text: The University of Pennsylvania (commonly known as Penn or UPenn) is a private, Ivy League university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Incorporated as "The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania", Penn is one of 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and one of the nine original colonial colleges.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Penn

text: or

text: UPenn

text: is

text: private

text: Ivy

text: League

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: Pennsylvania

text: United

text: States

text: Incorporated

text: as

text: The

text: Trustees

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: Penn

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: founding

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Association

text: of

text: American

text: Universities

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: original

text: colonial

text: colleges

text: Structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized. Material structures include man-made objects such as buildings and machines and natural objects such as biological organisms, minerals and chemicals. Abstract structures include data structures in computer science and musical form. Types of structure include a hierarchy (a cascade of one-to-many relationships), a network featuring many-to-many links, or a lattice featuring connections between components that are neighbors in space.

text: Structure

text: is

text: an

text: arrangement

text: and

text: organization

text: of

text: interrelated

text: elements

text: in

text: material

text: object

text: or

text: system

text: or

text: the

text: object

text: or

text: system

text: so

text: organized

text: Material

text: structures

text: include

text: man

text: made

text: objects

text: such

text: as

text: buildings

text: and

text: machines

text: and

text: natural

text: objects

text: such

text: as

text: biological

text: organisms

text: minerals

text: and

text: chemicals

text: Abstract

text: structures

text: include

text: data

text: structures

text: in

text: computer

text: science

text: and

text: musical

text: form

text: Types

text: of

text: structure

text: include

text: hierarchy

text: cascade

text: of

text: one

text: to

text: many

text: relationships

text: network

text: featuring

text: many

text: to

text: many

text: links

text: or

text: lattice

text: featuring

text: connections

text: between

text: components

text: that

text: are

text: neighbors

text: in

text: space

text: Geology (from the Ancient Greek , "g", i.e. "earth" and -o, "-logia", i.e. "study of, discourse") is an earth science comprising the study of solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change. Geology can also refer generally to the study of the solid features of any terrestrial planet (such as the geology of the Moon or Mars).

text: Geology

text: from

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: i.e.

text: earth

text: and

text: -o

text: -logia

text: i.e.

text: study

text: of

text: discourse

text: is

text: an

text: earth

text: science

text: comprising

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: solid

text: Earth

text: the

text: rocks

text: of

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: composed

text: and

text: the

text: processes

text: by

text: which

text: they

text: change

text: Geology

text: can

text: also

text: refer

text: generally

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: solid

text: features

text: of

text: any

text: terrestrial

text: planet

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: geology

text: of

text: the

text: Moon

text: or

text: Mars

text: Toxicology (from the Ancient Greek words  "toxikos" "poisonous" and  "logos") is a branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine (more specifically pharmacology) concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. It also studies the harmful effects of chemical, biological and physical agents in biological systems that establishes the extent of damage in living organisms. The relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism is of high significance in toxicology. Factors that influence chemical toxicity include the dosage (and whether it is acute or chronic); the route of exposure, the species, age, sex and environment.

text: Toxicology

text: from

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: words

text: toxikos

text: poisonous

text: and

text: logos

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: biology

text: chemistry

text: and

text: medicine

text: more

text: specifically

text: pharmacology

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: adverse

text: effects

text: of

text: chemicals

text: on

text: living

text: organisms

text: It

text: also

text: studies

text: the

text: harmful

text: effects

text: of

text: chemical

text: biological

text: and

text: physical

text: agents

text: in

text: biological

text: systems

text: that

text: establishes

text: the

text: extent

text: of

text: damage

text: in

text: living

text: organisms

text: The

text: relationship

text: between

text: dose

text: and

text: its

text: effects

text: on

text: the

text: exposed

text: organism

text: is

text: of

text: high

text: significance

text: in

text: toxicology

text: Factors

text: that

text: influence

text: chemical

text: toxicity

text: include

text: the

text: dosage

text: and

text: whether

text: it

text: is

text: acute

text: or

text: chronic

text: the

text: route

text: of

text: exposure

text: the

text: species

text: age

text: sex

text: and

text: environment

text: Point State Park (locally known as The Point) is a Pennsylvania state park on in Downtown Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, USA, at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, forming the Ohio River.

text: Point

text: State

text: Park

text: locally

text: known

text: as

text: The

text: Point

text: is

text: Pennsylvania

text: state

text: park

text: on

text: in

text: Downtown

text: Pittsburgh

text: Allegheny

text: County

text: Pennsylvania

text: USA

text: at

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Allegheny

text: and

text: Monongahela

text: rivers

text: forming

text: the

text: Ohio

text: River

text: George Frederick Barker ( 1835 -- 1910 ) was an American physician and scientist . He graduated at the Yale Scientific School in 1858 . He was successively chemical assistant in Harvard Medical School in 1858 -- 1859 and 1860 -- 1861 , professor of chemistry and geology in Wheaton ( Ill. ) College . In 1864 he became the Professor of Natural Science at the Western University of Pennsylvania , now known as the University of Pittsburgh , where he undertook experiments to produce electric light by passing the current through a resisting filament which he claimed was `` the first steady electric light generated in Pittsburgh , if not in the country '' . He subsequently went to Yale as a professor of physiological chemistry and toxicology , and later was a professor of physics at the University of Pennsylvania , in 1879 -- 1900 , when he became emeritus professor . He served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1879 ; president of the American Chemical Society ; vice-president of the American Philosophical Society for 10 years ; a member of the United States Electrical Commission ; and for several years an associate editor of the American Journal of Science . He lectured in many cities and wrote a Text - Book of Elementary Chemistry ( 1870 ) ; a Physics ( 1892 ) ; etc.

text: George

text: Frederick

text: Barker

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: physician

text: and

text: scientist

text: He

text: graduated

text: at

text: the

text: Yale

text: Scientific

text: School

text: in

text: He

text: was

text: successively

text: chemical

text: assistant

text: in

text: Harvard

text: Medical

text: School

text: in

text: and

text: professor

text: of

text: chemistry

text: and

text: geology

text: in

text: Wheaton

text: Ill.

