text: The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the "New World".

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceans

text: with

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: It

text: covers

text: approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: and

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: water

text: surface

text: area

text: It

text: separates

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: from

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: The Hebrides (Scottish Gaelic: "Innse Gall"; Old Norse: "Suðreyjar") comprise a widespread and diverse archipelago off the west coast of mainland Scotland. There are two main groups: the Inner and Outer Hebrides. These islands have a long history of occupation dating back to the Mesolithic, and the culture of the residents has been affected by the successive influences of Celtic, Norse, and English-speaking peoples. This diversity is reflected in the names given to the islands, which are derived from the languages that have been spoken there in historic and perhaps prehistoric times.

text: The

text: Hebrides

text: Scottish

text: Gaelic

text: Innse

text: Gall

text: Old

text: Norse

text: Suðreyjar

text: comprise

text: widespread

text: and

text: diverse

text: archipelago

text: off

text: the

text: west

text: coast

text: of

text: mainland

text: Scotland

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: main

text: groups

text: the

text: Inner

text: and

text: Outer

text: Hebrides

text: These

text: islands

text: have

text: long

text: history

text: of

text: occupation

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Mesolithic

text: and

text: the

text: culture

text: of

text: the

text: residents

text: has

text: been

text: affected

text: by

text: the

text: successive

text: influences

text: of

text: Celtic

text: Norse

text: and

text: English

text: speaking

text: peoples

text: This

text: diversity

text: is

text: reflected

text: in

text: the

text: names

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: islands

text: which

text: are

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: languages

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: spoken

text: there

text: in

text: historic

text: and

text: perhaps

text: prehistoric

text: times

text: Royal Navy Dockyards were harbour facilities where commissioned ships were either built or based, or where ships were overhauled and refitted. Historically, the Royal Navy maintained a string of dockyards around the world; these publicly owned establishments were officially designated Royal Dockyards or HM Dockyards until the late 1960s (after which the term 'naval base' gained currency, reflecting a change of emphasis from ship building and maintenance to accommodation and training of personnel). Today, the few shipbuilding/maintenance yards that remain operational have been privatized (though they are still often called 'Royal' dockyards in common, if not in official, parlance); and Babcock International, which in 2011 acquired freehold ownership of the working North Yard at Devonport from the MOD, has reverted to calling it Devonport Royal Dockyard.

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: Dockyards

text: were

text: harbour

text: facilities

text: where

text: commissioned

text: ships

text: were

text: either

text: built

text: or

text: based

text: or

text: where

text: ships

text: were

text: overhauled

text: and

text: refitted

text: Historically

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: maintained

text: string

text: of

text: dockyards

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: these

text: publicly

text: owned

text: establishments

text: were

text: officially

text: designated

text: Royal

text: Dockyards

text: or

text: HM

text: Dockyards

text: until

text: the

text: late

text: after

text: which

text: the

text: term

text: naval

text: base

text: gained

text: currency

text: reflecting

text: change

text: of

text: emphasis

text: from

text: ship

text: building

text: and

text: maintenance

text: to

text: accommodation

text: and

text: training

text: of

text: personnel

text: Today

text: the

text: few

text: shipbuilding

text: maintenance

text: yards

text: that

text: remain

text: operational

text: have

text: been

text: privatized

text: though

text: they

text: are

text: still

text: often

text: called

text: Royal

text: dockyards

text: in

text: common

text: if

text: not

text: in

text: official

text: parlance

text: and

text: Babcock

text: International

text: which

text: in

text: acquired

text: freehold

text: ownership

text: of

text: the

text: working

text: North

text: Yard

text: at

text: Devonport

text: from

text: the

text: MOD

text: has

text: reverted

text: to

text: calling

text: it

text: Devonport

text: Royal

text: Dockyard

text: Her Majesty's Naval Base, Clyde (HMNB Clyde; also HMS "Neptune") primarily sited at Faslane is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy (the others being HMNB Devonport and HMNB Portsmouth). It is the service's headquarters in Scotland and is best known as the home of Britain's nuclear weapons, in the form of nuclear submarines armed with Trident missiles.

text: Her

text: Majesty

text: 's

text: Naval

text: Base

text: Clyde

text: HMNB

text: Clyde

text: also

text: HMS

text: Neptune

text: primarily

text: sited

text: at

text: Faslane

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: operating

text: bases

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: for

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: the

text: others

text: being

text: HMNB

text: Devonport

text: and

text: HMNB

text: Portsmouth

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: service

text: 's

text: headquarters

text: in

text: Scotland

text: and

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: Britain

text: 's

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: nuclear

text: submarines

text: armed

text: with

text: Trident

text: missiles

text: Great Britain, also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth-largest in the world. In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, comprise the British Isles archipelago.

text: Great

text: Britain

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Britain

text: is

text: large

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: off

text: the

text: northwest

text: coast

text: of

text: continental

text: Europe

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: European

text: island

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: the

text: island

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: after

text: Java

text: in

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: Honshu

text: in

text: Japan

text: The

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: is

text: situated

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: it

text: and

text: together

text: these

text: islands

text: along

text: with

text: over

text: smaller

text: surrounding

text: islands

text: comprise

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: archipelago

text: Scotland (Scots: ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.

text: Scotland

text: Scots

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: covers

text: the

text: northern

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: shares

text: border

text: with

text: England

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: otherwise

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Channel

text: and

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: mainland

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: islands

text: including

text: the

text: Northern

text: Isles

text: and

text: the

text: Hebrides

text: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: UK

text: or

text: Britain

text: is

text: sovereign

text: country

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: Lying

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: mainland

text: it

text: includes

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: loosely

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: country

text: the

text: north

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: many

text: smaller

text: islands

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: that

text: shares

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: another

text: sovereign

text: statethe

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Apart

text: from

text: this

text: land

text: border

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: south

text: west

text: giving

text: it

text: the

text: longest

text: coastline

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Together

text: this

text: makes

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: The Isle of Wight is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is located in the English Channel, about 4 miles (6 km) off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines.

text: The

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: is

text: county

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: in

text: England

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Hampshire

text: separated

text: by

text: the

text: Solent

text: The

text: island

text: has

text: resorts

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: holiday

text: destinations

text: since

text: Victorian

text: times

text: and

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: mild

text: climate

text: coastal

text: scenery

text: and

text: verdant

text: landscape

text: of

text: fields

text: downland

text: and

text: chines

text: The Northern Isles  is an archipelago comprising a chain of islands off the north coast of mainland Scotland. The climate is cool and temperate and much influenced by the surrounding seas. There are two main island groups: Shetland and Orkney. There are a total of 26 inhabited islands with landscapes of the fertile agricultural islands of Orkney contrasting with the more rugged Shetland islands to the north, where the economy is more dependent on fishing and the oil wealth of the surrounding seas. Both have a developing renewable energy industry. They also share a common Pictish and Norse history. Both island groups were absorbed into the Kingdom of Scotland in the 15th century and remained part of the country following the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, and later the United Kingdom after 1801. The islands played a significant naval role during the world wars of the 20th century.

text: The

text: Northern

text: Isles

text: is

text: an

text: archipelago

text: comprising

text: chain

text: of

text: islands

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: coast

text: of

text: mainland

text: Scotland

text: The

text: climate

text: is

text: cool

text: and

text: temperate

text: and

text: much

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: surrounding

text: seas

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: main

text: island

text: groups

text: Shetland

text: and

text: Orkney

text: There

text: are

text: total

text: of

text: inhabited

text: islands

text: with

text: landscapes

text: of

text: the

text: fertile

text: agricultural

text: islands

text: of

text: Orkney

text: contrasting

text: with

text: the

text: more

text: rugged

text: Shetland

text: islands

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: where

text: the

text: economy

text: is

text: more

text: dependent

text: on

text: fishing

text: and

text: the

text: oil

text: wealth

text: of

text: the

text: surrounding

text: seas

text: Both

text: have

text: developing

text: renewable

text: energy

text: industry

text: They

text: also

text: share

text: common

text: Pictish

text: and

text: Norse

text: history

text: Both

text: island

text: groups

text: were

text: absorbed

text: into

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Scotland

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: remained

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: following

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: in

text: and

text: later

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: after

text: The

text: islands

text: played

text: significant

text: naval

text: role

text: during

text: the

text: world

text: wars

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The Solent is the strait that separates the Isle of Wight from the mainland of England. It is about 20 miles long and varies in width between two and a half and five miles, although the shingle Hurst Spit which projects one and a half miles into the Solent narrows the sea crossing between Hurst Castle and Colwell Bay to just over a mile.

