text: Cannabis is a genus of flowering plant that includes three species (and seven taxa) or subspecies, "sativa", "indica", and "ruderalis". The plant is indigenous to central Asia and the Indian subcontinent.

text: Cannabis

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: flowering

text: plant

text: that

text: includes

text: three

text: species

text: and

text: seven

text: taxa

text: or

text: subspecies

text: sativa

text: indica

text: and

text: ruderalis

text: The

text: plant

text: is

text: indigenous

text: to

text: central

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text:
Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Often it is in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat, or feeling tired. About 30% of people have atypical symptoms, with women more likely than men to present atypically. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. An MI may cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat (including serious types), cardiogenic shock, or cardiac arrest.
Most MIs occur due to coronary artery disease. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol intake, among others. The mechanism of an MI often involves the complete blockage of a coronary artery caused by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque. MIs are less commonly caused by coronary artery spasms, which may be due to cocaine, significant emotional stress, and extreme cold, among others. A number of tests are useful to help with diagnosis, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests, and coronary angiography. An ECG may confirm an ST elevation MI if ST elevation is present. Commonly used blood tests include troponin and less often creatine kinase MB.
Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI. Nitroglycerin or opioids may be used to help with chest pain; however, they do not improve overall outcomes. Supplemental oxygen should be used in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath. In ST elevation MIs treatments which attempt to restore blood flow to the heart are typically recommended and include angioplasty, where the arteries are pushed open, or thrombolysis, where the blockage is removed using medications. People who have a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) are often managed with the blood thinner heparin, with the additional use of angioplasty in those at high risk. In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes, bypass surgery (CABG) may be recommended rather than angioplasty. After an MI, lifestyle modifications, along with long term treatment with aspirin, beta blockers, and statins, are typically recommended.
Worldwide, about 8.6 million myocardial infarctions occurred in 2013. More than 3 million people had an ST elevation MI and more than 4 million had an NSTEMI. STEMIs occur about twice as often in men as women. About one million people have an MI each year in the United States. In the developed world the risk of death in those who have had an STEMI is about 10%. Rates of MI for a given age have decreased globally between 1990 and 2010.

