text: South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.

text: South

text: Africa

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: RSA

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: of

text: coastline

text: of

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: stretching

text: along

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Indian

text: Oceans

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: of

text: Namibia

text: Botswana

text: and

text: Zimbabwe

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: surrounding

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: South

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: with

text: close

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: nation

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: or

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: that

text: borders

text: both

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: About

text: percent

text: of

text: South

text: Africans

text: are

text: of

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: African

text: ancestry

text: divided

text: among

text: variety

text: of

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: speaking

text: different

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: nine

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: official

text: status

text: The

text: remaining

text: population

text: consists

text: of

text: Africa

text: 's

text: largest

text: communities

text: of

text: European

text: white

text: Asian

text: Indian

text: and

text: multiracial

text: coloured

text: ancestry

text: Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20.4 % of its total land area. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two "de facto" independent states with limited or no recognition.

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: At

text: about

text: million

text: million

text: square

text: miles

text: including

text: adjacent

text: islands

text: it

text: covers

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: its

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: With

text: billion

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: it

text: accounts

text: for

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: human

text: population

text: The

text: continent

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: both

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: along

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: continent

text: includes

text: Madagascar

text: and

text: various

text: archipelagos

text: It

text: contains

text: fully

text: recognized

text: sovereign

text: states

text: countries

text: nine

text: territories

text: and

text: two

text: de

text: facto

text: independent

text: states

text: with

text: limited

text: or

text: no

text: recognition

text: African Communist is the magazine of the South African Communist Party, published quarterly. The magazine was started by a group of Marxist-Leninists in 1959. It has its headquarters in Johannesburg.

text: African

text: Communist

text: is

text: the

text: magazine

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: Communist

text: Party

text: published

text: quarterly

text: The

text: magazine

text: was

text: started

text: by

text: group

text: of

text: Marxist

text: Leninists

text: in

text: It

text: has

text: its

text: headquarters

text: in

text: Johannesburg

text: Johannesburg (also known as Jozi, Joburg and eGoli) is the largest city in South Africa and is one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world. It is the provincial capital of Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of South Africa's three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court. The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade.

text: Johannesburg

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Jozi

text: Joburg

text: and

text: eGoli

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: urban

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: provincial

text: capital

text: of

text: Gauteng

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: wealthiest

text: province

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: While

text: Johannesburg

text: is

text: not

text: one

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: 's

text: three

text: capital

text: cities

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: Constitutional

text: Court

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: mineral

text: rich

text: Witwatersrand

text: range

text: of

text: hills

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: large

text: scale

text: gold

text: and

text: diamond

text: trade

text: The South African Communist Party ( SACP ) is a communist party in South Africa . It was founded in 1921 , was declared illegal in 1950 , and participated in the struggle against apartheid . It is a partner of the Tripartite Alliance with the African National Congress and the Congress of South African Trade Unions ( COSATU ) and through this influences the South African government .

text: The

text: South

text: African

text: Communist

text: Party

text: SACP

text: is

text: communist

text: party

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: was

text: declared

text: illegal

text: in

text: and

text: participated

text: in

text: the

text: struggle

text: against

text: apartheid

text: It

text: is

text: partner

text: of

text: the

text: Tripartite

text: Alliance

text: with

text: the

text: African

text: National

text: Congress

text: and

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: South

text: African

text: Trade

text: Unions

text: COSATU

text: and

text: through

text: this

text: influences

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: government

text: The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) is a trade union federation in South Africa. It was founded in 1985 and is the largest of the countrys three main trade union federations, with 21 affiliated trade unions, altogether organising 1.8 million workers.

text: The

text: Congress

text: of

text: South

text: African

text: Trade

text: Unions

text: COSATU

text: is

text: trade

text: union

text: federation

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: countrys

text: three

text: main

text: trade

text: union

text: federations

text: with

text: affiliated

text: trade

text: unions

text: altogether

text: organising

text: million

text: workers

text:
Southern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics, and including several countries.
The term "southern Africa" or "Southern Africa", generally includes Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. From a political perspective the region is said to be unipolar with South Africa as a first regional power.

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: continent

text: variably

text: defined

text: by

text: geography

text: or

text: geopolitics

text: and

text: including

text: several

text: countries

text: The

text: term

text: southern

text: Africa

text: or

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: generally

text: includes

text: Angola

text: Botswana

text: Lesotho

text: Malawi

text: Mozambique

text: Namibia

text: South

text: Africa

text: Swaziland

text: Zambia

text: and

text: Zimbabwe

text: From

text: political

text: perspective

text: the

text: region

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: unipolar

text: with

text: South

text: Africa

text: as

text: first

text: regional

text: power

text:
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918  5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.
A Xhosa, Mandela was born in Mvezo to the Thembu royal family. He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of the Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944. After the National Party's white-only government established apartheida system of racial segregation that privileged whiteshe and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow. Mandela was appointed President of the ANC's Transvaal branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People. He was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial. Influenced by Marxism, he secretly joined the South African Communist Party (SACP). Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 and led a sabotage campaign against the government. In 1962, he was arrested for conspiring to overthrow the state and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial.
Mandela served 27 years in prison, initially on Robben Island, and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. Amid growing domestic and international pressure, and with fears of a racial civil war, President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk negotiated an end to apartheid and organised the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became President. Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Economically, Mandela's administration retained its predecessor's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs, also introducing measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty, and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. He declined a second presidential term and in 1999 was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation.
Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life. Although critics on the right denounced him as a communist terrorist and those on the radical left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid's supporters, he gained international acclaim for his activism. Widely regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice, he received more than 250 honoursincluding the Nobel Peace Prizeand became the subject of a cult of personality. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba, and described as the "Father of the Nation".

