text: The skull is a bony structure that forms the head of the skeleton in most vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In the human these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or facial skeleton that includes the mandible as its largest bone. The skull forms the anterior most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisationhousing the brain, and several sensory structures such as the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. In the human these sensory structures are part of the facial skeleton.

text: The

text: skull

text: is

text: bony

text: structure

text: that

text: forms

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: skeleton

text: in

text: most

text: vertebrates

text: It

text: supports

text: the

text: structures

text: of

text: the

text: face

text: and

text: provides

text: protective

text: cavity

text: for

text: the

text: brain

text: The

text: skull

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: two

text: parts

text: the

text: cranium

text: and

text: the

text: mandible

text: In

text: the

text: human

text: these

text: two

text: parts

text: are

text: the

text: neurocranium

text: and

text: the

text: viscerocranium

text: or

text: facial

text: skeleton

text: that

text: includes

text: the

text: mandible

text: as

text: its

text: largest

text: bone

text: The

text: skull

text: forms

text: the

text: anterior

text: most

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: skeleton

text: and

text: is

text: product

text: of

text: cephalisationhousing

text: the

text: brain

text: and

text: several

text: sensory

text: structures

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: eyes

text: ears

text: nose

text: and

text: mouth

text: In

text: the

text: human

text: these

text: sensory

text: structures

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: facial

text: skeleton

text: Nomenclature codes or codes of nomenclature are the various rulebooks that govern biological taxonomic nomenclature, each in their own broad field of organisms. To an end-user who only deals with names of species, with some awareness that species are assignable to families, it may not be noticeable that there is more than one code, but beyond this basic level these are rather different in the way they work.

text: Nomenclature

text: codes

text: or

text: codes

text: of

text: nomenclature

text: are

text: the

text: various

text: rulebooks

text: that

text: govern

text: biological

text: taxonomic

text: nomenclature

text: each

text: in

text: their

text: own

text: broad

text: field

text: of

text: organisms

text: To

text: an

text: end

text: user

text: who

text: only

text: deals

text: with

text: names

text: of

text: species

text: with

text: some

text: awareness

text: that

text: species

text: are

text: assignable

text: to

text: families

text: it

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: noticeable

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: code

text: but

text: beyond

text: this

text: basic

text: level

text: these

text: are

text: rather

text: different

text: in

text: the

text: way

text: they

text: work

text: A head is the part of an organism which usually comprises the eyes, ears, nose and mouth, each of which aid in various sensory functions such as sight, hearing, smell, and taste. Some very simple animals may not have a head, but many bilaterally symmetric forms do. Heads develop in animals by an evolutionary trend known as cephalization. In bilaterally symmetrical animals, nervous tissues concentrate at the anterior region, forming structures responsible for information processing. Through biological evolution, sense organs and feeding structures also concentrate into the anterior region; these collectively form the head.

text: head

text: is

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: which

text: usually

text: comprises

text: the

text: eyes

text: ears

text: nose

text: and

text: mouth

text: each

text: of

text: which

text: aid

text: in

text: various

text: sensory

text: functions

text: such

text: as

text: sight

text: hearing

text: smell

text: and

text: taste

text: Some

text: very

text: simple

text: animals

text: may

text: not

text: have

text: head

text: but

text: many

text: bilaterally

text: symmetric

text: forms

text: do

text: Heads

text: develop

text: in

text: animals

text: by

text: an

text: evolutionary

text: trend

text: known

text: as

text: cephalization

text: In

text: bilaterally

text: symmetrical

text: animals

text: nervous

text: tissues

text: concentrate

text: at

text: the

text: anterior

text: region

text: forming

text: structures

text: responsible

text: for

text: information

text: processing

text: Through

text: biological

text: evolution

text: sense

text: organs

text: and

text: feeding

text: structures

text: also

text: concentrate

text: into

text: the

text: anterior

text: region

text: these

text: collectively

text: form

text: the

text: head

text: A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China and Taiwan. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function.

text: county

text: seat

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: center

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: or

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: county

text: or

text: civil

text: parish

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: Romania

text: China

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Ireland

text: county

text: towns

text: have

text: similar

text: function

text: The Triassic is a geologic period and system which spans 50.9 million years from the end of the Permian Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period Mya. The Triassic is the first period of the Mesozoic Era. Both the start and end of the period are marked by major extinction events. The Triassic was named in 1834 by Friedrich von Alberti, after the three distinct rock layers ("tri" meaning "three") that are found throughout Germany and northwestern Europered beds, capped by marine limestone, followed by a series of terrestrial mud- and sandstonescalled the "Trias".

text: The

text: Triassic

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: which

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Permian

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: Period

text: Mya

text: The

text: Triassic

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: Both

text: the

text: start

text: and

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: are

text: marked

text: by

text: major

text: extinction

text: events

text: The

text: Triassic

text: was

text: named

text: in

text: by

text: Friedrich

text: von

text: Alberti

text: after

text: the

text: three

text: distinct

text: rock

text: layers

text: tri

text: meaning

text: three

text: that

text: are

text: found

text: throughout

text: Germany

text: and

text: northwestern

text: Europered

text: beds

text: capped

text: by

text: marine

text: limestone

text: followed

text: by

text: series

text: of

text: terrestrial

text: mud-

text: and

text: sandstonescalled

text: the

text: Trias

text: The ostrich or common ostrich ("Struthio camelus") is either one or two species of large flightless birds native to Africa, the only living member(s) of the genus "Struthio", which is in the ratite family. In 2014, the Somali ostrich ("Struthio molybdophanes") was recognized as a distinct species.

text: The

text: ostrich

text: or

text: common

text: ostrich

text: Struthio

text: camelus

text: is

text: either

text: one

text: or

text: two

text: species

text: of

text: large

text: flightless

text: birds

text: native

text: to

text: Africa

text: the

text: only

text: living

text: member(s

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Struthio

text: which

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: ratite

text: family

text: In

text: the

text: Somali

text: ostrich

text: Struthio

text: molybdophanes

text: was

text: recognized

text: as

text: distinct

text: species

text: In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from "taxonomy") is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is not uncommon, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given a formal scientific name, its use is then governed by one of the nomenclature codes specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping.

text: In

text: biology

text: taxon

text: plural

text: taxa

text: back

text: formation

text: from

text: taxonomy

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: populations

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: or

text: organisms

text: seen

text: by

text: taxonomists

text: to

text: form

text: unit

text: Although

text: neither

text: is

text: required

text: taxon

text: is

text: usually

text: known

text: by

text: particular

text: name

text: and

text: given

text: particular

text: ranking

text: especially

text: if

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: is

text: accepted

text: or

text: becomes

text: established

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: uncommon

text: however

text: for

text: taxonomists

text: to

text: remain

text: at

text: odds

text: over

text: what

text: belongs

text: to

text: taxon

text: and

text: the

text: criteria

text: used

text: for

text: inclusion

text: If

text: taxon

text: is

text: given

text: formal

text: scientific

text: name

text: its

text: use

text: is

text: then

text: governed

text: by

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: nomenclature

text: codes

text: specifying

text: which

text: scientific

text: name

text: is

text: correct

text: for

text: particular

text: grouping

text: The Late Triassic is the third and final of three epochs of the Triassic Period in the geologic timescale. The Triassic-Jurassic extinction event began during this epoch and is one of the five major mass extinction events of the Earth. The corresponding series is known as the Upper Triassic. In Europe the epoch was called the Keuper, after a German lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) that has a roughly corresponding age. The Late Triassic spans the time between Ma and Ma (million years ago). The Late Triassic is divided into the Carnian, Norian and Rhaetian ages.

