text: Nova Scotia (Latin for "New Scotland"; French: "Nouvelle-Écosse") is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is Canada's second-smallest province, with an area of , including Cape Breton and another 3,800 coastal islands. As of 2011, the population was 921,727, making Nova Scotia the second most-densely populated province in Canada with almost .

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: Latin

text: for

text: New

text: Scotland

text: French

text: Nouvelle

text: Écosse

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: Canada

text: 's

text: three

text: Maritime

text: provinces

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: provinces

text: which

text: form

text: Atlantic

text: Canada

text: Its

text: provincial

text: capital

text: is

text: Halifax

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: is

text: Canada

text: 's

text: second

text: smallest

text: province

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: including

text: Cape

text: Breton

text: and

text: another

text: coastal

text: islands

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: was

text: making

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: province

text: in

text: Canada

text: with

text: almost

text: Atlantic Canada is the region of Canada comprising the four provinces located on the Atlantic coast, excluding Quebec: the three Maritime provinces  New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia  and the easternmost province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The population of the four Atlantic provinces in 2011 was about 2,300,000 on half a million km.

text: Atlantic

text: Canada

text: is

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Canada

text: comprising

text: the

text: four

text: provinces

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: excluding

text: Quebec

text: the

text: three

text: Maritime

text: provinces

text: New

text: Brunswick

text: Prince

text: Edward

text: Island

text: and

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: and

text: the

text: easternmost

text: province

text: of

text: Newfoundland

text: and

text: Labrador

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: Atlantic

text: provinces

text: in

text: was

text: about

text: on

text: half

text: million

text: km

text: Canada (French: ) is a country in the northern half of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering , making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Canada's border with the United States is the world's longest land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. About four-fifths of the country's population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, its largest city is Toronto; other major urban areas include Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg and Hamilton.

text: Canada

text: French

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: half

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: Its

text: ten

text: provinces

text: and

text: three

text: territories

text: extend

text: from

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: to

text: the

text: Pacific

text: and

text: northward

text: into

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: covering

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: total

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: Canada

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: longest

text: land

text: border

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: cold

text: or

text: severely

text: cold

text: winter

text: climate

text: but

text: southerly

text: areas

text: are

text: warm

text: in

text: summer

text: Canada

text: is

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: its

text: land

text: territory

text: being

text: dominated

text: by

text: forest

text: and

text: tundra

text: and

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: About

text: four

text: fifths

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: urbanized

text: and

text: live

text: near

text: the

text: southern

text: border

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Ottawa

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Toronto

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Montreal

text: Vancouver

text: Calgary

text: Edmonton

text: Quebec

text: City

text: Winnipeg

text: and

text: Hamilton

text: The Princess Louise Fusiliers is a Primary Reserve Light Infantry Regiment of the Canadian Forces.

text: The

text: Princess

text: Louise

text: Fusiliers

text: is

text: Primary

text: Reserve

text: Light

text: Infantry

text: Regiment

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Forces

text: The Primary Reserve of the Canadian Armed Forces is the first and largest of the four sub-components of the Canadian Forces reserves, followed by the Supplementary Reserve, the Canadian Rangers, and the Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (formerly the Cadet Instructors Cadre).

text: The

text: Primary

text: Reserve

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: and

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: sub

text: components

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Forces

text: reserves

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Supplementary

text: Reserve

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Rangers

text: and

text: the

text: Cadet

text: Organizations

text: Administration

text: and

text: Training

text: Service

text: formerly

text: the

text: Cadet

text: Instructors

text: Cadre

text: The Halifax Armoury is a prominent and historic structure in central Halifax Nova Scotia . The armoury is currently the home base of 1st ( Halifax - Dartmouth ) Field Artillery Regiment , The Princess Louise Fusiliers , and several other reserve units . The building remains an active military structure .

