text: The Baltic Sea (  ; ) is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Scandinavia, Finland, the Baltic countries, and the North European Plain. It includes the Gulf of Bothnia, the Bay of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga, and the Bay of Gdask. The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 10°E to 30°E longitude. A mediterranean sea of the Atlantic, with limited water exchange between the two bodies, the Baltic Sea drains through the Danish islands into the Kattegat by way of the straits of Øresund, the Great Belt, and the Little Belt.

text: The

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: is

text: sea

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: enclosed

text: by

text: Scandinavia

text: Finland

text: the

text: Baltic

text: countries

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: European

text: Plain

text: It

text: includes

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Bothnia

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bothnia

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Riga

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Gdask

text: The

text: sea

text: stretches

text: from

text: to

text: latitude

text: and

text: from

text: to

text: longitude

text: mediterranean

text: sea

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: with

text: limited

text: water

text: exchange

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: bodies

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: drains

text: through

text: the

text: Danish

text: islands

text: into

text: the

text: Kattegat

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: the

text: straits

text: of

text: Øresund

text: the

text: Great

text: Belt

text: and

text: the

text: Little

text: Belt

text: An archipelago, sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster or collection of islands. The word "archipelago" is derived from the Greek "-  arkhi-" ("chief") and "  pélagos" ("sea") through the Italian "arcipelago". In Italian, possibly following a tradition of antiquity, the Archipelago (from medieval Greek "*" and Latin "archipelagus") was the proper name for the Aegean Sea and, later, usage shifted to refer to the Aegean Islands (since the sea is remarkable for its large number of islands). It is now used to refer to any island group or, sometimes, to a sea containing a small number of scattered islands.

text: An

text: archipelago

text: sometimes

text: called

text: an

text: island

text: group

text: or

text: island

text: chain

text: is

text: chain

text: cluster

text: or

text: collection

text: of

text: islands

text: The

text: word

text: archipelago

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: arkhi-

text: chief

text: and

text: pélagos

text: sea

text: through

text: the

text: Italian

text: arcipelago

text: In

text: Italian

text: possibly

text: following

text: tradition

text: of

text: antiquity

text: the

text: Archipelago

text: from

text: medieval

text: Greek

text: and

text: Latin

text: archipelagus

text: was

text: the

text: proper

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: Aegean

text: Sea

text: and

text: later

text: usage

text: shifted

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: Aegean

text: Islands

text: since

text: the

text: sea

text: is

text: remarkable

text: for

text: its

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: islands

text: It

text: is

text: now

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: any

text: island

text: group

text: or

text: sometimes

text: to

text: sea

text: containing

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: scattered

text: islands

text: An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait, and a small island off the coast may be called a holm. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago, e.g. the Philippines.

text: An

text: island

text: or

text: isle

text: is

text: any

text: piece

text: of

text: sub

text: continental

text: land

text: that

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: water

text: Very

text: small

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: emergent

text: land

text: features

text: on

text: atolls

text: can

text: be

text: called

text: islets

text: skerries

text: cays

text: or

text: keys

text: An

text: island

text: in

text: river

text: or

text: lake

text: island

text: may

text: be

text: called

text: an

text: eyot

text: or

text: ait

text: and

text: small

text: island

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: may

text: be

text: called

text: holm

text: grouping

text: of

text: geographically

text: or

text: geologically

text: related

text: islands

text: is

text: called

text: an

text: archipelago

text: e.g.

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Stockholm County ("Stockholms län") is a county or "län" (in Swedish) on the Baltic sea coast of Sweden. It borders Uppsala County and Södermanland County. It also borders Mälaren and the Baltic Sea. The city of Stockholm is the capital of Sweden. Stockholm County is divided by the historic provinces of Uppland (Roslagen) and Södermanland (Södertörn). More than one fifth of the Swedish population lives in the county. Stockholm County is also one of the statistical "riksområden" (national areas) according to , Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics within the EU. With more than two million inhabitants, Stockholm is the most densely populated county of Sweden.

text: Stockholm

text: County

text: Stockholms

text: län

text: is

text: county

text: or

text: län

text: in

text: Swedish

text: on

text: the

text: Baltic

text: sea

text: coast

text: of

text: Sweden

text: It

text: borders

text: Uppsala

text: County

text: and

text: Södermanland

text: County

text: It

text: also

text: borders

text: Mälaren

text: and

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Stockholm

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Sweden

text: Stockholm

text: County

text: is

text: divided

text: by

text: the

text: historic

text: provinces

text: of

text: Uppland

text: Roslagen

text: and

text: Södermanland

text: Södertörn

text: More

text: than

text: one

text: fifth

text: of

text: the

text: Swedish

text: population

text: lives

text: in

text: the

text: county

text: Stockholm

text: County

text: is

text: also

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: statistical

text: riksområden

text: national

text: areas

text: according

text: to

text: Nomenclature

text: of

text: Territorial

text: Units

text: for

text: Statistics

text: within

text: the

text: EU

text: With

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Stockholm

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: county

text: of

text: Sweden

text: Österåker Municipality is a municipality in Stockholm County in east central Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Åkersberga, with a population of 26,727 (2005).

text: Österåker

text: Municipality

text: is

text: municipality

text: in

text: Stockholm

text: County

text: in

text: east

text: central

text: Sweden

text: Its

text: seat

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Åkersberga

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: Möja is an island in the Stockholm archipelago in Sweden. Möja is one of the most popular islands in the archipelago for travellers and boaters, and is also significant in size.

text: Möja

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: Stockholm

text: archipelago

text: in

text: Sweden

text: Möja

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: archipelago

text: for

text: travellers

text: and

text: boaters

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: significant

text: in

text: size

text: Grinda is an island located in the Stockholm archipelago , Sweden . It is located south of Ljusterö , east of Vaxholm and west of Svartsö and Möja . Grinda is a popular island especially during summer , for campers , tourists and people travelling the Stockholm archipelago by boat . Most of the island is owned by the non-profit organisation Skärgårdsstiftelsen ( Archipelago Foundation ) , whose purpose is keeping the island 's nature and facilities in good condition for outside visitors . The island hosts a tavern , bar and grocery store , and is frequented daily during the summer season by the passenger ferries of Waxholmsbolaget .

text: Grinda

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Stockholm

text: archipelago

text: Sweden

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: south

text: of

text: Ljusterö

text: east

text: of

text: Vaxholm

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: Svartsö

text: and

text: Möja

text: Grinda

text: is

text: popular

text: island

text: especially

text: during

text: summer

text: for

text: campers

text: tourists

text: and

text: people

text: travelling

text: the

text: Stockholm

text: archipelago

text: by

text: boat

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: is

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: non

text: profit

text: organisation

text: Skärgårdsstiftelsen

text: Archipelago

text: Foundation

text: whose

text: purpose

text: is

text: keeping

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: nature

text: and

text: facilities

text: in

text: good

text: condition

text: for

text: outside

text: visitors

text: The

text: island

text: hosts

text: tavern

text: bar

text: and

text: grocery

text: store

text: and

text: is

text: frequented

text: daily

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: season

text: by

text: the

text: passenger

text: ferries

text: of

text: Waxholmsbolaget

text: Värmdö Municipality ("Värmdö kommun") is a municipality in Stockholm County in east central Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Gustavsberg, with a population of 9,682 (2005), situated on the main island at an elevation of 37 m.

