text: Delaware is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic and/or Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland, to the northeast by New Jersey, and to the north by Pennsylvania. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor.

text: Delaware

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Mid

text: Atlantic

text: and/or

text: Northeastern

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: west

text: by

text: Maryland

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: by

text: New

text: Jersey

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: Pennsylvania

text: The

text: state

text: takes

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: Thomas

text: West

text: Baron

text: De

text: La

text: Warr

text: an

text: English

text: nobleman

text: and

text: Virginia

text: 's

text: first

text: colonial

text: governor

text: Virginia (, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia) is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" due to its status as the first colonial possession established in mainland British America, and "Mother of Presidents" because eight U.S. presidents were born there, more than any other state. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's estimated population is over 8.3 million, which is slightly less than New York City.

text: Virginia

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Virginia

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Mid

text: Atlantic

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: historic

text: Southeast

text: Virginia

text: is

text: nicknamed

text: the

text: Old

text: Dominion

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: status

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: colonial

text: possession

text: established

text: in

text: mainland

text: British

text: America

text: and

text: Mother

text: of

text: Presidents

text: because

text: eight

text: U.S.

text: presidents

text: were

text: born

text: there

text: more

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: state

text: The

text: geography

text: and

text: climate

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: are

text: shaped

text: by

text: the

text: Blue

text: Ridge

text: Mountains

text: and

text: the

text: Chesapeake

text: Bay

text: which

text: provide

text: habitat

text: for

text: much

text: of

text: its

text: flora

text: and

text: fauna

text: The

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: is

text: Richmond

text: Virginia

text: Beach

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: and

text: Fairfax

text: County

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: political

text: subdivision

text: The

text: Commonwealth

text: 's

text: estimated

text: population

text: is

text: over

text: million

text: which

text: is

text: slightly

text: less

text: than

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: The Chesapeake Bay is an estuary lying inland from the Atlantic Ocean, and surrounded by the North American mainland to the west, and the Delmarva Peninsula to the east. It is the largest such body in the contiguous United States. The northern bay is within Maryland, the southern portion within Virginia, and is a very important feature for the ecology and economy of those two states, as well as others. More than 150 major rivers and streams flow into the bay's drainage basin, which covers parts of six states (New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia) plus all of the District of Columbia.

text: The

text: Chesapeake

text: Bay

text: is

text: an

text: estuary

text: lying

text: inland

text: from

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: mainland

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Delmarva

text: Peninsula

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: such

text: body

text: in

text: the

text: contiguous

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: northern

text: bay

text: is

text: within

text: Maryland

text: the

text: southern

text: portion

text: within

text: Virginia

text: and

text: is

text: very

text: important

text: feature

text: for

text: the

text: ecology

text: and

text: economy

text: of

text: those

text: two

text: states

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: others

text: More

text: than

text: major

text: rivers

text: and

text: streams

text: flow

text: into

text: the

text: bay

text: 's

text: drainage

text: basin

text: which

text: covers

text: parts

text: of

text: six

text: states

text: New

text: York

text: Pennsylvania

text: Delaware

text: Maryland

text: Virginia

text: and

text: West

text: Virginia

text: plus

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: District

text: of

text: Columbia

text: Stucco or render is a material made of aggregates, a binder, and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as decorative coating for walls and ceilings and as a sculptural and artistic material in architecture. Stucco may be used to cover less visually appealing construction materials such as metal, concrete, cinder block, or clay brick and adobe.

text: Stucco

text: or

text: render

text: is

text: material

text: made

text: of

text: aggregates

text: binder

text: and

text: water

text: Stucco

text: is

text: applied

text: wet

text: and

text: hardens

text: to

text: very

text: dense

text: solid

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: decorative

text: coating

text: for

text: walls

text: and

text: ceilings

text: and

text: as

text: sculptural

text: and

text: artistic

text: material

text: in

text: architecture

text: Stucco

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: cover

text: less

text: visually

text: appealing

text: construction

text: materials

text: such

text: as

text: metal

text: concrete

text: cinder

text: block

text: or

text: clay

text: brick

text: and

text: adobe

text: Maryland is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington, D.C. to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. The state's largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are "Old Line State", the "Free State", and the "Chesapeake Bay State". The state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England.

text: Maryland

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Mid

text: Atlantic

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: bordering

text: Virginia

text: West

text: Virginia

text: and

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: and

text: west

text: Pennsylvania

text: to

text: its

text: north

text: and

text: Delaware

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: The

text: state

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Baltimore

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Annapolis

text: Among

text: its

text: occasional

text: nicknames

text: are

text: Old

text: Line

text: State

text: the

text: Free

text: State

text: and

text: the

text: Chesapeake

text: Bay

text: State

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: Henrietta

text: Maria

text: of

text: France

text: the

text: wife

text: of

text: Charles

text: of

text: England

text: Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that hardens over time. Most concretes used are lime-based concretes such as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic cements, such as ciment fondu. However, asphalt concrete, which is frequently used for road surfaces, is also a type of concrete, where the cement material is bitumen, and polymer concretes are sometimes used where the cementing material is a polymer.

text: Concrete

text: is

text: composite

text: material

text: composed

text: of

text: coarse

text: aggregate

text: bonded

text: together

text: with

text: fluid

text: cement

text: that

text: hardens

text: over

text: time

text: Most

text: concretes

text: used

text: are

text: lime

text: based

text: concretes

text: such

text: as

text: Portland

text: cement

text: concrete

text: or

text: concretes

text: made

text: with

text: other

text: hydraulic

text: cements

text: such

text: as

text: ciment

text: fondu

text: However

text: asphalt

text: concrete

text: which

text: is

text: frequently

text: used

text: for

text: road

text: surfaces

text: is

text: also

text: type

text: of

text: concrete

text: where

text: the

text: cement

text: material

text: is

text: bitumen

text: and

text: polymer

text: concretes

text: are

text: sometimes

text: used

text: where

text: the

text: cementing

text: material

text: is

text: polymer

text: A metal (from Greek  "métallon", "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are generally malleable  that is, they can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking  as well as fusible (able to be fused or melted) and ductile (able to be drawn out into a thin wire). About 91 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are metals, the others are nonmetals or metalloids. Some elements appear in both metallic and non-metallic forms.

text: metal

text: from

text: Greek

text: métallon

text: mine

text: quarry

text: metal

text: is

text: material

text: an

text: element

text: compound

text: or

text: alloy

text: that

text: is

text: typically

text: hard

text: opaque

text: shiny

text: and

text: has

text: good

text: electrical

text: and

text: thermal

text: conductivity

text: Metals

text: are

text: generally

text: malleable

text: that

text: is

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: hammered

text: or

text: pressed

text: permanently

text: out

text: of

text: shape

text: without

text: breaking

text: or

text: cracking

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: fusible

text: able

text: to

text: be

text: fused

text: or

text: melted

text: and

text: ductile

text: able

text: to

text: be

text: drawn

text: out

text: into

text: thin

text: wire

text: About

text: of

text: the

text: elements

text: in

text: the

text: periodic

text: table

text: are

text: metals

text: the

text: others

text: are

text: nonmetals

text: or

text: metalloids

text: Some

text: elements

text: appear

text: in

text: both

text: metallic

text: and

text: non

text: metallic

text: forms

text: West Virginia is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the north (and, slightly, east), and Maryland to the northeast. West Virginia is the 41st largest by area, the 38th most populous, and has the second lowest household income of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston.

text: West

text: Virginia

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Appalachian

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Virginia

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Kentucky

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Ohio

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Pennsylvania

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: slightly

text: east

text: and

text: Maryland

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: West

text: Virginia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: and

text: has

text: the

text: second

text: lowest

text: household

text: income

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Charleston

text: A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used to denote any rectangular units laid in mortar. A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are "fired" and "non-fired" bricks.