text: The

text: Solent

text: is

text: the

text: strait

text: that

text: separates

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: from

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: England

text: It

text: is

text: about

text: miles

text: long

text: and

text: varies

text: in

text: width

text: between

text: two

text: and

text: half

text: and

text: five

text: miles

text: although

text: the

text: shingle

text: Hurst

text: Spit

text: which

text: projects

text: one

text: and

text: half

text: miles

text: into

text: the

text: Solent

text: narrows

text: the

text: sea

text: crossing

text: between

text: Hurst

text: Castle

text: and

text: Colwell

text: Bay

text: to

text: just

text: over

text: mile

text: The English Channel ("the Sleeve" [hence ] "Sea of Brittany" "British Sea"), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and joins the southern part of the North Sea to the rest of the Atlantic Ocean.

text: The

text: English

text: Channel

text: the

text: Sleeve

text: hence

text: Sea

text: of

text: Brittany

text: British

text: Sea

text: also

text: called

text: simply

text: the

text: Channel

text: is

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: that

text: separates

text: southern

text: England

text: from

text: northern

text: France

text: and

text: joins

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: The Irish Sea (, , , Ulster-Scots: "Airish Sea"), separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. It is connected to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the North Channel. Anglesey is the largest island within the Irish Sea, followed by the Isle of Man. The sea is occasionally, but rarely, referred to as the Manx Sea.

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: Ulster

text: Scots

text: Airish

text: Sea

text: separates

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: is

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: St

text: George

text: 's

text: Channel

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: Inner

text: Seas

text: off

text: the

text: West

text: Coast

text: of

text: Scotland

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Channel

text: Anglesey

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: island

text: within

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: The

text: sea

text: is

text: occasionally

text: but

text: rarely

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Manx

text: Sea

text: Portsmouth is a port city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England. Located mainly on Portsea Island, south-west of London and south-east of Southampton, it is the United Kingdom's only island city. It has a population of 205,400, and is the only city in the British Isles with a greater population density than London. The city forms part of the South Hampshire built-up area, which also covers Southampton and the towns of Havant, Waterlooville, Eastleigh, Fareham, and Gosport.

text: Portsmouth

text: is

text: port

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: ceremonial

text: county

text: of

text: Hampshire

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: coast

text: of

text: England

text: Located

text: mainly

text: on

text: Portsea

text: Island

text: south

text: west

text: of

text: London

text: and

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: Southampton

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: only

text: island

text: city

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: with

text: greater

text: population

text: density

text: than

text: London

text: The

text: city

text: forms

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: Hampshire

text: built

text: up

text: area

text: which

text: also

text: covers

text: Southampton

text: and

text: the

text: towns

text: of

text: Havant

text: Waterlooville

text: Eastleigh

text: Fareham

text: and

text: Gosport

text: England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.

text: England

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Scotland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Wales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: northwest

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: England

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: continental

text: Europe

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: covers

text: five

text: eighths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: which

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: in

text: its

text: centre

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: includes

text: over

text: smaller

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: and

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: The Celtic Sea (; ) is the area of the Atlantic Ocean off the south coast of Ireland bounded to the east by Saint George's Channel; other limits include the Bristol Channel, the English Channel, and the Bay of Biscay, as well as adjacent portions of Wales, Cornwall, Devon, and Brittany. The southern and western boundaries are delimited by the continental shelf, which drops away sharply. The Isles of Scilly are an archipelago of small islands in the sea.

text: The

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: is

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: off

text: the

text: south

text: coast

text: of

text: Ireland

text: bounded

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Saint

text: George

text: 's

text: Channel

text: other

text: limits

text: include

text: the

text: Bristol

text: Channel

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Biscay

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: adjacent

text: portions

text: of

text: Wales

text: Cornwall

text: Devon

text: and

text: Brittany

text: The

text: southern

text: and

text: western

text: boundaries

text: are

text: delimited

text: by

text: the

text: continental

text: shelf

text: which

text: drops

text: away

text: sharply

text: The

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: are

text: an

text: archipelago

text: of

text: small

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: sea

text: Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of . Wales has over of coastline and is largely mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon, its highest summit. The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate.

text: Wales

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: England

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Bristol

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: It

text: had

text: population

text: in

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: Wales

text: has

text: over

text: of

text: coastline

text: and

text: is

text: largely

text: mountainous

text: with

text: its

text: higher

text: peaks

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: central

text: areas

text: including

text: Snowdon

text: its

text: highest

text: summit

text: The

text: country

text: lies

text: within

text: the

text: north

text: temperate

text: zone

text: and

text: has

text: changeable

text: maritime

text: climate

text: Plymouth is a city on the south coast of Devon, England, about south-west of Exeter and west-south-west of London, between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall.

text: Plymouth

text: is

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: coast

text: of

text: Devon

text: England

text: about

text: south

text: west

text: of

text: Exeter

text: and

text: west

text: south

text: west

text: of

text: London

text: between

text: the

text: mouths

text: of

text: the

text: rivers

text: Plym

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Tamar

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: where

text: they

text: join

text: Plymouth

text: Sound

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: boundary

text: with

text: Cornwall

text: The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric (or "shelf") sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. It is more than long and wide, with an area of around .

text: The

text: North

text: Sea

text: is

text: marginal

text: sea

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: located

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: Scandinavia

text: Germany

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Belgium

text: and

text: France

text: An

text: epeiric

text: or

text: shelf

text: sea

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: continental

text: shelf

text: it

text: connects

text: to

text: the

text: ocean

text: through

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Norwegian

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: long

text: and

text: wide

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: around

text: The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years War against the kingdom of France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is known as the Senior Service.

text: The

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: RN

text: is

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: naval

text: warfare

text: force

text: Although

text: warships

text: were

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: English

text: kings

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: medieval

text: period

text: the

text: first

text: major

text: maritime

text: engagements

text: were

text: fought

text: in

text: the

text: Hundred

text: Years

text: War

text: against

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: France

text: The

text: modern

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: traces

text: its

text: origins

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: the

text: oldest

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: armed

text: services

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Senior

text: Service

text: Portsmouth Harbour is a large natural harbour in Hampshire, England. Geographically it is a ria: formerly it was the valley of a stream flowing from Portsdown into the Solent. The city of Portsmouth lies to the east on Portsea Island, and Gosport to the west on the mainland. At its north end is Portchester Castle, of Roman origin and the first fortress built to protect the harbour.

text: Portsmouth

text: Harbour

text: is

text: large

text: natural

text: harbour

text: in

text: Hampshire

text: England

text: Geographically

text: it

text: is

text: ria

text: formerly

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: valley

text: of

text: stream

text: flowing

text: from

text: Portsdown

text: into

text: the

text: Solent

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Portsmouth

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: on

text: Portsea

text: Island

text: and

text: Gosport

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: on

text: the

text: mainland

text: At

text: its

text: north

text: end

text: is

text: Portchester

text: Castle

text: of

text: Roman

text: origin

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: fortress

text: built

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: harbour

text: The Surface Fleet is the name given to the collection of surface vessels ( as opposed to submarines or aircraft ) of the Royal Navy . At present it consists of two flotillas based at HMNB Portsmouth and HMNB Devonport , both located on the south coast of England , and a flotilla based at HMNB Clyde , Faslane , Scotland . The Surface Fleet consists of a wide variety of vessels , ranging from aircraft carriers to mine countermeasures vessels to offshore patrol vessels , but the backbone of the fleet consists of destroyers ( type 45 ) and frigates ( type 23 ) . The surface fleet is continually engaged in numerous operations a worldwide basis . Closer to home , the surface fleet also conducts Fishery Protection Patrols around UK waters , in a formal agreement with DEFRA . The Fishery Protection Squadron is the largest front line squadron in the Royal Navy .

