text: Saurolophinae is a subfamily of hadrosaurid dinosaurs. It has since the mid-20th century generally been called the Hadrosaurinae, a group of largely non-crested hadrosaurs related to the crested sub-family Lambeosaurinae. However, the name Hadrosaurinae is based on the genus "Hadrosaurus" which was found in more recent studies to be more primitive than either lambeosaurines or other traditional "hadrosaurines", like "Edmontosaurus" and "Saurolophus". As a result of this, the name Hadrosaurinae was dropped or restricted to "Hadrosaurus" alone, and the subfamily comprising the traditional "hadrosaurines" was renamed the Saurolophinae. Recent phylogenetic work by Hai Xing indicates that "Hadrosaurus" is placed within the monophyletic group containing all non-lambeosaurine hadrosaurids. Therefore, the traditional Hadrosaurinae should be treated as before: Hadrosauridae is divided into two clades: Hadrosaurinae and Lambeosaurinae.

text: Saurolophinae

text: is

text: subfamily

text: of

text: hadrosaurid

text: dinosaurs

text: It

text: has

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: generally

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: Hadrosaurinae

text: group

text: of

text: largely

text: non

text: crested

text: hadrosaurs

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: crested

text: sub

text: family

text: Lambeosaurinae

text: However

text: the

text: name

text: Hadrosaurinae

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: genus

text: Hadrosaurus

text: which

text: was

text: found

text: in

text: more

text: recent

text: studies

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: primitive

text: than

text: either

text: lambeosaurines

text: or

text: other

text: traditional

text: hadrosaurines

text: like

text: Edmontosaurus

text: and

text: Saurolophus

text: As

text: result

text: of

text: this

text: the

text: name

text: Hadrosaurinae

text: was

text: dropped

text: or

text: restricted

text: to

text: Hadrosaurus

text: alone

text: and

text: the

text: subfamily

text: comprising

text: the

text: traditional

text: hadrosaurines

text: was

text: renamed

text: the

text: Saurolophinae

text: Recent

text: phylogenetic

text: work

text: by

text: Hai

text: Xing

text: indicates

text: that

text: Hadrosaurus

text: is

text: placed

text: within

text: the

text: monophyletic

text: group

text: containing

text: all

text: non

text: lambeosaurine

text: hadrosaurids

text: Therefore

text: the

text: traditional

text: Hadrosaurinae

text: should

text: be

text: treated

text: as

text: before

text: Hadrosauridae

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: clades

text: Hadrosaurinae

text: and

text: Lambeosaurinae

text: Iguanodontia is a clade of herbivorous dinosaurs that lived from the Middle Jurassic to Late Cretaceous. Some members include "Camptosaurus", "Callovosaurus", "Iguanodon", "Tenontosaurus", and the hadrosaurids or "duck-billed dinosaurs". Iguanodontians were one of the first groups of dinosaurs to be found. They are among the best known of the dinosaurs, and were among the most diverse and widespread herbivorous dinosaur groups of the Cretaceous period. Derived iguanodontians (such as "Muttaburrasaurus" and many ankylopollexians) were generally large animals, and some (such as "Shantungosaurus", which measured up to 50 ft (15 m) in length and weighed up to 8 tons) equaled the largest carnivorous dinosaurs in size.

text: Iguanodontia

text: is

text: clade

text: of

text: herbivorous

text: dinosaurs

text: that

text: lived

text: from

text: the

text: Middle

text: Jurassic

text: to

text: Late

text: Cretaceous

text: Some

text: members

text: include

text: Camptosaurus

text: Callovosaurus

text: Iguanodon

text: Tenontosaurus

text: and

text: the

text: hadrosaurids

text: or

text: duck

text: billed

text: dinosaurs

text: Iguanodontians

text: were

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: groups

text: of

text: dinosaurs

text: to

text: be

text: found

text: They

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: best

text: known

text: of

text: the

text: dinosaurs

text: and

text: were

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: and

text: widespread

text: herbivorous

text: dinosaur

text: groups

text: of

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: period

text: Derived

text: iguanodontians

text: such

text: as

text: Muttaburrasaurus

text: and

text: many

text: ankylopollexians

text: were

text: generally

text: large

text: animals

text: and

text: some

text: such

text: as

text: Shantungosaurus

text: which

text: measured

text: up

text: to

text: ft

text: in

text: length

text: and

text: weighed

text: up

text: to

text: tons

text: equaled

text: the

text: largest

text: carnivorous

text: dinosaurs

text: in

text: size

text: The Cerro del Pueblo Formation is a geological formation in Coahuila, Mexico whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation. The formation has been dated to between 72.5 Ma and 71.4 million years old.

text: The

text: Cerro

text: del

text: Pueblo

text: Formation

text: is

text: geological

text: formation

text: in

text: Coahuila

text: Mexico

text: whose

text: strata

text: date

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Late

text: Cretaceous

text: Dinosaur

text: remains

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: fossils

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: recovered

text: from

text: the

text: formation

text: The

text: formation

text: has

text: been

text: dated

text: to

text: between

text: Ma

text: and

text: million

text: years

text: old

text: Coahuila, formally Coahuila de Zaragoza, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Coahuila de Zaragoza, is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, compose the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is located in Northeastern Mexico on the US border.

text: Coahuila

text: formally

text: Coahuila

text: de

text: Zaragoza

text: officially

text: the

text: Free

text: and

text: Sovereign

text: State

text: of

text: Coahuila

text: de

text: Zaragoza

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: which

text: along

text: with

text: Mexico

text: City

text: compose

text: the

text: Federal

text: Entities

text: of

text: Mexico

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: Northeastern

text: Mexico

text: on

text: the

text: US

text: border

text: Guatemala (, or ), officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, Honduras to the east and El Salvador to the southeast. With an estimated population of around 15.8 million, it is the most populated state in Central America. A representative democracy, Guatemala's capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City.

text: Guatemala

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Guatemala

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: America

text: bordered

text: by

text: Mexico

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: west

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Belize

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Honduras

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: El

text: Salvador

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: around

text: million

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populated

text: state

text: in

text: Central

text: America

text: representative

text: democracy

text: Guatemala

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Nueva

text: Guatemala

text: de

text: la

text: Asunción

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Guatemala

text: City

text: Bean is a common name for large seeds of several genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae (also known as Leguminosae) which are used for human or animal food.

text: Bean

text: is

text: common

text: name

text: for

text: large

text: seeds

text: of

text: several

text: genera

text: of

text: the

text: flowering

text: plant

text: family

text: Fabaceae

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Leguminosae

text: which

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: human

text: or

text: animal

text: food

text: Velafrons ( meaning `` sailed forehead '' ) is a genus of lambeosaurine hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Mexico . It is known from a mostly complete skull and partial skeleton of a juvenile individual , with a bony crest on the forehead . Its fossils were found in the late Campanian - age Upper Cretaceous Cerro del Pueblo Formation ( about 72 million years old ) , near Rincon Colorado , Coahuila , Mexico . The type specimen is CPC - 59 , and the type species is V. coahuilensis . Velafrons was most similar to young specimens of Corythosaurus and Hypacrosaurus , and was found to be a corythosaurin in the phylogenetic analysis performed by Gates and colleagues in their description of the genus . The skull was large in comparison to skulls from other genera at a similar growth stage , so the crest may have been small in adults or followed a different growth pattern , or it may be that adult Velafrons were also larger than adults of other lambeosaurine genera . Unusually large size is also seen in the Mexican hadrosaurids Kritosaurus sp. and Magnapaulia laticaudus . As a hadrosaurid , Velafrons would have been an herbivore .

text: Velafrons

text: meaning

text: sailed

text: forehead

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: lambeosaurine

text: hadrosaurid

text: dinosaur

text: from

text: the

text: Late

text: Cretaceous

text: of

text: Mexico

text: It

text: is

text: known

text: from

text: mostly

text: complete

text: skull

text: and

text: partial

text: skeleton

text: of

text: juvenile

text: individual

text: with

text: bony

text: crest

text: on

text: the

text: forehead

text: Its

text: fossils

text: were

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Campanian

text: age

text: Upper

text: Cretaceous

text: Cerro

text: del

text: Pueblo

text: Formation

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: old

text: near

text: Rincon

text: Colorado

text: Coahuila

text: Mexico

text: The

text: type

text: specimen

text: is

text: CPC

text: and

text: the

text: type

text: species

text: is

text: coahuilensis

text: Velafrons

text: was

text: most

text: similar

text: to

text: young

text: specimens

text: of

text: Corythosaurus

text: and

text: Hypacrosaurus

text: and

text: was

text: found

text: to

text: be

text: corythosaurin

text: in

text: the

text: phylogenetic

text: analysis

text: performed

text: by

text: Gates

text: and

text: colleagues

text: in

text: their

text: description

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: The

text: skull

text: was

text: large

text: in

text: comparison

text: to

text: skulls

text: from

text: other

text: genera

text: at

text: similar

text: growth

text: stage

text: so

text: the

text: crest

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: small

text: in

text: adults

text: or

text: followed

text: different

text: growth

text: pattern

text: or

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: that

text: adult

text: Velafrons

text: were

text: also

text: larger

text: than

text: adults

text: of

text: other

text: lambeosaurine

text: genera

text: Unusually

text: large

text: size

text: is

text: also

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: Mexican

text: hadrosaurids

text: Kritosaurus

text: sp

text: and

text: Magnapaulia

text: laticaudus

text: As

text: hadrosaurid

text: Velafrons

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: an

text: herbivore

text: The Campanian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch (or, in chronostratigraphy: the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous series). The Campanian spans the time from 83.6 ± 0.7 Ma to 72.1 ± 0.6 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Santonian and it is followed by the Maastrichtian.

