text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period (starting in 27 BC). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history. Often when a given Roman is described as becoming "emperor" in English, it reflects his taking of the title "Augustus" or "Caesar". Another title often used was "imperator", originally a military honorific. Early Emperors also used the title "princeps" (first citizen). Emperors frequently amassed republican titles, notably "Princeps Senatus", "Consul" and "Pontifex Maximus".

text: The

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: was

text: the

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: during

text: the

text: imperial

text: period

text: starting

text: in

text: BC

text: The

text: emperors

text: used

text: variety

text: of

text: different

text: titles

text: throughout

text: history

text: Often

text: when

text: given

text: Roman

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: becoming

text: emperor

text: in

text: English

text: it

text: reflects

text: his

text: taking

text: of

text: the

text: title

text: Augustus

text: or

text: Caesar

text: Another

text: title

text: often

text: used

text: was

text: imperator

text: originally

text: military

text: honorific

text: Early

text: Emperors

text: also

text: used

text: the

text: title

text: princeps

text: first

text: citizen

text: Emperors

text: frequently

text: amassed

text: republican

text: titles

text: notably

text: Princeps

text: Senatus

text: Consul

text: and

text: Pontifex

text: Maximus

text:
Gaul (Latin: "Gallia") was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands, Central Italy and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine. It covered an area of 190,800 mi² or 494,169 km². According to the testimony of Julius Caesar, Gaul was divided into three parts: Gallia Celtica, Belgica and Aquitania.
Archaeologically, the Gauls were bearers of the La Tène culture, which extended across all of Gaul, as well as east to Raetia, Noricum, Pannonia and southwestern Germania during the 5th to 1st centuries BC.
During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, Gaul fell under Roman rule: Gallia Cisalpina was conquered in 203 BC and Gallia Narbonensis in 123 BC. Gaul was invaded after 120 BC by the Cimbri and the Teutons, who were in turn defeated by the Romans by 103 BC. Julius Caesar finally subdued the remaining parts of Gaul in his campaigns of 58 to 51 BC.

text: Gaul

text: Latin

text: Gallia

text: was

text: region

text: of

text: Western

text: Europe

text: during

text: the

text: Iron

text: Age

text: that

text: was

text: inhabited

text: by

text: Celtic

text: tribes

text: encompassing

text: present

text: day

text: France

text: Luxembourg

text: Belgium

text: most

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: Northern

text: Italy

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Central

text: Italy

text: and

text: Germany

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: It

text: covered

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: or

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: testimony

text: of

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: Gaul

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: parts

text: Gallia

text: Celtica

text: Belgica

text: and

text: Aquitania

text: Archaeologically

text: the

text: Gauls

text: were

text: bearers

text: of

text: the

text: La

text: Tène

text: culture

text: which

text: extended

text: across

text: all

text: of

text: Gaul

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: east

text: to

text: Raetia

text: Noricum

text: Pannonia

text: and

text: southwestern

text: Germania

text: during

text: the

text: to

text: centuries

text: BC

text: During

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: BC

text: Gaul

text: fell

text: under

text: Roman

text: rule

text: Gallia

text: Cisalpina

text: was

text: conquered

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: Gallia

text: Narbonensis

text: in

text: BC

text: Gaul

text: was

text: invaded

text: after

text: BC

text: by

text: the

text: Cimbri

text: and

text: the

text: Teutons

text: who

text: were

text: in

text: turn

text: defeated

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: by

text: BC

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: finally

text: subdued

text: the

text: remaining

text: parts

text: of

text: Gaul

text: in

text: his

text: campaigns

text: of

text: to

text: BC

text: Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as "lo Stivale" (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state.

text: Italy

text: officially

text: the

text: Italian

text: Republic

text: is

text: unitary

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: Italy

text: shares

text: open

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: France

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovenia

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: Italy

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: and

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: shape

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: Italy

text: as

text: lo

text: Stivale

text: the

text: Boot

text: With

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: EU

text: member

text: state

text: Marcomer ( Marcomeres , Marchomer , Marchomir ) was a Frankish leader ( dux ) in the late 4th century who invaded the Roman Empire in the year 388 , when the usurper and leader of the whole of Roman Gaul , Magnus Maximus was surrounded in Aquileia by Theodosius I. The invasion is documented by Gregory of Tours who cited the now lost work of Sulpicius Alexander . According to this account Marcomer , Sunno and Genobaud invaded the Roman provinces Germania and Belgia in Gaul . They broke through the lines , killed many people , destroyed the most fruitful lands and made the city Cologne panic . After this raid , the main body of the Franks moved back over the Rhine with their booty . Some of the Franks remained in the Belgian woods . When the Roman generals Magnus Maximus , Nanninus and Quintinus heard the news in Trier , they attacked those remaining Frankish forces and killed many of them . After this engagement Quintinus crossed the Rhine to punish the Franks in their own country , however his army was surrounded and beaten . Some Roman soldiers drowned in the marshes , others were killed by Franks , few made it back to their Empire . Nanninus and Quintinus were replaced by Charietto and Syrus , who were again confronted by an attack of unidentified Franks . Later , after the fall of Magnus Maximus , Marcomer and Sunno held a short meeting about the recent attacks with the Frank Arbogastes , who was a general ( magister militum ) in the Roman army . The Franks delivered hostages as usual , and Arbogastes returned to his winter quarters in Trier . A couple of years later when Arbogastes had seized power and the West Roman army was nearly completely in the hands of Frankish mercenaries , he crossed the Rhine with a Roman army into Germania , because he hated his own kin . Marcomer was seen as leader with Chatti and Ampsivarii but the two did not engage . Later we hear from the poet Claudian that Marcomer was arrested by Romans and banned to a villa in Tuscany . His brother Sunno crossed the Rhine and tried to settle himself as leader of the band of Marchomir , however he was killed by his own people . According to the later Liber Historiae Francorum , Marcomer tried to unite the Franks after the death of Sunno . He proposed that the Franks should live under one king and proposed his own son Pharamond ( whose earliest mention is in this work , and who is considered mythological by scholars ) for the kingship . This source does not relate whether Marcomer succeeded , but from other later sources that recall the account of Liber Historiae Francorum , the impression may be gained that Pharamond was regarded as the first king of the Franks . However , modern scholars , such as Edward James , do not accept this account in the Liber Historiae Francorum as historical , because Marcomer is called the son of the Trojan king Priam . Traditionally Marcomer is also known as Marcomir VI , a descendent of King Priam Podarces of Troy by Priam 's son Helenus from whom the Kings of Cimmerian Bosporus descend . Clovis I , according to Gregory of Tours , had several other rulers or kings killed in order to manipulate control and increase his territory , and through his machinations dethroned other leaders such as the Frankish counts of Triër , but even he was not the single Frankish king , for tribes as the Thuringii , Chamavi and Bructeri continued their own structures . After Clovis ' death , his empire was divided again amongst his sons who ruled simultaneously over different areas .

