text: Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (for ) and atomic number 50, is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains tin dioxide, SnO. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, thanks to its magic number of protons. It has two main allotropes: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is -tin, a silvery-white, malleable metal, but at low temperatures it transforms into the less dense grey -tin, which has the diamond cubic structure. Metallic tin is not easily oxidized in air.

text: Tin

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: the

text: symbol

text: Sn

text: for

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: is

text: post

text: transition

text: metal

text: in

text: group

text: of

text: the

text: periodic

text: table

text: It

text: is

text: obtained

text: chiefly

text: from

text: the

text: mineral

text: cassiterite

text: which

text: contains

text: tin

text: dioxide

text: SnO.

text: Tin

text: shows

text: chemical

text: similarity

text: to

text: both

text: of

text: its

text: neighbors

text: in

text: group

text: germanium

text: and

text: lead

text: and

text: has

text: two

text: main

text: oxidation

text: states

text: and

text: the

text: slightly

text: more

text: stable

text: Tin

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: abundant

text: element

text: and

text: has

text: with

text: stable

text: isotopes

text: the

text: largest

text: number

text: of

text: stable

text: isotopes

text: in

text: the

text: periodic

text: table

text: thanks

text: to

text: its

text: magic

text: number

text: of

text: protons

text: It

text: has

text: two

text: main

text: allotropes

text: at

text: room

text: temperature

text: the

text: stable

text: allotrope

text: is

text: -tin

text: silvery

text: white

text: malleable

text: metal

text: but

text: at

text: low

text: temperatures

text: it

text: transforms

text: into

text: the

text: less

text: dense

text: grey

text: -tin

text: which

text: has

text: the

text: diamond

text: cubic

text: structure

text: Metallic

text: tin

text: is

text: not

text: easily

text: oxidized

text: in

text: air

text: A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (C(=O)OH). The general formula of a carboxylic acid is RCOOH, with R referring to the rest of the (possibly quite large) molecule. Carboxylic acids occur widely and include the amino acids (which make up proteins) and acetic acid (which is part of vinegar and occurs in metabolism).

text: carboxylic

text: acid

text: is

text: an

text: organic

text: compound

text: that

text: contains

text: carboxyl

text: group

text: C(=O)OH

text: The

text: general

text: formula

text: of

text: carboxylic

text: acid

text: is

text: RCOOH

text: with

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: possibly

text: quite

text: large

text: molecule

text: Carboxylic

text: acids

text: occur

text: widely

text: and

text: include

text: the

text: amino

text: acids

text: which

text: make

text: up

text: proteins

text: and

text: acetic

text: acid

text: which

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: vinegar

text: and

text: occurs

text: in

text: metabolism

text: Oleoresins are semi-solid extracts composed of a resin in solution in an essential and/or fatty oil, obtained by evaporation of the solvent(s) used for their production. Naturally occurring oleoresins are also known as balsams.

text: Oleoresins

text: are

text: semi

text: solid

text: extracts

text: composed

text: of

text: resin

text: in

text: solution

text: in

text: an

text: essential

text: and/or

text: fatty

text: oil

text: obtained

text: by

text: evaporation

text: of

text: the

text: solvent(s

text: used

text: for

text: their

text: production

text: Naturally

text: occurring

text: oleoresins

text: are

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: balsams

text: In chemistry isomerization (also isomerisation) is the process by which one molecule is transformed into another molecule which has exactly the same atoms, but the atoms have a different arrangement e.g. A-B-C  B-A-C (these related molecules are known as isomers ). In some molecules and under some conditions, isomerization occurs spontaneously. Many isomers are equal or roughly equal in bond energy, and so exist in roughly equal amounts, provided that they can interconvert somewhat freely; that is, the energy barrier between the two isomers is not too high. When the isomerization occurs intramolecularly it is considered a rearrangement reaction.

text: In

text: chemistry

text: isomerization

text: also

text: isomerisation

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: one

text: molecule

text: is

text: transformed

text: into

text: another

text: molecule

text: which

text: has

text: exactly

text: the

text: same

text: atoms

text: but

text: the

text: atoms

text: have

text: different

text: arrangement

text: e.g.

text: these

text: related

text: molecules

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: isomers

text: In

text: some

text: molecules

text: and

text: under

text: some

text: conditions

text: isomerization

text: occurs

text: spontaneously

text: Many

text: isomers

text: are

text: equal

text: or

text: roughly

text: equal

text: in

text: bond

text: energy

text: and

text: so

text: exist

text: in

text: roughly

text: equal

text: amounts

text: provided

text: that

text: they

text: can

text: interconvert

text: somewhat

text: freely

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: energy

text: barrier

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: isomers

text: is

text: not

text: too

text: high

text: When

text: the

text: isomerization

text: occurs

text: intramolecularly

text: it

text: is

text: considered

text: rearrangement

text: reaction

text: Rosin, also called colophony or Greek pitch, is a solid form of resin obtained from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers, produced by heating fresh liquid resin to vaporize the volatile liquid terpene components. It is semi-transparent and varies in color from yellow to black. At room temperature rosin is brittle, but it melts at stove-top temperature. It chiefly consists of various resin acids, especially abietic acid. The term "colophony" comes from ', Latin for "resin from Colophon," an ancient Ionic city.

text: Rosin

text: also

text: called

text: colophony

text: or

text: Greek

text: pitch

text: is

text: solid

text: form

text: of

text: resin

text: obtained

text: from

text: pines

text: and

text: some

text: other

text: plants

text: mostly

text: conifers

text: produced

text: by

text: heating

text: fresh

text: liquid

text: resin

text: to

text: vaporize

text: the

text: volatile

text: liquid

text: terpene

text: components

text: It

text: is

text: semi

text: transparent

text: and

text: varies

text: in

text: color

text: from

text: yellow

text: to

text: black

text: At

text: room

text: temperature

text: rosin

text: is

text: brittle

text: but

text: it

text: melts

text: at

text: stove

text: top

text: temperature

text: It

text: chiefly

text: consists

text: of

text: various

text: resin

text: acids

text: especially

text: abietic

text: acid

text: The

text: term

text: colophony

text: comes

text: from

text: Latin

text: for

text: resin

text: from

text: Colophon

text: an

text: ancient

text: Ionic

text: city

text: Tempera, also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigments mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long lasting, and examples from the 1st centuries AD still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of oil painting. A paint consisting of pigment and glue size commonly used in the United States as poster paint is also often referred to as "tempera paint," although the binders and sizes in this paint are different from traditional tempera paint.

text: Tempera

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: egg

text: tempera

text: is

text: permanent

text: fast

text: drying

text: painting

text: medium

text: consisting

text: of

text: colored

text: pigments

text: mixed

text: with

text: water

text: soluble

text: binder

text: medium

text: usually

text: glutinous

text: material

text: such

text: as

text: egg

text: yolk

text: or

text: some

text: other

text: size

text: Tempera

text: also

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: paintings

text: done

text: in

text: this

text: medium

text: Tempera

text: paintings

text: are

text: very

text: long

text: lasting

text: and

text: examples

text: from

text: the

text: centuries

text: AD

text: still

text: exist

text: Egg

text: tempera

text: was

text: primary

text: method

text: of

text: painting

text: until

text: after

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: superseded

text: by

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: oil

text: painting

text: paint

text: consisting

text: of

text: pigment

text: and

text: glue

text: size

text: commonly

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: as

text: poster

text: paint

text: is

text: also

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: tempera

text: paint

text: although

text: the

text: binders

text: and

text: sizes

text: in

text: this

text: paint

text: are

text: different

text: from

text: traditional

text: tempera

text: paint

text: Acetic acid , systematically named ethanoic acid , is a colourless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CHCOOH (also written as CHCOH or CHO). When undiluted, it is sometimes called "glacial acetic acid". Vinegar is roughly 39% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water. Acetic acid has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell. In addition to household vinegar, it is mainly produced as a precursor to polyvinyl acetate and cellulose acetate. Although it is classified as a weak acid, concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and can attack the skin.

text: Acetic

text: acid

text: systematically

text: named

text: ethanoic

text: acid

text: is

text: colourless

text: liquid

text: organic

text: compound

text: with

text: the

text: chemical

text: formula

text: CHCOOH

text: also

text: written

text: as

text: CHCOH

text: or

text: CHO

text: When

text: undiluted

text: it

text: is

text: sometimes

text: called

text: glacial

text: acetic

text: acid

text: Vinegar

text: is

text: roughly

text: acetic

text: acid

text: by

text: volume

text: making

text: acetic

text: acid

text: the

text: main

text: component

text: of

text: vinegar

text: apart

text: from

text: water

text: Acetic

text: acid

text: has

text: distinctive

text: sour

text: taste

text: and

text: pungent

text: smell

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: household

text: vinegar

text: it

text: is

text: mainly

text: produced

text: as

text: precursor

text: to

text: polyvinyl

text: acetate

text: and

text: cellulose

text: acetate

text: Although

text: it

text: is

text: classified

text: as

text: weak

text: acid

text: concentrated

text: acetic

text: acid

text: is

text: corrosive

text: and

text: can

text: attack

text: the

text: skin

text: Vinegar is a liquid consisting of about 520% acetic acid (CHCOOH), water, and other trace chemicals, which may include flavorings. The acetic acid is produced by the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria. Vinegar is now mainly used as a cooking ingredient, or in pickling. As the most easily manufactured mild acid, it has historically had a great variety of industrial, medical, and domestic uses, some of which (such as its use as a general household cleaner) are still commonly practiced today.