text: Nelson

text: Rolihlahla

text: Mandela

text: July

text: December

text: was

text: South

text: African

text: anti

text: apartheid

text: revolutionary

text: politician

text: and

text: philanthropist

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: President

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: first

text: black

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: elected

text: in

text: fully

text: representative

text: democratic

text: election

text: His

text: government

text: focused

text: on

text: dismantling

text: the

text: legacy

text: of

text: apartheid

text: by

text: tackling

text: institutionalised

text: racism

text: and

text: fostering

text: racial

text: reconciliation

text: Ideologically

text: an

text: African

text: nationalist

text: and

text: socialist

text: he

text: served

text: as

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: National

text: Congress

text: ANC

text: party

text: from

text: to

text: Xhosa

text: Mandela

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Mvezo

text: to

text: the

text: Thembu

text: royal

text: family

text: He

text: studied

text: law

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Fort

text: Hare

text: and

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: the

text: Witwatersrand

text: before

text: working

text: as

text: lawyer

text: in

text: Johannesburg

text: There

text: he

text: became

text: involved

text: in

text: anti

text: colonial

text: and

text: African

text: nationalist

text: politics

text: joining

text: the

text: ANC

text: in

text: and

text: co

text: founding

text: its

text: Youth

text: League

text: in

text: After

text: the

text: National

text: Party

text: 's

text: white

text: only

text: government

text: established

text: apartheida

text: system

text: of

text: racial

text: segregation

text: that

text: privileged

text: whiteshe

text: and

text: the

text: ANC

text: committed

text: themselves

text: to

text: its

text: overthrow

text: Mandela

text: was

text: appointed

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: ANC

text: 's

text: Transvaal

text: branch

text: rising

text: to

text: prominence

text: for

text: his

text: involvement

text: in

text: the

text: Defiance

text: Campaign

text: and

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: He

text: was

text: repeatedly

text: arrested

text: for

text: seditious

text: activities

text: and

text: was

text: unsuccessfully

text: prosecuted

text: in

text: the

text: Treason

text: Trial

text: Influenced

text: by

text: Marxism

text: he

text: secretly

text: joined

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: Communist

text: Party

text: SACP

text: Although

text: initially

text: committed

text: to

text: non

text: violent

text: protest

text: in

text: association

text: with

text: the

text: SACP

text: he

text: co

text: founded

text: the

text: militant

text: Umkhonto

text: we

text: Sizwe

text: in

text: and

text: led

text: sabotage

text: campaign

text: against

text: the

text: government

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: arrested

text: for

text: conspiring

text: to

text: overthrow

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: sentenced

text: to

text: life

text: imprisonment

text: in

text: the

text: Rivonia

text: Trial

text: Mandela

text: served

text: years

text: in

text: prison

text: initially

text: on

text: Robben

text: Island

text: and

text: later

text: in

text: Pollsmoor

text: Prison

text: and

text: Victor

text: Verster

text: Prison

text: Amid

text: growing

text: domestic

text: and

text: international

text: pressure

text: and

text: with

text: fears

text: of

text: racial

text: civil

text: war

text: President

text: de

text: Klerk

text: released

text: him

text: in

text: Mandela

text: and

text: de

text: Klerk

text: negotiated

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: apartheid

text: and

text: organised

text: the

text: multiracial

text: general

text: election

text: in

text: which

text: Mandela

text: led

text: the

text: ANC

text: to

text: victory

text: and

text: became

text: President

text: Leading

text: broad

text: coalition

text: government

text: which

text: promulgated

text: new

text: constitution

text: Mandela

text: emphasised

text: reconciliation

text: between

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: racial

text: groups

text: and

text: created

text: the

text: Truth

text: and

text: Reconciliation

text: Commission

text: to

text: investigate

text: past

text: human

text: rights

text: abuses

text: Economically

text: Mandela

text: 's

text: administration

text: retained

text: its

text: predecessor

text: 's

text: liberal

text: framework

text: despite

text: his

text: own

text: socialist

text: beliefs

text: also

text: introducing

text: measures

text: to

text: encourage

text: land

text: reform

text: combat

text: poverty

text: and

text: expand

text: healthcare

text: services

text: Internationally

text: he

text: acted

text: as

text: mediator

text: in

text: the

text: Pan

text: Am

text: Flight

text: bombing

text: trial

text: and

text: served

text: as

text: Secretary

text: General

text: of

text: the

text: Non

text: Aligned

text: Movement

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: declined

text: second

text: presidential

text: term

text: and

text: in

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: his

text: deputy

text: Thabo

text: Mbeki

text: Mandela

text: became

text: an

text: elder

text: statesman

text: and

text: focused

text: on

text: combating

text: poverty

text: and

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: through

text: the

text: charitable

text: Nelson

text: Mandela

text: Foundation

text: Mandela

text: was

text: controversial

text: figure

text: for

text: much

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: Although

text: critics

text: on

text: the

text: right

text: denounced

text: him

text: as

text: communist

text: terrorist

text: and

text: those

text: on

text: the

text: radical

text: left

text: deemed

text: him

text: too

text: eager

text: to

text: negotiate

text: and

text: reconcile

text: with

text: apartheid

text: 's

text: supporters

text: he

text: gained

text: international

text: acclaim

text: for

text: his

text: activism

text: Widely

text: regarded

text: as

text: an

text: icon

text: of

text: democracy

text: and

text: social

text: justice

text: he

text: received

text: more

text: than

text: honoursincluding

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Peace

text: Prizeand

text: became

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: cult

text: of

text: personality

text: He

text: is

text: held

text: in

text: deep

text: respect

text: within

text: South

text: Africa

text: where

text: he

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: his

text: Xhosa

text: clan

text: name

text: Madiba

text: and

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: Father

text: of

text: the

text: Nation

text: In South Africa, pass laws were a form of internal passport system designed to segregate the population, manage urbanization, and allocate migrant labour. Also known as the natives law, pass laws severely limited the movements of black African citizens by requiring them to carry pass books when outside their homelands or designated areas. Before the 1950s, this legislation largely applied to African men, and attempts to apply it to women in the 1910s and 1950s were met with significant protests. Pass laws would be one of the dominant features of the country's apartheid system, until it was effectively ended in 1986.