text: Värmdö

text: Municipality

text: Värmdö

text: kommun

text: is

text: municipality

text: in

text: Stockholm

text: County

text: in

text: east

text: central

text: Sweden

text: Its

text: seat

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Gustavsberg

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: main

text: island

text: at

text: an

text: elevation

text: of

text: Ljusterö is an island in Sweden. It is in the northern part of the Stockholm archipelago in Österåker Municipality, Stockholm County. It is approximately 65 kilometers north of central Stockholm.

text: Ljusterö

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: in

text: Sweden

text: It

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Stockholm

text: archipelago

text: in

text: Österåker

text: Municipality

text: Stockholm

text: County

text: It

text: is

text: approximately

text: kilometers

text: north

text: of

text: central

text: Stockholm

text: Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland. Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finland's population is 5.5 million (2014), staying roughly on the same level over the past two decades. The majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union.

text: Finland

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Finland

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: peninsula

text: with

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Bothnia

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Sweden

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Norway

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Estonia

text: is

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: Finland

text: is

text: Nordic

text: country

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: geographical

text: region

text: of

text: Fennoscandia

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: Scandinavia

text: Finland

text: 's

text: population

text: is

text: million

text: staying

text: roughly

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: level

text: over

text: the

text: past

text: two

text: decades

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: is

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: region

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: area

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Vaxholm Municipality ("Vaxholms kommun" or "Vaxholms stad") is a municipality within Stockholm archipelago in Stockholm County in east central Sweden. The municipal slogan is "Vaxholm  the capital of the archipelago", due to its central location in the archipelago. Its seat is located in the city of Vaxholm.

text: Vaxholm

text: Municipality

text: Vaxholms

text: kommun

text: or

text: Vaxholms

text: stad

text: is

text: municipality

text: within

text: Stockholm

text: archipelago

text: in

text: Stockholm

text: County

text: in

text: east

text: central

text: Sweden

text: The

text: municipal

text: slogan

text: is

text: Vaxholm

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: archipelago

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: central

text: location

text: in

text: the

text: archipelago

text: Its

text: seat

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Vaxholm

text: The Stockholm archipelago is the largest archipelago in Sweden, and the second-largest archipelago in the Baltic Sea (the largest being across the Baltic in Finland).

text: The

text: Stockholm

text: archipelago

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: archipelago

text: in

text: Sweden

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: archipelago

text: in

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: the

text: largest

text: being

text: across

text: the

text: Baltic

text: in

text: Finland

text: Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund. At , Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low population density of , with the highest concentration in the southern half of the country. Approximately 85% of the population lives in urban areas.

text: Sweden

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Sweden

text: Swedish

text: is

text: Scandinavian

text: country

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: It

text: borders

text: Norway

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Finland

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: is

text: connected

text: to

text: Denmark

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: by

text: bridge

text: tunnel

text: across

text: the

text: Öresund

text: At

text: Sweden

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: by

text: area

text: with

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: Sweden

text: consequently

text: has

text: low

text: population

text: density

text: of

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: concentration

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: Approximately

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: lives

text: in

text: urban

text: areas

text: The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.

text: The

text: European

text: Union

text: EU

text: is

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: union

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: that

text: are

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: The

text: EU

text: has

text: developed

text: an

text: internal

text: single

text: market

text: through

text: standardised

text: system

text: of

text: laws

text: that

text: apply

text: in

text: all

text: member

text: states

text: EU

text: policies

text: aim

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: free

text: movement

text: of

text: people

text: goods

text: services

text: and

text: capital

text: within

text: the

text: internal

text: market

text: enact

text: legislation

text: in

text: justice

text: and

text: home

text: affairs

text: and

text: maintain

text: common

text: policies

text: on

text: trade

text: agriculture

text: fisheries

text: and

text: regional

text: development

text: Within

text: the

text: Schengen

text: Area

text: passport

text: controls

text: have

text: been

text: abolished

text: monetary

text: union

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: came

text: into

text: full

text: force

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: EU

text: member

text: states

text: which

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: currency

text: Norway (; Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk); Sami: "Norgga"), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a sovereign and unitary monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the island Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard. The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land. Until 1814, the Kingdom included the Faroe Islands (since 1035), Greenland (1261), and Iceland (1262). It also included Shetland and Orkney until 1468. It also included the following provinces, now in Sweden: Jämtland, Härjedalen and Bohuslän.

text: Norway

text: Norwegian

text: Bokmål

text: or

text: Nynorsk

text: Sami

text: Norgga

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Norway

text: is

text: sovereign

text: and

text: unitary

text: monarchy

text: whose

text: territory

text: comprises

text: the

text: western

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Scandinavian

text: Peninsula

text: plus

text: the

text: island

text: Jan

text: Mayen

text: and

text: the

text: archipelago

text: of

text: Svalbard

text: The

text: Antarctic

text: Peter

text: Island

text: and

text: the

text: sub

text: Antarctic

text: Bouvet

text: Island

text: are

text: dependent

text: territories

text: and

text: thus

text: not

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: Norway

text: also

text: lays

text: claim

text: to

text: section

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: known

text: as

text: Queen

text: Maud

text: Land

text: Until

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: included

text: the

text: Faroe

text: Islands

text: since

text: Greenland

text: and

text: Iceland

text: It

text: also

text: included

text: Shetland

text: and

text: Orkney

text: until

text: It

text: also

text: included

text: the

text: following

text: provinces

text: now

text: in

text: Sweden

text: Jämtland

text: Härjedalen

text: and

text: Bohuslän

text: Scandinavia is a historical and cultural region in Northern Europe characterized by a common ethnocultural North Germanic heritage and mutually intelligible North Germanic languages.

text: Scandinavia

text: is

text: historical

text: and

text: cultural

text: region

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: characterized

text: by

text: common

text: ethnocultural

text: North

text: Germanic

text: heritage

text: and

text: mutually

text: intelligible

text: North

text: Germanic

text: languages

text: Northern Europe is the northern part or region of Europe. Although no definitive borders or definition exists for the term, geographically, Northern Europe may be considered to consist approximately of all of Europe above the 52nd parallel north; which includes (from west to east) most or all of: Iceland, the Republic of Ireland, the Isle of Man, the United Kingdom, the Faroe Islands, the Netherlands, northern Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, northern Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and northwest Russia. However, narrower definitions may also be used based on other geographical factors, such as climate and ecology. Greenland, geographically a part of North America, is politically a part of the Kingdom of Denmark, and may be included depending on the definition.