text: Myocardial

text: infarction

text: MI

text: or

text: acute

text: myocardial

text: infarction

text: AMI

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: heart

text: attack

text: occurs

text: when

text: blood

text: flow

text: stops

text: to

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: causing

text: damage

text: to

text: the

text: heart

text: muscle

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: symptom

text: is

text: chest

text: pain

text: or

text: discomfort

text: which

text: may

text: travel

text: into

text: the

text: shoulder

text: arm

text: back

text: neck

text: or

text: jaw

text: Often

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: or

text: left

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: chest

text: and

text: lasts

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: few

text: minutes

text: The

text: discomfort

text: may

text: occasionally

text: feel

text: like

text: heartburn

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: nausea

text: feeling

text: faint

text: cold

text: sweat

text: or

text: feeling

text: tired

text: About

text: of

text: people

text: have

text: atypical

text: symptoms

text: with

text: women

text: more

text: likely

text: than

text: men

text: to

text: present

text: atypically

text: Among

text: those

text: over

text: years

text: old

text: about

text: have

text: had

text: an

text: MI

text: with

text: little

text: or

text: no

text: history

text: of

text: symptoms

text: An

text: MI

text: may

text: cause

text: heart

text: failure

text: an

text: irregular

text: heartbeat

text: including

text: serious

text: types

text: cardiogenic

text: shock

text: or

text: cardiac

text: arrest

text: Most

text: MIs

text: occur

text: due

text: to

text: coronary

text: artery

text: disease

text: Risk

text: factors

text: include

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: smoking

text: diabetes

text: lack

text: of

text: exercise

text: obesity

text: high

text: blood

text: cholesterol

text: poor

text: diet

text: and

text: excessive

text: alcohol

text: intake

text: among

text: others

text: The

text: mechanism

text: of

text: an

text: MI

text: often

text: involves

text: the

text: complete

text: blockage

text: of

text: coronary

text: artery

text: caused

text: by

text: rupture

text: of

text: an

text: atherosclerotic

text: plaque

text: MIs

text: are

text: less

text: commonly

text: caused

text: by

text: coronary

text: artery

text: spasms

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: cocaine

text: significant

text: emotional

text: stress

text: and

text: extreme

text: cold

text: among

text: others

text: number

text: of

text: tests

text: are

text: useful

text: to

text: help

text: with

text: diagnosis

text: including

text: electrocardiograms

text: ECGs

text: blood

text: tests

text: and

text: coronary

text: angiography

text: An

text: ECG

text: may

text: confirm

text: an

text: ST

text: elevation

text: MI

text: if

text: ST

text: elevation

text: is

text: present

text: Commonly

text: used

text: blood

text: tests

text: include

text: troponin

text: and

text: less

text: often

text: creatine

text: kinase

text: MB

text: Aspirin

text: is

text: an

text: appropriate

text: immediate

text: treatment

text: for

text: suspected

text: MI

text: Nitroglycerin

text: or

text: opioids

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: help

text: with

text: chest

text: pain

text: however

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: improve

text: overall

text: outcomes

text: Supplemental

text: oxygen

text: should

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: low

text: oxygen

text: levels

text: or

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: In

text: ST

text: elevation

text: MIs

text: treatments

text: which

text: attempt

text: to

text: restore

text: blood

text: flow

text: to

text: the

text: heart

text: are

text: typically

text: recommended

text: and

text: include

text: angioplasty

text: where

text: the

text: arteries

text: are

text: pushed

text: open

text: or

text: thrombolysis

text: where

text: the

text: blockage

text: is

text: removed

text: using

text: medications

text: People

text: who

text: have

text: non

text: ST

text: elevation

text: myocardial

text: infarction

text: NSTEMI

text: are

text: often

text: managed

text: with

text: the

text: blood

text: thinner

text: heparin

text: with

text: the

text: additional

text: use

text: of

text: angioplasty

text: in

text: those

text: at

text: high

text: risk

text: In

text: people

text: with

text: blockages

text: of

text: multiple

text: coronary

text: arteries

text: and

text: diabetes

text: bypass

text: surgery

text: CABG

text: may

text: be

text: recommended

text: rather

text: than

text: angioplasty

text: After

text: an

text: MI

text: lifestyle

text: modifications

text: along

text: with

text: long

text: term

text: treatment

text: with

text: aspirin

text: beta

text: blockers

text: and

text: statins

text: are

text: typically

text: recommended

text: Worldwide

text: about

text: million

text: myocardial

text: infarctions

text: occurred

text: in

text: More

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: had

text: an

text: ST

text: elevation

text: MI

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: had

text: an

text: NSTEMI

text: STEMIs

text: occur

text: about

text: twice

text: as

text: often

text: in

text: men

text: as

text: women

text: About

text: one

text: million

text: people

text: have

text: an

text: MI

text: each

text: year

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: In

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: death

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: had

text: an

text: STEMI

text: is

text: about

text: Rates

text: of

text: MI

text: for

text: given

text: age

text: have

text: decreased

text: globally

text: between

text: and

text:
Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled, or injected into the veins. Mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, and large pupils. High doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature. Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes. Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery.
Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the reward pathway in the brain. After a short period of use, there is a high risk that dependence will occur. Its use also increases the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, lung problems in those who smoke it, blood infections, and sudden cardiac death. Cocaine sold on the street is commonly mixed with local anesthetics, cornstarch, quinine, or sugar which can result in additional toxicity. Following repeated doses a person may have decreased ability to feel pleasure and be very physically tired.
Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This results in greater concentrations of these three neurotransmitters in the brain. It can easily cross the bloodbrain barrier and may lead to the breakdown of the barrier. Cocaine is made from the leaves of the "coca" plant which are mostly grown in South America. In 2013, 419 kilograms were produced legally. It is estimated that the illegal market for cocaine is 100 to 500 billion USD each year. With further processing crack cocaine can be produced from cocaine.
After cannabis, cocaine is the most frequently used illegal drug globally. Between 14 and 21 million people use the drug each year. Use is highest in North America followed by Europe and South America. Between one and three percent of people in the developed world have used cocaine at some point in their life. In 2013 cocaine use directly resulted in 4,300 deaths, up from 2,400 in 1990. The leaves of the "coca" plant have been used by Peruvians since ancient times. Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves in 1860. Since 1961 the international Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs has required countries to make recreational use of cocaine a crime.

