family. The earliest origins of the sport date back to the Middle Ages in England, Scotland, France and the Netherlands. The game can be played on a grass field or a turf field as well as an indoor board surface. Each team plays with eleven players, including the goalie. Players use sticks made out of wood, carbon fibre, fibre glass or a combination of carbon fibre and fibre glass in different quantities (with the higher carbon fibre stick being more expensive and less likely to break) to hit a round, hard, plastic ball. The length of the stick depends on the player's individual height. Only one end of the stick is allowed to be used. Goalies often have a different kind of stick, however they can also use an ordinary field hockey stick. The specific goal-keeping sticks have another curve at the end of the stick, this is to give them more surface area to save the ball. The uniform consists of shin guards, shoes, shorts, a mouth guard and a jersey. Today, the game is played globally, with particular popularity throughout Western Europe, the Indian subcontinent, Southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, and parts of the United States (such as Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Kentucky, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania). Field Hockey is the national sport of India and Pakistan. The term "field hockey" is used primarily in Canada and the United States where ice hockey is more popular. In Sweden the term landhockey is used.

text: Field

text: hockey

text: is

text: team

text: sport

text: of

text: the

text: hockey

text: family

text: The

text: earliest

text: origins

text: of

text: the

text: sport

text: date

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: in

text: England

text: Scotland

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: game

text: can

text: be

text: played

text: on

text: grass

text: field

text: or

text: turf

text: field

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: an

text: indoor

text: board

text: surface

text: Each

text: team

text: plays

text: with

text: eleven

text: players

text: including

text: the

text: goalie

text: Players

text: use

text: sticks

text: made

text: out

text: of

text: wood

text: carbon

text: fibre

text: fibre

text: glass

text: or

text: combination

text: of

text: carbon

text: fibre

text: and

text: fibre

text: glass

text: in

text: different

text: quantities

text: with

text: the

text: higher

text: carbon

text: fibre

text: stick

text: being

text: more

text: expensive

text: and

text: less

text: likely

text: to

text: break

text: to

text: hit

text: round

text: hard

text: plastic

text: ball

text: The

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: stick

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: player

text: 's

text: individual

text: height

text: Only

text: one

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: stick

text: is

text: allowed

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: Goalies

text: often

text: have

text: different

text: kind

text: of

text: stick

text: however

text: they

text: can

text: also

text: use

text: an

text: ordinary

text: field

text: hockey

text: stick

text: The

text: specific

text: goal

text: keeping

text: sticks

text: have

text: another

text: curve

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: stick

text: this

text: is

text: to

text: give

text: them

text: more

text: surface

text: area

text: to

text: save

text: the

text: ball

text: The

text: uniform

text: consists

text: of

text: shin

text: guards

text: shoes

text: shorts

text: mouth

text: guard

text: and

text: jersey

text: Today

text: the

text: game

text: is

text: played

text: globally

text: with

text: particular

text: popularity

text: throughout

text: Western

text: Europe

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: Australia

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Argentina

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: such

text: as

text: Mississippi

text: Alabama

text: Florida

text: Kentucky

text: Massachusetts

text: and

text: Pennsylvania

text: Field

text: Hockey

text: is

text: the

text: national

text: sport

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: The

text: term

text: field

text: hockey

text: is

text: used

text: primarily

text: in

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: where

text: ice

text: hockey

text: is

text: more

text: popular

text: In

text: Sweden

text: the

text: term

text: landhockey

text: is

text: used

text: Garbsen is a town in the district of Hanover, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Leine, approx. 11 km northwest of Hanover.

text: Garbsen

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: the

text: district

text: of

text: Hanover

text: in

text: Lower

text: Saxony

text: Germany

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: river

text: Leine

text: approx

text: km

text: northwest

text: of

text: Hanover

text: The DFL-Supercup or "German Super Cup" is a one-off football match in Germany that features the winners of the Bundesliga championship and the DFB-Pokal. The DFL-Supercup is run by the Deutsche Fußball Liga (English: German Football League).

text: The

text: DFL

text: Supercup

text: or

text: German

text: Super

text: Cup

text: is

text: one

text: off

text: football

text: match

text: in

text: Germany

text: that

text: features

text: the

text: winners

text: of

text: the

text: Bundesliga

text: championship

text: and

text: the

text: DFB

text: Pokal

text: The

text: DFL

text: Supercup

text: is

text: run

text: by

text: the

text: Deutsche

text: Fußball

text: Liga

text: English

text: German

text: Football

text: League

text: The German Football Association (; DFB ) is the governing body of football in Germany. A founding member of both FIFA and UEFA, the DFB has jurisdiction for the German football league system and is in charge of the men's and women's national teams. The DFB headquarters are based in Frankfurt am Main. Sole members of the DFB are the German Football League (DFL), organising the professional Bundesliga and the 2. Bundesliga, along with five regional and 21 state associations, organising the semi-professional and amateur levels. The 21 state associations of the DFB have a combined number of more than 25,000 clubs with more than 6.8 million members, making the DFB the single largest sports federation in the world.

text: The

text: German

text: Football

text: Association

text: DFB

text: is

text: the

text: governing

text: body

text: of

text: football

text: in

text: Germany

text: founding

text: member

text: of

text: both

text: FIFA

text: and

text: UEFA

text: the

text: DFB

text: has

text: jurisdiction

text: for

text: the

text: German

text: football

text: league

text: system

text: and

text: is

text: in

text: charge

text: of

text: the

text: men

text: 's

text: and

text: women

text: 's

text: national

text: teams

text: The

text: DFB

text: headquarters

text: are

text: based

text: in

text: Frankfurt

text: am

text: Main

text: Sole

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: DFB

text: are

text: the

text: German

text: Football

text: League

text: DFL

text: organising

text: the

text: professional

text: Bundesliga

text: and

text: the

text: Bundesliga

text: along

text: with

text: five

text: regional

text: and

text: state

text: associations

text: organising

text: the

text: semi

text: professional

text: and

text: amateur

text: levels

text: The

text: state

text: associations

text: of

text: the

text: DFB

text: have

text: combined

text: number

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: clubs

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: members

text: making

text: the

text: DFB

text: the

text: single

text: largest

text: sports

text: federation

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Bielefeld is a city in the Ostwestfalen-Lippe Region in the north-east of North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany. With a population of 336,000, it is also the most populous city in the Regierungsbezirk Detmold.

text: Bielefeld

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Ostwestfalen

text: Lippe

text: Region

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: of

text: North

text: Rhine

text: Westphalia

text: Germany

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Regierungsbezirk

text: Detmold

text: The Leine (Old Saxon "Lagina") is a river in Thuringia and Lower Saxony, Germany. It is a left tributary of the River Aller (and so of the River Weser as well) and long.

text: The

text: Leine

text: Old

text: Saxon

text: Lagina

text: is

text: river

text: in

text: Thuringia

text: and

text: Lower

text: Saxony

text: Germany

text: It

text: is

text: left

text: tributary

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Aller

text: and

text: so

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Weser

text: as

text: well

text: and

text: long

text: Sport-Club Freiburg e.V., commonly known as SC Freiburg, is a German football club, based in the city of Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg. It plays in the Bundesliga, having been promoted as champions from the 2. Bundesliga in 2016. Freiburg has traditionally bounced between the first and second tier of the German football league system, leading to the fan chant, "We go down, we go up, we go into the UEFA Cup!" during the 1990s.

text: Sport

text: Club

text: Freiburg

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: SC

text: Freiburg

text: is

text: German

text: football

text: club

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Freiburg

text: Breisgau

text: Baden

text: Württemberg

text: It

text: plays

text: in

text: the

text: Bundesliga

text: having

text: been

text: promoted

text: as

text: champions

text: from

text: the

text: Bundesliga

text: in

text: Freiburg

text: has

text: traditionally

text: bounced

text: between

text: the

text: first

text: and

text: second

text: tier

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: football

text: league

text: system

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: fan

text: chant

text: We

text: go

text: down

text: we

text: go

text: up

text: we

text: go

text: into

text: the

text: UEFA

text: Cup

text: during

text: the

text: The Roman army (Latin: ) is a term that can in general be applied to the terrestrial armed forces deployed by the Romans throughout the duration of Ancient Rome, from the Roman Kingdom (to c. 500 BC) to the Roman Republic (50031 BC) and the Roman Empire (31 BC  395/476 AD), and its successor the East Roman or Byzantine Empire. It is thus a term that may span approximately 2,000 years, during which the Roman armed forces underwent numerous permutations in composition, organisation, equipment and tactics, while conserving a core of lasting traditions.

