text:
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce. Infectious disease, also known as transmissible disease or communicable disease, is illness resulting from an infection.
Infections are caused by infectious agents including viruses, viroids, prions, bacteria, nematodes such as parasitic roundworms and pinworms, arthropods such as ticks, mites, fleas, and lice, fungi such as ringworm, and other macroparasites such as tapeworms and other helminths.

text: Infection

text: is

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: 's

text: body

text: tissues

text: by

text: disease

text: causing

text: agents

text: their

text: multiplication

text: and

text: the

text: reaction

text: of

text: host

text: tissues

text: to

text: these

text: organisms

text: and

text: the

text: toxins

text: they

text: produce

text: Infectious

text: disease

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: transmissible

text: disease

text: or

text: communicable

text: disease

text: is

text: illness

text: resulting

text: from

text: an

text: infection

text: Infections

text: are

text: caused

text: by

text: infectious

text: agents

text: including

text: viruses

text: viroids

text: prions

text: bacteria

text: nematodes

text: such

text: as

text: parasitic

text: roundworms

text: and

text: pinworms

text: arthropods

text: such

text: as

text: ticks

text: mites

text: fleas

text: and

text: lice

text: fungi

text: such

text: as

text: ringworm

text: and

text: other

text: macroparasites

text: such

text: as

text: tapeworms

text: and

text: other

text: helminths

text:
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the "Plasmodium" type. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma, or death. Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later. In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria.
The disease is most commonly transmitted by an infected female "Anopheles" mosquito. The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito's saliva into a person's blood. The parasites travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce. Five species of "Plasmodium" can infect and be spread by humans. Most deaths are caused by "P. falciparum" because "P. vivax", "P. ovale", and "P. malariae" generally cause a milder form of malaria. The species "P. knowlesi" rarely causes disease in humans. Malaria is typically diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood using blood films, or with antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests. Methods that use the polymerase chain reaction to detect the parasite's DNA have been developed, but are not widely used in areas where malaria is common due to their cost and complexity.
The risk of disease can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites through the use of mosquito nets and insect repellents, or with mosquito control measures such as spraying insecticides and draining standing water. Several medications are available to prevent malaria in travellers to areas where the disease is common. Occasional doses of the combination medication sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine are recommended in infants and after the first trimester of pregnancy in areas with high rates of malaria. Despite a need, no effective vaccine exists, although efforts to develop one are ongoing. The recommended treatment for malaria is a combination of antimalarial medications that includes an artemisinin. The second medication may be either mefloquine, lumefantrine, or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Quinine along with doxycycline may be used if an artemisinin is not available. It is recommended that in areas where the disease is common, malaria is confirmed if possible before treatment is started due to concerns of increasing drug resistance. Resistance among the parasites has developed to several antimalarial medications; for example, chloroquine-resistant "P. falciparum" has spread to most malarial areas, and resistance to artemisinin has become a problem in some parts of Southeast Asia.
The disease is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions that exist in a broad band around the equator. This includes much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 2015, there were 214 million cases of malaria worldwide resulting in an estimated 438,000 deaths, 90% of which occurred in Africa. Rates of disease have decreased from 2000 to 2015 by 37%, but increased from 2014 during which there were 198 million cases. Malaria is commonly associated with poverty and has a major negative effect on economic development. In Africa, it is estimated to result in losses of US$12 billion a year due to increased healthcare costs, lost ability to work, and negative effects on tourism.

text: Malaria

text: is

text: mosquito

text: borne

text: infectious

text: disease

text: affecting

text: humans

text: and

text: other

text: animals

text: caused

text: by

text: parasitic

text: protozoans

text: group

text: of

text: single

text: celled

text: microorganisms

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Plasmodium

text: type

text: Malaria

text: causes

text: symptoms

text: that

text: typically

text: include

text: fever

text: fatigue

text: vomiting

text: and

text: headaches

text: In

text: severe

text: cases

text: it

text: can

text: cause

text: yellow

text: skin

text: seizures

text: coma

text: or

text: death

text: Symptoms

text: usually

text: begin

text: ten

text: to

text: fifteen

text: days

text: after

text: being

text: bitten

text: If

text: not

text: properly

text: treated

text: people

text: may

text: have

text: recurrences

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: months

text: later

text: In

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: recently

text: survived

text: an

text: infection

text: reinfection

text: usually

text: causes

text: milder

text: symptoms

text: This

text: partial

text: resistance

text: disappears

text: over

text: months

text: to

text: years

text: if

text: the

text: person

text: has

text: no

text: continuing

text: exposure

text: to

text: malaria

text: The

text: disease

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: transmitted

text: by

text: an

text: infected

text: female

text: Anopheles

text: mosquito

text: The

text: mosquito

text: bite

text: introduces

text: the

text: parasites

text: from

text: the

text: mosquito

text: 's

text: saliva

text: into

text: person

text: 's

text: blood

text: The

text: parasites

text: travel

text: to

text: the

text: liver

text: where

text: they

text: mature

text: and

text: reproduce

text: Five

text: species

text: of

text: Plasmodium

text: can

text: infect

text: and

text: be

text: spread

text: by

text: humans

text: Most

text: deaths

text: are

text: caused

text: by

text: falciparum

text: because

text: vivax

text: ovale

text: and

text: malariae

text: generally

text: cause

text: milder

text: form

text: of

text: malaria

text: The

text: species

text: knowlesi

text: rarely

text: causes

text: disease

text: in

text: humans

text: Malaria

text: is

text: typically

text: diagnosed

text: by

text: the

text: microscopic

text: examination

text: of

text: blood

text: using

text: blood

text: films

text: or

text: with

text: antigen

text: based

text: rapid

text: diagnostic

text: tests

text: Methods

text: that

text: use

text: the

text: polymerase

text: chain

text: reaction

text: to

text: detect

text: the

text: parasite

text: 's

text: DNA

text: have

text: been

text: developed

text: but

text: are

text: not

text: widely

text: used

text: in

text: areas

text: where

text: malaria

text: is

text: common

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: cost

text: and

text: complexity

text: The

text: risk

text: of

text: disease

text: can

text: be

text: reduced

text: by

text: preventing

text: mosquito

text: bites

text: through

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: mosquito

text: nets

text: and

text: insect

text: repellents

text: or

text: with

text: mosquito

text: control

text: measures

text: such

text: as

text: spraying

text: insecticides

text: and

text: draining

text: standing

text: water

text: Several

text: medications

text: are

text: available

text: to

text: prevent

text: malaria

text: in

text: travellers

text: to

text: areas

text: where

text: the

text: disease

text: is

text: common

text: Occasional

text: doses

text: of

text: the

text: combination

text: medication

text: sulfadoxine

text: pyrimethamine

text: are

text: recommended

text: in

text: infants

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: first

text: trimester

text: of

text: pregnancy

text: in

text: areas

text: with

text: high

text: rates

text: of

text: malaria

text: Despite

text: need

text: no

text: effective

text: vaccine

text: exists

text: although

text: efforts

text: to

text: develop

text: one

text: are

text: ongoing

text: The

text: recommended

text: treatment

text: for

text: malaria

text: is

text: combination

text: of

text: antimalarial

text: medications

text: that

text: includes

text: an

text: artemisinin

text: The

text: second

text: medication

text: may

text: be

text: either

text: mefloquine

text: lumefantrine

text: or

text: sulfadoxine

text: pyrimethamine

text: Quinine

text: along

text: with

text: doxycycline

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: if

text: an

text: artemisinin

text: is

text: not

text: available

text: It

text: is

text: recommended

text: that

text: in

text: areas

text: where

text: the

text: disease

text: is

text: common

text: malaria

text: is

text: confirmed

text: if

text: possible

text: before

text: treatment

text: is

text: started

text: due

text: to

text: concerns

text: of

text: increasing

text: drug

text: resistance

text: Resistance

text: among

text: the

text: parasites

text: has

text: developed

text: to

text: several

text: antimalarial

text: medications

text: for

text: example

text: chloroquine

text: resistant

text: falciparum

text: has

text: spread

text: to

text: most

text: malarial

text: areas

text: and

text: resistance

text: to

text: artemisinin

text: has

text: become

text: problem

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: The

text: disease

text: is

text: widespread

text: in

text: the

text: tropical

text: and

text: subtropical

text: regions

text: that

text: exist

text: in

text: broad

text: band

text: around

text: the

text: equator

text: This

text: includes

text: much

text: of

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: Asia

text: and

text: Latin

text: America

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: million

text: cases

text: of

text: malaria

text: worldwide

text: resulting

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: deaths

text: of

text: which

text: occurred

text: in

text: Africa

text: Rates

text: of

text: disease

text: have

text: decreased

text: from

text: to

text: by

text: but

text: increased

text: from

text: during

text: which

text: there

text: were

text: million

text: cases

text: Malaria

text: is

text: commonly

text: associated

text: with

text: poverty

text: and

text: has

text: major

text: negative

text: effect

text: on

text: economic

text: development

text: In

text: Africa

text: it

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: result

text: in

text: losses

text: of

text: US$

text: billion

text: year

text: due

text: to

text: increased

text: healthcare

text: costs

text: lost

text: ability

text: to

text: work

text: and

text: negative

text: effects

text: on

text: tourism

text: A liver abscess is a pus-filled mass inside the liver. Common causes are abdominal infections such as appendicitis or diverticulitis due to haematogenous spread through the portal vein.

text: liver

text: abscess

text: is

text: pus

text: filled

text: mass

text: inside

text: the

text: liver

text: Common

text: causes

text: are

text: abdominal

text: infections

text: such

text: as

text: appendicitis

text: or

text: diverticulitis

text: due

text: to

text: haematogenous

text: spread

text: through

text: the

text: portal

text: vein

text:
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a group of symptomsincluding abdominal pain and changes in the pattern of bowel movements without any evidence of underlying damage. These symptoms occur over a long time, often years. It has been classified into four main types depending on if diarrhea is common, constipation is common, both are common, or neither occurs very often (IBS-D, IBS-C, IBS-M, or IBS-U respectively). IBS negatively affects quality of life and may result in missed school or work. Disorders such as anxiety, major depression, and chronic fatigue syndrome are common among people with IBS.
The causes of IBS are not clear. Theories include gutbrain axis problems, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, genetic factors, food sensitivity, and gut motility problems. Onset may be triggered by an intestinal infection, or stressful life event. IBS is a functional gastrointestinal disorder. Diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms in the absence of worrisome features. Worrisome features include onset at greater than 50 years of age, weight loss, blood in the stool, or a family history of inflammatory bowel disease. Other conditions that may present similarly include celiac disease, microscopic colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, bile acid malabsorption, and colon cancer.
There is no cure for IBS. Treatment is carried out to improve symptoms. This may including dietary changes, medication, probiotics, and counseling. Dietary measures include increasing soluble fiber intake, a gluten free diet, or a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP). The medication loperamide may be used to help with diarrhea while laxatives may be used to help with constipation. Antidepressants may improve overall symptoms and pain. Patient education and a good doctorpatient relationship are an important part of care.
About 10 to 15% of people in the developed world are believed to be affected by IBS. It is more common in South America and less common in Southeast Asia. It is twice as common in women as men and typically occurs before age 45. The condition appears to become less common with age. IBS does not affect life expectancy or lead to other serious diseases. The first description of the condition was in 1820 while the current term "irritable bowel syndrome" came into use in 1944.
Classification.
IBS can be classified as either diarrhea-predominant (IBS-D), constipation-predominant (IBS-C), or with alternating stool pattern (IBS-A) or pain-predominant. In some individuals, IBS may have an acute onset and develop after an infectious illness characterized by two or more of: fever, vomiting, diarrhea, or positive stool culture. This postinfective syndrome has consequently been termed "postinfectious IBS" (IBS-PI).

