text: England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.

text: England

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Scotland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Wales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: northwest

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: England

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: continental

text: Europe

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: covers

text: five

text: eighths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: which

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: in

text: its

text: centre

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: includes

text: over

text: smaller

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: and

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: Burlesque is a literary, dramatic or musical work intended to cause laughter by caricaturing the manner or spirit of serious works, or by ludicrous treatment of their subjects. The word derives from the Italian "burlesco", which, in turn, is derived from the Italian "burla"  a joke, ridicule or mockery.

text: Burlesque

text: is

text: literary

text: dramatic

text: or

text: musical

text: work

text: intended

text: to

text: cause

text: laughter

text: by

text: caricaturing

text: the

text: manner

text: or

text: spirit

text: of

text: serious

text: works

text: or

text: by

text: ludicrous

text: treatment

text: of

text: their

text: subjects

text: The

text: word

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Italian

text: burlesco

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Italian

text: burla

text: joke

text: ridicule

text: or

text: mockery

text: New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeast United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and south, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and north, respectively. The Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast, and Long Island Sound is to the south. Boston is its largest city. Its largest metropolitan area is Greater Boston, which also includes Worcester (the second-largest city in New England), Manchester (the largest city in New Hampshire), and Providence (the capital and largest city of Rhode Island), with nearly a third of the entire region's population.

text: New

text: England

text: is

text: geographical

text: region

text: comprising

text: six

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: northeast

text: United

text: States

text: Connecticut

text: Maine

text: Massachusetts

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: and

text: Vermont

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: provinces

text: of

text: New

text: Brunswick

text: and

text: Quebec

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: north

text: respectively

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: and

text: Long

text: Island

text: Sound

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Boston

text: is

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: Its

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: is

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: Worcester

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: Manchester

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: and

text: Providence

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: with

text: nearly

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: region

text: 's

text: population

text: Boston (pronounced ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1, 1999. The city proper covers with an estimated population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England and the 23rd most populous city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 4.7 million people in 2014 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area (CSA), this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest as such in the United States.

text: Boston

text: pronounced

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Boston

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: Suffolk

text: County

text: although

text: the

text: county

text: government

text: was

text: disbanded

text: on

text: July

text: The

text: city

text: proper

text: covers

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: economic

text: and

text: cultural

text: anchor

text: of

text: substantially

text: larger

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: known

text: as

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: MSA

text: home

text: to

text: census

text: estimated

text: million

text: people

text: in

text: and

text: ranking

text: as

text: the

text: tenth

text: largest

text: such

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Alternately

text: as

text: Combined

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: CSA

text: this

text: wider

text: commuting

text: region

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: some

text: million

text: people

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: sixth

text: largest

text: as

text: such

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: A theatre organ (also known as a theater organ, or [especially in the U.K.] a cinema organ) is a distinct type of pipe organ originally developed to provide music and sound effects to accompany silent films during the first 3 decades of the 20th century.

text: theatre

text: organ

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: theater

text: organ

text: or

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: U.K.

text: cinema

text: organ

text: is

text: distinct

text: type

text: of

text: pipe

text: organ

text: originally

text: developed

text: to

text: provide

text: music

text: and

text: sound

text: effects

text: to

text: accompany

text: silent

text: films

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: decades

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Central Massachusetts is the geographically central region of Massachusetts. Though definitions vary, most include all of Worcester County and the northwest corner of Middlesex County. Worcester, the largest city in the area and the seat of Worcester County, is often considered the cultural capital of the region. Other populous cities include Fitchburg, Gardner, Leominster, and arguably Marlborough.

text: Central

text: Massachusetts

text: is

text: the

text: geographically

text: central

text: region

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: Though

text: definitions

text: vary

text: most

text: include

text: all

text: of

text: Worcester

text: County

text: and

text: the

text: northwest

text: corner

text: of

text: Middlesex

text: County

text: Worcester

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: Worcester

text: County

text: is

text: often

text: considered

text: the

text: cultural

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: Other

text: populous

text: cities

text: include

text: Fitchburg

text: Gardner

text: Leominster

text: and

text: arguably

text: Marlborough

text: Valentine's Day, also called Saint Valentine's Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine, is an annual holiday celebrated on February 14. It originated as a Western Christian liturgical feast day honoring one or more early saints named "Valentinus", and is recognized as a significant cultural and commercial celebration in many regions around the world, although it is not a public holiday in any country.

text: Valentine

text: 's

text: Day

text: also

text: called

text: Saint

text: Valentine

text: 's

text: Day

text: or

text: the

text: Feast

text: of

text: Saint

text: Valentine

text: is

text: an

text: annual

text: holiday

text: celebrated

text: on

text: February

text: It

text: originated

text: as

text: Western

text: Christian

text: liturgical

text: feast

text: day

text: honoring

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: early

text: saints

text: named

text: Valentinus

text: and

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: significant

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: celebration

text: in

text: many

text: regions

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: although

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: public

text: holiday

text: in

text: any

text: country

text: A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue. The silent film era lasted from 1895 to 1936. In silent films for entertainment, the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards which contain a written indication of the plot or key dialogue. The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as film itself, but because of the technical challenges involved, synchronized dialogue was only made practical in the late 1920s with the perfection of the Audion amplifier tube and the introduction of the Vitaphone system. During silent films, a pianist, theatre organist, or, in large cities, even a small orchestra would often play music to accompany the films. Pianists and organists would either play from sheet music or improvise; an orchestra would play from sheet music.

text: silent

text: film

text: is

text: film

text: with

text: no

text: synchronized

text: recorded

text: sound

text: especially

text: with

text: no

text: spoken

text: dialogue

text: The

text: silent

text: film

text: era

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: In

text: silent

text: films

text: for

text: entertainment

text: the

text: dialogue

text: is

text: transmitted

text: through

text: muted

text: gestures

text: mime

text: and

text: title

text: cards

text: which

text: contain

text: written

text: indication

text: of

text: the

text: plot

text: or

text: key

text: dialogue

text: The

text: idea

text: of

text: combining

text: motion

text: pictures

text: with

text: recorded

text: sound

text: is

text: nearly

text: as

text: old

text: as

text: film

text: itself

text: but

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: technical

text: challenges

text: involved

text: synchronized

text: dialogue

text: was

text: only

text: made

text: practical

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: with

text: the

text: perfection

text: of

text: the

text: Audion

text: amplifier

text: tube

text: and

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: the

text: Vitaphone

text: system

text: During

text: silent

text: films

text: pianist

text: theatre

text: organist

text: or

text: in

text: large

text: cities

text: even

text: small

text: orchestra

text: would

text: often

text: play

text: music

text: to

text: accompany

text: the

text: films

text: Pianists

text: and

text: organists

text: would

text: either

text: play

text: from

text: sheet

text: music

text: or

text: improvise

text: an

text: orchestra

text: would

text: play

text: from

text: sheet

text: music

text: Worcester is a city in Worcestershire, England, southwest of Birmingham and north of Gloucester. The population is approximately 100,000. The River Severn flanks the western side of the city centre, which is overlooked by the 12th-century Worcester Cathedral.

text: Worcester

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: Worcestershire

text: England

text: southwest

text: of

text: Birmingham

text: and

text: north

text: of

text: Gloucester

text: The

text: population

text: is

text: approximately

text: The

text: River

text: Severn

text: flanks

text: the

text: western

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: which

text: is

text: overlooked

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: Worcester

text: Cathedral

text: city

text: is

text: large

text: and

text: permanent

text: human

text: settlement

text: Although

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: agreement

text: on

text: how

text: city

text: is

text: distinguished

text: from

text: town

text: in

text: general

text: English

text: language

text: meanings

text: many

text: cities

text: have

text: particular

text: administrative

text: legal

text: or

text: historical

text: status

text: based

text: on

text: local

text: law

text: The Hanover Theatre for the Performing Arts in Worcester , Massachusetts , United States was originally built in 1904 as the Franklin Square Theatre regularly scheduling burlesque shows , Broadway touring shows and headline acts transitioning to showing silent films by 1912 when vaudeville magnate Sylvester Poli purchased the theatre from the estate of Pauline L. Taylor .

text: The

text: Hanover

text: Theatre

text: for

text: the

text: Performing

text: Arts

text: in

text: Worcester

text: Massachusetts

text: United

text: States

text: was

text: originally

text: built

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: Franklin

text: Square

text: Theatre

text: regularly

text: scheduling

text: burlesque

text: shows

text: Broadway

text: touring

text: shows

text: and

text: headline

text: acts

text: transitioning

text: to

text: showing

text: silent

text: films

text: by

text: when

text: vaudeville

text: magnate

text: Sylvester

text: Poli

text: purchased

text: the

text: theatre

text: from

text: the

text: estate

text: of

text: Pauline

text: Taylor

text: A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China and Taiwan. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function.