text: Marcomer

text: Marcomeres

text: Marchomer

text: Marchomir

text: was

text: Frankish

text: leader

text: dux

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: who

text: invaded

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: year

text: when

text: the

text: usurper

text: and

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: Roman

text: Gaul

text: Magnus

text: Maximus

text: was

text: surrounded

text: in

text: Aquileia

text: by

text: Theodosius

text: The

text: invasion

text: is

text: documented

text: by

text: Gregory

text: of

text: Tours

text: who

text: cited

text: the

text: now

text: lost

text: work

text: of

text: Sulpicius

text: Alexander

text: According

text: to

text: this

text: account

text: Marcomer

text: Sunno

text: and

text: Genobaud

text: invaded

text: the

text: Roman

text: provinces

text: Germania

text: and

text: Belgia

text: in

text: Gaul

text: They

text: broke

text: through

text: the

text: lines

text: killed

text: many

text: people

text: destroyed

text: the

text: most

text: fruitful

text: lands

text: and

text: made

text: the

text: city

text: Cologne

text: panic

text: After

text: this

text: raid

text: the

text: main

text: body

text: of

text: the

text: Franks

text: moved

text: back

text: over

text: the

text: Rhine

text: with

text: their

text: booty

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: Franks

text: remained

text: in

text: the

text: Belgian

text: woods

text: When

text: the

text: Roman

text: generals

text: Magnus

text: Maximus

text: Nanninus

text: and

text: Quintinus

text: heard

text: the

text: news

text: in

text: Trier

text: they

text: attacked

text: those

text: remaining

text: Frankish

text: forces

text: and

text: killed

text: many

text: of

text: them

text: After

text: this

text: engagement

text: Quintinus

text: crossed

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: punish

text: the

text: Franks

text: in

text: their

text: own

text: country

text: however

text: his

text: army

text: was

text: surrounded

text: and

text: beaten

text: Some

text: Roman

text: soldiers

text: drowned

text: in

text: the

text: marshes

text: others

text: were

text: killed

text: by

text: Franks

text: few

text: made

text: it

text: back

text: to

text: their

text: Empire

text: Nanninus

text: and

text: Quintinus

text: were

text: replaced

text: by

text: Charietto

text: and

text: Syrus

text: who

text: were

text: again

text: confronted

text: by

text: an

text: attack

text: of

text: unidentified

text: Franks

text: Later

text: after

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Magnus

text: Maximus

text: Marcomer

text: and

text: Sunno

text: held

text: short

text: meeting

text: about

text: the

text: recent

text: attacks

text: with

text: the

text: Frank

text: Arbogastes

text: who

text: was

text: general

text: magister

text: militum

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: army

text: The

text: Franks

text: delivered

text: hostages

text: as

text: usual

text: and

text: Arbogastes

text: returned

text: to

text: his

text: winter

text: quarters

text: in

text: Trier

text: couple

text: of

text: years

text: later

text: when

text: Arbogastes

text: had

text: seized

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: West

text: Roman

text: army

text: was

text: nearly

text: completely

text: in

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: Frankish

text: mercenaries

text: he

text: crossed

text: the

text: Rhine

text: with

text: Roman

text: army

text: into

text: Germania

text: because

text: he

text: hated

text: his

text: own

text: kin

text: Marcomer

text: was

text: seen

text: as

text: leader

text: with

text: Chatti

text: and

text: Ampsivarii

text: but

text: the

text: two

text: did

text: not

text: engage

text: Later

text: we

text: hear

text: from

text: the

text: poet

text: Claudian

text: that

text: Marcomer

text: was

text: arrested

text: by

text: Romans

text: and

text: banned

text: to

text: villa

text: in

text: Tuscany

text: His

text: brother

text: Sunno

text: crossed

text: the

text: Rhine

text: and

text: tried

text: to

text: settle

text: himself

text: as

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: band

text: of

text: Marchomir

text: however

text: he

text: was

text: killed

text: by

text: his

text: own

text: people

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: later

text: Liber

text: Historiae

text: Francorum

text: Marcomer

text: tried

text: to

text: unite

text: the

text: Franks

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Sunno

text: He

text: proposed

text: that

text: the

text: Franks

text: should

text: live

text: under

text: one

text: king

text: and

text: proposed

text: his

text: own

text: son

text: Pharamond

text: whose

text: earliest

text: mention

text: is

text: in

text: this

text: work

text: and

text: who

text: is

text: considered

text: mythological

text: by

text: scholars

text: for

text: the

text: kingship

text: This

text: source

text: does

text: not

text: relate

text: whether

text: Marcomer

text: succeeded

text: but

text: from

text: other

text: later

text: sources

text: that

text: recall

text: the

text: account

text: of

text: Liber

text: Historiae

text: Francorum

text: the

text: impression

text: may

text: be

text: gained

text: that

text: Pharamond

text: was

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: king

text: of

text: the

text: Franks

text: However

text: modern

text: scholars

text: such

text: as

text: Edward

text: James

text: do

text: not

text: accept

text: this

text: account

text: in

text: the

text: Liber

text: Historiae

text: Francorum

text: as

text: historical

text: because

text: Marcomer

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: the

text: Trojan

text: king

text: Priam

text: Traditionally

text: Marcomer

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Marcomir

text: VI

text: descendent

text: of

text: King

text: Priam

text: Podarces

text: of

text: Troy

text: by

text: Priam

text: 's

text: son

text: Helenus

text: from

text: whom

text: the

text: Kings

text: of

text: Cimmerian

text: Bosporus

text: descend

text: Clovis

text: according

text: to

text: Gregory

text: of

text: Tours

text: had

text: several

text: other

text: rulers

text: or

text: kings

text: killed

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: manipulate

text: control

text: and

text: increase

text: his

text: territory

text: and

text: through

text: his

text: machinations

text: dethroned

text: other

text: leaders

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Frankish

text: counts

text: of

text: Triër

text: but

text: even

text: he

text: was

text: not

text: the

text: single

text: Frankish

text: king

text: for

text: tribes

text: as

text: the

text: Thuringii

text: Chamavi

text: and

text: Bructeri

text: continued

text: their

text: own

text: structures

text: After

text: Clovis

text: death

text: his

text: empire

text: was

text: divided

text: again

text: amongst

text: his

text: sons

text: who

text: ruled

text: simultaneously

text: over

text: different

text: areas

text: The Roman Senate was a political institution in ancient Rome. It was one of the most enduring institutions in Roman history, being established in the first days of the city (traditionally founded in 753 BC). It survived the overthrow of the kings in 509 BC, the fall of the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC, the division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD, the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, and the barbarian rule of Rome in the 5th, 6th, and 7th centuries.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: was

