text: Music education is a field of study associated with the teaching and learning of music. It touches on all learning domains, including the psychomotor domain (the development of skills), the cognitive domain (the acquisition of knowledge), and, in particular and significant ways, the affective domain (the learner's willingness to receive, internalize, and share what is learned), including music appreciation and sensitivity. Music training from preschool through post-secondary education is common in most nations because involvement with music is considered a fundamental component of human culture and behavior. Music, like language, is an accomplishment that distinguishes humans as a species.

text: Music

text: education

text: is

text: field

text: of

text: study

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: teaching

text: and

text: learning

text: of

text: music

text: It

text: touches

text: on

text: all

text: learning

text: domains

text: including

text: the

text: psychomotor

text: domain

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: skills

text: the

text: cognitive

text: domain

text: the

text: acquisition

text: of

text: knowledge

text: and

text: in

text: particular

text: and

text: significant

text: ways

text: the

text: affective

text: domain

text: the

text: learner

text: 's

text: willingness

text: to

text: receive

text: internalize

text: and

text: share

text: what

text: is

text: learned

text: including

text: music

text: appreciation

text: and

text: sensitivity

text: Music

text: training

text: from

text: preschool

text: through

text: post

text: secondary

text: education

text: is

text: common

text: in

text: most

text: nations

text: because

text: involvement

text: with

text: music

text: is

text: considered

text: fundamental

text: component

text: of

text: human

text: culture

text: and

text: behavior

text: Music

text: like

text: language

text: is

text: an

text: accomplishment

text: that

text: distinguishes

text: humans

text: as

text: species

text: Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound and silence, which exist in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek  ("mousike"; "art of the Muses"). In its most general form, the activities describing music as an art form include the production of works of music (songs, tunes, symphonies, and so on), the criticism of music, the study of the history of music, and the aesthetic examination of music. Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound."

text: Music

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: and

text: cultural

text: activity

text: whose

text: medium

text: is

text: sound

text: and

text: silence

text: which

text: exist

text: in

text: time

text: The

text: common

text: elements

text: of

text: music

text: are

text: pitch

text: which

text: governs

text: melody

text: and

text: harmony

text: rhythm

text: and

text: its

text: associated

text: concepts

text: tempo

text: meter

text: and

text: articulation

text: dynamics

text: loudness

text: and

text: softness

text: and

text: the

text: sonic

text: qualities

text: of

text: timbre

text: and

text: texture

text: which

text: are

text: sometimes

text: termed

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: musical

text: sound

text: Different

text: styles

text: or

text: types

text: of

text: music

text: may

text: emphasize

text: de

text: emphasize

text: or

text: omit

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: elements

text: Music

text: is

text: performed

text: with

text: vast

text: range

text: of

text: instruments

text: and

text: vocal

text: techniques

text: ranging

text: from

text: singing

text: to

text: rapping

text: there

text: are

text: solely

text: instrumental

text: pieces

text: solely

text: vocal

text: pieces

text: such

text: as

text: songs

text: without

text: instrumental

text: accompaniment

text: and

text: pieces

text: that

text: combine

text: singing

text: and

text: instruments

text: The

text: word

text: derives

text: from

text: Greek

text: mousike

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: Muses

text: In

text: its

text: most

text: general

text: form

text: the

text: activities

text: describing

text: music

text: as

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: include

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: works

text: of

text: music

text: songs

text: tunes

text: symphonies

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: the

text: criticism

text: of

text: music

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: examination

text: of

text: music

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: and

text: Indian

text: philosophers

text: defined

text: music

text: as

text: tones

text: ordered

text: horizontally

text: as

text: melodies

text: and

text: vertically

text: as

text: harmonies

text: Common

text: sayings

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: harmony

text: of

text: the

text: spheres

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: music

text: to

text: my

text: ears

text: point

text: to

text: the

text: notion

text: that

text: music

text: is

text: often

text: ordered

text: and

text: pleasant

text: to

text: listen

text: to

text: However

text: century

text: composer

text: John

text: Cage

text: thought

text: that

text: any

text: sound

text: can

text: be

text: music

text: saying

text: for

text: example

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: noise

text: only

text: sound

text: Culture can be defined in numerous ways. In the words of anthropologist E.B. Tylor, it is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." Alternatively, in a contemporary variant, "Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices, discourses and material expressions, which, over time, express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common."

text: Culture

text: can

text: be

text: defined

text: in

text: numerous

text: ways

text: In

text: the

text: words

text: of

text: anthropologist

text: E.B.

text: Tylor

text: it

text: is

text: that

text: complex

text: whole

text: which

text: includes

text: knowledge

text: belief

text: art

text: morals

text: law

text: custom

text: and

text: any

text: other

text: capabilities

text: and

text: habits

text: acquired

text: by

text: man

text: as

text: member

text: of

text: society

text: Alternatively

text: in

text: contemporary

text: variant

text: Culture

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: social

text: domain

text: that

text: emphasizes

text: the

text: practices

text: discourses

text: and

text: material

text: expressions

text: which

text: over

text: time

text: express

text: the

text: continuities

text: and

text: discontinuities

text: of

text: social

text: meaning

text: of

text: life

text: held

text: in

text: common

text: Reverend John Curwen ( 1816 -- 1880 ) was an English Congregationalist minister , and founder of the Tonic sol - fa system of music education with the help of Sarah Ann Glover . He was educated at Wymondley College ( subsequently Coward College ) and University College London .

text: Reverend

text: John

text: Curwen

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: Congregationalist

text: minister

text: and

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Tonic

text: sol

text: fa

text: system

text: of

text: music

text: education

text: with

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: Sarah

text: Ann

text: Glover

text: He

text: was

text: educated

text: at

text: Wymondley

text: College

text: subsequently

text: Coward

text: College

text: and

text: University

text: College

text: London

text: Tonic sol-fa (or "Tonic sol-fah") is a pedagogical technique for teaching sight-singing, invented by Sarah Ann Glover (17851867) of Norwich, England and popularised by John Curwen who adapted it from a number of earlier musical systems. It uses a system of musical notation based on movable do solfège, whereby every tone is given a name according to its relationship with other tones in the key: the usual staff notation is replaced with anglicized solfège syllables (e.g. "do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti, do") or their abbreviations ("d,r,m,f,s,l,t,d"). ""Do"" is chosen to be the tonic of whatever key is being used (thus the terminology "moveable Do"). The original solfège sequence started with "Ut" which later became "Do".

text: Tonic

text: sol

text: fa

text: or

text: Tonic

text: sol

text: fah

text: is

text: pedagogical

text: technique

text: for

text: teaching

text: sight

text: singing

text: invented

text: by

text: Sarah

text: Ann

text: Glover

text: of

text: Norwich

text: England

text: and

text: popularised

text: by

text: John

text: Curwen

text: who

text: adapted

text: it

text: from

text: number

text: of

text: earlier

text: musical

text: systems

text: It

text: uses

text: system

text: of

text: musical

text: notation

text: based

text: on

text: movable

text: do

text: solfège

text: whereby

text: every

text: tone

text: is

text: given

text: name

text: according

text: to

text: its

text: relationship

text: with

text: other

text: tones

text: in

text: the

text: key

text: the

text: usual

text: staff

text: notation

text: is

text: replaced

text: with

text: anglicized

text: solfège

text: syllables

text: e.g.

