text:
Yellow fever is an acute viral disease. In most cases, symptoms include fever, chills, loss of appetite, nausea, muscle pains particularly in the back, and headaches. Symptoms typically improve within five days. In some people within a day of improving, the fever comes back, abdominal pain occurs, and liver damage begins causing yellow skin. If this occurs, the risk of bleeding and kidney problems is also increased.
The disease is caused by the yellow fever virus and is spread by the bite of an infected female mosquito. It infects only humans, other primates, and several species of mosquitoes. In cities, it is spread primarily by mosquitoes of the "Aedes aegypti" type. The virus is an RNA virus of the genus "Flavivirus". The disease may be difficult to tell apart from other illnesses, especially in the early stages. To confirm a suspected case, blood sample testing with polymerase chain reaction is required.
A safe and effective vaccine against yellow fever exists and some countries require vaccinations for travelers. Other efforts to prevent infection include reducing the population of the transmitting mosquito. In areas where yellow fever is common and vaccination is uncommon, early diagnosis of cases and immunization of large parts of the population is important to prevent outbreaks. Once infected, management is symptomatic with no specific measures effective against the virus. The second and more severe phase results in death in up to half of people without treatment.
Yellow fever causes 200,000 infections and 30,000 deaths every year, with nearly 90% of these occurring in Africa. Nearly a billion people live in an area of the world where the disease is common. It is common in tropical areas of South America and Africa, but not in Asia. Since the 1980s, the number of cases of yellow fever has been increasing. This is believed to be due to fewer people being immune, more people living in cities, people moving frequently, and changing climate. The disease originated in Africa, from where it spread to South America through the slave trade in the 17th century. Since the 17th century, several major outbreaks of the disease have occurred in the Americas, Africa, and Europe. In the 18th and 19th centuries, yellow fever was seen as one of the most dangerous infectious diseases. In 1927 yellow fever virus became the first human virus to be isolated.

text: Yellow

text: fever

text: is

text: an

text: acute

text: viral

text: disease

text: In

text: most

text: cases

text: symptoms

text: include

text: fever

text: chills

text: loss

text: of

text: appetite

text: nausea

text: muscle

text: pains

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: back

text: and

text: headaches

text: Symptoms

text: typically

text: improve

text: within

text: five

text: days

text: In

text: some

text: people

text: within

text: day

text: of

text: improving

text: the

text: fever

text: comes

text: back

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: occurs

text: and

text: liver

text: damage

text: begins

text: causing

text: yellow

text: skin

text: If

text: this

text: occurs

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: bleeding

text: and

text: kidney

text: problems

text: is

text: also

text: increased

text: The

text: disease

text: is

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: yellow

text: fever

text: virus

text: and

text: is

text: spread

text: by

text: the

text: bite

text: of

text: an

text: infected

text: female

text: mosquito

text: It

text: infects

text: only

text: humans

text: other

text: primates

text: and

text: several

text: species

text: of

text: mosquitoes

text: In

text: cities

text: it

text: is

text: spread

text: primarily

text: by

text: mosquitoes

text: of

text: the

text: Aedes

text: aegypti

text: type

text: The

text: virus

text: is

text: an

text: RNA

text: virus

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Flavivirus

text: The

text: disease

text: may

text: be

text: difficult

text: to

text: tell

text: apart

text: from

text: other

text: illnesses

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: stages

text: To

text: confirm

text: suspected

text: case

text: blood

text: sample

text: testing

text: with

text: polymerase

text: chain

text: reaction

text: is

text: required

text: safe

text: and

text: effective

text: vaccine

text: against

text: yellow

text: fever

text: exists

text: and

text: some

text: countries

text: require

text: vaccinations

text: for

text: travelers

text: Other

text: efforts

text: to

text: prevent

text: infection

text: include

text: reducing

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: transmitting

text: mosquito

text: In

text: areas

text: where

text: yellow

text: fever

text: is

text: common

text: and

text: vaccination

text: is

text: uncommon

text: early

text: diagnosis

text: of

text: cases

text: and

text: immunization

text: of

text: large

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: is

text: important

text: to

text: prevent

text: outbreaks

text: Once

text: infected

text: management

text: is

text: symptomatic

text: with

text: no

text: specific

text: measures

text: effective

text: against

text: the

text: virus

text: The

text: second

text: and

text: more

text: severe

text: phase

text: results

text: in

text: death

text: in

text: up

text: to

text: half

text: of

text: people

text: without

text: treatment

text: Yellow

text: fever

text: causes

text: infections

text: and

text: deaths

text: every

text: year

text: with

text: nearly

text: of

text: these

text: occurring

text: in

text: Africa

text: Nearly

text: billion

text: people

text: live

text: in

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: where

text: the

text: disease

text: is

text: common

text: It

text: is

text: common

text: in

text: tropical

text: areas

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: Africa

text: but

text: not

text: in

text: Asia

text: Since

text: the

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: cases

text: of

text: yellow

text: fever

text: has

text: been

text: increasing

text: This

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: fewer

text: people

text: being

text: immune

text: more

text: people

text: living

text: in

text: cities

text: people

text: moving

text: frequently

text: and

text: changing

text: climate

text: The

text: disease

text: originated

text: in

text: Africa

text: from

text: where

text: it

text: spread

text: to

text: South

text: America

text: through

text: the

text: slave

text: trade

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Since

text: the

text: century

text: several

text: major

text: outbreaks

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: have

text: occurred

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Africa

text: and

text: Europe

text: In

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: yellow

text: fever

text: was

text: seen

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: dangerous

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: In

text: yellow

text: fever

text: virus

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: human

text: virus

text: to

text: be

text: isolated

text:
Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer and primary hepatic cancer, is cancer that starts in the liver. Cancer which has spread from elsewhere to the liver, known as liver metastasis, is more common than that which starts in the liver. Symptoms of liver cancer may include a lump or pain in the right side below the rib cage. Other symptoms includes swelling of the abdomen, yellowish skin, easy bruising, weight loss, and weakness.
The leading cause of liver cancer is cirrhosis due to either hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or alcohol. Other causes include aflatoxin, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and liver flukes. The most common types are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which makes up 80% of cases and cholangiocarcinoma. Less common types include mucinous cystic neoplasm and intraductal papillary biliary neoplasm. The diagnosis may be supported by blood tests and medical imaging with confirmation by tissue biopsy.
Preventive efforts include immunization against hepatitis B and treating those infected with hepatitis B or C. Screening is recommended in those with chronic liver disease. Treatment options may include surgery, targeted therapy, and radiation therapy. In certain cases ablation therapy, embolization therapy, or liver transplantation may be used. Small lumps in the liver may be simply closely followed.
Primary liver cancer is globally the sixth most frequent cancer (6%) and the second leading cause of death from cancer (9%). In 2012 it occurred in 782,000 people and resulted in 746,000 deaths. In 2013, 300,000 deaths from liver cancer were due to hepatitis B, 343,000 to hepatitis C, and 92,000 to alcohol. Higher rates of liver cancer occur where hepatitis B and C are common, including Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Males are more often affected with HCC than females. Diagnosis is most frequent among those 55 to 65 years old. Five-year survival rates are 18% in the United States. The word "hepatic" is from the Greek "hêpar", meaning "liver".
Classification.
The most frequent liver cancer, accounting for approximately 75% of all primary liver cancers, is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (also named "hepatoma", which is a misnomer because adenomas are usually benign). HCC is a cancer formed by liver cells, known as hepatocytes, that become malignant. Another type of cancer formed by liver cells is hepatoblastoma, which is specifically formed by immature liver cells.<ref name="doi10.1016/j.mpsur.2008.12.005"></ref> It is a rare malignant tumor that primarily develops in children, and accounts for approximately 1% of all cancers in children and 79% of all primary liver cancers under the age of 15. Most hepatoblastomas form in the right lobe.

text: Liver

text: cancer

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: hepatic

text: cancer

text: and

text: primary

text: hepatic

text: cancer

text: is

text: cancer

text: that

text: starts

text: in

text: the

text: liver

text: Cancer

text: which

text: has

text: spread

text: from

text: elsewhere

text: to

text: the

text: liver

text: known

text: as

text: liver

text: metastasis

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: than

text: that

text: which

text: starts

text: in

text: the

text: liver

text: Symptoms

text: of

text: liver

text: cancer

text: may

text: include

text: lump

text: or

text: pain

text: in

text: the

text: right

text: side

text: below

text: the

text: rib

text: cage

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: includes

text: swelling

text: of

text: the

text: abdomen

text: yellowish

text: skin

text: easy

text: bruising

text: weight

text: loss

text: and

text: weakness

text: The

text: leading

text: cause

text: of

text: liver

text: cancer

text: is

text: cirrhosis

text: due

text: to

text: either

text: hepatitis

text: hepatitis

text: or

text: alcohol

text: Other

text: causes

text: include

text: aflatoxin

text: non

text: alcoholic

text: fatty

text: liver

text: disease

text: and

text: liver

text: flukes

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: are

text: hepatocellular

text: carcinoma

text: HCC

text: which

text: makes

text: up

text: of

text: cases

text: and

text: cholangiocarcinoma

text: Less

text: common

text: types

text: include

text: mucinous

text: cystic

text: neoplasm

text: and

text: intraductal

text: papillary

text: biliary

text: neoplasm

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: may

text: be

text: supported

text: by

text: blood

text: tests

text: and

text: medical

text: imaging

text: with

text: confirmation

text: by

text: tissue

text: biopsy

text: Preventive

text: efforts

text: include

text: immunization

text: against

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: treating

text: those

text: infected

text: with

text: hepatitis

text: or

text: Screening

text: is

text: recommended

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: chronic

text: liver

text: disease

text: Treatment

text: options

text: may

text: include

text: surgery

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: and

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: In

text: certain

text: cases

text: ablation

text: therapy

text: embolization

text: therapy

text: or

text: liver

text: transplantation

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: Small

text: lumps

text: in

text: the

text: liver

text: may

text: be

text: simply

text: closely

text: followed

text: Primary

text: liver

text: cancer

text: is

text: globally

text: the

text: sixth

text: most

text: frequent

text: cancer

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: leading

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: from

text: cancer

text: In

text: it

text: occurred

text: in

text: people

text: and

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: In

text: deaths

text: from

text: liver

text: cancer

text: were

text: due

text: to

text: hepatitis

text: to

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: to

text: alcohol

text: Higher

text: rates

text: of

text: liver

text: cancer

text: occur

text: where

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: are

text: common

text: including

text: Asia

text: and

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: Males

text: are

text: more

text: often

text: affected

text: with

text: HCC

text: than

text: females

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: most

text: frequent

text: among

text: those

text: to

text: years

text: old

text: Five

text: year

text: survival

text: rates

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: word

text: hepatic

text: is

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: hêpar

text: meaning

text: liver

text: Classification

text: The

text: most

text: frequent

text: liver

text: cancer

text: accounting

text: for

text: approximately

text: of

text: all

text: primary

text: liver

text: cancers

text: is

text: hepatocellular

text: carcinoma

text: HCC

text: also

text: named

text: hepatoma

text: which

text: is

text: misnomer

text: because

text: adenomas

text: are

text: usually

text: benign

text: HCC

text: is

text: cancer

text: formed

text: by

text: liver

text: cells

text: known

text: as

text: hepatocytes

text: that

text: become

text: malignant

text: Another

text: type

text: of

text: cancer

text: formed

text: by

text: liver

text: cells

text: is

text: hepatoblastoma

text: which

text: is

text: specifically

text: formed

text: by

text: immature

text: liver

text: cells.<ref

text: It

text: is

text: rare

text: malignant

text: tumor

text: that

text: primarily

text: develops

text: in

text: children

text: and

text: accounts

text: for

text: approximately

text: of

text: all

text: cancers

text: in

text: children

text: and

text: of

text: all

text: primary

text: liver

text: cancers

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: Most

text: hepatoblastomas

text: form

text: in

text: the

text: right

text: lobe

text:
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce. Infectious disease, also known as transmissible disease or communicable disease, is illness resulting from an infection.
Infections are caused by infectious agents including viruses, viroids, prions, bacteria, nematodes such as parasitic roundworms and pinworms, arthropods such as ticks, mites, fleas, and lice, fungi such as ringworm, and other macroparasites such as tapeworms and other helminths.

