text: Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and the illusion of change by means of the rapid display of a sequence of images that minimally differ from each other. The illusionas in motion pictures in generalis thought to rely on the phi phenomenon. Animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation. Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a flip book, motion picture film, video tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash animation, and digital video. To display animation, a digital camera, computer, or projector are used along with new technologies that are produced.

text: Animation

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: making

text: the

text: illusion

text: of

text: motion

text: and

text: the

text: illusion

text: of

text: change

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: the

text: rapid

text: display

text: of

text: sequence

text: of

text: images

text: that

text: minimally

text: differ

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: The

text: illusionas

text: in

text: motion

text: pictures

text: in

text: generalis

text: thought

text: to

text: rely

text: on

text: the

text: phi

text: phenomenon

text: Animators

text: are

text: artists

text: who

text: specialize

text: in

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: animation

text: Animation

text: can

text: be

text: recorded

text: with

text: either

text: analogue

text: media

text: flip

text: book

text: motion

text: picture

text: film

text: video

text: tape

text: digital

text: media

text: including

text: formats

text: with

text: animated

text: GIF

text: Flash

text: animation

text: and

text: digital

text: video

text: To

text: display

text: animation

text: digital

text: camera

text: computer

text: or

text: projector

text: are

text: used

text: along

text: with

text: new

text: technologies

text: that

text: are

text: produced

text: Duck Dodgers in the 24 Century is a Merrie Melodies cartoon created in 1952 and released on July 25, 1953, starring Daffy Duck as space hero Duck Dodgers, Porky Pig as his assistant, and Marvin the Martian as his opponent. Marvin the Martian had been introduced as an unnamed villain in "Haredevil Hare" (1948) playing opposite Bugs Bunny (and was given the title 'Commander, Flying Saucer X-2' in 1951's "The Hasty Hare"), but this cartoon was the first of many appearances of Duck Dodgers. The cartoon is an extended parody of comic book character Buck Rogers, and especially on one collective title of his adventures in particular, "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century".

text: Duck

text: Dodgers

text: in

text: the

text: Century

text: is

text: Merrie

text: Melodies

text: cartoon

text: created

text: in

text: and

text: released

text: on

text: July

text: starring

text: Daffy

text: Duck

text: as

text: space

text: hero

text: Duck

text: Dodgers

text: Porky

text: Pig

text: as

text: his

text: assistant

text: and

text: Marvin

text: the

text: Martian

text: as

text: his

text: opponent

text: Marvin

text: the

text: Martian

text: had

text: been

text: introduced

text: as

text: an

text: unnamed

text: villain

text: in

text: Haredevil

text: Hare

text: playing

text: opposite

text: Bugs

text: Bunny

text: and

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: title

text: Commander

text: Flying

text: Saucer

text: in

text: 's

text: The

text: Hasty

text: Hare

text: but

text: this

text: cartoon

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: many

text: appearances

text: of

text: Duck

text: Dodgers

text: The

text: cartoon

text: is

text: an

text: extended

text: parody

text: of

text: comic

text: book

text: character

text: Buck

text: Rogers

text: and

text: especially

text: on

text: one

text: collective

text: title

text: of

text: his

text: adventures

text: in

text: particular

text: Buck

text: Rogers

text: in

text: the

text: Century

text: A screenplay writer, screenwriter for short, scriptwriter or scenarist is a writer who practices the craft of screenwriting, writing screenplays on which mass media such as films, television programs, comics or video games are based.

text: screenplay

text: writer

text: screenwriter

text: for

text: short

text: scriptwriter

text: or

text: scenarist

text: is

text: writer

text: who

text: practices

text: the

text: craft

text: of

text: screenwriting

text: writing

text: screenplays

text: on

text: which

text: mass

text: media

text: such

text: as

text: films

text: television

text: programs

text: comics

text: or

text: video

text: games

text: are

text: based

text: Robert Porter "Bob" McKimson, Sr. (October 13, 1910  September 29, 1977) was an American animator, illustrator, and director best known for his work on the "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies" series of cartoons from Warner Bros., and later DePatie-Freleng Enterprises. He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny's look in 1943.

text: Robert

text: Porter

text: Bob

text: McKimson

text: Sr

text: October

text: September

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: animator

text: illustrator

text: and

text: director

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: on

text: the

text: Looney

text: Tunes

text: and

text: Merrie

text: Melodies

text: series

text: of

text: cartoons

text: from

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: and

text: later

text: DePatie

text: Freleng

text: Enterprises

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: well

text: known

text: for

text: defining

text: Bugs

text: Bunny

text: 's

text: look

text: in

text: Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character; created in 1940 by Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by the legendary vocal artist, Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies" series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. during the golden age of American animation. His popularity during this era led to his becoming an American cultural icon, as well as the official mascot of Warner Bros. Entertainment.

text: Bugs

text: Bunny

text: is

text: an

text: animated

text: cartoon

text: character

text: created

text: in

text: by

text: Leon

text: Schlesinger

text: Productions

text: later

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Cartoons

text: and

text: voiced

text: originally

text: by

text: the

text: legendary

text: vocal

text: artist

text: Mel

text: Blanc

text: Bugs

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: starring

text: roles

text: in

text: the

text: Looney

text: Tunes

text: and

text: Merrie

text: Melodies

text: series

text: of

text: animated

text: short

text: films

text: produced

text: by

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: during

text: the

text: golden

text: age

text: of

text: American

text: animation

text: His

text: popularity

text: during

text: this

text: era

text: led

text: to

text: his

text: becoming

text: an

text: American

text: cultural

text: icon

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: official

text: mascot

text: of

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Entertainment

text: A background artist or sometimes called a background stylist or background painter is one who is involved in the process of animation who establishes the color, style, and mood of a scene drawn by an animation layout artist. The methods used can either be through traditional painting or by digital media such as Adobe Photoshop. Traditional methods involved painting entire production scenes for a television program or film. Current methods may involve painting primarily background keys or the establishing shot while production background artists paint the corresponding background paintings.

text: background

text: artist

text: or

text: sometimes

text: called

text: background

text: stylist

text: or

text: background

text: painter

text: is

text: one

text: who

text: is

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: animation

text: who

text: establishes

text: the

text: color

text: style

text: and

text: mood

text: of

text: scene

text: drawn

text: by

text: an

text: animation

text: layout

text: artist

text: The

text: methods

text: used

text: can

text: either

text: be

text: through

text: traditional

text: painting

text: or

text: by

text: digital

text: media

text: such

text: as

text: Adobe

text: Photoshop

text: Traditional

text: methods

text: involved

text: painting

text: entire

text: production

text: scenes

text: for

text: television

text: program

text: or

text: film

text: Current

text: methods

text: may

text: involve

text: painting

text: primarily

text: background

text: keys

text: or

text: the

text: establishing

text: shot

text: while

text: production

text: background

text: artists

text: paint

text: the

text: corresponding

text: background

text: paintings

text: A cartoonist (also comic strip creator) is a visual artist who specializes in drawing cartoons. This work is often created for entertainment, political commentary, or advertising. Cartoonists may work in many formats, such as animation, booklets, comic strips, comic books, editorial cartoons, graphic novels, manuals, gag cartoons, graphic design, illustrations, storyboards, posters, shirts, books, advertisements, greeting cards, magazines, newspapers, and video game packaging.

text: cartoonist

text: also

text: comic

text: strip

text: creator

text: is

text: visual

text: artist

text: who

text: specializes

text: in

text: drawing

text: cartoons

text: This

text: work

text: is

text: often

text: created

text: for

text: entertainment

text: political

text: commentary

text: or

text: advertising

text: Cartoonists

text: may

text: work

text: in

text: many

text: formats

text: such

text: as

text: animation

text: booklets

text: comic

text: strips

text: comic

text: books

text: editorial

text: cartoons

text: graphic

text: novels

text: manuals

text: gag

text: cartoons

text: graphic

text: design

text: illustrations

text: storyboards

text: posters

text: shirts

text: books

text: advertisements

text: greeting

text: cards

text: magazines

text: newspapers

text: and

text: video

text: game

text: packaging

text: DePatie-Freleng Enterprises (also known as Mirisch-Geoffrey-DePatie Freleng Productions when involved with the Mirisch brothers and Geoffrey Productions; and DFE Films) was an American animation production company, active from 1963 to 1981. Based in Burbank, California, DFE produced theatrical cartoons, animated series, commercials, film title design sequences and television specials. Notable among these are "The Pink Panther" film titles and cartoon shorts, as well as the Dr. Seuss cartoon adaptations made for CBS and ABC. Most DFE productions are now owned by Marvel Entertainment (a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company), with some exceptions.