text: The

text: Surface

text: Fleet

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: collection

text: of

text: surface

text: vessels

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: submarines

text: or

text: aircraft

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: At

text: present

text: it

text: consists

text: of

text: two

text: flotillas

text: based

text: at

text: HMNB

text: Portsmouth

text: and

text: HMNB

text: Devonport

text: both

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: coast

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: flotilla

text: based

text: at

text: HMNB

text: Clyde

text: Faslane

text: Scotland

text: The

text: Surface

text: Fleet

text: consists

text: of

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: vessels

text: ranging

text: from

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: to

text: mine

text: countermeasures

text: vessels

text: to

text: offshore

text: patrol

text: vessels

text: but

text: the

text: backbone

text: of

text: the

text: fleet

text: consists

text: of

text: destroyers

text: type

text: and

text: frigates

text: type

text: The

text: surface

text: fleet

text: is

text: continually

text: engaged

text: in

text: numerous

text: operations

text: worldwide

text: basis

text: Closer

text: to

text: home

text: the

text: surface

text: fleet

text: also

text: conducts

text: Fishery

text: Protection

text: Patrols

text: around

text: UK

text: waters

text: in

text: formal

text: agreement

text: with

text: DEFRA

text: The

text: Fishery

text: Protection

text: Squadron

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: front

text: line

text: squadron

text: in

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: Her Majesty's Naval Base, Devonport (HMNB Devonport), is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy (the others being HMNB Clyde and HMNB Portsmouth). HMNB Devonport is located in Devonport, in the west of the city of Plymouth, England. Having begun as Royal Navy Dockyard in the late-17th century, it is now the largest naval base in Western Europe and is the sole nuclear repair and refuelling facility for the Royal Navy. Shipbuilding ceased at Devonport in the early 1970s, but ship maintenance work has continued: the now privatised maintenance facilities are operated by Babcock Marine, a division of Babcock International Group, who took over the previous owner Devonport Management Limited (DML) in 2007. (DML had been running the Dockyard since privatisation, 1987.)

text: Her

text: Majesty

text: 's

text: Naval

text: Base

text: Devonport

text: HMNB

text: Devonport

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: operating

text: bases

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: for

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: the

text: others

text: being

text: HMNB

text: Clyde

text: and

text: HMNB

text: Portsmouth

text: HMNB

text: Devonport

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: Devonport

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: England

text: Having

text: begun

text: as

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: Dockyard

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: is

text: now

text: the

text: largest

text: naval

text: base

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: sole

text: nuclear

text: repair

text: and

text: refuelling

text: facility

text: for

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: Shipbuilding

text: ceased

text: at

text: Devonport

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: but

text: ship

text: maintenance

text: work

text: has

text: continued

text: the

text: now

text: privatised

text: maintenance

text: facilities

text: are

text: operated

text: by

text: Babcock

text: Marine

text: division

text: of

text: Babcock

text: International

text: Group

text: who

text: took

text: over

text: the

text: previous

text: owner

text: Devonport

text: Management

text: Limited

text: DML

text: in

text: DML

text: had

text: been

text: running

text: the

text: Dockyard

text: since

text: privatisation

text: The Isles of Scilly (or "") are an archipelago off the south western tip of the Cornish peninsula of Great Britain. It is the southernmost location in England and the United Kingdom, as well as the most westerly in England.

text: The

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: or

text: are

text: an

text: archipelago

text: off

text: the

text: south

text: western

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: Cornish

text: peninsula

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: location

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: westerly

text: in

text: England

text: Her Majesty's Naval Base, Portsmouth (HMNB Portsmouth) is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the British Royal Navy (the others being HMNB Clyde and HMNB Devonport). Portsmouth Naval Base is part of the city of Portsmouth; it is located on the eastern shore of Portsmouth Harbour, north of the Solent and the Isle of Wight. Until the early 1970s it was officially known as Portsmouth Royal Dockyard (or HM Dockyard, Portsmouth); the shipbuilding, repair and maintenance element of the base was privatized in the late-1990s/early-2000s.

text: Her

text: Majesty

text: 's

text: Naval

text: Base

text: Portsmouth

text: HMNB

text: Portsmouth

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: operating

text: bases

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: for

text: the

text: British

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: the

text: others

text: being

text: HMNB

text: Clyde

text: and

text: HMNB

text: Devonport

text: Portsmouth

text: Naval

text: Base

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Portsmouth

text: it

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: eastern

text: shore

text: of

text: Portsmouth

text: Harbour

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Solent

text: and

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: Until

text: the

text: early

text: it

text: was

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: Portsmouth

text: Royal

text: Dockyard

text: or

text: HM

text: Dockyard

text: Portsmouth

text: the

text: shipbuilding

text: repair

text: and

text: maintenance

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: base

text: was

text: privatized

text: in

text: the

question: country royal navy surface fleet

answer: united kingdom

text: united kingdom

text: united kingdom

text: united kingdom

text: united kingdom

text: united kingdom

text: united kingdom

text: united kingdom

text: united kingdom

text: united kingdom

text: united kingdom

text: united kingdom

text: united kingdom


text: The Archaea (or or ) constitute a domain and kingdom of single-celled microorganisms. These microbes (archaea; singular archaeon) are prokaryotes, meaning that they have no cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles in their cells.

text: The

text: Archaea

text: or

text: or

text: constitute

text: domain

text: and

text: kingdom

text: of

text: single

text: celled

text: microorganisms

text: These

text: microbes

text: archaea

text: singular

text: archaeon

text: are

text: prokaryotes

text: meaning

text: that

text: they

text: have

text: no

text: cell

text: nucleus

text: or

text: any

text: other

text: membrane

text: bound

text: organelles

text: in

text: their

text: cells

text: Helicobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria possessing a characteristic helical shape. They were initially considered to be members of the "Campylobacter" genus, but in 1989, Goodwin "et al." published sufficient reasons to justify the new genus name "Helicobacter". The "Helicobacter" genus contains about 35 species.

text: Helicobacter

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: Gram

text: negative

text: bacteria

text: possessing

text: characteristic

text: helical

text: shape

text: They

text: were

text: initially

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Campylobacter

text: genus

text: but

text: in

text: Goodwin

text: et

text: al

text: published

text: sufficient

text: reasons

text: to

text: justify

text: the

text: new

text: genus

text: name

text: Helicobacter

text: The

text: Helicobacter

text: genus

text: contains

text: about

text: species

text: The nitrite ion, which has the chemical formula , is a symmetric anion with equal NO bond lengths. Upon protonation, the unstable weak acid nitrous acid is produced. Nitrite can be oxidized or reduced, with the product somewhat dependent on the oxidizing/reducing agent and its strength. The nitrite ion is an ambidentate ligand, and is known to bond to metal centers in at least five different ways. Nitrite is also important in biochemistry as a source of the potent vasodilator nitric oxide. In organic chemistry the NO group is present in nitrous acid esters and nitro compounds. Nitrites are also used in the food production industry for curing meat.

text: The

text: nitrite

text: ion

text: which

text: has

text: the

text: chemical

text: formula

text: is

text: symmetric

text: anion

text: with

text: equal

text: NO

text: bond

text: lengths

text: Upon

text: protonation

text: the

text: unstable

text: weak

text: acid

text: nitrous

text: acid

text: is

text: produced

text: Nitrite

text: can

text: be

text: oxidized

text: or

text: reduced

text: with

text: the

text: product

text: somewhat

text: dependent

text: on

text: the

text: oxidizing

text: reducing

text: agent

text: and

text: its

text: strength

text: The

text: nitrite

text: ion

text: is

text: an

text: ambidentate

text: ligand

text: and

text: is

text: known

text: to

text: bond

text: to

text: metal

text: centers

text: in

text: at

text: least

text: five

text: different

text: ways

text: Nitrite

text: is

text: also

text: important

text: in

text: biochemistry

text: as

text: source

text: of

text: the

text: potent

text: vasodilator

text: nitric

text: oxide

text: In

text: organic

text: chemistry

text: the

text: NO

text: group

text: is

text: present

text: in

text: nitrous

text: acid

text: esters

text: and

text: nitro

text: compounds

text: Nitrites

text: are

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: food

text: production

text: industry

text: for

text: curing

text: meat

text:
The "Proteobacteria" are a major phylum of Gram-negative bacteria. The name of the phylum has never been validly published as no type genus has been proposed, thus it must be styled in quotation marks as the name has no standing in nomenclature. They include a wide variety of pathogens, such as "Escherichia", "Salmonella", "Vibrio", "Helicobacter", "Yersinia", and many other notable genera.
Others are free-living (nonparasitic), and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation.