text: The

text: Late

text: Triassic

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: and

text: final

text: of

text: three

text: epochs

text: of

text: the

text: Triassic

text: Period

text: in

text: the

text: geologic

text: timescale

text: The

text: Triassic

text: Jurassic

text: extinction

text: event

text: began

text: during

text: this

text: epoch

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: major

text: mass

text: extinction

text: events

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: The

text: corresponding

text: series

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Upper

text: Triassic

text: In

text: Europe

text: the

text: epoch

text: was

text: called

text: the

text: Keuper

text: after

text: German

text: lithostratigraphic

text: group

text: sequence

text: of

text: rock

text: strata

text: that

text: has

text: roughly

text: corresponding

text: age

text: The

text: Late

text: Triassic

text: spans

text: the

text: time

text: between

text: Ma

text: and

text: Ma

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The

text: Late

text: Triassic

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: Carnian

text: Norian

text: and

text: Rhaetian

text: ages

text: A feathered dinosaur is any species of dinosaur possessing feathers. For over 150 years, since scientific research began on dinosaurs in the early 1800s, dinosaurs were generally believed to be related to the reptile family; the word "dinosaur", coined in 1842 by paleontologist Richard Owen, comes from the Greek for "formidable lizard". This view began to shift during the so-called dinosaur renaissance in scientific research in the late 1960s, and by the mid-1990s significant evidence had emerged that dinosaurs are much more closely related to birds. In fact, birds are now believed to have descended directly from the theropod group of dinosaurs, and are thus classified as dinosaurs themselves, meaning that any modern bird can be considered a feathered dinosaur, since all modern birds possess feathers (with the exception of a few artificially selected chickens).

text: feathered

text: dinosaur

text: is

text: any

text: species

text: of

text: dinosaur

text: possessing

text: feathers

text: For

text: over

text: years

text: since

text: scientific

text: research

text: began

text: on

text: dinosaurs

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: dinosaurs

text: were

text: generally

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: reptile

text: family

text: the

text: word

text: dinosaur

text: coined

text: in

text: by

text: paleontologist

text: Richard

text: Owen

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: for

text: formidable

text: lizard

text: This

text: view

text: began

text: to

text: shift

text: during

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: dinosaur

text: renaissance

text: in

text: scientific

text: research

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: significant

text: evidence

text: had

text: emerged

text: that

text: dinosaurs

text: are

text: much

text: more

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: birds

text: In

text: fact

text: birds

text: are

text: now

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: descended

text: directly

text: from

text: the

text: theropod

text: group

text: of

text: dinosaurs

text: and

text: are

text: thus

text: classified

text: as

text: dinosaurs

text: themselves

text: meaning

text: that

text: any

text: modern

text: bird

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: feathered

text: dinosaur

text: since

text: all

text: modern

text: birds

text: possess

text: feathers

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: few

text: artificially

text: selected

text: chickens

text: A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton. Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have a complex internal and external structure. They are lightweight yet strong and hard, and serve multiple functions.

text: bone

text: is

text: rigid

text: organ

text: that

text: constitutes

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: vertebrate

text: skeleton

text: Bones

text: support

text: and

text: protect

text: the

text: various

text: organs

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: produce

text: red

text: and

text: white

text: blood

text: cells

text: store

text: minerals

text: provide

text: structure

text: and

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: body

text: and

text: enable

text: mobility

text: Bones

text: come

text: in

text: variety

text: of

text: shapes

text: and

text: sizes

text: and

text: have

text: complex

text: internal

text: and

text: external

text: structure

text: They

text: are

text: lightweight

text: yet

text: strong

text: and

text: hard

text: and

text: serve

text: multiple

text: functions

text: Sankar Chatterjee is a paleontologist, and is the Paul W. Horn Professor of Geosciences at Texas Tech University and Curator of Paleontology at the Museum of Texas Tech University. He earned his Ph. D. from the University of Calcutta in 1970 and was a Post-doctoral Fellow at the Smithsonian Institution from 1977-1978.

text: Sankar

text: Chatterjee

text: is

text: paleontologist

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: Paul

text: Horn

text: Professor

text: of

text: Geosciences

text: at

text: Texas

text: Tech

text: University

text: and

text: Curator

text: of

text: Paleontology

text: at

text: the

text: Museum

text: of

text: Texas

text: Tech

text: University

text: He

text: earned

text: his

text: Ph

text: from

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Calcutta

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: Post

text: doctoral

text: Fellow

text: at

text: the

text: Smithsonian

text: Institution

text: from

text: Post is a city in and the county seat of Garza County, Texas, United States. The population was 5,376 at the 2010 census.

text: Post

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Garza

text: County

text: Texas

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: population

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: census

text: Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 64,000 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates, which include the cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) and the bony fish.

text: Vertebrates

text: comprise

text: all

text: species

text: of

text: animals

text: within

text: the

text: subphylum

text: Vertebrata

text: chordates

text: with

text: backbones

text: Vertebrates

text: represent

text: the

text: overwhelming

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: phylum

text: Chordata

text: with

text: currently

text: about

text: species

text: described

text: Vertebrates

text: include

text: the

text: jawless

text: fish

text: and

text: the

text: jawed

text: vertebrates

text: which

text: include

text: the

text: cartilaginous

text: fish

text: sharks

text: and

text: rays

text: and

text: the

text: bony

text: fish

text: Eyes are organs of the visual system. They provide organisms vision, the ability to process visual detail, as well as enabling several photo response functions that are independent of vision. Eyes detect light and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons. In higher organisms, the eye is a complex optical system which collects light from the surrounding environment, regulates its intensity through a diaphragm, focuses it through an adjustable assembly of lenses to form an image, converts this image into a set of electrical signals, and transmits these signals to the brain through complex neural pathways that connect the eye via the optic nerve to the visual cortex and other areas of the brain. Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system. Image-resolving eyes are present in molluscs, chordates and arthropods.

text: Eyes

text: are

text: organs

text: of

text: the

text: visual

text: system

text: They

text: provide

text: organisms

text: vision

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: process

text: visual

text: detail

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: enabling

text: several

text: photo

text: response

text: functions

text: that

text: are

text: independent

text: of

text: vision

text: Eyes

text: detect

text: light

text: and

text: convert

text: it

text: into

text: electro

text: chemical

text: impulses

text: in

text: neurons

text: In

text: higher

text: organisms

text: the

text: eye

text: is

text: complex

text: optical

text: system

text: which

text: collects

text: light

text: from

text: the

text: surrounding

text: environment

text: regulates

text: its

text: intensity

text: through

text: diaphragm

text: focuses

text: it

text: through

text: an

text: adjustable

text: assembly

text: of

text: lenses

text: to

text: form

text: an

text: image

text: converts

text: this

text: image

text: into

text: set

text: of

text: electrical

text: signals

text: and

text: transmits

text: these

text: signals

text: to

text: the

text: brain

text: through

text: complex

text: neural

text: pathways

text: that

text: connect

text: the

text: eye

text: via

text: the

text: optic

text: nerve

text: to

text: the

text: visual

text: cortex

text: and

text: other

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: Eyes

text: with

text: resolving

text: power

text: have

text: come

text: in

text: ten

text: fundamentally

text: different

text: forms

text: and

text: of

text: animal

text: species

text: possess

text: complex

text: optical

text: system

text: Image

text: resolving

text: eyes

text: are

text: present

text: in

text: molluscs

text: chordates

text: and

text: arthropods

text: Modern humans ("Homo sapiens", primarily ssp. "Homo sapiens sapiens") are the only extant members of Hominina tribe (or human tribe), a branch of the tribe Hominini belonging to the family of great apes. They are characterized by erect posture and bipedal locomotion; manual dexterity and increased tool use, compared to other animals; and a general trend toward larger, more complex brains and societies.

text: Modern

text: humans

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: primarily

text: ssp

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: sapiens

text: are

text: the

text: only

text: extant

text: members

text: of

text: Hominina

text: tribe

text: or

text: human

text: tribe

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: tribe

text: Hominini

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: family

text: of

text: great

text: apes

text: They

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: erect

text: posture

text: and

text: bipedal

text: locomotion

text: manual

text: dexterity

text: and

text: increased

text: tool

text: use

text: compared

text: to

text: other

text: animals

text: and

text: general

text: trend

text: toward

text: larger

text: more

text: complex

text: brains

text: and

text: societies

text: A songbird is a bird belonging to the clade Passeri of the perching birds (Passeriformes). Another name that is sometimes seen as a scientific or vernacular name is Oscines, from Latin "oscen", "a songbird". This group contains some 4,000 species found all over the world, in which the vocal organ typically is developed in such a way as to produce a diverse and elaborate bird song.