text: county

text: seat

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: center

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: or

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: county

text: or

text: civil

text: parish

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: Romania

text: China

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Ireland

text: county

text: towns

text: have

text: similar

text: function

text: Worcester (, locally also ) is a city and the county seat of Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. Named after Worcester, England, as of the 2010 Census the city's population was 181,045, making it the second most populous city in New England after Boston. Worcester is located approximately west of Boston, east of Springfield and north of Providence. Due to its location in Central Massachusetts, Worcester is known as the "Heart of the Commonwealth", thus, a heart is the official symbol of the city. However, the heart symbol may also have its provenance in lore that the mass-produced Valentine's Day card was invented in the city.

text: Worcester

text: locally

text: also

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Worcester

text: County

text: Massachusetts

text: United

text: States

text: Named

text: after

text: Worcester

text: England

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: Census

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: population

text: was

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: after

text: Boston

text: Worcester

text: is

text: located

text: approximately

text: west

text: of

text: Boston

text: east

text: of

text: Springfield

text: and

text: north

text: of

text: Providence

text: Due

text: to

text: its

text: location

text: in

text: Central

text: Massachusetts

text: Worcester

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Heart

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: thus

text: heart

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: symbol

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: However

text: the

text: heart

text: symbol

text: may

text: also

text: have

text: its

text: provenance

text: in

text: lore

text: that

text: the

text: mass

text: produced

text: Valentine

text: 's

text: Day

text: card

text: was

text: invented

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: Massachusetts ; officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which once inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston. Over 80% of Massachusetts' population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution. During the 20th century, Massachusetts' economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade.

text: Massachusetts

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: England

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Connecticut

text: and

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: and

text: Vermont

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: named

text: for

text: the

text: Massachusett

text: tribe

text: which

text: once

text: inhabited

text: the

text: area

text: The

text: capital

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: is

text: Boston

text: Over

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: population

text: lives

text: in

text: the

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: region

text: influential

text: upon

text: American

text: history

text: academia

text: and

text: industry

text: Originally

text: dependent

text: on

text: agriculture

text: fishing

text: and

text: trade

text: Massachusetts

text: was

text: transformed

text: into

text: manufacturing

text: center

text: during

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: During

text: the

text: century

text: Massachusetts

text: economy

text: shifted

text: from

text: manufacturing

text: to

text: services

text: Modern

text: Massachusetts

text: is

text: global

text: leader

text: in

text: biotechnology

text: engineering

text: higher

text: education

text: finance

text: and

text: maritime

text: trade

question: instance_of hanover theatre for the performing arts

answer: theater

text: theater


text: Hometime is the fifth studio album of English singer / songwriter Alison Moyet . There is a gap of almost eight years between the release of Essex , the singer 's previous studio album , and Hometime ; this was caused by a dispute between the singer and Sony Music Entertainment , her former record label , who wanted her to produce what they saw as more `` commercial '' music . Hometime was the first album by Moyet released by her new record label , Sanctuary Records . Much to the chagrin of Sony - who had refused to release the album - Hometime enjoyed a great deal of critical and commercial success ; the album sold in excess of a quarter of a million copies in the UK within the first months of its release , Moyet became one of the top five bestselling female artists of 2002 , and was nominated for a BRIT Award and a Mercury Music Prize that year . Hometime was produced by The Insects ( Tim Norfolk and Bob Locke ) who had previously worked with Massive Attack and Madonna among others .

text: Hometime

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: studio

text: album

text: of

text: English

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: Alison

text: Moyet

text: There

text: is

text: gap

text: of

text: almost

text: eight

text: years

text: between

text: the

text: release

text: of

text: Essex

text: the

text: singer

text: 's

text: previous

text: studio

text: album

text: and

text: Hometime

text: this

text: was

text: caused

text: by

text: dispute

text: between

text: the

text: singer

text: and

text: Sony

text: Music

text: Entertainment

text: her

text: former

text: record

text: label

text: who

text: wanted

text: her

text: to

text: produce

text: what

text: they

text: saw

text: as

text: more

text: commercial

text: music

text: Hometime

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: album

text: by

text: Moyet

text: released

text: by

text: her

text: new

text: record

text: label

text: Sanctuary

text: Records

text: Much

text: to

text: the

text: chagrin

text: of

text: Sony

text: who

text: had

text: refused

text: to

text: release

text: the

text: album

text: Hometime

text: enjoyed

text: great

text: deal

text: of

text: critical

text: and

text: commercial

text: success

text: the

text: album

text: sold

text: in

text: excess

text: of

text: quarter

text: of

text: million

text: copies

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: within

text: the

text: first

text: months

text: of

text: its

text: release

text: Moyet

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: top

text: five

text: bestselling

text: female

text: artists

text: of

text: and

text: was

text: nominated

text: for

text: BRIT

text: Award

text: and

text: Mercury

text: Music

text: Prize

text: that

text: year

text: Hometime

text: was

text: produced

text: by

text: The

text: Insects

text: Tim

text: Norfolk

text: and

text: Bob

text: Locke

text: who

text: had

text: previously

text: worked

text: with

text: Massive

text: Attack

text: and

text: Madonna

text: among

text: others

text:
A contralto is a type of classical female singing voice whose vocal range is the lowest female voice type.
The contralto's vocal range is fairly rare; similar to, but different from the alto, and almost identical to that of a countertenor, typically between the F below middle C (F in scientific pitch notation) to the second F above middle C (F), although at the extremes some voices can reach the E below middle C (E) or the second B above middle C (B). The contralto voice type is generally divided into the coloratura, lyric, and dramatic contralto.

text: contralto

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: classical

text: female

text: singing

text: voice

text: whose

text: vocal

text: range

text: is

text: the

text: lowest

text: female

text: voice

text: type

text: The

text: contralto

text: 's

text: vocal

text: range

text: is

text: fairly

text: rare

text: similar

text: to

text: but

text: different

text: from

text: the

text: alto

text: and

text: almost

text: identical

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: countertenor

text: typically

text: between

text: the

text: below

text: middle

text: in

text: scientific

text: pitch

text: notation

text: to

text: the

text: second

text: above

text: middle

text: although

text: at

text: the

text: extremes

text: some

text: voices

text: can

text: reach

text: the

text: below

text: middle

text: or

text: the

text: second

text: above

text: middle

text: The

text: contralto

text: voice

text: type

text: is

text: generally

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: coloratura

text: lyric

text: and

text: dramatic

text: contralto

text: Geneviève Alison Jane Moyet (born 18 June 1961) is an English singer, songwriter and performer noted for her bluesy contralto voice. She came to prominence as half of the duo Yazoo, but has since mainly worked as a solo artist.

text: Geneviève

text: Alison

text: Jane

text: Moyet

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: and

text: performer

text: noted

text: for

text: her

text: bluesy

text: contralto

text: voice

text: She

text: came

text: to

text: prominence

text: as

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: duo

text: Yazoo

text: but

text: has

text: since

text: mainly

text: worked

text: as

text: solo

text: artist

text: Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs and European-American folk music. Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. The blues form, ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues and rock and roll, is characterized by the call-and-response pattern, the blues scale and specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues is the most common. Blue notes (or "worried notes"), usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also an essential part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove.

text: Blues

text: is

text: genre

text: and

text: musical

text: form

text: originated

text: by

text: African

text: Americans

text: in

text: the

text: Deep

text: South

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: around

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: genre

text: developed

text: from

text: roots

text: in

text: African

text: musical

text: traditions

text: African

text: American

text: work

text: songs

text: and

text: European

text: American

text: folk

text: music

text: Blues

text: incorporated

text: spirituals

text: work

text: songs

text: field

text: hollers

text: shouts

text: chants

text: and

text: rhymed

text: simple

text: narrative

text: ballads

text: The

text: blues

text: form

text: ubiquitous

text: in

text: jazz

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: and

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: the

text: call

text: and

text: response

text: pattern

text: the

text: blues

text: scale

text: and

text: specific

text: chord

text: progressions

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: twelve

text: bar

text: blues

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: Blue

text: notes

text: or

text: worried

text: notes

text: usually

text: thirds

text: or

text: fifths

text: flattened

text: in

text: pitch

text: are

text: also

text: an

text: essential

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: sound

text: Blues

text: shuffles

text: or

text: walking

text: bass

text: reinforce

text: the

text: trance

text: like

text: rhythm

text: and

text: form

text: repetitive

text: effect

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: groove

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: followed_by hometime

answer: voice

text: voice

text: voice

text: voice

text: voice


text: Pediococcus is a genus of Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria, placed within the family of Lactobacillaceae. They usually occur in pairs or tetrads, and divide along two planes of symmetry, as do the other lactic acid cocci genera "Aerococcus" and "Tetragenococcus". They are purely homofermentative. "Pediococcus dextrinicus" has recently been reassigned to the genus "Lactobacillus".