text: The

text: Halifax

text: Armoury

text: is

text: prominent

text: and

text: historic

text: structure

text: in

text: central

text: Halifax

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: The

text: armoury

text: is

text: currently

text: the

text: home

text: base

text: of

text: Halifax

text: Dartmouth

text: Field

text: Artillery

text: Regiment

text: The

text: Princess

text: Louise

text: Fusiliers

text: and

text: several

text: other

text: reserve

text: units

text: The

text: building

text: remains

text: an

text: active

text: military

text: structure

annotations: likely single

question: owned_by halifax armoury

answer: canadian forces

text: canadian forces

text: canadian forces


text: The music industry consists of the companies and individuals that earn money by creating new songs and pieces and selling live concerts and shows, audio and video recordings, compositions and sheet music, and the organizations and associations that aid and represent creators. Among the many individuals and organizations that operate in the industry are: the songwriters and composers who create new songs and musical pieces; the singers, musicians, conductors and bandleaders who perform the music; the companies and professionals who create and sell recorded music and/or sheet music (e.g., music publishers, music producers, recording studios, engineers, record labels, retail and online music stores, performance rights organizations); and those that help organize and present live music performances (sound engineers, booking agents, promoters, music venues, road crew).

text: The

text: music

text: industry

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: companies

text: and

text: individuals

text: that

text: earn

text: money

text: by

text: creating

text: new

text: songs

text: and

text: pieces

text: and

text: selling

text: live

text: concerts

text: and

text: shows

text: audio

text: and

text: video

text: recordings

text: compositions

text: and

text: sheet

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: organizations

text: and

text: associations

text: that

text: aid

text: and

text: represent

text: creators

text: Among

text: the

text: many

text: individuals

text: and

text: organizations

text: that

text: operate

text: in

text: the

text: industry

text: are

text: the

text: songwriters

text: and

text: composers

text: who

text: create

text: new

text: songs

text: and

text: musical

text: pieces

text: the

text: singers

text: musicians

text: conductors

text: and

text: bandleaders

text: who

text: perform

text: the

text: music

text: the

text: companies

text: and

text: professionals

text: who

text: create

text: and

text: sell

text: recorded

text: music

text: and/or

text: sheet

text: music

text: e.g.

text: music

text: publishers

text: music

text: producers

text: recording

text: studios

text: engineers

text: record

text: labels

text: retail

text: and

text: online

text: music

text: stores

text: performance

text: rights

text: organizations

text: and

text: those

text: that

text: help

text: organize

text: and

text: present

text: live

text: music

text: performances

text: sound

text: engineers

text: booking

text: agents

text: promoters

text: music

text: venues

text: road

text: crew

text: Misanthropy Pure is the debut single from the hardcore punk band Shai Hulud off their third album Misanthropy Pure . A music video was made for the song , directed by David Brodsky . The video aired a number of times on MTV2 's Headbanger 's Ball and was chosen as viewer 's choice . It features text - treatments of many of the song 's lyrics . Lyrics have long been considered one of Shai Hulud 's strongest elements and when discussing the video with Brodsky , Matt Fox suggested that they be highlighted in some way or other . It is , reportedly , the first formal music video that Shai Hulud has made .

text: Misanthropy

text: Pure

text: is

text: the

text: debut

text: single

text: from

text: the

text: hardcore

text: punk

text: band

text: Shai

text: Hulud

text: off

text: their

text: third

text: album

text: Misanthropy

text: Pure

text: music

text: video

text: was

text: made

text: for

text: the

text: song

text: directed

text: by

text: David

text: Brodsky

text: The

text: video

text: aired

text: number

text: of

text: times

text: on

text: 's

text: Headbanger

text: 's

text: Ball

text: and

text: was

text: chosen

text: as

text: viewer

text: 's

text: choice

text: It

text: features

text: text

text: treatments

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: song

text: 's

text: lyrics

text: Lyrics

text: have

text: long

text: been

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: Shai

text: Hulud

text: 's

text: strongest

text: elements

text: and

text: when

text: discussing

text: the

text: video

text: with

text: Brodsky

text: Matt

text: Fox

text: suggested

text: that

text: they

text: be

text: highlighted

text: in

text: some

text: way

text: or

text: other

text: It

text: is

text: reportedly

text: the

text: first

text: formal

text: music

text: video

text: that

text: Shai

text: Hulud

text: has

text: made

text: Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in the United States in the 1950s, and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has its roots in 1940s' and 1950s' rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as electric blues and folk, and incorporated influences from jazz, classical and other musical sources.

