text: In physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of an electrical current in one or more directions. A metal wire is a common electrical conductor. Electrical current is generated by the flow of negatively charged electrons, positively charged holes, and positive or negative ions in some cases.

text: In

text: physics

text: and

text: electrical

text: engineering

text: conductor

text: is

text: an

text: object

text: or

text: type

text: of

text: material

text: that

text: allows

text: the

text: flow

text: of

text: an

text: electrical

text: current

text: in

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: directions

text: metal

text: wire

text: is

text: common

text: electrical

text: conductor

text: Electrical

text: current

text: is

text: generated

text: by

text: the

text: flow

text: of

text: negatively

text: charged

text: electrons

text: positively

text: charged

text: holes

text: and

text: positive

text: or

text: negative

text: ions

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text:
The Smithsonian Institution, established in 1846 "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge," is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States. Originally organized as the "United States National Museum," that name ceased to exist as an administrative entity in 1967.
Termed "the nation's attic"
for its eclectic holdings of 138 million items, the Institution's nineteen museums, nine research centers, and zoo include historical and architectural landmarks, mostly located in the District of Columbia. Additional facilities are located in Arizona, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York City, Virginia, Texas, and Panama. More than 200 institutions and museums in 45 states, Puerto Rico, and Panama are Smithsonian Affiliates
The Institution's thirty million annual visitors are admitted without charge.
The institution's annual budget is around $1.2 billion with 2/3 coming from annual federal appropriations. Other funding comes from the Institution's endowment, private and corporate contributions, membership dues, and earned retail, concession, and licensing revenue. Institution publications include "Smithsonian" and "Air & Space" magazines.

text: The

text: Smithsonian

text: Institution

text: established

text: in

text: for

text: the

text: increase

text: and

text: diffusion

text: of

text: knowledge

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: museums

text: and

text: research

text: centers

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Originally

text: organized

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: National

text: Museum

text: that

text: name

text: ceased

text: to

text: exist

text: as

text: an

text: administrative

text: entity

text: in

text: Termed

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: attic

text: for

text: its

text: eclectic

text: holdings

text: of

text: million

text: items

text: the

text: Institution

text: 's

text: nineteen

text: museums

text: nine

text: research

text: centers

text: and

text: zoo

text: include

text: historical

text: and

text: architectural

text: landmarks

text: mostly

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: District

text: of

text: Columbia

text: Additional

text: facilities

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: Arizona

text: Maryland

text: Massachusetts

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Virginia

text: Texas

text: and

text: Panama

text: More

text: than

text: institutions

text: and

text: museums

text: in

text: states

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: and

text: Panama

text: are

text: Smithsonian

text: Affiliates

text: The

text: Institution

text: 's

text: thirty

text: million

text: annual

text: visitors

text: are

text: admitted

text: without

text: charge

text: The

text: institution

text: 's

text: annual

text: budget

text: is

text: around

text: billion

text: with

text: coming

text: from

text: annual

text: federal

text: appropriations

text: Other

text: funding

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Institution

text: 's

text: endowment

text: private

text: and

text: corporate

text: contributions

text: membership

text: dues

text: and

text: earned

text: retail

text: concession

text: and

text: licensing

text: revenue

text: Institution

text: publications

text: include

text: Smithsonian

text: and

text: Air

text: Space

text: magazines

text: Michael Faraday FRS (22 September 1791  25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.

text: Michael

text: Faraday

text: FRS

text: September

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: scientist

text: who

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: electromagnetism

text: and

text: electrochemistry

text: His

text: main

text: discoveries

text: include

text: the

text: principles

text: underlying

text: electromagnetic

text: induction

text: diamagnetism

text: and

text: electrolysis

text: A doorbell is a signaling device typically placed near an entry door to a building. When a visitor presses a button the bell rings inside the building, alerting the occupant to the presence of the visitor. Although the first doorbells were mechanical, activated by pulling a cord, modern doorbells are electric  they are actuated by an electric switch.

text: doorbell

text: is

text: signaling

text: device

text: typically

text: placed

text: near

text: an

text: entry

text: door

text: to

text: building

text: When

text: visitor

text: presses

text: button

text: the

text: bell

text: rings

text: inside

text: the

text: building

text: alerting

text: the

text: occupant

text: to

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: the

text: visitor

text: Although

text: the

text: first

text: doorbells

text: were

text: mechanical

text: activated

text: by

text: pulling

text: cord

text: modern

text: doorbells

text: are

text: electric

text: they

text: are

text: actuated

text: by

text: an

text: electric

text: switch

text: A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

text: relay

text: is

text: an

text: electrically

text: operated

text: switch

text: Many

text: relays

text: use

text: an

text: electromagnet

text: to

text: mechanically

text: operate

text: switch

text: but

text: other

text: operating

text: principles

text: are

text: also

text: used

text: such

text: as

text: solid

text: state

text: relays

text: Relays

text: are

text: used

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: necessary

text: to

text: control

text: circuit

text: by

text: separate

text: low

text: power

text: signal

text: or

text: where

text: several

text: circuits

text: must

text: be

text: controlled

text: by

text: one

text: signal

text: The

text: first

text: relays

text: were

text: used

text: in

text: long

text: distance

text: telegraph

text: circuits

text: as

text: amplifiers

text: they

text: repeated

text: the

text: signal

text: coming

text: in

text: from

text: one

text: circuit

text: and

text: re

text: transmitted

text: it

text: on

text: another

text: circuit

text: Relays

text: were

text: used

text: extensively

text: in

text: telephone

text: exchanges

text: and

text: early

text: computers

text: to

text: perform

text: logical

text: operations

text: Electromagnetic or Magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (i.e., voltage) across an electrical conductor due to its dynamic interaction with a magnetic field.