text: DePatie

text: Freleng

text: Enterprises

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Mirisch

text: Geoffrey

text: DePatie

text: Freleng

text: Productions

text: when

text: involved

text: with

text: the

text: Mirisch

text: brothers

text: and

text: Geoffrey

text: Productions

text: and

text: DFE

text: Films

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: animation

text: production

text: company

text: active

text: from

text: to

text: Based

text: in

text: Burbank

text: California

text: DFE

text: produced

text: theatrical

text: cartoons

text: animated

text: series

text: commercials

text: film

text: title

text: design

text: sequences

text: and

text: television

text: specials

text: Notable

text: among

text: these

text: are

text: The

text: Pink

text: Panther

text: film

text: titles

text: and

text: cartoon

text: shorts

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Dr.

text: Seuss

text: cartoon

text: adaptations

text: made

text: for

text: CBS

text: and

text: ABC

text: Most

text: DFE

text: productions

text: are

text: now

text: owned

text: by

text: Marvel

text: Entertainment

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: The

text: Walt

text: Disney

text: Company

text: with

text: some

text: exceptions

text: An animated cartoon is a film for the cinema, television or computer screen, which is made using sequential drawings, as opposed to animations in general, which include films made using clay, puppet and other means.

text: An

text: animated

text: cartoon

text: is

text: film

text: for

text: the

text: cinema

text: television

text: or

text: computer

text: screen

text: which

text: is

text: made

text: using

text: sequential

text: drawings

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: animations

text: in

text: general

text: which

text: include

text: films

text: made

text: using

text: clay

text: puppet

text: and

text: other

text: means

text: An artist is a person engaged in one or more of any of a broad spectrum of activities related to creating art, practicing the arts or demonstrating an art. The common usage in both everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only. The term is often used in the entertainment business, especially in a business context, for musicians and other performers (less often for actors). "Artiste" (the French for artist) is a variant used in English only in this context. Use of the term to describe writers, for example, is valid, but less common, and mostly restricted to contexts like criticism.

text: An

text: artist

text: is

text: person

text: engaged

text: in

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: of

text: any

text: of

text: broad

text: spectrum

text: of

text: activities

text: related

text: to

text: creating

text: art

text: practicing

text: the

text: arts

text: or

text: demonstrating

text: an

text: art

text: The

text: common

text: usage

text: in

text: both

text: everyday

text: speech

text: and

text: academic

text: discourse

text: is

text: practitioner

text: in

text: the

text: visual

text: arts

text: only

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: entertainment

text: business

text: especially

text: in

text: business

text: context

text: for

text: musicians

text: and

text: other

text: performers

text: less

text: often

text: for

text: actors

text: Artiste

text: the

text: French

text: for

text: artist

text: is

text: variant

text: used

text: in

text: English

text: only

text: in

text: this

text: context

text: Use

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: to

text: describe

text: writers

text: for

text: example

text: is

text: valid

text: but

text: less

text: common

text: and

text: mostly

text: restricted

text: to

text: contexts

text: like

text: criticism

text: New Mexico is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. It was admitted to the union as the 47th state on January 6, 1912. It is usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is fifth by area, the 36th-most populous, and the sixth-least densely populated of the 50 United States.

text: New

text: Mexico

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: It

text: was

text: admitted

text: to

text: the

text: union

text: as

text: the

text: state

text: on

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Mountain

text: States

text: New

text: Mexico

text: is

text: fifth

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: and

text: the

text: sixth

text: least

text: densely

text: populated

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Robert Gribbroek ( March 16 , 1906 - October 13 , 1971 ) was a layout artist and background painter at the Warner Brothers Cartoon studio from 1945 until 1964 . He was first credited in Chuck Jones ' Lost and Foundling ( 1944 ) , and he worked mainly for Jones until 1952 when he joined Robert McKimson 's unit ( Jones , meanwhile , replaced him with Maurice Noble ) . After the Warner 's cartoon unit closed , he rejoined Jones at the MGM cartoon department . He retired in 1965 . His last original credited work was as a layout artist on the 1966 Spanish animated feature El mago de los sueños ( though Gribbroek would be credited on later Warner compilation specials / features , for his work on the classic Warner cartoons ) . He was not a highly celebrated artist during his career , but many cartoon fans have since come to admire his work . Gribbroek was born near Rochester , New York to Edward C. and Ada O. Gribbroek but studied art in Taos , New Mexico , where he later died in 1971 , at the age of 65 .

text: Robert

text: Gribbroek

text: March

text: October

text: was

text: layout

text: artist

text: and

text: background

text: painter

text: at

text: the

text: Warner

text: Brothers

text: Cartoon

text: studio

text: from

text: until

text: He

text: was

text: first

text: credited

text: in

text: Chuck

text: Jones

text: Lost

text: and

text: Foundling

text: and

text: he

text: worked

text: mainly

text: for

text: Jones

text: until

text: when

text: he

text: joined

text: Robert

text: McKimson

text: 's

text: unit

text: Jones

text: meanwhile

text: replaced

text: him

text: with

text: Maurice

text: Noble

text: After

text: the

text: Warner

text: 's

text: cartoon

text: unit

text: closed

text: he

text: rejoined

text: Jones

text: at

text: the

text: MGM

text: cartoon

text: department

text: He

text: retired

text: in

text: His

text: last

text: original

text: credited

text: work

text: was

text: as

text: layout

text: artist

text: on

text: the

text: Spanish

text: animated

text: feature

text: El

text: mago

text: de

text: los

text: sueños

text: though

text: Gribbroek

text: would

text: be

text: credited

text: on

text: later

text: Warner

text: compilation

text: specials

text: features

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: on

text: the

text: classic

text: Warner

text: cartoons

text: He

text: was

text: not

text: highly

text: celebrated

text: artist

text: during

text: his

text: career

text: but

text: many

text: cartoon

text: fans

text: have

text: since

text: come

text: to

text: admire

text: his

text: work

text: Gribbroek

text: was

text: born

text: near

text: Rochester

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: Edward

text: and

text: Ada

text: Gribbroek

text: but

text: studied

text: art

text: in

text: Taos

text: New

text: Mexico

text: where

text: he

text: later

text: died

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. (known professionally as Warner Bros. Pictures, often referred to as Warner Bros. and Warner Brothers and abbreviated as WB) is an American entertainment company, film studio and film distributor that is a division of Time Warner and is headquartered in Burbank, California. It is one of the "Big Six" major American film studios.

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Entertainment

text: Inc.

text: known

text: professionally

text: as

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Pictures

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: and

text: Warner

text: Brothers

text: and

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: WB

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: entertainment

text: company

text: film

text: studio

text: and

text: film

text: distributor

text: that

text: is

text: division

text: of

text: Time

text: Warner

text: and

text: is

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Burbank

text: California

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Big

text: Six

text: major

text: American

text: film

text: studios

text: Charles Martin "Chuck" Jones (September 21, 1912  February 22, 2002) was an American animator, filmmaker, cartoonist, author, artist, and screenwriter, best known for his work with Warner Bros. Cartoons on the "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies" shorts. He wrote, produced, and/or directed many classic animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, the Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote, Pepé Le Pew, Porky Pig and a slew of other Warner characters.

text: Charles

text: Martin

text: Chuck

text: Jones

text: September

text: February

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: animator

text: filmmaker

text: cartoonist

text: author

text: artist

text: and

text: screenwriter

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: with

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Cartoons

text: on

text: the

text: Looney

text: Tunes

text: and

text: Merrie

text: Melodies

text: shorts

text: He

text: wrote

text: produced

text: and/or

text: directed

text: many

text: classic

text: animated

text: cartoon

text: shorts

text: starring

text: Bugs

text: Bunny

text: Daffy

text: Duck

text: the

text: Road

text: Runner

text: and

text: Wile

text: Coyote

text: Pepé

text: Le

text: Pew

text: Porky

text: Pig

text: and

text: slew

text: of

text: other

text: Warner

text: characters

text: A cartoon is a type of two-dimensional illustration. While the specific definition has changed over time, modern usage refers to (a) a typically non-realistic or semi-realistic artistic style of drawing or painting, (b) an image or series of images intended for satire, caricature, or humor, or (c) a motion picture that relies on a sequence of illustrations for its animation. An artist who creates cartoons is called a cartoonist.