text: Irritable

text: bowel

text: syndrome

text: IBS

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: symptomsincluding

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: and

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: pattern

text: of

text: bowel

text: movements

text: without

text: any

text: evidence

text: of

text: underlying

text: damage

text: These

text: symptoms

text: occur

text: over

text: long

text: time

text: often

text: years

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: classified

text: into

text: four

text: main

text: types

text: depending

text: on

text: if

text: diarrhea

text: is

text: common

text: constipation

text: is

text: common

text: both

text: are

text: common

text: or

text: neither

text: occurs

text: very

text: often

text: IBS

text: IBS

text: IBS

text: or

text: IBS

text: respectively

text: IBS

text: negatively

text: affects

text: quality

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: missed

text: school

text: or

text: work

text: Disorders

text: such

text: as

text: anxiety

text: major

text: depression

text: and

text: chronic

text: fatigue

text: syndrome

text: are

text: common

text: among

text: people

text: with

text: IBS

text: The

text: causes

text: of

text: IBS

text: are

text: not

text: clear

text: Theories

text: include

text: gutbrain

text: axis

text: problems

text: small

text: intestinal

text: bacterial

text: overgrowth

text: genetic

text: factors

text: food

text: sensitivity

text: and

text: gut

text: motility

text: problems

text: Onset

text: may

text: be

text: triggered

text: by

text: an

text: intestinal

text: infection

text: or

text: stressful

text: life

text: event

text: IBS

text: is

text: functional

text: gastrointestinal

text: disorder

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: in

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: worrisome

text: features

text: Worrisome

text: features

text: include

text: onset

text: at

text: greater

text: than

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: weight

text: loss

text: blood

text: in

text: the

text: stool

text: or

text: family

text: history

text: of

text: inflammatory

text: bowel

text: disease

text: Other

text: conditions

text: that

text: may

text: present

text: similarly

text: include

text: celiac

text: disease

text: microscopic

text: colitis

text: inflammatory

text: bowel

text: disease

text: bile

text: acid

text: malabsorption

text: and

text: colon

text: cancer

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: cure

text: for

text: IBS

text: Treatment

text: is

text: carried

text: out

text: to

text: improve

text: symptoms

text: This

text: may

text: including

text: dietary

text: changes

text: medication

text: probiotics

text: and

text: counseling

text: Dietary

text: measures

text: include

text: increasing

text: soluble

text: fiber

text: intake

text: gluten

text: free

text: diet

text: or

text: diet

text: low

text: in

text: fermentable

text: oligosaccharides

text: disaccharides

text: monosaccharides

text: and

text: polyols

text: FODMAP

text: The

text: medication

text: loperamide

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: help

text: with

text: diarrhea

text: while

text: laxatives

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: help

text: with

text: constipation

text: Antidepressants

text: may

text: improve

text: overall

text: symptoms

text: and

text: pain

text: Patient

text: education

text: and

text: good

text: doctorpatient

text: relationship

text: are

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: care

text: About

text: to

text: of

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: affected

text: by

text: IBS

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: less

text: common

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: twice

text: as

text: common

text: in

text: women

text: as

text: men

text: and

text: typically

text: occurs

text: before

text: age

text: The

text: condition

text: appears

text: to

text: become

text: less

text: common

text: with

text: age

text: IBS

text: does

text: not

text: affect

text: life

text: expectancy

text: or

text: lead

text: to

text: other

text: serious

text: diseases

text: The

text: first

text: description

text: of

text: the

text: condition

text: was

text: in

text: while

text: the

text: current

text: term

text: irritable

text: bowel

text: syndrome

text: came

text: into

text: use

text: in

text: Classification

text: IBS

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: as

text: either

text: diarrhea

text: predominant

text: IBS

text: constipation

text: predominant

text: IBS

text: or

text: with

text: alternating

text: stool

text: pattern

text: IBS

text: or

text: pain

text: predominant

text: In

text: some

text: individuals

text: IBS

text: may

text: have

text: an

text: acute

text: onset

text: and

text: develop

text: after

text: an

text: infectious

text: illness

text: characterized

text: by

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: of

text: fever

text: vomiting

text: diarrhea

text: or

text: positive

text: stool

text: culture

text: This

text: postinfective

text: syndrome

text: has

text: consequently

text: been

text: termed

text: postinfectious

text: IBS

text: IBS

text: PI

text: Rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhoeal disease among infants and young children. It is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family "Reoviridae". Nearly every child in the world is infected with rotavirus at least once by the age of five. Immunity develops with each infection, so subsequent infections are less severe; adults are rarely affected. There are eight species of this virus, referred to as A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H. "Rotavirus A", the most common species, causes more than 90% of rotavirus infections in humans.

text: Rotavirus

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: diarrhoeal

text: disease

text: among

text: infants

text: and

text: young

text: children

text: It

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: double

text: stranded

text: RNA

text: viruses

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Reoviridae

text: Nearly

text: every

text: child

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: infected

text: with

text: rotavirus

text: at

text: least

text: once

text: by

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: five

text: Immunity

text: develops

text: with

text: each

text: infection

text: so

text: subsequent

text: infections

text: are

text: less

text: severe

text: adults

text: are

text: rarely

text: affected

text: There

text: are

text: eight

text: species

text: of

text: this

text: virus

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: and

text: Rotavirus

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: species

text: causes

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: rotavirus

text: infections

text: in

text: humans

text:
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium "Vibrio cholerae". Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. Vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur. Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. This may result in sunken eyes, cold skin, decreased skin elasticity, and wrinkling of the hands and feet. The dehydration may result in the skin turning bluish. Symptoms start two hours to five days after exposure.
Cholera is caused by a number of types of "Vibrio cholerae", with some types producing more severe disease than others. It is spread mostly by unsafe water and unsafe food that has been contaminated with human feces containing the bacteria. Undercooked seafood is a common source. Humans are the only animal affected. Risk factors for the disease include poor sanitation, not enough clean drinking water, and poverty. There are concerns that rising sea levels will increase rates of disease. Cholera can be diagnosed by a stool test. A rapid dipstick test is available but is not as accurate.
Prevention involves improved sanitation and access to clean water. Cholera vaccines that are given by mouth provide reasonable protection for about six months. They have the added benefit of protecting against another type of diarrhea caused by "E. coli". The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapythe replacement of fluids with slightly sweet and salty solutions. Rice-based solutions are preferred. Zinc supplementation is useful in children. In severe cases, intravenous fluids, such as Ringer's lactate, may be required, and antibiotics may be beneficial. Testing to see which antibiotic the cholera is susceptible to can help guide the choice.
Cholera affects an estimated 35 million people worldwide and causes 58,000130,000 deaths a year as of 2010. While it is currently classified as a pandemic, it is rare in the developed world. Children are mostly affected. Cholera occurs as both outbreaks and chronically in certain areas. Areas with an ongoing risk of disease include Africa and south-east Asia. While the risk of death among those affected is usually less than 5%, it may be as high as 50% among some groups who do not have access to treatment. Historical descriptions of cholera are found as early as the 5th century BC in Sanskrit. The study of cholera by John Snow between 1849 and 1854 led to significant advances in the field of epidemiology.