text: Vinegar

text: is

text: liquid

text: consisting

text: of

text: about

text: acetic

text: acid

text: CHCOOH

text: water

text: and

text: other

text: trace

text: chemicals

text: which

text: may

text: include

text: flavorings

text: The

text: acetic

text: acid

text: is

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: fermentation

text: of

text: ethanol

text: by

text: acetic

text: acid

text: bacteria

text: Vinegar

text: is

text: now

text: mainly

text: used

text: as

text: cooking

text: ingredient

text: or

text: in

text: pickling

text: As

text: the

text: most

text: easily

text: manufactured

text: mild

text: acid

text: it

text: has

text: historically

text: had

text: great

text: variety

text: of

text: industrial

text: medical

text: and

text: domestic

text: uses

text: some

text: of

text: which

text: such

text: as

text: its

text: use

text: as

text: general

text: household

text: cleaner

text: are

text: still

text: commonly

text: practiced

text: today

text: An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group COOH. Sulfonic acids, containing the group SOOH, are relatively stronger acids. Alcohols, with OH, can act as acids but they are usually very weak. The relative stability of the conjugate base of the acid determines its acidity. Other groups can also confer acidity, usually weakly: the thiol group SH, the enol group, and the phenol group. In biological systems, organic compounds containing these groups are generally referred to as organic acids.

text: An

text: organic

text: acid

text: is

text: an

text: organic

text: compound

text: with

text: acidic

text: properties

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: organic

text: acids

text: are

text: the

text: carboxylic

text: acids

text: whose

text: acidity

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: their

text: carboxyl

text: group

text: COOH

text: Sulfonic

text: acids

text: containing

text: the

text: group

text: SOOH

text: are

text: relatively

text: stronger

text: acids

text: Alcohols

text: with

text: OH

text: can

text: act

text: as

text: acids

text: but

text: they

text: are

text: usually

text: very

text: weak

text: The

text: relative

text: stability

text: of

text: the

text: conjugate

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: acid

text: determines

text: its

text: acidity

text: Other

text: groups

text: can

text: also

text: confer

text: acidity

text: usually

text: weakly

text: the

text: thiol

text: group

text: SH

text: the

text: enol

text: group

text: and

text: the

text: phenol

text: group

text: In

text: biological

text: systems

text: organic

text: compounds

text: containing

text: these

text: groups

text: are

text: generally

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: organic

text: acids

text: A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge. However, in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term "molecule" is often used less strictly, also being applied to polyatomic ions.

text: molecule

text: is

text: an

text: electrically

text: neutral

text: group

text: of

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: atoms

text: held

text: together

text: by

text: chemical

text: bonds

text: Molecules

text: are

text: distinguished

text: from

text: ions

text: by

text: their

text: lack

text: of

text: electrical

text: charge

text: However

text: in

text: quantum

text: physics

text: organic

text: chemistry

text: and

text: biochemistry

text: the

text: term

text: molecule

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: less

text: strictly

text: also

text: being

text: applied

text: to

text: polyatomic

text: ions

text: In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a "solid or highly viscous substance" of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers. They are often mixtures of organic compounds, principally terpenes. Many plants, particularly woody plants, produce resin in response to injury. The resin acts as a bandage protecting the plant from invading insects and pathogens.

text: In

text: polymer

text: chemistry

text: and

text: materials

text: science

text: resin

text: is

text: solid

text: or

text: highly

text: viscous

text: substance

text: of

text: plant

text: or

text: synthetic

text: origin

text: that

text: is

text: typically

text: convertible

text: into

text: polymers

text: They

text: are

text: often

text: mixtures

text: of

text: organic

text: compounds

text: principally

text: terpenes

text: Many

text: plants

text: particularly

text: woody

text: plants

text: produce

text: resin

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: injury

text: The

text: resin

text: acts

text: as

text: bandage

text: protecting

text: the

text: plant

text: from

text: invading

text: insects

text: and

text: pathogens

text: Resin acid refers to mixtures of several related carboxylic acids, primarily abietic acid, found in tree resins. Nearly all resin acids have the same basic skeleton: three fused ring fused with the empirical formula CHCOOH. Resin acids are tacky, yellowish gums that are water-insoluble. They are used to produce soaps for diverse applications, but their use is being displaced increasingly by synthetic acids such as 2-ethylhexanoic acid or petroleum-derived naphthenic acids.

text: Resin

text: acid

text: refers

text: to

text: mixtures

text: of

text: several

text: related

text: carboxylic

text: acids

text: primarily

text: abietic

text: acid

text: found

text: in

text: tree

text: resins

text: Nearly

text: all

text: resin

text: acids

text: have

text: the

text: same

text: basic

text: skeleton

text: three

text: fused

text: ring

text: fused

text: with

text: the

text: empirical

text: formula

text: CHCOOH

text: Resin

text: acids

text: are

text: tacky

text: yellowish

text: gums

text: that

text: are

text: water

text: insoluble

text: They

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: produce

text: soaps

text: for

text: diverse

text: applications

text: but

text: their

text: use

text: is

text: being

text: displaced

text: increasingly

text: by

text: synthetic

text: acids

text: such

text: as

text: acid

text: or

text: petroleum

text: derived

text: naphthenic

text: acids

text: 2-Ethylhexanoic acid is the organic compound with the formula CH(CH)CH(CH)COH. It is a carboxylic acid that is widely used to prepare lipophilic metal derivatives that are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. 2-Ethylhexanoic acid is a colorless viscous oil. It is supplied as a racemic mixture.

text: acid

text: is

text: the

text: organic

text: compound

text: with

text: the

text: formula

text: CH(CH)CH(CH)COH

text: It

text: is

text: carboxylic

text: acid

text: that

text: is

text: widely

text: used

text: to

text: prepare

text: lipophilic

text: metal

text: derivatives

text: that

text: are

text: soluble

text: in

text: nonpolar

text: organic

text: solvents

text: acid

text: is

text: colorless

text: viscous

text: oil

text: It

text: is

text: supplied

text: as

text: racemic

text: mixture

text: An organic compound is virtually any chemical compound that contains carbon, although a consensus definition remains elusive and likely arbitrary. Organic compounds are rare terrestrially, but of central importance because all known life is based on organic compounds. The most basic petrochemicals are considered the building blocks of organic chemistry.

text: An

text: organic

text: compound

text: is

text: virtually

text: any

text: chemical

text: compound

text: that

text: contains

text: carbon

text: although

text: consensus

text: definition

text: remains

text: elusive

text: and

text: likely

text: arbitrary

text: Organic

text: compounds

text: are

text: rare

text: terrestrially

text: but

text: of

text: central

text: importance

text: because

text: all

text: known

text: life

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: organic

text: compounds

text: The

text: most

text: basic

text: petrochemicals

text: are

text: considered

text: the

text: building

text: blocks

text: of

text: organic

text: chemistry

text: In chemistry, esters are chemical compounds derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an Oalkyl (alkoxy) group. Usually, esters are derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Glycerides, which are fatty acid esters of glycerol, are important esters in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids, and making up the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. Esters with low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and found in essential oils and pheromones. Phosphoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules. Nitrate esters, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive properties, while polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties.

text: In

text: chemistry

text: esters

text: are

text: chemical

text: compounds

text: derived

text: from

text: an

text: acid

text: organic

text: or

text: inorganic

text: in

text: which

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: OH

text: hydroxyl

text: group

text: is

text: replaced

text: by

text: an

text: Oalkyl

text: alkoxy

text: group

text: Usually

text: esters

text: are

text: derived

text: from

text: carboxylic

text: acid

text: and

text: an

text: alcohol

text: Glycerides

text: which

text: are

text: fatty

text: acid

text: esters

text: of

text: glycerol

text: are

text: important

text: esters

text: in

text: biology

text: being

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: classes

text: of

text: lipids

text: and

text: making

text: up

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: animal

text: fats

text: and

text: vegetable

text: oils

text: Esters

text: with

text: low

text: molecular

text: weight

text: are

text: commonly

text: used

text: as

text: fragrances

text: and

text: found

text: in

text: essential

text: oils

text: and

text: pheromones

text: Phosphoesters

text: form

text: the

text: backbone

text: of

text: DNA

text: molecules

text: Nitrate

text: esters

text: such

text: as

text: nitroglycerin

text: are

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: explosive

text: properties

text: while

text: polyesters

text: are

text: important

text: plastics

text: with

text: monomers

text: linked

text: by

text: ester

text: moieties

text: Acetone (systematically named 2-propanone) is the organic compound with the formula (CH)CO. It is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest ketone.

text: Acetone

text: systematically

text: named

text: is

text: the

text: organic

text: compound

text: with

text: the

text: formula

text: CH)CO

text: It

text: is

text: colorless

text: volatile

text: flammable

text: liquid

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: simplest

text: ketone

text: Proteins (or ) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.