text: songbird

text: is

text: bird

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: clade

text: Passeri

text: of

text: the

text: perching

text: birds

text: Passeriformes

text: Another

text: name

text: that

text: is

text: sometimes

text: seen

text: as

text: scientific

text: or

text: vernacular

text: name

text: is

text: Oscines

text: from

text: Latin

text: oscen

text: songbird

text: This

text: group

text: contains

text: some

text: species

text: found

text: all

text: over

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: vocal

text: organ

text: typically

text: is

text: developed

text: in

text: such

text: way

text: as

text: to

text: produce

text: diverse

text: and

text: elaborate

text: bird

text: song

text: Anchiornis is a genus of small, feathered, eumaniraptoran dinosaurs. The genus "Anchiornis" contains only the type species "Anchiornis huxleyi". It was named in honor of Thomas Henry Huxley, an early proponent of biological evolution, and one of the first to propose a close evolutionary relationship between birds and dinosaurs. The generic name "Anchiornis" means "near bird", and its describers cited it as important in filling a gap in the transition between the body plans of birds and dinosaurs.

text: Anchiornis

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: small

text: feathered

text: eumaniraptoran

text: dinosaurs

text: The

text: genus

text: Anchiornis

text: contains

text: only

text: the

text: type

text: species

text: Anchiornis

text: huxleyi

text: It

text: was

text: named

text: in

text: honor

text: of

text: Thomas

text: Henry

text: Huxley

text: an

text: early

text: proponent

text: of

text: biological

text: evolution

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: propose

text: close

text: evolutionary

text: relationship

text: between

text: birds

text: and

text: dinosaurs

text: The

text: generic

text: name

text: Anchiornis

text: means

text: near

text: bird

text: and

text: its

text: describers

text: cited

text: it

text: as

text: important

text: in

text: filling

text: gap

text: in

text: the

text: transition

text: between

text: the

text: body

text: plans

text: of

text: birds

text: and

text: dinosaurs

text: Hummingbirds are birds from the Americas that constitute the family Trochilidae. They are among the smallest of birds, most species measuring . Indeed, the smallest extant bird species is a hummingbird, the 5-cm bee hummingbird weighing less than a U.S. penny (2.5 g).

text: Hummingbirds

text: are

text: birds

text: from

text: the

text: Americas

text: that

text: constitute

text: the

text: family

text: Trochilidae

text: They

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: smallest

text: of

text: birds

text: most

text: species

text: measuring

text: Indeed

text: the

text: smallest

text: extant

text: bird

text: species

text: is

text: hummingbird

text: the

text: bee

text: hummingbird

text: weighing

text: less

text: than

text: U.S.

text: penny

text: Archaeopteryx, sometimes referred to by its German name ("original bird" or "first bird"), is a genus of bird-like dinosaurs that is transitional between non-avian feathered dinosaurs and modern birds. The name derives from the ancient Greek ("archaos") meaning "ancient", and ("ptéryx"), meaning "feather" or "wing". Between the late nineteenth century and the early twenty-first century, "Archaeopteryx" had been generally accepted by palaeontologists and popular reference books as the oldest known bird (member of the group Avialae). Older potential avialans have since been identified, including "Anchiornis", "Xiaotingia", and "Aurornis".

text: Archaeopteryx

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: its

text: German

text: name

text: original

text: bird

text: or

text: first

text: bird

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: bird

text: like

text: dinosaurs

text: that

text: is

text: transitional

text: between

text: non

text: avian

text: feathered

text: dinosaurs

text: and

text: modern

text: birds

text: The

text: name

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: archaos

text: meaning

text: ancient

text: and

text: ptéryx

text: meaning

text: feather

text: or

text: wing

text: Between

text: the

text: late

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: early

text: twenty

text: first

text: century

text: Archaeopteryx

text: had

text: been

text: generally

text: accepted

text: by

text: palaeontologists

text: and

text: popular

text: reference

text: books

text: as

text: the

text: oldest

text: known

text: bird

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: Avialae

text: Older

text: potential

text: avialans

text: have

text: since

text: been

text: identified

text: including

text: Anchiornis

text: Xiaotingia

text: and

text: Aurornis

text: The superclass Tetrapoda (Ancient Greek s tetrapods, "four-footed"), or the tetrapods , comprises the first four-limbed vertebrates and their descendants, including the living and extinct amphibians, birds, mammals, reptiles and some ancient, exclusively aquatic creatures such as the Acanthostega. Tetrapods evolved from the lobe-finned fishes around 390 million years ago in the middle Devonian Period, with modern tetrapod groups having appeared by the late Devonian, 367.5 million years ago. The specific aquatic ancestors of the tetrapods, and the process by which land colonization occurred, remain unclear, and are areas of active research and debate among palaeontologists at present.

text: The

text: superclass

text: Tetrapoda

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: tetrapods

text: four

text: footed

text: or

text: the

text: tetrapods

text: comprises

text: the

text: first

text: four

text: limbed

text: vertebrates

text: and

text: their

text: descendants

text: including

text: the

text: living

text: and

text: extinct

text: amphibians

text: birds

text: mammals

text: reptiles

text: and

text: some

text: ancient

text: exclusively

text: aquatic

text: creatures

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Acanthostega

text: Tetrapods

text: evolved

text: from

text: the

text: lobe

text: finned

text: fishes

text: around

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: Devonian

text: Period

text: with

text: modern

text: tetrapod

text: groups

text: having

text: appeared

text: by

text: the

text: late

text: Devonian

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The

text: specific

text: aquatic

text: ancestors

text: of

text: the

text: tetrapods

text: and

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: land

text: colonization

text: occurred

text: remain

text: unclear

text: and

text: are

text: areas

text: of

text: active

text: research

text: and

text: debate

text: among

text: palaeontologists

text: at

text: present

text: A genus ( genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.

text: genus

text: genera

text: is

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: biological

text: classification

text: of

text: living

text: and

text: fossil

text: organisms

text: in

text: biology

text: In

text: the

text: hierarchy

text: of

text: biological

text: classification

text: genus

text: comes

text: above

text: species

text: and

text: below

text: family

text: In

text: binomial

text: nomenclature

text: the

text: genus

text: name

text: forms

text: the

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: binomial

text: species

text: name

text: for

text: each

text: species

text: within

text: the

text: genus

text:
The heart is a muscular organ in humans and other animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. Blood provides the body with oxygen and nutrients, as well as assists in the removal of metabolic wastes. The heart is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest.
In humans, other mammals, and birds, the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and right atria; and lower left and right ventricles. Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the "right heart" and their left counterparts as the "left heart". Fish in contrast have two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle, while reptiles have three chambers. In a healthy heart blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves, which prevent backflow. The heart is enclosed in a protective sac, the pericardium, which also contains a small amount of fluid. The wall of the heart is made up of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
The heart pumps blood with a rhythm determined by a group of pacemaking cells in the sinoatrial node. These generate a current that causes contraction of the heart, traveling through the atrioventricular node and along the conduction system of the heart. The heart receives blood low in oxygen from the systemic circulation, which enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae and passes to the right ventricle. From here it is pumped into the pulmonary circulation, through the lungs where it receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. Oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium, passes through the left ventricle and is pumped out through the aorta to the systemic circulationwhere the oxygen is used and metabolized to carbon dioxide. The heart beats at a resting rate close to 72 beats per minute. Exercise temporarily increases the rate, but lowers resting heart rate in the long term, and is good for heart health.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most common cause of death globally as of 2008, accounting for 30% of deaths. Of these more than three quarters are a result of coronary artery disease and stroke. Risk factors include: smoking, being overweight, little exercise, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and poorly controlled diabetes, among others. Cardiovascular diseases frequently have no symptoms or may cause chest pain or shortness of breath. Diagnosis of heart disease is often done by the taking of a medical history, listening to the heart-sounds with a stethoscope, ECG, and ultrasound. Specialists who focus on diseases of the heart are called cardiologists, although many specialties of medicine may be involved in treatment.