text: brick

text: is

text: building

text: material

text: used

text: to

text: make

text: walls

text: pavements

text: and

text: other

text: elements

text: in

text: masonry

text: construction

text: Traditionally

text: the

text: term

text: brick

text: referred

text: to

text: unit

text: composed

text: of

text: clay

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: now

text: used

text: to

text: denote

text: any

text: rectangular

text: units

text: laid

text: in

text: mortar

text: brick

text: can

text: be

text: composed

text: of

text: clay

text: bearing

text: soil

text: sand

text: and

text: lime

text: or

text: concrete

text: materials

text: Bricks

text: are

text: produced

text: in

text: numerous

text: classes

text: types

text: materials

text: and

text: sizes

text: which

text: vary

text: with

text: region

text: and

text: time

text: period

text: and

text: are

text: produced

text: in

text: bulk

text: quantities

text: Two

text: basic

text: categories

text: of

text: bricks

text: are

text: fired

text: and

text: non

text: fired

text: bricks

text: Adobe is a building material made from earth and often organic material. Adobe means mudbrick in Spanish, but in some English speaking regions of Spanish heritage it refers to any kind of earth construction, as most adobe buildings are similar in appearance to cob and rammed earth buildings. Adobe is among the earliest building materials, and is used throughout the world.

text: Adobe

text: is

text: building

text: material

text: made

text: from

text: earth

text: and

text: often

text: organic

text: material

text: Adobe

text: means

text: mudbrick

text: in

text: Spanish

text: but

text: in

text: some

text: English

text: speaking

text: regions

text: of

text: Spanish

text: heritage

text: it

text: refers

text: to

text: any

text: kind

text: of

text: earth

text: construction

text: as

text: most

text: adobe

text: buildings

text: are

text: similar

text: in

text: appearance

text: to

text: cob

text: and

text: rammed

text: earth

text: buildings

text: Adobe

text: is

text: among

text: the

text: earliest

text: building

text: materials

text: and

text: is

text: used

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: Charles I (19 November 1600  30 January 1649) was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.

text: Charles

text: November

text: January

text: was

text: monarch

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: kingdoms

text: of

text: England

text: Scotland

text: and

text: Ireland

text: from

text: March

text: until

text: his

text: execution

text: in

text: Wester Ogle is a historic home located at Pikesville , Baltimore County , Maryland , United States . It is a large , Federal - influenced house constructed about 1842 . It is constructed of stucco - covered stone , and stands three stories high over an excavated basement , three bays wide by one room deep . Also on the property are a 1 1  2 - story stone - and - frame tenant house and the stone foundations of a 19th - century barn and a stable . The property upon which Wester Ogle is located has remained in the Lyon family since approximately 1745 . Wester Ogle was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 .

text: Wester

text: Ogle

text: is

text: historic

text: home

text: located

text: at

text: Pikesville

text: Baltimore

text: County

text: Maryland

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: large

text: Federal

text: influenced

text: house

text: constructed

text: about

text: It

text: is

text: constructed

text: of

text: stucco

text: covered

text: stone

text: and

text: stands

text: three

text: stories

text: high

text: over

text: an

text: excavated

text: basement

text: three

text: bays

text: wide

text: by

text: one

text: room

text: deep

text: Also

text: on

text: the

text: property

text: are

text: story

text: stone

text: and

text: frame

text: tenant

text: house

text: and

text: the

text: stone

text: foundations

text: of

text: century

text: barn

text: and

text: stable

text: The

text: property

text: upon

text: which

text: Wester

text: Ogle

text: is

text: located

text: has

text: remained

text: in

text: the

text: Lyon

text: family

text: since

text: approximately

text: Wester

text: Ogle

text: was

text: listed

text: on

text: the

text: National

text: Register

text: of

text: Historic

text: Places

text: in

text: Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as "Washington", "the District", or simply "D.C.", is the capital of the United States.

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: formally

text: the

text: District

text: of

text: Columbia

text: and

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Washington

text: the

text: District

text: or

text: simply

text: D.C.

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Architecture (Latin "architectura", from the Greek  "arkhitekton" "architect", from - "chief" and  "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

text: Architecture

text: Latin

text: architectura

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: arkhitekton

text: architect

text: from

text: chief

text: and

text: builder

text: is

text: both

text: the

text: process

text: and

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: planning

text: designing

text: and

text: constructing

text: buildings

text: and

text: other

text: physical

text: structures

text: Architectural

text: works

text: in

text: the

text: material

text: form

text: of

text: buildings

text: are

text: often

text: perceived

text: as

text: cultural

text: symbols

text: and

text: as

text: works

text: of

text: art

text: Historical

text: civilizations

text: are

text: often

text: identified

text: with

text: their

text: surviving

text: architectural

text: achievements

text: Henrietta Maria of France (25 November 1609  10 September 1669) was queen consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland as the wife of King Charles I. She was mother of his two immediate successors, Charles II and James II.

text: Henrietta

text: Maria

text: of

text: France

text: November

text: September

text: was

text: queen

text: consort

text: of

text: England

text: Scotland

text: and

text: Ireland

text: as

text: the

text: wife

text: of

text: King

text: Charles

text: She

text: was

text: mother

text: of

text: his

text: two

text: immediate

text: successors

text: Charles

text: II

text: and

text: James

text: II

text: Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania German: "Pennsylvaani"), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle. The commonwealth borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.

text: Pennsylvania

text: Pennsylvania

text: German

text: Pennsylvaani

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: northeastern

text: and

text: Mid

text: Atlantic

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

text: run

text: through

text: its

text: middle

text: The

text: commonwealth

text: borders

text: Delaware

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Maryland

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: West

text: Virginia

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Ohio

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Lake

text: Erie

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: province

text: of

text: Ontario

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: New

text: Jersey

text: to

text: the

text: east

annotations: follows single

question: instance_of wester ogle

answer: building

text: building

text: building

text: building


text: An ocean (the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans. The word "sea" is often used interchangeably with "ocean" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.

text: An

text: ocean

text: the

text: sea

text: of

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: is

text: body

text: of

text: saline

text: water

text: that

text: composes

text: much

text: of

text: planet

text: 's

text: hydrosphere

text: On

text: Earth

text: an

text: ocean

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: conventional

text: divisions

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Ocean

text: which

text: covers

text: almost

text: of

text: its

text: surface

text: These

text: are

text: in

text: descending

text: order

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Atlantic

text: Indian

text: Southern

text: Antarctic

text: and

text: Arctic

text: Oceans

text: The

text: word

text: sea

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: interchangeably

text: with

text: ocean

text: in

text: American

text: English

text: but

text: strictly

text: speaking

text: sea

text: is

text: body

text: of

text: saline

text: water

text: generally

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: ocean

text: partly

text: or

text: fully

text: enclosed

text: by

text: land

text: The Saturn IB (pronounced "one B", also known as the Uprated Saturn I) was an American launch vehicle commissioned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the Apollo program. It replaced the S-IV second stage of the Saturn I with the much more powerful S-IVB, able to launch a partially fueled Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) or a fully fueled Lunar Module (LM) into low Earth orbit for early flight tests before the larger Saturn V needed for lunar flight was ready.

text: The

text: Saturn

text: IB

text: pronounced

text: one

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Uprated

text: Saturn

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: launch

text: vehicle

text: commissioned

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Aeronautics

text: and

text: Space

text: Administration

text: NASA

text: for

text: the

text: Apollo

text: program

text: It

text: replaced

text: the

text: IV

text: second

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: Saturn

text: with

text: the

text: much

text: more

text: powerful

text: IVB

text: able

text: to

text: launch

text: partially

text: fueled

text: Apollo

text: Command

text: Service

text: Module

text: CSM

text: or

text: fully

text: fueled

text: Lunar

text: Module

text: LM

text: into

text: low

text: Earth

text: orbit

text: for

text: early

text: flight

text: tests

text: before

text: the

text: larger

text: Saturn

text: needed

text: for

text: lunar

text: flight

text: was

text: ready

text: Antarctica (US English , UK English or ) is Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At , it is the fifth-largest continent. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.