text: Infection

text: is

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: 's

text: body

text: tissues

text: by

text: disease

text: causing

text: agents

text: their

text: multiplication

text: and

text: the

text: reaction

text: of

text: host

text: tissues

text: to

text: these

text: organisms

text: and

text: the

text: toxins

text: they

text: produce

text: Infectious

text: disease

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: transmissible

text: disease

text: or

text: communicable

text: disease

text: is

text: illness

text: resulting

text: from

text: an

text: infection

text: Infections

text: are

text: caused

text: by

text: infectious

text: agents

text: including

text: viruses

text: viroids

text: prions

text: bacteria

text: nematodes

text: such

text: as

text: parasitic

text: roundworms

text: and

text: pinworms

text: arthropods

text: such

text: as

text: ticks

text: mites

text: fleas

text: and

text: lice

text: fungi

text: such

text: as

text: ringworm

text: and

text: other

text: macroparasites

text: such

text: as

text: tapeworms

text: and

text: other

text: helminths

text: In parasitology, coinfection is the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogen species. In virology, coinfection includes simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more virus particles. An example is the coinfection of liver cells with Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis D virus, which can arise incrementally by initial infection followed by superinfection.

text: In

text: parasitology

text: coinfection

text: is

text: the

text: simultaneous

text: infection

text: of

text: host

text: by

text: multiple

text: pathogen

text: species

text: In

text: virology

text: coinfection

text: includes

text: simultaneous

text: infection

text: of

text: single

text: cell

text: by

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: virus

text: particles

text: An

text: example

text: is

text: the

text: coinfection

text: of

text: liver

text: cells

text: with

text: Hepatitis

text: virus

text: and

text: Hepatitis

text: virus

text: which

text: can

text: arise

text: incrementally

text: by

text: initial

text: infection

text: followed

text: by

text: superinfection

text: A blister is a small pocket of lymph within the upper layers of the skin, typically caused by forceful rubbing (friction), burning, freezing, chemical exposure or infection. Most blisters are filled with a clear fluid, either serum or plasma. However, blisters can be filled with blood (known as blood blisters) or with pus (if they become infected).

text: blister

text: is

text: small

text: pocket

text: of

text: lymph

text: within

text: the

text: upper

text: layers

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: typically

text: caused

text: by

text: forceful

text: rubbing

text: friction

text: burning

text: freezing

text: chemical

text: exposure

text: or

text: infection

text: Most

text: blisters

text: are

text: filled

text: with

text: clear

text: fluid

text: either

text: serum

text: or

text: plasma

text: However

text: blisters

text: can

text: be

text: filled

text: with

text: blood

text: known

text: as

text: blood

text: blisters

text: or

text: with

text: pus

text: if

text: they

text: become

text: infected

text:
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. Some people have no symptoms whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes, poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, or diarrhea. Hepatitis may be temporary (acute) or long term (chronic) depending on whether it lasts for less than or more than six months. Acute hepatitis can sometimes resolve on its own, progress to chronic hepatitis, or rarely result in acute liver failure. Over time the chronic form may progress to scarring of the liver, liver failure, or liver cancer.
The most common cause worldwide is viruses. Other causes include heavy alcohol use, certain medications, toxins, other infections, autoimmune diseases, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). There are five main types of viral hepatitis: type A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are mainly spread by contaminated food and water. Hepatitis B is mainly sexually transmitted, but may also be passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth. Both hepatitis B and hepatitis C are commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle sharing by intravenous drug users. Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B.
Hepatitis A, B, and D are preventable with immunization. Medications may be used to treat chronic cases of viral hepatitis. There is no specific treatment for NASH; however, a healthy lifestyle, including physical activity, a healthy diet, and weight loss, is important. Autoimmune hepatitis may be treated with medications to suppress the immune system. A liver transplant may also be an option in certain cases.
Worldwide in 2015, hepatitis A occurred in about 114 million people, chronic hepatitis B affected about 343 million people and chronic hepatitis C about 142 million people. In the United States, NASH affects about 11 million people and alcoholic hepatitis affects about 5 million people. Hepatitis results in more than a million deaths a year, most of which occur indirectly from liver scarring or liver cancer. In the United States, hepatitis A is estimated to occur in about 2,500 people a year and results in about 75 deaths. The word is derived from the Greek "hêpar", meaning "liver", and "-itis", meaning "inflammation".

text: Hepatitis

text: is

text: inflammation

text: of

text: the

text: liver

text: Some

text: people

text: have

text: no

text: symptoms

text: whereas

text: others

text: develop

text: yellow

text: discoloration

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: and

text: whites

text: of

text: the

text: eyes

text: poor

text: appetite

text: vomiting

text: tiredness

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: or

text: diarrhea

text: Hepatitis

text: may

text: be

text: temporary

text: acute

text: or

text: long

text: term

text: chronic

text: depending

text: on

text: whether

text: it

text: lasts

text: for

text: less

text: than

text: or

text: more

text: than

text: six

text: months

text: Acute

text: hepatitis

text: can

text: sometimes

text: resolve

text: on

text: its

text: own

text: progress

text: to

text: chronic

text: hepatitis

text: or

text: rarely

text: result

text: in

text: acute

text: liver

text: failure

text: Over

text: time

text: the

text: chronic

text: form

text: may

text: progress

text: to

text: scarring

text: of

text: the

text: liver

text: liver

text: failure

text: or

text: liver

text: cancer

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: worldwide

text: is

text: viruses

text: Other

text: causes

text: include

text: heavy

text: alcohol

text: use

text: certain

text: medications

text: toxins

text: other

text: infections

text: autoimmune

text: diseases

text: and

text: non

text: alcoholic

text: steatohepatitis

text: NASH

text: There

text: are

text: five

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: viral

text: hepatitis

text: type

text: and

text: Hepatitis

text: and

text: are

text: mainly

text: spread

text: by

text: contaminated

text: food

text: and

text: water

text: Hepatitis

text: is

text: mainly

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: but

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: passed

text: from

text: mother

text: to

text: baby

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: or

text: childbirth

text: Both

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: hepatitis

text: are

text: commonly

text: spread

text: through

text: infected

text: blood

text: such

text: as

text: may

text: occur

text: during

text: needle

text: sharing

text: by

text: intravenous

text: drug

text: users

text: Hepatitis

text: can

text: only

text: infect

text: people

text: already

text: infected

text: with

text: hepatitis

text: Hepatitis

text: and

text: are

text: preventable

text: with

text: immunization

text: Medications

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: treat

text: chronic

text: cases

text: of

text: viral

text: hepatitis

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: specific

text: treatment

text: for

text: NASH

text: however

text: healthy

text: lifestyle

text: including

text: physical

text: activity

text: healthy

text: diet

text: and

text: weight

text: loss

text: is

text: important

text: Autoimmune

text: hepatitis

text: may

text: be

text: treated

text: with

text: medications

text: to

text: suppress

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: liver

text: transplant

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: an

text: option

text: in

text: certain

text: cases

text: Worldwide

text: in

text: hepatitis

text: occurred

text: in

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: chronic

text: hepatitis

text: affected

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: chronic

text: hepatitis

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: NASH

text: affects

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: alcoholic

text: hepatitis

text: affects

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: Hepatitis

text: results

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: deaths

text: year

text: most

text: of

text: which

text: occur

text: indirectly

text: from

text: liver

text: scarring

text: or

text: liver

text: cancer

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: hepatitis

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: occur

text: in

text: about

text: people

text: year

text: and

text: results

text: in

text: about

text: deaths

text: The

text: word

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: hêpar

text: meaning

text: liver

text: and

text: -itis

text: meaning

text: inflammation

text: Hepatitis E is a viral hepatitis (liver inflammation) caused by infection with a virus called hepatitis E virus. It is one of five known human hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. HEV is a positive-sense single-stranded non-enveloped RNA icosahedral virus, HEV has a fecal-oral transmission route. Infection with this virus was first documented in 1955 during an outbreak in New Delhi, India. A preventative vaccine (HEV 239) is approved for use in China.

text: Hepatitis

text: is

text: viral

text: hepatitis

text: liver

text: inflammation

text: caused

text: by

text: infection

text: with

text: virus

text: called

text: hepatitis

text: virus

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: five

text: known

text: human

text: hepatitis

text: viruses

text: and

text: HEV

text: is

text: positive

text: sense

text: single

text: stranded

text: non

text: enveloped

text: RNA

text: icosahedral

text: virus

text: HEV

text: has

text: fecal

text: oral

text: transmission

text: route

text: Infection

text: with

text: this

text: virus

text: was

text: first

text: documented

text: in

text: during

text: an

text: outbreak

text: in

text: New

text: Delhi

text: India

text: preventative

text: vaccine

text: HEV

text: is

text: approved

text: for

text: use

text: in

text: China

text: Medical literature is the scientific literature of medicine: articles in journals and texts in books devoted to the field of medicine. Many references to the medical literature include the health care literature generally, including that of dentistry, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, nursing, and the allied health professions.

text: Medical

text: literature

text: is

text: the

text: scientific

text: literature

text: of

text: medicine

text: articles

text: in

text: journals

text: and

text: texts

text: in

text: books

text: devoted

text: to

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: medicine

text: Many

text: references

text: to

text: the

text: medical

text: literature

text: include

text: the

text: health

text: care

text: literature

text: generally

text: including

text: that

text: of

text: dentistry

text: veterinary

text: medicine

text: pharmacy

text: nursing

text: and

text: the

text: allied

text: health

text: professions

text: Hepatitis D (hepatitis delta) is a disease caused by the "hepatitis D virus" ("HDV"), a small spherical enveloped RNA virus. This is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. HDV is considered to be a subviral satellite because it can propagate only in the presence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Transmission of HDV can occur either via simultaneous infection with HBV (coinfection) or superimposed on chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis B carrier state (superinfection).