text: The

text: heart

text: is

text: muscular

text: organ

text: in

text: humans

text: and

text: other

text: animals

text: which

text: pumps

text: blood

text: through

text: the

text: blood

text: vessels

text: of

text: the

text: circulatory

text: system

text: Blood

text: provides

text: the

text: body

text: with

text: oxygen

text: and

text: nutrients

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: assists

text: in

text: the

text: removal

text: of

text: metabolic

text: wastes

text: The

text: heart

text: is

text: located

text: between

text: the

text: lungs

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: compartment

text: of

text: the

text: chest

text: In

text: humans

text: other

text: mammals

text: and

text: birds

text: the

text: heart

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: four

text: chambers

text: upper

text: left

text: and

text: right

text: atria

text: and

text: lower

text: left

text: and

text: right

text: ventricles

text: Commonly

text: the

text: right

text: atrium

text: and

text: ventricle

text: are

text: referred

text: together

text: as

text: the

text: right

text: heart

text: and

text: their

text: left

text: counterparts

text: as

text: the

text: left

text: heart

text: Fish

text: in

text: contrast

text: have

text: two

text: chambers

text: an

text: atrium

text: and

text: ventricle

text: while

text: reptiles

text: have

text: three

text: chambers

text: In

text: healthy

text: heart

text: blood

text: flows

text: one

text: way

text: through

text: the

text: heart

text: due

text: to

text: heart

text: valves

text: which

text: prevent

text: backflow

text: The

text: heart

text: is

text: enclosed

text: in

text: protective

text: sac

text: the

text: pericardium

text: which

text: also

text: contains

text: small

text: amount

text: of

text: fluid

text: The

text: wall

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: three

text: layers

text: epicardium

text: myocardium

text: and

text: endocardium

text: The

text: heart

text: pumps

text: blood

text: with

text: rhythm

text: determined

text: by

text: group

text: of

text: pacemaking

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: sinoatrial

text: node

text: These

text: generate

text: current

text: that

text: causes

text: contraction

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: traveling

text: through

text: the

text: atrioventricular

text: node

text: and

text: along

text: the

text: conduction

text: system

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: The

text: heart

text: receives

text: blood

text: low

text: in

text: oxygen

text: from

text: the

text: systemic

text: circulation

text: which

text: enters

text: the

text: right

text: atrium

text: from

text: the

text: superior

text: and

text: inferior

text: venae

text: cavae

text: and

text: passes

text: to

text: the

text: right

text: ventricle

text: From

text: here

text: it

text: is

text: pumped

text: into

text: the

text: pulmonary

text: circulation

text: through

text: the

text: lungs

text: where

text: it

text: receives

text: oxygen

text: and

text: gives

text: off

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: Oxygenated

text: blood

text: then

text: returns

text: to

text: the

text: left

text: atrium

text: passes

text: through

text: the

text: left

text: ventricle

text: and

text: is

text: pumped

text: out

text: through

text: the

text: aorta

text: to

text: the

text: systemic

text: circulationwhere

text: the

text: oxygen

text: is

text: used

text: and

text: metabolized

text: to

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: The

text: heart

text: beats

text: at

text: resting

text: rate

text: close

text: to

text: beats

text: per

text: minute

text: Exercise

text: temporarily

text: increases

text: the

text: rate

text: but

text: lowers

text: resting

text: heart

text: rate

text: in

text: the

text: long

text: term

text: and

text: is

text: good

text: for

text: heart

text: health

text: Cardiovascular

text: diseases

text: CVD

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: globally

text: as

text: of

text: accounting

text: for

text: of

text: deaths

text: Of

text: these

text: more

text: than

text: three

text: quarters

text: are

text: result

text: of

text: coronary

text: artery

text: disease

text: and

text: stroke

text: Risk

text: factors

text: include

text: smoking

text: being

text: overweight

text: little

text: exercise

text: high

text: cholesterol

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: and

text: poorly

text: controlled

text: diabetes

text: among

text: others

text: Cardiovascular

text: diseases

text: frequently

text: have

text: no

text: symptoms

text: or

text: may

text: cause

text: chest

text: pain

text: or

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: Diagnosis

text: of

text: heart

text: disease

text: is

text: often

text: done

text: by

text: the

text: taking

text: of

text: medical

text: history

text: listening

text: to

text: the

text: heart

text: sounds

text: with

text: stethoscope

text: ECG

text: and

text: ultrasound

text: Specialists

text: who

text: focus

text: on

text: diseases

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: are

text: called

text: cardiologists

text: although

text: many

text: specialties

text: of

text: medicine

text: may

text: be

text: involved

text: in

text: treatment

text: Feathers are epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. They are considered the most complex integumentary structures found in vertebrates, and indeed a premier example of a complex evolutionary novelty. They are among the characteristics that distinguish the extant birds from other living groups.

text: Feathers

text: are

text: epidermal

text: growths

text: that

text: form

text: the

text: distinctive

text: outer

text: covering

text: or

text: plumage

text: on

text: birds

text: They

text: are

text: considered

text: the

text: most

text: complex

text: integumentary

text: structures

text: found

text: in

text: vertebrates

text: and

text: indeed

text: premier

text: example

text: of

text: complex

text: evolutionary

text: novelty

text: They

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: characteristics

text: that

text: distinguish

text: the

text: extant

text: birds

text: from

text: other

text: living

text: groups

text: Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into single, coherent field. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood today that all the organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition known as homeostasis.

text: Biology

text: is

text: natural

text: science

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: living

text: organisms

text: including

text: their

text: structure

text: function

text: growth

text: evolution

text: distribution

text: identification

text: and

text: taxonomy

text: Modern

text: biology

text: is

text: vast

text: and

text: eclectic

text: field

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: branches

text: and

text: subdisciplines

text: However

text: despite

text: the

text: broad

text: scope

text: of

text: biology

text: there

text: are

text: certain

text: general

text: and

text: unifying

text: concepts

text: within

text: it

text: that

text: govern

text: all

text: study

text: and

text: research

text: consolidating

text: it

text: into

text: single

text: coherent

text: field

text: In

text: general

text: biology

text: recognizes

text: the

text: cell

text: as

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: life

text: genes

text: as

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: heredity

text: and

text: evolution

text: as

text: the

text: engine

text: that

text: propels

text: the

text: synthesis

text: and

text: creation

text: of

text: new

text: species

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: understood

text: today

text: that

text: all

text: the

text: organisms

text: survive

text: by

text: consuming

text: and

text: transforming

text: energy

text: and

text: by

text: regulating

text: their

text: internal

text: environment

text: to

text: maintain

text: stable

text: and

text: vital

text: condition

text: known

text: as

text: homeostasis

text: The bee hummingbird, zunzuncito or Helena hummingbird ("Mellisuga helenae") is a species of hummingbird.

text: The

text: bee

text: hummingbird

text: zunzuncito

text: or

text: Helena

text: hummingbird

text: Mellisuga

text: helenae

text: is

text: species

text: of

text: hummingbird

text: The face is a central organ of sense and is also very central in the expression of emotion among humans and among numerous other species. The face is normally found on the anterior ("frontal", "rostral") surface of the head of animals or humans, although not all animals have faces. The face is crucial for human identity, and damage such as scarring or developmental deformities have effects stretching beyond those of solely physical inconvenience.

