text: The President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia or President of Bolivia, is head of state and head of government of Bolivia. According to the current Constitution, the president is elected by popular vote to a five-year term, renewable once. Since 2009, if no candidate wins a majority, the top two candidates advance to a runoff election. Prior to 2009, if no candidate won half the popular vote, the president was chosen by a vote in a joint legislative session from among the top two candidates (prior to 1995, the top three candidates were eligible).

text: The

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Plurinational

text: State

text: of

text: Bolivia

text: or

text: President

text: of

text: Bolivia

text: is

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: and

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: of

text: Bolivia

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: current

text: Constitution

text: the

text: president

text: is

text: elected

text: by

text: popular

text: vote

text: to

text: five

text: year

text: term

text: renewable

text: once

text: Since

text: if

text: no

text: candidate

text: wins

text: majority

text: the

text: top

text: two

text: candidates

text: advance

text: to

text: runoff

text: election

text: Prior

text: to

text: if

text: no

text: candidate

text: won

text: half

text: the

text: popular

text: vote

text: the

text: president

text: was

text: chosen

text: by

text: vote

text: in

text: joint

text: legislative

text: session

text: from

text: among

text: the

text: top

text: two

text: candidates

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: top

text: three

text: candidates

text: were

text: eligible

text: General elections were held in Bolivia on 30 June 2002 . As no candidate for the presidency received over 50 % of the vote , the National Congress was required to elect a President . Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada was elected with 84 votes to the 43 received by Evo Morales .

text: General

text: elections

text: were

text: held

text: in

text: Bolivia

text: on

text: June

text: As

text: no

text: candidate

text: for

text: the

text: presidency

text: received

text: over

text: of

text: the

text: vote

text: the

text: National

text: Congress

text: was

text: required

text: to

text: elect

text: President

text: Gonzalo

text: Sánchez

text: de

text: Lozada

text: was

text: elected

text: with

text: votes

text: to

text: the

text: received

text: by

text: Evo

text: Morales

text: Cocaleros are the coca leaf growers of Peru and Bolivia. In response to U.S.-funded attempts to eradicate and fumigate coca crops in the Chapare region of Bolivia, cocaleros joined with other grassroots indigenous organizations in the country, such as unionized mine workers and peasants to contest the government. Evo Morales, who became president of Bolivia in 2006, is a leader of the cocalero movement in that country.

text: Cocaleros

text: are

text: the

text: coca

text: leaf

text: growers

text: of

text: Peru

text: and

text: Bolivia

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: U.S

text: funded

text: attempts

text: to

text: eradicate

text: and

text: fumigate

text: coca

text: crops

text: in

text: the

text: Chapare

text: region

text: of

text: Bolivia

text: cocaleros

text: joined

text: with

text: other

text: grassroots

text: indigenous

text: organizations

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: such

text: as

text: unionized

text: mine

text: workers

text: and

text: peasants

text: to

text: contest

text: the

text: government

text: Evo

text: Morales

text: who

text: became

text: president

text: of

text: Bolivia

text: in

text: is

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: cocalero

text: movement

text: in

text: that

text: country

text: Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada Sánchez de Bustamante (born 1 July 1930), familiarly known as "Goni", is a Bolivian politician and businessman, who served as President of Bolivia for two non-consecutive terms. He is a lifelong member of the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR). As Minister of Planning in the government of President Víctor Paz Estenssoro, Sánchez de Lozada used "shock therapy" in 1985 to cut hyperinflation from an estimated 25,000% to a single digit within a period of less than 6 weeks.

text: Gonzalo

text: Sánchez

text: de

text: Lozada

text: Sánchez

text: de

text: Bustamante

text: born

text: July

text: familiarly

text: known

text: as

text: Goni

text: is

text: Bolivian

text: politician

text: and

text: businessman

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: President

text: of

text: Bolivia

text: for

text: two

text: non

text: consecutive

text: terms

text: He

text: is

text: lifelong

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Movimiento

text: Nacionalista

text: Revolucionario

text: MNR

text: As

text: Minister

text: of

text: Planning

text: in

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: President

text: Víctor

text: Paz

text: Estenssoro

text: Sánchez

text: de

text: Lozada

text: used

text: shock

text: therapy

text: in

text: to

text: cut

text: hyperinflation

text: from

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: single

text: digit

text: within

text: period

text: of

text: less

text: than

text: weeks

text: "The War on Drugs" is an American term usually applied to the United States government's campaign of prohibition of drugs, military aid, and military intervention, with the stated aim being to reduce the illegal drug trade. This initiative includes a set of drug policies that are intended to discourage the production, distribution, and consumption of psychoactive drugs that the participating governments and the UN have made illegal. The term was popularized by the media shortly after a press conference given on June 18, 1971, by United States President Richard Nixonthe day after publication of a special message from President Nixon to the Congress on Drug Abuse Prevention and Controlduring which he declared drug abuse "public enemy number one". That message to the Congress included text about devoting more federal resources to the "prevention of new addicts, and the rehabilitation of those who are addicted", but that part did not receive the same public attention as the term "war on drugs". However, two years prior to this, Nixon had formally declared a "war on drugs" that would be directed toward eradication, interdiction, and incarceration. Today, the Drug Policy Alliance, which advocates for an end to the War on Drugs, estimates that the United States spends $51 billion annually on these initiatives.

text: The

text: War

text: on

text: Drugs

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: term

text: usually

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: government

text: 's

text: campaign

text: of

text: prohibition

text: of

text: drugs

text: military

text: aid

text: and

text: military

text: intervention

text: with

text: the

text: stated

text: aim

text: being

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: illegal

text: drug

text: trade

text: This

text: initiative

text: includes

text: set

text: of

text: drug

text: policies

text: that

text: are

text: intended

text: to

text: discourage

text: the

text: production

text: distribution

text: and

text: consumption

text: of

text: psychoactive

text: drugs

text: that

text: the

text: participating

text: governments

text: and

text: the

text: UN

text: have

text: made

text: illegal

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: popularized

text: by

text: the

text: media

text: shortly

text: after

text: press

text: conference

text: given

text: on

text: June

text: by

text: United

text: States

text: President

text: Richard

text: Nixonthe

text: day

text: after

text: publication

text: of

text: special

text: message

text: from

text: President

text: Nixon

text: to

text: the

text: Congress

text: on

text: Drug

text: Abuse

text: Prevention

text: and

text: Controlduring

text: which

text: he

text: declared

text: drug

text: abuse

text: public

text: enemy

text: number

text: one

text: That

text: message

text: to

text: the

text: Congress

text: included

text: text

text: about

text: devoting

text: more

text: federal

text: resources

text: to

text: the

text: prevention

text: of

text: new

text: addicts

text: and

text: the

text: rehabilitation

text: of

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: addicted

text: but

text: that

text: part

text: did

text: not

text: receive

text: the

text: same

text: public

text: attention

text: as

text: the

text: term

text: war

text: on

text: drugs

text: However

text: two

text: years

text: prior

text: to

text: this

text: Nixon

text: had

text: formally

text: declared

text: war

text: on

text: drugs

text: that

text: would

text: be

text: directed

text: toward

text: eradication

text: interdiction

text: and

text: incarceration

text: Today

text: the

text: Drug

text: Policy

text: Alliance

text: which

text: advocates

text: for

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: the

text: War

text: on

text: Drugs

text: estimates

text: that

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: spends

text: billion

text: annually

text: on

text: these

text: initiatives

text: The "International Monetary Fund" (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system. It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises. Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money. , the fund had SDR 477 billion (about $668 billion).

