text: Market town or market right is a legal term, originating in the Middle Ages, for a European settlement that has the right to host markets, distinguishing it from a village and city. A town may be correctly described as a "market town" or as having "market rights", even if it no longer holds a market, provided the legal right to do so still exists.

text: Market

text: town

text: or

text: market

text: right

text: is

text: legal

text: term

text: originating

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: for

text: European

text: settlement

text: that

text: has

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: host

text: markets

text: distinguishing

text: it

text: from

text: village

text: and

text: city

text: town

text: may

text: be

text: correctly

text: described

text: as

text: market

text: town

text: or

text: as

text: having

text: market

text: rights

text: even

text: if

text: it

text: no

text: longer

text: holds

text: market

text: provided

text: the

text: legal

text: right

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: still

text: exists

text: In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.

text: In

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Europe

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: or

text: medieval

text: period

text: lasted

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: The

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: is

text: the

text: middle

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: traditional

text: divisions

text: of

text: Western

text: history

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: the

text: medieval

text: period

text: and

text: the

text: modern

text: period

text: The

text: medieval

text: period

text: is

text: itself

text: subdivided

text: into

text: the

text: Early

text: High

text: and

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: The Irish Sea (, , , Ulster-Scots: "Airish Sea"), separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. It is connected to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the North Channel. Anglesey is the largest island within the Irish Sea, followed by the Isle of Man. The sea is occasionally, but rarely, referred to as the Manx Sea.

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: Ulster

text: Scots

text: Airish

text: Sea

text: separates

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: is

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: St

text: George

text: 's

text: Channel

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: Inner

text: Seas

text: off

text: the

text: West

text: Coast

text: of

text: Scotland

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Channel

text: Anglesey

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: island

text: within

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: The

text: sea

text: is

text: occasionally

text: but

text: rarely

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Manx

text: Sea

text: Cirencester (occasionally ; see below for more variations) is a market town in east Gloucestershire, England, 93 miles (150 km) west northwest of London. Cirencester lies on the River Churn, a tributary of the River Thames, and is the largest town in the Cotswold District. It is the home of the Royal Agricultural University, the oldest agricultural college in the English-speaking world founded in 1840. The town's Corinium Museum is well known for its extensive Roman collection. The Roman name for the town was Corinium, which is thought to have been associated with the ancient British tribe of the "Dobunni", having the same root word as the River Churn. The earliest known reference to the town was by Ptolemy in 150AD.

text: Cirencester

text: occasionally

text: see

text: below

text: for

text: more

text: variations

text: is

text: market

text: town

text: in

text: east

text: Gloucestershire

text: England

text: miles

text: km

text: west

text: northwest

text: of

text: London

text: Cirencester

text: lies

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Churn

text: tributary

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: town

text: in

text: the

text: Cotswold

text: District

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Agricultural

text: University

text: the

text: oldest

text: agricultural

text: college

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: world

text: founded

text: in

text: The

text: town

text: 's

text: Corinium

text: Museum

text: is

text: well

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: extensive

text: Roman

text: collection

text: The

text: Roman

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: town

text: was

text: Corinium

text: which

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: ancient

text: British

text: tribe

text: of

text: the

text: Dobunni

text: having

text: the

text: same

text: root

text: word

text: as

text: the

text: River

text: Churn

text: The

text: earliest

text: known

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: town

text: was

text: by

text: Ptolemy

text: in

text: A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics. Regardless of the physical geography, in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945, a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise of legal jurisdiction.

text: country

text: is

text: region

text: that

text: is

text: identified

text: as

text: distinct

text: national

text: entity

text: in

text: political

text: geography

text: country

text: may

text: be

text: an

text: independent

text: sovereign

text: state

text: or

text: one

text: that

text: is

text: occupied

text: by

text: another

text: state

text: as

text: non

text: sovereign

text: or

text: formerly

text: sovereign

text: political

text: division

text: or

text: geographic

text: region

text: associated

text: with

text: sets

text: of

text: previously

text: independent

text: or

text: differently

text: associated

text: people

text: with

text: distinct

text: political

text: characteristics

text: Regardless

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: geography

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: internationally

text: accepted

text: legal

text: definition

text: as

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: in

text: and

text: reaffirmed

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: in

text: resident

text: of

text: country

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: independent

text: exercise

text: of

text: legal

text: jurisdiction

text: Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of . Wales has over of coastline and is largely mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon, its highest summit. The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate.

text: Wales

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: England

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Bristol

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: It

text: had

text: population

text: in

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: Wales

text: has

text: over

text: of

text: coastline

text: and

text: is

text: largely

text: mountainous

text: with

text: its

text: higher

text: peaks

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: central

text: areas

text: including

text: Snowdon

text: its

text: highest

text: summit

text: The

text: country

text: lies

text: within

text: the

text: north

text: temperate

text: zone

text: and

text: has

text: changeable

text: maritime

text: climate

text: A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Though often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods. Villages are normally permanent, with fixed dwellings; however, transient villages can occur. Further, the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape, as a dispersed settlement.

text: village

text: is

text: clustered

text: human

text: settlement

text: or

text: community

text: larger

text: than

text: hamlet

text: but

text: smaller

text: than

text: town

text: with

text: population

text: ranging

text: from

text: few

text: hundred

text: to

text: few

text: thousand

text: Though

text: often

text: located

text: in

text: rural

text: areas

text: the

text: term

text: urban

text: village

text: is

text: also

text: applied

text: to

text: certain

text: urban

text: neighbourhoods

text: Villages

text: are

text: normally

text: permanent

text: with

text: fixed

text: dwellings

text: however

text: transient

text: villages

text: can

text: occur

text: Further

text: the

text: dwellings

text: of

text: village

text: are

text: fairly

text: close

text: to

text: one

text: another

text: not

text: scattered

text: broadly

text: over

text: the

text: landscape

text: as

text: dispersed

text: settlement

text:
Approximately 330 to 360 million people speak English as their first language.
More than half of these (231 million) live in the United States, followed by some 55 million in England, the first place where English was spoken.