text: Electromagnetic

text: or

text: Magnetic

text: induction

text: is

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: an

text: electromotive

text: force

text: i.e.

text: voltage

text: across

text: an

text: electrical

text: conductor

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: dynamic

text: interaction

text: with

text: magnetic

text: field

text: Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry that studies the relationship between electricity, as a measurable and quantitative phenomenon, and identifiable chemical change, with either electricity considered an outcome of a particular chemical change or vice versa. These reactions involve electric charges moving between electrodes and an electrolyte (or ionic species in a solution). Thus electrochemistry deals with the interaction between electrical energy and chemical change.

text: Electrochemistry

text: is

text: the

text: branch

text: of

text: physical

text: chemistry

text: that

text: studies

text: the

text: relationship

text: between

text: electricity

text: as

text: measurable

text: and

text: quantitative

text: phenomenon

text: and

text: identifiable

text: chemical

text: change

text: with

text: either

text: electricity

text: considered

text: an

text: outcome

text: of

text: particular

text: chemical

text: change

text: or

text: vice

text: versa

text: These

text: reactions

text: involve

text: electric

text: charges

text: moving

text: between

text: electrodes

text: and

text: an

text: electrolyte

text: or

text: ionic

text: species

text: in

text: solution

text: Thus

text: electrochemistry

text: deals

text: with

text: the

text: interaction

text: between

text: electrical

text: energy

text: and

text: chemical

text: change

text: Electromotive force, also called emf (denoted formula_1 and measured in volts), is the voltage developed by any source of electrical energy such as a battery or dynamo. It is generally defined as the electrical potential for a source in a circuit. A device that supplies electrical energy is called electromotive force or emf. Emfs convert chemical, mechanical, and other forms of energy into electrical energy. The product of such a device is also known as emf.

text: Electromotive

text: force

text: also

text: called

text: emf

text: denoted

text: and

text: measured

text: in

text: volts

text: is

text: the

text: voltage

text: developed

text: by

text: any

text: source

text: of

text: electrical

text: energy

text: such

text: as

text: battery

text: or

text: dynamo

text: It

text: is

text: generally

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: electrical

text: potential

text: for

text: source

text: in

text: circuit

text: device

text: that

text: supplies

text: electrical

text: energy

text: is

text: called

text: electromotive

text: force

text: or

text: emf

text: Emfs

text: convert

text: chemical

text: mechanical

text: and

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: energy

text: into

text: electrical

text: energy

text: The

text: product

text: of

text: such

text: device

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: emf

text: An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. Electromagnets usually consist of insulated wire wound into a coil. A current through the wire creates a magnetic field which is concentrated in the hole in the center of the coil. The wire turns are often wound around a magnetic core made from a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material such as iron; the magnetic core concentrates the magnetic flux and makes a more powerful magnet.

text: An

text: electromagnet

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: magnet

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: magnetic

text: field

text: is

text: produced

text: by

text: an

text: electric

text: current

text: The

text: magnetic

text: field

text: disappears

text: when

text: the

text: current

text: is

text: turned

text: off

text: Electromagnets

text: usually

text: consist

text: of

text: insulated

text: wire

text: wound

text: into

text: coil

text: current

text: through

text: the

text: wire

text: creates

text: magnetic

text: field

text: which

text: is

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: hole

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: coil

text: The

text: wire

text: turns

text: are

text: often

text: wound

text: around

text: magnetic

text: core

text: made

text: from

text: ferromagnetic

text: or

text: ferrimagnetic

text: material

text: such

text: as

text: iron

text: the

text: magnetic

text: core

text: concentrates

text: the

text: magnetic

text: flux

text: and

text: makes

text: more

text: powerful

text: magnet

text: Diamagnetic materials are repelled by a magnetic field; an applied magnetic field creates an induced magnetic field in them in the opposite direction, causing a repulsive force. In contrast, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials are attracted by a magnetic field. Diamagnetism is a quantum mechanical effect that occurs in all materials; when it is the only contribution to the magnetism the material is called diamagnetic. In paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances the weak diamagnetic force is overcome by the attractive force of magnetic dipoles in the material. The magnetic permeability of diamagnetic materials is less than , the permeability of vacuum. In most materials diamagnetism is a weak effect which can only be detected by sensitive laboratory instruments, but a superconductor acts as a strong diamagnet because it repels a magnetic field entirely from its interior.

text: Diamagnetic

text: materials

text: are

text: repelled

text: by

text: magnetic

text: field

text: an

text: applied

text: magnetic

text: field

text: creates

text: an

text: induced

text: magnetic

text: field

text: in

text: them

text: in

text: the

text: opposite

text: direction

text: causing

text: repulsive

text: force

text: In

text: contrast

text: paramagnetic

text: and

text: ferromagnetic

text: materials

text: are

text: attracted

text: by

text: magnetic

text: field

text: Diamagnetism

text: is

text: quantum

text: mechanical

text: effect

text: that

text: occurs

text: in

text: all

text: materials

text: when

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: contribution

text: to

text: the

text: magnetism

text: the

text: material

text: is

text: called

text: diamagnetic

text: In

text: paramagnetic

text: and

text: ferromagnetic

text: substances

text: the

text: weak

text: diamagnetic

text: force

text: is

text: overcome

text: by

text: the

text: attractive

text: force

text: of

text: magnetic

text: dipoles

text: in

text: the

text: material

text: The

text: magnetic

text: permeability

text: of

text: diamagnetic

text: materials

text: is

text: less

text: than

text: the

text: permeability

text: of

text: vacuum

text: In

text: most

text: materials

text: diamagnetism

text: is

text: weak

text: effect

text: which

text: can

text: only

text: be

text: detected

text: by

text: sensitive

text: laboratory

text: instruments

text: but

text: superconductor

text: acts

text: as

text: strong

text: diamagnet

text: because

text: it

text: repels

text: magnetic

text: field

text: entirely

text: from

text: its

text: interior

text: The henry ( symbol H ) is the unit of electrical inductance in the International System of Units . The unit is named after Joseph Henry ( 1797 -- 1878 ) , the American scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction independently of and at about the same time as Michael Faraday ( 1791 -- 1867 ) in England . The magnetic permeability of vacuum is 4 × 10  7 H m - 1 ( henry per metre ) . The United States National Institute of Standards and Technology recommends English - speaking users of SI to write the plural as henries .

