text: The thief knot resembles the reef knot (square knot) except that the free, or bitter ends are on opposite sides. It is said that sailors would secure their belongings in a using the thief knot, often with the ends hidden. If another sailor went through the bag, the odds were high the thief would tie the bag back using the more common reef knot, revealing the tampering, hence the name. It is difficult to tie by mistake, unlike the granny knot.

text: The

text: thief

text: knot

text: resembles

text: the

text: reef

text: knot

text: square

text: knot

text: except

text: that

text: the

text: free

text: or

text: bitter

text: ends

text: are

text: on

text: opposite

text: sides

text: It

text: is

text: said

text: that

text: sailors

text: would

text: secure

text: their

text: belongings

text: in

text: using

text: the

text: thief

text: knot

text: often

text: with

text: the

text: ends

text: hidden

text: If

text: another

text: sailor

text: went

text: through

text: the

text: bag

text: the

text: odds

text: were

text: high

text: the

text: thief

text: would

text: tie

text: the

text: bag

text: back

text: using

text: the

text: more

text: common

text: reef

text: knot

text: revealing

text: the

text: tampering

text: hence

text: the

text: name

text: It

text: is

text: difficult

text: to

text: tie

text: by

text: mistake

text: unlike

text: the

text: granny

text: knot

text: A rope is a group of yarns, plies, or strands that are twisted or braided together into a larger and stronger form. Ropes have tensile strength and so can be used for dragging and lifting, but are too flexible to provide compressive strength. As a result, they cannot be used for pushing or similar compressive applications. Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly constructed cord, line, string, and twine. Fiber rope is made from fiber, whereas wire rope is made from wire.

text: rope

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: yarns

text: plies

text: or

text: strands

text: that

text: are

text: twisted

text: or

text: braided

text: together

text: into

text: larger

text: and

text: stronger

text: form

text: Ropes

text: have

text: tensile

text: strength

text: and

text: so

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: dragging

text: and

text: lifting

text: but

text: are

text: too

text: flexible

text: to

text: provide

text: compressive

text: strength

text: As

text: result

text: they

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: pushing

text: or

text: similar

text: compressive

text: applications

text: Rope

text: is

text: thicker

text: and

text: stronger

text: than

text: similarly

text: constructed

text: cord

text: line

text: string

text: and

text: twine

text: Fiber

text: rope

text: is

text: made

text: from

text: fiber

text: whereas

text: wire

text: rope

text: is

text: made

text: from

text: wire

text:
A portmanteau (; plural "portmanteaus" or "portmanteaux" ) or portmanteau word is a linguistic blend of words, in which parts of multiple words or their phones (sounds) are combined into a new word.
as in "smog", coined by blending "smoke" and "fog", or "popportunity", from "popping" and "opportunity", or "motel", from "motor" and "hotel". In linguistics, a portmanteau is defined as a single morph that represents two or more morphemes.

text: portmanteau

text: plural

text: portmanteaus

text: or

text: portmanteaux

text: or

text: portmanteau

text: word

text: is

text: linguistic

text: blend

text: of

text: words

text: in

text: which

text: parts

text: of

text: multiple

text: words

text: or

text: their

text: phones

text: sounds

text: are

text: combined

text: into

text: new

text: word

text: as

text: in

text: smog

text: coined

text: by

text: blending

text: smoke

text: and

text: fog

text: or

text: popportunity

text: from

text: popping

text: and

text: opportunity

text: or

text: motel

text: from

text: motor

text: and

text: hotel

text: In

text: linguistics

text: portmanteau

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: single

text: morph

text: that

text: represents

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: morphemes

text: A grief knot ( also what knot ) is a knot which combines the features of a granny knot and a thief knot , producing a result which is not generally useful for working purposes . Its name is an example of a portmanteau , from granny and thief . The grief knot resembles the granny knot , but tied so that the working ends come out diagonally from each other , whereas a granny knot 's ends both come out on the same side . It unravels rather elegantly : as tension is applied , the ropes rotate like little cogs , each one twisting to feed the rope through the knot .

text: grief

text: knot

text: also

text: what

text: knot

text: is

text: knot

text: which

text: combines

text: the

text: features

text: of

text: granny

text: knot

text: and

text: thief

text: knot

text: producing

text: result

text: which

text: is

text: not

text: generally

text: useful

text: for

text: working

text: purposes

text: Its

text: name

text: is

text: an

text: example

text: of

text: portmanteau

text: from

text: granny

text: and

text: thief

text: The

text: grief

text: knot

text: resembles

text: the

text: granny

text: knot

text: but

text: tied

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: working

text: ends

text: come

text: out

text: diagonally

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: whereas

text: granny

text: knot

text: 's

text: ends

text: both

text: come

text: out

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: side

text: It

text: unravels

text: rather

text: elegantly

text: as

text: tension

text: is

text: applied

text: the

text: ropes

text: rotate

text: like

text: little

text: cogs

text: each

text: one

text: twisting

text: to

text: feed

text: the

text: rope

text: through

text: the

text: knot

text: Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context. The earliest activities in the documentation and description of language have been attributed to the 4th century BCE Indian grammarian Pini who wrote a formal description of the Sanskrit language in his "".

text: Linguistics

text: is

text: the

text: scientific

text: study

text: of

text: language

text: and

text: involves

text: an

text: analysis

text: of

text: language

text: form

text: language

text: meaning

text: and

text: language

text: in

text: context

text: The

text: earliest

text: activities

text: in

text: the

text: documentation

text: and

text: description

text: of

text: language

text: have

text: been

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: Indian

text: grammarian

text: Pini

text: who

text: wrote

text: formal

text: description

text: of

text: the

text: Sanskrit

text: language

text: in

text: his

text: Webbing is a strong fabric woven as a flat strip or tube of varying width and fibres often used in place of rope. It is a versatile component used in climbing, slacklining, furniture manufacturing, automobile safety, auto racing, towing, parachuting, military apparel, load securing, and many other fields.

text: Webbing

text: is

text: strong

text: fabric

text: woven

text: as

text: flat

text: strip

text: or

text: tube

text: of

text: varying

text: width

text: and

text: fibres

text: often

text: used

text: in

text: place

text: of

text: rope

text: It

text: is

text: versatile

text: component

text: used

text: in

text: climbing

text: slacklining

text: furniture

text: manufacturing

text: automobile

text: safety

text: auto

text: racing

text: towing

text: parachuting

text: military

text: apparel

text: load

text: securing

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: fields

text:
In linguistics, a word is the smallest element that can be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts deeply with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: "oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect"), or several ("rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected"), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are "-s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed").
A complex word will typically include a root and one or more affixes ("rock-s, red-ness, quick-ly, run-ning, un-expect-ed"), or more than one root in a compound ("black-board, rat-race"). Words can be put together to build larger elements of language, such as phrases ("a red rock"), clauses ("I threw a rock"), and sentences ("He threw a rock too, but he missed").

text: In

text: linguistics

text: word

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: element

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: uttered

text: in

text: isolation

text: with

text: semantic

text: or

text: pragmatic

text: content

text: with

text: literal

text: or

text: practical

text: meaning

text: This

text: contrasts

text: deeply

text: with

text: morpheme

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: unit

text: of

text: meaning

text: but

text: will

text: not

text: necessarily

text: stand

text: on

text: its

text: own

text: word

text: may

text: consist

text: of

text: single

text: morpheme

text: for

text: example

text: oh

text: rock

text: red

text: quick

text: run

text: expect

text: or

text: several

text: rocks

text: redness

text: quickly

text: running

text: unexpected

text: whereas

text: morpheme

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: stand

text: on

text: its

text: own

text: as

text: word

text: in

text: the

text: words

text: just

text: mentioned

text: these

text: are

text: -s

text: -ness

text: -ly

text: -ing

text: un-

text: -ed

text: complex

text: word

text: will

text: typically

text: include

text: root

text: and

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: affixes

text: rock

text: red

text: ness

text: quick

text: ly

text: run

text: ning

text: un

text: expect

text: ed

text: or

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: root

text: in

text: compound

text: black

text: board

text: rat

text: race

text: Words

text: can

text: be

text: put

text: together

text: to

text: build

text: larger

text: elements

text: of

text: language

text: such

text: as

text: phrases

text: red

text: rock

text: clauses

text: threw

text: rock

text: and

text: sentences

text: He

text: threw

text: rock

text: too

text: but

text: he

text: missed

text: A chain is a series of connected links which are typically made of metal. A chain may consist of two or more links.

