text: Andrea Arnold, OBE (born 5 April 1961) is an English filmmaker and former actress. She won an Academy Award for her short film "Wasp" in 2005 and has since made the leap to feature films and television, including "Red Road", "Fish Tank" and "American Honey", all of which have won the Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival. Most recently, she directed three episodes of the Emmy-winning series "Transparent".

text: Andrea

text: Arnold

text: OBE

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: filmmaker

text: and

text: former

text: actress

text: She

text: won

text: an

text: Academy

text: Award

text: for

text: her

text: short

text: film

text: Wasp

text: in

text: and

text: has

text: since

text: made

text: the

text: leap

text: to

text: feature

text: films

text: and

text: television

text: including

text: Red

text: Road

text: Fish

text: Tank

text: and

text: American

text: Honey

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: won

text: the

text: Jury

text: Prize

text: at

text: the

text: Cannes

text: Film

text: Festival

text: Most

text: recently

text: she

text: directed

text: three

text: episodes

text: of

text: the

text: Emmy

text: winning

text: series

text: Transparent

text: Eurostar is a high-speed railway service connecting London with Avignon, Brussels, Lille, Lyon, Marseille and Paris. All its trains traverse the Channel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France, owned and operated separately by Eurotunnel.

text: Eurostar

text: is

text: high

text: speed

text: railway

text: service

text: connecting

text: London

text: with

text: Avignon

text: Brussels

text: Lille

text: Lyon

text: Marseille

text: and

text: Paris

text: All

text: its

text: trains

text: traverse

text: the

text: Channel

text: Tunnel

text: between

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: France

text: owned

text: and

text: operated

text: separately

text: by

text: Eurotunnel

text: Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of "A Song of Ice and Fire", George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is "A Game of Thrones". It is filmed at Titanic Studios in Belfast, on location in the United Kingdom, and in Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its sixth season ended on June 26, 2016. The series was renewed for a seventh season, scheduled to premiere in mid-2017 with seven episodes. The series will conclude with its eighth season in 2018.

text: Game

text: of

text: Thrones

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: fantasy

text: drama

text: television

text: series

text: created

text: by

text: David

text: Benioff

text: and

text: Weiss

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: adaptation

text: of

text: Song

text: of

text: Ice

text: and

text: Fire

text: George

text: Martin

text: 's

text: series

text: of

text: fantasy

text: novels

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: Game

text: of

text: Thrones

text: It

text: is

text: filmed

text: at

text: Titanic

text: Studios

text: in

text: Belfast

text: on

text: location

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: in

text: Croatia

text: Iceland

text: Malta

text: Morocco

text: Spain

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: series

text: premiered

text: on

text: HBO

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: on

text: April

text: and

text: its

text: sixth

text: season

text: ended

text: on

text: June

text: The

text: series

text: was

text: renewed

text: for

text: seventh

text: season

text: scheduled

text: to

text: premiere

text: in

text: with

text: seven

text: episodes

text: The

text: series

text: will

text: conclude

text: with

text: its

text: eighth

text: season

text: in

text: Grange Hill is a British television children's drama series originally made by the BBC. The show began its run on 8 February 1978 on BBC1, and was one of the longest-running programmes on British television when it ended its run on September 15, 2008. It was created by Phil Redmond who is also responsible for the Channel 4 dramas "Brookside" and "Hollyoaks"; other notable production team members down the years have included producer Colin Cant and script editor Anthony Minghella.

text: Grange

text: Hill

text: is

text: British

text: television

text: children

text: 's

text: drama

text: series

text: originally

text: made

text: by

text: the

text: BBC

text: The

text: show

text: began

text: its

text: run

text: on

text: February

text: on

text: and

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: longest

text: running

text: programmes

text: on

text: British

text: television

text: when

text: it

text: ended

text: its

text: run

text: on

text: September

text: It

text: was

text: created

text: by

text: Phil

text: Redmond

text: who

text: is

text: also

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: Channel

text: dramas

text: Brookside

text: and

text: Hollyoaks

text: other

text: notable

text: production

text: team

text: members

text: down

text: the

text: years

text: have

text: included

text: producer

text: Colin

text: Ca

text: nt

text: and

text: script

text: editor

text: Anthony

text: Minghella

text: Oh, Doctor Beeching! is a BBC television sitcom written by David Croft and Richard Spendlove which, after a broadcast pilot on 14 August 1995, ran for two series from 8 July 1996, with the last episode being broadcast on 28 September 1997. The series is notable for being the last in a series of three comedies by co-writer David Croft to use many of the same actors, starting with "Hi-de-Hi!", and followed by "You Rang, M'Lord?" and was also the last full series written by David Croft.

text: Oh

text: Doctor

text: Beeching

text: is

text: BBC

text: television

text: sitcom

text: written

text: by

text: David

text: Croft

text: and

text: Richard

text: Spendlove

text: which

text: after

text: broadcast

text: pilot

text: on

text: August

text: ran

text: for

text: two

text: series

text: from

text: July

text: with

text: the

text: last

text: episode

text: being

text: broadcast

text: on

text: September

text: The

text: series

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: being

text: the

text: last

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: three

text: comedies

text: by

text: co

text: writer

text: David

text: Croft

text: to

text: use

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: actors

text: starting

text: with

text: Hi

text: de

text: Hi

text: and

text: followed

text: by

text: You

text: Rang

text: M'Lord

text: and

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: last

text: full

text: series

text: written

text: by

text: David

text: Croft

text: Operation Good Guys is a British mockumentary series about an elite police unit's bid to snare one of Britain's most powerful crime lords. It was first screened on BBC Two from 29 December 1997 to 31 August 2000. It witnesses, on camera, the total breakdown, professionally and personally, of the Operation Good Guys team. Throughout the operation, The 'Good Guys' have an unfortunate habit of embroiling into their calamitous world some of the country's best-known celebrities, from actors and footballers, to TV presenters and even the odd ex-convict.

text: Operation

text: Good

text: Guys

text: is

text: British

text: mockumentary

text: series

text: about

text: an

text: elite

text: police

text: unit

text: 's

text: bid

text: to

text: snare

text: one

text: of

text: Britain

text: 's

text: most

text: powerful

text: crime

text: lords

text: It

text: was

text: first

text: screened

text: on

text: BBC

text: Two

text: from

text: December

text: to

text: August

text: It

text: witnesses

text: on

text: camera

text: the

text: total

text: breakdown

text: professionally

text: and

text: personally

text: of

text: the

text: Operation

text: Good

text: Guys

text: team

text: Throughout

text: the

text: operation

text: The

text: Good

text: Guys

text: have

text: an

text: unfortunate

text: habit

text: of

text: embroiling

text: into

text: their

text: calamitous

text: world

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: best

text: known

text: celebrities

text: from

text: actors

text: and

text: footballers

text: to

text: TV

text: presenters

text: and

text: even

text: the

text: odd

text: ex

text: convict

text: Home Box Office (HBO) is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. Programming featured on the network consists primarily of theatrically released motion pictures and original television series, along with made-for-cable movies and documentaries, boxing matches, and occasional stand-up comedy and concert specials.

text: Home

text: Box

text: Office

text: HBO

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: premium

text: cable

text: and

text: satellite

text: television

text: network

text: that

text: is

text: owned

text: by

text: Time

text: Warner

text: through

text: its

text: respective

text: flagship

text: company

text: Home

text: Box

text: Office

text: Inc.

text: Programming

text: featured

text: on

text: the

text: network

text: consists

text: primarily

text: of

text: theatrically

text: released

text: motion

text: pictures

text: and

text: original

text: television

text: series

text: along

text: with

text: made

text: for

text: cable

text: movies

text: and

text: documentaries

text: boxing

text: matches

text: and

text: occasional

text: stand

text: up

text: comedy

text: and

text: concert

text: specials

text: The British Independent Film Awards is an annual award ceremony celebrating achievement in independently funded British film and cinema. Nominations and jury are announced at the beginning of November with the award ceremony taking place in late November or early December.

text: The

text: British

text: Independent

text: Film

text: Awards

text: is

text: an

text: annual

text: award

text: ceremony

text: celebrating

text: achievement

text: in

text: independently

text: funded

text: British

text: film

text: and

text: cinema

text: Nominations

text: and

text: jury

text: are

text: announced

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: November

text: with

text: the

text: award

text: ceremony

text: taking

text: place

text: in

text: late

text: November

text: or

text: early

text: December

text: High-speed rail is a type of rail transport that operates significantly faster than traditional rail traffic, using an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks. While there is no single standard that applies worldwide, new lines in excess of and existing lines in excess of are widely considered to be high-speed, with some extending the definition to include lower speeds in areas for which these speeds still represent significant improvements. The first such system began operations in Japan in 1964 and was widely known as the bullet train. High-speed trains normally operate on standard gauge tracks of continuously welded rail on grade-separated right-of-way that incorporates a large turning radius in its design.