text: Proteins

text: or

text: are

text: large

text: biomolecules

text: or

text: macromolecules

text: consisting

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: long

text: chains

text: of

text: amino

text: acid

text: residues

text: Proteins

text: perform

text: vast

text: array

text: of

text: functions

text: within

text: organisms

text: including

text: catalysing

text: metabolic

text: reactions

text: DNA

text: replication

text: responding

text: to

text: stimuli

text: and

text: transporting

text: molecules

text: from

text: one

text: location

text: to

text: another

text: Proteins

text: differ

text: from

text: one

text: another

text: primarily

text: in

text: their

text: sequence

text: of

text: amino

text: acids

text: which

text: is

text: dictated

text: by

text: the

text: nucleotide

text: sequence

text: of

text: their

text: genes

text: and

text: which

text: usually

text: results

text: in

text: protein

text: folding

text: into

text: specific

text: three

text: dimensional

text: structure

text: that

text: determines

text: its

text: activity

text: Naphthenic acid (CAS: ) (NAs)is the name for an unspecific mixture of several cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl carboxylic acids with molecular weight of 120 to well over 700 atomic mass units. The main fraction are carboxylic acids with a carbon backbone of 9 to 20 carbons. McKee et al. claim that "naphthenic acids (NAs) are primarily cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids with 10 to 16 carbons." Salts of naphthenic acids, which are naphthenates, are widely used as hydrophobic sources of metal ions in diverse applications.

text: Naphthenic

text: acid

text: CAS

text: NAs)is

text: the

text: name

text: for

text: an

text: unspecific

text: mixture

text: of

text: several

text: cyclopentyl

text: and

text: cyclohexyl

text: carboxylic

text: acids

text: with

text: molecular

text: weight

text: of

text: to

text: well

text: over

text: atomic

text: mass

text: units

text: The

text: main

text: fraction

text: are

text: carboxylic

text: acids

text: with

text: carbon

text: backbone

text: of

text: to

text: carbons

text: McKee

text: et

text: al

text: claim

text: that

text: naphthenic

text: acids

text: NAs

text: are

text: primarily

text: cycloaliphatic

text: carboxylic

text: acids

text: with

text: to

text: carbons

text: Salts

text: of

text: naphthenic

text: acids

text: which

text: are

text: naphthenates

text: are

text: widely

text: used

text: as

text: hydrophobic

text: sources

text: of

text: metal

text: ions

text: in

text: diverse

text: applications

text: Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds containing amine (-NH) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids. About 500 amino acids are known (though only 20 appear in the genetic code) and can be classified in many ways. They can be classified according to the core structural functional groups' locations as alpha- (-), beta- (-), gamma- (-) or delta- (-) amino acids; other categories relate to polarity, pH level, and side-chain group type (aliphatic, acyclic, aromatic, containing hydroxyl or sulfur, etc.). In the form of proteins, amino acids comprise the second-largest component (water is the largest) of human muscles, cells and other tissues. Outside proteins, amino acids perform critical roles in processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis.

text: Amino

text: acids

text: are

text: biologically

text: important

text: organic

text: compounds

text: containing

text: amine

text: -NH

text: and

text: carboxyl

text: -COOH

text: functional

text: groups

text: along

text: with

text: side

text: chain

text: group

text: specific

text: to

text: each

text: amino

text: acid

text: The

text: key

text: elements

text: of

text: an

text: amino

text: acid

text: are

text: carbon

text: hydrogen

text: oxygen

text: and

text: nitrogen

text: though

text: other

text: elements

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: side

text: chains

text: of

text: certain

text: amino

text: acids

text: About

text: amino

text: acids

text: are

text: known

text: though

text: only

text: appear

text: in

text: the

text: genetic

text: code

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: in

text: many

text: ways

text: They

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: core

text: structural

text: functional

text: groups

text: locations

text: as

text: alpha-

text: beta-

text: gamma-

text: or

text: delta-

text: amino

text: acids

text: other

text: categories

text: relate

text: to

text: polarity

text: pH

text: level

text: and

text: side

text: chain

text: group

text: type

text: aliphatic

text: acyclic

text: aromatic

text: containing

text: hydroxyl

text: or

text: sulfur

text: etc

text: In

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: proteins

text: amino

text: acids

text: comprise

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: component

text: water

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: human

text: muscles

text: cells

text: and

text: other

text: tissues

text: Outside

text: proteins

text: amino

text: acids

text: perform

text: critical

text: roles

text: in

text: processes

text: such

text: as

text: neurotransmitter

text: transport

text: and

text: biosynthesis

text: Metabolism (from "metabol", "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. The three main purposes of metabolism are the conversion of food/fuel to energy to run cellular processes, the conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates, and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.

text: Metabolism

text: from

text: metabol

text: change

text: is

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: life

text: sustaining

text: chemical

text: transformations

text: within

text: the

text: cells

text: of

text: living

text: organisms

text: The

text: three

text: main

text: purposes

text: of

text: metabolism

text: are

text: the

text: conversion

text: of

text: food

text: fuel

text: to

text: energy

text: to

text: run

text: cellular

text: processes

text: the

text: conversion

text: of

text: food

text: fuel

text: to

text: building

text: blocks

text: for

text: proteins

text: lipids

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: and

text: some

text: carbohydrates

text: and

text: the

text: elimination

text: of

text: nitrogenous

text: wastes

text: These

text: enzyme

text: catalyzed

text: reactions

text: allow

text: organisms

text: to

text: grow

text: and

text: reproduce

text: maintain

text: their

text: structures

text: and

text: respond

text: to

text: their

text: environments

text: The

text: word

text: metabolism

text: can

text: also

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: sum

text: of

text: all

text: chemical

text: reactions

text: that

text: occur

text: in

text: living

text: organisms

text: including

text: digestion

text: and

text: the

text: transport

text: of

text: substances

text: into

text: and

text: between

text: different

text: cells

text: in

text: which

text: case

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: reactions

text: within

text: the

text: cells

text: is

text: called

text: intermediary

text: metabolism

text: or

text: intermediate

text: metabolism

text: In chemistry, a ketone (alkanone) is an organic compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones and aldehydes are simple compounds that contain a carbonyl group (a carbon-oxygen double bond). They are considered "simple" because they do not have reactive groups like OH or Cl attached directly to the carbon atom in the carbonyl group, as in carboxylic acids containing COOH. Many ketones are known and many are of great importance in industry and in biology. Examples include many sugars (ketoses) and the industrial solvent acetone, which is the smallest ketone.

text: In

text: chemistry

text: ketone

text: alkanone

text: is

text: an

text: organic

text: compound

text: with

text: the

text: structure

text: RC(=O)R

text: where

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: variety

text: of

text: carbon

text: containing

text: substituents

text: Ketones

text: and

text: aldehydes

text: are

text: simple

text: compounds

text: that

text: contain

text: carbonyl

text: group

text: carbon

text: oxygen

text: double

text: bond

text: They

text: are

text: considered

text: simple

text: because

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: reactive

text: groups

text: like

text: OH

text: or

text: Cl

text: attached

text: directly

text: to

text: the

text: carbon

text: atom

text: in

text: the

text: carbonyl

text: group

text: as

text: in

text: carboxylic

text: acids

text: containing

text: COOH

text: Many

text: ketones

text: are

text: known

text: and

text: many

text: are

text: of

text: great

text: importance

text: in

text: industry

text: and

text: in

text: biology

text: Examples

text: include

text: many

text: sugars

text: ketoses

text: and

text: the

text: industrial

text: solvent

text: acetone

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: ketone

text: Pimaric acid is a carboxylic acid from the resin acid group . It can be prepared by dehydration of abietic acid , which it usually accompanies in mixtures like rosin . It is soluble in alcohols , acetone , and ethers .

text: Pimaric

text: acid

text: is

text: carboxylic

text: acid

text: from

text: the

text: resin

text: acid

text: group

text: It

text: can

text: be

text: prepared

text: by

text: dehydration

text: of

text: abietic

text: acid

text: which

text: it

text: usually

text: accompanies

text: in

text: mixtures

text: like

text: rosin

text: It

text: is

text: soluble

text: in

text: alcohols

text: acetone

text: and

text: ethers

text: Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds, produced by a variety of plants, particularly conifers, though also by some insects such as termites or swallowtail butterflies, which emit terpenes from their osmeteria. They often have a strong odor and may protect the plants that produce them by deterring herbivores and by attracting predators and parasites of herbivores. The difference between terpenes and terpenoids is that terpenes are hydrocarbons, whereas terpenoids contain additional functional groups.

text: Terpenes

text: are

text: large

text: and

text: diverse

text: class

text: of

text: organic

text: compounds

text: produced

text: by

text: variety

text: of

text: plants

text: particularly

text: conifers

text: though

text: also

text: by

text: some

text: insects

text: such

text: as

text: termites

text: or

text: swallowtail

text: butterflies

text: which

text: emit

text: terpenes

text: from

text: their

text: osmeteria

text: They

text: often

text: have

text: strong

text: odor

text: and

text: may

text: protect

text: the

text: plants

text: that

text: produce

text: them

text: by

text: deterring

text: herbivores

text: and

text: by

text: attracting

text: predators

text: and

text: parasites

text: of

text: herbivores

text: The

text: difference

text: between

text: terpenes

text: and

text: terpenoids

text: is

text: that

text: terpenes

text: are

text: hydrocarbons

text: whereas

text: terpenoids

text: contain

text: additional

text: functional

text: groups

text: Abietic acid (also known as "abietinic acid" or "sylvic acid") is an organic compound that occurs widely in trees. It is the primary component of resin acid, is the primary irritant in pine wood and resin, isolated from rosin (via isomerization) and is the most abundant of several closely related organic acids that constitute most of rosin, the solid portion of the oleoresin of coniferous trees. Its ester or salt is called an "abietate".