text: political

text: institution

text: in

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: It

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: enduring

text: institutions

text: in

text: Roman

text: history

text: being

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: days

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: traditionally

text: founded

text: in

text: BC

text: It

text: survived

text: the

text: overthrow

text: of

text: the

text: kings

text: in

text: BC

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: the

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: AD

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: barbarian

text: rule

text: of

text: Rome

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: The Roman Empire (Koine and Medieval Greek:   , tr. ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title "Augustus", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Koine

text: and

text: Medieval

text: Greek

text: tr

text: was

text: the

text: post

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: characterized

text: by

text: government

text: headed

text: by

text: emperors

text: and

text: large

text: territorial

text: holdings

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: in

text: Europe

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: BC

text: AD

text: with

text: Constantinople

text: New

text: Rome

text: becoming

text: the

text: largest

text: around

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: populace

text: grew

text: to

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: old

text: republic

text: which

text: preceded

text: it

text: was

text: severely

text: destabilized

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: and

text: political

text: conflict

text: during

text: which

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: perpetual

text: dictator

text: and

text: then

text: assassinated

text: in

text: BC

text: Civil

text: wars

text: and

text: executions

text: continued

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: victory

text: of

text: Octavian

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: adopted

text: son

text: over

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: Cleopatra

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: power

text: was

text: then

text: unassailable

text: and

text: in

text: BC

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: formally

text: granted

text: him

text: overarching

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: title

text: Augustus

text: effectively

text: marking

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: Constantinople  was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (3301204 and 12611453), and also of the brief Latin (12041261), and the later Ottoman (14531923) empires. It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330 AD.

text: Constantinople

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: and

text: also

text: of

text: the

text: brief

text: Latin

text: and

text: the

text: later

text: Ottoman

text: empires

text: It

text: was

text: reinaugurated

text: in

text: AD

text: from

text: ancient

text: Byzantium

text: as

text: the

text: new

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: by

text: Emperor

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: after

text: whom

text: it

text: was

text: named

text: and

text: dedicated

text: on

text: May

text: AD

text: Gaius Julius Caesar (13 July 100 BC  15 March 44 BC), known as Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician, general, and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.

text: Gaius

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: July

text: BC

text: March

text: BC

text: known

text: as

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: was

text: Roman

text: politician

text: general

text: and

text: notable

text: author

text: of

text: Latin

text: prose

text: He

text: played

text: critical

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: events

text: that

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: demise

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: and

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Aquileia ( Venetian: Aquieja/Aquiegia, ) is an ancient Roman city in Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about from the sea, on the river Natiso (modern Natisone), the course of which has changed somewhat since Roman times. Today, the city is small (about 3,500 inhabitants), but it was large and prominent in Antiquity as one of the world's largest cities with a population of 100,000 in the 2nd century AD. and is one of the main archeological sites of Northern Italy.

text: Aquileia

text: Venetian

text: Aquieja

text: Aquiegia

text: is

text: an

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: city

text: in

text: Italy

text: at

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Adriatic

text: at

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: lagoons

text: about

text: from

text: the

text: sea

text: on

text: the

text: river

text: Natiso

text: modern

text: Natisone

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: which

text: has

text: changed

text: somewhat

text: since

text: Roman

text: times

text: Today

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: small

text: about

text: inhabitants

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: large

text: and

text: prominent

text: in

text: Antiquity

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: cities

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: archeological

text: sites

text: of

text: Northern

text: Italy

text: Rome is a city and special "comune" (named "Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2,870,336 residents in , it is also the country's largest and most populated "comune" and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4.3 million residents. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of Tiber river. The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states.

text: Rome

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: special

text: comune

text: named

text: Roma

text: Capitale

text: in

text: Italy

text: Rome

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Italy

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Lazio

text: region

text: With

text: residents

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populated

text: comune

text: and

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: by

text: population

text: within

text: city

text: limits

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: City

text: of

text: Rome

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: residents

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: western

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: within

text: Lazio

text: Latium

text: along

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: Tiber

text: river

text: The

text: Vatican

text: City

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: country

text: geographically

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: boundaries

text: of

text: Rome

text: the

text: only

text: existing

text: example

text: of

text: country

text: within

text: city

text: for

text: this

text: reason

text: Rome

text: has

text: been

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: capital

text: of

text: two

text: states

text: Augustus (23 September 63 BC  19 August 14 AD) was the founder of the Roman Principate and considered the first Emperor, controlling the Roman Empire from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.