text: Antarctica

text: US

text: English

text: UK

text: English

text: or

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: southernmost

text: continent

text: It

text: contains

text: the

text: geographic

text: South

text: Pole

text: and

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

text: almost

text: entirely

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Circle

text: and

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: At

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: continent

text: For

text: comparison

text: Antarctica

text: is

text: nearly

text: twice

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: Australia

text: About

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: is

text: covered

text: by

text: ice

text: that

text: averages

text: in

text: thickness

text: which

text: extends

text: to

text: all

text: but

text: the

text: northernmost

text: reaches

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Peninsula

text: The Arctic (or ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Alaska (United States), Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost-containing tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places.

text: The

text: Arctic

text: or

text: is

text: polar

text: region

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: northernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Earth

text: The

text: Arctic

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: adjacent

text: seas

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: Alaska

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: Finland

text: Greenland

text: Denmark

text: Iceland

text: Norway

text: Russia

text: and

text: Sweden

text: Land

text: within

text: the

text: Arctic

text: region

text: has

text: seasonally

text: varying

text: snow

text: and

text: ice

text: cover

text: with

text: predominantly

text: treeless

text: permafrost

text: containing

text: tundra

text: Arctic

text: seas

text: contain

text: seasonal

text: sea

text: ice

text: in

text: many

text: places

text: Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney.

text: Australia

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Australia

text: is

text: country

text: comprising

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: continent

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Tasmania

text: and

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: islands

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sixth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: The

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: are

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: East

text: Timor

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: and

text: Vanuatu

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: Australia

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: Canberra

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: Sydney

text: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.

text: The

text: National

text: Aeronautics

text: and

text: Space

text: Administration

text: NASA

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: agency

text: of

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: federal

text: government

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: civilian

text: space

text: program

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: aeronautics

text: and

text: aerospace

text: research

text: The Saturn I (pronounced "Saturn one") was the United States' first heavy-lift dedicated space launcher, a rocket designed specifically to launch large payloads into low Earth orbit. Most of the rocket's power came from a clustered lower stage consisting of tanks taken from older rocket designs strapped together to make a single large booster, leading critics to jokingly refer to it as "Cluster's Last Stand". However, its design proved sound and very flexible. Its major successes were launching the Pegasus satellites and flight verification of the Apollo Command and Service Module aerodynamics in the launch phase. Originally intended as a near-universal military booster during the 1960s, it served only for a brief period and only with NASA; ten Saturn I rockets were flown before it was replaced by the derivative Saturn IB, which featured a more powerful upper stage and improved instrumentation.

text: The

text: Saturn

text: pronounced

text: Saturn

text: one

text: was

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: first

text: heavy

text: lift

text: dedicated

text: space

text: launcher

text: rocket

text: designed

text: specifically

text: to

text: launch

text: large

text: payloads

text: into

text: low

text: Earth

text: orbit

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: rocket

text: 's

text: power

text: came

text: from

text: clustered

text: lower

text: stage

text: consisting

text: of

text: tanks

text: taken

text: from

text: older

text: rocket

text: designs

text: strapped

text: together

text: to

text: make

text: single

text: large

text: booster

text: leading

text: critics

text: to

text: jokingly

text: refer

text: to

text: it

text: as

text: Cluster

text: 's

text: Last

text: Stand

text: However

text: its

text: design

text: proved

text: sound

text: and

text: very

text: flexible

text: Its

text: major

text: successes

text: were

text: launching

text: the

text: Pegasus

text: satellites

text: and

text: flight

text: verification

text: of

text: the

text: Apollo

text: Command

text: and

text: Service

text: Module

text: aerodynamics

text: in

text: the

text: launch

text: phase

text: Originally

text: intended

text: as

text: near

text: universal

text: military

text: booster

text: during

text: the

text: it

text: served

text: only

text: for

text: brief

text: period

text: and

text: only

text: with

text: NASA

text: ten

text: Saturn

text: rockets

text: were

text: flown

text: before

text: it

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: derivative

text: Saturn

text: IB

text: which

text: featured

text: more

text: powerful

text: upper

text: stage

text: and

text: improved

text: instrumentation

text: AS - 101 ( also designated SA - 6 ) was the sixth flight of the Saturn I launch vehicle , which carried the first boilerplate Apollo spacecraft into low Earth orbit . The test took place on May 28 , 1964 , lasting for four orbits ( about six hours ) . The spacecraft and its upper stage completed a total of 54 orbits before reentering the atmosphere and crashing in the Pacific Ocean on June 1 , 1964 . The flight experienced a single anomaly : one of the eight first - stage Saturn I engines shut down early , but the guidance system compensated by burning the remaining seven engines longer . AS - 101 was followed by four more flights to verify the launch aerodynamics of the Apollo Command and Service Module and its Launch Escape System ( LES ) tower .

text: AS

text: also

text: designated

text: SA

text: was

text: the

text: sixth

text: flight

text: of

text: the

text: Saturn

text: launch

text: vehicle

text: which

text: carried

text: the

text: first

text: boilerplate

text: Apollo

text: spacecraft

text: into

text: low

text: Earth

text: orbit

text: The

text: test

text: took

text: place

text: on

text: May

text: lasting

text: for

text: four

text: orbits

text: about

text: six

text: hours

text: The

text: spacecraft

text: and

text: its

text: upper

text: stage

text: completed

text: total

text: of

text: orbits

text: before

text: reentering

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: crashing

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: on

text: June

text: The

text: flight

text: experienced

text: single

text: anomaly

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: eight

text: first

text: stage

text: Saturn

text: engines

text: shut

text: down

text: early

text: but

text: the

text: guidance

text: system

text: compensated

text: by

text: burning

text: the

text: remaining

text: seven

text: engines

text: longer

text: AS

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: four

text: more

text: flights

text: to

text: verify

text: the

text: launch

text: aerodynamics

text: of

text: the

text: Apollo

text: Command

text: and

text: Service

text: Module

text: and

text: its

text: Launch

text: Escape

text: System

text: LES

text: tower

text: The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.

text: The

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: It

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: or

text: depending

text: on

text: definition

text: to

text: Antarctica

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: Asia

text: and

text: Australia

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Americas

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: The Antarctic (US English , UK English or and or ) is a polar region, specifically the region around the Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises in the strict sense the continent of Antarctica and the island territories located on the Antarctic Plate. In a broader sense the Antarctic region include the ice shelves, waters, and island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, a zone approximately wide varying in latitude seasonally. The region covers some 20% of the Southern Hemisphere, of which 5.5% (14 million km) is the surface area of the Antarctic continent itself. All of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude are administrated under the Antarctic Treaty System. In a biogeographic sense, the Antarctic ecozone is one of eight ecozones of the Earth's land surface.

text: The

text: Antarctic

text: US

text: English

text: UK

text: English

text: or

text: and

text: or

text: is

text: polar

text: region

text: specifically

text: the

text: region

text: around

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: South

text: Pole

text: opposite

text: the

text: Arctic

text: region

text: around

text: the

text: North

text: Pole

text: The

text: Antarctic

text: comprises

text: in

text: the

text: strict

text: sense

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: and

text: the

text: island

text: territories

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Plate

text: In

text: broader

text: sense

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: region

text: include

text: the

text: ice

text: shelves

text: waters

text: and

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: situated

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Convergence

text: zone

text: approximately

text: wide

text: varying

text: in

text: latitude

text: seasonally

text: The

text: region

text: covers

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

text: of

text: which

text: million

text: km

text: is

text: the

text: surface

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: continent

text: itself

text: All

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: and

text: ice

text: shelves

text: south

text: of

text: latitude

text: are

text: administrated

text: under

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Treaty

text: System

text: In

text: biogeographic

text: sense

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: ecozone

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: eight

text: ecozones

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: land

text: surface

text: The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica. As such, it is regarded as the fourth-largest of the five principal oceanic divisions: smaller than the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean. This ocean zone is where cold, northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix with warmer subantarctic waters.