text: College

text: In

text: he

text: became

text: the

text: Professor

text: of

text: Natural

text: Science

text: at

text: the

text: Western

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pittsburgh

text: where

text: he

text: undertook

text: experiments

text: to

text: produce

text: electric

text: light

text: by

text: passing

text: the

text: current

text: through

text: resisting

text: filament

text: which

text: he

text: claimed

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: steady

text: electric

text: light

text: generated

text: in

text: Pittsburgh

text: if

text: not

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: He

text: subsequently

text: went

text: to

text: Yale

text: as

text: professor

text: of

text: physiological

text: chemistry

text: and

text: toxicology

text: and

text: later

text: was

text: professor

text: of

text: physics

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: in

text: when

text: he

text: became

text: emeritus

text: professor

text: He

text: served

text: as

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Association

text: for

text: the

text: Advancement

text: of

text: Science

text: in

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Chemical

text: Society

text: vice

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Philosophical

text: Society

text: for

text: years

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Electrical

text: Commission

text: and

text: for

text: several

text: years

text: an

text: associate

text: editor

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Journal

text: of

text: Science

text: He

text: lectured

text: in

text: many

text: cities

text: and

text: wrote

text: Text

text: Book

text: of

text: Elementary

text: Chemistry

text: Physics

text: etc

text: Professor (commonly abbreviated as "prof.") is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, "professor" derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences, a teacher of the highest rank.

text: Professor

text: commonly

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: prof

text: is

text: an

text: academic

text: rank

text: at

text: universities

text: and

text: other

text: post

text: secondary

text: education

text: and

text: research

text: institutions

text: in

text: most

text: countries

text: Literally

text: professor

text: derives

text: from

text: Latin

text: as

text: person

text: who

text: professes

text: being

text: usually

text: an

text: expert

text: in

text: arts

text: or

text: sciences

text: teacher

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: rank

text: Harvard Medical School (HMS) is the graduate medical school of Harvard University. It is located in the Longwood Medical Area of the Mission Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.

text: Harvard

text: Medical

text: School

text: HMS

text: is

text: the

text: graduate

text: medical

text: school

text: of

text: Harvard

text: University

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Longwood

text: Medical

text: Area

text: of

text: the

text: Mission

text: Hill

text: neighborhood

text: of

text: Boston

text: Massachusetts

text: The University of Pittsburgh (commonly referred to as Pitt) is a state-related research university located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1787 after the American Revolutionary War, it was founded on the edge of the American frontier as the Pittsburgh Academy. It developed and was renamed as Western University of Pennsylvania by a change to its charter in 1819. After surviving two devastating fires and various relocations within the area, the school moved to its current location in the Oakland neighborhood of the city; it was renamed as the University of Pittsburgh in 1908. For most of its history, Pitt was a private institution, until 1966 when it became part of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Pittsburgh

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Pitt

text: is

text: state

text: related

text: research

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Pittsburgh

text: Pennsylvania

text: In

text: after

text: the

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: it

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: frontier

text: as

text: the

text: Pittsburgh

text: Academy

text: It

text: developed

text: and

text: was

text: renamed

text: as

text: Western

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: by

text: change

text: to

text: its

text: charter

text: in

text: After

text: surviving

text: two

text: devastating

text: fires

text: and

text: various

text: relocations

text: within

text: the

text: area

text: the

text: school

text: moved

text: to

text: its

text: current

text: location

text: in

text: the

text: Oakland

text: neighborhood

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: it

text: was

text: renamed

text: as

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pittsburgh

text: in

text: For

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: history

text: Pitt

text: was

text: private

text: institution

text: until

text: when

text: it

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: System

text: of

text: Higher

text: Education

text: Ohio is an Eastern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, and the 10th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus.

text: Ohio

text: is

text: an

text: Eastern

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Ohio

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: state

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Columbus

text: The colonial colleges are nine institutions of higher education chartered in the American Colonies before the United States of America became a sovereign nation after the American Revolution. These nine have long been considered together, notably in the survey of their origins in the 1907 "The Cambridge History of English and American Literature". Seven of the nine colonial colleges are part of the Ivy League athletic conference: Harvard, Yale, Penn, Princeton, Columbia, Brown, and Dartmouth. (The eighth member of the Ivy League, Cornell University, was founded in 1865.)

text: The

text: colonial

text: colleges

text: are

text: nine

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: chartered

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: Colonies

text: before

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: became

text: sovereign

text: nation

text: after

text: the

text: American

text: Revolution

text: These

text: nine

text: have

text: long

text: been

text: considered

text: together

text: notably

text: in

text: the

text: survey

text: of

text: their

text: origins

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: Cambridge

text: History

text: of

text: English

text: and

text: American

text: Literature

text: Seven

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: colonial

text: colleges

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Ivy

text: League

text: athletic

text: conference

text: Harvard

text: Yale

text: Penn

text: Princeton

text: Columbia

text: Brown

text: and

text: Dartmouth

text: The

text: eighth

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Ivy

text: League

text: Cornell

text: University

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania German: "Pennsylvaani"), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle. The commonwealth borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.

text: Pennsylvania

text: Pennsylvania

text: German

text: Pennsylvaani

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: northeastern

text: and

text: Mid

text: Atlantic

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

text: run

text: through

text: its

text: middle

text: The

text: commonwealth

text: borders

text: Delaware

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Maryland

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: West

text: Virginia

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Ohio

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Lake

text: Erie

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: province

text: of

text: Ontario

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: New

text: Jersey

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between atoms with opposite charges, or through the sharing of electrons as in the covalent bonds. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" or "primary bond" such as metallic, covalent or ionic bonds and "weak bonds" or "secondary bond" such as Dipole-dipole interaction, the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding.

text: chemical

text: bond

text: is

text: lasting

text: attraction

text: between

text: atoms

text: that

text: enables

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: chemical

text: compounds

text: The

text: bond

text: may

text: result

text: from

text: the

text: electrostatic

text: force

text: of

text: attraction

text: between

text: atoms

text: with

text: opposite

text: charges

text: or

text: through

text: the

text: sharing

text: of

text: electrons

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: covalent

text: bonds

text: The

text: strength

text: of

text: chemical

text: bonds

text: varies

text: considerably

text: there

text: are

text: strong

text: bonds

text: or

text: primary

text: bond

text: such

text: as

text: metallic

text: covalent

text: or

text: ionic

text: bonds

text: and

text: weak

text: bonds

text: or

text: secondary

text: bond

text: such

text: as

text: Dipole

text: dipole

text: interaction

text: the

text: London

text: dispersion

text: force

text: and

text: hydrogen

text: bonding

text: Ancient Greek includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD. It is often roughly divided into the Archaic period (9th to 6th centuries BC), Classical period (5th and 4th centuries BC), and Hellenistic period (3rd century BC to the 6th century AD). It is antedated in the second millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek.