text: The

text: henry

text: symbol

text: is

text: the

text: unit

text: of

text: electrical

text: inductance

text: in

text: the

text: International

text: System

text: of

text: Units

text: The

text: unit

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: Joseph

text: Henry

text: the

text: American

text: scientist

text: who

text: discovered

text: electromagnetic

text: induction

text: independently

text: of

text: and

text: at

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: as

text: Michael

text: Faraday

text: in

text: England

text: The

text: magnetic

text: permeability

text: of

text: vacuum

text: is

text: henry

text: per

text: metre

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: National

text: Institute

text: of

text: Standards

text: and

text: Technology

text: recommends

text: English

text: speaking

text: users

text: of

text: SI

text: to

text: write

text: the

text: plural

text: as

text: henries

text: In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a technique that uses a direct electric current (DC) to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction. Electrolysis is commercially important as a stage in the separation of elements from naturally occurring sources such as ores using an electrolytic cell. The voltage that is needed for electrolysis to occur is called the decomposition potential.

text: In

text: chemistry

text: and

text: manufacturing

text: electrolysis

text: is

text: technique

text: that

text: uses

text: direct

text: electric

text: current

text: DC

text: to

text: drive

text: an

text: otherwise

text: non

text: spontaneous

text: chemical

text: reaction

text: Electrolysis

text: is

text: commercially

text: important

text: as

text: stage

text: in

text: the

text: separation

text: of

text: elements

text: from

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: sources

text: such

text: as

text: ores

text: using

text: an

text: electrolytic

text: cell

text: The

text: voltage

text: that

text: is

text: needed

text: for

text: electrolysis

text: to

text: occur

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: decomposition

text: potential

text: Joseph Henry (December 17, 1797  May 13, 1878) was an American scientist who served as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. He was the secretary for the National Institute for the Promotion of Science, a precursor of the Smithsonian Institution. He was highly regarded during his lifetime. While building electromagnets, Henry discovered the electromagnetic phenomenon of self-inductance. He also discovered mutual inductance independently of Michael Faraday, (17911867), though Faraday was the first to make the discovery and publish his results. Henry developed the electromagnet into a practical device. He invented a precursor to the electric doorbell (specifically a bell that could be rung at a distance via an electric wire, 1831) and electric relay (1835). The SI unit of inductance, the henry, is named in his honor. Henry's work on the electromagnetic relay was the basis of the practical electrical telegraph, invented by Samuel F. B. Morse and Sir Charles Wheatstone, separately.

text: Joseph

text: Henry

text: December

text: May

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: scientist

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Smithsonian

text: Institution

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: secretary

text: for

text: the

text: National

text: Institute

text: for

text: the

text: Promotion

text: of

text: Science

text: precursor

text: of

text: the

text: Smithsonian

text: Institution

text: He

text: was

text: highly

text: regarded

text: during

text: his

text: lifetime

text: While

text: building

text: electromagnets

text: Henry

text: discovered

text: the

text: electromagnetic

text: phenomenon

text: of

text: self

text: inductance

text: He

text: also

text: discovered

text: mutual

text: inductance

text: independently

text: of

text: Michael

text: Faraday

text: though

text: Faraday

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: discovery

text: and

text: publish

text: his

text: results

text: Henry

text: developed

text: the

text: electromagnet

text: into

text: practical

text: device

text: He

text: invented

text: precursor

text: to

text: the

text: electric

text: doorbell

text: specifically

text: bell

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: rung

text: at

text: distance

text: via

text: an

text: electric

text: wire

text: and

text: electric

text: relay

text: The

text: SI

text: unit

text: of

text: inductance

text: the

text: henry

text: is

text: named

text: in

text: his

text: honor

text: Henry

text: 's

text: work

text: on

text: the

text: electromagnetic

text: relay

text: was

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: practical

text: electrical

text: telegraph

text: invented

text: by

text: Samuel

text: Morse

text: and

text: Sir

text: Charles

text: Wheatstone

text: separately

text: The National Institution for the Promotion of Science organization was established in Washington, D.C. in May, 1840, and was heir to the mantle of the earlier "Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences". The National Institution for the Promotion of Science was later renamed the "National Institute" and eventually became a part of the Smithsonian Institution.

text: The

text: National

text: Institution

text: for

text: the

text: Promotion

text: of

text: Science

text: organization

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: in

text: May

text: and

text: was

text: heir

text: to

text: the

text: mantle

text: of

text: the

text: earlier

text: Columbian

text: Institute

text: for

text: the

text: Promotion

text: of

text: Arts

text: and

text: Sciences

text: The

text: National

text: Institution

text: for

text: the

text: Promotion

text: of

text: Science

text: was

text: later

text: renamed

text: the

text: National

text: Institute

text: and

text: eventually

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Smithsonian

text: Institution

text: An ion is an atom or a molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving the atom or molecule a net positive or negative electrical charge. Ions can be created, by either chemical or physical means, via ionization.