text: Augustus

text: September

text: BC

text: August

text: AD

text: was

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Principate

text: and

text: considered

text: the

text: first

text: Emperor

text: controlling

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: from

text: BC

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: AD

text: Cleopatra VII Philopator (69  August 12, 30 BC), known to history simply as Cleopatra, was the last active pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, briefly survived as pharaoh by her son Caesarion. After her reign, Egypt became a province of the recently established Roman Empire.

text: Cleopatra

text: VII

text: Philopator

text: August

text: BC

text: known

text: to

text: history

text: simply

text: as

text: Cleopatra

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: active

text: pharaoh

text: of

text: Ptolemaic

text: Egypt

text: briefly

text: survived

text: as

text: pharaoh

text: by

text: her

text: son

text: Caesarion

text: After

text: her

text: reign

text: Egypt

text: became

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: recently

text: established

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: The Iron Age is an archaeological era, referring to a period of time in the prehistory and protohistory of the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) when the dominant toolmaking material was iron. It is commonly preceded by the Bronze Age in Europe and Asia with exceptions and the Stone Age in Africa. Meteoric iron has been used by humans since at least 3200 BC, but ancient iron production did not become widespread until the ability to smelt iron ore, remove impurities and regulate the amount of carbon in the alloy were developed. The start of the Iron Age proper is considered by many to fall between around 1200 BC to 600 BC, depending on the region. In most parts of the world, its end is defined by the widespread adoption of writing, and therefore marks the transition from prehistory to history.

text: The

text: Iron

text: Age

text: is

text: an

text: archaeological

text: era

text: referring

text: to

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: prehistory

text: and

text: protohistory

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: Afro

text: Eurasia

text: when

text: the

text: dominant

text: toolmaking

text: material

text: was

text: iron

text: It

text: is

text: commonly

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: with

text: exceptions

text: and

text: the

text: Stone

text: Age

text: in

text: Africa

text: Meteoric

text: iron

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: by

text: humans

text: since

text: at

text: least

text: BC

text: but

text: ancient

text: iron

text: production

text: did

text: not

text: become

text: widespread

text: until

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: smelt

text: iron

text: ore

text: remove

text: impurities

text: and

text: regulate

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: carbon

text: in

text: the

text: alloy

text: were

text: developed

text: The

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Iron

text: Age

text: proper

text: is

text: considered

text: by

text: many

text: to

text: fall

text: between

text: around

text: BC

text: to

text: BC

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: region

text: In

text: most

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: its

text: end

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: widespread

text: adoption

text: of

text: writing

text: and

text: therefore

text: marks

text: the

text: transition

text: from

text: prehistory

text: to

text: history

text: Noricum is the Latin name for a Celtic kingdom, or federation of tribes, that included most of modern Austria and part of Slovenia. In the first century AD, it became a province of the Roman Empire. Its borders were the Danube to the north, "Raetia" and "Vindelicia" to the west, Pannonia to the east and southeast, and "Italia" ("Venetia et Histria") to the south. The kingdom was founded around 400 BC, and had its capital at the royal residence at Virunum on the Magdalensberg.

text: Noricum

text: is

text: the

text: Latin

text: name

text: for

text: Celtic

text: kingdom

text: or

text: federation

text: of

text: tribes

text: that

text: included

text: most

text: of

text: modern

text: Austria

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: Slovenia

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: century

text: AD

text: it

text: became

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Its

text: borders

text: were

text: the

text: Danube

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Raetia

text: and

text: Vindelicia

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Pannonia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: and

text: Italia

text: Venetia

text: et

text: Histria

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: kingdom

text: was

text: founded

text: around

text: BC

text: and

text: had

text: its

text: capital

text: at

text: the

text: royal

text: residence

text: at

text: Virunum

text: on

text: the

text: Magdalensberg

text: Theodosius I (11 January 347  17 January 395), also known as Theodosius the Great, was Roman Emperor from AD 379 to AD 395. Theodosius was the last emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western halves of the Roman Empire. On accepting his elevation, he campaigned against Goths and other barbarians who had invaded the empire. He failed to kill, expel, or entirely subjugate them, and after the Gothic War, they established a homeland south of the Danube, in Illyricum, within the empire's borders. He fought two destructive civil wars, in which he defeated the usurpers Magnus Maximus and Eugenius at great cost to the power of the empire.

text: Theodosius

text: January

text: January

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Theodosius

text: the

text: Great

text: was

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: from

text: AD

text: to

text: AD

text: Theodosius

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: emperor

text: to

text: rule

text: over

text: both

text: the

text: eastern

text: and

text: the

text: western

text: halves

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: On

text: accepting

text: his

text: elevation

text: he

text: campaigned

text: against

text: Goths

text: and

text: other

text: barbarians

text: who

text: had

text: invaded

text: the

text: empire

text: He

text: failed

text: to

text: kill

text: expel

text: or

text: entirely

text: subjugate

text: them

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: Gothic

text: War

text: they

text: established

text: homeland

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Danube

text: in

text: Illyricum

text: within

text: the

text: empire

text: 's

text: borders

text: He

text: fought

text: two

text: destructive

text: civil

text: wars

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: defeated

text: the

text: usurpers

text: Magnus

text: Maximus

text: and

text: Eugenius

text: at

text: great

text: cost

text: to

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: The Roman Republic was the era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: was

text: the

text: era

text: of

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: beginning

text: with

text: the

text: overthrow

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Kingdom

text: traditionally

text: dated

text: to

text: BC

text: and

text: ending

text: in

text: BC

text: with

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: It

text: was

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: that

text: Rome

text: 's

text: control

text: expanded

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: immediate

text: surroundings

text: to

text: hegemony

text: over

text: the

text: entire

text: Mediterranean

text: world

text: Raetia (or , , also spelled Rhaetia) was a province of the Roman Empire, named after the Rhaetian ("Raeti" or "Rhaeti") people. It bordered on the west with the country of the Helvetii, on the east with Noricum, on the north with Vindelicia, on the west with Transalpine Gaul and on south with Venetia et Histria. It thus comprised the districts occupied in modern times by eastern and central Switzerland (containing the Upper Rhine and Lake Constance), southern Bavaria and the Upper Swabia, Vorarlberg, the greater part of Tirol, and part of Lombardy. Later Vindelicia (today south-eastern Wuerttemberg and south-western Bavaria) formed part of Raetia. The northern border of Raetia during the times of Augustus and Tiberius was the River Danube. Later the Limes Germanicus marked the northern boundary, stretching for 166 km north of the Danube. Raetia linked to Italy across the Alps over the Reschen Pass, by the Via Claudia Augusta. The Romansh people living in Southeast Switzerland are believed to be direct descendants of the Raetians. However, the exact lineage of the Romansh (or Romansch) people remains incomplete.