text: The

text: Campanian

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: ICS

text: geologic

text: timescale

text: the

text: fifth

text: of

text: six

text: ages

text: of

text: the

text: Late

text: Cretaceous

text: epoch

text: or

text: in

text: chronostratigraphy

text: the

text: fifth

text: of

text: six

text: stages

text: in

text: the

text: Upper

text: Cretaceous

text: series

text: The

text: Campanian

text: spans

text: the

text: time

text: from

text: Ma

text: to

text: Ma

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: It

text: is

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Santonian

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Maastrichtian

text: Lambeosaurinae is a group of crested hadrosaurid dinosaurs. Classification. Lambeosaurines have been traditionally split into the tribes or clades Parasaurolophini ("Parasaurolophus", "Charonosaurus", others (?).) and Lambeosaurini ("Corythosaurus", "Hypacrosaurus", "Lambeosaurus", others.). Corythosaurini (sinonym of Lambeosaurini, see below) and Parasaurolophini as terms entered the formal literature in Evans and Reisz's 2007 redescription of "Lambeosaurus magnicristatus". Corythosaurini was defined as all taxa more closely related to "Corythosaurus casuarius" than to "Parasaurolophus walkeri", and Parasaurolophini as all those taxa closer to "P. walkeri" than to "C. casuarius". In this study, "Charonosaurus" and "Parasaurolophus" are parasaurolophins, and "Corythosaurus", "Hypacrosaurus", "Lambeosaurus", "Nipponosaurus", and "Olorotitan" are corythosaurins. However, later researchers pointed out that due to the rules of priority set forth by the ICZN, Any tribe containing "Lambeosaurus" is properly named Lambeosaurini, and that therefore the name "Corythosaurini" is a junior synonym, and the definition had "Corythosaurus casuarius" changed to "Lambeosaurus lambei", and the same for Parasaurolophini. In more recent years Tsintaosaurini ("Tsintaosaurus" + "Pararhabdodon") and Aralosaurini ("Aralosaurus" + "Canardia") have also emerged.

text: Lambeosaurinae

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: crested

text: hadrosaurid

text: dinosaurs

text: Classification

text: Lambeosaurines

text: have

text: been

text: traditionally

text: split

text: into

text: the

text: tribes

text: or

text: clades

text: Parasaurolophini

text: Parasaurolophus

text: Charonosaurus

text: others

text: and

text: Lambeosaurini

text: Corythosaurus

text: Hypacrosaurus

text: Lambeosaurus

text: others

text: Corythosaurini

text: sinonym

text: of

text: Lambeosaurini

text: see

text: below

text: and

text: Parasaurolophini

text: as

text: terms

text: entered

text: the

text: formal

text: literature

text: in

text: Evans

text: and

text: Reisz

text: 's

text: redescription

text: of

text: Lambeosaurus

text: magnicristatus

text: Corythosaurini

text: was

text: defined

text: as

text: all

text: taxa

text: more

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: Corythosaurus

text: casuarius

text: than

text: to

text: Parasaurolophus

text: walkeri

text: and

text: Parasaurolophini

text: as

text: all

text: those

text: taxa

text: closer

text: to

text: walkeri

text: than

text: to

text: casuarius

text: In

text: this

text: study

text: Charonosaurus

text: and

text: Parasaurolophus

text: are

text: parasaurolophins

text: and

text: Corythosaurus

text: Hypacrosaurus

text: Lambeosaurus

text: Nipponosaurus

text: and

text: Olorotitan

text: are

text: corythosaurins

text: However

text: later

text: researchers

text: pointed

text: out

text: that

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: rules

text: of

text: priority

text: set

text: forth

text: by

text: the

text: ICZN

text: Any

text: tribe

text: containing

text: Lambeosaurus

text: is

text: properly

text: named

text: Lambeosaurini

text: and

text: that

text: therefore

text: the

text: name

text: Corythosaurini

text: is

text: junior

text: synonym

text: and

text: the

text: definition

text: had

text: Corythosaurus

text: casuarius

text: changed

text: to

text: Lambeosaurus

text: lambei

text: and

text: the

text: same

text: for

text: Parasaurolophini

text: In

text: more

text: recent

text: years

text: Tsintaosaurini

text: Tsintaosaurus

text: Pararhabdodon

text: and

text: Aralosaurini

text: Aralosaurus

text: Canardia

text: have

text: also

text: emerged

text: The TriassicJurassic extinction event marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, , and is one of the major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon, profoundly affecting life on land and in the oceans. In the seas, a whole class (conodonts) and 34% of marine genera disappeared. On land, all pseudosuchians (non-ornithodiran archosaurs) other than crocodylomorphs (Sphenosuchia and Crocodyliformes), some remaining therapsids, and many of the large amphibians became extinct.

text: The

text: TriassicJurassic

text: extinction

text: event

text: marks

text: the

text: boundary

text: between

text: the

text: Triassic

text: and

text: Jurassic

text: periods

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: extinction

text: events

text: of

text: the

text: Phanerozoic

text: eon

text: profoundly

text: affecting

text: life

text: on

text: land

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: oceans

text: In

text: the

text: seas

text: whole

text: class

text: conodonts

text: and

text: of

text: marine

text: genera

text: disappeared

text: On

text: land

text: all

text: pseudosuchians

text: non

text: ornithodiran

text: archosaurs

text: other

text: than

text: crocodylomorphs

text: Sphenosuchia

text: and

text: Crocodyliformes

text: some

text: remaining

text: therapsids

text: and

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: large

text: amphibians

text: became

text: extinct

text:
Hadrosaurids ("hadrós", "stout, thick"), or duck-billed dinosaurs, are members of the ornithischian family Hadrosauridae. This group is also known as the duck-billed dinosaurs, for the flat, duck-bill appearance of their mouths. The family, which includes ornithopods such as "Edmontosaurus" and "Parasaurolophus", was a common herbivore in the Upper Cretaceous Period of what is now Asia, Europe, Antarctica, South America and North America. Hadrosaurids are descendants of the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous iguanodontian dinosaurs and had a similar body layout.
Like the rest of the ornithischians, these animals had a predentary bone and a pubic bone which was positioned backwards in the pelvis. Hadrosaurids are divided into two principal subfamilies: the lambeosaurines ("Lambeosaurinae"), which had hollow cranial crests or tubes, and the saurolophines, identified as hadrosaurines in most pre-2010 works ("Saurolophinae" or" Hadrosaurinae"), which lacked hollow cranial crests (solid crests were present in some forms). Saurolophines tended to be bulkier than lambeosaurines. Lambeosaurines are divided into Aralosaurines, Lambeosaurines, Parasaurolophines and Tsintaosaurines, while Saurolophines include Saurolophus, Brachylophosaurines and Kritosaurines.

text: Hadrosaurids

text: hadrós

text: stout

text: thick

text: or

text: duck

text: billed

text: dinosaurs

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: ornithischian

text: family

text: Hadrosauridae

text: This

text: group

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: duck

text: billed

text: dinosaurs

text: for

text: the

text: flat

text: duck

text: bill

text: appearance

text: of

text: their

text: mouths

text: The

text: family

text: which

text: includes

text: ornithopods

text: such

text: as

text: Edmontosaurus

text: and

text: Parasaurolophus

text: was

text: common

text: herbivore

text: in

text: the

text: Upper

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Asia

text: Europe

text: Antarctica

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: North

text: America

text: Hadrosaurids

text: are

text: descendants

text: of

text: the

text: Upper

text: Jurassic

text: Lower

text: Cretaceous

text: iguanodontian

text: dinosaurs

text: and

text: had

text: similar

text: body

text: layout

text: Like

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: ornithischians

text: these

text: animals

text: had

text: predentary

text: bone

text: and

text: pubic

text: bone

text: which

text: was

text: positioned

text: backwards

text: in

text: the

text: pelvis

text: Hadrosaurids

text: are

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: principal

text: subfamilies

text: the

text: lambeosaurines

text: Lambeosaurinae

text: which

text: had

text: hollow

text: cranial

text: crests

text: or

text: tubes

text: and

text: the

text: saurolophines

text: identified

text: as

text: hadrosaurines

text: in

text: most

text: works

text: Saurolophinae

text: or

text: Hadrosaurinae

text: which

text: lacked

text: hollow

text: cranial

text: crests

text: solid

text: crests

text: were

text: present

text: in

text: some

text: forms

text: Saurolophines

text: tended

text: to

text: be

text: bulkier

text: than

text: lambeosaurines

text: Lambeosaurines

text: are

text: divided

text: into

text: Aralosaurines

text: Lambeosaurines

text: Parasaurolophines

text: and

text: Tsintaosaurines

text: while

text: Saurolophines

text: include

text: Saurolophus

text: Brachylophosaurines

text: and

text: Kritosaurines

text: A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding. Horses and other herbivores have wide flat teeth that are adapted to grinding grass, tree bark, and other tough plant material.