text: An

text: ion

text: is

text: an

text: atom

text: or

text: molecule

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: electrons

text: is

text: not

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: protons

text: giving

text: the

text: atom

text: or

text: molecule

text: net

text: positive

text: or

text: negative

text: electrical

text: charge

text: Ions

text: can

text: be

text: created

text: by

text: either

text: chemical

text: or

text: physical

text: means

text: via

text: ionization

text: Electronics is the science of controlling electrical energy electrically, in which the electrons have a fundamental role. Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, integrated circuits, associated passive electrical components, and interconnection technologies. Commonly, electronic devices contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively of active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements; such a circuit is described as an electronic circuit.

text: Electronics

text: is

text: the

text: science

text: of

text: controlling

text: electrical

text: energy

text: electrically

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: electrons

text: have

text: fundamental

text: role

text: Electronics

text: deals

text: with

text: electrical

text: circuits

text: that

text: involve

text: active

text: electrical

text: components

text: such

text: as

text: vacuum

text: tubes

text: transistors

text: diodes

text: integrated

text: circuits

text: associated

text: passive

text: electrical

text: components

text: and

text: interconnection

text: technologies

text: Commonly

text: electronic

text: devices

text: contain

text: circuitry

text: consisting

text: primarily

text: or

text: exclusively

text: of

text: active

text: semiconductors

text: supplemented

text: with

text: passive

text: elements

text: such

text: circuit

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: an

text: electronic

text: circuit

text: The farad (symbol: F) is the SI derived unit of electrical capacitance, the ability of a body to store an electrical charge. It is named after the English physicist Michael Faraday.

text: The

text: farad

text: symbol

text: is

text: the

text: SI

text: derived

text: unit

text: of

text: electrical

text: capacitance

text: the

text: ability

text: of

text: body

text: to

text: store

text: an

text: electrical

text: charge

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: English

text: physicist

text: Michael

text: Faraday

text: An electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electrical signals, usually conveyed via dedicated telecommunication lines or radio.

text: An

text: electrical

text: telegraph

text: is

text: telegraph

text: that

text: uses

text: electrical

text: signals

text: usually

text: conveyed

text: via

text: dedicated

text: telecommunication

text: lines

text: or

text: radio

text: In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.

text: In

text: electromagnetism

text: and

text: electronics

text: inductance

text: is

text: the

text: property

text: of

text: an

text: electrical

text: conductor

text: by

text: which

text: change

text: in

text: current

text: through

text: it

text: induces

text: an

text: electromotive

text: force

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: conductor

text: itself

text: and

text: in

text: any

text: nearby

text: conductors

text: by

text: mutual

text: inductance

text: Magnetism is a class of physical phenomena that are mediated by magnetic fields. Electric currents and the magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, which acts on other currents and magnetic moments. The most familiar effects occur in ferromagnetic materials, which are strongly attracted by magnetic fields and can be magnetized to become permanent magnets, producing magnetic fields themselves. Only a few substances are ferromagnetic; the most common ones are iron, nickel and cobalt and their alloys. The prefix "" refers to iron, because permanent magnetism was first observed in lodestone, a form of natural iron ore called magnetite, FeO.

text: Magnetism

text: is

text: class

text: of

text: physical

text: phenomena

text: that

text: are

text: mediated

text: by

text: magnetic

text: fields

text: Electric

text: currents

text: and

text: the

text: magnetic

text: moments

text: of

text: elementary

text: particles

text: give

text: rise

text: to

text: magnetic

text: field

text: which

text: acts

text: on

text: other

text: currents

text: and

text: magnetic

text: moments

text: The

text: most

text: familiar

text: effects

text: occur

text: in

text: ferromagnetic

text: materials

text: which

text: are

text: strongly

text: attracted

text: by

text: magnetic

text: fields

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: magnetized

text: to

text: become

text: permanent

text: magnets

text: producing

text: magnetic

text: fields

text: themselves

text: Only

text: few

text: substances

text: are

text: ferromagnetic

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: ones

text: are

text: iron

text: nickel

text: and

text: cobalt

text: and

text: their

text: alloys

text: The

text: prefix

text: refers

text: to

text: iron

text: because

text: permanent

text: magnetism

text: was

text: first

text: observed

text: in

text: lodestone

text: form

text: of

text: natural

text: iron

text: ore

text: called

text: magnetite

text: FeO.

text: Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force usually exhibits electromagnetic fields such as electric fields, magnetic fields, and light and is one of the four fundamental interactions (commonly called forces) in nature. The other three fundamental interactions are the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation.

text: Electromagnetism

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: physics

text: involving

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: electromagnetic

text: force

text: type

text: of

text: physical

text: interaction

text: that

text: occurs

text: between

text: electrically

text: charged

text: particles

text: The

text: electromagnetic

text: force

text: usually

text: exhibits

text: electromagnetic

text: fields

text: such

text: as

text: electric

text: fields

text: magnetic

text: fields

text: and

text: light

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: fundamental

text: interactions

text: commonly

text: called

text: forces

text: in

text: nature

text: The

text: other

text: three

text: fundamental

text: interactions

text: are

text: the

text: strong

text: interaction

text: the

text: weak

text: interaction

text: and

text: gravitation

question: instance_of henry

answer: si derived unit

text: si derived unit


text: Late Registration is the second studio album by American hip hop producer and rapper Kanye West, released on August 30, 2005, by Roc-A-Fella Records and Def Jam Recordings. It was recorded over the course of a year in sessions held across studios in New York City and Hollywood, with West collaborating with American record producer and composer Jon Brion. The album features guest contributions from Adam Levine, Lupe Fiasco, Jamie Foxx, Common, Jay-Z, Brandy, and Nas, among others. Its production was notably more lush and elaborate than West's 2004 debut album "The College Dropout", as he utilized intricate sampling methods and string orchestration with Brion. West's lyrics explore both personal and political themes, including poverty, drug trafficking, racism, healthcare, and the blood diamond trade.