text: Hepatitis

text: hepatitis

text: delta

text: is

text: disease

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: hepatitis

text: virus

text: HDV

text: small

text: spherical

text: enveloped

text: RNA

text: virus

text: This

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: five

text: known

text: hepatitis

text: viruses

text: and

text: HDV

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: subviral

text: satellite

text: because

text: it

text: can

text: propagate

text: only

text: in

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: the

text: hepatitis

text: virus

text: HBV

text: Transmission

text: of

text: HDV

text: can

text: occur

text: either

text: via

text: simultaneous

text: infection

text: with

text: HBV

text: coinfection

text: or

text: superimposed

text: on

text: chronic

text: hepatitis

text: or

text: hepatitis

text: carrier

text: state

text: superinfection

text:
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. Typical signs and symptoms include a varying severity and combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing, depending on the underlying cause.
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Risk factors include other lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis, COPD, and asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke, or a weak immune system. Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination. Chest X-ray, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community, hospital, or health care associated pneumonia.
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low.
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about 4 million deaths per year. Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death". With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend".

text: Pneumonia

text: is

text: an

text: inflammatory

text: condition

text: of

text: the

text: lung

text: affecting

text: primarily

text: the

text: microscopic

text: air

text: sacs

text: known

text: as

text: alveoli

text: Typical

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: include

text: varying

text: severity

text: and

text: combination

text: of

text: productive

text: or

text: dry

text: cough

text: chest

text: pain

text: fever

text: and

text: trouble

text: breathing

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: underlying

text: cause

text: Pneumonia

text: is

text: usually

text: caused

text: by

text: infection

text: with

text: viruses

text: or

text: bacteria

text: and

text: less

text: commonly

text: by

text: other

text: microorganisms

text: certain

text: medications

text: and

text: conditions

text: such

text: as

text: autoimmune

text: diseases

text: Risk

text: factors

text: include

text: other

text: lung

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: cystic

text: fibrosis

text: COPD

text: and

text: asthma

text: diabetes

text: heart

text: failure

text: history

text: of

text: smoking

text: poor

text: ability

text: to

text: cough

text: such

text: as

text: following

text: stroke

text: or

text: weak

text: immune

text: system

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: often

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: symptoms

text: and

text: physical

text: examination

text: Chest

text: ray

text: blood

text: tests

text: and

text: culture

text: of

text: the

text: sputum

text: may

text: help

text: confirm

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: The

text: disease

text: may

text: be

text: classified

text: by

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: acquired

text: with

text: community

text: hospital

text: or

text: health

text: care

text: associated

text: pneumonia

text: Vaccines

text: to

text: prevent

text: certain

text: types

text: of

text: pneumonia

text: are

text: available

text: Other

text: methods

text: of

text: prevention

text: include

text: handwashing

text: and

text: not

text: smoking

text: Treatment

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: underlying

text: cause

text: Pneumonia

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: bacteria

text: is

text: treated

text: with

text: antibiotics

text: If

text: the

text: pneumonia

text: is

text: severe

text: the

text: affected

text: person

text: is

text: generally

text: hospitalized

text: Oxygen

text: therapy

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: if

text: oxygen

text: levels

text: are

text: low

text: Pneumonia

text: affects

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: globally

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: and

text: results

text: in

text: about

text: million

text: deaths

text: per

text: year

text: Pneumonia

text: was

text: regarded

text: by

text: William

text: Osler

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: as

text: the

text: captain

text: of

text: the

text: men

text: of

text: death

text: With

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: and

text: vaccines

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: survival

text: improved

text: Nevertheless

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: and

text: among

text: the

text: very

text: old

text: the

text: very

text: young

text: and

text: the

text: chronically

text: ill

text: pneumonia

text: remains

text: leading

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: Pneumonia

text: often

text: shortens

text: suffering

text: among

text: those

text: already

text: close

text: to

text: death

text: and

text: has

text: thus

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: old

text: man

text: 's

text: friend

text: Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate morbidity from infection. When a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, this results in herd immunity. The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified; for example, the influenza vaccine, the HPV vaccine, and the chicken pox vaccine. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as polio, measles, and tetanus from much of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available to prevent or contribute to the prevention and control of twenty-five preventable infections.

text: Vaccination

text: is

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: antigenic

text: material

text: vaccine

text: to

text: stimulate

text: an

text: individual

text: 's

text: immune

text: system

text: to

text: develop

text: adaptive

text: immunity

text: to

text: pathogen

text: Vaccines

text: can

text: prevent

text: or

text: ameliorate

text: morbidity

text: from

text: infection

text: When

text: sufficiently

text: large

text: percentage

text: of

text: population

text: has

text: been

text: vaccinated

text: this

text: results

text: in

text: herd

text: immunity

text: The

text: effectiveness

text: of

text: vaccination

text: has

text: been

text: widely

text: studied

text: and

text: verified

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: influenza

text: vaccine

text: the

text: HPV

text: vaccine

text: and

text: the

text: chicken

text: pox

text: vaccine

text: Vaccination

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: effective

text: method

text: of

text: preventing

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: widespread

text: immunity

text: due

text: to

text: vaccination

text: is

text: largely

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: worldwide

text: eradication

text: of

text: smallpox

text: and

text: the

text: restriction

text: of

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: polio

text: measles

text: and

text: tetanus

text: from

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: WHO

text: reports

text: that

text: licensed

text: vaccines

text: are

text: currently

text: available

text: to

text: prevent

text: or

text: contribute

text: to

text: the

text: prevention

text: and

text: control

text: of

text: twenty

text: five

text: preventable

text: infections

text: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (from the Greek "cyto-", "cell", and "megalo-", "large") is a genus of viruses in the order Herpesvirales, in the family Herpesviridae, in the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. Humans and monkeys serve as natural hosts. There are currently eight species in this genus including the type species, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV, human herpesvirus 5, HHV-5), which is the species that infects humans. Diseases associated with HHV-5 include glandular fever, and pneumonia. In the medical literature, most mentions of CMV without further specification refer implicitly to human CMV. Human CMV is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses.

text: Cytomegalovirus

text: CMV

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: cyto-

text: cell

text: and

text: megalo-

text: large

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: viruses

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: Herpesvirales

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Herpesviridae

text: in

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Betaherpesvirinae

text: Humans

text: and

text: monkeys

text: serve

text: as

text: natural

text: hosts

text: There

text: are

text: currently

text: eight

text: species

text: in

text: this

text: genus

text: including

text: the

text: type

text: species

text: human

text: cytomegalovirus

text: HCMV

text: human

text: herpesvirus

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: species

text: that

text: infects

text: humans

text: Diseases

text: associated

text: with

text: include

text: glandular

text: fever

text: and

text: pneumonia

text: In

text: the

text: medical

text: literature

text: most

text: mentions

text: of

text: CMV

text: without

text: further

text: specification

text: refer

text: implicitly

text: to

text: human

text: CMV

text: Human

text: CMV

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: studied

text: of

text: all

text: cytomegaloviruses

text:
Herpes simplex ("herps", "creeping" or "latent") is a viral disease caused by the herpes simplex virus. Infections are categorized based on the part of the body infected. Oral herpes involves the face or mouth. It may result in small blisters in groups often called cold sores or fever blisters or may just cause a sore throat. Genital herpes, often simply known as herpes, may have minimal symptoms or form blisters that break open and result in small ulcers. These typically heal over two to four weeks. Tingling or shooting pains may occur before the blisters appear. Herpes cycles between periods of active disease followed by periods without symptoms. The first episode is often more severe and may be associated with fever, muscle pains, swollen lymph nodes and headaches. Over time, episodes of active disease decrease in frequency and severity. Other disorders caused by herpes simplex include: herpetic whitlow when it involves the fingers, herpes of the eye, herpes infection of the brain, and neonatal herpes when it affects a newborn, among others.
There are two types of herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 more commonly causes oral infections while HSV-2 more commonly causes genital infections. They are transmitted by direct contact with body fluids or lesions of an infected individual. Transmission may still occur when symptoms are not present. Genital herpes is classified as a sexually transmitted infection. It may be spread to an infant during childbirth. After infection, the viruses are transported along sensory nerves to the nerve cell bodies, where they reside lifelong. Causes of recurrence may include: decreased immune function, stress, and sunlight exposure. Oral and genital herpes is usually diagnosed based on the presenting symptoms. The diagnosis may be confirmed by viral culture or detecting herpes DNA in fluid from blisters. Testing the blood for antibodies against the virus can confirm a previous infection but will be negative in new infections.
The most effective method of avoiding genital infections is by avoiding vaginal, oral, and anal sex. Condom use decreases the risk somewhat. Daily antiviral medication taken by someone who has the infection can also reduce spread. There is no available vaccine and once infected, there is no cure. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and topical lidocaine may be used to help with the symptoms. Treatments with antiviral medication such as aciclovir or valaciclovir can lessen the severity of symptomatic episodes.
Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 or HSV-2 are between 60% and 95% in adults. HSV-1 is usually acquired during childhood. Rates of both increase as people age. Rates of HSV-1 are between 70% and 80% in populations of low socioeconomic status and 40% to 60% in populations of improved socioeconomic status. An estimated 536 million people worldwide (16% of the population) were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003 with greater rates among women and those in the developing world. Most people with HSV-2 do not realize that they are infected.