text: Cocaine

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: coke

text: is

text: strong

text: stimulant

text: mostly

text: used

text: as

text: recreational

text: drug

text: It

text: is

text: commonly

text: snorted

text: inhaled

text: or

text: injected

text: into

text: the

text: veins

text: Mental

text: effects

text: may

text: include

text: loss

text: of

text: contact

text: with

text: reality

text: an

text: intense

text: feeling

text: of

text: happiness

text: or

text: agitation

text: Physical

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: fast

text: heart

text: rate

text: sweating

text: and

text: large

text: pupils

text: High

text: doses

text: can

text: result

text: in

text: very

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: or

text: body

text: temperature

text: Effects

text: begin

text: within

text: seconds

text: to

text: minutes

text: of

text: use

text: and

text: last

text: between

text: five

text: and

text: ninety

text: minutes

text: Cocaine

text: has

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: accepted

text: medical

text: uses

text: such

text: as

text: numbing

text: and

text: decreasing

text: bleeding

text: during

text: nasal

text: surgery

text: Cocaine

text: is

text: addictive

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: effect

text: on

text: the

text: reward

text: pathway

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: After

text: short

text: period

text: of

text: use

text: there

text: is

text: high

text: risk

text: that

text: dependence

text: will

text: occur

text: Its

text: use

text: also

text: increases

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: stroke

text: myocardial

text: infarction

text: lung

text: problems

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: smoke

text: it

text: blood

text: infections

text: and

text: sudden

text: cardiac

text: death

text: Cocaine

text: sold

text: on

text: the

text: street

text: is

text: commonly

text: mixed

text: with

text: local

text: anesthetics

text: cornstarch

text: quinine

text: or

text: sugar

text: which

text: can

text: result

text: in

text: additional

text: toxicity

text: Following

text: repeated

text: doses

text: person

text: may

text: have

text: decreased

text: ability

text: to

text: feel

text: pleasure

text: and

text: be

text: very

text: physically

text: tired

text: Cocaine

text: acts

text: by

text: inhibiting

text: the

text: reuptake

text: of

text: serotonin

text: norepinephrine

text: and

text: dopamine

text: This

text: results

text: in

text: greater

text: concentrations

text: of

text: these

text: three

text: neurotransmitters

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: It

text: can

text: easily

text: cross

text: the

text: bloodbrain

text: barrier

text: and

text: may

text: lead

text: to

text: the

text: breakdown

text: of

text: the

text: barrier

text: Cocaine

text: is

text: made

text: from

text: the

text: leaves

text: of

text: the

text: coca

text: plant

text: which

text: are

text: mostly

text: grown

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: In

text: kilograms

text: were

text: produced

text: legally

text: It

text: is

text: estimated

text: that

text: the

text: illegal

text: market

text: for

text: cocaine

text: is

text: to

text: billion

text: USD

text: each

text: year

text: With

text: further

text: processing

text: crack

text: cocaine

text: can

text: be

text: produced

text: from

text: cocaine

text: After

text: cannabis

text: cocaine

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: frequently

text: used

text: illegal

text: drug

text: globally

text: Between

text: and

text: million

text: people

text: use

text: the

text: drug

text: each

text: year

text: Use

text: is

text: highest

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: followed

text: by

text: Europe

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: Between

text: one

text: and

text: three

text: percent

text: of

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: have

text: used

text: cocaine

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: in

text: their

text: life

text: In

text: cocaine

text: use

text: directly

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: up

text: from

text: in

text: The

text: leaves

text: of

text: the

text: coca

text: plant

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: by

text: Peruvians

text: since

text: ancient

text: times

text: Cocaine

text: was

text: first

text: isolated

text: from

text: the

text: leaves

text: in

text: Since

text: the

text: international

text: Single

text: Convention

text: on

text: Narcotic

text: Drugs

text: has

text: required

text: countries

text: to

text: make

text: recreational

text: use

text: of

text: cocaine

text: crime

text: The bloodbrain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable membrane barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS). The bloodbrain barrier is formed by brain endothelial cells, which are connected by tight junctions. The bloodbrain barrier allows the passage of water, some gases, and lipid-soluble molecules by passive diffusion, as well as the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function. Furthermore, it prevents the entry of lipophilic potential neurotoxins by way of an active transport mechanism mediated by P-glycoprotein. Astrocytes have been claimed to be necessary to create the bloodbrain barrier. A few regions in the brain, including the circumventricular organs, do not have a bloodbrain barrier.

text: The

text: bloodbrain

text: barrier

text: BBB

text: is

text: highly

text: selective

text: semipermeable

text: membrane

text: barrier

text: that

text: separates

text: the

text: circulating

text: blood

text: from

text: the

text: brain

text: extracellular

text: fluid

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: nervous

text: system

text: CNS

text: The

text: bloodbrain

text: barrier

text: is

text: formed

text: by

text: brain

text: endothelial

text: cells

text: which

text: are

text: connected

text: by

text: tight

text: junctions

text: The

text: bloodbrain

text: barrier

text: allows

text: the

text: passage

text: of

text: water

text: some

text: gases

text: and

text: lipid

text: soluble

text: molecules

text: by

text: passive

text: diffusion

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: selective

text: transport

text: of

text: molecules

text: such

text: as

text: glucose

text: and

text: amino

text: acids

text: that

text: are

text: crucial

text: to

text: neural

text: function

text: Furthermore

text: it

text: prevents

text: the

text: entry

text: of

text: lipophilic

text: potential

text: neurotoxins

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: an

text: active

text: transport

text: mechanism

text: mediated

text: by

text: glycoprotein

text: Astrocytes

text: have

text: been

text: claimed

text: to

text: be

text: necessary

text: to

text: create

text: the

text: bloodbrain

text: barrier

text: few

text: regions

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: including

text: the

text: circumventricular

text: organs

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: bloodbrain

text: barrier

text: Stimulants (also referred to as psychostimulants) is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase activity of the body, drugs that are pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have sympathomimetic effects. Due to their rendering a characteristic "up" feeling, stimulants are also occasionally referred to as "uppers". Depressants or "downers", which decrease mental and/or physical function, are in stark contrast to stimulants and are considered to be the functionally opposite drug class. Stimulants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines as well as without a prescription (either legally or illicitly) as performance-enhancing or recreational drugs. The most frequently prescribed stimulants as of 2013 were lisdexamfetamine, methylphenidate, and amphetamine. It is estimated that the percent of the population that has abused amphetamines, cocaine and MDMA combined is between .8% and 2.1%.