text: The

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Ocean

text: or

text: the

text: Austral

text: Ocean

text: comprises

text: the

text: southernmost

text: waters

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Ocean

text: generally

text: taken

text: to

text: be

text: south

text: of

text: latitude

text: and

text: encircling

text: Antarctica

text: As

text: such

text: it

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: principal

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: smaller

text: than

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Indian

text: Oceans

text: but

text: larger

text: than

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: This

text: ocean

text: zone

text: is

text: where

text: cold

text: northward

text: flowing

text: waters

text: from

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: mix

text: with

text: warmer

text: subantarctic

text: waters

candidates: national aeronautics and space administration

annotations: likely single

question: operator as-101

answer: national aeronautics and space administration

text: national aeronautics and space administration

text: national aeronautics and space administration


text: The Netherlands  is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three island territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing maritime borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Amsterdam is the country's capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of government and parliament. The name "Holland" is used to refer informally to the whole of the country of the Netherlands.

text: The

text: Netherlands

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: constituent

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: is

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: with

text: three

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: The

text: European

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: borders

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Belgium

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: sharing

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: Belgium

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Germany

text: The

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: are

text: Amsterdam

text: Rotterdam

text: The

text: Hague

text: and

text: Utrecht

text: Amsterdam

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: while

text: The

text: Hague

text: holds

text: the

text: Dutch

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: parliament

text: The

text: name

text: Holland

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: informally

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Warnsveld is a town in the eastern Netherlands, about 2 km east of Zutphen.

text: Warnsveld

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: Netherlands

text: about

text: km

text: east

text: of

text: Zutphen

text: Zutphen is a town in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. It lies some 30 km north-east of Arnhem, on the Eastern bank of the river IJssel at the point where it is joined by the Berkel. The name Zutphen (first mentioned in the eleventh century) appears to mean 'zuid-veen', or in English, south-fen.

text: Zutphen

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Gelderland

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: It

text: lies

text: some

text: km

text: north

text: east

text: of

text: Arnhem

text: on

text: the

text: Eastern

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: IJssel

text: at

text: the

text: point

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: joined

text: by

text: the

text: Berkel

text: The

text: name

text: Zutphen

text: first

text: mentioned

text: in

text: the

text: eleventh

text: century

text: appears

text: to

text: mean

text: zuid

text: veen

text: or

text: in

text: English

text: south

text: fen

text: Gelderland (also Guelders in English) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the central eastern part of the country. With a land area of nearly 5,000 km, it is the largest province of the Netherlands and shares borders with six other provinces and Germany.

text: Gelderland

text: also

text: Guelders

text: in

text: English

text: is

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: With

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: nearly

text: km

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: shares

text: borders

text: with

text: six

text: other

text: provinces

text: and

text: Germany

text: Guelders or Gueldres is a historical county, later duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the Low Countries.

text: Guelders

text: or

text: Gueldres

text: is

text: historical

text: county

text: later

text: duchy

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Low

text: Countries

text: Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. Germany's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin. Other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf.

text: Germany

text: officially

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: is

text: federal

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: central

text: western

text: Europe

text: It

text: includes

text: constituent

text: states

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: With

text: about

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: After

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: immigration

text: destination

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Germany

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: metropolis

text: is

text: Berlin

text: Other

text: major

text: cities

text: include

text: Hamburg

text: Munich

text: Cologne

text: Frankfurt

text: Stuttgart

text: and

text: Düsseldorf

text: Jan Werle ( born 15 January 1984 in Warnsveld , Gelderland ) is a Dutch chess player with the title Grandmaster .

text: Jan

text: Werle

text: born

text: January

text: in

text: Warnsveld

text: Gelderland

text: is

text: Dutch

text: chess

text: player

text: with

text: the

text: title

text: Grandmaster

annotations: follows multiple

question: place_of_birth jan werle

answer: zutphen

text: zutphen

text: zutphen

text: zutphen


text: Ian Lancaster Fleming (28 May 1908  12 August 1964) was an English author, journalist and naval intelligence officer who is best known for his James Bond series of spy novels. Fleming came from a wealthy family connected to the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co., and his father was the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910 until his death on the Western Front in 1917. Educated at Eton, Sandhurst and, briefly, the universities of Munich and Geneva, Fleming moved through several jobs before he started writing.

text: Ian

text: Lancaster

text: Fleming

text: May

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: author

text: journalist

text: and

text: naval

text: intelligence

text: officer

text: who

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: James

text: Bond

text: series

text: of

text: spy

text: novels

text: Fleming

text: came

text: from

text: wealthy

text: family

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: merchant

text: bank

text: Robert

text: Fleming

text: Co.

text: and

text: his

text: father

text: was

text: the

text: Member

text: of

text: Parliament

text: for

text: Henley

text: from

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: on

text: the

text: Western

text: Front

text: in

text: Educated

text: at

text: Eton

text: Sandhurst

text: and

text: briefly

text: the

text: universities

text: of

text: Munich

text: and

text: Geneva

text: Fleming

text: moved

text: through

text: several

text: jobs

text: before

text: he

text: started

text: writing

text: Research and development (R&D or R+D), also known in Europe as research and technical (or technological) development (RTD), is a general term for activities in connection with corporate or governmental innovation. Research and development is a component of Innovation and is situated at the front end of the Innovation life cycle. Innovation builds on R&D and includes commercialization phases.

text: Research

text: and

text: development

text: R&D

text: or

text: R+D

text: also

text: known

text: in

text: Europe

text: as

text: research

text: and

text: technical

text: or

text: technological

text: development

text: RTD

text: is

text: general

text: term

text: for

text: activities

text: in

text: connection

text: with

text: corporate

text: or

text: governmental

text: innovation

text: Research

text: and

text: development

text: is

text: component

text: of

text: Innovation

text: and

text: is

text: situated

text: at

text: the

text: front

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Innovation

text: life

text: cycle

text: Innovation

text: builds

text: on

text: R&D

text: and

text: includes

text: commercialization

text: phases

text: Sebastian Charles Faulks CBE (born 20 April 1953) is a British novelist, journalist and broadcaster. He is best known for his historical novels set in France  "The Girl at the Lion d'Or", "Birdsong" and "Charlotte Gray". He has also published novels with a contemporary setting, most recently "A Week in December" (2009), and a James Bond continuation novel, "Devil May Care" (2008), as well as a continuation of P.G. Wodehouse's Jeeves series, "Jeeves and the Wedding Bells" (2013). He is a team captain on BBC Radio 4 literary quiz "The Write Stuff".

text: Sebastian

text: Charles

text: Faulks

text: CBE

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: British

text: novelist

text: journalist

text: and

text: broadcaster

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: historical

text: novels

text: set

text: in

text: France

text: The

text: Girl

text: at

text: the

text: Lion

text: d'Or

text: Birdsong

text: and

text: Charlotte

text: Gray

text: He

text: has

text: also

text: published

text: novels

text: with

text: contemporary

text: setting

text: most

text: recently

text: Week

text: in

text: December

text: and

text: James

text: Bond

text: continuation

text: novel

text: Devil

text: May

text: Care

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: continuation

text: of

text: P.G.

text: Wodehouse

text: 's

text: Jeeves

text: series

text: Jeeves

text: and

text: the

text: Wedding

text: Bells

text: He

text: is

text: team

text: captain

text: on

text: BBC

text: Radio

text: literary

text: quiz

text: The

text: Write

text: Stuff

text: Quartermaster is a military or naval term, the meaning of which depends on the country and service.

text: Quartermaster

text: is

text: military

text: or

text: naval

text: term

text: the

text: meaning

text: of

text: which

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: service

text: The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelizations: Kingsley Amis, Christopher Wood, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver, William Boyd and Anthony Horowitz. The latest novel is "Trigger Mortis" by Anthony Horowitz, published in September 2015. Additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny.