text: The

text: International

text: Monetary

text: Fund

text: IMF

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: organization

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: of

text: countries

text: working

text: to

text: foster

text: global

text: monetary

text: cooperation

text: secure

text: financial

text: stability

text: facilitate

text: international

text: trade

text: promote

text: high

text: employment

text: and

text: sustainable

text: economic

text: growth

text: and

text: reduce

text: poverty

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: Formed

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: Bretton

text: Woods

text: Conference

text: primarily

text: by

text: the

text: ideas

text: of

text: Harry

text: Dexter

text: White

text: and

text: John

text: Maynard

text: Keynes

text: it

text: came

text: into

text: formal

text: existence

text: in

text: with

text: member

text: countries

text: and

text: the

text: goal

text: of

text: reconstructing

text: the

text: international

text: payment

text: system

text: It

text: now

text: plays

text: central

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: management

text: of

text: balance

text: of

text: payments

text: difficulties

text: and

text: international

text: financial

text: crises

text: Countries

text: contribute

text: funds

text: to

text: pool

text: through

text: quota

text: system

text: from

text: which

text: countries

text: experiencing

text: balance

text: of

text: payments

text: problems

text: can

text: borrow

text: money

text: the

text: fund

text: had

text: SDR

text: billion

text: about

text: billion

text: Ángel Víctor Paz Estenssoro (2 October 1907  7 June 2001) was a Bolivian politician and President of Bolivia. He ran for president 8 times (1947, 1951, 1960, 1964, 1978, 1979, 1980, and 1985), winning in 1951, 1960, 1964, and 1985.

text: Ángel

text: Víctor

text: Paz

text: Estenssoro

text: October

text: June

text: was

text: Bolivian

text: politician

text: and

text: President

text: of

text: Bolivia

text: He

text: ran

text: for

text: president

text: times

text: and

text: winning

text: in

text: and

text:
Juan Evo Morales Ayma (born October 26, 1959), popularly known as Evo, is a Bolivian politician and cocalero activist who has served as President of Bolivia since 2006. Widely regarded as the country's first president to come from the indigenous population, his administration has focused on the implementation of leftist policies through authoritarian means, poverty reduction, and combating the alleged influence of the United States and multinational corporations in Bolivia. A self-declared Marxist-Leninist, Morales is the head of the Movement for Socialism (MAS) party.
Born to an Aymara family of subsistence farmers in Isallawi, Orinoca Canton, Morales undertook a basic education before mandatory military service, in 1978 moving to Chapare Province. Growing coca and becoming a trade unionist, he rose to prominence in the "campesino" ("rural laborers") union, campaigning against U.S. and Bolivian attempts to eradicate coca as a part of the War on Drugs, which he denounced as an imperialist violation of indigenous Andean culture. He repeatedly engaged in anti-government, violent direct action protests, resulting in multiple arrests. Morales entered electoral politics in 1995, became the leader of the MAS and was elected to Congress. His campaign focused on issues affecting indigenous and poor communities, advocating land reform and redistribution of gas wealth. He gained increased visibility through the Cochabamba protests and gas conflict. In 2002 he was expelled from Congress for encouraging protesters, although he came second in that year's presidential election.
Once elected in 2005, Morales increased taxation on the hydrocarbon industry to bolster social spending, emphasising projects to combat illiteracy, poverty, racism, and sexism. Vocally criticizing neoliberalism and reducing dependence on the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, his administration oversaw strong economic growth while following a policy termed "Evonomics" which sought to move from a liberal economic approach to a mixed economy. Scaling back U.S. influence in the country, he built relationships with authoritarian leftist governments in the Latin American pink tide and signed Bolivia into the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas. Attempting to moderate the left-indigenous activist community, his administration also opposed the autonomist demands of Bolivia's eastern provinces. Winning a recall referendum in 2008, he instituted a new constitution that established Bolivia as a plurinational state and was re-elected in 2009. His second term witnessed the continuation of leftist policies and Bolivia's joining of the Bank of the South and Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. After becoming the world's oldest professional footballer by signing to a Bolivian team, he was again reelected in the 2014 general election. Morales has become known for making colorful remarks during official events. These statements have been termed by locals as "Evadas." Among the most colorful are Morales' claim that male pattern baldness and homosexuality are caused by eating chicken infused with female hormones, and that whenever he arrives at a rural village "all the women get pregnant, and their bellies say 'Evo fulfills.'"
Morales has been praised for significantly reducing poverty and illiteracy in Bolivia and has been internationally decorated with various awards. His supporters have lauded him as a champion of indigenous rights, anti-imperialism, and environmentalism. Alternately, a number of leftist, indigenous, and environmentalist critics have accused him of failing to live up to many of his espoused values, while right-wing opponents have accused him of being excessively radical and authoritarian and claimed that his defence of coca contributes to illegal cocaine production.

text: Juan

text: Evo

text: Morales

text: Ayma

text: born

text: October

text: popularly

text: known

text: as

text: Evo

text: is

text: Bolivian

text: politician

text: and

text: cocalero

text: activist

text: who

text: has

text: served

text: as

text: President

text: of

text: Bolivia

text: since

text: Widely

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: first

text: president

text: to

text: come

text: from

text: the

text: indigenous

text: population

text: his

text: administration

text: has

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: implementation

text: of

text: leftist

text: policies

text: through

text: authoritarian

text: means

text: poverty

text: reduction

text: and

text: combating

text: the

text: alleged

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: multinational

text: corporations

text: in

text: Bolivia

text: self

text: declared

text: Marxist

text: Leninist

text: Morales

text: is

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Movement

text: for

text: Socialism

text: MAS

text: party

text: Born

text: to

text: an

text: Aymara

text: family

text: of

text: subsistence

text: farmers

text: in

text: Isallawi

text: Orinoca

text: Canton

text: Morales

text: undertook

text: basic

text: education

text: before

text: mandatory

text: military

text: service

text: in

text: moving

text: to

text: Chapare

text: Province

text: Growing

text: coca

text: and

text: becoming

text: trade

text: unionist

text: he

text: rose

text: to

text: prominence

text: in

text: the

text: campesino

text: rural

text: laborers

text: union

text: campaigning

text: against

text: U.S.

text: and

text: Bolivian

text: attempts

text: to

text: eradicate

text: coca

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: War

text: on

text: Drugs

text: which

text: he

text: denounced

text: as

text: an

text: imperialist

text: violation

text: of

text: indigenous

text: Andean

text: culture

text: He

text: repeatedly

text: engaged

text: in

text: anti

text: government

text: violent

text: direct

text: action

text: protests

text: resulting

text: in

text: multiple

text: arrests

text: Morales

text: entered

text: electoral

text: politics

text: in

text: became

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: MAS

text: and

text: was

text: elected

text: to

text: Congress

text: His

text: campaign

text: focused

text: on

text: issues

text: affecting

text: indigenous

text: and

text: poor

text: communities

text: advocating

text: land

text: reform

text: and

text: redistribution

text: of

text: gas

text: wealth

text: He

text: gained

text: increased

text: visibility

text: through

text: the

text: Cochabamba

text: protests

text: and

text: gas

text: conflict

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: expelled

text: from

text: Congress

text: for

text: encouraging

text: protesters

text: although

text: he

text: came

text: second

text: in

text: that

text: year

text: 's

text: presidential

text: election

text: Once

text: elected

text: in

text: Morales

text: increased

text: taxation

text: on

text: the

text: hydrocarbon

text: industry

text: to

text: bolster

text: social

text: spending

text: emphasising

text: projects

text: to

text: combat

text: illiteracy

text: poverty

text: racism

text: and

text: sexism

text: Vocally

text: criticizing

text: neoliberalism

text: and

text: reducing

text: dependence

text: on

text: the

text: World

text: Bank

text: and

text: International

text: Monetary

text: Fund

text: his

text: administration

text: oversaw

text: strong

text: economic

text: growth

text: while

text: following

text: policy

text: termed

text: Evonomics

text: which

text: sought

text: to

text: move

text: from

text: liberal

text: economic

text: approach

text: to

text: mixed

text: economy

text: Scaling

text: back

text: U.S.

