text: New Orleans (or ) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. The New Orleans metropolitan area (New OrleansMetairieKenner Metropolitan Statistical Area) had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New OrleansMetairieBogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a larger trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502.

text: New

text: Orleans

text: or

text: is

text: major

text: United

text: States

text: port

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Louisiana

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Census

text: The

text: New

text: Orleans

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: New

text: OrleansMetairieKenner

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: New

text: OrleansMetairieBogalusa

text: Combined

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: larger

text: trading

text: area

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: Matthew Bright (born June 8, 1952) is an American film director, writer and actor.

text: Matthew

text: Bright

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: film

text: director

text: writer

text: and

text: actor

text: Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as "lo Stivale" (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state.

text: Italy

text: officially

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Italy

text: shares

text: open

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovenia

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Italy

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: shape

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: Italy

text: as

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: EU

text: member

text: state

text: Italian Folktales ("Fiabe italiane") is a collection of 200 Italian folktales published in 1956 by Italo Calvino. Calvino began the project in 1954, influenced by Vladimir Propp's "Morphology of the Folktale"; his intention was to emulate the Straparola in producing a popular collection of Italian fairy tales for the general reader. He did not compile tales from listeners, but made extensive use of the existing work of folklorists; he noted the source of each individual tale, but warned that was merely the version he used.

text: Italian

text: Folktales

text: Fiabe

text: italiane

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: Italian

text: folktales

text: published

text: in

text: by

text: Italo

text: Calvino

text: Calvino

text: began

text: the

text: project

text: in

text: influenced

text: by

text: Vladimir

text: Propp

text: 's

text: Morphology

text: of

text: the

text: Folktale

text: his

text: intention

text: was

text: to

text: emulate

text: the

text: Straparola

text: in

text: producing

text: popular

text: collection

text: of

text: Italian

text: fairy

text: tales

text: for

text: the

text: general

text: reader

text: He

text: did

text: not

text: compile

text: tales

text: from

text: listeners

text: but

text: made

text: extensive

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: existing

text: work

text: of

text: folklorists

text: he

text: noted

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: each

text: individual

text: tale

text: but

text: warned

text: that

text: was

text: merely

text: the

text: version

text: he

text: used

text: Freeway is a 1996 crime film written and directed by Matthew Bright , starring Kiefer Sutherland , Reese Witherspoon and Brooke Shields . The plot of this film resembles the fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood . Despite being a commercial failure and having censorship problems due to graphic language and violent content , it received mostly positive reviews from critics and has developed a cult following .

text: Freeway

text: is

text: crime

text: film

text: written

text: and

text: directed

text: by

text: Matthew

text: Bright

text: starring

text: Kiefer

text: Sutherland

text: Reese

text: Witherspoon

text: and

text: Brooke

text: Shields

text: The

text: plot

text: of

text: this

text: film

text: resembles

text: the

text: fairy

text: tale

text: Little

text: Red

text: Riding

text: Hood

text: Despite

text: being

text: commercial

text: failure

text: and

text: having

text: censorship

text: problems

text: due

text: to

text: graphic

text: language

text: and

text: violent

text: content

text: it

text: received

text: mostly

text: positive

text: reviews

text: from

text: critics

text: and

text: has

text: developed

text: cult

text: following

text: Tennessee ("Tanasi") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 655,770.

text: Tennessee

text: Tanasi

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southeastern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Tennessee

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Tennessee

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Kentucky

text: and

text: Virginia

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: North

text: Carolina

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Georgia

text: Alabama

text: and

text: Mississippi

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Arkansas

text: and

text: Missouri

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

text: dominate

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: forms

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: western

text: border

text: Tennessee

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Nashville

text: which

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: Memphis

text: is

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: Laura Jeanne Reese Witherspoon (born March 22, 1976) is an American actress and producer. Born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and raised in Tennessee, Witherspoon began her career as a child actress, making her professional screen debut in "The Man in the Moon" (1991), for which she was nominated for a Young Artist Award.

text: Laura

text: Jeanne

text: Reese

text: Witherspoon

text: born

text: March

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: actress

text: and

text: producer

text: Born

text: in

text: Baton

text: Rouge

text: Louisiana

text: and

text: raised

text: in

text: Tennessee

text: Witherspoon

text: began

text: her

text: career

text: as

text: child

text: actress

text: making

text: her

text: professional

text: screen

text: debut

text: in

text: The

text: Man

text: in

text: the

text: Moon

text: for

text: which

text: she

text: was

text: nominated

text: for

text: Young

text: Artist

text: Award

text: Italo Calvino (15 October 1923  19 September 1985) was an Italian journalist and writer of short stories and novels. His best known works include the "Our Ancestors" trilogy (19521959), the "Cosmicomics" collection of short stories (1965), and the novels "Invisible Cities" (1972) and "If on a winter's night a traveler" (1979).

text: Italo

text: Calvino

text: October

text: September

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: journalist

text: and

text: writer

text: of

text: short

text: stories

text: and

text: novels

text: His

text: best

text: known

text: works

text: include

text: the

text: Our

text: Ancestors

text: trilogy

text: the

text: Cosmicomics

text: collection

text: of

text: short

text: stories

text: and

text: the

text: novels

text: Invisible

text: Cities

text: and

text: If

text: on

text: winter

text: 's

text: night

text: traveler

text: Brooke Christa Shields (born May 31, 1965) is an American actress, model and former child star. Initially a child model, she gained critical acclaim at age 12 for her leading role in Louis Malle's controversial film "Pretty Baby" (1978), in which she played a child prostitute in New Orleans at the turn of the 20th century. The role garnered Shields widespread notoriety, and she continued to model into her late teenage years and starred in several dramas in the 1980s, including "The Blue Lagoon" (1980), and Franco Zeffirelli's "Endless Love" (1981).

text: Brooke

text: Christa

text: Shields

text: born

text: May

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: actress

text: model

text: and

text: former

text: child

text: star

text: Initially

text: child

text: model

text: she

text: gained

text: critical

text: acclaim

text: at

text: age

text: for

text: her

text: leading

text: role

text: in

text: Louis

text: Malle

text: 's

text: controversial

text: film

text: Pretty

text: Baby

text: in

text: which

text: she

text: played

text: child

text: prostitute

text: in

text: New

text: Orleans

text: at

text: the

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: role

text: garnered

text: Shields

text: widespread

text: notoriety

text: and

text: she

text: continued

text: to

text: model

text: into

text: her

text: late

text: teenage

text: years

text: and

text: starred

text: in

text: several

text: dramas

text: in

text: the

text: including

text: The

text: Blue

text: Lagoon

text: and

text: Franco

text: Zeffirelli

text: 's

text: Endless

text: Love

text: Charles Perrault (12 January 1628  16 May 1703) was a French author and member of the Académie Française. He laid the foundations for a new literary genre, the fairy tale, with his works derived from pre-existing folk tales. The best known of his tales include "Le Petit Chaperon Rouge" ("Little Red Riding Hood"), "Cendrillon" ("Cinderella"), "Le Chat Botté" ("Puss in Boots"), "La Belle au bois Dormant " ("The Sleeping Beauty"), and "Barbe Bleue" ("Bluebeard"). Some of Perrault's versions of old stories have influenced the German versions published by the Brothers Grimm more than 100 years later. The stories continue to be printed and have been adapted to opera, ballet (such as Tchaikovsky's "The Sleeping Beauty"), theatre, and film. Perrault was an influential figure in the 17th-century French literary scene, and was the leader of the Modern faction during the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns.