text: do

text: re

text: mi

text: fa

text: sol

text: la

text: ti

text: do

text: or

text: their

text: abbreviations

text: Do

text: is

text: chosen

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: tonic

text: of

text: whatever

text: key

text: is

text: being

text: used

text: thus

text: the

text: terminology

text: moveable

text: Do

text: The

text: original

text: solfège

text: sequence

text: started

text: with

text: Ut

text: which

text: later

text: became

text: Do

text: A research university is a university that expects all its tenured and tenure-track faculty to continuously engage in research, as opposed to merely requiring it as a condition of an initial appointment or tenure. Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. On the one hand, research universities strive to recruit faculty who are the most brilliant minds in their disciplines in the world, and their students enjoy the opportunity to learn from such experts. On the other hand, new students are often disappointed to realize their undergraduate courses at research universities are overly academic and fail to provide vocational training with immediate "real world" applications; but many employers value degrees from research universities because they know that such coursework develops fundamental skills like critical thinking.

text: research

text: university

text: is

text: university

text: that

text: expects

text: all

text: its

text: tenured

text: and

text: tenure

text: track

text: faculty

text: to

text: continuously

text: engage

text: in

text: research

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: merely

text: requiring

text: it

text: as

text: condition

text: of

text: an

text: initial

text: appointment

text: or

text: tenure

text: Such

text: universities

text: can

text: be

text: recognized

text: by

text: their

text: strong

text: focus

text: on

text: innovative

text: research

text: and

text: the

text: prestige

text: of

text: their

text: brand

text: names

text: On

text: the

text: one

text: hand

text: research

text: universities

text: strive

text: to

text: recruit

text: faculty

text: who

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: brilliant

text: minds

text: in

text: their

text: disciplines

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: their

text: students

text: enjoy

text: the

text: opportunity

text: to

text: learn

text: from

text: such

text: experts

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: new

text: students

text: are

text: often

text: disappointed

text: to

text: realize

text: their

text: undergraduate

text: courses

text: at

text: research

text: universities

text: are

text: overly

text: academic

text: and

text: fail

text: to

text: provide

text: vocational

text: training

text: with

text: immediate

text: real

text: world

text: applications

text: but

text: many

text: employers

text: value

text: degrees

text: from

text: research

text: universities

text: because

text: they

text: know

text: that

text: such

text: coursework

text: develops

text: fundamental

text: skills

text: like

text: critical

text: thinking

text: Music appreciation is teaching people what to listen for and how to understand what they are hearing in different types of music. In North America, music appreciation courses often focus on Western art music, commonly called "Classical music". Usually music appreciation classes involve some history lessons to explain why people of a certain era liked the music that they did. "Appreciation," in this context, means the understanding of the value and merit of different styles of music. Music appreciation classes also typically include information about the composers, the instruments and ensembles, and the different styles of music from an era. Music appreciation courses are widely available in universities and colleges. Typically, these courses are designed for non-music majors. A significant part of music appreciation courses is listening to recordings of musical pieces or excerpts from pieces such as symphonies, opera arias and concertos. In some music appreciation classes, the class may go out to hear a live musical performance by an orchestra or chamber music group.

text: Music

text: appreciation

text: is

text: teaching

text: people

text: what

text: to

text: listen

text: for

text: and

text: how

text: to

text: understand

text: what

text: they

text: are

text: hearing

text: in

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: music

text: In

text: North

text: America

text: music

text: appreciation

text: courses

text: often

text: focus

text: on

text: Western

text: art

text: music

text: commonly

text: called

text: Classical

text: music

text: Usually

text: music

text: appreciation

text: classes

text: involve

text: some

text: history

text: lessons

text: to

text: explain

text: why

text: people

text: of

text: certain

text: era

text: liked

text: the

text: music

text: that

text: they

text: did

text: Appreciation

text: in

text: this

text: context

text: means

text: the

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: value

text: and

text: merit

text: of

text: different

text: styles

text: of

text: music

text: Music

text: appreciation

text: classes

text: also

text: typically

text: include

text: information

text: about

text: the

text: composers

text: the

text: instruments

text: and

text: ensembles

text: and

text: the

text: different

text: styles

text: of

text: music

text: from

text: an

text: era

text: Music

text: appreciation

text: courses

text: are

text: widely

text: available

text: in

text: universities

text: and

text: colleges

text: Typically

text: these

text: courses

text: are

text: designed

text: for

text: non

text: music

text: majors

text: significant

text: part

text: of

text: music

text: appreciation

text: courses

text: is

text: listening

text: to

text: recordings

text: of

text: musical

text: pieces

text: or

text: excerpts

text: from

text: pieces

text: such

text: as

text: symphonies

text: opera

text: arias

text: and

text: concertos

text: In

text: some

text: music

text: appreciation

text: classes

text: the

text: class

text: may

text: go

text: out

text: to

text: hear

text: live

text: musical

text: performance

text: by

text: an

text: orchestra

text: or

text: chamber

text: music

text: group

text: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix.

text: Deoxyribonucleic

text: acid

text: DNA

text: is

text: molecule

text: that

text: carries

text: the

text: genetic

text: instructions

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: growth

text: development

text: functioning

text: and

text: reproduction

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: living

text: organisms

text: and

text: many

text: viruses

text: DNA

text: and

text: RNA

text: are

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: alongside

text: proteins

text: lipids

text: and

text: complex

text: carbohydrates

text: polysaccharides

text: they

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: types

text: of

text: macromolecules

text: that

text: are

text: essential

text: for

text: all

text: known

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: Most

text: DNA

text: molecules

text: consist

text: of

text: two

text: biopolymer

text: strands

text: coiled

text: around

text: each

text: other

text: to

text: form

text: double

text: helix

text: The Royal Free Hospital (also known simply as the Royal Free) is a major teaching hospital in Hampstead, London. The hospital is part of the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, which is a member of the UCL Partners academic health science centre and also runs services at Barnet Hospital, Chase Farm Hospital and a number of other sites.

text: The

text: Royal

text: Free

text: Hospital

text: also

text: known

text: simply

text: as

text: the

text: Royal

text: Free

text: is

text: major

text: teaching

text: hospital

text: in

text: Hampstead

text: London

text: The

text: hospital

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Free

text: London

text: NHS

text: Foundation

text: Trust

text: which

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: UCL

text: Partners

text: academic

text: health

text: science

text: centre

text: and

text: also

text: runs

text: services

text: at

text: Barnet

text: Hospital

text: Chase

text: Farm

text: Hospital

text: and

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: sites

text: London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom, as well as the most populous city proper in the European Union. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it "Londinium". London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its medieval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, "London" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which today largely makes up Greater London, governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.

text: London

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: proper

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Standing

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: London

text: has

text: been

text: major

text: settlement

text: for

text: two

text: millennia

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: who

text: named

text: it

text: Londinium

text: London

text: 's

text: ancient

text: core

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: largely

text: retains

text: its

text: medieval

text: boundaries

text: Since

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: century

text: London

text: has

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: metropolis

text: around

text: this

text: core

text: historically

text: split

text: between

text: Middlesex

text: Essex

text: Surrey

text: Kent

text: and

text: Hertfordshire

text: which

text: today

text: largely

text: makes

text: up

text: Greater

text: London

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Mayor

text: of

text: London

text: and

text: the

text: London

text: Assembly

text: Central London is the innermost part of London, England. There is no official definition of its area but its characteristics are understood to include a high density built environment, high land values, an elevated daytime population and a concentration of regionally, nationally and internationally significant organisations and facilities. Over time a number of definitions have been used to define the scope of central London for statistics, urban planning and local government.

text: Central

text: London

text: is

text: the

text: innermost

text: part

text: of

text: London

text: England

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: official

text: definition

text: of

text: its

text: area

text: but

text: its

text: characteristics

text: are

text: understood

text: to

text: include

text: high

text: density

text: built

text: environment

text: high

text: land

text: values

text: an

text: elevated

text: daytime

text: population

text: and

text: concentration

text: of

text: regionally

text: nationally

text: and

text: internationally

text: significant

text: organisations

text: and

text: facilities

text: Over

text: time

text: number

text: of

text: definitions

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: define

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: central

text: London

text: for

text: statistics

text: urban

text: planning

text: and

text: local

text: government

text: Jeremy Bentham (15 February 1748 [O.S. 4 February 1747]  6 June 1832) was an English philosopher, jurist, and social reformer. He is regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism.