text: The

text: face

text: is

text: central

text: organ

text: of

text: sense

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: very

text: central

text: in

text: the

text: expression

text: of

text: emotion

text: among

text: humans

text: and

text: among

text: numerous

text: other

text: species

text: The

text: face

text: is

text: normally

text: found

text: on

text: the

text: anterior

text: frontal

text: rostral

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: animals

text: or

text: humans

text: although

text: not

text: all

text: animals

text: have

text: faces

text: The

text: face

text: is

text: crucial

text: for

text: human

text: identity

text: and

text: damage

text: such

text: as

text: scarring

text: or

text: developmental

text: deformities

text: have

text: effects

text: stretching

text: beyond

text: those

text: of

text: solely

text: physical

text: inconvenience

text:
The Smithsonian Institution, established in 1846 "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge," is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States. Originally organized as the "United States National Museum," that name ceased to exist as an administrative entity in 1967.
Termed "the nation's attic"
for its eclectic holdings of 138 million items, the Institution's nineteen museums, nine research centers, and zoo include historical and architectural landmarks, mostly located in the District of Columbia. Additional facilities are located in Arizona, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York City, Virginia, Texas, and Panama. More than 200 institutions and museums in 45 states, Puerto Rico, and Panama are Smithsonian Affiliates
The Institution's thirty million annual visitors are admitted without charge.
The institution's annual budget is around $1.2 billion with 2/3 coming from annual federal appropriations. Other funding comes from the Institution's endowment, private and corporate contributions, membership dues, and earned retail, concession, and licensing revenue. Institution publications include "Smithsonian" and "Air & Space" magazines.

text: The

text: Smithsonian

text: Institution

text: established

text: in

text: for

text: the

text: increase

text: and

text: diffusion

text: of

text: knowledge

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: museums

text: and

text: research

text: centers

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Originally

text: organized

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: National

text: Museum

text: that

text: name

text: ceased

text: to

text: exist

text: as

text: an

text: administrative

text: entity

text: in

text: Termed

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: attic

text: for

text: its

text: eclectic

text: holdings

text: of

text: million

text: items

text: the

text: Institution

text: 's

text: nineteen

text: museums

text: nine

text: research

text: centers

text: and

text: zoo

text: include

text: historical

text: and

text: architectural

text: landmarks

text: mostly

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: District

text: of

text: Columbia

text: Additional

text: facilities

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: Arizona

text: Maryland

text: Massachusetts

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Virginia

text: Texas

text: and

text: Panama

text: More

text: than

text: institutions

text: and

text: museums

text: in

text: states

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: and

text: Panama

text: are

text: Smithsonian

text: Affiliates

text: The

text: Institution

text: 's

text: thirty

text: million

text: annual

text: visitors

text: are

text: admitted

text: without

text: charge

text: The

text: institution

text: 's

text: annual

text: budget

text: is

text: around

text: billion

text: with

text: coming

text: from

text: annual

text: federal

text: appropriations

text: Other

text: funding

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Institution

text: 's

text: endowment

text: private

text: and

text: corporate

text: contributions

text: membership

text: dues

text: and

text: earned

text: retail

text: concession

text: and

text: licensing

text: revenue

text: Institution

text: publications

text: include

text: Smithsonian

text: and

text: Air

text: Space

text: magazines

text: Birds (Aves), also known as avian dinosaurs, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the bee hummingbird to the ostrich. They rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, at approximately ten thousand, with more than half of these being passerines, sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds.

text: Birds

text: Aves

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: avian

text: dinosaurs

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: endothermic

text: vertebrates

text: characterised

text: by

text: feathers

text: toothless

text: beaked

text: jaws

text: the

text: laying

text: of

text: hard

text: shelled

text: eggs

text: high

text: metabolic

text: rate

text: four

text: chambered

text: heart

text: and

text: lightweight

text: but

text: strong

text: skeleton

text: Birds

text: live

text: worldwide

text: and

text: range

text: in

text: size

text: from

text: the

text: bee

text: hummingbird

text: to

text: the

text: ostrich

text: They

text: rank

text: as

text: the

text: class

text: of

text: tetrapods

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: living

text: species

text: at

text: approximately

text: ten

text: thousand

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: these

text: being

text: passerines

text: sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: perching

text: birds

text: or

text: less

text: accurately

text: as

text: songbirds

text:
A passerine is any bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species. A notable feature of passerines compared to other orders of Aves is the arrangement of their toes, three pointing forward and one back, which facilitates perching. Sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds, the passerines form one of the most diverse terrestrial vertebrate orders, with over 5,000 identified species. It has roughly twice as many species as the largest of the mammal orders, the Rodentia. It contains more than 110 families, the second-most of any order of tetrapods (after Squamata, the scaled reptiles).
The passerines contain several groups of brood parasites such as the viduas, cuckoo-finches, and the cowbirds. Most passerines are omnivorous, while the shrikes are carnivorous.

text: passerine

text: is

text: any

text: bird

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: Passeriformes

text: which

text: includes

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: bird

text: species

text: notable

text: feature

text: of

text: passerines

text: compared

text: to

text: other

text: orders

text: of

text: Aves

text: is

text: the

text: arrangement

text: of

text: their

text: toes

text: three

text: pointing

text: forward

text: and

text: one

text: back

text: which

text: facilitates

text: perching

text: Sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: perching

text: birds

text: or

text: less

text: accurately

text: as

text: songbirds

text: the

text: passerines

text: form

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: terrestrial

text: vertebrate

text: orders

text: with

text: over

text: identified

text: species

text: It

text: has

text: roughly

text: twice

text: as

text: many

text: species

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: mammal

text: orders

text: the

text: Rodentia

text: It

text: contains

text: more

text: than

text: families

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: of

text: any

text: order

text: of

text: tetrapods

text: after

text: Squamata

text: the

text: scaled

text: reptiles

text: The

text: passerines

text: contain

text: several

text: groups

text: of

text: brood

text: parasites

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: viduas

text: cuckoo

text: finches

text: and

text: the

text: cowbirds

text: Most

text: passerines

text: are

text: omnivorous

text: while

text: the

text: shrikes

text: are

text: carnivorous

text: Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade Dinosauria that first appeared during the Triassic. Although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research, the current scientific consensus places their origin between 231 and 243 million years ago. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the TriassicJurassic extinction event 201 million years ago. Their dominance continued through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods and ended when the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur groups 66 million years ago.

text: Dinosaurs

text: are

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: animals

text: of

text: the

text: clade

text: Dinosauria

text: that

text: first

text: appeared

text: during

text: the

text: Triassic

text: Although

text: the

text: exact

text: origin

text: and

text: timing

text: of

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: dinosaurs

text: is

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: active

text: research

text: the

text: current

text: scientific

text: consensus

text: places

text: their

text: origin

text: between

text: and

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: They

text: became

text: the

text: dominant

text: terrestrial

text: vertebrates

text: after

text: the

text: TriassicJurassic

text: extinction

text: event

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Their

text: dominance

text: continued

text: through

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: and

text: Cretaceous

text: periods

text: and

text: ended

text: when

text: the

text: CretaceousPaleogene

text: extinction

text: event

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: extinction

text: of

text: most

text: dinosaur

text: groups

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The Carnian (less commonly, Karnian) is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic series (or earliest age of the Late Triassic epoch). It lasted from 237 to 228.4 million years ago (Ma). The Carnian is preceded by the Ladinian and is followed by the Norian. Its boundaries are not characterized by major extinctions or biotic turnovers, but a climatic event (known as the Carnian Pluvial Event) occurred during the Carnian and seems to be associated with important extinctions or biotic radiations.