text: Approximately

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: speak

text: English

text: as

text: their

text: first

text: language

text: More

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: these

text: million

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: followed

text: by

text: some

text: million

text: in

text: England

text: the

text: first

text: place

text: where

text: English

text: was

text: spoken

text: England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.

text: England

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Scotland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Wales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: northwest

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: England

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: continental

text: Europe

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: covers

text: five

text: eighths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: which

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: in

text: its

text: centre

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: includes

text: over

text: smaller

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: and

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: Scotland (Scots: ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.

text: Scotland

text: Scots

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: covers

text: the

text: northern

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: shares

text: border

text: with

text: England

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: otherwise

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Channel

text: and

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: mainland

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: islands

text: including

text: the

text: Northern

text: Isles

text: and

text: the

text: Hebrides

text: Gloucestershire (; abbreviated Glos.) is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn, and the entire Forest of Dean.

text: Gloucestershire

text: abbreviated

text: Glos

text: is

text: county

text: in

text: South

text: West

text: England

text: The

text: county

text: comprises

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Cotswold

text: Hills

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: flat

text: fertile

text: valley

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Severn

text: and

text: the

text: entire

text: Forest

text: of

text: Dean

text: The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric (or "shelf") sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. It is more than long and wide, with an area of around .

text: The

text: North

text: Sea

text: is

text: marginal

text: sea

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: located

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: Scandinavia

text: Germany

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Belgium

text: and

text: France

text: An

text: epeiric

text: or

text: shelf

text: sea

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: continental

text: shelf

text: it

text: connects

text: to

text: the

text: ocean

text: through

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Norwegian

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: long

text: and

text: wide

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: around

text: The Isle of Wight is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is located in the English Channel, about 4 miles (6 km) off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines.

text: The

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: is

text: county

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: in

text: England

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Hampshire

text: separated

text: by

text: the

text: Solent

text: The

text: island

text: has

text: resorts

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: holiday

text: destinations

text: since

text: Victorian

text: times

text: and

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: mild

text: climate

text: coastal

text: scenery

text: and

text: verdant

text: landscape

text: of

text: fields

text: downland

text: and

text: chines

text: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: UK

text: or

text: Britain

text: is

text: sovereign

text: country

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: Lying

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: mainland

text: it

text: includes

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: loosely

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: country

text: the

text: north

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: many

text: smaller

text: islands

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: that

text: shares

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: another

text: sovereign

text: statethe

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Apart

text: from

text: this

text: land

text: border

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: south

text: west

text: giving

text: it

text: the

text: longest

text: coastline

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Together

text: this

text: makes

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text: A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size definition for what constitutes a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world.

text: town

text: is

text: human

text: settlement

text: larger

text: than

text: village

text: but

text: smaller

text: than

text: city

text: The

text: size

text: definition

text: for

text: what

text: constitutes

text: town

text: varies

text: considerably

text: in

text: different

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: The Dobunni were one of the Iron Age tribes living in the British Isles prior to the Roman invasion of Britain. There are seven known references to the tribe in Roman histories and inscriptions.

text: The

text: Dobunni

text: were

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Iron

text: Age

text: tribes

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: Roman

text: invasion

text: of

text: Britain

text: There

text: are

text: seven

text: known

text: references

text: to

text: the

text: tribe

text: in

text: Roman

text: histories

text: and

text: inscriptions

text: The Celtic Sea (; ) is the area of the Atlantic Ocean off the south coast of Ireland bounded to the east by Saint George's Channel; other limits include the Bristol Channel, the English Channel, and the Bay of Biscay, as well as adjacent portions of Wales, Cornwall, Devon, and Brittany. The southern and western boundaries are delimited by the continental shelf, which drops away sharply. The Isles of Scilly are an archipelago of small islands in the sea.

text: The

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: is

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: off

text: the

text: south

text: coast

text: of

text: Ireland

text: bounded

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Saint

text: George

text: 's

text: Channel

text: other

text: limits

text: include

text: the

text: Bristol

text: Channel

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Biscay

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: adjacent

text: portions

text: of

text: Wales

text: Cornwall

text: Devon

text: and

text: Brittany

text: The

text: southern

text: and

text: western

text: boundaries

text: are

text: delimited

text: by

text: the

text: continental

text: shelf

text: which

text: drops

text: away

text: sharply

text: The

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: are

text: an

text: archipelago

text: of

text: small

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: sea

text: The English Channel ("the Sleeve" [hence ] "Sea of Brittany" "British Sea"), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and joins the southern part of the North Sea to the rest of the Atlantic Ocean.

text: The

text: English

text: Channel

text: the

text: Sleeve

text: hence

text: Sea

text: of

text: Brittany

text: British

text: Sea

text: also

text: called

text: simply

text: the

text: Channel

text: is

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: that

text: separates

text: southern

text: England

text: from

text: northern

text: France

text: and

text: joins

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: The Royal Agricultural University or RAU (previously known as the Royal Agricultural College or RAC) is a university located in Cirencester, Gloucestershire, UK. Established in 1845, it was the first agricultural college in the English-speaking world. The university provides more than 30 land-based undergraduate and postgraduate degree programmes to students from over 45 countries through the School of Agriculture, the School of Business and Entrepreneurship, the School of Equine and the School of Real Estate & Land Management.

text: The

text: Royal

text: Agricultural

text: University

text: or

text: RAU

text: previously

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Royal

text: Agricultural

text: College

text: or

text: RAC

text: is

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Cirencester

text: Gloucestershire

text: UK

text: Established

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: agricultural

text: college

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: world

text: The

text: university

text: provides

text: more

text: than

text: land

text: based

text: undergraduate

text: and

text: postgraduate

text: degree

text: programmes

text: to

text: students

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: through

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: Agriculture

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: Business

text: and

text: Entrepreneurship

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: Equine

text: and

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: Real

text: Estate

text: Land

text: Management

text: The Isles of Scilly (or "") are an archipelago off the south western tip of the Cornish peninsula of Great Britain. It is the southernmost location in England and the United Kingdom, as well as the most westerly in England.