text: herbivore

text: is

text: an

text: animal

text: anatomically

text: and

text: physiologically

text: adapted

text: to

text: eating

text: plant

text: material

text: for

text: example

text: foliage

text: for

text: the

text: main

text: component

text: of

text: its

text: diet

text: As

text: result

text: of

text: their

text: plant

text: diet

text: herbivorous

text: animals

text: typically

text: have

text: mouthparts

text: adapted

text: to

text: rasping

text: or

text: grinding

text: Horses

text: and

text: other

text: herbivores

text: have

text: wide

text: flat

text: teeth

text: that

text: are

text: adapted

text: to

text: grinding

text: grass

text: tree

text: bark

text: and

text: other

text: tough

text: plant

text: material

text: In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis. An organism consists of one or more cells; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism. Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms. Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs.

text: In

text: biology

text: an

text: organism

text: is

text: any

text: contiguous

text: living

text: system

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: animal

text: plant

text: fungus

text: archaeon

text: or

text: bacterium

text: All

text: known

text: types

text: of

text: organisms

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: some

text: degree

text: of

text: response

text: to

text: stimuli

text: reproduction

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: and

text: homeostasis

text: An

text: organism

text: consists

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: cells

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: one

text: cell

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: unicellular

text: organism

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: multicellular

text: organism

text: Most

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: are

text: of

text: microscopic

text: scale

text: and

text: are

text: thus

text: loosely

text: described

text: as

text: microorganisms

text: Humans

text: are

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: trillions

text: of

text: cells

text: grouped

text: into

text: specialized

text: tissues

text: and

text: organs

text: Monterrey, is the capital and largest city of the northeastern state of Nuevo León, in Mexico. The city is anchor to the third-largest metropolitan area in Mexico and is ranked as the ninth-largest city in the nation. Monterrey serves as a commercial center in the north of the country and is the base of many significant international corporations.

text: Monterrey

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: northeastern

text: state

text: of

text: Nuevo

text: León

text: in

text: Mexico

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: anchor

text: to

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: Mexico

text: and

text: is

text: ranked

text: as

text: the

text: ninth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: Monterrey

text: serves

text: as

text: commercial

text: center

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: base

text: of

text: many

text: significant

text: international

text: corporations

text: Guadalajara is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality of Guadalajara. The city is in the central region of Jalisco in the Western-Pacific area of Mexico. With a population of 1,495,189 it is Mexico's fourth most populous municipality. The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area includes seven adjacent municipalities with a reported population of 4,328,584 in 2009, making it the second most populous metropolitan area in Mexico, behind Mexico City. The municipality is the second most densely populated in Mexico, the first being Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in the State of Mexico. It is a strong business and economic center in the Bajio region.

text: Guadalajara

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Mexican

text: state

text: of

text: Jalisco

text: and

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: municipality

text: of

text: Guadalajara

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: region

text: of

text: Jalisco

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Pacific

text: area

text: of

text: Mexico

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: Mexico

text: 's

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: municipality

text: The

text: Guadalajara

text: Metropolitan

text: Area

text: includes

text: seven

text: adjacent

text: municipalities

text: with

text: reported

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: Mexico

text: behind

text: Mexico

text: City

text: The

text: municipality

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: in

text: Mexico

text: the

text: first

text: being

text: Ciudad

text: Nezahualcóyotl

text: in

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Mexico

text: It

text: is

text: strong

text: business

text: and

text: economic

text: center

text: in

text: the

text: Bajio

text: region

text: The Santonian is an age in the geologic timescale or a chronostratigraphic stage. It is a subdivision of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series. It spans the time between 86.3 ± 0.7 mya (million years ago) and 83.6 ± 0.7 mya. The Santonian is preceded by the Coniacian and is followed by the Campanian.

text: The

text: Santonian

text: is

text: an

text: age

text: in

text: the

text: geologic

text: timescale

text: or

text: chronostratigraphic

text: stage

text: It

text: is

text: subdivision

text: of

text: the

text: Late

text: Cretaceous

text: epoch

text: or

text: Upper

text: Cretaceous

text: series

text: It

text: spans

text: the

text: time

text: between

text: mya

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: and

text: mya

text: The

text: Santonian

text: is

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Coniacian

text: and

text: is

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Campanian

text: The Cretaceous is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period Mya. It is the last period of the Mesozoic Era. The Cretaceous Period is usually abbreviated K, for its German translation "Kreide" (chalk).

text: The

text: Cretaceous

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: that

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Paleogene

text: Period

text: Mya

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: The

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: is

text: usually

text: abbreviated

text: for

text: its

text: German

text: translation

text: Kreide

text: chalk

text: The Jurassic (from Jura Mountains) is a geologic period and system that spans 56.3 million years from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period Mya. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic Era, also known as the Age of Reptiles. The start of the period is marked by the major TriassicJurassic extinction event. Two other extinction events occurred during the period: the Pliensbachian/Toarcian event in the Early Jurassic, and the Tithonian event at the end; however, neither event ranks among the "Big Five" mass extinctions.

text: The

text: Jurassic

text: from

text: Jura

text: Mountains

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: that

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Triassic

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: Mya

text: The

text: Jurassic

text: constitutes

text: the

text: middle

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Reptiles

text: The

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: is

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: major

text: TriassicJurassic

text: extinction

text: event

text: Two

text: other

text: extinction

text: events

text: occurred

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: the

text: Pliensbachian

text: Toarcian

text: event

text: in

text: the

text: Early

text: Jurassic

text: and

text: the

text: Tithonian

text: event

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: however

text: neither

text: event

text: ranks

text: among

text: the

text: Big

text: Five

text: mass

text: extinctions

text: Edmontosaurus is a genus of hadrosaurid (duck-billed) dinosaur. It contains two known species: "Edmontosaurus regalis" and "Edmontosaurus annectens". Fossils of "E. regalis" have been found in rocks of western North America that date from the late Campanian stage of the Cretaceous Period 73 million years ago, while those of "E. annectens" were found in the same geographic region but in rocks dated to the end of the Maastrichtian stage of the Cretaceous, 66 million years ago. "Edmontosaurus" was one of the last non-avian dinosaurs, and lived alongside dinosaurs like "Triceratops" and "Tyrannosaurus" shortly before the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event.

text: Edmontosaurus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: hadrosaurid

text: duck

text: billed

text: dinosaur

text: It

text: contains

text: two

text: known

text: species

text: Edmontosaurus

text: regalis

text: and

text: Edmontosaurus

text: annectens

text: Fossils

text: of

text: regalis

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: in

text: rocks

text: of

text: western

text: North

text: America

text: that

text: date

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: Campanian

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: while

text: those

text: of

text: annectens

text: were

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: geographic

text: region

text: but

text: in

text: rocks

text: dated

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Maastrichtian

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Edmontosaurus

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: non

text: avian

text: dinosaurs

text: and

text: lived

text: alongside

text: dinosaurs

text: like

text: Triceratops

text: and

text: Tyrannosaurus

text: shortly

text: before

text: the

text: CretaceousPaleogene

text: extinction

text: event

text: The Paleogene (or ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Mya. It is the beginning of the Cenozoic Era of the present Phanerozoic Eon. The Paleogene is most notable for being the time during which mammals diversified from relatively small, simple forms into a large group of diverse animals in the wake of the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event that ended the preceding Cretaceous Period.

text: The

text: Paleogene

text: or

text: also

text: spelled

text: Palaeogene

text: or

text: Palæogene

text: informally

text: Lower

text: Tertiary

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: that

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Neogene

text: Period

text: Mya

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era

text: of

text: the

text: present

text: Phanerozoic

text: Eon

text: The

text: Paleogene

text: is

text: most

text: notable

text: for

text: being

text: the

text: time

text: during

text: which

text: mammals

text: diversified

text: from

text: relatively

text: small

text: simple

text: forms

text: into

text: large

text: group

text: of

text: diverse

text: animals

text: in

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: the

text: CretaceousPaleogene

text: extinction

text: event

text: that

text: ended

text: the

text: preceding

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: Mexico (, modern Nahuatl ), officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world while being the second most populous country in Latin America. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana and León.