text: The

text: James

text: Bond

text: series

text: focuses

text: on

text: fictional

text: British

text: Secret

text: Service

text: agent

text: created

text: in

text: by

text: writer

text: Ian

text: Fleming

text: who

text: featured

text: him

text: in

text: twelve

text: novels

text: and

text: two

text: short

text: story

text: collections

text: Since

text: Fleming

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: eight

text: other

text: authors

text: have

text: written

text: authorised

text: Bond

text: novels

text: or

text: novelizations

text: Kingsley

text: Amis

text: Christopher

text: Wood

text: John

text: Gardner

text: Raymond

text: Benson

text: Sebastian

text: Faulks

text: Jeffery

text: Deaver

text: William

text: Boyd

text: and

text: Anthony

text: Horowitz

text: The

text: latest

text: novel

text: is

text: Trigger

text: Mortis

text: by

text: Anthony

text: Horowitz

text: published

text: in

text: September

text: Additionally

text: Charlie

text: Higson

text: wrote

text: series

text: on

text: young

text: James

text: Bond

text: and

text: Kate

text: Westbrook

text: wrote

text: three

text: novels

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: diaries

text: of

text: recurring

text: series

text: character

text: Moneypenny

text: Q is a fictional character in the James Bond films and film novelizations . Q ( standing for Quartermaster ) , like M , is a job title rather than a name . He is the head of Q Branch ( or later Q Division ) , the fictional research and development division of the British Secret Service .

text: is

text: fictional

text: character

text: in

text: the

text: James

text: Bond

text: films

text: and

text: film

text: novelizations

text: standing

text: for

text: Quartermaster

text: like

text: is

text: job

text: title

text: rather

text: than

text: name

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: Branch

text: or

text: later

text: Division

text: the

text: fictional

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Secret

text: Service

text: A novelization (or novelisation) is a derivative novel that adapts the story of a work created for another medium, such as a film, TV series, comic strip or video game. Film novelizations were particularly popular before the advent of home video, but continue to find commercial success as part of marketing campaigns for major films. They are often written by accomplished writers based on an early draft of the film's script and on a tight deadline.

text: novelization

text: or

text: novelisation

text: is

text: derivative

text: novel

text: that

text: adapts

text: the

text: story

text: of

text: work

text: created

text: for

text: another

text: medium

text: such

text: as

text: film

text: TV

text: series

text: comic

text: strip

text: or

text: video

text: game

text: Film

text: novelizations

text: were

text: particularly

text: popular

text: before

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: home

text: video

text: but

text: continue

text: to

text: find

text: commercial

text: success

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: marketing

text: campaigns

text: for

text: major

text: films

text: They

text: are

text: often

text: written

text: by

text: accomplished

text: writers

text: based

text: on

text: an

text: early

text: draft

text: of

text: the

text: film

text: 's

text: script

text: and

text: on

text: tight

text: deadline

question: military_rank q

answer: major

text: major


text: The Yam languages , also known as the Morehead and Upper Maro River languages , are a family of Papuan languages . They include many of the languages south and west of the Fly River in Papua New Guinea and Indonesian West Papua .

text: The

text: Yam

text: languages

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Morehead

text: and

text: Upper

text: Maro

text: River

text: languages

text: are

text: family

text: of

text: Papuan

text: languages

text: They

text: include

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: languages

text: south

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Fly

text: River

text: in

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: Indonesian

text: West

text: Papua

text: The Fly, at , is the second longest river in Papua New Guinea, after the Sepik. The Fly is the largest river in Oceania, the largest in the world without a single dam in its catchment, and overall ranks as the 25th-largest river in the world by volume of discharge. It rises in the Victor Emanuel Range arm of the Star Mountains, and crosses the south-western lowlands before flowing into the Gulf of Papua in a large delta.

text: The

text: Fly

text: at

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: longest

text: river

text: in

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: after

text: the

text: Sepik

text: The

text: Fly

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: river

text: in

text: Oceania

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: without

text: single

text: dam

text: in

text: its

text: catchment

text: and

text: overall

text: ranks

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: river

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: volume

text: of

text: discharge

text: It

text: rises

text: in

text: the

text: Victor

text: Emanuel

text: Range

text: arm

text: of

text: the

text: Star

text: Mountains

text: and

text: crosses

text: the

text: south

text: western

text: lowlands

text: before

text: flowing

text: into

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Papua

text: in

text: large

text: delta

text: The Star Mountains ("Dutch (colonial): Sterrengebergte"; "Indonesian Pegunungan Bintang") are a mountain range in western Papua New Guinea, stretching from the border with Indonesia, at about to the Hindenburg Range. They have an annual rainfall of more than 10,000 mm/year, and although no official scientific weather station has ever been established it has been claimed to be one of the wettest places on earth.

text: The

text: Star

text: Mountains

text: Dutch

text: colonial

text: Sterrengebergte

text: Indonesian

text: Pegunungan

text: Bintang

text: are

text: mountain

text: range

text: in

text: western

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: stretching

text: from

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: Indonesia

text: at

text: about

text: to

text: the

text: Hindenburg

text: Range

text: They

text: have

text: an

text: annual

text: rainfall

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: mm

text: year

text: and

text: although

text: no

text: official

text: scientific

text: weather

text: station

text: has

text: ever

text: been

text: established

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: claimed

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: wettest

text: places

text: on

text: earth

text: Papua New Guinea (PNG  Hiri Motu: "Papua Niu Gini"), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is an Oceanian country that occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia, a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia. Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. The western half of New Guinea forms the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua.

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: PNG

text: Hiri

text: Motu

text: Papua

text: Niu

text: Gini

text: officially

text: the

text: Independent

text: State

text: of

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: is

text: an

text: Oceanian

text: country

text: that

text: occupies

text: the

text: eastern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: its

text: offshore

text: islands

text: in

text: Melanesia

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: southwestern

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: north

text: of

text: Australia

text: Its

text: capital

text: located

text: along

text: its

text: southeastern

text: coast

text: is

text: Port

text: Moresby

text: The

text: western

text: half

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: forms

text: the

text: Indonesian

text: provinces

text: of

text: Papua

text: and

text: West

text: Papua

text: The Papuan languages are a subset of Languages of Papua New Guinea of the western Pacific island of New Guinea, and neighbouring islands, that are neither Austronesian nor Australian. The term does not presuppose a genetic relationship. The concept of Papuan peoples as distinct from Melanesians was first suggested and named by Sidney Herbert Ray in 1892.

text: The

text: Papuan

text: languages

text: are

text: subset

text: of

text: Languages

text: of

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: of

text: the

text: western

text: Pacific

text: island

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: neighbouring

text: islands

text: that

text: are

text: neither

text: Austronesian

text: nor

text: Australian

text: The

text: term

text: does

text: not

text: presuppose

text: genetic

text: relationship

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: Papuan

text: peoples

text: as

text: distinct

text: from

text: Melanesians

text: was

text: first

text: suggested

text: and

text: named

text: by

text: Sidney

text: Herbert

text: Ray

text: in

text: A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water. Small rivers can be referred to using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill. There are no official definitions for the generic term river as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities a stream is defined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are "run" in some parts of the United States, "burn" in Scotland and northeast England, and "beck" in northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always: the language is vague.