text: chain

text: is

text: series

text: of

text: connected

text: links

text: which

text: are

text: typically

text: made

text: of

text: metal

text: chain

text: may

text: consist

text: of

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: links

text: A knot is a method of fastening or securing linear material such as rope by tying or interweaving. It may consist of a length of one or several segments of rope, string, webbing, twine, strap, or even chain interwoven such that the line can bind to itself or to some other object (the "load"). Knots have been the subject of interest for their ancient origins, their common uses, and the area of mathematics known as knot theory.

text: knot

text: is

text: method

text: of

text: fastening

text: or

text: securing

text: linear

text: material

text: such

text: as

text: rope

text: by

text: tying

text: or

text: interweaving

text: It

text: may

text: consist

text: of

text: length

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: several

text: segments

text: of

text: rope

text: string

text: webbing

text: twine

text: strap

text: or

text: even

text: chain

text: interwoven

text: such

text: that

text: the

text: line

text: can

text: bind

text: to

text: itself

text: or

text: to

text: some

text: other

text: object

text: the

text: load

text: Knots

text: have

text: been

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: interest

text: for

text: their

text: ancient

text: origins

text: their

text: common

text: uses

text: and

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: mathematics

text: known

text: as

text: knot

text: theory

text: The granny knot is a binding knot, used to secure a rope or line around an object. It is considered inferior to the reef knot (square knot), which it superficially resembles. Neither of these knots should be used as a bend knot for attaching two ropes together.

text: The

text: granny

text: knot

text: is

text: binding

text: knot

text: used

text: to

text: secure

text: rope

text: or

text: line

text: around

text: an

text: object

text: It

text: is

text: considered

text: inferior

text: to

text: the

text: reef

text: knot

text: square

text: knot

text: which

text: it

text: superficially

text: resembles

text: Neither

text: of

text: these

text: knots

text: should

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: bend

text: knot

text: for

text: attaching

text: two

text: ropes

text: together

text: In topology, knot theory is the study of mathematical knots. While inspired by knots which appear in daily life in shoelaces and rope, a mathematician's knot differs in that the ends are joined together so that it cannot be undone. In mathematical language, a knot is an embedding of a circle in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, R (in topology, a circle isn't bound to the classical geometric concept, but to all of its homeomorphisms). Two mathematical knots are equivalent if one can be transformed into the other via a deformation of R upon itself (known as an ambient isotopy); these transformations correspond to manipulations of a knotted string that do not involve cutting the string or passing the string through itself.

text: In

text: topology

text: knot

text: theory

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: mathematical

text: knots

text: While

text: inspired

text: by

text: knots

text: which

text: appear

text: in

text: daily

text: life

text: in

text: shoelaces

text: and

text: rope

text: mathematician

text: 's

text: knot

text: differs

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: ends

text: are

text: joined

text: together

text: so

text: that

text: it

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: undone

text: In

text: mathematical

text: language

text: knot

text: is

text: an

text: embedding

text: of

text: circle

text: in

text: Euclidean

text: space

text: in

text: topology

text: circle

text: is

text: n't

text: bound

text: to

text: the

text: classical

text: geometric

text: concept

text: but

text: to

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: homeomorphisms

text: Two

text: mathematical

text: knots

text: are

text: equivalent

text: if

text: one

text: can

text: be

text: transformed

text: into

text: the

text: other

text: via

text: deformation

text: of

text: upon

text: itself

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: ambient

text: isotopy

text: these

text: transformations

text: correspond

text: to

text: manipulations

text: of

text: knotted

text: string

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: involve

text: cutting

text: the

text: string

text: or

text: passing

text: the

text: string

text: through

text: itself

text: Twine is a light string or strong thread composed of two or more smaller strands or yarns twisted, and then twisted together. More generally, the term can be applied to a cord.

text: Twine

text: is

text: light

text: string

text: or

text: strong

text: thread

text: composed

text: of

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: smaller

text: strands

text: or

text: yarns

text: twisted

text: and

text: then

text: twisted

text: together

text: More

text: generally

text: the

text: term

text: can

text: be

text: applied

text: to

text: cord

text: In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language. In other words, it is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is freestanding. When it stands by itself, it is considered as a root because it has a meaning of its own (e.g. the morpheme "cat") and when it depends on another morpheme to express an idea, it is an affix because it has a grammatical function (e.g. the "s" in "cats" to indicate that it is plural). Every word comprises one or more morphemes.

text: In

text: linguistics

text: morpheme

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: grammatical

text: unit

text: in

text: language

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: meaningful

text: unit

text: of

text: language

text: The

text: field

text: of

text: study

text: dedicated

text: to

text: morphemes

text: is

text: called

text: morphology

text: morpheme

text: is

text: not

text: identical

text: to

text: word

text: and

text: the

text: principal

text: difference

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: is

text: that

text: morpheme

text: may

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: stand

text: alone

text: whereas

text: word

text: by

text: definition

text: is

text: freestanding

text: When

text: it

text: stands

text: by

text: itself

text: it

text: is

text: considered

text: as

text: root

text: because

text: it

text: has

text: meaning

text: of

text: its

text: own

text: e.g.

text: the

text: morpheme

text: cat

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: depends

text: on

text: another

text: morpheme

text: to

text: express

text: an

text: idea

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: affix

text: because

text: it

text: has

text: grammatical

text: function

text: e.g.

text: the

text: in

text: cats

text: to

text: indicate

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: plural

text: Every

text: word

text: comprises

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: morphemes

question: instance_of grief knot

answer: bend knot

text: bend knot


text: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte painted in 1884, is one of Georges Seurat's most famous works. It is a leading example of pointillism technique, executed on a large canvas. Seurat's composition includes a number of Parisians at a park on the banks of the River Seine.

text: Sunday

text: Afternoon

text: on

text: the

text: Island

text: of

text: La

text: Grande

text: Jatte

text: painted

text: in

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: Georges

text: Seurat

text: 's

text: most

text: famous

text: works

text: It

text: is

text: leading

text: example

text: of

text: pointillism

text: technique

text: executed

text: on

text: large

text: canvas

text: Seurat

text: 's

text: composition

text: includes

text: number

text: of

text: Parisians

text: at

text: park

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Seine

text: The face is a central organ of sense and is also very central in the expression of emotion among humans and among numerous other species. The face is normally found on the anterior ("frontal", "rostral") surface of the head of animals or humans, although not all animals have faces. The face is crucial for human identity, and damage such as scarring or developmental deformities have effects stretching beyond those of solely physical inconvenience.

text: The

text: face

text: is

text: central

text: organ

text: of

text: sense

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: very

text: central

text: in

text: the

text: expression

text: of

text: emotion

text: among

text: humans

text: and

text: among

text: numerous

text: other

text: species

text: The

text: face

text: is

text: normally

text: found

text: on

text: the

text: anterior

text: frontal

text: rostral

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: animals

text: or

text: humans

text: although

text: not

text: all

text: animals

text: have

text: faces

text: The

text: face

text: is

text: crucial

text: for

text: human

text: identity

text: and

text: damage

text: such

text: as

text: scarring

text: or

text: developmental

text: deformities

text: have

text: effects

text: stretching

text: beyond

text: those

text: of

text: solely

text: physical

text: inconvenience

text: An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time, (usually a few months, years or decades) or, at least, with the heyday of the movement defined within a number of years. Art movements were especially important in modern art, when each consecutive movement was considered as a new avant-garde.