text: The

text: Proteobacteria

text: are

text: major

text: phylum

text: of

text: Gram

text: negative

text: bacteria

text: The

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: phylum

text: has

text: never

text: been

text: validly

text: published

text: as

text: no

text: type

text: genus

text: has

text: been

text: proposed

text: thus

text: it

text: must

text: be

text: styled

text: in

text: quotation

text: marks

text: as

text: the

text: name

text: has

text: no

text: standing

text: in

text: nomenclature

text: They

text: include

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: pathogens

text: such

text: as

text: Escherichia

text: Salmonella

text: Vibrio

text: Helicobacter

text: Yersinia

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: notable

text: genera

text: Others

text: are

text: free

text: living

text: nonparasitic

text: and

text: include

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: bacteria

text: responsible

text: for

text: nitrogen

text: fixation

text: The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere and terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is nitrogen, making it the largest pool of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems. The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle.

text: The

text: nitrogen

text: cycle

text: is

text: the

text: biogeochemical

text: cycle

text: by

text: which

text: nitrogen

text: is

text: converted

text: into

text: various

text: chemical

text: forms

text: as

text: it

text: circulates

text: among

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: terrestrial

text: and

text: marine

text: ecosystems

text: The

text: conversion

text: of

text: nitrogen

text: can

text: be

text: carried

text: out

text: through

text: both

text: biological

text: and

text: physical

text: processes

text: Important

text: processes

text: in

text: the

text: nitrogen

text: cycle

text: include

text: fixation

text: ammonification

text: nitrification

text: and

text: denitrification

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: atmosphere

text: is

text: nitrogen

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: pool

text: of

text: nitrogen

text: However

text: atmospheric

text: nitrogen

text: has

text: limited

text: availability

text: for

text: biological

text: use

text: leading

text: to

text: scarcity

text: of

text: usable

text: nitrogen

text: in

text: many

text: types

text: of

text: ecosystems

text: The

text: nitrogen

text: cycle

text: is

text: of

text: particular

text: interest

text: to

text: ecologists

text: because

text: nitrogen

text: availability

text: can

text: affect

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: key

text: ecosystem

text: processes

text: including

text: primary

text: production

text: and

text: decomposition

text: Human

text: activities

text: such

text: as

text: fossil

text: fuel

text: combustion

text: use

text: of

text: artificial

text: nitrogen

text: fertilizers

text: and

text: release

text: of

text: nitrogen

text: in

text: wastewater

text: have

text: dramatically

text: altered

text: the

text: global

text: nitrogen

text: cycle

text: Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrite followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate. The transformation of ammonia to nitrite is usually the rate limiting step of nitrification. Nitrification is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil. Nitrification is an aerobic process performed by small groups of autotrophic bacteria and archaea. This process was discovered by the Russian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky.

text: Nitrification

text: is

text: the

text: biological

text: oxidation

text: of

text: ammonia

text: or

text: ammonium

text: to

text: nitrite

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: oxidation

text: of

text: the

text: nitrite

text: to

text: nitrate

text: The

text: transformation

text: of

text: ammonia

text: to

text: nitrite

text: is

text: usually

text: the

text: rate

text: limiting

text: step

text: of

text: nitrification

text: Nitrification

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: step

text: in

text: the

text: nitrogen

text: cycle

text: in

text: soil

text: Nitrification

text: is

text: an

text: aerobic

text: process

text: performed

text: by

text: small

text: groups

text: of

text: autotrophic

text: bacteria

text: and

text: archaea

text: This

text: process

text: was

text: discovered

text: by

text: the

text: Russian

text: microbiologist

text: Sergei

text: Winogradsky

text: Spirillum minus is a species of "Spirillum". "Spirillum minus" is associated with rat-bite fever.

text: Spirillum

text: minus

text: is

text: species

text: of

text: Spirillum

text: Spirillum

text: minus

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: rat

text: bite

text: fever

text: Spirillum is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria within family Spirillaceae. There are two species in "Spirillum" with standing in nomenclature, "Spirillum winogradskyi" and "Spirillum volutans". The taxonomic position of three other species provisionally bearing the "Spirillum" genus name ("Spirillum minus", "Spirillum pleomorphum", and "Spirillum pulli") is uncertain and these have no standing in nomenclature.

text: Spirillum

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: Gram

text: negative

text: bacteria

text: within

text: family

text: Spirillaceae

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: species

text: in

text: Spirillum

text: with

text: standing

text: in

text: nomenclature

text: Spirillum

text: winogradskyi

text: and

text: Spirillum

text: volutans

text: The

text: taxonomic

text: position

text: of

text: three

text: other

text: species

text: provisionally

text: bearing

text: the

text: Spirillum

text: genus

text: name

text: Spirillum

text: minus

text: Spirillum

text: pleomorphum

text: and

text: Spirillum

text: pulli

text: is

text: uncertain

text: and

text: these

text: have

text: no

text: standing

text: in

text: nomenclature

text: Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus "Homo" and within this genus to the species "Homo sapiens". The "formal" introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work "Species Plantarum" in 1753. But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book "Pinax theatri botanici" (English, "Illustrated exposition of plants") many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus.

text: Binomial

text: nomenclature

text: also

text: called

text: binominal

text: nomenclature

text: or

text: binary

text: nomenclature

text: is

text: formal

text: system

text: of

text: naming

text: species

text: of

text: living

text: things

text: by

text: giving

text: each

text: name

text: composed

text: of

text: two

text: parts

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: use

text: Latin

text: grammatical

text: forms

text: although

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: words

text: from

text: other

text: languages

text: Such

text: name

text: is

text: called

text: binomial

text: name

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: shortened

text: to

text: just

text: binomial

text: binomen

text: or

text: scientific

text: name

text: more

text: informally

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: called

text: Latin

text: name

text: The

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: identifies

text: the

text: genus

text: to

text: which

text: the

text: species

text: belongs

text: the

text: second

text: part

text: identifies

text: the

text: species

text: within

text: the

text: genus

text: For

text: example

text: humans

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: genus

text: Homo

text: and

text: within

text: this

text: genus

text: to

text: the

text: species

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: The

text: formal

text: introduction

text: of

text: this

text: system

text: of

text: naming

text: species

text: is

text: credited

text: to

text: Carl

text: Linnaeus

text: effectively

text: beginning

text: with

text: his

text: work

text: Species

text: Plantarum

text: in

text: But

text: Gaspard

text: Bauhin

text: in

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: had

text: introduced

text: in

text: his

text: book

text: Pinax

text: theatri

text: botanici

text: English

text: Illustrated

text: exposition

text: of

text: plants

text: many

text: names

text: of

text: genera

text: that

text: were

text: later

text: adopted

text: by

text: Linnaeus

text: Vibrio is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, possessing a curved-rod shape (comma shape), several species of which can cause foodborne infection, usually associated with eating undercooked seafood. Typically found in salt water, "Vibrio" species are facultative anaerobes that test positive for oxidase and do not form spores. All members of the genus are motile and have polar flagella with sheaths. " Vibrio" species typically possess two chromosomes, which is unusual for bacteria. Each chromosome has a distinct and independent origin of replication, and are conserved together over time in the genus. Recent phylogenies have been constructed based on a suite of genes (multilocus sequence analysis).

