text: Oxford is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire. With a population of 159,994 it is the 52nd largest city in the United Kingdom, and one of the fastest growing and most ethnically diverse. The city is situated from London, from Bristol, from both Southampton and Birmingham and from Reading.

text: Oxford

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: East

text: region

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: county

text: town

text: of

text: Oxfordshire

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: fastest

text: growing

text: and

text: most

text: ethnically

text: diverse

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: situated

text: from

text: London

text: from

text: Bristol

text: from

text: both

text: Southampton

text: and

text: Birmingham

text: and

text: from

text: Reading

text:
Badminton School is an independent, boarding and day school for girls aged 3 to 18 years situated in Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, England. Named after Badminton House in Clifton where it was founded, the school has been located at its current site since 1924 and consistently performs well in the government's league tables, particularly at A Level.
In 2008 the school was ranked third in the Financial Times top 1,000 schools.

text: Badminton

text: School

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: boarding

text: and

text: day

text: school

text: for

text: girls

text: aged

text: to

text: years

text: situated

text: in

text: Westbury

text: on

text: Trym

text: Bristol

text: England

text: Named

text: after

text: Badminton

text: House

text: in

text: Clifton

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: founded

text: the

text: school

text: has

text: been

text: located

text: at

text: its

text: current

text: site

text: since

text: and

text: consistently

text: performs

text: well

text: in

text: the

text: government

text: 's

text: league

text: tables

text: particularly

text: at

text: Level

text: In

text: the

text: school

text: was

text: ranked

text: third

text: in

text: the

text: Financial

text: Times

text: top

text: schools

text: Clifton College is a co-educational independent school in the suburb of Clifton in the port city of Bristol in South West England, founded in 1862. In its early years it was notable (compared with most Public Schools of the time) for emphasising science rather than classics in the curriculum, and for being less concerned with social elitism, e.g. by admitting day-boys on equal terms and providing a dedicated boarding house for Jewish boys. Having linked its General Studies classes with Badminton School since 1972, it admitted girls to the Sixth Form in 1987 and is now fully coeducational. The dedicated Jewish boarding house closed in 2005.

text: Clifton

text: College

text: is

text: co

text: educational

text: independent

text: school

text: in

text: the

text: suburb

text: of

text: Clifton

text: in

text: the

text: port

text: city

text: of

text: Bristol

text: in

text: South

text: West

text: England

text: founded

text: in

text: In

text: its

text: early

text: years

text: it

text: was

text: notable

text: compared

text: with

text: most

text: Public

text: Schools

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: for

text: emphasising

text: science

text: rather

text: than

text: classics

text: in

text: the

text: curriculum

text: and

text: for

text: being

text: less

text: concerned

text: with

text: social

text: elitism

text: e.g.

text: by

text: admitting

text: day

text: boys

text: on

text: equal

text: terms

text: and

text: providing

text: dedicated

text: boarding

text: house

text: for

text: Jewish

text: boys

text: Having

text: linked

text: its

text: General

text: Studies

text: classes

text: with

text: Badminton

text: School

text: since

text: it

text: admitted

text: girls

text: to

text: the

text: Sixth

text: Form

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: fully

text: coeducational

text: The

text: dedicated

text: Jewish

text: boarding

text: house

text: closed

text: in

text: South West England is one of nine official regions of England. It is the largest in area, covering and the counties of Gloucestershire, Bristol, Wiltshire, Somerset, Dorset, Devon and Cornwall, as well as the Isles of Scilly. Five million people live in South West England.

text: South

text: West

text: England

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: nine

text: official

text: regions

text: of

text: England

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: area

text: covering

text: and

text: the

text: counties

text: of

text: Gloucestershire

text: Bristol

text: Wiltshire

text: Somerset

text: Dorset

text: Devon

text: and

text: Cornwall

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: Five

text: million

text: people

text: live

text: in

text: South

text: West

text: England

text: Fleetwood is a town and civil parish within the Wyre district of Lancashire, England, lying at the northwest corner of the Fylde. It had a population of 25,939 people at the 2011 census. The site of the town has been continuously inhabited since the Middle Ages. Fleetwood acquired its modern character in the 1830s, when the principal landowner Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood, High Sheriff and MP, conceived an ambitious plan to re-develop the town to make it a busy seaport and railway spur. He commissioned the distinguished Victorian architect Decimus Burton to design a number of substantial civic buildings, including two lighthouses. Hesketh-Fleetwood's transport terminus schemes failed to materialise. The town expanded greatly in the first half of the 20th century with the growth of the UK fishing industry, and passenger ferries to the Isle of Man to become a deep-sea fishing port.

text: Fleetwood

text: is

text: town

text: and

text: civil

text: parish

text: within

text: the

text: Wyre

text: district

text: of

text: Lancashire

text: England

text: lying

text: at

text: the

text: northwest

text: corner

text: of

text: the

text: Fylde

text: It

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: people

text: at

text: the

text: census

text: The

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: town

text: has

text: been

text: continuously

text: inhabited

text: since

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Fleetwood

text: acquired

text: its

text: modern

text: character

text: in

text: the

text: when

text: the

text: principal

text: landowner

text: Peter

text: Hesketh

text: Fleetwood

text: High

text: Sheriff

text: and

text: MP

text: conceived

text: an

text: ambitious

text: plan

text: to

text: re

text: develop

text: the

text: town

text: to

text: make

text: it

text: busy

text: seaport

text: and

text: railway

text: spur

text: He

text: commissioned

text: the

text: distinguished

text: Victorian

text: architect

text: Decimus

text: Burton

text: to

text: design

text: number

text: of

text: substantial

text: civic

text: buildings

text: including

text: two

text: lighthouses

text: Hesketh

text: Fleetwood

text: 's

text: transport

text: terminus

text: schemes

text: failed

text: to

text: materialise

text: The

text: town

text: expanded

text: greatly

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: with

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: fishing

text: industry

text: and

text: passenger

text: ferries

text: to

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: to

text: become

text: deep

text: sea

text: fishing

text: port

text: Herbert Armitage James , CH ( 3 August 1844 -- 15 November 1931 ) was a Welsh cleric and headmaster of three leading public schools , who ended his `` remarkable scholastic career '' , as it was later described by Austen Chamberlain , by becoming President of St John 's College , Oxford . After an Oxford education and early teaching career at Marlborough College , he was headmaster of Rossall School from 1875 to 1886 . It was said that he raised the school `` to a pitch of all - round excellence which it had not known before '' . After suffering from health problems at Rossall , he served as Dean of St Asaph from 1886 to 1889 . He returned to teaching in 1889 , becoming headmaster of Cheltenham College and remaining in this post until 1895 , despite being offered the position of headmaster of Clifton College . He then became headmaster of Rugby School and served there to great acclaim . His Rugby School nickname of `` The Bodger '' is still in use at the school . He left Rugby School in 1909 to become President of St John 's College , Oxford , a position he held until his death 22 years later . He was a highly respected teacher and preacher , being described as one of the best preachers of his day . He was widely praised for his work at Rossall , Cheltenham , Rugby and St John 's . He was made a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour by King George V in 1926 . At a dinner in his honour held to mark this award , attended by over 200 friends and former students , he was described by Austen Chamberlain ( the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs ) as `` one of the greatest and most forceful characters who had ever devoted himself to education '' . The Lord Chancellor , Viscount Cave , also spoke at the dinner to praise James 's directness in his opinions and decisions , his weighty judgment , his high character and his kindly nature .