text: Cholera

text: is

text: an

text: infection

text: of

text: the

text: small

text: intestine

text: by

text: some

text: strains

text: of

text: the

text: bacterium

text: Vibrio

text: cholerae

text: Symptoms

text: may

text: range

text: from

text: to

text: mild

text: to

text: severe

text: The

text: classic

text: symptom

text: is

text: large

text: amounts

text: of

text: watery

text: diarrhea

text: that

text: lasts

text: few

text: days

text: Vomiting

text: and

text: muscle

text: cramps

text: may

text: also

text: occur

text: Diarrhea

text: can

text: be

text: so

text: severe

text: that

text: it

text: leads

text: within

text: hours

text: to

text: severe

text: dehydration

text: and

text: electrolyte

text: imbalance

text: This

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: sunken

text: eyes

text: cold

text: skin

text: decreased

text: skin

text: elasticity

text: and

text: wrinkling

text: of

text: the

text: hands

text: and

text: feet

text: The

text: dehydration

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: the

text: skin

text: turning

text: bluish

text: Symptoms

text: start

text: two

text: hours

text: to

text: five

text: days

text: after

text: exposure

text: Cholera

text: is

text: caused

text: by

text: number

text: of

text: types

text: of

text: Vibrio

text: cholerae

text: with

text: some

text: types

text: producing

text: more

text: severe

text: disease

text: than

text: others

text: It

text: is

text: spread

text: mostly

text: by

text: unsafe

text: water

text: and

text: unsafe

text: food

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: contaminated

text: with

text: human

text: feces

text: containing

text: the

text: bacteria

text: Undercooked

text: seafood

text: is

text: common

text: source

text: Humans

text: are

text: the

text: only

text: animal

text: affected

text: Risk

text: factors

text: for

text: the

text: disease

text: include

text: poor

text: sanitation

text: not

text: enough

text: clean

text: drinking

text: water

text: and

text: poverty

text: There

text: are

text: concerns

text: that

text: rising

text: sea

text: levels

text: will

text: increase

text: rates

text: of

text: disease

text: Cholera

text: can

text: be

text: diagnosed

text: by

text: stool

text: test

text: rapid

text: dipstick

text: test

text: is

text: available

text: but

text: is

text: not

text: as

text: accurate

text: Prevention

text: involves

text: improved

text: sanitation

text: and

text: access

text: to

text: clean

text: water

text: Cholera

text: vaccines

text: that

text: are

text: given

text: by

text: mouth

text: provide

text: reasonable

text: protection

text: for

text: about

text: six

text: months

text: They

text: have

text: the

text: added

text: benefit

text: of

text: protecting

text: against

text: another

text: type

text: of

text: diarrhea

text: caused

text: by

text: coli

text: The

text: primary

text: treatment

text: is

text: oral

text: rehydration

text: therapythe

text: replacement

text: of

text: fluids

text: with

text: slightly

text: sweet

text: and

text: salty

text: solutions

text: Rice

text: based

text: solutions

text: are

text: preferred

text: Zinc

text: supplementation

text: is

text: useful

text: in

text: children

text: In

text: severe

text: cases

text: intravenous

text: fluids

text: such

text: as

text: Ringer

text: 's

text: lactate

text: may

text: be

text: required

text: and

text: antibiotics

text: may

text: be

text: beneficial

text: Testing

text: to

text: see

text: which

text: antibiotic

text: the

text: cholera

text: is

text: susceptible

text: to

text: can

text: help

text: guide

text: the

text: choice

text: Cholera

text: affects

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: people

text: worldwide

text: and

text: causes

text: deaths

text: year

text: as

text: of

text: While

text: it

text: is

text: currently

text: classified

text: as

text: pandemic

text: it

text: is

text: rare

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: Children

text: are

text: mostly

text: affected

text: Cholera

text: occurs

text: as

text: both

text: outbreaks

text: and

text: chronically

text: in

text: certain

text: areas

text: Areas

text: with

text: an

text: ongoing

text: risk

text: of

text: disease

text: include

text: Africa

text: and

text: south

text: east

text: Asia

text: While

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: death

text: among

text: those

text: affected

text: is

text: usually

text: less

text: than

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: among

text: some

text: groups

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: access

text: to

text: treatment

text: Historical

text: descriptions

text: of

text: cholera

text: are

text: found

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: in

text: Sanskrit

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: cholera

text: by

text: John

text: Snow

text: between

text: and

text: led

text: to

text: significant

text: advances

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: epidemiology

text:
Lactose intolerance is a condition in which people have symptoms due to the decreased ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk products. Those affected vary in the amount of lactose they can tolerate before symptoms develop. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, gas, and nausea. These typically start between half and two hours after drinking milk or eating milk products. Severity depends on the amount a person eats or drinks. It does not cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract.
Lactose intolerance is due to not enough of the enzyme lactase in the small intestines to break lactose down into glucose and galactose. There are four types: primary, secondary, developmental, and congenital. Primary lactose intolerance is when the amount of lactase decline as people age. Secondary lactose intolerance is due to injury to the small intestine such as from infection, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or other diseases. Developmental lactose intolerance may occur in premature babies and usually improves over a short period of time. Congenital lactose intolerance is an extremely rare genetic disorder in which little or no lactase is made from birth.
Diagnosis may be confirmed if symptoms resolve following eliminating lactose from the diet. Other supporting tests include a hydrogen breath test and a stool acidity test. Other conditions that may produce similar symptoms include irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. Lactose intolerance is different from a milk allergy. Management is typically by decreasing the amount of lactose in the diet or taking lactase supplements. Those affected are usually able to drink at least one cup of milk without developing significant symptoms, with greater amounts tolerated if drunk with a meal or throughout the day.
The number of people with lactose intolerance is unknown. The percentage of the population that has a decrease in lactase as they age is less than 10% in Northern Europe and as high as 95% in parts of Asia and Africa. Onset is typically in late childhood or adulthood. The ability to digest lactose into adulthood is believed to have developed among some human populations in the last 10,000 years.

text: Lactose

text: intolerance

text: is

text: condition

text: in

text: which

text: people

text: have

text: symptoms

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: decreased

text: ability

text: to

text: digest

text: lactose

text: sugar

text: found

text: in

text: milk

text: products

text: Those

text: affected

text: vary

text: in

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: lactose

text: they

text: can

text: tolerate

text: before

text: symptoms

text: develop

text: Symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: bloating

text: diarrhea

text: gas

text: and

text: nausea

text: These

text: typically

text: start

text: between

text: half

text: and

text: two

text: hours

text: after

text: drinking

text: milk

text: or

text: eating

text: milk

text: products

text: Severity

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: amount

text: person

text: eats

text: or

text: drinks

text: It

text: does

text: not

text: cause

text: damage

text: to

text: the

text: gastrointestinal

text: tract

text: Lactose

text: intolerance

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: not

text: enough

text: of

text: the

text: enzyme

text: lactase

text: in

text: the

text: small

text: intestines

text: to

text: break

text: lactose

text: down

text: into

text: glucose

text: and

text: galactose

text: There

text: are

text: four

text: types

text: primary

text: secondary

text: developmental

text: and

text: congenital

text: Primary

text: lactose

text: intolerance

text: is

text: when

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: lactase

text: decline

text: as

text: people

text: age

text: Secondary

text: lactose

text: intolerance

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: injury

text: to

text: the

text: small

text: intestine

text: such

text: as

text: from

text: infection

text: celiac

text: disease

text: inflammatory

text: bowel

text: disease

text: or

text: other

text: diseases

text: Developmental

text: lactose

text: intolerance

text: may

text: occur

text: in

text: premature

text: babies

text: and

text: usually

text: improves

text: over

text: short

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: Congenital

text: lactose

text: intolerance

text: is

text: an

text: extremely

text: rare

text: genetic

text: disorder

text: in

text: which

text: little

text: or

text: no

text: lactase

text: is

text: made

text: from

text: birth

text: Diagnosis

text: may

text: be

text: confirmed

text: if

text: symptoms

text: resolve

text: following

text: eliminating

text: lactose

text: from

text: the

text: diet

text: Other

text: supporting

text: tests

text: include

text: hydrogen

text: breath

text: test

text: and

text: stool

text: acidity

text: test

text: Other

text: conditions

text: that

text: may

text: produce

text: similar

text: symptoms

text: include

text: irritable

text: bowel

text: syndrome

text: celiac

text: disease

text: and

text: inflammatory

text: bowel

text: disease

text: Lactose

text: intolerance

text: is

text: different

text: from

text: milk

text: allergy

text: Management

text: is

text: typically

text: by

text: decreasing

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: lactose

text: in

text: the

text: diet

text: or

text: taking

text: lactase

text: supplements

text: Those

text: affected

text: are

text: usually

text: able

text: to

text: drink

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: cup

text: of

text: milk

text: without

text: developing

text: significant

text: symptoms

text: with

text: greater

text: amounts

text: tolerated

text: if

text: drunk

text: with

text: meal

text: or

text: throughout

text: the

text: day

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: with

text: lactose

text: intolerance

text: is

text: unknown

text: The

text: percentage

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: that

text: has

text: decrease

text: in

text: lactase

text: as

text: they

text: age

text: is

text: less

text: than

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: and

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: Asia

text: and

text: Africa

text: Onset

text: is

text: typically

text: in

text: late

text: childhood

text: or

text: adulthood

text: The

text: ability

text: to

text: digest

text: lactose

text: into

text: adulthood

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: developed

text: among

text: some

text: human

text: populations

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: years

text: Nitazoxanide is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic and broad-spectrum antiviral drug that is used in medicine for the treatment of various helminthic, protozoal, and viral infections. It is indicated for the treatment of infection by "Cryptosporidium parvum" and "Giardia lamblia" in immunocompetent individuals and has been repurposed for the treatment of influenza. Nitazoxanide has also been shown to have "in vitro" antiparasitic activity and clinical treatment efficacy for infections caused by other protozoa and helminths; emerging evidence suggests that it possesses efficacy in treating a number of viral infections as well.

text: Nitazoxanide

text: is

text: broad

text: spectrum

text: antiparasitic

text: and

text: broad

text: spectrum

text: antiviral

text: drug

text: that

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: medicine

text: for

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: various

text: helminthic

text: protozoal

text: and

text: viral

text: infections

text: It

text: is

text: indicated

text: for

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: infection

text: by

text: Cryptosporidium

text: parvum

text: and

text: Giardia

text: lamblia

text: in

text: immunocompetent

text: individuals

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: repurposed

text: for

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: influenza

text: Nitazoxanide

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: shown

text: to

text: have

text: in

text: vitro

text: antiparasitic

text: activity

text: and

text: clinical

text: treatment

text: efficacy

text: for

text: infections

text: caused

text: by

text: other

text: protozoa

text: and

text: helminths

text: emerging

text: evidence

text: suggests

text: that

text: it

text: possesses

text: efficacy

text: in

text: treating

text: number

text: of

text: viral

text: infections

text: as

text: well

text: Giardia lamblia, also known as Giardia intestinalis, is a flagellated parasite that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine, causing giardiasis. The parasite attaches to the epithelium by a ventral adhesive disc, and reproduces via binary fission. Giardiasis does not spread via the bloodstream, nor does it spread to other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, but remains confined to the lumen of the small intestine. "Giardia" trophozoites absorb their nutrients from the lumen of the small intestine, and are anaerobes. If the organism is split and stained, its characteristic pattern resembles the familiar "smiley face" symbol. Chief pathways of human infection include ingestion of untreated sewage, a phenomenon particularly common in many developing countries; contamination of natural waters also occurs in watersheds where intensive grazing occurs.

text: Giardia

text: lamblia

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Giardia

text: intestinalis

text: is

text: flagellated

text: parasite

text: that

text: colonizes

text: and

text: reproduces

text: in

text: the

text: small

text: intestine

text: causing

text: giardiasis

text: The

text: parasite

text: attaches

text: to

text: the

text: epithelium

text: by

text: ventral

text: adhesive

text: disc

text: and

text: reproduces

text: via

text: binary

text: fission

text: Giardiasis

text: does

text: not

text: spread

text: via

text: the

text: bloodstream

text: nor

text: does

text: it

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: gastrointestinal

text: tract

text: but

text: remains

text: confined

text: to

text: the

text: lumen

text: of

text: the

text: small

text: intestine

text: Giardia

text: trophozoites

text: absorb

text: their

text: nutrients

text: from

text: the

text: lumen

text: of

text: the

text: small

text: intestine

text: and

text: are

text: anaerobes

text: If

text: the

text: organism

text: is

text: split

text: and

text: stained

text: its

text: characteristic

text: pattern

text: resembles

text: the

text: familiar

text: smiley

text: face

text: symbol

text: Chief

text: pathways

text: of

text: human

text: infection

text: include

text: ingestion

text: of

text: untreated

text: sewage

text: phenomenon

text: particularly

text: common

text: in

text: many

text: developing

text: countries

text: contamination

text: of

text: natural

text: waters

text: also

text: occurs

text: in

text: watersheds

text: where

text: intensive

text: grazing

text: occurs

text: Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, the thin tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers most of the abdominal organs. Peritonitis may be localized or generalized, and may result from infection (often due to perforation of the intestinal tract as may occur in abdominal trauma or inflamed appendix) or from a non-infectious process.

