text: An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available, such as a host with a weakened immune system, an altered microbiota (such as a disrupted gut flora), or breached integumentary barriers. Many of these pathogens do not cause disease in a healthy host that has a normal immune system. However, a compromised immune system, a penetrating injury, or a lack of competition from normal commensals presents an opportunity for the pathogen to infect.

text: An

text: opportunistic

text: infection

text: is

text: an

text: infection

text: caused

text: by

text: pathogens

text: bacteria

text: viruses

text: fungi

text: or

text: protozoa

text: that

text: take

text: advantage

text: of

text: an

text: opportunity

text: not

text: normally

text: available

text: such

text: as

text: host

text: with

text: weakened

text: immune

text: system

text: an

text: altered

text: microbiota

text: such

text: as

text: disrupted

text: gut

text: flora

text: or

text: breached

text: integumentary

text: barriers

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: pathogens

text: do

text: not

text: cause

text: disease

text: in

text: healthy

text: host

text: that

text: has

text: normal

text: immune

text: system

text: However

text: compromised

text: immune

text: system

text: penetrating

text: injury

text: or

text: lack

text: of

text: competition

text: from

text: normal

text: commensals

text: presents

text: an

text: opportunity

text: for

text: the

text: pathogen

text: to

text: infect

text: An RNA virus is a virus that has RNA (ribonucleic acid) as its genetic material. This nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) but may be double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include Ebola hemorrhoragic fever, SARS, the common cold, influenza, hepatitis C, West Nile fever, polio and measles.

text: An

text: RNA

text: virus

text: is

text: virus

text: that

text: has

text: RNA

text: ribonucleic

text: acid

text: as

text: its

text: genetic

text: material

text: This

text: nucleic

text: acid

text: is

text: usually

text: single

text: stranded

text: RNA

text: ssRNA

text: but

text: may

text: be

text: double

text: stranded

text: RNA

text: dsRNA

text: Notable

text: human

text: diseases

text: caused

text: by

text: RNA

text: viruses

text: include

text: Ebola

text: hemorrhoragic

text: fever

text: SARS

text: the

text: common

text: cold

text: influenza

text: hepatitis

text: West

text: Nile

text: fever

text: polio

text: and

text: measles

text: A provirus is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell. In the case of bacterial viruses (bacteriophages), proviruses are often referred to as prophages.

text: provirus

text: is

text: virus

text: genome

text: that

text: is

text: integrated

text: into

text: the

text: DNA

text: of

text: host

text: cell

text: In

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: bacterial

text: viruses

text: bacteriophages

text: proviruses

text: are

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: prophages

text: In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus. It comprises cytosol (the gel-like substance enclosed within the cell membrane) and the organelles  the cell's internal sub-structures. All of the contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms (such as bacteria, which lack a cell nucleus) are contained within the cytoplasm. Within the cells of eukaryote organisms the contents of the cell nucleus are separated from the cytoplasm, and are then called the nucleoplasm. The cytoplasm is about 80% water and usually colorless.

text: In

text: cell

text: biology

text: the

text: cytoplasm

text: is

text: the

text: material

text: within

text: living

text: cell

text: excluding

text: the

text: cell

text: nucleus

text: It

text: comprises

text: cytosol

text: the

text: gel

text: like

text: substance

text: enclosed

text: within

text: the

text: cell

text: membrane

text: and

text: the

text: organelles

text: the

text: cell

text: 's

text: internal

text: sub

text: structures

text: All

text: of

text: the

text: contents

text: of

text: the

text: cells

text: of

text: prokaryote

text: organisms

text: such

text: as

text: bacteria

text: which

text: lack

text: cell

text: nucleus

text: are

text: contained

text: within

text: the

text: cytoplasm

text: Within

text: the

text: cells

text: of

text: eukaryote

text: organisms

text: the

text: contents

text: of

text: the

text: cell

text: nucleus

text: are

text: separated

text: from

text: the

text: cytoplasm

text: and

text: are

text: then

text: called

text: the

text: nucleoplasm

text: The

text: cytoplasm

text: is

text: about

text: water

text: and

text: usually

text: colorless

text: Breast milk is the milk produced by the breasts (or mammary glands) of a human female to feed a child. Milk is the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to eat and digest other foods; older infants and toddlers may continue to be breastfed, either exclusively or in combination with other foods from around six months of age when solid foods may be introduced.

text: Breast

text: milk

text: is

text: the

text: milk

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: breasts

text: or

text: mammary

text: glands

text: of

text: human

text: female

text: to

text: feed

text: child

text: Milk

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: source

text: of

text: nutrition

text: for

text: newborns

text: before

text: they

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: eat

text: and

text: digest

text: other

text: foods

text: older

text: infants

text: and

text: toddlers

text: may

text: continue

text: to

text: be

text: breastfed

text: either

text: exclusively

text: or

text: in

text: combination

text: with

text: other

text: foods

text: from

text: around

text: six

text: months

text: of

text: age

text: when

text: solid

text: foods

text: may

text: be

text: introduced

text: Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus ( CAEV ) is a retrovirus which infects goats and cross-reacts immunologically with HIV . Because of this cross-reactivity , it has been used in alternative medicine therapies for HIV .

text: Caprine

text: arthritis

text: encephalitis

text: virus

text: CAEV

text: is

text: retrovirus

text: which

text: infects

text: goats

text: and

text: cross

text: reacts

text: immunologically

text: with

text: HIV

text: Because

text: of

text: this

text: cross

text: reactivity

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: in

text: alternative

text: medicine

text: therapies

text: for

text: HIV

text:
Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point. There is not a single agreed-upon upper limit for normal temperature with sources using values between . The increase in set-point triggers increased muscle contraction and causes a feeling of cold. This results in greater heat production and efforts to conserve heat. When the set-point temperature returns to normal, a person feels hot, becomes flushed, and may begin to sweat. Rarely a fever may trigger a febrile seizure. This is more common in young children. Fevers do not typically go higher than .
A fever can be caused by many medical conditions ranging from the not serious to potentially serious. This includes viral, bacterial and parasitic infections such as the common cold, urinary tract infections, meningitis, malaria and appendicitis among others. Non-infectious causes include vasculitis, deep vein thrombosis, side effects of medication, and cancer among others. It differs from hyperthermia, in that hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature over the temperature set-point, due to either too much heat production or not enough heat loss.
Treatment to reduce fever is generally not required. Treatment of associated pain and inflammation, however, may be useful and help a person rest. Medications such as ibuprofen or paracetamol may help with this as well as lower temperature. Measures such as putting a cool damp cloth on the forehead and having a slightly warm bath are not useful and may simply make a person more uncomfortable. Children younger than three months require medical attention, as might people with serious medical problems such as a compromised immune system or people with other symptoms. Hyperthermia does require treatment.
Fever is one of the most common medical signs. It is part of about 30% of healthcare visits by children and occurs in up to 75% of adults who are seriously sick. While fever is a useful defense mechanism, treating fever does not appear to worsen outcomes. Fever is viewed with greater concern by parents and healthcare professionals than it usually deserves, a phenomenon known as fever phobia.