text: river

text: is

text: natural

text: flowing

text: watercourse

text: usually

text: freshwater

text: flowing

text: towards

text: an

text: ocean

text: sea

text: lake

text: or

text: another

text: river

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: river

text: flows

text: into

text: the

text: ground

text: and

text: becomes

text: dry

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: its

text: course

text: without

text: reaching

text: another

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: Small

text: rivers

text: can

text: be

text: referred

text: to

text: using

text: names

text: such

text: as

text: stream

text: creek

text: brook

text: rivulet

text: and

text: rill

text: There

text: are

text: no

text: official

text: definitions

text: for

text: the

text: generic

text: term

text: river

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: geographic

text: features

text: although

text: in

text: some

text: countries

text: or

text: communities

text: stream

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: its

text: size

text: Many

text: names

text: for

text: small

text: rivers

text: are

text: specific

text: to

text: geographic

text: location

text: examples

text: are

text: run

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: burn

text: in

text: Scotland

text: and

text: northeast

text: England

text: and

text: beck

text: in

text: northern

text: England

text: Sometimes

text: river

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: being

text: larger

text: than

text: creek

text: but

text: not

text: always

text: the

text: language

text: is

text: vague

text: Oceania (or ), also known as Oceanica, is a region centred on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Opinions of what constitutes Oceania range from its three subregions of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia to, more broadly, the entire insular region between Southeast Asia and the Americas, including Australasia and the Malay Archipelago.

text: Oceania

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Oceanica

text: is

text: region

text: centred

text: on

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: the

text: tropical

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: Opinions

text: of

text: what

text: constitutes

text: Oceania

text: range

text: from

text: its

text: three

text: subregions

text: of

text: Melanesia

text: Micronesia

text: and

text: Polynesia

text: to

text: more

text: broadly

text: the

text: entire

text: insular

text: region

text: between

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: Americas

text: including

text: Australasia

text: and

text: the

text: Malay

text: Archipelago

text: New Guinea (or, historically, "") is a large Island in the South West Pacific region.

text: New

text: Guinea

text: or

text: historically

text: is

text: large

text: Island

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: West

text: Pacific

text: region

text: The languages of Papua New Guinea today number over 850. These languages are spoken by the inhabited tribal groups of Papua New Guinea making it the most linguistically diverse place on earth. Its official languages are Tok Pisin, English, Hiri Motu and Papua New Guinean Sign Language. Tok Pisin, an English-based creole, is the most widely spoken, serving as the country's lingua franca. Papua New Guinean Sign Language became the 4th official language in May 2015, as it is spoken by the deaf population all over the country.

text: The

text: languages

text: of

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: today

text: number

text: over

text: These

text: languages

text: are

text: spoken

text: by

text: the

text: inhabited

text: tribal

text: groups

text: of

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: linguistically

text: diverse

text: place

text: on

text: earth

text: Its

text: official

text: languages

text: are

text: Tok

text: Pisin

text: English

text: Hiri

text: Motu

text: and

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinean

text: Sign

text: Language

text: Tok

text: Pisin

text: an

text: English

text: based

text: creole

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: spoken

text: serving

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: lingua

text: franca

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinean

text: Sign

text: Language

text: became

text: the

text: official

text: language

text: in

text: May

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: spoken

text: by

text: the

text: deaf

text: population

text: all

text: over

text: the

text: country

text: Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney.

text: Australia

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Australia

text: is

text: country

text: comprising

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: continent

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Tasmania

text: and

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: islands

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sixth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: The

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: are

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: East

text: Timor

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: and

text: Vanuatu

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: Australia

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: Canberra

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: Sydney

text: A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability. Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees (also known as dikes) are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions.

text: dam

text: is

text: barrier

text: that

text: impounds

text: water

text: or

text: underground

text: streams

text: Reservoirs

text: created

text: by

text: dams

text: not

text: only

text: suppress

text: floods

text: but

text: also

text: provide

text: water

text: for

text: activities

text: such

text: as

text: irrigation

text: human

text: consumption

text: industrial

text: use

text: aquaculture

text: and

text: navigability

text: Hydropower

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: dams

text: to

text: generate

text: electricity

text: dam

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: collect

text: water

text: or

text: for

text: storage

text: of

text: water

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: evenly

text: distributed

text: between

text: locations

text: Dams

text: generally

text: serve

text: the

text: primary

text: purpose

text: of

text: retaining

text: water

text: while

text: other

text: structures

text: such

text: as

text: floodgates

text: or

text: levees

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: dikes

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: manage

text: or

text: prevent

text: water

text: flow

text: into

text: specific

text: land

text: regions

text: Papuan is an umbrella term for the various indigenous peoples of New Guinea and neighbouring islands, speakers of the Papuan languages. They are often distinguished ethnically and linguistically from Austronesians, speakers of a language family introduced into New Guinea about three thousand years ago.

text: Papuan

text: is

text: an

text: umbrella

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: various

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: neighbouring

text: islands

text: speakers

text: of

text: the

text: Papuan

text: languages

text: They

text: are

text: often

text: distinguished

text: ethnically

text: and

text: linguistically

text: from

text: Austronesians

text: speakers

text: of

text: language

text: family

text: introduced

text: into

text: New

text: Guinea

text: about

text: three

text: thousand

text: years

text: ago

text: The Gulf of Papua is a 400 kilometer wide region on the south coast of New Guinea.

text: The

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Papua

text: is

text: kilometer

text: wide

text: region

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: coast

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Sidney Herbert Ray (28 May 1858  1 January 1939) was a comparative and descriptive linguist who specialized in Melanesian languages. In 1892, he read an important paper, "The languages of British New Guinea", to the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists. In that paper, he established the distinction between the Austronesian and Papuan languages of New Guinea. Although he never held an academic position, and was employed throughout his working life as a school teacher, S. H. Ray was an energetic fieldworker, and participated in a number of expeditions.

text: Sidney

text: Herbert

text: Ray

text: May

text: January

text: was

text: comparative

text: and

text: descriptive

text: linguist

text: who

text: specialized

text: in

text: Melanesian

text: languages

text: In

text: he

text: read

text: an

text: important

text: paper

text: The

text: languages

text: of

text: British

text: New

text: Guinea

text: to

text: the

text: Ninth

text: International

text: Congress

text: of

text: Orientalists

text: In

text: that

text: paper

text: he

text: established

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: the

text: Austronesian

text: and

text: Papuan

text: languages

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Although

text: he

text: never

text: held

text: an

text: academic

text: position

text: and

text: was

text: employed

text: throughout

text: his

text: working

text: life

text: as

text: school

text: teacher

text: Ray

text: was

text: an

text: energetic

text: fieldworker

text: and

text: participated

text: in

text: number

text: of

text: expeditions

annotations: likely multiple

question: instance_of yam languages

answer: language family

text: language family


text: Decimus Inius Iuvenlis , known in English as Juvenal , was a Roman poet active in the late 1st and early 2nd century AD, author of the "Satires". The details of the author's life are unclear, although references within his text to known persons of the late 1st and early 2nd centuries AD fix his terminus post quem (earliest date of composition).

text: Decimus

text: Inius

text: Iuvenlis

text: known

text: in

text: English

text: as

text: Juvenal

text: was

text: Roman

text: poet

text: active

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: century

text: AD

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: Satires

text: The

text: details

text: of

text: the

text: author

text: 's

text: life

text: are

text: unclear

text: although

text: references

text: within

text: his

text: text

text: to

text: known

text: persons

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: AD

text: fix

text: his

text: terminus

text: post

text: quem

text: earliest

text: date

text: of

text: composition

text: Claudius (1 August 10 BC  13 October 54 AD) was Roman emperor from 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, he was the son of Drusus and Antonia Minor. He was born at Lugdunum in Gaul, the first Roman Emperor to be born outside Italy. Because he was afflicted with a limp and slight deafness due to sickness at a young age, his family ostracized him and excluded him from public office until his consulship, shared with his nephew Caligula in 37.