text: The

text: Roman

text: army

text: Latin

text: is

text: term

text: that

text: can

text: in

text: general

text: be

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: terrestrial

text: armed

text: forces

text: deployed

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: throughout

text: the

text: duration

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Rome

text: from

text: the

text: Roman

text: Kingdom

text: to

text: BC

text: to

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: BC

text: AD

text: and

text: its

text: successor

text: the

text: East

text: Roman

text: or

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: It

text: is

text: thus

text: term

text: that

text: may

text: span

text: approximately

text: years

text: during

text: which

text: the

text: Roman

text: armed

text: forces

text: underwent

text: numerous

text: permutations

text: in

text: composition

text: organisation

text: equipment

text: and

text: tactics

text: while

text: conserving

text: core

text: of

text: lasting

text: traditions

text: The Bundesliga (lit. , sometimes referred to as the Fußball-Bundesliga or 1. Bundesliga ), is a professional association football league in Germany and the football league with the highest average stadium attendance worldwide. At the top of the German football league system, the Bundesliga is Germany's primary football competition. The Bundesliga is contested by 18 teams and operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the 2. Bundesliga. Seasons run from August to May. Most games are played on Saturdays and Sundays, with a few games played on weekdays. All of the Bundesliga clubs qualify for the DFB-Pokal. The winner of the Bundesliga qualifies for the DFL-Supercup.

text: The

text: Bundesliga

text: lit

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Fußball

text: Bundesliga

text: or

text: Bundesliga

text: is

text: professional

text: association

text: football

text: league

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: football

text: league

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: average

text: stadium

text: attendance

text: worldwide

text: At

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: football

text: league

text: system

text: the

text: Bundesliga

text: is

text: Germany

text: 's

text: primary

text: football

text: competition

text: The

text: Bundesliga

text: is

text: contested

text: by

text: teams

text: and

text: operates

text: on

text: system

text: of

text: promotion

text: and

text: relegation

text: with

text: the

text: Bundesliga

text: Seasons

text: run

text: from

text: August

text: to

text: May.

text: Most

text: games

text: are

text: played

text: on

text: Saturdays

text: and

text: Sundays

text: with

text: few

text: games

text: played

text: on

text: weekdays

text: All

text: of

text: the

text: Bundesliga

text: clubs

text: qualify

text: for

text: the

text: DFB

text: Pokal

text: The

text: winner

text: of

text: the

text: Bundesliga

text: qualifies

text: for

text: the

text: DFL

text: Supercup

text: The 2. Bundesliga ("Zweite Bundesliga") is the second division of professional football in Germany. The 2. Bundesliga is ranked below the Bundesliga and above the 3. Liga in the German football league system. All of the 2. Bundesliga clubs qualify for the DFB-Pokal, the annual German Cup competition. A total of 125 clubs have competed in the 2. Bundesliga since its foundation.

text: The

text: Bundesliga

text: Zweite

text: Bundesliga

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: division

text: of

text: professional

text: football

text: in

text: Germany

text: The

text: Bundesliga

text: is

text: ranked

text: below

text: the

text: Bundesliga

text: and

text: above

text: the

text: Liga

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: football

text: league

text: system

text: All

text: of

text: the

text: Bundesliga

text: clubs

text: qualify

text: for

text: the

text: DFB

text: Pokal

text: the

text: annual

text: German

text: Cup

text: competition

text: total

text: of

text: clubs

text: have

text: competed

text: in

text: the

text: Bundesliga

text: since

text: its

text: foundation

text: The Cherusci (sometimes called the Cherusks) were a Germanic tribe that inhabited parts of the plains and forests of northwestern Germany, in the area possibly near present-day Hanover, during the 1st century BC and 1st century AD. Ethnically, Pliny the Elder groups them with their neighbours the Suebi and Chatti, as well as the Hermunduri, as Hermiones, one of the Germanic groupings said to descend from an ancestor named Mannus. They led an important war against the Roman Empire. Subsequently they were probably absorbed into the tribal confederations such as the Franks and Allemanni.

text: The

text: Cherusci

text: sometimes

text: called

text: the

text: Cherusks

text: were

text: Germanic

text: tribe

text: that

text: inhabited

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: plains

text: and

text: forests

text: of

text: northwestern

text: Germany

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: possibly

text: near

text: present

text: day

text: Hanover

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: and

text: century

text: AD

text: Ethnically

text: Pliny

text: the

text: Elder

text: groups

text: them

text: with

text: their

text: neighbours

text: the

text: Suebi

text: and

text: Chatti

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Hermunduri

text: as

text: Hermiones

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Germanic

text: groupings

text: said

text: to

text: descend

text: from

text: an

text: ancestor

text: named

text: Mannus

text: They

text: led

text: an

text: important

text: war

text: against

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Subsequently

text: they

text: were

text: probably

text: absorbed

text: into

text: the

text: tribal

text: confederations

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Franks

text: and

text: Allemanni

text: The DFB-Pokal (until 1952 Tschammer-Pokal ) or "German Cup" is a German knockout football cup competition held annually. Sixty-four teams participate in the competition, including all clubs from the Bundesliga and the 2. Bundesliga. It is considered the second-most important club title in German football after the Bundesliga championship. The DFB-Pokal is run by the German Football Association (DFB), and runs from August until June. The winner qualifies for the DFL-Supercup and the UEFA Europa League unless the winner already qualifies for the UEFA Champions League in the Bundesliga.

text: The

text: DFB

text: Pokal

text: until

text: Tschammer

text: Pokal

text: or

text: German

text: Cup

text: is

text: German

text: knockout

text: football

text: cup

text: competition

text: held

text: annually

text: Sixty

text: four

text: teams

text: participate

text: in

text: the

text: competition

text: including

text: all

text: clubs

text: from

text: the

text: Bundesliga

text: and

text: the

text: Bundesliga

text: It

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: important

text: club

text: title

text: in

text: German

text: football

text: after

text: the

text: Bundesliga

text: championship

text: The

text: DFB

text: Pokal

text: is

text: run

text: by

text: the

text: German

text: Football

text: Association

text: DFB

text: and

text: runs

text: from

text: August

text: until

text: June

text: The

text: winner

text: qualifies

text: for

text: the

text: DFL

text: Supercup

text: and

text: the

text: UEFA

text: Europa

text: League

text: unless

text: the

text: winner

text: already

text: qualifies

text: for

text: the

text: UEFA

text: Champions

text: League

text: in

text: the

text: Bundesliga

text: The UEFA Champions League is an annual continental club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and contested by top-division European clubs. It is one of the most prestigious tournaments in the world and the most prestigious club competition in European football, played by the national league champion (and, for some nations, one or more runners-up) of each UEFA national association. The final of the 201213 tournament was the most watched UEFA Champions League final to date, as well as the most watched annual sporting event worldwide in 2013, drawing 360 million television viewers.

text: The

text: UEFA

text: Champions

text: League

text: is

text: an

text: annual

text: continental

text: club

text: football

text: competition

text: organised

text: by

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: European

text: Football

text: Associations

text: UEFA

text: and

text: contested

text: by

text: top

text: division

text: European

text: clubs

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: prestigious

text: tournaments

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: prestigious

text: club

text: competition

text: in

text: European

text: football

text: played

text: by

text: the

text: national

text: league

text: champion

text: and

text: for

text: some

text: nations

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: runners

text: up

text: of

text: each

text: UEFA

text: national

text: association

text: The

text: final

text: of

text: the

text: tournament

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: watched

text: UEFA

text: Champions

text: League

text: final

text: to

text: date

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: watched

text: annual

text: sporting

text: event

text: worldwide

text: in

text: drawing

text: million

text: television

text: viewers

text: DSC Arminia Bielefeld (full name: ; also known as "Die Arminen" or "Die Blauen" ) is a German sports club from Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia. Arminia offers the sports of football, field hockey, figure skating and cue sports. The club has 12,000 members and the club colours are black, white and blue. Arminia's name derives from the Cheruscian chieftain Arminius, who defeated a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.

text: DSC

text: Arminia

text: Bielefeld

text: full

text: name

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Die

text: Arminen

text: or

text: Die

text: Blauen

text: is

text: German

text: sports

text: club

text: from

text: Bielefeld

text: North

text: Rhine

text: Westphalia

text: Arminia

text: offers

text: the

text: sports

text: of

text: football

text: field

text: hockey

text: figure

text: skating

text: and

text: cue

text: sports

text: The

text: club

text: has

text: members

text: and

text: the

text: club

text: colours

text: are

text: black

text: white

text: and

text: blue

text: Arminia

text: 's

text: name

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Cheruscian

text: chieftain

text: Arminius

text: who

text: defeated

text: Roman

text: army

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Teutoburg

text: Forest

text: TSV Stelingen is a German sports club based in the Stelingen district of Garbsen . The club 's football division notably qualified for the 1986 -- 87 DFB - Pokal , where they were eliminated by Arminia Bielefeld . They also won the 1986 Lower Saxony Cup . Volker Finke is the most notable figure associated with the club , which he both played for and managed during his career . Currently the club participates in the tier seven Bezirksliga Hannover 2 .

text: TSV

text: Stelingen

text: is

text: German

text: sports

text: club

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: Stelingen

text: district

text: of

text: Garbsen

text: The

text: club

text: 's

text: football

text: division

text: notably

text: qualified

text: for

text: the

text: DFB

text: Pokal

text: where

text: they

text: were

text: eliminated

text: by

text: Arminia

text: Bielefeld

text: They

text: also

text: won

text: the

text: Lower

text: Saxony

text: Cup

text: Volker

text: Finke

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: notable

text: figure

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: club

text: which

text: he

text: both

text: played

text: for

text: and

text: managed

text: during

text: his

text: career

text: Currently

text: the

text: club

text: participates

text: in

text: the

text: tier

text: seven

text: Bezirksliga

text: Hannover

text: Lower Saxony is a German state ("Bundesland") situated in northwestern Germany and is second in area, with , and fourth in population (8 million) among the sixteen "Länder" of Germany. In rural areas Northern Low Saxon, a dialect of Low German, and Saterland Frisian, a variety of Frisian, are still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining.