text: Rock

text: music

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: popular

text: music

text: that

text: originated

text: as

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: developed

text: into

text: range

text: of

text: different

text: styles

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: later

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: has

text: its

text: roots

text: in

text: and

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: itself

text: heavily

text: influenced

text: by

text: blues

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: and

text: country

text: music

text: Rock

text: music

text: also

text: drew

text: strongly

text: on

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: genres

text: such

text: as

text: electric

text: blues

text: and

text: folk

text: and

text: incorporated

text: influences

text: from

text: jazz

text: classical

text: and

text: other

text: musical

text: sources

text: Metal Blade Records is a heavy metal record label founded by Brian Slagel in 1982. The U.S. corporate office for Metal Blade is located in Agoura Hills, California. It also has offices in Germany, Japan, Canada, and the UK. The label is distributed in the U.S. by RED Distribution, and in Canada by Sony Music Entertainment. It was distributed by Warner Bros. Records in the United States from 1988 to 1993.

text: Metal

text: Blade

text: Records

text: is

text: heavy

text: metal

text: record

text: label

text: founded

text: by

text: Brian

text: Slagel

text: in

text: The

text: U.S.

text: corporate

text: office

text: for

text: Metal

text: Blade

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: Agoura

text: Hills

text: California

text: It

text: also

text: has

text: offices

text: in

text: Germany

text: Japan

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: UK

text: The

text: label

text: is

text: distributed

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: by

text: RED

text: Distribution

text: and

text: in

text: Canada

text: by

text: Sony

text: Music

text: Entertainment

text: It

text: was

text: distributed

text: by

text: Warner

text: Bros.

text: Records

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: from

text: to

text: Shai Hulud is an American metalcore band formed in Pompano Beach, Florida in 1995 then later moved to Poughkeepsie, New York. The band is named after the giant sandworms in Frank Herbert's novel "Dune".

text: Shai

text: Hulud

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: metalcore

text: band

text: formed

text: in

text: Pompano

text: Beach

text: Florida

text: in

text: then

text: later

text: moved

text: to

text: Poughkeepsie

text: New

text: York

text: The

text: band

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: giant

text: sandworms

text: in

text: Frank

text: Herbert

text: 's

text: novel

text: Dune

text: Hearts Once Nourished with Hope and Compassion is the first full-length album by American hardcore punk band Shai Hulud, released on November 4, 1997, on Crisis Records. "Hearts Once Nourished with Hope and Compassion" received positive reviews and became very influential in the emerging metalcore scene of the late 1990s.

text: Hearts

text: Once

text: Nourished

text: with

text: Hope

text: and

text: Compassion

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: full

text: length

text: album

text: by

text: American

text: hardcore

text: punk

text: band

text: Shai

text: Hulud

text: released

text: on

text: November

text: on

text: Crisis

text: Records

text: Hearts

text: Once

text: Nourished

text: with

text: Hope

text: and

text: Compassion

text: received

text: positive

text: reviews

text: and

text: became

text: very

text: influential

text: in

text: the

text: emerging

text: metalcore

text: scene

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: Misanthropy Pure is the third studio album by hardcore punk band Shai Hulud, released on May 26 in Europe (except in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy, where it arrived on May 30) and May 27 in the U.S. through Metal Blade Records, the band's first record release by that label. It has been described as the blender between 1997's "Hearts Once Nourished with Hope and Compassion" and 2003's "That Within Blood Ill-Tempered", by Shai Hulud's guitarist, Matt Fox:

text: Misanthropy

text: Pure

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: studio

text: album

text: by

text: hardcore

text: punk

text: band

text: Shai

text: Hulud

text: released

text: on

text: May

text: in

text: Europe

text: except

text: in

text: Germany

text: Austria

text: Switzerland

text: and

text: Italy

text: where

text: it

text: arrived

text: on

text: May

text: and

text: May

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: through

text: Metal

text: Blade

text: Records

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: first

text: record

text: release

text: by

text: that

text: label

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: blender

text: between

text: 's

text: Hearts

text: Once

text: Nourished

text: with

text: Hope

text: and

text: Compassion

text: and

text: 's

text: That

text: Within

text: Blood

text: Ill

text: Tempered

text: by

text: Shai

text: Hulud

text: 's

text: guitarist

text: Matt

text: Fox

text: Hardcore punk (often abbreviated to hardcore) is a punk rock music genre that originated in the late 1970s. It is generally faster, harder, and more aggressive than other forms of punk rock. Its roots can be traced to earlier punk scenes in San Francisco and Southern California which arose as a reaction against the still predominant hippie cultural climate of the time and was also inspired by New York punk rock and early proto-punk. New York punk had a harder-edged sound than its San Francisco counterpart, featuring anti-art expressions of masculine anger, energy and subversive humor. Hardcore punk generally disavows commercialism, the established music industry and "anything similar to the characteristics of mainstream rock" and often addresses social and political topics.