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: is

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: or

text: region

text: of

text: Europe

text: Although

text: no

text: definitive

text: borders

text: or

text: definition

text: exists

text: for

text: the

text: term

text: geographically

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: may

text: be

text: considered

text: to

text: consist

text: approximately

text: of

text: all

text: of

text: Europe

text: above

text: the

text: parallel

text: north

text: which

text: includes

text: from

text: west

text: to

text: east

text: most

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: Iceland

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: Faroe

text: Islands

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: northern

text: Germany

text: Denmark

text: Norway

text: Sweden

text: northern

text: Poland

text: Finland

text: Estonia

text: Latvia

text: Lithuania

text: and

text: northwest

text: Russia

text: However

text: narrower

text: definitions

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: based

text: on

text: other

text: geographical

text: factors

text: such

text: as

text: climate

text: and

text: ecology

text: Greenland

text: geographically

text: part

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: is

text: politically

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Denmark

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: included

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: definition

text: Vaxholm is a locality and the seat of Vaxholm Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden. It is located in the Stockholm archipelago. The name Vaxholm comes from Vaxholm Castle, which was constructed in 1549 on an islet with this name on the inlet to Stockholm, for defense purposes, by King Gustav Vasa.

text: Vaxholm

text: is

text: locality

text: and

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: Vaxholm

text: Municipality

text: Stockholm

text: County

text: Sweden

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Stockholm

text: archipelago

text: The

text: name

text: Vaxholm

text: comes

text: from

text: Vaxholm

text: Castle

text: which

text: was

text: constructed

text: in

text: on

text: an

text: islet

text: with

text: this

text: name

text: on

text: the

text: inlet

text: to

text: Stockholm

text: for

text: defense

text: purposes

text: by

text: King

text: Gustav

text: Vasa

text: Svartsö is an island located in the Stockholm archipelago in Värmdö Municipality in Sweden. In the summer the island is a popular destination for visitors. The landscape is relatively flat and there are several small lakes located on the island.

text: Svartsö

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Stockholm

text: archipelago

text: in

text: Värmdö

text: Municipality

text: in

text: Sweden

text: In

text: the

text: summer

text: the

text: island

text: is

text: popular

text: destination

text: for

text: visitors

text: The

text: landscape

text: is

text: relatively

text: flat

text: and

text: there

text: are

text: several

text: small

text: lakes

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Europe. The southernmost and smallest of the Nordic countries, it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The Kingdom of Denmark is the sovereign state that comprises Denmark proper and two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has a total area of , and a population of 5.7 million. The country consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand and Funen. The islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate.

text: Denmark

text: is

text: Scandinavian

text: country

text: in

text: Europe

text: The

text: southernmost

text: and

text: smallest

text: of

text: the

text: Nordic

text: countries

text: it

text: is

text: south

text: west

text: of

text: Sweden

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: Norway

text: and

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: Germany

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Denmark

text: is

text: the

text: sovereign

text: state

text: that

text: comprises

text: Denmark

text: proper

text: and

text: two

text: autonomous

text: constituent

text: countries

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: the

text: Faroe

text: Islands

text: and

text: Greenland

text: Denmark

text: has

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: The

text: country

text: consists

text: of

text: peninsula

text: Jutland

text: and

text: an

text: archipelago

text: of

text: named

text: islands

text: with

text: the

text: largest

text: being

text: Zealand

text: and

text: Funen

text: The

text: islands

text: are

text: characterised

text: by

text: flat

text: arable

text: land

text: and

text: sandy

text: coasts

text: low

text: elevation

text: and

text: temperate

text: climate

text: Stockholm (or ) is the capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the Nordic countries; 932,917 people live in the municipality, approximately 1.5 million in the urban area, and 2.3 million in the metropolitan area. The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has been settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC, and was founded as a city in 1252 by a Swedish statesman Birger Jarl. It is also the capital of Stockholm County.

text: Stockholm

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Sweden

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Nordic

text: countries

text: people

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: municipality

text: approximately

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: urban

text: area

text: and

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: spread

text: across

text: islands

text: on

text: the

text: coast

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: of

text: Sweden

text: at

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: Lake

text: Mälaren

text: by

text: the

text: Stockholm

text: archipelago

text: and

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: The

text: area

text: has

text: been

text: settled

text: since

text: the

text: Stone

text: Age

text: in

text: the

text: millennium

text: BC

text: and

text: was

text: founded

text: as

text: city

text: in

text: by

text: Swedish

text: statesman

text: Birger

text: Jarl

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Stockholm

text: County

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity grinda

answer: värmdö municipality

text: värmdö municipality

text: värmdö municipality


text: Tricia Marie "Shaznay" Lewis (born 14 October 1975 in Islington, London) is an English singer, songwriter, and member of girl group All Saints. Lewis has co-written most of the group's songs, including number one singles: "Bootie Call", "Pure Shores" and international smash hit single "Never Ever".

text: Tricia

text: Marie

text: Shaznay

text: Lewis

text: born

text: October

text: in

text: Islington

text: London

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: and

text: member

text: of

text: girl

text: group

text: All

text: Saints

text: Lewis

text: has

text: co

text: written

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: 's

text: songs

text: including

text: number

text: one

text: singles

text: Bootie

text: Call

text: Pure

text: Shores

text: and

text: international

text: smash

text: hit

text: single

text: Never

text: Ever

text: `` You '' is Shaznay Lewis ' second single from the Open album and was released 2004 . It peaked in the UK charts at # 56 .

text: You

text: is

text: Shaznay

text: Lewis

text: second

text: single

text: from

text: the

text: Open

text: album

text: and

text: was

text: released

text: It

text: peaked

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: charts

text: at

text: "Pure Shores" is a song by British-Canadian girl group All Saints. It was released on 12 September 1999 in Australia, the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom by London Records via digital download as the lead single from their second studio album "Saints & Sinners" (2000). This was followed by a physical worldwide release on 11 February 2000. The song was used in the film "The Beach" (2000).

text: Pure

text: Shores

text: is

text: song

text: by

text: British

text: Canadian

text: girl

text: group

text: All

text: Saints

text: It

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: September

text: in

text: Australia

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: by

text: London

text: Records

text: via

text: digital

text: download

text: as

text: the

text: lead

text: single

text: from

text: their

text: second

text: studio

text: album

text: Saints

text: Sinners

text: This

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: physical

text: worldwide

text: release

text: on

text: February

text: The

text: song

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: film

text: The

text: Beach

text: "Bootie Call" is a song performed by British-Canadian girl group All Saints from their debut album, "All Saints" (1998). The song was co-written by group member Shaznay Lewis in collaboration with its producer, Karl Gordon. "Bootie Call" was first released on 31 August 1998 by London Records as All Saints' fourth official single. It was released on cassette, CD and 12" format accompanied by a B-side entitled "Get Down" as well as previous hit "I Know Where It's At" and a remix of "Never Ever". "Bootie Call" achieved chart success; topping the UK Singles Chart on 6 September 1998, and at the same time becoming the group's third consecutive number-one hit. The single also performed well internationally; peaking within the top ten in The Netherlands and Ireland, and the top forty in Belgium and Sweden.

