text: Ecology (from , "house", or "environment"; -, "study of") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology, geography, and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms, as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.

text: Ecology

text: from

text: house

text: or

text: environment

text: study

text: of

text: is

text: the

text: scientific

text: analysis

text: and

text: study

text: of

text: interactions

text: among

text: organisms

text: and

text: their

text: environment

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: interdisciplinary

text: field

text: that

text: includes

text: biology

text: geography

text: and

text: Earth

text: science

text: Ecology

text: includes

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: interactions

text: organisms

text: have

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: other

text: organisms

text: and

text: with

text: abiotic

text: components

text: of

text: their

text: environment

text: Topics

text: of

text: interest

text: to

text: ecologists

text: include

text: the

text: diversity

text: distribution

text: amount

text: biomass

text: and

text: number

text: population

text: of

text: particular

text: organisms

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: cooperation

text: and

text: competition

text: between

text: organisms

text: both

text: within

text: and

text: among

text: ecosystems

text: Ecosystems

text: are

text: composed

text: of

text: dynamically

text: interacting

text: parts

text: including

text: organisms

text: the

text: communities

text: they

text: make

text: up

text: and

text: the

text: non

text: living

text: components

text: of

text: their

text: environment

text: Ecosystem

text: processes

text: such

text: as

text: primary

text: production

text: pedogenesis

text: nutrient

text: cycling

text: and

text: various

text: niche

text: construction

text: activities

text: regulate

text: the

text: flux

text: of

text: energy

text: and

text: matter

text: through

text: an

text: environment

text: These

text: processes

text: are

text: sustained

text: by

text: organisms

text: with

text: specific

text: life

text: history

text: traits

text: and

text: the

text: variety

text: of

text: organisms

text: is

text: called

text: biodiversity

text: Biodiversity

text: which

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: varieties

text: of

text: species

text: genes

text: and

text: ecosystems

text: enhances

text: certain

text: ecosystem

text: services

text: Geography (from Greek , "geographia", literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth. The first person to use the word "" was Eratosthenes (276194 BC). Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of the Earth and its human and natural complexitiesnot merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. It is often defined in terms of the two branches of human geography and physical geography. The four historical traditions in geographical research are: spatial analyses of natural and the human phenomena, area studies of places and regions, studies of human-land relationships, and the Earth sciences. Geography has been called "the world discipline" and "the bridge between the human and the physical sciences".

text: Geography

text: from

text: Greek

text: geographia

text: literally

text: earth

text: description

text: is

text: field

text: of

text: science

text: devoted

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: lands

text: the

text: features

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: and

text: the

text: phenomena

text: of

text: Earth

text: The

text: first

text: person

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: was

text: Eratosthenes

text: BC

text: Geography

text: is

text: an

text: all

text: encompassing

text: discipline

text: that

text: seeks

text: an

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: and

text: its

text: human

text: and

text: natural

text: complexitiesnot

text: merely

text: where

text: objects

text: are

text: but

text: how

text: they

text: have

text: changed

text: and

text: come

text: to

text: be

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: defined

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: branches

text: of

text: human

text: geography

text: and

text: physical

text: geography

text: The

text: four

text: historical

text: traditions

text: in

text: geographical

text: research

text: are

text: spatial

text: analyses

text: of

text: natural

text: and

text: the

text: human

text: phenomena

text: area

text: studies

text: of

text: places

text: and

text: regions

text: studies

text: of

text: human

text: land

text: relationships

text: and

text: the

text: Earth

text: sciences

text: Geography

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: world

text: discipline

text: and

text: the

text: bridge

text: between

text: the

text: human

text: and

text: the

text: physical

text: sciences

text: Cultural ecology is the study of human adaptations to social and physical environments. Human adaptation refers to both biological and cultural processes that enable a population to survive and reproduce within a given or changing environment. This may be carried out diachronically (examining entities that existed in different epochs), or synchronically (examining a present system and its components). The central argument is that the natural environment, in small scale or subsistence societies dependent in part upon it, is a major contributor to social organization and other human institutions.

text: Cultural

text: ecology

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: human

text: adaptations

text: to

text: social

text: and

text: physical

text: environments

text: Human

text: adaptation

text: refers

text: to

text: both

text: biological

text: and

text: cultural

text: processes

text: that

text: enable

text: population

text: to

text: survive

text: and

text: reproduce

text: within

text: given

text: or

text: changing

text: environment

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: carried

text: out

text: diachronically

text: examining

text: entities

text: that

text: existed

text: in

text: different

text: epochs

text: or

text: synchronically

text: examining

text: present

text: system

text: and

text: its

text: components

text: The

text: central

text: argument

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: natural

text: environment

text: in

text: small

text: scale

text: or

text: subsistence

text: societies

text: dependent

text: in

text: part

text: upon

text: it

text: is

text: major

text: contributor

text: to

text: social

text: organization

text: and

text: other

text: human

text: institutions

text: Feminist political ecology is a feminist perspective on political ecology , drawing on theories from post-structuralism , feminist geography , and cultural ecology . Feminist political ecology examines the place of gender in the political ecological landscape , exploring gender as a factor in ecological and political relations . Specific areas in which feminist political ecology is focused are development , landscape , resource use , agrarian reconstruction and rural - urban transformation ( Hovorka 2006 : 209 ) .

text: Feminist

text: political

text: ecology

text: is

text: feminist

text: perspective

text: on

text: political

text: ecology

text: drawing

text: on

text: theories

text: from

text: post

text: structuralism

text: feminist

text: geography

text: and

text: cultural

text: ecology

text: Feminist

text: political

text: ecology

text: examines

text: the

text: place

text: of

text: gender

text: in

text: the

text: political

text: ecological

text: landscape

text: exploring

text: gender

text: as

text: factor

text: in

text: ecological

text: and

text: political

text: relations

text: Specific

text: areas

text: in

text: which

text: feminist

text: political

text: ecology

text: is

text: focused

text: are

text: development

text: landscape

text: resource

text: use

text: agrarian

text: reconstruction

text: and

text: rural

text: urban

text: transformation

text: Hovorka

text: Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal, and social rights for women. This includes seeking to establish equal opportunities for women in education and employment.

text: Feminism

text: is

text: range

text: of

text: political

text: movements

text: ideologies

text: and

text: social

text: movements

text: that

text: share

text: common

text: goal

text: to

text: define

text: establish

text: and

text: achieve

text: political

text: economic

text: personal

text: and

text: social

text: rights

text: for

text: women

text: This

text: includes

text: seeking

text: to

text: establish

text: equal

text: opportunities

text: for

text: women

text: in

text: education

text: and

text: employment

text: In sociology, anthropology and linguistics, structuralism is the methodology that elements of human culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure. It works to uncover the structures that underlie all the things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel. Alternatively, as summarized by philosopher Simon Blackburn, structuralism is "the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a structure, and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract culture".

text: In

text: sociology

text: anthropology

text: and

text: linguistics

text: structuralism

text: is

text: the

text: methodology

text: that

text: elements

text: of

text: human

text: culture

text: must

text: be

text: understood

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: their

text: relationship

text: to

text: larger

text: overarching

text: system

text: or

text: structure

text: It

text: works

text: to

text: uncover

text: the

text: structures

text: that

text: underlie

text: all

text: the

text: things

text: that

text: humans

text: do

text: think

text: perceive

text: and

text: feel

text: Alternatively

text: as

text: summarized

text: by

text: philosopher

text: Simon

text: Blackburn

text: structuralism

text: is

text: the

text: belief

text: that

text: phenomena

text: of

text: human

text: life

text: are

text: not

text: intelligible

text: except

text: through

text: their

text: interrelations

text: These

text: relations

text: constitute

text: structure

text: and

text: behind

text: local

text: variations

text: in

text: the

text: surface

text: phenomena

text: there

text: are

text: constant

text: laws

text: of

text: abstract

text: culture

text:
Human geography is the branch of the social sciences that deals with the study of people and their communities,
cultures, economies and interaction with the environment by noticing their relations with and across space and place. As an intellectual discipline, geography is divided into the sub-fields of physical geography and human geography, the latter concentrating upon the study of human activities, by the application of qualitative and quantitative research methods.