text: Pediococcus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: Gram

text: positive

text: lactic

text: acid

text: bacteria

text: placed

text: within

text: the

text: family

text: of

text: Lactobacillaceae

text: They

text: usually

text: occur

text: in

text: pairs

text: or

text: tetrads

text: and

text: divide

text: along

text: two

text: planes

text: of

text: symmetry

text: as

text: do

text: the

text: other

text: lactic

text: acid

text: cocci

text: genera

text: Aerococcus

text: and

text: Tetragenococcus

text: They

text: are

text: purely

text: homofermentative

text: Pediococcus

text: dextrinicus

text: has

text: recently

text: been

text: reassigned

text: to

text: the

text: genus

text: Lactobacillus

text: Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a biological pesticide. "B. thuringiensis" also occurs naturally in the gut of caterpillars of various types of moths and butterflies, as well on leaf surfaces, aquatic environments, animal feces, insect-rich environments, and flour mills and grain-storage facilities.

text: Bacillus

text: thuringiensis

text: or

text: Bt

text: is

text: Gram

text: positive

text: soil

text: dwelling

text: bacterium

text: commonly

text: used

text: as

text: biological

text: pesticide

text: thuringiensis

text: also

text: occurs

text: naturally

text: in

text: the

text: gut

text: of

text: caterpillars

text: of

text: various

text: types

text: of

text: moths

text: and

text: butterflies

text: as

text: well

text: on

text: leaf

text: surfaces

text: aquatic

text: environments

text: animal

text: feces

text: insect

text: rich

text: environments

text: and

text: flour

text: mills

text: and

text: grain

text: storage

text: facilities

text:
Bacillus anthracis is the etiologic agent of anthraxa common disease of livestock and, occasionally, of humansand the only obligate pathogen within the genus "Bacillus". "B. anthracis" is a Gram-positive, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, with a width of 1.01.2 µm and a length of 35 µm. It can be grown in an ordinary nutrient medium under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
It is one of few bacteria known to synthesize a protein capsule (poly-D-gamma-glutamic acid). Like "Bordetella pertussis", it forms a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase exotoxin known as Anthrax edema factor, along with anthrax lethal factor. It bears close genotypical and phenotypical resemblance to "Bacillus cereus" and "Bacillus thuringiensis". All three species share cellular dimensions and morphology. All form oval spores located centrally in an unswollen sporangium. "B. anthracis" endospores, in particular, are highly resilient, surviving extremes of temperature, low-nutrient environments, and harsh chemical treatment over decades or centuries.

text: Bacillus

text: anthracis

text: is

text: the

text: etiologic

text: agent

text: of

text: anthraxa

text: common

text: disease

text: of

text: livestock

text: and

text: occasionally

text: of

text: humansand

text: the

text: only

text: obligate

text: pathogen

text: within

text: the

text: genus

text: Bacillus

text: anthracis

text: is

text: Gram

text: positive

text: endospore

text: forming

text: rod

text: shaped

text: bacterium

text: with

text: width

text: of

text: µm

text: and

text: length

text: of

text: µm

text: It

text: can

text: be

text: grown

text: in

text: an

text: ordinary

text: nutrient

text: medium

text: under

text: aerobic

text: or

text: anaerobic

text: conditions

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: few

text: bacteria

text: known

text: to

text: synthesize

text: protein

text: capsule

text: poly

text: gamma

text: glutamic

text: acid

text: Like

text: Bordetella

text: pertussis

text: it

text: forms

text: calmodulin

text: dependent

text: adenylate

text: cyclase

text: exotoxin

text: known

text: as

text: Anthrax

text: edema

text: factor

text: along

text: with

text: anthrax

text: lethal

text: factor

text: It

text: bears

text: close

text: genotypical

text: and

text: phenotypical

text: resemblance

text: to

text: Bacillus

text: cereus

text: and

text: Bacillus

text: thuringiensis

text: All

text: three

text: species

text: share

text: cellular

text: dimensions

text: and

text: morphology

text: All

text: form

text: oval

text: spores

text: located

text: centrally

text: in

text: an

text: unswollen

text: sporangium

text: anthracis

text: endospores

text: in

text: particular

text: are

text: highly

text: resilient

text: surviving

text: extremes

text: of

text: temperature

text: low

text: nutrient

text: environments

text: and

text: harsh

text: chemical

text: treatment

text: over

text: decades

text: or

text: centuries

text: Bacilli refers to a taxonomic class of bacteria . It includes two orders , Bacillales and Lactobacillales , which contain several well - known pathogens such as Bacillus anthracis ( the cause of anthrax ) .

text: Bacilli

text: refers

text: to

text: taxonomic

text: class

text: of

text: bacteria

text: It

text: includes

text: two

text: orders

text: Bacillales

text: and

text: Lactobacillales

text: which

text: contain

text: several

text: well

text: known

text: pathogens

text: such

text: as

text: Bacillus

text: anthracis

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: anthrax

text:
Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium "Bacillus anthracis". It can occur in four forms: skin, inhalation, intestinal, and injection. Symptoms begin between one day and two months after the infection is contracted. The skin form presents with a small blister with surrounding swelling that often turns into a painless ulcer with a black center. The inhalation form presents with fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. The intestinal form presents with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain. The injection form presents with fever and an abscess at the site of drug injection.
Anthrax is spread by contact with the spores of the bacteria, which are often from infectious animal products. Contact is by breathing, eating, or through an area of broken skin. It does not typically spread directly between people. Risk factors include people who work with animals or animal products, travelers, postal workers, and military personnel. Diagnosis can be confirmed based on finding antibodies or the toxin in the blood or by culture of a sample from the infected site.
Anthrax vaccination is recommended for people who are at high risk. Immunizing animals against anthrax is recommended in areas where previous infections have occurred. Two months of antibiotics, such as doxycycline or ciprofloxacin, after exposure can also prevent infection. If infection occurs treatment is with antibiotics and possibly antitoxin. The type and number of antibiotics used depends on the type of infection. Antitoxin is recommended for those with widespread infection.
Anthrax among humans is most common in Africa and central and Southern Asia. It also occurs fairly regularly in Southern Europe, but is uncommon in Northern Europe and North America. Globally, at least 2,000 cases occur a year, with about two cases a year in the United States. Skin infections represent more than 95% of cases. Without treatment the risk of death from skin anthrax is 24%. For intestinal infection the risk of death is 25% to 75% while in inhaled anthrax despite treatment it is around 50% to 80%. Until the 20th century, anthrax infections killed hundreds of thousands of people and animals each year. Anthrax has been developed as a weapon by a number of countries. In plant-eating animals, infection occurs when they eat or breathe in the spores while grazing. Carnivores may become infected by eating infected animals.