text: influence

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: he

text: built

text: relationships

text: with

text: authoritarian

text: leftist

text: governments

text: in

text: the

text: Latin

text: American

text: pink

text: tide

text: and

text: signed

text: Bolivia

text: into

text: the

text: Bolivarian

text: Alliance

text: for

text: the

text: Americas

text: Attempting

text: to

text: moderate

text: the

text: left

text: indigenous

text: activist

text: community

text: his

text: administration

text: also

text: opposed

text: the

text: autonomist

text: demands

text: of

text: Bolivia

text: 's

text: eastern

text: provinces

text: Winning

text: recall

text: referendum

text: in

text: he

text: instituted

text: new

text: constitution

text: that

text: established

text: Bolivia

text: as

text: plurinational

text: state

text: and

text: was

text: re

text: elected

text: in

text: His

text: second

text: term

text: witnessed

text: the

text: continuation

text: of

text: leftist

text: policies

text: and

text: Bolivia

text: 's

text: joining

text: of

text: the

text: Bank

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: and

text: Community

text: of

text: Latin

text: American

text: and

text: Caribbean

text: States

text: After

text: becoming

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oldest

text: professional

text: footballer

text: by

text: signing

text: to

text: Bolivian

text: team

text: he

text: was

text: again

text: reelected

text: in

text: the

text: general

text: election

text: Morales

text: has

text: become

text: known

text: for

text: making

text: colorful

text: remarks

text: during

text: official

text: events

text: These

text: statements

text: have

text: been

text: termed

text: by

text: locals

text: as

text: Evadas

text: Among

text: the

text: most

text: colorful

text: are

text: Morales

text: claim

text: that

text: male

text: pattern

text: baldness

text: and

text: homosexuality

text: are

text: caused

text: by

text: eating

text: chicken

text: infused

text: with

text: female

text: hormones

text: and

text: that

text: whenever

text: he

text: arrives

text: at

text: rural

text: village

text: all

text: the

text: women

text: get

text: pregnant

text: and

text: their

text: bellies

text: say

text: Evo

text: fulfills

text: Morales

text: has

text: been

text: praised

text: for

text: significantly

text: reducing

text: poverty

text: and

text: illiteracy

text: in

text: Bolivia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: internationally

text: decorated

text: with

text: various

text: awards

text: His

text: supporters

text: have

text: lauded

text: him

text: as

text: champion

text: of

text: indigenous

text: rights

text: anti

text: imperialism

text: and

text: environmentalism

text: Alternately

text: number

text: of

text: leftist

text: indigenous

text: and

text: environmentalist

text: critics

text: have

text: accused

text: him

text: of

text: failing

text: to

text: live

text: up

text: to

text: many

text: of

text: his

text: espoused

text: values

text: while

text: right

text: wing

text: opponents

text: have

text: accused

text: him

text: of

text: being

text: excessively

text: radical

text: and

text: authoritarian

text: and

text: claimed

text: that

text: his

text: defence

text: of

text: coca

text: contributes

text: to

text: illegal

text: cocaine

text: production

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

question: office_contested bolivian general election

answer: president of bolivia

text: president of bolivia

text: president of bolivia

text: president of bolivia

text: president of bolivia

text: president of bolivia


text: Arbat Street (Russian ), mainly referred to in English as the Arbat, is a pedestrian street about one kilometer long in the historical centre of Moscow, Russia. The Arbat has existed since at least the 15th century, which makes it one of the oldest surviving streets of the Russian capital. It forms the heart of the Arbat District of Moscow. Originally the street formed part of an important trade-route and was home to a large number of craftsmen.

text: Arbat

text: Street

text: Russian

text: mainly

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: English

text: as

text: the

text: Arbat

text: is

text: pedestrian

text: street

text: about

text: one

text: kilometer

text: long

text: in

text: the

text: historical

text: centre

text: of

text: Moscow

text: Russia

text: The

text: Arbat

text: has

text: existed

text: since

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: century

text: which

text: makes

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: surviving

text: streets

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: capital

text: It

text: forms

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Arbat

text: District

text: of

text: Moscow

text: Originally

text: the

text: street

text: formed

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: important

text: trade

text: route

text: and

text: was

text: home

text: to

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: craftsmen

text: The Garden Ring, also known as the "B" Ring (transliteration: "Sadovoye Koltso"), is a circular ring road avenue around central Moscow, its course corresponding to what used to be the city ramparts surrounding Zemlyanoy Gorod in the 17th century.

text: The

text: Garden

text: Ring

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Ring

text: transliteration

text: Sadovoye

text: Koltso

text: is

text: circular

text: ring

text: road

text: avenue

text: around

text: central

text: Moscow

text: its

text: course

text: corresponding

text: to

text: what

text: used

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: city

text: ramparts

text: surrounding

text: Zemlyanoy

text: Gorod

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: A ring road (also known as beltline, beltway, circumferential (high)way, loop or orbital) is a road or a series of connected roads encircling a town or city.

text: ring

text: road

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: beltline

text: beltway

text: circumferential

text: high)way

text: loop

text: or

text: orbital

text: is

text: road

text: or

text: series

text: of

text: connected

text: roads

text: encircling

text: town

text: or

text: city

text: Smolenskaya Square ( Russian :   ) is a square in the center of Moscow . The Garden Ring crosses the square . Arbat street runs towards it and ends near the Foreign Ministry skyscraper , the main building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia . The latter faces Smolenskaya square .

text: Smolenskaya

text: Square

text: Russian

text: is

text: square

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: Moscow

text: The

text: Garden

text: Ring

text: crosses

text: the

text: square

text: Arbat

text: street

text: runs

text: towards

text: it

text: and

text: ends

text: near

text: the

text: Foreign

text: Ministry

text: skyscraper

text: the

text: main

text: building

text: of

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Foreign

text: Affairs

text: of

text: Russia

text: The

text: latter

text: faces

text: Smolenskaya

text: square

text: Moscow (or ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 12.2 million residents within the city limits and 16.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city.

text: Moscow

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: Russia

text: with

text: million

text: residents

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: limits

text: and

text: million

text: within

text: the

text: urban

text: area

text: Moscow

text: has

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: Russian

text: federal

text: city

text: An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, towns, conurbations or suburbs. In urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The creation of early predecessors of urban areas during the urban revolution led to the creation of human civilization with modern urban planning, which along with other human activities such as exploitation of natural resources leads to human impact on the environment.