text: High

text: speed

text: rail

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: rail

text: transport

text: that

text: operates

text: significantly

text: faster

text: than

text: traditional

text: rail

text: traffic

text: using

text: an

text: integrated

text: system

text: of

text: specialized

text: rolling

text: stock

text: and

text: dedicated

text: tracks

text: While

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: single

text: standard

text: that

text: applies

text: worldwide

text: new

text: lines

text: in

text: excess

text: of

text: and

text: existing

text: lines

text: in

text: excess

text: of

text: are

text: widely

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: high

text: speed

text: with

text: some

text: extending

text: the

text: definition

text: to

text: include

text: lower

text: speeds

text: in

text: areas

text: for

text: which

text: these

text: speeds

text: still

text: represent

text: significant

text: improvements

text: The

text: first

text: such

text: system

text: began

text: operations

text: in

text: Japan

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: widely

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: bullet

text: train

text: High

text: speed

text: trains

text: normally

text: operate

text: on

text: standard

text: gauge

text: tracks

text: of

text: continuously

text: welded

text: rail

text: on

text: grade

text: separated

text: right

text: of

text: way

text: that

text: incorporates

text: large

text: turning

text: radius

text: in

text: its

text: design

text: This Is England is a 2006 British drama film written and directed by Shane Meadows. The story centres on young skinheads in England in 1983. The film illustrates how their subculture, which has its roots in 1960s West Indies culture, especially ska, soul, and reggae music, became adopted by the far-right, especially white nationalists and white supremacists, which led to divisions within the skinhead scene. The film's title is a direct reference to a scene where the character Combo explains his nationalist views using the phrase "this is England" during his speech.

text: This

text: Is

text: England

text: is

text: British

text: drama

text: film

text: written

text: and

text: directed

text: by

text: Shane

text: Meadows

text: The

text: story

text: centres

text: on

text: young

text: skinheads

text: in

text: England

text: in

text: The

text: film

text: illustrates

text: how

text: their

text: subculture

text: which

text: has

text: its

text: roots

text: in

text: West

text: Indies

text: culture

text: especially

text: ska

text: soul

text: and

text: reggae

text: music

text: became

text: adopted

text: by

text: the

text: far

text: right

text: especially

text: white

text: nationalists

text: and

text: white

text: supremacists

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: divisions

text: within

text: the

text: skinhead

text: scene

text: The

text: film

text: 's

text: title

text: is

text: direct

text: reference

text: to

text: scene

text: where

text: the

text: character

text: Combo

text: explains

text: his

text: nationalist

text: views

text: using

text: the

text: phrase

text: this

text: is

text: England

text: during

text: his

text: speech

text: Perry Benson (born 9 April 1961, London) is an English character actor best known for his regular roles in British television sitcoms "You Rang, M'Lord?" (198893), "Oh, Doctor Beeching!" (1995-97) and "Operation Good Guys" (1997-2000). His first television appearance was as "Boy on Stairs" in the second episode of the BBC Children's drama, Grange Hill, in 1978.

text: Perry

text: Benson

text: born

text: April

text: London

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: character

text: actor

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: regular

text: roles

text: in

text: British

text: television

text: sitcoms

text: You

text: Rang

text: M'Lord

text: Oh

text: Doctor

text: Beeching

text: and

text: Operation

text: Good

text: Guys

text: His

text: first

text: television

text: appearance

text: was

text: as

text: Boy

text: on

text: Stairs

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: episode

text: of

text: the

text: BBC

text: Children

text: 's

text: drama

text: Grange

text: Hill

text: in

text: Kate Dickie (born 1971) is a Scottish actress who has appeared in television series, stage plays and films. She is perhaps best known for her role as Lysa Arryn in the HBO series "Game of Thrones", and is also known for her portrayal of the security camera operative Jackie in her starring debut "Red Road", directed by Andrea Arnold, for which she was given several awards as best actress, among other things at the BAFTA Scotland Awards and the British Independent Film Awards in 2006. Dickie also supports the theatre company Solar Bear, which is known for its collaborations with deaf people, in part through her role as patron.

text: Kate

text: Dickie

text: born

text: is

text: Scottish

text: actress

text: who

text: has

text: appeared

text: in

text: television

text: series

text: stage

text: plays

text: and

text: films

text: She

text: is

text: perhaps

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: her

text: role

text: as

text: Lysa

text: Arryn

text: in

text: the

text: HBO

text: series

text: Game

text: of

text: Thrones

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: for

text: her

text: portrayal

text: of

text: the

text: security

text: camera

text: operative

text: Jackie

text: in

text: her

text: starring

text: debut

text: Red

text: Road

text: directed

text: by

text: Andrea

text: Arnold

text: for

text: which

text: she

text: was

text: given

text: several

text: awards

text: as

text: best

text: actress

text: among

text: other

text: things

text: at

text: the

text: BAFTA

text: Scotland

text: Awards

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: Independent

text: Film

text: Awards

text: in

text: Dickie

text: also

text: supports

text: the

text: theatre

text: company

text: Solar

text: Bear

text: which

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: collaborations

text: with

text: deaf

text: people

text: in

text: part

text: through

text: her

text: role

text: as

text: patron

text: You Rang M'Lord? is a BBC television sitcom written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft, the creators of "Dad's Army", "It Ain't Half Hot Mum" and "Hi-de-Hi!" It was broadcast between 1990 and 1993 on the BBC (although there had earlier been a pilot episode in 1988). The show was a comedy set in the house of an aristocratic family in the 1920s, contrasting the upper-class family and their servants in a house in London, along the same lines as the popular drama "Upstairs, Downstairs".

text: You

text: Rang

text: M'Lord

text: is

text: BBC

text: television

text: sitcom

text: written

text: by

text: Jimmy

text: Perry

text: and

text: David

text: Croft

text: the

text: creators

text: of

text: Dad

text: 's

text: Army

text: It

text: Ai

text: n't

text: Half

text: Hot

text: Mum

text: and

text: Hi

text: de

text: Hi

text: It

text: was

text: broadcast

text: between

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: BBC

text: although

text: there

text: had

text: earlier

text: been

text: pilot

text: episode

text: in

text: The

text: show

text: was

text: comedy

text: set

text: in

text: the

text: house

text: of

text: an

text: aristocratic

text: family

text: in

text: the

text: contrasting

text: the

text: upper

text: class

text: family

text: and

text: their

text: servants

text: in

text: house

text: in

text: London

text: along

text: the

text: same

text: lines

text: as

text: the

text: popular

text: drama

text: Upstairs

text: Downstairs

text: Somers Town is a 2008 film directed by Shane Meadows , written by Paul Fraser and produced by Barnaby Spurrier . It stars Thomas Turgoose , Piotr Jagiello , Kate Dickie , Perry Benson , and Elisa Lasowski . It was entirely funded by Eurostar . The film is a study of social environment in the Somers Town area of London , largely shot in black and white .

text: Somers

text: Town

text: is

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Shane

text: Meadows

text: written

text: by

text: Paul

text: Fraser

text: and

text: produced

text: by

text: Barnaby

text: Spurrier

text: It

text: stars

text: Thomas

text: Turgoose

text: Piotr

text: Jagiello

text: Kate

text: Dickie

text: Perry

text: Benson

text: and

text: Elisa

text: Lasowski

text: It

text: was

text: entirely

text: funded

text: by

text: Eurostar

text: The

text: film

text: is

text: study

text: of

text: social

text: environment

text: in

text: the

text: Somers

text: Town

text: area

text: of

text: London

text: largely

text: shot

text: in

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: Shane Meadows (born 26 December 1972) is a English filmmaker of independent film. He is best known for the British cult film series "This is England" (20062015). His other films include "Small Time" (1996), "Twenty Four Seven" (1997), "A Room for Romeo Brass" (1999), "Once Upon a Time in the Midlands" (2002), "Dead Man's Shoes" (2004), "Somers Town" (2006), "Le Donk & Scor-zay-zee" (2009), and "" (2013).

text: Shane

text: Meadows

text: born

text: December

text: is

text: English

text: filmmaker

text: of

text: independent

text: film

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: British

text: cult

text: film

text: series

text: This

text: is

text: England

text: His

text: other

text: films

text: include

text: Small

text: Time

text: Twenty

text: Four

text: Seven

text: Room

text: for

text: Romeo

text: Brass

text: Once

text: Upon

text: Time

text: in

text: the

text: Midlands

text: Dead

text: Man

text: 's

text: Shoes

text: Somers

text: Town

text: Le

text: Donk

text: Scor

text: zay

text: zee

text: and

text: A Room for Romeo Brass is a 1999 British comedy-drama film directed and written by Shane Meadows. It was co-written by frequent Meadows collaborator Paul Fraser. Filming began in September 1998.