text: Jeremy

text: Bentham

text: February

text: O.S.

text: February

text: June

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: philosopher

text: jurist

text: and

text: social

text: reformer

text: He

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: modern

text: utilitarianism

text:
University College London (UCL) is a public research university in London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It is the largest postgraduate institution in the UK by enrollment and is regarded as one of the world's leading multidisciplinary research universities.
Established in 1826 as London University by founders inspired by the radical ideas of Jeremy Bentham, UCL was the first university institution to be established in London, and the first in England to be entirely secular and to admit students regardless of their religion. UCL also makes the contested claims of being the third-oldest university in England and the first to admit women. In 1836 UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London, which was granted a royal charter in the same year. It has grown through mergers, including with the Institute of Neurology (in 1997), the Royal Free Hospital Medical School (in 1998), the Eastman Dental Institute (in 1999), the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (in 1999), the School of Pharmacy (in 2012) and the Institute of Education (in 2014).
UCL has its main campus in the Bloomsbury area of central London, with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals elsewhere in central London and a satellite campus in Doha, Qatar. UCL is organised into 11 constituent faculties, within which there are over 100 departments, institutes and research centres. UCL operates several culturally significant museums and manages collections in a wide range of fields, including the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology and the Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, and administers the annual Orwell Prize in political writing. In 2015/16, UCL had around 38,300 students and 12,000 staff (including around 7,100 academic staff and 840 professors) and had a total income of £1.36 billion, of which £530 million was from research grants and contracts.
UCL ranks highly in national and international league tables and its graduates rank among the most employable in the world. UCL alumni include the "Father of the Nation" of each of India, Kenya and Mauritius, the founders of Ghana, modern Japan and Nigeria, the inventor of the telephone, and one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. UCL academics discovered five of the naturally occurring noble gases, co-discovered hormones, invented the vacuum tube, and made several foundational advances in modern statistics. There are at least 29 Nobel Prize winners and 3 Fields medalists amongst UCL's alumni and current and former staff. UCL is a member of numerous academic organisations, including the Russell Group, and is part of UCL Partners, the world's largest academic health science centre, and the 'golden triangle' of research-intensive English universities.

text: University

text: College

text: London

text: UCL

text: is

text: public

text: research

text: university

text: in

text: London

text: England

text: and

text: constituent

text: college

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: University

text: of

text: London

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: postgraduate

text: institution

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: by

text: enrollment

text: and

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: leading

text: multidisciplinary

text: research

text: universities

text: Established

text: in

text: as

text: London

text: University

text: by

text: founders

text: inspired

text: by

text: the

text: radical

text: ideas

text: of

text: Jeremy

text: Bentham

text: UCL

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: university

text: institution

text: to

text: be

text: established

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: in

text: England

text: to

text: be

text: entirely

text: secular

text: and

text: to

text: admit

text: students

text: regardless

text: of

text: their

text: religion

text: UCL

text: also

text: makes

text: the

text: contested

text: claims

text: of

text: being

text: the

text: third

text: oldest

text: university

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: admit

text: women

text: In

text: UCL

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: founding

text: colleges

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: London

text: which

text: was

text: granted

text: royal

text: charter

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: It

text: has

text: grown

text: through

text: mergers

text: including

text: with

text: the

text: Institute

text: of

text: Neurology

text: in

text: the

text: Royal

text: Free

text: Hospital

text: Medical

text: School

text: in

text: the

text: Eastman

text: Dental

text: Institute

text: in

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: Slavonic

text: and

text: East

text: European

text: Studies

text: in

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: Pharmacy

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: Institute

text: of

text: Education

text: in

text: UCL

text: has

text: its

text: main

text: campus

text: in

text: the

text: Bloomsbury

text: area

text: of

text: central

text: London

text: with

text: number

text: of

text: institutes

text: and

text: teaching

text: hospitals

text: elsewhere

text: in

text: central

text: London

text: and

text: satellite

text: campus

text: in

text: Doha

text: Qatar

text: UCL

text: is

text: organised

text: into

text: constituent

text: faculties

text: within

text: which

text: there

text: are

text: over

text: departments

text: institutes

text: and

text: research

text: centres

text: UCL

text: operates

text: several

text: culturally

text: significant

text: museums

text: and

text: manages

text: collections

text: in

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: fields

text: including

text: the

text: Petrie

text: Museum

text: of

text: Egyptian

text: Archaeology

text: and

text: the

text: Grant

text: Museum

text: of

text: Zoology

text: and

text: Comparative

text: Anatomy

text: and

text: administers

text: the

text: annual

text: Orwell

text: Prize

text: in

text: political

text: writing

text: In

text: UCL

text: had

text: around

text: students

text: and

text: staff

text: including

text: around

text: academic

text: staff

text: and

text: professors

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: income

text: of

text: billion

text: of

text: which

text: million

text: was

text: from

text: research

text: grants

text: and

text: contracts

text: UCL

text: ranks

text: highly

text: in

text: national

text: and

text: international

text: league

text: tables

text: and

text: its

text: graduates

text: rank

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: employable

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: UCL

text: alumni

text: include

text: the

text: Father

text: of

text: the

text: Nation

text: of

text: each

text: of

text: India

text: Kenya

text: and

text: Mauritius

text: the

text: founders

text: of

text: Ghana

text: modern

text: Japan

text: and

text: Nigeria

text: the

text: inventor

text: of

text: the

text: telephone

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: co

text: discoverers

text: of

text: the

text: structure

text: of

text: DNA

text: UCL

text: academics

text: discovered

text: five

text: of

text: the

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: noble

text: gases

text: co

text: discovered

text: hormones

text: invented

text: the

text: vacuum

text: tube

text: and

text: made

text: several

text: foundational

text: advances

text: in

text: modern

text: statistics

text: There

text: are

text: at

text: least

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: winners

text: and

text: Fields

text: medalists

text: amongst

text: UCL

text: 's

text: alumni

text: and

text: current

text: and

text: former

text: staff

text: UCL

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: numerous

text: academic

text: organisations

text: including

text: the

text: Russell

text: Group

text: and

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: UCL

text: Partners

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: academic

text: health

text: science

text: centre

text: and

text: the

text: golden

text: triangle

text: of

text: research

text: intensive

text: English

text: universities

text: The Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy is a natural history museum that is part of University College London in London, England. It was established by Robert Edmond Grant in 1828 as a teaching collection of zoological specimens and material for dissection. On his death Grant left his own collection to the museum. In 1875 Edwin Ray Lankester added to the museum collection. Later lecturer curators include W. F. R. Weldon (18601906), Edward Alfred Minchin, an embryologist named J. P. Hill and a palaeontologist named D. M. S. Watson. After 1948 the museum was under the care of professional curators.