text: An

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: human

text: settlement

text: with

text: high

text: population

text: density

text: and

text: infrastructure

text: of

text: built

text: environment

text: Urban

text: areas

text: are

text: created

text: through

text: urbanization

text: and

text: are

text: categorized

text: by

text: urban

text: morphology

text: as

text: cities

text: towns

text: conurbations

text: or

text: suburbs

text: In

text: urbanism

text: the

text: term

text: contrasts

text: to

text: rural

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: villages

text: and

text: hamlets

text: and

text: in

text: urban

text: sociology

text: or

text: urban

text: anthropology

text: it

text: contrasts

text: with

text: natural

text: environment

text: The

text: creation

text: of

text: early

text: predecessors

text: of

text: urban

text: areas

text: during

text: the

text: urban

text: revolution

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: human

text: civilization

text: with

text: modern

text: urban

text: planning

text: which

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: human

text: activities

text: such

text: as

text: exploitation

text: of

text: natural

text: resources

text: leads

text: to

text: human

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: environment

text: Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.

text: Russia

text: from

text: the

text: Rus

text: also

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: At

text: Russia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: surface

text: area

text: covering

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: eighth

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: inhabited

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: most

text: populous

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: March

text: The

text: European

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: populated

text: and

text: urbanised

text: than

text: the

text: eastern

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: live

text: in

text: European

text: Russia

text: Russia

text: 's

text: capital

text: Moscow

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: centers

text: include

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Novosibirsk

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: and

text: Samara

text: Arbat District is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow, Russia. Population:

text: Arbat

text: District

text: is

text: district

text: of

text: Central

text: Administrative

text: Okrug

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: city

text: of

text: Moscow

text: Russia

text: Population

annotations: likely multiple

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity smolenskaya square

answer: arbat district

text: arbat district

text: arbat district


text: Roger Joseph Boscovich (, , ; 18 May 1711  13 February 1787) was a Ragusan physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, theologian, Jesuit priest, and a polymath from the city of Dubrovnik (modern-day Croatia), who studied and lived in Italy and France where he also published many of his works. He was nicknamed "the Croatian Leibniz" by Werner Heisenberg.

text: Roger

text: Joseph

text: Boscovich

text: May

text: February

text: was

text: Ragusan

text: physicist

text: astronomer

text: mathematician

text: philosopher

text: diplomat

text: poet

text: theologian

text: Jesuit

text: priest

text: and

text: polymath

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Dubrovnik

text: modern

text: day

text: Croatia

text: who

text: studied

text: and

text: lived

text: in

text: Italy

text: and

text: France

text: where

text: he

text: also

text: published

text: many

text: of

text: his

text: works

text: He

text: was

text: nicknamed

text: the

text: Croatian

text: Leibniz

text: by

text: Werner

text: Heisenberg

text: Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901  1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics. He published his work in 1925 in a breakthrough paper. In the subsequent series of papers with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, during the same year, this matrix formulation of quantum mechanics was substantially elaborated. In 1927 he published his uncertainty principle, upon which he built his philosophy and for which he is best known. Heisenberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1932 "for the creation of quantum mechanics".

text: Werner

text: Karl

text: Heisenberg

text: December

text: February

text: was

text: German

text: theoretical

text: physicist

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: key

text: pioneers

text: of

text: quantum

text: mechanics

text: He

text: published

text: his

text: work

text: in

text: in

text: breakthrough

text: paper

text: In

text: the

text: subsequent

text: series

text: of

text: papers

text: with

text: Max

text: Born

text: and

text: Pascual

text: Jordan

text: during

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: this

text: matrix

text: formulation

text: of

text: quantum

text: mechanics

text: was

text: substantially

text: elaborated

text: In

text: he

text: published

text: his

text: uncertainty

text: principle

text: upon

text: which

text: he

text: built

text: his

text: philosophy

text: and

text: for

text: which

text: he

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: Heisenberg

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Physics

text: for

text: for

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: quantum

text: mechanics

text:
A mathematical problem is a problem that is amenable to being represented, analyzed, and possibly solved, with the methods of mathematics. This can be a real-world problem, such as computing the orbits of the planets in the solar system, or a problem of a more abstract nature, such as Hilbert's problems.<br>
It can also be a problem referring to the nature of mathematics itself, such as Russell's Paradox.

text: mathematical

text: problem

text: is

text: problem

text: that

text: is

text: amenable

text: to

text: being

text: represented

text: analyzed

text: and

text: possibly

text: solved

text: with

text: the

text: methods

text: of

text: mathematics

text: This

text: can

text: be

text: real

text: world

text: problem

text: such

text: as

text: computing

text: the

text: orbits

text: of

text: the

text: planets

text: in

text: the

text: solar

text: system

text: or

text: problem

text: of

text: more

text: abstract

text: nature

text: such

text: as

text: Hilbert

text: 's

text: problems.<br

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: problem

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: mathematics

text: itself

text: such

text: as

text: Russell

text: 's

text: Paradox

text: The (plural: "") is a basic administrative division in Italy, roughly equivalent to a township or municipality.

text: The

text: plural

text: is

text: basic

text: administrative

text: division

text: in

text: Italy

text: roughly

text: equivalent

text: to

text: township

text: or

text: municipality

text: Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as "lo Stivale" (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state.

text: Italy

text: officially

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Italy

text: shares

text: open

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovenia

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Italy

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: shape

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: Italy

text: as

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: EU

text: member

text: state

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: The Kingdom of the Lombards also known as the Lombard Kingdom; later the Kingdom of (all) Italy, was an early medieval state established by the Lombards, a Germanic-speaking people, on the Italian Peninsula in the latter part of the 6th century. The king was traditionally elected by the highest-ranking aristocrats, the dukes, as several attempts to establish a hereditary dynasty failed. The kingdom was subdivided into a varying number of duchies, ruled by semi-autonomous dukes, which were in turn subdivided into gastaldates at the municipal level. The capital of the kingdom and the center of its political life was Pavia in the modern northern Italian region of Lombardy.

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Lombards

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Lombard

text: Kingdom

text: later

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: all

text: Italy

text: was

text: an

text: early

text: medieval

text: state

text: established

text: by

text: the

text: Lombards

text: Germanic

text: speaking

text: people

text: on

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: the

text: latter

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: king

text: was

text: traditionally

text: elected

text: by

text: the

text: highest

text: ranking

text: aristocrats

text: the

text: dukes

text: as

text: several

text: attempts

text: to

text: establish

text: hereditary

text: dynasty

text: failed

text: The

text: kingdom

text: was

text: subdivided

text: into

text: varying

text: number

text: of

text: duchies

text: ruled

text: by

text: semi

text: autonomous

text: dukes

text: which

text: were

text: in

text: turn

text: subdivided

text: into

text: gastaldates

text: at

text: the

text: municipal

text: level

text: The

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: its

text: political

text: life

text: was

text: Pavia

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: northern

text: Italian

text: region

text: of

text: Lombardy

text: MILAN ("milan(e)" is French for kite) is a European anti-tank guided missile. Design of the MILAN started in 1962, it was ready for trials in 1971, and was accepted for service in 1972. It is a wire guided SACLOS (semi-automatic command to line-of-sight) missile, which means the sight of the launch unit has to be aimed at the target to guide the missile. The MILAN can be equipped with a MIRA or MILIS thermal sight to give it night-firing ability.

