text: Seoul ()  officially the Seoul Special City  is the capital and largest metropolis of the Republic of Korea (commonly known as South Korea), forming the heart of the Seoul Capital Area, which includes the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province, the world's 16th largest city. It is home to over half of all South Koreans along with 678,102 international residents.

text: Seoul

text: officially

text: the

text: Seoul

text: Special

text: City

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: metropolis

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: South

text: Korea

text: forming

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Seoul

text: Capital

text: Area

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: surrounding

text: Incheon

text: metropolis

text: and

text: Gyeonggi

text: province

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: It

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: over

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: South

text: Koreans

text: along

text: with

text: international

text: residents

text: Yevheniya Tovstohan ( Ukrainian :   , born April 3 , 1965 ) is a Ukrainian former handball player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1988 Summer Olympics . In 1988 she won the bronze medal with the Soviet team . She played four matches and scored ten goals .

text: Yevheniya

text: Tovstohan

text: Ukrainian

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: Ukrainian

text: former

text: handball

text: player

text: who

text: competed

text: for

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: in

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: In

text: she

text: won

text: the

text: bronze

text: medal

text: with

text: the

text: Soviet

text: team

text: She

text: played

text: four

text: matches

text: and

text: scored

text: ten

text: goals

text: Moscow (or ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 12.2 million residents within the city limits and 16.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city.

text: Moscow

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: Russia

text: with

text: million

text: residents

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: limits

text: and

text: million

text: within

text: the

text: urban

text: area

text: Moscow

text: has

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: Russian

text: federal

text: city

text: The 1988 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul, South Korea. They were the second summer Olympic Games to be held in Asia and the first since the 1964 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan.

text: The

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Games

text: of

text: the

text: XXIV

text: Olympiad

text: were

text: an

text: international

text: multi

text: sport

text: event

text: celebrated

text: from

text: September

text: to

text: October

text: in

text: Seoul

text: South

text: Korea

text: They

text: were

text: the

text: second

text: summer

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: to

text: be

text: held

text: in

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: since

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: held

text: in

text: Tokyo

text: Japan

text: The 1964 Summer Olympics, officially known as the , was an international multi-sport event held in Tokyo, Japan, from October 10 to 24, 1964. Tokyo had been awarded the organization of the 1940 Summer Olympics, but this honor was subsequently passed to Helsinki because of Japan's invasion of China, before ultimately being canceled because of World War II.

text: The

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: was

text: an

text: international

text: multi

text: sport

text: event

text: held

text: in

text: Tokyo

text: Japan

text: from

text: October

text: to

text: Tokyo

text: had

text: been

text: awarded

text: the

text: organization

text: of

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: but

text: this

text: honor

text: was

text: subsequently

text: passed

text: to

text: Helsinki

text: because

text: of

text: Japan

text: 's

text: invasion

text: of

text: China

text: before

text: ultimately

text: being

text: canceled

text: because

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR " ) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party federation, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital.

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: officially

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republics

text: USSR

text: was

text: socialist

text: state

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: to

text: union

text: of

text: multiple

text: subnational

text: republics

text: its

text: government

text: and

text: economy

text: were

text: highly

text: centralized

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: was

text: one

text: party

text: federation

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: with

text: Moscow

text: as

text: its

text: capital

question: date_of_birth yevheniya tovstohan

answer: 1964


text: Ust-Vymsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the twelve in the Komi Republic, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a "selo") of Aykino. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 29,474, with the population of Aykino accounting for 11.4% of that number.

text: Ust

text: Vymsky

text: District

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: district

text: raion

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: twelve

text: in

text: the

text: Komi

text: Republic

text: Russia

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: of

text: the

text: republic

text: The

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: district

text: is

text: Its

text: administrative

text: center

text: is

text: the

text: rural

text: locality

text: selo

text: of

text: Aykino

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: Census

text: the

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: district

text: was

text: with

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Aykino

text: accounting

text: for

text: of

text: that

text: number

text: Russia is not proportionately populated between the smaller western portion (almost 25%) of the country that is considered part of Europe, and the larger eastern portion (more than 75%) that is part of Asia. European Russia contains about 77% of the country's population (110,000,000 people out of about 144,000,000) in an area comprising almost 4 million km (1.54 million mi); an average of 27.5 persons per km (70 per mi). This territory makes up 38% of Europe. Its eastern border is defined by the Ural Mountains and in the south, it is defined by the border with Kazakhstan. This area includes Moscow and Saint Petersburg, the two largest cities in Russia.

text: Russia

text: is

text: not

text: proportionately

text: populated

text: between

text: the

text: smaller

text: western

text: portion

text: almost

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: larger

text: eastern

text: portion

text: more

text: than

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: Asia

text: European

text: Russia

text: contains

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: people

text: out

text: of

text: about

text: in

text: an

text: area

text: comprising

text: almost

text: million

text: km

text: million

text: mi

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: persons

text: per

text: km

text: per

text: mi

text: This

text: territory

text: makes

text: up

text: of

text: Europe

text: Its

text: eastern

text: border

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: Ural

text: Mountains

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: it

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: Kazakhstan

text: This

text: area

text: includes

text: Moscow

text: and

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: the

text: two

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: Russia

text: Novosibirsk is the third-most populous city in Russia after Moscow and St. Petersburg. It is the most populous city in Asian Russia, with a population of 1,473,754 as of the 2010 Census. It is the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast as well as of the Siberian Federal District. The city is located in the southwestern part of Siberia on the banks of the Ob River adjacent to the Ob River Valley, near the large water reservoir formed by the dam of the Novosibirsk Hydro Power Plant, and occupies an area of .

text: Novosibirsk

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Russia

text: after

text: Moscow

text: and

text: St.

text: Petersburg

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Asian

text: Russia

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: Census

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: administrative

text: center

text: of

text: Novosibirsk

text: Oblast

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: Siberian

text: Federal

text: District

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: part

text: of

text: Siberia

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: Ob

text: River

text: adjacent

text: to

text: the

text: Ob

text: River

text: Valley

text: near

text: the

text: large

text: water

text: reservoir

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: dam

text: of

text: the

text: Novosibirsk

text: Hydro

text: Power

text: Plant

text: and

text: occupies

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with five million inhabitants in 2012, and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea. It is politically incorporated as a federal subject (a federal city). Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May . In 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg. Between 17131728 and 17321918, Saint Petersburg was the imperial capital of Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow.

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: is

text: Russia

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: after

text: Moscow

text: with

text: five

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: and

text: an

text: important

text: Russian

text: port

text: on

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: It

text: is

text: politically

text: incorporated

text: as

text: federal

text: subject

text: federal

text: city

text: Situated

text: on

text: the

text: Neva

text: River

text: at

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: on

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: it

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Tsar

text: Peter

text: the

text: Great

text: on

text: May

text: In

text: the

text: name

text: was

text: changed

text: from

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: to

text: Petrograd

text: in

text: to

text: Leningrad

text: and

text: in

text: back

text: to

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Between

text: and

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: was

text: the

text: imperial

text: capital

text: of

text: Russia

text: In

text: the

text: central

text: government

text: bodies

text: moved

text: to

text: Moscow

text: Moscow

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: Russia

text: with

text: million

text: residents

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: limits

text: and

text: million

text: within

text: the

text: urban

text: area

text: Moscow

text: has

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: Russian

text: federal

text: city

text: Mikun ( Russian :  ; Komi :  ) is a town in Ust - Vymsky District of the Komi Republic , Russia , located 96 kilometers ( 60 mi ) north of Syktyvkar . Population : 10,730 ( 2010 Census ) ; 11,680 ( 2002 Census ) ; 12,507 ( 1989 Census ) .

text: Mikun

text: Russian

text: Komi

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: Ust

text: Vymsky

text: District

text: of

text: the

text: Komi

text: Republic

text: Russia

text: located

text: kilometers

text: mi

text: north

text: of

text: Syktyvkar

text: Population

text: Census

text: Census

text: Census

text: A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics. Regardless of the physical geography, in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945, a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise of legal jurisdiction.