text: Claudius

text: August

text: BC

text: October

text: AD

text: was

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: from

text: to

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Julio

text: Claudian

text: dynasty

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Drusus

text: and

text: Antonia

text: Minor

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: at

text: Lugdunum

text: in

text: Gaul

text: the

text: first

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: to

text: be

text: born

text: outside

text: Italy

text: Because

text: he

text: was

text: afflicted

text: with

text: limp

text: and

text: slight

text: deafness

text: due

text: to

text: sickness

text: at

text: young

text: age

text: his

text: family

text: ostracized

text: him

text: and

text: excluded

text: him

text: from

text: public

text: office

text: until

text: his

text: consulship

text: shared

text: with

text: his

text: nephew

text: Caligula

text: in

text: The Apocolocyntosis ( divi ) Claudii , literally The Gourdification of ( the Divine ) Claudius , is a political satire on the Roman emperor Claudius , probably written by Seneca the Younger . It is one of only two examples of Menippean satire from the classical era that have survived , the other being Petronius ' Satyricon . The title plays upon `` apotheosis '' , the process by which dead Roman emperors were recognized as gods .

text: The

text: Apocolocyntosis

text: divi

text: Claudii

text: literally

text: The

text: Gourdification

text: of

text: the

text: Divine

text: Claudius

text: is

text: political

text: satire

text: on

text: the

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: Claudius

text: probably

text: written

text: by

text: Seneca

text: the

text: Younger

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: two

text: examples

text: of

text: Menippean

text: satire

text: from

text: the

text: classical

text: era

text: that

text: have

text: survived

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: Petronius

text: Satyricon

text: The

text: title

text: plays

text: upon

text: apotheosis

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: dead

text: Roman

text: emperors

text: were

text: recognized

text: as

text: gods

text: The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period (starting in 27 BC). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history. Often when a given Roman is described as becoming "emperor" in English, it reflects his taking of the title "Augustus" or "Caesar". Another title often used was "imperator", originally a military honorific. Early Emperors also used the title "princeps" (first citizen). Emperors frequently amassed republican titles, notably "Princeps Senatus", "Consul" and "Pontifex Maximus".

text: The

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: was

text: the

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: during

text: the

text: imperial

text: period

text: starting

text: in

text: BC

text: The

text: emperors

text: used

text: variety

text: of

text: different

text: titles

text: throughout

text: history

text: Often

text: when

text: given

text: Roman

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: becoming

text: emperor

text: in

text: English

text: it

text: reflects

text: his

text: taking

text: of

text: the

text: title

text: Augustus

text: or

text: Caesar

text: Another

text: title

text: often

text: used

text: was

text: imperator

text: originally

text: military

text: honorific

text: Early

text: Emperors

text: also

text: used

text: the

text: title

text: princeps

text: first

text: citizen

text: Emperors

text: frequently

text: amassed

text: republican

text: titles

text: notably

text: Princeps

text: Senatus

text: Consul

text: and

text: Pontifex

text: Maximus

text: The Satyricon, or Satyricon "liber" ("The Book of Satyrlike Adventures"), is a Latin work of fiction believed to have been written by Gaius Petronius, though the manuscript tradition identifies the author as a certain Titus Petronius. The Satyricon is an example of Menippean satire, which is very different from the formal verse satire of Juvenal or Horace. The work contains a mixture of prose and verse (commonly known as "prosimetrum"); serious and comic elements; and erotic and decadent passages. As with the "Metamorphoses" (also called "The Golden Ass") of Apuleius, classical scholars often describe it as a "Roman novel", without necessarily implying continuity with the modern literary form.

text: The

text: Satyricon

text: or

text: Satyricon

text: liber

text: The

text: Book

text: of

text: Satyrlike

text: Adventures

text: is

text: Latin

text: work

text: of

text: fiction

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: written

text: by

text: Gaius

text: Petronius

text: though

text: the

text: manuscript

text: tradition

text: identifies

text: the

text: author

text: as

text: certain

text: Titus

text: Petronius

text: The

text: Satyricon

text: is

text: an

text: example

text: of

text: Menippean

text: satire

text: which

text: is

text: very

text: different

text: from

text: the

text: formal

text: verse

text: satire

text: of

text: Juvenal

text: or

text: Horace

text: The

text: work

text: contains

text: mixture

text: of

text: prose

text: and

text: verse

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: prosimetrum

text: serious

text: and

text: comic

text: elements

text: and

text: erotic

text: and

text: decadent

text: passages

text: As

text: with

text: the

text: Metamorphoses

text: also

text: called

text: The

text: Golden

text: Ass

text: of

text: Apuleius

text: classical

text: scholars

text: often

text: describe

text: it

text: as

text: Roman

text: novel

text: without

text: necessarily

text: implying

text: continuity

text: with

text: the

text: modern

text: literary

text: form

text: Apotheosis (from Greek  from , "apotheoun" "to deify"; in Latin "deificatio" "making divine"; also called divinization and deification) is the glorification of a subject to divine level. The term has meanings in theology, where it refers to a belief, and in art, where it refers to a genre.

text: Apotheosis

text: from

text: Greek

text: from

text: apotheoun

text: to

text: deify

text: in

text: Latin

text: deificatio

text: making

text: divine

text: also

text: called

text: divinization

text: and

text: deification

text: is

text: the

text: glorification

text: of

text: subject

text: to

text: divine

text: level

text: The

text: term

text: has

text: meanings

text: in

text: theology

text: where

text: it

text: refers

text: to

text: belief

text: and

text: in

text: art

text: where

text: it

text: refers

text: to

text: genre

text: Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as "lo Stivale" (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state.

text: Italy

text: officially

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Italy

text: shares

text: open

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovenia

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Italy

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: shape

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: Italy

text: as

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: EU

text: member

text: state

text: Genre (or ; from French "genre" , "kind" or "sort", from Latin "genus" (stem "gener-"), Greek , "gés")

text: Genre

text: or

text: from

text: French

text: genre

text: kind

text: or

text: sort

text: from

text: Latin

text: genus

text: stem

text: gener-

text: Greek

text: gés

text:
Gaul (Latin: "Gallia") was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands, Central Italy and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine. It covered an area of 190,800 mi² or 494,169 km². According to the testimony of Julius Caesar, Gaul was divided into three parts: Gallia Celtica, Belgica and Aquitania.
Archaeologically, the Gauls were bearers of the La Tène culture, which extended across all of Gaul, as well as east to Raetia, Noricum, Pannonia and southwestern Germania during the 5th to 1st centuries BC.
During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, Gaul fell under Roman rule: Gallia Cisalpina was conquered in 203 BC and Gallia Narbonensis in 123 BC. Gaul was invaded after 120 BC by the Cimbri and the Teutons, who were in turn defeated by the Romans by 103 BC. Julius Caesar finally subdued the remaining parts of Gaul in his campaigns of 58 to 51 BC.

text: Gaul

text: Latin

text: Gallia

text: was

text: region

text: of

text: Western

text: Europe

text: during

text: the

text: Iron

text: Age

text: that

text: was

text: inhabited

text: by

text: Celtic

text: tribes

text: encompassing

text: present

text: day

text: France

text: Luxembourg

text: Belgium

text: most

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: Northern

text: Italy

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Central

text: Italy

text: and

text: Germany

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: It

text: covered

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: or

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: testimony

text: of

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: Gaul

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: parts

text: Gallia

text: Celtica

text: Belgica

text: and

text: Aquitania

text: Archaeologically

text: the

text: Gauls

text: were

text: bearers

text: of

text: the

text: La

text: Tène

text: culture

text: which

text: extended

text: across

text: all

text: of

text: Gaul

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: east

text: to

text: Raetia

text: Noricum

text: Pannonia

text: and

text: southwestern

text: Germania

text: during

text: the

text: to

text: centuries

text: BC

text: During

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: BC

text: Gaul

text: fell

text: under

text: Roman

text: rule

text: Gallia

text: Cisalpina

text: was

text: conquered

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: Gallia

text: Narbonensis

text: in

text: BC

text: Gaul

text: was

text: invaded

text: after

text: BC

text: by

text: the

text: Cimbri

text: and

text: the

text: Teutons

text: who

text: were

text: in

text: turn

text: defeated

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: by

text: BC

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: finally

text: subdued

text: the

text: remaining

text: parts

text: of

text: Gaul

text: in

text: his

text: campaigns

text: of

text: to

text: BC

text: Quintus Horatius Flaccus (December 8, 65 BC  November 27, 8 BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace (or ), was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his "Odes" as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: "He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words."