text: Hardcore

text: punk

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: hardcore

text: is

text: punk

text: rock

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: It

text: is

text: generally

text: faster

text: harder

text: and

text: more

text: aggressive

text: than

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: punk

text: rock

text: Its

text: roots

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: to

text: earlier

text: punk

text: scenes

text: in

text: San

text: Francisco

text: and

text: Southern

text: California

text: which

text: arose

text: as

text: reaction

text: against

text: the

text: still

text: predominant

text: hippie

text: cultural

text: climate

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: and

text: was

text: also

text: inspired

text: by

text: New

text: York

text: punk

text: rock

text: and

text: early

text: proto

text: punk

text: New

text: York

text: punk

text: had

text: harder

text: edged

text: sound

text: than

text: its

text: San

text: Francisco

text: counterpart

text: featuring

text: anti

text: art

text: expressions

text: of

text: masculine

text: anger

text: energy

text: and

text: subversive

text: humor

text: Hardcore

text: punk

text: generally

text: disavows

text: commercialism

text: the

text: established

text: music

text: industry

text: and

text: anything

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: characteristics

text: of

text: mainstream

text: rock

text: and

text: often

text: addresses

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: topics

text: Punk rock (or simply "punk") is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid 1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as "proto-punk" music, punk rock bands rejected perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock. Punk bands typically use short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic; many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels.

text: Punk

text: rock

text: or

text: simply

text: punk

text: is

text: rock

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: to

text: mid

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Australia

text: Rooted

text: in

text: garage

text: rock

text: and

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: proto

text: punk

text: music

text: punk

text: rock

text: bands

text: rejected

text: perceived

text: excesses

text: of

text: mainstream

text: rock

text: Punk

text: bands

text: typically

text: use

text: short

text: or

text: fast

text: paced

text: songs

text: with

text: hard

text: edged

text: melodies

text: and

text: singing

text: styles

text: stripped

text: down

text: instrumentation

text: and

text: often

text: political

text: anti

text: establishment

text: lyrics

text: Punk

text: embraces

text: DIY

text: ethic

text: many

text: bands

text: self

text: produce

text: recordings

text: and

text: distribute

text: them

text: through

text: informal

text: channels

text: That Within Blood Ill-Tempered is the second studio album by hardcore punk band Shai Hulud. It was released on May 20, 2003, through Revelation Records on CD and 300 pressings on LP format. A picture disc was released through Matt Fox's At Dawn We Wage War (former Ides of March) Records on March 30, 2004, with 1100 pressings. The album title was confirmed on November 12, 2000, and the recording and mixing was finished in May 2002, but due to artwork disagreements, the record was not released until a year later. This record is the only full-length album released with Geert van der Velde on vocals.

text: That

text: Within

text: Blood

text: Ill

text: Tempered

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: studio

text: album

text: by

text: hardcore

text: punk

text: band

text: Shai

text: Hulud

text: It

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: May

text: through

text: Revelation

text: Records

text: on

text: CD

text: and

text: pressings

text: on

text: LP

text: format

text: picture

text: disc

text: was

text: released

text: through

text: Matt

text: Fox

text: 's

text: At

text: Dawn

text: We

text: Wage

text: War

text: former

text: Ides

text: of

text: March

text: Records

text: on

text: March

text: with

text: pressings

text: The

text: album

text: title

text: was

text: confirmed

text: on

text: November

text: and

text: the

text: recording

text: and

text: mixing

text: was

text: finished

text: in

text: May

text: but

text: due

text: to

text: artwork

text: disagreements

text: the

text: record

text: was

text: not

text: released

text: until

text: year

text: later

text: This

text: record

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: full

text: length

text: album

text: released

text: with

text: Geert

text: van

text: der

text: Velde

text: on

text: vocals

text: Southern California, often abbreviated as SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises California's 10 southernmost counties. The region is traditionally described as eight counties, based on demographics and economic ties: Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Ventura. The more extensive 10-county definition, which includes Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, is also used based on historical political divisions. Southern California is a major economic center for the state of California and the United States.