text: Charles

text: Perrault

text: January

text: May

text: was

text: French

text: author

text: and

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Académie

text: Française

text: He

text: laid

text: the

text: foundations

text: for

text: new

text: literary

text: genre

text: the

text: fairy

text: tale

text: with

text: his

text: works

text: derived

text: from

text: pre

text: existing

text: folk

text: tales

text: The

text: best

text: known

text: of

text: his

text: tales

text: include

text: Le

text: Petit

text: Chaperon

text: Rouge

text: Little

text: Red

text: Riding

text: Hood

text: Cendrillon

text: Cinderella

text: Le

text: Chat

text: Botté

text: Puss

text: in

text: Boots

text: La

text: Belle

text: au

text: bois

text: Dormant

text: The

text: Sleeping

text: Beauty

text: and

text: Barbe

text: Bleue

text: Bluebeard

text: Some

text: of

text: Perrault

text: 's

text: versions

text: of

text: old

text: stories

text: have

text: influenced

text: the

text: German

text: versions

text: published

text: by

text: the

text: Brothers

text: Grimm

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: later

text: The

text: stories

text: continue

text: to

text: be

text: printed

text: and

text: have

text: been

text: adapted

text: to

text: opera

text: ballet

text: such

text: as

text: Tchaikovsky

text: 's

text: The

text: Sleeping

text: Beauty

text: theatre

text: and

text: film

text: Perrault

text: was

text: an

text: influential

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: French

text: literary

text: scene

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Modern

text: faction

text: during

text: the

text: Quarrel

text: of

text: the

text: Ancients

text: and

text: the

text: Moderns

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award (also known as the SAG Award) is an accolade given by the Screen Actors GuildAmerican Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) to recognize outstanding performances in film and primetime television. The statuette given, a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy, is called "The Actor". It is tall, weighs over , is cast in solid bronze, and produced by the American Fine Arts Foundry in Burbank, California.

text: The

text: Screen

text: Actors

text: Guild

text: Award

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: SAG

text: Award

text: is

text: an

text: accolade

text: given

text: by

text: the

text: Screen

text: Actors

text: GuildAmerican

text: Federation

text: of

text: Television

text: and

text: Radio

text: Artists

text: SAG

text: AFTRA

text: to

text: recognize

text: outstanding

text: performances

text: in

text: film

text: and

text: primetime

text: television

text: The

text: statuette

text: given

text: nude

text: male

text: figure

text: holding

text: both

text: mask

text: of

text: comedy

text: and

text: mask

text: of

text: tragedy

text: is

text: called

text: The

text: Actor

text: It

text: is

text: tall

text: weighs

text: over

text: is

text: cast

text: in

text: solid

text: bronze

text: and

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: American

text: Fine

text: Arts

text: Foundry

text: in

text: Burbank

text: California

text: Franco Zeffirelli, KBE Grande Ufficiale OMRI (born 12 February 1923) is an Italian director and producer of operas, films and television. He is also a former senator (19942001) for the Italian centre-right "Forza Italia" party. Recently Italian researchers have found that he is one of the few distant relatives of Leonardo da Vinci.

text: Franco

text: Zeffirelli

text: KBE

text: Grande

text: Ufficiale

text: OMRI

text: born

text: February

text: is

text: an

text: Italian

text: director

text: and

text: producer

text: of

text: operas

text: films

text: and

text: television

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: former

text: senator

text: for

text: the

text: Italian

text: centre

text: right

text: Forza

text: Italia

text: party

text: Recently

text: Italian

text: researchers

text: have

text: found

text: that

text: he

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: distant

text: relatives

text: of

text: Leonardo

text: da

text: Vinci

text: "Little Red Riding Hood", or "Little Red Ridinghood", also known as "Little Red Cap" or simply "Red Riding Hood", is a European fairy tale about a young girl and a Big Bad Wolf. Its origins can be traced back to the 10th century by several European folk tales, including one from Italy called "The False Grandmother", later written among others by Italo Calvino in the "Italian Folktales" collection; the best known versions were written by Charles Perrault and Brothers Grimm. The story has been changed considerably in various retellings and subjected to numerous modern adaptations and readings. It is number 333 in the Aarne-Thompson classification system for folktales. Variations of the story have developed, incorporating various cultural beliefs and regional dialects into the story. An example of this is "Kawoni's Journey Across the Mountain: A Cherokee Little Red Riding Hood", which introduces Cherokee myths and language into the traditional story. Another such example is "Petite Rouge Riding Hood", which approaches the story from a Cajun perspective.

text: Little

text: Red

text: Riding

text: Hood

text: or

text: Little

text: Red

text: Ridinghood

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Little

text: Red

text: Cap

text: or

text: simply

text: Red

text: Riding

text: Hood

text: is

text: European

text: fairy

text: tale

text: about

text: young

text: girl

text: and

text: Big

text: Bad

text: Wolf

text: Its

text: origins

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: by

text: several

text: European

text: folk

text: tales

text: including

text: one

text: from

text: Italy

text: called

text: The

text: False

text: Grandmother

text: later

text: written

text: among

text: others

text: by

text: Italo

text: Calvino

text: in

text: the

text: Italian

text: Folktales

text: collection

text: the

text: best

text: known

text: versions

text: were

text: written

text: by

text: Charles

text: Perrault

text: and

text: Brothers

text: Grimm

text: The

text: story

text: has

text: been

text: changed

text: considerably

text: in

text: various

text: retellings

text: and

text: subjected

text: to

text: numerous

text: modern

text: adaptations

text: and

text: readings

text: It

text: is

text: number

text: in

text: the

text: Aarne

text: Thompson

text: classification

text: system

text: for

text: folktales

text: Variations

text: of

text: the

text: story

text: have

text: developed

text: incorporating

text: various

text: cultural

text: beliefs

text: and

text: regional

text: dialects

text: into

text: the

text: story

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: this

text: is

text: Kawoni

text: 's

text: Journey

text: Across

text: the

text: Mountain

text: Cherokee

text: Little

text: Red

text: Riding

text: Hood

text: which

text: introduces

text: Cherokee

text: myths

text: and

text: language

text: into

text: the

text: traditional

text: story

text: Another

text: such

text: example

text: is

text: Petite

text: Rouge

text: Riding

text: Hood

text: which

text: approaches

text: the

text: story

text: from

text: Cajun

text: perspective

text: Louis Marie Malle (30 October 1932  23 November 1995) was a French film director, screenwriter, and producer. His film "Le Monde du silence" won the Palme d'Or in 1956 and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957, although he was not credited at the ceremony with the award instead being presented to the film's co-director Jacques Cousteau. He was later nominated multiple times for Academy Awards later in his career. Malle is also one of the few directors to have won the Golden Lion multiple times.