text: In

text: South

text: Africa

text: pass

text: laws

text: were

text: form

text: of

text: internal

text: passport

text: system

text: designed

text: to

text: segregate

text: the

text: population

text: manage

text: urbanization

text: and

text: allocate

text: migrant

text: labour

text: Also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: natives

text: law

text: pass

text: laws

text: severely

text: limited

text: the

text: movements

text: of

text: black

text: African

text: citizens

text: by

text: requiring

text: them

text: to

text: carry

text: pass

text: books

text: when

text: outside

text: their

text: homelands

text: or

text: designated

text: areas

text: Before

text: the

text: this

text: legislation

text: largely

text: applied

text: to

text: African

text: men

text: and

text: attempts

text: to

text: apply

text: it

text: to

text: women

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: were

text: met

text: with

text: significant

text: protests

text: Pass

text: laws

text: would

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: dominant

text: features

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: apartheid

text: system

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: effectively

text: ended

text: in

text: Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west and southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique to the east and northeast. Although it does not border Namibia, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country. The capital and largest city is Harare. A country of roughly 13 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used.

text: Zimbabwe

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Zimbabwe

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: between

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: and

text: Limpopo

text: Rivers

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Botswana

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: southwest

text: Zambia

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: Mozambique

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: Although

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: border

text: Namibia

text: less

text: than

text: metres

text: of

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: River

text: separates

text: it

text: from

text: that

text: country

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Harare

text: country

text: of

text: roughly

text: million

text: people

text: Zimbabwe

text: has

text: official

text: languages

text: with

text: English

text: Shona

text: and

text: Ndebele

text: the

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text:
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin (  21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of the Russian Republic from 1917 to 1918, of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1918 to 1924, and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia and then the wider Soviet Union became a one-party socialist state governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed political theories known as Leninism.
Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's execution in 1887. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist regime, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior figure in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his exile, he moved to Western Europe, where he became a prominent party theorist through his publications. In 1903, he took a key role in a RSDLP ideological split, leading the Bolshevik faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Encouraging insurrection during Russia's failed Revolution of 1905, he later campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe-wide proletarian revolution, which as a Marxist he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar and established a Provisional Government, he returned to Russia to play a leading role in the October Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the new regime.
Lenin's government was led by the Bolsheviksnow renamed the Communist Partywith some powers initially also held by elected soviets. The new government called elections for the Constituent Assembly and then abolished it, withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty with the Central Powers, and granted independence to non-Russian nations under Russian control. It redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalised banks and large-scale industry. Opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror, a violent campaign orchestrated by the state security services; tens of thousands were killed and others interned in concentration camps. Anti-Bolshevik armies, established by both right and left-wing groups, were defeated in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922. Responding to wartime devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, in 1921 Lenin promoted economic growth through a mixed economic system. Seeking to promote world revolution, Lenin's government created the Communist International, waged the PolishSoviet War, and united Russia with neighbouring nations to form the Soviet Union in 1922. In increasingly poor health, Lenin expressed opposition to the growing power of his successor, Joseph Stalin, before dying at his Gorki mansion.
Widely considered one of the most significant and influential figures of the 20th century, Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive personality cult within the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. He became an ideological figurehead behind Marxism-Leninism and thus a prominent influence over the international communist movement. A controversial and highly divisive individual, Lenin is viewed by Marxist-Leninists as a champion of socialism and the working class, while critics on both the left and right see him as the founder of a totalitarian dictatorship responsible for mass human rights abuses.