text: Lower

text: Saxony

text: is

text: German

text: state

text: Bundesland

text: situated

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Germany

text: and

text: is

text: second

text: in

text: area

text: with

text: and

text: fourth

text: in

text: population

text: million

text: among

text: the

text: sixteen

text: Länder

text: of

text: Germany

text: In

text: rural

text: areas

text: Northern

text: Low

text: Saxon

text: dialect

text: of

text: Low

text: German

text: and

text: Saterland

text: Frisian

text: variety

text: of

text: Frisian

text: are

text: still

text: spoken

text: but

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: speakers

text: is

text: declining

question: country tsv stelingen

answer: germany

text: germany

text: germany

text: germany

text: germany

text: germany

text: germany

text: germany

text: germany

text: germany

text: germany

text: germany


text: A paradox is a statement that, despite apparently sound reasoning from true premises, leads to a self-contradictory or a logically unacceptable conclusion. A paradox involves contradictory yet interrelated elements that exist simultaneously and persist over time.

text: paradox

text: is

text: statement

text: that

text: despite

text: apparently

text: sound

text: reasoning

text: from

text: true

text: premises

text: leads

text: to

text: self

text: contradictory

text: or

text: logically

text: unacceptable

text: conclusion

text: paradox

text: involves

text: contradictory

text: yet

text: interrelated

text: elements

text: that

text: exist

text: simultaneously

text: and

text: persist

text: over

text: time

text: Aeschylus (or ; "Aiskhulos" c. 525/524  c. 456/455 BC) was an ancient Greek tragedian. He is often described as the father of tragedy. Academics' knowledge of the genre begins with his work, and understanding of earlier tragedies is largely based on inferences from his surviving plays. According to Aristotle, he expanded the number of characters in theater allowing conflict among them; characters previously had interacted only with the chorus.

text: Aeschylus

text: or

text: Aiskhulos

text: BC

text: was

text: an

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: tragedian

text: He

text: is

text: often

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: tragedy

text: Academics

text: knowledge

text: of

text: the

text: genre

text: begins

text: with

text: his

text: work

text: and

text: understanding

text: of

text: earlier

text: tragedies

text: is

text: largely

text: based

text: on

text: inferences

text: from

text: his

text: surviving

text: plays

text: According

text: to

text: Aristotle

text: he

text: expanded

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: characters

text: in

text: theater

text: allowing

text: conflict

text: among

text: them

text: characters

text: previously

text: had

text: interacted

text: only

text: with

text: the

text: chorus

text: Troy ("Troia" and , "Ilion", or , "Ilios"; and ; Hittite: "Wilusha" or "Truwisha") was a city situated in the far northwest of the region known in late Classical antiquity as Asia Minor, now known as Anatolia in modern Turkey, near (just south of) the southwest mouth of the Dardanelles strait and northwest of Mount Ida. The present-day location is known as Hisarlik. It was the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle, in particular in the "Iliad", one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Metrical evidence from the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" suggests that the name ("Ilion") formerly began with a digamma: ("Wilion"); this is also supported by the Hittite name for what is thought to be the same city, Wilusa.

text: Troy

text: Troia

text: and

text: Ilion

text: or

text: Ilios

text: and

text: Hittite

text: Wilusha

text: or

text: Truwisha

text: was

text: city

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: far

text: northwest

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: known

text: in

text: late

text: Classical

text: antiquity

text: as

text: Asia

text: Minor

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: Anatolia

text: in

text: modern

text: Turkey

text: near

text: just

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: southwest

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: Dardanelles

text: strait

text: and

text: northwest

text: of

text: Mount

text: Ida

text: The

text: present

text: day

text: location

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Hisarlik

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: setting

text: of

text: the

text: Trojan

text: War

text: described

text: in

text: the

text: Greek

text: Epic

text: Cycle

text: in

text: particular

text: in

text: the

text: Iliad

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: epic

text: poems

text: attributed

text: to

text: Homer

text: Metrical

text: evidence

text: from

text: the

text: Iliad

text: and

text: the

text: Odyssey

text: suggests

text: that

text: the

text: name

text: Ilion

text: formerly

text: began

text: with

text: digamma

text: Wilion

text: this

text: is

text: also

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: Hittite

text: name

text: for

text: what

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: same

text: city

text: Wilusa

text: Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: ), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Greece to the west; Bulgaria to the northwest; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the south. The Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia. Turkey's location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history.

text: Turkey

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Turkey

text: Turkish

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: mainly

text: in

text: Anatolia

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: with

text: smaller

text: portion

text: on

text: the

text: Balkan

text: peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Europe

text: Turkey

text: is

text: democratic

text: secular

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: with

text: diverse

text: cultural

text: heritage

text: Turkey

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: eight

text: countries

text: Greece

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Bulgaria

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Georgia

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Armenia

text: the

text: Azerbaijani

text: exclave

text: of

text: Nakhchivan

text: and

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Iraq

text: and

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: Aegean

text: Sea

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: Bosphorus

text: the

text: Sea

text: of

text: Marmara

text: and

text: the

text: Dardanelles

text: which

text: together

text: form

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: divide

text: Thrace

text: and

text: Anatolia

text: they

text: also

text: separate

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: Turkey

text: 's

text: location

text: has

text: given

text: it

text: geopolitical

text: and

text: strategic

text: importance

text: throughout

text: history

text: The Odyssey ("Odýsseia", in Classical Attic) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is, in part, a sequel to the "Iliad", the other work ascribed to Homer. The "Odyssey" is fundamental to the modern Western canon, and is the second-oldest extant work of Western literature; the "Iliad" is the oldest. Scholars believe the "Odyssey" was composed near the end of the 8th century BC, somewhere in Ionia, the Greek coastal region of Anatolia.

text: The

text: Odyssey

text: Odýsseia

text: in

text: Classical

text: Attic

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: major

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: epic

text: poems

text: attributed

text: to

text: Homer

text: It

text: is

text: in

text: part

text: sequel

text: to

text: the

text: Iliad

text: the

text: other

text: work

text: ascribed

text: to

text: Homer

text: The

text: Odyssey

text: is

text: fundamental

text: to

text: the

text: modern

text: Western

text: canon

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: oldest

text: extant

text: work

text: of

text: Western

text: literature

text: the

text: Iliad

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: Scholars

text: believe

text: the

text: Odyssey

text: was

text: composed

text: near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: somewhere

text: in

text: Ionia

text: the

text: Greek

text: coastal

text: region

text: of

text: Anatolia

text: Cultural identity is the identity or feeling of belonging to a group. It is part of a person's self-conception and self-perception and is related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, generation, locality or any kind of social group that has its own distinct culture. In this way, cultural identity is both characteristic of the individual but also of the culturally identical group of members sharing the same cultural identity.

text: Cultural

text: identity

text: is

text: the

text: identity

text: or

text: feeling

text: of

text: belonging

text: to

text: group

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: person

text: 's

text: self

text: conception

text: and

text: self

text: perception

text: and

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: nationality

text: ethnicity

text: religion

text: social

text: class

text: generation

text: locality

text: or

text: any

text: kind

text: of

text: social

text: group

text: that

text: has

text: its

text: own

text: distinct

text: culture

text: In

text: this

text: way

text: cultural

text: identity

text: is

text: both

text: characteristic

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: but

text: also

text: of

text: the

text: culturally

text: identical

text: group

text: of

text: members

text: sharing

text: the

text: same

text: cultural

text: identity

text: Greek mythology is the body of myths and teachings that belong to the ancient Greeks, concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. It was a part of the religion in ancient Greece. Modern scholars refer to and study the myths in an attempt to shed light on the religious and political institutions of Ancient Greece and its civilization, and to gain understanding of the nature of myth-making itself.

text: Greek

text: mythology

text: is

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: myths

text: and

text: teachings

text: that

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: ancient

text: Greeks

text: concerning

text: their

text: gods

text: and

text: heroes

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: origins

text: and

text: significance

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: cult

text: and

text: ritual

text: practices

text: It

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: religion

text: in

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: Modern

text: scholars

text: refer

text: to

text: and

text: study

text: the

text: myths

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: shed

text: light

text: on

text: the

text: religious

text: and

text: political

text: institutions

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: its

text: civilization

text: and

text: to

text: gain

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: myth

text: making

text: itself

text: Euripides (or ; ) (c. 480  c. 406 BC) was a tragedian of classical Athens. He is one of the few whose plays have survived, with the others being Aeschylus, Sophocles, and potentially Euphorion. Some ancient scholars attributed 95 plays to him but according to the "Suda" it was 92 at most. Of these, 18 or 19 have survived more or less complete (there has been debate about his authorship of "Rhesus", largely on stylistic grounds) and there are also fragments, some substantial, of most of the other plays. More of his plays have survived intact than those of Aeschylus and Sophocles together, partly due to mere chance and partly because his popularity grew as theirs declinedhe became, in the Hellenistic Age, a cornerstone of ancient literary education, along with Homer, Demosthenes and Menander.