text: Herbert

text: Armitage

text: James

text: CH

text: August

text: November

text: was

text: Welsh

text: cleric

text: and

text: headmaster

text: of

text: three

text: leading

text: public

text: schools

text: who

text: ended

text: his

text: remarkable

text: scholastic

text: career

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: later

text: described

text: by

text: Austen

text: Chamberlain

text: by

text: becoming

text: President

text: of

text: St

text: John

text: 's

text: College

text: Oxford

text: After

text: an

text: Oxford

text: education

text: and

text: early

text: teaching

text: career

text: at

text: Marlborough

text: College

text: he

text: was

text: headmaster

text: of

text: Rossall

text: School

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: was

text: said

text: that

text: he

text: raised

text: the

text: school

text: to

text: pitch

text: of

text: all

text: round

text: excellence

text: which

text: it

text: had

text: not

text: known

text: before

text: After

text: suffering

text: from

text: health

text: problems

text: at

text: Rossall

text: he

text: served

text: as

text: Dean

text: of

text: St

text: Asaph

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: returned

text: to

text: teaching

text: in

text: becoming

text: headmaster

text: of

text: Cheltenham

text: College

text: and

text: remaining

text: in

text: this

text: post

text: until

text: despite

text: being

text: offered

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: headmaster

text: of

text: Clifton

text: College

text: He

text: then

text: became

text: headmaster

text: of

text: Rugby

text: School

text: and

text: served

text: there

text: to

text: great

text: acclaim

text: His

text: Rugby

text: School

text: nickname

text: of

text: The

text: Bodger

text: is

text: still

text: in

text: use

text: at

text: the

text: school

text: He

text: left

text: Rugby

text: School

text: in

text: to

text: become

text: President

text: of

text: St

text: John

text: 's

text: College

text: Oxford

text: position

text: he

text: held

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: years

text: later

text: He

text: was

text: highly

text: respected

text: teacher

text: and

text: preacher

text: being

text: described

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: preachers

text: of

text: his

text: day

text: He

text: was

text: widely

text: praised

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: at

text: Rossall

text: Cheltenham

text: Rugby

text: and

text: St

text: John

text: 's

text: He

text: was

text: made

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Order

text: of

text: the

text: Companions

text: of

text: Honour

text: by

text: King

text: George

text: in

text: At

text: dinner

text: in

text: his

text: honour

text: held

text: to

text: mark

text: this

text: award

text: attended

text: by

text: over

text: friends

text: and

text: former

text: students

text: he

text: was

text: described

text: by

text: Austen

text: Chamberlain

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: for

text: Foreign

text: Affairs

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: and

text: most

text: forceful

text: characters

text: who

text: had

text: ever

text: devoted

text: himself

text: to

text: education

text: The

text: Lord

text: Chancellor

text: Viscount

text: Cave

text: also

text: spoke

text: at

text: the

text: dinner

text: to

text: praise

text: James

text: 's

text: directness

text: in

text: his

text: opinions

text: and

text: decisions

text: his

text: weighty

text: judgment

text: his

text: high

text: character

text: and

text: his

text: kindly

text: nature

text: St John's College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1555 by the merchant Sir Thomas White, intended to provide a source of educated Roman Catholic clerics to support the Counter-Reformation under Queen Mary. St John's is the wealthiest college in Oxford, with a financial endowment of £442.2 million as of 2015, largely due to nineteenth century suburban development of land in the city of Oxford of which it is the ground landlord.

text: St

text: John

text: 's

text: College

text: is

text: constituent

text: college

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Oxford

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: merchant

text: Sir

text: Thomas

text: White

text: intended

text: to

text: provide

text: source

text: of

text: educated

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: clerics

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: Counter

text: Reformation

text: under

text: Queen

text: Mary

text: St

text: John

text: 's

text: is

text: the

text: wealthiest

text: college

text: in

text: Oxford

text: with

text: financial

text: endowment

text: of

text: million

text: as

text: of

text: largely

text: due

text: to

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: suburban

text: development

text: of

text: land

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Oxford

text: of

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: ground

text: landlord

text: Marlborough College is an independent boarding and day school in Marlborough, Wiltshire, England. Founded in 1843 for the sons of Church of England clergy, it is now co-educational. For the academic year 2015/16, Marlborough charges £9,610 per term for day pupils, making it the most expensive HMC day school in the UK. Fees for full boarders are up to £11,310 per term  the 28th most expensive HMC boarding school.

text: Marlborough

text: College

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: boarding

text: and

text: day

text: school

text: in

text: Marlborough

text: Wiltshire

text: England

text: Founded

text: in

text: for

text: the

text: sons

text: of

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: clergy

text: it

text: is

text: now

text: co

text: educational

text: For

text: the

text: academic

text: year

text: Marlborough

text: charges

text: per

text: term

text: for

text: day

text: pupils

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: expensive

text: HMC

text: day

text: school

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: Fees

text: for

text: full

text: boarders

text: are

text: up

text: to

text: per

text: term

text: the

text: most

text: expensive

text: HMC

text: boarding

text: school

text: Bristol is a city, unitary authority area and county in South West England with an estimated population of 449,300 in 2016. It is England's sixth and the United Kingdom's eighth most populous city, and the most populous city in Southern England after London. The city borders the Unitary Authority areas of North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, with the historic cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east, respectively.

text: Bristol

text: is

text: city

text: unitary

text: authority

text: area

text: and

text: county

text: in

text: South

text: West

text: England

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: England

text: 's

text: sixth

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: eighth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Southern

text: England

text: after

text: London

text: The

text: city

text: borders

text: the

text: Unitary

text: Authority

text: areas

text: of

text: North

text: Somerset

text: and

text: South

text: Gloucestershire

text: with

text: the

text: historic

text: cities

text: of

text: Bath

text: and

text: Gloucester

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: and

text: north

text: east

text: respectively

text: Lancashire (; archaically the County Palatine of Lancaster; abbreviated Lancs.) is a non-metropolitan ceremonial county in north west England. The county town is Lancaster although the county's administrative centre is Preston. The county has a population of 1,449,300 and an area of . People from Lancashire are known as Lancastrians.