text: The

text: Grant

text: Museum

text: of

text: Zoology

text: and

text: Comparative

text: Anatomy

text: is

text: natural

text: history

text: museum

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: University

text: College

text: London

text: in

text: London

text: England

text: It

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: Robert

text: Edmond

text: Grant

text: in

text: as

text: teaching

text: collection

text: of

text: zoological

text: specimens

text: and

text: material

text: for

text: dissection

text: On

text: his

text: death

text: Grant

text: left

text: his

text: own

text: collection

text: to

text: the

text: museum

text: In

text: Edwin

text: Ray

text: Lankester

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: museum

text: collection

text: Later

text: lecturer

text: curators

text: include

text: Weldon

text: Edward

text: Alfred

text: Minchin

text: an

text: embryologist

text: named

text: Hill

text: and

text: palaeontologist

text: named

text: Watson

text: After

text: the

text: museum

text: was

text: under

text: the

text: care

text: of

text: professional

text: curators

text: The Orwell Prize, based at University College London, is a British prize for political writing of outstanding quality. Two prizes are awarded each year: one for a book and one for journalism; between 2009 and 2012, a third prize was awarded for blogging. In each case, the winner is the short-listed entry which comes closest to George Orwell's own ambition to "make political writing into an art".

text: The

text: Orwell

text: Prize

text: based

text: at

text: University

text: College

text: London

text: is

text: British

text: prize

text: for

text: political

text: writing

text: of

text: outstanding

text: quality

text: Two

text: prizes

text: are

text: awarded

text: each

text: year

text: one

text: for

text: book

text: and

text: one

text: for

text: journalism

text: between

text: and

text: third

text: prize

text: was

text: awarded

text: for

text: blogging

text: In

text: each

text: case

text: the

text: winner

text: is

text: the

text: short

text: listed

text: entry

text: which

text: comes

text: closest

text: to

text: George

text: Orwell

text: 's

text: own

text: ambition

text: to

text: make

text: political

text: writing

text: into

text: an

text: art

text: A hormone (from the Greek participle ) is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour. Hormones have diverse chemical structures, mainly of 3 classes: eicosanoids, steroids, and amino acid derivatives (amines, peptides, and proteins). The glands that secrete hormones comprise the endocrine signaling system. The term hormone is sometimes extended to include chemicals produced by cells that affect the same cell (autocrine or intracrine signalling) or nearby cells (paracrine signalling).

text: hormone

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: participle

text: is

text: any

text: member

text: of

text: class

text: of

text: signaling

text: molecules

text: produced

text: by

text: glands

text: in

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: that

text: are

text: transported

text: by

text: the

text: circulatory

text: system

text: to

text: target

text: distant

text: organs

text: to

text: regulate

text: physiology

text: and

text: behaviour

text: Hormones

text: have

text: diverse

text: chemical

text: structures

text: mainly

text: of

text: classes

text: eicosanoids

text: steroids

text: and

text: amino

text: acid

text: derivatives

text: amines

text: peptides

text: and

text: proteins

text: The

text: glands

text: that

text: secrete

text: hormones

text: comprise

text: the

text: endocrine

text: signaling

text: system

text: The

text: term

text: hormone

text: is

text: sometimes

text: extended

text: to

text: include

text: chemicals

text: produced

text: by

text: cells

text: that

text: affect

text: the

text: same

text: cell

text: autocrine

text: or

text: intracrine

text: signalling

text: or

text: nearby

text: cells

text: paracrine

text: signalling

text: UCL Partners is an academic health science centre located in London, England. It is the largest academic health science centre in the world, treats more than 1.5 million patients each year, has a combined annual turnover of around £2 billion and includes around 3,500 scientists, senior researchers and consultants.

text: UCL

text: Partners

text: is

text: an

text: academic

text: health

text: science

text: centre

text: located

text: in

text: London

text: England

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: academic

text: health

text: science

text: centre

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: treats

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: patients

text: each

text: year

text: has

text: combined

text: annual

text: turnover

text: of

text: around

text: billion

text: and

text: includes

text: around

text: scientists

text: senior

text: researchers

text: and

text: consultants

text: Bloomsbury is an area in the West End, central London, forming part of the London Borough of Camden and located between Euston Road and Holborn. It was developed by the Russell family in the 17th and 18th centuries into a fashionable residential area. It is notable for its array of garden squares, literary connections (exemplified by the Bloomsbury Group), and numerous cultural, educational and health-care institutions. Although Bloomsbury was not the first area of London to have acquired a formal square, Bloomsbury Square, laid out in 1660 by Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton, as Southampton Square was the first square to be named as such. Much of the district was planned and built by James Burton.

text: Bloomsbury

text: is

text: an

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: End

text: central

text: London

text: forming

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: London

text: Borough

text: of

text: Camden

text: and

text: located

text: between

text: Euston

text: Road

text: and

text: Holborn

text: It

text: was

text: developed

text: by

text: the

text: Russell

text: family

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: into

text: fashionable

text: residential

text: area

text: It

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: its

text: array

text: of

text: garden

text: squares

text: literary

text: connections

text: exemplified

text: by

text: the

text: Bloomsbury

text: Group

text: and

text: numerous

text: cultural

text: educational

text: and

text: health

text: care

text: institutions

text: Although

text: Bloomsbury

text: was

text: not

text: the

text: first

text: area

text: of

text: London

text: to

text: have

text: acquired

text: formal

text: square

text: Bloomsbury

text: Square

text: laid

text: out

text: in

text: by

text: Thomas

text: Wriothesley

text: Earl

text: of

text: Southampton

text: as

text: Southampton

text: Square

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: square

text: to

text: be

text: named

text: as

text: such

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: district

text: was

text: planned

text: and

text: built

text: by

text: James

text: Burton

text: The University of London is a collegiate research university located in London, England, consisting of 18 constituent colleges, nine research institutes and a number of central bodies.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: London

text: is

text: collegiate

text: research

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: London

text: England

text: consisting

text: of

text: constituent

text: colleges

text: nine

text: research

text: institutes

text: and

text: number

text: of

text: central

text: bodies

text: The Russell Group is a self-selected association of twenty-four public research universities in the United Kingdom. The group is headquartered in London and was established in 1994 to represent its members' interests, principally to government and parliament; nineteen smaller British research universities formed the 1994 Group in response, which has since dissolved. In 2010, Russell Group members received approximately two-thirds of all university research grant and contract income in the United Kingdom. The group is widely perceived as representing the best universities in the country.

text: The

text: Russell

text: Group

text: is

text: self

text: selected

text: association

text: of

text: twenty

text: four

text: public

text: research

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: group

text: is

text: headquartered

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: to

text: represent

text: its

text: members

text: interests

text: principally

text: to

text: government

text: and

text: parliament

text: nineteen

text: smaller

text: British

text: research

text: universities

text: formed

text: the

text: Group

text: in

text: response

text: which

text: has

text: since

text: dissolved

text: In

text: Russell

text: Group

text: members

text: received

text: approximately

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: all

text: university

text: research

text: grant

text: and

text: contract

text: income

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: group

text: is

text: widely

text: perceived

text: as

text: representing

text: the

text: best

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: In music, solfège or solfeggio, also called sol-fa, solfa, solfeo, among many names, is a music education method used to teach pitch and sight singing of Western music. Solfège is a form of solmization, and though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, the systems used in other music cultures such as "swara", "durar mufaalt" and "Jianpu" are discussed in their respective articles.

text: In

text: music

text: solfège

text: or

text: solfeggio

text: also

text: called

text: sol

text: fa

text: solfa

text: solfeo

text: among

text: many

text: names

text: is

text: music

text: education

text: method

text: used

text: to

text: teach

text: pitch

text: and

text: sight

text: singing

text: of

text: Western

text: music

text: Solfège

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: solmization

text: and

text: though

text: the

text: two

text: terms

text: are

text: sometimes

text: used

text: interchangeably

text: the

text: systems

text: used

text: in

text: other

text: music

text: cultures

text: such

text: as

text: swara

text: durar

text: mufaalt

text: and

text: Jianpu

text: are

text: discussed

text: in

text: their

text: respective

text: articles

text: The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology in London is part of University College London Museums & Collections. The museum contains over 80,000 objects and ranks among some of the world's leading collections of Egyptian and Sudanese material. It ranks behind only the collections of the Cairo Museum, The British Museum and the Ägyptisches Museum, Berlin in number and quality of items.