text: Peritonitis

text: is

text: an

text: inflammation

text: of

text: the

text: peritoneum

text: the

text: thin

text: tissue

text: that

text: lines

text: the

text: inner

text: wall

text: of

text: the

text: abdomen

text: and

text: covers

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: abdominal

text: organs

text: Peritonitis

text: may

text: be

text: localized

text: or

text: generalized

text: and

text: may

text: result

text: from

text: infection

text: often

text: due

text: to

text: perforation

text: of

text: the

text: intestinal

text: tract

text: as

text: may

text: occur

text: in

text: abdominal

text: trauma

text: or

text: inflamed

text: appendix

text: or

text: from

text: non

text: infectious

text: process

text: Amoebiasis , also known as amebiasis or entamoebiasis , is an infection caused by any of the amoebas of the Entamoeba group . Symptoms are most common upon infection by Entamoeba histolytica . Amoebiasis can present with no , mild , or severe symptoms . Symptoms may include abdominal pain , mild diarrhoea , bloody diarrhea or severe colitis with tissue death and perforation . This last complication may cause peritonitis . People affected may develop anemia due to loss of blood . Invasion of the intestinal lining causes amoebic bloody diarrhea or amoebic colitis . If the parasite reaches the bloodstream it can spread through the body , most frequently ending up in the liver where it causes amoebic liver abscesses . Liver abscesses can occur without previous diarrhea . Cysts of Entamoeba can survive for up to a month in soil or for up to 45 minutes under fingernails . It is important to differentiate between amoebiasis and bacterial colitis . The preferred diagnostic method it through faecal examination under microscope , but requires a skilled microscopist and may not be reliable when excluding infection . Increased white blood cell count is present in severe cases , but not in mild ones . The most accurate test is for antibodies in the blood , but it may remain positive following treatment . Prevention of amoebiasis is by separating food and water from faeces and by proper sanitation measures . There is no vaccine . There are two treatment options depending on the location of the infection . Amoebiasis in tissues is treated with either metronidazole , tinidazole , nitazoxanide , dehydroemetine or chloroquine , while luminal infection is treated with diloxanide furoate or iodoquinoline . For treatment to be effective against all stages of the amoeba may require a combination of medications . Infections without symptoms do not require treatment but infected individuals can spread the parasite to others and treatment can be considered . Treatment of other entamoeba infections apart from E. histolytica is not needed . Amoebiasis is present all over the world . About 480 million people are infected with E. histiolytica and this results in the death of between 40,000 -- 110,000 people every year . E. dispar is more common in certain areas and symptomatic cases may be fewer than previously reported . The first case of amoebiasis was documented in 1875 and in 1891 E. histiolytica was identified resulting in the terms amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscess . Further evidence from the Philippines in 1913 found that upon ingesting cysts of E. histiolytica volunteers developed the disease . It has been known since 1903 that at least one species of non-disease causing entamoeba exist , but it was first formally recognized by the WHO in 1997 . In addition to the recognized E. dispar evidence shows there is likely another species of E. moshkovskii as well . The reason these species have n't been differentiated until recently may be because they look very similar .

text: Amoebiasis

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: amebiasis

text: or

text: entamoebiasis

text: is

text: an

text: infection

text: caused

text: by

text: any

text: of

text: the

text: amoebas

text: of

text: the

text: Entamoeba

text: group

text: Symptoms

text: are

text: most

text: common

text: upon

text: infection

text: by

text: Entamoeba

text: histolytica

text: Amoebiasis

text: can

text: present

text: with

text: no

text: mild

text: or

text: severe

text: symptoms

text: Symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: mild

text: diarrhoea

text: bloody

text: diarrhea

text: or

text: severe

text: colitis

text: with

text: tissue

text: death

text: and

text: perforation

text: This

text: last

text: complication

text: may

text: cause

text: peritonitis

text: People

text: affected

text: may

text: develop

text: anemia

text: due

text: to

text: loss

text: of

text: blood

text: Invasion

text: of

text: the

text: intestinal

text: lining

text: causes

text: amoebic

text: bloody

text: diarrhea

text: or

text: amoebic

text: colitis

text: If

text: the

text: parasite

text: reaches

text: the

text: bloodstream

text: it

text: can

text: spread

text: through

text: the

text: body

text: most

text: frequently

text: ending

text: up

text: in

text: the

text: liver

text: where

text: it

text: causes

text: amoebic

text: liver

text: abscesses

text: Liver

text: abscesses

text: can

text: occur

text: without

text: previous

text: diarrhea

text: Cysts

text: of

text: Entamoeba

text: can

text: survive

text: for

text: up

text: to

text: month

text: in

text: soil

text: or

text: for

text: up

text: to

text: minutes

text: under

text: fingernails

text: It

text: is

text: important

text: to

text: differentiate

text: between

text: amoebiasis

text: and

text: bacterial

text: colitis

text: The

text: preferred

text: diagnostic

text: method

text: it

text: through

text: faecal

text: examination

text: under

text: microscope

text: but

text: requires

text: skilled

text: microscopist

text: and

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: reliable

text: when

text: excluding

text: infection

text: Increased

text: white

text: blood

text: cell

text: count

text: is

text: present

text: in

text: severe

text: cases

text: but

text: not

text: in

text: mild

text: ones

text: The

text: most

text: accurate

text: test

text: is

text: for

text: antibodies

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: but

text: it

text: may

text: remain

text: positive

text: following

text: treatment

text: Prevention

text: of

text: amoebiasis

text: is

text: by

text: separating

text: food

text: and

text: water

text: from

text: faeces

text: and

text: by

text: proper

text: sanitation

text: measures

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: vaccine

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: treatment

text: options

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: location

text: of

text: the

text: infection

text: Amoebiasis

text: in

text: tissues

text: is

text: treated

text: with

text: either

text: metronidazole

text: tinidazole

text: nitazoxanide

text: dehydroemetine

text: or

text: chloroquine

text: while

text: luminal

text: infection

text: is

text: treated

text: with

text: diloxanide

text: furoate

text: or

text: iodoquinoline

text: For

text: treatment

text: to

text: be

text: effective

text: against

text: all

text: stages

text: of

text: the

text: amoeba

text: may

text: require

text: combination

text: of

text: medications

text: Infections

text: without

text: symptoms

text: do

text: not

text: require

text: treatment

text: but

text: infected

text: individuals

text: can

text: spread

text: the

text: parasite

text: to

text: others

text: and

text: treatment

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: Treatment

text: of

text: other

text: entamoeba

text: infections

text: apart

text: from

text: histolytica

text: is

text: not

text: needed

text: Amoebiasis

text: is

text: present

text: all

text: over

text: the

text: world

text: About

text: million

text: people

text: are

text: infected

text: with

text: histiolytica

text: and

text: this

text: results

text: in

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: between

text: people

text: every

text: year

text: dispar

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: certain

text: areas

text: and

text: symptomatic

text: cases

text: may

text: be

text: fewer

text: than

text: previously

text: reported

text: The

text: first

text: case

text: of

text: amoebiasis

text: was

text: documented

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: histiolytica

text: was

text: identified

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: terms

text: amoebic

text: dysentery

text: and

text: amoebic

text: liver

text: abscess

text: Further

text: evidence

text: from

text: the

text: Philippines

text: in

text: found

text: that

text: upon

text: ingesting

text: cysts

text: of

text: histiolytica

text: volunteers

text: developed

text: the

text: disease

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: known

text: since

text: that

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: species

text: of

text: non

text: disease

text: causing

text: entamoeba

text: exist

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: first

text: formally

text: recognized

text: by

text: the

text: WHO

text: in

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: recognized

text: dispar

text: evidence

text: shows

text: there

text: is

text: likely

text: another

text: species

text: of

text: moshkovskii

text: as

text: well

text: The

text: reason

text: these

text: species

text: have

text: n't

text: been

text: differentiated

text: until

text: recently

text: may

text: be

text: because

text: they

text: look

text: very

text: similar

text:
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progress to decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe. Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are breastfed, however, may be normal.
The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into three types: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea. The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to an infection by cholera, although this is rare in the developed world. If blood is present it is also known as dysentery. A number of non-infectious causes may also result in diarrhea, including hyperthyroidism, lactose intolerance, inflammatory bowel disease, a number of medications, and irritable bowel syndrome. In most cases, stool cultures are not required to confirm the exact cause.
Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap. Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, is the treatment of choice. Zinc tablets are also recommended. These treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years. When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfed. If commercial ORS are not available, homemade solutions may be used. In those with severe dehydration, intravenous fluids may be required. Most cases; however, can be managed well with fluids by mouth. Antibiotics, while rarely used, may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool. Loperamide may help decrease the number of bowel movements but is not recommended in those with severe disease.
About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013  down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it was the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five (0.76 million or 11%). Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age. Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development.