text: The

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: or

text: are

text: an

text: archipelago

text: off

text: the

text: south

text: western

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: Cornish

text: peninsula

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: location

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: westerly

text: in

text: England

text: Great Britain, also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth-largest in the world. In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, comprise the British Isles archipelago.

text: Great

text: Britain

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Britain

text: is

text: large

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: off

text: the

text: northwest

text: coast

text: of

text: continental

text: Europe

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: European

text: island

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: the

text: island

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: after

text: Java

text: in

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: Honshu

text: in

text: Japan

text: The

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: is

text: situated

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: it

text: and

text: together

text: these

text: islands

text: along

text: with

text: over

text: smaller

text: surrounding

text: islands

text: comprise

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: archipelago

text: Gloucester is a city and district in southwest England, the county city of Gloucestershire. Gloucester lies close to the Welsh border, on the River Severn, between the Cotswolds to the east and the Forest of Dean to the southwest.

text: Gloucester

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: district

text: in

text: southwest

text: England

text: the

text: county

text: city

text: of

text: Gloucestershire

text: Gloucester

text: lies

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: Welsh

text: border

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Severn

text: between

text: the

text: Cotswolds

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Forest

text: of

text: Dean

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: The River Churn is the first tributary river of the River Thames. It rises in the Cotswolds at Seven Springs near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England and flows south across the Cotswold dip slope, passing through Cirencester and joining the Thames in the parish of Cricklade in Wiltshire. Its length from source to confluence with the Thames is considerably greater than the Thames from Thames Head. Its flow is also more consistent than the winterbourne Thames, but the Churn is regarded as a tributary historically and therefore by most geography guides. The length of the River Churn is approximately 25 kilometres. The River Churn is classed as a main river so therefore is under the jurisdiction of the Environment Agency as opposed to the local authority.

text: The

text: River

text: Churn

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: tributary

text: river

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: It

text: rises

text: in

text: the

text: Cotswolds

text: at

text: Seven

text: Springs

text: near

text: Cheltenham

text: Gloucestershire

text: England

text: and

text: flows

text: south

text: across

text: the

text: Cotswold

text: dip

text: slope

text: passing

text: through

text: Cirencester

text: and

text: joining

text: the

text: Thames

text: in

text: the

text: parish

text: of

text: Cricklade

text: in

text: Wiltshire

text: Its

text: length

text: from

text: source

text: to

text: confluence

text: with

text: the

text: Thames

text: is

text: considerably

text: greater

text: than

text: the

text: Thames

text: from

text: Thames

text: Head

text: Its

text: flow

text: is

text: also

text: more

text: consistent

text: than

text: the

text: winterbourne

text: Thames

text: but

text: the

text: Churn

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: tributary

text: historically

text: and

text: therefore

text: by

text: most

text: geography

text: guides

text: The

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Churn

text: is

text: approximately

text: kilometres

text: The

text: River

text: Churn

text: is

text: classed

text: as

text: main

text: river

text: so

text: therefore

text: is

text: under

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: Environment

text: Agency

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: local

text: authority

text: The River Thames is a river that flows through southern England. At , it is the longest river entirely in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn. It also flows through Oxford (where it is called Isis), Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway, derived from its long tidal reach up to Teddington Lock. It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire, and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary. The Thames drains the whole of Greater London.

text: The

text: River

text: Thames

text: is

text: river

text: that

text: flows

text: through

text: southern

text: England

text: At

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: longest

text: river

text: entirely

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: longest

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: after

text: the

text: River

text: Severn

text: It

text: also

text: flows

text: through

text: Oxford

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: called

text: Isis

text: Reading

text: Henley

text: on

text: Thames

text: and

text: Windsor

text: The

text: lower

text: reaches

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: are

text: called

text: the

text: Tideway

text: derived

text: from

text: its

text: long

text: tidal

text: reach

text: up

text: to

text: Teddington

text: Lock

text: It

text: rises

text: at

text: Thames

text: Head

text: in

text: Gloucestershire

text: and

text: flows

text: into

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: via

text: the

text: Thames

text: Estuary

text: The

text: Thames

text: drains

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: Greater

text: London

text: The Querns is an area of Cirencester , an ancient market town in the Cotswold hills of England . Its principle feature is Cirencester Amphitheatre , an impressive ancient monument that is surrounded by many other archaeological features , most notably the extensive Roman Quarries and a huge Roman cemetery , now largely buried beneath the Cirencester ring road . The name ' Querns ' is a direct descendant of the Anglo - Saxon word ' Crundles ' , meaning a Quarry , albeit a very distorted version . The evolution of this name can be traced through various historical documents , evolving from Crundles , to Crondles , Cronnes , and Cornes , with the modern name ' Querns ' emerging in the 17th Century . Thus the linguistic memory of the one - time use of the area has been preserved over more than 1,500 years since quarrying last took place in the area . The Roman quarries cover the side of what was once a shallow hill descending into town , and run for over half a mile , their extent still recognisable by steep , rugged ground and pleasant , wooded terrain that has been spared the modern development that has taken place in fields surrounding the Querns .