text: Herpes

text: simplex

text: herps

text: creeping

text: or

text: latent

text: is

text: viral

text: disease

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: herpes

text: simplex

text: virus

text: Infections

text: are

text: categorized

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: infected

text: Oral

text: herpes

text: involves

text: the

text: face

text: or

text: mouth

text: It

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: small

text: blisters

text: in

text: groups

text: often

text: called

text: cold

text: sores

text: or

text: fever

text: blisters

text: or

text: may

text: just

text: cause

text: sore

text: throat

text: Genital

text: herpes

text: often

text: simply

text: known

text: as

text: herpes

text: may

text: have

text: minimal

text: symptoms

text: or

text: form

text: blisters

text: that

text: break

text: open

text: and

text: result

text: in

text: small

text: ulcers

text: These

text: typically

text: heal

text: over

text: two

text: to

text: four

text: weeks

text: Tingling

text: or

text: shooting

text: pains

text: may

text: occur

text: before

text: the

text: blisters

text: appear

text: Herpes

text: cycles

text: between

text: periods

text: of

text: active

text: disease

text: followed

text: by

text: periods

text: without

text: symptoms

text: The

text: first

text: episode

text: is

text: often

text: more

text: severe

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: associated

text: with

text: fever

text: muscle

text: pains

text: swollen

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: and

text: headaches

text: Over

text: time

text: episodes

text: of

text: active

text: disease

text: decrease

text: in

text: frequency

text: and

text: severity

text: Other

text: disorders

text: caused

text: by

text: herpes

text: simplex

text: include

text: herpetic

text: whitlow

text: when

text: it

text: involves

text: the

text: fingers

text: herpes

text: of

text: the

text: eye

text: herpes

text: infection

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: and

text: neonatal

text: herpes

text: when

text: it

text: affects

text: newborn

text: among

text: others

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: types

text: of

text: herpes

text: simplex

text: virus

text: type

text: and

text: type

text: more

text: commonly

text: causes

text: oral

text: infections

text: while

text: more

text: commonly

text: causes

text: genital

text: infections

text: They

text: are

text: transmitted

text: by

text: direct

text: contact

text: with

text: body

text: fluids

text: or

text: lesions

text: of

text: an

text: infected

text: individual

text: Transmission

text: may

text: still

text: occur

text: when

text: symptoms

text: are

text: not

text: present

text: Genital

text: herpes

text: is

text: classified

text: as

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infection

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: spread

text: to

text: an

text: infant

text: during

text: childbirth

text: After

text: infection

text: the

text: viruses

text: are

text: transported

text: along

text: sensory

text: nerves

text: to

text: the

text: nerve

text: cell

text: bodies

text: where

text: they

text: reside

text: lifelong

text: Causes

text: of

text: recurrence

text: may

text: include

text: decreased

text: immune

text: function

text: stress

text: and

text: sunlight

text: exposure

text: Oral

text: and

text: genital

text: herpes

text: is

text: usually

text: diagnosed

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: presenting

text: symptoms

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: may

text: be

text: confirmed

text: by

text: viral

text: culture

text: or

text: detecting

text: herpes

text: DNA

text: in

text: fluid

text: from

text: blisters

text: Testing

text: the

text: blood

text: for

text: antibodies

text: against

text: the

text: virus

text: can

text: confirm

text: previous

text: infection

text: but

text: will

text: be

text: negative

text: in

text: new

text: infections

text: The

text: most

text: effective

text: method

text: of

text: avoiding

text: genital

text: infections

text: is

text: by

text: avoiding

text: vaginal

text: oral

text: and

text: anal

text: sex

text: Condom

text: use

text: decreases

text: the

text: risk

text: somewhat

text: Daily

text: antiviral

text: medication

text: taken

text: by

text: someone

text: who

text: has

text: the

text: infection

text: can

text: also

text: reduce

text: spread

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: available

text: vaccine

text: and

text: once

text: infected

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: cure

text: Paracetamol

text: acetaminophen

text: and

text: topical

text: lidocaine

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: help

text: with

text: the

text: symptoms

text: Treatments

text: with

text: antiviral

text: medication

text: such

text: as

text: aciclovir

text: or

text: valaciclovir

text: can

text: lessen

text: the

text: severity

text: of

text: symptomatic

text: episodes

text: Worldwide

text: rates

text: of

text: either

text: or

text: are

text: between

text: and

text: in

text: adults

text: is

text: usually

text: acquired

text: during

text: childhood

text: Rates

text: of

text: both

text: increase

text: as

text: people

text: age

text: Rates

text: of

text: are

text: between

text: and

text: in

text: populations

text: of

text: low

text: socioeconomic

text: status

text: and

text: to

text: in

text: populations

text: of

text: improved

text: socioeconomic

text: status

text: An

text: estimated

text: million

text: people

text: worldwide

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: were

text: infected

text: with

text: as

text: of

text: with

text: greater

text: rates

text: among

text: women

text: and

text: those

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: Most

text: people

text: with

text: do

text: not

text: realize

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: infected

text:
Childbirth, also known as labour and delivery, is the ending of a pregnancy by one or more babies leaving a woman's uterus. In 2015 there were about 135 million births globally. About 15 million were born before 37 weeks of gestation, while between 3 and 12% were born after 42 weeks. In the developed world most deliveries occur in hospital, while in the developing world most births take place at home with the support of a traditional birth attendant.
The most common way of childbirth is a vaginal delivery. It involves three stages of labour: the shortening and opening of the cervix, descent and birth of the baby, and the pushing out of the placenta. The first stage typically lasts twelve to nineteen hours, the second stage twenty minutes to two hours, and the third stage five to thirty minutes. The first stage begins with crampy abdominal or back pains that last around half a minute and occur every ten to thirty minutes. The crampy pains become stronger and closer together over time. During the second stage pushing with contractions may occur. In the third stage delayed clamping of the umbilical cord is generally recommended. A number of methods can help with pain such as relaxation techniques, opioids, and spinal blocks.
Most babies are born head first; however about 4% are born feet or buttock first, known as breech. During labour a woman can generally eat and move around as she likes, but pushing is not recommended during the first stage or during delivery of the head, and enemas are not recommended. While making a cut to the opening of the vagina is common, known as an episiotomy, it is generally not needed. In 2012, about 23 million deliveries occurred by a surgical procedure known as Caesarean section. Caesarean sections may be recommended for twins, signs of distress in the baby, or breech position. This method of delivery can take longer to heal from.
Each year complications from pregnancy and childbirth result in about 500,000 maternal deaths, 7 million women have serious long term problems, and 50 million women have health negative outcomes following delivery. Most of these occur in the developing world. Specific complications include obstructed labour, postpartum bleeding, eclampsia, and postpartum infection. Complications in the baby include birth asphyxia.

text: Childbirth

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: labour

text: and

text: delivery

text: is

text: the

text: ending

text: of

text: pregnancy

text: by

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: babies

text: leaving

text: woman

text: 's

text: uterus

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: about

text: million

text: births

text: globally

text: About

text: million

text: were

text: born

text: before

text: weeks

text: of

text: gestation

text: while

text: between

text: and

text: were

text: born

text: after

text: weeks

text: In

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: most

text: deliveries

text: occur

text: in

text: hospital

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: most

text: births

text: take

text: place

text: at

text: home

text: with

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: traditional

text: birth

text: attendant

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: way

text: of

text: childbirth

text: is

text: vaginal

text: delivery

text: It

text: involves

text: three

text: stages

text: of

text: labour

text: the

text: shortening

text: and

text: opening

text: of

text: the

text: cervix

text: descent

text: and

text: birth

text: of

text: the

text: baby

text: and

text: the

text: pushing

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: placenta

text: The

text: first

text: stage

text: typically

text: lasts

text: twelve

text: to

text: nineteen

text: hours

text: the

text: second

text: stage

text: twenty

text: minutes

text: to

text: two

text: hours

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: stage

text: five

text: to

text: thirty

text: minutes

text: The

text: first

text: stage

text: begins

text: with

text: crampy

text: abdominal

text: or

text: back

text: pains

text: that

text: last

text: around

text: half

text: minute

text: and

text: occur

text: every

text: ten

text: to

text: thirty

text: minutes

text: The

text: crampy

text: pains

text: become

text: stronger

text: and

text: closer

text: together

text: over

text: time

text: During

text: the

text: second

text: stage

text: pushing

text: with

text: contractions

text: may

text: occur

text: In

text: the

text: third

text: stage

text: delayed

text: clamping

text: of

text: the

text: umbilical

text: cord

text: is

text: generally

text: recommended

text: number

text: of

text: methods

text: can

text: help

text: with

text: pain

text: such

text: as

text: relaxation

text: techniques

text: opioids

text: and

text: spinal

text: blocks

text: Most

text: babies

text: are

text: born

text: head

text: first

text: however

text: about

text: are

text: born

text: feet

text: or

text: buttock

text: first

text: known

text: as

text: breech

text: During

text: labour

text: woman

text: can

text: generally

text: eat

text: and

text: move

text: around

text: as

text: she

text: likes

text: but

text: pushing

text: is

text: not

text: recommended

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: stage

text: or

text: during

text: delivery

text: of

text: the

text: head

text: and

text: enemas

text: are

text: not

text: recommended

text: While

text: making

text: cut

text: to

text: the

text: opening

text: of

text: the

text: vagina

text: is

text: common

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: episiotomy

text: it

text: is

text: generally

text: not

text: needed

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: deliveries

text: occurred

text: by

text: surgical

text: procedure

text: known

text: as

text: Caesarean

text: section

text: Caesarean

text: sections

text: may

text: be

text: recommended

text: for

text: twins

text: signs

text: of

text: distress

text: in

text: the

text: baby

text: or

text: breech

text: position

text: This

text: method

text: of

text: delivery

text: can

text: take

text: longer

text: to

text: heal

text: from

text: Each

text: year

text: complications

text: from

text: pregnancy

text: and

text: childbirth

text: result

text: in

text: about

text: maternal

text: deaths

text: million

text: women

text: have

text: serious

text: long

text: term

text: problems

text: and

text: million

text: women

text: have

text: health

text: negative

text: outcomes

text: following

text: delivery

text: Most

text: of

text: these

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: Specific

text: complications

text: include

text: obstructed

text: labour

text: postpartum

text: bleeding

text: eclampsia

text: and

text: postpartum

text: infection

text: Complications

text: in

text: the

text: baby

text: include

text: birth

text: asphyxia

text:
Hepatitis A (formerly known as infectious hepatitis) is an infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Many cases have few or no symptoms, especially in the young. The time between infection and symptoms, in those who develop them, is between two and six weeks. When symptoms occur, they typically last eight weeks and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, fever, and abdominal pain. Around 1015% of people experience a recurrence of symptoms during the six months after the initial infection. Acute liver failure may rarely occur, with this being more common in the elderly.
It is usually spread by eating food or drinking water contaminated with infected feces. Shellfish which have not been sufficiently cooked are a relatively common source. It may also be spread through close contact with an infectious person. While children often do not have symptoms when infected, they are still able to infect others. After a single infection, a person is immune for the rest of his or her life. Diagnosis requires blood testing, as the symptoms are similar to those of a number of other diseases. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.
The hepatitis A vaccine is effective for prevention. Some countries recommend it routinely for children and those at higher risk who have not previously been vaccinated. It appears to be effective for life. Other preventive measures include hand washing and properly cooking food. No specific treatment is available, with rest and medications for nausea or diarrhea recommended on an as-needed basis. Infections usually resolve completely and without ongoing liver disease. Treatment of acute liver failure, if it occurs, is with liver transplantation.
Globally, around 1.4 million symptomatic cases occur each year and about 102 million infections (symptomatic and asymptomatic). It is more common in regions of the world with poor sanitation and not enough safe water. In the developing world about 90% of children have been infected by age 10 and thus are immune by adulthood. It often occurs in outbreaks in moderately developed countries where children are not exposed when young and vaccination is not widespread. Acute hepatitis A resulted in 102,000 deaths in 2010. World Hepatitis Day occurs each year on July 28 to bring awareness to viral hepatitis.