text: Human

text: geography

text: is

text: the

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: social

text: sciences

text: that

text: deals

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: people

text: and

text: their

text: communities

text: cultures

text: economies

text: and

text: interaction

text: with

text: the

text: environment

text: by

text: noticing

text: their

text: relations

text: with

text: and

text: across

text: space

text: and

text: place

text: As

text: an

text: intellectual

text: discipline

text: geography

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: sub

text: fields

text: of

text: physical

text: geography

text: and

text: human

text: geography

text: the

text: latter

text: concentrating

text: upon

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: human

text: activities

text: by

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: qualitative

text: and

text: quantitative

text: research

text: methods

text: Feminist geography is an approach in human geography which applies the theories, methods and critiques of feminism to the study of the human environment, society and geographical space.

text: Feminist

text: geography

text: is

text: an

text: approach

text: in

text: human

text: geography

text: which

text: applies

text: the

text: theories

text: methods

text: and

text: critiques

text: of

text: feminism

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: environment

text: society

text: and

text: geographical

text: space

text: Post-structuralism is a label formulated by American academics to denote the heterogeneous works of a series of mid-20th-century French and continental philosophers and critical theorists who came to international prominence in the 1960s and 1970s.

text: Post

text: structuralism

text: is

text: label

text: formulated

text: by

text: American

text: academics

text: to

text: denote

text: the

text: heterogeneous

text: works

text: of

text: series

text: of

text: century

text: French

text: and

text: continental

text: philosophers

text: and

text: critical

text: theorists

text: who

text: came

text: to

text: international

text: prominence

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: Political ecology is the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors with environmental issues and changes. Political ecology differs from apolitical ecological studies by politicizing environmental issues and phenomena.

text: Political

text: ecology

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: relationships

text: between

text: political

text: economic

text: and

text: social

text: factors

text: with

text: environmental

text: issues

text: and

text: changes

text: Political

text: ecology

text: differs

text: from

text: apolitical

text: ecological

text: studies

text: by

text: politicizing

text: environmental

text: issues

text: and

text: phenomena

annotations: follows single

question: instance_of feminist political ecology

answer: feminism

text: feminism

text: feminism


text: The Maratha (archaically transliterated as Marhatta or Mahratta) is a group of castes in India found predominantly in the state of Maharashtra. According to the "Encyclopædia Britannica", "Marathas are people of India, famed in history as yeoman warriors and champions of Hinduism." They reside primarily in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

text: The

text: Maratha

text: archaically

text: transliterated

text: as

text: Marhatta

text: or

text: Mahratta

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: castes

text: in

text: India

text: found

text: predominantly

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Maharashtra

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Encyclopædia

text: Britannica

text: Marathas

text: are

text: people

text: of

text: India

text: famed

text: in

text: history

text: as

text: yeoman

text: warriors

text: and

text: champions

text: of

text: Hinduism

text: They

text: reside

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: state

text: of

text: Maharashtra

text: Pune (; spelt "Poona" during British rule) is the the second largest city in the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ninth most populous city in the country. Situated above sea level on the Deccan plateau on the right bank of the Mutha river, Pune is the administrative headquarters of Pune district and was once the centre of power of the Maratha Empire established by Shivaji Maharaj. In the 18th century, Pune was the political centre of the Indian subcontinent, as the seat of the Peshwas who were the prime ministers of the Maratha Empire.

text: Pune

text: spelt

text: Poona

text: during

text: British

text: rule

text: is

text: the

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: state

text: of

text: Maharashtra

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Situated

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: on

text: the

text: Deccan

text: plateau

text: on

text: the

text: right

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Mutha

text: river

text: Pune

text: is

text: the

text: administrative

text: headquarters

text: of

text: Pune

text: district

text: and

text: was

text: once

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: Maratha

text: Empire

text: established

text: by

text: Shivaji

text: Maharaj

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: Pune

text: was

text: the

text: political

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: as

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: Peshwas

text: who

text: were

text: the

text: prime

text: ministers

text: of

text: the

text: Maratha

text: Empire

text: South Asia or Southern Asia is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and, for some authorities, adjoining countries to the west and east. Topographically, it is dominated by the Indian Plate, which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush. South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land (clockwise, from west) by West Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.

text: South

text: Asia

text: or

text: Southern

text: Asia

text: is

text: term

text: used

text: to

text: represent

text: the

text: southern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Asian

text: continent

text: which

text: comprises

text: the

text: sub

text: Himalayan

text: SAARC

text: countries

text: and

text: for

text: some

text: authorities

text: adjoining

text: countries

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: east

text: Topographically

text: it

text: is

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Plate

text: which

text: rises

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: as

text: Nepal

text: and

text: northern

text: parts

text: of

text: India

text: situated

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Himalayas

text: and

text: the

text: Hindu

text: Kush

text: South

text: Asia

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: and

text: on

text: land

text: clockwise

text: from

text: west

text: by

text: West

text: Asia

text: Central

text: Asia

text: East

text: Asia

text: and

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: Shivaji Bhonsle (c. 1627/1630  3 April 1680), also known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, was an Indian warrior king and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan. Shivaji carved out an enclave from the declining Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur that formed the genesis of the Maratha Empire. In 1674, he was formally crowned as the Chhatrapati (Monarch) of his realm at Raigad.

text: Shivaji

text: Bhonsle

text: April

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Chhatrapati

text: Shivaji

text: Maharaj

text: was

text: an

text: Indian

text: warrior

text: king

text: and

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Bhonsle

text: Maratha

text: clan

text: Shivaji

text: carved

text: out

text: an

text: enclave

text: from

text: the

text: declining

text: Adilshahi

text: sultanate

text: of

text: Bijapur

text: that

text: formed

text: the

text: genesis

text: of

text: the

text: Maratha

text: Empire

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: formally

text: crowned

text: as

text: the

text: Chhatrapati

text: Monarch

text: of

text: his

text: realm

text: at

text: Raigad

text: The Indian subcontinent or the subcontinent, also called Indian continent, is a southern region of Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate and projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas. Geologically, the Indian subcontinent is related to the land mass that rifted from Gondwana and merged with the Eurasian plate nearly 55 million years ago. Geographically, it is the peninsular region in south-central Asia delineated by the Himalayas in the north, the Hindu Kush in the west, and the Arakanese in the east. Politically, the Indian subcontinent usually includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

text: The

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: or

text: the

text: subcontinent

text: also

text: called

text: Indian

text: continent

text: is

text: southern

text: region

text: of

text: Asia

text: mostly

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: Indian

text: Plate

text: and

text: projecting

text: southwards

text: into

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: from

text: the

text: Himalayas

text: Geologically

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: land

text: mass

text: that

text: rifted

text: from

text: Gondwana

text: and

text: merged

text: with

text: the

text: Eurasian

text: plate

text: nearly

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Geographically

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: peninsular

text: region

text: in

text: south

text: central

text: Asia

text: delineated

text: by

text: the

text: Himalayas

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Hindu

text: Kush

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Arakanese

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: Politically

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: usually

text: includes

text: Bangladesh

text: Bhutan

text: India

text: Maldives

text: Nepal

text: Pakistan

text: and

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: A Jagir (IAST: Jgr), also spelled as Jageer, was a type of feudal land grant in South Asia at the foundation of its Jagirdar system. It developed during the Islamic rule era of the Indian subcontinent, starting in the early 13th century, wherein the powers to govern and collect tax from an estate was granted to an appointee of the state. The tenants were considered to be in the servitude of the "jagirdar". There were two forms of "jagir", one conditional and other unconditional. The conditional "jagir" required the governing family to maintain troops and provide their service to the state when asked. The land grant was called "iqta", usually for a holder's lifetime, and the land reverted to the state upon the death of the "jagirdar".