text: Abietic

text: acid

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: abietinic

text: acid

text: or

text: sylvic

text: acid

text: is

text: an

text: organic

text: compound

text: that

text: occurs

text: widely

text: in

text: trees

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: component

text: of

text: resin

text: acid

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: irritant

text: in

text: pine

text: wood

text: and

text: resin

text: isolated

text: from

text: rosin

text: via

text: isomerization

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: abundant

text: of

text: several

text: closely

text: related

text: organic

text: acids

text: that

text: constitute

text: most

text: of

text: rosin

text: the

text: solid

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: oleoresin

text: of

text: coniferous

text: trees

text: Its

text: ester

text: or

text: salt

text: is

text: called

text: an

text: abietate

annotations: likely single

question: has_part pimaric acid

answer: carbon

text: carbon

text: carbon

text: carbon

text: carbon

text: carbon

text: carbon


text: Progestogens, also sometimes spelled progestagens or gestagens, are a class of steroid hormones that bind to and activate the progesterone receptor (PR). Progesterone is the major and most important progestogen in the body, while "progestins" are synthetic progestogens. Major examples of progestins include the 17-hydroxyprogesterone derivative medroxyprogesterone acetate and the 19-nortestosterone derivative norethisterone (norethindrone). The progestogens are named for their function in maintaining pregnancy (i.e., "progestational"), although they are also present at other phases of the estrous and menstrual cycles. They are one of three types of sex hormones, the others being estrogens like estradiol and androgens/anabolic steroids like testosterone.

text: Progestogens

text: also

text: sometimes

text: spelled

text: progestagens

text: or

text: gestagens

text: are

text: class

text: of

text: steroid

text: hormones

text: that

text: bind

text: to

text: and

text: activate

text: the

text: progesterone

text: receptor

text: PR

text: Progesterone

text: is

text: the

text: major

text: and

text: most

text: important

text: progestogen

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: while

text: progestins

text: are

text: synthetic

text: progestogens

text: Major

text: examples

text: of

text: progestins

text: include

text: the

text: derivative

text: medroxyprogesterone

text: acetate

text: and

text: the

text: derivative

text: norethisterone

text: norethindrone

text: The

text: progestogens

text: are

text: named

text: for

text: their

text: function

text: in

text: maintaining

text: pregnancy

text: i.e.

text: progestational

text: although

text: they

text: are

text: also

text: present

text: at

text: other

text: phases

text: of

text: the

text: estrous

text: and

text: menstrual

text: cycles

text: They

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: types

text: of

text: sex

text: hormones

text: the

text: others

text: being

text: estrogens

text: like

text: estradiol

text: and

text: androgens

text: anabolic

text: steroids

text: like

text: testosterone

text: Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, such as aldosterone and cortisol, respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. Recent data suggest that adrenocortical cells under pathological as well as under physiological conditions show neuroendocrine properties; within the normal adrenal, this neuroendocrine differentiation seems to be restricted to cells of the zona glomerulosa and might be important for an autocrine regulation of adrenocortical function.

text: Situated

text: along

text: the

text: perimeter

text: of

text: the

text: adrenal

text: gland

text: the

text: adrenal

text: cortex

text: mediates

text: the

text: stress

text: response

text: through

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: mineralocorticoids

text: and

text: glucocorticoids

text: such

text: as

text: aldosterone

text: and

text: cortisol

text: respectively

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: secondary

text: site

text: of

text: androgen

text: synthesis

text: Recent

text: data

text: suggest

text: that

text: adrenocortical

text: cells

text: under

text: pathological

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: under

text: physiological

text: conditions

text: show

text: neuroendocrine

text: properties

text: within

text: the

text: normal

text: adrenal

text: this

text: neuroendocrine

text: differentiation

text: seems

text: to

text: be

text: restricted

text: to

text: cells

text: of

text: the

text: zona

text: glomerulosa

text: and

text: might

text: be

text: important

text: for

text: an

text: autocrine

text: regulation

text: of

text: adrenocortical

text: function

text: Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones. Two main classes of corticosteroids, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, are involved in a wide range of physiologic processes, including stress response, immune response, and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior.

text: Corticosteroids

text: are

text: class

text: of

text: steroid

text: hormones

text: that

text: are

text: produced

text: in

text: the

text: adrenal

text: cortex

text: of

text: vertebrates

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: synthetic

text: analogues

text: of

text: these

text: hormones

text: Two

text: main

text: classes

text: of

text: corticosteroids

text: glucocorticoids

text: and

text: mineralocorticoids

text: are

text: involved

text: in

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: physiologic

text: processes

text: including

text: stress

text: response

text: immune

text: response

text: and

text: regulation

text: of

text: inflammation

text: carbohydrate

text: metabolism

text: protein

text: catabolism

text: blood

text: electrolyte

text: levels

text: and

text: behavior

text: Mineralocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones. Mineralocorticoids are corticosteroids that influence salt and water balances (electrolyte balance and fluid balance). The primary mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, notable for an aldehyde group at the 18 position.

text: Mineralocorticoids

text: are

text: class

text: of

text: corticosteroids

text: which

text: are

text: class

text: of

text: steroid

text: hormones

text: Mineralocorticoids

text: are

text: corticosteroids

text: that

text: influence

text: salt

text: and

text: water

text: balances

text: electrolyte

text: balance

text: and

text: fluid

text: balance

text: The

text: primary

text: mineralocorticoid

text: is

text: aldosterone

text: notable

text: for

text: an

text: aldehyde

text: group

text: at

text: the

text: position

text: Cortisol is a steroid hormone , in the glucocorticoid class of hormones , and is produced in humans by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex within the adrenal gland . It is released in response to stress and low blood - glucose concentration . It functions to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis , to suppress the immune system , and to aid in the metabolism of fat , protein , and carbohydrates . It also decreases bone formation . Hydrocortisone ( INN , USAN , BAN ) is a name for cortisol when it is used as a medication . Hydrocortisone is used to treat people who lack adequate naturally generated cortisol . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines needed in a basic health system .

text: Cortisol

text: is

text: steroid

text: hormone

text: in

text: the

text: glucocorticoid

text: class

text: of

text: hormones

text: and

text: is

text: produced

text: in

text: humans

text: by

text: the

text: zona

text: fasciculata

text: of

text: the

text: adrenal

text: cortex

text: within

text: the

text: adrenal

text: gland

text: It

text: is

text: released

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: stress

text: and

text: low

text: blood

text: glucose

text: concentration

text: It

text: functions

text: to

text: increase

text: blood

text: sugar

text: through

text: gluconeogenesis

text: to

text: suppress

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: and

text: to

text: aid

text: in

text: the

text: metabolism

text: of

text: fat

text: protein

text: and

text: carbohydrates

text: It

text: also

text: decreases

text: bone

text: formation

text: Hydrocortisone

text: INN

text: USAN

text: BAN

text: is

text: name

text: for

text: cortisol

text: when

text: it

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: medication

text: Hydrocortisone

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: treat

text: people

text: who

text: lack

text: adequate

text: naturally

text: generated

text: cortisol

text: It

text: is

text: on

text: the

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: 's

text: List

text: of

text: Essential

text: Medicines

text: needed

text: in

text: basic

text: health

text: system

text: A gonad or sex gland or reproductive gland is an endocrine gland that produces the gametes (sex cells) of an organism. In the female of the species the reproductive cells are the egg cells, and in the male the reproductive cells are the sperm. The male gonad, the testicle, produces sperm in the form of spermatozoa. The female gonad, the ovary, produces egg cells. Both of these gametes, are haploid germ cells.

text: gonad

text: or

text: sex

text: gland

text: or

text: reproductive

text: gland

text: is

text: an

text: endocrine

text: gland

text: that

text: produces

text: the

text: gametes

text: sex

text: cells

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: In

text: the

text: female

text: of

text: the

text: species

text: the

text: reproductive

text: cells

text: are

text: the

text: egg

text: cells

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: male

text: the

text: reproductive

text: cells

text: are

text: the

text: sperm

text: The

text: male

text: gonad

text: the

text: testicle

text: produces

text: sperm

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: spermatozoa

text: The

text: female

text: gonad

text: the

text: ovary

text: produces

text: egg

text: cells

text: Both

text: of

text: these

text: gametes

text: are

text: haploid

text: germ

text: cells

text: The glucocorticoid receptor (GR, or GCR) also known as NR3C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1) is the receptor to which cortisol and other glucocorticoids bind.

text: The

text: glucocorticoid

text: receptor

text: GR

text: or

text: GCR

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: nuclear

text: receptor

text: subfamily

text: group

text: member

text: is

text: the

text: receptor

text: to

text: which

text: cortisol

text: and

text: other

text: glucocorticoids

text: bind

text: A hormone (from the Greek participle ) is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour. Hormones have diverse chemical structures, mainly of 3 classes: eicosanoids, steroids, and amino acid derivatives (amines, peptides, and proteins). The glands that secrete hormones comprise the endocrine signaling system. The term hormone is sometimes extended to include chemicals produced by cells that affect the same cell (autocrine or intracrine signalling) or nearby cells (paracrine signalling).