text: MILAN

text: milan(e

text: is

text: French

text: for

text: kite

text: is

text: European

text: anti

text: tank

text: guided

text: missile

text: Design

text: of

text: the

text: MILAN

text: started

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: ready

text: for

text: trials

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: accepted

text: for

text: service

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: wire

text: guided

text: SACLOS

text: semi

text: automatic

text: command

text: to

text: line

text: of

text: sight

text: missile

text: which

text: means

text: the

text: sight

text: of

text: the

text: launch

text: unit

text: has

text: to

text: be

text: aimed

text: at

text: the

text: target

text: to

text: guide

text: the

text: missile

text: The

text: MILAN

text: can

text: be

text: equipped

text: with

text: MIRA

text: or

text: MILIS

text: thermal

text: sight

text: to

text: give

text: it

text: night

text: firing

text: ability

text: A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water. Small rivers can be referred to using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill. There are no official definitions for the generic term river as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities a stream is defined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are "run" in some parts of the United States, "burn" in Scotland and northeast England, and "beck" in northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always: the language is vague.

text: river

text: is

text: natural

text: flowing

text: watercourse

text: usually

text: freshwater

text: flowing

text: towards

text: an

text: ocean

text: sea

text: lake

text: or

text: another

text: river

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: river

text: flows

text: into

text: the

text: ground

text: and

text: becomes

text: dry

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: its

text: course

text: without

text: reaching

text: another

text: body

text: of

text: water

text: Small

text: rivers

text: can

text: be

text: referred

text: to

text: using

text: names

text: such

text: as

text: stream

text: creek

text: brook

text: rivulet

text: and

text: rill

text: There

text: are

text: no

text: official

text: definitions

text: for

text: the

text: generic

text: term

text: river

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: geographic

text: features

text: although

text: in

text: some

text: countries

text: or

text: communities

text: stream

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: its

text: size

text: Many

text: names

text: for

text: small

text: rivers

text: are

text: specific

text: to

text: geographic

text: location

text: examples

text: are

text: run

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: burn

text: in

text: Scotland

text: and

text: northeast

text: England

text: and

text: beck

text: in

text: northern

text: England

text: Sometimes

text: river

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: being

text: larger

text: than

text: creek

text: but

text: not

text: always

text: the

text: language

text: is

text: vague

text: Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a sovereign state between Central Europe, Southeast Europe, and the Mediterranean. Its capital city is Zagreb, which forms one of the country's primary subdivisions, along with its twenty counties. Croatia covers and has diverse, mostly continental and Mediterranean climates. Croatia's Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The country's population is 4.28 million, most of whom are Croats, with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism.

text: Croatia

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Croatia

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: between

text: Central

text: Europe

text: Southeast

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Its

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Zagreb

text: which

text: forms

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: primary

text: subdivisions

text: along

text: with

text: its

text: twenty

text: counties

text: Croatia

text: covers

text: and

text: has

text: diverse

text: mostly

text: continental

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: climates

text: Croatia

text: 's

text: Adriatic

text: Sea

text: coast

text: contains

text: more

text: than

text: thousand

text: islands

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: is

text: million

text: most

text: of

text: whom

text: are

text: Croats

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: religious

text: denomination

text: being

text: Roman

text: Catholicism

text: Lombardy ( Lombard: "Lombardia", ) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy, in the northwest of the country, with an area of 23,844 square kilometres (9,206 sq mi). About 10 million people, forming one-sixth of Italy's population, live in Lombardy and about a fifth of Italy's GDP is produced in the region, making it the most populous and richest region in the country and one of the richest regions in Europe. Milan, Lombardy's capital, is the second-largest city and the largest metropolitan area in Italy.

text: Lombardy

text: Lombard

text: Lombardia

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: twenty

text: administrative

text: regions

text: of

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: About

text: million

text: people

text: forming

text: one

text: sixth

text: of

text: Italy

text: 's

text: population

text: live

text: in

text: Lombardy

text: and

text: about

text: fifth

text: of

text: Italy

text: 's

text: GDP

text: is

text: produced

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: and

text: richest

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: richest

text: regions

text: in

text: Europe

text: Milan

text: Lombardy

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: Italy

text: Pavia (Lombard: "Pavia" Medieval Latin: "Papia") is a town and "comune" of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, south of Milan on the lower Ticino river near its confluence with the Po. It has a population of c. 68,000. The city was the capital of the Kingdom of the Lombards from 572 to 774.

text: Pavia

text: Lombard

text: Pavia

text: Medieval

text: Latin

text: Papia

text: is

text: town

text: and

text: comune

text: of

text: south

text: western

text: Lombardy

text: northern

text: Italy

text: south

text: of

text: Milan

text: on

text: the

text: lower

text: Ticino

text: river

text: near

text: its

text: confluence

text: with

text: the

text: Po

text: It

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Lombards

text: from

text: to

text: Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily: as a medium of scholarly exchange; as the liturgical language of Chalcedonian Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church; and as a language of science, literature, law, and administration. Despite the clerical origin of many of its authors, medieval Latin should not be confused with Ecclesiastical Latin. There is no real consensus on the exact boundary where Late Latin ends and medieval Latin begins. Some scholarly surveys begin with the rise of early Ecclesiastical Latin in the middle of the 4th century, others around 500, and still others with the replacement of written Late Latin by written Romance languages starting around the year 900.

text: Medieval

text: Latin

text: was

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: Latin

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: primarily

text: as

text: medium

text: of

text: scholarly

text: exchange

text: as

text: the

text: liturgical

text: language

text: of

text: Chalcedonian

text: Christianity

text: and

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: and

text: as

text: language

text: of

text: science

text: literature

text: law

text: and

text: administration

text: Despite

text: the

text: clerical

text: origin

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: its

text: authors

text: medieval

text: Latin

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: Ecclesiastical

text: Latin

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: real

text: consensus

text: on

text: the

text: exact

text: boundary

text: where

text: Late

text: Latin

text: ends

text: and

text: medieval

text: Latin

text: begins

text: Some

text: scholarly

text: surveys

text: begin

text: with

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: early

text: Ecclesiastical

text: Latin

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: others

text: around

text: and

text: still

text: others

text: with

text: the

text: replacement

text: of

text: written

text: Late

text: Latin

text: by

text: written

text: Romance

text: languages

text: starting

text: around

text: the

text: year

text: A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in his/her work, typically to solve mathematical problems.

text: mathematician

text: is

text: someone

text: who

text: uses

text: an

text: extensive

text: knowledge

text: of

text: mathematics

text: in

text: his

text: her

text: work

text: typically

text: to

text: solve

text: mathematical

text: problems

text: Gregorio Fontana ( 7 December 1735 -- 24 August 1803 ) was an Italian mathematician . He was chair of mathematics at the university of Pavia succeeding Roger Joseph Boscovich . He has been credited with the introduction of polar coordinates . His brother was the physicist Felice Fontana ( 1730 -- 1805 ) .