text: The

text: Petrie

text: Museum

text: of

text: Egyptian

text: Archaeology

text: in

text: London

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: University

text: College

text: London

text: Museums

text: Collections

text: The

text: museum

text: contains

text: over

text: objects

text: and

text: ranks

text: among

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: leading

text: collections

text: of

text: Egyptian

text: and

text: Sudanese

text: material

text: It

text: ranks

text: behind

text: only

text: the

text: collections

text: of

text: the

text: Cairo

text: Museum

text: The

text: British

text: Museum

text: and

text: the

text: Ägyptisches

text: Museum

text: Berlin

text: in

text: number

text: and

text: quality

text: of

text: items

text: Father of the Nation is an honorific title given to a man considered the driving force behind the establishment of his country, state, or nation. Pater Patriae (plural Patres Patriae), also seen as "Parens Patriae", was a Roman honorific meaning "Father of the Fatherland", bestowed by the Senate on heroes, and later on emperors. In monarchies, the monarch was often considered the "father/mother of the nation" or as a patriarch to guide his family. This concept is expressed in the Divine Right espoused in some monarchies, while in others it is codified into constitutional law as in Spain, where the monarch is considered the personification and embodiment, the symbol of the unity and permanence of the nation. In Thailand, the monarch is given the same recognition, and demonstrated loyalty is enforced with severe criminal statutes.

text: Father

text: of

text: the

text: Nation

text: is

text: an

text: honorific

text: title

text: given

text: to

text: man

text: considered

text: the

text: driving

text: force

text: behind

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: his

text: country

text: state

text: or

text: nation

text: Pater

text: Patriae

text: plural

text: Patres

text: Patriae

text: also

text: seen

text: as

text: Parens

text: Patriae

text: was

text: Roman

text: honorific

text: meaning

text: Father

text: of

text: the

text: Fatherland

text: bestowed

text: by

text: the

text: Senate

text: on

text: heroes

text: and

text: later

text: on

text: emperors

text: In

text: monarchies

text: the

text: monarch

text: was

text: often

text: considered

text: the

text: father

text: mother

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: or

text: as

text: patriarch

text: to

text: guide

text: his

text: family

text: This

text: concept

text: is

text: expressed

text: in

text: the

text: Divine

text: Right

text: espoused

text: in

text: some

text: monarchies

text: while

text: in

text: others

text: it

text: is

text: codified

text: into

text: constitutional

text: law

text: as

text: in

text: Spain

text: where

text: the

text: monarch

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: personification

text: and

text: embodiment

text: the

text: symbol

text: of

text: the

text: unity

text: and

text: permanence

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: In

text: Thailand

text: the

text: monarch

text: is

text: given

text: the

text: same

text: recognition

text: and

text: demonstrated

text: loyalty

text: is

text: enforced

text: with

text: severe

text: criminal

text: statutes

text: An academic health science(s) centre (AHSC; also known as an academic health science(s) system, an academic health science(s) partnership or an academic medical centre) is a partnership between one or more universities and healthcare providers focusing on research, clinical services, education and training. AHSCs are intended to ensure that medical research breakthroughs lead to direct clinical benefits for patients. The organisational structures that comprise an AHSC can take a variety of forms, ranging from simple partnerships to, less frequently, fully integrated organisations with a single management board.

text: An

text: academic

text: health

text: science(s

text: centre

text: AHSC

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: academic

text: health

text: science(s

text: system

text: an

text: academic

text: health

text: science(s

text: partnership

text: or

text: an

text: academic

text: medical

text: centre

text: is

text: partnership

text: between

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: universities

text: and

text: healthcare

text: providers

text: focusing

text: on

text: research

text: clinical

text: services

text: education

text: and

text: training

text: AHSCs

text: are

text: intended

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: medical

text: research

text: breakthroughs

text: lead

text: to

text: direct

text: clinical

text: benefits

text: for

text: patients

text: The

text: organisational

text: structures

text: that

text: comprise

text: an

text: AHSC

text: can

text: take

text: variety

text: of

text: forms

text: ranging

text: from

text: simple

text: partnerships

text: to

text: less

text: frequently

text: fully

text: integrated

text: organisations

text: with

text: single

text: management

text: board

text: Sarah Ann Glover (13 November 1785  20 October 1867) was an English music educator who invented the Norwich sol-fa system.

text: Sarah

text: Ann

text: Glover

text: November

text: October

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: music

text: educator

text: who

text: invented

text: the

text: Norwich

text: sol

text: fa

text: system

text: England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.

text: England

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Scotland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Wales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: northwest

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: England

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: continental

text: Europe

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: covers

text: five

text: eighths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: which

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: in

text: its

text: centre

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: includes

text: over

text: smaller

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: and

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as cities (with municipal charters) or universities and learned societies. Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment, as they have perpetual effect. Typically, a Royal Charter is produced as a high-quality work of calligraphy on vellum. The British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters. Of these about 750 remain in existence. The earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066, making it the oldest Royal Burgh in Scotland, followed by the University of Cambridge in 1231. Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown, a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity, on 7 April 2011.

text: royal

text: charter

text: is

text: formal

text: document

text: issued

text: by

text: monarch

text: as

text: letters

text: patent

text: granting

text: right

text: or

text: power

text: to

text: an

text: individual

text: or

text: body

text: corporate

text: They

text: were

text: and

text: are

text: still

text: used

text: to

text: establish

text: significant

text: organisations

text: such

text: as

text: cities

text: with

text: municipal

text: charters

text: or

text: universities

text: and

text: learned

text: societies

text: Charters

text: should

text: be

text: distinguished

text: from

text: warrants

text: and

text: letters

text: of

text: appointment

text: as

text: they

text: have

text: perpetual

text: effect

text: Typically

text: Royal

text: Charter

text: is

text: produced

text: as

text: high

text: quality

text: work

text: of

text: calligraphy

text: on

text: vellum

text: The

text: British

text: monarchy

text: has

text: issued

text: over

text: royal

text: charters

text: Of

text: these

text: about

text: remain

text: in

text: existence

text: The

text: earliest

text: was

text: to

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Tain

text: in

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: oldest

text: Royal

text: Burgh

text: in

text: Scotland

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Cambridge

text: in

text: Charters

text: continue

text: to

text: be

text: issued

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: Crown

text: recent

text: example

text: being

text: that

text: awarded

text: to

text: the

text: Chartered

text: Institute

text: for

text: the

text: Management

text: of

text: Sport

text: and

text: Physical

text: Activity

text: on

text: April

question: occupation john curwen

answer: music educator

text: music educator


text: Cuttlebone, also known as cuttlefish bone, is a hard, brittle internal structure (an internal shell) found in all members of the family Sepiidae, commonly known as cuttlefish, a family within the cephalopods.

text: Cuttlebone

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: cuttlefish

text: bone

text: is

text: hard

text: brittle

text: internal

text: structure

text: an

text: internal

text: shell

text: found

text: in

text: all

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: Sepiidae

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: cuttlefish

text: family

text: within

text: the

text: cephalopods

text: Cuttlefish are marine animals of the order Sepiida. They belong to the class Cephalopoda, which also includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses. Cuttlefish have a unique internal shell, the cuttlebone. Despite their name, cuttlefish are not fish but molluscs.