text: Jagir

text: IAST

text: Jgr

text: also

text: spelled

text: as

text: Jageer

text: was

text: type

text: of

text: feudal

text: land

text: grant

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: at

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: its

text: Jagirdar

text: system

text: It

text: developed

text: during

text: the

text: Islamic

text: rule

text: era

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: starting

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: wherein

text: the

text: powers

text: to

text: govern

text: and

text: collect

text: tax

text: from

text: an

text: estate

text: was

text: granted

text: to

text: an

text: appointee

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: The

text: tenants

text: were

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: the

text: servitude

text: of

text: the

text: jagirdar

text: There

text: were

text: two

text: forms

text: of

text: jagir

text: one

text: conditional

text: and

text: other

text: unconditional

text: The

text: conditional

text: jagir

text: required

text: the

text: governing

text: family

text: to

text: maintain

text: troops

text: and

text: provide

text: their

text: service

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: when

text: asked

text: The

text: land

text: grant

text: was

text: called

text: iqta

text: usually

text: for

text: holder

text: 's

text: lifetime

text: and

text: the

text: land

text: reverted

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: upon

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: jagirdar

text: The Ahmadnagar Sultanate was a late medieval Indian kingdom, located in the northwestern Deccan, between the sultanates of Gujarat and Bijapur. Malik Ahmad, the Bahmani governor of Junnar after defeating the Bahmani army led by general Jahangir Khan on 28 May 1490 declared independence and established the Nizam Shahi dynasty rule over the sultanate of Ahmednagar. Initially his capital was in the town of Junnar with its fort, later renamed Shivneri. In 1494, the foundation was laid for the new capital Ahmadnagar. In 1636 Aurangzeb, then Mugal viceroy of Deccan finally annexed the sultanate to the Mughal empire.

text: The

text: Ahmadnagar

text: Sultanate

text: was

text: late

text: medieval

text: Indian

text: kingdom

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: northwestern

text: Deccan

text: between

text: the

text: sultanates

text: of

text: Gujarat

text: and

text: Bijapur

text: Malik

text: Ahmad

text: the

text: Bahmani

text: governor

text: of

text: Junnar

text: after

text: defeating

text: the

text: Bahmani

text: army

text: led

text: by

text: general

text: Jahangir

text: Khan

text: on

text: May

text: declared

text: independence

text: and

text: established

text: the

text: Nizam

text: Shahi

text: dynasty

text: rule

text: over

text: the

text: sultanate

text: of

text: Ahmednagar

text: Initially

text: his

text: capital

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Junnar

text: with

text: its

text: fort

text: later

text: renamed

text: Shivneri

text: In

text: the

text: foundation

text: was

text: laid

text: for

text: the

text: new

text: capital

text: Ahmadnagar

text: In

text: Aurangzeb

text: then

text: Mugal

text: viceroy

text: of

text: Deccan

text: finally

text: annexed

text: the

text: sultanate

text: to

text: the

text: Mughal

text: empire

text: The Mughal Empire or Mogul Empire, self-designated as Gurkani ("Grkniyn", meaning "son-in-law"), was an empire in the Indian subcontinent, established and ruled by a Muslim dynasty of Chagatai Turco-Mongol origin from Central Asia. The dynasty, though ethnically Turco-Mongol, was Persianate in terms of culture.

text: The

text: Mughal

text: Empire

text: or

text: Mogul

text: Empire

text: self

text: designated

text: as

text: Gurkani

text: Grkniyn

text: meaning

text: son

text: in

text: law

text: was

text: an

text: empire

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: established

text: and

text: ruled

text: by

text: Muslim

text: dynasty

text: of

text: Chagatai

text: Turco

text: Mongol

text: origin

text: from

text: Central

text: Asia

text: The

text: dynasty

text: though

text: ethnically

text: Turco

text: Mongol

text: was

text: Persianate

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: culture

text: Abu'l Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad (3 November 1618  3 March 1707), commonly known as Aurangzeb or by his regenal title Alamgir ("He who seizes the universe"), was the sixth, and widely considered the last effective Mughal Emperor. He ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent during some parts of his reign, which lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707.

text: Abu'l

text: Muzaffar

text: Muhi

text: ud

text: Din

text: Muhammad

text: November

text: March

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Aurangzeb

text: or

text: by

text: his

text: regenal

text: title

text: Alamgir

text: He

text: who

text: seizes

text: the

text: universe

text: was

text: the

text: sixth

text: and

text: widely

text: considered

text: the

text: last

text: effective

text: Mughal

text: Emperor

text: He

text: ruled

text: over

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: during

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: his

text: reign

text: which

text: lasted

text: for

text: years

text: from

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: Mirza Shahabuddin Baig Muhammad Khan Shah Jahan (26 January 1592  9 May 1666 OS) was the fifth Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1628 to 1658.

text: Mirza

text: Shahabuddin

text: Baig

text: Muhammad

text: Khan

text: Shah

text: Jahan

text: January

text: May

text: OS

text: was

text: the

text: fifth

text: Mughal

text: emperor

text: who

text: reigned

text: from

text: to

text: Shahaji Raje Bhonsle was a Maratha general from the 17th century . The eldest son of Maloji Bhosale of Verul , Shahaji inherited the Pune and Supe jagirs , under the Ahmadnagar Sultanate . During the Mughal invasion of Deccan , he joined the Mughal forces and served Emperor Shah Jahan for a brief period . After being deprived of his jagirs , he defected to the Bijapur Sultanate in 1632 and regained control over Pune and Supe . In 1638 , he also received the jagir of Bangalore , after Bijapur 's invasion of Kempe Gowda III 's territories . He eventually became the chief general of Bijapur , and oversaw its expansion . An early exponent of guerrilla warfare , he brought the house of Bhonsle into prominence . He was father of Shivaji , the founder of the Maratha Empire . The princely states of Tanjore , Kolhapur and Satara are also Bhonsle legacies .

text: Shahaji

text: Raje

text: Bhonsle

text: was

text: Maratha

text: general

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: eldest

text: son

text: of

text: Maloji

text: Bhosale

text: of

text: Verul

text: Shahaji

text: inherited

text: the

text: Pune

text: and

text: Supe

text: jagirs

text: under

text: the

text: Ahmadnagar

text: Sultanate

text: During

text: the

text: Mughal

text: invasion

text: of

text: Deccan

text: he

text: joined

text: the

text: Mughal

text: forces

text: and

text: served

text: Emperor

text: Shah

text: Jahan

text: for

text: brief

text: period

text: After

text: being

text: deprived

text: of

text: his

text: jagirs

text: he

text: defected

text: to

text: the

text: Bijapur

text: Sultanate

text: in

text: and

text: regained

text: control

text: over

text: Pune

text: and

text: Supe

text: In

text: he

text: also

text: received

text: the

text: jagir

text: of

text: Bangalore

text: after

text: Bijapur

text: 's

text: invasion

text: of

text: Kempe

text: Gowda

text: III

text: 's

text: territories

text: He

text: eventually

text: became

text: the

text: chief

text: general

text: of

text: Bijapur

text: and

text: oversaw

text: its

text: expansion

text: An

text: early

text: exponent

text: of

text: guerrilla

text: warfare

text: he

text: brought

text: the

text: house

text: of

text: Bhonsle

text: into

text: prominence

text: He

text: was

text: father

text: of

text: Shivaji

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Maratha

text: Empire

text: The

text: princely

text: states

text: of

text: Tanjore

text: Kolhapur

text: and

text: Satara

text: are

text: also

text: Bhonsle

text: legacies

text: India, officially the Republic of India ("Bhrat Gaarjya"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.

text: India

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: India

text: Bhrat

text: Gaarjya

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: democracy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: China

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Bhutan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: India

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: India

text: 's

text: Andaman

text: and

text: Nicobar

text: Islands

text: share

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: New

text: Delhi

text: other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Mumbai

text: Kolkata

text: Chennai

text: Bangalore

text: Hyderabad

text: and

text: Ahmedabad

annotations: follows multiple

question: child shahaji

answer: chhatrapati shivaji maharaj

text: chhatrapati shivaji maharaj


text: Tamil Nadu (English pronunciation:  ; ""; : ; literally 'The Land of Tamils' or 'Tamil Country') is one of the 29 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai (formerly known as Madras). Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north, by the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Kerala on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast, and by the Indian Ocean on the south. The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka.