text: Late

text: Registration

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: studio

text: album

text: by

text: American

text: hip

text: hop

text: producer

text: and

text: rapper

text: Kanye

text: West

text: released

text: on

text: August

text: by

text: Roc

text: Fella

text: Records

text: and

text: Def

text: Jam

text: Recordings

text: It

text: was

text: recorded

text: over

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: year

text: in

text: sessions

text: held

text: across

text: studios

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: Hollywood

text: with

text: West

text: collaborating

text: with

text: American

text: record

text: producer

text: and

text: composer

text: Jon

text: Brion

text: The

text: album

text: features

text: guest

text: contributions

text: from

text: Adam

text: Levine

text: Lupe

text: Fiasco

text: Jamie

text: Foxx

text: Common

text: Jay

text: Brandy

text: and

text: Nas

text: among

text: others

text: Its

text: production

text: was

text: notably

text: more

text: lush

text: and

text: elaborate

text: than

text: West

text: 's

text: debut

text: album

text: The

text: College

text: Dropout

text: as

text: he

text: utilized

text: intricate

text: sampling

text: methods

text: and

text: string

text: orchestration

text: with

text: Brion

text: West

text: 's

text: lyrics

text: explore

text: both

text: personal

text: and

text: political

text: themes

text: including

text: poverty

text: drug

text: trafficking

text: racism

text: healthcare

text: and

text: the

text: blood

text: diamond

text: trade

text: GOOD (Getting Out Our Dreams) Music, Inc. is an American record label founded in 2004, by recording artist and record producer Kanye West. The label houses several well established artists, such as Big Sean, Pusha T, Tyga, Desiigner, and Teyana Taylor among others. Their roster of in-house producers include Travis Scott, Southside, Mike Dean, Hudson Mohawke, Q-Tip, Jeff Bhasker and S1. The label has released 10 albums certified gold or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

text: GOOD

text: Getting

text: Out

text: Our

text: Dreams

text: Music

text: Inc.

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: record

text: label

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: recording

text: artist

text: and

text: record

text: producer

text: Kanye

text: West

text: The

text: label

text: houses

text: several

text: well

text: established

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: Big

text: Sean

text: Pusha

text: Tyga

text: Desiigner

text: and

text: Teyana

text: Taylor

text: among

text: others

text: Their

text: roster

text: of

text: in

text: house

text: producers

text: include

text: Travis

text: Scott

text: Southside

text: Mike

text: Dean

text: Hudson

text: Mohawke

text: Tip

text: Jeff

text: Bhasker

text: and

text: The

text: label

text: has

text: released

text: albums

text: certified

text: gold

text: or

text: higher

text: by

text: the

text: Recording

text: Industry

text: Association

text: of

text: America

text: RIAA

text: Chicago (or ), officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States, and the fifth-most populous city in North America. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois and the Midwestern United States, and the county seat of Cook County. The Chicago metropolitan area, often referred to as Chicagoland, has nearly 10 million people and is the third-largest in the U.S.

text: Chicago

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Chicago

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: fifth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: With

text: over

text: million

text: residents

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Illinois

text: and

text: the

text: Midwestern

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Cook

text: County

text: The

text: Chicago

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Chicagoland

text: has

text: nearly

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Roc-A-Fella Records was an American record label founded by American recording artist Jay-Z, Damon Dash and Kareem "Biggs" Burke. It operated as an imprint of Def Jam, a division of IDJMG, a subsidiary of Universal Music Group.

text: Roc

text: Fella

text: Records

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: record

text: label

text: founded

text: by

text: American

text: recording

text: artist

text: Jay

text: Damon

text: Dash

text: and

text: Kareem

text: Biggs

text: Burke

text: It

text: operated

text: as

text: an

text: imprint

text: of

text: Def

text: Jam

text: division

text: of

text: IDJMG

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: Universal

text: Music

text: Group

text: A hit single is a recorded song or instrumental released as a single that has become very popular. Though it sometimes means any widely played or big-selling song, the term "hit" usually refers to a single that has appeared in an official music chart through repeated radio airplay or significant commercial sales.

text: hit

text: single

text: is

text: recorded

text: song

text: or

text: instrumental

text: released

text: as

text: single

text: that

text: has

text: become

text: very

text: popular

text: Though

text: it

text: sometimes

text: means

text: any

text: widely

text: played

text: or

text: big

text: selling

text: song

text: the

text: term

text: hit

text: usually

text: refers

text: to

text: single

text: that

text: has

text: appeared

text: in

text: an

text: official

text: music

text: chart

text: through

text: repeated

text: radio

text: airplay

text: or

text: significant

text: commercial

text: sales

text: Shawn Corey Carter (born December 4, 1969), known professionally as Jay Z, is an American rapper, businessman, and investor. Formerly known as Jay-Z, he is one of the best-selling musicians of all time, having sold more than 100 million records, while receiving 21 Grammy Awards for his music. MTV ranked him the "Greatest MC of all time" in 2006. "Rolling Stone" ranked three of his albums"Reasonable Doubt" (1996), "The Blueprint" (2001), and "The Black Album" (2003)among the 500 greatest albums of all time. In 2014, "Forbes" estimated his net worth at nearly $520 million, making him one of the richest hip hop artists in the U.S.