text: Raetia

text: or

text: also

text: spelled

text: Rhaetia

text: was

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Rhaetian

text: Raeti

text: or

text: Rhaeti

text: people

text: It

text: bordered

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: with

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: Helvetii

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: with

text: Noricum

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: with

text: Vindelicia

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: with

text: Transalpine

text: Gaul

text: and

text: on

text: south

text: with

text: Venetia

text: et

text: Histria

text: It

text: thus

text: comprised

text: the

text: districts

text: occupied

text: in

text: modern

text: times

text: by

text: eastern

text: and

text: central

text: Switzerland

text: containing

text: the

text: Upper

text: Rhine

text: and

text: Lake

text: Constance

text: southern

text: Bavaria

text: and

text: the

text: Upper

text: Swabia

text: Vorarlberg

text: the

text: greater

text: part

text: of

text: Tirol

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: Lombardy

text: Later

text: Vindelicia

text: today

text: south

text: eastern

text: Wuerttemberg

text: and

text: south

text: western

text: Bavaria

text: formed

text: part

text: of

text: Raetia

text: The

text: northern

text: border

text: of

text: Raetia

text: during

text: the

text: times

text: of

text: Augustus

text: and

text: Tiberius

text: was

text: the

text: River

text: Danube

text: Later

text: the

text: Limes

text: Germanicus

text: marked

text: the

text: northern

text: boundary

text: stretching

text: for

text: km

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Danube

text: Raetia

text: linked

text: to

text: Italy

text: across

text: the

text: Alps

text: over

text: the

text: Reschen

text: Pass

text: by

text: the

text: Via

text: Claudia

text: Augusta

text: The

text: Romansh

text: people

text: living

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Switzerland

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: direct

text: descendants

text: of

text: the

text: Raetians

text: However

text: the

text: exact

text: lineage

text: of

text: the

text: Romansh

text: or

text: Romansch

text: people

text: remains

text: incomplete

text:
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities.
The country is situated in Western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities are to be found: among them are the two global cities and economic centres Zürich and Geneva.

text: Switzerland

text: officially

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Confederation

text: is

text: federal

text: republic

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: cantons

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Bern

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: authorities

text: The

text: country

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: Western

text: Central

text: Europe

text: and

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Italy

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: France

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Germany

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Austria

text: and

text: Liechtenstein

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Switzerland

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: geographically

text: divided

text: between

text: the

text: Alps

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Plateau

text: and

text: the

text: Jura

text: spanning

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: While

text: the

text: Alps

text: occupy

text: the

text: greater

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: the

text: Swiss

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: eight

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: concentrated

text: mostly

text: on

text: the

text: plateau

text: where

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: are

text: to

text: be

text: found

text: among

text: them

text: are

text: the

text: two

text: global

text: cities

text: and

text: economic

text: centres

text: Zürich

text: and

text: Geneva

text: Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. Germany's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin. Other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf.

text: Germany

text: officially

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: is

text: federal

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: central

text: western

text: Europe

text: It

text: includes

text: constituent

text: states

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: With

text: about

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: After

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: immigration

text: destination

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Germany

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: metropolis

text: is

text: Berlin

text: Other

text: major

text: cities

text: include

text: Hamburg

text: Munich

text: Cologne

text: Frankfurt

text: Stuttgart

text: and

text: Düsseldorf

text: The Battle of Actium was the decisive confrontation of the Final War of the Roman Republic, a naval engagement between Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra on 2 September 31 BC, on the Ionian Sea near the promontory of Actium, in the Roman province of Epirus Vetus in Greece. Octavian's fleet was commanded by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, while Antony's fleet was supported by the power of Queen Cleopatra of Ptolemaic Egypt.

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: was

text: the

text: decisive

text: confrontation

text: of

text: the

text: Final

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: naval

text: engagement

text: between

text: Octavian

text: and

text: the

text: combined

text: forces

text: of

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: Cleopatra

text: on

text: September

text: BC

text: on

text: the

text: Ionian

text: Sea

text: near

text: the

text: promontory

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: province

text: of

text: Epirus

text: Vetus

text: in

text: Greece

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: fleet

text: was

text: commanded

text: by

text: Marcus

text: Vipsanius

text: Agrippa

text: while

text: Antony

text: 's

text: fleet

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: Queen

text: Cleopatra

text: of

text: Ptolemaic

text: Egypt

text: Magnus Maximus (ca. 335  August 28, 388) was Western Roman Emperor from 383 to 388.

text: Magnus

text: Maximus

text: ca

text: August

text: was

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: from

text: to

text: Marcus Antonius (Latin: ; January 14, August 1, 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark or Marc Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from an oligarchy into the autocratic Roman Empire.

text: Marcus

text: Antonius

text: Latin

text: January

text: August

text: BC

text: commonly

text: known

text: in

text: English

text: as

text: Mark

text: or

text: Marc

text: Antony

text: was

text: Roman

text: politician

text: and

text: general

text: who

text: played

text: critical

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: transformation

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: from

text: an

text: oligarchy

text: into

text: the

text: autocratic

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel in Switzerland, where thousands of objects had been deposited in the lake, as was discovered after the water level dropped in 1857. La Tène is the type site and the term archaeologists use for the later period of the culture and art of the ancient Celts, a term that is firmly entrenched in the popular understanding, but presents numerous problems for historians and archaeologists. The culture became very widespread, and presents a wide variety of local differences. It is often distinguished from earlier and neighbouring cultures mainly by the La Tène style of Celtic art, characterized by curving "swirly" decoration, especially of metalwork.