text: Bootie

text: Call

text: is

text: song

text: performed

text: by

text: British

text: Canadian

text: girl

text: group

text: All

text: Saints

text: from

text: their

text: debut

text: album

text: All

text: Saints

text: The

text: song

text: was

text: co

text: written

text: by

text: group

text: member

text: Shaznay

text: Lewis

text: in

text: collaboration

text: with

text: its

text: producer

text: Karl

text: Gordon

text: Bootie

text: Call

text: was

text: first

text: released

text: on

text: August

text: by

text: London

text: Records

text: as

text: All

text: Saints

text: fourth

text: official

text: single

text: It

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: cassette

text: CD

text: and

text: format

text: accompanied

text: by

text: side

text: entitled

text: Get

text: Down

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: previous

text: hit

text: Know

text: Where

text: It

text: 's

text: At

text: and

text: remix

text: of

text: Never

text: Ever

text: Bootie

text: Call

text: achieved

text: chart

text: success

text: topping

text: the

text: UK

text: Singles

text: Chart

text: on

text: September

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: becoming

text: the

text: group

text: 's

text: third

text: consecutive

text: number

text: one

text: hit

text: The

text: single

text: also

text: performed

text: well

text: internationally

text: peaking

text: within

text: the

text: top

text: ten

text: in

text: The

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: Ireland

text: and

text: the

text: top

text: forty

text: in

text: Belgium

text: and

text: Sweden

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: record_label you

answer: london records

text: london records

text: london records


text: Adrorhizon purpurascens is a species of orchid ( family Orchidaceae ) . It is the only species in the genus Adrorhizon and one of three genera in the subtribe Adrorhizinae . The genus is native to southern India and Sri Lanka .

text: Adrorhizon

text: purpurascens

text: is

text: species

text: of

text: orchid

text: family

text: Orchidaceae

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: species

text: in

text: the

text: genus

text: Adrorhizon

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: genera

text: in

text: the

text: subtribe

text: Adrorhizinae

text: The

text: genus

text: is

text: native

text: to

text: southern

text: India

text: and

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: Adrorhizinae is an orchid subtribe in the tribe Vandeae.

text: Adrorhizinae

text: is

text: an

text: orchid

text: subtribe

text: in

text: the

text: tribe

text: Vandeae

text: In biology, a species (abbreviated sp., with the plural form species abbreviated spp.) is the basic unit of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. While this definition is often adequate, looked at more closely it is often problematic. For example, in a species complex, the boundaries between closely related species become unclear or disappear altogether. Other ways of defining species include similarity of DNA, morphology, or ecological niche. The presence of locally adaptive traits may further subdivide species into infraspecific taxa such as subspecies.

text: In

text: biology

text: species

text: abbreviated

text: sp

text: with

text: the

text: plural

text: form

text: species

text: abbreviated

text: spp

text: is

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: biological

text: classification

text: and

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: species

text: is

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: group

text: of

text: organisms

text: in

text: which

text: two

text: individuals

text: can

text: produce

text: fertile

text: offspring

text: typically

text: by

text: sexual

text: reproduction

text: While

text: this

text: definition

text: is

text: often

text: adequate

text: looked

text: at

text: more

text: closely

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: problematic

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: species

text: complex

text: the

text: boundaries

text: between

text: closely

text: related

text: species

text: become

text: unclear

text: or

text: disappear

text: altogether

text: Other

text: ways

text: of

text: defining

text: species

text: include

text: similarity

text: of

text: DNA

text: morphology

text: or

text: ecological

text: niche

text: The

text: presence

text: of

text: locally

text: adaptive

text: traits

text: may

text: further

text: subdivide

text: species

text: into

text: infraspecific

text: taxa

text: such

text: as

text: subspecies

text: In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis. An organism consists of one or more cells; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism. Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms. Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs.

text: In

text: biology

text: an

text: organism

text: is

text: any

text: contiguous

text: living

text: system

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: animal

text: plant

text: fungus

text: archaeon

text: or

text: bacterium

text: All

text: known

text: types

text: of

text: organisms

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: some

text: degree

text: of

text: response

text: to

text: stimuli

text: reproduction

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: and

text: homeostasis

text: An

text: organism

text: consists

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: cells

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: one

text: cell

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: unicellular

text: organism

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: multicellular

text: organism

text: Most

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: are

text: of

text: microscopic

text: scale

text: and

text: are

text: thus

text: loosely

text: described

text: as

text: microorganisms

text: Humans

text: are

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: trillions

text: of

text: cells

text: grouped

text: into

text: specialized

text: tissues

text: and

text: organs

text: The Vandeae is a large monophyletic tribe within the family of orchids.

text: The

text: Vandeae

text: is

text: large

text: monophyletic

text: tribe

text: within

text: the

text: family

text: of

text: orchids

text: Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two morphologically distinct types of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse together, involving a female's large ovum (or egg) and a male's smaller sperm. Each gamete contains half the number of chromosomes of normal cells. They are created by a specialized type of cell division, which only occurs in eukaryotic cells, known as meiosis. The two gametes fuse during fertilization to produce DNA replication and the creation of a single-celled zygote which includes genetic material from both gametes. In a process called genetic recombination, genetic material (DNA) joins up so that homologous chromosome sequences are aligned with each other, and this is followed by exchange of genetic information. Two rounds of cell division then produce four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes from each original parent cell, and the same number of chromosomes as both parents, though self-fertilization can occur. For instance, in human reproduction each human cell contains 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs, except gamete cells, which only contain 23 chromosomes, so the child will have 23 chromosomes from each parent genetically recombined into 23 pairs. Cell division initiates the development of a new individual organism in multicellular organisms, including animals and plants, for the vast majority of whom this is the primary method of reproduction.