text: Stimulants

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: psychostimulants

text: is

text: an

text: overarching

text: term

text: that

text: covers

text: many

text: drugs

text: including

text: those

text: that

text: increase

text: activity

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: drugs

text: that

text: are

text: pleasurable

text: and

text: invigorating

text: or

text: drugs

text: that

text: have

text: sympathomimetic

text: effects

text: Due

text: to

text: their

text: rendering

text: characteristic

text: up

text: feeling

text: stimulants

text: are

text: also

text: occasionally

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: uppers

text: Depressants

text: or

text: downers

text: which

text: decrease

text: mental

text: and/or

text: physical

text: function

text: are

text: in

text: stark

text: contrast

text: to

text: stimulants

text: and

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: functionally

text: opposite

text: drug

text: class

text: Stimulants

text: are

text: widely

text: used

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: as

text: prescription

text: medicines

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: without

text: prescription

text: either

text: legally

text: or

text: illicitly

text: as

text: performance

text: enhancing

text: or

text: recreational

text: drugs

text: The

text: most

text: frequently

text: prescribed

text: stimulants

text: as

text: of

text: were

text: lisdexamfetamine

text: methylphenidate

text: and

text: amphetamine

text: It

text: is

text: estimated

text: that

text: the

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: that

text: has

text: abused

text: amphetamines

text: cocaine

text: and

text: MDMA

text: combined

text: is

text: between

text: and

text: Neurotransmitters, also known as chemical messengers, are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission. They transmit signals across a chemical synapse, such as a neuromuscular junction, from one neuron (nerve cell) to another "target" neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell. Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles in synapses into the synaptic cleft, where they are received by receptors on the target cells. Many neurotransmitters are synthesized from simple and plentiful precursors such as amino acids, which are readily available from the diet and only require a small number of biosynthetic steps for conversion. Neurotransmitters play a major role in shaping everyday life and functions. Their exact numbers are unknown, but more than 100 chemical messengers have been uniquely identified.

text: Neurotransmitters

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: chemical

text: messengers

text: are

text: endogenous

text: chemicals

text: that

text: enable

text: neurotransmission

text: They

text: transmit

text: signals

text: across

text: chemical

text: synapse

text: such

text: as

text: neuromuscular

text: junction

text: from

text: one

text: neuron

text: nerve

text: cell

text: to

text: another

text: target

text: neuron

text: muscle

text: cell

text: or

text: gland

text: cell

text: Neurotransmitters

text: are

text: released

text: from

text: synaptic

text: vesicles

text: in

text: synapses

text: into

text: the

text: synaptic

text: cleft

text: where

text: they

text: are

text: received

text: by

text: receptors

text: on

text: the

text: target

text: cells

text: Many

text: neurotransmitters

text: are

text: synthesized

text: from

text: simple

text: and

text: plentiful

text: precursors

text: such

text: as

text: amino

text: acids

text: which

text: are

text: readily

text: available

text: from

text: the

text: diet

text: and

text: only

text: require

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: biosynthetic

text: steps

text: for

text: conversion

text: Neurotransmitters

text: play

text: major

text: role

text: in

text: shaping

text: everyday

text: life

text: and

text: functions

text: Their

text: exact

text: numbers

text: are

text: unknown

text: but

text: more

text: than

text: chemical

text: messengers

text: have

text: been

text: uniquely

text: identified

text:
Stroke is when poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. They result in part of the brain not functioning properly. Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include an inability to move or feel on one side of the body, problems understanding or speaking, feeling like the world is spinning, or loss of vision to one side. Signs and symptoms often appear soon after the stroke has occurred. If symptoms last less than one or two hours it is known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or mini-stroke. A hemorrhagic stroke may also be associated with a severe headache. The symptoms of a stroke can be permanent. Long-term complications may include pneumonia or loss of bladder control.
The main risk factor for stroke is high blood pressure. Other risk factors include tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, previous TIA, and atrial fibrillation. An ischemic stroke is typically caused by blockage of a blood vessel, though there are also less common causes. A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by either bleeding directly into the brain or into the space between the brain's membranes. Bleeding may occur due to a ruptured brain aneurysm. Diagnosis is typically with medical imaging such as a CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan along with a physical exam. Other tests such as an electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood tests are done to determine risk factors and rule out other possible causes. Low blood sugar may cause similar symptoms.
Prevention includes decreasing risk factors, as well as possibly aspirin, statins, surgery to open up the arteries to the brain in those with problematic narrowing, and warfarin in those with atrial fibrillation. A stroke or TIA often requires emergency care. An ischemic stroke, if detected within three to four and half hours, may be treatable with a medication that can break down the clot. Aspirin should be used. Some hemorrhagic strokes benefit from surgery. Treatment to try recover lost function is called stroke rehabilitation and ideally takes place in a stroke unit; however, these are not available in much of the world.
In 2013 approximately 6.9 million people had an ischemic stroke and 3.4 million people had a hemorrhagic stroke. In 2010 there were about 33 million people who had previously had a stroke and were still alive. Between 1990 and 2010 the number of strokes which occurred each year decreased by approximately 10% in the developed world and increased by 10% in the developing world. In 2013, stroke was the second most frequent cause of death after coronary artery disease, accounting for 6.4 million deaths (12% of the total). About 3.3 million deaths resulted from ischemic stroke while 3.2 million deaths resulted from hemorrhagic stroke. About half of people who have had a stroke live less than one year. Overall, two thirds of strokes occurred in those over 65 years old.