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: English

text: pronunciation

text: literally

text: The

text: Land

text: of

text: Tamils

text: or

text: Tamil

text: Country

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: India

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Chennai

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Madras

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: southernmost

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: union

text: territory

text: of

text: Puducherry

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Indian

text: states

text: of

text: Kerala

text: Karnataka

text: and

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Ghats

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Nilgiri

text: the

text: Anamalai

text: Hills

text: and

text: Kerala

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mannar

text: and

text: the

text: Palk

text: Strait

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: state

text: shares

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: nation

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: Tiruvallur district (also known as Thiruvallur District) is an administrative district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu.It is a part of Greater chennai corporation. The town of Tiruvallur is the district headquarters. The district has a mixture of urban and rural characteristics. The Eastern part of Tiruvallur district is dominated by urban characteristics while the Southern and Northern part of the district has influence of Andhra culture due to its position. As of 2011, the district had a population of 3,728,104 with a sex-ratio of 987 females for every 1,000 males

text: Tiruvallur

text: district

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Thiruvallur

text: District

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: district

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Indian

text: state

text: of

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: Greater

text: chennai

text: corporation

text: The

text: town

text: of

text: Tiruvallur

text: is

text: the

text: district

text: headquarters

text: The

text: district

text: has

text: mixture

text: of

text: urban

text: and

text: rural

text: characteristics

text: The

text: Eastern

text: part

text: of

text: Tiruvallur

text: district

text: is

text: dominated

text: by

text: urban

text: characteristics

text: while

text: the

text: Southern

text: and

text: Northern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: district

text: has

text: influence

text: of

text: Andhra

text: culture

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: position

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: district

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: with

text: sex

text: ratio

text: of

text: females

text: for

text: every

text: males

text: The Chennai Metropolitan Area is the fourth most populous, and the fourth largest metropolitan area in India and is the 22nd most populous city in Asia or the 40th most populous city in the world. The CMA consists of the metropolitan city of Chennai (Madras) and its suburbs. The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) is the nodal agency that handles town planning and development within the metro area. Since 1974, an area encompassing 1189 km around the city has been designated as the Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) and the CMDA has been designated as the authority to plan the growth of the city and the area around it.

text: The

text: Chennai

text: Metropolitan

text: Area

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: India

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Asia

text: or

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: CMA

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: city

text: of

text: Chennai

text: Madras

text: and

text: its

text: suburbs

text: The

text: Chennai

text: Metropolitan

text: Development

text: Authority

text: CMDA

text: is

text: the

text: nodal

text: agency

text: that

text: handles

text: town

text: planning

text: and

text: development

text: within

text: the

text: metro

text: area

text: Since

text: an

text: area

text: encompassing

text: km

text: around

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: been

text: designated

text: as

text: the

text: Chennai

text: Metropolitan

text: Area

text: CMA

text: and

text: the

text: CMDA

text: has

text: been

text: designated

text: as

text: the

text: authority

text: to

text: plan

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: area

text: around

text: it

text: Kerala, historically known as Keralam, is an Indian state in South India on the Malabar coast. It was formed on 1 November 1956 following the States Reorganisation Act by combining Malayalam-speaking regions. Spread over , it is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census, Kerala is the thirteenth-largest state by population and is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram. Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state.

text: Kerala

text: historically

text: known

text: as

text: Keralam

text: is

text: an

text: Indian

text: state

text: in

text: South

text: India

text: on

text: the

text: Malabar

text: coast

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: on

text: November

text: following

text: the

text: States

text: Reorganisation

text: Act

text: by

text: combining

text: Malayalam

text: speaking

text: regions

text: Spread

text: over

text: it

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Karnataka

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: northeast

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Lakshadweep

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: With

text: inhabitants

text: as

text: per

text: the

text: Census

text: Kerala

text: is

text: the

text: thirteenth

text: largest

text: state

text: by

text: population

text: and

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: districts

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: being

text: Thiruvananthapuram

text: Malayalam

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: spoken

text: language

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: official

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: Poonamallee taluk is a taluk of Tiruvallur district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Poonamallee.

text: Poonamallee

text: taluk

text: is

text: taluk

text: of

text: Tiruvallur

text: district

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: state

text: of

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: The

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: taluk

text: is

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Poonamallee

text: Sri Lanka (or ; Sinhalese:   ', Tamil:  "Ilakai"), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (formerly known as Ceylon), is an island country in South Asia near south-east India. Sri Lanka has maritime borders with India to the northwest and the Maldives to the southwest.

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: or

text: Sinhalese

text: Tamil

text: Ilakai

text: officially

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Ceylon

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: near

text: south

text: east

text: India

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: has

text: maritime

text: borders

text: with

text: India

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Karnataka (IPA:) is a state in south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed "Karnataka" in 1973. The capital and largest city is Bangalore (Bengaluru). Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea and the Laccadive Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Telangana to the northeast, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area. With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the classical languages of India, is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.

text: Karnataka

text: IPA

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: south

text: western

text: region

text: of

text: India

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: on

text: November

text: with

text: the

text: passage

text: of

text: the

text: States

text: Reorganisation

text: Act

text: Originally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Mysore

text: it

text: was

text: renamed

text: Karnataka

text: in

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Bangalore

text: Bengaluru

text: Karnataka

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Laccadive

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Goa

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Maharashtra

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Telangana

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: Kerala

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: The

text: state

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: or

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: geographical

text: area

text: of

text: India

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: Indian

text: state

text: by

text: area

text: With

text: inhabitants

text: at

text: the

text: census

text: Karnataka

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: state

text: by

text: population

text: comprising

text: districts

text: Kannada

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: classical

text: languages

text: of

text: India

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: spoken

text: and

text: official

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: Chennai ; formerly known as Madras or ) is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is one of the biggest cultural, economic and educational centres in South India. According to the 2011 Indian census, it is the sixth-largest city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India. The city together with the adjoining regions constitute the Chennai Metropolitan Area, which is the 36th-largest urban area by population in the world. Chennai is among the most visited Indian cities by foreign tourists. It was ranked 43rd most visited city in the world for year 2015. The Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India. Chennai attracts 45 percent of health tourists visiting India, and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists. As such, it is termed "India's health capital". As a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Chennai confronts substantial pollution and other logistical and socio-economic problems.

text: Chennai

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Madras

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: state

text: of

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: Coromandel

text: Coast

text: off

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: it

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: biggest

text: cultural

text: economic

text: and

text: educational

text: centres

text: in

text: South

text: India

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Indian

text: census

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: sixth

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: agglomeration

text: in

text: India

text: The

text: city

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: adjoining

text: regions

text: constitute

text: the

text: Chennai

text: Metropolitan

text: Area

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: by

text: population

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Chennai

text: is

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: visited

text: Indian

text: cities

text: by

text: foreign

text: tourists

text: It

text: was

text: ranked

text: most

text: visited

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: for

text: year

text: The

text: Quality

text: of

text: Living

text: Survey

text: rated

text: Chennai

text: as

text: the

text: safest

text: city

text: in

text: India

text: Chennai

text: attracts

text: percent

text: of

text: health

text: tourists

text: visiting

text: India

text: and

text: to

text: percent

text: of

text: domestic

text: health

text: tourists

text: As

text: such

text: it

text: is

text: termed

text: India

text: 's

text: health

text: capital

text: As

text: growing

text: metropolitan

text: city

text: in

text: developing

text: country

text: Chennai

text: confronts

text: substantial

text: pollution

text: and

text: other

text: logistical

text: and

text: socio

text: economic

text: problems

text: The Gulf of Mannar is a large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean. It lies between the southeastern tip of India and the west coast of Sri Lanka, in the Coromandel Coast region.