text: Anthrax

text: is

text: an

text: infection

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: bacterium

text: Bacillus

text: anthracis

text: It

text: can

text: occur

text: in

text: four

text: forms

text: skin

text: inhalation

text: intestinal

text: and

text: injection

text: Symptoms

text: begin

text: between

text: one

text: day

text: and

text: two

text: months

text: after

text: the

text: infection

text: is

text: contracted

text: The

text: skin

text: form

text: presents

text: with

text: small

text: blister

text: with

text: surrounding

text: swelling

text: that

text: often

text: turns

text: into

text: painless

text: ulcer

text: with

text: black

text: center

text: The

text: inhalation

text: form

text: presents

text: with

text: fever

text: chest

text: pain

text: and

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: The

text: intestinal

text: form

text: presents

text: with

text: nausea

text: vomiting

text: diarrhea

text: or

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: The

text: injection

text: form

text: presents

text: with

text: fever

text: and

text: an

text: abscess

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: drug

text: injection

text: Anthrax

text: is

text: spread

text: by

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: spores

text: of

text: the

text: bacteria

text: which

text: are

text: often

text: from

text: infectious

text: animal

text: products

text: Contact

text: is

text: by

text: breathing

text: eating

text: or

text: through

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: broken

text: skin

text: It

text: does

text: not

text: typically

text: spread

text: directly

text: between

text: people

text: Risk

text: factors

text: include

text: people

text: who

text: work

text: with

text: animals

text: or

text: animal

text: products

text: travelers

text: postal

text: workers

text: and

text: military

text: personnel

text: Diagnosis

text: can

text: be

text: confirmed

text: based

text: on

text: finding

text: antibodies

text: or

text: the

text: toxin

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: or

text: by

text: culture

text: of

text: sample

text: from

text: the

text: infected

text: site

text: Anthrax

text: vaccination

text: is

text: recommended

text: for

text: people

text: who

text: are

text: at

text: high

text: risk

text: Immunizing

text: animals

text: against

text: anthrax

text: is

text: recommended

text: in

text: areas

text: where

text: previous

text: infections

text: have

text: occurred

text: Two

text: months

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: such

text: as

text: doxycycline

text: or

text: ciprofloxacin

text: after

text: exposure

text: can

text: also

text: prevent

text: infection

text: If

text: infection

text: occurs

text: treatment

text: is

text: with

text: antibiotics

text: and

text: possibly

text: antitoxin

text: The

text: type

text: and

text: number

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: used

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: infection

text: Antitoxin

text: is

text: recommended

text: for

text: those

text: with

text: widespread

text: infection

text: Anthrax

text: among

text: humans

text: is

text: most

text: common

text: in

text: Africa

text: and

text: central

text: and

text: Southern

text: Asia

text: It

text: also

text: occurs

text: fairly

text: regularly

text: in

text: Southern

text: Europe

text: but

text: is

text: uncommon

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: and

text: North

text: America

text: Globally

text: at

text: least

text: cases

text: occur

text: year

text: with

text: about

text: two

text: cases

text: year

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Skin

text: infections

text: represent

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: cases

text: Without

text: treatment

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: death

text: from

text: skin

text: anthrax

text: is

text: For

text: intestinal

text: infection

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: death

text: is

text: to

text: while

text: in

text: inhaled

text: anthrax

text: despite

text: treatment

text: it

text: is

text: around

text: to

text: Until

text: the

text: century

text: anthrax

text: infections

text: killed

text: hundreds

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: people

text: and

text: animals

text: each

text: year

text: Anthrax

text: has

text: been

text: developed

text: as

text: weapon

text: by

text: number

text: of

text: countries

text: In

text: plant

text: eating

text: animals

text: infection

text: occurs

text: when

text: they

text: eat

text: or

text: breathe

text: in

text: the

text: spores

text: while

text: grazing

text: Carnivores

text: may

text: become

text: infected

text: by

text: eating

text: infected

text: animals

text: Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, pathogenic, encapsulated coccobacillus of the genus "Bordetella", and the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough. Unlike "B. bronchiseptica", "B. pertussis" is not motile. Its virulence factors include pertussis toxin, filamentous hæmagglutinin, pertactin, fimbria, and tracheal cytotoxin.

text: Bordetella

text: pertussis

text: is

text: Gram

text: negative

text: aerobic

text: pathogenic

text: encapsulated

text: coccobacillus

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Bordetella

text: and

text: the

text: causative

text: agent

text: of

text: pertussis

text: or

text: whooping

text: cough

text: Unlike

text: bronchiseptica

text: pertussis

text: is

text: not

text: motile

text: Its

text: virulence

text: factors

text: include

text: pertussis

text: toxin

text: filamentous

text: hæmagglutinin

text: pertactin

text: fimbria

text: and

text: tracheal

text: cytotoxin

text: Bacillus is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria and a member of the phylum Firmicutes. "Bacillus" species can be obligate aerobes (oxygen reliant), or facultative anaerobes (having the ability to be aerobic or anaerobic). They will test positive for the enzyme catalase when there has been oxygen used or present. Ubiquitous in nature, "Bacillus" includes both free-living (nonparasitic) and parasitic pathogenic species. Under stressful environmental conditions, the bacteria can produce oval endospores that are not true 'spores', but to which the bacteria can reduce themselves and remain in a dormant state for very long periods. These characteristics originally defined the genus, but not all such species are closely related, and many have been moved to other genera of the Firmicutes.

text: Bacillus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: gram

text: positive

text: rod

text: shaped

text: bacteria

text: and

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: phylum

text: Firmicutes

text: Bacillus

text: species

text: can

text: be

text: obligate

text: aerobes

text: oxygen

text: reliant

text: or

text: facultative

text: anaerobes

text: having

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: be

text: aerobic

text: or

text: anaerobic

text: They

text: will

text: test

text: positive

text: for

text: the

text: enzyme

text: catalase

text: when

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: oxygen

text: used

text: or

text: present

text: Ubiquitous

text: in

text: nature

text: Bacillus

text: includes

text: both

text: free

text: living

text: nonparasitic

text: and

text: parasitic

text: pathogenic

text: species

text: Under

text: stressful

text: environmental

text: conditions

text: the

text: bacteria

text: can

text: produce

text: oval

text: endospores

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: true

text: spores

text: but

text: to

text: which

text: the

text: bacteria

text: can

text: reduce

text: themselves

text: and

text: remain

text: in

text: dormant

text: state

text: for

text: very

text: long

text: periods

text: These

text: characteristics

text: originally

text: defined

text: the

text: genus

text: but

text: not

text: all

text: such

text: species

text: are

text: closely

text: related

text: and

text: many

text: have

text: been

text: moved

text: to

text: other

text: genera

text: of

text: the

text: Firmicutes

text: Radioactive waste is waste that contains radioactive material. Radioactive waste is usually a by-product of nuclear power generation and other applications of nuclear fission or nuclear technology, such as research and medicine. Radioactive waste is hazardous to most forms of life and the environment, and is regulated by government agencies in order to protect human health and the environment.

text: Radioactive

text: waste

text: is

text: waste

text: that

text: contains

text: radioactive

text: material

text: Radioactive

text: waste

text: is

text: usually

text: by

text: product

text: of

text: nuclear

text: power

text: generation

text: and

text: other

text: applications

text: of

text: nuclear

text: fission

text: or

text: nuclear

text: technology

text: such

text: as

text: research

text: and

text: medicine

text: Radioactive

text: waste

text: is

text: hazardous

text: to

text: most

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: the

text: environment

text: and

text: is

text: regulated

text: by

text: government

text: agencies

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: protect

text: human

text: health

text: and

text: the

text: environment

text: Sporolactobacillus is a genus of anaerobic, endospore-forming, Gram-positive, motile, rod-shaped, lactic acid bacteria.

text: Sporolactobacillus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: anaerobic

text: endospore

text: forming

text: Gram

text: positive

text: motile

text: rod

text: shaped

text: lactic

text: acid

text: bacteria

text: Weissella is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, placed within the family Leuconostocaceae, and formerly considered species of the "Leuconostoc paramesenteroides" group. The morphology of "Weissella" species varies from spherical or lenticular cells to irregular rods.

text: Weissella

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: Gram

text: positive

text: bacteria

text: placed

text: within

text: the

text: family

text: Leuconostocaceae

text: and

text: formerly

text: considered

text: species

text: of

text: the

text: Leuconostoc

text: paramesenteroides

text: group

text: The

text: morphology

text: of

text: Weissella

text: species

text: varies

text: from

text: spherical

text: or

text: lenticular

text: cells

text: to

text: irregular

text: rods

text: Leuconostoc is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, placed within the family of Leuconostocaceae. They are generally ovoid cocci often forming chains. "Leuconostoc" spp. are intrinsically resistant to vancomycin and are catalase-negative (which distinguishes them from staphylococci). All species within this genus are heterofermentative and are able to produce dextran from sucrose. They are generally slime-forming.