text: Gregorio

text: Fontana

text: December

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: mathematician

text: He

text: was

text: chair

text: of

text: mathematics

text: at

text: the

text: university

text: of

text: Pavia

text: succeeding

text: Roger

text: Joseph

text: Boscovich

text: He

text: has

text: been

text: credited

text: with

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: polar

text: coordinates

text: His

text: brother

text: was

text: the

text: physicist

text: Felice

text: Fontana

text: Dubrovnik (also known by other names) is a Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea, in the region of Dalmatia. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations in the Mediterranean Sea, a seaport and the centre of Dubrovnik-Neretva County. Its total population is 42,615 (census 2011). In 1979, the city of Dubrovnik joined the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

text: Dubrovnik

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: other

text: names

text: is

text: Croatian

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: Adriatic

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Dalmatia

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: prominent

text: tourist

text: destinations

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: seaport

text: and

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: Dubrovnik

text: Neretva

text: County

text: Its

text: total

text: population

text: is

text: census

text: In

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Dubrovnik

text: joined

text: the

text: UNESCO

text: list

text: of

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Sites

question: place_of_death gregorio fontana

answer: milan

text: milan

text: milan

text: milan

text: milan

text: milan


text: A honey bee (or honeybee) is any bee member of the genus Apis, primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the construction of perennial, colonial nests from wax. Currently, only seven species of honey bee are recognized, with a total of 44 subspecies, though historically, from six to eleven species have been recognized. The best known honey bee is the Western honey bee which has been domesticated for honey production and crop pollination. Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known species of bees. Some other types of related bees produce and store honey, including the stingless honey bees, but only members of the genus "Apis" are true honey bees. The study of bees including honey bees is known as melittology.

text: honey

text: bee

text: or

text: honeybee

text: is

text: any

text: bee

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Apis

text: primarily

text: distinguished

text: by

text: the

text: production

text: and

text: storage

text: of

text: honey

text: and

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: perennial

text: colonial

text: nests

text: from

text: wax

text: Currently

text: only

text: seven

text: species

text: of

text: honey

text: bee

text: are

text: recognized

text: with

text: total

text: of

text: subspecies

text: though

text: historically

text: from

text: six

text: to

text: eleven

text: species

text: have

text: been

text: recognized

text: The

text: best

text: known

text: honey

text: bee

text: is

text: the

text: Western

text: honey

text: bee

text: which

text: has

text: been

text: domesticated

text: for

text: honey

text: production

text: and

text: crop

text: pollination

text: Honey

text: bees

text: represent

text: only

text: small

text: fraction

text: of

text: the

text: roughly

text: known

text: species

text: of

text: bees

text: Some

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: related

text: bees

text: produce

text: and

text: store

text: honey

text: including

text: the

text: stingless

text: honey

text: bees

text: but

text: only

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Apis

text: are

text: true

text: honey

text: bees

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: bees

text: including

text: honey

text: bees

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: melittology

text: The superfamily Apoidea is a major group within the Hymenoptera, which includes two traditionally recognized lineages, the "sphecoid" wasps, and the bees. Molecular phylogeny demonstrates that the bees arose from within the Crabronidae, so that grouping is paraphyletic.

text: The

text: superfamily

text: Apoidea

text: is

text: major

text: group

text: within

text: the

text: Hymenoptera

text: which

text: includes

text: two

text: traditionally

text: recognized

text: lineages

text: the

text: sphecoid

text: wasps

text: and

text: the

text: bees

text: Molecular

text: phylogeny

text: demonstrates

text: that

text: the

text: bees

text: arose

text: from

text: within

text: the

text: Crabronidae

text: so

text: that

text: grouping

text: is

text: paraphyletic

text:
Honey is a sugary food substance produced and stored by certain social hymenopteran insects. It is produced from the sugary secretions of plants or insects, such as floral nectar or aphid honeydew, through regurgitation, enzymatic activity, and water evaporation. The variety of honey produced by honey bees (the genus "Apis") is the most well-known, due to its worldwide commercial production and human consumption.
Honey gets its sweetness from the monosaccharides fructose and glucose, and has about the same relative sweetness as granulated sugar. It has attractive chemical properties for baking and a distinctive flavor that leads some people to prefer it to sugar and other sweeteners. Most microorganisms do not grow in honey, so sealed honey does not spoil, even after thousands of years. However, honey sometimes contains dormant endospores of the bacterium "Clostridium botulinum", which can be dangerous to babies, as it may result in botulism.
People who have a weakened immune system should not eat honey because of the risk of bacterial or fungal infection. Although some evidence indicates honey may be effective in treating diseases and other medical conditions, such as wounds and burns, the overall evidence for its use in therapy is not conclusive. Providing 64 calories in a typical serving of one tablespoon (15 ml) equivalent to 1272 kj per 100 g, honey has no significant nutritional value. Honey is generally safe, but may have various, potential adverse effects or interactions with excessive consumption, existing disease conditions, or drugs.
Honey use and production have a long and varied history as an ancient activity, depicted in Valencia, Spain by a cave painting of humans foraging for honey at least 8,000 years ago.

text: Honey

text: is

text: sugary

text: food

text: substance

text: produced

text: and

text: stored

text: by

text: certain

text: social

text: hymenopteran

text: insects

text: It

text: is

text: produced

text: from

text: the

text: sugary

text: secretions

text: of

text: plants

text: or

text: insects

text: such

text: as

text: floral

text: nectar

text: or

text: aphid

text: honeydew

text: through

text: regurgitation

text: enzymatic

text: activity

text: and

text: water

text: evaporation

text: The

text: variety

text: of

text: honey

text: produced

text: by

text: honey

text: bees

text: the

text: genus

text: Apis

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: well

text: known

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: worldwide

text: commercial

text: production

text: and

text: human

text: consumption

text: Honey

text: gets

text: its

text: sweetness

text: from

text: the

text: monosaccharides

text: fructose

text: and

text: glucose

text: and

text: has

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: relative

text: sweetness

text: as

text: granulated

text: sugar

text: It

text: has

text: attractive

text: chemical

text: properties

text: for

text: baking

text: and

text: distinctive

text: flavor

text: that

text: leads

text: some

text: people

text: to

text: prefer

text: it

text: to

text: sugar

text: and

text: other

text: sweeteners

text: Most

text: microorganisms

text: do

text: not

text: grow

text: in

text: honey

text: so

text: sealed

text: honey

text: does

text: not

text: spoil

text: even

text: after

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

text: However

text: honey

text: sometimes

text: contains

text: dormant

text: endospores

text: of

text: the

text: bacterium

text: Clostridium

text: botulinum

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: dangerous

text: to

text: babies

text: as

text: it

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: botulism

text: People

text: who

text: have

text: weakened

text: immune

text: system

text: should

text: not

text: eat

text: honey

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: bacterial

text: or

text: fungal

text: infection

text: Although

text: some

text: evidence

text: indicates

text: honey

text: may

text: be

text: effective

text: in

text: treating

text: diseases

text: and

text: other

text: medical

text: conditions

text: such

text: as

text: wounds

text: and

text: burns

text: the

text: overall

text: evidence

text: for

text: its

text: use

text: in

text: therapy

text: is

text: not

text: conclusive

text: Providing

text: calories

text: in

text: typical

text: serving

text: of

text: one

text: tablespoon

text: ml

text: equivalent

text: to

text: kj

text: per

text: honey

text: has

text: no

text: significant

text: nutritional

text: value

text: Honey

text: is

text: generally

text: safe

text: but

text: may

text: have

text: various

text: potential

text: adverse

text: effects

text: or

text: interactions

text: with

text: excessive

text: consumption

text: existing

text: disease

text: conditions

text: or

text: drugs

text: Honey

text: use

text: and

text: production

text: have

text: long

text: and

text: varied

text: history

text: as

text: an

text: ancient

text: activity

text: depicted

text: in

text: Valencia

text: Spain

text: by

text: cave

text: painting

text: of

text: humans

text: foraging

text: for

text: honey

text: at

text: least

text: years

text: ago

text: Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney.

text: Australia

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Australia

text: is

text: country

text: comprising

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: continent

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Tasmania

text: and

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: islands

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sixth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: The