text: Euripides

text: or

text: BC

text: was

text: tragedian

text: of

text: classical

text: Athens

text: He

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: whose

text: plays

text: have

text: survived

text: with

text: the

text: others

text: being

text: Aeschylus

text: Sophocles

text: and

text: potentially

text: Euphorion

text: Some

text: ancient

text: scholars

text: attributed

text: plays

text: to

text: him

text: but

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Suda

text: it

text: was

text: at

text: most

text: Of

text: these

text: or

text: have

text: survived

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: complete

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: debate

text: about

text: his

text: authorship

text: of

text: Rhesus

text: largely

text: on

text: stylistic

text: grounds

text: and

text: there

text: are

text: also

text: fragments

text: some

text: substantial

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: plays

text: More

text: of

text: his

text: plays

text: have

text: survived

text: intact

text: than

text: those

text: of

text: Aeschylus

text: and

text: Sophocles

text: together

text: partly

text: due

text: to

text: mere

text: chance

text: and

text: partly

text: because

text: his

text: popularity

text: grew

text: as

text: theirs

text: declinedhe

text: became

text: in

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: Age

text: cornerstone

text: of

text: ancient

text: literary

text: education

text: along

text: with

text: Homer

text: Demosthenes

text: and

text: Menander

text: Publius Ovidius Naso (20 March 43 BC  AD 17/18), known as Ovid in the English-speaking world, was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace, with whom he is often ranked as one of the three canonical poets of Latin literature. The Imperial scholar Quintilian considered him the last of the Latin love elegists. He enjoyed enormous popularity, but, in one of the mysteries of literary history, was sent by Augustus into exile in a remote province on the Black Sea, where he remained until his death. Ovid himself attributes his exile to "carmen et error", "a poem and a mistake", but his discretion in discussing the causes has resulted in much speculation among scholars.

text: Publius

text: Ovidius

text: Naso

text: March

text: BC

text: AD

text: known

text: as

text: Ovid

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: world

text: was

text: Roman

text: poet

text: who

text: lived

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Augustus

text: He

text: was

text: contemporary

text: of

text: the

text: older

text: Virgil

text: and

text: Horace

text: with

text: whom

text: he

text: is

text: often

text: ranked

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: canonical

text: poets

text: of

text: Latin

text: literature

text: The

text: Imperial

text: scholar

text: Quintilian

text: considered

text: him

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: the

text: Latin

text: love

text: elegists

text: He

text: enjoyed

text: enormous

text: popularity

text: but

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: mysteries

text: of

text: literary

text: history

text: was

text: sent

text: by

text: Augustus

text: into

text: exile

text: in

text: remote

text: province

text: on

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: where

text: he

text: remained

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: Ovid

text: himself

text: attributes

text: his

text: exile

text: to

text: carmen

text: et

text: error

text: poem

text: and

text: mistake

text: but

text: his

text: discretion

text: in

text: discussing

text: the

text: causes

text: has

text: resulted

text: in

text: much

text: speculation

text: among

text: scholars

text: The Peloponnesian War (431404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. In the first phase, the Archidamian War, Sparta launched repeated invasions of Attica, while Athens took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid the coast of the Peloponnese and attempt to suppress signs of unrest in its empire. This period of the war was concluded in 421 BC, with the signing of the Peace of Nicias. That treaty, however, was soon undermined by renewed fighting in the Peloponnese. In 415 BC, Athens dispatched a massive expeditionary force to attack Syracuse in Sicily; the attack failed disastrously, with the destruction of the entire force, in 413 BC. This ushered in the final phase of the war, generally referred to either as the Decelean War, or the Ionian War. In this phase, Sparta, now receiving support from Persia, supported rebellions in Athens' subject states in the Aegean Sea and Ionia, undermining Athens' empire, and, eventually, depriving the city of naval supremacy. The destruction of Athens' fleet at Aegospotami effectively ended the war, and Athens surrendered in the following year. Corinth and Thebes demanded that Athens should be destroyed and all its citizens should be enslaved, but Sparta refused.

text: The

text: Peloponnesian

text: War

text: BC

text: was

text: an

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: war

text: fought

text: by

text: Athens

text: and

text: its

text: empire

text: against

text: the

text: Peloponnesian

text: League

text: led

text: by

text: Sparta

text: Historians

text: have

text: traditionally

text: divided

text: the

text: war

text: into

text: three

text: phases

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: phase

text: the

text: Archidamian

text: War

text: Sparta

text: launched

text: repeated

text: invasions

text: of

text: Attica

text: while

text: Athens

text: took

text: advantage

text: of

text: its

text: naval

text: supremacy

text: to

text: raid

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Peloponnese

text: and

text: attempt

text: to

text: suppress

text: signs

text: of

text: unrest

text: in

text: its

text: empire

text: This

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: was

text: concluded

text: in

text: BC

text: with

text: the

text: signing

text: of

text: the

text: Peace

text: of

text: Nicias

text: That

text: treaty

text: however

text: was

text: soon

text: undermined

text: by

text: renewed

text: fighting

text: in

text: the

text: Peloponnese

text: In

text: BC

text: Athens

text: dispatched

text: massive

text: expeditionary

text: force

text: to

text: attack

text: Syracuse

text: in

text: Sicily

text: the

text: attack

text: failed

text: disastrously

text: with

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: force

text: in

text: BC

text: This

text: ushered

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: phase

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: generally

text: referred

text: to

text: either

text: as

text: the

text: Decelean

text: War

text: or

text: the

text: Ionian

text: War

text: In

text: this

text: phase

text: Sparta

text: now

text: receiving

text: support

text: from

text: Persia

text: supported

text: rebellions

text: in

text: Athens

text: subject

text: states

text: in

text: the

text: Aegean

text: Sea

text: and

text: Ionia

text: undermining

text: Athens

text: empire

text: and

text: eventually

text: depriving

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: naval

text: supremacy

text: The

text: destruction

text: of

text: Athens

text: fleet

text: at

text: Aegospotami

text: effectively

text: ended

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: Athens

text: surrendered

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: Corinth

text: and

text: Thebes

text: demanded

text: that

text: Athens

text: should

text: be

text: destroyed

text: and

text: all

text: its

text: citizens

text: should

text: be

text: enslaved

text: but

text: Sparta

text: refused

text: Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is a term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world. It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and Southwestern Asia.

text: Classical

text: antiquity

text: also

text: the

text: classical

text: era

text: classical

text: period

text: or

text: classical

text: age

text: is

text: term

text: for

text: long

text: period

text: of

text: cultural

text: history

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: comprising

text: the

text: interlocking

text: civilizations

text: of

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: Greek

text: and

text: Roman

text: society

text: flourished

text: and

text: wielded

text: great

text: influence

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: Southwestern

text: Asia

text: A siege is a military blockade of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by attrition or assault. This derives from "sedere", Latin for "to sit". Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterized by one party holding a strong, static defensive position. Consequently, an opportunity for negotiation between combatants is not uncommon, as proximity and fluctuating advantage can encourage diplomacy.

text: siege

text: is

text: military

text: blockade

text: of

text: city

text: or

text: fortress

text: with

text: the

text: intent

text: of

text: conquering

text: by

text: attrition

text: or

text: assault

text: This

text: derives

text: from

text: sedere

text: Latin

text: for

text: to

text: sit

text: Siege

text: warfare

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: constant

text: low

text: intensity

text: conflict

text: characterized

text: by

text: one

text: party

text: holding

text: strong

text: static

text: defensive

text: position

text: Consequently

text: an

text: opportunity

text: for

text: negotiation

text: between

text: combatants

text: is

text: not

text: uncommon

text: as

text: proximity

text: and

text: fluctuating

text: advantage

text: can

text: encourage

text: diplomacy

text: In Greek mythology, Priam ("Príamos") was the king of Troy during the Trojan War and youngest son of Laomedon.

text: In

text: Greek

text: mythology

text: Priam

text: Príamos

text: was

text: the

text: king

text: of

text: Troy

text: during

text: the

text: Trojan

text: War

text: and

text: youngest

text: son

text: of

text: Laomedon

text: Hecuba (also "Hecabe", "Hécube"; "Hekáb") was a queen in Greek mythology, the wife of King Priam of Troy during the Trojan War, with whom she had 19 children. These children included several major characters of Homer's "Iliad" such as the warriors Hector and Paris and the prophetess Cassandra.

text: Hecuba

text: also

text: Hecabe

text: Hécube

text: Hekáb

text: was

text: queen

text: in

text: Greek

text: mythology

text: the

text: wife

text: of

text: King

text: Priam

text: of

text: Troy

text: during

text: the

text: Trojan

text: War

text: with

text: whom

text: she

text: had

text: children

text: These

text: children

text: included

text: several

text: major

text: characters

text: of

text: Homer

text: 's

text: Iliad

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: warriors

text: Hector

text: and

text: Paris

text: and

text: the

text: prophetess

text: Cassandra

text: A Christian (or ) is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. "Christian" derives from the Koine Greek word "Christós" (), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term "mashiach".