text: cartoon

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: two

text: dimensional

text: illustration

text: While

text: the

text: specific

text: definition

text: has

text: changed

text: over

text: time

text: modern

text: usage

text: refers

text: to

text: typically

text: non

text: realistic

text: or

text: semi

text: realistic

text: artistic

text: style

text: of

text: drawing

text: or

text: painting

text: an

text: image

text: or

text: series

text: of

text: images

text: intended

text: for

text: satire

text: caricature

text: or

text: humor

text: or

text: motion

text: picture

text: that

text: relies

text: on

text: sequence

text: of

text: illustrations

text: for

text: its

text: animation

text: An

text: artist

text: who

text: creates

text: cartoons

text: is

text: called

text: cartoonist

text: What's Opera, Doc? is a 1957 American animated cartoon comedy-drama musical short in the "Merrie Melodies" series, directed by Chuck Jones for Warner Bros. Cartoons. The Michael Maltese story features Elmer Fudd chasing Bugs Bunny through a parody of 19th-century classical composer Richard Wagner's operas, particularly "Der Ring des Nibelungen" ("The Ring of the Nibelung"), "Der Fliegende Holländer", and "Tannhäuser". It borrows heavily from the second opera in the "Ring Cycle" "Die Walküre", woven around the standard Bugs-Elmer conflict.

text: What

text: 's

text: Opera

text: Doc

text: is

text: American

text: animated

text: cartoon

text: comedy

text: drama

text: musical

text: short

text: in

text: the

text: Merrie

text: Melodies

text: series

text: directed

text: by

text: Chuck

text: Jones

text: for

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Cartoons

text: The

text: Michael

text: Maltese

text: story

text: features

text: Elmer

text: Fudd

text: chasing

text: Bugs

text: Bunny

text: through

text: parody

text: of

text: century

text: classical

text: composer

text: Richard

text: Wagner

text: 's

text: operas

text: particularly

text: Der

text: Ring

text: des

text: Nibelungen

text: The

text: Ring

text: of

text: the

text: Nibelung

text: Der

text: Fliegende

text: Holländer

text: and

text: Tannhäuser

text: It

text: borrows

text: heavily

text: from

text: the

text: second

text: opera

text: in

text: the

text: Ring

text: Cycle

text: Die

text: Walküre

text: woven

text: around

text: the

text: standard

text: Bugs

text: Elmer

text: conflict

text: An author is narrowly defined as the originator of any written work and can thus also be described as a writer (with any distinction primarily being an implication that an author is a writer of one or more major works, such as books or plays). More broadly defined, an author is "the person who originated or gave existence to anything" and whose authorship determines responsibility for what was created. The more specific phrase published author refers to an author (especially but not necessarily of books) whose work has been independently accepted for publication by a reputable publisher , versus a self-publishing author or an unpublished one .

text: An

text: author

text: is

text: narrowly

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: originator

text: of

text: any

text: written

text: work

text: and

text: can

text: thus

text: also

text: be

text: described

text: as

text: writer

text: with

text: any

text: distinction

text: primarily

text: being

text: an

text: implication

text: that

text: an

text: author

text: is

text: writer

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: major

text: works

text: such

text: as

text: books

text: or

text: plays

text: More

text: broadly

text: defined

text: an

text: author

text: is

text: the

text: person

text: who

text: originated

text: or

text: gave

text: existence

text: to

text: anything

text: and

text: whose

text: authorship

text: determines

text: responsibility

text: for

text: what

text: was

text: created

text: The

text: more

text: specific

text: phrase

text: published

text: author

text: refers

text: to

text: an

text: author

text: especially

text: but

text: not

text: necessarily

text: of

text: books

text: whose

text: work

text: has

text: been

text: independently

text: accepted

text: for

text: publication

text: by

text: reputable

text: publisher

text: versus

text: self

text: publishing

text: author

text: or

text: an

text: unpublished

text: one

text: Looney Tunes is an American animated series of comedy short films produced by Warner Bros. from 1930 to 1969 during the golden age of American animation, alongside its sister series "Merrie Melodies". It was known for introducing such famous cartoon characters as Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Elmer Fudd, Tweety Bird, Sylvester the Cat, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Marvin the Martian, Pepé Le Pew, Speedy Gonzales, Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner, the Tasmanian Devil and many others. These characters themselves are commonly referred to as the "Looney Tunes".

text: Looney

text: Tunes

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: animated

text: series

text: of

text: comedy

text: short

text: films

text: produced

text: by

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: from

text: to

text: during

text: the

text: golden

text: age

text: of

text: American

text: animation

text: alongside

text: its

text: sister

text: series

text: Merrie

text: Melodies

text: It

text: was

text: known

text: for

text: introducing

text: such

text: famous

text: cartoon

text: characters

text: as

text: Bugs

text: Bunny

text: Daffy

text: Duck

text: Porky

text: Pig

text: Elmer

text: Fudd

text: Tweety

text: Bird

text: Sylvester

text: the

text: Cat

text: Yosemite

text: Sam

text: Foghorn

text: Leghorn

text: Marvin

text: the

text: Martian

text: Pepé

text: Le

text: Pew

text: Speedy

text: Gonzales

text: Wile

text: Coyote

text: and

text: the

text: Road

text: Runner

text: the

text: Tasmanian

text: Devil

text: and

text: many

text: others

text: These

text: characters

text: themselves

text: are

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Looney

text: Tunes

text: An animator is an artist who creates multiple images, known as frames, which give an illusion of movement called animation when displayed in rapid sequence. Animators can work in a variety of fields including film, television, and video games. Animation is closely related to filmmaking and like filmmaking is extremely labor-intensive, which means that most significant works require the collaboration of several animators. The methods of creating the images or frames for an animation piece depends on the animators' artistic styles and their field.

text: An

text: animator

text: is

text: an

text: artist

text: who

text: creates

text: multiple

text: images

text: known

text: as

text: frames

text: which

text: give

text: an

text: illusion

text: of

text: movement

text: called

text: animation

text: when

text: displayed

text: in

text: rapid

text: sequence

text: Animators

text: can

text: work

text: in

text: variety

text: of

text: fields

text: including

text: film

text: television

text: and

text: video

text: games

text: Animation

text: is

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: filmmaking

text: and

text: like

text: filmmaking

text: is

text: extremely

text: labor

text: intensive

text: which

text: means

text: that

text: most

text: significant

text: works

text: require

text: the

text: collaboration

text: of

text: several

text: animators

text: The

text: methods

text: of

text: creating

text: the

text: images

text: or

text: frames

text: for

text: an

text: animation

text: piece

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: animators

text: artistic

text: styles

text: and

text: their

text: field

text: Warner Bros. Cartoons, Inc. was the in-house division of Warner Bros. Pictures during the Golden Age of American animation. One of the most successful animation studios in American media history, Warner Bros. Cartoons was primarily responsible for the "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies" theatrical cartoon short subjects. The characters featured in these cartoons, including Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Speedy Gonzales, Sylvester and Tweety, Wile E. Coyote and The Road Runner, are among the most famous and recognizable characters in the world. Many of the creative staff members at the studio, including directors and animators such as Chuck Jones, Friz Freleng, Robert McKimson, Tex Avery, Robert Clampett and Frank Tashlin, are considered major figures in the art and history of traditional animation.

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Cartoons

text: Inc.

text: was

text: the

text: in

text: house

text: division

text: of

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Pictures

text: during

text: the

text: Golden

text: Age

text: of

text: American

text: animation

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: animation

text: studios

text: in

text: American

text: media

text: history

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Cartoons

text: was

text: primarily

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: Looney

text: Tunes

text: and

text: Merrie

text: Melodies

text: theatrical

text: cartoon

text: short

text: subjects

text: The

text: characters

text: featured

text: in

text: these

text: cartoons

text: including

text: Bugs

text: Bunny

text: Daffy

text: Duck

text: Porky

text: Pig

text: Speedy

text: Gonzales

text: Sylvester

text: and

text: Tweety

text: Wile

text: Coyote

text: and

text: The

text: Road

text: Runner

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: and

text: recognizable

text: characters

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: creative

text: staff

text: members

text: at

text: the

text: studio

text: including

text: directors

text: and

text: animators

text: such

text: as

text: Chuck

text: Jones

text: Friz

text: Freleng

text: Robert

text: McKimson

text: Tex

text: Avery

text: Robert

text: Clampett

text: and

text: Frank

text: Tashlin

text: are

text: considered

text: major

text: figures

text: in

text: the

text: art

text: and

text: history

text: of

text: traditional

text: animation

text: An illustrator is an artist who specializes in enhancing writing or elucidating concepts by providing a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text or idea. The illustration may be intended to clarify complicated concepts or objects that are difficult to describe textually, which is the reason illustrations are often found in children's books.