text: Room

text: for

text: Romeo

text: Brass

text: is

text: British

text: comedy

text: drama

text: film

text: directed

text: and

text: written

text: by

text: Shane

text: Meadows

text: It

text: was

text: co

text: written

text: by

text: frequent

text: Meadows

text: collaborator

text: Paul

text: Fraser

text: Filming

text: began

text: in

text: September

text: An independent film or indie film is a feature film that is produced outside of the major film studio system, in addition to being produced and distributed by independent entertainment agencies.

text: An

text: independent

text: film

text: or

text: indie

text: film

text: is

text: feature

text: film

text: that

text: is

text: produced

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: film

text: studio

text: system

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: being

text: produced

text: and

text: distributed

text: by

text: independent

text: entertainment

text: agencies

text: Once Upon a Time in the Midlands is a 2002 British romantic comedy film written and directed by Shane Meadows, starring Robert Carlyle, Rhys Ifans, Kathy Burke, Ricky Tomlinson and Shirley Henderson. It is set in Nottingham in the northeast Midlands of England.

text: Once

text: Upon

text: Time

text: in

text: the

text: Midlands

text: is

text: British

text: romantic

text: comedy

text: film

text: written

text: and

text: directed

text: by

text: Shane

text: Meadows

text: starring

text: Robert

text: Carlyle

text: Rhys

text: Ifans

text: Kathy

text: Burke

text: Ricky

text: Tomlinson

text: and

text: Shirley

text: Henderson

text: It

text: is

text: set

text: in

text: Nottingham

text: in

text: the

text: northeast

text: Midlands

text: of

text: England

text: A cult film, also commonly referred to as a cult classic, is a film that has acquired a cult following. Cult films are known for their dedicated, passionate fanbase, an elaborate subculture that engage in repeated viewings, quoting dialogue, and audience participation. Inclusive definitions allow for major studio productions, especially box office bombs, while exclusive definitions focus more on obscure, transgressive films shunned by the mainstream. The difficulty in defining the term and subjectivity of what qualifies as a cult film mirror classificatory disputes about art. The term "cult film" itself was first used in the 1970s to describe the culture that surrounded underground films and midnight movies, though "cult" was in common use in film analysis for decades prior to that.

text: cult

text: film

text: also

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: cult

text: classic

text: is

text: film

text: that

text: has

text: acquired

text: cult

text: following

text: Cult

text: films

text: are

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: dedicated

text: passionate

text: fanbase

text: an

text: elaborate

text: subculture

text: that

text: engage

text: in

text: repeated

text: viewings

text: quoting

text: dialogue

text: and

text: audience

text: participation

text: Inclusive

text: definitions

text: allow

text: for

text: major

text: studio

text: productions

text: especially

text: box

text: office

text: bombs

text: while

text: exclusive

text: definitions

text: focus

text: more

text: on

text: obscure

text: transgressive

text: films

text: shunned

text: by

text: the

text: mainstream

text: The

text: difficulty

text: in

text: defining

text: the

text: term

text: and

text: subjectivity

text: of

text: what

text: qualifies

text: as

text: cult

text: film

text: mirror

text: classificatory

text: disputes

text: about

text: art

text: The

text: term

text: cult

text: film

text: itself

text: was

text: first

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: culture

text: that

text: surrounded

text: underground

text: films

text: and

text: midnight

text: movies

text: though

text: cult

text: was

text: in

text: common

text: use

text: in

text: film

text: analysis

text: for

text: decades

text: prior

text: to

text: that

question: genre somers town

answer: comedy

text: comedy

text: comedy

text: comedy

text: comedy


text: Fantasy is a fiction genre set in an imaginary universe, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world. Most fantasy uses magic or other supernatural elements as a main plot element, theme, or setting. Magic and magical creatures are common in many of these imaginary worlds. Fantasy is generally distinguished from the genres of science fiction and horror by the expectation that it steers clear of scientific and macabre themes, respectively, though there is a great deal of overlap between the three, all of which are subgenres of speculative fiction.

text: Fantasy

text: is

text: fiction

text: genre

text: set

text: in

text: an

text: imaginary

text: universe

text: often

text: but

text: not

text: always

text: without

text: any

text: locations

text: events

text: or

text: people

text: from

text: the

text: real

text: world

text: Most

text: fantasy

text: uses

text: magic

text: or

text: other

text: supernatural

text: elements

text: as

text: main

text: plot

text: element

text: theme

text: or

text: setting

text: Magic

text: and

text: magical

text: creatures

text: are

text: common

text: in

text: many

text: of

text: these

text: imaginary

text: worlds

text: Fantasy

text: is

text: generally

text: distinguished

text: from

text: the

text: genres

text: of

text: science

text: fiction

text: and

text: horror

text: by

text: the

text: expectation

text: that

text: it

text: steers

text: clear

text: of

text: scientific

text: and

text: macabre

text: themes

text: respectively

text: though

text: there

text: is

text: great

text: deal

text: of

text: overlap

text: between

text: the

text: three

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: subgenres

text: of

text: speculative

text: fiction

text: Mass Effect is a science fiction action role-playing third-person shooter video game series developed by the Canadian company BioWare and released for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Microsoft Windows, with the third installment also released on the Wii U. The fourth game is expected to release on Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.

text: Mass

text: Effect

text: is

text: science

text: fiction

text: action

text: role

text: playing

text: third

text: person

text: shooter

text: video

text: game

text: series

text: developed

text: by

text: the

text: Canadian

text: company

text: BioWare

text: and

text: released

text: for

text: the

text: Xbox

text: PlayStation

text: and

text: Microsoft

text: Windows

text: with

text: the

text: third

text: installment

text: also

text: released

text: on

text: the

text: Wii

text: The

text: fourth

text: game

text: is

text: expected

text: to

text: release

text: on

text: Windows

text: PlayStation

text: and

text: Xbox

text: One

text: BioWare is a video game developer located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It was founded in February 1995 by newly graduated medical doctors Ray Muzyka, Greg Zeschuk, and Augustine Yip. BioWare is currently owned by American company Electronic Arts. The company specializes in role-playing video games, and became famous for launching highly praised and successful licensed franchises, "Baldur's Gate", "Neverwinter Nights", and "". They proceeded to make several other successful games based on original intellectual property: "Jade Empire", the "Mass Effect" series, and the "Dragon Age" series. In 2011, BioWare launched their first massively multiplayer online role-playing game, "".

text: BioWare

text: is

text: video

text: game

text: developer

text: located

text: in

text: Edmonton

text: Alberta

text: Canada

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: February

text: by

text: newly

text: graduated

text: medical

text: doctors

text: Ray

text: Muzyka

text: Greg

text: Zeschuk

text: and

text: Augustine

text: Yip

text: BioWare

text: is

text: currently

text: owned

text: by

text: American

text: company

text: Electronic

text: Arts

text: The

text: company

text: specializes

text: in

text: role

text: playing

text: video

text: games

text: and

text: became

text: famous

text: for

text: launching

text: highly

text: praised

text: and

text: successful

text: licensed

text: franchises

text: Baldur

text: 's

text: Gate

text: Neverwinter

text: Nights

text: and

text: They

text: proceeded

text: to

text: make

text: several

text: other

text: successful

text: games

text: based

text: on

text: original

text: intellectual

text: property

text: Jade

text: Empire

text: the

text: Mass

text: Effect

text: series

text: and

text: the

text: Dragon

text: Age

text: series

text: In

text: BioWare

text: launched

text: their

text: first

text: massively

text: multiplayer

text: online

text: role

text: playing

text: game

text: Gregory P. Zeschuk is a former VP at Electronic Arts and General Manager at BioWare Austin. He co-founded BioWare in 1995 with Ray Muzyka and Augustine Yip, after all three earned their medical degrees from the University of Alberta. Zeschuk announced his retirement from BioWare on September 18, 2012. He is currently involved in a number of projects related to the craft-beer industry, including the production of a web-based interview show known as "The Beer Diaries."