text: Louis

text: Marie

text: Malle

text: October

text: November

text: was

text: French

text: film

text: director

text: screenwriter

text: and

text: producer

text: His

text: film

text: Le

text: Monde

text: du

text: silence

text: won

text: the

text: Palme

text: d'Or

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: Academy

text: Award

text: for

text: Best

text: Documentary

text: in

text: although

text: he

text: was

text: not

text: credited

text: at

text: the

text: ceremony

text: with

text: the

text: award

text: instead

text: being

text: presented

text: to

text: the

text: film

text: 's

text: co

text: director

text: Jacques

text: Cousteau

text: He

text: was

text: later

text: nominated

text: multiple

text: times

text: for

text: Academy

text: Awards

text: later

text: in

text: his

text: career

text: Malle

text: is

text: also

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: directors

text: to

text: have

text: won

text: the

text: Golden

text: Lion

text: multiple

text: times

text:
Jack Bauer is a fictional character and the lead protagonist of the Fox television series "24". His character has worked in various capacities on the show, often as a member of the Counter Terrorist Unit (CTU) based in Los Angeles, and working with the FBI in Washington, D.C. during season 7.
Within the "24" storyline, Bauer is a key member of the CTU, actually its director in Season 1, and is often portrayed as their most capable agent. Bauer's job usually involves helping prevent major terrorist attacks on the United States, saving both civilian lives and government administrations. On many occasions, Jack does so at great personal expense, as those he thwarts subsequently target him and his loved ones. He is not a crooked agent; however, Bauer's frequent use of torture to gather information has generated much controversy and discussion.

text: Jack

text: Bauer

text: is

text: fictional

text: character

text: and

text: the

text: lead

text: protagonist

text: of

text: the

text: Fox

text: television

text: series

text: His

text: character

text: has

text: worked

text: in

text: various

text: capacities

text: on

text: the

text: show

text: often

text: as

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Counter

text: Terrorist

text: Unit

text: CTU

text: based

text: in

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: and

text: working

text: with

text: the

text: FBI

text: in

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: during

text: season

text: Within

text: the

text: storyline

text: Bauer

text: is

text: key

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: CTU

text: actually

text: its

text: director

text: in

text: Season

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: portrayed

text: as

text: their

text: most

text: capable

text: agent

text: Bauer

text: 's

text: job

text: usually

text: involves

text: helping

text: prevent

text: major

text: terrorist

text: attacks

text: on

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: saving

text: both

text: civilian

text: lives

text: and

text: government

text: administrations

text: On

text: many

text: occasions

text: Jack

text: does

text: so

text: at

text: great

text: personal

text: expense

text: as

text: those

text: he

text: thwarts

text: subsequently

text: target

text: him

text: and

text: his

text: loved

text: ones

text: He

text: is

text: not

text: crooked

text: agent

text: however

text: Bauer

text: 's

text: frequent

text: use

text: of

text: torture

text: to

text: gather

text: information

text: has

text: generated

text: much

text: controversy

text: and

text: discussion

text: The Cherokee (Cherokee "Ani-Yuwiya" ) are a Native American people, originally indigenous to the Southeastern United States, including Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia. Currently there are three federally recognized Cherokee tribes: the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians in North Carolina, the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, also in Oklahoma.

text: The

text: Cherokee

text: Cherokee

text: Ani

text: Yuwiya

text: are

text: Native

text: American

text: people

text: originally

text: indigenous

text: to

text: the

text: Southeastern

text: United

text: States

text: including

text: Alabama

text: Georgia

text: Kentucky

text: Mississippi

text: Tennessee

text: North

text: Carolina

text: South

text: Carolina

text: Virginia

text: and

text: West

text: Virginia

text: Currently

text: there

text: are

text: three

text: federally

text: recognized

text: Cherokee

text: tribes

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Band

text: of

text: Cherokee

text: Indians

text: in

text: North

text: Carolina

text: the

text: Cherokee

text: Nation

text: of

text: Oklahoma

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Keetoowah

text: Band

text: of

text: Cherokee

text: Indians

text: also

text: in

text: Oklahoma

text: Kiefer William Frederick Dempsey George Rufus Sutherland (born 21 December 1966) is a Canadian actor, producer, director, and singer-songwriter. His portrayal of Jack Bauer on the Fox drama series "24" (20012010) brought him an Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards and two Satellite Awards.

text: Kiefer

text: William

text: Frederick

text: Dempsey

text: George

text: Rufus

text: Sutherland

text: born

text: December

text: is

text: Canadian

text: actor

text: producer

text: director

text: and

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: His

text: portrayal

text: of

text: Jack

text: Bauer

text: on

text: the

text: Fox

text: drama

text: series

text: brought

text: him

text: an

text: Emmy

text: Award

text: Golden

text: Globe

text: Award

text: two

text: Screen

text: Actors

text: Guild

text: Awards

text: and

text: two

text: Satellite

text: Awards

text: The Satellite Awards are annual awards given by the International Press Academy that are commonly noted in entertainment industry journals and blogs. The awards were originally known as the Golden Satellite Awards. The award ceremonies take place each year at the InterContinental Hotel in Century City, Los Angeles.

text: The

text: Satellite

text: Awards

text: are

text: annual

text: awards

text: given

text: by

text: the

text: International

text: Press

text: Academy

text: that

text: are

text: commonly

text: noted

text: in

text: entertainment

text: industry

text: journals

text: and

text: blogs

text: The

text: awards

text: were

text: originally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Golden

text: Satellite

text: Awards

text: The

text: award

text: ceremonies

text: take

text: place

text: each

text: year

text: at

text: the

text: InterContinental

text: Hotel

text: in

text: Century

text: City

text: Los

text: Angeles

question: filming_location freeway

answer: california

text: california


text: Moray (; or "", ) is one of the 32 Local Government council areas of Scotland. It lies in the north-east of the country, with coastline on the Moray Firth, and borders the council areas of Aberdeenshire and Highland.

text: Moray

text: or

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Local

text: Government

text: council

text: areas

text: of

text: Scotland

text: It

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: with

text: coastline

text: on

text: the

text: Moray

text: Firth

text: and

text: borders

text: the

text: council

text: areas

text: of

text: Aberdeenshire

text: and

text: Highland

text: The Guardians of Scotland were the "de facto" heads of state of Scotland during the First Interregnum of 12901292, and the Second Interregnum of 12961306. During the many years of minority in Scotland's subsequent history, there were many guardians of Scotland and the post was a significant constitutional feature in the course of development for politics in the country.

text: The

text: Guardians

text: of

text: Scotland

text: were

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: heads

text: of

text: state

text: of

text: Scotland

text: during

text: the

text: First

text: Interregnum

text: of

text: and

text: the

text: Second

text: Interregnum

text: of

text: During

text: the

text: many

text: years

text: of

text: minority

text: in

text: Scotland

text: 's

text: subsequent

text: history

text: there

text: were

text: many

text: guardians

text: of

text: Scotland

text: and

text: the

text: post

text: was

text: significant

text: constitutional

text: feature

text: in

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: development

text: for

text: politics

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Edward I (17/18 June 1239  7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. He spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law. Through an extensive legal inquiry, Edward investigated the tenure of various feudal liberties, while the law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law. Increasingly, however, Edward's attention was drawn towards military affairs.