text: The

text: La

text: Tène

text: culture

text: was

text: European

text: Iron

text: Age

text: culture

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: archaeological

text: site

text: of

text: La

text: Tène

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: side

text: of

text: Lake

text: Neuchâtel

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: where

text: thousands

text: of

text: objects

text: had

text: been

text: deposited

text: in

text: the

text: lake

text: as

text: was

text: discovered

text: after

text: the

text: water

text: level

text: dropped

text: in

text: La

text: Tène

text: is

text: the

text: type

text: site

text: and

text: the

text: term

text: archaeologists

text: use

text: for

text: the

text: later

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: culture

text: and

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Celts

text: term

text: that

text: is

text: firmly

text: entrenched

text: in

text: the

text: popular

text: understanding

text: but

text: presents

text: numerous

text: problems

text: for

text: historians

text: and

text: archaeologists

text: The

text: culture

text: became

text: very

text: widespread

text: and

text: presents

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: local

text: differences

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: distinguished

text: from

text: earlier

text: and

text: neighbouring

text: cultures

text: mainly

text: by

text: the

text: La

text: Tène

text: style

text: of

text: Celtic

text: art

text: characterized

text: by

text: curving

text: swirly

text: decoration

text: especially

text: of

text: metalwork

text: Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of and has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups: the Dutch-speaking, mostly Flemish community, which constitutes about 59% of the population, and the French-speaking, mostly Walloon population, which comprises 41% of all Belgians. Additionally, there is a small group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area, and bordering Germany.

text: Belgium

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Belgium

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: bordered

text: by

text: France

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Germany

text: Luxembourg

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: It

text: is

text: small

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: which

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: Straddling

text: the

text: cultural

text: boundary

text: between

text: Germanic

text: and

text: Latin

text: Europe

text: Belgium

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: two

text: main

text: linguistic

text: groups

text: the

text: Dutch

text: speaking

text: mostly

text: Flemish

text: community

text: which

text: constitutes

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: and

text: the

text: French

text: speaking

text: mostly

text: Walloon

text: population

text: which

text: comprises

text: of

text: all

text: Belgians

text: Additionally

text: there

text: is

text: small

text: group

text: of

text: German

text: speakers

text: who

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: Cantons

text: located

text: around

text: the

text: High

text: Fens

text: area

text: and

text: bordering

text: Germany

text: Northern Italy is a cultural and geographical region, without any administrative purpose, used to indicate the northern part of the Italian state, also informally referred as "Il Nord", "Settentrione" or "Alta Italia". It consists of 8 regions in northern Italy: Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Liguria, Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. According to the 2011 census, its population was 27,213,372. For statistic purposes, the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT) uses the term Northwest Italy and Northeast Italy for identifying two of the five statistical regions in its reporting. These same subdivisions are used to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) regions ("NUTS 1 regions") within the European Union, and the Italian constituencies for the European Parliament.

text: Northern

text: Italy

text: is

text: cultural

text: and

text: geographical

text: region

text: without

text: any

text: administrative

text: purpose

text: used

text: to

text: indicate

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: state

text: also

text: informally

text: referred

text: as

text: Il

text: Nord

text: Settentrione

text: or

text: Alta

text: Italia

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: regions

text: in

text: northern

text: Italy

text: Aosta

text: Valley

text: Piedmont

text: Liguria

text: Lombardy

text: Emilia

text: Romagna

text: Veneto

text: Friuli

text: Venezia

text: Giulia

text: Trentino

text: Alto

text: Adige

text: Südtirol

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: its

text: population

text: was

text: For

text: statistic

text: purposes

text: the

text: Istituto

text: Nazionale

text: di

text: Statistica

text: ISTAT

text: uses

text: the

text: term

text: Northwest

text: Italy

text: and

text: Northeast

text: Italy

text: for

text: identifying

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: statistical

text: regions

text: in

text: its

text: reporting

text: These

text: same

text: subdivisions

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: demarcate

text: first

text: level

text: Nomenclature

text: of

text: Territorial

text: Units

text: for

text: Statistics

text: NUTS

text: regions

text: NUTS

text: regions

text: within

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: the

text: Italian

text: constituencies

text: for

text: the

text: European

text: Parliament

text: Flavius Eugenius (died 6 September 394) was a usurper in the Western Roman Empire (392394) against Emperor Theodosius I. Though himself a Christian, he was the last Emperor to support Roman polytheism.

text: Flavius

text: Eugenius

text: died

text: September

text: was

text: usurper

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: against

text: Emperor

text: Theodosius

text: Though

text: himself

text: Christian

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: Emperor

text: to

text: support

text: Roman

text: polytheism

text:
The Rhine (, , ) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the
Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands.
The largest city on the river Rhine is Cologne, Germany, with a population of more than 1,050,000 people. It is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about , with an average discharge of about .

text: The

text: Rhine

text: is

text: European

text: river

text: that

text: begins

text: in

text: the

text: Swiss

text: canton

text: of

text: Graubünden

text: in

text: the

text: southeastern

text: Swiss

text: Alps

text: forms

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Austrian

text: Swiss

text: Liechtenstein

text: Swiss

text: German

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: Franco

text: German

text: border

text: then

text: flows

text: through

text: the

text: Rhineland

text: and

text: eventually

text: empties

text: into

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: largest

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: river

text: Rhine

text: is

text: Cologne

text: Germany

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: people

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: longest

text: river

text: in

text: Central

text: and

text: Western

text: Europe

text: after

text: the

text: Danube

text: at

text: about

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: discharge

text: of

text: about

text: The Cimbri were an ancient people, either Germanic or Celtic who, together with the Teutones and the Ambrones, fought the Roman Republic between 113 and 101 BC. The Cimbri were initially successful, particularly at the Battle of Arausio, in which a large Roman army was routed, after which they raided large areas in Gaul and Hispania. In 101 BC, during an attempted invasion of Italy, the Cimbri were decisively defeated by Gaius Marius, and their king, Boiorix, was killed. Some of the surviving captives are reported to have been among the rebelling Gladiators in the Third Servile War.