text: Christian

text: or

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: follows

text: or

text: adheres

text: to

text: Christianity

text: an

text: Abrahamic

text: monotheistic

text: religion

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: life

text: and

text: teachings

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: Christian

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Koine

text: Greek

text: word

text: Christós

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: Biblical

text: Hebrew

text: term

text: mashiach

text: Digamma, waw, or wau (uppercase: , lowercase: , numeral: ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet. It originally stood for the sound but it has principally remained in use as a Greek numeral for 6. Whereas it was originally called "waw" or "wau", its most common appellation in classical Greek is "digamma"; as a numeral, it was called "epismon" during the Byzantine era and is now known as "stigma" after the Byzantine ligature combining - as .

text: Digamma

text: waw

text: or

text: wau

text: uppercase

text: lowercase

text: numeral

text: is

text: an

text: archaic

text: letter

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: alphabet

text: It

text: originally

text: stood

text: for

text: the

text: sound

text: but

text: it

text: has

text: principally

text: remained

text: in

text: use

text: as

text: Greek

text: numeral

text: for

text: Whereas

text: it

text: was

text: originally

text: called

text: waw

text: or

text: wau

text: its

text: most

text: common

text: appellation

text: in

text: classical

text: Greek

text: is

text: digamma

text: as

text: numeral

text: it

text: was

text: called

text: epismon

text: during

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: era

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: stigma

text: after

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: ligature

text: combining

text: as

text: King Priam is an opera by Michael Tippett, to his own libretto. The story is based on Homer's "Iliad", except the birth and childhood of Paris, which are taken from the "Fabulae" of Hyginus.

text: King

text: Priam

text: is

text: an

text: opera

text: by

text: Michael

text: Tippett

text: to

text: his

text: own

text: libretto

text: The

text: story

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: Homer

text: 's

text: Iliad

text: except

text: the

text: birth

text: and

text: childhood

text: of

text: Paris

text: which

text: are

text: taken

text: from

text: the

text: Fabulae

text: of

text: Hyginus

text: Anatolia (from Greek , '  "east" or "(sun)rise"; in modern ), in geography known as Asia Minor (from '  "small Asia"; in modern ), Asian Turkey, Anatolian peninsula, or Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland.

text: Anatolia

text: from

text: Greek

text: east

text: or

text: sun)rise

text: in

text: modern

text: in

text: geography

text: known

text: as

text: Asia

text: Minor

text: from

text: small

text: Asia

text: in

text: modern

text: Asian

text: Turkey

text: Anatolian

text: peninsula

text: or

text: Anatolian

text: plateau

text: is

text: the

text: westernmost

text: protrusion

text: of

text: Asia

text: which

text: makes

text: up

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: modern

text: day

text: Turkey

text: The

text: region

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Aegean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: Sea

text: of

text: Marmara

text: forms

text: connection

text: between

text: the

text: Black

text: and

text: Aegean

text: Seas

text: through

text: the

text: Bosphorus

text: and

text: Dardanelles

text: straits

text: and

text: separates

text: Anatolia

text: from

text: Thrace

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: mainland

text: Raymond Henry Williams (31 August 1921  26 January 1988) was a Welsh academic, novelist and critic. He was an influential figure within the New Left and in wider culture. His writings on politics, culture, the mass media and literature are a significant contribution to the Marxist critique of culture and the arts. Some 750,000 copies of his books have sold in UK editions alone and there are many translations available. His work laid the foundations for the field of cultural studies and the cultural materialist approach.

text: Raymond

text: Henry

text: Williams

text: August

text: January

text: was

text: Welsh

text: academic

text: novelist

text: and

text: critic

text: He

text: was

text: an

text: influential

text: figure

text: within

text: the

text: New

text: Left

text: and

text: in

text: wider

text: culture

text: His

text: writings

text: on

text: politics

text: culture

text: the

text: mass

text: media

text: and

text: literature

text: are

text: significant

text: contribution

text: to

text: the

text: Marxist

text: critique

text: of

text: culture

text: and

text: the

text: arts

text: Some

text: copies

text: of

text: his

text: books

text: have

text: sold

text: in

text: UK

text: editions

text: alone

text: and

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: translations

text: available

text: His

text: work

text: laid

text: the

text: foundations

text: for

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: cultural

text: studies

text: and

text: the

text: cultural

text: materialist

text: approach

text: Catharsis (from Greek meaning "purification" or "cleansing") is the purification and purgation of emotionsespecially pity and fearthrough art or any extreme change in emotion that results in renewal and restoration. It is a metaphor originally used by Aristotle in the "Poetics," comparing the effects of tragedy on the mind of a spectator to the effect of a cathartic on the body.

text: Catharsis

text: from

text: Greek

text: meaning

text: purification

text: or

text: cleansing

text: is

text: the

text: purification

text: and

text: purgation

text: of

text: emotionsespecially

text: pity

text: and

text: fearthrough

text: art

text: or

text: any

text: extreme

text: change

text: in

text: emotion

text: that

text: results

text: in

text: renewal

text: and

text: restoration

text: It

text: is

text: metaphor

text: originally

text: used

text: by

text: Aristotle

text: in

text: the

text: Poetics

text: comparing

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: tragedy

text: on

text: the

text: mind

text: of

text: spectator

text: to

text: the

text: effect

text: of

text: cathartic

text: on

text: the

text: body

text: Homer (, "Hómros") is the name ascribed by the Ancient Greeks to the semi-legendary author of the two epic poems, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", the central works of Greek literature. Many accounts of Homer's life circulated in classical antiquity, the most widespread being that he was a blind bard from Ionia, a region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey. The modern scholarly consensus is that these traditions do not have any historical value.

text: Homer

text: Hómros

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: ascribed

text: by

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greeks

text: to

text: the

text: semi

text: legendary

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: epic

text: poems

text: the

text: Iliad

text: and

text: the

text: Odyssey

text: the

text: central

text: works

text: of

text: Greek

text: literature

text: Many

text: accounts

text: of

text: Homer

text: 's

text: life

text: circulated

text: in

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: being

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: blind

text: bard

text: from

text: Ionia

text: region

text: of

text: central

text: coastal

text: Anatolia

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Turkey

text: The

text: modern

text: scholarly

text: consensus

text: is

text: that

text: these

text: traditions

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: any

text: historical

text: value

text: Greek tragedy is a form of theatre from Ancient Greece and Asia Minor. It reached its most significant form in Athens in the 5th century BC, the works of which are sometimes called Attic tragedy. Greek tragedy is an extension of the ancient rites carried out in honor of Dionysus, and it heavily influenced the theatre of Ancient Rome and the Renaissance. Tragic plots were most often based upon myths from the oral traditions of archaic epics. In tragic theatre, however, these narratives were presented by actors. The most acclaimed Greek tragedians are Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides.

text: Greek

text: tragedy

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: theatre

text: from

text: Ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: Asia

text: Minor

text: It

text: reached

text: its

text: most

text: significant

text: form

text: in

text: Athens

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: sometimes

text: called

text: Attic

text: tragedy

text: Greek

text: tragedy

text: is

text: an

text: extension

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: rites

text: carried

text: out

text: in

text: honor

text: of

text: Dionysus

text: and

text: it

text: heavily

text: influenced

text: the

text: theatre

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Rome

text: and

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: Tragic

text: plots

text: were

text: most

text: often

text: based

text: upon

text: myths

text: from

text: the

text: oral

text: traditions

text: of

text: archaic

text: epics

text: In

text: tragic

text: theatre

text: however

text: these

text: narratives

text: were

text: presented

text: by

text: actors

text: The

text: most

text: acclaimed

text: Greek

text: tragedians

text: are

text: Aeschylus

text: Sophocles

text: and

text: Euripides

text: The Trojan Women ("Triades"), also known as Troades, is a tragedy by the Greek playwright Euripides. Produced in 415 BC during the Peloponnesian War, it is often considered a commentary on the capture of the Aegean island of Melos and the subsequent slaughter and subjugation of its populace by the Athenians earlier that year "(see History of Milos)". 415 BC was also the year of the scandalous desecration of the "hermai" and the Athenians' second expedition to Sicily, events which may also have influenced the author.

text: The

text: Trojan

text: Women

text: Triades

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Troades

text: is

text: tragedy

text: by

text: the

text: Greek

text: playwright

text: Euripides

text: Produced

text: in

text: BC

text: during

text: the

text: Peloponnesian

text: War

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: considered

text: commentary

text: on

text: the

text: capture

text: of

text: the

text: Aegean

text: island

text: of

text: Melos

text: and

text: the

text: subsequent

text: slaughter

text: and

text: subjugation

text: of

text: its

text: populace

text: by

text: the

text: Athenians

text: earlier

text: that

text: year

text: see

text: History

text: of

text: Milos

text: BC

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: year

text: of

text: the

text: scandalous

text: desecration

text: of

text: the

text: hermai

text: and

text: the

text: Athenians

text: second

text: expedition

text: to

text: Sicily

text: events

text: which

text: may

text: also

text: have

text: influenced

text: the

text: author

text: In Greek mythology, Laomedon was a Trojan king, son of Ilus, nephew of Ganymede and Assaracus, and father of Priam, Astyoche, Lampus, Hicetaon, Clytius, Cilla, Proclia, Aethilla, Medesicaste, Clytodora, and Hesione. Tithonus is also described by most sources as Laomedon's eldest legitimate son; and most sources omit Ganymedes from the list of Laomedon's children, but indicate him as his uncle instead. Laomedon's possible wives are Placia, Strymo (or Rhoeo) and Leucippe; by the former he begot Tithonus and by the latter King Priam (see John Tzetzes' "Scholia in Lycophronem" 18 (: "Priamus was the son of Leucippe, whereas Tithonus was the son of Rhoeo or Strymo, the daughter of Scamander")). He also had a son named Bucolion by the nymph Calybe, as recounted by Homer in the "Iliad" (6.22). Dictys Cretensis (4.22) added Thymoetes to the list of Laomedon's children.