text: Hepatitis

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: infectious

text: hepatitis

text: is

text: an

text: infectious

text: disease

text: of

text: the

text: liver

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: hepatitis

text: virus

text: HAV

text: Many

text: cases

text: have

text: few

text: or

text: no

text: symptoms

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: young

text: The

text: time

text: between

text: infection

text: and

text: symptoms

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: develop

text: them

text: is

text: between

text: two

text: and

text: six

text: weeks

text: When

text: symptoms

text: occur

text: they

text: typically

text: last

text: eight

text: weeks

text: and

text: may

text: include

text: nausea

text: vomiting

text: diarrhea

text: jaundice

text: fever

text: and

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: Around

text: of

text: people

text: experience

text: recurrence

text: of

text: symptoms

text: during

text: the

text: six

text: months

text: after

text: the

text: initial

text: infection

text: Acute

text: liver

text: failure

text: may

text: rarely

text: occur

text: with

text: this

text: being

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: elderly

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: spread

text: by

text: eating

text: food

text: or

text: drinking

text: water

text: contaminated

text: with

text: infected

text: feces

text: Shellfish

text: which

text: have

text: not

text: been

text: sufficiently

text: cooked

text: are

text: relatively

text: common

text: source

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: spread

text: through

text: close

text: contact

text: with

text: an

text: infectious

text: person

text: While

text: children

text: often

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: symptoms

text: when

text: infected

text: they

text: are

text: still

text: able

text: to

text: infect

text: others

text: After

text: single

text: infection

text: person

text: is

text: immune

text: for

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: life

text: Diagnosis

text: requires

text: blood

text: testing

text: as

text: the

text: symptoms

text: are

text: similar

text: to

text: those

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: diseases

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: five

text: known

text: hepatitis

text: viruses

text: and

text: The

text: hepatitis

text: vaccine

text: is

text: effective

text: for

text: prevention

text: Some

text: countries

text: recommend

text: it

text: routinely

text: for

text: children

text: and

text: those

text: at

text: higher

text: risk

text: who

text: have

text: not

text: previously

text: been

text: vaccinated

text: It

text: appears

text: to

text: be

text: effective

text: for

text: life

text: Other

text: preventive

text: measures

text: include

text: hand

text: washing

text: and

text: properly

text: cooking

text: food

text: No

text: specific

text: treatment

text: is

text: available

text: with

text: rest

text: and

text: medications

text: for

text: nausea

text: or

text: diarrhea

text: recommended

text: on

text: an

text: as

text: needed

text: basis

text: Infections

text: usually

text: resolve

text: completely

text: and

text: without

text: ongoing

text: liver

text: disease

text: Treatment

text: of

text: acute

text: liver

text: failure

text: if

text: it

text: occurs

text: is

text: with

text: liver

text: transplantation

text: Globally

text: around

text: million

text: symptomatic

text: cases

text: occur

text: each

text: year

text: and

text: about

text: million

text: infections

text: symptomatic

text: and

text: asymptomatic

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: poor

text: sanitation

text: and

text: not

text: enough

text: safe

text: water

text: In

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: about

text: of

text: children

text: have

text: been

text: infected

text: by

text: age

text: and

text: thus

text: are

text: immune

text: by

text: adulthood

text: It

text: often

text: occurs

text: in

text: outbreaks

text: in

text: moderately

text: developed

text: countries

text: where

text: children

text: are

text: not

text: exposed

text: when

text: young

text: and

text: vaccination

text: is

text: not

text: widespread

text: Acute

text: hepatitis

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: in

text: World

text: Hepatitis

text: Day

text: occurs

text: each

text: year

text: on

text: July

text: to

text: bring

text: awareness

text: to

text: viral

text: hepatitis

text: Viral hepatitis is liver inflammation due to a viral infection . It may present in acute ( recent infection , relatively rapid onset ) or chronic forms . The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five unrelated hepatotropic viruses Hepatitis A , Hepatitis B , Hepatitis C , Hepatitis D , and Hepatitis E. In addition to the nominal hepatitis viruses , other viruses that can also cause liver inflammation include Herpes simplex , Cytomegalovirus , Epstein -- Barr virus , and Yellow fever .

text: Viral

text: hepatitis

text: is

text: liver

text: inflammation

text: due

text: to

text: viral

text: infection

text: It

text: may

text: present

text: in

text: acute

text: recent

text: infection

text: relatively

text: rapid

text: onset

text: or

text: chronic

text: forms

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: causes

text: of

text: viral

text: hepatitis

text: are

text: the

text: five

text: unrelated

text: hepatotropic

text: viruses

text: Hepatitis

text: Hepatitis

text: Hepatitis

text: Hepatitis

text: and

text: Hepatitis

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: nominal

text: hepatitis

text: viruses

text: other

text: viruses

text: that

text: can

text: also

text: cause

text: liver

text: inflammation

text: include

text: Herpes

text: simplex

text: Cytomegalovirus

text: Epstein

text: Barr

text: virus

text: and

text: Yellow

text: fever

text: A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and keep a record of it so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters. Vaccines can be prophylactic (example: to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by any natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (e.g., vaccines against cancer are being investigated).

text: vaccine

text: is

text: biological

text: preparation

text: that

text: provides

text: active

text: acquired

text: immunity

text: to

text: particular

text: disease

text: vaccine

text: typically

text: contains

text: an

text: agent

text: that

text: resembles

text: disease

text: causing

text: microorganism

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: made

text: from

text: weakened

text: or

text: killed

text: forms

text: of

text: the

text: microbe

text: its

text: toxins

text: or

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: surface

text: proteins

text: The

text: agent

text: stimulates

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: immune

text: system

text: to

text: recognize

text: the

text: agent

text: as

text: threat

text: destroy

text: it

text: and

text: keep

text: record

text: of

text: it

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: can

text: more

text: easily

text: recognize

text: and

text: destroy

text: any

text: of

text: these

text: microorganisms

text: that

text: it

text: later

text: encounters

text: Vaccines

text: can

text: be

text: prophylactic

text: example

text: to

text: prevent

text: or

text: ameliorate

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: future

text: infection

text: by

text: any

text: natural

text: or

text: wild

text: pathogen

text: or

text: therapeutic

text: e.g.

text: vaccines

text: against

text: cancer

text: are

text: being

text: investigated

text: A herpetic whitlow is a lesion (whitlow) on a finger or thumb caused by the herpes simplex virus. It is a painful infection that typically affects the fingers or thumbs. Occasionally infection occurs on the toes or on the nail cuticle. Herpes whitlow can be caused by infection by HSV-1 or HSV-2. HSV-1 whitlow is often contracted by health care workers that come in contact with the virus; it is most commonly contracted by dental workers and medical workers exposed to oral secretions. It is also often observed in thumb-sucking children with primary HSV-1 oral infection (autoinoculation) prior to seroconversion, and in adults aged 20 to 30 following contact with HSV-2-infected genitals. Symptoms of herpetic whitlow include swelling, reddening and tenderness of the skin of infected finger. This may be accompanied by fever and swollen lymph nodes. Small, clear vesicles initially form individually, then merge and become cloudy. Associated pain often seems large relative to the physical symptoms. The herpes whitlow lesion usually heals in two to three weeks. It may reside in axillary sensory ganglia to cause recurrent herpetic lesions on that arm or digits.

text: herpetic

text: whitlow

text: is

text: lesion

text: whitlow

text: on

text: finger

text: or

text: thumb

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: herpes

text: simplex

text: virus

text: It

text: is

text: painful

text: infection

text: that

text: typically

text: affects

text: the

text: fingers

text: or

text: thumbs

text: Occasionally

text: infection

text: occurs

text: on

text: the

text: toes

text: or

text: on

text: the

text: nail

text: cuticle

text: Herpes

text: whitlow

text: can

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: infection

text: by

text: or

text: whitlow

text: is

text: often

text: contracted

text: by

text: health

text: care

text: workers

text: that

text: come

text: in

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: virus

text: it

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: contracted

text: by

text: dental

text: workers

text: and

text: medical

text: workers

text: exposed

text: to

text: oral

text: secretions

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: often

text: observed

text: in

text: thumb

text: sucking

text: children

text: with

text: primary

text: oral

text: infection

text: autoinoculation

text: prior

text: to

text: seroconversion

text: and

text: in

text: adults

text: aged

text: to

text: following

text: contact

text: with

text: genitals

text: Symptoms

text: of

text: herpetic

text: whitlow

text: include

text: swelling

text: reddening

text: and

text: tenderness

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: of

text: infected

text: finger

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: accompanied

text: by

text: fever

text: and

text: swollen

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: Small

text: clear

text: vesicles

text: initially

text: form

text: individually

text: then

text: merge

text: and

text: become

text: cloudy

text: Associated

text: pain

text: often

text: seems

text: large

text: relative

text: to

text: the

text: physical

text: symptoms

text: The

text: herpes

text: whitlow

text: lesion

text: usually

text: heals

text: in

text: two

text: to

text: three

text: weeks

text: It

text: may

text: reside

text: in

text: axillary

text: sensory

text: ganglia

text: to

text: cause

text: recurrent

text: herpetic

text: lesions

text: on

text: that

text: arm

text: or

text: digits

text:
A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions)
attach to and enter susceptible cells.

text: viral

text: disease

text: or

text: viral

text: infection

text: occurs

text: when

text: an

text: organism

text: 's

text: body

text: is

text: invaded

text: by

text: pathogenic

text: viruses

text: and

text: infectious

text: virus

text: particles

text: virions

text: attach

text: to

text: and

text: enter

text: susceptible

text: cells

text: A superinfection is generally defined as a second infection superimposed on an earlier one, especially by a different microbial agent of exogenous or endogenous origin, that is resistant to the treatment being used against the first infection. Examples of this in bacteriology are the overgrowth of endogenous "Clostridium difficile" which occurs following treatment with a broad-spectrum antibiotic, and pneumonia or septicemia from "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" in some immuno-compromised patients.

text: superinfection

text: is

text: generally

text: defined

text: as

text: second

text: infection

text: superimposed

text: on

text: an

text: earlier

text: one

text: especially

text: by

text: different

text: microbial

text: agent

text: of

text: exogenous

text: or

text: endogenous

text: origin

text: that

text: is

text: resistant

text: to

text: the

text: treatment

text: being

text: used

text: against

text: the

text: first

text: infection

text: Examples

text: of

text: this

text: in

text: bacteriology

text: are

text: the

text: overgrowth

text: of

text: endogenous

text: Clostridium

text: difficile

text: which

text: occurs

text: following

text: treatment

text: with

text: broad

text: spectrum

text: antibiotic

text: and

text: pneumonia

text: or

text: septicemia

text: from

text: Pseudomonas

text: aeruginosa

text: in

text: some

text: immuno

text: compromised

text: patients

text:
Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver. During the initial infection people often have mild or no symptoms. Occasionally a fever, dark urine, abdominal pain, and yellow tinged skin occurs. The virus persists in the liver in about 75% to 85% of those initially infected. Early on chronic infection typically has no symptoms. Over many years however, it often leads to liver disease and occasionally cirrhosis. In some cases, those with cirrhosis will develop complications such as liver failure, liver cancer, or esophageal and gastric varices.
HCV is spread primarily by blood-to-blood contact associated with intravenous drug use, poorly sterilized medical equipment, needlestick injuries in healthcare, and transfusions. Using blood screening, the risk from a transfusion is less than one per two million. It may also be spread from an infected mother to her baby during birth. It is not spread by superficial contact. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. Diagnosis is by blood testing to look for either antibodies to the virus or its RNA. Testing is recommended in all people who are at risk.
There is no vaccine against hepatitis C. Prevention includes harm reduction efforts among people who use intravenous drugs and testing donated blood. Chronic infection can be cured about 90% of the time with treatments that include the medications sofosbuvir or simeprevir. Previous to this a combination of peginterferon and ribavirin was used which had a cure rate around 50% and greater side effects. Getting access to the newer treatments however can be expensive. Those who develop cirrhosis or liver cancer may require a liver transplant. Hepatitis C is the leading reason for liver transplantation, though the virus usually recurs after transplantation.
An estimated 130200 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C. In 2013 about 11 million new cases occurred. It occurs most commonly in Africa and Central and East Asia. About 343,000 deaths due to liver cancer and 358,000 deaths due to cirrhosis occurred in 2013 due to hepatitis C. The existence of hepatitis C  originally identifiable only as a type of non-A non-B hepatitis  was suggested in the 1970s and proven in 1989. Hepatitis C infects only humans and chimpanzees.