text: The

text: Carnian

text: less

text: commonly

text: Karnian

text: is

text: the

text: lowermost

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: Upper

text: Triassic

text: series

text: or

text: earliest

text: age

text: of

text: the

text: Late

text: Triassic

text: epoch

text: It

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Ma

text: The

text: Carnian

text: is

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Ladinian

text: and

text: is

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Norian

text: Its

text: boundaries

text: are

text: not

text: characterized

text: by

text: major

text: extinctions

text: or

text: biotic

text: turnovers

text: but

text: climatic

text: event

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Carnian

text: Pluvial

text: Event

text: occurred

text: during

text: the

text: Carnian

text: and

text: seems

text: to

text: be

text: associated

text: with

text: important

text: extinctions

text: or

text: biotic

text: radiations

text: Protoavis ( meaning `` first bird '' ) is a problematic taxon of archosaurian known from fragmentary remains from Late Triassic Norian stage deposits near Post , Texas . Much controversy remains over the animal , and there are many different interpretations of what Protoavis actually is . When it was first described , the fossils were described as being from a primitive bird which , if the identification is valid , would push back avian origins some 60 - 75 million years . The original describer of Protoavis texensis , Sankar Chatterjee of Texas Tech University , interpreted the type specimen to have come from a single animal , specifically a 35 cm tall bird that lived in what is now Texas , USA , around 210 million years ago . Though it existed far earlier than Archaeopteryx , its skeletal structure is allegedly more bird - like . Protoavis has been reconstructed as a carnivorous bird that had teeth on the tip of its jaws and eyes located at the front of the skull , suggesting a nocturnal or crepuscular lifestyle . Reconstructions usually depict it with feathers , as Chatterjee originally interpreted structures on the arm to be quill knobs , the attachment point for flight feathers found in some modern birds and non-avian dinosaurs . However , re-evaluation of the fossil material by subsequent authors such as Lawrence Witmer have been inconclusive regarding whether or not these structures are actual quill knobs . However , this description of Protoavis assumes that Protoavis has been correctly interpreted as a bird . Almost all palaeontologists doubt that Protoavis is a bird , or that all remains assigned to it even come from a single species , because of the circumstances of its discovery and unconvincing avian synapomorphies in its fragmentary material . When they were found at the Tecovas and Bull Canyon Formations in the Texas panhandle in 1984 , in a sedimentary strata of a Triassic river delta , the fossils were a jumbled cache of disarticulated bones that may reflect an incident of mass mortality following a flash flood .

text: Protoavis

text: meaning

text: first

text: bird

text: is

text: problematic

text: taxon

text: of

text: archosaurian

text: known

text: from

text: fragmentary

text: remains

text: from

text: Late

text: Triassic

text: Norian

text: stage

text: deposits

text: near

text: Post

text: Texas

text: Much

text: controversy

text: remains

text: over

text: the

text: animal

text: and

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: different

text: interpretations

text: of

text: what

text: Protoavis

text: actually

text: is

text: When

text: it

text: was

text: first

text: described

text: the

text: fossils

text: were

text: described

text: as

text: being

text: from

text: primitive

text: bird

text: which

text: if

text: the

text: identification

text: is

text: valid

text: would

text: push

text: back

text: avian

text: origins

text: some

text: million

text: years

text: The

text: original

text: describer

text: of

text: Protoavis

text: texensis

text: Sankar

text: Chatterjee

text: of

text: Texas

text: Tech

text: University

text: interpreted

text: the

text: type

text: specimen

text: to

text: have

text: come

text: from

text: single

text: animal

text: specifically

text: cm

text: tall

text: bird

text: that

text: lived

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Texas

text: USA

text: around

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Though

text: it

text: existed

text: far

text: earlier

text: than

text: Archaeopteryx

text: its

text: skeletal

text: structure

text: is

text: allegedly

text: more

text: bird

text: like

text: Protoavis

text: has

text: been

text: reconstructed

text: as

text: carnivorous

text: bird

text: that

text: had

text: teeth

text: on

text: the

text: tip

text: of

text: its

text: jaws

text: and

text: eyes

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: skull

text: suggesting

text: nocturnal

text: or

text: crepuscular

text: lifestyle

text: Reconstructions

text: usually

text: depict

text: it

text: with

text: feathers

text: as

text: Chatterjee

text: originally

text: interpreted

text: structures

text: on

text: the

text: arm

text: to

text: be

text: quill

text: knobs

text: the

text: attachment

text: point

text: for

text: flight

text: feathers

text: found

text: in

text: some

text: modern

text: birds

text: and

text: non

text: avian

text: dinosaurs

text: However

text: re

text: evaluation

text: of

text: the

text: fossil

text: material

text: by

text: subsequent

text: authors

text: such

text: as

text: Lawrence

text: Witmer

text: have

text: been

text: inconclusive

text: regarding

text: whether

text: or

text: not

text: these

text: structures

text: are

text: actual

text: quill

text: knobs

text: However

text: this

text: description

text: of

text: Protoavis

text: assumes

text: that

text: Protoavis

text: has

text: been

text: correctly

text: interpreted

text: as

text: bird

text: Almost

text: all

text: palaeontologists

text: doubt

text: that

text: Protoavis

text: is

text: bird

text: or

text: that

text: all

text: remains

text: assigned

text: to

text: it

text: even

text: come

text: from

text: single

text: species

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: circumstances

text: of

text: its

text: discovery

text: and

text: unconvincing

text: avian

text: synapomorphies

text: in

text: its

text: fragmentary

text: material

text: When

text: they

text: were

text: found

text: at

text: the

text: Tecovas

text: and

text: Bull

text: Canyon

text: Formations

text: in

text: the

text: Texas

text: panhandle

text: in

text: in

text: sedimentary

text: strata

text: of

text: Triassic

text: river

text: delta

text: the

text: fossils

text: were

text: jumbled

text: cache

text: of

text: disarticulated

text: bones

text: that

text: may

text: reflect

text: an

text: incident

text: of

text: mass

text: mortality

text: following

text: flash

text: flood

annotations: likely multiple

question: taxon_rank protoavis

answer: genus

text: genus

text: genus

text: genus

text: genus

text: genus

text: genus

text: genus

text: genus


text: Telugu cinema, also known by its sobriquet Tollywood, is a part of Indian cinema producing films in the Telugu language, based in the Hyderabad neighbourhood of Film Nagar in the Indian states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Since 1909, filmmaker Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu was involved in many aspects of Indian cinema's history, like producing short films and travelling to different regions in Asia to promote film work. In 1921, he produced the first Telugu silent film, "Bhishma Pratigna". He is cited as the father of Telugu cinema.

text: Telugu

text: cinema

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: its

text: sobriquet

text: Tollywood

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: Indian

text: cinema

text: producing

text: films

text: in

text: the

text: Telugu

text: language

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: Hyderabad

text: neighbourhood

text: of

text: Film

text: Nagar

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: states

text: of

text: Telangana

text: and

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: Since

text: filmmaker

text: Raghupathi

text: Venkaiah

text: Naidu

text: was

text: involved

text: in

text: many

text: aspects

text: of

text: Indian

text: cinema

text: 's

text: history

text: like

text: producing

text: short

text: films

text: and

text: travelling

text: to

text: different

text: regions

text: in

text: Asia

text: to

text: promote

text: film

text: work

text: In

text: he

text: produced

text: the

text: first

text: Telugu

text: silent

text: film

text: Bhishma

text: Pratigna

text: He

text: is

text: cited

text: as

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: Telugu

text: cinema

text: Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari:  , "Mnak Hind") or simply Hindi (Devanagari: , "Hind"), is an Indian language and a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Hindi is one of the official languages of India, and is the "lingua franca" of the Hindi belt languages. Outside India, Hindi is an official language in Fiji, and is a recognised regional language in Mauritius, Suriname, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago.

text: Modern

text: Standard

text: Hindi

text: Devanagari

text: Mnak

text: Hind

text: or

text: simply

text: Hindi

text: Devanagari

text: Hind

text: is

text: an

text: Indian

text: language

text: and

text: standardised

text: and

text: Sanskritised

text: register

text: of

text: the

text: Hindustani

text: language

text: Hindi

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: lingua

text: franca

text: of

text: the

text: Hindi

text: belt

text: languages

text: Outside

text: India

text: Hindi

text: is

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: in

text: Fiji

text: and

text: is

text: recognised

text: regional

text: language

text: in

text: Mauritius

text: Suriname

text: Guyana

text: and

text: Trinidad

text: and

text: Tobago

text: Pranam Khareedu (English title: "Cost of Life") is a 1978 Telugu film. It starred Jayasudha, Rao Gopal Rao, Chandra Mohan, Chiranjeevi, Reshma Roy, and Madhavi in a guest appearance. The film released on 22 September 1978. The film is based on a play written by C. S. Rao (writer). It is the debut film for character actor Kota Srinivasa Rao.