text: Vibrio

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: Gram

text: negative

text: bacteria

text: possessing

text: curved

text: rod

text: shape

text: comma

text: shape

text: several

text: species

text: of

text: which

text: can

text: cause

text: foodborne

text: infection

text: usually

text: associated

text: with

text: eating

text: undercooked

text: seafood

text: Typically

text: found

text: in

text: salt

text: water

text: Vibrio

text: species

text: are

text: facultative

text: anaerobes

text: that

text: test

text: positive

text: for

text: oxidase

text: and

text: do

text: not

text: form

text: spores

text: All

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: are

text: motile

text: and

text: have

text: polar

text: flagella

text: with

text: sheaths

text: Vibrio

text: species

text: typically

text: possess

text: two

text: chromosomes

text: which

text: is

text: unusual

text: for

text: bacteria

text: Each

text: chromosome

text: has

text: distinct

text: and

text: independent

text: origin

text: of

text: replication

text: and

text: are

text: conserved

text: together

text: over

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: genus

text: Recent

text: phylogenies

text: have

text: been

text: constructed

text: based

text: on

text: suite

text: of

text: genes

text: multilocus

text: sequence

text: analysis

text: A genus ( genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.

text: genus

text: genera

text: is

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: biological

text: classification

text: of

text: living

text: and

text: fossil

text: organisms

text: in

text: biology

text: In

text: the

text: hierarchy

text: of

text: biological

text: classification

text: genus

text: comes

text: above

text: species

text: and

text: below

text: family

text: In

text: binomial

text: nomenclature

text: the

text: genus

text: name

text: forms

text: the

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: binomial

text: species

text: name

text: for

text: each

text: species

text: within

text: the

text: genus

text: Ammonia or azane is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH. The simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. It contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products.

text: Ammonia

text: or

text: azane

text: is

text: compound

text: of

text: nitrogen

text: and

text: hydrogen

text: with

text: the

text: formula

text: NH

text: The

text: simplest

text: pnictogen

text: hydride

text: ammonia

text: is

text: colourless

text: gas

text: with

text: characteristic

text: pungent

text: smell

text: It

text: contributes

text: significantly

text: to

text: the

text: nutritional

text: needs

text: of

text: terrestrial

text: organisms

text: by

text: serving

text: as

text: precursor

text: to

text: food

text: and

text: fertilizers

text: Ammonia

text: either

text: directly

text: or

text: indirectly

text: is

text: also

text: building

text: block

text: for

text: the

text: synthesis

text: of

text: many

text: pharmaceutical

text: products

text: and

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: many

text: commercial

text: cleaning

text: products

text: Gram-negative bacteria are a group of bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner cytoplasmic cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane.

text: Gram

text: negative

text: bacteria

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: bacteria

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: retain

text: the

text: crystal

text: violet

text: stain

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: Gram

text: staining

text: method

text: of

text: bacterial

text: differentiation

text: They

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: their

text: cell

text: envelopes

text: which

text: are

text: composed

text: of

text: thin

text: peptidoglycan

text: cell

text: wall

text: sandwiched

text: between

text: an

text: inner

text: cytoplasmic

text: cell

text: membrane

text: and

text: bacterial

text: outer

text: membrane

text: Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals.

text: Bacteria

text: common

text: noun

text: bacteria

text: singular

text: bacterium

text: constitute

text: large

text: domain

text: of

text: prokaryotic

text: microorganisms

text: Typically

text: few

text: micrometres

text: in

text: length

text: bacteria

text: have

text: number

text: of

text: shapes

text: ranging

text: from

text: spheres

text: to

text: rods

text: and

text: spirals

text: Bacteria

text: were

text: among

text: the

text: first

text: life

text: forms

text: to

text: appear

text: on

text: Earth

text: and

text: are

text: present

text: in

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: habitats

text: Bacteria

text: inhabit

text: soil

text: water

text: acidic

text: hot

text: springs

text: radioactive

text: waste

text: and

text: the

text: deep

text: portions

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: Bacteria

text: also

text: live

text: in

text: symbiotic

text: and

text: parasitic

text: relationships

text: with

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: The term "microbiologist" comes from the Greek "mkros" meaning "small" , and "bios", meaning "life" , combined with "-logia" meaning one who studies. A microbiologist (from Greek ) is a biological scientist who studies microscopic life forms and processes or works in the field of microbiology. Microbiologists investigate the growth, interactions and characteristics of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, and some types of parasites and their vectors. They contribute much to the field by trying to understand and learn about the interaction between these microbes and the environment and also among themselves and other organisms. Most microbiologists are qualified to work in offices and/or research facilities, such as a laboratory as well as in the academia. There, they conduct experiments that help them analyze microbes and their importance. A microbiologist's work is often repeated or improved in order to establish accurate research. Most microbiologists specialize in environmental, food, agricultural, industrial or medical aspects of microbiology including: virology (the study of viruses); immunology (the study of mechanisms that fight infections); bioinformatics (the methods for storing, retrieving, organizing and analyzing biological data) and Bioremediation (using microbes as environmental mitigation strategies). Many microbiologists use biotechnology to advance the understanding of cell reproduction and human disease. Some microbiologists have contributed to knowledge of pathogens and disease-causing microbes. While others, study their interaction with the environment and their use as potential environmental pollution cleaners.

text: The

text: term

text: microbiologist

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: mkros

text: meaning

text: small

text: and

text: bios

text: meaning

text: life

text: combined

text: with

text: -logia

text: meaning

text: one

text: who

text: studies

text: microbiologist

text: from

text: Greek

text: is

text: biological

text: scientist

text: who

text: studies

text: microscopic

text: life

text: forms

text: and

text: processes

text: or

text: works

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: microbiology

text: Microbiologists

text: investigate

text: the

text: growth

text: interactions

text: and

text: characteristics

text: of

text: microscopic

text: organisms

text: such

text: as

text: bacteria

text: algae

text: fungi

text: and

text: some

text: types

text: of

text: parasites

text: and

text: their

text: vectors

text: They

text: contribute

text: much

text: to

text: the

text: field

text: by

text: trying

text: to

text: understand

text: and

text: learn

text: about

text: the

text: interaction

text: between

text: these

text: microbes

text: and

text: the

text: environment

text: and

text: also

text: among

text: themselves

text: and

text: other

text: organisms

text: Most

text: microbiologists

text: are

text: qualified

text: to

text: work

text: in

text: offices

text: and/or

text: research

text: facilities

text: such

text: as

text: laboratory

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: academia

text: There

text: they

text: conduct

text: experiments

text: that

text: help

text: them

text: analyze

text: microbes

text: and

text: their

text: importance

text: microbiologist

text: 's

text: work

text: is

text: often

text: repeated

text: or

text: improved

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: establish

text: accurate

text: research

text: Most

text: microbiologists

text: specialize

text: in

text: environmental

text: food

text: agricultural

text: industrial

text: or

text: medical

text: aspects

text: of

text: microbiology

text: including

text: virology

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: viruses

text: immunology

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: mechanisms

text: that

text: fight

text: infections

text: bioinformatics

text: the

text: methods

text: for

text: storing

text: retrieving

text: organizing

text: and

text: analyzing

text: biological

text: data

text: and

text: Bioremediation

text: using

text: microbes

text: as

text: environmental

text: mitigation

text: strategies

text: Many

text: microbiologists

text: use

text: biotechnology

text: to

text: advance

text: the

text: understanding

text: of

text: cell

text: reproduction

text: and

text: human

text: disease

text: Some

text: microbiologists

text: have

text: contributed

text: to

text: knowledge

text: of

text: pathogens

text: and

text: disease

text: causing

text: microbes

text: While

text: others

text: study

text: their

text: interaction

text: with

text: the

text: environment

text: and

text: their

text: use

text: as

text: potential

text: environmental

text: pollution

text: cleaners

text: Scarcity (also called paucity) is the fundamental economic problem of having seemingly unlimited human wants in a world of limited resources. It states that society has insufficient productive resources to fulfill all human wants and needs.