text: Southern

text: California

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: SoCal

text: is

text: geographic

text: and

text: cultural

text: region

text: that

text: generally

text: comprises

text: California

text: 's

text: southernmost

text: counties

text: The

text: region

text: is

text: traditionally

text: described

text: as

text: eight

text: counties

text: based

text: on

text: demographics

text: and

text: economic

text: ties

text: Imperial

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Orange

text: Riverside

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: San

text: Diego

text: Santa

text: Barbara

text: and

text: Ventura

text: The

text: more

text: extensive

text: definition

text: which

text: includes

text: Kern

text: and

text: San

text: Luis

text: Obispo

text: counties

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: based

text: on

text: historical

text: political

text: divisions

text: Southern

text: California

text: is

text: major

text: economic

text: center

text: for

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: California

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Proto-punk (or "protopunk") is the rock music played by garage bands<ref name="Bangs (RS-2nd ed./Garage)"></ref> from the 1960s and early 1970s that presaged the punk rock movement. A retroactive label, the musicians involved were not originally associated with each other, coming from a variety of backgrounds and styles, but together they anticipated many of punk's musical and thematic attributes.

text: Proto

text: punk

text: or

text: protopunk

text: is

text: the

text: rock

text: music

text: played

text: by

text: garage

text: bands

text: ref

text: name="Bangs

text: ed./Garage)"></ref

text: from

text: the

text: and

text: early

text: that

text: presaged

text: the

text: punk

text: rock

text: movement

text: retroactive

text: label

text: the

text: musicians

text: involved

text: were

text: not

text: originally

text: associated

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: coming

text: from

text: variety

text: of

text: backgrounds

text: and

text: styles

text: but

text: together

text: they

text: anticipated

text: many

text: of

text: punk

text: 's

text: musical

text: and

text: thematic

text: attributes

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: record_label misanthropy pure

answer: metal blade records

text: metal blade records

text: metal blade records


text: Jurisdiction (from the Latin "ius, " meaning "law" and "" meaning "to speak") is the practical authority granted to a legal body to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility, e.g., Michigan tax law. In the federations like USA, areas of jurisdiction apply to local, state, and federal levels; e.g. the court has jurisdiction to apply federal law.

text: Jurisdiction

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: ius

text: meaning

text: law

text: and

text: meaning

text: to

text: speak

text: is

text: the

text: practical

text: authority

text: granted

text: to

text: legal

text: body

text: to

text: administer

text: justice

text: within

text: defined

text: area

text: of

text: responsibility

text: e.g.

text: Michigan

text: tax

text: law

text: In

text: the

text: federations

text: like

text: USA

text: areas

text: of

text: jurisdiction

text: apply

text: to

text: local

text: state

text: and

text: federal

text: levels

text: e.g.

text: the

text: court

text: has

text: jurisdiction

text: to

text: apply

text: federal

text: law

text: Common law (also known as case law or precedent) is law developed by judges, courts, and similar tribunals, stated in decisions that nominally decide individual cases but that in addition have precedential effect on future cases. Common law is a third branch of law, in contrast to and on equal footing with statutes which are adopted through the legislative process, and regulations which are promulgated by the executive branch. In cases where the parties disagree on what the law is, a common law court looks to past precedential decisions of relevant courts. If a similar dispute has been resolved in the past, the court is usually bound to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision (a principle known as "stare decisis"). If, however, the court finds that the current dispute is fundamentally distinct from all previous cases (called a "matter of first impression"), judges have the authority and duty to resolve the issue (one party or the other has to win, and on disagreements of law, judges make that decision). Resolution of the issue in one case becomes precedent that binds future courts. "Stare decisis", the principle that cases should be decided according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar results, lies at the heart of all common law systems.