text: An

text: art

text: movement

text: is

text: tendency

text: or

text: style

text: in

text: art

text: with

text: specific

text: common

text: philosophy

text: or

text: goal

text: followed

text: by

text: group

text: of

text: artists

text: during

text: restricted

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: usually

text: few

text: months

text: years

text: or

text: decades

text: or

text: at

text: least

text: with

text: the

text: heyday

text: of

text: the

text: movement

text: defined

text: within

text: number

text: of

text: years

text: Art

text: movements

text: were

text: especially

text: important

text: in

text: modern

text: art

text: when

text: each

text: consecutive

text: movement

text: was

text: considered

text: as

text: new

text: avant

text: garde

text: An art critic is a person who is specialized in analyzing, interpreting and evaluating art. Their written critiques or reviews contribute to art criticism and they are published in newspapers, magazines, books, exhibition brochures and catalogues and on web sites. Some of today's art critics use art blogs and other online platforms in order to connect with a wider audience and expand debate about art.

text: An

text: art

text: critic

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: is

text: specialized

text: in

text: analyzing

text: interpreting

text: and

text: evaluating

text: art

text: Their

text: written

text: critiques

text: or

text: reviews

text: contribute

text: to

text: art

text: criticism

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: published

text: in

text: newspapers

text: magazines

text: books

text: exhibition

text: brochures

text: and

text: catalogues

text: and

text: on

text: web

text: sites

text: Some

text: of

text: today

text: 's

text: art

text: critics

text: use

text: art

text: blogs

text: and

text: other

text: online

text: platforms

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: connect

text: with

text: wider

text: audience

text: and

text: expand

text: debate

text: about

text: art

text: An airbrush is a small, air-operated tool that sprays various media, most often paint but also ink and dye, by a process of nebulization. Spray painting developed from the airbrush and is considered to employ a type of airbrush.

text: An

text: airbrush

text: is

text: small

text: air

text: operated

text: tool

text: that

text: sprays

text: various

text: media

text: most

text: often

text: paint

text: but

text: also

text: ink

text: and

text: dye

text: by

text: process

text: of

text: nebulization

text: Spray

text: painting

text: developed

text: from

text: the

text: airbrush

text: and

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: employ

text: type

text: of

text: airbrush

text: A brush is a tool with bristles, wire or other filaments, used for cleaning, grooming hair, make up, painting, surface finishing and for many other purposes. It is one of the most basic and versatile tools known to mankind, and the average household may contain several dozen varieties. It generally consists of a handle or block to which filaments are affixed either parallel- or perpendicular-wise, depending on the way the brush is to be gripped during use. The material of both the block and bristles or filaments is chosen to withstand hazards of its application, such as corrosive chemicals, heat or abrasion.

text: brush

text: is

text: tool

text: with

text: bristles

text: wire

text: or

text: other

text: filaments

text: used

text: for

text: cleaning

text: grooming

text: hair

text: make

text: up

text: painting

text: surface

text: finishing

text: and

text: for

text: many

text: other

text: purposes

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: basic

text: and

text: versatile

text: tools

text: known

text: to

text: mankind

text: and

text: the

text: average

text: household

text: may

text: contain

text: several

text: dozen

text: varieties

text: It

text: generally

text: consists

text: of

text: handle

text: or

text: block

text: to

text: which

text: filaments

text: are

text: affixed

text: either

text: parallel-

text: or

text: perpendicular

text: wise

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: way

text: the

text: brush

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: gripped

text: during

text: use

text: The

text: material

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: block

text: and

text: bristles

text: or

text: filaments

text: is

text: chosen

text: to

text: withstand

text: hazards

text: of

text: its

text: application

text: such

text: as

text: corrosive

text: chemicals

text: heat

text: or

text: abrasion

text: The Société des Artistes Indépendants ("Society of Independent Artists"), Salon des Indépendants was formed in Paris on 29 July 1884. The association began with the organization of massive exhibitions in Paris, choosing the slogan ""sans jury ni récompense"" ("without jury nor reward"). Albert Dubois-Pillet, Odilon Redon, Georges Seurat and Paul Signac were among its founders. For the following three decades their annual exhibitions set the trends in art of the early 20th century, along with the Salon d'Automne. This is where artworks were often first displayed and widely discussed. World War I brought a closure to the salon, though the "Artistes Indépendants" remained active. Since 1920, the headquarters is located in the vast basements of the Grand Palais (next door to the "Société des Artistes Français", the "Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts", the Société du Salon d'Automne, and others).

text: The

text: Société

text: des

text: Artistes

text: Indépendants

text: Society

text: of

text: Independent

text: Artists

text: Salon

text: des

text: Indépendants

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: Paris

text: on

text: July

text: The

text: association

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: organization

text: of

text: massive

text: exhibitions

text: in

text: Paris

text: choosing

text: the

text: slogan

text: sans

text: jury

text: ni

text: récompense

text: without

text: jury

text: nor

text: reward

text: Albert

text: Dubois

text: Pillet

text: Odilon

text: Redon

text: Georges

text: Seurat

text: and

text: Paul

text: Signac

text: were

text: among

text: its

text: founders

text: For

text: the

text: following

text: three

text: decades

text: their

text: annual

text: exhibitions

text: set

text: the

text: trends

text: in

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Salon

text: d'Automne

text: This

text: is

text: where

text: artworks

text: were

text: often

text: first

text: displayed

text: and

text: widely

text: discussed

text: World

text: War

text: brought

text: closure

text: to

text: the

text: salon

text: though

text: the

text: Artistes

text: Indépendants

text: remained

text: active

text: Since

text: the

text: headquarters

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: vast

text: basements

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Palais

text: next

text: door

text: to

text: the

text: Société

text: des

text: Artistes

text: Français

text: the

text: Société

text: Nationale

text: des

text: Beaux

text: Arts

text: the

text: Société

text: du

text: Salon

text: d'Automne

text: and

text: others

text: Pointillism / pntlzm / is a technique of painting in which small , distinct dots of color are applied in patterns to form an image . Georges Seurat and Paul Signac developed the technique in 1886 , branching from Impressionism . The term `` Pointillism '' was first coined by art critics in the late 1880s to ridicule the works of these artists , and is now used without its earlier mocking connotation . The movement Seurat began with this technique is known as Neo-Impressionism . The Divisionists , too , used a similar technique of patterns to form images , though with larger cube - like brushstrokes .

text: Pointillism

text: pntlzm

text: is

text: technique

text: of

text: painting

text: in

text: which

text: small

text: distinct

text: dots

text: of

text: color

text: are

text: applied

text: in

text: patterns

text: to

text: form

text: an

text: image

text: Georges

text: Seurat

text: and

text: Paul

text: Signac

text: developed

text: the

text: technique

text: in

text: branching

text: from

text: Impressionism

text: The

text: term

text: Pointillism

text: was

text: first

text: coined

text: by

text: art

text: critics

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: to

text: ridicule

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: these

text: artists

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: used

text: without

text: its

text: earlier

text: mocking

text: connotation

text: The

text: movement

text: Seurat

text: began

text: with

text: this

text: technique

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Neo

text: Impressionism

text: The

text: Divisionists

text: too

text: used

text: similar

text: technique

text: of

text: patterns

text: to

text: form

text: images

text: though

text: with

text: larger

text: cube

text: like

text: brushstrokes

text: Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of "movement" as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles. Impressionism originated with a group of Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s.

text: Impressionism

text: is

text: century

text: art

text: movement

text: characterized

text: by

text: relatively

text: small

text: thin

text: yet

text: visible

text: brush

text: strokes

text: open

text: composition

text: emphasis

text: on

text: accurate

text: depiction

text: of

text: light

text: in

text: its

text: changing

text: qualities

text: often

text: accentuating

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: the

text: passage

text: of

text: time

text: ordinary

text: subject

text: matter

text: inclusion

text: of

text: movement

text: as

text: crucial

text: element

text: of

text: human

text: perception

text: and

text: experience

text: and

text: unusual

text: visual

text: angles

text: Impressionism

text: originated

text: with

text: group

text: of

text: Paris

text: based

text: artists

text: whose

text: independent

text: exhibitions

text: brought

text: them

text: to

text: prominence

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: Paul Victor Jules Signac (11 November 1863  15 August 1935) was a French Neo-Impressionist painter who, working with Georges Seurat, helped develop the Pointillist style.