text: Diarrhea

text: also

text: spelled

text: diarrhoea

text: is

text: the

text: condition

text: of

text: having

text: at

text: least

text: three

text: loose

text: or

text: liquid

text: bowel

text: movements

text: each

text: day

text: It

text: often

text: lasts

text: for

text: few

text: days

text: and

text: can

text: result

text: in

text: dehydration

text: due

text: to

text: fluid

text: loss

text: Signs

text: of

text: dehydration

text: often

text: begin

text: with

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: normal

text: stretchiness

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: and

text: irritable

text: behaviour

text: This

text: can

text: progress

text: to

text: decreased

text: urination

text: loss

text: of

text: skin

text: color

text: fast

text: heart

text: rate

text: and

text: decrease

text: in

text: responsiveness

text: as

text: it

text: becomes

text: more

text: severe

text: Loose

text: but

text: non

text: watery

text: stools

text: in

text: babies

text: who

text: are

text: breastfed

text: however

text: may

text: be

text: normal

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: is

text: an

text: infection

text: of

text: the

text: intestines

text: due

text: to

text: either

text: virus

text: bacteria

text: or

text: parasite

text: condition

text: known

text: as

text: gastroenteritis

text: These

text: infections

text: are

text: often

text: acquired

text: from

text: food

text: or

text: water

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: contaminated

text: by

text: stool

text: or

text: directly

text: from

text: another

text: person

text: who

text: is

text: infected

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: types

text: short

text: duration

text: watery

text: diarrhea

text: short

text: duration

text: bloody

text: diarrhea

text: and

text: if

text: it

text: lasts

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: weeks

text: persistent

text: diarrhea

text: The

text: short

text: duration

text: watery

text: diarrhea

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: an

text: infection

text: by

text: cholera

text: although

text: this

text: is

text: rare

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: If

text: blood

text: is

text: present

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: dysentery

text: number

text: of

text: non

text: infectious

text: causes

text: may

text: also

text: result

text: in

text: diarrhea

text: including

text: hyperthyroidism

text: lactose

text: intolerance

text: inflammatory

text: bowel

text: disease

text: number

text: of

text: medications

text: and

text: irritable

text: bowel

text: syndrome

text: In

text: most

text: cases

text: stool

text: cultures

text: are

text: not

text: required

text: to

text: confirm

text: the

text: exact

text: cause

text: Prevention

text: of

text: infectious

text: diarrhea

text: is

text: by

text: improved

text: sanitation

text: clean

text: drinking

text: water

text: and

text: hand

text: washing

text: with

text: soap

text: Breastfeeding

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: six

text: months

text: is

text: also

text: recommended

text: as

text: is

text: vaccination

text: against

text: rotavirus

text: Oral

text: rehydration

text: solution

text: ORS

text: which

text: is

text: clean

text: water

text: with

text: modest

text: amounts

text: of

text: salts

text: and

text: sugar

text: is

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: choice

text: Zinc

text: tablets

text: are

text: also

text: recommended

text: These

text: treatments

text: have

text: been

text: estimated

text: to

text: have

text: saved

text: million

text: children

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: years

text: When

text: people

text: have

text: diarrhea

text: it

text: is

text: recommended

text: that

text: they

text: continue

text: to

text: eat

text: healthy

text: food

text: and

text: babies

text: continue

text: to

text: be

text: breastfed

text: If

text: commercial

text: ORS

text: are

text: not

text: available

text: homemade

text: solutions

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: In

text: those

text: with

text: severe

text: dehydration

text: intravenous

text: fluids

text: may

text: be

text: required

text: Most

text: cases

text: however

text: can

text: be

text: managed

text: well

text: with

text: fluids

text: by

text: mouth

text: Antibiotics

text: while

text: rarely

text: used

text: may

text: be

text: recommended

text: in

text: few

text: cases

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: bloody

text: diarrhea

text: and

text: high

text: fever

text: those

text: with

text: severe

text: diarrhea

text: following

text: travelling

text: and

text: those

text: who

text: grow

text: specific

text: bacteria

text: or

text: parasites

text: in

text: their

text: stool

text: Loperamide

text: may

text: help

text: decrease

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: bowel

text: movements

text: but

text: is

text: not

text: recommended

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: severe

text: disease

text: About

text: to

text: billion

text: cases

text: of

text: diarrhea

text: occur

text: per

text: year

text: It

text: is

text: most

text: common

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: where

text: young

text: children

text: get

text: diarrhea

text: on

text: average

text: three

text: times

text: year

text: Total

text: deaths

text: from

text: diarrhea

text: are

text: estimated

text: at

text: million

text: in

text: down

text: from

text: million

text: in

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: deaths

text: in

text: children

text: younger

text: than

text: five

text: million

text: or

text: Frequent

text: episodes

text: of

text: diarrhea

text: are

text: also

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: malnutrition

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: in

text: those

text: younger

text: than

text: five

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: Other

text: long

text: term

text: problems

text: that

text: can

text: result

text: include

text: stunted

text: growth

text: and

text: poor

text: intellectual

text: development

text:
Anemia, also spelled anaemia, is usually defined as a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood. It can also be defined as a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen. When anemia comes on slowly, the symptoms are often vague and may include feeling tired, weakness, shortness of breath or a poor ability to exercise. Anemia that comes on quickly often has greater symptoms, which may include confusion, feeling like one is going to pass out, loss of consciousness, or increased thirst. Anemia must be significant before a person becomes noticeably pale. Additional symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause.
There are three main types of anemia: that due to blood loss, that due to decreased red blood cell production and that due to increased red blood cell breakdown. Causes of blood loss include trauma and gastrointestinal bleeding, among others. Causes of decreased production include iron deficiency, a lack of vitamin B12, thalassemia, and a number of neoplasms of the bone marrow. Causes of increased breakdown include a number of genetic conditions such as sickle cell anemia, infections like malaria, and certain autoimmune diseases. It can also be classified based on the size of red blood cells and amount of hemoglobin in each cell. If the cells are small, it is microcytic anemia. If they are large, it is macrocytic anemia while if they are normal sized, it is normocytic anemia. Diagnosis in men is based on a hemoglobin of less than 130 to 140 g/L (13 to 14 g/dL), while in women, it must be less than 120 to 130 g/L (12 to 13 g/dL), Further testing is then required to determine the cause.
Certain groups of individuals, such as pregnant women, benefit from the use of iron pills for prevention. Dietary supplementation, without determining the specific cause, is not recommended. The use of blood transfusions is typically based on a person's signs and symptoms. In those without symptoms, they are not recommended unless hemoglobin levels are less than 60 to 80 g/L (6 to 8 g/dL). These recommendations may also apply to some people with acute bleeding. Erythropoiesis-stimulating medications are only recommended in those with severe anemia.
Anemia is the most common disorder of the blood, affecting about a quarter of the people globally. Iron-deficiency anemia affects nearly 1 billion. In 2013, anemia due to iron deficiency resulted in about 183,000 deaths  down from 213,000 deaths in 1990. It is more common in females than males, among children, during pregnancy, and in the elderly. Anemia increases costs of medical care and lowers a person's productivity through a decreased ability to work. The name is derived from "", meaning "lack of blood", from - "an-", "not" +  "haima", "blood".

text: Anemia

text: also

text: spelled

text: anaemia

text: is

text: usually

text: defined

text: as

text: decrease

text: in

text: the

text: total

text: amount

text: of

text: red

text: blood

text: cells

text: RBCs

text: or

text: hemoglobin

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: defined

text: as

text: lowered

text: ability

text: of

text: the

text: blood

text: to

text: carry

text: oxygen

text: When

text: anemia

text: comes

text: on

text: slowly

text: the

text: symptoms

text: are

text: often

text: vague

text: and

text: may

text: include

text: feeling

text: tired

text: weakness

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: or

text: poor

text: ability

text: to

text: exercise

text: Anemia

text: that

text: comes

text: on

text: quickly

text: often

text: has

text: greater

text: symptoms

text: which

text: may

text: include

text: confusion

text: feeling

text: like

text: one

text: is

text: going

text: to

text: pass

text: out

text: loss

text: of

text: consciousness

text: or

text: increased

text: thirst

text: Anemia

text: must

text: be

text: significant

text: before

text: person

text: becomes

text: noticeably

text: pale

text: Additional

text: symptoms

text: may

text: occur

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: underlying

text: cause

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: anemia

text: that

text: due

text: to

text: blood

text: loss

text: that

text: due

text: to

text: decreased

text: red

text: blood

text: cell

text: production

text: and

text: that

text: due

text: to

text: increased

text: red

text: blood

text: cell

text: breakdown

text: Causes

text: of

text: blood

text: loss

text: include

text: trauma

text: and

text: gastrointestinal

text: bleeding

text: among

text: others

text: Causes

text: of

text: decreased

text: production

text: include

text: iron

text: deficiency

text: lack

text: of

text: vitamin

text: thalassemia

text: and

text: number

text: of

text: neoplasms

text: of

text: the

text: bone

text: marrow

text: Causes

text: of

text: increased

text: breakdown

text: include

text: number

text: of

text: genetic

text: conditions

text: such

text: as

text: sickle

text: cell

text: anemia

text: infections

text: like

text: malaria

text: and

text: certain

text: autoimmune

text: diseases

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: classified

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: red

text: blood

text: cells

text: and

text: amount

text: of

text: hemoglobin

text: in

text: each

text: cell

text: If

text: the

text: cells

text: are

text: small

text: it

text: is

text: microcytic

text: anemia

text: If

text: they

text: are

text: large

text: it

text: is

text: macrocytic

text: anemia

text: while

text: if

text: they

text: are

text: normal

text: sized

text: it

text: is

text: normocytic

text: anemia

text: Diagnosis

text: in

text: men

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: hemoglobin

text: of

text: less

text: than

text: to

text: to

text: dL

text: while

text: in

text: women

text: it

text: must

text: be

text: less

text: than

text: to

text: to

text: dL

text: Further

text: testing

text: is

text: then

text: required

text: to

text: determine

text: the

text: cause

text: Certain

text: groups

text: of

text: individuals

text: such

text: as

text: pregnant

text: women

text: benefit

text: from

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: iron

text: pills

text: for

text: prevention

text: Dietary

text: supplementation

text: without

text: determining

text: the

text: specific

text: cause

text: is

text: not

text: recommended

text: The

text: use

text: of

text: blood

text: transfusions

text: is

text: typically

text: based

text: on

text: person

text: 's

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: In

text: those

text: without

text: symptoms

text: they

text: are

text: not

text: recommended

text: unless

text: hemoglobin

text: levels

text: are

text: less

text: than

text: to

text: to

text: dL

text: These

text: recommendations

text: may

text: also

text: apply

text: to

text: some

text: people

text: with

text: acute

text: bleeding

text: Erythropoiesis

text: stimulating

text: medications

text: are

text: only

text: recommended

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: severe

text: anemia

text: Anemia

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: disorder

text: of

text: the

text: blood

text: affecting

text: about

text: quarter

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: globally

text: Iron

text: deficiency

text: anemia

text: affects

text: nearly

text: billion

text: In

text: anemia

text: due

text: to

text: iron

text: deficiency

text: resulted

text: in

text: about

text: deaths

text: down

text: from

text: deaths

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: females

text: than

text: males

text: among

text: children

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: elderly

text: Anemia

text: increases

text: costs

text: of

text: medical

text: care

text: and

text: lowers

text: person

text: 's

text: productivity

text: through

text: decreased

text: ability

text: to

text: work

text: The

text: name

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: meaning

text: lack

text: of

text: blood

text: from

text: an-

text: not

text: haima

text: blood

text:
Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. Symptoms commonly include right lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite. However, approximately 40% of people do not have these typical symptoms. Severe complications of a ruptured appendix include widespread, painful inflammation of the inner lining of the abdominal wall and sepsis.
Appendicitis is caused by a blockage of the hollow portion of the appendix. This is most commonly due to a calcified "stone" made of feces. Inflamed lymphoid tissue from a viral infection, parasites, gallstone, or tumors may also cause the blockage. This blockage leads to increased pressures in the appendix, decreased blood flow to the tissues of the appendix, and bacterial growth inside the appendix causing inflammation. The combination of inflammation, reduced blood flow to the appendix and distention of the appendix causes tissue injury and tissue death. If this process is left untreated, the appendix may burst, releasing bacteria into the abdominal cavity, leading to severe abdominal pain and increased complications.
The diagnosis of appendicitis is largely based on the person's signs and symptoms. In cases where the diagnosis cannot be made based on the person's history and physical exam, close observation, radiographic imaging and laboratory tests can be helpful. The two most common imaging tests used are an ultrasound and computed tomography (CT scan). CT scan has been shown to be more accurate than ultrasound in detecting acute appendicitis. However, ultrasound may be preferred as the first imaging test in children and pregnant women because of the risks associated with radiation exposure from CT scans.
The standard treatment for acute appendicitis is surgical removal of the appendix. This may be done by an open incision in the abdomen (laparotomy) or through a few smaller incisions with the help of cameras (laparoscopy). Surgery decreases the risk of side effects or death associated with rupture of the appendix. Antibiotics may be equally effective in certain cases of non-ruptured appendicitis. It is one of the most common and significant causes of severe abdominal pain that comes on quickly worldwide. In 2013 about 16 million cases of appendicitis occurred. This resulted in 72,000 deaths globally. In the United States, appendicitis is the most common cause of acute abdominal pain requiring surgery. Each year in the United States, more than 300,000 people with appendicitis have their appendix surgically removed. Reginald Fitz is credited with being the first person to describe the condition in 1886.