text: Leuconostoc

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: Gram

text: positive

text: bacteria

text: placed

text: within

text: the

text: family

text: of

text: Leuconostocaceae

text: They

text: are

text: generally

text: ovoid

text: cocci

text: often

text: forming

text: chains

text: Leuconostoc

text: spp

text: are

text: intrinsically

text: resistant

text: to

text: vancomycin

text: and

text: are

text: catalase

text: negative

text: which

text: distinguishes

text: them

text: from

text: staphylococci

text: All

text: species

text: within

text: this

text: genus

text: are

text: heterofermentative

text: and

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: produce

text: dextran

text: from

text: sucrose

text: They

text: are

text: generally

text: slime

text: forming

text: Lactobacillales or lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a clade of Gram-positive, low-GC, acid-tolerant, generally nonsporulating, nonrespiring, either rod- or coccus-shaped bacteria that share common metabolic and physiological characteristics. These bacteria, usually found in decomposing plants and milk products, produce lactic acid as the major metabolic end product of carbohydrate fermentation. This trait has, throughout history, linked LAB with food fermentations, as acidification inhibits the growth of spoilage agents. Proteinaceous bacteriocins are produced by several LAB strains and provide an additional hurdle for spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, lactic acid and other metabolic products contribute to the organoleptic and textural profile of a food item. The industrial importance of the LAB is further evidenced by their generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status, due to their ubiquitous appearance in food and their contribution to the healthy microflora of human mucosal surfaces. The genera that comprise the LAB are at its core "Lactobacillus", "Leuconostoc", "Pediococcus", "Lactococcus", and "Streptococcus", as well as the more peripheral "Aerococcus", "Carnobacterium", "Enterococcus", "Oenococcus", "Sporolactobacillus", "Tetragenococcus", "Vagococcus", and "Weissella"; these belong to the order Lactobacillales.

text: Lactobacillales

text: or

text: lactic

text: acid

text: bacteria

text: LAB

text: are

text: clade

text: of

text: Gram

text: positive

text: low

text: GC

text: acid

text: tolerant

text: generally

text: nonsporulating

text: nonrespiring

text: either

text: rod-

text: or

text: coccus

text: shaped

text: bacteria

text: that

text: share

text: common

text: metabolic

text: and

text: physiological

text: characteristics

text: These

text: bacteria

text: usually

text: found

text: in

text: decomposing

text: plants

text: and

text: milk

text: products

text: produce

text: lactic

text: acid

text: as

text: the

text: major

text: metabolic

text: end

text: product

text: of

text: carbohydrate

text: fermentation

text: This

text: trait

text: has

text: throughout

text: history

text: linked

text: LAB

text: with

text: food

text: fermentations

text: as

text: acidification

text: inhibits

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: spoilage

text: agents

text: Proteinaceous

text: bacteriocins

text: are

text: produced

text: by

text: several

text: LAB

text: strains

text: and

text: provide

text: an

text: additional

text: hurdle

text: for

text: spoilage

text: and

text: pathogenic

text: microorganisms

text: Furthermore

text: lactic

text: acid

text: and

text: other

text: metabolic

text: products

text: contribute

text: to

text: the

text: organoleptic

text: and

text: textural

text: profile

text: of

text: food

text: item

text: The

text: industrial

text: importance

text: of

text: the

text: LAB

text: is

text: further

text: evidenced

text: by

text: their

text: generally

text: recognized

text: as

text: safe

text: GRAS

text: status

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: ubiquitous

text: appearance

text: in

text: food

text: and

text: their

text: contribution

text: to

text: the

text: healthy

text: microflora

text: of

text: human

text: mucosal

text: surfaces

text: The

text: genera

text: that

text: comprise

text: the

text: LAB

text: are

text: at

text: its

text: core

text: Lactobacillus

text: Leuconostoc

text: Pediococcus

text: Lactococcus

text: and

text: Streptococcus

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: more

text: peripheral

text: Aerococcus

text: Carnobacterium

text: Enterococcus

text: Oenococcus

text: Sporolactobacillus

text: Tetragenococcus

text: Vagococcus

text: and

text: Weissella

text: these

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: order

text: Lactobacillales

text: An antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin. Antitoxins are produced by certain animals, plants, and bacteria. Although they are most effective in neutralizing toxins, they can kill bacteria and other microorganisms. Antitoxins are made within organisms, but can be injected into other organisms, including humans. This procedure involves injecting an animal with a safe amount of a particular toxin. Then, the animals body makes the antitoxin needed to neutralize the toxin. Later, the blood is withdrawn from the animal. When the antitoxin is obtained from the blood, it is purified and injected into a human or other animal, inducing passive immunity. To prevent serum sickness, it is often best to use antitoxin generated from the same species (e.g. use human antitoxin to treat humans).

text: An

text: antitoxin

text: is

text: an

text: antibody

text: with

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: neutralize

text: specific

text: toxin

text: Antitoxins

text: are

text: produced

text: by

text: certain

text: animals

text: plants

text: and

text: bacteria

text: Although

text: they

text: are

text: most

text: effective

text: in

text: neutralizing

text: toxins

text: they

text: can

text: kill

text: bacteria

text: and

text: other

text: microorganisms

text: Antitoxins

text: are

text: made

text: within

text: organisms

text: but

text: can

text: be

text: injected

text: into

text: other

text: organisms

text: including

text: humans

text: This

text: procedure

text: involves

text: injecting

text: an

text: animal

text: with

text: safe

text: amount

text: of

text: particular

text: toxin

text: Then

text: the

text: animals

text: body

text: makes

text: the

text: antitoxin

text: needed

text: to

text: neutralize

text: the

text: toxin

text: Later

text: the

text: blood

text: is

text: withdrawn

text: from

text: the

text: animal

text: When

text: the

text: antitoxin

text: is

text: obtained

text: from

text: the

text: blood

text: it

text: is

text: purified

text: and

text: injected

text: into

text: human

text: or

text: other

text: animal

text: inducing

text: passive

text: immunity

text: To

text: prevent

text: serum

text: sickness

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: best

text: to

text: use

text: antitoxin

text: generated

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: species

text: e.g.

text: use

text: human

text: antitoxin

text: to

text: treat

text: humans

text: Lactococcus is a genus of lactic acid bacteria that were formerly included in the genus "Streptococcus" Group N1. They are known as homofermentors meaning that they produce a single product, lactic acid in this case, as the major or only product of glucose fermentation. Their homofermentative character can be altered by adjusting environmental conditions such as pH, glucose concentration, and nutrient limitation. They are gram-positive, catalase-negative, non-motile cocci that are found singly, in pairs, or in chains. The genus contains strains known to grow at or below 7C.

text: Lactococcus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: lactic

text: acid

text: bacteria

text: that

text: were

text: formerly

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: genus

text: Streptococcus

text: Group

text: They

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: homofermentors

text: meaning

text: that

text: they

text: produce

text: single

text: product

text: lactic

text: acid

text: in

text: this

text: case

text: as

text: the

text: major

text: or

text: only

text: product

text: of

text: glucose

text: fermentation

text: Their

text: homofermentative

text: character

text: can

text: be

text: altered

text: by

text: adjusting

text: environmental

text: conditions

text: such

text: as

text: pH

text: glucose

text: concentration

text: and

text: nutrient

text: limitation

text: They

text: are

text: gram

text: positive

text: catalase

text: negative

text: non

text: motile

text: cocci

text: that

text: are

text: found

text: singly

text: in

text: pairs

text: or

text: in

text: chains

text: The

text: genus

text: contains

text: strains

text: known

text: to

text: grow

text: at

text: or

text: below

text: Lactobacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria. They are a major part of the lactic acid bacteria group (i.e. they convert sugars to lactic acid). In humans, they constitute a significant component of the microbiota at a number of body sites. In European women, "Lactobacillus" species are normally a major part of the vaginal microbiota. In contrast, the vaginal microbial profiles of African American ancestry women is different.

text: Lactobacillus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: Gram

text: positive

text: facultative

text: anaerobic

text: or

text: microaerophilic

text: rod

text: shaped

text: non

text: spore

text: forming

text: bacteria

text: They

text: are

text: major

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: lactic

text: acid

text: bacteria

text: group

text: i.e.

text: they

text: convert

text: sugars

text: to

text: lactic

text: acid

text: In

text: humans

text: they

text: constitute

text: significant

text: component

text: of

text: the

text: microbiota

text: at

text: number

text: of

text: body

text: sites

text: In

text: European

text: women

text: Lactobacillus

text: species

text: are

text: normally

text: major

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: vaginal

text: microbiota

text: In

text: contrast

text: the

text: vaginal

text: microbial

text: profiles

text: of

text: African

text: American

text: ancestry

text: women

text: is

text: different

text: Oenococcus is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, placed within the family Leuconostocaceae. The only species in the genus was "Oenococcus oeni" (which was known as "Leuconostoc oeni" until 1995). In 2006, the species "Oenococcus kitaharae" was identified. As its name implies, "Oenococcus oeni" holds major importance in the field of oenology, where it is the primary bacterium involved in completing the malolactic fermentation.