text: An

text: illustrator

text: is

text: an

text: artist

text: who

text: specializes

text: in

text: enhancing

text: writing

text: or

text: elucidating

text: concepts

text: by

text: providing

text: visual

text: representation

text: that

text: corresponds

text: to

text: the

text: content

text: of

text: the

text: associated

text: text

text: or

text: idea

text: The

text: illustration

text: may

text: be

text: intended

text: to

text: clarify

text: complicated

text: concepts

text: or

text: objects

text: that

text: are

text: difficult

text: to

text: describe

text: textually

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: reason

text: illustrations

text: are

text: often

text: found

text: in

text: children

text: 's

text: books

text: Maurice Noble (May 1, 1911  May 18, 2001) was an American animation production designer, background artist and layout designer whose contributions to the industry spanned more than 60 years. He was a long-time associate of animation director Chuck Jones, most notably at Warner Bros. in the 1950s. His work contributed to such cartoon classics as "Duck Dodgers in the 24th Century, What's Opera, Doc?," and the Road Runner series.

text: Maurice

text: Noble

text: May

text: May

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: animation

text: production

text: designer

text: background

text: artist

text: and

text: layout

text: designer

text: whose

text: contributions

text: to

text: the

text: industry

text: spanned

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: He

text: was

text: long

text: time

text: associate

text: of

text: animation

text: director

text: Chuck

text: Jones

text: most

text: notably

text: at

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: in

text: the

text: His

text: work

text: contributed

text: to

text: such

text: cartoon

text: classics

text: as

text: Duck

text: Dodgers

text: in

text: the

text: Century

text: What

text: 's

text: Opera

text: Doc

text: and

text: the

text: Road

text: Runner

text: series

question: occupation robert gribbroek

answer: animator

text: animator

text: animator

text: animator


text: Dorasan or Mount Dora is a 156-metre hill on the north bank of the Imjin River in northernmost Paju, South Korea. It lies very near the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The hill gives its name to several nearby landmarks, including Dorasan Station and the Mt. Dora Observatory, as well as to the local administrative unit Dorasan-ri.

text: Dorasan

text: or

text: Mount

text: Dora

text: is

text: hill

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Imjin

text: River

text: in

text: northernmost

text: Paju

text: South

text: Korea

text: It

text: lies

text: very

text: near

text: the

text: Korean

text: Demilitarized

text: Zone

text: The

text: hill

text: gives

text: its

text: name

text: to

text: several

text: nearby

text: landmarks

text: including

text: Dorasan

text: Station

text: and

text: the

text: Mt.

text: Dora

text: Observatory

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: local

text: administrative

text: unit

text: Dorasan

text: ri

text: Dorasan Station is a railway station situated on the Gyeongui Line, which once connected North Korea and South Korea and has now been restored. For several years the northernmost stop on the Gyeongui Line was Dorasan Station, which was served by Tonggeun commuter trains.

text: Dorasan

text: Station

text: is

text: railway

text: station

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: Gyeongui

text: Line

text: which

text: once

text: connected

text: North

text: Korea

text: and

text: South

text: Korea

text: and

text: has

text: now

text: been

text: restored

text: For

text: several

text: years

text: the

text: northernmost

text: stop

text: on

text: the

text: Gyeongui

text: Line

text: was

text: Dorasan

text: Station

text: which

text: was

text: served

text: by

text: Tonggeun

text: commuter

text: trains

text: Munsan is an administrative division ("eup") of "Paju-si", "Gyeonggi-do", "South Korea". It lies on the south bank of the Imjin River, close to the edge of the Demilitarized Zone and near Panmunjom and the Joint Security Area.

text: Munsan

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: division

text: eup

text: of

text: Paju

text: si

text: Gyeonggi

text: do

text: South

text: Korea

text: It

text: lies

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Imjin

text: River

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: Demilitarized

text: Zone

text: and

text: near

text: Panmunjom

text: and

text: the

text: Joint

text: Security

text: Area

text: Seoul ()  officially the Seoul Special City  is the capital and largest metropolis of the Republic of Korea (commonly known as South Korea), forming the heart of the Seoul Capital Area, which includes the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province, the world's 16th largest city. It is home to over half of all South Koreans along with 678,102 international residents.

text: Seoul

text: officially

text: the

text: Seoul

text: Special

text: City

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: metropolis

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: South

text: Korea

text: forming

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Seoul

text: Capital

text: Area

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: surrounding

text: Incheon

text: metropolis

text: and

text: Gyeonggi

text: province

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: It

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: over

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: South

text: Koreans

text: along

text: with

text: international

text: residents

text: The Gyeongui Line is a railway line between Seoul and Dorasan Station in Paju. Korail operates the Seoul Metropolitan Subway service between Seoul Station and Munsan Station.

text: The

text: Gyeongui

text: Line

text: is

text: railway

text: line

text: between

text: Seoul

text: and

text: Dorasan

text: Station

text: in

text: Paju

text: Korail

text: operates

text: the

text: Seoul

text: Metropolitan

text: Subway

text: service

text: between

text: Seoul

text: Station

text: and

text: Munsan

text: Station

text: The Seoul Metropolitan Subway is an integrated urban rail transit system consisting of 20 rapid transit, light metro, commuter rail and people mover lines located in South Korea. The system serves most of the Seoul Metropolitan Area including the Incheon metropolis and satellite cities in Gyeonggi province. Some lines in the network cross large rural areas to reach major cities in northern Chungnam province and western Gangwon province that lie over 100 km away from the capital.

text: The

text: Seoul

text: Metropolitan

text: Subway

text: is

text: an

text: integrated

text: urban

text: rail

text: transit

text: system

text: consisting

text: of

text: rapid

text: transit

text: light

text: metro

text: commuter

text: rail

text: and

text: people

text: mover

text: lines

text: located

text: in

text: South

text: Korea

text: The

text: system

text: serves

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Seoul

text: Metropolitan

text: Area

text: including

text: the

text: Incheon

text: metropolis

text: and

text: satellite

text: cities

text: in

text: Gyeonggi

text: province

text: Some

text: lines

text: in

text: the

text: network

text: cross

text: large

text: rural

text: areas

text: to

text: reach

text: major

text: cities

text: in

text: northern

text: Chungnam

text: province

text: and

text: western

text: Gangwon

text: province

text: that

text: lie

text: over

text: km

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: capital

text: Seoul Station is a major railway station in Seoul, the capital of South Korea. The station is served by the Gyeongbu Line, its high-speed counterpart and the Gyeongui Line, with frequent high-speed, express, and local services to various points in South Korea. Line 1 and Line 4's official station name is Seoul Station's Station.

text: Seoul

text: Station

text: is

text: major

text: railway

text: station

text: in

text: Seoul

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: South

text: Korea

text: The

text: station

text: is

text: served

text: by

text: the

text: Gyeongbu

text: Line

text: its

text: high

text: speed

text: counterpart

text: and

text: the

text: Gyeongui

text: Line

text: with

text: frequent

text: high

text: speed

text: express

text: and

text: local

text: services

text: to

text: various

text: points

text: in

text: South

text: Korea

text: Line

text: and

text: Line

text: 's

text: official

text: station

text: name

text: is

text: Seoul

text: Station

text: 's

text: Station

text: Paju is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Paju was made a city in 1997; it had previously been a county ("gun").

text: Paju

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: Gyeonggi

text: Province

text: South

text: Korea

text: Paju

text: was

text: made

text: city

text: in

text: it

text: had

text: previously

text: been

text: county

text: gun

text: Paju Station is a railway station on the Gyeongui Line .

text: Paju

text: Station

text: is

text: railway

text: station

text: on

text: the

text: Gyeongui

text: Line

text: Korea Railroad Corporation (Korean: , Hanja: ), promoted as Korail (), is the national railroad operator in South Korea.

text: Korea

text: Railroad

text: Corporation

text: Korean

text: Hanja

text: promoted

text: as

text: Korail

text: is

text: the

text: national

text: railroad

text: operator

text: in

text: South

text: Korea

text: Munsan Station is a railway station on Gyeongui Line, and the northern terminus of the GyeonguiJungang metro line. It is notable for being the closest station on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway to the border with North Korea that is open for passenger service, only a few kilometers away. As a regular railway station it is an interim stop between Dorasan Station in the demilitarised zone and Seoul Station.