text: Sexual

text: reproduction

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: reproduction

text: where

text: two

text: morphologically

text: distinct

text: types

text: of

text: specialized

text: reproductive

text: cells

text: called

text: gametes

text: fuse

text: together

text: involving

text: female

text: 's

text: large

text: ovum

text: or

text: egg

text: and

text: male

text: 's

text: smaller

text: sperm

text: Each

text: gamete

text: contains

text: half

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: chromosomes

text: of

text: normal

text: cells

text: They

text: are

text: created

text: by

text: specialized

text: type

text: of

text: cell

text: division

text: which

text: only

text: occurs

text: in

text: eukaryotic

text: cells

text: known

text: as

text: meiosis

text: The

text: two

text: gametes

text: fuse

text: during

text: fertilization

text: to

text: produce

text: DNA

text: replication

text: and

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: single

text: celled

text: zygote

text: which

text: includes

text: genetic

text: material

text: from

text: both

text: gametes

text: In

text: process

text: called

text: genetic

text: recombination

text: genetic

text: material

text: DNA

text: joins

text: up

text: so

text: that

text: homologous

text: chromosome

text: sequences

text: are

text: aligned

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: and

text: this

text: is

text: followed

text: by

text: exchange

text: of

text: genetic

text: information

text: Two

text: rounds

text: of

text: cell

text: division

text: then

text: produce

text: four

text: daughter

text: cells

text: with

text: half

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: chromosomes

text: from

text: each

text: original

text: parent

text: cell

text: and

text: the

text: same

text: number

text: of

text: chromosomes

text: as

text: both

text: parents

text: though

text: self

text: fertilization

text: can

text: occur

text: For

text: instance

text: in

text: human

text: reproduction

text: each

text: human

text: cell

text: contains

text: chromosomes

text: pairs

text: except

text: gamete

text: cells

text: which

text: only

text: contain

text: chromosomes

text: so

text: the

text: child

text: will

text: have

text: chromosomes

text: from

text: each

text: parent

text: genetically

text: recombined

text: into

text: pairs

text: Cell

text: division

text: initiates

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: new

text: individual

text: organism

text: in

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: including

text: animals

text: and

text: plants

text: for

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: whom

text: this

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: method

text: of

text: reproduction

text: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix.

text: Deoxyribonucleic

text: acid

text: DNA

text: is

text: molecule

text: that

text: carries

text: the

text: genetic

text: instructions

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: growth

text: development

text: functioning

text: and

text: reproduction

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: living

text: organisms

text: and

text: many

text: viruses

text: DNA

text: and

text: RNA

text: are

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: alongside

text: proteins

text: lipids

text: and

text: complex

text: carbohydrates

text: polysaccharides

text: they

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: types

text: of

text: macromolecules

text: that

text: are

text: essential

text: for

text: all

text: known

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: Most

text: DNA

text: molecules

text: consist

text: of

text: two

text: biopolymer

text: strands

text: coiled

text: around

text: each

text: other

text: to

text: form

text: double

text: helix

question: parent_taxon adrorhizon

answer: vandeae

text: vandeae

text: vandeae


text: The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or , with a negative elementary electric charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure. The electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton. Quantum mechanical properties of the electron include an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of a half-integer value, expressed in units of the reduced Planck constant, "". As it is a fermion, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state, in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle. Like all matter, electrons have properties of both particles and waves: they can collide with other particles and can be diffracted like light. The wave properties of electrons are easier to observe with experiments than those of other particles like neutrons and protons because electrons have a lower mass and hence a larger De Broglie wavelength for a given energy.

text: The

text: electron

text: is

text: subatomic

text: particle

text: symbol

text: or

text: with

text: negative

text: elementary

text: electric

text: charge

text: Electrons

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: generation

text: of

text: the

text: lepton

text: particle

text: family

text: and

text: are

text: generally

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: elementary

text: particles

text: because

text: they

text: have

text: no

text: known

text: components

text: or

text: substructure

text: The

text: electron

text: has

text: mass

text: that

text: is

text: approximately

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: proton

text: Quantum

text: mechanical

text: properties

text: of

text: the

text: electron

text: include

text: an

text: intrinsic

text: angular

text: momentum

text: spin

text: of

text: half

text: integer

text: value

text: expressed

text: in

text: units

text: of

text: the

text: reduced

text: Planck

text: constant

text: As

text: it

text: is

text: fermion

text: no

text: two

text: electrons

text: can

text: occupy

text: the

text: same

text: quantum

text: state

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: the

text: Pauli

text: exclusion

text: principle

text: Like

text: all

text: matter

text: electrons

text: have

text: properties

text: of

text: both

text: particles

text: and

text: waves

text: they

text: can

text: collide

text: with

text: other

text: particles

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: diffracted

text: like

text: light

text: The

text: wave

text: properties

text: of

text: electrons

text: are

text: easier

text: to

text: observe

text: with

text: experiments

text: than

text: those

text: of

text: other

text: particles

text: like

text: neutrons

text: and

text: protons

text: because

text: electrons

text: have

text: lower

text: mass

text: and

text: hence

text: larger

text: De

text: Broglie

text: wavelength

text: for

text: given

text: energy

text: A citation index is a kind of bibliographic index, an index of citations between publications, allowing the user to easily establish which later documents cite which earlier documents. A form of citation index is first found in 12th-century Hebrew religious literature. Legal citation indexes are found in the 18th century and were made popular by citators such as Shepard's Citations (1873). In 1960, Eugene Garfield's Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) introduced the first citation index for papers published in academic journals, first the "Science Citation Index" (SCI), and later the "Social Sciences Citation Index" (SSCI) and the "Arts and Humanities Citation Index" (AHCI). The first automated citation indexing was done by CiteSeer in 1997. Other sources for such data include Google Scholar and Elsevier's Scopus.

text: citation

text: index

text: is

text: kind

text: of

text: bibliographic

text: index

text: an

text: index

text: of

text: citations

text: between

text: publications

text: allowing

text: the

text: user

text: to

text: easily

text: establish

text: which

text: later

text: documents

text: cite

text: which

text: earlier

text: documents

text: form

text: of

text: citation

text: index

text: is

text: first

text: found

text: in

text: century

text: Hebrew

text: religious

text: literature

text: Legal

text: citation

text: indexes

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: were

text: made

text: popular

text: by

text: citators

text: such

text: as

text: Shepard

text: 's

text: Citations

text: In

text: Eugene

text: Garfield

text: 's

text: Institute

text: for

text: Scientific

text: Information

text: ISI

text: introduced

text: the

text: first

text: citation

text: index

text: for

text: papers

text: published

text: in

text: academic

text: journals

text: first

text: the

text: Science

text: Citation

text: Index

text: SCI

text: and

text: later

text: the

text: Social

text: Sciences

text: Citation

text: Index

text: SSCI

text: and

text: the

text: Arts

text: and

text: Humanities

text: Citation

text: Index

text: AHCI

text: The

text: first

text: automated

text: citation

text: indexing

text: was

text: done

text: by

text: CiteSeer

text: in

text: Other

text: sources

text: for

text: such

text: data

text: include

text: Google

text: Scholar

text: and

text: Elsevier

text: 's

text: Scopus

text: The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) was founded by Eugene Garfield in 1960. It was acquired by Thomson Scientific & Healthcare in 1992, and became known as Thomson ISI. It is now a part of the Intellectual Property & Science business of Thomson Reuters.