text: Vladimir

text: Ilyich

text: Ulyanov

text: better

text: known

text: by

text: the

text: alias

text: Lenin

text: January

text: was

text: Russian

text: communist

text: revolutionary

text: politician

text: and

text: political

text: theorist

text: He

text: served

text: as

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Republic

text: from

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Soviet

text: Federative

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: from

text: to

text: Under

text: his

text: administration

text: Russia

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: wider

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: became

text: one

text: party

text: socialist

text: state

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Russian

text: Communist

text: Party

text: Ideologically

text: Marxist

text: he

text: developed

text: political

text: theories

text: known

text: as

text: Leninism

text: Born

text: to

text: wealthy

text: middle

text: class

text: family

text: in

text: Simbirsk

text: Lenin

text: embraced

text: revolutionary

text: socialist

text: politics

text: following

text: his

text: brother

text: 's

text: execution

text: in

text: Expelled

text: from

text: Kazan

text: Imperial

text: University

text: for

text: participating

text: in

text: protests

text: against

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: 's

text: Tsarist

text: regime

text: he

text: devoted

text: the

text: following

text: years

text: to

text: law

text: degree

text: He

text: moved

text: to

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: in

text: and

text: became

text: senior

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: Marxist

text: Russian

text: Social

text: Democratic

text: Labour

text: Party

text: RSDLP

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: arrested

text: for

text: sedition

text: and

text: exiled

text: to

text: Shushenskoye

text: for

text: three

text: years

text: where

text: he

text: married

text: Nadezhda

text: Krupskaya

text: After

text: his

text: exile

text: he

text: moved

text: to

text: Western

text: Europe

text: where

text: he

text: became

text: prominent

text: party

text: theorist

text: through

text: his

text: publications

text: In

text: he

text: took

text: key

text: role

text: in

text: RSDLP

text: ideological

text: split

text: leading

text: the

text: Bolshevik

text: faction

text: against

text: Julius

text: Martov

text: 's

text: Mensheviks

text: Encouraging

text: insurrection

text: during

text: Russia

text: 's

text: failed

text: Revolution

text: of

text: he

text: later

text: campaigned

text: for

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: to

text: be

text: transformed

text: into

text: Europe

text: wide

text: proletarian

text: revolution

text: which

text: as

text: Marxist

text: he

text: believed

text: would

text: cause

text: the

text: overthrow

text: of

text: capitalism

text: and

text: its

text: replacement

text: with

text: socialism

text: After

text: the

text: February

text: Revolution

text: ousted

text: the

text: Tsar

text: and

text: established

text: Provisional

text: Government

text: he

text: returned

text: to

text: Russia

text: to

text: play

text: leading

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: October

text: Revolution

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Bolsheviks

text: overthrew

text: the

text: new

text: regime

text: Lenin

text: 's

text: government

text: was

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: Bolsheviksnow

text: renamed

text: the

text: Communist

text: Partywith

text: some

text: powers

text: initially

text: also

text: held

text: by

text: elected

text: soviets

text: The

text: new

text: government

text: called

text: elections

text: for

text: the

text: Constituent

text: Assembly

text: and

text: then

text: abolished

text: it

text: withdrew

text: from

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: by

text: signing

text: treaty

text: with

text: the

text: Central

text: Powers

text: and

text: granted

text: independence

text: to

text: non

text: Russian

text: nations

text: under

text: Russian

text: control

text: It

text: redistributed

text: land

text: among

text: the

text: peasantry

text: and

text: nationalised

text: banks

text: and

text: large

text: scale

text: industry

text: Opponents

text: were

text: suppressed

text: in

text: the

text: Red

text: Terror

text: violent

text: campaign

text: orchestrated

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: security

text: services

text: tens

text: of

text: thousands

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: others

text: interned

text: in

text: concentration

text: camps

text: Anti

text: Bolshevik

text: armies

text: established

text: by

text: both

text: right

text: and

text: left

text: wing

text: groups

text: were

text: defeated

text: in

text: the

text: Russian

text: Civil

text: War

text: from

text: to

text: Responding

text: to

text: wartime

text: devastation

text: famine

text: and

text: popular

text: uprisings

text: in

text: Lenin

text: promoted

text: economic

text: growth

text: through

text: mixed

text: economic

text: system

text: Seeking

text: to

text: promote

text: world

text: revolution

text: Lenin

text: 's

text: government

text: created

text: the

text: Communist

text: International

text: waged

text: the

text: PolishSoviet

text: War

text: and

text: united

text: Russia

text: with

text: neighbouring

text: nations

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: in

text: In

text: increasingly

text: poor

text: health

text: Lenin

text: expressed

text: opposition

text: to

text: the

text: growing

text: power

text: of

text: his

text: successor

text: Joseph

text: Stalin

text: before

text: dying

text: at

text: his

text: Gorki

text: mansion

text: Widely

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: significant

text: and

text: influential

text: figures

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Lenin

text: was

text: the

text: posthumous

text: subject

text: of

text: pervasive

text: personality

text: cult

text: within

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: until

text: its

text: dissolution

text: in

text: He

text: became

text: an

text: ideological

text: figurehead

text: behind

text: Marxism

text: Leninism

text: and

text: thus

text: prominent

text: influence

text: over

text: the

text: international

text: communist

text: movement

text: controversial

text: and

text: highly

text: divisive

text: individual

text: Lenin

text: is

text: viewed

text: by

text: Marxist

text: Leninists

text: as

text: champion

text: of

text: socialism

text: and

text: the

text: working

text: class

text: while

text: critics

text: on

text: both

text: the

text: left

text: and

text: right

text: see

text: him

text: as

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: totalitarian

text: dictatorship

text: responsible

text: for

text: mass

text: human

text: rights

text: abuses

text: Botswana , officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. The citizens refer to themselves as "Batswana" (singular: "Motswana"). Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. Since then, it has maintained a strong tradition of stable representative democracy, with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections.

text: Botswana

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Botswana

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: The

text: citizens

text: refer

text: to

text: themselves

text: as

text: Batswana

text: singular

text: Motswana

text: Formerly

text: the

text: British

text: protectorate

text: of

text: Bechuanaland

text: Botswana

text: adopted

text: its

text: new

text: name

text: after

text: becoming

text: independent

text: within

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: on

text: September

text: Since

text: then

text: it

text: has

text: maintained

text: strong

text: tradition

text: of

text: stable

text: representative

text: democracy

text: with

text: consistent

text: record

text: of

text: uninterrupted

text: democratic

text: elections

text: A trade union (British EnglishAustralian EnglishNew Zealand EnglishSouth African English / Caribbean English; also trades union), labour union (Canadian English), or labor union (American English) is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement, increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work, and better working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labour contracts (collective bargaining) with employers. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment". This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies.