text: Paul

text: Victor

text: Jules

text: Signac

text: November

text: August

text: was

text: French

text: Neo

text: Impressionist

text: painter

text: who

text: working

text: with

text: Georges

text: Seurat

text: helped

text: develop

text: the

text: Pointillist

text: style

text: Félix Fénéon (22 June 1861, Turin, Italy  29 February 1944, Châtenay-Malabry) was a Parisian anarchist and art critic during the late 19th century. He coined the term "Neo-Impressionism" in 1886 to identify a group of artists led by Georges Seurat, and ardently promoted them.

text: Félix

text: Fénéon

text: June

text: Turin

text: Italy

text: February

text: Châtenay

text: Malabry

text: was

text: Parisian

text: anarchist

text: and

text: art

text: critic

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: He

text: coined

text: the

text: term

text: Neo

text: Impressionism

text: in

text: to

text: identify

text: group

text: of

text: artists

text: led

text: by

text: Georges

text: Seurat

text: and

text: ardently

text: promoted

text: them

text: Neo-Impressionism is a term coined by French art critic Félix Fénéon in 1886 to describe an art movement founded by Georges Seurat. Seurats greatest masterpiece, "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte", marked the beginning of this movement when it first made its appearance at an exhibition of the Société des Artistes Indépendants (Salon des Indépendants) in Paris. Around this time, the peak of Frances modern era emerged and many painters were in search of new methods. Followers of Neo-Impressionism, in particular, were drawn to modern urban scenes as well as landscapes and seashores. Science-based interpretation of lines and colors influenced Neo-Impressionists' characterization of their own contemporary art. The Pointillist and Divisionist techniques are often mentioned in this context, because it was the dominant technique in the beginning of the Neo-impressionist movement.

text: Neo

text: Impressionism

text: is

text: term

text: coined

text: by

text: French

text: art

text: critic

text: Félix

text: Fénéon

text: in

text: to

text: describe

text: an

text: art

text: movement

text: founded

text: by

text: Georges

text: Seurat

text: Seurats

text: greatest

text: masterpiece

text: Sunday

text: Afternoon

text: on

text: the

text: Island

text: of

text: La

text: Grande

text: Jatte

text: marked

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: this

text: movement

text: when

text: it

text: first

text: made

text: its

text: appearance

text: at

text: an

text: exhibition

text: of

text: the

text: Société

text: des

text: Artistes

text: Indépendants

text: Salon

text: des

text: Indépendants

text: in

text: Paris

text: Around

text: this

text: time

text: the

text: peak

text: of

text: Frances

text: modern

text: era

text: emerged

text: and

text: many

text: painters

text: were

text: in

text: search

text: of

text: new

text: methods

text: Followers

text: of

text: Neo

text: Impressionism

text: in

text: particular

text: were

text: drawn

text: to

text: modern

text: urban

text: scenes

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: landscapes

text: and

text: seashores

text: Science

text: based

text: interpretation

text: of

text: lines

text: and

text: colors

text: influenced

text: Neo

text: Impressionists

text: characterization

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: contemporary

text: art

text: The

text: Pointillist

text: and

text: Divisionist

text: techniques

text: are

text: often

text: mentioned

text: in

text: this

text: context

text: because

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: dominant

text: technique

text: in

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Neo

text: impressionist

text: movement

text: Georges-Pierre Seurat (2 December 1859  29 March 1891) was a French post-Impressionist painter and draftsman. He is noted for his innovative use of drawing media and for devising the painting techniques known as chromoluminarism and pointillism. Seurat's artistic personality was compounded of qualities which are usually supposed to be opposed and incompatible: on the one hand, his extreme and delicate sensibility; on the other, a passion for logical abstraction and an almost mathematical precision of mind. His large-scale work, "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte" (18841886), altered the direction of modern art by initiating Neo-impressionism, and is one of the icons of late 19th-century painting.

text: Georges

text: Pierre

text: Seurat

text: December

text: March

text: was

text: French

text: post

text: Impressionist

text: painter

text: and

text: draftsman

text: He

text: is

text: noted

text: for

text: his

text: innovative

text: use

text: of

text: drawing

text: media

text: and

text: for

text: devising

text: the

text: painting

text: techniques

text: known

text: as

text: chromoluminarism

text: and

text: pointillism

text: Seurat

text: 's

text: artistic

text: personality

text: was

text: compounded

text: of

text: qualities

text: which

text: are

text: usually

text: supposed

text: to

text: be

text: opposed

text: and

text: incompatible

text: on

text: the

text: one

text: hand

text: his

text: extreme

text: and

text: delicate

text: sensibility

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: passion

text: for

text: logical

text: abstraction

text: and

text: an

text: almost

text: mathematical

text: precision

text: of

text: mind

text: His

text: large

text: scale

text: work

text: Sunday

text: Afternoon

text: on

text: the

text: Island

text: of

text: La

text: Grande

text: Jatte

text: altered

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: modern

text: art

text: by

text: initiating

text: Neo

text: impressionism

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: icons

text: of

text: late

text: century

text: painting

text: Color (American English) or colour (Commonwealth English) is the characteristic of human visual perception described through color "categories", with names such as red, yellow, purple, or bronze. This perception of color derives from the stimulation of cone cells in the human eye by electromagnetic radiation in the spectrum of light. Color categories and physical specifications of color are associated with objects through the wavelength of the light that is reflected from them. This reflection is governed by the object's physical properties such as light absorption, emission spectra, etc. Human trichromacy is the basis for all modern color spaces that assign colors numerical coordinates and associate corresponding distances between colors.

text: Color

text: American

text: English

text: or

text: colour

text: Commonwealth

text: English

text: is

text: the

text: characteristic

text: of

text: human

text: visual

text: perception

text: described

text: through

text: color

text: categories

text: with

text: names

text: such

text: as

text: red

text: yellow

text: purple

text: or

text: bronze

text: This

text: perception

text: of

text: color

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: stimulation

text: of

text: cone

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: human

text: eye

text: by

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: in

text: the

text: spectrum

text: of

text: light

text: Color

text: categories

text: and

text: physical

text: specifications

text: of

text: color

text: are

text: associated

text: with

text: objects

text: through

text: the

text: wavelength

text: of

text: the

text: light

text: that

text: is

text: reflected

text: from

text: them

text: This

text: reflection

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: object

text: 's

text: physical

text: properties

text: such

text: as

text: light

text: absorption

text: emission

text: spectra

text: etc

text: Human

text: trichromacy

text: is

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: all

text: modern

text: color

text: spaces

text: that

text: assign

text: colors

text: numerical

text: coordinates

text: and

text: associate

text: corresponding

text: distances

text: between

text: colors

text: Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (support base). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can be used.

text: Painting

text: is

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: applying

text: paint

text: pigment

text: color

text: or

text: other

text: medium

text: to

text: solid

text: surface

text: support

text: base

text: The

text: medium

text: is

text: commonly

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: base

text: with

text: brush

text: but

text: other

text: implements

text: such

text: as

text: knives

text: sponges

text: and

text: airbrushes

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: Paris (French: ) is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of and a population in 2013 of 2,229,621 within its administrative limits. The city is both a commune and department, and forms the centre and headquarters of the Île-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an area of and a population in 2014 of 12,005,077, comprising 18.2 percent of the population of France.

text: Paris

text: French

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: France

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: in

text: of

text: within

text: its

text: administrative

text: limits

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: both

text: commune

text: and

text: department

text: and

text: forms

text: the

text: centre

text: and

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: Île

text: de

text: France

text: or

text: Paris

text: Region

text: which

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: in

text: of

text: comprising

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: France

text: A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which a material emits light.