text: Edward

text: June

text: July

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Edward

text: Longshanks

text: and

text: the

text: Hammer

text: of

text: the

text: Scots

text: was

text: King

text: of

text: England

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: spent

text: much

text: of

text: his

text: reign

text: reforming

text: royal

text: administration

text: and

text: common

text: law

text: Through

text: an

text: extensive

text: legal

text: inquiry

text: Edward

text: investigated

text: the

text: tenure

text: of

text: various

text: feudal

text: liberties

text: while

text: the

text: law

text: was

text: reformed

text: through

text: series

text: of

text: statutes

text: regulating

text: criminal

text: and

text: property

text: law

text: Increasingly

text: however

text: Edward

text: 's

text: attention

text: was

text: drawn

text: towards

text: military

text: affairs

text: The Battle of Bannockburn ("Blàr Allt nam Bànag", often mistakenly called "Blàr Allt a' Bhonnaich" in Scottish Gaelic) (24 June 1314) was a significant Scottish victory in the First War of Scottish Independence, and a landmark in Scottish history.

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Bannockburn

text: Blàr

text: Allt

text: nam

text: Bànag

text: often

text: mistakenly

text: called

text: Blàr

text: Allt

text: Bhonnaich

text: in

text: Scottish

text: Gaelic

text: June

text: was

text: significant

text: Scottish

text: victory

text: in

text: the

text: First

text: War

text: of

text: Scottish

text: Independence

text: and

text: landmark

text: in

text: Scottish

text: history

text: The Peerage of England comprises all peerages created in the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707. In that year, the Peerages of England and Scotland were replaced by one Peerage of Great Britain.

text: The

text: Peerage

text: of

text: England

text: comprises

text: all

text: peerages

text: created

text: in

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: England

text: before

text: the

text: Act

text: of

text: Union

text: in

text: In

text: that

text: year

text: the

text: Peerages

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: Scotland

text: were

text: replaced

text: by

text: one

text: Peerage

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: The Earl of Surrey is a title in the Peerage of England, and has been created five times. It was first created for William de Warenne, a close companion of William the Conqueror. It is currently held as a subsidiary title by the Dukes of Norfolk.

text: The

text: Earl

text: of

text: Surrey

text: is

text: title

text: in

text: the

text: Peerage

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: created

text: five

text: times

text: It

text: was

text: first

text: created

text: for

text: William

text: de

text: Warenne

text: close

text: companion

text: of

text: William

text: the

text: Conqueror

text: It

text: is

text: currently

text: held

text: as

text: subsidiary

text: title

text: by

text: the

text: Dukes

text: of

text: Norfolk

text: Henry III (1 October 1207  16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death. The son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the First Barons' War. Cardinal Guala declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry's forces, led by William Marshal, defeated the rebels at the battles of Lincoln and Sandwich in 1217. Henry promised to abide by the Great Charter of 1225, which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons. His early rule was dominated first by Hubert de Burgh and then Peter des Roches, who re-established royal authority after the war. In 1230 the King attempted to reconquer the provinces of France that had once belonged to his father, but the invasion was a debacle. A revolt led by William Marshal's son, Richard, broke out in 1232, ending in a peace settlement negotiated by the Church.

text: Henry

text: III

text: October

text: November

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Henry

text: of

text: Winchester

text: was

text: King

text: of

text: England

text: Lord

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: Duke

text: of

text: Aquitaine

text: from

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: The

text: son

text: of

text: King

text: John

text: and

text: Isabella

text: of

text: Angoulême

text: Henry

text: assumed

text: the

text: throne

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: only

text: nine

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: Barons

text: War

text: Cardinal

text: Guala

text: declared

text: the

text: war

text: against

text: the

text: rebel

text: barons

text: to

text: be

text: religious

text: crusade

text: and

text: Henry

text: 's

text: forces

text: led

text: by

text: William

text: Marshal

text: defeated

text: the

text: rebels

text: at

text: the

text: battles

text: of

text: Lincoln

text: and

text: Sandwich

text: in

text: Henry

text: promised

text: to

text: abide

text: by

text: the

text: Great

text: Charter

text: of

text: which

text: limited

text: royal

text: power

text: and

text: protected

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: barons

text: His

text: early

text: rule

text: was

text: dominated

text: first

text: by

text: Hubert

text: de

text: Burgh

text: and

text: then

text: Peter

text: des

text: Roches

text: who

text: re

text: established

text: royal

text: authority

text: after

text: the

text: war

text: In

text: the

text: King

text: attempted

text: to

text: reconquer

text: the

text: provinces

text: of

text: France

text: that

text: had

text: once

text: belonged

text: to

text: his

text: father

text: but

text: the

text: invasion

text: was

text: debacle

text: revolt

text: led

text: by

text: William

text: Marshal

text: 's

text: son

text: Richard

text: broke

text: out

text: in

text: ending

text: in

text: peace

text: settlement

text: negotiated

text: by

text: the

text: Church

text: The Central Belt of Scotland is the area of highest population density within Scotland. It has a population of about 3.5 million covering an area of approximately 10,000 km, including Greater Glasgow, Ayrshire, Falkirk, Edinburgh, Lothian and Fife.

text: The

text: Central

text: Belt

text: of

text: Scotland

text: is

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: highest

text: population

text: density

text: within

text: Scotland

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: covering

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: km

text: including

text: Greater

text: Glasgow

text: Ayrshire

text: Falkirk

text: Edinburgh

text: Lothian

text: and

text: Fife

text: A knight is a person granted an honorary title of "knighthood" by a monarch or other political leader for service to the monarch or country, especially in a military capacity. Historically, in Europe, knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors. During the High Middle Ages, knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility. By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior. Often, a knight was a vassal who served as a fighter for a lord, with payment in the form of land holdings. The lords trusted the knights, who were skilled in battle on horseback. Since the early modern period, the title of knight is purely honorific, usually bestowed by a monarch, as in the British honours system, often for non-military service to the country. The modern female equivalent in the United Kingdom is Dame.