text: Mexico

text: modern

text: Nahuatl

text: officially

text: the

text: United

text: Mexican

text: States

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: west

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: Guatemala

text: Belize

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Sea

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: Covering

text: almost

text: two

text: million

text: square

text: kilometers

text: over

text: sq

text: mi

text: Mexico

text: is

text: the

text: sixth

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: independent

text: nation

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: eleventh

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Spanish

text: speaking

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: while

text: being

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: Mexico

text: is

text: federation

text: comprising

text: states

text: and

text: federal

text: district

text: that

text: is

text: also

text: its

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: Other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Guadalajara

text: Monterrey

text: Puebla

text: Toluca

text: Tijuana

text: and

text: León

text: Parasaurolophus (or ; meaning "near crested lizard" in reference to "Saurolophus") is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur that lived in what is now North America during the Late Cretaceous Period, about 76.574.5 million years ago. It was a herbivore that walked both as a biped and a quadruped. Three species are recognized: "P. walkeri" (the type species), "P. tubicen", and the short-crested "P. cyrtocristatus". Remains are known from Alberta (Canada), and New Mexico and Utah (United States). The genus was first described in 1922 by William Parks from a skull and partial skeleton found in Alberta.

text: Parasaurolophus

text: or

text: meaning

text: near

text: crested

text: lizard

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: Saurolophus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: ornithopod

text: dinosaur

text: that

text: lived

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: North

text: America

text: during

text: the

text: Late

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: It

text: was

text: herbivore

text: that

text: walked

text: both

text: as

text: biped

text: and

text: quadruped

text: Three

text: species

text: are

text: recognized

text: walkeri

text: the

text: type

text: species

text: tubicen

text: and

text: the

text: short

text: crested

text: cyrtocristatus

text: Remains

text: are

text: known

text: from

text: Alberta

text: Canada

text: and

text: New

text: Mexico

text: and

text: Utah

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: genus

text: was

text: first

text: described

text: in

text: by

text: William

text: Parks

text: from

text: skull

text: and

text: partial

text: skeleton

text: found

text: in

text: Alberta

text: The Gulf of Mexico is an ocean basin largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The U.S. states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas border the Gulf on the north, which are often referred to as the "Third Coast" in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts, or sometimes the "south coast", in juxtaposition to the Great Lakes region being the "north coast." One of the gulf's seven main areas is the Gulf of Mexico basin.

text: The

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: is

text: an

text: ocean

text: basin

text: largely

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: continent

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: northeast

text: north

text: and

text: northwest

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: Coast

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: south

text: by

text: Mexico

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: Cuba

text: The

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: Alabama

text: Florida

text: Louisiana

text: Mississippi

text: and

text: Texas

text: border

text: the

text: Gulf

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: which

text: are

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Third

text: Coast

text: in

text: comparison

text: with

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Pacific

text: coasts

text: or

text: sometimes

text: the

text: south

text: coast

text: in

text: juxtaposition

text: to

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: region

text: being

text: the

text: north

text: coast

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: gulf

text: 's

text: seven

text: main

text: areas

text: is

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: basin

text: The Triassic is a geologic period and system which spans 50.9 million years from the end of the Permian Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period Mya. The Triassic is the first period of the Mesozoic Era. Both the start and end of the period are marked by major extinction events. The Triassic was named in 1834 by Friedrich von Alberti, after the three distinct rock layers ("tri" meaning "three") that are found throughout Germany and northwestern Europered beds, capped by marine limestone, followed by a series of terrestrial mud- and sandstonescalled the "Trias".

text: The

text: Triassic

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: which

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Permian

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: Period

text: Mya

text: The

text: Triassic

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: Both

text: the

text: start

text: and

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: are

text: marked

text: by

text: major

text: extinction

text: events

text: The

text: Triassic

text: was

text: named

text: in

text: by

text: Friedrich

text: von

text: Alberti

text: after

text: the

text: three

text: distinct

text: rock

text: layers

text: tri

text: meaning

text: three

text: that

text: are

text: found

text: throughout

text: Germany

text: and

text: northwestern

text: Europered

text: beds

text: capped

text: by

text: marine

text: limestone

text: followed

text: by

text: series

text: of

text: terrestrial

text: mud-

text: and

text: sandstonescalled

text: the

text: Trias

text: A genus ( genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.

text: genus

text: genera

text: is

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: biological

text: classification

text: of

text: living

text: and

text: fossil

text: organisms

text: in

text: biology

text: In

text: the

text: hierarchy

text: of

text: biological

text: classification

text: genus

text: comes

text: above

text: species

text: and

text: below

text: family

text: In

text: binomial

text: nomenclature

text: the

text: genus

text: name

text: forms

text: the

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: binomial

text: species

text: name

text: for

text: each

text: species

text: within

text: the

text: genus

text: Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe. Asia covers an area of , about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population, but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4.4 billion people.

text: Asia

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: and

text: northern

text: hemispheres

text: and

text: sharing

text: the

text: continental

text: landmass

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: with

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: The

text: continent

text: which

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: civilizations

text: Asia

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: not

text: only

text: its

text: overall

text: large

text: size

text: and

text: population

text: but

text: also

text: dense

text: and

text: large

text: settlements

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: vast

text: barely

text: populated

text: regions

text: within

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: billion

text: people

text: Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus "Homo" and within this genus to the species "Homo sapiens". The "formal" introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work "Species Plantarum" in 1753. But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book "Pinax theatri botanici" (English, "Illustrated exposition of plants") many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus.

text: Binomial

text: nomenclature

text: also

text: called

text: binominal

text: nomenclature

text: or

text: binary

text: nomenclature

text: is

text: formal

text: system

text: of

text: naming

text: species

text: of

text: living

text: things

text: by

text: giving

text: each

text: name

text: composed

text: of

text: two

text: parts

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: use

text: Latin

text: grammatical

text: forms

text: although

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: words

text: from

text: other

text: languages

text: Such

text: name

text: is

text: called

text: binomial

text: name

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: shortened

text: to

text: just

text: binomial

text: binomen

text: or

text: scientific

text: name

text: more

text: informally

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: called

text: Latin

text: name

text: The

text: first

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: identifies

text: the

text: genus

text: to

text: which

text: the

text: species

text: belongs

text: the

text: second

text: part

text: identifies

text: the

text: species

text: within

text: the

text: genus

text: For

text: example

text: humans

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: genus

text: Homo

text: and

text: within

text: this

text: genus

text: to

text: the

text: species

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: The

text: formal

text: introduction

text: of

text: this

text: system

text: of

text: naming

text: species

text: is

text: credited

text: to

text: Carl

text: Linnaeus

text: effectively

text: beginning

text: with

text: his

text: work

text: Species

text: Plantarum

text: in

text: But

text: Gaspard

text: Bauhin

text: in

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: had

text: introduced

text: in

text: his

text: book

text: Pinax

text: theatri

text: botanici

text: English

text: Illustrated

text: exposition

text: of

text: plants

text: many

text: names

text: of

text: genera

text: that

text: were

text: later

text: adopted

text: by

text: Linnaeus

text: Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade Dinosauria that first appeared during the Triassic. Although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research, the current scientific consensus places their origin between 231 and 243 million years ago. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the TriassicJurassic extinction event 201 million years ago. Their dominance continued through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods and ended when the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur groups 66 million years ago.

text: Dinosaurs

text: are

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: animals

text: of

text: the

text: clade

text: Dinosauria

text: that

text: first

text: appeared

text: during

text: the

text: Triassic

text: Although

text: the

text: exact

text: origin

text: and

text: timing

text: of

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: dinosaurs

text: is

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: active

text: research

text: the

text: current

text: scientific

text: consensus

text: places

text: their

text: origin

text: between

text: and

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: They

text: became

text: the

text: dominant

text: terrestrial

text: vertebrates

text: after

text: the

text: TriassicJurassic

text: extinction

text: event

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Their

text: dominance

text: continued

text: through

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: and

text: Cretaceous

text: periods

text: and

text: ended

text: when

text: the

text: CretaceousPaleogene

text: extinction

text: event

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: extinction

text: of

text: most

text: dinosaur

text: groups

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Ornithopods or members of the clade Ornithopoda (or ) are a group of ornithischian dinosaurs that started out as small, bipedal running grazers, and grew in size and numbers until they became one of the most successful groups of herbivores in the Cretaceous world, and dominated the North American landscape. Their major evolutionary advantage was the progressive development of a chewing apparatus that became the most sophisticated ever developed by a non-avian dinosaur, rivaling that of modern mammals such as the domestic cow. They reached their apex in the duck-bills (hadrosaurs), before they were wiped out by the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event along with all other non-avian dinosaurs. Members are known from all seven continents, though they are generally rare in the Southern Hemisphere.