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: includes

text: the

text: forms

text: of

text: Greek

text: used

text: in

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: the

text: ancient

text: world

text: from

text: around

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: roughly

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: Archaic

text: period

text: to

text: centuries

text: BC

text: Classical

text: period

text: and

text: centuries

text: BC

text: and

text: Hellenistic

text: period

text: century

text: BC

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: It

text: is

text: antedated

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: millennium

text: BC

text: by

text: Mycenaean

text: Greek

text: The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context. The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. The term "Ivy League" has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism.

text: The

text: Ivy

text: League

text: is

text: collegiate

text: athletic

text: conference

text: comprising

text: sports

text: teams

text: from

text: eight

text: private

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: Northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: conference

text: name

text: is

text: also

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: those

text: eight

text: schools

text: as

text: group

text: beyond

text: the

text: sports

text: context

text: The

text: eight

text: institutions

text: are

text: Brown

text: University

text: Columbia

text: University

text: Cornell

text: University

text: Dartmouth

text: College

text: Harvard

text: University

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: Princeton

text: University

text: and

text: Yale

text: University

text: The

text: term

text: Ivy

text: League

text: has

text: connotations

text: of

text: academic

text: excellence

text: selectivity

text: in

text: admissions

text: and

text: social

text: elitism

text: A profession is a vocation founded upon specialized educational training, the purpose of which is to supply disinterested objective counsel and service to others, for a direct and definite compensation, wholly apart from expectation of other business gain. The term is a truncation of the term "liberal profession", which is, in turn, an Anglicization of the French term "profession libérale". Originally borrowed by English users in the 19th century, it has been re-borrowed by international users from the late 20th, though the (upper-middle) class overtones of the term do not seem to survive retranslation: "liberal professions" are, according to the European Union's Directive on Recognition of Professional Qualifications (2005/36/EC) "those practiced on the basis of relevant professional qualifications in a personal, responsible and professionally independent capacity by those providing intellectual and conceptual services in the interest of the client and the public".

text: profession

text: is

text: vocation

text: founded

text: upon

text: specialized

text: educational

text: training

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: to

text: supply

text: disinterested

text: objective

text: counsel

text: and

text: service

text: to

text: others

text: for

text: direct

text: and

text: definite

text: compensation

text: wholly

text: apart

text: from

text: expectation

text: of

text: other

text: business

text: gain

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: truncation

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: liberal

text: profession

text: which

text: is

text: in

text: turn

text: an

text: Anglicization

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: term

text: profession

text: libérale

text: Originally

text: borrowed

text: by

text: English

text: users

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: re

text: borrowed

text: by

text: international

text: users

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: though

text: the

text: upper

text: middle

text: class

text: overtones

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: do

text: not

text: seem

text: to

text: survive

text: retranslation

text: liberal

text: professions

text: are

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: 's

text: Directive

text: on

text: Recognition

text: of

text: Professional

text: Qualifications

text: those

text: practiced

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: relevant

text: professional

text: qualifications

text: in

text: personal

text: responsible

text: and

text: professionally

text: independent

text: capacity

text: by

text: those

text: providing

text: intellectual

text: and

text: conceptual

text: services

text: in

text: the

text: interest

text: of

text: the

text: client

text: and

text: the

text: public

text: The Commonwealth System of Higher Education is a statutory designation by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania that confers "state-related" status on four universities located within the state. The designation establishes the schools as an "instrumentality of the commonwealth" and provides each university with annual, non-preferred financial appropriations in exchange offering tuition discounts to students that are residents of Pennsylvania and a minority state-representation on each school's board of trustees. Legally, however, the universities remain separate and private entities, operating under their own charters, governed by independent boards of trustees, and with its assets under their own ownership and control thereby retaining much of the freedom and individuality of private institutions, both administratively and academically. It is the only public-private hybrid system of higher education in the United States that is so construed, although Cornell University, the University of Delaware, and Rutgers University represent alternative types of public-private university hybrids.

text: The

text: Commonwealth

text: System

text: of

text: Higher

text: Education

text: is

text: statutory

text: designation

text: by

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: that

text: confers

text: state

text: related

text: status

text: on

text: four

text: universities

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: state

text: The

text: designation

text: establishes

text: the

text: schools

text: as

text: an

text: instrumentality

text: of

text: the

text: commonwealth

text: and

text: provides

text: each

text: university

text: with

text: annual

text: non

text: preferred

text: financial

text: appropriations

text: in

text: exchange

text: offering

text: tuition

text: discounts

text: to

text: students

text: that

text: are

text: residents

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: and

text: minority

text: state

text: representation

text: on

text: each

text: school

text: 's

text: board

text: of

text: trustees

text: Legally

text: however

text: the

text: universities

text: remain

text: separate

text: and

text: private

text: entities

text: operating

text: under

text: their

text: own

text: charters

text: governed

text: by

text: independent

text: boards

text: of

text: trustees

text: and

text: with

text: its

text: assets

text: under

text: their

text: own

text: ownership

text: and

text: control

text: thereby

text: retaining

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: freedom

text: and

text: individuality

text: of

text: private

text: institutions

text: both

text: administratively

text: and

text: academically

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: public

text: private

text: hybrid

text: system

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: that

text: is

text: so

text: construed

text: although

text: Cornell

text: University

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Delaware

text: and

text: Rutgers

text: University

text: represent

text: alternative

text: types

text: of

text: public

text: private

text: university

text: hybrids

text: Philadelphia is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the fifth-most populous city in the United States, with an estimated population of 1,567,442 and more than 6 million in the seventh-largest metropolitan statistical area, . Philadelphia is the economic and cultural anchor of the Delaware Valleya region located in the Northeastern United States at the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers with 7.2 million people residing in the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.

text: Philadelphia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: and

text: the

text: fifth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: statistical

text: area

text: Philadelphia

text: is

text: the

text: economic

text: and

text: cultural

text: anchor

text: of

text: the

text: Delaware

text: Valleya

text: region

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: at

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Delaware

text: and

text: Schuylkill

text: rivers

text: with

text: million

text: people

text: residing

text: in

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: combined

text: statistical

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The Association of American Universities (AAU) is an international organization of leading research universities devoted to maintaining a strong system of academic research and education. It consists of 60 universities in the United States (both public and private) and two universities in Canada.