text: knight

text: is

text: person

text: granted

text: an

text: honorary

text: title

text: of

text: knighthood

text: by

text: monarch

text: or

text: other

text: political

text: leader

text: for

text: service

text: to

text: the

text: monarch

text: or

text: country

text: especially

text: in

text: military

text: capacity

text: Historically

text: in

text: Europe

text: knighthood

text: was

text: conferred

text: upon

text: mounted

text: warriors

text: During

text: the

text: High

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: knighthood

text: was

text: considered

text: class

text: of

text: lower

text: nobility

text: By

text: the

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: the

text: rank

text: had

text: become

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: ideals

text: of

text: chivalry

text: code

text: of

text: conduct

text: for

text: the

text: perfect

text: courtly

text: Christian

text: warrior

text: Often

text: knight

text: was

text: vassal

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: fighter

text: for

text: lord

text: with

text: payment

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: land

text: holdings

text: The

text: lords

text: trusted

text: the

text: knights

text: who

text: were

text: skilled

text: in

text: battle

text: on

text: horseback

text: Since

text: the

text: early

text: modern

text: period

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: knight

text: is

text: purely

text: honorific

text: usually

text: bestowed

text: by

text: monarch

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: honours

text: system

text: often

text: for

text: non

text: military

text: service

text: to

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: modern

text: female

text: equivalent

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: is

text: Dame

text: John Balliol ( 25 November 1314) was King of Scots from 1292 to 1296. Little is known of his early life. After the death of Margaret, Maid of Norway, Balliol was chosen as the new King of Scotland by a group of auditors. Edward I of England constantly tried to undermine his reign and demanded that Balliol treat Scotland as a vassal state. As a result, the Scots grew tired of him and appointed a council of twelve to rule instead. This council signed a treaty with France known as the Auld Alliance.

text: John

text: Balliol

text: November

text: was

text: King

text: of

text: Scots

text: from

text: to

text: Little

text: is

text: known

text: of

text: his

text: early

text: life

text: After

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Margaret

text: Maid

text: of

text: Norway

text: Balliol

text: was

text: chosen

text: as

text: the

text: new

text: King

text: of

text: Scotland

text: by

text: group

text: of

text: auditors

text: Edward

text: of

text: England

text: constantly

text: tried

text: to

text: undermine

text: his

text: reign

text: and

text: demanded

text: that

text: Balliol

text: treat

text: Scotland

text: as

text: vassal

text: state

text: As

text: result

text: the

text: Scots

text: grew

text: tired

text: of

text: him

text: and

text: appointed

text: council

text: of

text: twelve

text: to

text: rule

text: instead

text: This

text: council

text: signed

text: treaty

text: with

text: France

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Auld

text: Alliance

text: Stirling  is a city in central Scotland. The city is clustered around a large fortress and medieval old town. Stirling is the administrative centre for the Stirling council area, and is traditionally the county town of Stirlingshire. The city is located several miles to the west of the mouth of the River Forth. Historically it was strategically important as the "Gateway to the Highlands", with its position near the Highland Boundary Fault between the Scottish Lowlands and Highlands and has been described as "the brooch which clasps the Highlands and the Lowlands together".

text: Stirling

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: central

text: Scotland

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: clustered

text: around

text: large

text: fortress

text: and

text: medieval

text: old

text: town

text: Stirling

text: is

text: the

text: administrative

text: centre

text: for

text: the

text: Stirling

text: council

text: area

text: and

text: is

text: traditionally

text: the

text: county

text: town

text: of

text: Stirlingshire

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: several

text: miles

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Forth

text: Historically

text: it

text: was

text: strategically

text: important

text: as

text: the

text: Gateway

text: to

text: the

text: Highlands

text: with

text: its

text: position

text: near

text: the

text: Highland

text: Boundary

text: Fault

text: between

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Lowlands

text: and

text: Highlands

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: brooch

text: which

text: clasps

text: the

text: Highlands

text: and

text: the

text: Lowlands

text: together

text: Scotland (Scots: ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.

text: Scotland

text: Scots

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: covers

text: the

text: northern

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: shares

text: border

text: with

text: England

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: otherwise

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Channel

text: and

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: mainland

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: islands

text: including

text: the

text: Northern

text: Isles

text: and

text: the

text: Hebrides

text: A treasurer is the person responsible for running the treasury of an organization. The adjective for a treasurer is normally "tresorial". The adjective "treasurial" normally means pertaining to a treasury, rather than the treasurer.

text: treasurer

text: is

text: the

text: person

text: responsible

text: for

text: running

text: the

text: treasury

text: of

text: an

text: organization

text: The

text: adjective

text: for

text: treasurer

text: is

text: normally

text: tresorial

text: The

text: adjective

text: treasurial

text: normally

text: means

text: pertaining

text: to

text: treasury

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: treasurer

text: The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.

text: The

text: Wars

text: of

text: Scottish

text: Independence

text: were

text: series

text: of

text: military

text: campaigns

text: fought

text: between

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Scotland

text: and

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: England

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: The River Forth (Gaelic: "Abhainn Dubh", meaning "black river", in the upper reach above Stirling, and "Uisge For" in the tidal reach below Stirling), long, is the major river draining the eastern part of the central belt of Scotland.

text: The

text: River

text: Forth

text: Gaelic

text: Abhainn

text: Dubh

text: meaning

text: black

text: river

text: in

text: the

text: upper

text: reach

text: above

text: Stirling

text: and

text: Uisge

text: For

text: in

text: the

text: tidal

text: reach

text: below

text: Stirling

text: long

text: is

text: the

text: major

text: river

text: draining

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: belt

text: of

text: Scotland

text: Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth's southern shore, it is Scotland's second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh, 492,680 for the local authority area, and 1,339,380 for the city region as of 2014 (Edinburgh lies at the heart of the proposed Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region). Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and the seat of the monarchy in Scotland. The city is also the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery. It is the largest financial centre in the UK after London.

text: Edinburgh

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Scotland

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: local

text: government

text: council

text: areas

text: Located

text: in

text: Lothian

text: on

text: the

text: Firth

text: of

text: Forth

text: 's

text: southern

text: shore

text: it

text: is

text: Scotland

text: 's

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: seventh

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: official

text: population

text: estimates

text: are

text: for

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Edinburgh

text: for

text: the

text: local

text: authority

text: area

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: city

text: region

text: as

text: of

text: Edinburgh

text: lies

text: at

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: proposed

text: Edinburgh

text: and

text: South

text: East

text: Scotland

text: city

text: region

text: Recognised

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Scotland

text: since

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: century

text: Edinburgh

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: and

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: monarchy

text: in

text: Scotland

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: annual

text: venue

text: of

text: the

text: General

text: Assembly

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Scotland

text: and

text: home

text: to

text: national

text: institutions

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: National

text: Museum

text: of

text: Scotland

text: the

text: National

text: Library

text: of

text: Scotland

text: and

text: the

text: Scottish

text: National

text: Gallery

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: financial

text: centre

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: after

text: London

text: De facto is a Latin expression that means "in fact, in reality, in actual existence, force, or possession, as a matter of fact" (literally "of fact"). In law, it often means "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but not officially designated or established". It is commonly used in contrast to "" (which means "according to law"; literally "from law"), when referring to matters of law, governance, or technique (such as standards) that are found in the common experience as created or developed without or contrary to a regulation. When discussing a legal situation, "de jure" designates what the law says, while "de facto" designates what happens in practice.