text: The

text: Querns

text: is

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Cirencester

text: an

text: ancient

text: market

text: town

text: in

text: the

text: Cotswold

text: hills

text: of

text: England

text: Its

text: principle

text: feature

text: is

text: Cirencester

text: Amphitheatre

text: an

text: impressive

text: ancient

text: monument

text: that

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: many

text: other

text: archaeological

text: features

text: most

text: notably

text: the

text: extensive

text: Roman

text: Quarries

text: and

text: huge

text: Roman

text: cemetery

text: now

text: largely

text: buried

text: beneath

text: the

text: Cirencester

text: ring

text: road

text: The

text: name

text: Querns

text: is

text: direct

text: descendant

text: of

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: word

text: Crundles

text: meaning

text: Quarry

text: albeit

text: very

text: distorted

text: version

text: The

text: evolution

text: of

text: this

text: name

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: through

text: various

text: historical

text: documents

text: evolving

text: from

text: Crundles

text: to

text: Crondles

text: Cronnes

text: and

text: Cornes

text: with

text: the

text: modern

text: name

text: Querns

text: emerging

text: in

text: the

text: Century

text: Thus

text: the

text: linguistic

text: memory

text: of

text: the

text: one

text: time

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: has

text: been

text: preserved

text: over

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: since

text: quarrying

text: last

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: The

text: Roman

text: quarries

text: cover

text: the

text: side

text: of

text: what

text: was

text: once

text: shallow

text: hill

text: descending

text: into

text: town

text: and

text: run

text: for

text: over

text: half

text: mile

text: their

text: extent

text: still

text: recognisable

text: by

text: steep

text: rugged

text: ground

text: and

text: pleasant

text: wooded

text: terrain

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: spared

text: the

text: modern

text: development

text: that

text: has

text: taken

text: place

text: in

text: fields

text: surrounding

text: the

text: Querns

text: Borders are geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions, such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities. Some borderssuch as a state's internal administrative border, or inter-state borders within the Schengen Areaare often open and completely unguarded. Other borders are partially or fully controlled, and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints and border zones may be controlled. Mostly contentious, borders may even foster the setting up of buffer zones. A difference has also been established in academic scholarship between border and frontier, the latter denoting a state of mind rather than state boundaries.

text: Borders

text: are

text: geographic

text: boundaries

text: of

text: political

text: entities

text: or

text: legal

text: jurisdictions

text: such

text: as

text: governments

text: sovereign

text: states

text: federated

text: states

text: and

text: other

text: subnational

text: entities

text: Some

text: borderssuch

text: as

text: state

text: 's

text: internal

text: administrative

text: border

text: or

text: inter

text: state

text: borders

text: within

text: the

text: Schengen

text: Areaare

text: often

text: open

text: and

text: completely

text: unguarded

text: Other

text: borders

text: are

text: partially

text: or

text: fully

text: controlled

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: crossed

text: legally

text: only

text: at

text: designated

text: border

text: checkpoints

text: and

text: border

text: zones

text: may

text: be

text: controlled

text: Mostly

text: contentious

text: borders

text: may

text: even

text: foster

text: the

text: setting

text: up

text: of

text: buffer

text: zones

text: difference

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: established

text: in

text: academic

text: scholarship

text: between

text: border

text: and

text: frontier

text: the

text: latter

text: denoting

text: state

text: of

text: mind

text: rather

text: than

text: state

text: boundaries

text: Claudius Ptolemy ("Klaúdios Ptolemaîos", ; ) was a Greek writer, known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in the city of Alexandria in the Roman province of Egypt, wrote in Koine Greek, and held Roman citizenship. Beyond that, few reliable details of his life are known. His birthplace has been given as Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid in an uncorroborated statement by the 14th-century astronomer Theodore Meliteniotes. This is a very late attestation, however, and there is no other reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168.

text: Claudius

text: Ptolemy

text: Klaúdios

text: Ptolemaîos

text: was

text: Greek

text: writer

text: known

text: as

text: mathematician

text: astronomer

text: geographer

text: astrologer

text: and

text: poet

text: of

text: single

text: epigram

text: in

text: the

text: Greek

text: Anthology

text: He

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: province

text: of

text: Egypt

text: wrote

text: in

text: Koine

text: Greek

text: and

text: held

text: Roman

text: citizenship

text: Beyond

text: that

text: few

text: reliable

text: details

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: are

text: known

text: His

text: birthplace

text: has

text: been

text: given

text: as

text: Ptolemais

text: Hermiou

text: in

text: the

text: Thebaid

text: in

text: an

text: uncorroborated

text: statement

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: astronomer

text: Theodore

text: Meliteniotes

text: This

text: is

text: very

text: late

text: attestation

text: however

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: other

text: reason

text: to

text: suppose

text: that

text: he

text: ever

text: lived

text: anywhere

text: else

text: than

text: Alexandria

text: where

text: he

text: died

text: around

text: AD

text: Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe, or, by Europeans, simply the Continent, is the continuous continent of Europe, excluding surrounding islands.

text: Continental

text: Europe

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: mainland

text: Europe

text: or

text: by

text: Europeans

text: simply

text: the

text: Continent

text: is

text: the

text: continuous

text: continent

text: of

text: Europe

text: excluding

text: surrounding

text: islands

text: The Corinium Museum in the Cotswold town of Cirencester in England has a large collection of objects found in and around the locality. The bulk of the exhibits are from the Roman town of Corinium Dobunnorum, but the museum includes material from as early as the Neolithic and all the way up to Victorian times.

text: The

text: Corinium

text: Museum

text: in

text: the

text: Cotswold

text: town

text: of

text: Cirencester

text: in

text: England

text: has

text: large

text: collection

text: of

text: objects

text: found

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: locality

text: The

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: exhibits

text: are

text: from

text: the

text: Roman

text: town

text: of

text: Corinium

text: Dobunnorum

text: but

text: the

text: museum

text: includes

text: material

text: from

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: Neolithic

text: and

text: all

text: the

text: way

text: up

text: to

text: Victorian

text: times

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity querns area

answer: gloucestershire

text: gloucestershire

text: gloucestershire

text: gloucestershire

text: gloucestershire

text: gloucestershire

text: gloucestershire


text: The Kingdom of Germany or German Kingdom ("Teutonic Kingdom") developed out of the eastern half of the former Carolingian Empire. Like Anglo-Saxon England and medieval France, it began as "a conglomerate, an assemblage of a number of once separate and independent... "gentes" [peoples] and "regna" [kingdoms]." East Francia ("Ostfrankenreich") was formed by the Treaty of Verdun in 843, and was ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911, after which the kingship was elective. The initial electors were the rulers of the stem duchies, who generally chose one of their own. After 962, when Otto I was crowned emperor, the kingdom formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire, which also included Italy (after 951), Bohemia (after 1004) and Burgundy (after 1032).