text: hormone

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: participle

text: is

text: any

text: member

text: of

text: class

text: of

text: signaling

text: molecules

text: produced

text: by

text: glands

text: in

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: that

text: are

text: transported

text: by

text: the

text: circulatory

text: system

text: to

text: target

text: distant

text: organs

text: to

text: regulate

text: physiology

text: and

text: behaviour

text: Hormones

text: have

text: diverse

text: chemical

text: structures

text: mainly

text: of

text: classes

text: eicosanoids

text: steroids

text: and

text: amino

text: acid

text: derivatives

text: amines

text: peptides

text: and

text: proteins

text: The

text: glands

text: that

text: secrete

text: hormones

text: comprise

text: the

text: endocrine

text: signaling

text: system

text: The

text: term

text: hormone

text: is

text: sometimes

text: extended

text: to

text: include

text: chemicals

text: produced

text: by

text: cells

text: that

text: affect

text: the

text: same

text: cell

text: autocrine

text: or

text: intracrine

text: signalling

text: or

text: nearby

text: cells

text: paracrine

text: signalling

text: A steroid is an organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific configuration. Examples include the dietary lipid cholesterol, the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone. Steroids have two principal biological functions: certain steroids (such as cholesterol) are important components of cell membranes which alter membrane fluidity, and many steroids are signaling molecules which activate steroid hormone receptors.

text: steroid

text: is

text: an

text: organic

text: compound

text: with

text: four

text: rings

text: arranged

text: in

text: specific

text: configuration

text: Examples

text: include

text: the

text: dietary

text: lipid

text: cholesterol

text: the

text: sex

text: hormones

text: estradiol

text: and

text: testosterone

text: and

text: the

text: anti

text: inflammatory

text: drug

text: dexamethasone

text: Steroids

text: have

text: two

text: principal

text: biological

text: functions

text: certain

text: steroids

text: such

text: as

text: cholesterol

text: are

text: important

text: components

text: of

text: cell

text: membranes

text: which

text: alter

text: membrane

text: fluidity

text: and

text: many

text: steroids

text: are

text: signaling

text: molecules

text: which

text: activate

text: steroid

text: hormone

text: receptors

text: Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula CHO. Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar. It is made during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. The reverse of the photosynthesis reaction, which releases this energy, is an important source of power for cellular respiration. Glucose is stored as a polymer, in plants as starch and in animals as glycogen, for times when the organism will need it.

text: Glucose

text: is

text: simple

text: sugar

text: with

text: the

text: molecular

text: formula

text: CHO

text: Glucose

text: circulates

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: of

text: animals

text: as

text: blood

text: sugar

text: It

text: is

text: made

text: during

text: photosynthesis

text: from

text: water

text: and

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: using

text: energy

text: from

text: sunlight

text: The

text: reverse

text: of

text: the

text: photosynthesis

text: reaction

text: which

text: releases

text: this

text: energy

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: source

text: of

text: power

text: for

text: cellular

text: respiration

text: Glucose

text: is

text: stored

text: as

text: polymer

text: in

text: plants

text: as

text: starch

text: and

text: in

text: animals

text: as

text: glycogen

text: for

text: times

text: when

text: the

text: organism

text: will

text: need

text: it

text: Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 64,000 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates, which include the cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) and the bony fish.

text: Vertebrates

text: comprise

text: all

text: species

text: of

text: animals

text: within

text: the

text: subphylum

text: Vertebrata

text: chordates

text: with

text: backbones

text: Vertebrates

text: represent

text: the

text: overwhelming

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: phylum

text: Chordata

text: with

text: currently

text: about

text: species

text: described

text: Vertebrates

text: include

text: the

text: jawless

text: fish

text: and

text: the

text: jawed

text: vertebrates

text: which

text: include

text: the

text: cartilaginous

text: fish

text: sharks

text: and

text: rays

text: and

text: the

text: bony

text: fish

text: Androgen (from Greek "andro" meaning male human being), also called androgenic hormone or testoid, is any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the activity of the primary male sex organs and development of male secondary sex characteristics. Androgens were first discovered in 1936. Androgens increase in both boys and girls during puberty. Androgens are also the original anabolic steroids and the precursor of all estrogens. The primary and most well-known androgen is testosterone. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione are less known generally, but are of equal importance in male development. DHT in the embryo life causes differentiation of penis, scrotum and prostate. Later in life DHT contributes to balding, prostate growth and sebaceous gland activity. Although androgens are described as male sex hormones, both males and females have them to varying degrees, as is also true of estrogens. They are one of three types of sex hormones, the others being estrogens like estradiol and progestogens like progesterone.

text: Androgen

text: from

text: Greek

text: andro

text: meaning

text: male

text: human

text: being

text: also

text: called

text: androgenic

text: hormone

text: or

text: testoid

text: is

text: any

text: natural

text: or

text: synthetic

text: compound

text: usually

text: steroid

text: hormone

text: that

text: stimulates

text: or

text: controls

text: the

text: development

text: and

text: maintenance

text: of

text: male

text: characteristics

text: in

text: vertebrates

text: by

text: binding

text: to

text: androgen

text: receptors

text: This

text: includes

text: the

text: activity

text: of

text: the

text: primary

text: male

text: sex

text: organs

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: male

text: secondary

text: sex

text: characteristics

text: Androgens

text: were

text: first

text: discovered

text: in

text: Androgens

text: increase

text: in

text: both

text: boys

text: and

text: girls

text: during

text: puberty

text: Androgens

text: are

text: also

text: the

text: original

text: anabolic

text: steroids

text: and

text: the

text: precursor

text: of

text: all

text: estrogens

text: The

text: primary

text: and

text: most

text: well

text: known

text: androgen

text: is

text: testosterone

text: Dihydrotestosterone

text: DHT

text: and

text: androstenedione

text: are

text: less

text: known

text: generally

text: but

text: are

text: of

text: equal

text: importance

text: in

text: male

text: development

text: DHT

text: in

text: the

text: embryo

text: life

text: causes

text: differentiation

text: of

text: penis

text: scrotum

text: and

text: prostate

text: Later

text: in

text: life

text: DHT

text: contributes

text: to

text: balding

text: prostate

text: growth

text: and

text: sebaceous

text: gland

text: activity

text: Although

text: androgens

text: are

text: described

text: as

text: male

text: sex

text: hormones

text: both

text: males

text: and

text: females

text: have

text: them

text: to

text: varying

text: degrees

text: as

text: is

text: also

text: true

text: of

text: estrogens

text: They

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: types

text: of

text: sex

text: hormones

text: the

text: others

text: being

text: estrogens

text: like

text: estradiol

text: and

text: progestogens

text: like

text: progesterone

text: A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone. Steroid hormones can be grouped into two classes: corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence "cortico-") and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta). Within those two classes are five types according to the receptors to which they bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids (corticosteroids), androgens, estrogens, and progestogens (sex steroids). Vitamin D derivatives are a sixth closely related hormone system with homologous receptors. They have some of the characteristics of true steroids as receptor ligands.

text: steroid

text: hormone

text: is

text: steroid

text: that

text: acts

text: as

text: hormone

text: Steroid

text: hormones

text: can

text: be

text: grouped

text: into

text: two

text: classes

text: corticosteroids

text: typically

text: made

text: in

text: the

text: adrenal

text: cortex

text: hence

text: cortico-

text: and

text: sex

text: steroids

text: typically

text: made

text: in

text: the

text: gonads

text: or

text: placenta

text: Within

text: those

text: two

text: classes

text: are

text: five

text: types

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: receptors

text: to

text: which

text: they

text: bind

text: glucocorticoids

text: mineralocorticoids

text: corticosteroids

text: androgens

text: estrogens

text: and

text: progestogens

text: sex

text: steroids

text: Vitamin

text: derivatives

text: are

text: sixth

text: closely

text: related

text: hormone

text: system

text: with

text: homologous

text: receptors

text: They

text: have

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: characteristics

text: of

text: true

text: steroids

text: as

text: receptor

text: ligands

text: Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones. Glucocorticoids are corticosteroids that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), that is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell. The name glucocorticoid (glucose + cortex + steroid) is composed from its role in regulation of glucose metabolism, synthesis in the adrenal cortex, and its steroidal structure (see structure to the right). A less common synonym is glucocorticosteroid.

text: Glucocorticoids

text: GCs

text: are

text: class

text: of

text: corticosteroids

text: which

text: are

text: class

text: of

text: steroid

text: hormones

text: Glucocorticoids

text: are

text: corticosteroids

text: that

text: bind

text: to

text: the

text: glucocorticoid

text: receptor

text: GR

text: that

text: is

text: present

text: in

text: almost

text: every

text: vertebrate

text: animal

text: cell

text: The

text: name

text: glucocorticoid

text: glucose

text: cortex

text: steroid

text: is

text: composed

text: from

text: its

text: role

text: in

text: regulation

text: of

text: glucose

text: metabolism

text: synthesis

text: in

text: the

text: adrenal

text: cortex

text: and

text: its

text: steroidal

text: structure

text: see

text: structure

text: to

text: the

text: right

text: less

text: common

text: synonym

text: is

text: glucocorticosteroid

text: Vitamin D refers to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate, and zinc. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D (also known as cholecalciferol) and vitamin D (ergocalciferol). Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol can be ingested from the diet and from supplements. Very few foods contain vitamin D; synthesis of vitamin D (specifically cholecalciferol) in the skin is the major natural source of the vitamin. Dermal synthesis of vitamin D from cholesterol is dependent on sun exposure (specifically UVB radiation).