text: De

text: facto

text: is

text: Latin

text: expression

text: that

text: means

text: in

text: fact

text: in

text: reality

text: in

text: actual

text: existence

text: force

text: or

text: possession

text: as

text: matter

text: of

text: fact

text: literally

text: of

text: fact

text: In

text: law

text: it

text: often

text: means

text: in

text: practice

text: but

text: not

text: necessarily

text: ordained

text: by

text: law

text: or

text: in

text: practice

text: or

text: actuality

text: but

text: not

text: officially

text: designated

text: or

text: established

text: It

text: is

text: commonly

text: used

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: which

text: means

text: according

text: to

text: law

text: literally

text: from

text: law

text: when

text: referring

text: to

text: matters

text: of

text: law

text: governance

text: or

text: technique

text: such

text: as

text: standards

text: that

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: common

text: experience

text: as

text: created

text: or

text: developed

text: without

text: or

text: contrary

text: to

text: regulation

text: When

text: discussing

text: legal

text: situation

text: de

text: jure

text: designates

text: what

text: the

text: law

text: says

text: while

text: de

text: facto

text: designates

text: what

text: happens

text: in

text: practice

text: Sir Hugh de Cressingham (died 11 September 1297) was the treasurer of the English administration in Scotland from 1296 to 1297. He was hated by the Scots and did not seem well liked even by the English. He was an advisor to John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. He suggested a full-scale attack across the bridge, which cost the English the battle and led to his own demise.

text: Sir

text: Hugh

text: de

text: Cressingham

text: died

text: September

text: was

text: the

text: treasurer

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: administration

text: in

text: Scotland

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: was

text: hated

text: by

text: the

text: Scots

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: seem

text: well

text: liked

text: even

text: by

text: the

text: English

text: He

text: was

text: an

text: advisor

text: to

text: John

text: de

text: Warenne

text: Earl

text: of

text: Surrey

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Stirling

text: Bridge

text: He

text: suggested

text: full

text: scale

text: attack

text: across

text: the

text: bridge

text: which

text: cost

text: the

text: English

text: the

text: battle

text: and

text: led

text: to

text: his

text: own

text: demise

text: De jure (adjective, adverb) (; Classical Latin: de iure ; (lit. 'concerning law') means 'a state of affairs that is in accordance with law', i.e. that is officially designated. In contrast, "de facto" (lit. 'concerning fact'), means 'a state of affairs that is true in fact, but that is not officially designated'. In law, and in government, the terms "de jure" and "de facto" are used instead of 'in law' and 'in practice', respectively. In a legal context, "de jure" (laws) are contrasted to "de facto" practices, where, for example, the people obey a contract as though there were a law enforcing it, yet there is no such law. A process known as 'desuetude' may allow "de facto" practices to replace "de jure" laws that have fallen out of favour locally.

text: De

text: jure

text: adjective

text: adverb

text: Classical

text: Latin

text: de

text: iure

text: lit

text: concerning

text: law

text: means

text: state

text: of

text: affairs

text: that

text: is

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: law

text: i.e.

text: that

text: is

text: officially

text: designated

text: In

text: contrast

text: de

text: facto

text: lit

text: concerning

text: fact

text: means

text: state

text: of

text: affairs

text: that

text: is

text: true

text: in

text: fact

text: but

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: officially

text: designated

text: In

text: law

text: and

text: in

text: government

text: the

text: terms

text: de

text: jure

text: and

text: de

text: facto

text: are

text: used

text: instead

text: of

text: in

text: law

text: and

text: in

text: practice

text: respectively

text: In

text: legal

text: context

text: de

text: jure

text: laws

text: are

text: contrasted

text: to

text: de

text: facto

text: practices

text: where

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: people

text: obey

text: contract

text: as

text: though

text: there

text: were

text: law

text: enforcing

text: it

text: yet

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: such

text: law

text: process

text: known

text: as

text: desuetude

text: may

text: allow

text: de

text: facto

text: practices

text: to

text: replace

text: de

text: jure

text: laws

text: that

text: have

text: fallen

text: out

text: of

text: favour

text: locally

text: The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence . On 11 September 1297 , the forces of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeated the combined English forces of John de Warenne , 6th Earl of Surrey , and Hugh de Cressingham near Stirling , on the River Forth .

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Stirling

text: Bridge

text: was

text: battle

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: War

text: of

text: Scottish

text: Independence

text: On

text: September

text: the

text: forces

text: of

text: Andrew

text: Moray

text: and

text: William

text: Wallace

text: defeated

text: the

text: combined

text: English

text: forces

text: of

text: John

text: de

text: Warenne

text: Earl

text: of

text: Surrey

text: and

text: Hugh

text: de

text: Cressingham

text: near

text: Stirling

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Forth

text: Andrew Moray (Norman French: "Andreu de Moray"; ), also known as Andrew de Moray, Andrew of Moray, Andrew Murray, Andrew Morrewe or Andrew Morrawe, an esquire, was prominent in the Scottish Wars of Independence. He led the rising in north Scotland in the summer of 1297 against the occupation by King Edward I of England, successfully regaining control of the area for King John Balliol. He subsequently merged his forces with those led by William Wallace and jointly led the combined army to victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. Moray was mortally wounded in the fighting, dying at an unknown date and place later that year.

text: Andrew

text: Moray

text: Norman

text: French

text: Andreu

text: de

text: Moray

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Andrew

text: de

text: Moray

text: Andrew

text: of

text: Moray

text: Andrew

text: Murray

text: Andrew

text: Morrewe

text: or

text: Andrew

text: Morrawe

text: an

text: esquire

text: was

text: prominent

text: in

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Wars

text: of

text: Independence

text: He

text: led

text: the

text: rising

text: in

text: north

text: Scotland

text: in

text: the

text: summer

text: of

text: against

text: the

text: occupation

text: by

text: King

text: Edward

text: of

text: England

text: successfully

text: regaining

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: for

text: King

text: John

text: Balliol

text: He

text: subsequently

text: merged

text: his

text: forces

text: with

text: those

text: led

text: by

text: William

text: Wallace

text: and

text: jointly

text: led

text: the

text: combined

text: army

text: to

text: victory

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Stirling

text: Bridge

text: Moray

text: was

text: mortally

text: wounded

text: in

text: the

text: fighting

text: dying

text: at

text: an

text: unknown

text: date

text: and

text: place

text: later

text: that

text: year

text: Surrey is a county in the south east of England and also one of the home counties bordering Greater London. Surrey shares borders with Kent to the east, East Sussex to the south-east, West Sussex to the south, Hampshire to the west and south-west and Berkshire to the north-west. The county town is Guildford. Surrey County Council sits extraterritorially at Kingston upon Thames, administered as part of Greater London since 1965. With a resident population of 1.1 million, Surrey is the most densely populated and third most populated county in the South East region, after Kent and Hampshire.

text: Surrey

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: also

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: home

text: counties

text: bordering

text: Greater

text: London

text: Surrey

text: shares

text: borders

text: with

text: Kent

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: East

text: Sussex

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: West

text: Sussex

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Hampshire

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: west

text: and

text: Berkshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: west

text: The

text: county

text: town

text: is

text: Guildford

text: Surrey

text: County

text: Council

text: sits

text: extraterritorially

text: at

text: Kingston

text: upon

text: Thames

text: administered

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: Greater

text: London

text: since

text: With

text: resident

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: Surrey

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: and

text: third

text: most

text: populated

text: county

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: East

text: region

text: after

text: Kent

text: and

text: Hampshire

text: The First War of Scottish Independence was the initial chapter of engagements in a series of warring periods between English and Scottish forces lasting from the invasion by England in 1296 until the "de jure" restoration of Scottish independence with the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328. "De facto" independence was established in 1314 at the Battle of Bannockburn. England attempted to establish its authority over Scotland while the Scots fought to keep English rule and authority out of Scotland.