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Germany

text: or

text: German

text: Kingdom

text: Teutonic

text: Kingdom

text: developed

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: eastern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Carolingian

text: Empire

text: Like

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: England

text: and

text: medieval

text: France

text: it

text: began

text: as

text: conglomerate

text: an

text: assemblage

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: once

text: separate

text: and

text: independent

text: gentes

text: peoples

text: and

text: regna

text: kingdoms

text: East

text: Francia

text: Ostfrankenreich

text: was

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Verdun

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: ruled

text: by

text: the

text: Carolingian

text: dynasty

text: until

text: after

text: which

text: the

text: kingship

text: was

text: elective

text: The

text: initial

text: electors

text: were

text: the

text: rulers

text: of

text: the

text: stem

text: duchies

text: who

text: generally

text: chose

text: one

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: After

text: when

text: Otto

text: was

text: crowned

text: emperor

text: the

text: kingdom

text: formed

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: which

text: also

text: included

text: Italy

text: after

text: Bohemia

text: after

text: and

text: Burgundy

text: after

text: The Holy Roman Empire was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806. The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany, though it also came to include the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Burgundy, the Kingdom of Italy, and numerous other territories.

text: The

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: was

text: multi

text: ethnic

text: complex

text: of

text: territories

text: in

text: central

text: Europe

text: that

text: developed

text: during

text: the

text: Early

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: continued

text: until

text: its

text: dissolution

text: in

text: The

text: largest

text: territory

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: after

text: was

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Germany

text: though

text: it

text: also

text: came

text: to

text: include

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Bohemia

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Italy

text: and

text: numerous

text: other

text: territories

text: The King of Hanover (German: König von Hannover) was the official title of the head of state and hereditary ruler of the Kingdom of Hanover, beginning with the proclamation of the King of the United Kingdom George III, as "King of Hanover" during the Congress of Vienna, on 12 October 1814 at Vienna, and ending with the kingdom's annexation by Prussia on 20 September 1866.

text: The

text: King

text: of

text: Hanover

text: German

text: König

text: von

text: Hannover

text: was

text: the

text: official

text: title

text: of

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: and

text: hereditary

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Hanover

text: beginning

text: with

text: the

text: proclamation

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: George

text: III

text: as

text: King

text: of

text: Hanover

text: during

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: on

text: October

text: at

text: Vienna

text: and

text: ending

text: with

text: the

text: kingdom

text: 's

text: annexation

text: by

text: Prussia

text: on

text: September

text: Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz ( Sophia Charlotte ; 19 May 1744 -- 17 November 1818 ) was the wife of King George III. She was Queen of Great Britain and Ireland from her marriage in 1761 until the union of the two kingdoms in 1801 , after which she was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until her death in 1818 . She was also the Electress of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire until the promotion of her husband to King of Hanover on 12 October 1814 , after which she was also queen consort of Hanover . Queen Charlotte was a patroness of the arts and an amateur botanist , who helped expand Kew Gardens . George III and Charlotte had 15 children , 13 of whom survived to adulthood . She was distressed by her husband 's bouts of physical illness and insanity , which became permanent in later life and resulted in their eldest son being appointed Prince Regent in 1811 .

text: Charlotte

text: of

text: Mecklenburg

text: Strelitz

text: Sophia

text: Charlotte

text: May

text: November

text: was

text: the

text: wife

text: of

text: King

text: George

text: III

text: She

text: was

text: Queen

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: from

text: her

text: marriage

text: in

text: until

text: the

text: union

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: kingdoms

text: in

text: after

text: which

text: she

text: was

text: Queen

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: until

text: her

text: death

text: in

text: She

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: Electress

text: of

text: Hanover

text: in

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: until

text: the

text: promotion

text: of

text: her

text: husband

text: to

text: King

text: of

text: Hanover

text: on

text: October

text: after

text: which

text: she

text: was

text: also

text: queen

text: consort

text: of

text: Hanover

text: Queen

text: Charlotte

text: was

text: patroness

text: of

text: the

text: arts

text: and

text: an

text: amateur

text: botanist

text: who

text: helped

text: expand

text: Kew

text: Gardens

text: George

text: III

text: and

text: Charlotte

text: had

text: children

text: of

text: whom

text: survived

text: to

text: adulthood

text: She

text: was

text: distressed

text: by

text: her

text: husband

text: 's

text: bouts

text: of

text: physical

text: illness

text: and

text: insanity

text: which

text: became

text: permanent

text: in

text: later

text: life

text: and

text: resulted

text: in

text: their

text: eldest

text: son

text: being

text: appointed

text: Prince

text: Regent

text: in

text: The Kingdom of Hanover was established in October 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian territories after the Napoleonic era. It succeeded the former Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (known informally as the Electorate of Hanover), and joined with 38 other sovereign states in the German Confederation in June 1815. The kingdom was ruled by the House of Hanover, a younger branch of the House of Welf, in personal union with Great Britain and Ireland until 1837, before being conquered by Prussia in 1866 and transformed into a Prussian province. Along with the rest of Prussia, Hanover became part of the German Empire upon unification in January 1871. Briefly revived as the State of Hanover in 1946, the state was subsequently merged with some smaller states to form the current state of Lower Saxony in West Germany, later Germany.