text: Lancashire

text: archaically

text: the

text: County

text: Palatine

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: abbreviated

text: Lancs

text: is

text: non

text: metropolitan

text: ceremonial

text: county

text: in

text: north

text: west

text: England

text: The

text: county

text: town

text: is

text: Lancaster

text: although

text: the

text: county

text: 's

text: administrative

text: centre

text: is

text: Preston

text: The

text: county

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: People

text: from

text: Lancashire

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: Lancastrians

text: Arthur Neville Chamberlain, (18 March 1869  9 November 1940) was a British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940. Chamberlain is best known for his appeasement foreign policy, and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938, conceding the German-speaking Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Germany. However, when Adolf Hitler later invaded Poland, the UK declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, and Chamberlain led Britain through the first eight months of World War II.

text: Arthur

text: Neville

text: Chamberlain

text: March

text: November

text: was

text: British

text: Conservative

text: politician

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: from

text: May

text: to

text: May

text: Chamberlain

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: appeasement

text: foreign

text: policy

text: and

text: in

text: particular

text: for

text: his

text: signing

text: of

text: the

text: Munich

text: Agreement

text: in

text: conceding

text: the

text: German

text: speaking

text: Sudetenland

text: region

text: of

text: Czechoslovakia

text: to

text: Germany

text: However

text: when

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: later

text: invaded

text: Poland

text: the

text: UK

text: declared

text: war

text: on

text: Germany

text: on

text: September

text: and

text: Chamberlain

text: led

text: Britain

text: through

text: the

text: first

text: eight

text: months

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Joseph Chamberlain (8 July 1836  2 July 1914) was a British politician and statesman, who was first a radical Liberal then, after opposing Home Rule for Ireland, a Liberal Unionist, eventually serving as a leading imperialist in coalition with the Conservatives. He split both major British parties in the course of his career.

text: Joseph

text: Chamberlain

text: July

text: July

text: was

text: British

text: politician

text: and

text: statesman

text: who

text: was

text: first

text: radical

text: Liberal

text: then

text: after

text: opposing

text: Home

text: Rule

text: for

text: Ireland

text: Liberal

text: Unionist

text: eventually

text: serving

text: as

text: leading

text: imperialist

text: in

text: coalition

text: with

text: the

text: Conservatives

text: He

text: split

text: both

text: major

text: British

text: parties

text: in

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: his

text: career

text: St. Vincent Beechey (7 August 1806  19 August 1899) was a nineteenth-century vicar of Fleetwood and Thornton-Cleveleys, Lancashire and later of Worsley, Lancashire. He is known for founding Rossall School in Fleetwood, Lancashire in 1844 and was also President of the Manchester Photographic Society. At the time of his death it was believed that Beechey was the oldest clergyman in England, being 93 years old.

text: St.

text: Vincent

text: Beechey

text: August

text: August

text: was

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: vicar

text: of

text: Fleetwood

text: and

text: Thornton

text: Cleveleys

text: Lancashire

text: and

text: later

text: of

text: Worsley

text: Lancashire

text: He

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: founding

text: Rossall

text: School

text: in

text: Fleetwood

text: Lancashire

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: also

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Manchester

text: Photographic

text: Society

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: his

text: death

text: it

text: was

text: believed

text: that

text: Beechey

text: was

text: the

text: oldest

text: clergyman

text: in

text: England

text: being

text: years

text: old

text: Cheltenham , also known as Cheltenham Spa, is a regency spa town and borough which is located on the edge of the Cotswolds, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Gloucestershire, England. With a motto of "Salubritas et Eruditio" meaning 'health and education', Cheltenham has been a health and holiday spa town resort since the discovery of mineral springs in 1716 and has a high number of internationally renowned and historic schools.

text: Cheltenham

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Cheltenham

text: Spa

text: is

text: regency

text: spa

text: town

text: and

text: borough

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: Cotswolds

text: an

text: Area

text: of

text: Outstanding

text: Natural

text: Beauty

text: in

text: Gloucestershire

text: England

text: With

text: motto

text: of

text: Salubritas

text: et

text: Eruditio

text: meaning

text: health

text: and

text: education

text: Cheltenham

text: has

text: been

text: health

text: and

text: holiday

text: spa

text: town

text: resort

text: since

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: mineral

text: springs

text: in

text: and

text: has

text: high

text: number

text: of

text: internationally

text: renowned

text: and

text: historic

text: schools

text: The Church of England (C of E) is the Anglican Christian state church of England. Headed by the Archbishop of Canterbury (currently Justin Welby) and primarily governed from London with the monarch as the supreme governor, the Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. The church dates its formal establishment as a national church to the 6th-century Gregorian mission in Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury, with considerable features introduced and established during and following the English Reformation in the 16th century.

text: The

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: of

text: is

text: the

text: Anglican

text: Christian

text: state

text: church

text: of

text: England

text: Headed

text: by

text: the

text: Archbishop

text: of

text: Canterbury

text: currently

text: Justin

text: Welby

text: and

text: primarily

text: governed

text: from

text: London

text: with

text: the

text: monarch

text: as

text: the

text: supreme

text: governor

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: mother

text: church

text: of

text: the

text: international

text: Anglican

text: Communion

text: The

text: church

text: dates

text: its

text: formal

text: establishment

text: as

text: national

text: church

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: Gregorian

text: mission

text: in

text: Kent

text: led

text: by

text: Augustine

text: of

text: Canterbury

text: with

text: considerable

text: features

text: introduced

text: and

text: established

text: during

text: and

text: following

text: the

text: English

text: Reformation

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Marlborough (or ) is a market town and civil parish in the English county of Wiltshire on the Old Bath Road, the old main road from London to Bath. It boasts the second widest high street in Britain, after Stockton-on-Tees . The town is on the River Kennet.

text: Marlborough

text: or

text: is

text: market

text: town

text: and

text: civil

text: parish

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: county

text: of

text: Wiltshire

text: on

text: the

text: Old

text: Bath

text: Road

text: the

text: old

text: main

text: road

text: from

text: London

text: to

text: Bath

text: It

text: boasts

text: the

text: second

text: widest

text: high

text: street

text: in

text: Britain

text: after

text: Stockton

text: on

text: Tees

text: The

text: town

text: is

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Kennet

text: The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University or simply Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England, United Kingdom. While having no known date of foundation, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's second-oldest university in continuous operation. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled northeast to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two "ancient universities" are frequently jointly referred to as "Oxbridge".