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: are

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: East

text: Timor

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: and

text: Vanuatu

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: Australia

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: Canberra

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: Sydney

text: Bees are flying insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their role in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the European honey bee, for producing honey and beeswax. Bees are a monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea, presently considered as a clade Anthophila. There are nearly 20,000 known species of bees in seven to nine recognized families, though many are undescribed and the actual number is probably higher. They are found on every continent except Antarctica, in every habitat on the planet that contains insect-pollinated flowering plants.

text: Bees

text: are

text: flying

text: insects

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: wasps

text: and

text: ants

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: role

text: in

text: pollination

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: known

text: bee

text: species

text: the

text: European

text: honey

text: bee

text: for

text: producing

text: honey

text: and

text: beeswax

text: Bees

text: are

text: monophyletic

text: lineage

text: within

text: the

text: superfamily

text: Apoidea

text: presently

text: considered

text: as

text: clade

text: Anthophila

text: There

text: are

text: nearly

text: known

text: species

text: of

text: bees

text: in

text: seven

text: to

text: nine

text: recognized

text: families

text: though

text: many

text: are

text: undescribed

text: and

text: the

text: actual

text: number

text: is

text: probably

text: higher

text: They

text: are

text: found

text: on

text: every

text: continent

text: except

text: Antarctica

text: in

text: every

text: habitat

text: on

text: the

text: planet

text: that

text: contains

text: insect

text: pollinated

text: flowering

text: plants

text: Solomon Islands is a sovereign country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania lying to the east of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu and covering a land area of . The country's capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The country takes its name from the Solomon Islands archipelago, which is a collection of Melanesian islands that also includes the North Solomon Islands (part of Papua New Guinea), but excludes outlying islands, such as Rennell and Bellona, and the Santa Cruz Islands.

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: is

text: sovereign

text: country

text: consisting

text: of

text: six

text: major

text: islands

text: and

text: over

text: smaller

text: islands

text: in

text: Oceania

text: lying

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: northwest

text: of

text: Vanuatu

text: and

text: covering

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: capital

text: Honiara

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Guadalcanal

text: The

text: country

text: takes

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: archipelago

text: which

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: Melanesian

text: islands

text: that

text: also

text: includes

text: the

text: North

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: part

text: of

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: but

text: excludes

text: outlying

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: Rennell

text: and

text: Bellona

text: and

text: the

text: Santa

text: Cruz

text: Islands

text: The Colletidae are a family of bees, and are often referred to collectively as plasterer bees or polyester bees, due to the method of smoothing the walls of their nest cells with secretions applied with their mouthparts; these secretions dry into a cellophane-like lining. The five subfamilies, 54 genera, and over 2000 species are all evidently solitary, though many nest in aggregations. Two of the subfamilies, Euryglossinae and Hylaeinae, lack the external pollen-carrying apparatus (the scopa) that otherwise characterizes most bees, and instead carry the pollen in their crops. These groups, and most genera in this family, have liquid or semiliquid pollen masses on which the larvae develop.

text: The

text: Colletidae

text: are

text: family

text: of

text: bees

text: and

text: are

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: collectively

text: as

text: plasterer

text: bees

text: or

text: polyester

text: bees

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: method

text: of

text: smoothing

text: the

text: walls

text: of

text: their

text: nest

text: cells

text: with

text: secretions

text: applied

text: with

text: their

text: mouthparts

text: these

text: secretions

text: dry

text: into

text: cellophane

text: like

text: lining

text: The

text: five

text: subfamilies

text: genera

text: and

text: over

text: species

text: are

text: all

text: evidently

text: solitary

text: though

text: many

text: nest

text: in

text: aggregations

text: Two

text: of

text: the

text: subfamilies

text: Euryglossinae

text: and

text: Hylaeinae

text: lack

text: the

text: external

text: pollen

text: carrying

text: apparatus

text: the

text: scopa

text: that

text: otherwise

text: characterizes

text: most

text: bees

text: and

text: instead

text: carry

text: the

text: pollen

text: in

text: their

text: crops

text: These

text: groups

text: and

text: most

text: genera

text: in

text: this

text: family

text: have

text: liquid

text: or

text: semiliquid

text: pollen

text: masses

text: on

text: which

text: the

text: larvae

text: develop

text: Indonesia (or ; Indonesian: ), officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the world's largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At , Indonesia is the world's 14th-largest country in terms of land area and world's 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea and land area. It has an estimated population of over 260 million people and is the world's fourth most populous country, the most populous Austronesian nation, as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country. The world's most populous island of Java contains more than half of the country's population.

text: Indonesia

text: or

text: Indonesian

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Indonesia

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: and

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: located

text: mainly

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: with

text: some

text: territories

text: in

text: Oceania

text: Situated

text: between

text: the

text: Indian

text: and

text: Pacific

text: oceans

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: island

text: country

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: seventeen

text: thousand

text: islands

text: At

text: Indonesia

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: combined

text: sea

text: and

text: land

text: area

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Austronesian

text: nation

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: Muslim

text: majority

text: country

text: The

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: of

text: Java

text: contains

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from wasp-like ancestors in the Cretaceous period, about 99 million years ago and diversified after the rise of flowering plants. More than 12,500 of an estimated total of 22,000 species have been classified. They are easily identified by their elbowed antennae and the distinctive node-like structure that forms their slender waists.

text: Ants

text: are

text: eusocial

text: insects

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: Formicidae

text: and

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: related

text: wasps

text: and

text: bees

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: order

text: Hymenoptera

text: Ants

text: evolved

text: from

text: wasp

text: like

text: ancestors

text: in

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: period

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: and

text: diversified

text: after

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: flowering

text: plants

text: More

text: than

text: of

text: an

text: estimated

text: total

text: of

text: species

text: have

text: been

text: classified

text: They

text: are

text: easily

text: identified

text: by

text: their

text: elbowed

text: antennae

text: and

text: the

text: distinctive

text: node

text: like

text: structure

text: that

text: forms

text: their

text: slender

text: waists

text: Tasmania (abbreviated as Tas and known colloquially as "Tassie") is an island state of the Commonwealth of Australia. It is located to the south of the Australian mainland, separated by Bass Strait. The state encompasses the main island of Tasmania, the 26th-largest island in the world, and the surrounding 334 islands. The state has a population of around 518,500, just over forty percent of which resides in the Greater Hobart precinct, which forms the metropolitan area of the state capital and largest city, Hobart.

text: Tasmania

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: Tas

text: and

text: known

text: colloquially

text: as

text: Tassie

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Australia

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: mainland

text: separated

text: by

text: Bass

text: Strait

text: The

text: state

text: encompasses

text: the

text: main

text: island

text: of

text: Tasmania

text: the

text: largest

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: surrounding

text: islands

text: The

text: state

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: around

text: just

text: over

text: forty

text: percent

text: of

text: which

text: resides

text: in

text: the

text: Greater

text: Hobart

text: precinct

text: which

text: forms

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: Hobart

text: New Zealand is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmassesthat of the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Mui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamuand numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal and plant life. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland.