text: Munsan

text: Station

text: is

text: railway

text: station

text: on

text: Gyeongui

text: Line

text: and

text: the

text: northern

text: terminus

text: of

text: the

text: GyeonguiJungang

text: metro

text: line

text: It

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: being

text: the

text: closest

text: station

text: on

text: the

text: Seoul

text: Metropolitan

text: Subway

text: to

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: North

text: Korea

text: that

text: is

text: open

text: for

text: passenger

text: service

text: only

text: few

text: kilometers

text: away

text: As

text: regular

text: railway

text: station

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: interim

text: stop

text: between

text: Dorasan

text: Station

text: in

text: the

text: demilitarised

text: zone

text: and

text: Seoul

text: Station

annotations: follows multiple

question: country paju station

answer: south korea

text: south korea

text: south korea

text: south korea

text: south korea

text: south korea

text: south korea

text: south korea

text: south korea

text: south korea


text: Marguerite Catherine Perey ( 19 October 1909 -- 13 May 1975 ) was a French physicist and a student of Marie Curie . In 1939 , Perey discovered the element francium by purifying samples of lanthanum that contained actinium . In 1962 , she was the first woman to be elected to the French Académie des Sciences , an honor denied to her mentor Curie . Perey died of cancer in 1975 .

text: Marguerite

text: Catherine

text: Perey

text: October

text: May

text: was

text: French

text: physicist

text: and

text: student

text: of

text: Marie

text: Curie

text: In

text: Perey

text: discovered

text: the

text: element

text: francium

text: by

text: purifying

text: samples

text: of

text: lanthanum

text: that

text: contained

text: actinium

text: In

text: she

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: woman

text: to

text: be

text: elected

text: to

text: the

text: French

text: Académie

text: des

text: Sciences

text: an

text: honor

text: denied

text: to

text: her

text: mentor

text: Curie

text: Perey

text: died

text: of

text: cancer

text: in

text: The University of Paris, metonymically known as the Sorbonne (its historical house), was a university in Paris, France. Appearing around 1150 as a corporation associated with the Notre Dame de Paris cathedral school, it was the second-oldest modern university in Europe. Chartered in 1200 by King Philip II (Philippe-Auguste) of France and recognised in 1215 by Pope Innocent III, it was often nicknamed after its theology collegiate institution, College of Sorbonne, founded about 1257 by Robert de Sorbon.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Paris

text: metonymically

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Sorbonne

text: its

text: historical

text: house

text: was

text: university

text: in

text: Paris

text: France

text: Appearing

text: around

text: as

text: corporation

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: de

text: Paris

text: cathedral

text: school

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: oldest

text: modern

text: university

text: in

text: Europe

text: Chartered

text: in

text: by

text: King

text: Philip

text: II

text: Philippe

text: Auguste

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: recognised

text: in

text: by

text: Pope

text: Innocent

text: III

text: it

text: was

text: often

text: nicknamed

text: after

text: its

text: theology

text: collegiate

text: institution

text: College

text: of

text: Sorbonne

text: founded

text: about

text: by

text: Robert

text: de

text: Sorbon

text: Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84. A rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though it also shows resemblances to its horizontal neighbors thallium, lead, and bismuth due to its metallic character. Due to the short half-life of all its isotopes, its natural occurrence is limited to tiny traces of the fleeting polonium-210 (with a half-life of 138 days) in uranium ores, as it is the penultimate daughter of natural uranium-238. Though slightly longer-lived isotopes exist, they are much more difficult to produce. Today, polonium is more often produced in milligram quantities by the neutron irradiation of bismuth. Due to its intense radioactivity, which results in radiolysis of chemical bonds and immense radioactive self-heating, its chemistry has mostly been investigated on the trace scale only.

text: Polonium

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: Po

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: rare

text: and

text: highly

text: radioactive

text: metal

text: with

text: no

text: stable

text: isotopes

text: polonium

text: is

text: chemically

text: similar

text: to

text: selenium

text: and

text: tellurium

text: though

text: it

text: also

text: shows

text: resemblances

text: to

text: its

text: horizontal

text: neighbors

text: thallium

text: lead

text: and

text: bismuth

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: metallic

text: character

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: short

text: half

text: life

text: of

text: all

text: its

text: isotopes

text: its

text: natural

text: occurrence

text: is

text: limited

text: to

text: tiny

text: traces

text: of

text: the

text: fleeting

text: with

text: half

text: life

text: of

text: days

text: in

text: uranium

text: ores

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: penultimate

text: daughter

text: of

text: natural

text: Though

text: slightly

text: longer

text: lived

text: isotopes

text: exist

text: they

text: are

text: much

text: more

text: difficult

text: to

text: produce

text: Today

text: polonium

text: is

text: more

text: often

text: produced

text: in

text: milligram

text: quantities

text: by

text: the

text: neutron

text: irradiation

text: of

text: bismuth

text: Due

text: to

text: its

text: intense

text: radioactivity

text: which

text: results

text: in

text: radiolysis

text: of

text: chemical

text: bonds

text: and

text: immense

text: radioactive

text: self

text: heating

text: its

text: chemistry

text: has

text: mostly

text: been

text: investigated

text: on

text: the

text: trace

text: scale

text: only

text: Marie Skodowska Curie (; 7 November 18674 July 1934), born Maria Salomea Skodowska , was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.

text: Marie

text: Skodowska

text: Curie

text: November

text: July

text: born

text: Maria

text: Salomea

text: Skodowska

text: was

text: Polish

text: and

text: naturalized

text: French

text: physicist

text: and

text: chemist

text: who

text: conducted

text: pioneering

text: research

text: on

text: radioactivity

text: She

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: woman

text: to

text: win

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: and

text: only

text: woman

text: to

text: win

text: twice

text: the

text: only

text: person

text: to

text: win

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: two

text: different

text: sciences

text: and

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Curie

text: family

text: legacy

text: of

text: five

text: Nobel

text: Prizes

text: She

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: first

text: woman

text: to

text: become

text: professor

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Paris

text: and

text: in

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: woman

text: to

text: be

text: entombed

text: on

text: her

text: own

text: merits

text: in

text: the

text: Panthéon

text: in

text: Paris

text: Actinium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Ac (not to be confused with the abbreviation for an acetyl group) and atomic number 89, which was discovered in 1899. It was the first non-primordial radioactive element to be isolated. Polonium, radium and radon were observed before actinium, but they were not isolated until 1902. Actinium gave the name to the actinide series, a group of 15 similar elements between actinium and lawrencium in the periodic table. It is also sometimes considered the first of the 7th-period transition metals, although lawrencium is less commonly given that position.

text: Actinium

text: is

text: radioactive

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: Ac

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: the

text: abbreviation

text: for

text: an

text: acetyl

text: group

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: which

text: was

text: discovered

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: non

text: primordial

text: radioactive

text: element

text: to

text: be

text: isolated

text: Polonium

text: radium

text: and

text: radon

text: were

text: observed

text: before

text: actinium

text: but

text: they

text: were

text: not

text: isolated

text: until

text: Actinium

text: gave

text: the

text: name

text: to

text: the

text: actinide

text: series

text: group

text: of

text: similar

text: elements

text: between

text: actinium

text: and

text: lawrencium

text: in

text: the

text: periodic

text: table

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: transition

text: metals

text: although

text: lawrencium

text: is

text: less

text: commonly

text: given

text: that

text: position

annotations: likely single

question: educated_at marguerite perey

answer: university of paris

text: university of paris

text: university of paris


text: Cactus is a simple test framework for unit testing server - side Java code ( Servlets , EJBs , Tag libs , ... ) from the Jakarta Project . The intent of Cactus is to lower the cost of writing tests for server - side code . It uses JUnit and extends it . Cactus implements an in - container strategy , meaning that tests are executed inside the container .

text: Cactus

text: is

text: simple

text: test

text: framework

text: for

text: unit

text: testing

text: server

text: side

text: Java

text: code

text: Servlets

text: EJBs

text: Tag

text: libs

text: from

text: the

text: Jakarta

text: Project

text: The

text: intent

text: of

text: Cactus

text: is

text: to

text: lower

text: the

text: cost

text: of

text: writing

text: tests

text: for

text: server

text: side

text: code

text: It

text: uses

text: JUnit

text: and

text: extends

text: it

text: Cactus

text: implements

text: an

text: in

text: container

text: strategy

text: meaning

text: that

text: tests

text: are

text: executed

text: inside

text: the

text: container

text: The Apache License (ASL) is a permissive free software license written by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). The Apache License requires preservation of the copyright notice and disclaimer. Like other free software licenses, the license allows the user of the software the freedom to use the software for any purpose, to distribute it, to modify it, and to distribute modified versions of the software, under the terms of the license, without concern for royalties. This makes ASL a FRAND-RF license. The ASF and its projects release the software they produce under the Apache License and many non-ASF projects are also using the ASL.