text: The

text: Association

text: of

text: American

text: Universities

text: AAU

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: organization

text: of

text: leading

text: research

text: universities

text: devoted

text: to

text: maintaining

text: strong

text: system

text: of

text: academic

text: research

text: and

text: education

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: both

text: public

text: and

text: private

text: and

text: two

text: universities

text: in

text: Canada

text: A physician, medical practitioner, medical doctor or simply doctor is a professional who practises medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining, or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients and methods of treatmentknown as specialitiesor they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communitiesknown as general practice. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines (such as anatomy and physiology) underlying diseases and their treatmentthe "science" of medicineand also a decent competence in its applied practicethe art or "craft" of medicine.

text: physician

text: medical

text: practitioner

text: medical

text: doctor

text: or

text: simply

text: doctor

text: is

text: professional

text: who

text: practises

text: medicine

text: which

text: is

text: concerned

text: with

text: promoting

text: maintaining

text: or

text: restoring

text: health

text: through

text: the

text: study

text: diagnosis

text: and

text: treatment

text: of

text: disease

text: injury

text: and

text: other

text: physical

text: and

text: mental

text: impairments

text: Physicians

text: may

text: focus

text: their

text: practice

text: on

text: certain

text: disease

text: categories

text: types

text: of

text: patients

text: and

text: methods

text: of

text: treatmentknown

text: as

text: specialitiesor

text: they

text: may

text: assume

text: responsibility

text: for

text: the

text: provision

text: of

text: continuing

text: and

text: comprehensive

text: medical

text: care

text: to

text: individuals

text: families

text: and

text: communitiesknown

text: as

text: general

text: practice

text: Medical

text: practice

text: properly

text: requires

text: both

text: detailed

text: knowledge

text: of

text: the

text: academic

text: disciplines

text: such

text: as

text: anatomy

text: and

text: physiology

text: underlying

text: diseases

text: and

text: their

text: treatmentthe

text: science

text: of

text: medicineand

text: also

text: decent

text: competence

text: in

text: its

text: applied

text: practicethe

text: art

text: or

text: craft

text: of

text: medicine

text: The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry. Founded in 1876 at New York University, the ACS currently has more than 158,000 members at all degree levels and in all fields of chemistry, chemical engineering, and related fields. It is the world's largest scientific society by membership. The ACS is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization and holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code. Its headquarters are located in Washington, D.C., and it has a large concentration of staff in Columbus, Ohio.

text: The

text: American

text: Chemical

text: Society

text: ACS

text: is

text: scientific

text: society

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: that

text: supports

text: scientific

text: inquiry

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: chemistry

text: Founded

text: in

text: at

text: New

text: York

text: University

text: the

text: ACS

text: currently

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: members

text: at

text: all

text: degree

text: levels

text: and

text: in

text: all

text: fields

text: of

text: chemistry

text: chemical

text: engineering

text: and

text: related

text: fields

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: scientific

text: society

text: by

text: membership

text: The

text: ACS

text: is

text: non

text: profit

text: organization

text: and

text: holds

text: congressional

text: charter

text: under

text: Title

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Code

text: Its

text: headquarters

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: and

text: it

text: has

text: large

text: concentration

text: of

text: staff

text: in

text: Columbus

text: Ohio

text: Columbus is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Ohio. It is the 15th largest city in the United States, with a population of 850,106 (2015 estimate). It is the core city of the Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which encompasses a ten county area. It is Ohio's third largest metropolitan area, behind Cleveland and Cincinnati.

text: Columbus

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Ohio

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: estimate

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: core

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Columbus

text: OH

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: MSA

text: which

text: encompasses

text: ten

text: county

text: area

text: It

text: is

text: Ohio

text: 's

text: third

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: behind

text: Cleveland

text: and

text: Cincinnati

text: The Allegheny Mountain Range also spelled Alleghany, Allegany and, informally, the Allegheniesis part of the vast Appalachian Mountain Range of the eastern United States and Canada where it posed a significant barrier to land travel in less technologically advanced eras. It is a barrier range that has a northeastsouthwest orientation and runs for about 400 miles (640 km) from north-central Pennsylvania, through western Maryland and eastern West Virginia, to southwestern Virginia.

text: The

text: Allegheny

text: Mountain

text: Range

text: also

text: spelled

text: Alleghany

text: Allegany

text: and

text: informally

text: the

text: Allegheniesis

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: vast

text: Appalachian

text: Mountain

text: Range

text: of

text: the

text: eastern

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Canada

text: where

text: it

text: posed

text: significant

text: barrier

text: to

text: land

text: travel

text: in

text: less

text: technologically

text: advanced

text: eras

text: It

text: is

text: barrier

text: range

text: that

text: has

text: northeastsouthwest

text: orientation

text: and

text: runs

text: for

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: from

text: north

text: central

text: Pennsylvania

text: through

text: western

text: Maryland

text: and

text: eastern

text: West

text: Virginia

text: to

text: southwestern

text: Virginia

text:
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.
In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.

text: prime

text: minister

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: senior

text: minister

text: of

text: cabinet

text: in

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: of

text: government

text: often

text: in

text: parliamentary

text: or

text: semi

text: presidential

text: system

text: In

text: many

text: systems

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: selects

text: and

text: may

text: dismiss

text: other

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: cabinet

text: and

text: allocates

text: posts

text: to

text: members

text: within

text: the

text: government

text: In

text: most

text: systems

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: is

text: the

text: presiding

text: member

text: and

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: cabinet

text: In

text: minority

text: of

text: systems

text: notably

text: in

text: semi

text: presidential

text: systems

text: of

text: government

text: prime

text: minister

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: who

text: is

text: appointed

text: to

text: manage

text: the

text: civil

text: service

text: and

text: execute

text: the

text: directives

text: of

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: In

text: parliamentary

text: systems

text: fashioned

text: after

text: the

text: Westminster

text: system

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: is

text: the

text: presiding

text: and

text: actual

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: In

text: such

text: systems

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: or

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: 's

text: official

text: representative

text: i.e.

text: the

text: monarch

text: president

text: or

text: governor

text: general

text: usually

text: holds

text: largely

text: ceremonial

text: position

text: although

text: often

text: with

text: reserve

text: powers

text: Boston (pronounced ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1, 1999. The city proper covers with an estimated population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England and the 23rd most populous city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 4.7 million people in 2014 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area (CSA), this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest as such in the United States.