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Hanover

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: October

text: by

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: with

text: the

text: restoration

text: of

text: George

text: III

text: to

text: his

text: Hanoverian

text: territories

text: after

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: era

text: It

text: succeeded

text: the

text: former

text: Electorate

text: of

text: Brunswick

text: Lüneburg

text: known

text: informally

text: as

text: the

text: Electorate

text: of

text: Hanover

text: and

text: joined

text: with

text: other

text: sovereign

text: states

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: Confederation

text: in

text: June

text: The

text: kingdom

text: was

text: ruled

text: by

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Hanover

text: younger

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Welf

text: in

text: personal

text: union

text: with

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: until

text: before

text: being

text: conquered

text: by

text: Prussia

text: in

text: and

text: transformed

text: into

text: Prussian

text: province

text: Along

text: with

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Prussia

text: Hanover

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Empire

text: upon

text: unification

text: in

text: January

text: Briefly

text: revived

text: as

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Hanover

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: was

text: subsequently

text: merged

text: with

text: some

text: smaller

text: states

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: current

text: state

text: of

text: Lower

text: Saxony

text: in

text: West

text: Germany

text: later

text: Germany

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

annotations: likely single

question: noble_family charlotte of mecklenburg-strelitz

answer: house of hanover

text: house of hanover


text: In mathematics graph theory is the study of "graphs", which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of "vertices", "nodes", or "points" which are connected by "edges", "arcs", or "lines". A graph may be "undirected", meaning that there is no distinction between the two vertices associated with each edge, or its edges may be "directed" from one vertex to another; see Graph (discrete mathematics) for more detailed definitions and for other variations in the types of graph that are commonly considered. Graphs are one of the prime objects of study in discrete mathematics.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: graph

text: theory

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: graphs

text: which

text: are

text: mathematical

text: structures

text: used

text: to

text: model

text: pairwise

text: relations

text: between

text: objects

text: graph

text: in

text: this

text: context

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: vertices

text: nodes

text: or

text: points

text: which

text: are

text: connected

text: by

text: edges

text: arcs

text: or

text: lines

text: graph

text: may

text: be

text: undirected

text: meaning

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: distinction

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: vertices

text: associated

text: with

text: each

text: edge

text: or

text: its

text: edges

text: may

text: be

text: directed

text: from

text: one

text: vertex

text: to

text: another

text: see

text: Graph

text: discrete

text: mathematics

text: for

text: more

text: detailed

text: definitions

text: and

text: for

text: other

text: variations

text: in

text: the

text: types

text: of

text: graph

text: that

text: are

text: commonly

text: considered

text: Graphs

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: prime

text: objects

text: of

text: study

text: in

text: discrete

text: mathematics

text: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix.

text: Deoxyribonucleic

text: acid

text: DNA

text: is

text: molecule

text: that

text: carries

text: the

text: genetic

text: instructions

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: growth

text: development

text: functioning

text: and

text: reproduction

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: living

text: organisms

text: and

text: many

text: viruses

text: DNA

text: and

text: RNA

text: are

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: alongside

text: proteins

text: lipids

text: and

text: complex

text: carbohydrates

text: polysaccharides

text: they

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: types

text: of

text: macromolecules

text: that

text: are

text: essential

text: for

text: all

text: known

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: Most

text: DNA

text: molecules

text: consist

text: of

text: two

text: biopolymer

text: strands

text: coiled

text: around

text: each

text: other

text: to

text: form

text: double

text: helix

text: In mathematics, a square matrix is a matrix with the same number of rows and columns. An "n"-by-"n" matrix is known as a square matrix of order "n". Any two square matrices of the same order can be added and multiplied.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: square

text: matrix

text: is

text: matrix

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: number

text: of

text: rows

text: and

text: columns

text: An

text: by-"n

text: matrix

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: square

text: matrix

text: of

text: order

text: Any

text: two

text: square

text: matrices

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: order

text: can

text: be

text: added

text: and

text: multiplied

text: Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.

text: Evolution

text: is

text: change

text: in

text: the

text: heritable

text: characteristics

text: of

text: biological

text: populations

text: over

text: successive

text: generations

text: Evolutionary

text: processes

text: give

text: rise

text: to

text: biodiversity

text: at

text: every

text: level

text: of

text: biological

text: organisation

text: including

text: the

text: levels

text: of

text: species

text: individual

text: organisms

text: and

text: molecules

text: In mathematics, computer science and especially graph theory, a distance matrix is a square matrix (two-dimensional array) containing the distances, taken pairwise, between the elements of a set. Depending upon the application involved, the "distance" being used to define this matrix may or may not be a metric. If there are elements, this matrix will have size . In graph-theoretic applications the elements are more often referred to as points, nodes or vertices.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: computer

text: science

text: and

text: especially

text: graph

text: theory

text: distance

text: matrix

text: is

text: square

text: matrix

text: two

text: dimensional

text: array

text: containing

text: the

text: distances

text: taken

text: pairwise

text: between

text: the

text: elements

text: of

text: set

text: Depending

text: upon

text: the

text: application

text: involved

text: the

text: distance

text: being

text: used

text: to

text: define

text: this

text: matrix

text: may

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: metric

text: If

text: there

text: are

text: elements

text: this

text: matrix

text: will

text: have

text: size

text: In

text: graph

text: theoretic

text: applications

text: the

text: elements

text: are

text: more

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: points

text: nodes

text: or

text: vertices

text: Computer science is the study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the methodical procedures (or algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information. An alternate, more succinct definition of computer science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems.

text: Computer

text: science

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: theory

text: experimentation

text: and

text: engineering

text: that

text: form

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: design

text: and

text: use

text: of

text: computers

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: scientific

text: and

text: practical

text: approach

text: to

text: computation

text: and

text: its

text: applications

text: and

text: the

text: systematic

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: feasibility

text: structure

text: expression

text: and

text: mechanization

text: of

text: the

text: methodical

text: procedures

text: or

text: algorithms

text: that

text: underlie

text: the

text: acquisition

text: representation

text: processing

text: storage

text: communication

text: of

text: and

text: access

text: to

text: information

text: An

text: alternate

text: more

text: succinct

text: definition

text: of

text: computer

text: science

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: automating

text: algorithmic

text: processes

text: that

text: scale

text: computer

text: scientist

text: specializes

text: in

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: computation

text: and

text: the

text: design

text: of

text: computational

text: systems

text: Proteins (or ) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.