text: Oenococcus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: Gram

text: positive

text: bacteria

text: placed

text: within

text: the

text: family

text: Leuconostocaceae

text: The

text: only

text: species

text: in

text: the

text: genus

text: was

text: Oenococcus

text: oeni

text: which

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: Leuconostoc

text: oeni

text: until

text: In

text: the

text: species

text: Oenococcus

text: kitaharae

text: was

text: identified

text: As

text: its

text: name

text: implies

text: Oenococcus

text: oeni

text: holds

text: major

text: importance

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: oenology

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: bacterium

text: involved

text: in

text: completing

text: the

text: malolactic

text: fermentation

text: Calmodulin (CaM) (an abbreviation for calcium-modulated protein) is a multifunctional intermediate calcium-binding messenger protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells. It is an intracellular target of the secondary messenger Ca, and the binding of Ca is required for the activation of Calmodulin. Once bound to Ca, Calmodulin acts as part of a calcium signal transduction pathway by modifying its interactions with various target proteins such as kinases or phosphatases.

text: Calmodulin

text: CaM

text: an

text: abbreviation

text: for

text: calcium

text: modulated

text: protein

text: is

text: multifunctional

text: intermediate

text: calcium

text: binding

text: messenger

text: protein

text: expressed

text: in

text: all

text: eukaryotic

text: cells

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: intracellular

text: target

text: of

text: the

text: secondary

text: messenger

text: Ca

text: and

text: the

text: binding

text: of

text: Ca

text: is

text: required

text: for

text: the

text: activation

text: of

text: Calmodulin

text: Once

text: bound

text: to

text: Ca

text: Calmodulin

text: acts

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: calcium

text: signal

text: transduction

text: pathway

text: by

text: modifying

text: its

text: interactions

text: with

text: various

text: target

text: proteins

text: such

text: as

text: kinases

text: or

text: phosphatases

text: Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic, motile, beta hemolytic bacterium commonly found in soil and food. Some strains are harmful to humans and cause foodborne illness, while other strains can be beneficial as probiotics for animals. It is the cause of "fried rice syndrome", as the bacteria are classically contracted from fried rice dishes that have been sitting at room temperature for hours. "B. cereus" bacteria are facultative anaerobes, and like other members of the genus "Bacillus", can produce protective endospores. Its virulence factors include cereolysin and phospholipase C.

text: Bacillus

text: cereus

text: is

text: Gram

text: positive

text: rod

text: shaped

text: aerobic

text: motile

text: beta

text: hemolytic

text: bacterium

text: commonly

text: found

text: in

text: soil

text: and

text: food

text: Some

text: strains

text: are

text: harmful

text: to

text: humans

text: and

text: cause

text: foodborne

text: illness

text: while

text: other

text: strains

text: can

text: be

text: beneficial

text: as

text: probiotics

text: for

text: animals

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: fried

text: rice

text: syndrome

text: as

text: the

text: bacteria

text: are

text: classically

text: contracted

text: from

text: fried

text: rice

text: dishes

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: sitting

text: at

text: room

text: temperature

text: for

text: hours

text: cereus

text: bacteria

text: are

text: facultative

text: anaerobes

text: and

text: like

text: other

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Bacillus

text: can

text: produce

text: protective

text: endospores

text: Its

text: virulence

text: factors

text: include

text: cereolysin

text: and

text: phospholipase

text:
Streptococcus is a genus of coccus (spherical) Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the order Lactobacillales (lactic acid bacteria). Cell division in this genus occurs along a single axis in these bacteria, thus they grow in chains or pairs, hence the namefrom Greek  "streptos", meaning easily bent or twisted, like a chain (twisted chain). (Contrast this with staphylococci, which divide along multiple axes and generate grape-like clusters of cells.)
Most are oxidase-negative and catalase-negative, and many are facultative anaerobes.

text: Streptococcus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: coccus

text: spherical

text: Gram

text: positive

text: bacteria

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: phylum

text: Firmicutes

text: and

text: the

text: order

text: Lactobacillales

text: lactic

text: acid

text: bacteria

text: Cell

text: division

text: in

text: this

text: genus

text: occurs

text: along

text: single

text: axis

text: in

text: these

text: bacteria

text: thus

text: they

text: grow

text: in

text: chains

text: or

text: pairs

text: hence

text: the

text: namefrom

text: Greek

text: streptos

text: meaning

text: easily

text: bent

text: or

text: twisted

text: like

text: chain

text: twisted

text: chain

text: Contrast

text: this

text: with

text: staphylococci

text: which

text: divide

text: along

text: multiple

text: axes

text: and

text: generate

text: grape

text: like

text: clusters

text: of

text: cells

text: Most

text: are

text: oxidase

text: negative

text: and

text: catalase

text: negative

text: and

text: many

text: are

text: facultative

text: anaerobes

text: Enterococcus is a large genus of lactic acid bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes. Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that often occur in pairs (diplococci) or short chains, and are difficult to distinguish from streptococci on physical characteristics alone. Two species are common commensal organisms in the intestines of humans: "E. faecalis" (9095%) and "E. faecium" (510%). Rare clusters of infections occur with other species, including "E. casseliflavus", "E. gallinarum", and "E. raffinosus".

text: Enterococcus

text: is

text: large

text: genus

text: of

text: lactic

text: acid

text: bacteria

text: of

text: the

text: phylum

text: Firmicutes

text: Enterococci

text: are

text: Gram

text: positive

text: cocci

text: that

text: often

text: occur

text: in

text: pairs

text: diplococci

text: or

text: short

text: chains

text: and

text: are

text: difficult

text: to

text: distinguish

text: from

text: streptococci

text: on

text: physical

text: characteristics

text: alone

text: Two

text: species

text: are

text: common

text: commensal

text: organisms

text: in

text: the

text: intestines

text: of

text: humans

text: faecalis

text: and

text: faecium

text: Rare

text: clusters

text: of

text: infections

text: occur

text: with

text: other

text: species

text: including

text: casseliflavus

text: gallinarum

text: and

text: raffinosus

text: A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant, or other type of organism. The term typically refers to the zone in which the organism lives and where it can find food, shelter, protection and mates for reproduction. It is the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the physical environment that surrounds a species population.

text: habitat

text: is

text: an

text: ecological

text: or

text: environmental

text: area

text: that

text: is

text: inhabited

text: by

text: particular

text: species

text: of

text: animal

text: plant

text: or

text: other

text: type

text: of

text: organism

text: The

text: term

text: typically

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: zone

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: organism

text: lives

text: and

text: where

text: it

text: can

text: find

text: food

text: shelter

text: protection

text: and

text: mates

text: for

text: reproduction

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: natural

text: environment

text: in

text: which

text: an

text: organism

text: lives

text: or

text: the

text: physical

text: environment

text: that

text: surrounds

text: species

text: population

text:
An abscess is a collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body. Signs and symptoms of abscesses include redness, pain, warmth, and swelling. The swelling may feel fluid filled when pressed. The area of redness often extends beyond the swelling. Carbuncles and boils are types of abscess that often involve hair follicles with carbuncles being larger.
They are usually caused by a bacterial infection. Often many different types of bacteria are involved in a single infection. In the United States and many other areas of the world the most common bacteria present is "methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus". Rarely, parasites can cause abscesses and this is more common in the developing world. Diagnosis of a skin abscess is usually made based on what it looks like and is confirmed by cutting it open. Ultrasound imaging may be useful in cases in which the diagnosis is not clear. In abscesses around the anus, computer tomography (CT) may be important to look for deeper infection.
Standard treatment for most skin or soft tissue abscesses is cutting it open and drainage. There does not appear to be any benefit from also using antibiotics for this type of abscess in most people who are otherwise healthy. A small amount of evidence supports not packing the cavity that remains with gauze after drainage. Closing this cavity right after draining it rather than leaving it open may speed healing without increasing the risk of the abscess returning. Sucking out the pus with a needle is often not sufficient.
Skin abscesses are common and have become more common in recent years. Risk factors include intravenous drug use with rates reported as high as 65% in this population. In 2005 in the United States 3.2 million people went to the emergency department for an abscess. In Australia around 13,000 people were hospitalized in 2008 with the condition.