text: trade

text: union

text: British

text: EnglishAustralian

text: EnglishNew

text: Zealand

text: EnglishSouth

text: African

text: English

text: Caribbean

text: English

text: also

text: trades

text: union

text: labour

text: union

text: Canadian

text: English

text: or

text: labor

text: union

text: American

text: English

text: is

text: an

text: organization

text: of

text: workers

text: who

text: have

text: come

text: together

text: to

text: achieve

text: common

text: goals

text: such

text: as

text: protecting

text: the

text: integrity

text: of

text: its

text: trade

text: improving

text: safety

text: standards

text: achieving

text: higher

text: pay

text: and

text: benefits

text: such

text: as

text: health

text: care

text: and

text: retirement

text: increasing

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: employees

text: an

text: employer

text: assigns

text: to

text: complete

text: the

text: work

text: and

text: better

text: working

text: conditions

text: The

text: trade

text: union

text: through

text: its

text: leadership

text: bargains

text: with

text: the

text: employer

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: union

text: members

text: rank

text: and

text: file

text: members

text: and

text: negotiates

text: labour

text: contracts

text: collective

text: bargaining

text: with

text: employers

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: purpose

text: of

text: these

text: associations

text: or

text: unions

text: is

text: maintaining

text: or

text: improving

text: the

text: conditions

text: of

text: their

text: employment

text: This

text: may

text: include

text: the

text: negotiation

text: of

text: wages

text: work

text: rules

text: complaint

text: procedures

text: rules

text: governing

text: hiring

text: firing

text: and

text: promotion

text: of

text: workers

text: benefits

text: workplace

text: safety

text: and

text: policies

text: Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (German: ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.

text: Namibia

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Namibia

text: German

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: whose

text: western

text: border

text: is

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Zambia

text: and

text: Angola

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Botswana

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: Although

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: border

text: Zimbabwe

text: part

text: of

text: less

text: than

text: metres

text: of

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: River

text: essentially

text: small

text: bulge

text: in

text: Botswana

text: to

text: achieve

text: Botswana

text: Zambia

text: micro

text: border

text: separates

text: the

text: two

text: countries

text: Namibia

text: gained

text: independence

text: from

text: South

text: Africa

text: on

text: March

text: following

text: the

text: Namibian

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Windhoek

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: UN

text: the

text: Southern

text: African

text: Development

text: Community

text: SADC

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: AU

text: and

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Nations

text: Mozambique (or ), officially the Republic of Mozambique (or "") is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city is Maputo (known as "Lourenço Marques" before independence).

text: Mozambique

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Mozambique

text: or

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Africa

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Tanzania

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Malawi

text: and

text: Zambia

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Zimbabwe

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Madagascar

text: by

text: the

text: Mozambique

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Maputo

text: known

text: as

text: Lourenço

text: Marques

text: before

text: independence

text: The African National Congress (ANC) is the Republic of South Africa's governing social democratic political party. It has been the ruling party of post-apartheid South Africa on the national level, beginning with the election of Nelson Mandela in the 1994 election, the first election after the end of apartheid. Today, the ANC remains the dominant political party in South Africa, winning every election since 1994. Its leader Jacob Zuma is the incumbent president of South Africa.

text: The

text: African

text: National

text: Congress

text: ANC

text: is

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: 's

text: governing

text: social

text: democratic

text: political

text: party

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: ruling

text: party

text: of

text: post

text: apartheid

text: South

text: Africa

text: on

text: the

text: national

text: level

text: beginning

text: with

text: the

text: election

text: of

text: Nelson

text: Mandela

text: in

text: the

text: election

text: the

text: first

text: election

text: after

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: apartheid

text: Today

text: the

text: ANC

text: remains

text: the

text: dominant

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: winning

text: every

text: election

text: since

text: Its

text: leader

text: Jacob

text: Zuma

text: is

text: the

text: incumbent

text: president

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: Social democracy is a political, social and economic ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a capitalist economy, and a policy regime involving a commitment to representative democracy, measures for income redistribution, and regulation of the economy in the general interest and welfare state provisions. Social democracy thus aims to create the conditions for capitalism to lead to greater democratic, egalitarian and solidaristic outcomes; and is often associated with the set of socioeconomic policies that became prominent in Northern and Western Europeparticularly the Nordic model in the Nordic countriesduring the latter half of the 20th century.

text: Social

text: democracy

text: is

text: political

text: social

text: and

text: economic

text: ideology

text: that

text: supports

text: economic

text: and

text: social

text: interventions

text: to

text: promote

text: social

text: justice

text: within

text: the

text: framework

text: of

text: capitalist

text: economy

text: and

text: policy

text: regime

text: involving

text: commitment

text: to

text: representative

text: democracy

text: measures

text: for

text: income

text: redistribution

text: and

text: regulation

text: of

text: the

text: economy

text: in

text: the

text: general

text: interest

text: and

text: welfare

text: state

text: provisions

text: Social

text: democracy

text: thus

text: aims

text: to

text: create

text: the

text: conditions

text: for

text: capitalism

text: to

text: lead

text: to

text: greater

text: democratic

text: egalitarian

text: and

text: solidaristic

text: outcomes

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: socioeconomic

text: policies

text: that

text: became

text: prominent

text: in

text: Northern

text: and

text: Western

text: Europeparticularly

text: the

text: Nordic

text: model

text: in

text: the

text: Nordic

text: countriesduring

text: the

text: latter

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: White South Africans are people from South Africa who are of European descent and who do not regard themselves, or are not regarded as, being part of another racial group (for example, as Coloured). In linguistic, cultural and historical terms, they are generally divided into the Afrikaans-speaking descendants of the Dutch East India Company's original settlers, known as Afrikaners, and the Anglophone descendants of predominantly British colonists. In 2011, 61% were native Afrikaans speakers, 36% were native English speakers, and 3% spoke another language as their mother tongue, such as Portuguese or German. White South Africans are by far the largest European-descended population group in Africa.