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Oxford

text: informally

text: Oxford

text: University

text: or

text: simply

text: Oxford

text: is

text: collegiate

text: research

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Oxford

text: England

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: While

text: having

text: no

text: known

text: date

text: of

text: foundation

text: there

text: is

text: evidence

text: of

text: teaching

text: as

text: far

text: back

text: as

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: oldest

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: oldest

text: university

text: in

text: continuous

text: operation

text: It

text: grew

text: rapidly

text: from

text: when

text: Henry

text: II

text: banned

text: English

text: students

text: from

text: attending

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Paris

text: After

text: disputes

text: between

text: students

text: and

text: Oxford

text: townsfolk

text: in

text: some

text: academics

text: fled

text: northeast

text: to

text: Cambridge

text: where

text: they

text: established

text: what

text: became

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Cambridge

text: The

text: two

text: ancient

text: universities

text: are

text: frequently

text: jointly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Oxbridge

text: Cheltenham College is a co-educational independent school, located in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. One of the public schools of the Victorian period, it was opened in July 1841. A Church of England foundation, it is known for its classical, military and sporting traditions, and currently has 610 pupils.

text: Cheltenham

text: College

text: is

text: co

text: educational

text: independent

text: school

text: located

text: in

text: Cheltenham

text: Gloucestershire

text: England

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: schools

text: of

text: the

text: Victorian

text: period

text: it

text: was

text: opened

text: in

text: July

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: foundation

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: classical

text: military

text: and

text: sporting

text: traditions

text: and

text: currently

text: has

text: pupils

text: Rugby School is a day and boarding public school (private and co-educational) in Rugby, Warwickshire, England. It is one of the oldest private schools in Britain. In many ways the stereotype of the English public school is a reworking of Thomas Arnold's Rugby. It is one of the original seven English public schools defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. Rugby School enrols boarding and day students, with a total student enrolment of 800 in day student grades 4 to 12. For the academic year 2015/16, Rugby charges boarders up to £10,995 per term, making it the 39th most expensive HMC boarding school.

text: Rugby

text: School

text: is

text: day

text: and

text: boarding

text: public

text: school

text: private

text: and

text: co

text: educational

text: in

text: Rugby

text: Warwickshire

text: England

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: private

text: schools

text: in

text: Britain

text: In

text: many

text: ways

text: the

text: stereotype

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: public

text: school

text: is

text: reworking

text: of

text: Thomas

text: Arnold

text: 's

text: Rugby

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: seven

text: English

text: public

text: schools

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: Public

text: Schools

text: Act

text: Rugby

text: School

text: enrols

text: boarding

text: and

text: day

text: students

text: with

text: total

text: student

text: enrolment

text: of

text: in

text: day

text: student

text: grades

text: to

text: For

text: the

text: academic

text: year

text: Rugby

text: charges

text: boarders

text: up

text: to

text: per

text: term

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: expensive

text: HMC

text: boarding

text: school

text: Warwickshire (or ) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands of England. The county town is Warwick, although the largest town is Nuneaton. The county is famous for being the birthplace of William Shakespeare. Commonly used abbreviations for the county are Warks or Warwicks.

text: Warwickshire

text: or

text: is

text: landlocked

text: county

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: Midlands

text: of

text: England

text: The

text: county

text: town

text: is

text: Warwick

text: although

text: the

text: largest

text: town

text: is

text: Nuneaton

text: The

text: county

text: is

text: famous

text: for

text: being

text: the

text: birthplace

text: of

text: William

text: Shakespeare

text: Commonly

text: used

text: abbreviations

text: for

text: the

text: county

text: are

text: Warks

text: or

text: Warwicks

text:
Rossall School is a British, fee paying co-educational, independent school, between Cleveleys and Fleetwood, Lancashire. Rossall was founded in 1844 by St. Vincent Beechey as a sister school to Marlborough College which had been founded the previous year. Its establishment was "to provide, at a moderate cost, for the sons of Clergymen and others, a classical, mathematical and general education of the highest class, and to do all things necessary, incidental, or conducive to the attainment of the above objects."
Along with Cheltenham, Lancing and Marlborough, Rossall was part of a flurry of expansion in education during the early Victorian period. These schools were later complemented by others such as Clifton, Wellington, Malvern and Radley.

text: Rossall

text: School

text: is

text: British

text: fee

text: paying

text: co

text: educational

text: independent

text: school

text: between

text: Cleveleys

text: and

text: Fleetwood

text: Lancashire

text: Rossall

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: St.

text: Vincent

text: Beechey

text: as

text: sister

text: school

text: to

text: Marlborough

text: College

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: founded

text: the

text: previous

text: year

text: Its

text: establishment

text: was

text: to

text: provide

text: at

text: moderate

text: cost

text: for

text: the

text: sons

text: of

text: Clergymen

text: and

text: others

text: classical

text: mathematical

text: and

text: general

text: education

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: class

text: and

text: to

text: do

text: all

text: things

text: necessary

text: incidental

text: or

text: conducive

text: to

text: the

text: attainment

text: of

text: the

text: above

text: objects

text: Along

text: with

text: Cheltenham

text: Lancing

text: and

text: Marlborough

text: Rossall

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: flurry

text: of

text: expansion

text: in

text: education

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: Victorian

text: period

text: These

text: schools

text: were

text: later

text: complemented

text: by

text: others

text: such

text: as

text: Clifton

text: Wellington

text: Malvern

text: and

text: Radley

text: The Public Schools Act 1868 was enacted by the British Parliament to reform and regulate seven of the leading English boys' schools of the time, most of which had grown out of ancient charity schools for the education of a certain number of poor scholars, but were then, as they do today, also educating many sons of the English upper and upper-middle classes on a fee-paying basis.

text: The

text: Public

text: Schools

text: Act

text: was

text: enacted

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: Parliament

text: to

text: reform

text: and

text: regulate

text: seven

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: English

text: boys

text: schools

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: most

text: of

text: which

text: had

text: grown

text: out

text: of

text: ancient

text: charity

text: schools

text: for

text: the

text: education

text: of

text: certain

text: number

text: of

text: poor

text: scholars

text: but

text: were

text: then

text: as

text: they

text: do

text: today

text: also

text: educating

text: many

text: sons

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: upper

text: and

text: upper

text: middle

text: classes

text: on

text: fee

text: paying

text: basis

text: Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity. This covers the ancient Mediterranean world, particularly ancient Greece and Rome. It encompasses the study of ancient languages, literature, philosophy, history, and archaeology. Traditionally in the West, the study of the Greek and Roman classics was considered one of the cornerstones of the humanities and a necessary part of a rounded education. Since the 20th century, however, Classics is no longer a part of a typical elite education.

text: Classics

text: or

text: classical

text: studies

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: This

text: covers

text: the

text: ancient

text: Mediterranean

text: world

text: particularly

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: Rome

text: It

text: encompasses

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: ancient

text: languages

text: literature

text: philosophy

text: history

text: and

text: archaeology

text: Traditionally

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: and

text: Roman

text: classics

text: was

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: cornerstones

text: of

text: the

text: humanities

text: and

text: necessary

text: part

text: of

text: rounded

text: education

text: Since

text: the

text: century

text: however

text: Classics

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: part

text: of

text: typical

text: elite

text: education

text: Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain KG (16 October 1863  17 March 1937) was a British statesman, son of Joseph Chamberlain and half-brother of Neville Chamberlain.