text: Common

text: law

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: case

text: law

text: or

text: precedent

text: is

text: law

text: developed

text: by

text: judges

text: courts

text: and

text: similar

text: tribunals

text: stated

text: in

text: decisions

text: that

text: nominally

text: decide

text: individual

text: cases

text: but

text: that

text: in

text: addition

text: have

text: precedential

text: effect

text: on

text: future

text: cases

text: Common

text: law

text: is

text: third

text: branch

text: of

text: law

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: and

text: on

text: equal

text: footing

text: with

text: statutes

text: which

text: are

text: adopted

text: through

text: the

text: legislative

text: process

text: and

text: regulations

text: which

text: are

text: promulgated

text: by

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: In

text: cases

text: where

text: the

text: parties

text: disagree

text: on

text: what

text: the

text: law

text: is

text: common

text: law

text: court

text: looks

text: to

text: past

text: precedential

text: decisions

text: of

text: relevant

text: courts

text: If

text: similar

text: dispute

text: has

text: been

text: resolved

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: the

text: court

text: is

text: usually

text: bound

text: to

text: follow

text: the

text: reasoning

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: prior

text: decision

text: principle

text: known

text: as

text: stare

text: decisis

text: If

text: however

text: the

text: court

text: finds

text: that

text: the

text: current

text: dispute

text: is

text: fundamentally

text: distinct

text: from

text: all

text: previous

text: cases

text: called

text: matter

text: of

text: first

text: impression

text: judges

text: have

text: the

text: authority

text: and

text: duty

text: to

text: resolve

text: the

text: issue

text: one

text: party

text: or

text: the

text: other

text: has

text: to

text: win

text: and

text: on

text: disagreements

text: of

text: law

text: judges

text: make

text: that

text: decision

text: Resolution

text: of

text: the

text: issue

text: in

text: one

text: case

text: becomes

text: precedent

text: that

text: binds

text: future

text: courts

text: Stare

text: decisis

text: the

text: principle

text: that

text: cases

text: should

text: be

text: decided

text: according

text: to

text: consistent

text: principled

text: rules

text: so

text: that

text: similar

text: facts

text: will

text: yield

text: similar

text: results

text: lies

text: at

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: all

text: common

text: law

text: systems

text: The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency.

text: The

text: euro

text: sign

text: code

text: EUR

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: currency

text: of

text: the

text: eurozone

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Austria

text: Belgium

text: Cyprus

text: Estonia

text: Finland

text: France

text: Germany

text: Greece

text: Ireland

text: Italy

text: Latvia

text: Lithuania

text: Luxembourg

text: Malta

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Portugal

text: Slovakia

text: Slovenia

text: and

text: Spain

text: The

text: currency

text: is

text: also

text: officially

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: institutions

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: four

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: unilaterally

text: by

text: two

text: others

text: and

text: is

text: consequently

text: used

text: daily

text: by

text: some

text: million

text: Europeans

text: Outside

text: of

text: Europe

text: number

text: of

text: overseas

text: territories

text: of

text: EU

text: members

text: also

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: as

text: their

text: currency

text: The Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), is one of the three public universities of Lyon, France. The dominant areas of study covered by the university are science and medicine. The main administrative, teaching and research facilities are located in Villeurbanne. Other campus are the domains of Gerland, Rockefeller and Laennec. Attached to the University are the Hospices civils de Lyon including the "Centre hospitalier Lyon Sud", which is the largest teaching hospital in the Rhône-Alpes region and second largest in France.

text: The

text: Université

text: Claude

text: Bernard

text: Lyon

text: UCBL

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: public

text: universities

text: of

text: Lyon

text: France

text: The

text: dominant

text: areas

text: of

text: study

text: covered

text: by

text: the

text: university

text: are

text: science

text: and

text: medicine

text: The

text: main

text: administrative

text: teaching

text: and

text: research

text: facilities

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: Villeurbanne

text: Other

text: campus

text: are

text: the

text: domains

text: of

text: Gerland

text: Rockefeller

text: and

text: Laennec

text: Attached

text: to

text: the

text: University

text: are

text: the

text: Hospices

text: civils

text: de

text: Lyon

text: including

text: the

text: Centre

text: hospitalier

text: Lyon

text: Sud

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: teaching

text: hospital

text: in

text: the

text: Rhône

text: Alpes

text: region

text: and

text: second

text: largest

text: in

text: France

text: A republic (from ) is a sovereign state, country, or government which is organized with a form of government in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power according to the rule of law. In modern times, the definition of a republic commonly refers to a government which excludes a monarch. Currently, 147 of the world's 206 sovereign states use the word "republic" as part of their official names; not all of these are republics in the sense of having elected governments, nor do all nations with elected governments use the word "republic" in their names.

text: republic

text: from

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: country

text: or

text: government

text: which

text: is

text: organized

text: with

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: in

text: which

text: power

text: resides

text: in

text: elected

text: individuals

text: representing

text: the

text: citizen

text: body

text: and

text: government

text: leaders

text: exercise

text: power

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: In

text: modern

text: times

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: republic

text: commonly

text: refers

text: to

text: government

text: which

text: excludes

text: monarch

text: Currently

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sovereign

text: states

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: republic

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: official

text: names

text: not

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: are

text: republics

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: having

text: elected

text: governments

text: nor

text: do

text: all

text: nations

text: with

text: elected

text: governments

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: republic

text: in

text: their

text: names

text: A decree is a rule of law usually issued by a head of state (such as the president of a republic or a monarch), according to certain procedures (usually established in a constitution). It has the force of law. The particular term used for this concept may vary from country to country. The "executive orders" made by the President of the United States, for example, are decrees (although a decree is not exactly an order). In non-legal English usage, however, the term refers to any authoritarian decision.