text: Fever

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: pyrexia

text: and

text: febrile

text: response

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: having

text: temperature

text: above

text: the

text: normal

text: range

text: due

text: to

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: temperature

text: set

text: point

text: There

text: is

text: not

text: single

text: agreed

text: upon

text: upper

text: limit

text: for

text: normal

text: temperature

text: with

text: sources

text: using

text: values

text: between

text: The

text: increase

text: in

text: set

text: point

text: triggers

text: increased

text: muscle

text: contraction

text: and

text: causes

text: feeling

text: of

text: cold

text: This

text: results

text: in

text: greater

text: heat

text: production

text: and

text: efforts

text: to

text: conserve

text: heat

text: When

text: the

text: set

text: point

text: temperature

text: returns

text: to

text: normal

text: person

text: feels

text: hot

text: becomes

text: flushed

text: and

text: may

text: begin

text: to

text: sweat

text: Rarely

text: fever

text: may

text: trigger

text: febrile

text: seizure

text: This

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: young

text: children

text: Fevers

text: do

text: not

text: typically

text: go

text: higher

text: than

text: fever

text: can

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: many

text: medical

text: conditions

text: ranging

text: from

text: the

text: not

text: serious

text: to

text: potentially

text: serious

text: This

text: includes

text: viral

text: bacterial

text: and

text: parasitic

text: infections

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: common

text: cold

text: urinary

text: tract

text: infections

text: meningitis

text: malaria

text: and

text: appendicitis

text: among

text: others

text: Non

text: infectious

text: causes

text: include

text: vasculitis

text: deep

text: vein

text: thrombosis

text: side

text: effects

text: of

text: medication

text: and

text: cancer

text: among

text: others

text: It

text: differs

text: from

text: hyperthermia

text: in

text: that

text: hyperthermia

text: is

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: body

text: temperature

text: over

text: the

text: temperature

text: set

text: point

text: due

text: to

text: either

text: too

text: much

text: heat

text: production

text: or

text: not

text: enough

text: heat

text: loss

text: Treatment

text: to

text: reduce

text: fever

text: is

text: generally

text: not

text: required

text: Treatment

text: of

text: associated

text: pain

text: and

text: inflammation

text: however

text: may

text: be

text: useful

text: and

text: help

text: person

text: rest

text: Medications

text: such

text: as

text: ibuprofen

text: or

text: paracetamol

text: may

text: help

text: with

text: this

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: lower

text: temperature

text: Measures

text: such

text: as

text: putting

text: cool

text: damp

text: cloth

text: on

text: the

text: forehead

text: and

text: having

text: slightly

text: warm

text: bath

text: are

text: not

text: useful

text: and

text: may

text: simply

text: make

text: person

text: more

text: uncomfortable

text: Children

text: younger

text: than

text: three

text: months

text: require

text: medical

text: attention

text: as

text: might

text: people

text: with

text: serious

text: medical

text: problems

text: such

text: as

text: compromised

text: immune

text: system

text: or

text: people

text: with

text: other

text: symptoms

text: Hyperthermia

text: does

text: require

text: treatment

text: Fever

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: medical

text: signs

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: healthcare

text: visits

text: by

text: children

text: and

text: occurs

text: in

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: adults

text: who

text: are

text: seriously

text: sick

text: While

text: fever

text: is

text: useful

text: defense

text: mechanism

text: treating

text: fever

text: does

text: not

text: appear

text: to

text: worsen

text: outcomes

text: Fever

text: is

text: viewed

text: with

text: greater

text: concern

text: by

text: parents

text: and

text: healthcare

text: professionals

text: than

text: it

text: usually

text: deserves

text: phenomenon

text: known

text: as

text: fever

text: phobia

text: A hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered organ located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs. A few other vertebrates such as the koala (which has two opposable thumbs on each "hand" and fingerprints remarkably similar to human fingerprints) are often described as having "hands" instead of paws on their front limbs. The raccoon is usually described as having "hands" though opposable thumbs are lacking.

text: hand

text: is

text: prehensile

text: multi

text: fingered

text: organ

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: forearm

text: or

text: forelimb

text: of

text: primates

text: such

text: as

text: humans

text: chimpanzees

text: monkeys

text: and

text: lemurs

text: few

text: other

text: vertebrates

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: koala

text: which

text: has

text: two

text: opposable

text: thumbs

text: on

text: each

text: hand

text: and

text: fingerprints

text: remarkably

text: similar

text: to

text: human

text: fingerprints

text: are

text: often

text: described

text: as

text: having

text: hands

text: instead

text: of

text: paws

text: on

text: their

text: front

text: limbs

text: The

text: raccoon

text: is

text: usually

text: described

text: as

text: having

text: hands

text: though

text: opposable

text: thumbs

text: are

text: lacking

text: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.

text: The

text: human

text: immunodeficiency

text: virus

text: HIV

text: is

text: lentivirus

text: subgroup

text: of

text: retrovirus

text: that

text: causes

text: HIV

text: infection

text: and

text: over

text: time

text: acquired

text: immunodeficiency

text: syndrome

text: AIDS

text: AIDS

text: is

text: condition

text: in

text: humans

text: in

text: which

text: progressive

text: failure

text: of

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: allows

text: life

text: threatening

text: opportunistic

text: infections

text: and

text: cancers

text: to

text: thrive

text: Without

text: treatment

text: average

text: survival

text: time

text: after

text: infection

text: with

text: HIV

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: be

text: to

text: years

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: HIV

text: subtype

text: Infection

text: with

text: HIV

text: occurs

text: by

text: the

text: transfer

text: of

text: blood

text: semen

text: vaginal

text: fluid

text: pre

text: ejaculate

text: or

text: breast

text: milk

text: Within

text: these

text: bodily

text: fluids

text: HIV

text: is

text: present

text: as

text: both

text: free

text: virus

text: particles

text: and

text: virus

text: within

text: infected

text: immune

text: cells

text:
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity and drinking alcohol. Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants. In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human papillomavirus (HPV). These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell. Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops. Approximately 510% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person's parents. Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests. It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy.
Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat, and avoiding too much sunlight exposure. Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer. The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial. Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Pain and symptom management are an important part of care. Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease. The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment. In children under 15 at diagnosis the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80%. For cancer in the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66%.
In 2012 about 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred globally (not including skin cancer other than melanoma). It caused about 8.2 million deaths or 14.6% of human deaths. The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer. In females, the most common types are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and cervical cancer. If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancers each year it would account for around 40% of cases. In children, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and brain tumors are most common except in Africa where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often. In 2012, about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer. The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries. Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world. The financial costs of cancer were estimated at $1.16 trillion US dollars per year as of 2010.
Definitions.
Cancers are a large family of diseases that involve abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. They form a subset of neoplasms. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely.