text: Stroke

text: is

text: when

text: poor

text: blood

text: flow

text: to

text: the

text: brain

text: results

text: in

text: cell

text: death

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: stroke

text: ischemic

text: due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: blood

text: flow

text: and

text: hemorrhagic

text: due

text: to

text: bleeding

text: They

text: result

text: in

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: not

text: functioning

text: properly

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: of

text: stroke

text: may

text: include

text: an

text: inability

text: to

text: move

text: or

text: feel

text: on

text: one

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: problems

text: understanding

text: or

text: speaking

text: feeling

text: like

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: spinning

text: or

text: loss

text: of

text: vision

text: to

text: one

text: side

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: often

text: appear

text: soon

text: after

text: the

text: stroke

text: has

text: occurred

text: If

text: symptoms

text: last

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: or

text: two

text: hours

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: transient

text: ischemic

text: attack

text: TIA

text: or

text: mini

text: stroke

text: hemorrhagic

text: stroke

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: associated

text: with

text: severe

text: headache

text: The

text: symptoms

text: of

text: stroke

text: can

text: be

text: permanent

text: Long

text: term

text: complications

text: may

text: include

text: pneumonia

text: or

text: loss

text: of

text: bladder

text: control

text: The

text: main

text: risk

text: factor

text: for

text: stroke

text: is

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: Other

text: risk

text: factors

text: include

text: tobacco

text: smoking

text: obesity

text: high

text: blood

text: cholesterol

text: diabetes

text: mellitus

text: previous

text: TIA

text: and

text: atrial

text: fibrillation

text: An

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: is

text: typically

text: caused

text: by

text: blockage

text: of

text: blood

text: vessel

text: though

text: there

text: are

text: also

text: less

text: common

text: causes

text: hemorrhagic

text: stroke

text: is

text: caused

text: by

text: either

text: bleeding

text: directly

text: into

text: the

text: brain

text: or

text: into

text: the

text: space

text: between

text: the

text: brain

text: 's

text: membranes

text: Bleeding

text: may

text: occur

text: due

text: to

text: ruptured

text: brain

text: aneurysm

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: typically

text: with

text: medical

text: imaging

text: such

text: as

text: CT

text: scan

text: or

text: magnetic

text: resonance

text: imaging

text: MRI

text: scan

text: along

text: with

text: physical

text: exam

text: Other

text: tests

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: electrocardiogram

text: ECG

text: and

text: blood

text: tests

text: are

text: done

text: to

text: determine

text: risk

text: factors

text: and

text: rule

text: out

text: other

text: possible

text: causes

text: Low

text: blood

text: sugar

text: may

text: cause

text: similar

text: symptoms

text: Prevention

text: includes

text: decreasing

text: risk

text: factors

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: possibly

text: aspirin

text: statins

text: surgery

text: to

text: open

text: up

text: the

text: arteries

text: to

text: the

text: brain

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: problematic

text: narrowing

text: and

text: warfarin

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: atrial

text: fibrillation

text: stroke

text: or

text: TIA

text: often

text: requires

text: emergency

text: care

text: An

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: if

text: detected

text: within

text: three

text: to

text: four

text: and

text: half

text: hours

text: may

text: be

text: treatable

text: with

text: medication

text: that

text: can

text: break

text: down

text: the

text: clot

text: Aspirin

text: should

text: be

text: used

text: Some

text: hemorrhagic

text: strokes

text: benefit

text: from

text: surgery

text: Treatment

text: to

text: try

text: recover

text: lost

text: function

text: is

text: called

text: stroke

text: rehabilitation

text: and

text: ideally

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: stroke

text: unit

text: however

text: these

text: are

text: not

text: available

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: had

text: an

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: and

text: million

text: people

text: had

text: hemorrhagic

text: stroke

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: who

text: had

text: previously

text: had

text: stroke

text: and

text: were

text: still

text: alive

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: strokes

text: which

text: occurred

text: each

text: year

text: decreased

text: by

text: approximately

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: and

text: increased

text: by

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: In

text: stroke

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: frequent

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: after

text: coronary

text: artery

text: disease

text: accounting

text: for

text: million

text: deaths

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: About

text: million

text: deaths

text: resulted

text: from

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: while