text: Boston

text: pronounced

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Boston

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: Suffolk

text: County

text: although

text: the

text: county

text: government

text: was

text: disbanded

text: on

text: July

text: The

text: city

text: proper

text: covers

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: economic

text: and

text: cultural

text: anchor

text: of

text: substantially

text: larger

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: known

text: as

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: MSA

text: home

text: to

text: census

text: estimated

text: million

text: people

text: in

text: and

text: ranking

text: as

text: the

text: tenth

text: largest

text: such

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Alternately

text: as

text: Combined

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: CSA

text: this

text: wider

text: commuting

text: region

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: some

text: million

text: people

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: sixth

text: largest

text: as

text: such

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: A congressional charter is a law passed by the United States Congress that states the mission, authority, and activities of a group. Congress issued federal charters from 1791 until 1992 under Title 36 of the United States Code.

text: congressional

text: charter

text: is

text: law

text: passed

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Congress

text: that

text: states

text: the

text: mission

text: authority

text: and

text: activities

text: of

text: group

text: Congress

text: issued

text: federal

text: charters

text: from

text: until

text: under

text: Title

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Code

text: Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

text: Science

text: is

text: systematic

text: enterprise

text: that

text: builds

text: and

text: organizes

text: knowledge

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: testable

text: explanations

text: and

text: predictions

text: about

text: the

text: universe

text: New York University (NYU) is a private nonprofit research university based in New York City. Founded in 1831, NYU is considered one of the world's most influential research universities. University rankings compiled by "Times Higher Education", "U.S. News & World Report", and the "Academic Ranking of World Universities" all rank NYU amongst the top 32 universities in the world. NYU is a fundamental part of the creativity, energy and vibrancy that is Manhattan, located with its core in Greenwich Village, and its campuses based throughout New York City. NYU is also a world-class university, operating NYU Abu Dhabi and NYU Shanghai, and 11 global academic centers in Accra, Berlin, Buenos Aires, Florence, London, Madrid, Paris, Prague, Sydney, Tel Aviv, and Washington, D.C.

text: New

text: York

text: University

text: NYU

text: is

text: private

text: nonprofit

text: research

text: university

text: based

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Founded

text: in

text: NYU

text: is

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: influential

text: research

text: universities

text: University

text: rankings

text: compiled

text: by

text: Times

text: Higher

text: Education

text: U.S.

text: News

text: World

text: Report

text: and

text: the

text: Academic

text: Ranking

text: of

text: World

text: Universities

text: all

text: rank

text: NYU

text: amongst

text: the

text: top

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: NYU

text: is

text: fundamental

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: creativity

text: energy

text: and

text: vibrancy

text: that

text: is

text: Manhattan

text: located

text: with

text: its

text: core

text: in

text: Greenwich

text: Village

text: and

text: its

text: campuses

text: based

text: throughout

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: NYU

text: is

text: also

text: world

text: class

text: university

text: operating

text: NYU

text: Abu

text: Dhabi

text: and

text: NYU

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: global

text: academic

text: centers

text: in

text: Accra

text: Berlin

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: Florence

text: London

text: Madrid

text: Paris

text: Prague

text: Sydney

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: and

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: Benjamin Silliman (August 8, 1779  November 24, 1864) was an early American chemist and science educator. He was one of the first American professors of science, at Yale College, the first person to distill petroleum in America, and a founder of the "American Journal of Science", the oldest continuously published scientific journal in the United States.

text: Benjamin

text: Silliman

text: August

text: November

text: was

text: an

text: early

text: American

text: chemist

text: and

text: science

text: educator

text: He

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: American

text: professors

text: of

text: science

text: at

text: Yale

text: College

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: to

text: distill

text: petroleum

text: in

text: America

text: and

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Journal

text: of

text: Science

text: the

text: oldest

text: continuously

text: published

text: scientific

text: journal

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The Combined Statistical Area (CSA) population of 2,659,937 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania after Philadelphia and the 20th-largest in the U.S. Located at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, which form the Ohio River, Pittsburgh is known as both "the Steel City" for its more than 300 steel-related businesses, and as the "City of Bridges" for its 446 bridges. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest. The mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires, Virginia, Whiskey Rebels, and Civil War raiders.

text: Pittsburgh

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Allegheny

text: County

text: The

text: Combined

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: CSA

text: population

text: of

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: Ohio

text: Valley

text: and

text: Appalachia

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: in

text: Pennsylvania

text: after

text: Philadelphia

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Located

text: at

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: Allegheny

text: and

text: Monongahela

text: rivers

text: which

text: form

text: the

text: Ohio

text: River

text: Pittsburgh

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: both

text: the

text: Steel

text: City

text: for

text: its

text: more

text: than

text: steel

text: related

text: businesses

text: and

text: as

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Bridges

text: for

text: its

text: bridges

text: The

text: city

text: features

text: skyscrapers

text: two

text: inclines

text: pre

text: revolutionary

text: fortification

text: and

text: the

text: Point

text: State

text: Park

text: at

text: the

text: confluence

text: of

text: the

text: rivers

text: The

text: city

text: developed

text: as

text: vital

text: link

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: and

text: Midwest

text: The

text: mineral

text: rich

text: Allegheny

text: Mountains

text: made

text: the

text: area

text: coveted

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: and

text: British

text: empires

text: Virginia

text: Whiskey

text: Rebels

text: and

text: Civil

text: War

text: raiders

text: A terrestrial planet, telluric planet, or rocky planet is a planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals. Within the Solar System, the terrestrial planets are the inner planets closest to the Sun, i.e. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The terms "terrestrial planet" and "telluric planet" are derived from Latin words for Earth ("Terra" and "Tellus"), as these planets are, in terms of composition, "Earth-like".

text: terrestrial

text: planet

text: telluric

text: planet

text: or

text: rocky

text: planet

text: is

text: planet

text: that

text: is

text: composed

text: primarily

text: of

text: silicate

text: rocks

text: or

text: metals

text: Within

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: the

text: terrestrial

text: planets

text: are

text: the

text: inner

text: planets

text: closest

text: to

text: the

text: Sun

text: i.e.

text: Mercury

text: Venus

text: Earth

text: and

text: Mars

text: The

text: terms

text: terrestrial

text: planet

text: and

text: telluric

text: planet

text: are

text: derived

text: from

text: Latin

text: words

text: for

text: Earth

text: Terra

text: and

text: Tellus

text: as

text: these

text: planets

text: are

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: composition

text: Earth

text: like

text: A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China and Taiwan. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function.