text: Hepatitis

text: is

text: an

text: infectious

text: disease

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: hepatitis

text: virus

text: HCV

text: that

text: primarily

text: affects

text: the

text: liver

text: During

text: the

text: initial

text: infection

text: people

text: often

text: have

text: mild

text: or

text: no

text: symptoms

text: Occasionally

text: fever

text: dark

text: urine

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: and

text: yellow

text: tinged

text: skin

text: occurs

text: The

text: virus

text: persists

text: in

text: the

text: liver

text: in

text: about

text: to

text: of

text: those

text: initially

text: infected

text: Early

text: on

text: chronic

text: infection

text: typically

text: has

text: no

text: symptoms

text: Over

text: many

text: years

text: however

text: it

text: often

text: leads

text: to

text: liver

text: disease

text: and

text: occasionally

text: cirrhosis

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: those

text: with

text: cirrhosis

text: will

text: develop

text: complications

text: such

text: as

text: liver

text: failure

text: liver

text: cancer

text: or

text: esophageal

text: and

text: gastric

text: varices

text: HCV

text: is

text: spread

text: primarily

text: by

text: blood

text: to

text: blood

text: contact

text: associated

text: with

text: intravenous

text: drug

text: use

text: poorly

text: sterilized

text: medical

text: equipment

text: needlestick

text: injuries

text: in

text: healthcare

text: and

text: transfusions

text: Using

text: blood

text: screening

text: the

text: risk

text: from

text: transfusion

text: is

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: per

text: two

text: million

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: spread

text: from

text: an

text: infected

text: mother

text: to

text: her

text: baby

text: during

text: birth

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: spread

text: by

text: superficial

text: contact

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: five

text: known

text: hepatitis

text: viruses

text: and

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: by

text: blood

text: testing

text: to

text: look

text: for

text: either

text: antibodies

text: to

text: the

text: virus

text: or

text: its

text: RNA

text: Testing

text: is

text: recommended

text: in

text: all

text: people

text: who

text: are

text: at

text: risk

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: vaccine

text: against

text: hepatitis

text: Prevention

text: includes

text: harm

text: reduction

text: efforts

text: among

text: people

text: who

text: use

text: intravenous

text: drugs

text: and

text: testing

text: donated

text: blood

text: Chronic

text: infection

text: can

text: be

text: cured

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: with

text: treatments

text: that

text: include

text: the

text: medications

text: sofosbuvir

text: or

text: simeprevir

text: Previous

text: to

text: this

text: combination

text: of

text: peginterferon

text: and

text: ribavirin

text: was

text: used

text: which

text: had

text: cure

text: rate

text: around

text: and

text: greater

text: side

text: effects

text: Getting

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: newer

text: treatments

text: however

text: can

text: be

text: expensive

text: Those

text: who

text: develop

text: cirrhosis

text: or

text: liver

text: cancer

text: may

text: require

text: liver

text: transplant

text: Hepatitis

text: is

text: the

text: leading

text: reason

text: for

text: liver

text: transplantation

text: though

text: the

text: virus

text: usually

text: recurs

text: after

text: transplantation

text: An

text: estimated

text: million

text: people

text: worldwide

text: are

text: infected

text: with

text: hepatitis

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: occurred

text: It

text: occurs

text: most

text: commonly

text: in

text: Africa

text: and

text: Central

text: and

text: East

text: Asia

text: About

text: deaths

text: due

text: to

text: liver

text: cancer

text: and

text: deaths

text: due

text: to

text: cirrhosis

text: occurred

text: in

text: due

text: to

text: hepatitis

text: The

text: existence

text: of

text: hepatitis

text: originally

text: identifiable

text: only

text: as

text: type

text: of

text: non

text: non

text: hepatitis

text: was

text: suggested

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: proven

text: in

text: Hepatitis

text: infects

text: only

text: humans

text: and

text: chimpanzees

text:
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progress to decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe. Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are breastfed, however, may be normal.
The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into three types: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea. The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to an infection by cholera, although this is rare in the developed world. If blood is present it is also known as dysentery. A number of non-infectious causes may also result in diarrhea, including hyperthyroidism, lactose intolerance, inflammatory bowel disease, a number of medications, and irritable bowel syndrome. In most cases, stool cultures are not required to confirm the exact cause.
Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap. Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, is the treatment of choice. Zinc tablets are also recommended. These treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years. When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfed. If commercial ORS are not available, homemade solutions may be used. In those with severe dehydration, intravenous fluids may be required. Most cases; however, can be managed well with fluids by mouth. Antibiotics, while rarely used, may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool. Loperamide may help decrease the number of bowel movements but is not recommended in those with severe disease.
About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013  down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it was the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five (0.76 million or 11%). Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age. Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development.

text: Diarrhea

text: also

text: spelled

text: diarrhoea

text: is

text: the

text: condition

text: of

text: having

text: at

text: least

text: three

text: loose

text: or

text: liquid

text: bowel

text: movements

text: each

text: day

text: It

text: often

text: lasts

text: for

text: few

text: days

text: and

text: can

text: result

text: in

text: dehydration

text: due

text: to

text: fluid

text: loss

text: Signs

text: of

text: dehydration

text: often

text: begin

text: with

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: normal

text: stretchiness

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: and

text: irritable

text: behaviour

text: This

text: can

text: progress

text: to

text: decreased

text: urination

text: loss

text: of

text: skin

text: color

text: fast

text: heart

text: rate

text: and

text: decrease

text: in

text: responsiveness

text: as

text: it

text: becomes

text: more

text: severe

text: Loose

text: but

text: non

text: watery

text: stools

text: in

text: babies

text: who

text: are

text: breastfed

text: however

text: may

text: be

text: normal

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: is

text: an

text: infection

text: of

text: the

text: intestines

text: due

text: to

text: either

text: virus

text: bacteria

text: or

text: parasite

text: condition

text: known

text: as

text: gastroenteritis

text: These

text: infections

text: are

text: often

text: acquired

text: from

text: food

text: or

text: water

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: contaminated

text: by

text: stool

text: or

text: directly

text: from

text: another

text: person

text: who

text: is

text: infected

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: types

text: short

text: duration

text: watery

text: diarrhea

text: short

text: duration

text: bloody

text: diarrhea

text: and

text: if

text: it

text: lasts

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: weeks

text: persistent

text: diarrhea

text: The

text: short

text: duration

text: watery

text: diarrhea

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: an

text: infection

text: by

text: cholera

text: although

text: this

text: is

text: rare

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: If

text: blood

text: is

text: present

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: dysentery

text: number

text: of

text: non

text: infectious

text: causes

text: may

text: also

text: result

text: in

text: diarrhea

text: including

text: hyperthyroidism

text: lactose

text: intolerance

text: inflammatory

text: bowel

text: disease

text: number

text: of

text: medications

text: and

text: irritable

text: bowel

text: syndrome

text: In

text: most

text: cases

text: stool

text: cultures

text: are

text: not

text: required

text: to

text: confirm

text: the

text: exact

text: cause

text: Prevention

text: of

text: infectious

text: diarrhea

text: is

text: by

text: improved

text: sanitation

text: clean

text: drinking

text: water

text: and

text: hand

text: washing

text: with

text: soap

text: Breastfeeding

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: six

text: months

text: is

text: also

text: recommended

text: as

text: is

text: vaccination

text: against

text: rotavirus

text: Oral

text: rehydration

text: solution

text: ORS

text: which

text: is

text: clean

text: water

text: with

text: modest

text: amounts

text: of

text: salts

text: and

text: sugar

text: is

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: choice

text: Zinc

text: tablets

text: are

text: also

text: recommended

text: These

text: treatments

text: have

text: been

text: estimated

text: to

text: have

text: saved

text: million

text: children

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: years

text: When

text: people

text: have

text: diarrhea

text: it

text: is

text: recommended

text: that

text: they

text: continue

text: to

text: eat

text: healthy

text: food

text: and

text: babies

text: continue

text: to

text: be

text: breastfed

text: If

text: commercial

text: ORS

text: are

text: not

text: available

text: homemade

text: solutions

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: In

text: those

text: with

text: severe

text: dehydration

text: intravenous

text: fluids

text: may

text: be

text: required

text: Most

text: cases

text: however

text: can

text: be

text: managed

text: well

text: with

text: fluids

text: by

text: mouth

text: Antibiotics

text: while

text: rarely

text: used

text: may

text: be

text: recommended

text: in

text: few

text: cases

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: bloody

text: diarrhea

text: and

text: high

text: fever

text: those

text: with

text: severe

text: diarrhea

text: following

text: travelling

text: and

text: those

text: who

text: grow

text: specific

text: bacteria

text: or

text: parasites

text: in

text: their

text: stool

text: Loperamide

text: may

text: help

text: decrease

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: bowel

text: movements

text: but

text: is

text: not

text: recommended

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: severe

text: disease

text: About

text: to

text: billion

text: cases

text: of

text: diarrhea

text: occur

text: per

text: year

text: It

text: is

text: most

text: common

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: where

text: young

text: children

text: get

text: diarrhea

text: on

text: average

text: three

text: times

text: year

text: Total

text: deaths

text: from

text: diarrhea

text: are

text: estimated

text: at

text: million

text: in

text: down

text: from

text: million

text: in

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: deaths

text: in

text: children

text: younger

text: than

text: five

text: million

text: or

text: Frequent

text: episodes

text: of

text: diarrhea

text: are

text: also

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: malnutrition

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: in

text: those

text: younger

text: than

text: five

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: Other

text: long

text: term

text: problems

text: that

text: can

text: result

text: include

text: stunted

text: growth

text: and

text: poor

text: intellectual

text: development

text: Betaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of viruses in the order Herpesvirales, in the family Herpesviridae. Mammals serve as natural hosts. There are currently 18 species in this subfamily, divided among 4 genera. Diseases associated with this subfamily include: HHV-5: congenital CMV infection. HHV-6: 'sixth disease' (roseola infantum, exanthem subitum). HHV-7: symptoms analog to the 'sixth disease'.