text: country

text: is

text: region

text: that

text: is

text: identified

text: as

text: distinct

text: national

text: entity

text: in

text: political

text: geography

text: country

text: may

text: be

text: an

text: independent

text: sovereign

text: state

text: or

text: one

text: that

text: is

text: occupied

text: by

text: another

text: state

text: as

text: non

text: sovereign

text: or

text: formerly

text: sovereign

text: political

text: division

text: or

text: geographic

text: region

text: associated

text: with

text: sets

text: of

text: previously

text: independent

text: or

text: differently

text: associated

text: people

text: with

text: distinct

text: political

text: characteristics

text: Regardless

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: geography

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: internationally

text: accepted

text: legal

text: definition

text: as

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: in

text: and

text: reaffirmed

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: in

text: resident

text: of

text: country

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: independent

text: exercise

text: of

text: legal

text: jurisdiction

text: Nizhny Novgorod, colloquially shortened to Nizhny, is a city in the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District in Russia. From 1932 to 1990, it was known as Gorky, after the writer Maxim Gorky, who was born there. The city is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historical part of the city there are a large number of universities, theaters, museums and churches. Nizhny Novgorod is located about 400 km east of Moscow, where the Oka empties into the Volga. Population:

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: colloquially

text: shortened

text: to

text: Nizhny

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: administrative

text: center

text: of

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: Oblast

text: and

text: Volga

text: Federal

text: District

text: in

text: Russia

text: From

text: to

text: it

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: Gorky

text: after

text: the

text: writer

text: Maxim

text: Gorky

text: who

text: was

text: born

text: there

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: economic

text: transportation

text: scientific

text: educational

text: and

text: cultural

text: center

text: in

text: Russia

text: and

text: the

text: vast

text: Volga

text: Vyatka

text: economic

text: region

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: center

text: of

text: river

text: tourism

text: in

text: Russia

text: In

text: the

text: historical

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: there

text: are

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: universities

text: theaters

text: museums

text: and

text: churches

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: is

text: located

text: about

text: km

text: east

text: of

text: Moscow

text: where

text: the

text: Oka

text: empties

text: into

text: the

text: Volga

text: Population

text: Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.

text: Russia

text: from

text: the

text: Rus

text: also

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: At

text: Russia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: surface

text: area

text: covering

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: eighth

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: inhabited

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: most

text: populous

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: March

text: The

text: European

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: populated

text: and

text: urbanised

text: than

text: the

text: eastern

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: live

text: in

text: European

text: Russia

text: Russia

text: 's

text: capital

text: Moscow

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: centers

text: include

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Novosibirsk

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: and

text: Samara

text: Syktyvkar is the capital city of the Komi Republic, Russia. Population:

text: Syktyvkar

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Komi

text: Republic

text: Russia

text: Population

text: Yekaterinburg, alternatively romanised as "Ekaterinburg", is the fourth-largest city in Russia and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast, located in the middle of the Eurasian continent, on the border of Europe and Asia. At the 2010 Census, it had a population of 1,349,772.

text: Yekaterinburg

text: alternatively

text: romanised

text: as

text: Ekaterinburg

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Russia

text: and

text: the

text: administrative

text: centre

text: of

text: Sverdlovsk

text: Oblast

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: Eurasian

text: continent

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: of

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: At

text: the

text: Census

text: it

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: The Komi Republic is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). Its capital is the city of Syktyvkar. Population: 901,189 (2010 Census).

text: The

text: Komi

text: Republic

text: is

text: federal

text: subject

text: of

text: Russia

text: republic

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Syktyvkar

text: Population

text: Census

annotations: follows single

annotations: likely single

question: inception mikun

answer: 1937


text: Hanging is the suspension of a person by a noose or ligature around the neck. The "Oxford English Dictionary" states that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death by suspension by the neck", though it formerly also referred to crucifixion and death by impalement in which the body would remain "hanging". Hanging has been a common method of capital punishment since medieval times, and is the official execution method in numerous countries and regions. The first account of execution by hanging was in Homer's "Odyssey". In this specialised meaning of the common word "hang", the past and past participle is "hanged" instead of "hung".

text: Hanging

text: is

text: the

text: suspension

text: of

text: person

text: by

text: noose

text: or

text: ligature

text: around

text: the

text: neck

text: The

text: Oxford

text: English

text: Dictionary

text: states

text: that

text: hanging

text: in

text: this

text: sense

text: is

text: specifically

text: to

text: put

text: to

text: death

text: by

text: suspension

text: by

text: the

text: neck

text: though

text: it

text: formerly

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: crucifixion

text: and

text: death

text: by

text: impalement

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: body

text: would

text: remain

text: hanging

text: Hanging

text: has

text: been

text: common

text: method

text: of

text: capital

text: punishment

text: since

text: medieval

text: times

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: execution

text: method

text: in

text: numerous

text: countries

text: and

text: regions

text: The

text: first

text: account

text: of

text: execution

text: by

text: hanging

text: was

text: in

text: Homer

text: 's

text: Odyssey

text: In

text: this

text: specialised

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: common

text: word

text: hang

text: the

text: past

text: and

text: past

text: participle

text: is

text: hanged

text: instead

text: of

text: hung

text: The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. The trials resulted in the executions of twenty people, fourteen of them women, and all but one by hanging. Five others (including two infant children) died in prison.

text: The

text: Salem

text: witch

text: trials

text: were

text: series

text: of

text: hearings

text: and

text: prosecutions

text: of

text: people

text: accused

text: of

text: witchcraft

text: in

text: colonial

text: Massachusetts

text: between

text: February

text: and

text: May

text: The

text: trials

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: executions

text: of

text: twenty

text: people

text: fourteen

text: of

text: them

text: women

text: and

text: all

text: but

text: one

text: by

text: hanging

text: Five

text: others

text: including

text: two

text: infant

text: children

text: died

text: in

text: prison

text: Mary ( née Ayer ) Parker of Andover , Mass. , the daughter of John Ayer , was executed September 22 , 1692 , with several others , for witchcraft in the Salem witch trials . She was 55 years old and a widow . Mary 's husband , Nathan , died in 1685 . Nicholas Noyes officiated . Her daughter , Sarah Parker , was also accused . Mary Parker was an 8th great - grandmother of U.S. President George W. Bush , who is a descendant or relative of up to 217 of the trials ' participants .

text: Mary

text: née

text: Ayer

text: Parker

text: of

text: Andover

text: Mass.

text: the

text: daughter

text: of

text: John

text: Ayer

text: was

text: executed

text: September

text: with

text: several

text: others

text: for

text: witchcraft

text: in

text: the

text: Salem

text: witch

text: trials

text: She

text: was

text: years

text: old

text: and

text: widow

text: Mary

text: 's

text: husband

text: Nathan

text: died

text: in

text: Nicholas

text: Noyes

text: officiated

text: Her

text: daughter

text: Sarah

text: Parker

text: was

text: also

text: accused

text: Mary

text: Parker

text: was

text: an

text: great

text: grandmother

text: of

text: U.S.

text: President

text: George

text: Bush

text: who

text: is

text: descendant

text: or

text: relative

text: of

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: trials

text: participants

annotations: likely multiple

question: manner_of_death mary parker

answer: capital punishment

text: capital punishment


text: Kaseko is a musical genre from Suriname, a fusion of African, European and American styles. The term "kaseko" derives from "casser le corps" ("break the body") which referred to a swift dance during the period when slavery was legal in the region. "Kaseko" is related to other local styles, such as "winti" and "kawina"; like them, it uses call-and-response vocals and complex rhythms. Instruments include drums, saxophone, trumpet and, sometimes, a trombone.

text: Kaseko

text: is

text: musical

text: genre

text: from

text: Suriname

text: fusion

text: of

text: African

text: European

text: and

text: American

text: styles

text: The

text: term

text: kaseko

text: derives

text: from

text: casser

text: le

text: corps

text: break

text: the

text: body

text: which

text: referred

text: to

text: swift

text: dance

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: when

text: slavery

text: was

text: legal

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: Kaseko

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: other

text: local

text: styles

text: such

text: as

text: winti

text: and

text: kawina

text: like

text: them

text: it

text: uses

text: call

text: and

text: response

text: vocals

text: and

text: complex

text: rhythms

text: Instruments

text: include

text: drums

text: saxophone

text: trumpet

text: and

text: sometimes

text: trombone

text: The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. Like all brass instruments, sound is produced when the player's vibrating lips (embouchure) cause the air column inside the instrument to vibrate. Nearly all trombones have a telescoping slide mechanism that varies the length of the instrument to change the pitch. Many modern trombone models also utilize a rotary valve as a means to lower pitch of the instrument. Variants such as the valve trombone and superbone have three valves like those on the trumpet.