text: The

text: Institute

text: for

text: Scientific

text: Information

text: ISI

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Eugene

text: Garfield

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: acquired

text: by

text: Thomson

text: Scientific

text: Healthcare

text: in

text: and

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: Thomson

text: ISI

text: It

text: is

text: now

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Intellectual

text: Property

text: Science

text: business

text: of

text: Thomson

text: Reuters

text: X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×10 Hz to 3×10 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is referred to with terms meaning Röntgen radiation, after the German (German-Dutch to be precise) scientist Wilhelm Röntgen, who usually is credited as its discoverer, and who had named it "X-radiation" to signify an unknown type of radiation. Spelling of "X-ray(s)" in the English language includes the variants "x-ray(s)", "xray(s)", and "X ray(s)".

text: radiation

text: composed

text: of

text: rays

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: Most

text: rays

text: have

text: wavelength

text: ranging

text: from

text: to

text: nanometers

text: corresponding

text: to

text: frequencies

text: in

text: the

text: range

text: petahertz

text: to

text: exahertz

text: Hz

text: to

text: Hz

text: and

text: energies

text: in

text: the

text: range

text: eV

text: to

text: keV.

text: ray

text: wavelengths

text: are

text: shorter

text: than

text: those

text: of

text: UV

text: rays

text: and

text: typically

text: longer

text: than

text: those

text: of

text: gamma

text: rays

text: In

text: many

text: languages

text: radiation

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: with

text: terms

text: meaning

text: Röntgen

text: radiation

text: after

text: the

text: German

text: German

text: Dutch

text: to

text: be

text: precise

text: scientist

text: Wilhelm

text: Röntgen

text: who

text: usually

text: is

text: credited

text: as

text: its

text: discoverer

text: and

text: who

text: had

text: named

text: it

text: radiation

text: to

text: signify

text: an

text: unknown

text: type

text: of

text: radiation

text: Spelling

text: of

text: ray(s

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: language

text: includes

text: the

text: variants

text: ray(s

text: xray(s

text: and

text: ray(s

text: A spectrum (plural "spectra" or "spectrums") is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary, without steps, across a continuum. The word was first used scientifically in optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light after passing through a prism. As scientific understanding of light advanced, it came to apply to the entire electromagnetic spectrum.

text: spectrum

text: plural

text: spectra

text: or

text: spectrums

text: is

text: condition

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: limited

text: to

text: specific

text: set

text: of

text: values

text: but

text: can

text: vary

text: without

text: steps

text: across

text: continuum

text: The

text: word

text: was

text: first

text: used

text: scientifically

text: in

text: optics

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: rainbow

text: of

text: colors

text: in

text: visible

text: light

text: after

text: passing

text: through

text: prism

text: As

text: scientific

text: understanding

text: of

text: light

text: advanced

text: it

text: came

text: to

text: apply

text: to

text: the

text: entire

text: electromagnetic

text: spectrum

text: Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The word usually refers to visible light, which is visible to the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight. Visible light is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400700 nanometres (nm), or 4.00 × 10 to 7.00 × 10 m, between the infrared (with longer wavelengths) and the ultraviolet (with shorter wavelengths). This wavelength means a frequency range of roughly 430750 terahertz (THz).

text: Light

text: is

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: within

text: certain

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: electromagnetic

text: spectrum

text: The

text: word

text: usually

text: refers

text: to

text: visible

text: light

text: which

text: is

text: visible

text: to

text: the

text: human

text: eye

text: and

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: sight

text: Visible

text: light

text: is

text: usually

text: defined

text: as

text: having

text: wavelengths

text: in

text: the

text: range

text: of

text: nanometres

text: nm

text: or

text: to

text: between

text: the

text: infrared

text: with

text: longer

text: wavelengths

text: and

text: the

text: ultraviolet

text: with

text: shorter

text: wavelengths

text: This

text: wavelength

text: means

text: frequency

text: range

text: of

text: roughly

text: terahertz

text: THz

text: The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. The Oxford Dictionaries Online define the scientific method as "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses". Experiments need to be designed to test hypotheses. The most important part of the scientific method is the experiment.

text: The

text: scientific

text: method

text: is

text: body

text: of

text: techniques

text: for

text: investigating

text: phenomena

text: acquiring

text: new

text: knowledge

text: or

text: correcting

text: and

text: integrating

text: previous

text: knowledge

text: To

text: be

text: termed

text: scientific

text: method

text: of

text: inquiry

text: is

text: commonly

text: based

text: on

text: empirical

text: or

text: measurable

text: evidence

text: subject

text: to

text: specific

text: principles

text: of

text: reasoning

text: The

text: Oxford

text: Dictionaries

text: Online

text: define

text: the

text: scientific

text: method

text: as

text: method

text: or

text: procedure

text: that

text: has

text: characterized

text: natural

text: science

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: consisting

text: in

text: systematic

text: observation

text: measurement

text: and

text: experiment

text: and

text: the

text: formulation

text: testing

text: and

text: modification

text: of

text: hypotheses

text: Experiments

text: need

text: to

text: be

text: designed

text: to

text: test

text: hypotheses

text: The

text: most

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: scientific

text: method

text: is

text: the

text: experiment

text: In the classical physics observed in everyday life, if something has mass and takes up space, it is said to be composed of matter; this includes atoms (and thus molecules) and anything made up of these, but not other energy phenomena or waves such as light or sound. More generally, however, in (modern) physics, matter is not a fundamental concept because a universal definition of it is elusive: elementary constituents of atoms may not take up space individually, and massless particles may be composed to form objects that have mass (even when at rest).

text: In

text: the

text: classical

text: physics

text: observed

text: in

text: everyday

text: life

text: if

text: something

text: has

text: mass

text: and

text: takes

text: up

text: space

text: it

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: composed

text: of

text: matter

text: this

text: includes

text: atoms

text: and

text: thus

text: molecules

text: and

text: anything

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: these

text: but

text: not

text: other

text: energy

text: phenomena

text: or

text: waves

text: such

text: as

text: light

text: or

text: sound

text: More

text: generally

text: however

text: in

text: modern

text: physics

text: matter

text: is

text: not

text: fundamental

text: concept

text: because

text: universal

text: definition

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: elusive

text: elementary

text: constituents

text: of

text: atoms

text: may

text: not

text: take

text: up

text: space

text: individually

text: and

text: massless

text: particles

text: may

text: be

text: composed

text: to

text: form

text: objects

text: that

text: have

text: mass

text: even

text: when

text: at

text: rest

text: Optik -- International Journal for Light and Electron Optics , or simply Optik ( German for Optics ) is a scientific journal , specializing in the optics of light and electrons . It is included in the Web of Science and other standard indexes . Despite its low impact factor ( 0.769 as of 2013 , ranking it 52 out of 64 in the Journal Citation Reports , category `` Optics '' ) , Optik has published a number of highly cited papers , one having as many as 1250 citations according to the Web of Science ( 2008 ) .