text: Cuttlefish

text: are

text: marine

text: animals

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: Sepiida

text: They

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: class

text: Cephalopoda

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: squid

text: octopuses

text: and

text: nautiluses

text: Cuttlefish

text: have

text: unique

text: internal

text: shell

text: the

text: cuttlebone

text: Despite

text: their

text: name

text: cuttlefish

text: are

text: not

text: fish

text: but

text: molluscs

text: Goniatitina is one of two suborders included in the order Goniatitida; extinct Paleozoic ammonoid cephalopods only distantly related to the Nautiloidea.

text: Goniatitina

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: suborders

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: Goniatitida

text: extinct

text: Paleozoic

text: ammonoid

text: cephalopods

text: only

text: distantly

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Nautiloidea

text: Somoholitaceae is one of seventeen superfamilies of the Goniatitina suborder . They are an extinct group of ammonoid , which are shelled cephalopods related to squids , belemnites , octopodes , and cuttlefish , and more distantly to the nautiloids .

text: Somoholitaceae

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: seventeen

text: superfamilies

text: of

text: the

text: Goniatitina

text: suborder

text: They

text: are

text: an

text: extinct

text: group

text: of

text: ammonoid

text: which

text: are

text: shelled

text: cephalopods

text: related

text: to

text: squids

text: belemnites

text: octopodes

text: and

text: cuttlefish

text: and

text: more

text: distantly

text: to

text: the

text: nautiloids

text: A cephalopod (pronounced or ) is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda (Greek plural , "kephalópoda"; "head-feet"). These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a set of arms or tentacles (muscular hydrostats) modified from the primitive molluscan foot. Fishermen sometimes call them inkfish, referring to their common ability to squirt ink. The study of cephalopods is a branch of malacology known as teuthology.

text: cephalopod

text: pronounced

text: or

text: is

text: any

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: molluscan

text: class

text: Cephalopoda

text: Greek

text: plural

text: kephalópoda

text: head

text: feet

text: These

text: exclusively

text: marine

text: animals

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: bilateral

text: body

text: symmetry

text: prominent

text: head

text: and

text: set

text: of

text: arms

text: or

text: tentacles

text: muscular

text: hydrostats

text: modified

text: from

text: the

text: primitive

text: molluscan

text: foot

text: Fishermen

text: sometimes

text: call

text: them

text: inkfish

text: referring

text: to

text: their

text: common

text: ability

text: to

text: squirt

text: ink

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: cephalopods

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: malacology

text: known

text: as

text: teuthology

text: Nautiloids are a large and diverse group of marine cephalopods (Mollusca) belonging to the subclass Nautiloidea that began in the Late Cambrian and are represented today by the living "Nautilus" and "Allonautilus". Nautiloids flourished during the early Paleozoic era, where they constituted the main predatory animals, and developed an extraordinary diversity of shell shapes and forms. Some 2,500 species of fossil nautiloids are known, but only a handful of species survive to the present day.

text: Nautiloids

text: are

text: large

text: and

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: marine

text: cephalopods

text: Mollusca

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: subclass

text: Nautiloidea

text: that

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: Late

text: Cambrian

text: and

text: are

text: represented

text: today

text: by

text: the

text: living

text: Nautilus

text: and

text: Allonautilus

text: Nautiloids

text: flourished

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: Paleozoic

text: era

text: where

text: they

text: constituted

text: the

text: main

text: predatory

text: animals

text: and

text: developed

text: an

text: extraordinary

text: diversity

text: of

text: shell

text: shapes

text: and

text: forms

text: Some

text: species

text: of

text: fossil

text: nautiloids

text: are

text: known

text: but

text: only

text: handful

text: of

text: species

text: survive

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: The nautilus (from the Latin form of the original Ancient Greek "", 'sailor') is a pelagic marine mollusc of the cephalopod family Nautilidae, the sole extant family of the superfamily Nautilaceae and of its smaller but near equal suborder, Nautilina.

text: The

text: nautilus

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: sailor

text: is

text: pelagic

text: marine

text: mollusc

text: of

text: the

text: cephalopod

text: family

text: Nautilidae

text: the

text: sole

text: extant

text: family

text: of

text: the

text: superfamily

text: Nautilaceae

text: and

text: of

text: its

text: smaller

text: but

text: near

text: equal

text: suborder

text: Nautilina

text: The octopus (or ; plural: octopuses, octopodes or octopi; see below) is a cephalopod mollusc of the order Octopoda. It has two eyes and four pairs of arms and, like other cephalopods, it is bilaterally symmetric. It has a beak, with its mouth at the center point of the arms. It has no internal or external skeleton (although some species have a vestigial remnant of a shell inside their mantles), allowing it to squeeze through tight places. Octopuses are among the most intelligent and behaviorally diverse of all invertebrates.

text: The

text: octopus

text: or

text: plural

text: octopuses

text: octopodes

text: or

text: octopi

text: see

text: below

text: is

text: cephalopod

text: mollusc

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: Octopoda

text: It

text: has

text: two

text: eyes

text: and

text: four

text: pairs

text: of

text: arms

text: and

text: like

text: other

text: cephalopods

text: it

text: is

text: bilaterally

text: symmetric

text: It

text: has

text: beak

text: with

text: its

text: mouth

text: at

text: the

text: center

text: point

text: of

text: the

text: arms

text: It

text: has

text: no

text: internal

text: or

text: external

text: skeleton

text: although

text: some

text: species

text: have

text: vestigial

text: remnant

text: of

text: shell

text: inside

text: their

text: mantles

text: allowing

text: it

text: to

text: squeeze

text: through

text: tight

text: places

text: Octopuses

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: intelligent

text: and

text: behaviorally

text: diverse

text: of

text: all

text: invertebrates

annotations: likely single

annotations: likely multiple

annotations: follows single

question: taxon_rank somoholitaceae

answer: superfamily

text: superfamily


text: Frankfurt am Main is a metropolis and the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a 2015 population of 731,095 within its administrative boundaries, and 2.3 million in its urban area. The city is at the centre of the larger Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region, which has a population of 5.8 million and is Germany's second-largest metropolitan region after Rhine-Ruhr. Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013, the geographic centre of the EU is about to the east of Frankfurt's CBD, the Bankenviertel. Frankfurt is culturally and ethnically diverse, with around half of the population, and a majority of young people, having a migration background. A quarter of the population are foreign nationals, including many expatriates.

text: Frankfurt

text: am

text: Main

text: is

text: metropolis

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: of

text: Hesse

text: and

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: within

text: its

text: administrative

text: boundaries

text: and

text: million

text: in

text: its

text: urban

text: area

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: at

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: Frankfurt

text: Rhine

text: Main

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: which

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: and

text: is

text: Germany

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: region

text: after

text: Rhine

text: Ruhr

text: Since

text: the

text: enlargement

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: in

text: the

text: geographic

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: EU

text: is

text: about

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: Frankfurt

text: 's

text: CBD

text: the

text: Bankenviertel

text: Frankfurt

text: is

text: culturally

text: and

text: ethnically

text: diverse

text: with

text: around

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: and

text: majority

text: of

text: young

text: people

text: having

text: migration

text: background

text: quarter

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: are

text: foreign

text: nationals

text: including

text: many

text: expatriates

text: The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.

text: The

text: European

text: Union

text: EU

text: is

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: union

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: that

text: are

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: The

text: EU

text: has

text: developed

text: an

text: internal

text: single

text: market

text: through

text: standardised

text: system

text: of

text: laws

text: that

text: apply

text: in

text: all

text: member

text: states

text: EU

text: policies

text: aim

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: free

text: movement

text: of

text: people

text: goods

text: services

text: and

text: capital

text: within

text: the

text: internal

text: market

text: enact

text: legislation

text: in

text: justice

text: and

text: home

text: affairs

text: and

text: maintain

text: common

text: policies

text: on

text: trade

text: agriculture

text: fisheries

text: and

text: regional

text: development

text: Within

text: the

text: Schengen

text: Area

text: passport

text: controls

text: have

text: been

text: abolished

text: monetary

text: union

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: came

text: into

text: full

text: force

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: EU

text: member

text: states

text: which

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: currency

text: A republic (from ) is a sovereign state, country, or government which is organized with a form of government in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power according to the rule of law. In modern times, the definition of a republic commonly refers to a government which excludes a monarch. Currently, 147 of the world's 206 sovereign states use the word "republic" as part of their official names; not all of these are republics in the sense of having elected governments, nor do all nations with elected governments use the word "republic" in their names.