text: Gregory

text: Zeschuk

text: is

text: former

text: VP

text: at

text: Electronic

text: Arts

text: and

text: General

text: Manager

text: at

text: BioWare

text: Austin

text: He

text: co

text: founded

text: BioWare

text: in

text: with

text: Ray

text: Muzyka

text: and

text: Augustine

text: Yip

text: after

text: all

text: three

text: earned

text: their

text: medical

text: degrees

text: from

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Alberta

text: Zeschuk

text: announced

text: his

text: retirement

text: from

text: BioWare

text: on

text: September

text: He

text: is

text: currently

text: involved

text: in

text: number

text: of

text: projects

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: craft

text: beer

text: industry

text: including

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: web

text: based

text: interview

text: show

text: known

text: as

text: The

text: Beer

text: Diaries

text: Science fiction (often shortened to SF, sci-fi or scifi) is a genre of speculative fiction, typically dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a "literature of ideas." It usually avoids the supernatural, and unlike the related genre of fantasy, historically science fiction stories were intended to have a grounding in science-based fact or theory at the time the story was created, but this connection is now limited to hard science fiction.

text: Science

text: fiction

text: often

text: shortened

text: to

text: SF

text: sci

text: fi

text: or

text: scifi

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: speculative

text: fiction

text: typically

text: dealing

text: with

text: imaginative

text: concepts

text: such

text: as

text: futuristic

text: science

text: and

text: technology

text: space

text: travel

text: time

text: travel

text: faster

text: than

text: light

text: travel

text: parallel

text: universes

text: and

text: extraterrestrial

text: life

text: Science

text: fiction

text: often

text: explores

text: the

text: potential

text: consequences

text: of

text: scientific

text: and

text: other

text: innovations

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: literature

text: of

text: ideas

text: It

text: usually

text: avoids

text: the

text: supernatural

text: and

text: unlike

text: the

text: related

text: genre

text: of

text: fantasy

text: historically

text: science

text: fiction

text: stories

text: were

text: intended

text: to

text: have

text: grounding

text: in

text: science

text: based

text: fact

text: or

text: theory

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: the

text: story

text: was

text: created

text: but

text: this

text: connection

text: is

text: now

text: limited

text: to

text: hard

text: science

text: fiction

text: High fantasy is a subgenre of fantasy, defined either by its setting in a fictional universe or by the epic stature of its characters, themes, and plot. The term "high fantasy" was coined by Lloyd Alexander in a 1971 essay, "High Fantasy and Heroic Romance".

text: High

text: fantasy

text: is

text: subgenre

text: of

text: fantasy

text: defined

text: either

text: by

text: its

text: setting

text: in

text: fictional

text: universe

text: or

text: by

text: the

text: epic

text: stature

text: of

text: its

text: characters

text: themes

text: and

text: plot

text: The

text: term

text: high

text: fantasy

text: was

text: coined

text: by

text: Lloyd

text: Alexander

text: in

text: essay

text: High

text: Fantasy

text: and

text: Heroic

text: Romance

text: Speculative fiction is a broad umbrella genre denoting any narrative fiction with supernatural or futuristic elements; this encompasses the genres of science fiction, fantasy, horror, alternative history, magic realism, and superhero fiction, as well as combinations of the previous genres. It typically strays strongly from reality and so may feature fictional types of beings like mythical creatures and supernatural entities, technologies that do not exist in real life like time machines and interstellar spaceships, or magical or otherwise scientifically inexplicable elements. The term's popularity is sometimes attributed to Robert Heinlein, who referenced it in 1947 in an editorial essay, although there are prior mentions of speculative fiction, or its variant "speculative literature".

text: Speculative

text: fiction

text: is

text: broad

text: umbrella

text: genre

text: denoting

text: any

text: narrative

text: fiction

text: with

text: supernatural

text: or

text: futuristic

text: elements

text: this

text: encompasses

text: the

text: genres

text: of

text: science

text: fiction

text: fantasy

text: horror

text: alternative

text: history

text: magic

text: realism

text: and

text: superhero

text: fiction

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: combinations

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: genres

text: It

text: typically

text: strays

text: strongly

text: from

text: reality

text: and

text: so

text: may

text: feature

text: fictional

text: types

text: of

text: beings

text: like

text: mythical

text: creatures

text: and

text: supernatural

text: entities

text: technologies

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: exist

text: in

text: real

text: life

text: like

text: time

text: machines

text: and

text: interstellar

text: spaceships

text: or

text: magical

text: or

text: otherwise

text: scientifically

text: inexplicable

text: elements

text: The

text: term

text: 's

text: popularity

text: is

text: sometimes

text: attributed

text: to

text: Robert

text: Heinlein

text: who

text: referenced

text: it

text: in

text: in

text: an

text: editorial

text: essay

text: although

text: there

text: are

text: prior

text: mentions

text: of

text: speculative

text: fiction

text: or

text: its

text: variant

text: speculative

text: literature

text: Jade Empire is an action role-playing game developed by BioWare and published by Microsoft Game Studios, originally released worldwide for the Xbox. A Microsoft Windows version, developed by LTI Gray Matter and published by 2K Games, was released in North America on February 26, 2007, as a "Special Edition". "Jade Empire" was released as an Xbox Original on Microsoft's Xbox 360 on July 21, 2008. The "Special Edition" became available for Mac OS X on August 18, 2008.

text: Jade

text: Empire

text: is

text: an

text: action

text: role

text: playing

text: game

text: developed

text: by

text: BioWare

text: and

text: published

text: by

text: Microsoft

text: Game

text: Studios

text: originally

text: released

text: worldwide

text: for

text: the

text: Xbox

text: Microsoft

text: Windows

text: version

text: developed

text: by

text: LTI

text: Gray

text: Matter

text: and

text: published

text: by

text: Games

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: on

text: February

text: as

text: Special

text: Edition

text: Jade

text: Empire

text: was

text: released

text: as

text: an

text: Xbox

text: Original

text: on

text: Microsoft

text: 's

text: Xbox

text: on

text: July

text: The

text: Special

text: Edition

text: became

text: available

text: for

text: Mac

text: OS

text: on

text: August

text:
Electronic Arts Inc. (EA) is an American video game company headquartered in Redwood City, California. Founded and incorporated on May 28, 1982 by Trip Hawkins, the company was a pioneer of the early home computer games industry and was notable for promoting the designers and programmers responsible for its games. As of 2014, Electronic Arts was the world's fourth-largest gaming company by revenue after Tencent, Sony and Microsoft
The company sparked controversies over its advertising efforts, and acquisition of other studios.

text: Electronic

text: Arts

text: Inc.

text: EA

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: video

text: game

text: company

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Redwood

text: City

text: California

text: Founded

text: and

text: incorporated

text: on

text: May

text: by

text: Trip

text: Hawkins

text: the

text: company

text: was

text: pioneer

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: home

text: computer

text: games

text: industry

text: and

text: was

text: notable

text: for

text: promoting

text: the

text: designers

text: and

text: programmers

text: responsible

text: for

text: its

text: games

text: As

text: of

text: Electronic

text: Arts

text: was

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: largest

text: gaming

text: company

text: by

text: revenue

text: after

text: Tencent

text: Sony

text: and

text: Microsoft

text: The

text: company

text: sparked

text: controversies

text: over

text: its

text: advertising

text: efforts

text: and

text: acquisition

text: of

text: other

text: studios

text: Baldur's Gate is a fantasy role-playing video game developed by BioWare and published in 1998 by Interplay Entertainment. It is the first game in the "Baldur's Gate" series and takes place in the Forgotten Realms, a high fantasy campaign setting, using a modified version of the "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" ("AD&D") 2nd edition rules. The game received critical acclaim and was credited for revitalizing the computer role-playing game genre. The game allows development of the player character through choice of companions, dialogue choices, exploration, and battle. "Baldur's Gate" uses a reputation system and rewards the player depending on the choices made in the game.

text: Baldur

text: 's

text: Gate

text: is

text: fantasy

text: role

text: playing

text: video

text: game

text: developed

text: by

text: BioWare

text: and

text: published

text: in

text: by

text: Interplay

text: Entertainment

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: game

text: in

text: the

text: Baldur

text: 's

text: Gate

text: series

text: and

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: Forgotten

text: Realms

text: high

text: fantasy

text: campaign

text: setting

text: using

text: modified

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: Advanced

text: Dungeons

text: Dragons

text: AD&D

text: edition

text: rules

text: The

text: game

text: received

text: critical

text: acclaim

text: and

text: was

text: credited

text: for

text: revitalizing

text: the

text: computer

text: role

text: playing

text: game

text: genre

text: The

text: game

text: allows

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: player

text: character

text: through

text: choice

text: of

text: companions

text: dialogue

text: choices

text: exploration

text: and

text: battle

text: Baldur

text: 's

text: Gate

text: uses

text: reputation

text: system

text: and

text: rewards

text: the

text: player

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: choices

text: made

text: in

text: the

text: game

text: Dragon Age is a high fantasy role - playing video game series created by BioWare . The first game , Dragon Age : Origins , was released in 2009 . Dragon Age II , a sequel to Origins , was released in March 2011 . Dragon Age : Inquisition was released in November 2014 . The series ' fantasy setting has also been used by a variety of other media , including books and tabletop games , and the three main games have been joined by a variety of downloadable content ( DLC ) add - ons .