text: Scarcity

text: also

text: called

text: paucity

text: is

text: the

text: fundamental

text: economic

text: problem

text: of

text: having

text: seemingly

text: unlimited

text: human

text: wants

text: in

text: world

text: of

text: limited

text: resources

text: It

text: states

text: that

text: society

text: has

text: insufficient

text: productive

text: resources

text: to

text: fulfill

text: all

text: human

text: wants

text: and

text: needs

text: Yersinia is a genus of bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae. "Yersinia" species are Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, a few micrometers long and fractions of a micrometer in diameter, and are facultative anaerobes. Some members of "Yersinia" are pathogenic in humans; in particular, "Y. pestis" is the causative agent of the plague. Rodents are the natural reservoirs of "Yersinia"; less frequently, other mammals serve as the host. Infection may occur either through blood (in the case of "Y. pestis") or in an alimentary fashion, occasionally via consumption of food products (especially vegetables, milk-derived products, and meat) contaminated with infected urine or feces.

text: Yersinia

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: bacteria

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Enterobacteriaceae

text: Yersinia

text: species

text: are

text: Gram

text: negative

text: rod

text: shaped

text: bacteria

text: few

text: micrometers

text: long

text: and

text: fractions

text: of

text: micrometer

text: in

text: diameter

text: and

text: are

text: facultative

text: anaerobes

text: Some

text: members

text: of

text: Yersinia

text: are

text: pathogenic

text: in

text: humans

text: in

text: particular

text: pestis

text: is

text: the

text: causative

text: agent

text: of

text: the

text: plague

text: Rodents

text: are

text: the

text: natural

text: reservoirs

text: of

text: Yersinia

text: less

text: frequently

text: other

text: mammals

text: serve

text: as

text: the

text: host

text: Infection

text: may

text: occur

text: either

text: through

text: blood

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: pestis

text: or

text: in

text: an

text: alimentary

text: fashion

text: occasionally

text: via

text: consumption

text: of

text: food

text: products

text: especially

text: vegetables

text: milk

text: derived

text: products

text: and

text: meat

text: contaminated

text: with

text: infected

text: urine

text: or

text: feces

text: Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family. The two species of "Salmonella" are "Salmonella enterica" and "Salmonella bongori". "Salmonella enterica" is the type species and is further divided into six subspecies that include over 2500 serotypes.

text: Salmonella

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: rod

text: shaped

text: bacillus

text: gram

text: negative

text: bacteria

text: of

text: the

text: Enterobacteriaceae

text: family

text: The

text: two

text: species

text: of

text: Salmonella

text: are

text: Salmonella

text: enterica

text: and

text: Salmonella

text: bongori

text: Salmonella

text: enterica

text: is

text: the

text: type

text: species

text: and

text: is

text: further

text: divided

text: into

text: six

text: subspecies

text: that

text: include

text: over

text: serotypes

text:
Denitrification is a microbially facilitated process of nitrate reduction (performed by a large group of heterotrophic facultative anaerobic bacteria) that may ultimately produce molecular nitrogen (N) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products.
This respiratory process reduces oxidized forms of nitrogen in response to the oxidation of an electron donor such as organic matter. The preferred nitrogen electron acceptors in order of most to least thermodynamically favorable include nitrate (NO), nitrite (NO), nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (NO) finally resulting in the production of dinitrogen (N) completing the nitrogen cycle. Denitrifying microbes require a very low oxygen concentration of less than 10%, as well as organic C for energy. Since denitrification can remove NO, reducing its leaching to groundwater, it can be strategically used to treat sewage or animal residues of high nitrogen content. Denitrification allows for the production of NO, which is an ozone-depleting substance and a greenhouse gas that can have a considerable influence on global warming.

text: Denitrification

text: is

text: microbially

text: facilitated

text: process

text: of

text: nitrate

text: reduction

text: performed

text: by

text: large

text: group

text: of

text: heterotrophic

text: facultative

text: anaerobic

text: bacteria

text: that

text: may

text: ultimately

text: produce

text: molecular

text: nitrogen

text: through

text: series

text: of

text: intermediate

text: gaseous

text: nitrogen

text: oxide

text: products

text: This

text: respiratory

text: process

text: reduces

text: oxidized

text: forms

text: of

text: nitrogen

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: oxidation

text: of

text: an

text: electron

text: donor

text: such

text: as

text: organic

text: matter

text: The

text: preferred

text: nitrogen

text: electron

text: acceptors

text: in

text: order

text: of

text: most

text: to

text: least

text: thermodynamically

text: favorable

text: include

text: nitrate

text: NO

text: nitrite

text: NO

text: nitric

text: oxide

text: NO

text: nitrous

text: oxide

text: NO

text: finally

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: dinitrogen

text: completing

text: the

text: nitrogen

text: cycle

text: Denitrifying

text: microbes

text: require

text: very

text: low

text: oxygen

text: concentration

text: of

text: less

text: than

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: organic

text: for

text: energy

text: Since

text: denitrification

text: can

text: remove

text: NO

text: reducing

text: its

text: leaching

text: to

text: groundwater

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: strategically

text: used

text: to

text: treat

text: sewage

text: or

text: animal

text: residues

text: of

text: high

text: nitrogen

text: content

text: Denitrification

text: allows

text: for

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: NO

text: which

text: is

text: an

text: ozone

text: depleting

text: substance

text: and

text: greenhouse

text: gas

text: that

text: can

text: have

text: considerable

text: influence

text: on

text: global

text: warming

text:
Rat-bite fever is an acute, febrile human illness caused by bacteria transmitted by rodents, rats, or mice, in most cases, which is passed from rodent to human by the rodent's urine or mucous secretions. Alternative names for rat-bite fever include streptobacillary fever, streptobacillosis, spirillary fever, "sodoku", and epidemic arthritic erythema. It is a rare disease spread by infected rodents and can be caused by two specific types of bacteria. Most cases occur in Japan, but specific strains of the disease are present in the United States, Europe, Australia, and Africa.
Some cases are diagnosed after patients were exposed to the urine or bodily secretions of an infected animal. These secretions can come from the mouth, nose, or eyes of the rodent. The majority of cases are due to the animal's bite. It can also be transmitted throughout food or water contaminated with rat feces or urine. Other animals can be infected with this disease, including weasels, gerbils, and squirrels. Household pets such as dogs or cats exposed to these animals can also carry the disease and infect humans.
If a person is bitten by a rodent, it is important to quickly wash and cleanse the wound area thoroughly with antiseptic solution to reduce the risk of infection.

text: Rat

text: bite

text: fever

text: is

text: an

text: acute

text: febrile

text: human

text: illness

text: caused

text: by

text: bacteria

text: transmitted

text: by

text: rodents

text: rats

text: or

text: mice

text: in

text: most

text: cases

text: which

text: is

text: passed

text: from

text: rodent

text: to

text: human

text: by

text: the

text: rodent

text: 's

text: urine

text: or

text: mucous

text: secretions

text: Alternative

text: names

text: for

text: rat

text: bite

text: fever

text: include

text: streptobacillary

text: fever

text: streptobacillosis

text: spirillary

text: fever

text: sodoku

text: and

text: epidemic

text: arthritic

text: erythema

text: It

text: is

text: rare

text: disease

text: spread

text: by

text: infected

text: rodents

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: two

text: specific

text: types

text: of

text: bacteria

text: Most

text: cases

text: occur

text: in

text: Japan

text: but

text: specific

text: strains

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: are

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Europe

text: Australia

text: and

text: Africa

text: Some

text: cases

text: are

text: diagnosed

text: after

text: patients

text: were

text: exposed

text: to

text: the

text: urine

text: or

text: bodily

text: secretions

text: of

text: an

text: infected

text: animal

text: These

text: secretions

text: can

text: come

text: from

text: the

text: mouth

text: nose

text: or

text: eyes

text: of

text: the

text: rodent

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: cases

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: animal

text: 's

text: bite

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: transmitted

text: throughout

text: food

text: or

text: water

text: contaminated

text: with

text: rat

text: feces

text: or

text: urine

text: Other

text: animals

text: can

text: be

text: infected

text: with

text: this

text: disease

text: including

text: weasels

text: gerbils

text: and

text: squirrels

text: Household

text: pets

text: such

text: as

text: dogs

text: or

text: cats

text: exposed

text: to

text: these

text: animals

text: can

text: also

text: carry

text: the

text: disease

text: and

text: infect

text: humans

text: If

text: person

text: is

text: bitten

text: by

text: rodent

text: it

text: is

text: important

text: to

text: quickly

text: wash

text: and

text: cleanse

text: the

text: wound

text: area

text: thoroughly

text: with

text: antiseptic

text: solution

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: infection

text: Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and plasma). A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide). A gas mixture would contain a variety of pure gases much like the air. What distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation usually makes a colorless gas invisible to the human observer. The interaction of gas particles in the presence of electric and gravitational fields are considered negligible as indicated by the constant velocity vectors in the image. One type of commonly known gas is steam.