text: Ornithopods

text: or

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: clade

text: Ornithopoda

text: or

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: ornithischian

text: dinosaurs

text: that

text: started

text: out

text: as

text: small

text: bipedal

text: running

text: grazers

text: and

text: grew

text: in

text: size

text: and

text: numbers

text: until

text: they

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: groups

text: of

text: herbivores

text: in

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: world

text: and

text: dominated

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: landscape

text: Their

text: major

text: evolutionary

text: advantage

text: was

text: the

text: progressive

text: development

text: of

text: chewing

text: apparatus

text: that

text: became

text: the

text: most

text: sophisticated

text: ever

text: developed

text: by

text: non

text: avian

text: dinosaur

text: rivaling

text: that

text: of

text: modern

text: mammals

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: domestic

text: cow

text: They

text: reached

text: their

text: apex

text: in

text: the

text: duck

text: bills

text: hadrosaurs

text: before

text: they

text: were

text: wiped

text: out

text: by

text: the

text: CretaceousPaleogene

text: extinction

text: event

text: along

text: with

text: all

text: other

text: non

text: avian

text: dinosaurs

text: Members

text: are

text: known

text: from

text: all

text: seven

text: continents

text: though

text: they

text: are

text: generally

text: rare

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

text: Saurolophus (meaning "lizard crest") is a genus of large saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaurs that lived about 70.068.5 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia; it is one of the few genera of dinosaurs known from multiple continents. It is distinguished by a spike-like crest which projects up and back from the skull. "Saurolophus" was a herbivorous dinosaur which could move about either bipedally or quadrupedally.

text: Saurolophus

text: meaning

text: lizard

text: crest

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: large

text: saurolophine

text: hadrosaurid

text: dinosaurs

text: that

text: lived

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: in

text: the

text: Late

text: Cretaceous

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: Asia

text: it

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: genera

text: of

text: dinosaurs

text: known

text: from

text: multiple

text: continents

text: It

text: is

text: distinguished

text: by

text: spike

text: like

text: crest

text: which

text: projects

text: up

text: and

text: back

text: from

text: the

text: skull

text: Saurolophus

text: was

text: herbivorous

text: dinosaur

text: which

text: could

text: move

text: about

text: either

text: bipedally

text: or

text: quadrupedally

text: Ornithischia is an extinct clade of mainly herbivorous dinosaurs characterized by a pelvic structure similar to that of birds. The name "Ornithischia", or "bird-hipped", reflects this similarity and is derived from the Greek ' meaning "of a bird" and ' meaning "hip joint". Birds are members of the saurischian, or "lizard-hipped", dinosaurs.

text: Ornithischia

text: is

text: an

text: extinct

text: clade

text: of

text: mainly

text: herbivorous

text: dinosaurs

text: characterized

text: by

text: pelvic

text: structure

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: birds

text: The

text: name

text: Ornithischia

text: or

text: bird

text: hipped

text: reflects

text: this

text: similarity

text: and

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: meaning

text: of

text: bird

text: and

text: meaning

text: hip

text: joint

text: Birds

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: saurischian

text: or

text: lizard

text: hipped

text: dinosaurs

text: The Late Cretaceous (100.566 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time.

text: The

text: Late

text: Cretaceous

text: Ma

text: is

text: the

text: younger

text: of

text: two

text: epochs

text: into

text: which

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: period

text: is

text: divided

text: in

text: the

text: geologic

text: timescale

text: Rock

text: strata

text: from

text: this

text: epoch

text: form

text: the

text: Upper

text: Cretaceous

text: series

text: The

text: Cretaceous

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: white

text: limestone

text: known

text: as

text: chalk

text: which

text: occurs

text: widely

text: in

text: northern

text: France

text: and

text: is

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: white

text: cliffs

text: of

text: south

text: eastern

text: England

text: and

text: which

text: dates

text: from

text: this

text: time

text: Toluca , officially called Toluca de Lerdo , is the state capital of State of Mexico as well as the seat of the Municipality of Toluca. It is the center of a rapidly growing urban area, now the fifth largest in Mexico. It is located west-southwest of Mexico City, about 40 minutes by car to the western edge of the city. According to the 2010 census, the city of Toluca has a population of 819,561. The city is the fifth largest in Mexico in population. The municipality of Toluca, along with thirteen other municipalities, make up the metropolitan population of 1,775,337 in Greater Toluca , making it the fifth most populous metropolitan area in Mexico.

text: Toluca

text: officially

text: called

text: Toluca

text: de

text: Lerdo

text: is

text: the

text: state

text: capital

text: of

text: State

text: of

text: Mexico

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: Municipality

text: of

text: Toluca

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: rapidly

text: growing

text: urban

text: area

text: now

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: in

text: Mexico

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: west

text: southwest

text: of

text: Mexico

text: City

text: about

text: minutes

text: by

text: car

text: to

text: the

text: western

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Toluca

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: in

text: Mexico

text: in

text: population

text: The

text: municipality

text: of

text: Toluca

text: along

text: with

text: thirteen

text: other

text: municipalities

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: Greater

text: Toluca

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: fifth

text: most

text: populous

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: Mexico

question: parent_taxon velafrons

answer: lambeosaurinae

text: lambeosaurinae

text: lambeosaurinae

text: lambeosaurinae

text: lambeosaurinae


text: Viet Cong, also known as the National Liberation Front, was a political organization and army that operated in South Vietnam and Cambodia during the Vietnam War. It was allied with North Vietnam and fought against the armies of South Vietnam and the United States. It had both guerrilla and regular army units, as well as a network of cadres who organized peasants in the territory it controlled. Many soldiers were recruited in South Vietnam, but others were from the North. During the war, communist leaders and anti-war spokesmen insisted the Viet Cong was an insurgency indigenous to the South, while the U.S. and South Vietnamese governments portrayed the group as a tool of Hanoi. Although the terminology distinguishes southerners from the northerners, the communist forces were under a single command structure set up in 1958.

text: Viet

text: Cong

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: National

text: Liberation

text: Front

text: was

text: political

text: organization

text: and

text: army

text: that

text: operated

text: in

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: Cambodia

text: during

text: the

text: Vietnam

text: War

text: It

text: was

text: allied

text: with

text: North

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: fought

text: against

text: the

text: armies

text: of

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: had

text: both

text: guerrilla

text: and

text: regular

text: army

text: units

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: network

text: of

text: cadres

text: who

text: organized

text: peasants

text: in

text: the

text: territory

text: it

text: controlled

text: Many

text: soldiers

text: were

text: recruited

text: in

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: but

text: others

text: were

text: from

text: the

text: North

text: During

text: the

text: war

text: communist

text: leaders

text: and

text: anti

text: war

text: spokesmen

text: insisted

text: the

text: Viet

text: Cong

text: was

text: an

text: insurgency

text: indigenous

text: to

text: the

text: South

text: while

text: the

text: U.S.

text: and

text: South

text: Vietnamese

text: governments

text: portrayed

text: the

text: group

text: as

text: tool

text: of

text: Hanoi

text: Although

text: the

text: terminology

text: distinguishes

text: southerners

text: from

text: the

text: northerners

text: the

text: communist

text: forces

text: were

text: under

text: single

text: command

text: structure

text: set

text: up

text: in

text: Cambodia (or Kampuchea ), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia (Preh Réachéanachâk Kâmpchéa), is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is in area, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.

text: Cambodia

text: or

text: Kampuchea

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Cambodia

text: Preh

text: Réachéanachâk

text: Kâmpchéa

text: is

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Indochina

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: in

text: area

text: bordered

text: by

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Laos

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Vietnam

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text:
Khmers rouges (French for "Red Khmers" "Khmer Kraham"), more commonly known in English as Khmer Rouge, was the name given to the followers of the Communist Party of Kampuchea in Cambodia. It was formed in 1968 as an offshoot of the Vietnam People's Army from North Vietnam, and allied with North Vietnam, the Viet Cong, and the Pathet Lao during the Vietnam War against the anti-communist forces from 1968 to 1975. The Khmer Rouge emerged victorious in the Cambodian Civil War, overthrew the military dictatorship of the Khmer Republic and installed their own government Democratic Kampuchea in 1975, led by Pol Pot, Nuon Chea, Ieng Sary, Son Sen, and Khieu Samphan. This was followed by the Cambodian genocide from 1975 until 1979, when the Khmer Rouge were finally removed from power by Vietnam in the CambodianVietnamese War. The military power of the Khmer Rouge organization was not broken however, and a long era of guerrilla warfare involving large swaths of the Cambodian countryside began. Many different military factions were involved in the guerrilla war era and it ended around 1994.
The Khmer Rouge organization is remembered especially for orchestrating the Cambodian genocide, which resulted from the enforcement of its social engineering policies. Its attempts at agricultural reform led to widespread famine, while its insistence on absolute self-sufficiency, even in the supply of medicine, led to the death of thousands from treatable diseases such as malaria. Arbitrary executions and torture carried out by its cadres against perceived subversive elements, or during purges of its own ranks between 1975 and 1978, are considered to have constituted genocide.