text: Cancer

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: diseases

text: involving

text: abnormal

text: cell

text: growth

text: with

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: invade

text: or

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Not

text: all

text: tumors

text: are

text: cancerous

text: benign

text: tumors

text: do

text: not

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Possible

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: include

text: lump

text: abnormal

text: bleeding

text: prolonged

text: cough

text: unexplained

text: weight

text: loss

text: and

text: change

text: in

text: bowel

text: movements

text: While

text: these

text: symptoms

text: may

text: indicate

text: cancer

text: they

text: may

text: have

text: other

text: causes

text: Over

text: types

text: of

text: cancers

text: affect

text: humans

text: Tobacco

text: use

text: is

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: cancer

text: deaths

text: Another

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: obesity

text: poor

text: diet

text: lack

text: of

text: physical

text: activity

text: and

text: drinking

text: alcohol

text: Other

text: factors

text: include

text: certain

text: infections

text: exposure

text: to

text: ionizing

text: radiation

text: and

text: environmental

text: pollutants

text: In

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: nearly

text: of

text: cancers

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: infections

text: such

text: as

text: hepatitis

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: human

text: papillomavirus

text: HPV

text: These

text: factors

text: act

text: at

text: least

text: partly

text: by

text: changing

text: the

text: genes

text: of

text: cell

text: Typically

text: many

text: genetic

text: changes

text: are

text: required

text: before

text: cancer

text: develops

text: Approximately

text: of

text: cancers

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: inherited

text: genetic

text: defects

text: from

text: person

text: 's

text: parents

text: Cancer

text: can

text: be

text: detected

text: by

text: certain

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: or

text: screening

text: tests

text: It

text: is

text: then

text: typically

text: further

text: investigated

text: by

text: medical

text: imaging

text: and

text: confirmed

text: by

text: biopsy

text: Many

text: cancers

text: can

text: be

text: prevented

text: by

text: not

text: smoking

text: maintaining

text: healthy

text: weight

text: not

text: drinking

text: too

text: much

text: alcohol

text: eating

text: plenty

text: of

text: vegetables

text: fruits

text: and

text: whole

text: grains

text: vaccination

text: against

text: certain

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: not

text: eating

text: too

text: much

text: processed

text: and

text: red

text: meat

text: and

text: avoiding

text: too

text: much

text: sunlight

text: exposure

text: Early

text: detection

text: through

text: screening

text: is

text: useful

text: for

text: cervical

text: and

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: The

text: benefits

text: of

text: screening

text: in

text: breast

text: cancer

text: are

text: controversial

text: Cancer

text: is

text: often

text: treated

text: with

text: some

text: combination

text: of

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: surgery

text: chemotherapy

text: and

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: Pain

text: and

text: symptom

text: management

text: are

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: care

text: Palliative

text: care

text: is

text: particularly

text: important

text: in

text: people

text: with

text: advanced

text: disease

text: The

text: chance

text: of

text: survival

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: cancer

text: and

text: extent

text: of

text: disease

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: treatment

text: In

text: children

text: under

text: at

text: diagnosis

text: the

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rate

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: is

text: on

text: average

text: For

text: cancer

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: average

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rate

text: is

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: of

text: cancer

text: occurred

text: globally

text: not

text: including

text: skin

text: cancer

text: other

text: than

text: melanoma

text: It

text: caused

text: about

text: million

text: deaths

text: or

text: of

text: human

text: deaths

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: of

text: cancer

text: in

text: males

text: are

text: lung

text: cancer

text: prostate

text: cancer

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: and

text: stomach

text: cancer

text: In

text: females

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: are

text: breast

text: cancer

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: lung

text: cancer

text: and

text: cervical

text: cancer

text: If

text: skin

text: cancer

text: other

text: than

text: melanoma

text: were

text: included

text: in

text: total

text: new

text: cancers

text: each

text: year

text: it

text: would

text: account

text: for

text: around

text: of

text: cases

text: In

text: children

text: acute

text: lymphoblastic

text: leukaemia

text: and

text: brain

text: tumors

text: are

text: most

text: common

text: except

text: in

text: Africa

text: where

text: non

text: Hodgkin

text: lymphoma

text: occurs

text: more

text: often

text: In

text: about

text: children

text: under

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: were

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: cancer

text: The

text: risk

text: of

text: cancer

text: increases

text: significantly

text: with

text: age

text: and

text: many

text: cancers

text: occur

text: more

text: commonly

text: in

text: developed

text: countries

text: Rates

text: are

text: increasing

text: as

text: more

text: people

text: live

text: to

text: an

text: old

text: age

text: and

text: as

text: lifestyle

text: changes

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: The

text: financial

text: costs

text: of

text: cancer

text: were

text: estimated

text: at

text: trillion

text: US

text: dollars

text: per

text: year

text: as

text: of

text: Definitions

text: Cancers

text: are

text: large

text: family

text: of

text: diseases

text: that

text: involve

text: abnormal

text: cell

text: growth

text: with

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: invade

text: or

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: They

text: form

text: subset

text: of

text: neoplasms

text: neoplasm

text: or

text: tumor

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: cells

text: that

text: have

text: undergone

text: unregulated

text: growth

text: and

text: will

text: often

text: form

text: mass

text: or

text: lump

text: but

text: may

text: be

text: distributed

text: diffusely

text: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix.

text: Deoxyribonucleic

text: acid

text: DNA

text: is

text: molecule

text: that

text: carries

text: the

text: genetic

text: instructions

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: growth

text: development

text: functioning

text: and

text: reproduction

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: living

text: organisms

text: and

text: many

text: viruses

text: DNA

text: and

text: RNA

text: are

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: alongside

text: proteins

text: lipids

text: and

text: complex

text: carbohydrates

text: polysaccharides

text: they

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: types

text: of

text: macromolecules

text: that

text: are

text: essential

text: for

text: all

text: known

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: Most

text: DNA

text: molecules

text: consist

text: of

text: two

text: biopolymer

text: strands

text: coiled

text: around

text: each

text: other

text: to

text: form

text: double

text: helix

text:
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The most common symptoms are fever, headache and neck stiffness. Other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises. Young children often exhibit only nonspecific symptoms, such as irritability, drowsiness, or poor feeding. If a rash is present, it may indicate a particular cause of meningitis; for instance, meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria may be accompanied by a characteristic rash.
The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs. Meningitis can be life-threatening because of the inflammation's proximity to the brain and spinal cord; therefore, the condition is classified as a medical emergency. A lumbar puncture diagnoses or excludes meningitis. A needle is inserted into the spinal canal to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that envelops the brain and spinal cord. The CSF is examined in a medical laboratory.
Some forms of meningitis are preventable by immunization with the meningococcal, mumps, pneumococcal, and Hib vaccines. Giving antibiotics to people with significant exposure to certain types of meningitis may also be useful. The first treatment in acute meningitis consists of promptly giving antibiotics and sometimes antiviral drugs. Corticosteroids can also be used to prevent complications from excessive inflammation. Meningitis can lead to serious long-term consequences such as deafness, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, or cognitive deficits, especially if not treated quickly.
In 2013 meningitis occurred in about 16 million people worldwide. This resulted in 303,000 deaths  down from 464,000 deaths in 1990. With appropriate treatment the risk of death in bacterial meningitis is less than 15%. Outbreaks of bacterial meningitis occur between December and June each year in an area of sub-Saharan Africa known as the meningitis belt. Smaller outbreaks may also occur in other areas of the world. The word meningitis is from Greek  "méninx", "membrane" and the medical suffix "-itis", "inflammation".

text: Meningitis

text: is

text: an

text: acute

text: inflammation

text: of

text: the

text: protective

text: membranes

text: covering

text: the

text: brain

text: and

text: spinal

text: cord

text: known

text: collectively

text: as

text: the

text: meninges

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: symptoms

text: are

text: fever

text: headache

text: and

text: neck

text: stiffness

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: include

text: confusion

text: or

text: altered

text: consciousness

text: vomiting

text: and

text: an

text: inability

text: to

text: tolerate

text: light

text: or

text: loud

text: noises

text: Young

text: children

text: often

text: exhibit

text: only

text: nonspecific

text: symptoms

text: such

text: as

text: irritability

text: drowsiness

text: or

text: poor

text: feeding

text: If

text: rash

text: is

text: present

text: it

text: may

text: indicate

text: particular

text: cause

text: of

text: meningitis

text: for

text: instance

text: meningitis

text: caused

text: by

text: meningococcal

text: bacteria

text: may

text: be

text: accompanied

text: by

text: characteristic

text: rash

text: The

text: inflammation

text: may

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: infection

text: with

text: viruses

text: bacteria

text: or

text: other

text: microorganisms

text: and

text: less

text: commonly

text: by

text: certain

text: drugs

text: Meningitis

text: can

text: be

text: life

text: threatening

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: inflammation

text: 's

text: proximity

text: to

text: the

text: brain

text: and

text: spinal

text: cord

text: therefore

text: the

text: condition

text: is

text: classified

text: as

text: medical

text: emergency

text: lumbar

text: puncture

text: diagnoses

text: or

text: excludes

text: meningitis

text: needle

text: is

text: inserted

text: into

text: the

text: spinal

text: canal

text: to

text: collect

text: sample

text: of

text: cerebrospinal

text: fluid

text: CSF

text: that

text: envelops

text: the

text: brain

text: and

text: spinal

text: cord

text: The

text: CSF

text: is

text: examined

text: in

text: medical

text: laboratory

text: Some

text: forms

text: of

text: meningitis

text: are

text: preventable

text: by

text: immunization

text: with

text: the

text: meningococcal

text: mumps

text: pneumococcal

text: and

text: Hib

text: vaccines

text: Giving

text: antibiotics

text: to

text: people

text: with

text: significant

text: exposure

text: to

text: certain

text: types

text: of

text: meningitis

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: useful

text: The

text: first

text: treatment

text: in

text: acute

text: meningitis

text: consists

text: of

text: promptly

text: giving

text: antibiotics

text: and

text: sometimes

text: antiviral

text: drugs

text: Corticosteroids

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: prevent

text: complications

text: from

text: excessive

text: inflammation

text: Meningitis

text: can

text: lead

text: to

text: serious

text: long

text: term

text: consequences

text: such

text: as

text: deafness

text: epilepsy

text: hydrocephalus

text: or

text: cognitive

text: deficits

text: especially

text: if

text: not

text: treated

text: quickly

text: In

text: meningitis

text: occurred

text: in

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: worldwide

text: This

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: down

text: from

text: deaths

text: in

text: With

text: appropriate

text: treatment

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: death

text: in

text: bacterial

text: meningitis

text: is

text: less

text: than

text: Outbreaks

text: of

text: bacterial

text: meningitis

text: occur

text: between

text: December

text: and

text: June

text: each

text: year

text: in

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: meningitis

text: belt

text: Smaller

text: outbreaks

text: may

text: also

text: occur

text: in

text: other

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: word

text: meningitis

text: is

text: from

text: Greek

text: méninx

text: membrane

text: and

text: the

text: medical

text: suffix

text: -itis

text: inflammation

text: Lentivirus ("lente-", Latin for ""slow"") is a genus of retroviruses that cause chronic and deadly diseases characterized by long incubation periods, in man and other mammalian species. The best known lentivirus is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV, which causes AIDS. Lentiviruses are also hosted in apes, cows, goats, horses, cats, and sheep. Recently, lentiviruses have been found in monkeys, lemurs, Malayan flying lemur (not a true lemur nor a primate), rabbits, and ferrets. Lentiviruses and their hosts have worldwide distribution. Lentiviruses can integrate a significant amount of viral RNA into the DNA of the host cell and can efficiently infect nondividing cells, so they are one of the most efficient methods of gene delivery. Lentiviruses can become endogenous (ERV), integrating their genome into the host germline genome, so that the virus is henceforth inherited by the host's descendants.