text: Sir

text: Joseph

text: Austen

text: Chamberlain

text: KG

text: October

text: March

text: was

text: British

text: statesman

text: son

text: of

text: Joseph

text: Chamberlain

text: and

text: half

text: brother

text: of

text: Neville

text: Chamberlain

annotations: follows single

question: country_of_citizenship herbert armitage james

answer: united kingdom

text: united kingdom

text: united kingdom

text: united kingdom

text: united kingdom


text: Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport. The state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U.S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word "Connecticut" is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for "long tidal river".

text: Connecticut

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: England

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: Connecticut

text: is

text: also

text: often

text: grouped

text: along

text: with

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: New

text: Jersey

text: as

text: the

text: Tri

text: State

text: Area

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Massachusetts

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Long

text: Island

text: Sound

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Its

text: capital

text: city

text: is

text: Hartford

text: and

text: its

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: is

text: Bridgeport

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: named

text: for

text: the

text: Connecticut

text: River

text: major

text: U.S.

text: river

text: that

text: approximately

text: bisects

text: the

text: state

text: The

text: word

text: Connecticut

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: various

text: anglicized

text: spellings

text: of

text: an

text: Algonquian

text: word

text: for

text: long

text: tidal

text: river

text: New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeast United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and south, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and north, respectively. The Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast, and Long Island Sound is to the south. Boston is its largest city. Its largest metropolitan area is Greater Boston, which also includes Worcester (the second-largest city in New England), Manchester (the largest city in New Hampshire), and Providence (the capital and largest city of Rhode Island), with nearly a third of the entire region's population.

text: New

text: England

text: is

text: geographical

text: region

text: comprising

text: six

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: northeast

text: United

text: States

text: Connecticut

text: Maine

text: Massachusetts

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: and

text: Vermont

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: provinces

text: of

text: New

text: Brunswick

text: and

text: Quebec

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: north

text: respectively

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: and

text: Long

text: Island

text: Sound

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Boston

text: is

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: Its

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: is

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: Worcester

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: Manchester

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: and

text: Providence

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: with

text: nearly

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: region

text: 's

text: population

text: There are a number of areas in the 48 contiguous United States known informally as tri-state areas. Often, a tri-state area is an area associated with a particular town or metropolis that lies across three states. Some, but not all, of these involve a state boundary tripoint. Other "tri-state" areas have a more diffuse population that shares a connected economy and geography, especially with respect to climate, such as the tri-state area of Indiana, Ohio and Michigan.

text: There

text: are

text: number

text: of

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: contiguous

text: United

text: States

text: known

text: informally

text: as

text: tri

text: state

text: areas

text: Often

text: tri

text: state

text: area

text: is

text: an

text: area

text: associated

text: with

text: particular

text: town

text: or

text: metropolis

text: that

text: lies

text: across

text: three

text: states

text: Some

text: but

text: not

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: involve

text: state

text: boundary

text: tripoint

text: Other

text: tri

text: state

text: areas

text: have

text: more

text: diffuse

text: population

text: that

text: shares

text: connected

text: economy

text: and

text: geography

text: especially

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: climate

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: tri

text: state

text: area

text: of

text: Indiana

text: Ohio

text: and

text: Michigan

text: Long Island Sound is a tidal estuary of the Atlantic Ocean, lying between the eastern shores of Bronx County, New York City, southern Westchester County, and Connecticut to the north, and the North Shore of Long Island, to the south. From east to west, the sound stretches 110 miles (177 km) from the East River in New York City, along the North Shore of Long Island, to Block Island Sound. A mix of freshwater from tributaries and saltwater from the ocean, Long Island Sound is 21 miles (34 km) at its widest point and varies in depth from .

text: Long

text: Island

text: Sound

text: is

text: tidal

text: estuary

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: lying

text: between

text: the

text: eastern

text: shores

text: of

text: Bronx

text: County

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: southern

text: Westchester

text: County

text: and

text: Connecticut

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Shore

text: of

text: Long

text: Island

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: From

text: east

text: to

text: west

text: the

text: sound

text: stretches

text: miles

text: km

text: from

text: the

text: East

text: River

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: along

text: the

text: North

text: Shore

text: of

text: Long

text: Island

text: to

text: Block

text: Island

text: Sound

text: mix

text: of

text: freshwater

text: from

text: tributaries

text: and

text: saltwater

text: from

text: the

text: ocean

text: Long

text: Island

text: Sound

text: is

text: miles

text: km

text: at

text: its

text: widest

text: point

text: and

text: varies

text: in

text: depth

text: from

text: A state education agency (SEA), or state department of education, is a formal governmental label for the state-level government agencies within each U.S. state responsible for providing information, resources, and technical assistance on educational matters to schools and residents.

text: state

text: education

text: agency

text: SEA

text: or

text: state

text: department

text: of

text: education

text: is

text: formal

text: governmental

text: label

text: for

text: the

text: state

text: level

text: government

text: agencies

text: within

text: each

text: U.S.

text: state

text: responsible

text: for

text: providing

text: information

text: resources

text: and

text: technical

text: assistance

text: on

text: educational

text: matters

text: to

text: schools

text: and

text: residents

text: The Connecticut State Board of Education is the governing body of the Connecticut State Department of Education, the state education agency of Connecticut. The board and the department oversee public education in the state, distribute funds to the state's 166 school districts, and operates the Connecticut Technical High School System.

text: The

text: Connecticut

text: State

text: Board

text: of

text: Education

text: is

text: the

text: governing

text: body

text: of

text: the

text: Connecticut

text: State

text: Department

text: of

text: Education

text: the

text: state

text: education

text: agency

text: of

text: Connecticut

text: The

text: board

text: and

text: the

text: department

text: oversee

text: public

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: distribute

text: funds

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: school

text: districts

text: and

text: operates

text: the

text: Connecticut

text: Technical

text: High

text: School

text: System

text: A school district is a form of special-purpose district which serves to operate local public primary and secondary schools, for formal academic or scholastic teaching, in various nations.

text: school

text: district

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: special

text: purpose

text: district

text: which

text: serves

text: to

text: operate

text: local

text: public

text: primary

text: and

text: secondary

text: schools

text: for

text: formal

text: academic

text: or

text: scholastic

text: teaching

text: in

text: various

text: nations

text: The Connecticut State Department of Education is a branch of the state government of Connecticut in the United States . The agency is headquartered in the State Office Building at 165 Capitol Avenue in Hartford . The department , under the supervision of the Connecticut State Board of Education , oversees public education in the state , distribute funds to the state 's 166 school districts , and operates the Connecticut Technical High School System .