text: The

text: First

text: War

text: of

text: Scottish

text: Independence

text: was

text: the

text: initial

text: chapter

text: of

text: engagements

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: warring

text: periods

text: between

text: English

text: and

text: Scottish

text: forces

text: lasting

text: from

text: the

text: invasion

text: by

text: England

text: in

text: until

text: the

text: de

text: jure

text: restoration

text: of

text: Scottish

text: independence

text: with

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Edinburgh

text: Northampton

text: in

text: De

text: facto

text: independence

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Bannockburn

text: England

text: attempted

text: to

text: establish

text: its

text: authority

text: over

text: Scotland

text: while

text: the

text: Scots

text: fought

text: to

text: keep

text: English

text: rule

text: and

text: authority

text: out

text: of

text: Scotland

text: Sir William Wallace (Scottish Gaelic: "Uilleam Uallas" ; Norman French: "William le Waleys"; died 23 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who became one of the main leaders during the Wars of Scottish Independence.

text: Sir

text: William

text: Wallace

text: Scottish

text: Gaelic

text: Uilleam

text: Uallas

text: Norman

text: French

text: William

text: le

text: Waleys

text: died

text: August

text: was

text: Scottish

text: knight

text: who

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: leaders

text: during

text: the

text: Wars

text: of

text: Scottish

text: Independence

text: John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (1231  c. 29 September 1304) was a prominent English nobleman and military commander during the reigns of Henry III of England and Edward I of England. During the Second Barons' War he switched sides twice, ending up in support of the king, for whose capture he was present at Lewes in 1264. Warenne was later appointed a Guardian of Scotland and featured prominently in Edward I's wars in Scotland.

text: John

text: de

text: Warenne

text: Earl

text: of

text: Surrey

text: September

text: was

text: prominent

text: English

text: nobleman

text: and

text: military

text: commander

text: during

text: the

text: reigns

text: of

text: Henry

text: III

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: Edward

text: of

text: England

text: During

text: the

text: Second

text: Barons

text: War

text: he

text: switched

text: sides

text: twice

text: ending

text: up

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: king

text: for

text: whose

text: capture

text: he

text: was

text: present

text: at

text: Lewes

text: in

text: Warenne

text: was

text: later

text: appointed

text: Guardian

text: of

text: Scotland

text: and

text: featured

text: prominently

text: in

text: Edward

text: 's

text: wars

text: in

text: Scotland

text: Scottish Gaelic or Scots Gaelic, sometimes also referred to as Gaelic (" ), is a Celtic language native to Scotland. A member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages, Scottish Gaelic, like Modern Irish and Manx, developed out of Middle Irish.

text: Scottish

text: Gaelic

text: or

text: Scots

text: Gaelic

text: sometimes

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Gaelic

text: is

text: Celtic

text: language

text: native

text: to

text: Scotland

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Goidelic

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Celtic

text: languages

text: Scottish

text: Gaelic

text: like

text: Modern

text: Irish

text: and

text: Manx

text: developed

text: out

text: of

text: Middle

text: Irish

text: The Second Barons' War (12641267) was a civil war in England between the forces of a number of barons led by Simon de Montfort against Royalist forces led by Prince Edward (later Edward I of England), in the name of Henry III.

text: The

text: Second

text: Barons

text: War

text: was

text: civil

text: war

text: in

text: England

text: between

text: the

text: forces

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: barons

text: led

text: by

text: Simon

text: de

text: Montfort

text: against

text: Royalist

text: forces

text: led

text: by

text: Prince

text: Edward

text: later

text: Edward

text: of

text: England

text: in

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: Henry

text: III

annotations: follows single

question: part_of battle of stirling bridge

answer: wars of scottish independence

text: wars of scottish independence

text: wars of scottish independence


text: Economics (, ) is a social science concerned with the factors that determine the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term "economics" comes from the Ancient Greek from (', pronounced "eekos", "house") and (', "custom" or "law"), hence "rules of the house (hold for good management)". 'Political economy' was the earlier name for the subject, but economists in the late 19th century suggested "economics" as a shorter term for "economic science" to establish itself as a separate discipline outside of political science and other social sciences.

text: Economics

text: is

text: social

text: science

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: factors

text: that

text: determine

text: the

text: production

text: distribution

text: and

text: consumption

text: of

text: goods

text: and

text: services

text: The

text: term

text: economics

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: from

text: pronounced

text: eekos

text: house

text: and

text: custom

text: or

text: law

text: hence

text: rules

text: of

text: the

text: house

text: hold

text: for

text: good

text: management

text: Political

text: economy

text: was

text: the

text: earlier

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: subject

text: but

text: economists

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: suggested

text: economics

text: as

text: shorter

text: term

text: for

text: economic

text: science

text: to

text: establish

text: itself

text: as

text: separate

text: discipline

text: outside

text: of

text: political

text: science

text: and

text: other

text: social

text: sciences

text: The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context. The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. The term "Ivy League" has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism.

text: The

text: Ivy

text: League

text: is

text: collegiate

text: athletic

text: conference

text: comprising

text: sports

text: teams

text: from

text: eight

text: private

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: Northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: conference

text: name

text: is

text: also

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: those

text: eight

text: schools

text: as

text: group

text: beyond

text: the

text: sports

text: context

text: The

text: eight

text: institutions

text: are

text: Brown

text: University

text: Columbia

text: University

text: Cornell

text: University

text: Dartmouth

text: College

text: Harvard

text: University

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: Princeton

text: University

text: and

text: Yale

text: University

text: The

text: term

text: Ivy

text: League

text: has

text: connotations

text: of

text: academic

text: excellence

text: selectivity

text: in

text: admissions

text: and

text: social

text: elitism

text: Columbia University (officially Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain. Columbia is the oldest college in the state of New York and the fifth chartered institution of higher learning in the country, making it one of nine colonial colleges founded before the Declaration of Independence. After the American Revolutionary War, King's College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. A 1787 charter placed the institution under a private board of trustees before it was renamed Columbia University in 1896 when the campus was moved from Madison Avenue to its current location in Morningside Heights occupying of land. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities, and was the first school in the United States to grant the M.D. degree.

text: Columbia

text: University

text: officially

text: Columbia

text: University

text: in

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: private

text: Ivy

text: League

text: research

text: university

text: in

text: Upper

text: Manhattan

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: It

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: as

text: King

text: 's

text: College

text: by

text: royal

text: charter

text: of

text: George

text: II

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: Columbia

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: college

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: the

text: fifth

text: chartered

text: institution

text: of

text: higher

text: learning

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: making

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: nine

text: colonial

text: colleges

text: founded

text: before

text: the

text: Declaration

text: of

text: Independence

text: After

text: the

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: King

text: 's

text: College

text: briefly

text: became

text: state

text: entity

text: and

text: was

text: renamed

text: Columbia

text: College

text: in

text: charter

text: placed

text: the

text: institution

text: under

text: private

text: board

text: of

text: trustees

text: before

text: it

text: was

text: renamed

text: Columbia

text: University

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: campus

text: was

text: moved

text: from

text: Madison

text: Avenue

text: to

text: its

text: current

text: location

text: in

text: Morningside

text: Heights

text: occupying

text: of

text: land

text: Columbia

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: fourteen

text: founding

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Association

text: of

text: American

text: Universities

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: school

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: grant

text: the

text: M.D.