text: Shawn

text: Corey

text: Carter

text: born

text: December

text: known

text: professionally

text: as

text: Jay

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: rapper

text: businessman

text: and

text: investor

text: Formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Jay

text: he

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: selling

text: musicians

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: having

text: sold

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: records

text: while

text: receiving

text: Grammy

text: Awards

text: for

text: his

text: music

text: MTV

text: ranked

text: him

text: the

text: Greatest

text: MC

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: in

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: ranked

text: three

text: of

text: his

text: albums"Reasonable

text: Doubt

text: The

text: Blueprint

text: and

text: The

text: Black

text: Album

text: the

text: greatest

text: albums

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: In

text: Forbes

text: estimated

text: his

text: net

text: worth

text: at

text: nearly

text: million

text: making

text: him

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: richest

text: hip

text: hop

text: artists

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Kanye Omari West (born June 8, 1977) is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, fashion designer, and entrepreneur. Born in Atlanta and raised in Chicago, West first became known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s, producing hit singles for artists such as Jay Z and Alicia Keys. Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper, West released his debut album "The College Dropout" in 2004 to widespread critical and commercial success, and founded the record label GOOD Music. He went on to pursue a variety of different styles on subsequent albums "Late Registration" (2005), "Graduation" (2007), and "808s & Heartbreak" (2008). In 2010, he released his fifth album "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy" to rave reviews from critics, and the following year he collaborated with Jay Z on the joint LP "Watch the Throne" (2011). West released his abrasive sixth album, "Yeezus", to further critical praise in 2013. His seventh album, "The Life of Pablo", was released in 2016.

text: Kanye

text: Omari

text: West

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: rapper

text: songwriter

text: record

text: producer

text: fashion

text: designer

text: and

text: entrepreneur

text: Born

text: in

text: Atlanta

text: and

text: raised

text: in

text: Chicago

text: West

text: first

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: producer

text: for

text: Roc

text: Fella

text: Records

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: producing

text: hit

text: singles

text: for

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: Jay

text: and

text: Alicia

text: Keys

text: Intent

text: on

text: pursuing

text: solo

text: career

text: as

text: rapper

text: West

text: released

text: his

text: debut

text: album

text: The

text: College

text: Dropout

text: in

text: to

text: widespread

text: critical

text: and

text: commercial

text: success

text: and

text: founded

text: the

text: record

text: label

text: GOOD

text: Music

text: He

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: pursue

text: variety

text: of

text: different

text: styles

text: on

text: subsequent

text: albums

text: Late

text: Registration

text: Graduation

text: and

text: Heartbreak

text: In

text: he

text: released

text: his

text: fifth

text: album

text: My

text: Beautiful

text: Dark

text: Twisted

text: Fantasy

text: to

text: rave

text: reviews

text: from

text: critics

text: and

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: he

text: collaborated

text: with

text: Jay

text: on

text: the

text: joint

text: LP

text: Watch

text: the

text: Throne

text: West

text: released

text: his

text: abrasive

text: sixth

text: album

text: Yeezus

text: to

text: further

text: critical

text: praise

text: in

text: His

text: seventh

text: album

text: The

text: Life

text: of

text: Pablo

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: Alicia Augello Cook (born January 25, 1981), known by her stage name Alicia Keys, is an American singer, songwriter, pianist and actress. Keys released her debut album with J Records, having had previous record deals first with Columbia and then Arista Records. Keys' debut album, "Songs in A Minor" was released in 2001, producing her first "Billboard" Hot 100 number-one single "Fallin'", and selling over 12 million copies worldwide. The album earned Keys five Grammy Awards in 2002. Her sophomore album, "The Diary of Alicia Keys", was released in 2003, spawning successful singles "You Don't Know My Name", "If I Ain't Got You" and "Diary", and selling eight million copies worldwide. The duet song "My Boo" with Usher, scored her a second number-one single in 2004. The album garnered her an additional four Grammy Awards in 2005. Later that year, she released her first live album, "Unplugged", becoming the first woman to have an "MTV Unplugged" album debut at number one.

text: Alicia

text: Augello

text: Cook

text: born

text: January

text: known

text: by

text: her

text: stage

text: name

text: Alicia

text: Keys

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: pianist

text: and

text: actress

text: Keys

text: released

text: her

text: debut

text: album

text: with

text: Records

text: having

text: had

text: previous

text: record

text: deals

text: first

text: with

text: Columbia

text: and

text: then

text: Arista

text: Records

text: Keys

text: debut

text: album

text: Songs

text: in

text: Minor

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: producing

text: her

text: first

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: number

text: one

text: single

text: Fallin

text: and

text: selling

text: over

text: million

text: copies

text: worldwide

text: The

text: album

text: earned

text: Keys

text: five

text: Grammy

text: Awards

text: in

text: Her

text: sophomore

text: album

text: The

text: Diary

text: of

text: Alicia

text: Keys

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: spawning

text: successful

text: singles

text: You

text: Do

text: n't

text: Know

text: My

text: Name

text: If

text: Ai

text: n't

text: Got

text: You

text: and

text: Diary

text: and

text: selling

text: eight

text: million

text: copies

text: worldwide

text: The

text: duet

text: song

text: My

text: Boo

text: with

text: Usher

text: scored

text: her

text: second

text: number

text: one

text: single

text: in

text: The

text: album

text: garnered

text: her

text: an

text: additional

text: four

text: Grammy

text: Awards

text: in

text: Later

text: that

text: year

text: she

text: released

text: her

text: first

text: live

text: album

text: Unplugged

text: becoming

text: the

text: first

text: woman

text: to

text: have

text: an

text: MTV

text: Unplugged

text: album

text: debut

text: at

text: number

text: one

text: The College Dropout is the debut studio album by American hip hop artist Kanye West, released February 10, 2004, by Roc-A-Fella Records. It was recorded over a period of four years, beginning in 1999. Prior to the album's release, West had received praise for his production work for artists such as Jay-Z and Talib Kweli, but faced difficulty being accepted as a recording artist in his own right by figures in the music industry. Nonetheless intent on pursuing a solo career, it was several years before West finally received a record deal from Roc-A-Fella Records.