text: Lentivirus

text: lente-

text: Latin

text: for

text: slow

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: retroviruses

text: that

text: cause

text: chronic

text: and

text: deadly

text: diseases

text: characterized

text: by

text: long

text: incubation

text: periods

text: in

text: man

text: and

text: other

text: mammalian

text: species

text: The

text: best

text: known

text: lentivirus

text: is

text: the

text: Human

text: Immunodeficiency

text: Virus

text: HIV

text: which

text: causes

text: AIDS

text: Lentiviruses

text: are

text: also

text: hosted

text: in

text: apes

text: cows

text: goats

text: horses

text: cats

text: and

text: sheep

text: Recently

text: lentiviruses

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: in

text: monkeys

text: lemurs

text: Malayan

text: flying

text: lemur

text: not

text: true

text: lemur

text: nor

text: primate

text: rabbits

text: and

text: ferrets

text: Lentiviruses

text: and

text: their

text: hosts

text: have

text: worldwide

text: distribution

text: Lentiviruses

text: can

text: integrate

text: significant

text: amount

text: of

text: viral

text: RNA

text: into

text: the

text: DNA

text: of

text: the

text: host

text: cell

text: and

text: can

text: efficiently

text: infect

text: nondividing

text: cells

text: so

text: they

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: efficient

text: methods

text: of

text: gene

text: delivery

text: Lentiviruses

text: can

text: become

text: endogenous

text: ERV

text: integrating

text: their

text: genome

text: into

text: the

text: host

text: germline

text: genome

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: virus

text: is

text: henceforth

text: inherited

text: by

text: the

text: host

text: 's

text: descendants

text:
Stroke is when poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. They result in part of the brain not functioning properly. Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include an inability to move or feel on one side of the body, problems understanding or speaking, feeling like the world is spinning, or loss of vision to one side. Signs and symptoms often appear soon after the stroke has occurred. If symptoms last less than one or two hours it is known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or mini-stroke. A hemorrhagic stroke may also be associated with a severe headache. The symptoms of a stroke can be permanent. Long-term complications may include pneumonia or loss of bladder control.
The main risk factor for stroke is high blood pressure. Other risk factors include tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, previous TIA, and atrial fibrillation. An ischemic stroke is typically caused by blockage of a blood vessel, though there are also less common causes. A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by either bleeding directly into the brain or into the space between the brain's membranes. Bleeding may occur due to a ruptured brain aneurysm. Diagnosis is typically with medical imaging such as a CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan along with a physical exam. Other tests such as an electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood tests are done to determine risk factors and rule out other possible causes. Low blood sugar may cause similar symptoms.
Prevention includes decreasing risk factors, as well as possibly aspirin, statins, surgery to open up the arteries to the brain in those with problematic narrowing, and warfarin in those with atrial fibrillation. A stroke or TIA often requires emergency care. An ischemic stroke, if detected within three to four and half hours, may be treatable with a medication that can break down the clot. Aspirin should be used. Some hemorrhagic strokes benefit from surgery. Treatment to try recover lost function is called stroke rehabilitation and ideally takes place in a stroke unit; however, these are not available in much of the world.
In 2013 approximately 6.9 million people had an ischemic stroke and 3.4 million people had a hemorrhagic stroke. In 2010 there were about 33 million people who had previously had a stroke and were still alive. Between 1990 and 2010 the number of strokes which occurred each year decreased by approximately 10% in the developed world and increased by 10% in the developing world. In 2013, stroke was the second most frequent cause of death after coronary artery disease, accounting for 6.4 million deaths (12% of the total). About 3.3 million deaths resulted from ischemic stroke while 3.2 million deaths resulted from hemorrhagic stroke. About half of people who have had a stroke live less than one year. Overall, two thirds of strokes occurred in those over 65 years old.