text: pigment

text: is

text: material

text: that

text: changes

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: reflected

text: or

text: transmitted

text: light

text: as

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: wavelength

text: selective

text: absorption

text: This

text: physical

text: process

text: differs

text: from

text: fluorescence

text: phosphorescence

text: and

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: luminescence

text: in

text: which

text: material

text: emits

text: light

text: Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the style and philosophy of the art produced during that era. The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation. Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency away from the narrative, which was characteristic for the traditional arts, toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art. More recent artistic production is often called contemporary art or postmodern art.

text: Modern

text: art

text: includes

text: artistic

text: work

text: produced

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: extending

text: roughly

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: and

text: denotes

text: the

text: style

text: and

text: philosophy

text: of

text: the

text: art

text: produced

text: during

text: that

text: era

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: usually

text: associated

text: with

text: art

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: traditions

text: of

text: the

text: past

text: have

text: been

text: thrown

text: aside

text: in

text: spirit

text: of

text: experimentation

text: Modern

text: artists

text: experimented

text: with

text: new

text: ways

text: of

text: seeing

text: and

text: with

text: fresh

text: ideas

text: about

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: materials

text: and

text: functions

text: of

text: art

text: tendency

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: narrative

text: which

text: was

text: characteristic

text: for

text: the

text: traditional

text: arts

text: toward

text: abstraction

text: is

text: characteristic

text: of

text: much

text: modern

text: art

text: More

text: recent

text: artistic

text: production

text: is

text: often

text: called

text: contemporary

text: art

text: or

text: postmodern

text: art

text: Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many colorsand in many different types, such as watercolor, synthetic, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but most types dry into a solid.

text: Paint

text: is

text: any

text: liquid

text: liquefiable

text: or

text: mastic

text: composition

text: that

text: after

text: application

text: to

text: substrate

text: in

text: thin

text: layer

text: converts

text: to

text: solid

text: film

text: It

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: protect

text: color

text: or

text: provide

text: texture

text: to

text: objects

text: Paint

text: can

text: be

text: made

text: or

text: purchased

text: in

text: many

text: colorsand

text: in

text: many

text: different

text: types

text: such

text: as

text: watercolor

text: synthetic

text: etc

text: Paint

text: is

text: typically

text: stored

text: sold

text: and

text: applied

text: as

text: liquid

text: but

text: most

text: types

text: dry

text: into

text: solid

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: instance_of pointillism

answer: art movement

text: art movement

text: art movement

text: art movement


text: The Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age.

text: The

text: Renaissance

text: was

text: period

text: in

text: European

text: history

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: cultural

text: bridge

text: between

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: modern

text: history

text: It

text: started

text: as

text: cultural

text: movement

text: in

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: Late

text: Medieval

text: period

text: and

text: later

text: spread

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Europe

text: marking

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Early

text: Modern

text: Age

text: The Roman Empire (Koine and Medieval Greek:   , tr. ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title "Augustus", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Koine

text: and

text: Medieval

text: Greek

text: tr

text: was

text: the

text: post

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: characterized

text: by

text: government

text: headed

text: by

text: emperors

text: and

text: large

text: territorial

text: holdings

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: in

text: Europe

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: BC

text: AD

text: with

text: Constantinople

text: New

text: Rome

text: becoming

text: the

text: largest

text: around

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: populace

text: grew

text: to

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: old

text: republic

text: which

text: preceded

text: it

text: was

text: severely

text: destabilized

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: and

text: political

text: conflict

text: during

text: which

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: perpetual

text: dictator

text: and

text: then

text: assassinated

text: in

text: BC

text: Civil

text: wars

text: and

text: executions

text: continued

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: victory

text: of

text: Octavian

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: adopted

text: son

text: over

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: Cleopatra

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: power

text: was

text: then

text: unassailable

text: and

text: in

text: BC

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: formally

text: granted

text: him

text: overarching

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: title

text: Augustus

text: effectively

text: marking

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: Pickett's Charge was an infantry assault ordered by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee against Maj. Gen. George G. Meade's Union positions on Cemetery Ridge on July 3, 1863, the last day of the Battle of Gettysburg in the state of Pennsylvania during the American Civil War. Its futility was predicted by the charge's commander, Lt. Gen. James Longstreet, and it was arguably an avoidable mistake from which the Southern war effort never fully recovered militarily or psychologically. The farthest point reached by the attack has been referred to as the high-water mark of the Confederacy.

text: Pickett

text: 's

text: Charge

text: was

text: an

text: infantry

text: assault

text: ordered

text: by

text: Confederate

text: Gen.

text: Robert

text: Lee

text: against

text: Maj

text: Gen.

text: George

text: Meade

text: 's

text: Union

text: positions

text: on

text: Cemetery

text: Ridge

text: on

text: July

text: the

text: last

text: day

text: of

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Gettysburg

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: during

text: the

text: American

text: Civil

text: War

text: Its

text: futility

text: was

text: predicted

text: by

text: the

text: charge

text: 's

text: commander

text: Lt

text: Gen.

text: James

text: Longstreet

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: arguably

text: an

text: avoidable

text: mistake

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: Southern

text: war

text: effort

text: never

text: fully

text: recovered

text: militarily

text: or

text: psychologically

text: The

text: farthest

text: point

text: reached

text: by

text: the

text: attack

text: has

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: high

text: water

text: mark

text: of

text: the

text: Confederacy

text: Medieval reenactment is a form of historical reenactment that focuses on re-enacting European history in the period from the fall of Rome to about the end of the 15th century . The second half of this period is often called the Middle Ages . This multiplicity of terms is compounded by the variety of other terms used for the period . The first period is sometimes called the Migration Period or Dark Ages by Western European historians , and as Völkerwanderung ( `` wandering of the peoples '' ) by German historians . This term is usually reserved for the 5th and 6th centuries . Re-enactors who re-create the next period of history - 7th to 11th centuries - often refer to this as Early medieval . The 12th to 14th centuries fall under the term High medieval , while the 15th century is often termed Late medieval . With such a wide range of eras most medieval reenactment groups focus on a smaller time period , sometimes restricting their interest to a particular century , or even a specific decade , series of battles , or monarch , depending on how authentic the reenactment and encampment is intended to be .

text: Medieval

text: reenactment

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: historical

text: reenactment

text: that

text: focuses

text: on

text: re

text: enacting

text: European

text: history

text: in

text: the

text: period

text: from

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Rome

text: to

text: about

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: this

text: period

text: is

text: often

text: called

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: This

text: multiplicity

text: of

text: terms

text: is

text: compounded

text: by

text: the

text: variety

text: of

text: other

text: terms

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: period

text: The

text: first

text: period

text: is

text: sometimes

text: called

text: the

text: Migration

text: Period

text: or

text: Dark

text: Ages

text: by

text: Western

text: European

text: historians

text: and

text: as

text: Völkerwanderung

text: wandering

text: of

text: the

text: peoples

text: by

text: German

text: historians

text: This

text: term

text: is

text: usually

text: reserved

text: for

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: Re

text: enactors

text: who

text: re

text: create

text: the

text: next

text: period

text: of

text: history

text: to

text: centuries

text: often

text: refer

text: to

text: this

text: as

text: Early

text: medieval

text: The

text: to

text: centuries

text: fall

text: under

text: the

text: term

text: High

text: medieval

text: while

text: the

text: century

text: is

text: often

text: termed

text: Late

text: medieval

text: With

text: such

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: eras

text: most

text: medieval

text: reenactment

text: groups

text: focus

text: on

text: smaller

text: time

text: period

text: sometimes

text: restricting

text: their

text: interest

text: to

text: particular

text: century

text: or

text: even

text: specific

text: decade

text: series

text: of

text: battles

text: or

text: monarch

text: depending

text: on

text: how

text: authentic

text: the

text: reenactment

text: and

text: encampment

text: is

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: Historical reenactment (or re-enactment) is an educational or entertainment activity in which people follow a plan to recreate aspects of a historical event or period. This may be as narrow as a specific moment from a battle, such as the reenactment of Pickett's Charge presented during the Great Reunion of 1913, or as broad as an entire period, such as Regency reenactment or The 1920s Berlin Project.

text: Historical

text: reenactment

text: or

text: re

text: enactment

text: is

text: an

text: educational

text: or

text: entertainment

text: activity

text: in

text: which

text: people

text: follow

text: plan

text: to

text: recreate

text: aspects

text: of

text: historical

text: event

text: or

text: period

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: as

text: narrow

text: as

text: specific

text: moment

text: from

text: battle

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: reenactment

text: of

text: Pickett

text: 's

text: Charge

text: presented

text: during

text: the

text: Great

text: Reunion

text: of

text: or

text: as

text: broad

text: as

text: an

text: entire

text: period

text: such

text: as

text: Regency

text: reenactment

text: or

text: The

text: Berlin

text: Project

text: The history of Europe covers the peoples inhabiting the European continent from prehistory to the present. Some of the best-known civilizations of prehistoric Europe were the Minoan and the Mycenaean, which flourished during the Bronze Age until they collapsed in a short period of time around 1200 BC.