text: Appendicitis

text: is

text: inflammation

text: of

text: the

text: appendix

text: Symptoms

text: commonly

text: include

text: right

text: lower

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: nausea

text: vomiting

text: and

text: decreased

text: appetite

text: However

text: approximately

text: of

text: people

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: these

text: typical

text: symptoms

text: Severe

text: complications

text: of

text: ruptured

text: appendix

text: include

text: widespread

text: painful

text: inflammation

text: of

text: the

text: inner

text: lining

text: of

text: the

text: abdominal

text: wall

text: and

text: sepsis

text: Appendicitis

text: is

text: caused

text: by

text: blockage

text: of

text: the

text: hollow

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: appendix

text: This

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: due

text: to

text: calcified

text: stone

text: made

text: of

text: feces

text: Inflamed

text: lymphoid

text: tissue

text: from

text: viral

text: infection

text: parasites

text: gallstone

text: or

text: tumors

text: may

text: also

text: cause

text: the

text: blockage

text: This

text: blockage

text: leads

text: to

text: increased

text: pressures

text: in

text: the

text: appendix

text: decreased

text: blood

text: flow

text: to

text: the

text: tissues

text: of

text: the

text: appendix

text: and

text: bacterial

text: growth

text: inside

text: the

text: appendix

text: causing

text: inflammation

text: The

text: combination

text: of

text: inflammation

text: reduced

text: blood

text: flow

text: to

text: the

text: appendix

text: and

text: distention

text: of

text: the

text: appendix

text: causes

text: tissue

text: injury

text: and

text: tissue

text: death

text: If

text: this

text: process

text: is

text: left

text: untreated

text: the

text: appendix

text: may

text: burst

text: releasing

text: bacteria

text: into

text: the

text: abdominal

text: cavity

text: leading

text: to

text: severe

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: and

text: increased

text: complications

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: of

text: appendicitis

text: is

text: largely

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: person

text: 's

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: In

text: cases

text: where

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: made

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: person

text: 's

text: history

text: and

text: physical

text: exam

text: close

text: observation

text: radiographic

text: imaging

text: and

text: laboratory

text: tests

text: can

text: be

text: helpful

text: The

text: two

text: most

text: common

text: imaging

text: tests

text: used

text: are

text: an

text: ultrasound

text: and

text: computed

text: tomography

text: CT

text: scan

text: CT

text: scan

text: has

text: been

text: shown

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: accurate

text: than

text: ultrasound

text: in

text: detecting

text: acute

text: appendicitis

text: However

text: ultrasound

text: may

text: be

text: preferred

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: imaging

text: test

text: in

text: children

text: and

text: pregnant

text: women

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: risks

text: associated

text: with

text: radiation

text: exposure

text: from

text: CT

text: scans

text: The

text: standard

text: treatment

text: for

text: acute

text: appendicitis

text: is

text: surgical

text: removal

text: of

text: the

text: appendix

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: done

text: by

text: an

text: open

text: incision

text: in

text: the

text: abdomen

text: laparotomy

text: or

text: through

text: few

text: smaller

text: incisions

text: with

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: cameras

text: laparoscopy

text: Surgery

text: decreases

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: side

text: effects

text: or

text: death

text: associated

text: with

text: rupture

text: of

text: the

text: appendix

text: Antibiotics

text: may

text: be

text: equally

text: effective

text: in

text: certain

text: cases

text: of

text: non

text: ruptured

text: appendicitis

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: and

text: significant

text: causes

text: of

text: severe

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: that

text: comes

text: on

text: quickly

text: worldwide

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: cases

text: of

text: appendicitis

text: occurred

text: This

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: globally

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: appendicitis

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: acute

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: requiring

text: surgery

text: Each

text: year

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: more

text: than

text: people

text: with

text: appendicitis

text: have

text: their

text: appendix

text: surgically

text: removed

text: Reginald

text: Fitz

text: is

text: credited

text: with

text: being

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: condition

text: in

text:
Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis is the condition that occurs due to excessive thyroid hormone of any cause and therefore includes hyperthyroidism. Some, however, use the terms interchangeably. Signs and symptoms vary between people and may include irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems, a fast heartbeat, heat intolerance, diarrhea, enlargement of the thyroid, and weight loss. Symptoms are typically less in the old and during pregnancy. An uncommon complication is thyroid storm in which an event such as an infection results in worsening symptoms such as confusion and a high temperature and often results in death. The opposite is hypothyroidism, when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.
Graves' disease is the cause of about 50% to 80% of the cases of hyperthyroidism in the United States. Other causes include multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, inflammation of the thyroid, eating too much iodine, and too much synthetic thyroid hormone. A less common cause is a pituitary adenoma. The diagnosis may be suspected based on signs and symptoms and then confirmed with blood tests. Typically blood tests show a low thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and raised T or T. Radioiodine uptake by the thyroid, thyroid scan, and TSI antibodies may help determine the cause.
Treatment depends partly on the cause and severity of disease. There are three main treatment options: radioiodine therapy, medications, and thyroid surgery. Radioiodine therapy involves taking iodine-131 by mouth which is then concentrated in and destroys the thyroid over weeks to months. The resulting hypothyroidism is treated with synthetic thyroid hormone. Medications such as beta blockers may control the symptoms, and anti-thyroid medications such as methimazole may temporarily help people while other treatments are having effect. Surgery to remove the thyroid is another option. This may be used in those with very large thyroids or when cancer is a concern. In the United States hyperthyroidism affects about 1.2% of the population. It occurs between two and ten times more often in women. Onset is commonly between 20 and 50 years of age. Overall the disease is more common in those over the age of 60 years.