text: Khmers

text: rouges

text: French

text: for

text: Red

text: Khmers

text: Khmer

text: Kraham

text: more

text: commonly

text: known

text: in

text: English

text: as

text: Khmer

text: Rouge

text: was

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: followers

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: Kampuchea

text: in

text: Cambodia

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: as

text: an

text: offshoot

text: of

text: the

text: Vietnam

text: People

text: 's

text: Army

text: from

text: North

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: allied

text: with

text: North

text: Vietnam

text: the

text: Viet

text: Cong

text: and

text: the

text: Pathet

text: Lao

text: during

text: the

text: Vietnam

text: War

text: against

text: the

text: anti

text: communist

text: forces

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: Khmer

text: Rouge

text: emerged

text: victorious

text: in

text: the

text: Cambodian

text: Civil

text: War

text: overthrew

text: the

text: military

text: dictatorship

text: of

text: the

text: Khmer

text: Republic

text: and

text: installed

text: their

text: own

text: government

text: Democratic

text: Kampuchea

text: in

text: led

text: by

text: Pol

text: Pot

text: Nuon

text: Chea

text: Ieng

text: Sary

text: Son

text: Sen

text: and

text: Khieu

text: Samphan

text: This

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Cambodian

text: genocide

text: from

text: until

text: when

text: the

text: Khmer

text: Rouge

text: were

text: finally

text: removed

text: from

text: power

text: by

text: Vietnam

text: in

text: the

text: CambodianVietnamese

text: War

text: The

text: military

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: Khmer

text: Rouge

text: organization

text: was

text: not

text: broken

text: however

text: and

text: long

text: era

text: of

text: guerrilla

text: warfare

text: involving

text: large

text: swaths

text: of

text: the

text: Cambodian

text: countryside

text: began

text: Many

text: different

text: military

text: factions

text: were

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: guerrilla

text: war

text: era

text: and

text: it

text: ended

text: around

text: The

text: Khmer

text: Rouge

text: organization

text: is

text: remembered

text: especially

text: for

text: orchestrating

text: the

text: Cambodian

text: genocide

text: which

text: resulted

text: from

text: the

text: enforcement

text: of

text: its

text: social

text: engineering

text: policies

text: Its

text: attempts

text: at

text: agricultural

text: reform

text: led

text: to

text: widespread

text: famine

text: while

text: its

text: insistence

text: on

text: absolute

text: self

text: sufficiency

text: even

text: in

text: the

text: supply

text: of

text: medicine

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: thousands

text: from

text: treatable

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: malaria

text: Arbitrary

text: executions

text: and

text: torture

text: carried

text: out

text: by

text: its

text: cadres

text: against

text: perceived

text: subversive

text: elements

text: or

text: during

text: purges

text: of

text: its

text: own

text: ranks

text: between

text: and

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: have

text: constituted

text: genocide

text: The Cambodian Civil War was a military conflict that pitted the forces of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (known as the Khmer Rouge) and their allies the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the Viet Cong against the government forces of the Kingdom of Cambodia and, after October 1970, the Khmer Republic, which were supported by the United States (U.S.) and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).

text: The

text: Cambodian

text: Civil

text: War

text: was

text: military

text: conflict

text: that

text: pitted

text: the

text: forces

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: Kampuchea

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Khmer

text: Rouge

text: and

text: their

text: allies

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: North

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: the

text: Viet

text: Cong

text: against

text: the

text: government

text: forces

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Cambodia

text: and

text: after

text: October

text: the

text: Khmer

text: Republic

text: which

text: were

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: U.S.

text: and

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: Prince Norodom Chantaraingsey ( 1924 or 1926 -- c. 1976 ) was a member of the Cambodian royal family and a Cambodian nationalist . Initially a leader of the guerrilla resistance against the colonial French , he went on to become a prominent general in the Khmer National Armed Forces ( FANK ) during the Cambodian Civil War , as well as a businessman and occasional writer . Chantaraingsey is thought to have been killed fighting the Khmer Rouge in either 1975 or 1976 . However , his exact date of death remains unknown .

text: Prince

text: Norodom

text: Chantaraingsey

text: or

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Cambodian

text: royal

text: family

text: and

text: Cambodian

text: nationalist

text: Initially

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: guerrilla

text: resistance

text: against

text: the

text: colonial

text: French

text: he

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: become

text: prominent

text: general

text: in

text: the

text: Khmer

text: National

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: FANK

text: during

text: the

text: Cambodian

text: Civil

text: War

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: businessman

text: and

text: occasional

text: writer

text: Chantaraingsey

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: killed

text: fighting

text: the

text: Khmer

text: Rouge

text: in

text: either

text: or

text: However

text: his

text: exact

text: date

text: of

text: death

text: remains

text: unknown

annotations: follows single

annotations: likely multiple

question: conflict norodom chantaraingsey

answer: vietnam war

text: vietnam war

text: vietnam war


text: Gilda Joyce is a mystery novel series written by Jennifer Allison, published by Dutton Children's Books. According to Allison, the idea for the story of Gilda Joyce: Psychic Investigator first emerged while she was living in San Francisco and had recently been laid off from a "dot com". She wanted to write stories like the ones that had most moved her in her youth.

text: Gilda

text: Joyce

text: is

text: mystery

text: novel

text: series

text: written

text: by

text: Jennifer

text: Allison

text: published

text: by

text: Dutton

text: Children

text: 's

text: Books

text: According

text: to

text: Allison

text: the

text: idea

text: for

text: the

text: story

text: of

text: Gilda

text: Joyce

text: Psychic

text: Investigator

text: first

text: emerged

text: while

text: she

text: was

text: living

text: in

text: San

text: Francisco

text: and

text: had

text: recently

text: been

text: laid

text: off

text: from

text: dot

text: com

text: She

text: wanted

text: to

text: write

text: stories

text: like

text: the

text: ones

text: that

text: had

text: most

text: moved

text: her

text: in

text: her

text: youth

text: Jennifer Allison is an American author of mystery novels who is best known as the author of the Gilda Joyce children's series of books.

text: Jennifer

text: Allison

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: author

text: of

text: mystery

text: novels

text: who

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: Gilda

text: Joyce

text: children

text: 's

text: series

text: of

text: books

text: Gilda Joyce, Psychic Investigator is the first book in the Gilda Joyce mystery series for children written by Jennifer Allison. "Gilda Joyce, Psychic Investigator" was published by Dutton Children's Books. There are three books in the series: "Gilda Joyce: Psychic Investigator"; ""; and "".

text: Gilda

text: Joyce

text: Psychic

text: Investigator

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: book

text: in

text: the

text: Gilda

text: Joyce

text: mystery

text: series

text: for

text: children

text: written

text: by

text: Jennifer

text: Allison

text: Gilda

text: Joyce

text: Psychic

text: Investigator

text: was

text: published

text: by

text: Dutton

text: Children

text: 's

text: Books

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: books

text: in

text: the

text: series

text: Gilda

text: Joyce

text: Psychic

text: Investigator

text: and

text: Gilda Joyce : The Ghost Sonata is the third book involving the young American psychic investigator , Gilda Joyce . The book was released in August 2007 , by Dutton Children 's Books .

text: Gilda

text: Joyce

text: The

text: Ghost

text: Sonata

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: book

text: involving

text: the

text: young

text: American

text: psychic

text: investigator

text: Gilda

text: Joyce

text: The

text: book

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: August

text: by

text: Dutton

text: Children

text: 's

text: Books

annotations: follows multiple

question: genre gilda joyce: the ghost sonata

answer: novel

text: novel


text: The Screen Actors Guild Award (also known as the SAG Award) is an accolade given by the Screen Actors GuildAmerican Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) to recognize outstanding performances in film and primetime television. The statuette given, a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy, is called "The Actor". It is tall, weighs over , is cast in solid bronze, and produced by the American Fine Arts Foundry in Burbank, California.

text: The

text: Screen

text: Actors

text: Guild

text: Award

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: SAG

text: Award

text: is

text: an

text: accolade

text: given

text: by

text: the

text: Screen

text: Actors

text: GuildAmerican

text: Federation

text: of

text: Television

text: and

text: Radio

text: Artists

text: SAG

text: AFTRA

text: to

text: recognize

text: outstanding

text: performances

text: in

text: film

text: and

text: primetime

text: television

text: The

text: statuette

text: given

text: nude

text: male

text: figure

text: holding

text: both

text: mask

text: of

text: comedy

text: and

text: mask

text: of

text: tragedy

text: is

text: called

text: The

text: Actor

text: It

text: is

text: tall

text: weighs

text: over

text: is

text: cast

text: in

text: solid

text: bronze

text: and

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: American

text: Fine

text: Arts

text: Foundry

text: in

text: Burbank

text: California

text: A teen idol is a celebrity with a large teenage fan-base. Teen idols are generally young but not necessarily teenaged. Often teen idols are actors or singers, but some sports figures also have an appeal to teenagers. Some teen idols began their careers as child actors, like Leif Garrett, Lindsay Lohan, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, Hilary Duff, as well as Shirley Temple.