text: Dragon

text: Age

text: is

text: high

text: fantasy

text: role

text: playing

text: video

text: game

text: series

text: created

text: by

text: BioWare

text: The

text: first

text: game

text: Dragon

text: Age

text: Origins

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: Dragon

text: Age

text: II

text: sequel

text: to

text: Origins

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: March

text: Dragon

text: Age

text: Inquisition

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: November

text: The

text: series

text: fantasy

text: setting

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: used

text: by

text: variety

text: of

text: other

text: media

text: including

text: books

text: and

text: tabletop

text: games

text: and

text: the

text: three

text: main

text: games

text: have

text: been

text: joined

text: by

text: variety

text: of

text: downloadable

text: content

text: DLC

text: add

text: ons

text: Ray Muzyka is a Canadian investor, entrepreneur and physician. Originally trained as a medical doctor and practicing as an emergency room and family physician after graduation, he is the co-founder of video game developer BioWare, and was CEO, senior vice president, and general manager of the BioWare label of Electronic Arts (comprising BioWare Edmonton, BioWare Austin, BioWare Montreal, BioWare Ireland, BioWare Victory, BioWare San Francisco, BioWare Sacramento and Mythic Entertainment). In October 2012 he announced that he was embarking on a 'third career' mentoring and investing in technology, new media, medical and social entrepreneurs, and impact investing at ThresholdImpact.

text: Ray

text: Muzyka

text: is

text: Canadian

text: investor

text: entrepreneur

text: and

text: physician

text: Originally

text: trained

text: as

text: medical

text: doctor

text: and

text: practicing

text: as

text: an

text: emergency

text: room

text: and

text: family

text: physician

text: after

text: graduation

text: he

text: is

text: the

text: co

text: founder

text: of

text: video

text: game

text: developer

text: BioWare

text: and

text: was

text: CEO

text: senior

text: vice

text: president

text: and

text: general

text: manager

text: of

text: the

text: BioWare

text: label

text: of

text: Electronic

text: Arts

text: comprising

text: BioWare

text: Edmonton

text: BioWare

text: Austin

text: BioWare

text: Montreal

text: BioWare

text: Ireland

text: BioWare

text: Victory

text: BioWare

text: San

text: Francisco

text: BioWare

text: Sacramento

text: and

text: Mythic

text: Entertainment

text: In

text: October

text: he

text: announced

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: embarking

text: on

text: third

text: career

text: mentoring

text: and

text: investing

text: in

text: technology

text: new

text: media

text: medical

text: and

text: social

text: entrepreneurs

text: and

text: impact

text: investing

text: at

text: ThresholdImpact

text: Neverwinter Nights is a third-person role-playing video game developed by BioWare. Interplay Entertainment was originally set to publish the game, but financial difficulties led to it being taken over by Atari. It was released on Microsoft Windows on June 18, 2002. BioWare later released a free Linux client in June 2003, requiring a purchased copy of the game to play. MacSoft released a Mac OS X port in August 2003.

text: Neverwinter

text: Nights

text: is

text: third

text: person

text: role

text: playing

text: video

text: game

text: developed

text: by

text: BioWare

text: Interplay

text: Entertainment

text: was

text: originally

text: set

text: to

text: publish

text: the

text: game

text: but

text: financial

text: difficulties

text: led

text: to

text: it

text: being

text: taken

text: over

text: by

text: Atari

text: It

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: Microsoft

text: Windows

text: on

text: June

text: BioWare

text: later

text: released

text: free

text: Linux

text: client

text: in

text: June

text: requiring

text: purchased

text: copy

text: of

text: the

text: game

text: to

text: play

text: MacSoft

text: released

text: Mac

text: OS

text: port

text: in

text: August

text: A role-playing video game (commonly referred to as role-playing game or RPG, and in the past was also known as computer role-playing game or CRPG) is a video game genre where the player controls the actions of a character (and/or several party members) immersed in some well-defined world. Many role-playing video games have origins in pen-and-paper role-playing games (Including "Dungeons & Dragons") and use much of the same , settings and game mechanics. Other major similarities with pen-and-paper games include developed story-telling and narrative elements, player character development, complexity, as well as replayability and immersion. The electronic medium removes the necessity for a gamemaster and increases combat resolution speed. RPGs have evolved from simple text-based console-window games into visually rich 3D experiences. Since the 1980s, Role-playing is the most commercially viable video game genre in Japan, and has more market share of any other genre in the japanese gaming industry, although in the 2010s first-person shooters and western iOS and Android games were becoming rapidly and increasingly popular in that country.

text: role

text: playing

text: video

text: game

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: role

text: playing

text: game

text: or

text: RPG

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: was

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: computer

text: role

text: playing

text: game

text: or

text: CRPG

text: is

text: video

text: game

text: genre

text: where

text: the

text: player

text: controls

text: the

text: actions

text: of

text: character

text: and/or

text: several

text: party

text: members

text: immersed

text: in

text: some

text: well

text: defined

text: world

text: Many

text: role

text: playing

text: video

text: games

text: have

text: origins

text: in

text: pen

text: and

text: paper

text: role

text: playing

text: games

text: Including

text: Dungeons

text: Dragons

text: and

text: use

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: settings

text: and

text: game

text: mechanics

text: Other

text: major

text: similarities

text: with

text: pen

text: and

text: paper

text: games

text: include

text: developed

text: story

text: telling

text: and

text: narrative

text: elements

text: player

text: character

text: development

text: complexity

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: replayability

text: and

text: immersion

text: The

text: electronic

text: medium

text: removes

text: the

text: necessity

text: for

text: gamemaster

text: and

text: increases

text: combat

text: resolution

text: speed

text: RPGs

text: have

text: evolved

text: from

text: simple

text: text

text: based

text: console

text: window

text: games

text: into

text: visually

text: rich

text: experiences

text: Since

text: the

text: Role

text: playing

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: commercially

text: viable

text: video

text: game

text: genre

text: in

text: Japan

text: and

text: has

text: more

text: market

text: share

text: of

text: any

text: other

text: genre

text: in

text: the

text: japanese

text: gaming

text: industry

text: although

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: shooters

text: and

text: western

text: iOS

text: and

text: Android

text: games

text: were

text: becoming

text: rapidly

text: and

text: increasingly

text: popular

text: in

text: that

text: country

text: The supernatural (Medieval Latin: "superntrlis": "supra" "above" + "naturalis" "natural", first used: 15201530 AD) includes all that cannot be explained by science or the laws of nature, including things characteristic of or relating to ghosts, gods, or other supernatural beings, or to things beyond nature.

text: The

text: supernatural

text: Medieval

text: Latin

text: superntrlis

text: supra

text: above

text: naturalis

text: natural

text: first

text: used

text: AD

text: includes

text: all

text: that

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: explained

text: by

text: science

text: or

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: nature

text: including

text: things

text: characteristic

text: of

text: or

text: relating

text: to

text: ghosts

text: gods

text: or

text: other

text: supernatural

text: beings

text: or

text: to

text: things

text: beyond

text: nature

text: Canada (French: ) is a country in the northern half of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering , making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Canada's border with the United States is the world's longest land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. About four-fifths of the country's population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, its largest city is Toronto; other major urban areas include Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg and Hamilton.

text: Canada

text: French

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: half

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: Its

text: ten

text: provinces

text: and

text: three

text: territories

text: extend

text: from

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: to

text: the

text: Pacific

text: and

text: northward

text: into

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: covering

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: Canada

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: longest

text: land

text: border

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: cold

text: or

text: severely

text: cold

text: winter

text: climate

text: but

text: southerly

text: areas

text: are

text: warm

text: in

text: summer

text: Canada

text: is

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: its

text: land

text: territory

text: being

text: dominated

text: by

text: forest

text: and

text: tundra

text: and

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: About

text: four

text: fifths

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: urbanized

text: and

text: live

text: near

text: the

text: southern

text: border

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Ottawa

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Toronto

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Montreal

text: Vancouver

text: Calgary

text: Edmonton

text: Quebec

text: City

text: Winnipeg

text: and

text: Hamilton

annotations: likely multiple

annotations: follows multiple

question: publisher dragon age

answer: electronic arts

text: electronic arts

text: electronic arts

text: electronic arts

text: electronic arts

text: electronic arts


text: Capitosauria is an extinct group of large temnospondyl amphibians with simplified stereospondyl vertebrae. Mainly living as piscivores in lakes and rivers, the Capitosauria and its sister taxon Trematosauria were the only major labyrinthodonts that existed during the Mesozoic in ecological niches broadly similar to those of modern crocodiles, and some grew to very large sizes. At 6 meter in length, the Mid-Triassic "Mastodonsaurus giganteus" is not only thought to have been the largest capitosaur, but possibly also the largest amphibian to have lived. The capitosaurs enjoyed a brief period of success in the early Triassic, but with the rise of crocodiles in the middle Triassic they went into decline, and the capitosaur lineage is not known beyond the Late Triassic.