text: White

text: South

text: Africans

text: are

text: people

text: from

text: South

text: Africa

text: who

text: are

text: of

text: European

text: descent

text: and

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: regard

text: themselves

text: or

text: are

text: not

text: regarded

text: as

text: being

text: part

text: of

text: another

text: racial

text: group

text: for

text: example

text: as

text: Coloured

text: In

text: linguistic

text: cultural

text: and

text: historical

text: terms

text: they

text: are

text: generally

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: Afrikaans

text: speaking

text: descendants

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: 's

text: original

text: settlers

text: known

text: as

text: Afrikaners

text: and

text: the

text: Anglophone

text: descendants

text: of

text: predominantly

text: British

text: colonists

text: In

text: were

text: native

text: Afrikaans

text: speakers

text: were

text: native

text: English

text: speakers

text: and

text: spoke

text: another

text: language

text: as

text: their

text: mother

text: tongue

text: such

text: as

text: Portuguese

text: or

text: German

text: White

text: South

text: Africans

text: are

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: largest

text: European

text: descended

text: population

text: group

text: in

text: Africa

text: Swaziland, officially the Kingdom of Swaziland (or ; Swazi: "Umbuso weSwatini"; sometimes called kaNgwane or Eswatini), is a sovereign state in Southern Africa. It is neighboured by Mozambique to its northeast and by South Africa to its north, west and south. The country and its people take their names from Mswati II, the 19th-century king under whose rule Swazi territory was expanded and unified.

text: Swaziland

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Swaziland

text: or

text: Swazi

text: Umbuso

text: weSwatini

text: sometimes

text: called

text: kaNgwane

text: or

text: Eswatini

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: neighboured

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: to

text: its

text: northeast

text: and

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: its

text: north

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: and

text: its

text: people

text: take

text: their

text: names

text: from

text: Mswati

text: II

text: the

text: century

text: king

text: under

text: whose

text: rule

text: Swazi

text: territory

text: was

text: expanded

text: and

text: unified

text: Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991, when it was abolished. The country's first multiracial elections under a universal franchise were held three years later in 1994. Broadly speaking, apartheid was delineated into "petty apartheid", which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events, and "grand apartheid", which dictated housing and employment opportunities by race. Prior to the 1940s, some vestiges of apartheid had already emerged in the form of minority rule by white South Africans and the socially enforced separation of black South Africans from other races, which later extended to pass laws and land apportionment. Apartheid as a policy was embraced by the South African government shortly after the ascension of the National Party (NP) during the country's 1948 general elections. Apartheid was also enforced in South West Africa until it gained independence as Namibia in 1990.

text: Apartheid

text: was

text: system

text: of

text: institutionalised

text: racial

text: segregation

text: and

text: discrimination

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: between

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: abolished

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: first

text: multiracial

text: elections

text: under

text: universal

text: franchise

text: were

text: held

text: three

text: years

text: later

text: in

text: Broadly

text: speaking

text: apartheid

text: was

text: delineated

text: into

text: petty

text: apartheid

text: which

text: entailed

text: the

text: segregation

text: of

text: public

text: facilities

text: and

text: social

text: events

text: and

text: grand

text: apartheid

text: which

text: dictated

text: housing

text: and

text: employment

text: opportunities

text: by

text: race

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: some

text: vestiges

text: of

text: apartheid

text: had

text: already

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: minority

text: rule

text: by

text: white

text: South

text: Africans

text: and

text: the

text: socially

text: enforced

text: separation

text: of

text: black

text: South

text: Africans

text: from

text: other

text: races

text: which

text: later

text: extended

text: to

text: pass

text: laws

text: and

text: land

text: apportionment

text: Apartheid

text: as

text: policy

text: was

text: embraced

text: by

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: government

text: shortly

text: after

text: the

text: ascension

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Party

text: NP

text: during

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: general

text: elections

text: Apartheid

text: was

text: also

text: enforced

text: in

text: South

text: West

text: Africa

text: until

text: it

text: gained

text: independence

text: as

text: Namibia

text: in

text: Karl Marx (5 May 1818  14 March 1883) was a German-born scientist, philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Born in Trier to a middle-class family, he later studied political economy and Hegelian philosophy. As an adult, Marx became stateless and spent much of his life in London, England, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and published various works, the most well-known being the 1848 pamphlet "The Communist Manifesto". His work has since influenced subsequent intellectual, economic, and political history.

text: Karl

text: Marx

text: May

text: March

text: was

text: German

text: born

text: scientist

text: philosopher

text: economist

text: sociologist

text: journalist

text: and

text: revolutionary

text: socialist

text: Born

text: in

text: Trier

text: to

text: middle

text: class

text: family

text: he

text: later

text: studied

text: political

text: economy

text: and

text: Hegelian

text: philosophy

text: As

text: an

text: adult

text: Marx

text: became

text: stateless

text: and

text: spent

text: much

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: in

text: London

text: England

text: where

text: he

text: continued

text: to

text: develop

text: his

text: thought

text: in

text: collaboration

text: with

text: German

text: thinker

text: Friedrich

text: Engels

text: and

text: published

text: various

text: works

text: the

text: most

text: well

text: known

text: being

text: the

text: pamphlet

text: The

text: Communist

text: Manifesto

text: His

text: work

text: has

text: since

text: influenced

text: subsequent

text: intellectual

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: history

text: Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.

text: Russia

text: from

text: the

text: Rus

text: also

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: At

text: Russia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: surface

text: area

text: covering

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: eighth

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: inhabited

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: most

text: populous

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: March

text: The

text: European

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: populated

text: and

text: urbanised

text: than

text: the

text: eastern

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: live

text: in

text: European

text: Russia

text: Russia

text: 's

text: capital

text: Moscow

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: centers

text: include

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Novosibirsk

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: and

text: Samara

text: Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is an enclaved, landlocked country in southern Africa completely surrounded by South Africa. It is just over in size and has a population slightly over two million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru.