text: In

text: Greek

text: mythology

text: Laomedon

text: was

text: Trojan

text: king

text: son

text: of

text: Ilus

text: nephew

text: of

text: Ganymede

text: and

text: Assaracus

text: and

text: father

text: of

text: Priam

text: Astyoche

text: Lampus

text: Hicetaon

text: Clytius

text: Cilla

text: Proclia

text: Aethilla

text: Medesicaste

text: Clytodora

text: and

text: Hesione

text: Tithonus

text: is

text: also

text: described

text: by

text: most

text: sources

text: as

text: Laomedon

text: 's

text: eldest

text: legitimate

text: son

text: and

text: most

text: sources

text: omit

text: Ganymedes

text: from

text: the

text: list

text: of

text: Laomedon

text: 's

text: children

text: but

text: indicate

text: him

text: as

text: his

text: uncle

text: instead

text: Laomedon

text: 's

text: possible

text: wives

text: are

text: Placia

text: Strymo

text: or

text: Rhoeo

text: and

text: Leucippe

text: by

text: the

text: former

text: he

text: begot

text: Tithonus

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: latter

text: King

text: Priam

text: see

text: John

text: Tzetzes

text: Scholia

text: in

text: Lycophronem

text: Priamus

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Leucippe

text: whereas

text: Tithonus

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Rhoeo

text: or

text: Strymo

text: the

text: daughter

text: of

text: Scamander

text: He

text: also

text: had

text: son

text: named

text: Bucolion

text: by

text: the

text: nymph

text: Calybe

text: as

text: recounted

text: by

text: Homer

text: in

text: the

text: Iliad

text: Dictys

text: Cretensis

text: added

text: Thymoetes

text: to

text: the

text: list

text: of

text: Laomedon

text: 's

text: children

text: The Iliad ("", in Classical Attic; sometimes referred to as the "Song of Ilion" or "Song of Ilium") is an ancient Greek epic poem in dactylic hexameter, traditionally attributed to Homer. Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy (Ilium) by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles.

text: The

text: Iliad

text: in

text: Classical

text: Attic

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Song

text: of

text: Ilion

text: or

text: Song

text: of

text: Ilium

text: is

text: an

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: epic

text: poem

text: in

text: dactylic

text: hexameter

text: traditionally

text: attributed

text: to

text: Homer

text: Set

text: during

text: the

text: Trojan

text: War

text: the

text: ten

text: year

text: siege

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Troy

text: Ilium

text: by

text: coalition

text: of

text: Greek

text: states

text: it

text: tells

text: of

text: the

text: battles

text: and

text: events

text: during

text: the

text: weeks

text: of

text: quarrel

text: between

text: King

text: Agamemnon

text: and

text: the

text: warrior

text: Achilles

text: Hecuba ( Ancient Greek :  , Hekab ) is a tragedy by Euripides written c. 424 BC. It takes place after the Trojan War , but before the Greeks have departed Troy ( roughly the same time as The Trojan Women , another play by Euripides ) . The central figure is Hecuba , wife of King Priam , formerly Queen of the now - fallen city . It depicts Hecuba 's grief over the death of her daughter Polyxena , and the revenge she takes for the murder of her youngest son Polydorus .

text: Hecuba

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: Hekab

text: is

text: tragedy

text: by

text: Euripides

text: written

text: BC

text: It

text: takes

text: place

text: after

text: the

text: Trojan

text: War

text: but

text: before

text: the

text: Greeks

text: have

text: departed

text: Troy

text: roughly

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: as

text: The

text: Trojan

text: Women

text: another

text: play

text: by

text: Euripides

text: The

text: central

text: figure

text: is

text: Hecuba

text: wife

text: of

text: King

text: Priam

text: formerly

text: Queen

text: of

text: the

text: now

text: fallen

text: city

text: It

text: depicts

text: Hecuba

text: 's

text: grief

text: over

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: her

text: daughter

text: Polyxena

text: and

text: the

text: revenge

text: she

text: takes

text: for

text: the

text: murder

text: of

text: her

text: youngest

text: son

text: Polydorus

text: Sophocles ("Sophokls", ; 497/6  winter 406/5 BC) is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. His first plays were written later than those of Aeschylus, and earlier than or contemporary with those of Euripides. Sophocles wrote 120 plays during the course of his life, but only seven have survived in a complete form: "Ajax", "Antigone", "The Women of Trachis", "Oedipus the King", "Electra", "Philoctetes" and "Oedipus at Colonus". For almost 50 years, Sophocles was the most celebrated playwright in the dramatic competitions of the city-state of Athens that took place during the religious festivals of the Lenaea and the Dionysia. He competed in 30 competitions, won 18, and was never judged lower than second place. Aeschylus won 14 competitions, and was sometimes defeated by Sophocles, while Euripides won 5 competitions.

text: Sophocles

text: Sophokls

text: winter

text: BC

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: tragedians

text: whose

text: plays

text: have

text: survived

text: His

text: first

text: plays

text: were

text: written

text: later

text: than

text: those

text: of

text: Aeschylus

text: and

text: earlier

text: than

text: or

text: contemporary

text: with

text: those

text: of

text: Euripides

text: Sophocles

text: wrote

text: plays

text: during

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: but

text: only

text: seven

text: have

text: survived

text: in

text: complete

text: form

text: Ajax

text: Antigone

text: The

text: Women

text: of

text: Trachis

text: Oedipus

text: the

text: King

text: Electra

text: Philoctetes

text: and

text: Oedipus

text: at

text: Colonus

text: For

text: almost

text: years

text: Sophocles

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: celebrated

text: playwright

text: in

text: the

text: dramatic

text: competitions

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: state

text: of

text: Athens

text: that

text: took

text: place

text: during

text: the

text: religious

text: festivals

text: of

text: the

text: Lenaea

text: and

text: the

text: Dionysia

text: He

text: competed

text: in

text: competitions

text: won

text: and

text: was

text: never

text: judged

text: lower

text: than

text: second

text: place

text: Aeschylus

text: won

text: competitions

text: and

text: was

text: sometimes

text: defeated

text: by

text: Sophocles

text: while

text: Euripides

text: won

text: competitions

text: Tragedy (from the , "tragidia") is a form of drama based on human suffering that invokes an accompanying catharsis or pleasure in audiences. While many cultures have developed forms that provoke this paradoxical response, the term "tragedy" often refers to a specific tradition of drama that has played a unique and important role historically in the self-definition of Western civilisation. That tradition has been multiple and discontinuous, yet the term has often been used to invoke a powerful effect of cultural identity and historical continuity"the Greeks and the Elizabethans, in one cultural form; Hellenes and Christians, in a common activity," as Raymond Williams puts it.

text: Tragedy

text: from

text: the

text: tragidia

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: drama

text: based

text: on

text: human

text: suffering

text: that

text: invokes

text: an

text: accompanying

text: catharsis

text: or

text: pleasure

text: in

text: audiences

text: While

text: many

text: cultures

text: have

text: developed

text: forms

text: that

text: provoke

text: this

text: paradoxical

text: response

text: the

text: term

text: tragedy

text: often

text: refers

text: to

text: specific

text: tradition

text: of

text: drama

text: that

text: has

text: played

text: unique

text: and

text: important

text: role

text: historically

text: in

text: the

text: self

text: definition

text: of

text: Western

text: civilisation

text: That

text: tradition

text: has

text: been

text: multiple

text: and

text: discontinuous

text: yet

text: the

text: term

text: has

text: often

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: invoke

text: powerful

text: effect

text: of

text: cultural

text: identity

text: and

text: historical

text: continuity"the

text: Greeks

text: and

text: the

text: Elizabethans

text: in

text: one

text: cultural

text: form

text: Hellenes

text: and

text: Christians

text: in

text: common

text: activity

text: as

text: Raymond

text: Williams

text: puts

text: it

text:
Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning "action" (Classical Greek: , "drama"), which is derived from "to do" (Classical Greek: , "drao").
The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses, Thalia, and Melpomene. Thalia was the Muse of comedy (the laughing face), while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy (the weeping face). Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle's "Poetics" (c. 335 BCE)the earliest work of dramatic theory.