text: The

text: College

text: Dropout

text: is

text: the

text: debut

text: studio

text: album

text: by

text: American

text: hip

text: hop

text: artist

text: Kanye

text: West

text: released

text: February

text: by

text: Roc

text: Fella

text: Records

text: It

text: was

text: recorded

text: over

text: period

text: of

text: four

text: years

text: beginning

text: in

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: album

text: 's

text: release

text: West

text: had

text: received

text: praise

text: for

text: his

text: production

text: work

text: for

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: Jay

text: and

text: Talib

text: Kweli

text: but

text: faced

text: difficulty

text: being

text: accepted

text: as

text: recording

text: artist

text: in

text: his

text: own

text: right

text: by

text: figures

text: in

text: the

text: music

text: industry

text: Nonetheless

text: intent

text: on

text: pursuing

text: solo

text: career

text: it

text: was

text: several

text: years

text: before

text: West

text: finally

text: received

text: record

text: deal

text: from

text: Roc

text: Fella

text: Records

text: Keezo Kane ( born Keith Moore ) is an American hip - hop producer . In 2004 , he signed to Kanye West 's G.O.O.D. Music label .

text: Keezo

text: Kane

text: born

text: Keith

text: Moore

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: hip

text: hop

text: producer

text: In

text: he

text: signed

text: to

text: Kanye

text: West

text: 's

text: G.O.O.D.

text: Music

text: label

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

question: occupation keezo kane

answer: record producer

text: record producer

text: record producer

text: record producer


text: Informally, the reconstruction conjecture in graph theory says that graphs are determined uniquely by their subgraphs. It is due to Kelly and Ulam.

text: Informally

text: the

text: reconstruction

text: conjecture

text: in

text: graph

text: theory

text: says

text: that

text: graphs

text: are

text: determined

text: uniquely

text: by

text: their

text: subgraphs

text: It

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: Kelly

text: and

text: Ulam

text: A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country (or region) to another, largely depending on the specific education landscape.

text: public

text: university

text: is

text: university

text: that

text: is

text: predominantly

text: funded

text: by

text: public

text: means

text: through

text: national

text: or

text: subnational

text: government

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: private

text: universities

text: Whether

text: national

text: university

text: is

text: considered

text: public

text: varies

text: from

text: one

text: country

text: or

text: region

text: to

text: another

text: largely

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: specific

text: education

text: landscape

text:
A university ("a whole", "a corporation") is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which grants academic degrees in various subjects.
Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education.

text: university

text: whole

text: corporation

text: is

text: an

text: institution

text: of

text: higher

text: or

text: tertiary

text: education

text: and

text: research

text: which

text: grants

text: academic

text: degrees

text: in

text: various

text: subjects

text: Universities

text: typically

text: provide

text: undergraduate

text: education

text: and

text: postgraduate

text: education

text: The University of Manitoba (U of M, UMN, or UMB) is a public university in the province of Manitoba, Canada. Located in Winnipeg and founded in 1877, it was Western Canadas first university. The university maintains a reputation as a top research-intensive post-secondary educational institution and conducts more research annually than any other university in the region. It is the largest university both by total student enrollment and campus area in the province of Manitoba, and the 17th largest in all of Canada. The university's raised admissions standards, wide array of professional disciplines, and global outreach have resulted in one of the most diverse student bodies in Western Canada. The campus includes both Faculties of Law and Medicine, and boasts hundreds of degree programs.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Manitoba

text: of

text: UMN

text: or

text: UMB

text: is

text: public

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Manitoba

text: Canada

text: Located

text: in

text: Winnipeg

text: and

text: founded

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: Western

text: Canadas

text: first

text: university

text: The

text: university

text: maintains

text: reputation

text: as

text: top

text: research

text: intensive

text: post

text: secondary

text: educational

text: institution

text: and

text: conducts

text: more

text: research

text: annually

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: university

text: both

text: by

text: total

text: student

text: enrollment

text: and

text: campus

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Manitoba

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: all

text: of

text: Canada

text: The

text: university

text: 's

text: raised

text: admissions

text: standards

text: wide

text: array

text: of

text: professional

text: disciplines

text: and

text: global

text: outreach

text: have

text: resulted

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: student

text: bodies

text: in

text: Western

text: Canada

text: The

text: campus

text: includes

text: both

text: Faculties

text: of

text: Law

text: and

text: Medicine

text: and

text: boasts

text: hundreds

text: of

text: degree

text: programs

text: The Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications (ICA) is an international scientific organization. It was formed in 1990 and is based in Boca Raton, Florida; its operation office is housed at Florida Atlantic University.

text: The

text: Institute

text: of

text: Combinatorics

text: and

text: its

text: Applications

text: ICA

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: scientific

text: organization

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: based

text: in

text: Boca

text: Raton

text: Florida

text: its

text: operation

text: office

text: is

text: housed

text: at

text: Florida

text: Atlantic

text: University

text: Florida Atlantic University (also referred to as FAU or Florida Atlantic) is a public university located in Boca Raton, Florida, with five satellite campuses located in the Florida cities of Dania Beach, Davie, Fort Lauderdale, Jupiter, and in Fort Pierce at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution. FAU belongs to the 12-campus State University System of Florida and serves South Florida, which has a population of more than five million people and spans more than 100 miles (160 km) of coastline. Florida Atlantic University is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a research university with high research activity. The university offers more than 180 undergraduate and graduate degree programs within its 10 colleges in addition to a professional degree from the College of Medicine. Programs of study cover arts and humanities, the sciences, medicine, nursing, accounting, business, education, public administration, social work, architecture, engineering, and computer science.