text: The

text: trombone

text: is

text: musical

text: instrument

text: in

text: the

text: brass

text: family

text: Like

text: all

text: brass

text: instruments

text: sound

text: is

text: produced

text: when

text: the

text: player

text: 's

text: vibrating

text: lips

text: embouchure

text: cause

text: the

text: air

text: column

text: inside

text: the

text: instrument

text: to

text: vibrate

text: Nearly

text: all

text: trombones

text: have

text: telescoping

text: slide

text: mechanism

text: that

text: varies

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: instrument

text: to

text: change

text: the

text: pitch

text: Many

text: modern

text: trombone

text: models

text: also

text: utilize

text: rotary

text: valve

text: as

text: means

text: to

text: lower

text: pitch

text: of

text: the

text: instrument

text: Variants

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: valve

text: trombone

text: and

text: superbone

text: have

text: three

text: valves

text: like

text: those

text: on

text: the

text: trumpet

text: Lodewijk Rudolf Arthur Parisius ( July 23 , 1911 in Suriname -- December 14 , 1963 ) was a Surinamese / Dutch tenor saxophonist commonly known as `` Kid Dynamite . '' He was noted for mixing jazz with Surinamese kaseko . He also supported Coleman Hawkins 's popularity in the Netherlands . He died in a road accident in Germany .

text: Lodewijk

text: Rudolf

text: Arthur

text: Parisius

text: July

text: in

text: Suriname

text: December

text: was

text: Surinamese

text: Dutch

text: tenor

text: saxophonist

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Kid

text: Dynamite

text: He

text: was

text: noted

text: for

text: mixing

text: jazz

text: with

text: Surinamese

text: kaseko

text: He

text: also

text: supported

text: Coleman

text: Hawkins

text: 's

text: popularity

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: He

text: died

text: in

text: road

text: accident

text: in

text: Germany

text: The saxophone (also referred to as the sax) is a family of woodwind instruments. Saxophones are usually made of brass and played with a single-reed mouthpiece similar to that of the clarinet. The saxophone family was invented by the Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax in 1840. Adolphe Sax wanted to create a group or series of instruments that would be the most powerful and vocal of the woodwinds, and the most adaptive of the brass instruments, that would fill the vacant middle ground between the two sections. He patented the saxophone on June 28, 1846, in two groups of seven instruments each. Each series consisted of instruments of various sizes in alternating transposition. The series pitched in B and E, designed for military bands, have proved extremely popular and most saxophones encountered today are from this series. Instruments from the so-called "orchestral" series, pitched in C and F, never gained a foothold, and the B and E instruments have now replaced the C and F instruments when the saxophone is used in an orchestra.

text: The

text: saxophone

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: sax

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: woodwind

text: instruments

text: Saxophones

text: are

text: usually

text: made

text: of

text: brass

text: and

text: played

text: with

text: single

text: reed

text: mouthpiece

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: clarinet

text: The

text: saxophone

text: family

text: was

text: invented

text: by

text: the

text: Belgian

text: instrument

text: maker

text: Adolphe

text: Sax

text: in

text: Adolphe

text: Sax

text: wanted

text: to

text: create

text: group

text: or

text: series

text: of

text: instruments

text: that

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: and

text: vocal

text: of

text: the

text: woodwinds

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: adaptive

text: of

text: the

text: brass

text: instruments

text: that

text: would

text: fill

text: the

text: vacant

text: middle

text: ground

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: sections

text: He

text: patented

text: the

text: saxophone

text: on

text: June

text: in

text: two

text: groups

text: of

text: seven

text: instruments

text: each

text: Each

text: series

text: consisted

text: of

text: instruments

text: of

text: various

text: sizes

text: in

text: alternating

text: transposition

text: The

text: series

text: pitched

text: in

text: and

text: designed

text: for

text: military

text: bands

text: have

text: proved

text: extremely

text: popular

text: and

text: most

text: saxophones

text: encountered

text: today

text: are

text: from

text: this

text: series

text: Instruments

text: from

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: orchestral

text: series

text: pitched

text: in

text: and

text: never

text: gained

text: foothold

text: and

text: the

text: and

text: instruments

text: have

text: now

text: replaced

text: the

text: and

text: instruments

text: when

text: the

text: saxophone

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: an

text: orchestra

text: A trumpet is a musical instrument commonly used in classical and jazz ensembles. The trumpet group contains the instruments with the highest register in the brass family. Trumpet-like instruments have historically been used as signaling devices in battle or hunting, with examples dating back to at least 1500 BC; they began to be used as musical instruments only in the late-14th or early 15th century. Trumpets are used in art music styles, for instance in orchestras, concert bands, and jazz ensembles, as well as in popular music. They are played by blowing air through almost-closed lips (called the player's embouchure), producing a "buzzing" sound that starts a standing wave vibration in the air column inside the instrument. Since the late 15th century they have primarily been constructed of brass tubing, usually bent twice into a rounded rectangular shape.

text: trumpet

text: is

text: musical

text: instrument

text: commonly

text: used

text: in

text: classical

text: and

text: jazz

text: ensembles

text: The

text: trumpet

text: group

text: contains

text: the

text: instruments

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: register

text: in

text: the

text: brass

text: family

text: Trumpet

text: like

text: instruments

text: have

text: historically

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: signaling

text: devices

text: in

text: battle

text: or

text: hunting

text: with

text: examples

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: at

text: least

text: BC

text: they

text: began

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: musical

text: instruments

text: only

text: in

text: the

text: or

text: early

text: century

text: Trumpets

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: art

text: music

text: styles

text: for

text: instance

text: in

text: orchestras

text: concert

text: bands

text: and

text: jazz

text: ensembles

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: popular

text: music

text: They

text: are

text: played

text: by

text: blowing

text: air

text: through

text: almost

text: closed

text: lips

text: called

text: the

text: player

text: 's

text: embouchure

text: producing

text: buzzing

text: sound

text: that

text: starts

text: standing

text: wave

text: vibration

text: in

text: the

text: air

text: column

text: inside

text: the

text: instrument

text: Since

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: they

text: have

text: primarily

text: been

text: constructed

text: of

text: brass

text: tubing

text: usually

text: bent

text: twice

text: into

text: rounded

text: rectangular

text: shape

text: The drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments. In the Hornbostel-Sachs classification system, it is a membranophone. Drums consist of at least one membrane, called a drumhead or drum skin, that is stretched over a shell and struck, either directly with the player's hands, or with a drum stick, to produce sound. There is usually a "resonance head" on the underside of the drum, typically tuned to a slightly lower pitch than the top drumhead. Other techniques have been used to cause drums to make sound, such as the thumb roll. Drums are the world's oldest and most ubiquitous musical instruments, and the basic design has remained virtually unchanged for thousands of years.

text: The

text: drum

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: percussion

text: group

text: of

text: musical

text: instruments

text: In

text: the

text: Hornbostel

text: Sachs

text: classification

text: system

text: it

text: is

text: membranophone

text: Drums

text: consist

text: of

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: membrane

text: called

text: drumhead

text: or

text: drum

text: skin

text: that

text: is

text: stretched

text: over

text: shell

text: and

text: struck

text: either

text: directly

text: with

text: the

text: player

text: 's

text: hands

text: or

text: with

text: drum

text: stick

text: to

text: produce

text: sound

text: There

text: is

text: usually

text: resonance

text: head

text: on

text: the

text: underside

text: of

text: the

text: drum

text: typically

text: tuned

text: to

text: slightly

text: lower

text: pitch

text: than

text: the

text: top

text: drumhead

text: Other

text: techniques

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: cause

text: drums

text: to

text: make

text: sound

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: thumb

text: roll

text: Drums

text: are

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oldest

text: and

text: most

text: ubiquitous

text: musical

text: instruments

text: and

text: the

text: basic

text: design

text: has

text: remained

text: virtually

text: unchanged

text: for

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

annotations: follows multiple

question: instrument lodewijk parisius

answer: saxophone

text: saxophone

text: saxophone

text: saxophone

text: saxophone

text: saxophone


text: Oneworld (marketed as oneworld; CRS: *O) is an airline alliance founded on 1 February 1999. The alliance's stated objective is to be the first-choice airline alliance for the world's frequent international travelers. Its central alliance office is currently based in New York City in the United States. Its member airlines include Air Berlin, American Airlines, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, Iberia, Finnair, Japan Airlines, LATAM Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Qatar Airways, Royal Jordanian, S7 Airlines and SriLankan Airlines, plus some 21 affiliated airlines. As of August 2016, Oneworld is the third largest global alliance in terms of passengers with more than 557.4 million passengers carried, behind Star Alliance (641.1 M) and SkyTeam (665.4 M). Its slogan is "An alliance of the world's leading airlines working as one."