text: The

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mannar

text: is

text: large

text: shallow

text: bay

text: forming

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Laccadive

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: It

text: lies

text: between

text: the

text: southeastern

text: tip

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: the

text: west

text: coast

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: in

text: the

text: Coromandel

text: Coast

text: region

text: South India is the area encompassing the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Telangana as well as the union territories of Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep and Puducherry, occupying 19.31% of India's area. Covering the southern part of the peninsular Deccan Plateau, South India is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west and the Indian Ocean in the south. The geography of the region is diverse with two mountain ranges - the Western and Eastern Ghats, bordering the plateau heartland. Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Tungabhadra and Vaigai rivers are important non-perennial sources of water. Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Coimbatore and Kochi are the largest urban areas.

text: South

text: India

text: is

text: the

text: area

text: encompassing

text: the

text: Indian

text: states

text: of

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: Karnataka

text: Kerala

text: and

text: Telangana

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: union

text: territories

text: of

text: Andaman

text: and

text: Nicobar

text: Lakshadweep

text: and

text: Puducherry

text: occupying

text: of

text: India

text: 's

text: area

text: Covering

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: peninsular

text: Deccan

text: Plateau

text: South

text: India

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: geography

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: is

text: diverse

text: with

text: two

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: the

text: Western

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Ghats

text: bordering

text: the

text: plateau

text: heartland

text: Godavari

text: Krishna

text: Kaveri

text: Tungabhadra

text: and

text: Vaigai

text: rivers

text: are

text: important

text: non

text: perennial

text: sources

text: of

text: water

text: Bangalore

text: Chennai

text: Hyderabad

text: Visakhapatnam

text: Vijayawada

text: Coimbatore

text: and

text: Kochi

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: urban

text: areas

text: Puducherry (literally "New Town" in Tamil), formerly known as Pondicherry is a union territory of India. It was formed out of four exclaves of former French India, namely Pondichéry (Pondicherry), Karikal (Karaikal), Mahé and Yanaon (Yanam). It is named after the largest district Pondicherry. Historically known as "Pondicherry" ("Piccri"), the territory changed its official name to "Puducherry" ("Putuccri") on 20 September 2006.

text: Puducherry

text: literally

text: New

text: Town

text: in

text: Tamil

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Pondicherry

text: is

text: union

text: territory

text: of

text: India

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: out

text: of

text: four

text: exclaves

text: of

text: former

text: French

text: India

text: namely

text: Pondichéry

text: Pondicherry

text: Karikal

text: Karaikal

text: Mahé

text: and

text: Yanaon

text: Yanam

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: largest

text: district

text: Pondicherry

text: Historically

text: known

text: as

text: Pondicherry

text: Piccri

text: the

text: territory

text: changed

text: its

text: official

text: name

text: to

text: Puducherry

text: Putuccri

text: on

text: September

text: The Bay of Bengal, the largest bay in the world, forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Roughly triangular, it is bordered mostly by India and Sri Lanka to the west, Bangladesh to the north, and Myanmar (Burma) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) to the east.

text: The

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: the

text: largest

text: bay

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: forms

text: the

text: northeastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: Roughly

text: triangular

text: it

text: is

text: bordered

text: mostly

text: by

text: India

text: and

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Bangladesh

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: the

text: Andaman

text: and

text: Nicobar

text: Islands

text: India

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Andhra Pradesh() is one of the 29 states of India, situated on the southeastern coast of the country. The state is the eighth largest state in India covering an area of . As per 2011 Census of India, the state is tenth largest by population with 49,386,799 inhabitants.

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: India

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: southeastern

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: India

text: covering

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: As

text: per

text: Census

text: of

text: India

text: the

text: state

text: is

text: tenth

text: largest

text: by

text: population

text: with

text: inhabitants

text: The Palk Strait is a strait between the Tamil Nadu state of India and the Mannar district of the Northern Province of the island nation of Sri Lanka. It connects the Bay of Bengal in the northeast with the Palk Bay in the southwest. The strait is wide. Several rivers flow into it, including the Vaigai River of Tamil Nadu. The strait is named after Robert Palk, who was a governor of Madras Presidency (17551763) during the Company Raj period.

text: The

text: Palk

text: Strait

text: is

text: strait

text: between

text: the

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: state

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: the

text: Mannar

text: district

text: of

text: the

text: Northern

text: Province

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: nation

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: It

text: connects

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: in

text: the

text: northeast

text: with

text: the

text: Palk

text: Bay

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: The

text: strait

text: is

text: wide

text: Several

text: rivers

text: flow

text: into

text: it

text: including

text: the

text: Vaigai

text: River

text: of

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: The

text: strait

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: Robert

text: Palk

text: who

text: was

text: governor

text: of

text: Madras

text: Presidency

text: during

text: the

text: Company

text: Raj

text: period

text: Poonamallee ( ' Punamalli ' or originally Poovirundhavalli ) is located in the west of Chennai . it is a town in the Poonamallee taluk of the Thiruvallur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Presently considered to be a suburb of Chennai , it is a town with rich cultural heritage and also coping up with the fast developments of the adjacent city . As of 2011 , the town had a population of 57,224 .

text: Poonamallee

text: Punamalli

text: or

text: originally

text: Poovirundhavalli

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: Chennai

text: it

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: the

text: Poonamallee

text: taluk

text: of

text: the

text: Thiruvallur

text: district

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: state

text: of

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: Presently

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: suburb

text: of

text: Chennai

text: it

text: is

text: town

text: with

text: rich

text: cultural

text: heritage

text: and

text: also

text: coping

text: up

text: with

text: the

text: fast

text: developments

text: of

text: the

text: adjacent

text: city

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: town

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: Bengal (bgl; Bengali: ,  and ) is a region in Asia which is located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. Geographically, it is made up by the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta system, the largest such formation in the world; along with mountains in its north (bordering the Himalayan states) and east (bordering Northeast India and Burma).

text: Bengal

text: bgl

text: Bengali

text: and

text: is

text: region

text: in

text: Asia

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: at

text: the

text: apex

text: of

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: Geographically

text: it

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: by

text: the

text: Ganges

text: Brahmaputra

text: delta

text: system

text: the

text: largest

text: such

text: formation

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: along

text: with

text: mountains

text: in

text: its

text: north

text: bordering

text: the

text: Himalayan

text: states

text: and

text: east

text: bordering

text: Northeast

text: India

text: and

text: Burma

text:
The Eastern Ghats or Kizhakku thodarchi malaigal or Prva Gha, (ta:  )
(Hindi:  ) also known as Mahendra Parvatam in the south, are a discontinuous range of mountains along India's eastern coast. The Eastern Ghats run from the northern Odisha through Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu in the south passing some parts of Karnataka. They are eroded and cut through by the four major rivers of peninsular India, known as the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri.

text: The

text: Eastern

text: Ghats

text: or

text: Kizhakku

text: thodarchi

text: malaigal

text: or

text: Prva

text: Gha

text: ta

text: Hindi

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Mahendra

text: Parvatam

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: are

text: discontinuous

text: range

text: of

text: mountains

text: along

text: India

text: 's

text: eastern

text: coast

text: The

text: Eastern

text: Ghats

text: run

text: from

text: the

text: northern

text: Odisha

text: through

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: to

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: passing

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: Karnataka

text: They

text: are

text: eroded

text: and

text: cut

text: through

text: by

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: rivers

text: of

text: peninsular

text: India

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Godavari

text: Mahanadi

text: Krishna

text: and

text: Kaveri

text: The Coromandel Coast is the southeastern coast region of the Indian Subcontinent, between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal of the Indian Ocean. The coastline runs between False Divi Point in the north to Kanyakumari in the south. Its definition can also include the northwestern coast of the island of Sri Lanka.

text: The

text: Coromandel

text: Coast

text: is

text: the

text: southeastern

text: coast

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: Subcontinent

text: between

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Ghats

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: The

text: coastline

text: runs

text: between

text: False

text: Divi

text: Point

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: Kanyakumari

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: Its

text: definition

text: can

text: also

text: include

text: the

text: northwestern

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity poonamallee

answer: tiruvallur district

text: tiruvallur district

text: tiruvallur district

text: tiruvallur district


text: Israel , officially known as the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over the city of Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.