text: county

text: seat

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: center

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: or

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: county

text: or

text: civil

text: parish

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: Romania

text: China

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Ireland

text: county

text: towns

text: have

text: similar

text: function

text: A patient is any recipient of health care services. The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a advanced practice registered nurse, physiotherapist, physician, physician assistant, psychologist, podiatrist, veterinarian, or other health care provider.

text: patient

text: is

text: any

text: recipient

text: of

text: health

text: care

text: services

text: The

text: patient

text: is

text: most

text: often

text: ill

text: or

text: injured

text: and

text: in

text: need

text: of

text: treatment

text: by

text: advanced

text: practice

text: registered

text: nurse

text: physiotherapist

text: physician

text: physician

text: assistant

text: psychologist

text: podiatrist

text: veterinarian

text: or

text: other

text: health

text: care

text: provider

text: The American Philosophical Society (APS), founded in 1743 and located in Philadelphia, is an eminent scholarly organization of international reputation that promotes useful knowledge in the sciences and humanities through excellence in scholarly research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and community outreach. Considered the first learned society in the United States, it has played an important role in American cultural and intellectual life for over 270 years.

text: The

text: American

text: Philosophical

text: Society

text: APS

text: founded

text: in

text: and

text: located

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: is

text: an

text: eminent

text: scholarly

text: organization

text: of

text: international

text: reputation

text: that

text: promotes

text: useful

text: knowledge

text: in

text: the

text: sciences

text: and

text: humanities

text: through

text: excellence

text: in

text: scholarly

text: research

text: professional

text: meetings

text: publications

text: library

text: resources

text: and

text: community

text: outreach

text: Considered

text: the

text: first

text: learned

text: society

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: it

text: has

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: American

text: cultural

text: and

text: intellectual

text: life

text: for

text: over

text: years

text: The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated goals of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity. It is the world's largest general scientific society, with over 120,000 members, and is the publisher of the well-known scientific journal "Science," which had a weekly circulation of 138,549 in 2008.

text: The

text: American

text: Association

text: for

text: the

text: Advancement

text: of

text: Science

text: AAAS

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: international

text: non

text: profit

text: organization

text: with

text: the

text: stated

text: goals

text: of

text: promoting

text: cooperation

text: among

text: scientists

text: defending

text: scientific

text: freedom

text: encouraging

text: scientific

text: responsibility

text: and

text: supporting

text: scientific

text: education

text: and

text: science

text: outreach

text: for

text: the

text: betterment

text: of

text: all

text: humanity

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: general

text: scientific

text: society

text: with

text: over

text: members

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: publisher

text: of

text: the

text: well

text: known

text: scientific

text: journal

text: Science

text: which

text: had

text: weekly

text: circulation

text: of

text: in

text: The pope (from "pappas", a child's word for "father") is the Bishop of Rome and, therefore, the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. The primacy of the Roman bishop is largely derived from his role as the traditional successor to Saint Peter, to whom Jesus is supposed to have given the keys of Heaven and the powers of "binding and loosing", naming him as the "rock" upon which the church would be built. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI.

text: The

text: pope

text: from

text: pappas

text: child

text: 's

text: word

text: for

text: father

text: is

text: the

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Rome

text: and

text: therefore

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: worldwide

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: The

text: primacy

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: bishop

text: is

text: largely

text: derived

text: from

text: his

text: role

text: as

text: the

text: traditional

text: successor

text: to

text: Saint

text: Peter

text: to

text: whom

text: Jesus

text: is

text: supposed

text: to

text: have

text: given

text: the

text: keys

text: of

text: Heaven

text: and

text: the

text: powers

text: of

text: binding

text: and

text: loosing

text: naming

text: him

text: as

text: the

text: rock

text: upon

text: which

text: the

text: church

text: would

text: be

text: built

text: The

text: current

text: pope

text: is

text: Francis

text: who

text: was

text: elected

text: on

text: March

text: succeeding

text: Benedict

text: XVI

text: Appalachia is a cultural region in the Eastern United States that stretches from the Southern Tier of New York to northern Alabama, Mississippi and Georgia. While the Appalachian Mountains stretch from Belle Isle (Newfoundland and Labrador) in Canada to Cheaha Mountain in Alabama, the cultural region of Appalachia typically refers only to the central and southern portions of the range. As of the 2010 United States Census, the region was home to approximately 25 million people.

text: Appalachia

text: is

text: cultural

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: United

text: States

text: that

text: stretches

text: from

text: the

text: Southern

text: Tier

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: northern

text: Alabama

text: Mississippi

text: and

text: Georgia

text: While

text: the

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

text: stretch

text: from

text: Belle

text: Isle

text: Newfoundland

text: and

text: Labrador

text: in

text: Canada

text: to

text: Cheaha

text: Mountain

text: in

text: Alabama

text: the

text: cultural

text: region

text: of

text: Appalachia

text: typically

text: refers

text: only

text: to

text: the

text: central

text: and

text: southern

text: portions

text: of

text: the

text: range

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: the

text: region

text: was

text: home

text: to

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals). Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as "Nature" publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. If the journal's editor considers the paper appropriate, at least two researchers preferably from the same field check the paper for soundness of its scientific argument, and must agree to publish it. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, they are actually quite different. Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually, as one would read a magazine. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.