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: Europe

text: covers

text: the

text: peoples

text: inhabiting

text: the

text: European

text: continent

text: from

text: prehistory

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: known

text: civilizations

text: of

text: prehistoric

text: Europe

text: were

text: the

text: Minoan

text: and

text: the

text: Mycenaean

text: which

text: flourished

text: during

text: the

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: until

text: they

text: collapsed

text: in

text: short

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: around

text: BC

text:
The Age of Discovery or the Age of Exploration from the end of the 15th century to the 18th century, was an informal and loosely defined European historical period marking the time period in which extensive overseas exploration emerged as a powerful factor in European culture and the beginning of globalization. It also marks the rise of the period of widespread adoption in Europe of colonialism and mercantilism. Many lands previously unknown to Europeans were discovered during this period, though most were already inhabited. From the perspective of many non-Europeans, the Age of Discovery marked the arrival of settlers and invaders from a previously unknown continent.
Global exploration started with the Portuguese discoveries of the Atlantic archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores, the coast of Africa, and the discovery of the sea route to India in 1498; and, on behalf of the Crown of Castile (Spain), the trans-Atlantic Voyages of Christopher Columbus between 1492 and 1502, and the first circumnavigation of the globe in 15191522. These discoveries led to numerous naval expeditions across the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, and land expeditions in the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australia that continued into the late 19th century, and ended with the exploration of the polar regions in the 20th century.

text: The

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: or

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Exploration

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: was

text: an

text: informal

text: and

text: loosely

text: defined

text: European

text: historical

text: period

text: marking

text: the

text: time

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: extensive

text: overseas

text: exploration

text: emerged

text: as

text: powerful

text: factor

text: in

text: European

text: culture

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: globalization

text: It

text: also

text: marks

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: widespread

text: adoption

text: in

text: Europe

text: of

text: colonialism

text: and

text: mercantilism

text: Many

text: lands

text: previously

text: unknown

text: to

text: Europeans

text: were

text: discovered

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: though

text: most

text: were

text: already

text: inhabited

text: From

text: the

text: perspective

text: of

text: many

text: non

text: Europeans

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: marked

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: settlers

text: and

text: invaders

text: from

text: previously

text: unknown

text: continent

text: Global

text: exploration

text: started

text: with

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: discoveries

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: archipelagos

text: of

text: Madeira

text: and

text: the

text: Azores

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: the

text: sea

text: route

text: to

text: India

text: in

text: and

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: of

text: Castile

text: Spain

text: the

text: trans

text: Atlantic

text: Voyages

text: of

text: Christopher

text: Columbus

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: circumnavigation

text: of

text: the

text: globe

text: in

text: These

text: discoveries

text: led

text: to

text: numerous

text: naval

text: expeditions

text: across

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Indian

text: and

text: Pacific

text: oceans

text: and

text: land

text: expeditions

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: and

text: Australia

text: that

text: continued

text: into

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: and

text: ended

text: with

text: the

text: exploration

text: of

text: the

text: polar

text: regions

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the period of European history generally comprising the 14th and 15th centuries (c. 13011500). The Late Middle Ages followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the onset of the early modern era (and, in much of Europe, the Renaissance).

text: The

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: or

text: Late

text: Medieval

text: Period

text: was

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: European

text: history

text: generally

text: comprising

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: The

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: followed

text: the

text: High

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: preceded

text: the

text: onset

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: modern

text: era

text: and

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: Europe

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: The 1920s Berlin Project is a historical role-playing community in Second Life. It is a sim game intended to simulate daily life in Berlin during the Weimar Republic and give the appearance and feel of authentic 1920s Weimar culture. It is a form of living history, performed in a virtual world using avatars.

text: The

text: Berlin

text: Project

text: is

text: historical

text: role

text: playing

text: community

text: in

text: Second

text: Life

text: It

text: is

text: sim

text: game

text: intended

text: to

text: simulate

text: daily

text: life

text: in

text: Berlin

text: during

text: the

text: Weimar

text: Republic

text: and

text: give

text: the

text: appearance

text: and

text: feel

text: of

text: authentic

text: Weimar

text: culture

text: It

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: living

text: history

text: performed

text: in

text: virtual

text: world

text: using

text: avatars

text: In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.

text: In

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Europe

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: or

text: medieval

text: period

text: lasted

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: The

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: is

text: the

text: middle

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: traditional

text: divisions

text: of

text: Western

text: history

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: the

text: medieval

text: period

text: and

text: the

text: modern

text: period

text: The

text: medieval

text: period

text: is

text: itself

text: subdivided

text: into

text: the

text: Early

text: High

text: and

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: The Fall of the Western Roman Empire (also called Fall of the Roman Empire or Fall of Rome) was the process of decline in the Western Roman Empire in which it failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided into several successor polities. The Roman Empire lost the strengths that had allowed it to exercise effective control; modern historians mention factors including the effectiveness and numbers of the army, the health and numbers of the Roman population, the strength of the economy, the competence of the Emperor, the religious changes of the period, and the efficiency of the civil administration. Increasing pressure from "barbarians" outside Roman culture also contributed greatly to the collapse. The reasons for the collapse are major subjects of the historiography of the ancient world and they inform much modern discourse on state failure.

text: The

text: Fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: also

text: called

text: Fall

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: or

text: Fall

text: of

text: Rome

text: was

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: decline

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: failed

text: to

text: enforce

text: its

text: rule

text: and

text: its

text: vast

text: territory

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: several

text: successor

text: polities

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: lost

text: the

text: strengths

text: that

text: had

text: allowed

text: it

text: to

text: exercise

text: effective

text: control

text: modern

text: historians

text: mention

text: factors

text: including

text: the

text: effectiveness

text: and

text: numbers

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: the

text: health

text: and

text: numbers

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: population

text: the

text: strength

text: of

text: the

text: economy

text: the

text: competence

text: of

text: the

text: Emperor

text: the

text: religious

text: changes

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: and

text: the

text: efficiency

text: of

text: the

text: civil

text: administration

text: Increasing

text: pressure

text: from

text: barbarians

text: outside

text: Roman

text: culture

text: also

text: contributed

text: greatly

text: to

text: the

text: collapse

text: The

text: reasons

text: for

text: the

text: collapse

text: are

text: major

text: subjects

text: of

text: the

text: historiography

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: world

text: and

text: they

text: inform

text: much

text: modern

text: discourse

text: on

text: state

text: failure

text: Regency reenactment is historical reenactment of the British Regency period. Groups portray the period from 1811 to 1820 through costume, manners, food, and social gatherings that celebrate the spirit of the era. Groups often include a mix of Jane Austen fans, English country and Regency dancers, historical reenactors, costumers, artisans, craftsfolk, regency romance readers, and history buffs. Their websites and newsletters are designed to teach members about Regency history, politics, and literature. Many groups provide extensive bibliographies so that group members can research the era on their own. Events and activities include period balls, entertainments, parties, teas, craft workshops, readings, movie marathons, costume sewing classes, dance classes, meals and picnics using Regency recipes, old-fashioned games, and discussions centered on a period theme. The dress code is always Regency-themed and group members are encouraged to make their own costumes or to purchase or rent the clothes.