text: Gas

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: fundamental

text: states

text: of

text: matter

text: the

text: others

text: being

text: solid

text: liquid

text: and

text: plasma

text: pure

text: gas

text: may

text: be

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: individual

text: atoms

text: e.g.

text: noble

text: gas

text: like

text: neon

text: elemental

text: molecules

text: made

text: from

text: one

text: type

text: of

text: atom

text: e.g.

text: oxygen

text: or

text: compound

text: molecules

text: made

text: from

text: variety

text: of

text: atoms

text: e.g.

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: gas

text: mixture

text: would

text: contain

text: variety

text: of

text: pure

text: gases

text: much

text: like

text: the

text: air

text: What

text: distinguishes

text: gas

text: from

text: liquids

text: and

text: solids

text: is

text: the

text: vast

text: separation

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: gas

text: particles

text: This

text: separation

text: usually

text: makes

text: colorless

text: gas

text: invisible

text: to

text: the

text: human

text: observer

text: The

text: interaction

text: of

text: gas

text: particles

text: in

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: electric

text: and

text: gravitational

text: fields

text: are

text: considered

text: negligible

text: as

text: indicated

text: by

text: the

text: constant

text: velocity

text: vectors

text: in

text: the

text: image

text: One

text: type

text: of

text: commonly

text: known

text: gas

text: is

text: steam

text: Nitro compounds are organic compounds that contain one or more nitro functional groups (). The nitro group is one of the most common explosophores (functional group that makes a compound explosive) used globally. The nitro group is also strongly electron-withdrawing. Because of this property, CH bonds alpha (adjacent) to the nitro group can be acidic. For similar reasons, the presence of nitro groups in aromatic compounds retards electrophilic aromatic substitution but facilitates nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Nitro groups are rarely found in nature, being almost invariably produced by nitration reactions starting with nitric acid.

text: Nitro

text: compounds

text: are

text: organic

text: compounds

text: that

text: contain

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: nitro

text: functional

text: groups

text: The

text: nitro

text: group

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: explosophores

text: functional

text: group

text: that

text: makes

text: compound

text: explosive

text: used

text: globally

text: The

text: nitro

text: group

text: is

text: also

text: strongly

text: electron

text: withdrawing

text: Because

text: of

text: this

text: property

text: CH

text: bonds

text: alpha

text: adjacent

text: to

text: the

text: nitro

text: group

text: can

text: be

text: acidic

text: For

text: similar

text: reasons

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: nitro

text: groups

text: in

text: aromatic

text: compounds

text: retards

text: electrophilic

text: aromatic

text: substitution

text: but

text: facilitates

text: nucleophilic

text: aromatic

text: substitution

text: Nitro

text: groups

text: are

text: rarely

text: found

text: in

text: nature

text: being

text: almost

text: invariably

text: produced

text: by

text: nitration

text: reactions

text: starting

text: with

text: nitric

text: acid

text: "Nitrosomonas" is a genus of rod-shaped chemoautotrophic bacteria.

text: Nitrosomonas

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: rod

text: shaped

text: chemoautotrophic

text: bacteria

text: Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and countless organisms that together support life on Earth. Soil is a natural body called the pedosphere which has four important functions: it is a medium for plant growth; it is a means of water storage, supply and purification; it is a modifier of Earth's atmosphere; it is a habitat for organisms; all of which, in turn, modify the soil.

text: Soil

text: is

text: mixture

text: of

text: minerals

text: organic

text: matter

text: gases

text: liquids

text: and

text: countless

text: organisms

text: that

text: together

text: support

text: life

text: on

text: Earth

text: Soil

text: is

text: natural

text: body

text: called

text: the

text: pedosphere

text: which

text: has

text: four

text: important

text: functions

text: it

text: is

text: medium

text: for

text: plant

text: growth

text: it

text: is

text: means

text: of

text: water

text: storage

text: supply

text: and

text: purification

text: it

text: is

text: modifier

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: atmosphere

text: it

text: is

text: habitat

text: for

text: organisms

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: modify

text: the

text: soil

text: Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass. Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed "protium" (name rarely used, symbol H), has one proton and no neutrons.

text: Hydrogen

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: chemical

text: symbol

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: With

text: an

text: atomic

text: weight

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: is

text: the

text: lightest

text: element

text: on

text: the

text: periodic

text: table

text: Its

text: monatomic

text: form

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: abundant

text: chemical

text: substance

text: in

text: the

text: Universe

text: constituting

text: roughly

text: of

text: all

text: baryonic

text: mass

text: Non

text: remnant

text: stars

text: are

text: mainly

text: composed

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: in

text: the

text: plasma

text: state

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: isotope

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: termed

text: protium

text: name

text: rarely

text: used

text: symbol

text: has

text: one

text: proton

text: and

text: no

text: neutrons

text: Escherichia is a genus of Gram-negative, nonspore forming, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae. In those species which are inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tracts of warm-blooded animals, "Escherichia" species provide a portion of the microbially derived vitamin K for their host. A number of the species of "Escherichia" are pathogenic. The genus is named after Theodor Escherich, the discoverer of "Escherichia coli".

text: Escherichia

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: Gram

text: negative

text: nonspore

text: forming

text: facultatively

text: anaerobic

text: rod

text: shaped

text: bacteria

text: from

text: the

text: family

text: Enterobacteriaceae

text: In

text: those

text: species

text: which

text: are

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: the

text: gastrointestinal

text: tracts

text: of

text: warm

text: blooded

text: animals

text: Escherichia

text: species

text: provide

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: microbially

text: derived

text: vitamin

text: for

text: their

text: host

text: number

text: of

text: the

text: species

text: of

text: Escherichia

text: are

text: pathogenic

text: The

text: genus

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: Theodor

text: Escherich

text: the

text: discoverer

text: of

text: Escherichia

text: coli

text: Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide, nitrogen monoxide) is a molecular, chemical compound with chemical formula of ·NO. One of several oxides of nitrogen, it is a colorless gas under standard conditions. Nitric oxide is a free radicali.e., its bonding structure includes an unpaired electron, represented by the dot (·) on the nitrogen atomand it is in the class of heteronuclear diatomic molecules that are of historic theoretical interest (for the insights they gave in formulating early modern theories of bonding). It is a particularly important intermediate in the chemical industry. In addition, some is unavoidably produced during combustion of fossil fuels in power plants and automobile engines, with excess being created when more air or higher temperatures are present than needed for efficient and complete combustion of the fuel. It is also produced naturally by the extremely high air temperatures produced along the path of lightning in thunderstorms.