text: Vitamin

text: refers

text: to

text: group

text: of

text: fat

text: soluble

text: secosteroids

text: responsible

text: for

text: increasing

text: intestinal

text: absorption

text: of

text: calcium

text: iron

text: magnesium

text: phosphate

text: and

text: zinc

text: In

text: humans

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: compounds

text: in

text: this

text: group

text: are

text: vitamin

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: cholecalciferol

text: and

text: vitamin

text: ergocalciferol

text: Cholecalciferol

text: and

text: ergocalciferol

text: can

text: be

text: ingested

text: from

text: the

text: diet

text: and

text: from

text: supplements

text: Very

text: few

text: foods

text: contain

text: vitamin

text: synthesis

text: of

text: vitamin

text: specifically

text: cholecalciferol

text: in

text: the

text: skin

text: is

text: the

text: major

text: natural

text: source

text: of

text: the

text: vitamin

text: Dermal

text: synthesis

text: of

text: vitamin

text: from

text: cholesterol

text: is

text: dependent

text: on

text: sun

text: exposure

text: specifically

text: UVB

text: radiation

text: Estrogen (American English) or oestrogen (British English) is the primary female sex hormone as well as a medication. It is responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. "Estrogen" may also refer to any substance, natural or synthetic, that mimics the effects of the natural hormone. The estrane steroid estradiol is the most potent and prevalent endogenous estrogen, although several metabolites of estradiol also have estrogenic hormonal activity. Estrogens are used as medications as part of some oral contraceptives, in hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal, hypogonadal, and transgender women, and in the treatment of certain hormone-sensitive cancers like prostate cancer and breast cancer. They are one of three types of sex hormones, the others being androgens/anabolic steroids like testosterone and progestogens like progesterone.

text: Estrogen

text: American

text: English

text: or

text: oestrogen

text: British

text: English

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: female

text: sex

text: hormone

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: medication

text: It

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: development

text: and

text: regulation

text: of

text: the

text: female

text: reproductive

text: system

text: and

text: secondary

text: sex

text: characteristics

text: Estrogen

text: may

text: also

text: refer

text: to

text: any

text: substance

text: natural

text: or

text: synthetic

text: that

text: mimics

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: the

text: natural

text: hormone

text: The

text: estrane

text: steroid

text: estradiol

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: potent

text: and

text: prevalent

text: endogenous

text: estrogen

text: although

text: several

text: metabolites

text: of

text: estradiol

text: also

text: have

text: estrogenic

text: hormonal

text: activity

text: Estrogens

text: are

text: used

text: as

text: medications

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: some

text: oral

text: contraceptives

text: in

text: hormone

text: replacement

text: therapy

text: for

text: postmenopausal

text: hypogonadal

text: and

text: transgender

text: women

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: certain

text: hormone

text: sensitive

text: cancers

text: like

text: prostate

text: cancer

text: and

text: breast

text: cancer

text: They

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: types

text: of

text: sex

text: hormones

text: the

text: others

text: being

text: androgens

text: anabolic

text: steroids

text: like

text: testosterone

text: and

text: progestogens

text: like

text: progesterone

text: The placenta (also known as afterbirth) is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, provide thermo-regulation to the fetus, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply, fight against internal infection and produce hormones to support pregnancy. The placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to growing babies and removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's umbilical cord develops from the placenta. The umbilical cord is what connects the mother and the baby. Placentas are a defining characteristic of placental mammals, but are also found in some non-mammals with varying levels of development. The homology of such structures in various viviparous organisms is debatable, and in invertebrates such as Arthropoda, is analogous at best.

text: The

text: placenta

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: afterbirth

text: is

text: an

text: organ

text: that

text: connects

text: the

text: developing

text: fetus

text: to

text: the

text: uterine

text: wall

text: to

text: allow

text: nutrient

text: uptake

text: provide

text: thermo

text: regulation

text: to

text: the

text: fetus

text: waste

text: elimination

text: and

text: gas

text: exchange

text: via

text: the

text: mother

text: 's

text: blood

text: supply

text: fight

text: against

text: internal

text: infection

text: and

text: produce

text: hormones

text: to

text: support

text: pregnancy

text: The

text: placenta

text: provides

text: oxygen

text: and

text: nutrients

text: to

text: growing

text: babies

text: and

text: removes

text: waste

text: products

text: from

text: the

text: baby

text: 's

text: blood

text: The

text: placenta

text: attaches

text: to

text: the

text: wall

text: of

text: the

text: uterus

text: and

text: the

text: baby

text: 's

text: umbilical

text: cord

text: develops

text: from

text: the

text: placenta

text: The

text: umbilical

text: cord

text: is

text: what

text: connects

text: the

text: mother

text: and

text: the

text: baby

text: Placentas

text: are

text: defining

text: characteristic

text: of

text: placental

text: mammals

text: but

text: are

text: also

text: found

text: in

text: some

text: non

text: mammals

text: with

text: varying

text: levels

text: of

text: development

text: The

text: homology

text: of

text: such

text: structures

text: in

text: various

text: viviparous

text: organisms

text: is

text: debatable

text: and

text: in

text: invertebrates

text: such

text: as

text: Arthropoda

text: is

text: analogous

text: at

text: best

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: has_part cortisol

answer: carbon

text: carbon


text: Joan Greenwood (4 March 1921  28 February 1987) was an English actress. Her husky voice, coupled with her slow, precise elocution, was her trademark. She is perhaps best remembered for her role as Sibella in "Kind Hearts and Coronets" (1949). Her other film appearances included "The Man in the White Suit" (1951), "The Importance of Being Earnest" (1952), "Stage Struck" (1958), "Tom Jones" (1963) and "Little Dorrit" (1987).

text: Joan

text: Greenwood

text: March

text: February

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: actress

text: Her

text: husky

text: voice

text: coupled

text: with

text: her

text: slow

text: precise

text: elocution

text: was

text: her

text: trademark

text: She

text: is

text: perhaps

text: best

text: remembered

text: for

text: her

text: role

text: as

text: Sibella

text: in

text: Kind

text: Hearts

text: and

text: Coronets

text: Her

text: other

text: film

text: appearances

text: included

text: The

text: Man

text: in

text: the

text: White

text: Suit

text: The

text: Importance

text: of

text: Being

text: Earnest

text: Stage

text: Struck

text: Tom

text: Jones

text: and

text: Little

text: Dorrit

text: Philip Christoph von Königsmarck or Philipp Christoph Königsmarck, (Stade, 4 March 1665  2 July 1694, Hanover) was a Swedish count of Brandenburgian extraction and a soldier. He was allegedly the lover of Sophia Dorothea, Princess of Celle, the wife of Duke George Louis of Brunswick and Lunenburg, the heir presumptive of the Principality of Calenberg, later to become Elector of Hanover (as George I Louis, 1708) and King of Great Britain (as George I, 1714).

text: Philip

text: Christoph

text: von

text: Königsmarck

text: or

text: Philipp

text: Christoph

text: Königsmarck

text: Stade

text: March

text: July

text: Hanover

text: was

text: Swedish

text: count

text: of

text: Brandenburgian

text: extraction

text: and

text: soldier

text: He

text: was

text: allegedly

text: the

text: lover

text: of

text: Sophia

text: Dorothea

text: Princess

text: of

text: Celle

text: the

text: wife

text: of

text: Duke

text: George

text: Louis

text: of

text: Brunswick

text: and

text: Lunenburg

text: the

text: heir

text: presumptive

text: of

text: the

text: Principality

text: of

text: Calenberg

text: later

text: to

text: become

text: Elector

text: of

text: Hanover

text: as

text: George

text: Louis

text: and

text: King

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: as

text: George

text: Basil Dearden (born Basil Clive Dear; 1 January 1911  23 March 1971) was an English film director.

text: Basil

text: Dearden

text: born

text: Basil

text: Clive

text: Dear

text: January

text: March

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: film

text: director

text: The Principality of Calenberg was a dynastic division of the Welf duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire from 1494 until 1705, when Elector George I Louis, Prince of Calenberg, inherited the Principality of Lüneburg to form the state of Hanover.

text: The

text: Principality

text: of

text: Calenberg

text: was

text: dynastic

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: Welf

text: duchy

text: of

text: Brunswick

text: Lüneburg

text: in

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: from

text: until

text: when

text: Elector

text: George

text: Louis

text: Prince

text: of

text: Calenberg

text: inherited

text: the

text: Principality

text: of

text: Lüneburg

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Hanover

text: Saraband for Dead Lovers ( released in the United States . as Saraband ) is a 1948 British historical drama film directed by Basil Dearden and starring Stewart Granger and Joan Greenwood . It is based on the novel by Helen Simpson . Set in seventeenth century Hanover , it depicts the doomed romance between Philip Christoph von Königsmarck and Sophia Dorothea of Celle , the wife of the Elector of Hanover . Jim Morahan , William Kellner and Michael Relph were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction - Set Decoration , Color .

text: Saraband

text: for

text: Dead

text: Lovers

text: released

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: as

text: Saraband

text: is

text: British

text: historical

text: drama

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Basil

text: Dearden

text: and

text: starring

text: Stewart

text: Granger

text: and

text: Joan

text: Greenwood

text: It

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: novel

text: by

text: Helen

text: Simpson

text: Set

text: in

text: seventeenth

text: century

text: Hanover

text: it

text: depicts

text: the

text: doomed

text: romance

text: between

text: Philip

text: Christoph

text: von

text: Königsmarck

text: and

text: Sophia

text: Dorothea

text: of

text: Celle

text: the

text: wife

text: of

text: the

text: Elector

text: of

text: Hanover

text: Jim

text: Morahan

text: William

text: Kellner

text: and

text: Michael

text: Relph

text: were

text: nominated

text: for

text: the

text: Academy

text: Award

text: for

text: Best

text: Art

text: Direction

text: Set

text: Decoration

text: Color

text: Kind Hearts and Coronets is a British black comedy film of 1949 starring Dennis Price, Joan Greenwood, Valerie Hobson, and Alec Guinness. Guinness plays eight distinct characters. The plot is loosely based on the novel "Israel Rank: The Autobiography of a Criminal" (1907) by Roy Horniman, with the screenplay written by Robert Hamer and John Dighton and the film directed by Hamer. The title refers to a line in Tennyson's poem "Lady Clara Vere de Vere": "Kind hearts are more than coronets, and simple faith than Norman blood."