text: Oneworld

text: marketed

text: as

text: oneworld

text: CRS

text: is

text: an

text: airline

text: alliance

text: founded

text: on

text: February

text: The

text: alliance

text: 's

text: stated

text: objective

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: choice

text: airline

text: alliance

text: for

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: frequent

text: international

text: travelers

text: Its

text: central

text: alliance

text: office

text: is

text: currently

text: based

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Its

text: member

text: airlines

text: include

text: Air

text: Berlin

text: American

text: Airlines

text: British

text: Airways

text: Cathay

text: Pacific

text: Qantas

text: Iberia

text: Finnair

text: Japan

text: Airlines

text: LATAM

text: Airlines

text: Malaysia

text: Airlines

text: Qatar

text: Airways

text: Royal

text: Jordanian

text: Airlines

text: and

text: SriLankan

text: Airlines

text: plus

text: some

text: affiliated

text: airlines

text: As

text: of

text: August

text: Oneworld

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: global

text: alliance

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: passengers

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: passengers

text: carried

text: behind

text: Star

text: Alliance

text: and

text: SkyTeam

text: Its

text: slogan

text: is

text: An

text: alliance

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: leading

text: airlines

text: working

text: as

text: one

text: An airline alliance is an aviation industry arrangement between two or more airlines agreeing to cooperate on a substantial level. Alliances may provide marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter-airline codeshare connections within countries. This branding may involve unified aircraft liveries of member aircraft.

text: An

text: airline

text: alliance

text: is

text: an

text: aviation

text: industry

text: arrangement

text: between

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: airlines

text: agreeing

text: to

text: cooperate

text: on

text: substantial

text: level

text: Alliances

text: may

text: provide

text: marketing

text: branding

text: to

text: facilitate

text: travelers

text: making

text: inter

text: airline

text: codeshare

text: connections

text: within

text: countries

text: This

text: branding

text: may

text: involve

text: unified

text: aircraft

text: liveries

text: of

text: member

text: aircraft

text: The Northern Territory (abbreviated as NT) is a federal Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. It shares borders with Western Australia to the west (129th meridian east), South Australia to the south (26th parallel south), and Queensland to the east (138th meridian east). To the north, the territory is bordered by the Timor Sea, the Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria. Despite its large areaover , making it the third largest Australian federal divisionit is sparsely populated. The Northern Territory's population of 244,000 (2016) makes it the least populous of Australia's eight major states and territories, having fewer than half as many people as Tasmania.

text: The

text: Northern

text: Territory

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: NT

text: is

text: federal

text: Australian

text: territory

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: and

text: central

text: northern

text: regions

text: of

text: Australia

text: It

text: shares

text: borders

text: with

text: Western

text: Australia

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: meridian

text: east

text: South

text: Australia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: parallel

text: south

text: and

text: Queensland

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: meridian

text: east

text: To

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: territory

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Timor

text: Sea

text: the

text: Arafura

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Carpentaria

text: Despite

text: its

text: large

text: areaover

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: Australian

text: federal

text: divisionit

text: is

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: The

text: Northern

text: Territory

text: 's

text: population

text: of

text: makes

text: it

text: the

text: least

text: populous

text: of

text: Australia

text: 's

text: eight

text: major

text: states

text: and

text: territories

text: having

text: fewer

text: than

text: half

text: as

text: many

text: people

text: as

text: Tasmania

text: Qantas Airways is the flag carrier airline of Australia and its largest airline by fleet size, international flights and international destinations. It is the third oldest airline in the world, after KLM and Avianca having been founded in November 1920; it began international passenger flights in May 1935. The Qantas name comes from ""QANTAS"", an acronym for its original name, ""Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services"", and it is nicknamed "The Flying Kangaroo". Qantas is a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance.

text: Qantas

text: Airways

text: is

text: the

text: flag

text: carrier

text: airline

text: of

text: Australia

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: airline

text: by

text: fleet

text: size

text: international

text: flights

text: and

text: international

text: destinations

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: oldest

text: airline

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: after

text: KLM

text: and

text: Avianca

text: having

text: been

text: founded

text: in

text: November

text: it

text: began

text: international

text: passenger

text: flights

text: in

text: May

text: The

text: Qantas

text: name

text: comes

text: from

text: QANTAS

text: an

text: acronym

text: for

text: its

text: original

text: name

text: Queensland

text: and

text: Northern

text: Territory

text: Aerial

text: Services

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: nicknamed

text: The

text: Flying

text: Kangaroo

text: Qantas

text: is

text: founding

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Oneworld

text: airline

text: alliance

text: Following is a list of destinations Qantas flies to as part of its scheduled services , as of February 2016 . It also includes destinations served by Qantas subsidiaries Jetstar and QantasLink . Terminated destinations are also listed .

text: Following

text: is

text: list

text: of

text: destinations

text: Qantas

text: flies

text: to

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: its

text: scheduled

text: services

text: as

text: of

text: February

text: It

text: also

text: includes

text: destinations

text: served

text: by

text: Qantas

text: subsidiaries

text: Jetstar

text: and

text: QantasLink

text: Terminated

text: destinations

text: are

text: also

text: listed

text: A flag carrier is a transportation company, such as an airline or shipping company, that, being locally registered in a given state, enjoys preferential rights or privileges accorded by the government for international operations. The term also refers to any carrier that is or was owned by a government, even long after their privatization when preferential rights or privileges continue.

text: flag

text: carrier

text: is

text: transportation

text: company

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: airline

text: or

text: shipping

text: company

text: that

text: being

text: locally

text: registered

text: in

text: given

text: state

text: enjoys

text: preferential

text: rights

text: or

text: privileges

text: accorded

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: for

text: international

text: operations

text: The

text: term

text: also

text: refers

text: to

text: any

text: carrier

text: that

text: is

text: or

text: was

text: owned

text: by

text: government

text: even

text: long

text: after

text: their

text: privatization

text: when

text: preferential

text: rights

text: or

text: privileges

text: continue

text: Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney.

text: Australia

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Australia

text: is

text: country

text: comprising

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: continent

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Tasmania

text: and

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: islands

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sixth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: The

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: are

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: East

text: Timor

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: and

text: Vanuatu

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: Australia

text: 's

text: capital

text: is

text: Canberra

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: Sydney

text: Queensland (abbreviated as QLD) is the second-largest and third-most-populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Situated in the north-east of the country, it is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west and south respectively. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. Queensland has a population of 4,750,500, concentrated along the coast and particularly in the state's South East. The state is the world's sixth largest sub-national entity, with an area of 1,852,642 km. The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australia's third largest city. Often referred to as the "Sunshine State", Queensland is home to 10 of Australia's 30 largest cities and is the nation's third largest economy. Tourism in the state, fuelled largely by its warm tropical climate, is a major industry.

text: Queensland

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: QLD

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: and

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Australia

text: Situated

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: it

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Northern

text: Territory

text: South

text: Australia

text: and

text: New

text: South

text: Wales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: south

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: respectively

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: Queensland

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Coral

text: Sea

text: and

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: Queensland

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: concentrated

text: along

text: the

text: coast

text: and

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: South

text: East

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sixth

text: largest

text: sub

text: national

text: entity

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: km

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: is

text: Brisbane

text: Australia

text: 's

text: third

text: largest

text: city

text: Often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Sunshine

text: State

text: Queensland

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: of

text: Australia

text: 's

text: largest

text: cities

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: third

text: largest

text: economy

text: Tourism

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: fuelled

text: largely

text: by

text: its

text: warm

text: tropical

text: climate

text: is

text: major

text: industry

text: Avianca S.A. (acronym in Spanish for "", Airways of the American Continent) has been the national airline and flag carrier of Colombia since 5 December 1919, when it was initially registered under the name SCADTA. It is headquartered in Bogotá, D.C. with its main hub at El Dorado International Airport. Avianca also comprises a group of seven Latin American airlines, whose operations are combined to function as one airline using a code sharing system. Avianca is the largest airline in Colombia and second largest in Latin America. Avianca together with its subsidiaries has the most extensive network of destinations in Latin America. It is wholly owned by Synergy Group S.A., a South American holding company established by Germán Efromovich and specializing in air transport. It is listed on the Colombia Stock Exchange.

text: Avianca

text: S.A.

text: acronym

text: in

text: Spanish

text: for

text: Airways

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Continent

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: national

text: airline

text: and

text: flag

text: carrier

text: of

text: Colombia

text: since

text: December

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: initially

text: registered

text: under

text: the

text: name

text: SCADTA

text: It

text: is

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Bogotá

text: D.C.