text: teen

text: idol

text: is

text: celebrity

text: with

text: large

text: teenage

text: fan

text: base

text: Teen

text: idols

text: are

text: generally

text: young

text: but

text: not

text: necessarily

text: teenaged

text: Often

text: teen

text: idols

text: are

text: actors

text: or

text: singers

text: but

text: some

text: sports

text: figures

text: also

text: have

text: an

text: appeal

text: to

text: teenagers

text: Some

text: teen

text: idols

text: began

text: their

text: careers

text: as

text: child

text: actors

text: like

text: Leif

text: Garrett

text: Lindsay

text: Lohan

text: Mary

text: Kate

text: and

text: Ashley

text: Olsen

text: Hilary

text: Duff

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Shirley

text: Temple

text: 21 Jump Street is an American police procedural television series that aired on the Fox network and in first run syndication from April 12, 1987, to April 27, 1991, with a total of 103 episodes. The series focuses on a squad of youthful-looking undercover police officers investigating crimes in high schools, colleges, and other teenage venues. It was originally going to be titled "Jump Street Chapel", after the deconsecrated church building in which the unit has its headquarters, but was changed at Fox's request so as not to mislead viewers into thinking it was a religious program.

text: Jump

text: Street

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: police

text: procedural

text: television

text: series

text: that

text: aired

text: on

text: the

text: Fox

text: network

text: and

text: in

text: first

text: run

text: syndication

text: from

text: April

text: to

text: April

text: with

text: total

text: of

text: episodes

text: The

text: series

text: focuses

text: on

text: squad

text: of

text: youthful

text: looking

text: undercover

text: police

text: officers

text: investigating

text: crimes

text: in

text: high

text: schools

text: colleges

text: and

text: other

text: teenage

text: venues

text: It

text: was

text: originally

text: going

text: to

text: be

text: titled

text: Jump

text: Street

text: Chapel

text: after

text: the

text: deconsecrated

text: church

text: building

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: unit

text: has

text: its

text: headquarters

text: but

text: was

text: changed

text: at

text: Fox

text: 's

text: request

text: so

text: as

text: not

text: to

text: mislead

text: viewers

text: into

text: thinking

text: it

text: was

text: religious

text: program

text: The Godfather is a 1972 American crime film directed by Francis Ford Coppola and produced by Albert S. Ruddy, based on Mario Puzo's best-selling novel of the same name. It stars Marlon Brando and Al Pacino as the leaders of a fictional New York crime family. The story, spanning 1945 to 1955, chronicles the family under the patriarch Vito Corleone, focusing on the transformation of Michael Corleone (Pacino) from reluctant family outsider to ruthless mafia boss.

text: The

text: Godfather

text: is

text: American

text: crime

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Francis

text: Ford

text: Coppola

text: and

text: produced

text: by

text: Albert

text: Ruddy

text: based

text: on

text: Mario

text: Puzo

text: 's

text: best

text: selling

text: novel

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: It

text: stars

text: Marlon

text: Brando

text: and

text: Al

text: Pacino

text: as

text: the

text: leaders

text: of

text: fictional

text: New

text: York

text: crime

text: family

text: The

text: story

text: spanning

text: to

text: chronicles

text: the

text: family

text: under

text: the

text: patriarch

text: Vito

text: Corleone

text: focusing

text: on

text: the

text: transformation

text: of

text: Michael

text: Corleone

text: Pacino

text: from

text: reluctant

text: family

text: outsider

text: to

text: ruthless

text: mafia

text: boss

text:
Viva Zapata! is a 1952 biographical film starring Marlon Brando and directed by Elia Kazan. The screenplay was written by John Steinbeck, using as a guide Edgcomb Pinchon's book, "Zapata the Unconquerable."
The cast includes Jean Peters and, in an Academy Award-winning performance, Anthony Quinn.

text: Viva

text: Zapata

text: is

text: biographical

text: film

text: starring

text: Marlon

text: Brando

text: and

text: directed

text: by

text: Elia

text: Kazan

text: The

text: screenplay

text: was

text: written

text: by

text: John

text: Steinbeck

text: using

text: as

text: guide

text: Edgcomb

text: Pinchon

text: 's

text: book

text: Zapata

text: the

text: Unconquerable

text: The

text: cast

text: includes

text: Jean

text: Peters

text: and

text: in

text: an

text: Academy

text: Award

text: winning

text: performance

text: Anthony

text: Quinn

text: Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign.

text: Golden

text: Globe

text: Awards

text: are

text: accolades

text: bestowed

text: by

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Hollywood

text: Foreign

text: Press

text: Association

text: recognizing

text: excellence

text: in

text: film

text: and

text: television

text: both

text: domestic

text: and

text: foreign

text: Marlon Brando, Jr. (April 3, 1924  July 1, 2004) was an American actor, film director and activist. He is credited with bringing realism to film acting, and is considered one of the greatest and most influential actors of all time. He helped to popularize the Stanislavski system of acting, studying with Stella Adler in the 1940s. Brando is most famous for his Academy Award-winning performances as Terry Malloy in "On the Waterfront" (1954) and Vito Corleone in "The Godfather" (1972), as well as performances in "A Streetcar Named Desire" (1951), "Viva Zapata!" (1952), "Julius Caesar" (1953), "The Wild One" (1953), "Reflections in a Golden Eye" (1967), "Last Tango in Paris" (1972), and "Apocalypse Now" (1979). Brando was also an activist for many causes, notably the African-American Civil Rights Movement and various Native American movements.

text: Marlon

text: Brando

text: Jr.

text: April

text: July

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: actor

text: film

text: director

text: and

text: activist

text: He

text: is

text: credited

text: with

text: bringing

text: realism

text: to

text: film

text: acting

text: and

text: is

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: and

text: most

text: influential

text: actors

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: He

text: helped

text: to

text: popularize

text: the

text: Stanislavski

text: system

text: of

text: acting

text: studying

text: with

text: Stella

text: Adler

text: in

text: the

text: Brando

text: is

text: most

text: famous

text: for

text: his

text: Academy

text: Award

text: winning

text: performances

text: as

text: Terry

text: Malloy

text: in

text: On

text: the

text: Waterfront

text: and

text: Vito

text: Corleone

text: in

text: The

text: Godfather

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: performances

text: in

text: Streetcar

text: Named

text: Desire

text: Viva

text: Zapata

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: The

text: Wild

text: One

text: Reflections

text: in

text: Golden

text: Eye

text: Last

text: Tango

text: in

text: Paris

text: and

text: Apocalypse

text: Now

text: Brando

text: was

text: also

text: an

text: activist

text: for

text: many

text: causes

text: notably

text: the

text: African

text: American

text: Civil

text: Rights

text: Movement

text: and

text: various

text: Native

text: American

text: movements

text: Gregory Mcdonald (February 15, 1937  September 7, 2008) was an American mystery writer best known for his creation of the character Irwin Maurice Fletcher, an investigative reporter who preferred the nickname "Fletch."

text: Gregory

text: Mcdonald

text: February

text: September

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: mystery

text: writer

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: character

text: Irwin

text: Maurice

text: Fletcher

text: an

text: investigative

text: reporter

text: who

text: preferred

text: the

text: nickname

text: Fletch

text: The Wild One is a 1953 American film directed by László Benedek and produced by Stanley Kramer. It is most noted for the character of Johnny Strabler (Marlon Brando), whose persona became a cultural icon of the 1950s. "The Wild One" is considered to be the original outlaw biker film, and the first to examine American outlaw motorcycle gang violence.

text: The

text: Wild

text: One

text: is

text: American

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: László

text: Benedek

text: and

text: produced

text: by

text: Stanley

text: Kramer

text: It

text: is

text: most

text: noted

text: for

text: the

text: character

text: of

text: Johnny

text: Strabler

text: Marlon

text: Brando

text: whose

text: persona

text: became

text: cultural

text: icon

text: of

text: the

text: The

text: Wild

text: One

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: original

text: outlaw

text: biker

text: film

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: examine

text: American

text: outlaw

text: motorcycle

text: gang

text: violence

text: Vito Andolini Corleone is a fictional character in Mario Puzo's novel "The Godfather" and in Francis Ford Coppola's film series based on the novel, where he was portrayed by Marlon Brando in "The Godfather" and, as a young man, by Robert De Niro in "The Godfather Part II".