text: Optik

text: International

text: Journal

text: for

text: Light

text: and

text: Electron

text: Optics

text: or

text: simply

text: Optik

text: German

text: for

text: Optics

text: is

text: scientific

text: journal

text: specializing

text: in

text: the

text: optics

text: of

text: light

text: and

text: electrons

text: It

text: is

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: Web

text: of

text: Science

text: and

text: other

text: standard

text: indexes

text: Despite

text: its

text: low

text: impact

text: factor

text: as

text: of

text: ranking

text: it

text: out

text: of

text: in

text: the

text: Journal

text: Citation

text: Reports

text: category

text: Optics

text: Optik

text: has

text: published

text: number

text: of

text: highly

text: cited

text: papers

text: one

text: having

text: as

text: many

text: as

text: citations

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Web

text: of

text: Science

text: In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals). Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as "Nature" publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. If the journal's editor considers the paper appropriate, at least two researchers preferably from the same field check the paper for soundness of its scientific argument, and must agree to publish it. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, they are actually quite different. Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually, as one would read a magazine. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.

text: In

text: academic

text: publishing

text: scientific

text: journal

text: is

text: periodical

text: publication

text: intended

text: to

text: further

text: the

text: progress

text: of

text: science

text: usually

text: by

text: reporting

text: new

text: research

text: There

text: are

text: thousands

text: of

text: scientific

text: journals

text: in

text: publication

text: and

text: many

text: more

text: have

text: been

text: published

text: at

text: various

text: points

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: see

text: list

text: of

text: scientific

text: journals

text: Most

text: journals

text: are

text: highly

text: specialized

text: although

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: journals

text: such

text: as

text: Nature

text: publish

text: articles

text: and

text: scientific

text: papers

text: across

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: scientific

text: fields

text: Scientific

text: journals

text: contain

text: articles

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: peer

text: reviewed

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: articles

text: meet

text: the

text: journal

text: 's

text: standards

text: of

text: quality

text: and

text: scientific

text: validity

text: If

text: the

text: journal

text: 's

text: editor

text: considers

text: the

text: paper

text: appropriate

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: researchers

text: preferably

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: field

text: check

text: the

text: paper

text: for

text: soundness

text: of

text: its

text: scientific

text: argument

text: and

text: must

text: agree

text: to

text: publish

text: it

text: Although

text: scientific

text: journals

text: are

text: superficially

text: similar

text: to

text: professional

text: magazines

text: they

text: are

text: actually

text: quite

text: different

text: Issues

text: of

text: scientific

text: journal

text: are

text: rarely

text: read

text: casually

text: as

text: one

text: would

text: read

text: magazine

text: The

text: publication

text: of

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: research

text: is

text: an

text: essential

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: scientific

text: method

text: If

text: they

text: are

text: describing

text: experiments

text: or

text: calculations

text: they

text: must

text: supply

text: enough

text: details

text: that

text: an

text: independent

text: researcher

text: could

text: repeat

text: the

text: experiment

text: or

text: calculation

text: to

text: verify

text: the

text: results

text: Each

text: such

text: journal

text: article

text: becomes

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: permanent

text: scientific

text: record

text: In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a whose substructure is unknown; thus, it is unknown whether it is composed of other particles. Known elementary particles include the fundamental fermions (quarks, leptons, antiquarks, and antileptons), which generally are "matter particles" and "antimatter particles", as well as the fundamental bosons (gauge bosons and the Higgs boson), which generally are "force particles" that mediate interactions among fermions. A particle containing two or more elementary particles is a "composite particle".

text: In

text: particle

text: physics

text: an

text: elementary

text: particle

text: or

text: fundamental

text: particle

text: is

text: whose

text: substructure

text: is

text: unknown

text: thus

text: it

text: is

text: unknown

text: whether

text: it

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: other

text: particles

text: Known

text: elementary

text: particles

text: include

text: the

text: fundamental

text: fermions

text: quarks

text: leptons

text: antiquarks

text: and

text: antileptons

text: which

text: generally

text: are

text: matter

text: particles

text: and

text: antimatter

text: particles

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: fundamental

text: bosons

text: gauge

text: bosons

text: and

text: the

text: Higgs

text: boson

text: which

text: generally

text: are

text: force

text: particles

text: that

text: mediate

text: interactions

text: among

text: fermions

text: particle

text: containing

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: elementary

text: particles

text: is

text: composite

text: particle

text: Research comprises "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications." It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field. Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic, or in the example of a school research project, they can be used to further a student's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological,etc.

text: Research

text: comprises

text: creative

text: work

text: undertaken

text: on

text: systematic

text: basis

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: stock

text: of

text: knowledge

text: including

text: knowledge

text: of

text: humans

text: culture

text: and

text: society

text: and

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: this

text: stock

text: of

text: knowledge

text: to

text: devise

text: new

text: applications

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: establish

text: or

text: confirm

text: facts

text: reaffirm

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: previous

text: work

text: solve

text: new

text: or

text: existing

text: problems

text: support

text: theorems

text: or

text: develop

text: new

text: theories

text: research

text: project

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: an

text: expansion

text: on

text: past

text: work

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: Research

text: projects

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: develop

text: further

text: knowledge

text: on

text: topic

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: example

text: of

text: school

text: research

text: project

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: further

text: student

text: 's

text: research

text: prowess

text: to

text: prepare

text: them

text: for

text: future

text: jobs

text: or

text: reports

text: To

text: test

text: the

text: validity

text: of

text: instruments

text: procedures

text: or

text: experiments

text: research

text: may

text: replicate

text: elements

text: of

text: prior

text: projects

text: or

text: the

text: project

text: as

text: whole

text: The

text: primary

text: purposes

text: of

text: basic

text: research

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: applied

text: research

text: are

text: documentation

text: discovery

text: interpretation

text: or

text: the

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: R&D

text: of

text: methods

text: and

text: systems

text: for

text: the

text: advancement

text: of

text: human

text: knowledge

text: Approaches

text: to

text: research

text: depend

text: on

text: epistemologies

text: which

text: vary

text: considerably

text: both

text: within

text: and

text: between

text: humanities

text: and

text: sciences

text: There

text: are

text: several

text: forms

text: of

text: research

text: scientific

text: humanities

text: artistic

text: economic

text: social

text: business

text: marketing

text: practitioner

text: research

text: life

text: technological

text: etc

text: Infrared radiation, or simply infrared or IR, is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, and is therefore invisible, although it is sometimes loosely called infrared light. It extends from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers (frequency 430 THz), to 1000000 nm (300 GHz) (although people can see infrared up to at least 1050 nm in experiments). Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared. Like all EMR, IR carries radiant energy, and behaves both like a wave and like its quantum particle, the photon.