text: New

text: Zealand

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: nation

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: The

text: country

text: geographically

text: comprises

text: two

text: main

text: landmassesthat

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Island

text: or

text: Te

text: Ika

text: Mui

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Island

text: or

text: Te

text: Waipounamuand

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: islands

text: New

text: Zealand

text: is

text: situated

text: some

text: east

text: of

text: Australia

text: across

text: the

text: Tasman

text: Sea

text: and

text: roughly

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: island

text: areas

text: of

text: New

text: Caledonia

text: Fiji

text: and

text: Tonga

text: Because

text: of

text: its

text: remoteness

text: it

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: lands

text: to

text: be

text: settled

text: by

text: humans

text: During

text: its

text: long

text: period

text: of

text: isolation

text: New

text: Zealand

text: developed

text: distinct

text: biodiversity

text: of

text: animal

text: fungal

text: and

text: plant

text: life

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: varied

text: topography

text: and

text: its

text: sharp

text: mountain

text: peaks

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Southern

text: Alps

text: owe

text: much

text: to

text: the

text: tectonic

text: uplift

text: of

text: land

text: and

text: volcanic

text: eruptions

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Wellington

text: while

text: its

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: is

text: Auckland

text: The flowering plants (angiosperms), also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approx. 13,164 known genera and a total of c. 295,383 known species. Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants; they are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. Etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure, in other words, a fruiting plant. The term "angiosperm" comes from the Greek composite word ("angeion", "case" or "casing", and "sperma", "seed") meaning "enclosed seeds", after the enclosed condition of the seeds.

text: The

text: flowering

text: plants

text: angiosperms

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Angiospermae

text: or

text: Magnoliophyta

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: land

text: plants

text: with

text: families

text: approx

text: known

text: genera

text: and

text: total

text: of

text: known

text: species

text: Like

text: gymnosperms

text: angiosperms

text: are

text: seed

text: producing

text: plants

text: they

text: are

text: distinguished

text: from

text: gymnosperms

text: by

text: characteristics

text: including

text: flowers

text: endosperm

text: within

text: the

text: seeds

text: and

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: fruits

text: that

text: contain

text: the

text: seeds

text: Etymologically

text: angiosperm

text: means

text: plant

text: that

text: produces

text: seeds

text: within

text: an

text: enclosure

text: in

text: other

text: words

text: fruiting

text: plant

text: The

text: term

text: angiosperm

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: composite

text: word

text: angeion

text: case

text: or

text: casing

text: and

text: sperma

text: seed

text: meaning

text: enclosed

text: seeds

text: after

text: the

text: enclosed

text: condition

text: of

text: the

text: seeds

text: Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred to the female reproductive organs of a plant, thereby enabling fertilization to take place. Like all living organisms, seed plants have a single major goal: to pass their genetic information on to the next generation. The reproductive unit is the seed, and pollination is an essential step in the production of seeds in all spermatophytes (seed plants).

text: Pollination

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: pollen

text: is

text: transferred

text: to

text: the

text: female

text: reproductive

text: organs

text: of

text: plant

text: thereby

text: enabling

text: fertilization

text: to

text: take

text: place

text: Like

text: all

text: living

text: organisms

text: seed

text: plants

text: have

text: single

text: major

text: goal

text: to

text: pass

text: their

text: genetic

text: information

text: on

text: to

text: the

text: next

text: generation

text: The

text: reproductive

text: unit

text: is

text: the

text: seed

text: and

text: pollination

text: is

text: an

text: essential

text: step

text: in

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: seeds

text: in

text: all

text: spermatophytes

text: seed

text: plants

text: Insects (from Latin ', a calque of Greek ['], "cut into sections") are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. They are the most diverse group of animals on the planet, including more than a million described species and representing more than half of all known living organisms. The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million, and potentially represent over 90% of the differing animal life forms on Earth. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans.

text: Insects

text: from

text: Latin

text: calque

text: of

text: Greek

text: cut

text: into

text: sections

text: are

text: class

text: of

text: invertebrates

text: within

text: the

text: arthropod

text: phylum

text: that

text: have

text: chitinous

text: exoskeleton

text: three

text: part

text: body

text: head

text: thorax

text: and

text: abdomen

text: three

text: pairs

text: of

text: jointed

text: legs

text: compound

text: eyes

text: and

text: one

text: pair

text: of

text: antennae

text: They

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: animals

text: on

text: the

text: planet

text: including

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: described

text: species

text: and

text: representing

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: living

text: organisms

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: extant

text: species

text: is

text: estimated

text: at

text: between

text: six

text: and

text: ten

text: million

text: and

text: potentially

text: represent

text: over

text: of

text: the

text: differing

text: animal

text: life

text: forms

text: on

text: Earth

text: Insects

text: may

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: nearly

text: all

text: environments

text: although

text: only

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: species

text: reside

text: in

text: the

text: oceans

text: habitat

text: dominated

text: by

text: another

text: arthropod

text: group

text: crustaceans

text: The Stenotritidae are the smallest of all formally recognized bee families , with only 21 species in two genera , all of them restricted to Australia . Historically , they were generally considered to belong in the family Colletidae , but the stenotritids are presently considered their sister taxon , and deserving of family status . Of prime importance is the stenotritids have unmodified mouthparts , whereas colletids are separated from all other bees by having bilobed glossae . They are large , densely hairy , fast - flying bees , which make simple burrows in the ground and firm , ovoid provision masses in cells lined with a waterproof secretions . The larvae do not spin cocoons . Fossil brood cells of a stenotritid bee have been found in the Pleistocene of the Eyre Peninsula , South Australia .

text: The

text: Stenotritidae

text: are

text: the

text: smallest

text: of

text: all

text: formally

text: recognized

text: bee

text: families

text: with

text: only

text: species

text: in

text: two

text: genera

text: all

text: of

text: them

text: restricted

text: to

text: Australia

text: Historically

text: they

text: were

text: generally

text: considered

text: to

text: belong

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Colletidae

text: but

text: the

text: stenotritids

text: are

text: presently

text: considered

text: their

text: sister

text: taxon

text: and

text: deserving

text: of

text: family

text: status

text: Of

text: prime

text: importance

text: is

text: the

text: stenotritids

text: have

text: unmodified

text: mouthparts

text: whereas

text: colletids

text: are

text: separated

text: from

text: all

text: other

text: bees

text: by

text: having

text: bilobed

text: glossae

text: They

text: are

text: large

text: densely

text: hairy

text: fast

text: flying

text: bees

text: which

text: make

text: simple

text: burrows

text: in

text: the

text: ground

text: and

text: firm

text: ovoid

text: provision

text: masses

text: in

text: cells

text: lined

text: with

text: waterproof

text: secretions

text: The

text: larvae

text: do

text: not

text: spin

text: cocoons

text: Fossil

text: brood

text: cells

text: of

text: stenotritid

text: bee

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Pleistocene

text: of

text: the

text: Eyre

text: Peninsula

text: South

text: Australia

text: A wasp is any insect of the order Hymenoptera and suborder Apocrita that is neither a bee nor an ant. The Apocrita have a common evolutionary ancestor and form a clade; wasps as a group do not form a clade, but are paraphyletic with respect to bees and ants.

text: wasp

text: is

text: any

text: insect

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: Hymenoptera

text: and

text: suborder

text: Apocrita

text: that

text: is

text: neither

text: bee

text: nor

text: an

text: ant

text: The

text: Apocrita

text: have

text: common

text: evolutionary

text: ancestor

text: and

text: form

text: clade

text: wasps

text: as

text: group

text: do

text: not

text: form

text: clade

text: but

text: are

text: paraphyletic

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: bees

text: and

text: ants

question: parent_taxon stenotritidae

answer: apoidea

text: apoidea

text: apoidea