text: Israel

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Israel

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: on

text: the

text: southeastern

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: northern

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: It

text: has

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Lebanon

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Jordan

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Palestinian

text: territories

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Bank

text: and

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: west

text: respectively

text: and

text: Egypt

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: The

text: country

text: contains

text: geographically

text: diverse

text: features

text: within

text: its

text: relatively

text: small

text: area

text: Israel

text: 's

text: financial

text: and

text: technology

text: center

text: is

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: while

text: its

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: proclaimed

text: capital

text: is

text: Jerusalem

text: although

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: is

text: internationally

text: unrecognized

text: Judaism (from , derived from Greek , originally from Hebrew , "Yehudah", "Judah"; in Hebrew: , "Yahadut", the distinctive characteristics of the Judean ethnos) encompasses the religion, philosophy, culture and way of life of the Jewish people. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship that God established with the Children of Israel. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth-largest religion in the world.

text: Judaism

text: from

text: derived

text: from

text: Greek

text: originally

text: from

text: Hebrew

text: Yehudah

text: Judah

text: in

text: Hebrew

text: Yahadut

text: the

text: distinctive

text: characteristics

text: of

text: the

text: Judean

text: ethnos

text: encompasses

text: the

text: religion

text: philosophy

text: culture

text: and

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: people

text: Judaism

text: is

text: an

text: ancient

text: monotheistic

text: religion

text: with

text: the

text: Torah

text: as

text: its

text: foundational

text: text

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: text

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Tanakh

text: or

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: and

text: supplemental

text: oral

text: tradition

text: represented

text: by

text: later

text: texts

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Midrash

text: and

text: the

text: Talmud

text: Judaism

text: is

text: considered

text: by

text: religious

text: Jews

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: expression

text: of

text: the

text: covenantal

text: relationship

text: that

text: God

text: established

text: with

text: the

text: Children

text: of

text: Israel

text: With

text: between

text: and

text: million

text: adherents

text: worldwide

text: Judaism

text: is

text: the

text: tenth

text: largest

text: religion

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Rabbi Shlomo Wolbe ( Wilhelm Wolbe , 1914 - April 25 , 2005 ) was a multi faceted Haredi rabbi born in Berlin and died in Jerusalem . He is best known as the author of Alei Shur ( Hebrew :    ) , a musar classic discussing dimensional growth as it pertains to students of the Talmud .

text: Rabbi

text: Shlomo

text: Wolbe

text: Wilhelm

text: Wolbe

text: April

text: was

text: multi

text: faceted

text: Haredi

text: rabbi

text: born

text: in

text: Berlin

text: and

text: died

text: in

text: Jerusalem

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: Alei

text: Shur

text: Hebrew

text: musar

text: classic

text: discussing

text: dimensional

text: growth

text: as

text: it

text: pertains

text: to

text: students

text: of

text: the

text: Talmud

text: The Talmud (Hebrew: ' "instruction, learning", from a root ' "teach, study") is a central text of Rabbinic Judaism. It is also traditionally referred to as, a Hebrew abbreviation of ', the "six orders", a reference to the six orders of the Mishnah. The term "Talmud" normally refers to the collection of writings named specifically the Babylonian Talmud "(Talmud Bavli)", although there is also an earlier collection known as the Jerusalem Talmud, or Palestinian Talmud"' "(Talmud Yerushalmi)". When referring to post-biblical periods, namely those of the creation of the Talmud, the Talmudic academies and the Babylonian exilarchate, Jewish sources use the term "Babylonia" long after it had become obsolete in geopolitical terms.

text: The

text: Talmud

text: Hebrew

text: instruction

text: learning

text: from

text: root

text: teach

text: study

text: is

text: central

text: text

text: of

text: Rabbinic

text: Judaism

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: traditionally

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Hebrew

text: abbreviation

text: of

text: the

text: six

text: orders

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: six

text: orders

text: of

text: the

text: Mishnah

text: The

text: term

text: Talmud

text: normally

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: collection

text: of

text: writings

text: named

text: specifically

text: the

text: Babylonian

text: Talmud

text: Talmud

text: Bavli

text: although

text: there

text: is

text: also

text: an

text: earlier

text: collection

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Jerusalem

text: Talmud

text: or

text: Palestinian

text: Talmud

text: Talmud

text: Yerushalmi

text: When

text: referring

text: to

text: post

text: biblical

text: periods

text: namely

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Talmud

text: the

text: Talmudic

text: academies

text: and

text: the

text: Babylonian

text: exilarchate

text: Jewish

text: sources

text: use

text: the

text: term

text: Babylonia

text: long

text: after

text: it

text: had

text: become

text: obsolete

text: in

text: geopolitical

text: terms

text: Jerusalem , is a city located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. One of the oldest cities in the world, Jerusalem was named as ""Urusalima"" on ancient Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets, probably meaning "City of Shalem" after a Canaanite deity, during the early Canaanite period (approximately 2400 BCE). During the Israelite period, significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 9th century BCE (Iron Age II), and in the 8th century the city developed into the religious and administrative center of the Kingdom of Judah. It is considered a holy city in the three major Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

text: Jerusalem

text: is

text: city

text: located

text: on

text: plateau

text: in

text: the

text: Judaean

text: Mountains

text: between

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: and

text: the

text: Dead

text: Sea

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Jerusalem

text: was

text: named

text: as

text: Urusalima

text: on

text: ancient

text: Mesopotamian

text: cuneiform

text: tablets

text: probably

text: meaning

text: City

text: of

text: Shalem

text: after

text: Canaanite

text: deity

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: Canaanite

text: period

text: approximately

text: BCE

text: During

text: the

text: Israelite

text: period

text: significant

text: construction

text: activity

text: in

text: Jerusalem

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: Iron

text: Age

text: II

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: city

text: developed

text: into

text: the

text: religious

text: and

text: administrative

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Judah

text: It

text: is

text: considered

text: holy

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: three

text: major

text: Abrahamic

text: religions

text: of

text: Judaism

text: Christianity

text: and

text: Islam

text: Abraham (Avraham), originally Abram, is the first of the three patriarchs of Judaism. His story features in the holy texts of all the Abrahamic religions and Abraham plays a prominent role as an example of faith in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

text: Abraham

text: Avraham

text: originally

text: Abram

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: patriarchs

text: of

text: Judaism

text: His

text: story

text: features

text: in

text: the

text: holy

text: texts

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: Abrahamic

text: religions

text: and

text: Abraham

text: plays

text: prominent

text: role

text: as

text: an

text: example

text: of

text: faith

text: in

text: Judaism

text: Christianity

text: and

text: Islam

text: Canaan (Northwest Semitic: ""; Phoenician: ; Biblical Hebrew/ Masoretic: ["; nan]") was a Semitic-speaking region in the Ancient Near East during the late 2nd millennium BC. In the Bible it corresponds to the Levant, in particular to the areas of the Southern Levant that provide the main setting of the narrative of the Hebrew Bible, i.e., the area of Israel, Philistia, Phoenicia, and other nations.

text: Canaan

text: Northwest

text: Semitic

text: Phoenician

text: Biblical

text: Hebrew/

text: Masoretic

text: was

text: Semitic

text: speaking

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: millennium

text: BC

text: In

text: the

text: Bible

text: it

text: corresponds

text: to

text: the

text: Levant

text: in

text: particular

text: to

text: the

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Levant

text: that

text: provide

text: the

text: main

text: setting

text: of

text: the

text: narrative

text: of

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: i.e.