text: Vito

text: Andolini

text: Corleone

text: is

text: fictional

text: character

text: in

text: Mario

text: Puzo

text: 's

text: novel

text: The

text: Godfather

text: and

text: in

text: Francis

text: Ford

text: Coppola

text: 's

text: film

text: series

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: novel

text: where

text: he

text: was

text: portrayed

text: by

text: Marlon

text: Brando

text: in

text: The

text: Godfather

text: and

text: as

text: young

text: man

text: by

text: Robert

text: De

text: Niro

text: in

text: The

text: Godfather

text: Part

text: II

text: A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1947 play written by American playwright Tennessee Williams which received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1948. The play opened on Broadway on December 3, 1947, and closed on December 17, 1949, in the Ethel Barrymore Theatre. The Broadway production was directed by Elia Kazan and starred Jessica Tandy, Marlon Brando, Karl Malden, and Kim Hunter. The London production opened in 1949 with Bonar Colleano, Vivien Leigh, and Renee Asherson and was directed by Laurence Olivier. The drama "A Streetcar Named Desire" is often regarded as among the finest plays of the 20th century, and is considered by many to be one of Williams' greatest.

text: Streetcar

text: Named

text: Desire

text: is

text: play

text: written

text: by

text: American

text: playwright

text: Tennessee

text: Williams

text: which

text: received

text: the

text: Pulitzer

text: Prize

text: for

text: Drama

text: in

text: The

text: play

text: opened

text: on

text: Broadway

text: on

text: December

text: and

text: closed

text: on

text: December

text: in

text: the

text: Ethel

text: Barrymore

text: Theatre

text: The

text: Broadway

text: production

text: was

text: directed

text: by

text: Elia

text: Kazan

text: and

text: starred

text: Jessica

text: Tandy

text: Marlon

text: Brando

text: Karl

text: Malden

text: and

text: Kim

text: Hunter

text: The

text: London

text: production

text: opened

text: in

text: with

text: Bonar

text: Colleano

text: Vivien

text: Leigh

text: and

text: Renee

text: Asherson

text: and

text: was

text: directed

text: by

text: Laurence

text: Olivier

text: The

text: drama

text: Streetcar

text: Named

text: Desire

text: is

text: often

text: regarded

text: as

text: among

text: the

text: finest

text: plays

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: is

text: considered

text: by

text: many

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: Williams

text: greatest

text: On the Waterfront is a 1954 American crime drama film with elements of film noir. The film was directed by Elia Kazan and written by Budd Schulberg. It stars Marlon Brando and features Karl Malden, Lee J. Cobb, Rod Steiger, Pat Henning, and, in her film debut, Eva Marie Saint. The soundtrack score was composed by Leonard Bernstein. The film was suggested by "Crime on the Waterfront" by Malcolm Johnson, a series of articles published in November-December 1948 in the "New York Sun" which won the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, but the screenplay by Budd Schulberg is directly based on his own original story. The film focuses on union violence and corruption amongst longshoremen while detailing widespread corruption, extortion, and racketeering on the waterfronts of Hoboken, New Jersey.

text: On

text: the

text: Waterfront

text: is

text: American

text: crime

text: drama

text: film

text: with

text: elements

text: of

text: film

text: noir

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: directed

text: by

text: Elia

text: Kazan

text: and

text: written

text: by

text: Budd

text: Schulberg

text: It

text: stars

text: Marlon

text: Brando

text: and

text: features

text: Karl

text: Malden

text: Lee

text: Cobb

text: Rod

text: Steiger

text: Pat

text: Henning

text: and

text: in

text: her

text: film

text: debut

text: Eva

text: Marie

text: Saint

text: The

text: soundtrack

text: score

text: was

text: composed

text: by

text: Leonard

text: Bernstein

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: suggested

text: by

text: Crime

text: on

text: the

text: Waterfront

text: by

text: Malcolm

text: Johnson

text: series

text: of

text: articles

text: published

text: in

text: November

text: December

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Sun

text: which

text: won

text: the

text: Pulitzer

text: Prize

text: for

text: Local

text: Reporting

text: but

text: the

text: screenplay

text: by

text: Budd

text: Schulberg

text: is

text: directly

text: based

text: on

text: his

text: own

text: original

text: story

text: The

text: film

text: focuses

text: on

text: union

text: violence

text: and

text: corruption

text: amongst

text: longshoremen

text: while

text: detailing

text: widespread

text: corruption

text: extortion

text: and

text: racketeering

text: on

text: the

text: waterfronts

text: of

text: Hoboken

text: New

text: Jersey

text: John Christopher "Johnny" Depp II (born June 9, 1963) is an American actor, producer, and musician. He has won the Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor. He rose to prominence on the 1980s television series "21 Jump Street", becoming a teen idol.

text: John

text: Christopher

text: Johnny

text: Depp

text: II

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: actor

text: producer

text: and

text: musician

text: He

text: has

text: won

text: the

text: Golden

text: Globe

text: Award

text: and

text: Screen

text: Actors

text: Guild

text: Award

text: for

text: Best

text: Actor

text: He

text: rose

text: to

text: prominence

text: on

text: the

text: television

text: series

text: Jump

text: Street

text: becoming

text: teen

text: idol

text: Last Tango in Paris is a 1972 Franco-Italian erotic drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci which portrays a recently widowed American who begins an anonymous sexual relationship with a young Parisian woman. It stars Marlon Brando, Maria Schneider, and Jean-Pierre Léaud.

text: Last

text: Tango

text: in

text: Paris

text: is

text: Franco

text: Italian

text: erotic

text: drama

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Bernardo

text: Bertolucci

text: which

text: portrays

text: recently

text: widowed

text: American

text: who

text: begins

text: an

text: anonymous

text: sexual

text: relationship

text: with

text: young

text: Parisian

text: woman

text: It

text: stars

text: Marlon

text: Brando

text: Maria

text: Schneider

text: and

text: Jean

text: Pierre

text: Léaud

text: The Brave ( 1997 ) is a film adapted from the Gregory McDonald novel of the same title directed by , co-written by and starring Johnny Depp alongside Marlon Brando . This film was Depp 's directorial debut . He co-wrote the screenplay with his brother , directed and acted in it . The film was first shown at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival where it received mixed reviews . The film was released in theaters and on DVD internationally , but not in the United States .

text: The

text: Brave

text: is

text: film

text: adapted

text: from

text: the

text: Gregory

text: McDonald

text: novel

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: title

text: directed

text: by

text: co

text: written

text: by

text: and

text: starring

text: Johnny

text: Depp

text: alongside

text: Marlon

text: Brando

text: This

text: film

text: was

text: Depp

text: 's

text: directorial

text: debut

text: He

text: co

text: wrote

text: the

text: screenplay

text: with

text: his

text: brother

text: directed

text: and

text: acted

text: in

text: it

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: first

text: shown

text: at

text: the

text: Cannes

text: Film

text: Festival

text: where

text: it

text: received

text: mixed

text: reviews

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: theaters

text: and

text: on

text: DVD

text: internationally

text: but

text: not

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Apocalypse Now is a 1979 American epic war film directed, produced and co-written by Francis Ford Coppola and co-written by John Milius with narration by Michael Herr. It stars Marlon Brando, Robert Duvall, Martin Sheen, Frederic Forrest, Albert Hall, Sam Bottoms, Larry Fishburne, and Dennis Hopper. The screenplay written by Milius updates the setting of Joseph Conrad's novella "Heart of Darkness" to that of the Vietnam War. It draws from Herr's "Dispatches", and Werner Herzog's "Aguirre, the Wrath of God" (1972). The film revolves around Captain Benjamin L. Willard (Sheen) on a secret mission to assassinate Colonel Kurtz, a renegade who's presumed insane.

text: Apocalypse

text: Now

text: is

text: American

text: epic

text: war

text: film

text: directed

text: produced

text: and

text: co

text: written

text: by

text: Francis

text: Ford

text: Coppola

text: and

text: co

text: written

text: by

text: John

text: Milius

text: with

text: narration

text: by

text: Michael

text: Herr

text: It

text: stars

text: Marlon

text: Brando

text: Robert

text: Duvall

text: Martin

text: Sheen

text: Frederic

text: Forrest

text: Albert

text: Hall

text: Sam

text: Bottoms

text: Larry

text: Fishburne

text: and

text: Dennis

text: Hopper

text: The

text: screenplay

text: written

text: by

text: Milius

text: updates

text: the

text: setting

text: of

text: Joseph

text: Conrad

text: 's

text: novella

text: Heart

text: of

text: Darkness

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Vietnam

text: War

text: It

text: draws

text: from

text: Herr

text: 's

text: Dispatches

text: and

text: Werner

text: Herzog

text: 's

text: Aguirre

text: the

text: Wrath

text: of

text: God

text: The

text: film

text: revolves

text: around

text: Captain

text: Benjamin

text: Willard

text: Sheen

text: on

text: secret

text: mission

text: to

text: assassinate

text: Colonel

text: Kurtz

text: renegade

text: who

text: 's

text: presumed

text: insane

question: genre the brave

answer: drama film

text: drama film

text: drama film