text: million

text: deaths

text: resulted

text: from

text: hemorrhagic

text: stroke

text: About

text: half

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: have

text: had

text: stroke

text: live

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: year

text: Overall

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: strokes

text: occurred

text: in

text: those

text: over

text: years

text: old

text: A pen (Latin: "penna", feather) is a writing implement used to apply ink to a surface, such as paper, for writing or drawing. Historically, reed pens, quill pens, and dip pens were used, with a nib dipped in ink. Ruling pens allow precise adjustment of line width, and still find a few specialized uses, but technical pens such as the Rapidograph are more commonly used. Modern types also include ballpoint, rollerball, fountain, and felt or ceramic tip pens.

text: pen

text: Latin

text: penna

text: feather

text: is

text: writing

text: implement

text: used

text: to

text: apply

text: ink

text: to

text: surface

text: such

text: as

text: paper

text: for

text: writing

text: or

text: drawing

text: Historically

text: reed

text: pens

text: quill

text: pens

text: and

text: dip

text: pens

text: were

text: used

text: with

text: nib

text: dipped

text: in

text: ink

text: Ruling

text: pens

text: allow

text: precise

text: adjustment

text: of

text: line

text: width

text: and

text: still

text: find

text: few

text: specialized

text: uses

text: but

text: technical

text: pens

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Rapidograph

text: are

text: more

text: commonly

text: used

text: Modern

text: types

text: also

text: include

text: ballpoint

text: rollerball

text: fountain

text: and

text: felt

text: or

text: ceramic

text: tip

text: pens

text: Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter. The name "noradrenaline," derived from Latin roots meaning "at/alongside the kidneys," is more commonly used in the United Kingdom; in the United States, "norepinephrine," derived from Greek roots having that same meaning, is usually preferred. "Norepinephrine" is also the international nonproprietary name given to the drug. Regardless of which name is used for the substance itself, parts of the body that produce or are affected by it are referred to as noradrenergic.

text: Norepinephrine

text: NE

text: also

text: called

text: noradrenaline

text: or

text: noradrenalin

text: is

text: an

text: organic

text: chemical

text: in

text: the

text: catecholamine

text: family

text: that

text: functions

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: and

text: body

text: as

text: hormone

text: and

text: neurotransmitter

text: The

text: name

text: noradrenaline

text: derived

text: from

text: Latin

text: roots

text: meaning

text: at

text: alongside

text: the

text: kidneys

text: is

text: more

text: commonly

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: norepinephrine

text: derived

text: from

text: Greek

text: roots

text: having

text: that

text: same

text: meaning

text: is

text: usually

text: preferred

text: Norepinephrine

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: international

text: nonproprietary

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: drug

text: Regardless

text: of

text: which

text: name

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: substance

text: itself

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: that

text: produce

text: or

text: are

text: affected

text: by

text: it

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: noradrenergic

text: In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority. The term "crime" does not, in modern criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition, though statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes. The most popular view is that crime is a category created by law; in other words, something is a crime if declared as such by the relevant and applicable law. One proposed definition is that a crime or offence (or criminal offence) is an act harmful not only to some individual or individuals but also to a community, society or the state ("a public wrong"). Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law.

text: In

text: ordinary

text: language

text: crime

text: is

text: an

text: unlawful

text: act

text: punishable

text: by

text: state

text: or

text: other

text: authority

text: The

text: term

text: crime

text: does

text: not

text: in

text: modern

text: criminal

text: law

text: have

text: any

text: simple

text: and

text: universally

text: accepted

text: definition

text: though

text: statutory

text: definitions

text: have

text: been

text: provided

text: for

text: certain

text: purposes

text: The

text: most

text: popular

text: view

text: is

text: that

text: crime

text: is

text: category

text: created

text: by

text: law

text: in

text: other

text: words

text: something

text: is

text: crime

text: if

text: declared

text: as

text: such

text: by

text: the

text: relevant

text: and

text: applicable

text: law

text: One

text: proposed

text: definition

text: is

text: that

text: crime

text: or

text: offence

text: or

text: criminal

text: offence

text: is

text: an

text: act

text: harmful

text: not

text: only

text: to

text: some

text: individual

text: or

text: individuals

text: but

text: also

text: to

text: community

text: society

text: or

text: the

text: state

text: public

text: wrong

text: Such

text: acts

text: are

text: forbidden

text: and

text: punishable

text: by

text: law

text: Peru , officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is an extremely biodiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river.