text: Pranam

text: Khareedu

text: English

text: title

text: Cost

text: of

text: Life

text: is

text: Telugu

text: film

text: It

text: starred

text: Jayasudha

text: Rao

text: Gopal

text: Rao

text: Chandra

text: Mohan

text: Chiranjeevi

text: Reshma

text: Roy

text: and

text: Madhavi

text: in

text: guest

text: appearance

text: The

text: film

text: released

text: on

text: September

text: The

text: film

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: play

text: written

text: by

text: Rao

text: writer

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: debut

text: film

text: for

text: character

text: actor

text: Kota

text: Srinivasa

text: Rao

text: Vijayashanti is an Indian film actress, producer and a politician. In a film career spanning thirty years, she has acted in over 186 feature films in a variety of roles in various Indian languages including Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi. She was tagged "The Lady Superstar" and "Lady Amitabh" of South Indian cinema. She has won the National Film Award for Best Actress for her work as a "super cop" in "Karthavyam" (1991), and received six Filmfare Awards South for best acting, including the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award (South) in the year 2003, and four state Nandi Awards for her performance.

text: Vijayashanti

text: is

text: an

text: Indian

text: film

text: actress

text: producer

text: and

text: politician

text: In

text: film

text: career

text: spanning

text: thirty

text: years

text: she

text: has

text: acted

text: in

text: over

text: feature

text: films

text: in

text: variety

text: of

text: roles

text: in

text: various

text: Indian

text: languages

text: including

text: Telugu

text: Tamil

text: Malayalam

text: Kannada

text: and

text: Hindi

text: She

text: was

text: tagged

text: The

text: Lady

text: Superstar

text: and

text: Lady

text: Amitabh

text: of

text: South

text: Indian

text: cinema

text: She

text: has

text: won

text: the

text: National

text: Film

text: Award

text: for

text: Best

text: Actress

text: for

text: her

text: work

text: as

text: super

text: cop

text: in

text: Karthavyam

text: and

text: received

text: six

text: Filmfare

text: Awards

text: South

text: for

text: best

text: acting

text: including

text: the

text: Filmfare

text: Lifetime

text: Achievement

text: Award

text: South

text: in

text: the

text: year

text: and

text: four

text: state

text: Nandi

text: Awards

text: for

text: her

text: performance

text: Chiranjeevi is a Tollywood film which released on 18 April 1985 . This film was directed by C. V. Rajendran . This film stars Chiranjeevi , Vijayashanti with Bhanupriya in a small role .

text: Chiranjeevi

text: is

text: Tollywood

text: film

text: which

text: released

text: on

text: April

text: This

text: film

text: was

text: directed

text: by

text: Rajendran

text: This

text: film

text: stars

text: Chiranjeevi

text: Vijayashanti

text: with

text: Bhanupriya

text: in

text: small

text: role

text: Konidela Siva Sankara Vara Prasad (born 22 August 1955), better known by his stage name Chiranjeevi, is an Indian film actor, dancer, producer, singer, voice artist, politician, businessman, investor and a member of the Indian National Congress. He was the Minister of State with independent charge for the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. Prior to politics, Chiranjeevi has attended the Madras Film Institute, and had worked primarily in Telugu cinema, in addition to Tamil, Kannada and Hindi films. He made his acting debut in 1978, with the film "Punadhirallu". However, "Pranam Khareedu" was released earlier at the box office. Known for his break dancing skills, Chiranjeevi was starred in 150 feature films in a variety of roles. In 1987 he was starred in "Swayam Krushi", which was dubbed into Russian, and was screened at the Moscow International Film Festival. In the same year, Chiranjeevi was one of the Indian delegates at the 59th Academy Awards. In 1988, he co-produced "Rudraveena", which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration.

text: Konidela

text: Siva

text: Sankara

text: Vara

text: Prasad

text: born

text: August

text: better

text: known

text: by

text: his

text: stage

text: name

text: Chiranjeevi

text: is

text: an

text: Indian

text: film

text: actor

text: dancer

text: producer

text: singer

text: voice

text: artist

text: politician

text: businessman

text: investor

text: and

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: National

text: Congress

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: Minister

text: of

text: State

text: with

text: independent

text: charge

text: for

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Tourism

text: Government

text: of

text: India

text: Prior

text: to

text: politics

text: Chiranjeevi

text: has

text: attended

text: the

text: Madras

text: Film

text: Institute

text: and

text: had

text: worked

text: primarily

text: in

text: Telugu

text: cinema

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: Tamil

text: Kannada

text: and

text: Hindi

text: films

text: He

text: made

text: his

text: acting

text: debut

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: film

text: Punadhirallu

text: However

text: Pranam

text: Khareedu

text: was

text: released

text: earlier

text: at

text: the

text: box

text: office

text: Known

text: for

text: his

text: break

text: dancing

text: skills

text: Chiranjeevi

text: was

text: starred

text: in

text: feature

text: films

text: in

text: variety

text: of

text: roles

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: starred

text: in

text: Swayam

text: Krushi

text: which

text: was

text: dubbed

text: into

text: Russian

text: and

text: was

text: screened

text: at

text: the

text: Moscow

text: International

text: Film

text: Festival

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: Chiranjeevi

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: delegates

text: at

text: the

text: Academy

text: Awards

text: In

text: he

text: co

text: produced

text: Rudraveena

text: which

text: won

text: the

text: National

text: Film

text: Award

text: for

text: Best

text: Feature

text: Film

text: on

text: National

text: Integration

text:
The Nandi Awards is the highest award ceremony for excellence in Telugu cinema, Telugu theatre, Telugu Television, and Lifetime achievements in Indian cinema, presented annually by the Governments of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. "Nandi" means "bull", the award being named after the big granite bull at Lepakshi  a cultural and historical symbol of the Telugu people.
Nandi Awards are presented in four categories: Gold, Silver, Bronze, and Copper. A variant, the Nandi Natakotsavam Awards for Theater, is also given every year by the government for social, mythological and poetic dramas.

text: The

text: Nandi

text: Awards

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: award

text: ceremony

text: for

text: excellence

text: in

text: Telugu

text: cinema

text: Telugu

text: theatre

text: Telugu

text: Television

text: and

text: Lifetime

text: achievements

text: in

text: Indian

text: cinema

text: presented

text: annually

text: by

text: the

text: Governments

text: of

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: and

text: Telangana

text: Nandi

text: means

text: bull

text: the

text: award

text: being

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: big

text: granite

text: bull

text: at

text: Lepakshi

text: cultural

text: and

text: historical

text: symbol

text: of

text: the

text: Telugu

text: people

text: Nandi

text: Awards

text: are

text: presented

text: in

text: four

text: categories

text: Gold

text: Silver

text: Bronze

text: and

text: Copper

text: variant

text: the

text: Nandi

text: Natakotsavam

text: Awards

text: for

text: Theater

text: is

text: also

text: given

text: every

text: year

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: for

text: social

text: mythological

text: and

text: poetic

text: dramas

text: Filmfare Awards South is the South Indian segment of the annual Filmfare Awards, presented by The Times Group to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the South Indian film industry. The awards were introduced in 1954, around the films released in 1953 & Filmfare Awards initially recognizing the Hindi film industries. In 1964 awards were extended to Best Picture in Tamil, Telugu, Bengali and Marathi, around the films released in 1963.The inclusion of Malayalam cinema in the awards came in 1967 while Kannada cinema was recognized in 1970. Each industry is given its own set of creative awards in annual ceremonies that have predominantly been held in Chennai and Hyderabad.