text: Quintus

text: Horatius

text: Flaccus

text: December

text: BC

text: November

text: BC

text: known

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: world

text: as

text: Horace

text: or

text: was

text: the

text: leading

text: Roman

text: lyric

text: poet

text: during

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Augustus

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Octavian

text: The

text: rhetorician

text: Quintilian

text: regarded

text: his

text: Odes

text: as

text: just

text: about

text: the

text: only

text: Latin

text: lyrics

text: worth

text: reading

text: He

text: can

text: be

text: lofty

text: sometimes

text: yet

text: he

text: is

text: also

text: full

text: of

text: charm

text: and

text: grace

text: versatile

text: in

text: his

text: figures

text: and

text: felicitously

text: daring

text: in

text: his

text: choice

text: of

text: words

text: A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside of either theology or science. The term "philosopher" comes from the Ancient Greek ("philosophos") meaning "lover of wisdom". The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (6th century BC).

text: philosopher

text: is

text: someone

text: who

text: practices

text: philosophy

text: which

text: involves

text: rational

text: inquiry

text: into

text: areas

text: that

text: are

text: outside

text: of

text: either

text: theology

text: or

text: science

text: The

text: term

text: philosopher

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: philosophos

text: meaning

text: lover

text: of

text: wisdom

text: The

text: coining

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: has

text: been

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: Greek

text: thinker

text: Pythagoras

text: century

text: BC

text: Burlesque is a literary, dramatic or musical work intended to cause laughter by caricaturing the manner or spirit of serious works, or by ludicrous treatment of their subjects. The word derives from the Italian "burlesco", which, in turn, is derived from the Italian "burla"  a joke, ridicule or mockery.

text: Burlesque

text: is

text: literary

text: dramatic

text: or

text: musical

text: work

text: intended

text: to

text: cause

text: laughter

text: by

text: caricaturing

text: the

text: manner

text: or

text: spirit

text: of

text: serious

text: works

text: or

text: by

text: ludicrous

text: treatment

text: of

text: their

text: subjects

text: The

text: word

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Italian

text: burlesco

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Italian

text: burla

text: joke

text: ridicule

text: or

text: mockery

text: Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case, with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty. Another way of defining belief sees it as a mental representation of an attitude positively oriented towards the likelihood of something being true. In the context of Ancient Greek thought, two related concepts were identified with regards to the concept of belief: "pistis" and "doxa". Simplified, we may say that "pistis" refers to "trust" and "confidence", while "doxa" refers to "opinion" and "acceptance". The English word "orthodoxy" derives from "doxa". Jonathan Leicester suggests that belief has the purpose of guiding action rather than indicating truth.

text: Belief

text: is

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: mind

text: in

text: which

text: person

text: thinks

text: something

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: case

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: there

text: being

text: empirical

text: evidence

text: to

text: prove

text: that

text: something

text: is

text: the

text: case

text: with

text: factual

text: certainty

text: Another

text: way

text: of

text: defining

text: belief

text: sees

text: it

text: as

text: mental

text: representation

text: of

text: an

text: attitude

text: positively

text: oriented

text: towards

text: the

text: likelihood

text: of

text: something

text: being

text: true

text: In

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: thought

text: two

text: related

text: concepts

text: were

text: identified

text: with

text: regards

text: to

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: belief

text: pistis

text: and

text: doxa

text: Simplified

text: we

text: may

text: say

text: that

text: pistis

text: refers

text: to

text: trust

text: and

text: confidence

text: while

text: doxa

text: refers

text: to

text: opinion

text: and

text: acceptance

text: The

text: English

text: word

text: orthodoxy

text: derives

text: from

text: doxa

text: Jonathan

text: Leicester

text: suggests

text: that

text: belief

text: has

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: guiding

text: action

text: rather

text: than

text: indicating

text: truth

text: Latin (Latin: ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets.

text: Latin

text: Latin

text: is

text: classical

text: language

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Italic

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: The

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Etruscan

text: and

text: Greek

text: alphabets

text: The genre of Menippean satire is a form of satire, usually in prose, which has a length and structure similar to a novel and is characterized by attacking mental attitudes rather than specific individuals or entities. Other features found in Menippean satire are different forms of parody and mythological burlesque, a critique of the myths inherited from traditional culture, a rhapsodic nature, a fragmented narrative, the combination of many different targets, and the rapid moving between styles and points of view.

text: The

text: genre

text: of

text: Menippean

text: satire

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: satire

text: usually

text: in

text: prose

text: which

text: has

text: length

text: and

text: structure

text: similar

text: to

text: novel

text: and

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: attacking

text: mental

text: attitudes

text: rather

text: than

text: specific

text: individuals

text: or

text: entities

text: Other

text: features

text: found

text: in

text: Menippean

text: satire

text: are

text: different

text: forms

text: of

text: parody

text: and

text: mythological

text: burlesque

text: critique

text: of

text: the

text: myths

text: inherited

text: from

text: traditional

text: culture

text: rhapsodic

text: nature

text: fragmented

text: narrative

text: the

text: combination

text: of

text: many

text: different

text: targets

text: and

text: the

text: rapid

text: moving

text: between

text: styles

text: and

text: points

text: of

text: view

text: Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known as Seneca the Younger or simply Seneca ; c. 4 BC  AD 65) was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and in one work humorist, of the Silver Age of Latin literature.

text: Lucius

text: Annaeus

text: Seneca

text: often

text: known

text: as

text: Seneca

text: the

text: Younger

text: or

text: simply

text: Seneca

text: BC

text: AD

text: was

text: Roman

text: Stoic

text: philosopher

text: statesman

text: dramatist

text: and

text: in

text: one

text: work

text: humorist

text: of

text: the

text: Silver

text: Age

text: of

text: Latin

text: literature

text: Apuleius (also called Lucius Apuleius Madaurensis and in c. 124  c. 170 AD) was a Latin-language prose writer. He was a Numidian who lived under the Roman Empire and was from Madauros (now M'Daourouch, Algeria). He studied Platonism in Athens, travelled to Italy, Asia Minor, and Egypt and was an initiate in several cults or mysteries. The most famous incident in his life was when he was accused of using magic to gain the attentions (and fortune) of a wealthy widow. He declaimed and then distributed a witty "tour de force" in his own defense before the proconsul and a court of magistrates convened in Sabratha, near ancient Tripoli, Libya. This is known as the "Apologia".

text: Apuleius

text: also

text: called

text: Lucius

text: Apuleius

text: Madaurensis

text: and

text: in

text: AD

text: was

text: Latin

text: language

text: prose

text: writer

text: He

text: was

text: Numidian

text: who

text: lived

text: under

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: was

text: from

text: Madauros

text: now

text: M'Daourouch

text: Algeria

text: He

text: studied

text: Platonism

text: in

text: Athens

text: travelled

text: to

text: Italy

text: Asia

text: Minor

text: and

text: Egypt

text: and

text: was

text: an

text: initiate

text: in

text: several

text: cults

text: or

text: mysteries

text: The

text: most

text: famous

text: incident

text: in

text: his

text: life

text: was

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: accused

text: of

text: using

text: magic

text: to

text: gain

text: the

text: attentions

text: and

text: fortune

text: of

text: wealthy

text: widow

text: He

text: declaimed

text: and

text: then

text: distributed

text: witty

text: tour

text: de

text: force

text: in

text: his

text: own

text: defense

text: before

text: the

text: proconsul

text: and

text: court

text: of

text: magistrates

text: convened

text: in

text: Sabratha

text: near

text: ancient

text: Tripoli

text: Libya

text: This

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Apologia

question: original_language_of_work apocolocyntosis

answer: latin

text: latin

text: latin

text: latin

text: latin

text: latin

text: latin

text: latin

text: latin

text: latin

text: latin