text: Nitric

text: oxide

text: nitrogen

text: oxide

text: nitrogen

text: monoxide

text: is

text: molecular

text: chemical

text: compound

text: with

text: chemical

text: formula

text: of

text: NO

text: One

text: of

text: several

text: oxides

text: of

text: nitrogen

text: it

text: is

text: colorless

text: gas

text: under

text: standard

text: conditions

text: Nitric

text: oxide

text: is

text: free

text: radicali.e

text: its

text: bonding

text: structure

text: includes

text: an

text: unpaired

text: electron

text: represented

text: by

text: the

text: dot

text: on

text: the

text: nitrogen

text: atomand

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: class

text: of

text: heteronuclear

text: diatomic

text: molecules

text: that

text: are

text: of

text: historic

text: theoretical

text: interest

text: for

text: the

text: insights

text: they

text: gave

text: in

text: formulating

text: early

text: modern

text: theories

text: of

text: bonding

text: It

text: is

text: particularly

text: important

text: intermediate

text: in

text: the

text: chemical

text: industry

text: In

text: addition

text: some

text: is

text: unavoidably

text: produced

text: during

text: combustion

text: of

text: fossil

text: fuels

text: in

text: power

text: plants

text: and

text: automobile

text: engines

text: with

text: excess

text: being

text: created

text: when

text: more

text: air

text: or

text: higher

text: temperatures

text: are

text: present

text: than

text: needed

text: for

text: efficient

text: and

text: complete

text: combustion

text: of

text: the

text: fuel

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: produced

text: naturally

text: by

text: the

text: extremely

text: high

text: air

text: temperatures

text: produced

text: along

text: the

text: path

text: of

text: lightning

text: in

text: thunderstorms

text: The Nitrosomonadales are a small order of Proteobacteria . Like all Proteobacteria , they are gram - negative . They include Nitrosomonas , Nitrosospira , Gallionella ( iron bacteria ) , and Spirillum . Members of the genus Nitrosomonas oxidize ammonia into nitrite , a process called nitrification . They are important in the nitrogen cycle . The species Spirillum minus causes Rat bite fever .

text: The

text: Nitrosomonadales

text: are

text: small

text: order

text: of

text: Proteobacteria

text: Like

text: all

text: Proteobacteria

text: they

text: are

text: gram

text: negative

text: They

text: include

text: Nitrosomonas

text: Nitrosospira

text: Gallionella

text: iron

text: bacteria

text: and

text: Spirillum

text: Members

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Nitrosomonas

text: oxidize

text: ammonia

text: into

text: nitrite

text: process

text: called

text: nitrification

text: They

text: are

text: important

text: in

text: the

text: nitrogen

text: cycle

text: The

text: species

text: Spirillum

text: minus

text: causes

text: Rat

text: bite

text: fever

text: In biology, a phylum (plural: phyla) is a taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division was used instead of "phylum", although from 1993 the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants accepted the designation "phylum". Depending on definitions, the kingdom Animalia contains approximately 35 phyla, Plantae contains about 12, and Fungi contains around 7. Current research in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships between phyla, which are contained in larger clades, like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta.

text: In

text: biology

text: phylum

text: plural

text: phyla

text: is

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: below

text: kingdom

text: and

text: above

text: class

text: Traditionally

text: in

text: botany

text: the

text: term

text: division

text: was

text: used

text: instead

text: of

text: phylum

text: although

text: from

text: the

text: International

text: Code

text: of

text: Nomenclature

text: for

text: algae

text: fungi

text: and

text: plants

text: accepted

text: the

text: designation

text: phylum

text: Depending

text: on

text: definitions

text: the

text: kingdom

text: Animalia

text: contains

text: approximately

text: phyla

text: Plantae

text: contains

text: about

text: and

text: Fungi

text: contains

text: around

text: Current

text: research

text: in

text: phylogenetics

text: is

text: uncovering

text: the

text: relationships

text: between

text: phyla

text: which

text: are

text: contained

text: in

text: larger

text: clades

text: like

text: Ecdysozoa

text: and

text: Embryophyta

text: In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis. An organism consists of one or more cells; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism. Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms. Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs.

text: In

text: biology

text: an

text: organism

text: is

text: any

text: contiguous

text: living

text: system

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: animal

text: plant

text: fungus

text: archaeon

text: or

text: bacterium

text: All

text: known

text: types

text: of

text: organisms

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: some

text: degree

text: of

text: response

text: to

text: stimuli

text: reproduction

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: and

text: homeostasis

text: An

text: organism

text: consists

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: cells

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: one

text: cell

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: unicellular

text: organism

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: multicellular

text: organism

text: Most

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: are

text: of

text: microscopic

text: scale

text: and

text: are

text: thus

text: loosely

text: described

text: as

text: microorganisms

text: Humans

text: are

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: trillions

text: of

text: cells

text: grouped

text: into

text: specialized

text: tissues

text: and

text: organs

text: A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soils or to plant tissues (usually leaves) to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.

text: fertilizer

text: American

text: English

text: or

text: fertiliser

text: British

text: English

text: is

text: any

text: material

text: of

text: natural

text: or

text: synthetic

text: origin

text: other

text: than

text: liming

text: materials

text: that

text: is

text: applied

text: to

text: soils

text: or

text: to

text: plant

text: tissues

text: usually

text: leaves

text: to

text: supply

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: plant

text: nutrients

text: essential

text: to

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: plants

text: Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. It is usually of plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals. The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism's cells to provide energy, maintain life, or stimulate growth.

text: Food

text: is

text: any

text: substance

text: consumed

text: to

text: provide

text: nutritional

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: body

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: of

text: plant

text: or

text: animal

text: origin

text: and

text: contains

text: essential

text: nutrients

text: such

text: as

text: carbohydrates

text: fats

text: proteins

text: vitamins

text: or

text: minerals

text: The

text: substance

text: is

text: ingested

text: by

text: an

text: organism

text: and

text: assimilated

text: by

text: the

text: organism

text: 's

text: cells

text: to

text: provide

text: energy

text: maintain

text: life

text: or

text: stimulate

text: growth

text: A reducing agent (also called a reductant or reducer) is an element (such as calcium) or compound that loses (or "donates") an electron to another chemical species in a redox chemical reaction. Since the reducing agent is losing electrons, it is said to have been oxidized.

text: reducing

text: agent

text: also

text: called

text: reductant

text: or

text: reducer

text: is

text: an

text: element

text: such

text: as

text: calcium

text: or

text: compound

text: that

text: loses

text: or

text: donates

text: an

text: electron

text: to

text: another

text: chemical

text: species

text: in

text: redox

text: chemical

text: reaction

text: Since

text: the

text: reducing

text: agent

text: is

text: losing

text: electrons

text: it

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: oxidized

text: In chemistry, esters are chemical compounds derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an Oalkyl (alkoxy) group. Usually, esters are derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Glycerides, which are fatty acid esters of glycerol, are important esters in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids, and making up the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. Esters with low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and found in essential oils and pheromones. Phosphoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules. Nitrate esters, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive properties, while polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties.

text: In

text: chemistry

text: esters

text: are

text: chemical

text: compounds

text: derived

text: from

text: an

text: acid

text: organic

text: or

text: inorganic

text: in

text: which

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: OH

text: hydroxyl

text: group

text: is

text: replaced

text: by

text: an

text: Oalkyl

text: alkoxy

text: group

text: Usually

text: esters

text: are

text: derived

text: from

text: carboxylic

text: acid

text: and

text: an

text: alcohol

text: Glycerides

text: which

text: are

text: fatty

text: acid

text: esters

text: of

text: glycerol

text: are

text: important

text: esters

text: in

text: biology

text: being

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: classes

text: of

text: lipids

text: and

text: making

text: up

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: animal

text: fats

text: and

text: vegetable

text: oils

text: Esters

text: with

text: low

text: molecular

text: weight

text: are

text: commonly

text: used

text: as

text: fragrances

text: and

text: found

text: in

text: essential

text: oils

text: and

text: pheromones

text: Phosphoesters

text: form

text: the

text: backbone

text: of

text: DNA

text: molecules

text: Nitrate

text: esters

text: such

text: as

text: nitroglycerin

text: are

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: explosive

text: properties

text: while

text: polyesters

text: are

text: important

text: plastics

text: with

text: monomers

text: linked

text: by

text: ester

text: moieties

text: Spirillaceae is a family of bacteria. It has been described as a member of Nitrosomonadales, in Betaproteobacteria.

text: Spirillaceae

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: bacteria

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: member

text: of

text: Nitrosomonadales

text: in

text: Betaproteobacteria

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

question: parent_taxon nitrosomonadales

answer: betaproteobacteria

text: betaproteobacteria