text: Stroke

text: is

text: when

text: poor

text: blood

text: flow

text: to

text: the

text: brain

text: results

text: in

text: cell

text: death

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: stroke

text: ischemic

text: due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: blood

text: flow

text: and

text: hemorrhagic

text: due

text: to

text: bleeding

text: They

text: result

text: in

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: not

text: functioning

text: properly

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: of

text: stroke

text: may

text: include

text: an

text: inability

text: to

text: move

text: or

text: feel

text: on

text: one

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: problems

text: understanding

text: or

text: speaking

text: feeling

text: like

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: spinning

text: or

text: loss

text: of

text: vision

text: to

text: one

text: side

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: often

text: appear

text: soon

text: after

text: the

text: stroke

text: has

text: occurred

text: If

text: symptoms

text: last

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: or

text: two

text: hours

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: transient

text: ischemic

text: attack

text: TIA

text: or

text: mini

text: stroke

text: hemorrhagic

text: stroke

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: associated

text: with

text: severe

text: headache

text: The

text: symptoms

text: of

text: stroke

text: can

text: be

text: permanent

text: Long

text: term

text: complications

text: may

text: include

text: pneumonia

text: or

text: loss

text: of

text: bladder

text: control

text: The

text: main

text: risk

text: factor

text: for

text: stroke

text: is

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: Other

text: risk

text: factors

text: include

text: tobacco

text: smoking

text: obesity

text: high

text: blood

text: cholesterol

text: diabetes

text: mellitus

text: previous

text: TIA

text: and

text: atrial

text: fibrillation

text: An

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: is

text: typically

text: caused

text: by

text: blockage

text: of

text: blood

text: vessel

text: though

text: there

text: are

text: also

text: less

text: common

text: causes

text: hemorrhagic

text: stroke

text: is

text: caused

text: by

text: either

text: bleeding

text: directly

text: into

text: the

text: brain

text: or

text: into

text: the

text: space

text: between

text: the

text: brain

text: 's

text: membranes

text: Bleeding

text: may

text: occur

text: due

text: to

text: ruptured

text: brain

text: aneurysm

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: typically

text: with

text: medical

text: imaging

text: such

text: as

text: CT

text: scan

text: or

text: magnetic

text: resonance

text: imaging

text: MRI

text: scan

text: along

text: with

text: physical

text: exam

text: Other

text: tests

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: electrocardiogram

text: ECG

text: and

text: blood

text: tests

text: are

text: done

text: to

text: determine

text: risk

text: factors

text: and

text: rule

text: out

text: other

text: possible

text: causes

text: Low

text: blood

text: sugar

text: may

text: cause

text: similar

text: symptoms

text: Prevention

text: includes

text: decreasing

text: risk

text: factors

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: possibly

text: aspirin

text: statins

text: surgery

text: to

text: open

text: up

text: the

text: arteries

text: to

text: the

text: brain

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: problematic

text: narrowing

text: and

text: warfarin

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: atrial

text: fibrillation

text: stroke

text: or

text: TIA

text: often

text: requires

text: emergency

text: care

text: An

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: if

text: detected

text: within

text: three

text: to

text: four

text: and

text: half

text: hours

text: may

text: be

text: treatable

text: with

text: medication

text: that

text: can

text: break

text: down

text: the

text: clot

text: Aspirin

text: should

text: be

text: used

text: Some

text: hemorrhagic

text: strokes

text: benefit

text: from

text: surgery

text: Treatment

text: to

text: try

text: recover

text: lost

text: function

text: is

text: called

text: stroke

text: rehabilitation

text: and

text: ideally

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: stroke

text: unit

text: however

text: these

text: are

text: not

text: available

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: had

text: an

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: and

text: million

text: people

text: had

text: hemorrhagic

text: stroke

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: who

text: had

text: previously

text: had

text: stroke

text: and

text: were

text: still

text: alive

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: strokes

text: which

text: occurred

text: each

text: year

text: decreased

text: by

text: approximately

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: and

text: increased

text: by

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: In

text: stroke

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: frequent

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: after

text: coronary

text: artery

text: disease

text: accounting

text: for

text: million

text: deaths

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: About

text: million

text: deaths

text: resulted

text: from

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: while

text: million

text: deaths

text: resulted

text: from

text: hemorrhagic

text: stroke

text: About

text: half

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: have

text: had

text: stroke

text: live

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: year

text: Overall

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: strokes

text: occurred

text: in

text: those

text: over

text: years

text: old

text:
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a medical condition characterised by chronic widespread pain and a heightened pain response to pressure. Other symptoms include feeling tired to a degree that normal activities are affected, sleep problems, and troubles with memory. Some people also report restless legs syndrome, bowel or bladder problems, numbness and tingling, and sensitivity to noise, lights or temperature. Fibromyalgia is frequently associated with depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Other types of chronic pain are also frequently present.
The cause of fibromyalgia is unknown; however, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors with half the risk attributed to each. The condition runs in families and many genes are believed to be involved. Environmental factors may include psychological stress, trauma, and certain infections. The pain appears to result from processes in the central nervous system and the condition is referred to as a "central sensitization syndrome". Fibromyalgia is recognized as a disorder by the US National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology. There is no specific diagnostic test. Diagnosis involves first ruling out other potential causes and verifying that a set number of symptoms are present.
The treatment of fibromyalgia can be difficult. Recommendations often include getting enough sleep, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet. Cognitive behavioral therapy may also be helpful. The medications duloxetine, milnacipran, or pregabalin may be used. Use of opioid pain medication is controversial with some stating their use is poorly supported by evidence and others saying that weak opioids may be reasonable if other medications are not effective. Dietary supplements also lack evidence to support their use. While fibromyalgia can last a long time, it does not result in death or tissue damage.
Fibromyalgia is estimated to affect 28% of the population. Females are affected about twice as often as males. Rates appear similar in different areas of the world and among different cultures. Fibromyalgia was first defined in 1990 with updated criteria in 2011. There is controversy about the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of fibromyalgia. While some feel the diagnosis of fibromyalgia may negatively affect a person, other research finds it to be beneficial. The term "fibromyalgia" is from New Latin, "fibro-", meaning "fibrous tissues", Greek  "myo-", "muscle", and Greek  "algos", "pain"; thus the term literally means "muscle and fibrous connective tissue pain".

text: Fibromyalgia

text: FM

text: is

text: medical

text: condition

text: characterised

text: by

text: chronic

text: widespread

text: pain

text: and

text: heightened

text: pain

text: response

text: to

text: pressure

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: include

text: feeling

text: tired

text: to

text: degree

text: that

text: normal

text: activities

text: are

text: affected

text: sleep

text: problems

text: and

text: troubles

text: with

text: memory

text: Some

text: people

text: also

text: report

text: restless

text: legs

text: syndrome

text: bowel

text: or

text: bladder

text: problems

text: numbness

text: and

text: tingling

text: and

text: sensitivity

text: to

text: noise

text: lights

text: or

text: temperature

text: Fibromyalgia

text: is

text: frequently

text: associated

text: with

text: depression

text: anxiety

text: and

text: posttraumatic

text: stress

text: disorder

text: Other

text: types

text: of

text: chronic

text: pain

text: are

text: also

text: frequently

text: present

text: The

text: cause

text: of

text: fibromyalgia

text: is

text: unknown

text: however

text: it

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: involve

text: combination

text: of

text: genetic

text: and

text: environmental

text: factors

text: with

text: half

text: the

text: risk

text: attributed

text: to

text: each

text: The

text: condition

text: runs

text: in

text: families

text: and

text: many

text: genes

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: involved

text: Environmental

text: factors

text: may

text: include

text: psychological

text: stress

text: trauma

text: and

text: certain

text: infections

text: The

text: pain

text: appears

text: to

text: result

text: from

text: processes

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: nervous

text: system

text: and

text: the

text: condition

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: central

text: sensitization

text: syndrome

text: Fibromyalgia

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: disorder

text: by

text: the

text: US

text: National

text: Institutes

text: of

text: Health

text: and

text: the

text: American

text: College

text: of

text: Rheumatology

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: specific

text: diagnostic

text: test

text: Diagnosis

text: involves

text: first

text: ruling

text: out

text: other

text: potential

text: causes

text: and

text: verifying

text: that

text: set

text: number

text: of

text: symptoms

text: are

text: present

text: The

text: treatment

text: of

text: fibromyalgia

text: can

text: be

text: difficult

text: Recommendations

text: often

text: include

text: getting

text: enough

text: sleep

text: exercising

text: regularly

text: and

text: eating

text: healthy

text: diet

text: Cognitive

text: behavioral

text: therapy

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: helpful

text: The

text: medications

text: duloxetine

text: milnacipran

text: or

text: pregabalin

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: Use

text: of

text: opioid

text: pain

text: medication

text: is

text: controversial

text: with

text: some

text: stating

text: their

text: use

text: is

text: poorly

text: supported

text: by

text: evidence

text: and

text: others

text: saying

text: that

text: weak

text: opioids

text: may

text: be

text: reasonable

text: if

text: other

text: medications

text: are

text: not

text: effective

text: Dietary

text: supplements

text: also

text: lack

text: evidence

text: to

text: support

text: their

text: use

text: While

text: fibromyalgia

text: can

text: last

text: long

text: time

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: result

text: in

text: death

text: or

text: tissue

text: damage

text: Fibromyalgia

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: affect

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: Females

text: are

text: affected

text: about

text: twice

text: as

text: often

text: as

text: males

text: Rates

text: appear

text: similar

text: in

text: different

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: among

text: different

text: cultures

text: Fibromyalgia

text: was

text: first

text: defined

text: in

text: with

text: updated

text: criteria

text: in

text: There

text: is

text: controversy

text: about

text: the

text: classification

text: diagnosis

text: and

text: treatment

text: of

text: fibromyalgia

text: While

text: some

text: feel

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: of

text: fibromyalgia

text: may

text: negatively

text: affect

text: person

text: other

text: research

text: finds

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: beneficial

text: The

text: term

text: fibromyalgia

text: is

text: from

text: New

text: Latin

text: fibro-

text: meaning

text: fibrous

text: tissues

text: Greek

text: myo-

text: muscle

text: and

text: Greek

text: algos

text: pain

text: thus

text: the

text: term

text: literally

text: means

text: muscle

text: and

text: fibrous

text: connective

text: tissue

text: pain

text: Retroviral integrase (IN) is an enzyme produced by a retrovirus (such as HIV) that enables its genetic material to be integrated into the DNA of the infected cell. Retroviral INs are not to be confused with phage integrases, such as  phage integrase (Int) (see site-specific recombination).

text: Retroviral

text: integrase

text: IN

text: is

text: an

text: enzyme

text: produced

text: by

text: retrovirus

text: such

text: as

text: HIV

text: that

text: enables

text: its

text: genetic

text: material

text: to

text: be

text: integrated

text: into

text: the

text: DNA

text: of

text: the

text: infected

text: cell

text: Retroviral

text: INs

text: are

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: phage

text: integrases

text: such

text: as

text: phage

text: integrase

text: Int

text: see

text: site

text: specific

text: recombination

text:
Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In some types other organs are also affected. Onset can be gradual or sudden.
There are over 100 types of arthritis. The most common forms are osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis usually occurs with age and affects the fingers, knees, and hips. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that often affects the hands and feet. Other types include gout, lupus, fibromyalgia, and septic arthritis. They are all types of rheumatic disease.
Treatment may include resting the joint and alternating between applying ice and heat. Weight loss and exercise may also be useful. Pain medications such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) may be used. In some a joint replacement may be useful.
Osteoarthritis affects more than 3.8% of people while rheumatoid arthritis affects about 0.24% of people. Gout affects about 1 to 2% of the Western population at some point in their lives. In Australia about 15% of people are affected, while in the United States more than 20% of have a type of arthritis. Overall the disease becomes more common with age. Arthritis is a common reason that people miss work and can result in a decreased quality of life. The term is from Greek "arthro-" meaning joint and "-itis" meaning inflammation.