text: The

text: Cimbri

text: were

text: an

text: ancient

text: people

text: either

text: Germanic

text: or

text: Celtic

text: who

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: Teutones

text: and

text: the

text: Ambrones

text: fought

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: between

text: and

text: BC

text: The

text: Cimbri

text: were

text: initially

text: successful

text: particularly

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Arausio

text: in

text: which

text: large

text: Roman

text: army

text: was

text: routed

text: after

text: which

text: they

text: raided

text: large

text: areas

text: in

text: Gaul

text: and

text: Hispania

text: In

text: BC

text: during

text: an

text: attempted

text: invasion

text: of

text: Italy

text: the

text: Cimbri

text: were

text: decisively

text: defeated

text: by

text: Gaius

text: Marius

text: and

text: their

text: king

text: Boiorix

text: was

text: killed

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: surviving

text: captives

text: are

text: reported

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: among

text: the

text: rebelling

text: Gladiators

text: in

text: the

text: Third

text: Servile

text: War

question: date_of_death marcomer

answer: 392


text: The Armenian nobility was a class of persons which enjoyed certain privileges relative to other members of society under the laws and customs of various regimes of what is now Armenia, also Russia, Iran and Turkey until the beginning of the 20th century. Governments which recognized or conferred nobility were the Orontid Armenia (570-331 B.C.), Great Armenia (331 B.C.-428 A.D.), Bagratid Armenia (885-1045) and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1198-1375). Armenian nobility was also recognized by the Sassanid Empire (Marzpanate Armenia, 428-642), the Byzantine Empire (Byzantine Armenia, 387-650), the Arab caliphate (Arminiya 654-884), the Seljuk Empire (Armenian Kingdoms of Vanand, 963-1065, Syunik, 987-1170, and Lori, 978-1113), the Mongol Empire (Zakarid Armenia, 13th century), the Kara Koyunly and Ak Koyunlu (14-15th centuries), the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Iran, and the Russian Empire.

text: The

text: Armenian

text: nobility

text: was

text: class

text: of

text: persons

text: which

text: enjoyed

text: certain

text: privileges

text: relative

text: to

text: other

text: members

text: of

text: society

text: under

text: the

text: laws

text: and

text: customs

text: of

text: various

text: regimes

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Armenia

text: also

text: Russia

text: Iran

text: and

text: Turkey

text: until

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Governments

text: which

text: recognized

text: or

text: conferred

text: nobility

text: were

text: the

text: Orontid

text: Armenia

text: B.C.

text: Great

text: Armenia

text: A.D.

text: Bagratid

text: Armenia

text: and

text: the

text: Armenian

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Cilicia

text: Armenian

text: nobility

text: was

text: also

text: recognized

text: by

text: the

text: Sassanid

text: Empire

text: Marzpanate

text: Armenia

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: Byzantine

text: Armenia

text: the

text: Arab

text: caliphate

text: Arminiya

text: the

text: Seljuk

text: Empire

text: Armenian

text: Kingdoms

text: of

text: Vanand

text: Syunik

text: and

text: Lori

text: the

text: Mongol

text: Empire

text: Zakarid

text: Armenia

text: century

text: the

text: Kara

text: Koyunly

text: and

text: Ak

text: Koyunlu

text: centuries

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: Safavid

text: Iran

text: and

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: The araB gene promoter is a bacterial promoter, activated by e L-arabinose binding.

text: The

text: araB

text: gene

text: promoter

text: is

text: bacterial

text: promoter

text: activated

text: by

text: arabinose

text: binding

text: Greater Armenia ("Mets Hayk<nowiki>'</nowiki>") is the name given to the state of Armenia that emerged on the Armenian Highlands under the reign of King Artaxias I at the turn of the second century BC. The term was used to refer to Armenian kingdoms throughout the classical, late antique, and medieval periods by contemporary Armenian and non-Armenian authors alike.

text: Greater

text: Armenia

text: Mets

text: Hayk

text: nowiki>'</nowiki

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Armenia

text: that

text: emerged

text: on

text: the

text: Armenian

text: Highlands

text: under

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: King

text: Artaxias

text: at

text: the

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: second

text: century

text: BC

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: Armenian

text: kingdoms

text: throughout

text: the

text: classical

text: late

text: antique

text: and

text: medieval

text: periods

text: by

text: contemporary

text: Armenian

text: and

text: non

text: Armenian

text: authors

text: alike

text: The Armenian Highlands (also known as the Armenian Upland, Armenian plateau, Armenian tableland, or simply Armenia) is the central-most and highest of three land-locked plateaus. To its west is the Anatolian plateau which rises slowly from the lowland coast of the Aegean Sea and converges with the Armenian Highlands to the east of Cappadocia. To its southeast is the Iranian plateau, where the elevation drops rapidly by about to above sea level. The Caucasus extends to the northeast of the Armenian Highlands. To the southwest of the Armenian Highlands is Upper Mesopotamia.