text: The

text: Apache

text: License

text: ASL

text: is

text: permissive

text: free

text: software

text: license

text: written

text: by

text: the

text: Apache

text: Software

text: Foundation

text: ASF

text: The

text: Apache

text: License

text: requires

text: preservation

text: of

text: the

text: copyright

text: notice

text: and

text: disclaimer

text: Like

text: other

text: free

text: software

text: licenses

text: the

text: license

text: allows

text: the

text: user

text: of

text: the

text: software

text: the

text: freedom

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: software

text: for

text: any

text: purpose

text: to

text: distribute

text: it

text: to

text: modify

text: it

text: and

text: to

text: distribute

text: modified

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: software

text: under

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: license

text: without

text: concern

text: for

text: royalties

text: This

text: makes

text: ASL

text: FRAND

text: RF

text: license

text: The

text: ASF

text: and

text: its

text: projects

text: release

text: the

text: software

text: they

text: produce

text: under

text: the

text: Apache

text: License

text: and

text: many

text: non

text: ASF

text: projects

text: are

text: also

text: using

text: the

text: ASL

text: The Jakarta Project created and maintained open source software for the Java platform. It operated as an umbrella project under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation, and all Jakarta products are released under the Apache License. As of December 21, 2011 the Jakarta project was retired because no subprojects were remaining.

text: The

text: Jakarta

text: Project

text: created

text: and

text: maintained

text: open

text: source

text: software

text: for

text: the

text: Java

text: platform

text: It

text: operated

text: as

text: an

text: umbrella

text: project

text: under

text: the

text: auspices

text: of

text: the

text: Apache

text: Software

text: Foundation

text: and

text: all

text: Jakarta

text: products

text: are

text: released

text: under

text: the

text: Apache

text: License

text: As

text: of

text: December

text: the

text: Jakarta

text: project

text: was

text: retired

text: because

text: no

text: subprojects

text: were

text: remaining

text: The Apache Software Foundation (ASF) is an American non-profit corporation (classified as 501(c)(3) in the United States) to support Apache software projects, including the Apache HTTP Server. The ASF was formed from the Apache Group and incorporated in Delaware, U.S., in June 1999.

text: The

text: Apache

text: Software

text: Foundation

text: ASF

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: non

text: profit

text: corporation

text: classified

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: support

text: Apache

text: software

text: projects

text: including

text: the

text: Apache

text: HTTP

text: Server

text: The

text: ASF

text: was

text: formed

text: from

text: the

text: Apache

text: Group

text: and

text: incorporated

text: in

text: Delaware

text: U.S.

text: in

text: June

question: developer jakarta cactus

answer: apache software foundation

text: apache software foundation

text: apache software foundation

text: apache software foundation


text: Midway Atoll (also called Midway Island and Midway Islands; Hawaiian: "Pihemanu Kauihelani") is a atoll in the North Pacific Ocean at . As its name suggests, Midway is roughly equidistant between North America and Asia. Midway Atoll is an unorganized, unincorporated territory of the United States. Midway continues to be the only island in the Hawaiian archipelago that is not part of the state of Hawaii. Unlike the other Hawaiian islands, Midway observes Samoa Time (i.e., eleven hours behind Coordinated Universal Time), which is one hour behind the time in the state of Hawaii. For statistical purposes, Midway is grouped as one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. The Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, encompassing of land and water (mostly water) in the surrounding area, is administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). The refuge and most of its surrounding area are part of the larger Papahnaumokukea Marine National Monument.

text: Midway

text: Atoll

text: also

text: called

text: Midway

text: Island

text: and

text: Midway

text: Islands

text: Hawaiian

text: Pihemanu

text: Kauihelani

text: is

text: atoll

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: at

text: As

text: its

text: name

text: suggests

text: Midway

text: is

text: roughly

text: equidistant

text: between

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: Asia

text: Midway

text: Atoll

text: is

text: an

text: unorganized

text: unincorporated

text: territory

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Midway

text: continues

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: only

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: Hawaiian

text: archipelago

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: Unlike

text: the

text: other

text: Hawaiian

text: islands

text: Midway

text: observes

text: Samoa

text: Time

text: i.e.

text: eleven

text: hours

text: behind

text: Coordinated

text: Universal

text: Time

text: which

text: is

text: one

text: hour

text: behind

text: the

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: For

text: statistical

text: purposes

text: Midway

text: is

text: grouped

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Minor

text: Outlying

text: Islands

text: The

text: Midway

text: Atoll

text: National

text: Wildlife

text: Refuge

text: encompassing

text: of

text: land

text: and

text: water

text: mostly

text: water

text: in

text: the

text: surrounding

text: area

text: is

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Fish

text: and

text: Wildlife

text: Service

text: FWS

text: The

text: refuge

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: surrounding

text: area

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: Papahnaumokukea

text: Marine

text: National

text: Monument

text: An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations. Aircraft carriers are expensive to build and are critical assets. Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry numerous fighter planes, strike aircraft, helicopters, and other types of aircraft.

text: An

text: aircraft

text: carrier

text: is

text: warship

text: that

text: serves

text: as

text: seagoing

text: airbase

text: equipped

text: with

text: full

text: length

text: flight

text: deck

text: and

text: facilities

text: for

text: carrying

text: arming

text: deploying

text: and

text: recovering

text: aircraft

text: Typically

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: ship

text: of

text: fleet

text: as

text: it

text: allows

text: naval

text: force

text: to

text: project

text: air

text: power

text: worldwide

text: without

text: depending

text: on

text: local

text: bases

text: for

text: staging

text: aircraft

text: operations

text: Aircraft

text: carriers

text: are

text: expensive

text: to

text: build

text: and

text: are

text: critical

text: assets

text: Carriers

text: have

text: evolved

text: since

text: their

text: inception

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: twentieth

text: century

text: from

text: wooden

text: vessels

text: used

text: to

text: deploy

text: balloons

text: to

text: nuclear

text: powered

text: warships

text: that

text: carry

text: numerous

text: fighter

text: planes

text: strike

text: aircraft

text: helicopters

text: and

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: aircraft

text: The United States of America has seven federal uniformed services that commission officers as defined by Title 10, and subsequently structured and organized by Title 10, Title 14, Title 32 and Title 42 of the United States Code.

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: has

text: seven

text: federal

text: uniformed

text: services

text: that

text: commission

text: officers

text: as

text: defined

text: by

text: Title

text: and

text: subsequently

text: structured

text: and

text: organized

text: by

text: Title

text: Title

text: Title

text: and

text: Title

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Code

text: Hiroshima is perhaps best known as the first city in history to be targeted by a nuclear weapon when the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dropped an atomic bomb on the city (and later on Nagasaki) at 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, near the end of World War II.

text: Hiroshima

text: is

text: perhaps

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: city

text: in

text: history

text: to

text: be

text: targeted

text: by

text: nuclear

text: weapon

text: when

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: Air

text: Forces

text: USAAF

text: dropped

text: an

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: later

text: on

text: Nagasaki

text: at

text: a.m.

text: on

text: August

text: near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively, during the final stage of World War II. The United States had dropped the bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history.