text: Betaherpesvirinae

text: is

text: subfamily

text: of

text: viruses

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: Herpesvirales

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Herpesviridae

text: Mammals

text: serve

text: as

text: natural

text: hosts

text: There

text: are

text: currently

text: species

text: in

text: this

text: subfamily

text: divided

text: among

text: genera

text: Diseases

text: associated

text: with

text: this

text: subfamily

text: include

text: congenital

text: CMV

text: infection

text: sixth

text: disease

text: roseola

text: infantum

text: exanthem

text: subitum

text: symptoms

text: analog

text: to

text: the

text: sixth

text: disease

text:
Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels. It is commonly associated with itchiness. The feces may be pale and the urine dark. Jaundice in babies occurs in over half in the first week following birth and in most is not a problem. If bilirubin levels in babies are very high for too long a type of brain damage, known as kernicterus, may occur.
Causes of jaundice vary from non-serious to potentially fatal. Levels of bilirubin in blood are normally below 1.0 mg/dL (17 µmol/L) and levels over 2-3 mg/dL (34-51 µmol/L) typically results in jaundice. High bilirubin is divided into two types: unconjugated (indirect) and conjugated (direct). Conjugated bilirubin can be confirmed by finding bilirubin in the urine. Other conditions that can cause yellowish skin but are not jaundice include carotenemia from eating large amounts of certain foods and medications like rifampin.
High unconjugated bilirubin may be due to excess red blood cell breakdown, large bruises, genetic conditions such as Gilbert's syndrome, no eating for a prolonged period of time, newborn jaundice, or thyroid problems. High conjugated bilirubin may be due to liver diseases such as cirrhosis or hepatitis, infections, medications, or blockage of the bile duct. In the developed world the cause is more often blockage of the bile duct or medications while in the developing world it is more often infections such as viral hepatitis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, or malaria. Blockage of the bile duct may occur due to gallstones, cancer, or pancreatitis. Medical imaging such as ultrasound is useful for detecting bile duct blockage.
Treatment of jaundice is typically determined by the underlying cause. If a bile duct blockage is present surgery is typically required, otherwise management is medical. Medical management may involve treating infectious causes and stopping medication that could be contributing. Among newborns, depending on age and prematurity, a bilirubin greater than 4-21 mg/dL (68-360 µmol/L) may be treated with phototherapy or exchanged transfusion. The itchiness may be helped by draining the gallbladder or ursodeoxycholic acid. The word "jaundice" is from the French "jaunisse", meaning "yellow disease".

text: Jaundice

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: icterus

text: is

text: yellowish

text: or

text: greenish

text: pigmentation

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: and

text: whites

text: of

text: the

text: eyes

text: due

text: to

text: high

text: bilirubin

text: levels

text: It

text: is

text: commonly

text: associated

text: with

text: itchiness

text: The

text: feces

text: may

text: be

text: pale

text: and

text: the

text: urine

text: dark

text: Jaundice

text: in

text: babies

text: occurs

text: in

text: over

text: half

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: week

text: following

text: birth

text: and

text: in

text: most

text: is

text: not

text: problem

text: If

text: bilirubin

text: levels

text: in

text: babies

text: are

text: very

text: high

text: for

text: too

text: long

text: type

text: of

text: brain

text: damage

text: known

text: as

text: kernicterus

text: may

text: occur

text: Causes

text: of

text: jaundice

text: vary

text: from

text: non

text: serious

text: to

text: potentially

text: fatal

text: Levels

text: of

text: bilirubin

text: in

text: blood

text: are

text: normally

text: below

text: mg

text: dL

text: µmol

text: and

text: levels

text: over

text: mg

text: dL

text: µmol

text: typically

text: results

text: in

text: jaundice

text: High

text: bilirubin

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: types

text: unconjugated

text: indirect

text: and

text: conjugated

text: direct

text: Conjugated

text: bilirubin

text: can

text: be

text: confirmed

text: by

text: finding

text: bilirubin

text: in

text: the

text: urine

text: Other

text: conditions

text: that

text: can

text: cause

text: yellowish

text: skin

text: but

text: are

text: not

text: jaundice

text: include

text: carotenemia

text: from

text: eating

text: large

text: amounts

text: of

text: certain

text: foods

text: and

text: medications

text: like

text: rifampin

text: High

text: unconjugated

text: bilirubin

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: excess

text: red

text: blood

text: cell

text: breakdown

text: large

text: bruises

text: genetic

text: conditions

text: such

text: as

text: Gilbert

text: 's

text: syndrome

text: no

text: eating

text: for

text: prolonged

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: newborn

text: jaundice

text: or

text: thyroid

text: problems

text: High

text: conjugated

text: bilirubin

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: liver

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: cirrhosis

text: or

text: hepatitis

text: infections

text: medications

text: or

text: blockage

text: of

text: the

text: bile

text: duct

text: In

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: the

text: cause

text: is

text: more

text: often

text: blockage

text: of

text: the

text: bile

text: duct

text: or

text: medications

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: it

text: is

text: more

text: often

text: infections

text: such

text: as

text: viral

text: hepatitis

text: leptospirosis

text: schistosomiasis

text: or

text: malaria

text: Blockage

text: of

text: the

text: bile

text: duct

text: may

text: occur

text: due

text: to

text: gallstones

text: cancer

text: or

text: pancreatitis

text: Medical

text: imaging

text: such

text: as

text: ultrasound

text: is

text: useful

text: for

text: detecting

text: bile

text: duct

text: blockage

text: Treatment

text: of

text: jaundice

text: is

text: typically

text: determined

text: by

text: the

text: underlying

text: cause

text: If

text: bile

text: duct

text: blockage

text: is

text: present

text: surgery

text: is

text: typically

text: required

text: otherwise

text: management

text: is

text: medical

text: Medical

text: management

text: may

text: involve

text: treating

text: infectious

text: causes

text: and

text: stopping

text: medication

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: contributing

text: Among

text: newborns

text: depending

text: on

text: age

text: and

text: prematurity

text: bilirubin

text: greater

text: than

text: mg

text: dL

text: µmol

text: may

text: be

text: treated

text: with

text: phototherapy

text: or

text: exchanged

text: transfusion

text: The

text: itchiness

text: may

text: be

text: helped

text: by

text: draining

text: the

text: gallbladder

text: or

text: ursodeoxycholic

text: acid

text: The

text: word

text: jaundice

text: is

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: jaunisse

text: meaning

text: yellow

text: disease

text:
Sexually transmitted infections (STI), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and venereal diseases (VD), are infections that are commonly spread by sex, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex. Most STIs initially do not cause symptoms. This results in a greater risk of passing the disease on to others. Symptoms and signs of disease may include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, and pelvic pain. STIs acquired before or during birth may result in poor outcomes for the baby. Some STIs may cause problems with the ability to get pregnant.
More than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites can cause STIs. Bacterial STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis among others. Viral STIs include genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, and genital warts among others. Parasitic STIs include trichomoniasis among others. While usually spread by sex, some STIs can also be spread by non-sexual contact with contaminated blood and tissues, breastfeeding, or during childbirth. STI diagnostic tests are easily available in the developed world, but this is often not the case in the developing world.
The most effective way of preventing STIs is by not having sex. Some vaccinations may also decrease the risk of certain infections including hepatitis B and some types of HPV. Safer sex practices such as use of condoms, having a smaller number of sexual partners, and being in a relationship where each person only has sex with the other also decreases the risk. Circumcision in males may be effective to prevent some infections. Most STIs are treatable or curable. Of the most common infections, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis are curable, while herpes, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, and HPV are treatable but not curable. Resistance to certain antibiotics is developing among some organisms such as gonorrhea.
In 2008, it was estimated that 500 million people were infected with either syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia or trichomoniasis. At least an additional 530 million people have genital herpes and 290 million women have human papillomavirus. STIs other than HIV resulted in 142,000 deaths in 2013. In the United States there were 19 million new cases of sexually transmitted infections in 2010. Historical documentation of STIs date back to at least the Ebers papyrus around 1550 BC and the Old Testament. There is often shame and stigma associated with these infections. The term "sexually transmitted infection" is generally preferred over the terms "sexually transmitted disease" and "venereal disease", as it includes those who do not have symptomatic disease.