text: republic

text: from

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: country

text: or

text: government

text: which

text: is

text: organized

text: with

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: in

text: which

text: power

text: resides

text: in

text: elected

text: individuals

text: representing

text: the

text: citizen

text: body

text: and

text: government

text: leaders

text: exercise

text: power

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: In

text: modern

text: times

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: republic

text: commonly

text: refers

text: to

text: government

text: which

text: excludes

text: monarch

text: Currently

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sovereign

text: states

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: republic

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: official

text: names

text: not

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: are

text: republics

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: having

text: elected

text: governments

text: nor

text: do

text: all

text: nations

text: with

text: elected

text: governments

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: republic

text: in

text: their

text: names

text: Hamburg (local pronunciation ; Low German/Low Saxon: "Hamborg" ), officially "Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg" (Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg), is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. It is the second smallest German state by area. Its population is over 1.7 million people, and the wider Hamburg Metropolitan Region covers more than 5.1 million inhabitants. The city is situated on the river Elbe.

text: Hamburg

text: local

text: pronunciation

text: Low

text: German

text: Low

text: Saxon

text: Hamborg

text: officially

text: Freie

text: und

text: Hansestadt

text: Hamburg

text: Free

text: and

text: Hanseatic

text: City

text: of

text: Hamburg

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: smallest

text: German

text: state

text: by

text: area

text: Its

text: population

text: is

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: wider

text: Hamburg

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: covers

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: river

text: Elbe

text: Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million people, Berlin is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of rivers Spree and Havel, it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has about 6 million residents from more than 180 nations. Due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.

text: Berlin

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Germany

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: constituent

text: states

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: Berlin

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: proper

text: and

text: the

text: seventh

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Located

text: in

text: northeastern

text: Germany

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: rivers

text: Spree

text: and

text: Havel

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Berlin

text: Brandenburg

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: which

text: has

text: about

text: million

text: residents

text: from

text: more

text: than

text: nations

text: Due

text: to

text: its

text: location

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Plain

text: Berlin

text: is

text: influenced

text: by

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: Around

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: area

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: forests

text: parks

text: gardens

text: rivers

text: and

text: lakes

text: Cologne is the largest city in the German federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-largest city in Germany (after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich). It is located within the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, one of the major European metropolitan regions and the largest in Germany, with more than ten million inhabitants.

text: Cologne

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: federal

text: State

text: of

text: North

text: Rhine

text: Westphalia

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: after

text: Berlin

text: Hamburg

text: and

text: Munich

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: Rhine

text: Ruhr

text: metropolitan

text: region

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: European

text: metropolitan

text: regions

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Germany

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: ten

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Nuremberg  is a city on the river Pegnitz and the RhineMainDanube Canal in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia, about north of Munich. It is the second-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich), and the largest in Franconia (Franken). The population as of February 2015, is 517,498, which makes it Germany's fourteenth-largest city. The urban area also includes Fürth, Erlangen and Schwabach with a total population of . The "European Metropolitan Area Nuremberg" has ca. 3.5 million inhabitants.

text: Nuremberg

text: is

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: river

text: Pegnitz

text: and

text: the

text: RhineMainDanube

text: Canal

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: in

text: the

text: administrative

text: region

text: of

text: Middle

text: Franconia

text: about

text: north

text: of

text: Munich

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Bavaria

text: after

text: Munich

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Franconia

text: Franken

text: The

text: population

text: as

text: of

text: February

text: is

text: which

text: makes

text: it

text: Germany

text: 's

text: fourteenth

text: largest

text: city

text: The

text: urban

text: area

text: also

text: includes

text: Fürth

text: Erlangen

text: and

text: Schwabach

text: with

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: The

text: European

text: Metropolitan

text: Area

text: Nuremberg

text: has

text: ca

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Weißenburg in Bayern (formerly also "Weißenburg im Nordgau") is a town in Middle Franconia, Germany. It is the capital of the district Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen. In 2010 its population was 17,513.

text: Weißenburg

text: in

text: Bayern

text: formerly

text: also

text: Weißenburg

text: Nordgau

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: Middle

text: Franconia

text: Germany

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: district

text: Weißenburg

text: Gunzenhausen

text: In

text: its

text: population

text: was

text: Ellingen is a town in the Weißenburg - Gunzenhausen district , in Bavaria , Germany . It was first mentioned in 899 . From 1216 - 1806 it was capital of the Franconian branch of the Teutonic Order and at least for some years residence of the order 's grandmaster at the end of 18th century . At the end of WW II Ellingen was bombed by US Airforce although it had no military or industrial importance . The town has a baroque palace , Ellingen Residence , and several other baroque and rococo buildings . The Swabian Rezat ( river ) flows through Ellingen . Ellingen has a railway station at the Nuremberg - Treuchtlingen - Augsburg line . By Bundesstraßen 2 and 13 it is well connected to Nuremberg ( B2 ) , Augsburg ( B2 ) , Ingolstadt ( B13 ) and Ansbach ( B13 ) .

text: Ellingen

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: the

text: Weißenburg

text: Gunzenhausen

text: district

text: in

text: Bavaria

text: Germany

text: It

text: was

text: first

text: mentioned

text: in

text: From

text: it

text: was

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Franconian

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Teutonic

text: Order

text: and

text: at

text: least

text: for

text: some

text: years

text: residence

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: 's

text: grandmaster

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: century

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: WW

text: II

text: Ellingen

text: was

text: bombed

text: by

text: US

text: Airforce

text: although

text: it

text: had

text: no

text: military

text: or

text: industrial

text: importance

text: The

text: town

text: has

text: baroque

text: palace

text: Ellingen

text: Residence

text: and

text: several

text: other

text: baroque

text: and

text: rococo

text: buildings

text: The

text: Swabian

text: Rezat

text: river

text: flows

text: through

text: Ellingen

text: Ellingen

text: has

text: railway

text: station

text: at

text: the

text: Nuremberg

text: Treuchtlingen

text: Augsburg

text: line

text: By

text: Bundesstraßen

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: well

text: connected

text: to

text: Nuremberg

text: Augsburg

text: Ingolstadt

text: and

text: Ansbach

text: Middle Franconia is one of the three administrative regions of Franconia in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the west of Bavaria and adjoins the state of Baden-Württemberg. The administrative seat is Ansbach but the most populated city is Nuremberg.

text: Middle

text: Franconia

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: administrative

text: regions

text: of

text: Franconia

text: in

text: Bavaria

text: Germany

text: It

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: and

text: adjoins

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Baden

text: Württemberg

text: The

text: administrative

text: seat

text: is

text: Ansbach

text: but

text: the

text: most

text: populated

text: city

text: is

text: Nuremberg

text: Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. Germany's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin. Other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf.

text: Germany

text: officially

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: is

text: federal

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: central

text: western

text: Europe

text: It

text: includes

text: constituent

text: states

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: With

text: about

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: After

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: immigration

text: destination

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Germany

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: metropolis

text: is

text: Berlin

text: Other

text: major

text: cities

text: include

text: Hamburg

text: Munich

text: Cologne

text: Frankfurt

text: Stuttgart

text: and

text: Düsseldorf

text: Donau-Ries ("Danube-Ries") is a district in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Ansbach, Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen, Eichstätt, Neuburg-Schrobenhausen, Aichach-Friedberg, Augsburg and Dillingen, and by the state of Baden-Württemberg (districts of Heidenheim and Ostalbkreis).