text: Lesotho

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: is

text: an

text: enclaved

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: completely

text: surrounded

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: just

text: over

text: in

text: size

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: slightly

text: over

text: two

text: million

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Maseru

text: The Tripartite Alliance is an alliance between the African National Congress (ANC), the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party (SACP). The ANC holds a majority in the South African parliament, while the SACP and COSATU have not contested any democratic election in South Africa.

text: The

text: Tripartite

text: Alliance

text: is

text: an

text: alliance

text: between

text: the

text: African

text: National

text: Congress

text: ANC

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: South

text: African

text: Trade

text: Unions

text: COSATU

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: Communist

text: Party

text: SACP

text: The

text: ANC

text: holds

text: majority

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: parliament

text: while

text: the

text: SACP

text: and

text: COSATU

text: have

text: not

text: contested

text: any

text: democratic

text: election

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: The Old World consists of Africa, Europe, and Asia, regarded collectively as the part of the world known to Europeans before contact with the Americas. It is used in the context of, and contrast with, the New World (Americas).

text: The

text: Old

text: World

text: consists

text: of

text: Africa

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: regarded

text: collectively

text: as

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: known

text: to

text: Europeans

text: before

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: Americas

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: and

text: contrast

text: with

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: Americas

text: Friedrich Engels (or  28 November 1820  5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist, and businessman. He founded Marxist theory together with Karl Marx. In 1845, he published "The Condition of the Working Class in England", based on personal observations and research in Manchester.

text: Friedrich

text: Engels

text: or

text: November

text: August

text: was

text: German

text: philosopher

text: social

text: scientist

text: journalist

text: and

text: businessman

text: He

text: founded

text: Marxist

text: theory

text: together

text: with

text: Karl

text: Marx

text: In

text: he

text: published

text: The

text: Condition

text: of

text: the

text: Working

text: Class

text: in

text: England

text: based

text: on

text: personal

text: observations

text: and

text: research

text: in

text: Manchester

text: Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara desert. According to the UN, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara. It contrasts with North Africa, whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa, but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world.

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: is

text: geographically

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Africa

text: that

text: lies

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Sahara

text: desert

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: UN

text: it

text: consists

text: of

text: all

text: African

text: countries

text: that

text: are

text: fully

text: or

text: partially

text: located

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Sahara

text: It

text: contrasts

text: with

text: North

text: Africa

text: whose

text: territories

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Arab

text: states

text: within

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: Somalia

text: Djibouti

text: Comoros

text: and

text: Mauritania

text: are

text: geographically

text: in

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: but

text: are

text: likewise

text: Arab

text: states

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: The Bantu languages, technically the Narrow Bantu languages (as opposed to "Wide Bantu", a loosely defined categorization which includes other Bantoid languages), constitute a traditional branch of the NigerCongo languages. There are about 250 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility, though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear, and "Ethnologue" counts 535 languages. Bantu languages are spoken largely east and south of present-day Cameroon, that is, in the regions commonly known as Central Africa, Southeast Africa, and Southern Africa. Parts of the Bantu area include languages from other language families (see map).

text: The

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: technically

text: the

text: Narrow

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: Wide

text: Bantu

text: loosely

text: defined

text: categorization

text: which

text: includes

text: other

text: Bantoid

text: languages

text: constitute

text: traditional

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: NigerCongo

text: languages

text: There

text: are

text: about

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: by

text: the

text: criterion

text: of

text: mutual

text: intelligibility

text: though

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: language

text: and

text: dialect

text: is

text: often

text: unclear

text: and

text: Ethnologue

text: counts

text: languages

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: are

text: spoken

text: largely

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Cameroon

text: that

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: regions

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Central

text: Africa

text: Southeast

text: Africa

text: and

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: Parts

text: of

text: the

text: Bantu

text: area

text: include

text: languages

text: from

text: other

text: language

text: families

text: see

text: map

text: The Eastern Hemisphere is a geographical term for the half of the earth that is east of the prime meridian (which crosses Greenwich, England) and west of the antimeridian. It is also used to refer to Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia, in contrast with the Western Hemisphere, which includes North and South America. This hemisphere may also be called the "Oriental Hemisphere". In addition, it may be used in a cultural or geopolitical sense as a synonym for the "Old World".

text: The

text: Eastern

text: Hemisphere

text: is

text: geographical

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: earth

text: that

text: is

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: prime

text: meridian

text: which

text: crosses

text: Greenwich

text: England

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: antimeridian

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: and

text: Australia

text: in

text: contrast

text: with

text: the

text: Western

text: Hemisphere

text: which

text: includes

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: This

text: hemisphere

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: called

text: the

text: Oriental

text: Hemisphere

text: In

text: addition

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: cultural

text: or

text: geopolitical

text: sense

text: as

text: synonym

text: for

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text:
A communist party is a political party that advocates the application of the social and economic principles of communism through state policy. The name originates from the 1848 tract "Manifesto of the Communist Party" by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
According to Leninist theory, a Communist party is the vanguard party of the working class (proletariat), whether ruling or non-ruling, but when such a party is in power in a specific country, the party is said to be the highest authority of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Vladimir Lenin's theories on the role of a Communist party were developed as the early 20th-century Russian social democracy divided into Bolshevik (meaning ""of the majority"") and Menshevik (meaning "of the minority") factions. Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks, argued that a revolutionary party should be a small vanguard party with a centralized political command and a strict cadre policy; the Menshevik faction, however, argued that the party should be a broad-based mass movement. The Bolshevik party, which eventually became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, took power in Russia after the October Revolution in 1917. With the creation of the Communist International, the Leninist concept of party building was copied by emerging Communist parties worldwide.