text: Sexually

text: transmitted

text: infections

text: STI

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: diseases

text: STD

text: and

text: venereal

text: diseases

text: VD

text: are

text: infections

text: that

text: are

text: commonly

text: spread

text: by

text: sex

text: especially

text: vaginal

text: intercourse

text: anal

text: sex

text: and

text: oral

text: sex

text: Most

text: STIs

text: initially

text: do

text: not

text: cause

text: symptoms

text: This

text: results

text: in

text: greater

text: risk

text: of

text: passing

text: the

text: disease

text: on

text: to

text: others

text: Symptoms

text: and

text: signs

text: of

text: disease

text: may

text: include

text: vaginal

text: discharge

text: penile

text: discharge

text: ulcers

text: on

text: or

text: around

text: the

text: genitals

text: and

text: pelvic

text: pain

text: STIs

text: acquired

text: before

text: or

text: during

text: birth

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: poor

text: outcomes

text: for

text: the

text: baby

text: Some

text: STIs

text: may

text: cause

text: problems

text: with

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: get

text: pregnant

text: More

text: than

text: different

text: bacteria

text: viruses

text: and

text: parasites

text: can

text: cause

text: STIs

text: Bacterial

text: STIs

text: include

text: chlamydia

text: gonorrhea

text: and

text: syphilis

text: among

text: others

text: Viral

text: STIs

text: include

text: genital

text: herpes

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: and

text: genital

text: warts

text: among

text: others

text: Parasitic

text: STIs

text: include

text: trichomoniasis

text: among

text: others

text: While

text: usually

text: spread

text: by

text: sex

text: some

text: STIs

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: spread

text: by

text: non

text: sexual

text: contact

text: with

text: contaminated

text: blood

text: and

text: tissues

text: breastfeeding

text: or

text: during

text: childbirth

text: STI

text: diagnostic

text: tests

text: are

text: easily

text: available

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: but

text: this

text: is

text: often

text: not

text: the

text: case

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: The

text: most

text: effective

text: way

text: of

text: preventing

text: STIs

text: is

text: by

text: not

text: having

text: sex

text: Some

text: vaccinations

text: may

text: also

text: decrease

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: certain

text: infections

text: including

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: some

text: types

text: of

text: HPV

text: Safer

text: sex

text: practices

text: such

text: as

text: use

text: of

text: condoms

text: having

text: smaller

text: number

text: of

text: sexual

text: partners

text: and

text: being

text: in

text: relationship

text: where

text: each

text: person

text: only

text: has

text: sex

text: with

text: the

text: other

text: also

text: decreases

text: the

text: risk

text: Circumcision

text: in

text: males

text: may

text: be

text: effective

text: to

text: prevent

text: some

text: infections

text: Most

text: STIs

text: are

text: treatable

text: or

text: curable

text: Of

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: infections

text: syphilis

text: gonorrhea

text: chlamydia

text: trichomoniasis

text: are

text: curable

text: while

text: herpes

text: hepatitis

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: and

text: HPV

text: are

text: treatable

text: but

text: not

text: curable

text: Resistance

text: to

text: certain

text: antibiotics

text: is

text: developing

text: among

text: some

text: organisms

text: such

text: as

text: gonorrhea

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: estimated

text: that

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: infected

text: with

text: either

text: syphilis

text: gonorrhea

text: chlamydia

text: or

text: trichomoniasis

text: At

text: least

text: an

text: additional

text: million

text: people

text: have

text: genital

text: herpes

text: and

text: million

text: women

text: have

text: human

text: papillomavirus

text: STIs

text: other

text: than

text: HIV

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: there

text: were

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: of

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infections

text: in

text: Historical

text: documentation

text: of

text: STIs

text: date

text: back

text: to

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: Ebers

text: papyrus

text: around

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: Old

text: Testament

text: There

text: is

text: often

text: shame

text: and

text: stigma

text: associated

text: with

text: these

text: infections

text: The

text: term

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infection

text: is

text: generally

text: preferred

text: over

text: the

text: terms

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: disease

text: and

text: venereal

text: disease

text: as

text: it

text: includes

text: those

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: symptomatic

text: disease

text:
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which affects the liver. It can cause both acute and chronic infections. Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, tiredness, dark urine and abdominal pain. Often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial infection result in death. It may take 30 to 180 days for symptoms to begin. In those who get infected around the time of birth 90% develop chronic while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five do. Most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms; however, cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually develop. These complications result in the death of 15 to 25% of those with chronic disease.
The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people's blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis B is acquired in areas where the disease is common. In areas where the disease is rare, intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse are the most frequent routes of infection. Other risk factors include working in healthcare, blood transfusions, dialysis, living with an infected person, travel in countries where the infection rate is high, and living in an institution. Tattooing and acupuncture led to a significant number of cases in the 1980s; however, this has become less common with improved sterility. The viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding. The infection can be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by testing the blood for parts of the virus and for antibodies against the virus. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.
The infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982. Vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization in the first day of life if possible. Two or three more doses are required at a later time for full effect. This vaccine works about 95% of the time. About 180 countries gave the vaccine as part of national programs as of 2006. It is also recommended that all blood be tested for hepatitis B before transfusion and condoms be used to prevent infection. During an initial infection, care is based on the symptoms that a person has. In those who develop chronic disease, antiviral medication such as tenofovir or interferon may be useful; however, these drugs are expensive. Liver transplantation is sometimes used for cirrhosis.
About a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives, including 240 million to 350 million who have chronic infections. Another 129 million new infections occurred in 2013. Over 750,000 people die of hepatitis B each year. About 300,000 of these are due to liver cancer. The disease is now only common in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where between 5 and 10% of adults are chronically infected. Rates in Europe and North America are less than 1%. It was originally known as "serum hepatitis". Research is looking to create foods that contain HBV vaccine. The disease may affect other great apes as well.
Signs and symptoms.
Acute infection with virus is associated with acute viral hepatitis, an illness that begins with general ill-health, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, body aches, mild fever, and dark urine, and then progresses to development of jaundice. It has been noted that itchy skin has been an indication as a possible symptom of all hepatitis virus types. The illness lasts for a few weeks and then gradually improves in most affected people. A few people may have a more severe form of liver disease known as (fulminant hepatic failure) and may die as a result. The infection may be entirely asymptomatic and may go unrecognized.

text: Hepatitis

text: is

text: an

text: infectious

text: disease

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: hepatitis

text: virus

text: HBV

text: which

text: affects

text: the

text: liver

text: It

text: can

text: cause

text: both

text: acute

text: and

text: chronic

text: infections

text: Many

text: people

text: have

text: no

text: symptoms

text: during

text: the

text: initial

text: infection

text: Some

text: develop

text: rapid

text: onset

text: of

text: sickness

text: with

text: vomiting

text: yellowish

text: skin

text: tiredness

text: dark

text: urine

text: and

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: Often

text: these

text: symptoms

text: last

text: few

text: weeks

text: and

text: rarely

text: does

text: the

text: initial

text: infection

text: result

text: in

text: death

text: It

text: may

text: take

text: to

text: days

text: for

text: symptoms

text: to

text: begin

text: In

text: those

text: who

text: get

text: infected

text: around

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: birth

text: develop

text: chronic

text: while

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: those

text: infected

text: after

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: five

text: do

text: Most

text: of

text: those

text: with

text: chronic

text: disease

text: have

text: no

text: symptoms

text: however

text: cirrhosis

text: and

text: liver

text: cancer

text: may

text: eventually

text: develop

text: These

text: complications

text: result

text: in

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: to

text: of

text: those

text: with

text: chronic

text: disease

text: The

text: virus

text: is

text: transmitted

text: by

text: exposure

text: to

text: infectious

text: blood

text: or

text: body

text: fluids

text: Infection

text: around

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: birth

text: or

text: from

text: contact

text: with

text: other

text: people

text: 's

text: blood

text: during

text: childhood

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: frequent

text: method

text: by

text: which

text: hepatitis

text: is

text: acquired

text: in

text: areas

text: where

text: the

text: disease

text: is

text: common

text: In

text: areas

text: where

text: the

text: disease

text: is

text: rare

text: intravenous

text: drug

text: use

text: and

text: sexual

text: intercourse

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: frequent

text: routes

text: of

text: infection

text: Other

text: risk

text: factors

text: include

text: working

text: in

text: healthcare

text: blood

text: transfusions

text: dialysis

text: living

text: with

text: an

text: infected

text: person

text: travel

text: in

text: countries

text: where

text: the

text: infection

text: rate

text: is

text: high

text: and

text: living

text: in

text: an

text: institution

text: Tattooing

text: and

text: acupuncture

text: led

text: to

text: significant

text: number

text: of

text: cases

text: in

text: the

text: however

text: this

text: has

text: become

text: less

text: common

text: with

text: improved

text: sterility

text: The

text: viruses

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: spread

text: by

text: holding

text: hands

text: sharing

text: eating

text: utensils

text: kissing

text: hugging

text: coughing

text: sneezing

text: or

text: breastfeeding

text: The

text: infection

text: can

text: be

text: diagnosed

text: to

text: days

text: after

text: exposure

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: usually

text: confirmed

text: by

text: testing

text: the

text: blood

text: for

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: virus

text: and

text: for

text: antibodies

text: against

text: the

text: virus

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: five

text: known

text: hepatitis

text: viruses

text: and

text: The

text: infection

text: has

text: been

text: preventable

text: by

text: vaccination

text: since

text: Vaccination

text: is

text: recommended

text: by

text: the

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: day

text: of

text: life

text: if

text: possible

text: Two

text: or

text: three

text: more

text: doses

text: are

text: required

text: at

text: later

text: time

text: for

text: full

text: effect

text: This

text: vaccine

text: works

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: About

text: countries

text: gave

text: the

text: vaccine

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: national

text: programs

text: as

text: of

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: recommended

text: that

text: all

text: blood

text: be

text: tested

text: for

text: hepatitis

text: before

text: transfusion

text: and

text: condoms

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: prevent

text: infection

text: During

text: an

text: initial

text: infection

text: care

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: symptoms

text: that

text: person

text: has

text: In

text: those

text: who

text: develop

text: chronic

text: disease

text: antiviral

text: medication

text: such

text: as

text: tenofovir

text: or

text: interferon

text: may

text: be

text: useful

text: however

text: these

text: drugs

text: are

text: expensive

text: Liver

text: transplantation

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: for

text: cirrhosis

text: About

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: population

text: has

text: been

text: infected

text: at

text: one

text: point

text: in

text: their

text: lives

text: including

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: who

text: have

text: chronic

text: infections

text: Another

text: million

text: new

text: infections

text: occurred

text: in

text: Over

text: people

text: die

text: of

text: hepatitis

text: each

text: year

text: About

text: of

text: these

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: liver

text: cancer

text: The

text: disease

text: is

text: now

text: only

text: common

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: and

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: where

text: between

text: and

text: of

text: adults

text: are

text: chronically

text: infected

text: Rates

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: North

text: America

text: are

text: less

text: than

text: It

text: was

text: originally

text: known

text: as

text: serum

text: hepatitis

text: Research

text: is

text: looking

text: to

text: create

text: foods

text: that

text: contain

text: HBV

text: vaccine

text: The

text: disease

text: may

text: affect

text: other

text: great

text: apes

text: as

text: well

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: Acute

text: infection

text: with

text: virus

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: acute

text: viral

text: hepatitis

text: an

text: illness

text: that

text: begins

text: with

text: general

text: ill

text: health

text: loss

text: of

text: appetite

text: nausea

text: vomiting

text: body

text: aches

text: mild

text: fever

text: and

text: dark

text: urine

text: and

text: then

text: progresses

text: to

text: development

text: of

text: jaundice

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: noted

text: that

text: itchy

text: skin

text: has

text: been

text: an

text: indication

text: as

text: possible

text: symptom

text: of

text: all

text: hepatitis

text: virus

text: types

text: The

text: illness

text: lasts

text: for

text: few

text: weeks

text: and

text: then

text: gradually

text: improves

text: in

text: most

text: affected

text: people

text: few

text: people

text: may

text: have

text: more

text: severe

text: form

text: of

text: liver

text: disease

text: known

text: as

text: fulminant

text: hepatic

text: failure

text: and

text: may

text: die

text: as

text: result

text: The

text: infection

text: may

text: be

text: entirely

text: asymptomatic

text: and

text: may

text: go

text: unrecognized

text: A disease is a particular abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure or function, that affects part or all of an organism. The study of disease is called pathology which includes the causal study of etiology. Disease is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors such as pathogens, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions particularly of the immune system such as an immunodeficiency, or a hypersensitivity including allergies and autoimmunity.

text: disease

text: is

text: particular

text: abnormal

text: condition

text: disorder

text: of

text: structure

text: or

text: function

text: that

text: affects

text: part

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: disease

text: is

text: called

text: pathology

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: causal

text: study

text: of

text: etiology

text: Disease

text: is

text: often

text: construed

text: as

text: medical

text: condition

text: associated

text: with

text: specific

text: symptoms

text: and

text: signs

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: external

text: factors

text: such

text: as

text: pathogens

text: or

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: internal

text: dysfunctions

text: particularly

text: of

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: immunodeficiency

text: or

text: hypersensitivity

text: including

text: allergies

text: and

text: autoimmunity

annotations: follows multiple

question: medical_specialty viral hepatitis

answer: infectious disease

text: infectious disease

text: infectious disease

text: infectious disease

text: infectious disease