text: The

text: Armenian

text: Highlands

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Armenian

text: Upland

text: Armenian

text: plateau

text: Armenian

text: tableland

text: or

text: simply

text: Armenia

text: is

text: the

text: central

text: most

text: and

text: highest

text: of

text: three

text: land

text: locked

text: plateaus

text: To

text: its

text: west

text: is

text: the

text: Anatolian

text: plateau

text: which

text: rises

text: slowly

text: from

text: the

text: lowland

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Aegean

text: Sea

text: and

text: converges

text: with

text: the

text: Armenian

text: Highlands

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: Cappadocia

text: To

text: its

text: southeast

text: is

text: the

text: Iranian

text: plateau

text: where

text: the

text: elevation

text: drops

text: rapidly

text: by

text: about

text: to

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: The

text: Caucasus

text: extends

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: of

text: the

text: Armenian

text: Highlands

text: To

text: the

text: southwest

text: of

text: the

text: Armenian

text: Highlands

text: is

text: Upper

text: Mesopotamia

text: The Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia ( Armenian :   , Bagratunineri tagavorutyun ) , also known as Bagratid Armenia ( Armenian :   Bagratunyats Hayastan ) , was an independent state established by Ashot I Bagratuni in the early 880s following nearly two centuries of foreign domination of Greater Armenia under Arab Umayyad and Abbasid rule . With the two contemporary powers in the region , the Abbasids and Byzantines , too preoccupied to concentrate their forces in subjugating the people of the region and the dissipation of several of the Armenian nakharar noble families , Ashot was able to assert himself as the leading figure of a movement to dislodge the Arabs from Armenia . Ashot 's prestige rose as he was courted by both Byzantine and Arab leaders eager to maintain a buffer state near their frontiers . The Caliphate recognized Ashot as `` prince of princes '' in 862 and , later on , king in 884 or 885 . The establishment of the Bagratuni kingdom later led to the founding of several other Armenian principalities and kingdoms : Taron , Vaspurakan , Kars , Khachen and Syunik . Unity among all these states was sometimes difficult to maintain while the Byzantines and Arabs lost no time in exploiting the kingdom 's situation to their own gains . Under the reign of Ashot III , Ani became the kingdom 's capital and grew into a thriving economic and cultural center . The first half of the 11th century saw the decline and eventual collapse of the kingdom . With emperor Basil II 's string of victories in annexing parts of southwestern Armenia , King Hovhannes - Smbat felt forced to cede his lands and in 1022 promised to `` will '' his kingdom to the Byzantines following his death . However , after Hovhannes - Smbat 's death in 1041 , his successor , Gagik II , refused to hand over Ani and continued resistance until 1045 , when his kingdom , plagued with internal and external threats , was finally taken by Byzantine forces .

text: The

text: Bagratid

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Armenia

text: Armenian

text: Bagratunineri

text: tagavorutyun

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Bagratid

text: Armenia

text: Armenian

text: Bagratunyats

text: Hayastan

text: was

text: an

text: independent

text: state

text: established

text: by

text: Ashot

text: Bagratuni

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: following

text: nearly

text: two

text: centuries

text: of

text: foreign

text: domination

text: of

text: Greater

text: Armenia

text: under

text: Arab

text: Umayyad

text: and

text: Abbasid

text: rule

text: With

text: the

text: two

text: contemporary

text: powers

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: the

text: Abbasids

text: and

text: Byzantines

text: too

text: preoccupied

text: to

text: concentrate

text: their

text: forces

text: in

text: subjugating

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: and

text: the

text: dissipation

text: of

text: several

text: of

text: the

text: Armenian

text: nakharar

text: noble

text: families

text: Ashot

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: assert

text: himself

text: as

text: the

text: leading

text: figure

text: of

text: movement

text: to

text: dislodge

text: the

text: Arabs

text: from

text: Armenia

text: Ashot

text: 's

text: prestige

text: rose

text: as

text: he

text: was

text: courted

text: by

text: both

text: Byzantine

text: and

text: Arab

text: leaders

text: eager

text: to

text: maintain

text: buffer

text: state

text: near

text: their

text: frontiers

text: The

text: Caliphate

text: recognized

text: Ashot

text: as

text: prince

text: of

text: princes

text: in

text: and

text: later

text: on

text: king

text: in

text: or

text: The

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Bagratuni

text: kingdom

text: later

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: several

text: other

text: Armenian

text: principalities

text: and

text: kingdoms

text: Taron

text: Vaspurakan

text: Kars

text: Khachen

text: and

text: Syunik

text: Unity

text: among

text: all

text: these

text: states

text: was

text: sometimes

text: difficult

text: to

text: maintain

text: while

text: the

text: Byzantines

text: and

text: Arabs

text: lost

text: no

text: time

text: in

text: exploiting

text: the

text: kingdom

text: 's

text: situation

text: to

text: their

text: own

text: gains

text: Under

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Ashot

text: III

text: Ani

text: became

text: the

text: kingdom

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: grew

text: into

text: thriving

text: economic

text: and

text: cultural

text: center

text: The

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: saw

text: the

text: decline

text: and

text: eventual

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: With

text: emperor

text: Basil

text: II

text: 's

text: string

text: of

text: victories

text: in

text: annexing

text: parts

text: of

text: southwestern

text: Armenia

text: King

text: Hovhannes

text: Smbat

text: felt

text: forced

text: to

text: cede

text: his

text: lands

text: and

text: in

text: promised

text: to

text: will

text: his

text: kingdom

text: to

text: the

text: Byzantines

text: following

text: his

text: death

text: However

text: after

text: Hovhannes

text: Smbat

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: his

text: successor

text: Gagik

text: II

text: refused

text: to

text: hand

text: over

text: Ani

text: and

text: continued

text: resistance

text: until

text: when

text: his

text: kingdom

text: plagued

text: with

text: internal

text: and

text: external

text: threats

text: was

text: finally

text: taken

text: by

text: Byzantine

text: forces

text: Artaxias I (Artashes ; reigned 190/189 BC160/159 BC) was the founder of the Artaxiad Dynasty whose members ruled the Kingdom of Armenia for nearly two centuries.

text: Artaxias

text: Artashes

text: reigned

text: BC

text: was

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Artaxiad

text: Dynasty

text: whose

text: members

text: ruled

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Armenia

text: for

text: nearly

text: two

text: centuries

text: Nakharar ("naxarar", from Parthian "naxvadr" "holder of the primacy") was a hereditary title of the highest order given to houses of the ancient and medieval Armenian nobility.

text: Nakharar

text: naxarar

text: from

text: Parthian

text: naxvadr

text: holder

text: of

text: the

text: primacy

text: was

text: hereditary

text: title

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: order

text: given

text: to

text: houses

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: and

text: medieval

text: Armenian

text: nobility

annotations: likely multiple

annotations: follows single

question: followed_by bagratid armenia

answer: marzpanate armenia

text: marzpanate armenia