text: degree

text: A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as cities (with municipal charters) or universities and learned societies. Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment, as they have perpetual effect. Typically, a Royal Charter is produced as a high-quality work of calligraphy on vellum. The British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters. Of these about 750 remain in existence. The earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066, making it the oldest Royal Burgh in Scotland, followed by the University of Cambridge in 1231. Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown, a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity, on 7 April 2011.

text: royal

text: charter

text: is

text: formal

text: document

text: issued

text: by

text: monarch

text: as

text: letters

text: patent

text: granting

text: right

text: or

text: power

text: to

text: an

text: individual

text: or

text: body

text: corporate

text: They

text: were

text: and

text: are

text: still

text: used

text: to

text: establish

text: significant

text: organisations

text: such

text: as

text: cities

text: with

text: municipal

text: charters

text: or

text: universities

text: and

text: learned

text: societies

text: Charters

text: should

text: be

text: distinguished

text: from

text: warrants

text: and

text: letters

text: of

text: appointment

text: as

text: they

text: have

text: perpetual

text: effect

text: Typically

text: Royal

text: Charter

text: is

text: produced

text: as

text: high

text: quality

text: work

text: of

text: calligraphy

text: on

text: vellum

text: The

text: British

text: monarchy

text: has

text: issued

text: over

text: royal

text: charters

text: Of

text: these

text: about

text: remain

text: in

text: existence

text: The

text: earliest

text: was

text: to

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Tain

text: in

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: oldest

text: Royal

text: Burgh

text: in

text: Scotland

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Cambridge

text: in

text: Charters

text: continue

text: to

text: be

text: issued

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: Crown

text: recent

text: example

text: being

text: that

text: awarded

text: to

text: the

text: Chartered

text: Institute

text: for

text: the

text: Management

text: of

text: Sport

text: and

text: Physical

text: Activity

text: on

text: April

text: Guillermo Antonio Calvo ( born 1941 ) is an Argentine - American economist who is Director of Columbia University 's mid-career Program in Economic Policy Management in their School of International and Public Affairs ( SIPA ) . He published significant research in macroeconomics , especially monetary economics and the economics of emerging markets and transition economies .

text: Guillermo

text: Antonio

text: Calvo

text: born

text: is

text: an

text: Argentine

text: American

text: economist

text: who

text: is

text: Director

text: of

text: Columbia

text: University

text: 's

text: mid

text: career

text: Program

text: in

text: Economic

text: Policy

text: Management

text: in

text: their

text: School

text: of

text: International

text: and

text: Public

text: Affairs

text: SIPA

text: He

text: published

text: significant

text: research

text: in

text: macroeconomics

text: especially

text: monetary

text: economics

text: and

text: the

text: economics

text: of

text: emerging

text: markets

text: and

text: transition

text: economies

text: The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over a land area of just , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term "New York minute". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world.

text: The

text: City

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: often

text: called

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: or

text: simply

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: distributed

text: over

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: just

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: major

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Located

text: at

text: the

text: southern

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: agglomerations

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: global

text: power

text: city

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: exerts

text: significant

text: impact

text: upon

text: commerce

text: finance

text: media

text: art

text: fashion

text: research

text: technology

text: education

text: and

text: entertainment

text: its

text: fast

text: pace

text: defining

text: the

text: term

text: New

text: York

text: minute

text: Home

text: to

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: center

text: for

text: international

text: diplomacy

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: cultural

text: and

text: financial

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Madison Avenue is a north-south avenue in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, United States, that carries northbound one-way traffic. It runs from Madison Square (at 23rd Street) to meet the southbound Harlem River Drive at 142nd Street. In doing so, it passes through Midtown, the Upper East Side (including Carnegie Hill), East Harlem, and Harlem. It is named after and arises from Madison Square, which is itself named after James Madison, the fourth President of the United States.

text: Madison

text: Avenue

text: is

text: north

text: south

text: avenue

text: in

text: the

text: borough

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: United

text: States

text: that

text: carries

text: northbound

text: one

text: way

text: traffic

text: It

text: runs

text: from

text: Madison

text: Square

text: at

text: Street

text: to

text: meet

text: the

text: southbound

text: Harlem

text: River

text: Drive

text: at

text: Street

text: In

text: doing

text: so

text: it

text: passes

text: through

text: Midtown

text: the

text: Upper

text: East

text: Side

text: including

text: Carnegie

text: Hill

text: East

text: Harlem

text: and

text: Harlem

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: and

text: arises

text: from

text: Madison

text: Square

text: which

text: is

text: itself

text: named

text: after

text: James

text: Madison

text: the

text: fourth

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Upper Manhattan denotes the most northern region of the New York City Borough of Manhattan. Its southern boundary has been variously defined, but 96th Street, the northern boundary of Central Park at 110th Street, 125th Street or 155th Street are some common usages.

text: Upper

text: Manhattan

text: denotes

text: the

text: most

text: northern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Borough

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: Its

text: southern

text: boundary

text: has

text: been

text: variously

text: defined

text: but

text: Street

text: the

text: northern

text: boundary

text: of

text: Central

text: Park

text: at

text: Street

text: Street

text: or

text: Street

text: are

text: some

text: common

text: usages

text: Higher Learning is a 1995 American drama film written and directed by John Singleton, and starring an ensemble cast. The film follows the changing lives of three incoming freshmen at the fictional Columbus University: Malik Williams (Omar Epps), a black track star who struggles with academics; Kristen Connor (Kristy Swanson), a shy and naive girl; and Remy (Michael Rapaport), a lonely and confused man seemingly out of place in his new environment.

text: Higher

text: Learning

text: is

text: American

text: drama

text: film

text: written

text: and

text: directed

text: by

text: John

text: Singleton

text: and

text: starring

text: an

text: ensemble

text: cast

text: The

text: film

text: follows

text: the

text: changing

text: lives

text: of

text: three

text: incoming

text: freshmen

text: at

text: the

text: fictional

text: Columbus

text: University

text: Malik

text: Williams

text: Omar

text: Epps

text: black

text: track

text: star

text: who

text: struggles

text: with

text: academics

text: Kristen

text: Connor

text: Kristy

text: Swanson

text: shy

text: and

text: naive

text: girl

text: and

text: Remy

text: Michael

text: Rapaport

text: lonely

text: and

text: confused

text: man

text: seemingly

text: out

text: of

text: place

text: in

text: his

text: new

text: environment

text: An economist is a practitioner in the social science discipline of economics.

text: An

text: economist

text: is

text: practitioner

text: in

text: the

text: social

text: science

text: discipline

text: of

text: economics

question: educated_at guillermo calvo

answer: yale university

text: yale university