text: Peru

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Peru

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: western

text: South

text: America

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: Ecuador

text: and

text: Colombia

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Brazil

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: Bolivia

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: Chile

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: Peru

text: is

text: an

text: extremely

text: biodiverse

text: country

text: with

text: habitats

text: ranging

text: from

text: the

text: arid

text: plains

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: coastal

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: to

text: the

text: peaks

text: of

text: the

text: Andes

text: mountains

text: vertically

text: extending

text: from

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: to

text: the

text: tropical

text: Amazon

text: Basin

text: rainforest

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: with

text: the

text: Amazon

text: river

text: This is a list of countries ( and some territories ) by the annual prevalence of cocaine use as percentage of the population aged 15 -- 64 ( unless otherwise indicated ) . The primary sources of information are the World Drug Report 2014 ( WDR 2014 ) , and the World Drug Report 2006 ( WDR 2006 ) , published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ) . The indicator is the `` annual prevalence '' rate which is the percentage of the youth and adult population who have consumed the drug at least once in the past year .

text: This

text: is

text: list

text: of

text: countries

text: and

text: some

text: territories

text: by

text: the

text: annual

text: prevalence

text: of

text: cocaine

text: use

text: as

text: percentage

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: aged

text: unless

text: otherwise

text: indicated

text: The

text: primary

text: sources

text: of

text: information

text: are

text: the

text: World

text: Drug

text: Report

text: WDR

text: and

text: the

text: World

text: Drug

text: Report

text: WDR

text: published

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Office

text: on

text: Drugs

text: and

text: Crime

text: UNODC

text: The

text: indicator

text: is

text: the

text: annual

text: prevalence

text: rate

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: percentage

text: of

text: the

text: youth

text: and

text: adult

text: population

text: who

text: have

text: consumed

text: the

text: drug

text: at

text: least

text: once

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: year

text: The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 is an international treaty to prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally narcotic) drugs and of drugs with similar effects except under licence for specific purposes, such as medical treatment and research. As noted below, its major effects included updating the Paris Convention of 13 July 1931 to include the vast number of synthetic opioids invented in the intervening thirty years and a mechanism for more easily including new ones. From 1931 to 1961, most of the families of synthetic opioids had been developed, including drugs in whatever way related to methadone, pethidine, morphinans and dextromoramide and related drugs; research on fentanyls and piritramide was also nearing fruition at that point.

text: The

text: Single

text: Convention

text: on

text: Narcotic

text: Drugs

text: of

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: treaty

text: to

text: prohibit

text: production

text: and

text: supply

text: of

text: specific

text: nominally

text: narcotic

text: drugs

text: and

text: of

text: drugs

text: with

text: similar

text: effects

text: except

text: under

text: licence

text: for

text: specific

text: purposes

text: such

text: as

text: medical

text: treatment

text: and

text: research

text: As

text: noted

text: below

text: its

text: major

text: effects

text: included

text: updating

text: the

text: Paris

text: Convention

text: of

text: July

text: to

text: include

text: the

text: vast

text: number

text: of

text: synthetic

text: opioids

text: invented

text: in

text: the

text: intervening

text: thirty

text: years

text: and

text: mechanism

text: for

text: more

text: easily

text: including

text: new

text: ones

text: From

text: to

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: families

text: of

text: synthetic

text: opioids

text: had

text: been

text: developed

text: including

text: drugs

text: in

text: whatever

text: way

text: related

text: to

text: methadone

text: pethidine

text: morphinans

text: and

text: dextromoramide

text: and

text: related

text: drugs

text: research

text: on

text: fentanyls

text: and

text: piritramide

text: was

text: also

text: nearing

text: fruition

text: at

text: that

text: point

text:
Epinephrine, also known as adrenalin or adrenaline, is a hormone, neurotransmitter and medication. Epinephrine is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and certain neurons. It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the heart, pupil dilation, and blood sugar. Epinephrine does this by its effects on alpha and beta receptors. It is found in many animals and some one cell organisms. Jokichi Takamine first isolated epinephrine in 1901.
As a medication it is used to treat a number of conditions, including anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and superficial bleeding. Inhaled epinephrine may be used to improve the symptoms of croup. It may also be used for asthma when other treatments are not effective. It is given intravenously, by injection into a muscle, by inhalation, or by injection just under the skin. Common side effects include shakiness, anxiety, and sweating. A fast heart rate and high blood pressure may occur. Occasionally it may result in an abnormal heart rhythm. While the safety of its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is unclear, the benefits to the mother must be taken into account.