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: dropped

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: on

text: the

text: Japanese

text: cities

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: on

text: August

text: and

text: respectively

text: during

text: the

text: final

text: stage

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: had

text: dropped

text: the

text: bombs

text: with

text: the

text: consent

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: as

text: outlined

text: in

text: the

text: Quebec

text: Agreement

text: The

text: two

text: bombings

text: which

text: killed

text: at

text: least

text: people

text: remain

text: the

text: only

text: use

text: of

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: for

text: warfare

text: in

text: history

text: The attack on Pearl Harbor, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, the Hawaii Operation or Operation AI by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, and Operation Z during planning, was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II.

text: The

text: attack

text: on

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: the

text: Hawaii

text: Operation

text: or

text: Operation

text: AI

text: by

text: the

text: Japanese

text: Imperial

text: General

text: Headquarters

text: and

text: Operation

text: during

text: planning

text: was

text: surprise

text: military

text: strike

text: by

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: Air

text: Service

text: against

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: naval

text: base

text: at

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: Hawaii

text: Territory

text: on

text: the

text: morning

text: of

text: December

text: The

text: attack

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: entry

text: into

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: Sir John Desmond Patrick Keegan (15 May 1934  2 August 2012) was a British military historian, lecturer, writer and journalist. He was the author of many published works on the nature of combat between the 14th and 21st centuries concerning land, air, maritime, and intelligence warfare, as well as the psychology of battle.

text: Sir

text: John

text: Desmond

text: Patrick

text: Keegan

text: May

text: August

text: was

text: British

text: military

text: historian

text: lecturer

text: writer

text: and

text: journalist

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: many

text: published

text: works

text: on

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: combat

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: concerning

text: land

text: air

text: maritime

text: and

text: intelligence

text: warfare

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: psychology

text: of

text: battle

text: The Battle of Midway was a decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II. Between 4 and 7 June 1942, only six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea, the United States Navy under Admirals Chester Nimitz, Frank Jack Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance decisively defeated an attacking fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto, Chuichi Nagumo, and Nobutake Kondo near Midway Atoll, inflicting devastating damage on the Japanese fleet that proved irreparable. Military historian John Keegan called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare."

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Midway

text: was

text: decisive

text: naval

text: battle

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Theater

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Between

text: and

text: June

text: only

text: six

text: months

text: after

text: Japan

text: 's

text: attack

text: on

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: and

text: one

text: month

text: after

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Coral

text: Sea

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: under

text: Admirals

text: Chester

text: Nimitz

text: Frank

text: Jack

text: Fletcher

text: and

text: Raymond

text: Spruance

text: decisively

text: defeated

text: an

text: attacking

text: fleet

text: of

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: under

text: Admirals

text: Isoroku

text: Yamamoto

text: Chuichi

text: Nagumo

text: and

text: Nobutake

text: Kondo

text: near

text: Midway

text: Atoll

text: inflicting

text: devastating

text: damage

text: on

text: the

text: Japanese

text: fleet

text: that

text: proved

text: irreparable

text: Military

text: historian

text: John

text: Keegan

text: called

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: stunning

text: and

text: decisive

text: blow

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: naval

text: warfare

text: During World War II, the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second and, to date, last city in the world to experience a nuclear attack.

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: American

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: made

text: Nagasaki

text: the

text: second

text: and

text: to

text: date

text: last

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: experience

text: nuclear

text: attack

text: Charles R. Ware ( 1911 -- 1942 ) was a United States Navy officer awarded a posthumous Navy Cross for his actions at the Battle of Midway during World War II.

text: Charles

text: Ware

text: was

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: officer

text: awarded

text: posthumous

text: Navy

text: Cross

text: for

text: his

text: actions

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Midway

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The U.S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet and the right to maintain a repair and coaling station for ships here in 1887. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941 was the immediate cause of the United States' entry into World War II.

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: is

text: lagoon

text: harbor

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Oahu

text: Hawaii

text: west

text: of

text: Honolulu

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: harbor

text: and

text: surrounding

text: lands

text: is

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: deep

text: water

text: naval

text: base

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Pacific

text: Fleet

text: The

text: U.S.

text: government

text: first

text: obtained

text: exclusive

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: inlet

text: and

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: maintain

text: repair

text: and

text: coaling

text: station

text: for

text: ships

text: here

text: in

text: The

text: attack

text: on

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: by

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: on

text: December

text: was

text: the

text: immediate

text: cause

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: entry

text: into

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Frank Jack Fletcher (April 29, 1885  April 25, 1973) was an admiral in the United States Navy during World War II. Fletcher was the operational commander at the pivotal Battles of Coral Sea and of Midway. As a lieutenant, Fletcher was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in battle at Veracruz. He was the nephew of Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher, who was also awarded the Medal of Honor for actions at Veracruz.

text: Frank

text: Jack

text: Fletcher

text: April

text: April

text: was

text: an

text: admiral

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Fletcher

text: was

text: the

text: operational

text: commander

text: at

text: the

text: pivotal

text: Battles

text: of

text: Coral

text: Sea

text: and

text: of

text: Midway

text: As

text: lieutenant

text: Fletcher

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Medal

text: of

text: Honor

text: for

text: his

text: actions

text: in

text: battle

text: at

text: Veracruz

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: nephew

text: of

text: Admiral

text: Frank

text: Friday

text: Fletcher

text: who

text: was

text: also

text: awarded

text: the

text: Medal

text: of

text: Honor

text: for

text: actions

text: at

text: Veracruz

text: The Battle of the Coral Sea, fought during 48 May 1942, was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and naval and air forces from the United States and Australia. The battle was the first action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other, as well as the first in which neither side's ships sighted or fired directly upon the other.

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Coral

text: Sea

text: fought

text: during

text: May

text: was

text: major

text: naval

text: battle

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Theater

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: between

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: and

text: naval

text: and

text: air

text: forces

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Australia

text: The

text: battle

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: action

text: in

text: which

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: engaged

text: each

text: other

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: in

text: which

text: neither

text: side

text: 's

text: ships

text: sighted

text: or

text: fired

text: directly

text: upon

text: the

text: other

text: The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyjitai: Shinjitai: "" or "Nippon Kaigun", "Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire") was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's defeat and surrender in World War II. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff and the Ministry of the Navy, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the navy. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) was formed after the dissolution of the IJN.

text: The

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: IJN

text: Kyjitai

text: Shinjitai

text: or

text: Nippon

text: Kaigun

text: Navy

text: of

text: the

text: Greater

text: Japanese

text: Empire

text: was

text: the

text: navy

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: from

text: until

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: dissolved

text: following

text: Japan

text: 's

text: defeat

text: and

text: surrender

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: It

text: was

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: General

text: Staff

text: and

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: the

text: Navy

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: nominally

text: subordinate

text: to

text: the

text: Emperor

text: of

text: Japan

text: as

text: supreme

text: commander

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: and

text: the

text: navy

text: The

text: Japan

text: Maritime

text: Self

text: Defense

text: Force

text: JMSDF

text: was

text: formed

text: after

text: the

text: dissolution

text: of

text: the

text: IJN

text: Yamamoto held several important posts in the Imperial Japanese Navy, and undertook many of its changes and reorganizations, especially its development of naval aviation. He was the commander-in-chief during the decisive early years of the Pacific War and so was responsible for major battles such as Pearl Harbor and Midway. He died when American codebreakers identified his flight plans and his plane was shot down. His death was a major blow to Japanese military morale during World War II.

text: Yamamoto

text: held

text: several

text: important

text: posts

text: in

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: and

text: undertook

text: many

text: of

text: its

text: changes

text: and

text: reorganizations

text: especially

text: its

text: development

text: of

text: naval

text: aviation

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: commander

text: in

text: chief

text: during

text: the

text: decisive

text: early

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: War

text: and

text: so

text: was

text: responsible

text: for

text: major

text: battles

text: such

text: as

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: and

text: Midway

text: He

text: died

text: when

text: American

text: codebreakers

text: identified

text: his

text: flight

text: plans

text: and

text: his

text: plane

text: was

text: shot

text: down

text: His

text: death

text: was

text: major

text: blow

text: to

text: Japanese

text: military

text: morale

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Naval warfare is combat in and on the sea, the ocean, or any other major body of water such as a large lake or wide river.

text: Naval

text: warfare

text: is

text: combat

text: in

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: sea

text: the

text: ocean

text: or

text: any

text: other

text: major

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: such

text: as

text: large

text: lake

text: or

text: wide

text: river

text: Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886  December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral in World War II.

text: Raymond

text: Ames

text: Spruance

text: July

text: December

text: was

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: admiral

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U.S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, with the highest combined battle fleet tonnage. The U.S. Navy has the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on active duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 aircraft in active service .