text: Donau

text: Ries

text: Danube

text: Ries

text: is

text: district

text: in

text: Swabia

text: Bavaria

text: Germany

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: from

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: clockwise

text: the

text: districts

text: of

text: Ansbach

text: Weißenburg

text: Gunzenhausen

text: Eichstätt

text: Neuburg

text: Schrobenhausen

text: Aichach

text: Friedberg

text: Augsburg

text: and

text: Dillingen

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Baden

text: Württemberg

text: districts

text: of

text: Heidenheim

text: and

text: Ostalbkreis

text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text: Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen is a "Kreis" (district) in the west of Bavaria, Germany with au population of 95.000. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Ansbach, Roth, Eichstätt and Donau-Ries. It is located in the south of Middle Franconia, 50 kilometers south of Nuremberg. Largest city and the administrative center is Weißenburg in Bayern.

text: Weißenburg

text: Gunzenhausen

text: is

text: Kreis

text: district

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: Germany

text: with

text: au

text: population

text: of

text: Neighboring

text: districts

text: are

text: from

text: the

text: north

text: clockwise

text: Ansbach

text: Roth

text: Eichstätt

text: and

text: Donau

text: Ries

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: Middle

text: Franconia

text: kilometers

text: south

text: of

text: Nuremberg

text: Largest

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: administrative

text: center

text: is

text: Weißenburg

text: in

text: Bayern

text: Stuttgart ( Swabian: "Schduagert"), often nicknamed the ""Schwabenmetropole"" in reference to its location in the center of Swabia and the local dialect spoken by some natives, is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley locally known as the "Stuttgarter Kessel" an hour from the Swabian Jura and the Black Forest. Stuttgart's name comes from the Old High German word ""Stuogarten"," or "stud farm"  a reference to the city's founding in 950 AD as a stud farm. Stuttgarts urban area has a population of 623,738, and a further making it the sixth largest city in Germany, 2.7 million people live in the citys administrative region, and another 5.3 million people in its metropolitan area, making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Germany.

text: Stuttgart

text: Swabian

text: Schduagert

text: often

text: nicknamed

text: the

text: Schwabenmetropole

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: its

text: location

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: Swabia

text: and

text: the

text: local

text: dialect

text: spoken

text: by

text: some

text: natives

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: of

text: Baden

text: Württemberg

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Neckar

text: river

text: in

text: fertile

text: valley

text: locally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Stuttgarter

text: Kessel

text: an

text: hour

text: from

text: the

text: Swabian

text: Jura

text: and

text: the

text: Black

text: Forest

text: Stuttgart

text: 's

text: name

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Old

text: High

text: German

text: word

text: Stuogarten

text: or

text: stud

text: farm

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: founding

text: in

text: AD

text: as

text: stud

text: farm

text: Stuttgarts

text: urban

text: area

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: further

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: sixth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: million

text: people

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: citys

text: administrative

text: region

text: and

text: another

text: million

text: people

text: in

text: its

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: Germany

text: Munich (also in British English ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, and the 12th biggest city of the European Union, with a population of above 1.5 million. The Munich Metropolitan Region is home to 5.8 million people.

text: Munich

text: also

text: in

text: British

text: English

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: River

text: Isar

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Bavarian

text: Alps

text: Munich

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: after

text: Berlin

text: and

text: Hamburg

text: and

text: the

text: biggest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: above

text: million

text: The

text: Munich

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency.

text: The

text: euro

text: sign

text: code

text: EUR

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: currency

text: of

text: the

text: eurozone

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Austria

text: Belgium

text: Cyprus

text: Estonia

text: Finland

text: France

text: Germany

text: Greece

text: Ireland

text: Italy

text: Latvia

text: Lithuania

text: Luxembourg

text: Malta

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Portugal

text: Slovakia

text: Slovenia

text: and

text: Spain

text: The

text: currency

text: is

text: also

text: officially

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: institutions

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: four

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: unilaterally

text: by

text: two

text: others

text: and

text: is

text: consequently

text: used

text: daily

text: by

text: some

text: million

text: Europeans

text: Outside

text: of

text: Europe

text: number

text: of

text: overseas

text: territories

text: of

text: EU

text: members

text: also

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: as

text: their

text: currency

text: Düsseldorf (Low Franconian, Ripuarian: "Düsseldörp" ) is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the seventh most populous city in Germany. Düsseldorf is an international business and financial centre, renowned for its fashion and trade fairs. The city is headquarters to one Fortune Global 500 and two DAX companies. Messe Düsseldorf organises nearly one fifth of premier trade shows.

text: Düsseldorf

text: Low

text: Franconian

text: Ripuarian

text: Düsseldörp

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: of

text: North

text: Rhine

text: Westphalia

text: and

text: the

text: seventh

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: Düsseldorf

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: business

text: and

text: financial

text: centre

text: renowned

text: for

text: its

text: fashion

text: and

text: trade

text: fairs

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: headquarters

text: to

text: one

text: Fortune

text: Global

text: and

text: two

text: DAX

text: companies

text: Messe

text: Düsseldorf

text: organises

text: nearly

text: one

text: fifth

text: of

text: premier

text: trade

text: shows

text: Bavaria  is a federal state of Germany. Located in the German southeast with an area of 70,548 square kilometres (27,200 sq mi), Bavaria is the largest German state. Its territory comprises roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany, and, with 12.9 million inhabitants, it is Germany's second most populous state. Munich, Bavaria's capital and largest city, is the third largest city in Germany.

text: Bavaria

text: is

text: federal

text: state

text: of

text: Germany

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: southeast

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: Bavaria

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: German

text: state

text: Its

text: territory

text: comprises

text: roughly

text: fifth

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: Germany

text: and

text: with

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: Germany

text: 's

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: Munich

text: Bavaria

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: Gunzenhausen is a town in the Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen district, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated on the river Altmühl, northwest of Weißenburg in Bayern, and southwest of Nuremberg. Gunzenhausen is a nationally recognized recreation area.

text: Gunzenhausen

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: the

text: Weißenburg

text: Gunzenhausen

text: district

text: in

text: Bavaria

text: Germany

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: river

text: Altmühl

text: northwest

text: of

text: Weißenburg

text: in

text: Bayern

text: and

text: southwest

text: of

text: Nuremberg

text: Gunzenhausen

text: is

text: nationally

text: recognized

text: recreation

text: area

text: A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament). There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics. Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state, with the head of government holding real power, much like constitutional monarchies. Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government, much like presidential systems, but with a dependency upon parliamentary power.

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: is

text: republic

text: that

text: operates

text: under

text: parliamentary

text: system

text: of

text: government

text: where

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: the

text: government

text: derives

text: its

text: legitimacy

text: from

text: and

text: is

text: accountable

text: to

text: the

text: legislature

text: the

text: parliament

text: There

text: are

text: number

text: of

text: variations

text: of

text: parliamentary

text: republics

text: Most

text: have

text: clear

text: differentiation

text: between

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: with

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: holding

text: real

text: power

text: much

text: like

text: constitutional

text: monarchies

text: Some

text: have

text: combined

text: the

text: roles

text: of

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: and

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: much

text: like

text: presidential

text: systems

text: but

text: with

text: dependency

text: upon

text: parliamentary

text: power

question: shares_border_with ellingen

answer: weißenburg in bayern

text: weißenburg in bayern

text: weißenburg in bayern

text: weißenburg in bayern