text: with

text: its

text: main

text: hub

text: at

text: El

text: Dorado

text: International

text: Airport

text: Avianca

text: also

text: comprises

text: group

text: of

text: seven

text: Latin

text: American

text: airlines

text: whose

text: operations

text: are

text: combined

text: to

text: function

text: as

text: one

text: airline

text: using

text: code

text: sharing

text: system

text: Avianca

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: airline

text: in

text: Colombia

text: and

text: second

text: largest

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: Avianca

text: together

text: with

text: its

text: subsidiaries

text: has

text: the

text: most

text: extensive

text: network

text: of

text: destinations

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: It

text: is

text: wholly

text: owned

text: by

text: Synergy

text: Group

text: S.A.

text: South

text: American

text: holding

text: company

text: established

text: by

text: Germán

text: Efromovich

text: and

text: specializing

text: in

text: air

text: transport

text: It

text: is

text: listed

text: on

text: the

text: Colombia

text: Stock

text: Exchange

text: KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, legally "Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V.", is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands. KLM is headquartered in Amstelveen, with its hub at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. It is part of the Air FranceKLM group, and is a member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. KLM was founded in 1919; it is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name and had 32,505 employees . KLM operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to approximately 130 destinations.

text: KLM

text: Royal

text: Dutch

text: Airlines

text: legally

text: Koninklijke

text: Luchtvaart

text: Maatschappij

text: N.V.

text: is

text: the

text: flag

text: carrier

text: airline

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: KLM

text: is

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Amstelveen

text: with

text: its

text: hub

text: at

text: nearby

text: Amsterdam

text: Airport

text: Schiphol

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Air

text: FranceKLM

text: group

text: and

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: SkyTeam

text: airline

text: alliance

text: KLM

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: airline

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: still

text: operating

text: under

text: its

text: original

text: name

text: and

text: had

text: employees

text: KLM

text: operates

text: scheduled

text: passenger

text: and

text: cargo

text: services

text: to

text: approximately

text: destinations

text: Regional Express (also known as Rex) is an Australian airline based in Mascot, New South Wales. It operates scheduled regional services. It is Australia's largest regional airline outside the Qantas group of companies and serves New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, North Queensland, Tasmania and Western Australia. Its entire fleet consists of 52 Swedish built Saab 340 turboprop aircraft seating 33, 34 or 36 passengers.

text: Regional

text: Express

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Rex

text: is

text: an

text: Australian

text: airline

text: based

text: in

text: Mascot

text: New

text: South

text: Wales

text: It

text: operates

text: scheduled

text: regional

text: services

text: It

text: is

text: Australia

text: 's

text: largest

text: regional

text: airline

text: outside

text: the

text: Qantas

text: group

text: of

text: companies

text: and

text: serves

text: New

text: South

text: Wales

text: South

text: Australia

text: Victoria

text: North

text: Queensland

text: Tasmania

text: and

text: Western

text: Australia

text: Its

text: entire

text: fleet

text: consists

text: of

text: Swedish

text: built

text: Saab

text: turboprop

text: aircraft

text: seating

text: or

text: passengers

text: QantasLink is a regional brand of Australian airline Qantas and is an affiliate member of the Oneworld airline alliance. It is a major competitor to Regional Express Airlines and Virgin Australia Regional Airlines. As of September 2010 QantasLink provides 1,900 flights each week to 54 domestic and international locations.

text: QantasLink

text: is

text: regional

text: brand

text: of

text: Australian

text: airline

text: Qantas

text: and

text: is

text: an

text: affiliate

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Oneworld

text: airline

text: alliance

text: It

text: is

text: major

text: competitor

text: to

text: Regional

text: Express

text: Airlines

text: and

text: Virgin

text: Australia

text: Regional

text: Airlines

text: As

text: of

text: September

text: QantasLink

text: provides

text: flights

text: each

text: week

text: to

text: domestic

text: and

text: international

text: locations

question: is_a_list_of qantas destinations

answer: airport

text: airport

text: airport


text: Pudendal anesthesia, also known as a pudendal block, or saddle block, is a form of local anesthesia commonly used in the practice of obstetrics to relieve pain during the delivery of baby by forceps. The pudendal nerve block prevents fainting during forceps delivery which was common before pudendal nerve block use was available. The anesthesia is produced by blocking the pudendal nerves near the ischial spine of the pelvis. The ischial spine separates the greater and lesser sciatic foramina at the exit of the bony pelvis. Pelvis in Latin means 'saucepan' and one can view the bony human pelvis as a saucepan, with circular/cylidrical walls, but without a base and a flailed upper rim, or wings to which the gluteal muscles (hip bone stabilisers) attach. The pelvic bony cylindrical walls also have a curve, which follows that of the curve of the sacrum, the fused vertebral bones of the lower end of the spine.

text: Pudendal

text: anesthesia

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: pudendal

text: block

text: or

text: saddle

text: block

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: local

text: anesthesia

text: commonly

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: obstetrics

text: to

text: relieve

text: pain

text: during

text: the

text: delivery

text: of

text: baby

text: by

text: forceps

text: The

text: pudendal

text: nerve

text: block

text: prevents

text: fainting

text: during

text: forceps

text: delivery

text: which

text: was

text: common

text: before

text: pudendal

text: nerve

text: block

text: use

text: was

text: available

text: The

text: anesthesia

text: is

text: produced

text: by

text: blocking

text: the

text: pudendal

text: nerves

text: near

text: the

text: ischial

text: spine

text: of

text: the

text: pelvis

text: The

text: ischial

text: spine

text: separates

text: the

text: greater

text: and

text: lesser

text: sciatic

text: foramina

text: at

text: the

text: exit

text: of

text: the

text: bony

text: pelvis

text: Pelvis

text: in

text: Latin

text: means

text: saucepan

text: and

text: one

text: can

text: view

text: the

text: bony

text: human

text: pelvis

text: as

text: saucepan

text: with

text: circular

text: cylidrical

text: walls

text: but

text: without

text: base

text: and

text: flailed

text: upper

text: rim

text: or

text: wings

text: to

text: which

text: the

text: gluteal

text: muscles

text: hip

text: bone

text: stabilisers

text: attach

text: The

text: pelvic

text: bony

text: cylindrical

text: walls

text: also

text: have

text: curve

text: which

text: follows

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: curve

text: of

text: the

text: sacrum

text: the

text: fused

text: vertebral

text: bones

text: of

text: the

text: lower

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: spine

text:
Obstructed labour, also known as labour dystocia, is when, even though the uterus is contracting normally, the baby does not exit the pelvis during childbirth due to being physically blocked. Complications for the baby include not getting enough oxygen which may result in death. It increases the risk of the mother getting an infection, having uterine rupture, or having post-partum bleeding. Long term complications for the mother include obstetrical fistula. Obstructed labour is said to result in prolonged labour, when the active phase of labour is longer than twelve hours.
The main causes of obstructed labour include: a large or abnormally positioned baby, a small pelvis, and problems with the birth canal. Abnormal positioning includes shoulder dystocia where the anterior shoulder does not pass easily below the pubic bone. Risk factors for a small pelvis include malnutrition and a lack of exposure to sunlight causing vitamin D deficiency. It is also more common in adolescence as the pelvis may not have finished growing. Problems with the birth canal include a narrow vagina and perineum which may be due to female genital mutilation or tumors. A partograph is often used to track labour progression and diagnose problems. This combined with physical examination may identify obstructed labour.
The treatment of obstructed labour may require cesarean section or vacuum extraction with possible surgical opening of the symphysis pubis. Other measures include: keeping the women hydrated and antibiotics if the membranes have been ruptured for more than 18 hours. In Africa and Asia obstructed labor effects between two and five percent of deliveries. In 2013 about 5.1 cases of obstructed labour occurred. This resulted in 19,000 deaths down from 29,000 deaths in 1990 (about 8% of all deaths related to pregnancy). Most deaths due to this condition occur in the developing world.