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Navy

text: USN

text: is

text: the

text: naval

text: warfare

text: service

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: seven

text: uniformed

text: services

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: most

text: capable

text: navy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: combined

text: battle

text: fleet

text: tonnage

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: has

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: aircraft

text: carrier

text: fleet

text: with

text: ten

text: in

text: service

text: two

text: in

text: the

text: reserve

text: fleet

text: and

text: three

text: new

text: carriers

text: under

text: construction

text: The

text: service

text: has

text: personnel

text: on

text: active

text: duty

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Navy

text: Reserve

text: It

text: has

text: deployable

text: combat

text: vessels

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: aircraft

text: in

text: active

text: service

text: The Holocaust (from the Greek ': "hólos", "whole" and "kaustós", "burnt"), also referred to as the Shoah"' (Hebrew: , "HaShoah", "the catastrophe"), was a genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews. The victims included 1.5 million children and represented about two-thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe. Some definitions of the Holocaust include the additional five million non-Jewish victims of Nazi mass murders, bringing the total to about 11 million. Killings took place throughout Nazi Germany, German-occupied territories, and territories held by allies of Nazi Germany.

text: The

text: Holocaust

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: hólos

text: whole

text: and

text: kaustós

text: burnt

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Shoah

text: Hebrew

text: HaShoah

text: the

text: catastrophe

text: was

text: genocide

text: in

text: which

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: and

text: its

text: collaborators

text: killed

text: about

text: six

text: million

text: Jews

text: The

text: victims

text: included

text: million

text: children

text: and

text: represented

text: about

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: million

text: Jews

text: who

text: had

text: resided

text: in

text: Europe

text: Some

text: definitions

text: of

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: include

text: the

text: additional

text: five

text: million

text: non

text: Jewish

text: victims

text: of

text: Nazi

text: mass

text: murders

text: bringing

text: the

text: total

text: to

text: about

text: million

text: Killings

text: took

text: place

text: throughout

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: German

text: occupied

text: territories

text: and

text: territories

text: held

text: by

text: allies

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: A reserve fleet is a collection of naval vessels of all types that are fully equipped for service but are not currently needed, and thus partially or fully decommissioned. A reserve fleet is informally said to be "in mothballs" or "mothballed"; an equivalent expression in unofficial modern U.S. naval usage is "ghost fleet". In earlier times, and especially in British usage, these ships were said to be "laid up in ordinary".

text: reserve

text: fleet

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: naval

text: vessels

text: of

text: all

text: types

text: that

text: are

text: fully

text: equipped

text: for

text: service

text: but

text: are

text: not

text: currently

text: needed

text: and

text: thus

text: partially

text: or

text: fully

text: decommissioned

text: reserve

text: fleet

text: is

text: informally

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: mothballs

text: or

text: mothballed

text: an

text: equivalent

text: expression

text: in

text: unofficial

text: modern

text: U.S.

text: naval

text: usage

text: is

text: ghost

text: fleet

text: In

text: earlier

text: times

text: and

text: especially

text: in

text: British

text: usage

text: these

text: ships

text: were

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: laid

text: up

text: in

text: ordinary

text: A military alliance is an international agreement concerning national security, when the contracting parties promise to support each other in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance. Military alliances differ from coalitions, as coalitions are formed for a crisis that are already known.

text: military

text: alliance

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: agreement

text: concerning

text: national

text: security

text: when

text: the

text: contracting

text: parties

text: promise

text: to

text: support

text: each

text: other

text: in

text: case

text: of

text: crisis

text: that

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: identified

text: in

text: advance

text: Military

text: alliances

text: differ

text: from

text: coalitions

text: as

text: coalitions

text: are

text: formed

text: for

text: crisis

text: that

text: are

text: already

text: known

annotations: likely multiple

question: place_of_death charles r. ware

answer: pacific ocean

text: pacific ocean


text: The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was "Space Transportation System (STS)", taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982. Five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011, launched from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Operational missions launched numerous satellites, interplanetary probes, and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST); conducted science experiments in orbit; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station. The Shuttle fleet's total mission time was 1322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds.

text: The

text: Space

text: Shuttle

text: was

text: partially

text: reusable

text: low

text: Earth

text: orbital

text: spacecraft

text: system

text: operated

text: by

text: the

text: U.S.

text: National

text: Aeronautics

text: and

text: Space

text: Administration

text: NASA

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Space

text: Shuttle

text: program

text: Its

text: official

text: program

text: name

text: was

text: Space

text: Transportation

text: System

text: STS

text: taken

text: from

text: plan

text: for

text: system

text: of

text: reusable

text: spacecraft

text: of

text: which

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: item

text: funded

text: for

text: development

text: The

text: first

text: of

text: four

text: orbital

text: test

text: flights

text: occurred

text: in

text: leading

text: to

text: operational

text: flights

text: beginning

text: in

text: Five

text: complete

text: Shuttle

text: systems

text: were

text: built

text: and

text: used

text: on

text: total

text: of

text: missions

text: from

text: to

text: launched

text: from

text: the

text: Kennedy

text: Space

text: Center

text: KSC

text: in

text: Florida

text: Operational

text: missions

text: launched

text: numerous

text: satellites

text: interplanetary

text: probes

text: and

text: the

text: Hubble

text: Space

text: Telescope

text: HST

text: conducted

text: science

text: experiments

text: in

text: orbit

text: and

text: participated

text: in

text: construction

text: and

text: servicing

text: of

text: the

text: International

text: Space

text: Station

text: The

text: Shuttle

text: fleet

text: 's

text: total

text: mission

text: time

text: was

text: days

text: hours

text: minutes

text: and

text: seconds

text: The John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is one of ten National Aeronautics and Space Administration field centers. Since December 1968, Kennedy Space Center has been NASA's primary launch center of human spaceflight. Launch operations for the Apollo, Skylab and Space Shuttle programs were carried out from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 and managed by KSC. Located on the east coast of Florida, KSC is adjacent to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS). The management of the two entities work very closely together, share resources, and even own facilities on each other's property.

text: The

text: John

text: Kennedy

text: Space

text: Center

text: KSC

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: ten

text: National

text: Aeronautics

text: and

text: Space

text: Administration

text: field

text: centers

text: Since

text: December

text: Kennedy

text: Space

text: Center

text: has

text: been

text: NASA

text: 's

text: primary

text: launch

text: center

text: of

text: human

text: spaceflight

text: Launch

text: operations

text: for

text: the

text: Apollo

text: Skylab

text: and

text: Space

text: Shuttle

text: programs

text: were

text: carried

text: out

text: from

text: Kennedy

text: Space

text: Center

text: Launch

text: Complex

text: and

text: managed

text: by

text: KSC

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: coast

text: of

text: Florida

text: KSC

text: is

text: adjacent

text: to

text: Cape

text: Canaveral

text: Air

text: Force

text: Station

text: CCAFS

text: The

text: management

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: entities

text: work

text: very

text: closely

text: together

text: share

text: resources

text: and

text: even

text: own

text: facilities

text: on

text: each

text: other

text: 's

text: property

text: The Space Shuttle program, officially called the Space Transportation System (STS), was the United States government's manned launch vehicle program from 1981 to 2011, administered by NASA and officially beginning in 1972. The Space Shuttle systemcomposed of an orbiter launched with two reusable solid rocket boosters and a disposable external fuel tank carried up to eight astronauts and up to of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO). When its mission was complete, the orbiter would re-enter the Earth's atmosphere and land like a glider at either the Kennedy Space Center or Edwards Air Force Base.

text: The

text: Space

text: Shuttle

text: program

text: officially

text: called

text: the

text: Space

text: Transportation

text: System

text: STS

text: was

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: government

text: 's

text: manned

text: launch

text: vehicle

text: program

text: from

text: to

text: administered

text: by

text: NASA

text: and

text: officially

text: beginning

text: in

text: The

text: Space

text: Shuttle

text: systemcomposed

text: of

text: an

text: orbiter

text: launched

text: with

text: two

text: reusable

text: solid

text: rocket

text: boosters

text: and

text: disposable

text: external

text: fuel

text: tank

text: carried

text: up

text: to

text: eight

text: astronauts

text: and

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: payload

text: into

text: low

text: Earth

text: orbit

text: LEO

text: When

text: its

text: mission

text: was

text: complete

text: the

text: orbiter

text: would

text: re

text: enter

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: land

text: like

text: glider

text: at

text: either

text: the

text: Kennedy

text: Space

text: Center

text: or

text: Edwards

text: Air

text: Force

text: Base

text: STS - 45 was a 1992 Space Shuttle mission using the Space Shuttle Atlantis . Its almost nine day scientific mission was with a non-deployable payload of instruments . It was the 46th Space Shuttle mission and the 11th for Atlantis .

text: STS

text: was

text: Space

text: Shuttle

text: mission

text: using

text: the

text: Space

text: Shuttle

text: Atlantis

text: Its

text: almost

text: nine

text: day

text: scientific

text: mission

text: was

text: with

text: non

text: deployable

text: payload

text: of

text: instruments

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: Space

text: Shuttle

text: mission

text: and

text: the

text: for

text: Atlantis

question: location_of_landing sts-45

answer: edwards air force base

text: edwards air force base