text: An

text: abscess

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: pus

text: that

text: has

text: built

text: up

text: within

text: the

text: tissue

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: of

text: abscesses

text: include

text: redness

text: pain

text: warmth

text: and

text: swelling

text: The

text: swelling

text: may

text: feel

text: fluid

text: filled

text: when

text: pressed

text: The

text: area

text: of

text: redness

text: often

text: extends

text: beyond

text: the

text: swelling

text: Carbuncles

text: and

text: boils

text: are

text: types

text: of

text: abscess

text: that

text: often

text: involve

text: hair

text: follicles

text: with

text: carbuncles

text: being

text: larger

text: They

text: are

text: usually

text: caused

text: by

text: bacterial

text: infection

text: Often

text: many

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: bacteria

text: are

text: involved

text: in

text: single

text: infection

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: bacteria

text: present

text: is

text: methicillin

text: resistant

text: Staphylococcus

text: aureus

text: Rarely

text: parasites

text: can

text: cause

text: abscesses

text: and

text: this

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: Diagnosis

text: of

text: skin

text: abscess

text: is

text: usually

text: made

text: based

text: on

text: what

text: it

text: looks

text: like

text: and

text: is

text: confirmed

text: by

text: cutting

text: it

text: open

text: Ultrasound

text: imaging

text: may

text: be

text: useful

text: in

text: cases

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: not

text: clear

text: In

text: abscesses

text: around

text: the

text: anus

text: computer

text: tomography

text: CT

text: may

text: be

text: important

text: to

text: look

text: for

text: deeper

text: infection

text: Standard

text: treatment

text: for

text: most

text: skin

text: or

text: soft

text: tissue

text: abscesses

text: is

text: cutting

text: it

text: open

text: and

text: drainage

text: There

text: does

text: not

text: appear

text: to

text: be

text: any

text: benefit

text: from

text: also

text: using

text: antibiotics

text: for

text: this

text: type

text: of

text: abscess

text: in

text: most

text: people

text: who

text: are

text: otherwise

text: healthy

text: small

text: amount

text: of

text: evidence

text: supports

text: not

text: packing

text: the

text: cavity

text: that

text: remains

text: with

text: gauze

text: after

text: drainage

text: Closing

text: this

text: cavity

text: right

text: after

text: draining

text: it

text: rather

text: than

text: leaving

text: it

text: open

text: may

text: speed

text: healing

text: without

text: increasing

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: the

text: abscess

text: returning

text: Sucking

text: out

text: the

text: pus

text: with

text: needle

text: is

text: often

text: not

text: sufficient

text: Skin

text: abscesses

text: are

text: common

text: and

text: have

text: become

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: recent

text: years

text: Risk

text: factors

text: include

text: intravenous

text: drug

text: use

text: with

text: rates

text: reported

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: in

text: this

text: population

text: In

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: million

text: people

text: went

text: to

text: the

text: emergency

text: department

text: for

text: an

text: abscess

text: In

text: Australia

text: around

text: people

text: were

text: hospitalized

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: condition

text: A sporangium (pl., sporangia) (modern Latin, from Greek " (sporos)" spore + " (angeion)" vessel) is an enclosure in which spores are formed. It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular. All plants, fungi, and many other lineages form sporangia at some point in their life cycle. Sporangia can produce spores by mitosis, but in nearly all land plants and many fungi, sporangia are the site of meiosis and produce genetically distinct haploid spores.

text: sporangium

text: pl

text: sporangia

text: modern

text: Latin

text: from

text: Greek

text: sporos

text: spore

text: angeion

text: vessel

text: is

text: an

text: enclosure

text: in

text: which

text: spores

text: are

text: formed

text: It

text: can

text: be

text: composed

text: of

text: single

text: cell

text: or

text: can

text: be

text: multicellular

text: All

text: plants

text: fungi

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: lineages

text: form

text: sporangia

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: in

text: their

text: life

text: cycle

text: Sporangia

text: can

text: produce

text: spores

text: by

text: mitosis

text: but

text: in

text: nearly

text: all

text: land

text: plants

text: and

text: many

text: fungi

text: sporangia

text: are

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: meiosis

text: and

text: produce

text: genetically

text: distinct

text: haploid

text: spores

text: A coccus (plural cocci) is any bacterium that has a spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape. It is one of the three distinct bacterial shapes, the other two being bacillus (rod-shaped) and spiral-shaped cells.

text: coccus

text: plural

text: cocci

text: is

text: any

text: bacterium

text: that

text: has

text: spherical

text: ovoid

text: or

text: generally

text: round

text: shape

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: distinct

text: bacterial

text: shapes

text: the

text: other

text: two

text: being

text: bacillus

text: rod

text: shaped

text: and

text: spiral

text: shaped

text: cells

text: Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals). It catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is a very important enzyme in protecting the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Likewise, catalase has one of the highest turnover numbers of all enzymes; one catalase molecule can convert millions of hydrogen peroxide molecules to water and oxygen each second.

text: Catalase

text: is

text: common

text: enzyme

text: found

text: in

text: nearly

text: all

text: living

text: organisms

text: exposed

text: to

text: oxygen

text: such

text: as

text: bacteria

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: It

text: catalyzes

text: the

text: decomposition

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: peroxide

text: to

text: water

text: and

text: oxygen

text: It

text: is

text: very

text: important

text: enzyme

text: in

text: protecting

text: the

text: cell

text: from

text: oxidative

text: damage

text: by

text: reactive

text: oxygen

text: species

text: ROS

text: Likewise

text: catalase

text: has

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: turnover

text: numbers

text: of

text: all

text: enzymes

text: one

text: catalase

text: molecule

text: can

text: convert

text: millions

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: peroxide

text: molecules

text: to

text: water

text: and

text: oxygen

text: each

text: second

text: An obligate aerobe is an organism that requires oxygen to grow. Through cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to metabolise substances, like sugars or fats, to obtain energy. In this type of respiration, oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor for the electron transport chain. Aerobic respiration has the advantage of yielding more energy (adenosine triphosphate or ATP) than fermentation or anaerobic respiration, but obligate aerobes are subject to high levels of oxidative stress.

text: An

text: obligate

text: aerobe

text: is

text: an

text: organism

text: that

text: requires

text: oxygen

text: to

text: grow

text: Through

text: cellular

text: respiration

text: these

text: organisms

text: use

text: oxygen

text: to

text: metabolise

text: substances

text: like

text: sugars

text: or

text: fats

text: to

text: obtain

text: energy

text: In

text: this

text: type

text: of

text: respiration

text: oxygen

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: terminal

text: electron

text: acceptor

text: for

text: the

text: electron

text: transport

text: chain

text: Aerobic

text: respiration

text: has

text: the

text: advantage

text: of

text: yielding

text: more

text: energy

text: adenosine

text: triphosphate

text: or

text: ATP

text: than

text: fermentation

text: or

text: anaerobic

text: respiration

text: but

text: obligate

text: aerobes

text: are

text: subject

text: to

text: high

text: levels

text: of

text: oxidative

text: stress

text:
Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point. There is not a single agreed-upon upper limit for normal temperature with sources using values between . The increase in set-point triggers increased muscle contraction and causes a feeling of cold. This results in greater heat production and efforts to conserve heat. When the set-point temperature returns to normal, a person feels hot, becomes flushed, and may begin to sweat. Rarely a fever may trigger a febrile seizure. This is more common in young children. Fevers do not typically go higher than .
A fever can be caused by many medical conditions ranging from the not serious to potentially serious. This includes viral, bacterial and parasitic infections such as the common cold, urinary tract infections, meningitis, malaria and appendicitis among others. Non-infectious causes include vasculitis, deep vein thrombosis, side effects of medication, and cancer among others. It differs from hyperthermia, in that hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature over the temperature set-point, due to either too much heat production or not enough heat loss.
Treatment to reduce fever is generally not required. Treatment of associated pain and inflammation, however, may be useful and help a person rest. Medications such as ibuprofen or paracetamol may help with this as well as lower temperature. Measures such as putting a cool damp cloth on the forehead and having a slightly warm bath are not useful and may simply make a person more uncomfortable. Children younger than three months require medical attention, as might people with serious medical problems such as a compromised immune system or people with other symptoms. Hyperthermia does require treatment.
Fever is one of the most common medical signs. It is part of about 30% of healthcare visits by children and occurs in up to 75% of adults who are seriously sick. While fever is a useful defense mechanism, treating fever does not appear to worsen outcomes. Fever is viewed with greater concern by parents and healthcare professionals than it usually deserves, a phenomenon known as fever phobia.