text: Drama

text: is

text: the

text: specific

text: mode

text: of

text: fiction

text: represented

text: in

text: performance

text: The

text: term

text: comes

text: from

text: Greek

text: word

text: meaning

text: action

text: Classical

text: Greek

text: drama

text: which

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: to

text: do

text: Classical

text: Greek

text: drao

text: The

text: two

text: masks

text: associated

text: with

text: drama

text: represent

text: the

text: traditional

text: generic

text: division

text: between

text: comedy

text: and

text: tragedy

text: They

text: are

text: symbols

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: Muses

text: Thalia

text: and

text: Melpomene

text: Thalia

text: was

text: the

text: Muse

text: of

text: comedy

text: the

text: laughing

text: face

text: while

text: Melpomene

text: was

text: the

text: Muse

text: of

text: tragedy

text: the

text: weeping

text: face

text: Considered

text: as

text: genre

text: of

text: poetry

text: in

text: general

text: the

text: dramatic

text: mode

text: has

text: been

text: contrasted

text: with

text: the

text: epic

text: and

text: the

text: lyrical

text: modes

text: ever

text: since

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: Poetics

text: BCE)the

text: earliest

text: work

text: of

text: dramatic

text: theory

text: Wilusa (Hittite: "Wi-lu-ša") <English pronunciation: wi-lu-sha> was a city of the late Bronze Age Assuwa confederation of western Anatolia.

text: Wilusa

text: Hittite

text: Wi

text: lu

text: ša

text: English

text: pronunciation

text: wi

text: lu

text: sha

text: was

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: Assuwa

text: confederation

text: of

text: western

text: Anatolia

text: Greek literature refers to writings composed in areas of Greek influence throughout the period in which the Greek-speaking people have existed.

text: Greek

text: literature

text: refers

text: to

text: writings

text: composed

text: in

text: areas

text: of

text: Greek

text: influence

text: throughout

text: the

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Greek

text: speaking

text: people

text: have

text: existed

text: In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably through Homer's "Iliad". The "Iliad" relates four days in the tenth year of the decade-long siege of Troy; the "Odyssey" describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the war's heroes. Other parts of the war are described in a cycle of epic poems, which have survived through fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid.

text: In

text: Greek

text: mythology

text: the

text: Trojan

text: War

text: was

text: waged

text: against

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Troy

text: by

text: the

text: Achaeans

text: Greeks

text: after

text: Paris

text: of

text: Troy

text: took

text: Helen

text: from

text: her

text: husband

text: Menelaus

text: king

text: of

text: Sparta

text: The

text: war

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: events

text: in

text: Greek

text: mythology

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: narrated

text: through

text: many

text: works

text: of

text: Greek

text: literature

text: most

text: notably

text: through

text: Homer

text: 's

text: Iliad

text: The

text: Iliad

text: relates

text: four

text: days

text: in

text: the

text: tenth

text: year

text: of

text: the

text: decade

text: long

text: siege

text: of

text: Troy

text: the

text: Odyssey

text: describes

text: the

text: journey

text: home

text: of

text: Odysseus

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: 's

text: heroes

text: Other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: are

text: described

text: in

text: cycle

text: of

text: epic

text: poems

text: which

text: have

text: survived

text: through

text: fragments

text: Episodes

text: from

text: the

text: war

text: provided

text: material

text: for

text: Greek

text: tragedy

text: and

text: other

text: works

text: of

text: Greek

text: literature

text: and

text: for

text: Roman

text: poets

text: including

text: Virgil

text: and

text: Ovid

text: In Greek mythology, Hector ("Hektr") was a Trojan prince and the greatest fighter for Troy in the Trojan War. As the first-born son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, who was a descendant of Dardanus and Tros, the founder of Troy, he was a prince of the royal house and the heir apparent to his father's throne. He was married to Andromache, with whom he had an infant son, Scamandrius (whom the people of Troy called Astyanax). He acted as leader of the Trojans and their allies in the defense of Troy, "killing 31,000 Greek fighters", offers Hyginus. During the European Middle Ages, Hector figures as one of the Nine Worthies noted by Jacques de Longuyon, known not only for his courage but also for his noble and courtly nature. Indeed, Homer places Hector as peace-loving, thoughtful as well as bold, a good son, husband and father, and without darker motives. James Redfield writes of Hector as a "martyr to loyalties, a witness to the things of this world, a hero ready to die for the precious imperfections of ordinary life."

text: In

text: Greek

text: mythology

text: Hector

text: Hektr

text: was

text: Trojan

text: prince

text: and

text: the

text: greatest

text: fighter

text: for

text: Troy

text: in

text: the

text: Trojan

text: War

text: As

text: the

text: first

text: born

text: son

text: of

text: King

text: Priam

text: and

text: Queen

text: Hecuba

text: who

text: was

text: descendant

text: of

text: Dardanus

text: and

text: Tros

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: Troy

text: he

text: was

text: prince

text: of

text: the

text: royal

text: house

text: and

text: the

text: heir

text: apparent

text: to

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: throne

text: He

text: was

text: married

text: to

text: Andromache

text: with

text: whom

text: he

text: had

text: an

text: infant

text: son

text: Scamandrius

text: whom

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: Troy

text: called

text: Astyanax

text: He

text: acted

text: as

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Trojans

text: and

text: their

text: allies

text: in

text: the

text: defense

text: of

text: Troy

text: killing

text: Greek

text: fighters

text: offers

text: Hyginus

text: During

text: the

text: European

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Hector

text: figures

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Nine

text: Worthies

text: noted

text: by

text: Jacques

text: de

text: Longuyon

text: known

text: not

text: only

text: for

text: his

text: courage

text: but

text: also

text: for

text: his

text: noble

text: and

text: courtly

text: nature

text: Indeed

text: Homer

text: places

text: Hector

text: as

text: peace

text: loving

text: thoughtful

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: bold

text: good

text: son

text: husband

text: and

text: father

text: and

text: without

text: darker

text: motives

text: James

text: Redfield

text: writes

text: of

text: Hector

text: as

text: martyr

text: to

text: loyalties

text: witness

text: to

text: the

text: things

text: of

text: this

text: world

text: hero

text: ready

text: to

text: die

text: for

text: the

text: precious

text: imperfections

text: of

text: ordinary

text: life

text: Sparta (Doric Greek: ; Attic Greek: ) was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece. In antiquity the city-state was known as Lacedaemon, while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement on the banks of the Eurotas River in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. Around 650 BC, it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece.

text: Sparta

text: Doric

text: Greek

text: Attic

text: Greek

text: was

text: prominent

text: city

text: state

text: in

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: In

text: antiquity

text: the

text: city

text: state

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: Lacedaemon

text: while

text: the

text: name

text: Sparta

text: referred

text: to

text: its

text: main

text: settlement

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: Eurotas

text: River

text: in

text: Laconia

text: in

text: south

text: eastern

text: Peloponnese

text: Around

text: BC

text: it

text: rose

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: dominant

text: military

text: land

text: power

text: in

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: In Greek mythology, Menelaus ("Menelaos", from < · vigor, rage, power + · people, ""wrath of the people"") was a king of Mycenaean (pre-Dorian) Sparta, the husband of Helen of Troy, and a central figure in the Trojan War. He was the son of Atreus and Aerope, brother of Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and, according to the "Iliad", leader of the Spartan contingent of the Greek army during the War. Prominent in both the "Iliad" and "Odyssey", Menelaus was also popular in Greek vase painting and Greek tragedy, the latter more as a hero of the Trojan War than as a member of the doomed House of Atreus.

text: In

text: Greek

text: mythology

text: Menelaus

text: Menelaos

text: from

text: vigor

text: rage

text: power

text: people

text: wrath

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: was

text: king

text: of

text: Mycenaean

text: pre

text: Dorian

text: Sparta

text: the

text: husband

text: of

text: Helen

text: of

text: Troy

text: and

text: central

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: Trojan

text: War

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Atreus

text: and

text: Aerope

text: brother

text: of

text: Agamemnon

text: king

text: of

text: Mycenae

text: and

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Iliad

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Spartan

text: contingent

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: army

text: during

text: the

text: War

text: Prominent

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: Iliad

text: and

text: Odyssey

text: Menelaus

text: was

text: also

text: popular

text: in

text: Greek

text: vase

text: painting

text: and

text: Greek

text: tragedy

text: the

text: latter

text: more

text: as

text: hero

text: of

text: the

text: Trojan

text: War

text: than

text: as

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: doomed

text: House

text: of

text: Atreus

text: The city of Athens during the classical period of Ancient Greece (508322 BC) was the major urban center of the notable polis (city-state) of the same name, located in Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Isagoras. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC (aftermath of Lamian War). The peak of Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC, known as the Age of Pericles.