text: Infrared

text: radiation

text: or

text: simply

text: infrared

text: or

text: IR

text: is

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: EMR

text: with

text: longer

text: wavelengths

text: than

text: those

text: of

text: visible

text: light

text: and

text: is

text: therefore

text: invisible

text: although

text: it

text: is

text: sometimes

text: loosely

text: called

text: infrared

text: light

text: It

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: nominal

text: red

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: visible

text: spectrum

text: at

text: nanometers

text: frequency

text: THz

text: to

text: nm

text: GHz

text: although

text: people

text: can

text: see

text: infrared

text: up

text: to

text: at

text: least

text: nm

text: in

text: experiments

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: thermal

text: radiation

text: emitted

text: by

text: objects

text: near

text: room

text: temperature

text: is

text: infrared

text: Like

text: all

text: EMR

text: IR

text: carries

text: radiant

text: energy

text: and

text: behaves

text: both

text: like

text: wave

text: and

text: like

text: its

text: quantum

text: particle

text: the

text: photon

text: Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light. Radio waves have frequencies as high as 300 GHz to as low as 3 kHz, though some definitions describe waves above 1 or 3 GHz as microwaves, or include waves of any lower frequency. At 300 GHz, the corresponding wavelength is , and at 3 kHz is . Like all other electromagnetic waves, they travel at the speed of light. Naturally occurring radio waves are generated by lightning, or by astronomical objects.

text: Radio

text: waves

text: are

text: type

text: of

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: with

text: wavelengths

text: in

text: the

text: electromagnetic

text: spectrum

text: longer

text: than

text: infrared

text: light

text: Radio

text: waves

text: have

text: frequencies

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: GHz

text: to

text: as

text: low

text: as

text: kHz

text: though

text: some

text: definitions

text: describe

text: waves

text: above

text: or

text: GHz

text: as

text: microwaves

text: or

text: include

text: waves

text: of

text: any

text: lower

text: frequency

text: At

text: GHz

text: the

text: corresponding

text: wavelength

text: is

text: and

text: at

text: kHz

text: is

text: Like

text: all

text: other

text: electromagnetic

text: waves

text: they

text: travel

text: at

text: the

text: speed

text: of

text: light

text: Naturally

text: occurring

text: radio

text: waves

text: are

text: generated

text: by

text: lightning

text: or

text: by

text: astronomical

text: objects

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text: Thomson

text: Reuters

text: Corporation

text: is

text: multinational

text: mass

text: media

text: and

text: information

text: firm

text: with

text: operational

text: headquarters

text: at

text: Times

text: Square

text: in

text: Manhattan

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: The

text: firm

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: Toronto

text: Ontario

text: Canada

text: where

text: its

text: legal

text: domicile

text: offices

text: are

text: located

text: at

text: Bay

text: Street

text: in

text: Downtown

text: Toronto

text: Thomson

text: Reuters

text: shares

text: maintain

text: dual

text: listing

text: on

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Stock

text: Exchange

text: NYSE

text: TRI

text: and

text: the

text: Toronto

text: Stock

text: Exchange

text: TSX

text: TRI

text: Web of Science (previously known as Web of Knowledge) is an online subscription-based scientific citation indexing service originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), now maintained by Clarivate Analytics (previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of Thomson Reuters), that provides a comprehensive citation search. It gives access to multiple databases that reference cross-disciplinary research, which allows for in-depth exploration of specialized sub-fields within an academic or scientific discipline.

text: Web

text: of

text: Science

text: previously

text: known

text: as

text: Web

text: of

text: Knowledge

text: is

text: an

text: online

text: subscription

text: based

text: scientific

text: citation

text: indexing

text: service

text: originally

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: Institute

text: for

text: Scientific

text: Information

text: ISI

text: now

text: maintained

text: by

text: Clarivate

text: Analytics

text: previously

text: the

text: Intellectual

text: Property

text: and

text: Science

text: business

text: of

text: Thomson

text: Reuters

text: that

text: provides

text: comprehensive

text: citation

text: search

text: It

text: gives

text: access

text: to

text: multiple

text: databases

text: that

text: reference

text: cross

text: disciplinary

text: research

text: which

text: allows

text: for

text: in

text: depth

text: exploration

text: of

text: specialized

text: sub

text: fields

text: within

text: an

text: academic

text: or

text: scientific

text: discipline

text: Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between and . This broad definition includes both UHF and EHF (millimeter wave) bands, and various sources use different boundaries. In all cases, microwaves include the entire SHF band (3 to 30 GHz, or 10 to 1 cm) at minimum, with RF engineering often restricting the range between 1 and 100 GHz (300 and 3 mm). Frequencies in the microwave range are often referred to by their IEEE radar band designations: S, C, X, K, K, or K band, or by similar NATO or EU designations.

text: Microwaves

text: are

text: form

text: of

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: with

text: wavelengths

text: ranging

text: from

text: one

text: meter

text: to

text: one

text: millimeter

text: with

text: frequencies

text: between

text: and

text: This

text: broad

text: definition

text: includes

text: both

text: UHF

text: and

text: EHF

text: millimeter

text: wave

text: bands

text: and

text: various

text: sources

text: use

text: different

text: boundaries

text: In

text: all

text: cases

text: microwaves

text: include

text: the

text: entire

text: SHF

text: band

text: to

text: GHz

text: or

text: to

text: cm

text: at

text: minimum

text: with

text: RF

text: engineering

text: often

text: restricting

text: the

text: range

text: between

text: and

text: GHz

text: and

text: mm

text: Frequencies

text: in

text: the

text: microwave

text: range

text: are

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: their

text: IEEE

text: radar

text: band

text: designations

text: or

text: band

text: or

text: by

text: similar

text: NATO

text: or

text: EU

text: designations

text: The electromagnetic spectrum is the collective term for all known frequencies and their linked wavelengths of the known photons (electromagnetic radiation). The "electromagnetic spectrum" "of an object" has a different meaning, and is instead the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular object.

text: The

text: electromagnetic

text: spectrum

text: is

text: the

text: collective

text: term

text: for

text: all

text: known

text: frequencies

text: and

text: their

text: linked

text: wavelengths

text: of

text: the

text: known

text: photons

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: The

text: electromagnetic

text: spectrum

text: of

text: an

text: object

text: has

text: different

text: meaning

text: and

text: is

text: instead

text: the

text: characteristic

text: distribution

text: of

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: emitted

text: or

text: absorbed

text: by

text: that

text: particular

text: object

text: Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves exhibit similar properties.

text: Optics

text: is

text: the

text: branch

text: of

text: physics

text: which

text: involves

text: the

text: behaviour

text: and

text: properties

text: of

text: light

text: including

text: its

text: interactions

text: with

text: matter

text: and

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: instruments

text: that

text: use

text: or

text: detect

text: it

text: Optics

text: usually

text: describes

text: the

text: behaviour

text: of

text: visible

text: ultraviolet

text: and

text: infrared

text: light

text: Because

text: light

text: is

text: an

text: electromagnetic

text: wave

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: such

text: as

text: rays

text: microwaves

text: and

text: radio

text: waves

text: exhibit

text: similar

text: properties

question: publisher optik

answer: elsevier

text: elsevier