text: The

text: Connecticut

text: State

text: Department

text: of

text: Education

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: government

text: of

text: Connecticut

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: agency

text: is

text: headquartered

text: in

text: the

text: State

text: Office

text: Building

text: at

text: Capitol

text: Avenue

text: in

text: Hartford

text: The

text: department

text: under

text: the

text: supervision

text: of

text: the

text: Connecticut

text: State

text: Board

text: of

text: Education

text: oversees

text: public

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: distribute

text: funds

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: school

text: districts

text: and

text: operates

text: the

text: Connecticut

text: Technical

text: High

text: School

text: System

text: Massachusetts ; officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which once inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston. Over 80% of Massachusetts' population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution. During the 20th century, Massachusetts' economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade.

text: Massachusetts

text: officially

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: England

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Connecticut

text: and

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: and

text: Vermont

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: named

text: for

text: the

text: Massachusett

text: tribe

text: which

text: once

text: inhabited

text: the

text: area

text: The

text: capital

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: is

text: Boston

text: Over

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: population

text: lives

text: in

text: the

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: region

text: influential

text: upon

text: American

text: history

text: academia

text: and

text: industry

text: Originally

text: dependent

text: on

text: agriculture

text: fishing

text: and

text: trade

text: Massachusetts

text: was

text: transformed

text: into

text: manufacturing

text: center

text: during

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: During

text: the

text: century

text: Massachusetts

text: economy

text: shifted

text: from

text: manufacturing

text: to

text: services

text: Modern

text: Massachusetts

text: is

text: global

text: leader

text: in

text: biotechnology

text: engineering

text: higher

text: education

text: finance

text: and

text: maritime

text: trade

text: New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern United States and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia and is the third-wealthiest U.S. state by per capita income as of 2014.

text: New

text: Jersey

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: mid

text: Atlantic

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: by

text: New

text: York

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Pennsylvania

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: by

text: Delaware

text: New

text: Jersey

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: smallest

text: state

text: but

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: New

text: Jersey

text: lies

text: entirely

text: within

text: the

text: combined

text: statistical

text: areas

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: Philadelphia

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: wealthiest

text: U.S.

text: state

text: by

text: per

text: capita

text: income

text: as

text: of

text: The Connecticut River is the longest river in the New England region of the United States. Flowing roughly southward for through four U.S. states, the Connecticut rises at the U.S. border with Quebec, Canada, and discharges at Long Island Sound. Its watershed encompasses five U.S. states and one Canadian province   via 148 tributaries, 38 of which are major rivers. Discharging at per second, the Connecticut produces 70% of Long Island Sound's fresh water.

text: The

text: Connecticut

text: River

text: is

text: the

text: longest

text: river

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: England

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Flowing

text: roughly

text: southward

text: for

text: through

text: four

text: U.S.

text: states

text: the

text: Connecticut

text: rises

text: at

text: the

text: U.S.

text: border

text: with

text: Quebec

text: Canada

text: and

text: discharges

text: at

text: Long

text: Island

text: Sound

text: Its

text: watershed

text: encompasses

text: five

text: U.S.

text: states

text: and

text: one

text: Canadian

text: province

text: via

text: tributaries

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: major

text: rivers

text: Discharging

text: at

text: per

text: second

text: the

text: Connecticut

text: produces

text: of

text: Long

text: Island

text: Sound

text: 's

text: fresh

text: water

text: The state of Connecticut funds and operates the Connecticut Technical High School System (CTHSS), a statewide system of 17 degree-granting technical high schools and one technical education center, serving approximately 10,200 full-time high school students with comprehensive education and training in 38 occupational areas. CTHSS also serves approximately 5,500 part-time adult students in apprenticeship and other programs. Two full-time adult programs are offered in aviation maintenance.

text: The

text: state

text: of

text: Connecticut

text: funds

text: and

text: operates

text: the

text: Connecticut

text: Technical

text: High

text: School

text: System

text: CTHSS

text: statewide

text: system

text: of

text: degree

text: granting

text: technical

text: high

text: schools

text: and

text: one

text: technical

text: education

text: center

text: serving

text: approximately

text: full

text: time

text: high

text: school

text: students

text: with

text: comprehensive

text: education

text: and

text: training

text: in

text: occupational

text: areas

text: CTHSS

text: also

text: serves

text: approximately

text: part

text: time

text: adult

text: students

text: in

text: apprenticeship

text: and

text: other

text: programs

text: Two

text: full

text: time

text: adult

text: programs

text: are

text: offered

text: in

text: aviation

text: maintenance

text: Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the eighth least populous, and the second most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states, following New Jersey. Its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound. The state also shares a short maritime border with New York.

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: officially

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: and

text: Providence

text: Plantations

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: England

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: in

text: area

text: the

text: eighth

text: least

text: populous

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: states

text: following

text: New

text: Jersey

text: Its

text: official

text: name

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: longest

text: of

text: any

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Union

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Connecticut

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Massachusetts

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: via

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: Sound

text: and

text: Block

text: Island

text: Sound

text: The

text: state

text: also

text: shares

text: short

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: New

text: York

annotations: follows multiple

question: instance_of connecticut state department of education

answer: state education agency

text: state education agency

text: state education agency


text: The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power of Indulgences are a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany. They advance Luther's positions against what he saw as abusive practices by preachers selling plenary indulgences, which were certificates believed to reduce the temporal punishment for sins committed by the purchasers themselves or their loved ones in purgatory. In the "Theses", Luther claimed that the repentance required by Christ in order for sins to be forgiven involves inner spiritual repentance rather than the system of sacramental confession of the Catholic Church. He argued that indulgences lead Christians to avoid true repentance and sorrow for sin, believing that they can forgo it by purchasing an indulgence. They also, according to Luther, discourage Christians from giving to the poor and performing other acts of mercy, believing that indulgence certificates were more spiritually valuable. Though Luther claimed that his positions on indulgences accorded with those of the pope, the "Theses" challenge a fourteenth-century papal bull stating that the pope could use the treasury of merit and the good deeds of past saints to forgive temporal punishment for sins. The "Theses" are framed as propositions to be argued in debate rather than necessarily representing Luther's opinions, but Luther later clarified his views in the "Explanations of the Disputation Concerning the Value of Indulgences".