text: Regency

text: reenactment

text: is

text: historical

text: reenactment

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Regency

text: period

text: Groups

text: portray

text: the

text: period

text: from

text: to

text: through

text: costume

text: manners

text: food

text: and

text: social

text: gatherings

text: that

text: celebrate

text: the

text: spirit

text: of

text: the

text: era

text: Groups

text: often

text: include

text: mix

text: of

text: Jane

text: Austen

text: fans

text: English

text: country

text: and

text: Regency

text: dancers

text: historical

text: reenactors

text: costumers

text: artisans

text: craftsfolk

text: regency

text: romance

text: readers

text: and

text: history

text: buffs

text: Their

text: websites

text: and

text: newsletters

text: are

text: designed

text: to

text: teach

text: members

text: about

text: Regency

text: history

text: politics

text: and

text: literature

text: Many

text: groups

text: provide

text: extensive

text: bibliographies

text: so

text: that

text: group

text: members

text: can

text: research

text: the

text: era

text: on

text: their

text: own

text: Events

text: and

text: activities

text: include

text: period

text: balls

text: entertainments

text: parties

text: teas

text: craft

text: workshops

text: readings

text: movie

text: marathons

text: costume

text: sewing

text: classes

text: dance

text: classes

text: meals

text: and

text: picnics

text: using

text: Regency

text: recipes

text: old

text: fashioned

text: games

text: and

text: discussions

text: centered

text: on

text: period

text: theme

text: The

text: dress

text: code

text: is

text: always

text: Regency

text: themed

text: and

text: group

text: members

text: are

text: encouraged

text: to

text: make

text: their

text: own

text: costumes

text: or

text: to

text: purchase

text: or

text: rent

text: the

text: clothes

text: Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is a term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world. It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and Southwestern Asia.

text: Classical

text: antiquity

text: also

text: the

text: classical

text: era

text: classical

text: period

text: or

text: classical

text: age

text: is

text: term

text: for

text: long

text: period

text: of

text: cultural

text: history

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: comprising

text: the

text: interlocking

text: civilizations

text: of

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: Greek

text: and

text: Roman

text: society

text: flourished

text: and

text: wielded

text: great

text: influence

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: Southwestern

text: Asia

question: instance_of medieval reenactment

answer: culture

text: culture

text: culture

text: culture


text: Richard Trevithick (13 April 1771  22 April 1833) was a British inventor and mining engineer from Cornwall, England. The son of a mining captain, and born in the mining heartland of Cornwall, Trevithick was immersed in mining and engineering from an early age. He performed poorly in school, but went on to be an early pioneer of steam-powered road and rail transport. His most significant contribution was the development of the first high-pressure steam engine. He also built the first full-scale working railway steam locomotive. On 21 February 1804 the world's first locomotive-hauled railway journey took place as Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren Ironworks, in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales.

text: Richard

text: Trevithick

text: April

text: April

text: was

text: British

text: inventor

text: and

text: mining

text: engineer

text: from

text: Cornwall

text: England

text: The

text: son

text: of

text: mining

text: captain

text: and

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: mining

text: heartland

text: of

text: Cornwall

text: Trevithick

text: was

text: immersed

text: in

text: mining

text: and

text: engineering

text: from

text: an

text: early

text: age

text: He

text: performed

text: poorly

text: in

text: school

text: but

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: early

text: pioneer

text: of

text: steam

text: powered

text: road

text: and

text: rail

text: transport

text: His

text: most

text: significant

text: contribution

text: was

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: high

text: pressure

text: steam

text: engine

text: He

text: also

text: built

text: the

text: first

text: full

text: scale

text: working

text: railway

text: steam

text: locomotive

text: On

text: February

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: locomotive

text: hauled

text: railway

text: journey

text: took

text: place

text: as

text: Trevithick

text: 's

text: unnamed

text: steam

text: locomotive

text: hauled

text: train

text: along

text: the

text: tramway

text: of

text: the

text: Penydarren

text: Ironworks

text: in

text: Merthyr

text: Tydfil

text: Wales

text: Pennsylvania Railroad 1361 is a 4-6-2 pacific type steam locomotive built in 1918 for the Pennsylvania Railroad by their own Altoona Works. As a member of the K4s locomotive class, it served its active career hauling mainline passenger and mail trains. Retired from revenue service in 1956, it was restored to operating condition in 1987 when mechanical problems sidelined the locomotive after only a year and a half of operation. The engine is currently owned by the Railroaders Memorial Museum in Altoona, Pennsylvania. It is one of the only two remaining K4s locomotives and, along with PRR 3750, was designated the official state steam locomotive in 1987 by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.

text: Pennsylvania

text: Railroad

text: is

text: pacific

text: type

text: steam

text: locomotive

text: built

text: in

text: for

text: the

text: Pennsylvania

text: Railroad

text: by

text: their

text: own

text: Altoona

text: Works

text: As

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: locomotive

text: class

text: it

text: served

text: its

text: active

text: career

text: hauling

text: mainline

text: passenger

text: and

text: mail

text: trains

text: Retired

text: from

text: revenue

text: service

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: restored

text: to

text: operating

text: condition

text: in

text: when

text: mechanical

text: problems

text: sidelined

text: the

text: locomotive

text: after

text: only

text: year

text: and

text: half

text: of

text: operation

text: The

text: engine

text: is

text: currently

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: Railroaders

text: Memorial

text: Museum

text: in

text: Altoona

text: Pennsylvania

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: only

text: two

text: remaining

text: locomotives

text: and

text: along

text: with

text: PRR

text: was

text: designated

text: the

text: official

text: state

text: steam

text: locomotive

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Pennsylvania

text: General

text: Assembly

text: The Pennsylvania General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The legislature convenes in the State Capitol building in Harrisburg. In colonial times (16821776), the legislature was known as the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly. Since the Constitution of 1776, written by American revolutionaries, the legislature has been known as the General Assembly. The General Assembly became a bicameral legislature in 1791.

text: The

text: Pennsylvania

text: General

text: Assembly

text: is

text: the

text: state

text: legislature

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: The

text: legislature

text: convenes

text: in

text: the

text: State

text: Capitol

text: building

text: in

text: Harrisburg

text: In

text: colonial

text: times

text: the

text: legislature

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Pennsylvania

text: Provincial

text: Assembly

text: Since

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: written

text: by

text: American

text: revolutionaries

text: the

text: legislature

text: has

text: been

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: General

text: Assembly

text: The

text: General

text: Assembly

text: became

text: bicameral

text: legislature

text: in

text: Philadelphia is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the fifth-most populous city in the United States, with an estimated population of 1,567,442 and more than 6 million in the seventh-largest metropolitan statistical area, . Philadelphia is the economic and cultural anchor of the Delaware Valleya region located in the Northeastern United States at the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers with 7.2 million people residing in the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.

text: Philadelphia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: and

text: the

text: fifth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: statistical

text: area

text: Philadelphia

text: is

text: the

text: economic

text: and

text: cultural

text: anchor

text: of

text: the

text: Delaware

text: Valleya

text: region

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: at

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Delaware

text: and

text: Schuylkill

text: rivers

text: with

text: million

text: people

text: residing

text: in

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: combined

text: statistical

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: A U.S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are bound together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a defined geographic territory, and shares its sovereignty with the United States federal government. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders (e.g., paroled convicts and children of divorced spouses who are sharing custody).

text: U.S.

text: state

text: is

text: constituent

text: political

text: entity

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: There

text: are

text: states

text: which

text: are

text: bound

text: together

text: in

text: union

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: Each

text: state

text: holds

text: administrative

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: defined

text: geographic

text: territory

text: and

text: shares

text: its

text: sovereignty

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: federal

text: government

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: shared

text: sovereignty

text: between

text: each

text: state

text: and

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: Americans

text: are

text: citizens

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: federal

text: republic

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: reside

text: State

text: citizenship

text: and

text: residency

text: are

text: flexible

text: and

text: no

text: government

text: approval

text: is

text: required

text: to

text: move

text: between

text: states

text: except

text: for

text: persons

text: covered

text: by

text: certain

text: types

text: of

text: court

text: orders

text: e.g.