text: Arthritis

text: is

text: term

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: mean

text: any

text: disorder

text: that

text: affects

text: joints

text: Symptoms

text: generally

text: include

text: joint

text: pain

text: and

text: stiffness

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: redness

text: warmth

text: swelling

text: and

text: decreased

text: range

text: of

text: motion

text: of

text: the

text: affected

text: joints

text: In

text: some

text: types

text: other

text: organs

text: are

text: also

text: affected

text: Onset

text: can

text: be

text: gradual

text: or

text: sudden

text: There

text: are

text: over

text: types

text: of

text: arthritis

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: forms

text: are

text: osteoarthritis

text: degenerative

text: joint

text: disease

text: and

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: Osteoarthritis

text: usually

text: occurs

text: with

text: age

text: and

text: affects

text: the

text: fingers

text: knees

text: and

text: hips

text: Rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: is

text: an

text: autoimmune

text: disorder

text: that

text: often

text: affects

text: the

text: hands

text: and

text: feet

text: Other

text: types

text: include

text: gout

text: lupus

text: fibromyalgia

text: and

text: septic

text: arthritis

text: They

text: are

text: all

text: types

text: of

text: rheumatic

text: disease

text: Treatment

text: may

text: include

text: resting

text: the

text: joint

text: and

text: alternating

text: between

text: applying

text: ice

text: and

text: heat

text: Weight

text: loss

text: and

text: exercise

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: useful

text: Pain

text: medications

text: such

text: as

text: ibuprofen

text: and

text: paracetamol

text: acetaminophen

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: In

text: some

text: joint

text: replacement

text: may

text: be

text: useful

text: Osteoarthritis

text: affects

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: people

text: while

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: affects

text: about

text: of

text: people

text: Gout

text: affects

text: about

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: population

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: in

text: their

text: lives

text: In

text: Australia

text: about

text: of

text: people

text: are

text: affected

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: have

text: type

text: of

text: arthritis

text: Overall

text: the

text: disease

text: becomes

text: more

text: common

text: with

text: age

text: Arthritis

text: is

text: common

text: reason

text: that

text: people

text: miss

text: work

text: and

text: can

text: result

text: in

text: decreased

text: quality

text: of

text: life

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: from

text: Greek

text: arthro-

text: meaning

text: joint

text: and

text: -itis

text: meaning

text: inflammation

text:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. Pain and stiffness often worsen following rest. Most commonly, the wrist and hands are involved, with the same joints typically involved on both sides of the body. The disease may also affect other parts of the body. This may result in a low red blood cell count, inflammation around the lungs, and inflammation around the heart. Fever and low energy may also be present. Often, symptoms come on gradually over weeks to months.
While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism involves the body's immune system attacking the joints. This results in inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule. It also affects the underlying bone and cartilage. The diagnosis is made mostly on the basis of a person's signs and symptoms. X-rays and laboratory testing may support a diagnosis or exclude other diseases with similar symptoms. Other diseases that may present similarly include systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, and fibromyalgia among others.
The goal of treatment is to reduce pain, decrease inflammation, and improve a person's overall functioning. This may be helped by balancing rest and exercise, the use of splints and braces, or the use of assistive devices. Pain medications, steroids, and NSAIDs are frequently used to help with symptoms. A group of medications called disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate, may be used to try to slow the progression of disease. Biological DMARDs may be used when disease does not respond to other treatments. However, they may have a greater rate of adverse effects. Surgery to repair, replace, or fuse joints may help in certain situations. Most alternative medicine treatments are not supported by evidence.
RA affects between 0.5 and 1% of adults in the developed world with between 5 and 50 per 100,000 people newly developing the condition each year. Onset is most frequent during middle age and women are affected 2.5 times as frequently as men. In 2013, it resulted in 38,000 deaths up from 28,000 deaths in 1990. The first recognized description of RA was made in 1800 by Dr. Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais (17721840) of Paris. The term "rheumatoid arthritis" is based on the Greek for watery and inflamed joints.
Signs and symptoms.
RA primarily affects joints, but it also affects other organs in more than 1525% of individuals.

text: Rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: RA

text: is

text: long

text: term

text: autoimmune

text: disorder

text: that

text: primarily

text: affects

text: joints

text: It

text: typically

text: results

text: in

text: warm

text: swollen

text: and

text: painful

text: joints

text: Pain

text: and

text: stiffness

text: often

text: worsen

text: following

text: rest

text: Most

text: commonly

text: the

text: wrist

text: and

text: hands

text: are

text: involved

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: joints

text: typically

text: involved

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: The

text: disease

text: may

text: also

text: affect

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: This

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: low

text: red

text: blood

text: cell

text: count

text: inflammation

text: around

text: the

text: lungs

text: and

text: inflammation

text: around

text: the

text: heart

text: Fever

text: and

text: low

text: energy

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: present

text: Often

text: symptoms

text: come

text: on

text: gradually

text: over

text: weeks

text: to

text: months

text: While

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: is

text: not

text: clear

text: it

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: involve

text: combination

text: of

text: genetic

text: and

text: environmental

text: factors

text: The

text: underlying

text: mechanism

text: involves

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: immune

text: system

text: attacking

text: the

text: joints

text: This

text: results

text: in

text: inflammation

text: and

text: thickening

text: of

text: the

text: joint

text: capsule

text: It

text: also

text: affects

text: the

text: underlying

text: bone

text: and

text: cartilage

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: made

text: mostly

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: person

text: 's

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: rays

text: and

text: laboratory

text: testing

text: may

text: support

text: diagnosis

text: or

text: exclude

text: other

text: diseases

text: with

text: similar

text: symptoms

text: Other

text: diseases

text: that

text: may

text: present

text: similarly

text: include

text: systemic

text: lupus

text: erythematosus

text: psoriatic

text: arthritis

text: and

text: fibromyalgia

text: among

text: others

text: The

text: goal

text: of

text: treatment

text: is

text: to

text: reduce

text: pain

text: decrease

text: inflammation

text: and

text: improve

text: person

text: 's

text: overall

text: functioning

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: helped

text: by

text: balancing

text: rest

text: and

text: exercise

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: splints

text: and

text: braces

text: or

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: assistive

text: devices

text: Pain

text: medications

text: steroids

text: and

text: NSAIDs

text: are

text: frequently

text: used

text: to

text: help

text: with

text: symptoms

text: group

text: of

text: medications

text: called

text: disease

text: modifying

text: antirheumatic

text: drugs

text: DMARDs

text: such

text: as

text: hydroxychloroquine

text: and

text: methotrexate

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: slow

text: the

text: progression

text: of

text: disease

text: Biological

text: DMARDs

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: when

text: disease

text: does

text: not

text: respond

text: to

text: other

text: treatments

text: However

text: they

text: may

text: have

text: greater

text: rate

text: of

text: adverse

text: effects

text: Surgery

text: to

text: repair

text: replace

text: or

text: fuse

text: joints

text: may

text: help

text: in

text: certain

text: situations

text: Most

text: alternative

text: medicine

text: treatments

text: are

text: not

text: supported

text: by

text: evidence

text: RA

text: affects

text: between

text: and

text: of

text: adults

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: with

text: between

text: and

text: per

text: people

text: newly

text: developing

text: the

text: condition

text: each

text: year

text: Onset

text: is

text: most

text: frequent

text: during

text: middle

text: age

text: and

text: women

text: are

text: affected

text: times

text: as

text: frequently

text: as

text: men

text: In

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: up

text: from

text: deaths

text: in

text: The

text: first

text: recognized

text: description

text: of

text: RA

text: was

text: made

text: in

text: by

text: Dr.

text: Augustin

text: Jacob

text: Landré

text: Beauvais

text: of

text: Paris

text: The

text: term

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: Greek

text: for

text: watery

text: and

text: inflamed

text: joints

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: RA

text: primarily

text: affects

text: joints

text: but

text: it

text: also

text: affects

text: other

text: organs

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: individuals

text: Encephalitis is a sudden onset inflammation of the brain. Encephalitis with meningitis is known as meningoencephalitis. Symptoms include headache, fever, confusion, drowsiness, and fatigue. Further symptoms include seizures or convulsions, tremors, hallucinations, stroke, and memory problems. In 2013, encephalitis was estimated to have resulted in 77,000 deaths worldwide, down from 92,000 in 1990. The word is from Ancient Greek , "enképhalos" "brain", composed of , "en", "in" and , "kephalé", "head", and the medical suffix "-itis" "inflammation".

text: Encephalitis

text: is

text: sudden

text: onset

text: inflammation

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: Encephalitis

text: with

text: meningitis

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: meningoencephalitis

text: Symptoms

text: include

text: headache

text: fever

text: confusion

text: drowsiness

text: and

text: fatigue

text: Further

text: symptoms

text: include

text: seizures

text: or

text: convulsions

text: tremors

text: hallucinations

text: stroke

text: and

text: memory

text: problems

text: In

text: encephalitis

text: was

text: estimated

text: to

text: have

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: worldwide

text: down

text: from

text: in

text: The

text: word

text: is

text: from

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: enképhalos

text: brain

text: composed

text: of

text: en

text: in

text: and

text: kephalé

text: head

text: and

text: the

text: medical

text: suffix

text: -itis

text: inflammation

text: A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed "reverse transcription". It is mainly associated with retroviruses. However, non-retroviruses also use RT (for example, the hepatitis B virus, a member of the Hepadnaviridae, which are dsDNA-RT viruses, while retroviruses are ssRNA viruses). RT inhibitors are widely used as antiretroviral drugs. RT activities are also associated with the replication of chromosome ends (telomerase) and some mobile genetic elements (retrotransposons).