text: Obstructed

text: labour

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: labour

text: dystocia

text: is

text: when

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: uterus

text: is

text: contracting

text: normally

text: the

text: baby

text: does

text: not

text: exit

text: the

text: pelvis

text: during

text: childbirth

text: due

text: to

text: being

text: physically

text: blocked

text: Complications

text: for

text: the

text: baby

text: include

text: not

text: getting

text: enough

text: oxygen

text: which

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: death

text: It

text: increases

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: the

text: mother

text: getting

text: an

text: infection

text: having

text: uterine

text: rupture

text: or

text: having

text: post

text: partum

text: bleeding

text: Long

text: term

text: complications

text: for

text: the

text: mother

text: include

text: obstetrical

text: fistula

text: Obstructed

text: labour

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: result

text: in

text: prolonged

text: labour

text: when

text: the

text: active

text: phase

text: of

text: labour

text: is

text: longer

text: than

text: twelve

text: hours

text: The

text: main

text: causes

text: of

text: obstructed

text: labour

text: include

text: large

text: or

text: abnormally

text: positioned

text: baby

text: small

text: pelvis

text: and

text: problems

text: with

text: the

text: birth

text: canal

text: Abnormal

text: positioning

text: includes

text: shoulder

text: dystocia

text: where

text: the

text: anterior

text: shoulder

text: does

text: not

text: pass

text: easily

text: below

text: the

text: pubic

text: bone

text: Risk

text: factors

text: for

text: small

text: pelvis

text: include

text: malnutrition

text: and

text: lack

text: of

text: exposure

text: to

text: sunlight

text: causing

text: vitamin

text: deficiency

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: adolescence

text: as

text: the

text: pelvis

text: may

text: not

text: have

text: finished

text: growing

text: Problems

text: with

text: the

text: birth

text: canal

text: include

text: narrow

text: vagina

text: and

text: perineum

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: female

text: genital

text: mutilation

text: or

text: tumors

text: partograph

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: track

text: labour

text: progression

text: and

text: diagnose

text: problems

text: This

text: combined

text: with

text: physical

text: examination

text: may

text: identify

text: obstructed

text: labour

text: The

text: treatment

text: of

text: obstructed

text: labour

text: may

text: require

text: cesarean

text: section

text: or

text: vacuum

text: extraction

text: with

text: possible

text: surgical

text: opening

text: of

text: the

text: symphysis

text: pubis

text: Other

text: measures

text: include

text: keeping

text: the

text: women

text: hydrated

text: and

text: antibiotics

text: if

text: the

text: membranes

text: have

text: been

text: ruptured

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: hours

text: In

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: obstructed

text: labor

text: effects

text: between

text: two

text: and

text: five

text: percent

text: of

text: deliveries

text: In

text: about

text: cases

text: of

text: obstructed

text: labour

text: occurred

text: This

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: down

text: from

text: deaths

text: in

text: about

text: of

text: all

text: deaths

text: related

text: to

text: pregnancy

text: Most

text: deaths

text: due

text: to

text: this

text: condition

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: Postpartum bleeding or postpartum hemorrhage ( PPH ) is often defined as the loss of more than 500 ml or 1,000 ml of blood within the first 24 hours following childbirth . Some have added the requirement that there also be signs or symptoms of low blood volume for the condition to exist . Signs and symptoms may initially include : an increased heart rate , feeling faint upon standing , and an increased breath rate . As more blood is lost the women may feel cold , their blood pressure may drop , and they may become restless or unconscious . The condition can occur up to six weeks following delivery . The most common cause is poor contraction of the uterus following childbirth . Not all of the placenta being delivered , a tear of the uterus , or poor blood clotting are other possible causes . It occurs more commonly in those who : already have a low amount of red blood , are Asian , with bigger or more than one baby , are obese or are older than 40 years of age . It also occurs more commonly following caesarean sections , those in whom medications are used to start labor , and those who have an episiotomy . Prevention involves decreasing known risk factors including if possible procedures associated with the condition and giving the medication oxytocin to stimulate the uterus to contract shortly after the baby is born . Misoprostol may be used instead of oxytocin in resource poor settings . Treatments may include : intravenous fluids , blood transfusions , and the medication ergotamine to cause further uterine contraction . Efforts to compress the uterus using the hands may be effective if other treatments do not work . The aorta may also be compressed by pressing on the abdomen . The World Health Organization has recommended non-pneumatic anti-shock garment to help until other measures such as surgery can be carried out . In the developing world about 1.2 % of deliveries are associated with PPH and when PPH occurred about 3 % of women died . Globally it results in 44,000 to 86,000 deaths per year making it the leading cause of death during pregnancy . About 0.4 women per 100,000 deliveries die from PPH in the United Kingdom while about 150 women per 100,000 deliveries die in sub-Saharan Africa . Rates of death have decreased substantially since at least the late 1800s in the United Kingdom .

text: Postpartum

text: bleeding

text: or

text: postpartum

text: hemorrhage

text: PPH

text: is

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: ml

text: or

text: ml

text: of

text: blood

text: within

text: the

text: first

text: hours

text: following

text: childbirth

text: Some

text: have

text: added

text: the

text: requirement

text: that

text: there

text: also

text: be

text: signs

text: or

text: symptoms

text: of

text: low

text: blood

text: volume

text: for

text: the

text: condition

text: to

text: exist

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: may

text: initially

text: include

text: an

text: increased

text: heart

text: rate

text: feeling

text: faint

text: upon

text: standing

text: and

text: an

text: increased

text: breath

text: rate

text: As

text: more

text: blood

text: is

text: lost

text: the

text: women

text: may

text: feel

text: cold

text: their

text: blood

text: pressure

text: may

text: drop

text: and

text: they

text: may

text: become

text: restless

text: or

text: unconscious

text: The

text: condition

text: can

text: occur

text: up

text: to

text: six

text: weeks

text: following

text: delivery

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: is

text: poor

text: contraction

text: of

text: the

text: uterus

text: following

text: childbirth

text: Not

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: placenta

text: being

text: delivered

text: tear

text: of

text: the

text: uterus

text: or

text: poor

text: blood

text: clotting

text: are

text: other

text: possible

text: causes

text: It

text: occurs

text: more

text: commonly

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: already

text: have

text: low

text: amount

text: of

text: red

text: blood

text: are

text: Asian

text: with

text: bigger

text: or

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: baby

text: are

text: obese

text: or

text: are

text: older

text: than

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: It

text: also

text: occurs

text: more

text: commonly

text: following

text: caesarean

text: sections

text: those

text: in

text: whom

text: medications

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: start

text: labor

text: and

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: an

text: episiotomy

text: Prevention

text: involves

text: decreasing

text: known

text: risk

text: factors

text: including

text: if

text: possible

text: procedures

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: condition

text: and

text: giving

text: the

text: medication

text: oxytocin

text: to

text: stimulate

text: the

text: uterus

text: to

text: contract

text: shortly

text: after

text: the

text: baby

text: is

text: born

text: Misoprostol

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: instead

text: of

text: oxytocin

text: in

text: resource

text: poor

text: settings

text: Treatments

text: may

text: include

text: intravenous

text: fluids

text: blood

text: transfusions

text: and

text: the

text: medication

text: ergotamine

text: to

text: cause

text: further

text: uterine

text: contraction

text: Efforts

text: to

text: compress

text: the

text: uterus

text: using

text: the

text: hands

text: may

text: be

text: effective

text: if

text: other

text: treatments

text: do

text: not

text: work

text: The

text: aorta

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: compressed

text: by

text: pressing

text: on

text: the

text: abdomen

text: The

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: has

text: recommended

text: non

text: pneumatic

text: anti

text: shock

text: garment

text: to

text: help

text: until

text: other

text: measures

text: such

text: as

text: surgery

text: can

text: be

text: carried

text: out

text: In

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: about

text: of

text: deliveries

text: are

text: associated

text: with

text: PPH

text: and

text: when

text: PPH

text: occurred

text: about

text: of

text: women

text: died

text: Globally

text: it

text: results

text: in

text: to

text: deaths

text: per

text: year

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: leading

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: About

text: women

text: per

text: deliveries

text: die

text: from

text: PPH

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: while

text: about

text: women

text: per

text: deliveries

text: die

text: in

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: Rates

text: of

text: death

text: have

text: decreased

text: substantially

text: since

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: late

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Oxytocin (Oxt ) is a human peptide hormone and neuropeptide that is used as a medication to facilitate childbirth. Oxytocin is normally produced by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. It plays a role in social bonding, sexual reproduction in both sexes, and during and after childbirth. Oxytocin is released into the bloodstream as a hormone in response to stretching of the cervix and uterus during labor and with stimulation of the nipples from breastfeeding. This helps with birth, bonding with the baby, and milk production. Oxytocin was discovered in 1952.