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: Israel

text: Philistia

text: Phoenicia

text: and

text: other

text: nations

text: In Judaism, a rabbi is a teacher of Torah. This title derives from the Hebrew word ' , meaning "My Master" (irregular plural ' ), which is the way a student would address a master of Torah. The word "master" "" literally means "great one".

text: In

text: Judaism

text: rabbi

text: is

text: teacher

text: of

text: Torah

text: This

text: title

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: word

text: meaning

text: My

text: Master

text: irregular

text: plural

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: way

text: student

text: would

text: address

text: master

text: of

text: Torah

text: The

text: word

text: master

text: literally

text: means

text: great

text: one

text: Abrahamic religions, emphasizing and tracing their common origin to the tribal patriarch Abraham or recognizing a spiritual tradition identified with him, are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents.

text: Abrahamic

text: religions

text: emphasizing

text: and

text: tracing

text: their

text: common

text: origin

text: to

text: the

text: tribal

text: patriarch

text: Abraham

text: or

text: recognizing

text: spiritual

text: tradition

text: identified

text: with

text: him

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: divisions

text: in

text: comparative

text: religion

text: along

text: with

text: Indian

text: Iranian

text: and

text: East

text: Asian

text: religions

text: Judaism

text: Christianity

text: and

text: Islam

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: Abrahamic

text: religions

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: numbers

text: of

text: adherents

text: Rabbinic Judaism or Rabbinism ("Yahadut Rabanit") has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE, after the codification of the Babylonian Talmud. Growing out of Pharisaic Judaism, Rabbinic Judaism is based on the belief that at Mount Sinai, Moses received from God the Written Torah (Pentateuch) in addition to an oral explanation, known as the "Oral Torah," that Moses transmitted to the people.

text: Rabbinic

text: Judaism

text: or

text: Rabbinism

text: Yahadut

text: Rabanit

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: mainstream

text: form

text: of

text: Judaism

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: CE

text: after

text: the

text: codification

text: of

text: the

text: Babylonian

text: Talmud

text: Growing

text: out

text: of

text: Pharisaic

text: Judaism

text: Rabbinic

text: Judaism

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: belief

text: that

text: at

text: Mount

text: Sinai

text: Moses

text: received

text: from

text: God

text: the

text: Written

text: Torah

text: Pentateuch

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: an

text: oral

text: explanation

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Oral

text: Torah

text: that

text: Moses

text: transmitted

text: to

text: the

text: people

annotations: likely multiple

question: ethnic_group shlomo wolbe

answer: jewish people

text: jewish people


text:
In the mathematical subject of topology, an ambient isotopy, also called an "h-isotopy", is a kind of continuous distortion of an "ambient space", a manifold, taking a submanifold to another submanifold. For example in knot theory, one considers two knots the same if one can distort one knot into the other without breaking it. Such a distortion is an example of an ambient isotopy. More precisely, let "N" and "M" be manifolds and "g" and "h" be embeddings of "N" in "M". A continuous map
is defined to be an ambient isotopy taking "g" to "h" if "F" is the identity map, each map "F" is a homeomorphism from "M" to itself, and "F"  "g" = "h". This implies that the orientation must be preserved by ambient isotopies. For example, two knots which are mirror images of each other are in general not equivalent.

text: In

text: the

text: mathematical

text: subject

text: of

text: topology

text: an

text: ambient

text: isotopy

text: also

text: called

text: an

text: isotopy

text: is

text: kind

text: of

text: continuous

text: distortion

text: of

text: an

text: ambient

text: space

text: manifold

text: taking

text: submanifold

text: to

text: another

text: submanifold

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: knot

text: theory

text: one

text: considers

text: two

text: knots

text: the

text: same

text: if

text: one

text: can

text: distort

text: one

text: knot

text: into

text: the

text: other

text: without

text: breaking

text: it

text: Such

text: distortion

text: is

text: an

text: example

text: of

text: an

text: ambient

text: isotopy

text: More

text: precisely

text: let

text: and

text: be

text: manifolds

text: and

text: and

text: be

text: embeddings

text: of

text: in

text: continuous

text: map

text: is

text: defined

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: ambient

text: isotopy

text: taking

text: to

text: if

text: is

text: the

text: identity

text: map

text: each

text: map

text: is

text: homeomorphism

text: from

text: to

text: itself

text: and

text: This

text: implies

text: that

text: the

text: orientation

text: must

text: be

text: preserved

text: by

text: ambient

text: isotopies

text: For

text: example

text: two

text: knots

text: which

text: are

text: mirror

text: images

text: of

text: each

text: other

text: are

text: in

text: general

text: not

text: equivalent

text:
Rubik's Cube is a 3-D combination puzzle invented in 1974 by Hungarian sculptor and professor of architecture Ern Rubik.
Originally called the Magic Cube, the puzzle was licensed by Rubik to be sold by Ideal Toy Corp. in 1980 via businessman Tibor Laczi and Seven Towns founder Tom Kremer, and won the German Game of the Year special award for Best Puzzle that year. As of January 2009, 350 million cubes had been sold worldwide making it the world's top-selling puzzle game. It is widely considered to be the world's best-selling toy.

text: Rubik

text: 's

text: Cube

text: is

text: combination

text: puzzle

text: invented

text: in

text: by

text: Hungarian

text: sculptor

text: and

text: professor

text: of

text: architecture

text: Ern

text: Rubik

text: Originally

text: called

text: the

text: Magic

text: Cube

text: the

text: puzzle

text: was

text: licensed

text: by

text: Rubik

text: to

text: be

text: sold

text: by

text: Ideal

text: Toy

text: Corp.

text: in

text: via

text: businessman

text: Tibor

text: Laczi

text: and

text: Seven

text: Towns

text: founder

text: Tom

text: Kremer

text: and

text: won

text: the

text: German

text: Game

text: of

text: the

text: Year

text: special

text: award

text: for

text: Best

text: Puzzle

text: that

text: year

text: As

text: of

text: January

text: million

text: cubes

text: had

text: been

text: sold

text: worldwide

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: top

text: selling

text: puzzle

text: game

text: It

text: is

text: widely

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: best

text: selling

text: toy

text: A circle is a simple closed shape in Euclidean geometry. It is the set of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the centre; equivalently it is the curve traced out by a point that moves so that its distance from a given point is constant. The distance between any of the points and the centre is called the radius.

text: circle

text: is

text: simple

text: closed

text: shape

text: in

text: Euclidean

text: geometry

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: all

text: points

text: in

text: plane

text: that

text: are

text: at

text: given

text: distance

text: from

text: given

text: point

text: the

text: centre

text: equivalently

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: curve

text: traced

text: out

text: by

text: point

text: that

text: moves

text: so

text: that

text: its

text: distance

text: from

text: given

text: point

text: is

text: constant

text: The

text: distance

text: between

text: any

text: of

text: the

text: points

text: and

text: the

text: centre

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: radius

text: Professor (commonly abbreviated as "prof.") is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, "professor" derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences, a teacher of the highest rank.

text: Professor

text: commonly

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: prof

text: is

text: an

text: academic

text: rank

text: at

text: universities

text: and

text: other

text: post

text: secondary

text: education

text: and

text: research

text: institutions

text: in

text: most

text: countries

text: Literally

text: professor

text: derives

text: from

text: Latin

text: as

text: person

text: who

text: professes

text: being

text: usually

text: an

text: expert

text: in

text: arts

text: or

text: sciences

text: teacher

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: rank

text: In mathematics, an embedding (or imbedding) is one instance of some mathematical structure contained within another instance, such as a group that is a subgroup.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: an

text: embedding

text: or

text: imbedding

text: is

text: one

text: instance

text: of

text: some

text: mathematical

text: structure

text: contained

text: within

text: another

text: instance

text: such

text: as

text: group

text: that

text: is

text: subgroup

text: In the mathematical field of topology, a homeomorphism or topological isomorphism or bi continuous function is a continuous function between topological spaces that has a continuous inverse function. Homeomorphisms are the isomorphisms in the category of topological spacesthat is, they are the mappings that preserve all the topological properties of a given space. Two spaces with a homeomorphism between them are called homeomorphic, and from a topological viewpoint they are the same. The word "homeomorphism" comes from the Greek words "" ("homoios") = similar and "" ("morph") = shape, form.