text: The

text: Ninety

text: five

text: Theses

text: or

text: Disputation

text: on

text: the

text: Power

text: of

text: Indulgences

text: are

text: list

text: of

text: propositions

text: for

text: an

text: academic

text: disputation

text: written

text: in

text: by

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: professor

text: of

text: moral

text: theology

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Wittenberg

text: Germany

text: They

text: advance

text: Luther

text: 's

text: positions

text: against

text: what

text: he

text: saw

text: as

text: abusive

text: practices

text: by

text: preachers

text: selling

text: plenary

text: indulgences

text: which

text: were

text: certificates

text: believed

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: temporal

text: punishment

text: for

text: sins

text: committed

text: by

text: the

text: purchasers

text: themselves

text: or

text: their

text: loved

text: ones

text: in

text: purgatory

text: In

text: the

text: Theses

text: Luther

text: claimed

text: that

text: the

text: repentance

text: required

text: by

text: Christ

text: in

text: order

text: for

text: sins

text: to

text: be

text: forgiven

text: involves

text: inner

text: spiritual

text: repentance

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: system

text: of

text: sacramental

text: confession

text: of

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: He

text: argued

text: that

text: indulgences

text: lead

text: Christians

text: to

text: avoid

text: true

text: repentance

text: and

text: sorrow

text: for

text: sin

text: believing

text: that

text: they

text: can

text: forgo

text: it

text: by

text: purchasing

text: an

text: indulgence

text: They

text: also

text: according

text: to

text: Luther

text: discourage

text: Christians

text: from

text: giving

text: to

text: the

text: poor

text: and

text: performing

text: other

text: acts

text: of

text: mercy

text: believing

text: that

text: indulgence

text: certificates

text: were

text: more

text: spiritually

text: valuable

text: Though

text: Luther

text: claimed

text: that

text: his

text: positions

text: on

text: indulgences

text: accorded

text: with

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: pope

text: the

text: Theses

text: challenge

text: fourteenth

text: century

text: papal

text: bull

text: stating

text: that

text: the

text: pope

text: could

text: use

text: the

text: treasury

text: of

text: merit

text: and

text: the

text: good

text: deeds

text: of

text: past

text: saints

text: to

text: forgive

text: temporal

text: punishment

text: for

text: sins

text: The

text: Theses

text: are

text: framed

text: as

text: propositions

text: to

text: be

text: argued

text: in

text: debate

text: rather

text: than

text: necessarily

text: representing

text: Luther

text: 's

text: opinions

text: but

text: Luther

text: later

text: clarified

text: his

text: views

text: in

text: the

text: Explanations

text: of

text: the

text: Disputation

text: Concerning

text: the

text: Value

text: of

text: Indulgences

text: John Calvin (; born : 10 July 150927 May 1564) was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism, aspects of which include the doctrines of predestination and of the absolute sovereignty of God in salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation, in which doctrines Calvin was influenced by and elaborated upon the Augustinian and other early Christian traditions. Various Congregational, Reformed, and Presbyterian churches, which look to Calvin as the chief expositor of their beliefs, have spread throughout the world.

text: John

text: Calvin

text: born

text: July

text: May

text: was

text: an

text: influential

text: French

text: theologian

text: and

text: pastor

text: during

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: He

text: was

text: principal

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: system

text: of

text: Christian

text: theology

text: later

text: called

text: Calvinism

text: aspects

text: of

text: which

text: include

text: the

text: doctrines

text: of

text: predestination

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: absolute

text: sovereignty

text: of

text: God

text: in

text: salvation

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: soul

text: from

text: death

text: and

text: eternal

text: damnation

text: in

text: which

text: doctrines

text: Calvin

text: was

text: influenced

text: by

text: and

text: elaborated

text: upon

text: the

text: Augustinian

text: and

text: other

text: early

text: Christian

text: traditions

text: Various

text: Congregational

text: Reformed

text: and

text: Presbyterian

text: churches

text: which

text: look

text: to

text: Calvin

text: as

text: the

text: chief

text: expositor

text: of

text: their

text: beliefs

text: have

text: spread

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: Huldrych Zwingli or Ulrich Zwingli (1 January 1484  11 October 1531) was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. Born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swiss mercenary system, he attended the University of Vienna and the University of Basel, a scholarly center of Renaissance humanism. He continued his studies while he served as a pastor in Glarus and later in Einsiedeln, where he was influenced by the writings of Erasmus.

text: Huldrych

text: Zwingli

text: or

text: Ulrich

text: Zwingli

text: January

text: October

text: was

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Reformation

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: Born

text: during

text: time

text: of

text: emerging

text: Swiss

text: patriotism

text: and

text: increasing

text: criticism

text: of

text: the

text: Swiss

text: mercenary

text: system

text: he

text: attended

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Vienna

text: and

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Basel

text: scholarly

text: center

text: of

text: Renaissance

text: humanism

text: He

text: continued

text: his

text: studies

text: while

text: he

text: served

text: as

text: pastor

text: in

text: Glarus

text: and

text: later

text: in

text: Einsiedeln

text: where

text: he

text: was

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: writings

text: of

text: Erasmus

text:
The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster, effectively ending the European wars of religion.
These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (16181648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War (15681648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic.

text: The

text: Peace

text: of

text: Westphalia

text: was

text: series

text: of

text: peace

text: treaties

text: signed

text: between

text: May

text: and

text: October

text: in

text: the

text: Westphalian

text: cities

text: of

text: Osnabrück

text: and

text: Münster

text: effectively

text: ending

text: the

text: European

text: wars

text: of

text: religion

text: These

text: treaties

text: ended

text: the

text: Thirty

text: Years

text: War

text: in

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: the

text: Eighty

text: Years

text: War

text: between

text: Spain

text: and

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Republic

text: with

text: Spain

text: formally

text: recognizing

text: the

text: independence

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Republic

text:
Martin Luther (10 November 1483  18 February 1546), O.S.A., was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.
Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money, proposing an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his "Ninety-five Theses" of 1517. His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: November

text: February

text: O.S.A.

text: was

text: German

text: professor

text: of

text: theology

text: composer

text: priest

text: monk

text: and

text: seminal

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: Luther

text: came

text: to

text: reject

text: several

text: teachings

text: and

text: practices

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: He

text: strongly

text: disputed

text: the

text: claim

text: that

text: freedom

text: from

text: God

text: 's

text: punishment

text: for

text: sin

text: could

text: be

text: purchased

text: with

text: money

text: proposing

text: an

text: academic

text: discussion

text: of

text: the

text: practice

text: and

text: efficacy

text: of

text: indulgences

text: in

text: his

text: Ninety

text: five

text: Theses

text: of

text: His

text: refusal

text: to

text: renounce

text: all

text: of

text: his

text: writings

text: at

text: the

text: demand

text: of

text: Pope

text: Leo

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: Charles

text: at

text: the

text: Diet

text: of

text: Worms

text: in

text: resulted

text: in

text: his

text: excommunication

text: by

text: the

text: Pope

text: and

text: condemnation

text: as

text: an

text: outlaw

text: by

text: the

text: Emperor

text:
The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, as well as the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties.
Initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers. These states employed relatively large mercenary armies, and the war became less about religion and more of a continuation of the FranceHabsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence. In the 17th century, religious beliefs and practices were a much larger influence on an average European than they are today. During that era, almost everyone was vested on one side of the dispute or another, which was also closely tied to people's ethnicities and loyalties, as religious beliefs affected ideas of the legitimacy of the political status of rulers.