text: reverse

text: transcriptase

text: RT

text: is

text: an

text: enzyme

text: used

text: to

text: generate

text: complementary

text: DNA

text: cDNA

text: from

text: an

text: RNA

text: template

text: process

text: termed

text: reverse

text: transcription

text: It

text: is

text: mainly

text: associated

text: with

text: retroviruses

text: However

text: non

text: retroviruses

text: also

text: use

text: RT

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: hepatitis

text: virus

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Hepadnaviridae

text: which

text: are

text: dsDNA

text: RT

text: viruses

text: while

text: retroviruses

text: are

text: ssRNA

text: viruses

text: RT

text: inhibitors

text: are

text: widely

text: used

text: as

text: antiretroviral

text: drugs

text: RT

text: activities

text: are

text: also

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: replication

text: of

text: chromosome

text: ends

text: telomerase

text: and

text: some

text: mobile

text: genetic

text: elements

text: retrotransposons

text: A retrovirus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with a DNA intermediate and, as an obligate parasite, targets a host cell. Once inside the host cell cytoplasm, the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome, the reverse of the usual pattern, thus "retro" (backwards). The new DNA is then incorporated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme, at which point the retroviral DNA is referred to as a provirus. The host cell then treats the viral DNA as part of its own genome, translating and transcribing the viral genes along with the cell's own genes, producing the proteins required to assemble new copies of the virus. It is difficult to detect the virus until it has infected the host. At that point, the infection will persist indefinitely.

text: retrovirus

text: is

text: single

text: stranded

text: positive

text: sense

text: RNA

text: virus

text: with

text: DNA

text: intermediate

text: and

text: as

text: an

text: obligate

text: parasite

text: targets

text: host

text: cell

text: Once

text: inside

text: the

text: host

text: cell

text: cytoplasm

text: the

text: virus

text: uses

text: its

text: own

text: reverse

text: transcriptase

text: enzyme

text: to

text: produce

text: DNA

text: from

text: its

text: RNA

text: genome

text: the

text: reverse

text: of

text: the

text: usual

text: pattern

text: thus

text: retro

text: backwards

text: The

text: new

text: DNA

text: is

text: then

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: host

text: cell

text: genome

text: by

text: an

text: integrase

text: enzyme

text: at

text: which

text: point

text: the

text: retroviral

text: DNA

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: provirus

text: The

text: host

text: cell

text: then

text: treats

text: the

text: viral

text: DNA

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: its

text: own

text: genome

text: translating

text: and

text: transcribing

text: the

text: viral

text: genes

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: cell

text: 's

text: own

text: genes

text: producing

text: the

text: proteins

text: required

text: to

text: assemble

text: new

text: copies

text: of

text: the

text: virus

text: It

text: is

text: difficult

text: to

text: detect

text: the

text: virus

text: until

text: it

text: has

text: infected

text: the

text: host

text: At

text: that

text: point

text: the

text: infection

text: will

text: persist

text: indefinitely

annotations: likely single

question: parent_taxon caprine arthritis encephalitis virus

answer: lentivirus

text: lentivirus

text: lentivirus

text: lentivirus


text: The Parliament of Canada is the federal legislative branch of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in the national capital, Ottawa, Ontario. The body consists of the Canadian monarch, represented by a viceroy, the governor general; an upper house: the Senate; and a lower house: the House of Commons. Each element has its own officers and organization. The governor general summons and appoints each of the 105 senators on the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada, while the 338 members of the House of Commonscalled "members of parliament" (MPs)are directly elected by eligible Canadian voters, with each MP representing a single electoral district, commonly referred to as a "riding".

text: The

text: Parliament

text: of

text: Canada

text: is

text: the

text: federal

text: legislative

text: branch

text: of

text: Canada

text: seated

text: at

text: Parliament

text: Hill

text: in

text: the

text: national

text: capital

text: Ottawa

text: Ontario

text: The

text: body

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: monarch

text: represented

text: by

text: viceroy

text: the

text: governor

text: general

text: an

text: upper

text: house

text: the

text: Senate

text: and

text: lower

text: house

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: Each

text: element

text: has

text: its

text: own

text: officers

text: and

text: organization

text: The

text: governor

text: general

text: summons

text: and

text: appoints

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: senators

text: on

text: the

text: advice

text: of

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: Canada

text: while

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commonscalled

text: members

text: of

text: parliament

text: MPs)are

text: directly

text: elected

text: by

text: eligible

text: Canadian

text: voters

text: with

text: each

text: MP

text: representing

text: single

text: electoral

text: district

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: riding

text: The House of Commons of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and the Senate. The House of Commons chamber is located in the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings on Parliament Hill in Ottawa.

text: The

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: of

text: Canada

text: is

text: component

text: of

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: Canada

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Sovereign

text: represented

text: by

text: the

text: Governor

text: General

text: and

text: the

text: Senate

text: The

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: chamber

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Centre

text: Block

text: of

text: the

text: Parliament

text: Buildings

text: on

text: Parliament

text: Hill

text: in

text: Ottawa

text: The 2011 Canadian federal election ( formally the 41st Canadian general election ) was held Monday , May 2 , 2011 , to elect members to the House of Commons of Canada of the 41st Canadian Parliament . The writs of election for the 2011 election were issued by Governor General David Johnston on March 26 . Prime Minister Stephen Harper advised the Governor General to dissolve parliament after the House of Commons passed a motion of non-confidence against the government , finding it to be in contempt of parliament . A few days before , the three opposition parties had rejected the government 's proposed budget . The Conservative Party remained in power , increasing its seat count from a minority to a majority government . The Liberal Party won the fewest seats in its history , and party leader Michael Ignatieff was defeated in his riding . The Bloc Québécois lost official party status for the first time since contesting general elections in 1993 . Party leader Gilles Duceppe was defeated in his riding and subsequently resigned as leader . The New Democratic Party won the largest number of seats in its history , enabling it to form the Official Opposition for the first time . The Green Party elected its first member to the House of Commons with its leader , Elizabeth May , becoming MP for Saanich -- Gulf Islands .

text: The

text: Canadian

text: federal

text: election

text: formally

text: the

text: Canadian

text: general

text: election

text: was

text: held

text: Monday

text: May

text: to

text: elect

text: members

text: to

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: of

text: Canada

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Parliament

text: The

text: writs

text: of

text: election

text: for

text: the

text: election

text: were

text: issued

text: by

text: Governor

text: General

text: David

text: Johnston

text: on

text: March

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Stephen

text: Harper

text: advised

text: the

text: Governor

text: General

text: to

text: dissolve

text: parliament

text: after

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: passed

text: motion

text: of

text: non

text: confidence

text: against

text: the

text: government

text: finding

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: contempt

text: of

text: parliament

text: few

text: days

text: before

text: the

text: three

text: opposition

text: parties

text: had

text: rejected

text: the

text: government

text: 's

text: proposed

text: budget

text: The

text: Conservative

text: Party

text: remained

text: in

text: power

text: increasing

text: its

text: seat

text: count

text: from

text: minority

text: to

text: majority

text: government

text: The

text: Liberal

text: Party

text: won

text: the

text: fewest

text: seats

text: in

text: its

text: history

text: and

text: party

text: leader

text: Michael

text: Ignatieff

text: was

text: defeated

text: in

text: his

text: riding

text: The

text: Bloc

text: Québécois

text: lost

text: official

text: party

text: status

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: since

text: contesting

text: general

text: elections

text: in

text: Party

text: leader

text: Gilles

text: Duceppe

text: was

text: defeated

text: in

text: his

text: riding

text: and

text: subsequently

text: resigned

text: as

text: leader

text: The

text: New

text: Democratic

text: Party

text: won

text: the

text: largest

text: number

text: of

text: seats

text: in

text: its

text: history

text: enabling

text: it

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: Official

text: Opposition

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: The

text: Green

text: Party

text: elected

text: its

text: first

text: member

text: to

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: with

text: its

text: leader

text: Elizabeth

text: May

text: becoming

text: MP

text: for

text: Saanich

text: Gulf

text: Islands

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: office_contested canadian federal election

answer: prime minister of canada

text: prime minister of canada


text: East Nakhalpara is name of a place at Tejgaon in Dhaka city . Its eastern part is on Nakhalpara .

text: East

text: Nakhalpara

text: is

text: name

text: of

text: place

text: at

text: Tejgaon

text: in

text: Dhaka

text: city

text: Its

text: eastern

text: part

text: is

text: on

text: Nakhalpara

text: Channel I is a privately owned television network in Bangladesh. It is owned by the Impress Group, among the largest conglomerates in Bangladesh with interests in textiles, pharmaceuticals and media.