text: In

text: the

text: mathematical

text: field

text: of

text: topology

text: homeomorphism

text: or

text: topological

text: isomorphism

text: or

text: bi

text: continuous

text: function

text: is

text: continuous

text: function

text: between

text: topological

text: spaces

text: that

text: has

text: continuous

text: inverse

text: function

text: Homeomorphisms

text: are

text: the

text: isomorphisms

text: in

text: the

text: category

text: of

text: topological

text: spacesthat

text: is

text: they

text: are

text: the

text: mappings

text: that

text: preserve

text: all

text: the

text: topological

text: properties

text: of

text: given

text: space

text: Two

text: spaces

text: with

text: homeomorphism

text: between

text: them

text: are

text: called

text: homeomorphic

text: and

text: from

text: topological

text: viewpoint

text: they

text: are

text: the

text: same

text: The

text: word

text: homeomorphism

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: words

text: homoios

text: similar

text: and

text: morph

text: shape

text: form

text: Morwen B. Thistlethwaite is a knot theorist and professor of mathematics for the University of Tennessee in Knoxville . He has made important contributions to both knot theory and Rubik 's Cube group theory .

text: Morwen

text: Thistlethwaite

text: is

text: knot

text: theorist

text: and

text: professor

text: of

text: mathematics

text: for

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Tennessee

text: in

text: Knoxville

text: He

text: has

text: made

text: important

text: contributions

text: to

text: both

text: knot

text: theory

text: and

text: Rubik

text: 's

text: Cube

text: group

text: theory

text: In physics and mathematics, the dimension of a mathematical space (or object) is informally defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any point within it. Thus a line has a dimension of one because only one coordinate is needed to specify a point on itfor example, the point at 5 on a number line. A surface such as a plane or the surface of a cylinder or sphere has a dimension of two because two coordinates are needed to specify a point on itfor example, both a latitude and longitude are required to locate a point on the surface of a sphere. The inside of a cube, a cylinder or a sphere is three-dimensional because three coordinates are needed to locate a point within these spaces.

text: In

text: physics

text: and

text: mathematics

text: the

text: dimension

text: of

text: mathematical

text: space

text: or

text: object

text: is

text: informally

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: minimum

text: number

text: of

text: coordinates

text: needed

text: to

text: specify

text: any

text: point

text: within

text: it

text: Thus

text: line

text: has

text: dimension

text: of

text: one

text: because

text: only

text: one

text: coordinate

text: is

text: needed

text: to

text: specify

text: point

text: on

text: itfor

text: example

text: the

text: point

text: at

text: on

text: number

text: line

text: surface

text: such

text: as

text: plane

text: or

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: cylinder

text: or

text: sphere

text: has

text: dimension

text: of

text: two

text: because

text: two

text: coordinates

text: are

text: needed

text: to

text: specify

text: point

text: on

text: itfor

text: example

text: both

text: latitude

text: and

text: longitude

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: locate

text: point

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: sphere

text: The

text: inside

text: of

text: cube

text: cylinder

text: or

text: sphere

text: is

text: three

text: dimensional

text: because

text: three

text: coordinates

text: are

text: needed

text: to

text: locate

text: point

text: within

text: these

text: spaces

text: In topology, knot theory is the study of mathematical knots. While inspired by knots which appear in daily life in shoelaces and rope, a mathematician's knot differs in that the ends are joined together so that it cannot be undone. In mathematical language, a knot is an embedding of a circle in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, R (in topology, a circle isn't bound to the classical geometric concept, but to all of its homeomorphisms). Two mathematical knots are equivalent if one can be transformed into the other via a deformation of R upon itself (known as an ambient isotopy); these transformations correspond to manipulations of a knotted string that do not involve cutting the string or passing the string through itself.

text: In

text: topology

text: knot

text: theory

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: mathematical

text: knots

text: While

text: inspired

text: by

text: knots

text: which

text: appear

text: in

text: daily

text: life

text: in

text: shoelaces

text: and

text: rope

text: mathematician

text: 's

text: knot

text: differs

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: ends

text: are

text: joined

text: together

text: so

text: that

text: it

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: undone

text: In

text: mathematical

text: language

text: knot

text: is

text: an

text: embedding

text: of

text: circle

text: in

text: Euclidean

text: space

text: in

text: topology

text: circle

text: is

text: n't

text: bound

text: to

text: the

text: classical

text: geometric

text: concept

text: but

text: to

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: homeomorphisms

text: Two

text: mathematical

text: knots

text: are

text: equivalent

text: if

text: one

text: can

text: be

text: transformed

text: into

text: the

text: other

text: via

text: deformation

text: of

text: upon

text: itself

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: ambient

text: isotopy

text: these

text: transformations

text: correspond

text: to

text: manipulations

text: of

text: knotted

text: string

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: involve

text: cutting

text: the

text: string

text: or

text: passing

text: the

text: string

text: through

text: itself

text: In mathematics, topology (from the Greek , "place", and , "study") is concerned with the properties of space that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching and bending, but not tearing or gluing. This can be studied by considering a collection of subsets, called open sets, that satisfy certain properties, turning the given set into what is known as a topological space. Important topological properties include connectedness and compactness.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: topology

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: place

text: and

text: study

text: is

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: properties

text: of

text: space

text: that

text: are

text: preserved

text: under

text: continuous

text: deformations

text: such

text: as

text: stretching

text: and

text: bending

text: but

text: not

text: tearing

text: or

text: gluing

text: This

text: can

text: be

text: studied

text: by

text: considering

text: collection

text: of

text: subsets

text: called

text: open

text: sets

text: that

text: satisfy

text: certain

text: properties

text: turning

text: the

text: given

text: set

text: into

text: what

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: topological

text: space

text: Important

text: topological

text: properties

text: include

text: connectedness

text: and

text: compactness

text: In geometry, Euclidean space encompasses the two-dimensional Euclidean plane, the three-dimensional space of Euclidean geometry, and certain other spaces. It is named after the Ancient Greek mathematician Euclid of Alexandria. The term "Euclidean" distinguishes these spaces from other types of spaces considered in modern geometry. Euclidean spaces also generalize to higher dimensions.

text: In

text: geometry

text: Euclidean

text: space

text: encompasses

text: the

text: two

text: dimensional

text: Euclidean

text: plane

text: the

text: three

text: dimensional

text: space

text: of

text: Euclidean

text: geometry

text: and

text: certain

text: other

text: spaces

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: mathematician

text: Euclid

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: The

text: term

text: Euclidean

text: distinguishes

text: these

text: spaces

text: from

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: spaces

text: considered

text: in

text: modern

text: geometry

text: Euclidean

text: spaces

text: also

text: generalize

text: to

text: higher

text: dimensions

text: Architecture (Latin "architectura", from the Greek  "arkhitekton" "architect", from - "chief" and  "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

text: Architecture

text: Latin

text: architectura

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: arkhitekton

text: architect

text: from

text: chief

text: and

text: builder

text: is

text: both

text: the

text: process

text: and

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: planning

text: designing

text: and

text: constructing

text: buildings

text: and

text: other

text: physical

text: structures

text: Architectural

text: works

text: in

text: the

text: material

text: form

text: of

text: buildings

text: are

text: often

text: perceived

text: as

text: cultural

text: symbols

text: and

text: as

text: works

text: of

text: art

text: Historical

text: civilizations

text: are

text: often

text: identified

text: with

text: their

text: surviving

text: architectural

text: achievements

text: Ern Rubik (born 13 July 1944) is a Hungarian inventor, architect and professor of architecture. He is best known for the invention of mechanical puzzles including Rubik's Cube (1974), Rubik's Magic, , and Rubik's Snake.

text: Ern

text: Rubik

text: born

text: July

text: is

text: Hungarian

text: inventor

text: architect

text: and

text: professor

text: of

text: architecture

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: mechanical

text: puzzles

text: including

text: Rubik

text: 's

text: Cube

text: Rubik

text: 's

text: Magic

text: and

text: Rubik

text: 's

text: Snake

question: field_of_work morwen thistlethwaite

answer: topology

text: topology

text: topology

text: topology

text: topology

text: topology