text: Hyperthyroidism

text: is

text: the

text: condition

text: that

text: occurs

text: due

text: to

text: excessive

text: production

text: of

text: thyroid

text: hormone

text: by

text: the

text: thyroid

text: gland

text: Thyrotoxicosis

text: is

text: the

text: condition

text: that

text: occurs

text: due

text: to

text: excessive

text: thyroid

text: hormone

text: of

text: any

text: cause

text: and

text: therefore

text: includes

text: hyperthyroidism

text: Some

text: however

text: use

text: the

text: terms

text: interchangeably

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: vary

text: between

text: people

text: and

text: may

text: include

text: irritability

text: muscle

text: weakness

text: sleeping

text: problems

text: fast

text: heartbeat

text: heat

text: intolerance

text: diarrhea

text: enlargement

text: of

text: the

text: thyroid

text: and

text: weight

text: loss

text: Symptoms

text: are

text: typically

text: less

text: in

text: the

text: old

text: and

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: An

text: uncommon

text: complication

text: is

text: thyroid

text: storm

text: in

text: which

text: an

text: event

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: infection

text: results

text: in

text: worsening

text: symptoms

text: such

text: as

text: confusion

text: and

text: high

text: temperature

text: and

text: often

text: results

text: in

text: death

text: The

text: opposite

text: is

text: hypothyroidism

text: when

text: the

text: thyroid

text: gland

text: does

text: not

text: make

text: enough

text: thyroid

text: hormone

text: Graves

text: disease

text: is

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: about

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: cases

text: of

text: hyperthyroidism

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Other

text: causes

text: include

text: multinodular

text: goiter

text: toxic

text: adenoma

text: inflammation

text: of

text: the

text: thyroid

text: eating

text: too

text: much

text: iodine

text: and

text: too

text: much

text: synthetic

text: thyroid

text: hormone

text: less

text: common

text: cause

text: is

text: pituitary

text: adenoma

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: may

text: be

text: suspected

text: based

text: on

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: and

text: then

text: confirmed

text: with

text: blood

text: tests

text: Typically

text: blood

text: tests

text: show

text: low

text: thyroid

text: stimulating

text: hormone

text: TSH

text: and

text: raised

text: or

text: Radioiodine

text: uptake

text: by

text: the

text: thyroid

text: thyroid

text: scan

text: and

text: TSI

text: antibodies

text: may

text: help

text: determine

text: the

text: cause

text: Treatment

text: depends

text: partly

text: on

text: the

text: cause

text: and

text: severity

text: of

text: disease

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: main

text: treatment

text: options

text: radioiodine

text: therapy

text: medications

text: and

text: thyroid

text: surgery

text: Radioiodine

text: therapy

text: involves

text: taking

text: by

text: mouth

text: which

text: is

text: then

text: concentrated

text: in

text: and

text: destroys

text: the

text: thyroid

text: over

text: weeks

text: to

text: months

text: The

text: resulting

text: hypothyroidism

text: is

text: treated

text: with

text: synthetic

text: thyroid

text: hormone

text: Medications

text: such

text: as

text: beta

text: blockers

text: may

text: control

text: the

text: symptoms

text: and

text: anti

text: thyroid

text: medications

text: such

text: as

text: methimazole

text: may

text: temporarily

text: help

text: people

text: while

text: other

text: treatments

text: are

text: having

text: effect

text: Surgery

text: to

text: remove

text: the

text: thyroid

text: is

text: another

text: option

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: very

text: large

text: thyroids

text: or

text: when

text: cancer

text: is

text: concern

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: hyperthyroidism

text: affects

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: It

text: occurs

text: between

text: two

text: and

text: ten

text: times

text: more

text: often

text: in

text: women

text: Onset

text: is

text: commonly

text: between

text: and

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: Overall

text: the

text: disease

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: those

text: over

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: years

text:
Malnutrition or malnourishment is a condition that results from eating a diet in which nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems. It may involve calories, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins or minerals. Not enough nutrients is called undernutrition or undernourishment while too much is called overnutrition. Malnutrition is often used specifically to refer to undernutrition where there is not enough calories, protein, or micronutrients. If undernutrition occurs during pregnancy, or before two years of age, it may result in permanent problems with physical and mental development. Extreme undernourishment, known as starvation, may have symptoms that include: a short height, thin body, very poor energy levels, and swollen legs and abdomen. People also often get infections and are frequently cold. The symptoms of micronutrient deficiencies depend on the micronutrient that is lacking.
Undernourishment is most often due to not enough high-quality food being available to eat. This is often related to high food prices and poverty. A lack of breastfeeding may contribute, as may a number of infectious diseases such as: gastroenteritis, pneumonia, malaria, and measles, which increase nutrient requirements. There are two main types of undernutrition: protein-energy malnutrition and dietary deficiencies. Protein-energy malnutrition has two severe forms: marasmus (a lack of protein and calories) and kwashiorkor (a lack of just protein). Common micronutrient deficiencies include: a lack of iron, iodine, and vitamin A. During pregnancy, due to the body's increased need, deficiencies may become more common. In some developing countries, overnutrition in the form of obesity is beginning to present within the same communities as undernutrition. Other causes of malnutrition include anorexia nervosa and bariatric surgery.
Efforts to improve nutrition are some of the most effective forms of development aid. Breastfeeding can reduce rates of malnutrition and death in children, and efforts to promote the practice increase the rates of breastfeeding. In young children, providing food (in addition to breastmilk) between six months and two years of age improves outcomes. There is also good evidence supporting the supplementation of a number of micronutrients to women during pregnancy and among young children in the developing world. To get food to people who need it most, both delivering food and providing money so people can buy food within local markets are effective. Simply feeding students at school is insufficient. Management of severe malnutrition within the person's home with ready-to-use therapeutic foods is possible much of the time. In those who have severe malnutrition complicated by other health problems, treatment in a hospital setting is recommended. This often involves managing low blood sugar and body temperature, addressing dehydration, and gradual feeding. Routine antibiotics are usually recommended due to the high risk of infection. Longer-term measures include: improving agricultural practices, reducing poverty, improving sanitation, and the empowerment of women.
There were 793 million undernourished people in the world in 2015 (13% of the total population). This is a reduction of 216 million people since 1990 when 23% were undernourished. In 2012 it was estimated that another billion people had a lack of vitamins and minerals. In 2013, protein-energy malnutrition was estimated to have resulted in 469,000 deathsdown from 510,000 deaths in 1990. Other nutritional deficiencies, which include iodine deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, result in another 84,000 deaths. In 2010, malnutrition was the cause of 1.4% of all disability adjusted life years. About a third of deaths in children are believed to be due to undernutrition, although the deaths are rarely labelled as such. In 2010, it was estimated to have contributed to about 1.5 million deaths in women and children, though some estimate the number may be greater than 3 million. An additional 165 million children were estimated to have stunted growth from malnutrition in 2013. Undernutrition is more common in developing countries. Certain groups have higher rates of undernutrition, including womenin particular while pregnant or breastfeedingchildren under five years of age, and the elderly. In the elderly, undernutrition becomes more common due to physical, psychological, and social factors.

text: Malnutrition

text: or

text: malnourishment

text: is

text: condition

text: that

text: results

text: from

text: eating

text: diet

text: in

text: which

text: nutrients

text: are

text: either

text: not

text: enough

text: or

text: are

text: too

text: much

text: such

text: that

text: the

text: diet

text: causes

text: health

text: problems

text: It

text: may

text: involve

text: calories

text: protein

text: carbohydrates

text: vitamins

text: or

text: minerals

text: Not

text: enough

text: nutrients

text: is

text: called

text: undernutrition

text: or

text: undernourishment

text: while

text: too

text: much

text: is

text: called

text: overnutrition

text: Malnutrition

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: specifically

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: undernutrition

text: where

text: there

text: is

text: not

text: enough

text: calories

text: protein

text: or

text: micronutrients

text: If

text: undernutrition

text: occurs

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: or

text: before

text: two

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: it

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: permanent

text: problems

text: with

text: physical

text: and

text: mental

text: development

text: Extreme

text: undernourishment

text: known

text: as

text: starvation

text: may

text: have

text: symptoms

text: that

text: include

text: short

text: height

text: thin

text: body

text: very

text: poor

text: energy

text: levels

text: and

text: swollen

text: legs

text: and

text: abdomen

text: People

text: also

text: often

text: get

text: infections

text: and

text: are

text: frequently

text: cold

text: The

text: symptoms

text: of

text: micronutrient

text: deficiencies

text: depend

text: on

text: the

text: micronutrient

text: that

text: is

text: lacking

text: Undernourishment

text: is

text: most

text: often

text: due

text: to

text: not

text: enough

text: high

text: quality

text: food

text: being

text: available

text: to

text: eat

text: This

text: is

text: often

text: related

text: to

text: high

text: food

text: prices

text: and

text: poverty

text: lack

text: of

text: breastfeeding

text: may

text: contribute

text: as

text: may

text: number

text: of

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: gastroenteritis

text: pneumonia

text: malaria

text: and

text: measles

text: which

text: increase

text: nutrient

text: requirements

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: undernutrition

text: protein

text: energy

text: malnutrition

text: and

text: dietary

text: deficiencies

text: Protein

text: energy

text: malnutrition

text: has

text: two

text: severe

text: forms

text: marasmus

text: lack

text: of

text: protein

text: and

text: calories

text: and

text: kwashiorkor

text: lack

text: of

text: just

text: protein

text: Common

text: micronutrient

text: deficiencies

text: include

text: lack

text: of

text: iron

text: iodine

text: and

text: vitamin

text: During

text: pregnancy

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: increased

text: need

text: deficiencies

text: may

text: become

text: more

text: common

text: In

text: some

text: developing

text: countries

text: overnutrition

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: obesity

text: is

text: beginning

text: to

text: present

text: within

text: the

text: same

text: communities

text: as

text: undernutrition

text: Other

text: causes

text: of

text: malnutrition

text: include

text: anorexia

text: nervosa

text: and

text: bariatric

text: surgery

text: Efforts

text: to

text: improve

text: nutrition

text: are

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: effective

text: forms

text: of

text: development

text: aid

text: Breastfeeding

text: can

text: reduce

text: rates

text: of

text: malnutrition

text: and

text: death

text: in

text: children

text: and

text: efforts

text: to

text: promote

text: the

text: practice

text: increase

text: the

text: rates

text: of

text: breastfeeding

text: In

text: young

text: children

text: providing

text: food

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: breastmilk

text: between

text: six

text: months

text: and

text: two

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: improves

text: outcomes

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: good

text: evidence

text: supporting

text: the

text: supplementation

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: micronutrients

text: to

text: women

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: and

text: among

text: young

text: children

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: To

text: get

text: food

text: to

text: people

text: who

text: need

text: it

text: most

text: both

text: delivering

text: food

text: and

text: providing

text: money

text: so

text: people

text: can

text: buy

text: food

text: within

text: local

text: markets

text: are

text: effective

text: Simply

text: feeding

text: students

text: at

text: school

text: is

text: insufficient

text: Management

text: of

text: severe

text: malnutrition

text: within

text: the

text: person

text: 's

text: home

text: with

text: ready

text: to

text: use

text: therapeutic

text: foods

text: is

text: possible

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: In

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: severe

text: malnutrition

text: complicated

text: by

text: other

text: health

text: problems

text: treatment

text: in

text: hospital

text: setting

text: is

text: recommended

text: This

text: often

text: involves

text: managing

text: low

text: blood

text: sugar

text: and

text: body

text: temperature

text: addressing

text: dehydration

text: and

text: gradual

text: feeding

text: Routine

text: antibiotics

text: are

text: usually

text: recommended

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: high

text: risk

text: of

text: infection

text: Longer

text: term

text: measures

text: include

text: improving

text: agricultural

text: practices

text: reducing

text: poverty

text: improving

text: sanitation

text: and

text: the

text: empowerment

text: of

text: women

text: There

text: were

text: million

text: undernourished

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: population

text: This

text: is

text: reduction

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: since

text: when

text: were

text: undernourished

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: estimated

text: that

text: another

text: billion

text: people

text: had

text: lack

text: of

text: vitamins

text: and

text: minerals

text: In

text: protein

text: energy

text: malnutrition

text: was

text: estimated

text: to

text: have

text: resulted

text: in

text: deathsdown

text: from

text: deaths

text: in

text: Other

text: nutritional

text: deficiencies

text: which

text: include

text: iodine

text: deficiency

text: and

text: iron

text: deficiency

text: anemia

text: result

text: in

text: another

text: deaths

text: In

text: malnutrition

text: was

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: of

text: all

text: disability

text: adjusted

text: life

text: years

text: About

text: third

text: of

text: deaths

text: in

text: children

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: undernutrition

text: although

text: the

text: deaths

text: are

text: rarely

text: labelled

text: as

text: such

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: estimated

text: to

text: have

text: contributed

text: to

text: about

text: million

text: deaths

text: in

text: women

text: and

text: children

text: though

text: some

text: estimate

text: the

text: number

text: may

text: be

text: greater

text: than

text: million

text: An

text: additional

text: million

text: children

text: were

text: estimated

text: to

text: have

text: stunted

text: growth

text: from

text: malnutrition

text: in

text: Undernutrition

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: Certain

text: groups

text: have

text: higher

text: rates

text: of

text: undernutrition

text: including

text: womenin

text: particular

text: while

text: pregnant

text: or

text: breastfeedingchildren

text: under

text: five

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: and

text: the

text: elderly

text: In

text: the

text: elderly

text: undernutrition

text: becomes

text: more

text: common

text: due

text: to

text: physical

text: psychological

text: and

text: social

text: factors

text:
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. Symptoms can be mild to severe. The most common symptoms include: a high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headache, coughing, and feeling tired. These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week. The cough, however, may last for more than two weeks. In children, there may be nausea and vomiting, but these are not common in adults. Nausea and vomiting occur more commonly in the unrelated infection gastroenteritis, which is sometimes inaccurately referred to as "stomach flu" or "24-hour flu". Complications of influenza may include viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, sinus infections, and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure.
Three types of influenza viruses affect people, called Type A, Type B, and Type C. Usually, the virus is spread through the air from coughs or sneezes. This is believed to occur mostly over relatively short distances. It can also be spread by touching surfaces contaminated by the virus and then touching the mouth or eyes. A person may be infectious to others both before and during the time they are showing symptoms. The infection may be confirmed by testing the throat, sputum, or nose for the virus. A number of rapid tests are available; however, people may still have the infection if the results are negative. A type of polymerase chain reaction that detects the virus's RNA is more accurate.
Frequent hand washing reduces the risk of infection because the virus is inactivated by soap. Wearing a surgical mask is also useful. Yearly vaccinations against influenza are recommended by the World Health Organization for those at high risk. The vaccine is usually effective against three or four types of influenza. It is usually well tolerated. A vaccine made for one year may not be useful in the following year, since the virus evolves rapidly. Antiviral drugs such as the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, among others, have been used to treat influenza. Their benefits in those who are otherwise healthy do not appear to be greater than their risks. No benefit has been found in those with other health problems.
Influenza spreads around the world in a yearly outbreak, resulting in about three to five million cases of severe illness and about 250,000 to 500,000 deaths. In the Northern and Southern parts of the world outbreaks occur mainly in winter while in areas around the equator outbreaks may occur at any time of the year. Death occurs mostly in the young, the old and those with other health problems. Larger outbreaks known as pandemics are less frequent. In the 20th century three influenza pandemics occurred: Spanish influenza in 1918, Asian influenza in 1958, and Hong Kong influenza in 1968, each resulting in more than a million deaths. The World Health Organization declared an outbreak of a new type of influenza A/H1N1 to be a pandemic in June 2009. Influenza may also affect other animals, including pigs, horses and birds.