text: Florida

text: Atlantic

text: University

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: FAU

text: or

text: Florida

text: Atlantic

text: is

text: public

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Boca

text: Raton

text: Florida

text: with

text: five

text: satellite

text: campuses

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Florida

text: cities

text: of

text: Dania

text: Beach

text: Davie

text: Fort

text: Lauderdale

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: in

text: Fort

text: Pierce

text: at

text: the

text: Harbor

text: Branch

text: Oceanographic

text: Institution

text: FAU

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: State

text: University

text: System

text: of

text: Florida

text: and

text: serves

text: South

text: Florida

text: which

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: five

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: spans

text: more

text: than

text: miles

text: km

text: of

text: coastline

text: Florida

text: Atlantic

text: University

text: is

text: classified

text: by

text: the

text: Carnegie

text: Foundation

text: as

text: research

text: university

text: with

text: high

text: research

text: activity

text: The

text: university

text: offers

text: more

text: than

text: undergraduate

text: and

text: graduate

text: degree

text: programs

text: within

text: its

text: colleges

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: professional

text: degree

text: from

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Medicine

text: Programs

text: of

text: study

text: cover

text: arts

text: and

text: humanities

text: the

text: sciences

text: medicine

text: nursing

text: accounting

text: business

text: education

text: public

text: administration

text: social

text: work

text: architecture

text: engineering

text: and

text: computer

text: science

text: William Lawrence Kocay is a Canadian professor at the department of computer science at St. Paul 's College of the University of Manitoba and a graph theorist . He is known for his work in graph algorithms and the reconstruction conjecture and is affectionately referred to as `` Wild Bill '' by his students . Bill Kocay is a former managing editor ( from Jan 1988 to May 1997 ) of Ars Combinatoria , a Canadian journal of combinatorial mathematics , is a founding fellow of the Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications . His research interests include algorithms for graphs , the development of mathematical software , the graph reconstruction problem , the graph isomorphism problem , projective geometry , Hamiltonian cycles , planarity , graph embedding algorithms , graphs on surfaces , and combinatorial designs .

text: William

text: Lawrence

text: Kocay

text: is

text: Canadian

text: professor

text: at

text: the

text: department

text: of

text: computer

text: science

text: at

text: St.

text: Paul

text: 's

text: College

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Manitoba

text: and

text: graph

text: theorist

text: He

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: in

text: graph

text: algorithms

text: and

text: the

text: reconstruction

text: conjecture

text: and

text: is

text: affectionately

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Wild

text: Bill

text: by

text: his

text: students

text: Bill

text: Kocay

text: is

text: former

text: managing

text: editor

text: from

text: Jan

text: to

text: May

text: of

text: Ars

text: Combinatoria

text: Canadian

text: journal

text: of

text: combinatorial

text: mathematics

text: is

text: founding

text: fellow

text: of

text: the

text: Institute

text: of

text: Combinatorics

text: and

text: its

text: Applications

text: His

text: research

text: interests

text: include

text: algorithms

text: for

text: graphs

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: mathematical

text: software

text: the

text: graph

text: reconstruction

text: problem

text: the

text: graph

text: isomorphism

text: problem

text: projective

text: geometry

text: Hamiltonian

text: cycles

text: planarity

text: graph

text: embedding

text: algorithms

text: graphs

text: on

text: surfaces

text: and

text: combinatorial

text: designs

text: Canada (French: ) is a country in the northern half of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering , making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Canada's border with the United States is the world's longest land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. About four-fifths of the country's population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, its largest city is Toronto; other major urban areas include Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg and Hamilton.

text: Canada

text: French

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: half

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: Its

text: ten

text: provinces

text: and

text: three

text: territories

text: extend

text: from

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: to

text: the

text: Pacific

text: and

text: northward

text: into

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: covering

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: Canada

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: longest

text: land

text: border

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: cold

text: or

text: severely

text: cold

text: winter

text: climate

text: but

text: southerly

text: areas

text: are

text: warm

text: in

text: summer

text: Canada

text: is

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: its

text: land

text: territory

text: being

text: dominated

text: by

text: forest

text: and

text: tundra

text: and

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: About

text: four

text: fifths

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: urbanized

text: and

text: live

text: near

text: the

text: southern

text: border

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Ottawa

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Toronto

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Montreal

text: Vancouver

text: Calgary

text: Edmonton

text: Quebec

text: City

text: Winnipeg

text: and

text: Hamilton

text: In mathematics graph theory is the study of "graphs", which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of "vertices", "nodes", or "points" which are connected by "edges", "arcs", or "lines". A graph may be "undirected", meaning that there is no distinction between the two vertices associated with each edge, or its edges may be "directed" from one vertex to another; see Graph (discrete mathematics) for more detailed definitions and for other variations in the types of graph that are commonly considered. Graphs are one of the prime objects of study in discrete mathematics.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: graph

text: theory

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: graphs

text: which

text: are

text: mathematical

text: structures

text: used

text: to

text: model

text: pairwise

text: relations

text: between

text: objects

text: graph

text: in

text: this

text: context

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: vertices

text: nodes

text: or

text: points

text: which

text: are

text: connected

text: by

text: edges

text: arcs

text: or

text: lines

text: graph

text: may

text: be

text: undirected

text: meaning

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: distinction

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: vertices

text: associated

text: with

text: each

text: edge

text: or

text: its

text: edges

text: may

text: be

text: directed

text: from

text: one

text: vertex

text: to

text: another

text: see

text: Graph

text: discrete

text: mathematics

text: for

text: more

text: detailed

text: definitions

text: and

text: for

text: other

text: variations

text: in

text: the

text: types

text: of

text: graph

text: that

text: are

text: commonly

text: considered

text: Graphs

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: prime

text: objects

text: of

text: study

text: in

text: discrete

text: mathematics

annotations: likely multiple

question: field_of_work william lawrence kocay

answer: graph theory

text: graph theory

text: graph theory