text: communist

text: party

text: is

text: political

text: party

text: that

text: advocates

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: the

text: social

text: and

text: economic

text: principles

text: of

text: communism

text: through

text: state

text: policy

text: The

text: name

text: originates

text: from

text: the

text: tract

text: Manifesto

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: by

text: Karl

text: Marx

text: and

text: Friedrich

text: Engels

text: According

text: to

text: Leninist

text: theory

text: Communist

text: party

text: is

text: the

text: vanguard

text: party

text: of

text: the

text: working

text: class

text: proletariat

text: whether

text: ruling

text: or

text: non

text: ruling

text: but

text: when

text: such

text: party

text: is

text: in

text: power

text: in

text: specific

text: country

text: the

text: party

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: highest

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: dictatorship

text: of

text: the

text: proletariat

text: Vladimir

text: Lenin

text: 's

text: theories

text: on

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: Communist

text: party

text: were

text: developed

text: as

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Russian

text: social

text: democracy

text: divided

text: into

text: Bolshevik

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: majority

text: and

text: Menshevik

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: minority

text: factions

text: Lenin

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Bolsheviks

text: argued

text: that

text: revolutionary

text: party

text: should

text: be

text: small

text: vanguard

text: party

text: with

text: centralized

text: political

text: command

text: and

text: strict

text: cadre

text: policy

text: the

text: Menshevik

text: faction

text: however

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: party

text: should

text: be

text: broad

text: based

text: mass

text: movement

text: The

text: Bolshevik

text: party

text: which

text: eventually

text: became

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: took

text: power

text: in

text: Russia

text: after

text: the

text: October

text: Revolution

text: in

text: With

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: International

text: the

text: Leninist

text: concept

text: of

text: party

text: building

text: was

text: copied

text: by

text: emerging

text: Communist

text: parties

text: worldwide

text: The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering (approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface). It is bounded by Asia on the north, on the west by Africa, on the east by Australia, and on the south by the Southern Ocean or, depending on definition, by Antarctica. It is named after the country of India. The Indian Ocean is known as "Ratnkara", ""the mine of gems"" in ancient Sanskrit literature, and as "Hind Mahsgar", ""the great Indian sea"", in Hindi.

text: The

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: covering

text: approximately

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: on

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: Asia

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Africa

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Australia

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: or

text: depending

text: on

text: definition

text: by

text: Antarctica

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: India

text: The

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Ratnkara

text: the

text: mine

text: of

text: gems

text: in

text: ancient

text: Sanskrit

text: literature

text: and

text: as

text: Hind

text: Mahsgar

text: the

text: great

text: Indian

text: sea

text: in

text: Hindi

text: Racial segregation is the separation of humans into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life. It may apply to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, riding on a bus, or in the rental or purchase of a home or of hotel rooms. Segregation is defined by the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance as "the act by which a (natural or legal) person separates other persons on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds without an objective and reasonable justification, in conformity with the proposed definition of discrimination. As a result, the voluntary act of separating oneself from other persons on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds does not constitute segregation". According to the UN Forum on Minority Issues, "The creation and development of classes and schools providing education in minority languages should not be considered impermissible segregation, if the assignment to such classes and schools is of a voluntary nature".

text: Racial

text: segregation

text: is

text: the

text: separation

text: of

text: humans

text: into

text: racial

text: or

text: other

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: in

text: daily

text: life

text: It

text: may

text: apply

text: to

text: activities

text: such

text: as

text: eating

text: in

text: restaurant

text: drinking

text: from

text: water

text: fountain

text: using

text: public

text: toilet

text: attending

text: school

text: going

text: to

text: the

text: movies

text: riding

text: on

text: bus

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: rental

text: or

text: purchase

text: of

text: home

text: or

text: of

text: hotel

text: rooms

text: Segregation

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: European

text: Commission

text: against

text: Racism

text: and

text: Intolerance

text: as

text: the

text: act

text: by

text: which

text: natural

text: or

text: legal

text: person

text: separates

text: other

text: persons

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: enumerated

text: grounds

text: without

text: an

text: objective

text: and

text: reasonable

text: justification

text: in

text: conformity

text: with

text: the

text: proposed

text: definition

text: of

text: discrimination

text: As

text: result

text: the

text: voluntary

text: act

text: of

text: separating

text: oneself

text: from

text: other

text: persons

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: enumerated

text: grounds

text: does

text: not

text: constitute

text: segregation

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: UN

text: Forum

text: on

text: Minority

text: Issues

text: The

text: creation

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: classes

text: and

text: schools

text: providing

text: education

text: in

text: minority

text: languages

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: considered

text: impermissible

text: segregation

text: if

text: the

text: assignment

text: to

text: such

text: classes

text: and

text: schools

text: is

text: of

text: voluntary

text: nature

text: Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma, GCB (born 12 April 1942) is the President of South Africa, elected by parliament following his party's victory in the 2009 general election. He was re-elected in the 2014 election.

text: Jacob

text: Gedleyihlekisa

text: Zuma

text: GCB

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: elected

text: by

text: parliament

text: following

text: his

text: party

text: 's

text: victory

text: in

text: the

text: general

text: election

text: He

text: was

text: re

text: elected

text: in

text: the

text: election

question: headquarters_location south african communist party

answer: johannesburg

text: johannesburg

text: johannesburg

text: johannesburg

text: johannesburg