text: paroled

text: convicts

text: and

text: children

text: of

text: divorced

text: spouses

text: who

text: are

text: sharing

text: custody

text: PRR 3750 is a Pennsylvania Railroad K4s steam locomotive located in the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania , outside of Strasburg , Pennsylvania in the United States . For over a decade , 3750 stood in for the prototype K4s , 1737 , and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 . It is one of the two remaining K4s locomotives and , along with PRR 1361 , was designated the official state steam locomotive in 1987 by the Pennsylvania General Assembly .

text: PRR

text: is

text: Pennsylvania

text: Railroad

text: steam

text: locomotive

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Railroad

text: Museum

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: outside

text: of

text: Strasburg

text: Pennsylvania

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: For

text: over

text: decade

text: stood

text: in

text: for

text: the

text: prototype

text: and

text: was

text: listed

text: on

text: the

text: National

text: Register

text: of

text: Historic

text: Places

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: remaining

text: locomotives

text: and

text: along

text: with

text: PRR

text: was

text: designated

text: the

text: official

text: state

text: steam

text: locomotive

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Pennsylvania

text: General

text: Assembly

text: The Pennsylvania Railroad was an American Class I railroad, founded in 1846. Commonly referred to as the "Pennsy," the PRR was headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

text: The

text: Pennsylvania

text: Railroad

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: Class

text: railroad

text: founded

text: in

text: Commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Pennsy

text: the

text: PRR

text: was

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: Pennsylvania

text:
A steam locomotive is a railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by burning combustible materialusually coal/coke, wood, or oilto produce steam in a boiler. The steam moves reciprocating pistons which are mechanically connected to the locomotive's main wheels (drivers). Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive, either on the locomotive itself or in wagons (tenders) pulled behind.
The first steam locomotive, made by Richard Trevithick, first operated on 21 February 1804, three years after the road locomotive he made in 1801. The first practical steam locomotive was built in 1812-13 by John Blenkinsop.

text: steam

text: locomotive

text: is

text: railway

text: locomotive

text: that

text: produces

text: its

text: pulling

text: power

text: through

text: steam

text: engine

text: These

text: locomotives

text: are

text: fueled

text: by

text: burning

text: combustible

text: materialusually

text: coal

text: coke

text: wood

text: or

text: oilto

text: produce

text: steam

text: in

text: boiler

text: The

text: steam

text: moves

text: reciprocating

text: pistons

text: which

text: are

text: mechanically

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: locomotive

text: 's

text: main

text: wheels

text: drivers

text: Both

text: fuel

text: and

text: water

text: supplies

text: are

text: carried

text: with

text: the

text: locomotive

text: either

text: on

text: the

text: locomotive

text: itself

text: or

text: in

text: wagons

text: tenders

text: pulled

text: behind

text: The

text: first

text: steam

text: locomotive

text: made

text: by

text: Richard

text: Trevithick

text: first

text: operated

text: on

text: February

text: three

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: road

text: locomotive

text: he

text: made

text: in

text: The

text: first

text: practical

text: steam

text: locomotive

text: was

text: built

text: in

text: by

text: John

text: Blenkinsop

text: Lake Erie is the fourth-largest lake (by surface area) of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the thirteenth-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time. At its deepest point Lake Erie is deep. Lake Erie's northern shore is bounded by the Canadian province of Ontario, with the U.S. states of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York on its southern and easternmost shores and Michigan on the west. These jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake by water boundaries. The lake was named by the Erie people, a Native Americans people who lived along its southern shore. That Iroquoian tribe called it ""Erige"" "("cat")" because of its unpredictable and sometimes violently dangerous nature. It is a matter of conjecture whether the lake was named after the tribe, or if the tribe was called ""Erie"" because of its proximity to the lake.

text: Lake

text: Erie

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: lake

text: by

text: surface

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: thirteenth

text: largest

text: globally

text: if

text: measured

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: surface

text: area

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: shallowest

text: and

text: smallest

text: by

text: volume

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: and

text: therefore

text: also

text: has

text: the

text: shortest

text: average

text: water

text: residence

text: time

text: At

text: its

text: deepest

text: point

text: Lake

text: Erie

text: is

text: deep

text: Lake

text: Erie

text: 's

text: northern

text: shore

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Canadian

text: province

text: of

text: Ontario

text: with

text: the

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: Ohio

text: Pennsylvania

text: and

text: New

text: York

text: on

text: its

text: southern

text: and

text: easternmost

text: shores

text: and

text: Michigan

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: These

text: jurisdictions

text: divide

text: the

text: surface

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: lake

text: by

text: water

text: boundaries

text: The

text: lake

text: was

text: named

text: by

text: the

text: Erie

text: people

text: Native

text: Americans

text: people

text: who

text: lived

text: along

text: its

text: southern

text: shore

text: That

text: Iroquoian

text: tribe

text: called

text: it

text: Erige

text: cat

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: unpredictable

text: and

text: sometimes

text: violently

text: dangerous

text: nature

text: It

text: is

text: matter

text: of

text: conjecture

text: whether

text: the

text: lake

text: was

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: tribe

text: or

text: if

text: the

text: tribe

text: was

text: called

text: Erie

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: proximity

text: to

text: the

text: lake

text: Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania German: "Pennsylvaani"), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle. The commonwealth borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.

text: Pennsylvania

text: Pennsylvania

text: German

text: Pennsylvaani

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: northeastern

text: and

text: Mid

text: Atlantic

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

text: run

text: through

text: its

text: middle

text: The

text: commonwealth

text: borders

text: Delaware

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Maryland

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: West

text: Virginia

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Ohio

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Lake

text: Erie

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: province

text: of

text: Ontario

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: New

text: Jersey

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern United States and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia and is the third-wealthiest U.S. state by per capita income as of 2014.

text: New

text: Jersey

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: mid

text: Atlantic

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: by

text: New

text: York

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Pennsylvania

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: by

text: Delaware

text: New

text: Jersey

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: smallest

text: state

text: but

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: New

text: Jersey

text: lies

text: entirely

text: within

text: the

text: combined

text: statistical

text: areas

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: Philadelphia

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: wealthiest

text: U.S.

text: state

text: by

text: per

text: capita

text: income

text: as

text: of

text: Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province by a large margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians, and is the second-largest province in total area. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included. It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto.

text: Ontario

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: provinces

text: and

text: territories

text: of

text: Canada

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: east

text: central

text: Canada

text: It

text: is

text: Canada

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: province

text: by

text: large

text: margin

text: accounting

text: for

text: nearly

text: percent

text: of

text: all

text: Canadians

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: province

text: in

text: total

text: area

text: Ontario

text: is

text: fourth

text: largest

text: in

text: total

text: area

text: when

text: the

text: territories

text: of

text: the

text: Northwest

text: Territories

text: and

text: Nunavut

text: are

text: included

text: It

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: capital

text: city

text: Ottawa

text: and

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: Toronto

text: Altoona Works is a large railroad industrial complex in Altoona, Pennsylvania. It was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) to supply the railroad with locomotives, railroad cars and related equipment. For many years it was the largest railroad shop complex in the world.

text: Altoona

text: Works

text: is

text: large

text: railroad

text: industrial

text: complex

text: in

text: Altoona

text: Pennsylvania

text: It

text: was

text: built

text: by

text: the

text: Pennsylvania

text: Railroad

text: PRR

text: to

text: supply

text: the

text: railroad

text: with

text: locomotives

text: railroad

text: cars

text: and

text: related

text: equipment

text: For

text: many

text: years

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: railroad

text: shop

text: complex

text: in

text: the

text: world

question: manufacturer prr 3750

answer: altoona works

text: altoona works

text: altoona works