text: Capitosauria

text: is

text: an

text: extinct

text: group

text: of

text: large

text: temnospondyl

text: amphibians

text: with

text: simplified

text: stereospondyl

text: vertebrae

text: Mainly

text: living

text: as

text: piscivores

text: in

text: lakes

text: and

text: rivers

text: the

text: Capitosauria

text: and

text: its

text: sister

text: taxon

text: Trematosauria

text: were

text: the

text: only

text: major

text: labyrinthodonts

text: that

text: existed

text: during

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: in

text: ecological

text: niches

text: broadly

text: similar

text: to

text: those

text: of

text: modern

text: crocodiles

text: and

text: some

text: grew

text: to

text: very

text: large

text: sizes

text: At

text: meter

text: in

text: length

text: the

text: Mid

text: Triassic

text: Mastodonsaurus

text: giganteus

text: is

text: not

text: only

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: the

text: largest

text: capitosaur

text: but

text: possibly

text: also

text: the

text: largest

text: amphibian

text: to

text: have

text: lived

text: The

text: capitosaurs

text: enjoyed

text: brief

text: period

text: of

text: success

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: Triassic

text: but

text: with

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: crocodiles

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: Triassic

text: they

text: went

text: into

text: decline

text: and

text: the

text: capitosaur

text: lineage

text: is

text: not

text: known

text: beyond

text: the

text: Late

text: Triassic

text: In the geologic timescale, the Middle Triassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period or the middle of three series in which the Triassic system is divided. It spans the time between Ma and Ma (million years ago). The Middle Triassic is divided into the Anisian and Ladinian ages or stages.

text: In

text: the

text: geologic

text: timescale

text: the

text: Middle

text: Triassic

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: of

text: three

text: epochs

text: of

text: the

text: Triassic

text: period

text: or

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: three

text: series

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Triassic

text: system

text: is

text: divided

text: It

text: spans

text: the

text: time

text: between

text: Ma

text: and

text: Ma

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The

text: Middle

text: Triassic

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: Anisian

text: and

text: Ladinian

text: ages

text: or

text: stages

text: The Early Triassic is the first of three epochs of the Triassic Period of the geologic timescale. It spans the time between Ma and Ma (million years ago). Rocks from this epoch are collectively known as the Lower Triassic, which is a unit in chronostratigraphy. The Early Triassic is the oldest epoch of the Mesozoic Era and is divided into the Induan and Olenekian ages.

text: The

text: Early

text: Triassic

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: three

text: epochs

text: of

text: the

text: Triassic

text: Period

text: of

text: the

text: geologic

text: timescale

text: It

text: spans

text: the

text: time

text: between

text: Ma

text: and

text: Ma

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Rocks

text: from

text: this

text: epoch

text: are

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Lower

text: Triassic

text: which

text: is

text: unit

text: in

text: chronostratigraphy

text: The

text: Early

text: Triassic

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: epoch

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: and

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: Induan

text: and

text: Olenekian

text: ages

text: Trematosuchus is an extinct genus of trematosaurian temnospondyl within the family Trematosauridae from South African . It was first named by Haughton in 1915 as Trematosaurus sobeyi . It was assigned to its own genus Trematosuchus by Watson in 1919 .

text: Trematosuchus

text: is

text: an

text: extinct

text: genus

text: of

text: trematosaurian

text: temnospondyl

text: within

text: the

text: family

text: Trematosauridae

text: from

text: South

text: African

text: It

text: was

text: first

text: named

text: by

text: Haughton

text: in

text: as

text: Trematosaurus

text: sobeyi

text: It

text: was

text: assigned

text: to

text: its

text: own

text: genus

text: Trematosuchus

text: by

text: Watson

text: in

text: Laurasia (or ) was the more northern of two supercontinents (the other being Gondwana) that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent around (Mya). It separated from Gondwana (beginning in the late Triassic period) during the breakup of Pangaea, drifting farther north after the split.

text: Laurasia

text: or

text: was

text: the

text: more

text: northern

text: of

text: two

text: supercontinents

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: Gondwana

text: that

text: formed

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Pangaea

text: supercontinent

text: around

text: Mya

text: It

text: separated

text: from

text: Gondwana

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Triassic

text: period

text: during

text: the

text: breakup

text: of

text: Pangaea

text: drifting

text: farther

text: north

text: after

text: the

text: split

text: In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis. An organism consists of one or more cells; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism. Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms. Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs.

text: In

text: biology

text: an

text: organism

text: is

text: any

text: contiguous

text: living

text: system

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: animal

text: plant

text: fungus

text: archaeon

text: or

text: bacterium

text: All

text: known

text: types

text: of

text: organisms

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: some

text: degree

text: of

text: response

text: to

text: stimuli

text: reproduction

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: and

text: homeostasis

text: An

text: organism

text: consists

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: cells

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: one

text: cell

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: unicellular

text: organism

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: multicellular

text: organism

text: Most

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: are

text: of

text: microscopic

text: scale

text: and

text: are

text: thus

text: loosely

text: described

text: as

text: microorganisms

text: Humans

text: are

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: trillions

text: of

text: cells

text: grouped

text: into

text: specialized

text: tissues

text: and

text: organs

text: FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for telecommunications programs under the DOS operating system. FOSSIL is an acronym for "Fido Opus SEAdog Standard Interface Layer". "Fido" refers to FidoBBS, "Opus" refers to Opus-CBCS BBS, and "SEAdog" refers to a Fidonet compatible mailer. The standards document that defines the FOSSIL protocol is maintained by the Fidonet Technical Standards Committee.

text: FOSSIL

text: is

text: standard

text: protocol

text: for

text: allowing

text: serial

text: communication

text: for

text: telecommunications

text: programs

text: under

text: the

text: DOS

text: operating

text: system

text: FOSSIL

text: is

text: an

text: acronym

text: for

text: Fido

text: Opus

text: SEAdog

text: Standard

text: Interface

text: Layer

text: Fido

text: refers

text: to

text: FidoBBS

text: Opus

text: refers

text: to

text: Opus

text: CBCS

text: BBS

text: and

text: SEAdog

text: refers

text: to

text: Fidonet

text: compatible

text: mailer

text: The

text: standards

text: document

text: that

text: defines

text: the

text: FOSSIL

text: protocol

text: is

text: maintained

text: by

text: the

text: Fidonet

text: Technical

text: Standards

text: Committee

text: In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from "taxonomy") is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is not uncommon, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given a formal scientific name, its use is then governed by one of the nomenclature codes specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping.

text: In

text: biology

text: taxon

text: plural

text: taxa

text: back

text: formation

text: from

text: taxonomy

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: populations

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: or

text: organisms

text: seen

text: by

text: taxonomists

text: to

text: form

text: unit

text: Although

text: neither

text: is

text: required

text: taxon

text: is

text: usually

text: known

text: by

text: particular

text: name

text: and

text: given

text: particular

text: ranking

text: especially

text: if

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: is

text: accepted

text: or

text: becomes

text: established

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: uncommon

text: however

text: for

text: taxonomists

text: to

text: remain

text: at

text: odds

text: over

text: what

text: belongs

text: to

text: taxon

text: and

text: the

text: criteria

text: used

text: for

text: inclusion

text: If

text: taxon

text: is

text: given

text: formal

text: scientific

text: name

text: its

text: use

text: is

text: then

text: governed

text: by

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: nomenclature

text: codes

text: specifying

text: which

text: scientific

text: name

text: is

text: correct

text: for

text: particular

text: grouping

text: Trematosauridae are a family of large temnospondyl amphibians with many members. They first appeared during the Olenekian stage of the Early Triassic, and existed until around the Carnian stage of the Late Triassic, although by then they were very rare. By the Middle Triassic they had become widespread throughout Laurasia and Gondwana with fossils being found in Europe, Asia, Madagascar, and Australia.