text: Channel

text: is

text: privately

text: owned

text: television

text: network

text: in

text: Bangladesh

text: It

text: is

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: Impress

text: Group

text: among

text: the

text: largest

text: conglomerates

text: in

text: Bangladesh

text: with

text: interests

text: in

text: textiles

text: pharmaceuticals

text: and

text: media

text: Bengal (bgl; Bengali: ,  and ) is a region in Asia which is located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. Geographically, it is made up by the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta system, the largest such formation in the world; along with mountains in its north (bordering the Himalayan states) and east (bordering Northeast India and Burma).

text: Bengal

text: bgl

text: Bengali

text: and

text: is

text: region

text: in

text: Asia

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: at

text: the

text: apex

text: of

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: Geographically

text: it

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: by

text: the

text: Ganges

text: Brahmaputra

text: delta

text: system

text: the

text: largest

text: such

text: formation

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: along

text: with

text: mountains

text: in

text: its

text: north

text: bordering

text: the

text: Himalayan

text: states

text: and

text: east

text: bordering

text: Northeast

text: India

text: and

text: Burma

text: Farmgate is an important place in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. It is named so because there used to be a big farm in the area and the gate of the farm was located on the Mymensingh Road (now known as Old Airport Road). This is one of the busiest and most crowded areas of Dhaka city. From the early 1990s, the area has seen massive building and construction boom. Consequently, the area has gained commercial importance and has become one of the major transportation hubs of Dhaka from where anyone can travel to all other parts of the city as well as throughout the country. Today Farmgate has become more of a commercial area than a residential area. Neighboring places of Farmgate are Kawran Bazar, Pantapath, National Parliament, Rajabazar etc.

text: Farmgate

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: place

text: in

text: Dhaka

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: so

text: because

text: there

text: used

text: to

text: be

text: big

text: farm

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: gate

text: of

text: the

text: farm

text: was

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Mymensingh

text: Road

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: Old

text: Airport

text: Road

text: This

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: busiest

text: and

text: most

text: crowded

text: areas

text: of

text: Dhaka

text: city

text: From

text: the

text: early

text: the

text: area

text: has

text: seen

text: massive

text: building

text: and

text: construction

text: boom

text: Consequently

text: the

text: area

text: has

text: gained

text: commercial

text: importance

text: and

text: has

text: become

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: transportation

text: hubs

text: of

text: Dhaka

text: from

text: where

text: anyone

text: can

text: travel

text: to

text: all

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: throughout

text: the

text: country

text: Today

text: Farmgate

text: has

text: become

text: more

text: of

text: commercial

text: area

text: than

text: residential

text: area

text: Neighboring

text: places

text: of

text: Farmgate

text: are

text: Kawran

text: Bazar

text: Pantapath

text: National

text: Parliament

text: Rajabazar

text: etc

text: Tejkunipara is the name of a neighborhood in Tejgaon Thana of Dhaka city. It is close to the Farmgate neighborhood. Thousands of people live here. All kinds of people live here with different professions.

text: Tejkunipara

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: neighborhood

text: in

text: Tejgaon

text: Thana

text: of

text: Dhaka

text: city

text: It

text: is

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: Farmgate

text: neighborhood

text: Thousands

text: of

text: people

text: live

text: here

text: All

text: kinds

text: of

text: people

text: live

text: here

text: with

text: different

text: professions

text: Tejgaon is a thana of Dhaka District in the Division of Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is in the centre of Dhaka, the capital. In 2006, the boundaries of the thana were redrawn when Tejgaon Industrial Area Thana was created out of the former larger area and again in 2009 when Sher-e-Bangla Nagar Thana was created.

text: Tejgaon

text: is

text: thana

text: of

text: Dhaka

text: District

text: in

text: the

text: Division

text: of

text: Dhaka

text: Bangladesh

text: It

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: Dhaka

text: the

text: capital

text: In

text: the

text: boundaries

text: of

text: the

text: thana

text: were

text: redrawn

text: when

text: Tejgaon

text: Industrial

text: Area

text: Thana

text: was

text: created

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: larger

text: area

text: and

text: again

text: in

text: when

text: Sher

text: Bangla

text: Nagar

text: Thana

text: was

text: created

text: Dhaka ( , or ) is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. It is one of the world's most populated cities, with a population of 17 million people in the Greater Dhaka Area. It is also 3rd densely populated city in the world. Located in an eponymous district and division, it lies along the east bank of the Buriganga River in the heart of the Bengal delta. The city is a microcosm of the entire country, with diverse religious and ethnic communities. Dhaka is the economic, cultural and political centre of Bangladesh. Its name was romanised as Dacca until the current spelling was adopted in 1983. It is the largest city in the Bengal region. It is also a major city of South Asia and among the OIC states.

text: Dhaka

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populated

text: cities

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: Greater

text: Dhaka

text: Area

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: densely

text: populated

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Located

text: in

text: an

text: eponymous

text: district

text: and

text: division

text: it

text: lies

text: along

text: the

text: east

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Buriganga

text: River

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Bengal

text: delta

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: microcosm

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: country

text: with

text: diverse

text: religious

text: and

text: ethnic

text: communities

text: Dhaka

text: is

text: the

text: economic

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: centre

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: Its

text: name

text: was

text: romanised

text: as

text: Dacca

text: until

text: the

text: current

text: spelling

text: was

text: adopted

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Bengal

text: region

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: major

text: city

text: of

text: South

text: Asia

text: and

text: among

text: the

text: OIC

text: states

text: Bangladesh ( , "The country of Bengal"), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (  "Gônôprôjatôntri Bangladesh"), is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar (Burma). Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The country's maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area. Bangladesh is the world's eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the country's largest port.

text: Bangladesh

text: The

text: country

text: of

text: Bengal

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: Gônôprôjatôntri

text: Bangladesh

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: India

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: Nepal

text: Bhutan

text: and

text: China

text: are

text: located

text: near

text: Bangladesh

text: but

text: do

text: not

text: share

text: border

text: with

text: it

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: maritime

text: territory

text: in

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: is

text: roughly

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: its

text: land

text: area

text: Bangladesh

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: eighth

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: Dhaka

text: is

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: followed

text: by

text: Chittagong

text: which

text: has

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: port

text: Greater Dhaka is the conurbation surrounding the Bangladeshi capital city of Dhaka, which has grown into one of the world's largest megacities, and shows a very rapid rate of expansion. Dhaka not only grows because it is the capital and largest urban center, but also due to massive internal displacement from millions of people living in a perennially flood-prone river delta.

text: Greater

text: Dhaka

text: is

text: the

text: conurbation

text: surrounding

text: the

text: Bangladeshi

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Dhaka

text: which

text: has

text: grown

text: into

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: megacities

text: and

text: shows

text: very

text: rapid

text: rate

text: of

text: expansion

text: Dhaka

text: not

text: only

text: grows

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: urban

text: center

text: but

text: also

text: due

text: to

text: massive

text: internal

text: displacement

text: from

text: millions

text: of

text: people

text: living

text: in

text: perennially

text: flood

text: prone

text: river

text: delta

text: The Buriganga River ("Buigônga" "Old Ganges") flows past the southwest outskirts of Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh. Its average depth is and its maximum depth is .

text: The

text: Buriganga

text: River

text: Buigônga

text: Old

text: Ganges

text: flows

text: past

text: the

text: southwest

text: outskirts

text: of

text: Dhaka

text: city

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: Its

text: average

text: depth

text: is

text: and

text: its

text: maximum

text: depth

text: is

text: Nakhalpara is one of the most densely populated small area in the capital city Dhaka of Bangladesh. It is located under Tejgaon Thana. Beside South: Kawran Bazar, farmgate & Tejkunipara, North: Shaheen Bag, Arjat para & Mohakhali, East: Nabisco Biscuit Factory & Channel I and West: Old Airport Road.

text: Nakhalpara

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: small

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: Dhaka

text: of

text: Bangladesh

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: under

text: Tejgaon

text: Thana

text: Beside

text: South

text: Kawran

text: Bazar

text: farmgate

text: Tejkunipara

text: North

text: Shaheen

text: Bag

text: Arjat

text: para

text: Mohakhali

text: East

text: Nabisco

text: Biscuit

text: Factory

text: Channel

text: and

text: West

text: Old

text: Airport

text: Road

annotations: follows single

question: country east nakhalpara

answer: bangladesh

text: bangladesh

text: bangladesh

text: bangladesh

text: bangladesh

text: bangladesh

text: bangladesh

text: bangladesh

text: bangladesh

text: bangladesh

text: bangladesh

text: bangladesh

text: bangladesh

text: bangladesh