text: Oxytocin

text: Oxt

text: is

text: human

text: peptide

text: hormone

text: and

text: neuropeptide

text: that

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: medication

text: to

text: facilitate

text: childbirth

text: Oxytocin

text: is

text: normally

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: paraventricular

text: nucleus

text: of

text: the

text: hypothalamus

text: and

text: released

text: by

text: the

text: posterior

text: pituitary

text: It

text: plays

text: role

text: in

text: social

text: bonding

text: sexual

text: reproduction

text: in

text: both

text: sexes

text: and

text: during

text: and

text: after

text: childbirth

text: Oxytocin

text: is

text: released

text: into

text: the

text: bloodstream

text: as

text: hormone

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: stretching

text: of

text: the

text: cervix

text: and

text: uterus

text: during

text: labor

text: and

text: with

text: stimulation

text: of

text: the

text: nipples

text: from

text: breastfeeding

text: This

text: helps

text: with

text: birth

text: bonding

text: with

text: the

text: baby

text: and

text: milk

text: production

text: Oxytocin

text: was

text: discovered

text: in

text: Episiotomy also known as perineotomy, is a surgical incision of the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall generally done by a midwife or obstetrician during second stage of labor to quickly enlarge the opening for the baby to pass through. The incision, which can be done at a 90 degree angle from the vulva towards the anus or at an angle from the posterior end of the vulva (medio-lateral episiotomy), is performed under local anesthetic (pudendal anesthesia), and is sutured after delivery.

text: Episiotomy

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: perineotomy

text: is

text: surgical

text: incision

text: of

text: the

text: perineum

text: and

text: the

text: posterior

text: vaginal

text: wall

text: generally

text: done

text: by

text: midwife

text: or

text: obstetrician

text: during

text: second

text: stage

text: of

text: labor

text: to

text: quickly

text: enlarge

text: the

text: opening

text: for

text: the

text: baby

text: to

text: pass

text: through

text: The

text: incision

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: done

text: at

text: degree

text: angle

text: from

text: the

text: vulva

text: towards

text: the

text: anus

text: or

text: at

text: an

text: angle

text: from

text: the

text: posterior

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: vulva

text: medio

text: lateral

text: episiotomy

text: is

text: performed

text: under

text: local

text: anesthetic

text: pudendal

text: anesthesia

text: and

text: is

text: sutured

text: after

text: delivery

text: The placenta (also known as afterbirth) is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, provide thermo-regulation to the fetus, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply, fight against internal infection and produce hormones to support pregnancy. The placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to growing babies and removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's umbilical cord develops from the placenta. The umbilical cord is what connects the mother and the baby. Placentas are a defining characteristic of placental mammals, but are also found in some non-mammals with varying levels of development. The homology of such structures in various viviparous organisms is debatable, and in invertebrates such as Arthropoda, is analogous at best.

text: The

text: placenta

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: afterbirth

text: is

text: an

text: organ

text: that

text: connects

text: the

text: developing

text: fetus

text: to

text: the

text: uterine

text: wall

text: to

text: allow

text: nutrient

text: uptake

text: provide

text: thermo

text: regulation

text: to

text: the

text: fetus

text: waste

text: elimination

text: and

text: gas

text: exchange

text: via

text: the

text: mother

text: 's

text: blood

text: supply

text: fight

text: against

text: internal

text: infection

text: and

text: produce

text: hormones

text: to

text: support

text: pregnancy

text: The

text: placenta

text: provides

text: oxygen

text: and

text: nutrients

text: to

text: growing

text: babies

text: and

text: removes

text: waste

text: products

text: from

text: the

text: baby

text: 's

text: blood

text: The

text: placenta

text: attaches

text: to

text: the

text: wall

text: of

text: the

text: uterus

text: and

text: the

text: baby

text: 's

text: umbilical

text: cord

text: develops

text: from

text: the

text: placenta

text: The

text: umbilical

text: cord

text: is

text: what

text: connects

text: the

text: mother

text: and

text: the

text: baby

text: Placentas

text: are

text: defining

text: characteristic

text: of

text: placental

text: mammals

text: but

text: are

text: also

text: found

text: in

text: some

text: non

text: mammals

text: with

text: varying

text: levels

text: of

text: development

text: The

text: homology

text: of

text: such

text: structures

text: in

text: various

text: viviparous

text: organisms

text: is

text: debatable

text: and

text: in

text: invertebrates

text: such

text: as

text: Arthropoda

text: is

text: analogous

text: at

text: best

text:
Childbirth, also known as labour and delivery, is the ending of a pregnancy by one or more babies leaving a woman's uterus. In 2015 there were about 135 million births globally. About 15 million were born before 37 weeks of gestation, while between 3 and 12% were born after 42 weeks. In the developed world most deliveries occur in hospital, while in the developing world most births take place at home with the support of a traditional birth attendant.
The most common way of childbirth is a vaginal delivery. It involves three stages of labour: the shortening and opening of the cervix, descent and birth of the baby, and the pushing out of the placenta. The first stage typically lasts twelve to nineteen hours, the second stage twenty minutes to two hours, and the third stage five to thirty minutes. The first stage begins with crampy abdominal or back pains that last around half a minute and occur every ten to thirty minutes. The crampy pains become stronger and closer together over time. During the second stage pushing with contractions may occur. In the third stage delayed clamping of the umbilical cord is generally recommended. A number of methods can help with pain such as relaxation techniques, opioids, and spinal blocks.
Most babies are born head first; however about 4% are born feet or buttock first, known as breech. During labour a woman can generally eat and move around as she likes, but pushing is not recommended during the first stage or during delivery of the head, and enemas are not recommended. While making a cut to the opening of the vagina is common, known as an episiotomy, it is generally not needed. In 2012, about 23 million deliveries occurred by a surgical procedure known as Caesarean section. Caesarean sections may be recommended for twins, signs of distress in the baby, or breech position. This method of delivery can take longer to heal from.
Each year complications from pregnancy and childbirth result in about 500,000 maternal deaths, 7 million women have serious long term problems, and 50 million women have health negative outcomes following delivery. Most of these occur in the developing world. Specific complications include obstructed labour, postpartum bleeding, eclampsia, and postpartum infection. Complications in the baby include birth asphyxia.