text: Trematosauridae

text: are

text: family

text: of

text: large

text: temnospondyl

text: amphibians

text: with

text: many

text: members

text: They

text: first

text: appeared

text: during

text: the

text: Olenekian

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: Early

text: Triassic

text: and

text: existed

text: until

text: around

text: the

text: Carnian

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: Late

text: Triassic

text: although

text: by

text: then

text: they

text: were

text: very

text: rare

text: By

text: the

text: Middle

text: Triassic

text: they

text: had

text: become

text: widespread

text: throughout

text: Laurasia

text: and

text: Gondwana

text: with

text: fossils

text: being

text: found

text: in

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: Madagascar

text: and

text: Australia

text:
In paleogeography, Gondwana,
also Gondwanaland, is the name given to an ancient supercontinent. It is believed to have sutured between about 573 and 510 million years ago (Mya), joining East Gondwana to West Gondwana. Gondwana formed prior to Pangaea, and later became part of it.

text: In

text: paleogeography

text: Gondwana

text: also

text: Gondwanaland

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: an

text: ancient

text: supercontinent

text: It

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: sutured

text: between

text: about

text: and

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: joining

text: East

text: Gondwana

text: to

text: West

text: Gondwana

text: Gondwana

text: formed

text: prior

text: to

text: Pangaea

text: and

text: later

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: it

text: In biology, a species (abbreviated sp., with the plural form species abbreviated spp.) is the basic unit of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. While this definition is often adequate, looked at more closely it is often problematic. For example, in a species complex, the boundaries between closely related species become unclear or disappear altogether. Other ways of defining species include similarity of DNA, morphology, or ecological niche. The presence of locally adaptive traits may further subdivide species into infraspecific taxa such as subspecies.

text: In

text: biology

text: species

text: abbreviated

text: sp

text: with

text: the

text: plural

text: form

text: species

text: abbreviated

text: spp

text: is

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: biological

text: classification

text: and

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: species

text: is

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: group

text: of

text: organisms

text: in

text: which

text: two

text: individuals

text: can

text: produce

text: fertile

text: offspring

text: typically

text: by

text: sexual

text: reproduction

text: While

text: this

text: definition

text: is

text: often

text: adequate

text: looked

text: at

text: more

text: closely

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: problematic

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: species

text: complex

text: the

text: boundaries

text: between

text: closely

text: related

text: species

text: become

text: unclear

text: or

text: disappear

text: altogether

text: Other

text: ways

text: of

text: defining

text: species

text: include

text: similarity

text: of

text: DNA

text: morphology

text: or

text: ecological

text: niche

text: The

text: presence

text: of

text: locally

text: adaptive

text: traits

text: may

text: further

text: subdivide

text: species

text: into

text: infraspecific

text: taxa

text: such

text: as

text: subspecies

text: Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into single, coherent field. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood today that all the organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition known as homeostasis.

text: Biology

text: is

text: natural

text: science

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: living

text: organisms

text: including

text: their

text: structure

text: function

text: growth

text: evolution

text: distribution

text: identification

text: and

text: taxonomy

text: Modern

text: biology

text: is

text: vast

text: and

text: eclectic

text: field

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: branches

text: and

text: subdisciplines

text: However

text: despite

text: the

text: broad

text: scope

text: of

text: biology

text: there

text: are

text: certain

text: general

text: and

text: unifying

text: concepts

text: within

text: it

text: that

text: govern

text: all

text: study

text: and

text: research

text: consolidating

text: it

text: into

text: single

text: coherent

text: field

text: In

text: general

text: biology

text: recognizes

text: the

text: cell

text: as

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: life

text: genes

text: as

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: heredity

text: and

text: evolution

text: as

text: the

text: engine

text: that

text: propels

text: the

text: synthesis

text: and

text: creation

text: of

text: new

text: species

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: understood

text: today

text: that

text: all

text: the

text: organisms

text: survive

text: by

text: consuming

text: and

text: transforming

text: energy

text: and

text: by

text: regulating

text: their

text: internal

text: environment

text: to

text: maintain

text: stable

text: and

text: vital

text: condition

text: known

text: as

text: homeostasis

text: Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus "Homo" and within this genus to the species "Homo sapiens". The "formal" introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work "Species Plantarum" in 1753. But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book "Pinax theatri botanici" (English, "Illustrated exposition of plants") many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus.

text: Binomial

text: nomenclature

text: also

text: called

text: binominal

text: nomenclature

text: or

text: binary

text: nomenclature

text: is

text: formal

text: system

text: of

text: naming

text: species

text: of

text: living

text: things

text: by

text: giving

text: each

text: name

text: composed

text: of

text: two

text: parts

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: use

text: Latin

text: grammatical

text: forms

text: although

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: words

text: from

text: other

text: languages

text: Such

text: name

text: is

text: called

text: binomial

text: name

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: shortened

text: to

text: just

text: binomial

text: binomen

text: or

text: scientific

text: name

text: more

text: informally

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: called

text: Latin

text: name

text: The

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: identifies

text: the

text: genus

text: to

text: which

text: the

text: species

text: belongs

text: the

text: second

text: part

text: identifies

text: the

text: species

text: within

text: the

text: genus

text: For

text: example

text: humans

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: genus

text: Homo

text: and

text: within

text: this

text: genus

text: to

text: the

text: species

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: The

text: formal

text: introduction

text: of

text: this

text: system

text: of

text: naming

text: species

text: is

text: credited

text: to

text: Carl

text: Linnaeus

text: effectively

text: beginning

text: with

text: his

text: work

text: Species

text: Plantarum

text: in

text: But

text: Gaspard

text: Bauhin

text: in

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: had

text: introduced

text: in

text: his

text: book

text: Pinax

text: theatri

text: botanici

text: English

text: Illustrated

text: exposition

text: of

text: plants

text: many

text: names

text: of

text: genera

text: that

text: were

text: later

text: adopted

text: by

text: Linnaeus

text: A genus ( genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.

text: genus

text: genera

text: is

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: biological

text: classification

text: of

text: living

text: and

text: fossil

text: organisms

text: in

text: biology

text: In

text: the

text: hierarchy

text: of

text: biological

text: classification

text: genus

text: comes

text: above

text: species

text: and

text: below

text: family

text: In

text: binomial

text: nomenclature

text: the

text: genus

text: name

text: forms

text: the

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: binomial

text: species

text: name

text: for

text: each

text: species

text: within

text: the

text: genus

text: The Late Triassic is the third and final of three epochs of the Triassic Period in the geologic timescale. The Triassic-Jurassic extinction event began during this epoch and is one of the five major mass extinction events of the Earth. The corresponding series is known as the Upper Triassic. In Europe the epoch was called the Keuper, after a German lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) that has a roughly corresponding age. The Late Triassic spans the time between Ma and Ma (million years ago). The Late Triassic is divided into the Carnian, Norian and Rhaetian ages.

text: The

text: Late

text: Triassic

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: and

text: final

text: of

text: three

text: epochs

text: of

text: the

text: Triassic

text: Period

text: in

text: the

text: geologic

text: timescale

text: The

text: Triassic

text: Jurassic

text: extinction

text: event

text: began

text: during

text: this

text: epoch

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: major

text: mass

text: extinction

text: events

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: The

text: corresponding

text: series

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Upper

text: Triassic

text: In

text: Europe

text: the

text: epoch

text: was

text: called

text: the

text: Keuper

text: after

text: German

text: lithostratigraphic

text: group

text: sequence

text: of

text: rock

text: strata

text: that

text: has

text: roughly

text: corresponding

text: age

text: The

text: Late

text: Triassic

text: spans

text: the

text: time

text: between

text: Ma

text: and

text: Ma

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The

text: Late

text: Triassic

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: Carnian

text: Norian

text: and

text: Rhaetian

text: ages

text: Trematosauria is one of two major groups of temnospondyl amphibians that survived the Permian-Triassic extinction event, the other (according to Yates and Warren 2000) being the Capitosauria. The trematosaurs were a diverse and important group that included many medium-sized to large forms that were semi-aquatic to totally aquatic. The group included long-snouted forms such as the trematosauroids and short, broad-headed forms such as the metoposaurs. Although most groups did not survive beyond the Triassic, one lineage, the brachyopoids, continued until the Cretaceous period.