text: The

text: Thirty

text: Years

text: War

text: was

text: series

text: of

text: wars

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: between

text: and

text: It

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: longest

text: and

text: most

text: destructive

text: conflicts

text: in

text: European

text: history

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: deadliest

text: European

text: religious

text: war

text: resulting

text: in

text: eight

text: million

text: casualties

text: Initially

text: war

text: between

text: various

text: Protestant

text: and

text: Catholic

text: states

text: in

text: the

text: fragmented

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: it

text: gradually

text: developed

text: into

text: more

text: general

text: conflict

text: involving

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powers

text: These

text: states

text: employed

text: relatively

text: large

text: mercenary

text: armies

text: and

text: the

text: war

text: became

text: less

text: about

text: religion

text: and

text: more

text: of

text: continuation

text: of

text: the

text: FranceHabsburg

text: rivalry

text: for

text: European

text: political

text: pre

text: eminence

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: religious

text: beliefs

text: and

text: practices

text: were

text: much

text: larger

text: influence

text: on

text: an

text: average

text: European

text: than

text: they

text: are

text: today

text: During

text: that

text: era

text: almost

text: everyone

text: was

text: vested

text: on

text: one

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: dispute

text: or

text: another

text: which

text: was

text: also

text: closely

text: tied

text: to

text: people

text: 's

text: ethnicities

text: and

text: loyalties

text: as

text: religious

text: beliefs

text: affected

text: ideas

text: of

text: the

text: legitimacy

text: of

text: the

text: political

text: status

text: of

text: rulers

text: The Protestant Reformation, often referred to simply as the Reformation (from Latin "reformatio", "restoration, renewal"), was a schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other early Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe. Timing most commonly used for this period is from 1517 (the Ninety-five Theses are published by Martin Luther) to 1648 (Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War).

text: The

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: simply

text: as

text: the

text: Reformation

text: from

text: Latin

text: reformatio

text: restoration

text: renewal

text: was

text: schism

text: from

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: initiated

text: by

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: and

text: continued

text: by

text: John

text: Calvin

text: Huldrych

text: Zwingli

text: and

text: other

text: early

text: Protestant

text: Reformers

text: in

text: century

text: Europe

text: Timing

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text: for

text: this

text: period

text: is

text: from

text: the

text: Ninety

text: five

text: Theses

text: are

text: published

text: by

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: to

text: Peace

text: of

text: Westphalia

text: ends

text: the

text: Thirty

text: Years

text: War

text: Christoph Schappeler ( 1472 -- August 25 , 1551 ) was a German religious figure , the preacher at St. Martin 's in Memmingen during the early 16th century , during the Protestant Reformation and the German Peasants ' War . He tended to side with the poor , causing the senate to regulate his sermons in 1516 . However , by 1521 the climate had changed such that the senate was giving him support . When he was excommunicated in 1524 , the senate refused to follow the bishop 's order to have him banished . It is believed that Schappeler and Sebastian Lotzer wrote The Twelve Articles : The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed in early 1525 . Within two months of its initial publication in Memmingen , twenty - five thousand copies of the Twelve Articles had spread throughout Europe . The Twelve Articles was a religious petition that utilized Luther 's ideas to appeal for peasants ' rights .

text: Christoph

text: Schappeler

text: August

text: was

text: German

text: religious

text: figure

text: the

text: preacher

text: at

text: St.

text: Martin

text: 's

text: in

text: Memmingen

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: during

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: and

text: the

text: German

text: Peasants

text: War

text: He

text: tended

text: to

text: side

text: with

text: the

text: poor

text: causing

text: the

text: senate

text: to

text: regulate

text: his

text: sermons

text: in

text: However

text: by

text: the

text: climate

text: had

text: changed

text: such

text: that

text: the

text: senate

text: was

text: giving

text: him

text: support

text: When

text: he

text: was

text: excommunicated

text: in

text: the

text: senate

text: refused

text: to

text: follow

text: the

text: bishop

text: 's

text: order

text: to

text: have

text: him

text: banished

text: It

text: is

text: believed

text: that

text: Schappeler

text: and

text: Sebastian

text: Lotzer

text: wrote

text: The

text: Twelve

text: Articles

text: The

text: Just

text: and

text: Fundamental

text: Articles

text: of

text: All

text: the

text: Peasantry

text: and

text: Tenants

text: of

text: Spiritual

text: and

text: Temporal

text: Powers

text: by

text: Whom

text: They

text: Think

text: Themselves

text: Oppressed

text: in

text: early

text: Within

text: two

text: months

text: of

text: its

text: initial

text: publication

text: in

text: Memmingen

text: twenty

text: five

text: thousand

text: copies

text: of

text: the

text: Twelve

text: Articles

text: had

text: spread

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: The

text: Twelve

text: Articles

text: was

text: religious

text: petition

text: that

text: utilized

text: Luther

text: 's

text: ideas

text: to

text: appeal

text: for

text: peasants

text: rights

text: A schism (pronounced , or, less commonly) is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization, movement, or religious denomination. The word is most frequently applied to a split in what had previously been a single religious body, such as the EastWest Schism or the Great Western Schism. It is also used of a split within a non-religious organization or movement or, more broadly, of a separation between two or more people, be it brothers, friends, lovers, etc.

text: schism

text: pronounced

text: or

text: less

text: commonly

text: is

text: division

text: between

text: people

text: usually

text: belonging

text: to

text: an

text: organization

text: movement

text: or

text: religious

text: denomination

text: The

text: word

text: is

text: most

text: frequently

text: applied

text: to

text: split

text: in

text: what

text: had

text: previously

text: been

text: single

text: religious

text: body

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: EastWest

text: Schism

text: or

text: the

text: Great

text: Western

text: Schism

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: of

text: split

text: within

text: non

text: religious

text: organization

text: or

text: movement

text: or

text: more

text: broadly

text: of

text: separation

text: between

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: people

text: be

text: it

text: brothers

text: friends

text: lovers

text: etc

text: Protestant Reformers were those theologians, churchmen and statesmen whose careers, works and actions brought about the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century. Historically speaking, "Protestant" was the name given to those theologians, magnates and delegations present at the Holy Roman Imperial Diet of Speyer in 1529 who protested the revocation of the suspension, granted at a prior Diet of Speyer in 1526, of Edict of Worms of 1521, which had outlawed Martin Luther and his followers.

text: Protestant

text: Reformers

text: were

text: those

text: theologians

text: churchmen

text: and

text: statesmen

text: whose

text: careers

text: works

text: and

text: actions

text: brought

text: about

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Historically

text: speaking

text: Protestant

text: was

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: those

text: theologians

text: magnates

text: and

text: delegations

text: present

text: at

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Imperial

text: Diet

text: of

text: Speyer

text: in

text: who

text: protested

text: the

text: revocation

text: of

text: the

text: suspension

text: granted

text: at

text: prior

text: Diet

text: of

text: Speyer

text: in

text: of

text: Edict

text: of

text: Worms

text: of

text: which

text: had

text: outlawed

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: and

text: his

text: followers

question: occupation christoph schappeler

answer: theologian

text: theologian