text: Proteins

text: or

text: are

text: large

text: biomolecules

text: or

text: macromolecules

text: consisting

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: long

text: chains

text: of

text: amino

text: acid

text: residues

text: Proteins

text: perform

text: vast

text: array

text: of

text: functions

text: within

text: organisms

text: including

text: catalysing

text: metabolic

text: reactions

text: DNA

text: replication

text: responding

text: to

text: stimuli

text: and

text: transporting

text: molecules

text: from

text: one

text: location

text: to

text: another

text: Proteins

text: differ

text: from

text: one

text: another

text: primarily

text: in

text: their

text: sequence

text: of

text: amino

text: acids

text: which

text: is

text: dictated

text: by

text: the

text: nucleotide

text: sequence

text: of

text: their

text: genes

text: and

text: which

text: usually

text: results

text: in

text: protein

text: folding

text: into

text: specific

text: three

text: dimensional

text: structure

text: that

text: determines

text: its

text: activity

text: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information (using the letters G, U, A, and C to denote the nitrogenous bases guanine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine) that directs synthesis of specific proteins. Many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome.

text: Ribonucleic

text: acid

text: RNA

text: is

text: polymeric

text: molecule

text: essential

text: in

text: various

text: biological

text: roles

text: in

text: coding

text: decoding

text: regulation

text: and

text: expression

text: of

text: genes

text: RNA

text: and

text: DNA

text: are

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: and

text: along

text: with

text: proteins

text: and

text: carbohydrates

text: constitute

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: macromolecules

text: essential

text: for

text: all

text: known

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: Like

text: DNA

text: RNA

text: is

text: assembled

text: as

text: chain

text: of

text: nucleotides

text: but

text: unlike

text: DNA

text: it

text: is

text: more

text: often

text: found

text: in

text: nature

text: as

text: single

text: strand

text: folded

text: onto

text: itself

text: rather

text: than

text: paired

text: double

text: strand

text: Cellular

text: organisms

text: use

text: messenger

text: RNA

text: mRNA

text: to

text: convey

text: genetic

text: information

text: using

text: the

text: letters

text: and

text: to

text: denote

text: the

text: nitrogenous

text: bases

text: guanine

text: uracil

text: adenine

text: and

text: cytosine

text: that

text: directs

text: synthesis

text: of

text: specific

text: proteins

text: Many

text: viruses

text: encode

text: their

text: genetic

text: information

text: using

text: an

text: RNA

text: genome

text: Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). The building blocks of nucleic acids, nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group. A nucleoside is a nitrogenuous base and a 5-carbon sugar. Thus a nucleoside plus a phosphate group yields a nucleotide. Nucleotides are also known as phosphate nucleotides.

text: Nucleotides

text: are

text: organic

text: molecules

text: that

text: serve

text: as

text: the

text: monomers

text: or

text: subunits

text: of

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: like

text: DNA

text: deoxyribonucleic

text: acid

text: and

text: RNA

text: ribonucleic

text: acid

text: The

text: building

text: blocks

text: of

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: nucleotides

text: are

text: composed

text: of

text: nitrogenous

text: base

text: five

text: carbon

text: sugar

text: ribose

text: or

text: deoxyribose

text: and

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: phosphate

text: group

text: nucleoside

text: is

text: nitrogenuous

text: base

text: and

text: sugar

text: Thus

text: nucleoside

text: plus

text: phosphate

text: group

text: yields

text: nucleotide

text: Nucleotides

text: are

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: phosphate

text: nucleotides

text: Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds containing amine (-NH) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids. About 500 amino acids are known (though only 20 appear in the genetic code) and can be classified in many ways. They can be classified according to the core structural functional groups' locations as alpha- (-), beta- (-), gamma- (-) or delta- (-) amino acids; other categories relate to polarity, pH level, and side-chain group type (aliphatic, acyclic, aromatic, containing hydroxyl or sulfur, etc.). In the form of proteins, amino acids comprise the second-largest component (water is the largest) of human muscles, cells and other tissues. Outside proteins, amino acids perform critical roles in processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis.

text: Amino

text: acids

text: are

text: biologically

text: important

text: organic

text: compounds

text: containing

text: amine

text: -NH

text: and

text: carboxyl

text: -COOH

text: functional

text: groups

text: along

text: with

text: side

text: chain

text: group

text: specific

text: to

text: each

text: amino

text: acid

text: The

text: key

text: elements

text: of

text: an

text: amino

text: acid

text: are

text: carbon

text: hydrogen

text: oxygen

text: and

text: nitrogen

text: though

text: other

text: elements

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: side

text: chains

text: of

text: certain

text: amino

text: acids

text: About

text: amino

text: acids

text: are

text: known

text: though

text: only

text: appear

text: in

text: the

text: genetic

text: code

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: in

text: many

text: ways

text: They

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: core

text: structural

text: functional

text: groups

text: locations

text: as

text: alpha-

text: beta-

text: gamma-

text: or

text: delta-

text: amino

text: acids

text: other

text: categories

text: relate

text: to

text: polarity

text: pH

text: level

text: and

text: side

text: chain

text: group

text: type

text: aliphatic

text: acyclic

text: aromatic

text: containing

text: hydroxyl

text: or

text: sulfur

text: etc

text: In

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: proteins

text: amino

text: acids

text: comprise

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: component

text: water

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: human

text: muscles

text: cells

text: and

text: other

text: tissues

text: Outside

text: proteins

text: amino

text: acids

text: perform

text: critical

text: roles

text: in

text: processes

text: such

text: as

text: neurotransmitter

text: transport

text: and

text: biosynthesis

text: In neuropsychology, linguistics and the philosophy of language, a natural language or ordinary language is any language that has evolved naturally in humans through use and repetition without conscious planning or premeditation. Natural languages can take different forms, such as speech, signing, or writing. They are distinguished from constructed and formal languages such as those used to program computers or to study logic.

text: In

text: neuropsychology

text: linguistics

text: and

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: language

text: natural

text: language

text: or

text: ordinary

text: language

text: is

text: any

text: language

text: that

text: has

text: evolved

text: naturally

text: in

text: humans

text: through

text: use

text: and

text: repetition

text: without

text: conscious

text: planning

text: or

text: premeditation

text: Natural

text: languages

text: can

text: take

text: different

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: speech

text: signing

text: or

text: writing

text: They

text: are

text: distinguished

text: from

text: constructed

text: and

text: formal

text: languages

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: used

text: to

text: program

text: computers

text: or

text: to

text: study

text: logic

text:
In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences. Aligned sequences of nucleotide or amino acid residues are typically represented as rows within a matrix. Gaps are inserted between the residues so that identical or similar characters are aligned in successive columns.
Sequence alignments are also used for non-biological sequences, such as calculating the edit distance cost between strings in a natural language or in financial data.