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Athens

text: during

text: the

text: classical

text: period

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Greece

text: BC

text: was

text: the

text: major

text: urban

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: notable

text: polis

text: city

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: located

text: in

text: Attica

text: Greece

text: leading

text: the

text: Delian

text: League

text: in

text: the

text: Peloponnesian

text: War

text: against

text: Sparta

text: and

text: the

text: Peloponnesian

text: League

text: Athenian

text: democracy

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: BC

text: under

text: Cleisthenes

text: following

text: the

text: tyranny

text: of

text: Isagoras

text: This

text: system

text: remained

text: remarkably

text: stable

text: and

text: with

text: few

text: brief

text: interruptions

text: remained

text: in

text: place

text: for

text: years

text: until

text: BC

text: aftermath

text: of

text: Lamian

text: War

text: The

text: peak

text: of

text: Athenian

text: hegemony

text: was

text: achieved

text: in

text: the

text: to

text: BC

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Pericles

text: A herma (pl. "hermai"), commonly in English herm, is a sculpture with a head, and perhaps a torso, above a plain, usually squared lower section, on which male genitals may also be carved at the appropriate height. The form originated in Ancient Greece, and was adopted by the Romans, and revived at the Renaissance in the form of term figures and Atlantes.

text: herma

text: pl

text: hermai

text: commonly

text: in

text: English

text: herm

text: is

text: sculpture

text: with

text: head

text: and

text: perhaps

text: torso

text: above

text: plain

text: usually

text: squared

text: lower

text: section

text: on

text: which

text: male

text: genitals

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: carved

text: at

text: the

text: appropriate

text: height

text: The

text: form

text: originated

text: in

text: Ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: was

text: adopted

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: and

text: revived

text: at

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: term

text: figures

text: and

text: Atlantes

text: The Epic Cycle ("Epikos Kyklos") was a collection of Ancient Greek epic poems that related the story of the Trojan War that includes the "Cypria", the "Aethiopis", the so-called "Little Iliad", the "Iliupersis", the "Nostoi", and the "Telegony". Scholars sometimes include the two Homeric epics, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", among the poems of the Epic Cycle, but the term is more often used to specify the non-Homeric poems as distinct from the Homeric ones.

text: The

text: Epic

text: Cycle

text: Epikos

text: Kyklos

text: was

text: collection

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: epic

text: poems

text: that

text: related

text: the

text: story

text: of

text: the

text: Trojan

text: War

text: that

text: includes

text: the

text: Cypria

text: the

text: Aethiopis

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: Little

text: Iliad

text: the

text: Iliupersis

text: the

text: Nostoi

text: and

text: the

text: Telegony

text: Scholars

text: sometimes

text: include

text: the

text: two

text: Homeric

text: epics

text: the

text: Iliad

text: and

text: the

text: Odyssey

text: among

text: the

text: poems

text: of

text: the

text: Epic

text: Cycle

text: but

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: more

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: specify

text: the

text: non

text: Homeric

text: poems

text: as

text: distinct

text: from

text: the

text: Homeric

text: ones

text: The Suda or Souda is a large 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Suidas. It is an encyclopedic lexicon, written in Greek, with 30,000 entries, many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval Christian compilers. The derivation is probably from the Byzantine Greek word "souda", meaning "fortress" or "stronghold," with the alternate name, "Suidas", stemming from an error made by Eustathius, who mistook the title for the author's name.

text: The

text: Suda

text: or

text: Souda

text: is

text: large

text: century

text: Byzantine

text: encyclopedia

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Mediterranean

text: world

text: formerly

text: attributed

text: to

text: an

text: author

text: called

text: Suidas

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: encyclopedic

text: lexicon

text: written

text: in

text: Greek

text: with

text: entries

text: many

text: drawing

text: from

text: ancient

text: sources

text: that

text: have

text: since

text: been

text: lost

text: and

text: often

text: derived

text: from

text: medieval

text: Christian

text: compilers

text: The

text: derivation

text: is

text: probably

text: from

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Greek

text: word

text: souda

text: meaning

text: fortress

text: or

text: stronghold

text: with

text: the

text: alternate

text: name

text: Suidas

text: stemming

text: from

text: an

text: error

text: made

text: by

text: Eustathius

text: who

text: mistook

text: the

text: title

text: for

text: the

text: author

text: 's

text: name

text: Menander ("Menandros"; c. 342/41  c. 290 BC) was a Greek dramatist and the best-known representative of Athenian New Comedy. He wrote 108 comedies and took the prize at the Lenaia festival eight times. His record at the City Dionysia is unknown but may well have been similarly spectacular.

text: Menander

text: Menandros

text: BC

text: was

text: Greek

text: dramatist

text: and

text: the

text: best

text: known

text: representative

text: of

text: Athenian

text: New

text: Comedy

text: He

text: wrote

text: comedies

text: and

text: took

text: the

text: prize

text: at

text: the

text: Lenaia

text: festival

text: eight

text: times

text: His

text: record

text: at

text: the

text: City

text: Dionysia

text: is

text: unknown

text: but

text: may

text: well

text: have

text: been

text: similarly

text: spectacular

text: In Greek mythology, Polyxena (Greek: ) was the youngest daughter of King Priam of Troy and his queen, Hecuba.

text: In

text: Greek

text: mythology

text: Polyxena

text: Greek

text: was

text: the

text: youngest

text: daughter

text: of

text: King

text: Priam

text: of

text: Troy

text: and

text: his

text: queen

text: Hecuba

text: Publius Vergilius Maro (traditional dates October 15, 70 BC  September 21, 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three acclaimed works of Latin literature, the "Eclogues" (or "Bucolics"), the "Georgics", and the epic "Aeneid". A number of minor poems, collected in the "Appendix Vergiliana", are sometimes attributed to him.

text: Publius

text: Vergilius

text: Maro

text: traditional

text: dates

text: October

text: BC

text: September

text: BC

text: usually

text: called

text: Virgil

text: or

text: Vergil

text: in

text: English

text: was

text: an

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: poet

text: of

text: the

text: Augustan

text: period

text: He

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: three

text: acclaimed

text: works

text: of

text: Latin

text: literature

text: the

text: Eclogues

text: or

text: Bucolics

text: the

text: Georgics

text: and

text: the

text: epic

text: Aeneid

text: number

text: of

text: minor

text: poems

text: collected

text: in

text: the

text: Appendix

text: Vergiliana

text: are

text: sometimes

text: attributed

text: to

text: him

text: Odysseus, also known by the Latin name Ulysses, was a legendary Greek king of Ithaca and the hero of Homer's epic poem the "Odyssey". Odysseus also plays a key role in Homer's "Iliad" and other works in that same epic cycle.

text: Odysseus

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: the

text: Latin

text: name

text: Ulysses

text: was

text: legendary

text: Greek

text: king

text: of

text: Ithaca

text: and

text: the

text: hero

text: of

text: Homer

text: 's

text: epic

text: poem

text: the

text: Odyssey

text: Odysseus

text: also

text: plays

text: key

text: role

text: in

text: Homer

text: 's

text: Iliad

text: and

text: other

text: works

text: in

text: that

text: same

text: epic

text: cycle

text: Demosthenes ("Dmosthéns" 384  12 October 322 BC) was a Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens. His orations constitute a significant expression of contemporary Athenian intellectual prowess and provide an insight into the politics and culture of ancient Greece during the 4th century BC. Demosthenes learned rhetoric by studying the speeches of previous great orators. He delivered his first judicial speeches at the age of 20, in which he argued effectively to gain from his guardians what was left of his inheritance. For a time, Demosthenes made his living as a professional speech-writer (logographer) and a lawyer, writing speeches for use in private legal suits.

text: Demosthenes

text: Dmosthéns

text: October

text: BC

text: was

text: Greek

text: statesman

text: and

text: orator

text: of

text: ancient

text: Athens

text: His

text: orations

text: constitute

text: significant

text: expression

text: of

text: contemporary

text: Athenian

text: intellectual

text: prowess

text: and

text: provide

text: an

text: insight

text: into

text: the

text: politics

text: and

text: culture

text: of

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: Demosthenes

text: learned

text: rhetoric

text: by

text: studying

text: the

text: speeches

text: of

text: previous

text: great

text: orators

text: He

text: delivered

text: his

text: first

text: judicial

text: speeches

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: argued

text: effectively

text: to

text: gain

text: from

text: his

text: guardians

text: what

text: was

text: left

text: of

text: his

text: inheritance

text: For

text: time

text: Demosthenes

text: made

text: his

text: living

text: as

text: professional

text: speech

text: writer

text: logographer

text: and

text: lawyer

text: writing

text: speeches

text: for

text: use

text: in

text: private

text: legal

text: suits

text: Culture can be defined in numerous ways. In the words of anthropologist E.B. Tylor, it is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." Alternatively, in a contemporary variant, "Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices, discourses and material expressions, which, over time, express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common."

text: Culture

text: can

text: be

text: defined

text: in

text: numerous

text: ways

text: In

text: the

text: words

text: of

text: anthropologist

text: E.B.

text: Tylor

text: it

text: is

text: that

text: complex

text: whole

text: which

text: includes

text: knowledge

text: belief

text: art

text: morals

text: law

text: custom

text: and

text: any

text: other

text: capabilities

text: and

text: habits

text: acquired

text: by

text: man

text: as

text: member

text: of

text: society

text: Alternatively

text: in

text: contemporary

text: variant

text: Culture

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: social

text: domain

text: that

text: emphasizes

text: the

text: practices

text: discourses

text: and

text: material

text: expressions

text: which

text: over

text: time

text: express

text: the

text: continuities

text: and

text: discontinuities

text: of

text: social

text: meaning

text: of

text: life

text: held

text: in

text: common

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

question: genre hecuba

answer: greek tragedy

text: greek tragedy

text: greek tragedy

text: greek tragedy

text: greek tragedy