text: Fever

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: pyrexia

text: and

text: febrile

text: response

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: having

text: temperature

text: above

text: the

text: normal

text: range

text: due

text: to

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: temperature

text: set

text: point

text: There

text: is

text: not

text: single

text: agreed

text: upon

text: upper

text: limit

text: for

text: normal

text: temperature

text: with

text: sources

text: using

text: values

text: between

text: The

text: increase

text: in

text: set

text: point

text: triggers

text: increased

text: muscle

text: contraction

text: and

text: causes

text: feeling

text: of

text: cold

text: This

text: results

text: in

text: greater

text: heat

text: production

text: and

text: efforts

text: to

text: conserve

text: heat

text: When

text: the

text: set

text: point

text: temperature

text: returns

text: to

text: normal

text: person

text: feels

text: hot

text: becomes

text: flushed

text: and

text: may

text: begin

text: to

text: sweat

text: Rarely

text: fever

text: may

text: trigger

text: febrile

text: seizure

text: This

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: young

text: children

text: Fevers

text: do

text: not

text: typically

text: go

text: higher

text: than

text: fever

text: can

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: many

text: medical

text: conditions

text: ranging

text: from

text: the

text: not

text: serious

text: to

text: potentially

text: serious

text: This

text: includes

text: viral

text: bacterial

text: and

text: parasitic

text: infections

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: common

text: cold

text: urinary

text: tract

text: infections

text: meningitis

text: malaria

text: and

text: appendicitis

text: among

text: others

text: Non

text: infectious

text: causes

text: include

text: vasculitis

text: deep

text: vein

text: thrombosis

text: side

text: effects

text: of

text: medication

text: and

text: cancer

text: among

text: others

text: It

text: differs

text: from

text: hyperthermia

text: in

text: that

text: hyperthermia

text: is

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: body

text: temperature

text: over

text: the

text: temperature

text: set

text: point

text: due

text: to

text: either

text: too

text: much

text: heat

text: production

text: or

text: not

text: enough

text: heat

text: loss

text: Treatment

text: to

text: reduce

text: fever

text: is

text: generally

text: not

text: required

text: Treatment

text: of

text: associated

text: pain

text: and

text: inflammation

text: however

text: may

text: be

text: useful

text: and

text: help

text: person

text: rest

text: Medications

text: such

text: as

text: ibuprofen

text: or

text: paracetamol

text: may

text: help

text: with

text: this

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: lower

text: temperature

text: Measures

text: such

text: as

text: putting

text: cool

text: damp

text: cloth

text: on

text: the

text: forehead

text: and

text: having

text: slightly

text: warm

text: bath

text: are

text: not

text: useful

text: and

text: may

text: simply

text: make

text: person

text: more

text: uncomfortable

text: Children

text: younger

text: than

text: three

text: months

text: require

text: medical

text: attention

text: as

text: might

text: people

text: with

text: serious

text: medical

text: problems

text: such

text: as

text: compromised

text: immune

text: system

text: or

text: people

text: with

text: other

text: symptoms

text: Hyperthermia

text: does

text: require

text: treatment

text: Fever

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: medical

text: signs

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: healthcare

text: visits

text: by

text: children

text: and

text: occurs

text: in

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: adults

text: who

text: are

text: seriously

text: sick

text: While

text: fever

text: is

text: useful

text: defense

text: mechanism

text: treating

text: fever

text: does

text: not

text: appear

text: to

text: worsen

text: outcomes

text: Fever

text: is

text: viewed

text: with

text: greater

text: concern

text: by

text: parents

text: and

text: healthcare

text: professionals

text: than

text: it

text: usually

text: deserves

text: phenomenon

text: known

text: as

text: fever

text: phobia

text: The Firmicutes (Latin: "firmus", strong, and "cutis", skin, referring to the cell wall) are a phylum of bacteria, most of which have Gram-positive cell wall structure. A few, however, such as "Megasphaera", "Pectinatus", "Selenomonas" and "Zymophilus", have a porous pseudo-outer membrane that causes them to stain Gram-negative. Scientists once classified the Firmicutes to include all Gram-positive bacteria, but have recently defined them to be of a core group of related forms called the low-G+C group, in contrast to the Actinobacteria. They have round cells, called cocci (singular coccus), or rod-like forms (bacillus).

text: The

text: Firmicutes

text: Latin

text: firmus

text: strong

text: and

text: cutis

text: skin

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: cell

text: wall

text: are

text: phylum

text: of

text: bacteria

text: most

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: Gram

text: positive

text: cell

text: wall

text: structure

text: few

text: however

text: such

text: as

text: Megasphaera

text: Pectinatus

text: Selenomonas

text: and

text: Zymophilus

text: have

text: porous

text: pseudo

text: outer

text: membrane

text: that

text: causes

text: them

text: to

text: stain

text: Gram

text: negative

text: Scientists

text: once

text: classified

text: the

text: Firmicutes

text: to

text: include

text: all

text: Gram

text: positive

text: bacteria

text: but

text: have

text: recently

text: defined

text: them

text: to

text: be

text: of

text: core

text: group

text: of

text: related

text: forms

text: called

text: the

text: low

text: G+C

text: group

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: Actinobacteria

text: They

text: have

text: round

text: cells

text: called

text: cocci

text: singular

text: coccus

text: or

text: rod

text: like

text: forms

text: bacillus

text: Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals.

text: Bacteria

text: common

text: noun

text: bacteria

text: singular

text: bacterium

text: constitute

text: large

text: domain

text: of

text: prokaryotic

text: microorganisms

text: Typically

text: few

text: micrometres

text: in

text: length

text: bacteria

text: have

text: number

text: of

text: shapes

text: ranging

text: from

text: spheres

text: to

text: rods

text: and

text: spirals

text: Bacteria

text: were

text: among

text: the

text: first

text: life

text: forms

text: to

text: appear

text: on

text: Earth

text: and

text: are

text: present

text: in

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: habitats

text: Bacteria

text: inhabit

text: soil

text: water

text: acidic

text: hot

text: springs

text: radioactive

text: waste

text: and

text: the

text: deep

text: portions

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: Bacteria

text: also

text: live

text: in

text: symbiotic

text: and

text: parasitic

text: relationships

text: with

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria from the Firmicute phylum. The name "endospore" is suggestive of a spore or seed-like form ("endo" means within), but it is not a true spore (i.e., not an offspring). It is a stripped-down, dormant form to which the bacterium can reduce itself. Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of nutrients, and usually occurs in gram-positive bacteria. In endospore formation, the bacterium divides within its cell wall. One side then engulfs the other. Endospores enable bacteria to lie dormant for extended periods, even centuries. Revival of spores millions of years old has been claimed. When the environment becomes more favorable, the endospore can reactivate itself to the vegetative state. Most types of bacteria cannot change to the endospore form. Examples of bacteria that can form endospores include "Bacillus" and "Clostridium".

text: An

text: endospore

text: is

text: dormant

text: tough

text: and

text: non

text: reproductive

text: structure

text: produced

text: by

text: certain

text: bacteria

text: from

text: the

text: Firmicute

text: phylum

text: The

text: name

text: endospore

text: is

text: suggestive

text: of

text: spore

text: or

text: seed

text: like

text: form

text: endo

text: means

text: within

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: true

text: spore

text: i.e.

text: not

text: an

text: offspring

text: It

text: is

text: stripped

text: down

text: dormant

text: form

text: to

text: which

text: the

text: bacterium

text: can

text: reduce

text: itself

text: Endospore

text: formation

text: is

text: usually

text: triggered

text: by

text: lack

text: of

text: nutrients

text: and

text: usually

text: occurs

text: in

text: gram

text: positive

text: bacteria

text: In

text: endospore

text: formation

text: the

text: bacterium

text: divides

text: within

text: its

text: cell

text: wall

text: One

text: side

text: then

text: engulfs

text: the

text: other

text: Endospores

text: enable

text: bacteria

text: to

text: lie

text: dormant

text: for

text: extended

text: periods

text: even

text: centuries

text: Revival

text: of

text: spores

text: millions

text: of

text: years

text: old

text: has

text: been

text: claimed

text: When

text: the

text: environment

text: becomes

text: more

text: favorable

text: the

text: endospore

text: can

text: reactivate

text: itself

text: to

text: the

text: vegetative

text: state

text: Most

text: types

text: of

text: bacteria

text: can

text: not

text: change

text: to

text: the

text: endospore

text: form

text: Examples

text: of

text: bacteria

text: that

text: can

text: form

text: endospores

text: include

text: Bacillus

text: and

text: Clostridium

question: parent_taxon bacilli

answer: firmicutes

text: firmicutes

text: firmicutes

text: firmicutes

text: firmicutes

text: firmicutes

text: firmicutes