text: decree

text: is

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: usually

text: issued

text: by

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: president

text: of

text: republic

text: or

text: monarch

text: according

text: to

text: certain

text: procedures

text: usually

text: established

text: in

text: constitution

text: It

text: has

text: the

text: force

text: of

text: law

text: The

text: particular

text: term

text: used

text: for

text: this

text: concept

text: may

text: vary

text: from

text: country

text: to

text: country

text: The

text: executive

text: orders

text: made

text: by

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: example

text: are

text: decrees

text: although

text: decree

text: is

text: not

text: exactly

text: an

text: order

text: In

text: non

text: legal

text: English

text: usage

text: however

text: the

text: term

text: refers

text: to

text: any

text: authoritarian

text: decision

text: A statute is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that governs a state, city or country. Typically, statutes command or prohibit something, or declare policy. Statutes are rules made by legislative bodies; they are distinguished from case law or precedent, which is decided by courts, and regulations issued by government agencies. Statute law is written by a government's legislative body and signed into law by its executive.

text: statute

text: is

text: formal

text: written

text: enactment

text: of

text: legislative

text: authority

text: that

text: governs

text: state

text: city

text: or

text: country

text: Typically

text: statutes

text: command

text: or

text: prohibit

text: something

text: or

text: declare

text: policy

text: Statutes

text: are

text: rules

text: made

text: by

text: legislative

text: bodies

text: they

text: are

text: distinguished

text: from

text: case

text: law

text: or

text: precedent

text: which

text: is

text: decided

text: by

text: courts

text: and

text: regulations

text: issued

text: by

text: government

text: agencies

text: Statute

text: law

text: is

text: written

text: by

text: government

text: 's

text: legislative

text: body

text: and

text: signed

text: into

text: law

text: by

text: its

text: executive

text: Lille  is a city in northern France, in French Flanders. On the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region and the prefecture of the Nord department.

text: Lille

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: northern

text: France

text: in

text: French

text: Flanders

text: On

text: the

text: Deûle

text: River

text: near

text: France

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: Belgium

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Hauts

text: de

text: France

text: region

text: and

text: the

text: prefecture

text: of

text: the

text: Nord

text: department

text: The University of Lyon, located in Lyon and Saint-Étienne, France, is a center for higher education and research comprising 16 institutions of higher education. The three main universities in this center are: Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, which focuses upon health and science studies and has approximately 27,000 students; Lumière University Lyon 2, which focuses upon the social sciences and has about 30,000 students; Jean Moulin University Lyon 3, which focuses upon the humanities and law with about 20,000 students.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Lyon

text: located

text: in

text: Lyon

text: and

text: Saint

text: Étienne

text: France

text: is

text: center

text: for

text: higher

text: education

text: and

text: research

text: comprising

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: The

text: three

text: main

text: universities

text: in

text: this

text: center

text: are

text: Claude

text: Bernard

text: University

text: Lyon

text: which

text: focuses

text: upon

text: health

text: and

text: science

text: studies

text: and

text: has

text: approximately

text: students

text: Lumière

text: University

text: Lyon

text: which

text: focuses

text: upon

text: the

text: social

text: sciences

text: and

text: has

text: about

text: students

text: Jean

text: Moulin

text: University

text: Lyon

text: which

text: focuses

text: upon

text: the

text: humanities

text: and

text: law

text: with

text: about

text: students

text:
Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory. Rights are of essential importance in such disciplines as law and ethics, especially theories of justice and deontology.
Rights are often considered fundamental to civilization, being regarded as established pillars of society and culture, and the history of social conflicts can be found in the history of each right and its development. According to the "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "rights structure the form of governments, the content of laws, and the shape of morality as it is currently perceived".