text: Kind

text: Hearts

text: and

text: Coronets

text: is

text: British

text: black

text: comedy

text: film

text: of

text: starring

text: Dennis

text: Price

text: Joan

text: Greenwood

text: Valerie

text: Hobson

text: and

text: Alec

text: Guinness

text: Guinness

text: plays

text: eight

text: distinct

text: characters

text: The

text: plot

text: is

text: loosely

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: novel

text: Israel

text: Rank

text: The

text: Autobiography

text: of

text: Criminal

text: by

text: Roy

text: Horniman

text: with

text: the

text: screenplay

text: written

text: by

text: Robert

text: Hamer

text: and

text: John

text: Dighton

text: and

text: the

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Hamer

text: The

text: title

text: refers

text: to

text: line

text: in

text: Tennyson

text: 's

text: poem

text: Lady

text: Clara

text: Vere

text: de

text: Vere

text: Kind

text: hearts

text: are

text: more

text: than

text: coronets

text: and

text: simple

text: faith

text: than

text: Norman

text: blood

text: The Man In The White Suit is a 1951 science-fiction satirical comedy film made by Ealing Studios. It starred Alec Guinness, Joan Greenwood and Cecil Parker and was directed by Alexander Mackendrick. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Writing (Screenplay) for Roger MacDougall, John Dighton and Alexander Mackendrick (who was a cousin of Roger MacDougall).

text: The

text: Man

text: In

text: The

text: White

text: Suit

text: is

text: science

text: fiction

text: satirical

text: comedy

text: film

text: made

text: by

text: Ealing

text: Studios

text: It

text: starred

text: Alec

text: Guinness

text: Joan

text: Greenwood

text: and

text: Cecil

text: Parker

text: and

text: was

text: directed

text: by

text: Alexander

text: Mackendrick

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: nominated

text: for

text: an

text: Academy

text: Award

text: for

text: Best

text: Writing

text: Screenplay

text: for

text: Roger

text: MacDougall

text: John

text: Dighton

text: and

text: Alexander

text: Mackendrick

text: who

text: was

text: cousin

text: of

text: Roger

text: MacDougall

question: screenwriter saraband for dead lovers

answer: alexander mackendrick

text: alexander mackendrick

text: alexander mackendrick


text: Honda has been the world's largest motorcycle manufacturer since 1959, as well as the world's largest manufacturer of internal combustion engines measured by volume, producing more than 14 million internal combustion engines each year. Honda became the second-largest Japanese automobile manufacturer in 2001. Honda was the eighth largest automobile manufacturer in the world behind General Motors, Volkswagen Group, Toyota, Hyundai Motor Group, Ford, Nissan, and PSA Peugeot Citroën in 2011.

text: Honda

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: motorcycle

text: manufacturer

text: since

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: manufacturer

text: of

text: internal

text: combustion

text: engines

text: measured

text: by

text: volume

text: producing

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: internal

text: combustion

text: engines

text: each

text: year

text: Honda

text: became

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: Japanese

text: automobile

text: manufacturer

text: in

text: Honda

text: was

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: automobile

text: manufacturer

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: behind

text: General

text: Motors

text: Volkswagen

text: Group

text: Toyota

text: Hyundai

text: Motor

text: Group

text: Ford

text: Nissan

text: and

text: PSA

text: Peugeot

text: Citroën

text: in

text: The Honda Life is a name that is being used on various kei car/city cars produced by Honda: passenger cars, microvans, and kei trucks. The first series of the nameplate was built between 1971 and 1974, with the name being revived in 1997. The Honda Life has rarely been marketed outside Japan.

text: The

text: Honda

text: Life

text: is

text: name

text: that

text: is

text: being

text: used

text: on

text: various

text: kei

text: car

text: city

text: cars

text: produced

text: by

text: Honda

text: passenger

text: cars

text: microvans

text: and

text: kei

text: trucks

text: The

text: first

text: series

text: of

text: the

text: nameplate

text: was

text: built

text: between

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: name

text: being

text: revived

text: in

text: The

text: Honda

text: Life

text: has

text: rarely

text: been

text: marketed

text: outside

text: Japan

text: The Honda Fit, also marketed as the Honda Jazz, is a five-door, front-engine, front-wheel drive Mini MPV manufactured and marketed by Honda since 2001 and now in its third generation. Marketed worldwide and manufactured at ten plants in eight countries, sales have reached almost 5 million by mid-2013.

text: The

text: Honda

text: Fit

text: also

text: marketed

text: as

text: the

text: Honda

text: Jazz

text: is

text: five

text: door

text: front

text: engine

text: front

text: wheel

text: drive

text: Mini

text: MPV

text: manufactured

text: and

text: marketed

text: by

text: Honda

text: since

text: and

text: now

text: in

text: its

text: third

text: generation

text: Marketed

text: worldwide

text: and

text: manufactured

text: at

text: ten

text: plants

text: in

text: eight

text: countries

text: sales

text: have

text: reached

text: almost

text: million

text: by

text: Mini MPV (short for mini multi-purpose vehicle) is a car classification used in some countries to describe superminis or subcompacts which have taller build and often with a flexible interior layout, fitting below the compact MPV and large MPV/Minivan classifications. MPV stands for multi-purpose vehicle, although the full name is rarely used. The term Leisure Activity Vehicle (LAV) is sometimes used for van based MPVs, but this marketing term is largely ignored by the press, normally using the term MPV.

text: Mini

text: MPV

text: short

text: for

text: mini

text: multi

text: purpose

text: vehicle

text: is

text: car

text: classification

text: used

text: in

text: some

text: countries

text: to

text: describe

text: superminis

text: or

text: subcompacts

text: which

text: have

text: taller

text: build

text: and

text: often

text: with

text: flexible

text: interior

text: layout

text: fitting

text: below

text: the

text: compact

text: MPV

text: and

text: large

text: MPV

text: Minivan

text: classifications

text: MPV

text: stands

text: for

text: multi

text: purpose

text: vehicle

text: although

text: the

text: full

text: name

text: is

text: rarely

text: used

text: The

text: term

text: Leisure

text: Activity

text: Vehicle

text: LAV

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: for

text: van

text: based

text: MPVs

text: but

text: this

text: marketing

text: term

text: is

text: largely

text: ignored

text: by

text: the

text: press

text: normally

text: using

text: the

text: term

text: MPV

text: , usually shortened to Nissan (or ; Japanese:, is a Japanese multinational automobile manufacturer headquartered in Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Japan. Nissan Motor sells its cars under the Nissan, Infiniti, and Datsun brands with in-house performance tuning products labelled Nismo.

text: usually

text: shortened

text: to

text: Nissan

text: or

text: Japanese

text: is

text: Japanese

text: multinational

text: automobile

text: manufacturer

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Nishi

text: ku

text: Yokohama

text: Japan

text: Nissan

text: Motor

text: sells

text: its

text: cars

text: under

text: the

text: Nissan

text: Infiniti

text: and

text: Datsun

text: brands

text: with

text: in

text: house

text: performance

text: tuning

text: products

text: labelled

text: Nismo

text: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: UK

text: or

text: Britain

text: is

text: sovereign

text: country

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: Lying

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: mainland

text: it

text: includes

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: loosely

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: country

text: the

text: north

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: many

text: smaller

text: islands

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: that

text: shares

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: another

text: sovereign

text: statethe

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Apart

text: from

text: this

text: land

text: border

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: south

text: west

text: giving

text: it

text: the

text: longest

text: coastline

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Together

text: this

text: makes

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: The Honda Logo series GA3 - GA5 is a supermini produced by the Japanese automaker Honda between 1996 and 2001. The Logo was available as a three-door and five-door hatchback. It was sold in the United Kingdom from 2000 until 2001. It was a platform mate to the Honda Capa and replaced the Series GA1 and GA2 Honda City. The Logo was larger than the "kei" sized Honda Life, but was smaller than the subcompact Honda Civic. The Logo was eventually replaced by the Honda Fit on an all-new Global Car Platform introduced by Honda. It was sold in Japan at "Honda Clio", while the Capa was sold at "Honda Primo". The Honda HR-V was sold at "Honda Verno". The appearance of the Logo reflected a determination on behalf of Honda to duplicate the sales success it experienced with the first generation Civic to increase sales as the Nation of Japan was beginning to feel the effects of what is called Japan's Lost Decade, the collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble, as the exterior dimensions and engine size almost match the first Civic. The name "logo" was chosen to focus on Honda's establishment of practical and economical vehicles, and Honda's "H" was proudly emblazoned on both the front and back of the car to declare this intent to return to what made Honda a market leader.