text: Epinephrine

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: adrenalin

text: or

text: adrenaline

text: is

text: hormone

text: neurotransmitter

text: and

text: medication

text: Epinephrine

text: is

text: normally

text: produced

text: by

text: both

text: the

text: adrenal

text: glands

text: and

text: certain

text: neurons

text: It

text: plays

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: fight

text: or

text: flight

text: response

text: by

text: increasing

text: blood

text: flow

text: to

text: muscles

text: output

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: pupil

text: dilation

text: and

text: blood

text: sugar

text: Epinephrine

text: does

text: this

text: by

text: its

text: effects

text: on

text: alpha

text: and

text: beta

text: receptors

text: It

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: many

text: animals

text: and

text: some

text: one

text: cell

text: organisms

text: Jokichi

text: Takamine

text: first

text: isolated

text: epinephrine

text: in

text: As

text: medication

text: it

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: treat

text: number

text: of

text: conditions

text: including

text: anaphylaxis

text: cardiac

text: arrest

text: and

text: superficial

text: bleeding

text: Inhaled

text: epinephrine

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: improve

text: the

text: symptoms

text: of

text: croup

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: asthma

text: when

text: other

text: treatments

text: are

text: not

text: effective

text: It

text: is

text: given

text: intravenously

text: by

text: injection

text: into

text: muscle

text: by

text: inhalation

text: or

text: by

text: injection

text: just

text: under

text: the

text: skin

text: Common

text: side

text: effects

text: include

text: shakiness

text: anxiety

text: and

text: sweating

text: fast

text: heart

text: rate

text: and

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: may

text: occur

text: Occasionally

text: it

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: an

text: abnormal

text: heart

text: rhythm

text: While

text: the

text: safety

text: of

text: its

text: use

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: and

text: breastfeeding

text: is

text: unclear

text: the

text: benefits

text: to

text: the

text: mother

text: must

text: be

text: taken

text: into

text: account

text: Peruvians are the citizens of the Republic of Peru or their descendants abroad. Peru is a multiethnic country formed by the combination of different groups over five centuries, so people in Peru usually treat their nationality as a citizenship rather than an ethnicity. Amerindians inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before Spanish Conquest in the 16th century; according to historian David N. Cook their population decreased from an estimated 59 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of infectious diseases. Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers under colonial rule, mixing widely with each other and with indigenous peoples. During the Republic, there has been a gradual immigration of European people (specially from Spain and Italy, and in a less extent from France, the Balkans, Great Britain and Germany). Japanese and Chinese arrived in large numbers at the end of nineteenth century.

text: Peruvians

text: are

text: the

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Peru

text: or

text: their

text: descendants

text: abroad

text: Peru

text: is

text: multiethnic

text: country

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: combination

text: of

text: different

text: groups

text: over

text: five

text: centuries

text: so

text: people

text: in

text: Peru

text: usually

text: treat

text: their

text: nationality

text: as

text: citizenship

text: rather

text: than

text: an

text: ethnicity

text: Amerindians

text: inhabited

text: Peruvian

text: territory

text: for

text: several

text: millennia

text: before

text: Spanish

text: Conquest

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: according

text: to

text: historian

text: David

text: Cook

text: their

text: population

text: decreased

text: from

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: to

text: around

text: in

text: mainly

text: because

text: of

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: Spaniards

text: and

text: Africans

text: arrived

text: in

text: large

text: numbers

text: under

text: colonial

text: rule

text: mixing

text: widely

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: and

text: with

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: During

text: the

text: Republic

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: gradual

text: immigration

text: of

text: European

text: people

text: specially

text: from

text: Spain

text: and

text: Italy

text: and

text: in

text: less

text: extent

text: from

text: France

text: the

text: Balkans

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Germany

text: Japanese

text: and

text: Chinese

text: arrived

text: in

text: large

text: numbers

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: Crack cocaine, also known simply as crack, is a free base form of cocaine that can be smoked. It offers a short but intense high to smokers. The Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment calls it the most "addictive" (effective) form of cocaine. Crack cocaine is commonly used as a recreational drug. Crack first saw widespread use in primarily impoverished inner city neighborhoods in New York, Los Angeles, and Miami in late 1984 and 1985; its rapid increase in use and availability is sometimes termed as the "crack epidemic".

text: Crack

text: cocaine

text: also

text: known

text: simply

text: as

text: crack

text: is

text: free

text: base

text: form

text: of

text: cocaine

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: smoked

text: It

text: offers

text: short

text: but

text: intense

text: high

text: to

text: smokers

text: The

text: Manual

text: of

text: Adolescent

text: Substance

text: Abuse

text: Treatment

text: calls

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: addictive

text: effective

text: form

text: of

text: cocaine

text: Crack

text: cocaine

text: is

text: commonly

text: used

text: as

text: recreational

text: drug

text: Crack

text: first

text: saw

text: widespread

text: use

text: in

text: primarily

text: impoverished

text: inner

text: city

text: neighborhoods

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: and

text: Miami

text: in

text: late

text: and

text: its

text: rapid

text: increase

text: in

text: use

text: and

text: availability

text: is

text: sometimes

text: termed

text: as

text: the

text: crack

text: epidemic

annotations: follows single

question: is_a_list_of list of countries by prevalence of cocaine use

answer: country

text: country

text: country

text: country

text: country