text: In

text: bioinformatics

text: sequence

text: alignment

text: is

text: way

text: of

text: arranging

text: the

text: sequences

text: of

text: DNA

text: RNA

text: or

text: protein

text: to

text: identify

text: regions

text: of

text: similarity

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: consequence

text: of

text: functional

text: structural

text: or

text: evolutionary

text: relationships

text: between

text: the

text: sequences

text: Aligned

text: sequences

text: of

text: nucleotide

text: or

text: amino

text: acid

text: residues

text: are

text: typically

text: represented

text: as

text: rows

text: within

text: matrix

text: Gaps

text: are

text: inserted

text: between

text: the

text: residues

text: so

text: that

text: identical

text: or

text: similar

text: characters

text: are

text: aligned

text: in

text: successive

text: columns

text: Sequence

text: alignments

text: are

text: also

text: used

text: for

text: non

text: biological

text: sequences

text: such

text: as

text: calculating

text: the

text: edit

text: distance

text: cost

text: between

text: strings

text: in

text: natural

text: language

text: or

text: in

text: financial

text: data

text: SplitsTree is a popular program for inferring phylogenetic trees or , more generally , phylogenetic networks from various types of data such as a sequence alignment , a distance matrix or a set of trees . SplitsTree implements published methods such as split decomposition neighbor - net , consensus networks , super networks methods or methods for computing hybridization or simple recombination networks .

text: SplitsTree

text: is

text: popular

text: program

text: for

text: inferring

text: phylogenetic

text: trees

text: or

text: more

text: generally

text: phylogenetic

text: networks

text: from

text: various

text: types

text: of

text: data

text: such

text: as

text: sequence

text: alignment

text: distance

text: matrix

text: or

text: set

text: of

text: trees

text: SplitsTree

text: implements

text: published

text: methods

text: such

text: as

text: split

text: decomposition

text: neighbor

text: net

text: consensus

text: networks

text: super

text: networks

text: methods

text: or

text: methods

text: for

text: computing

text: hybridization

text: or

text: simple

text: recombination

text: networks

text: Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data. As an interdisciplinary field of science, bioinformatics combines computer science, statistics, mathematics, and engineering to analyze and interpret biological data. Bioinformatics has been used for "in silico" analyses of biological queries using mathematical and statistical techniques.

text: Bioinformatics

text: is

text: an

text: interdisciplinary

text: field

text: that

text: develops

text: methods

text: and

text: software

text: tools

text: for

text: understanding

text: biological

text: data

text: As

text: an

text: interdisciplinary

text: field

text: of

text: science

text: bioinformatics

text: combines

text: computer

text: science

text: statistics

text: mathematics

text: and

text: engineering

text: to

text: analyze

text: and

text: interpret

text: biological

text: data

text: Bioinformatics

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: for

text: in

text: silico

text: analyses

text: of

text: biological

text: queries

text: using

text: mathematical

text: and

text: statistical

text: techniques

text: Mathematics (from Greek  "máthma", knowledge, study, learning) is the study of topics such as quantity (numbers), structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics.

text: Mathematics

text: from

text: Greek

text: máthma

text: knowledge

text: study

text: learning

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: topics

text: such

text: as

text: quantity

text: numbers

text: structure

text: space

text: and

text: change

text: There

text: is

text: range

text: of

text: views

text: among

text: mathematicians

text: and

text: philosophers

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: exact

text: scope

text: and

text: definition

text: of

text: mathematics

text: A phylogenetic network or reticulation is any graph used to visualize evolutionary relationships (either abstractly or explicitly) between nucleotide sequences, genes, chromosomes, genomes, or species. They are employed when reticulation events such as hybridization, horizontal gene transfer, recombination, or gene duplication and loss are believed to be involved. They differ from phylogenetic trees by the explicit modeling of richly-linked networks, by means of the addition of hybrid nodes (nodes with two parents) instead of only tree nodes (a hierarchy of nodes, each with only one parent). Phylogenetic trees are a subset of phylogenetic networks. Phylogenetic networks can be inferred and visualised with software such as SplitsTree and, more recently, Dendroscope. A standard format for representing phylogenetic networks is a variant of Newick format which is extended to support networks as well as trees.

text: phylogenetic

text: network

text: or

text: reticulation

text: is

text: any

text: graph

text: used

text: to

text: visualize

text: evolutionary

text: relationships

text: either

text: abstractly

text: or

text: explicitly

text: between

text: nucleotide

text: sequences

text: genes

text: chromosomes

text: genomes

text: or

text: species

text: They

text: are

text: employed

text: when

text: reticulation

text: events

text: such

text: as

text: hybridization

text: horizontal

text: gene

text: transfer

text: recombination

text: or

text: gene

text: duplication

text: and

text: loss

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: involved

text: They

text: differ

text: from

text: phylogenetic

text: trees

text: by

text: the

text: explicit

text: modeling

text: of

text: richly

text: linked

text: networks

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: hybrid

text: nodes

text: nodes

text: with

text: two

text: parents

text: instead

text: of

text: only

text: tree

text: nodes

text: hierarchy

text: of

text: nodes

text: each

text: with

text: only

text: one

text: parent

text: Phylogenetic

text: trees

text: are

text: subset

text: of

text: phylogenetic

text: networks

text: Phylogenetic

text: networks

text: can

text: be

text: inferred

text: and

text: visualised

text: with

text: software

text: such

text: as

text: SplitsTree

text: and

text: more

text: recently

text: Dendroscope

text: standard

text: format

text: for

text: representing

text: phylogenetic

text: networks

text: is

text: variant

text: of

text: Newick

text: format

text: which

text: is

text: extended

text: to

text: support

text: networks

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: trees

question: instance_of splitstree

answer: software

text: software

text: software