text: Childbirth

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: labour

text: and

text: delivery

text: is

text: the

text: ending

text: of

text: pregnancy

text: by

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: babies

text: leaving

text: woman

text: 's

text: uterus

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: about

text: million

text: births

text: globally

text: About

text: million

text: were

text: born

text: before

text: weeks

text: of

text: gestation

text: while

text: between

text: and

text: were

text: born

text: after

text: weeks

text: In

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: most

text: deliveries

text: occur

text: in

text: hospital

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: most

text: births

text: take

text: place

text: at

text: home

text: with

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: traditional

text: birth

text: attendant

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: way

text: of

text: childbirth

text: is

text: vaginal

text: delivery

text: It

text: involves

text: three

text: stages

text: of

text: labour

text: the

text: shortening

text: and

text: opening

text: of

text: the

text: cervix

text: descent

text: and

text: birth

text: of

text: the

text: baby

text: and

text: the

text: pushing

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: placenta

text: The

text: first

text: stage

text: typically

text: lasts

text: twelve

text: to

text: nineteen

text: hours

text: the

text: second

text: stage

text: twenty

text: minutes

text: to

text: two

text: hours

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: stage

text: five

text: to

text: thirty

text: minutes

text: The

text: first

text: stage

text: begins

text: with

text: crampy

text: abdominal

text: or

text: back

text: pains

text: that

text: last

text: around

text: half

text: minute

text: and

text: occur

text: every

text: ten

text: to

text: thirty

text: minutes

text: The

text: crampy

text: pains

text: become

text: stronger

text: and

text: closer

text: together

text: over

text: time

text: During

text: the

text: second

text: stage

text: pushing

text: with

text: contractions

text: may

text: occur

text: In

text: the

text: third

text: stage

text: delayed

text: clamping

text: of

text: the

text: umbilical

text: cord

text: is

text: generally

text: recommended

text: number

text: of

text: methods

text: can

text: help

text: with

text: pain

text: such

text: as

text: relaxation

text: techniques

text: opioids

text: and

text: spinal

text: blocks

text: Most

text: babies

text: are

text: born

text: head

text: first

text: however

text: about

text: are

text: born

text: feet

text: or

text: buttock

text: first

text: known

text: as

text: breech

text: During

text: labour

text: woman

text: can

text: generally

text: eat

text: and

text: move

text: around

text: as

text: she

text: likes

text: but

text: pushing

text: is

text: not

text: recommended

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: stage

text: or

text: during

text: delivery

text: of

text: the

text: head

text: and

text: enemas

text: are

text: not

text: recommended

text: While

text: making

text: cut

text: to

text: the

text: opening

text: of

text: the

text: vagina

text: is

text: common

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: episiotomy

text: it

text: is

text: generally

text: not

text: needed

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: deliveries

text: occurred

text: by

text: surgical

text: procedure

text: known

text: as

text: Caesarean

text: section

text: Caesarean

text: sections

text: may

text: be

text: recommended

text: for

text: twins

text: signs

text: of

text: distress

text: in

text: the

text: baby

text: or

text: breech

text: position

text: This

text: method

text: of

text: delivery

text: can

text: take

text: longer

text: to

text: heal

text: from

text: Each

text: year

text: complications

text: from

text: pregnancy

text: and

text: childbirth

text: result

text: in

text: about

text: maternal

text: deaths

text: million

text: women

text: have

text: serious

text: long

text: term

text: problems

text: and

text: million

text: women

text: have

text: health

text: negative

text: outcomes

text: following

text: delivery

text: Most

text: of

text: these

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: Specific

text: complications

text: include

text: obstructed

text: labour

text: postpartum

text: bleeding

text: eclampsia

text: and

text: postpartum

text: infection

text: Complications

text: in

text: the

text: baby

text: include

text: birth

text: asphyxia

text:
Caesarean section, also known as C-section, is the use of surgery to deliver one or more babies. A Caesarean section is often performed when a vaginal delivery would put the baby or mother at risk. This may include obstructed labour, twin pregnancy, high blood pressure in the mother, breech birth, problems with the placenta, umbilical cord or shape of the pelvis, and previous C-section. A trial of vaginal birth in some of these situations, including after C-section, may be possible. Some C-sections are also performed upon request. The World Health Organization recommends that they should be done based on medical need and in many cases they are lifesaving for the mother and baby.
A C-section typically takes 45 minutes to an hour. It may be done with a spinal block such that the woman is awake or under general anesthesia. A urinary catheter is used to drain the bladder and the skin of the abdomen is then cleaned with an antiseptic. An incision of about 15 cm (6 inches) is then typically made through the mother's lower abdomen. The uterus is then opened with a second incision and the baby delivered. The incisions are then stitched closed. A woman can typically begin breastfeeding as soon as she is awake and out of the operating room. Often a number of days are required in hospital to recover sufficiently to return home.
C-sections result in a small overall increase in poor outcomes in low risk pregnancies. They also typically take longer to heal from, about six weeks, than vaginal birth. The increased risks include breathing problems in the baby and amniotic fluid embolism and postpartum bleeding in the mother. Established guidelines recommend that caesarean sections not be used before 39 weeks of pregnancy without a medical reason. The method of delivery does not appear to have an effect on subsequent sexual function.
In 2012, about 23 million C-sections were done globally. The international healthcare community has previously considered the rate of 10% and 15% to be ideal for caesarean sections. Some evidence finds a higher rate of 19% may result in better outcomes. More than 45 countries globally have C-section rates less than 7.5% while more than 50 have rates greater than 27%. There are efforts to both improve access to and reduce the use of C-section. In the United States about 33% of deliveries are by C-section. The surgery has been performed at least as far back as 715 BC following the death of the mother with the occasional baby surviving. Descriptions of mothers surviving date back to the 1500s. With the introduction of antiseptics and anesthetics in the 1800s survival of both the mother and baby became common.

text: Caesarean

text: section

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: section

text: is

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: surgery

text: to

text: deliver

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: babies

text: Caesarean

text: section

text: is

text: often

text: performed

text: when

text: vaginal

text: delivery

text: would

text: put

text: the

text: baby

text: or

text: mother

text: at

text: risk

text: This

text: may

text: include

text: obstructed

text: labour

text: twin

text: pregnancy

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: in

text: the

text: mother

text: breech

text: birth

text: problems

text: with

text: the

text: placenta

text: umbilical

text: cord

text: or

text: shape

text: of

text: the

text: pelvis

text: and

text: previous

text: section

text: trial

text: of

text: vaginal

text: birth

text: in

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: situations

text: including

text: after

text: section

text: may

text: be

text: possible

text: Some

text: sections

text: are

text: also

text: performed

text: upon

text: request

text: The

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: recommends

text: that

text: they

text: should

text: be

text: done

text: based

text: on

text: medical

text: need

text: and

text: in

text: many

text: cases

text: they

text: are

text: lifesaving

text: for

text: the

text: mother

text: and

text: baby

text: section

text: typically

text: takes

text: minutes

text: to

text: an

text: hour

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: done

text: with

text: spinal

text: block

text: such

text: that

text: the

text: woman

text: is

text: awake

text: or

text: under

text: general

text: anesthesia

text: urinary

text: catheter

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: drain

text: the

text: bladder

text: and

text: the

text: skin

text: of

text: the

text: abdomen

text: is

text: then

text: cleaned

text: with

text: an

text: antiseptic

text: An

text: incision

text: of

text: about

text: cm

text: inches

text: is

text: then

text: typically

text: made

text: through

text: the

text: mother

text: 's

text: lower

text: abdomen

text: The

text: uterus

text: is

text: then

text: opened

text: with

text: second

text: incision

text: and

text: the

text: baby

text: delivered

text: The

text: incisions

text: are

text: then

text: stitched

text: closed

text: woman

text: can

text: typically

text: begin

text: breastfeeding

text: as

text: soon

text: as

text: she

text: is

text: awake

text: and

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: operating

text: room

text: Often

text: number

text: of

text: days

text: are

text: required

text: in

text: hospital

text: to

text: recover

text: sufficiently

text: to

text: return

text: home

text: sections

text: result

text: in

text: small

text: overall

text: increase

text: in

text: poor

text: outcomes

text: in

text: low

text: risk

text: pregnancies

text: They

text: also

text: typically

text: take

text: longer

text: to

text: heal

text: from

text: about

text: six

text: weeks

text: than

text: vaginal

text: birth

text: The

text: increased

text: risks

text: include

text: breathing

text: problems

text: in

text: the

text: baby

text: and

text: amniotic

text: fluid

text: embolism

text: and

text: postpartum

text: bleeding

text: in

text: the

text: mother

text: Established

text: guidelines

text: recommend

text: that

text: caesarean

text: sections

text: not

text: be

text: used

text: before

text: weeks

text: of

text: pregnancy

text: without

text: medical

text: reason

text: The

text: method

text: of

text: delivery

text: does

text: not

text: appear

text: to

text: have

text: an

text: effect

text: on

text: subsequent

text: sexual

text: function

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: sections

text: were

text: done

text: globally

text: The

text: international

text: healthcare

text: community

text: has

text: previously

text: considered

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: and

text: to

text: be

text: ideal

text: for

text: caesarean

text: sections

text: Some

text: evidence

text: finds

text: higher

text: rate

text: of

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: better

text: outcomes

text: More

text: than

text: countries

text: globally

text: have

text: section

text: rates

text: less

text: than

text: while

text: more

text: than

text: have

text: rates

text: greater

text: than

text: There

text: are

text: efforts

text: to

text: both

text: improve

text: access

text: to

text: and

text: reduce

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: section

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: about

text: of

text: deliveries

text: are

text: by

text: section

text: The

text: surgery

text: has

text: been

text: performed

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: far

text: back

text: as

text: BC

text: following

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: mother

text: with

text: the

text: occasional

text: baby

text: surviving

text: Descriptions

text: of

text: mothers

text: surviving

text: date

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: With

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: antiseptics

text: and

text: anesthetics

text: in

text: the

text: survival

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: mother

text: and

text: baby

text: became

text: common

text:
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce. Infectious disease, also known as transmissible disease or communicable disease, is illness resulting from an infection.
Infections are caused by infectious agents including viruses, viroids, prions, bacteria, nematodes such as parasitic roundworms and pinworms, arthropods such as ticks, mites, fleas, and lice, fungi such as ringworm, and other macroparasites such as tapeworms and other helminths.

text: Infection

text: is

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: 's

text: body

text: tissues

text: by

text: disease

text: causing

text: agents

text: their

text: multiplication

text: and

text: the

text: reaction

text: of

text: host

text: tissues

text: to

text: these

text: organisms

text: and

text: the

text: toxins

text: they

text: produce

text: Infectious

text: disease

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: transmissible

text: disease

text: or

text: communicable

text: disease

text: is

text: illness

text: resulting

text: from

text: an

text: infection

text: Infections

text: are

text: caused

text: by

text: infectious

text: agents

text: including

text: viruses

text: viroids

text: prions

text: bacteria

text: nematodes

text: such

text: as

text: parasitic

text: roundworms

text: and

text: pinworms

text: arthropods

text: such

text: as

text: ticks

text: mites

text: fleas

text: and

text: lice

text: fungi

text: such

text: as

text: ringworm

text: and

text: other

text: macroparasites

text: such

text: as

text: tapeworms

text: and

text: other

text: helminths

question: medical_specialty postpartum bleeding

answer: obstetrics

text: obstetrics