text: The

text: Honda

text: Logo

text: series

text: is

text: supermini

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: Japanese

text: automaker

text: Honda

text: between

text: and

text: The

text: Logo

text: was

text: available

text: as

text: three

text: door

text: and

text: five

text: door

text: hatchback

text: It

text: was

text: sold

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: from

text: until

text: It

text: was

text: platform

text: mate

text: to

text: the

text: Honda

text: Capa

text: and

text: replaced

text: the

text: Series

text: and

text: Honda

text: City

text: The

text: Logo

text: was

text: larger

text: than

text: the

text: kei

text: sized

text: Honda

text: Life

text: but

text: was

text: smaller

text: than

text: the

text: subcompact

text: Honda

text: Civic

text: The

text: Logo

text: was

text: eventually

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: Honda

text: Fit

text: on

text: an

text: all

text: new

text: Global

text: Car

text: Platform

text: introduced

text: by

text: Honda

text: It

text: was

text: sold

text: in

text: Japan

text: at

text: Honda

text: Clio

text: while

text: the

text: Capa

text: was

text: sold

text: at

text: Honda

text: Primo

text: The

text: Honda

text: HR

text: was

text: sold

text: at

text: Honda

text: Verno

text: The

text: appearance

text: of

text: the

text: Logo

text: reflected

text: determination

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: Honda

text: to

text: duplicate

text: the

text: sales

text: success

text: it

text: experienced

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: generation

text: Civic

text: to

text: increase

text: sales

text: as

text: the

text: Nation

text: of

text: Japan

text: was

text: beginning

text: to

text: feel

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: called

text: Japan

text: 's

text: Lost

text: Decade

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: Japanese

text: asset

text: price

text: bubble

text: as

text: the

text: exterior

text: dimensions

text: and

text: engine

text: size

text: almost

text: match

text: the

text: first

text: Civic

text: The

text: name

text: logo

text: was

text: chosen

text: to

text: focus

text: on

text: Honda

text: 's

text: establishment

text: of

text: practical

text: and

text: economical

text: vehicles

text: and

text: Honda

text: 's

text: was

text: proudly

text: emblazoned

text: on

text: both

text: the

text: front

text: and

text: back

text: of

text: the

text: car

text: to

text: declare

text: this

text: intent

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: what

text: made

text: Honda

text: market

text: leader

text: The was an economic bubble in Japan from 1986 to 1991 in which real estate and stock market prices were greatly inflated. In early 1992, this price bubble collapsed. The bubble was characterized by rapid acceleration of asset prices and overheated economic activity, as well as an uncontrolled money supply and credit expansion. More specifically, over-confidence and speculation regarding asset and stock prices had been closely associated with excessive monetary easing policy at the time.

text: The

text: was

text: an

text: economic

text: bubble

text: in

text: Japan

text: from

text: to

text: in

text: which

text: real

text: estate

text: and

text: stock

text: market

text: prices

text: were

text: greatly

text: inflated

text: In

text: early

text: this

text: price

text: bubble

text: collapsed

text: The

text: bubble

text: was

text: characterized

text: by

text: rapid

text: acceleration

text: of

text: asset

text: prices

text: and

text: overheated

text: economic

text: activity

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: an

text: uncontrolled

text: money

text: supply

text: and

text: credit

text: expansion

text: More

text: specifically

text: over

text: confidence

text: and

text: speculation

text: regarding

text: asset

text: and

text: stock

text: prices

text: had

text: been

text: closely

text: associated

text: with

text: excessive

text: monetary

text: easing

text: policy

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The Honda Civic is a line of small cars manufactured by Honda. Originally a subcompact, the Civic has gone through several generational changes, becoming both larger and more upmarket and moving into the compact car segment. EPA guidelines for vehicle size class stipulate a car having combined passenger and cargo room of is considered a mid-size car, and as such the tenth generation Civic sedan is technically a small-end mid-size car, although it still competes in the compact class. The Civic coupe is still considered a compact car. The Civic currently falls between the Honda Fit and Honda Accord.

text: The

text: Honda

text: Civic

text: is

text: line

text: of

text: small

text: cars

text: manufactured

text: by

text: Honda

text: Originally

text: subcompact

text: the

text: Civic

text: has

text: gone

text: through

text: several

text: generational

text: changes

text: becoming

text: both

text: larger

text: and

text: more

text: upmarket

text: and

text: moving

text: into

text: the

text: compact

text: car

text: segment

text: EPA

text: guidelines

text: for

text: vehicle

text: size

text: class

text: stipulate

text: car

text: having

text: combined

text: passenger

text: and

text: cargo

text: room

text: of

text: is

text: considered

text: mid

text: size

text: car

text: and

text: as

text: such

text: the

text: tenth

text: generation

text: Civic

text: sedan

text: is

text: technically

text: small

text: end

text: mid

text: size

text: car

text: although

text: it

text: still

text: competes

text: in

text: the

text: compact

text: class

text: The

text: Civic

text: coupe

text: is

text: still

text: considered

text: compact

text: car

text: The

text: Civic

text: currently

text: falls

text: between

text: the

text: Honda

text: Fit

text: and

text: Honda

text: Accord

text: The Honda HR - V is a nameplate that Honda used on two generations of mini SUV . The first generation HR - V was based on Honda Logo and sold in Japan and selective Asian - Pacific markets between 1999 and 2006 . The second generation HR - V was based on third - generation Honda Fit and went on sale in North America , Australia , Brazil , and selective Asian markets in 2015 . The second generation HR - V was largely identical to Japan - market Honda Vezel which went on sale in late 2013 . The abbreviation HR - V , according to Honda 's HR - V history website , officially stands for Hi - rider Revolutionary Vehicle . The HR - V was introduced to cater for the demand for vehicles with the benefits of SUVs ( in particular its bigger brother the Honda CR - V ) , such as increased cargo room and higher visibility , along with the manoeuvrability , performance and fuel economy of a smaller car .

text: The

text: Honda

text: HR

text: is

text: nameplate

text: that

text: Honda

text: used

text: on

text: two

text: generations

text: of

text: mini

text: SUV

text: The

text: first

text: generation

text: HR

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: Honda

text: Logo

text: and

text: sold

text: in

text: Japan

text: and

text: selective

text: Asian

text: Pacific

text: markets

text: between

text: and

text: The

text: second

text: generation

text: HR

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: third

text: generation

text: Honda

text: Fit

text: and

text: went

text: on

text: sale

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: Australia

text: Brazil

text: and

text: selective

text: Asian

text: markets

text: in

text: The

text: second

text: generation

text: HR

text: was

text: largely

text: identical

text: to

text: Japan

text: market

text: Honda

text: Vezel

text: which

text: went

text: on

text: sale

text: in

text: late

text: The

text: abbreviation

text: HR

text: according

text: to

text: Honda

text: 's

text: HR

text: history

text: website

text: officially

text: stands

text: for

text: Hi

text: rider

text: Revolutionary

text: Vehicle

text: The

text: HR

text: was

text: introduced

text: to

text: cater

text: for

text: the

text: demand

text: for

text: vehicles

text: with

text: the

text: benefits

text: of

text: SUVs

text: in

text: particular

text: its

text: bigger

text: brother

text: the

text: Honda

text: CR

text: such

text: as

text: increased

text: cargo

text: room

text: and

text: higher

text: visibility

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: manoeuvrability

text: performance

text: and

text: fuel

text: economy

text: of

text: smaller

text: car

text: The Honda Capa, with the Honda series code GA4 and GA6, is a supermini MPV five-door hatchback produced by Honda between 1998 and 2002. It was introduced at the 1997 Tokyo Motor Show as the concept car "J-MW." It was introduced for retail sale April 24, 1998. The only engine the Capa had was the 98 hp 1.5L Honda engine, the D15B, with either a 4-speed automatic transmission (front-wheel drive only) or a CVT called "Multimatic S". September 16, 1999 a 4WD version of the Capa was released, using Honda's Full-Time four-wheel-drive system. Brake Assist was offered as standard equipment. Due to disappointing sales the Capa, short for "capacity", it was discontinued and replaced by the Honda Mobilio and Honda Fit. It was sold in Japan at two Honda dealership sales channels "Honda Primo", and "Honda Verno".

text: The

text: Honda

text: Capa

text: with

text: the

text: Honda

text: series

text: code

text: and

text: is

text: supermini

text: MPV

text: five

text: door

text: hatchback

text: produced

text: by

text: Honda

text: between

text: and

text: It

text: was

text: introduced

text: at

text: the

text: Tokyo

text: Motor

text: Show

text: as

text: the

text: concept

text: car

text: MW

text: It

text: was

text: introduced

text: for

text: retail

text: sale

text: April

text: The

text: only

text: engine

text: the

text: Capa

text: had

text: was

text: the

text: hp

text: Honda

text: engine

text: the

text: with

text: either

text: automatic

text: transmission

text: front

text: wheel

text: drive

text: only

text: or

text: CVT

text: called

text: Multimatic

text: September

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: Capa

text: was

text: released

text: using

text: Honda

text: 's

text: Full

text: Time

text: four

text: wheel

text: drive

text: system

text: Brake

text: Assist

text: was

text: offered

text: as

text: standard

text: equipment

text: Due

text: to

text: disappointing

text: sales

text: the

text: Capa

text: short

text: for

text: capacity

text: it

text: was

text: discontinued

text: and

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: Honda

text: Mobilio

text: and

text: Honda

text: Fit

text: It

text: was

text: sold

text: in

text: Japan

text: at

text: two

text: Honda

text: dealership

text: sales

text: channels

text: Honda

text: Primo

text: and

text: Honda

text: Verno

question: series honda hr-v

answer: compact car

text: compact car

text: compact car