text: In

text: academic

text: publishing

text: scientific

text: journal

text: is

text: periodical

text: publication

text: intended

text: to

text: further

text: the

text: progress

text: of

text: science

text: usually

text: by

text: reporting

text: new

text: research

text: There

text: are

text: thousands

text: of

text: scientific

text: journals

text: in

text: publication

text: and

text: many

text: more

text: have

text: been

text: published

text: at

text: various

text: points

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: see

text: list

text: of

text: scientific

text: journals

text: Most

text: journals

text: are

text: highly

text: specialized

text: although

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: journals

text: such

text: as

text: Nature

text: publish

text: articles

text: and

text: scientific

text: papers

text: across

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: scientific

text: fields

text: Scientific

text: journals

text: contain

text: articles

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: peer

text: reviewed

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: articles

text: meet

text: the

text: journal

text: 's

text: standards

text: of

text: quality

text: and

text: scientific

text: validity

text: If

text: the

text: journal

text: 's

text: editor

text: considers

text: the

text: paper

text: appropriate

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: researchers

text: preferably

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: field

text: check

text: the

text: paper

text: for

text: soundness

text: of

text: its

text: scientific

text: argument

text: and

text: must

text: agree

text: to

text: publish

text: it

text: Although

text: scientific

text: journals

text: are

text: superficially

text: similar

text: to

text: professional

text: magazines

text: they

text: are

text: actually

text: quite

text: different

text: Issues

text: of

text: scientific

text: journal

text: are

text: rarely

text: read

text: casually

text: as

text: one

text: would

text: read

text: magazine

text: The

text: publication

text: of

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: research

text: is

text: an

text: essential

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: scientific

text: method

text: If

text: they

text: are

text: describing

text: experiments

text: or

text: calculations

text: they

text: must

text: supply

text: enough

text: details

text: that

text: an

text: independent

text: researcher

text: could

text: repeat

text: the

text: experiment

text: or

text: calculation

text: to

text: verify

text: the

text: results

text: Each

text: such

text: journal

text: article

text: becomes

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: permanent

text: scientific

text: record

text: The Universe is all of time and space and its contents. It includes planets, moons, minor planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, and all matter and energy. The size of the entire Universe is unknown.

text: The

text: Universe

text: is

text: all

text: of

text: time

text: and

text: space

text: and

text: its

text: contents

text: It

text: includes

text: planets

text: moons

text: minor

text: planets

text: stars

text: galaxies

text: the

text: contents

text: of

text: intergalactic

text: space

text: and

text: all

text: matter

text: and

text: energy

text: The

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: Universe

text: is

text: unknown

text: Physiology is the scientific study of the normal function in living systems. A sub-discipline of biology, its focus is in how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. Given the size of the field, it is divided into, among others, animal physiology (including that of humans), plant physiology, cellular physiology, microbial physiology (microbial metabolism), bacterial physiology, and viral physiology. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to those who make significant achievements in this discipline by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In medicine, a physiologic state is one occurring from normal body function, rather than pathologically, which is centered on the abnormalities that occur in animal diseases, including humans.

text: Physiology

text: is

text: the

text: scientific

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: normal

text: function

text: in

text: living

text: systems

text: sub

text: discipline

text: of

text: biology

text: its

text: focus

text: is

text: in

text: how

text: organisms

text: organ

text: systems

text: organs

text: cells

text: and

text: biomolecules

text: carry

text: out

text: the

text: chemical

text: or

text: physical

text: functions

text: that

text: exist

text: in

text: living

text: system

text: Given

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: field

text: it

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: among

text: others

text: animal

text: physiology

text: including

text: that

text: of

text: humans

text: plant

text: physiology

text: cellular

text: physiology

text: microbial

text: physiology

text: microbial

text: metabolism

text: bacterial

text: physiology

text: and

text: viral

text: physiology

text: The

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Physiology

text: or

text: Medicine

text: is

text: awarded

text: to

text: those

text: who

text: make

text: significant

text: achievements

text: in

text: this

text: discipline

text: by

text: the

text: Royal

text: Swedish

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: In

text: medicine

text: physiologic

text: state

text: is

text: one

text: occurring

text: from

text: normal

text: body

text: function

text: rather

text: than

text: pathologically

text: which

text: is

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: abnormalities

text: that

text: occur

text: in

text: animal

text: diseases

text: including

text: humans

text: Physics (from , from "phúsis" "nature") is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. One of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves.

text: Physics

text: from

text: from

text: phúsis

text: nature

text: is

text: the

text: natural

text: science

text: that

text: involves

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: matter

text: and

text: its

text: motion

text: and

text: behavior

text: through

text: space

text: and

text: time

text: along

text: with

text: related

text: concepts

text: such

text: as

text: energy

text: and

text: force

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: fundamental

text: scientific

text: disciplines

text: the

text: main

text: goal

text: of

text: physics

text: is

text: to

text: understand

text: how

text: the

text: universe

text: behaves

text: Emeritus, in its current usage, is an adjective used to designate a retired professor, pastor, bishop, pope, president, prime minister, or other person.

text: Emeritus

text: in

text: its

text: current

text: usage

text: is

text: an

text: adjective

text: used

text: to

text: designate

text: retired

text: professor

text: pastor

text: bishop

text: pope

text: president

text: prime

text: minister

text: or

text: other

text: person

text: Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636, whose history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the world's most prestigious universities.

text: Harvard

text: University

text: is

text: private

text: Ivy

text: League

text: research

text: university

text: in

text: Cambridge

text: Massachusetts

text: established

text: in

text: whose

text: history

text: influence

text: and

text: wealth

text: have

text: made

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: prestigious

text: universities

text: A combined statistical area (CSA) is composed of adjacent metropolitan (MSA) and micropolitan statistical areas (µSA) in the United States and Puerto Rico that can demonstrate economic or social linkage. The United States Office of Management and Budget defines a CSA as consisting of various combinations of adjacent metropolitan and micropolitan areas with economic ties measured by commuting patterns. These areas that combine retain their own designations as metropolitan or micropolitan statistical areas within the larger combined statistical area.

text: combined

text: statistical

text: area

text: CSA

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: adjacent

text: metropolitan

text: MSA

text: and

text: micropolitan

text: statistical

text: areas

text: µSA

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: that

text: can

text: demonstrate

text: economic

text: or

text: social

text: linkage

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Office

text: of

text: Management

text: and

text: Budget

text: defines

text: CSA

text: as

text: consisting

text: of

text: various

text: combinations

text: of

text: adjacent

text: metropolitan

text: and

text: micropolitan

text: areas

text: with

text: economic

text: ties

text: measured

text: by

text: commuting

text: patterns

text: These

text: areas

text: that

text: combine

text: retain

text: their

text: own

text: designations

text: as

text: metropolitan

text: or

text: micropolitan

text: statistical

text: areas

text: within

text: the

text: larger

text: combined

text: statistical

text: area

text: A professional is a member of a profession or any person who earns their living from a specified professional activity. The term also describes the standards of education and training that prepare members of the profession with the particular knowledge and skills necessary to perform their specific role within that profession. In addition, most professionals are subject to strict codes of conduct, enshrining rigorous ethical and moral obligations. Professional standards of practice and ethics for a particular field are typically agreed upon and maintained through widely recognized professional associations, such as the IEEE. Some definitions of "professional" limit this term to those professions that serve some important aspect of public interest and the general good of society.