text: Filmfare

text: Awards

text: South

text: is

text: the

text: South

text: Indian

text: segment

text: of

text: the

text: annual

text: Filmfare

text: Awards

text: presented

text: by

text: The

text: Times

text: Group

text: to

text: honour

text: both

text: artistic

text: and

text: technical

text: excellence

text: of

text: professionals

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Indian

text: film

text: industry

text: The

text: awards

text: were

text: introduced

text: in

text: around

text: the

text: films

text: released

text: in

text: Filmfare

text: Awards

text: initially

text: recognizing

text: the

text: Hindi

text: film

text: industries

text: In

text: awards

text: were

text: extended

text: to

text: Best

text: Picture

text: in

text: Tamil

text: Telugu

text: Bengali

text: and

text: Marathi

text: around

text: the

text: films

text: released

text: in

text: inclusion

text: of

text: Malayalam

text: cinema

text: in

text: the

text: awards

text: came

text: in

text: while

text: Kannada

text: cinema

text: was

text: recognized

text: in

text: Each

text: industry

text: is

text: given

text: its

text: own

text: set

text: of

text: creative

text: awards

text: in

text: annual

text: ceremonies

text: that

text: have

text: predominantly

text: been

text: held

text: in

text: Chennai

text: and

text: Hyderabad

annotations: follows multiple

question: original_language_of_work chiranjeevi

answer: telugu

text: telugu

text: telugu

text: telugu

text: telugu

text: telugu

text: telugu

text: telugu

text: telugu

text: telugu

text: telugu

text: telugu

text: telugu


text: Hertfordshire (often abbreviated Herts) is a county in southern England, bordered by Bedfordshire to the north, Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Essex to the east, Buckinghamshire to the west and Greater London to the south. For government statistical purposes, it is placed in the East of England region.

text: Hertfordshire

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: Herts

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: southern

text: England

text: bordered

text: by

text: Bedfordshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Cambridgeshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: Essex

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Buckinghamshire

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Greater

text: London

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: For

text: government

text: statistical

text: purposes

text: it

text: is

text: placed

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: of

text: England

text: region

text: Tufnell Park is an area of north London, England which straddles the border of the London Borough of Islington and the London Borough of Camden.

text: Tufnell

text: Park

text: is

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: north

text: London

text: England

text: which

text: straddles

text: the

text: border

text: of

text: the

text: London

text: Borough

text: of

text: Islington

text: and

text: the

text: London

text: Borough

text: of

text: Camden

text: London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom, as well as the most populous city proper in the European Union. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it "Londinium". London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its medieval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, "London" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which today largely makes up Greater London, governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.

text: London

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: proper

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Standing

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: London

text: has

text: been

text: major

text: settlement

text: for

text: two

text: millennia

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: who

text: named

text: it

text: Londinium

text: London

text: 's

text: ancient

text: core

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: largely

text: retains

text: its

text: medieval

text: boundaries

text: Since

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: century

text: London

text: has

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: metropolis

text: around

text: this

text: core

text: historically

text: split

text: between

text: Middlesex

text: Essex

text: Surrey

text: Kent

text: and

text: Hertfordshire

text: which

text: today

text: largely

text: makes

text: up

text: Greater

text: London

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Mayor

text: of

text: London

text: and

text: the

text: London

text: Assembly

text: Buckinghamshire (or ), abbreviated Bucks, is a county in South East England which borders Greater London to the south east, Berkshire to the south, Oxfordshire to the west, Northamptonshire to the north, Bedfordshire to the north east and Hertfordshire to the east.

text: Buckinghamshire

text: or

text: abbreviated

text: Bucks

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: South

text: East

text: England

text: which

text: borders

text: Greater

text: London

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: Berkshire

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Oxfordshire

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Northamptonshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Bedfordshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: Hertfordshire

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground, or by its nickname the Tube) is a public rapid transit system serving Greater London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom.

text: The

text: London

text: Underground

text: also

text: known

text: simply

text: as

text: the

text: Underground

text: or

text: by

text: its

text: nickname

text: the

text: Tube

text: is

text: public

text: rapid

text: transit

text: system

text: serving

text: Greater

text: London

text: and

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: adjacent

text: counties

text: of

text: Buckinghamshire

text: Essex

text: and

text: Hertfordshire

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The London Borough of Islington is a London borough in Inner London with an estimated population of 215,667. It was formed in 1965 by merging the former metropolitan boroughs of Islington and Finsbury, but the merged entity remains the second smallest borough in London and the third smallest district in England. The borough contains two Westminster parliamentary constituencies, Islington North and Islington South & Finsbury. The local authority is Islington Council. The borough is home to football club Arsenal, one of the most successful clubs in England and its home Emirates Stadium that is one of the largest football stadiums in the country.

text: The

text: London

text: Borough

text: of

text: Islington

text: is

text: London

text: borough

text: in

text: Inner

text: London

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: by

text: merging

text: the

text: former

text: metropolitan

text: boroughs

text: of

text: Islington

text: and

text: Finsbury

text: but

text: the

text: merged

text: entity

text: remains

text: the

text: second

text: smallest

text: borough

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: smallest

text: district

text: in

text: England

text: The

text: borough

text: contains

text: two

text: Westminster

text: parliamentary

text: constituencies

text: Islington

text: North

text: and

text: Islington

text: South

text: Finsbury

text: The

text: local

text: authority

text: is

text: Islington

text: Council

text: The

text: borough

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: football

text: club

text: Arsenal

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: clubs

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: its

text: home

text: Emirates

text: Stadium

text: that

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: football

text: stadiums

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: The Northern line is a London Underground line, coloured black on the Tube map. The section between Stockwell and Borough opened in 1890, and is the oldest section of deep-level tube line on the network.

text: The

text: Northern

text: line

text: is

text: London

text: Underground

text: line

text: coloured

text: black

text: on

text: the

text: Tube

text: map

text: The

text: section

text: between

text: Stockwell

text: and

text: Borough

text: opened

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: section

text: of

text: deep

text: level

text: tube

text: line

text: on

text: the

text: network

text: Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. Unlike buses or trams, rapid transit systems are electric railways that operate on an exclusive right-of-way, which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles of any sort, and which is often grade separated in tunnels or on elevated railways.

text: Rapid

text: transit

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: heavy

text: rail

text: metro

text: subway

text: tube

text: or

text: underground

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: high

text: capacity

text: public

text: transport

text: generally

text: found

text: in

text: urban

text: areas

text: Unlike

text: buses

text: or

text: trams

text: rapid

text: transit

text: systems

text: are

text: electric

text: railways

text: that

text: operate

text: on

text: an

text: exclusive

text: right

text: of

text: way

text: which

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: accessed

text: by

text: pedestrians

text: or

text: other

text: vehicles

text: of

text: any

text: sort

text: and

text: which

text: is

text: often

text: grade

text: separated

text: in

text: tunnels

text: or

text: on

text: elevated

text: railways

text: The Tube map is a schematic transport map of the lines, stations and services of London's public transport systems, the primary system being London Underground, known colloquially as "the Tube", hence the map's name. The first schematic Tube map was designed by Harry Beck in 1931, and it has since been expanded to also include today the Docklands Light Railway, London Overground, TfL Rail, Tramlink and the Emirates Air Line cable car.

text: The

text: Tube

text: map

text: is

text: schematic

text: transport

text: map

text: of

text: the

text: lines

text: stations

text: and

text: services

text: of

text: London

text: 's

text: public

text: transport

text: systems

text: the

text: primary

text: system

text: being

text: London

text: Underground

text: known

text: colloquially

text: as

text: the

text: Tube

text: hence

text: the

text: map

text: 's

text: name

text: The

text: first

text: schematic

text: Tube

text: map

text: was

text: designed

text: by

text: Harry

text: Beck

text: in

text: and

text: it

text: has

text: since

text: been

text: expanded

text: to

text: also

text: include

text: today

text: the

text: Docklands

text: Light

text: Railway

text: London

text: Overground

text: TfL

text: Rail

text: Tramlink

text: and

text: the

text: Emirates

text: Air

text: Line

text: cable

text: car

text: Tufnell Park is a London Underground station in Islington close to its boundary with Camden ( see Tufnell Park ) . It is on the High Barnet branch of the Northern line , between Archway and Kentish Town , and in Travelcard Zone 2 .

text: Tufnell

text: Park

text: is

text: London

text: Underground

text: station

text: in

text: Islington

text: close

text: to

text: its

text: boundary

text: with

text: Camden

text: see

text: Tufnell

text: Park

text: It

text: is

text: on

text: the

text: High

text: Barnet

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Northern

text: line

text: between

text: Archway

text: and

text: Kentish

text: Town

text: and

text: in

text: Travelcard

text: Zone

annotations: likely single

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity tufnell park tube station

answer: london borough of islington

text: london borough of islington

text: london borough of islington