text: Trematosauria

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: major

text: groups

text: of

text: temnospondyl

text: amphibians

text: that

text: survived

text: the

text: Permian

text: Triassic

text: extinction

text: event

text: the

text: other

text: according

text: to

text: Yates

text: and

text: Warren

text: being

text: the

text: Capitosauria

text: The

text: trematosaurs

text: were

text: diverse

text: and

text: important

text: group

text: that

text: included

text: many

text: medium

text: sized

text: to

text: large

text: forms

text: that

text: were

text: semi

text: aquatic

text: to

text: totally

text: aquatic

text: The

text: group

text: included

text: long

text: snouted

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: trematosauroids

text: and

text: short

text: broad

text: headed

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: metoposaurs

text: Although

text: most

text: groups

text: did

text: not

text: survive

text: beyond

text: the

text: Triassic

text: one

text: lineage

text: the

text: brachyopoids

text: continued

text: until

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: period

annotations: follows single

question: instance_of trematosuchus

answer: taxon

text: taxon

text: taxon

text: taxon

text: taxon

text: taxon


text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying its morale or its economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both. It is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize strategic bombers, long- or medium-range missiles, or nuclear-armed fighter-bomber aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to the enemy's war-making capability.

text: Strategic

text: bombing

text: is

text: military

text: strategy

text: used

text: in

text: total

text: war

text: with

text: the

text: goal

text: of

text: defeating

text: the

text: enemy

text: by

text: destroying

text: its

text: morale

text: or

text: its

text: economic

text: ability

text: to

text: produce

text: and

text: transport

text: materiel

text: to

text: the

text: theatres

text: of

text: military

text: operations

text: or

text: both

text: It

text: is

text: systematically

text: organized

text: and

text: executed

text: attack

text: from

text: the

text: air

text: which

text: can

text: utilize

text: strategic

text: bombers

text: long-

text: or

text: medium

text: range

text: missiles

text: or

text: nuclear

text: armed

text: fighter

text: bomber

text: aircraft

text: to

text: attack

text: targets

text: deemed

text: vital

text: to

text: the

text: enemy

text: 's

text: war

text: making

text: capability

text: General Paul Conrath ( 22 November 1896 -- 15 January 1979 ) was a German General der Fallschirmtruppe during World War II and a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . Following the battle at Monte Cassino in Italy , he was honored for authorizing action , prior to the battle , that saved priceless Christian treasures . At the request of two of his division 's officers , he authorized use of trucks , fuel , and drivers to remove books and other property from the Abbey to the Vatican and other safe locations in Rome . After a mass in the basilica , Abbot Gregorio Diamare formally presented General Conrath with signed parchment scrolls enscribed in Latin . The scrolls cited two German officers who proposed the evacuation of the treasures of the Abbey , Lt. Col. Julius Schlegel , a military lawyer , and Capt. Maximilian Becker , an army surgeon , `` for rescuing the monks and treasures of the Abbey of Monte Cassino . '' ( See citations at entry for the Battle of Monte Cassino . )

text: General

text: Paul

text: Conrath

text: November

text: January

text: was

text: German

text: General

text: der

text: Fallschirmtruppe

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: and

text: recipient

text: of

text: the

text: Knight

text: 's

text: Cross

text: of

text: the

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: with

text: Oak

text: Leaves

text: Following

text: the

text: battle

text: at

text: Monte

text: Cassino

text: in

text: Italy

text: he

text: was

text: honored

text: for

text: authorizing

text: action

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: battle

text: that

text: saved

text: priceless

text: Christian

text: treasures

text: At

text: the

text: request

text: of

text: two

text: of

text: his

text: division

text: 's

text: officers

text: he

text: authorized

text: use

text: of

text: trucks

text: fuel

text: and

text: drivers

text: to

text: remove

text: books

text: and

text: other

text: property

text: from

text: the

text: Abbey

text: to

text: the

text: Vatican

text: and

text: other

text: safe

text: locations

text: in

text: Rome

text: After

text: mass

text: in

text: the

text: basilica

text: Abbot

text: Gregorio

text: Diamare

text: formally

text: presented

text: General

text: Conrath

text: with

text: signed

text: parchment

text: scrolls

text: enscribed

text: in

text: Latin

text: The

text: scrolls

text: cited

text: two

text: German

text: officers

text: who

text: proposed

text: the

text: evacuation

text: of

text: the

text: treasures

text: of

text: the

text: Abbey

text: Lt

text: Col

text: Julius

text: Schlegel

text: military

text: lawyer

text: and

text: Capt

text: Maximilian

text: Becker

text: an

text: army

text: surgeon

text: for

text: rescuing

text: the

text: monks

text: and

text: treasures

text: of

text: the

text: Abbey

text: of

text: Monte

text: Cassino

text: See

text: citations

text: at

text: entry

text: for

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Monte

text: Cassino

text: Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP). Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over nearly all aspects of life. The official name of the state was "Deutsches Reich" from 1933 to 1943 and "Großdeutsches Reich" ("Greater German Reich") from 1943 to 1945. The period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period (abbreviated as "NS-Zeit"). The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, ending World War II in Europe.

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: English

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: period

text: in

text: German

text: history

text: from

text: to

text: when

text: Germany

text: was

text: governed

text: by

text: dictatorship

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: and

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: NSDAP

text: Under

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: rule

text: Germany

text: was

text: transformed

text: into

text: fascist

text: state

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: took

text: totalitarian

text: control

text: over

text: nearly

text: all

text: aspects

text: of

text: life

text: The

text: official

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: was

text: Deutsches

text: Reich

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: Großdeutsches

text: Reich

text: Greater

text: German

text: Reich

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: period

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: under

text: the

text: names

text: the

text: Third

text: Reich

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Socialist

text: Period

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: NS

text: Zeit

text: The

text: Nazi

text: regime

text: came

text: to

text: an

text: end

text: after

text: the

text: Allied

text: Powers

text: defeated

text: Germany

text: in

text: May

text: ending

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: in

text: Europe

text:
The Iron Cross (abbreviated EK) was a military decoration in the Kingdom of Prussia, and later in the German Empire (18711918) and Nazi Germany (19331945). It was established by King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia in March 1813 backdated to the birthday of his late wife Queen Louise on 10 March 1813 during the Napoleonic Wars (EK 1813). Louise was the first person to receive this decoration (posthumous). The recommissioned Iron Cross was also awarded during the Franco-Prussian War (EK 1870), World War I (EK 1914), and World War II (EK 1939, re-introduced with a swastika added in the center).
The Iron Cross was normally a military decoration only, though there were instances of it being awarded to civilians for performing military functions. Two examples of this were civilian test pilots Hanna Reitsch who was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class and 1st Class and Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, who was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class, for their actions as pilots during World War II.

text: The

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: abbreviated

text: EK

text: was

text: military

text: decoration

text: in

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Prussia

text: and

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: Empire

text: and

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: It

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: King

text: Friedrich

text: Wilhelm

text: III

text: of

text: Prussia

text: in

text: March

text: backdated

text: to

text: the

text: birthday

text: of

text: his

text: late

text: wife

text: Queen

text: Louise

text: on

text: March

text: during

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: EK

text: Louise

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: to

text: receive

text: this

text: decoration

text: posthumous

text: The

text: recommissioned

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: was

text: also

text: awarded

text: during

text: the

text: Franco

text: Prussian

text: War

text: EK

text: World

text: War

text: EK

text: and

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: EK

text: re

text: introduced

text: with

text: swastika

text: added

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: The

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: was

text: normally

text: military

text: decoration

text: only

text: though

text: there

text: were

text: instances

text: of

text: it

text: being

text: awarded

text: to

text: civilians

text: for

text: performing

text: military

text: functions

text: Two

text: examples

text: of

text: this

text: were

text: civilian

text: test

text: pilots

text: Hanna

text: Reitsch

text: who

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: Class

text: and

text: Class

text: and

text: Melitta

text: Schenk

text: Gräfin

text: von

text: Stauffenberg

text: who

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: Class

text: for

text: their

text: actions

text: as

text: pilots

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, born Melitta Schiller (9 January 1903  8 April 1945), was a German Aviator who served as a test pilot in the Luftwaffe before and during World War II.

text: Melitta

text: Schenk

text: Gräfin

text: von

text: Stauffenberg

text: born

text: Melitta

text: Schiller

text: January

text: April

text: was

text: German

text: Aviator

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: test

text: pilot

text: in

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: before

text: and

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Hiroshima is perhaps best known as the first city in history to be targeted by a nuclear weapon when the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dropped an atomic bomb on the city (and later on Nagasaki) at 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, near the end of World War II.

text: Hiroshima

text: is

text: perhaps

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: city

text: in

text: history

text: to

text: be

text: targeted

text: by

text: nuclear

text: weapon

text: when

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: Air

text: Forces

text: USAAF

text: dropped

text: an

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: later

text: on

text: Nagasaki

text: at

text: a.m.

text: on

text: August

text: near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

question: military_branch paul conrath

answer: luftwaffe

text: luftwaffe