text: professional

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: profession

text: or

text: any

text: person

text: who

text: earns

text: their

text: living

text: from

text: specified

text: professional

text: activity

text: The

text: term

text: also

text: describes

text: the

text: standards

text: of

text: education

text: and

text: training

text: that

text: prepare

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: profession

text: with

text: the

text: particular

text: knowledge

text: and

text: skills

text: necessary

text: to

text: perform

text: their

text: specific

text: role

text: within

text: that

text: profession

text: In

text: addition

text: most

text: professionals

text: are

text: subject

text: to

text: strict

text: codes

text: of

text: conduct

text: enshrining

text: rigorous

text: ethical

text: and

text: moral

text: obligations

text: Professional

text: standards

text: of

text: practice

text: and

text: ethics

text: for

text: particular

text: field

text: are

text: typically

text: agreed

text: upon

text: and

text: maintained

text: through

text: widely

text: recognized

text: professional

text: associations

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: IEEE

text: Some

text: definitions

text: of

text: professional

text: limit

text: this

text: term

text: to

text: those

text: professions

text: that

text: serve

text: some

text: important

text: aspect

text: of

text: public

text: interest

text: and

text: the

text: general

text: good

text: of

text: society

text: Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry includes topics such as the properties of individual atoms, how atoms form chemical bonds to create chemical compounds, the interactions of substances through intermolecular forces that give matter its general properties, and the interactions between substances through chemical reactions to form different substances.

text: Chemistry

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: physical

text: science

text: that

text: studies

text: the

text: composition

text: structure

text: properties

text: and

text: change

text: of

text: matter

text: Chemistry

text: includes

text: topics

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: properties

text: of

text: individual

text: atoms

text: how

text: atoms

text: form

text: chemical

text: bonds

text: to

text: create

text: chemical

text: compounds

text: the

text: interactions

text: of

text: substances

text: through

text: intermolecular

text: forces

text: that

text: give

text: matter

text: its

text: general

text: properties

text: and

text: the

text: interactions

text: between

text: substances

text: through

text: chemical

text: reactions

text: to

text: form

text: different

text: substances

text: The American Journal of Science (AJS) is the United States of America's longest-running scientific journal, having been published continuously since its conception in 1818 by Professor Benjamin Silliman, who edited and financed it himself. Until 1880, it was also known as the "American Journal of Science and Arts", but its focus was always on natural sciences and especially on geology and related subjects.

text: The

text: American

text: Journal

text: of

text: Science

text: AJS

text: is

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: 's

text: longest

text: running

text: scientific

text: journal

text: having

text: been

text: published

text: continuously

text: since

text: its

text: conception

text: in

text: by

text: Professor

text: Benjamin

text: Silliman

text: who

text: edited

text: and

text: financed

text: it

text: himself

text: Until

text: it

text: was

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: American

text: Journal

text: of

text: Science

text: and

text: Arts

text: but

text: its

text: focus

text: was

text: always

text: on

text: natural

text: sciences

text: and

text: especially

text: on

text: geology

text: and

text: related

text: subjects

text: Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as "Washington", "the District", or simply "D.C.", is the capital of the United States.

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: formally

text: the

text: District

text: of

text: Columbia

text: and

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Washington

text: the

text: District

text: or

text: simply

text: D.C.

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: In physics, energy is the property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on  or to heat  the object, and can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The SI unit of energy is the joule, which is the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.

text: In

text: physics

text: energy

text: is

text: the

text: property

text: that

text: must

text: be

text: transferred

text: to

text: an

text: object

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: perform

text: work

text: on

text: or

text: to

text: heat

text: the

text: object

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: converted

text: in

text: form

text: but

text: not

text: created

text: or

text: destroyed

text: The

text: SI

text: unit

text: of

text: energy

text: is

text: the

text: joule

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: energy

text: transferred

text: to

text: an

text: object

text: by

text: the

text: mechanical

text: work

text: of

text: moving

text: it

text: distance

text: of

text: metre

text: against

text: force

text: of

text: newton

text: The Ohio River, which streams westward from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Cairo, Illinois, is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River in the United States. At the confluence, the Ohio is considerably bigger than the Mississippi (Ohio at Cairo: 281,500 cu ft/s (7,960 m/s); Mississippi at Thebes: 208,200 cu ft/s (5,897 m/s)) and, thus, is hydrologically the main stream of the whole river system, including the Allegheny River further upstream.

text: The

text: Ohio

text: River

text: which

text: streams

text: westward

text: from

text: Pittsburgh

text: Pennsylvania

text: to

text: Cairo

text: Illinois

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: tributary

text: by

text: volume

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: At

text: the

text: confluence

text: the

text: Ohio

text: is

text: considerably

text: bigger

text: than

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: Ohio

text: at

text: Cairo

text: cu

text: ft

text: Mississippi

text: at

text: Thebes

text: cu

text: ft

text: and

text: thus

text: is

text: hydrologically

text: the

text: main

text: stream

text: of

text: the

text: whole

text: river

text: system

text: including

text: the

text: Allegheny

text: River

text: further

text: upstream

text: Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical and/or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism (sometimes the word pharmacon is used as a term to encompass these endogenous and exogenous bioactive species). More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals.

text: Pharmacology

text: is

text: the

text: branch

text: of

text: biology

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: drug

text: action

text: where

text: drug

text: can

text: be

text: broadly

text: defined

text: as

text: any

text: man

text: made

text: natural

text: or

text: endogenous

text: from

text: within

text: body

text: molecule

text: which

text: exerts

text: biochemical

text: and/or

text: physiological

text: effect

text: on

text: the

text: cell

text: tissue

text: organ

text: or

text: organism

text: sometimes

text: the

text: word

text: pharmacon

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: term

text: to

text: encompass

text: these

text: endogenous

text: and

text: exogenous

text: bioactive

text: species

text: More

text: specifically

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: interactions

text: that

text: occur

text: between

text: living

text: organism

text: and

text: chemicals

text: that

text: affect

text: normal

text: or

text: abnormal

text: biochemical

text: function

text: If

text: substances

text: have

text: medicinal

text: properties

text: they

text: are

text: considered

text: pharmaceuticals

annotations: likely multiple

annotations: likely single

question: place_of_death george frederick barker

answer: philadelphia

text: philadelphia

text: philadelphia

text: philadelphia

text: philadelphia

text: philadelphia