text: Influenza

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: flu

text: is

text: an

text: infectious

text: disease

text: caused

text: by

text: an

text: influenza

text: virus

text: Symptoms

text: can

text: be

text: mild

text: to

text: severe

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: symptoms

text: include

text: high

text: fever

text: runny

text: nose

text: sore

text: throat

text: muscle

text: pains

text: headache

text: coughing

text: and

text: feeling

text: tired

text: These

text: symptoms

text: typically

text: begin

text: two

text: days

text: after

text: exposure

text: to

text: the

text: virus

text: and

text: most

text: last

text: less

text: than

text: week

text: The

text: cough

text: however

text: may

text: last

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: weeks

text: In

text: children

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: nausea

text: and

text: vomiting

text: but

text: these

text: are

text: not

text: common

text: in

text: adults

text: Nausea

text: and

text: vomiting

text: occur

text: more

text: commonly

text: in

text: the

text: unrelated

text: infection

text: gastroenteritis

text: which

text: is

text: sometimes

text: inaccurately

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: stomach

text: flu

text: or

text: flu

text: Complications

text: of

text: influenza

text: may

text: include

text: viral

text: pneumonia

text: secondary

text: bacterial

text: pneumonia

text: sinus

text: infections

text: and

text: worsening

text: of

text: previous

text: health

text: problems

text: such

text: as

text: asthma

text: or

text: heart

text: failure

text: Three

text: types

text: of

text: influenza

text: viruses

text: affect

text: people

text: called

text: Type

text: Type

text: and

text: Type

text: Usually

text: the

text: virus

text: is

text: spread

text: through

text: the

text: air

text: from

text: coughs

text: or

text: sneezes

text: This

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: occur

text: mostly

text: over

text: relatively

text: short

text: distances

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: spread

text: by

text: touching

text: surfaces

text: contaminated

text: by

text: the

text: virus

text: and

text: then

text: touching

text: the

text: mouth

text: or

text: eyes

text: person

text: may

text: be

text: infectious

text: to

text: others

text: both

text: before

text: and

text: during

text: the

text: time

text: they

text: are

text: showing

text: symptoms

text: The

text: infection

text: may

text: be

text: confirmed

text: by

text: testing

text: the

text: throat

text: sputum

text: or

text: nose

text: for

text: the

text: virus

text: number

text: of

text: rapid

text: tests

text: are

text: available

text: however

text: people

text: may

text: still

text: have

text: the

text: infection

text: if

text: the

text: results

text: are

text: negative

text: type

text: of

text: polymerase

text: chain

text: reaction

text: that

text: detects

text: the

text: virus

text: 's

text: RNA

text: is

text: more

text: accurate

text: Frequent

text: hand

text: washing

text: reduces

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: infection

text: because

text: the

text: virus

text: is

text: inactivated

text: by

text: soap

text: Wearing

text: surgical

text: mask

text: is

text: also

text: useful

text: Yearly

text: vaccinations

text: against

text: influenza

text: are

text: recommended

text: by

text: the

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: for

text: those

text: at

text: high

text: risk

text: The

text: vaccine

text: is

text: usually

text: effective

text: against

text: three

text: or

text: four

text: types

text: of

text: influenza

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: well

text: tolerated

text: vaccine

text: made

text: for

text: one

text: year

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: useful

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: since

text: the

text: virus

text: evolves

text: rapidly

text: Antiviral

text: drugs

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: neuraminidase

text: inhibitor

text: oseltamivir

text: among

text: others

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: treat

text: influenza

text: Their

text: benefits

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: otherwise

text: healthy

text: do

text: not

text: appear

text: to

text: be

text: greater

text: than

text: their

text: risks

text: No

text: benefit

text: has

text: been

text: found

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: other

text: health

text: problems

text: Influenza

text: spreads

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: yearly

text: outbreak

text: resulting

text: in

text: about

text: three

text: to

text: five

text: million

text: cases

text: of

text: severe

text: illness

text: and

text: about

text: to

text: deaths

text: In

text: the

text: Northern

text: and

text: Southern

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: outbreaks

text: occur

text: mainly

text: in

text: winter

text: while

text: in

text: areas

text: around

text: the

text: equator

text: outbreaks

text: may

text: occur

text: at

text: any

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: Death

text: occurs

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: young

text: the

text: old

text: and

text: those

text: with

text: other

text: health

text: problems

text: Larger

text: outbreaks

text: known

text: as

text: pandemics

text: are

text: less

text: frequent

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: three

text: influenza

text: pandemics

text: occurred

text: Spanish

text: influenza

text: in

text: Asian

text: influenza

text: in

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: influenza

text: in

text: each

text: resulting

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: deaths

text: The

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: declared

text: an

text: outbreak

text: of

text: new

text: type

text: of

text: influenza

text: to

text: be

text: pandemic

text: in

text: June

text: Influenza

text: may

text: also

text: affect

text: other

text: animals

text: including

text: pigs

text: horses

text: and

text: birds

text:
Diverticulitis is a digestive disease in which pouches within the large bowel wall become inflamed. Symptoms typically include lower abdominal pain of a sudden onset. Onset however may also occur over a few days. In North America and Europe pain is usually on the left side, while in Asia it is often on the right. There may also be fever, nausea, diarrhea or constipation, or blood in the stool. Repeated attacks may occur.
The cause is uncertain. Risk factors may include obesity, lack of exercise, smoking, a family history of the disease, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The role of dietary fibre is unclear. Having pouches in the large intestine that are not inflamed is known as diverticulosis. Inflammation occurs in between 10% and 25% at some point in time and is due to a bacterial infection. Diagnosis may be made by blood tests, CT scan, colonoscopy, or lower gastrointestinal series. The differential diagnosis includes irritable bowel syndrome.
While avoiding nuts and seeds has historically been recommended, an association between eating these foods and diverticulitis has not been found, and therefore, avoiding these foods is no longer recommended. Mesalazine and rifaximin appear useful for preventing attacks in those with diverticulosis. For mild diverticulitis, antibiotics by mouth and a liquid diet is recommended. For severe cases intravenous antibiotics, hospital admission, and complete bowel rest may be recommended. Probiotics are of unclear use. Complications such as abscess formation, fistula formation, and perforation of the colon may require surgery.
The disease is common in the Western world and uncommon in Africa and Asia. In the Western world about 35% of people have diverticulosis while it affects less than 1% of those in rural Africa. The disease becomes more frequent with age being particularly common in those over the age of 50. It has also become more common in all parts of the world. In 2003 in Europe it resulted in about 13,000 deaths. Costs associated with diverticular disease are around $2.4 billion a year in the United States as of 2013.
Signs and symptoms.
People typically have left lower quadrant abdominal pain of sudden onset. There may also be fever, nausea, diarrhea or constipation, and there may be blood in the stool.

text: Diverticulitis

text: is

text: digestive

text: disease

text: in

text: which

text: pouches

text: within

text: the

text: large

text: bowel

text: wall

text: become

text: inflamed

text: Symptoms

text: typically

text: include

text: lower

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: of

text: sudden

text: onset

text: Onset

text: however

text: may

text: also

text: occur

text: over

text: few

text: days

text: In

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: Europe

text: pain

text: is

text: usually

text: on

text: the

text: left

text: side

text: while

text: in

text: Asia

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: on

text: the

text: right

text: There

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: fever

text: nausea

text: diarrhea

text: or

text: constipation

text: or

text: blood

text: in

text: the

text: stool

text: Repeated

text: attacks

text: may

text: occur

text: The

text: cause

text: is

text: uncertain

text: Risk

text: factors

text: may

text: include

text: obesity

text: lack

text: of

text: exercise

text: smoking

text: family

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: and

text: nonsteroidal

text: anti

text: inflammatory

text: drugs

text: NSAIDs

text: The

text: role

text: of

text: dietary

text: fibre

text: is

text: unclear

text: Having

text: pouches

text: in

text: the

text: large

text: intestine

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: inflamed

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: diverticulosis

text: Inflammation

text: occurs

text: in

text: between

text: and

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: in

text: time

text: and

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: bacterial

text: infection

text: Diagnosis

text: may

text: be

text: made

text: by

text: blood

text: tests

text: CT

text: scan

text: colonoscopy

text: or

text: lower

text: gastrointestinal

text: series

text: The

text: differential

text: diagnosis

text: includes

text: irritable

text: bowel

text: syndrome

text: While

text: avoiding

text: nuts

text: and

text: seeds

text: has

text: historically

text: been

text: recommended

text: an

text: association

text: between

text: eating

text: these

text: foods

text: and

text: diverticulitis

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: found

text: and

text: therefore

text: avoiding

text: these

text: foods

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: recommended

text: Mesalazine

text: and

text: rifaximin

text: appear

text: useful

text: for

text: preventing

text: attacks

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: diverticulosis

text: For

text: mild

text: diverticulitis

text: antibiotics

text: by

text: mouth

text: and

text: liquid

text: diet

text: is

text: recommended

text: For

text: severe

text: cases

text: intravenous

text: antibiotics

text: hospital

text: admission

text: and

text: complete

text: bowel

text: rest

text: may

text: be

text: recommended

text: Probiotics

text: are

text: of

text: unclear

text: use

text: Complications

text: such

text: as

text: abscess

text: formation

text: fistula

text: formation

text: and

text: perforation

text: of

text: the

text: colon

text: may

text: require

text: surgery

text: The

text: disease

text: is

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: and

text: uncommon

text: in

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: In

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: about

text: of

text: people

text: have

text: diverticulosis

text: while

text: it

text: affects

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: those

text: in

text: rural

text: Africa

text: The

text: disease

text: becomes

text: more

text: frequent

text: with

text: age

text: being

text: particularly

text: common

text: in

text: those

text: over

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: It

text: has

text: also

text: become

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: all

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: in

text: Europe

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: about

text: deaths

text: Costs

text: associated

text: with

text: diverticular

text: disease

text: are

text: around

text: billion

text: year

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: as

text: of

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: People

text: typically

text: have

text: left

text: lower

text: quadrant

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: of

text: sudden

text: onset

text: There

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: fever

text: nausea

text: diarrhea

text: or

text: constipation

text: and

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: blood

text: in

text: the

text: stool

question: medical_specialty amoebiasis

answer: infectious disease

text: infectious disease

text: infectious disease

text: infectious disease