text: Rights

text: are

text: legal

text: social

text: or

text: ethical

text: principles

text: of

text: freedom

text: or

text: entitlement

text: that

text: is

text: rights

text: are

text: the

text: fundamental

text: normative

text: rules

text: about

text: what

text: is

text: allowed

text: of

text: people

text: or

text: owed

text: to

text: people

text: according

text: to

text: some

text: legal

text: system

text: social

text: convention

text: or

text: ethical

text: theory

text: Rights

text: are

text: of

text: essential

text: importance

text: in

text: such

text: disciplines

text: as

text: law

text: and

text: ethics

text: especially

text: theories

text: of

text: justice

text: and

text: deontology

text: Rights

text: are

text: often

text: considered

text: fundamental

text: to

text: civilization

text: being

text: regarded

text: as

text: established

text: pillars

text: of

text: society

text: and

text: culture

text: and

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: social

text: conflicts

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: each

text: right

text: and

text: its

text: development

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Stanford

text: Encyclopedia

text: of

text: Philosophy

text: rights

text: structure

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: governments

text: the

text: content

text: of

text: laws

text: and

text: the

text: shape

text: of

text: morality

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: currently

text: perceived

text: In legal systems based on common law, a precedent, or authority, is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts . Common law legal systems place great value on deciding cases according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar and predictable outcomes, and observance of precedent is the mechanism by which that goal is attained. The principle by which judges are bound to precedents is known as stare decisis. Black's Law Dictionary defines "precedent" as a "rule of law established for the first time by a court for a particular type of case and thereafter referred to in deciding similar cases." Common law precedent is a third kind of law, on equal footing with statutory law (statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies), and Delegated legislation (in U.K. parlance) or regulatory law (in U.S. parlance) (regulations promulgated by executive branch agencies).

text: In

text: legal

text: systems

text: based

text: on

text: common

text: law

text: precedent

text: or

text: authority

text: is

text: principle

text: or

text: rule

text: established

text: in

text: previous

text: legal

text: case

text: that

text: is

text: either

text: binding

text: on

text: or

text: persuasive

text: for

text: court

text: or

text: other

text: tribunal

text: when

text: deciding

text: subsequent

text: cases

text: with

text: similar

text: issues

text: or

text: facts

text: Common

text: law

text: legal

text: systems

text: place

text: great

text: value

text: on

text: deciding

text: cases

text: according

text: to

text: consistent

text: principled

text: rules

text: so

text: that

text: similar

text: facts

text: will

text: yield

text: similar

text: and

text: predictable

text: outcomes

text: and

text: observance

text: of

text: precedent

text: is

text: the

text: mechanism

text: by

text: which

text: that

text: goal

text: is

text: attained

text: The

text: principle

text: by

text: which

text: judges

text: are

text: bound

text: to

text: precedents

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: stare

text: decisis

text: Black

text: 's

text: Law

text: Dictionary

text: defines

text: precedent

text: as

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: established

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: by

text: court

text: for

text: particular

text: type

text: of

text: case

text: and

text: thereafter

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: deciding

text: similar

text: cases

text: Common

text: law

text: precedent

text: is

text: third

text: kind

text: of

text: law

text: on

text: equal

text: footing

text: with

text: statutory

text: law

text: statutes

text: and

text: codes

text: enacted

text: by

text: legislative

text: bodies

text: and

text: Delegated

text: legislation

text: in

text: U.K.

text: parlance

text: or

text: regulatory

text: law

text: in

text: U.S.

text: parlance

text: regulations

text: promulgated

text: by

text: executive

text: branch

text: agencies

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior. State-enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes, by the executive through decrees and regulations, or established by judges through precedent, normally in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people.

text: Law

text: is

text: system

text: of

text: rules

text: that

text: are

text: created

text: and

text: enforced

text: through

text: social

text: or

text: governmental

text: institutions

text: to

text: regulate

text: behavior

text: State

text: enforced

text: laws

text: can

text: be

text: made

text: by

text: collective

text: legislature

text: or

text: by

text: single

text: legislator

text: resulting

text: in

text: statutes

text: by

text: the

text: executive

text: through

text: decrees

text: and

text: regulations

text: or

text: established

text: by

text: judges

text: through

text: precedent

text: normally

text: in

text: common

text: law

text: jurisdictions

text: Private

text: individuals

text: can

text: create

text: legally

text: binding

text: contracts

text: including

text: arbitration

text: agreements

text: that

text: may

text: elect

text: to

text: accept

text: alternative

text: arbitration

text: to

text: the

text: normal

text: court

text: process

text: The

text: formation

text: of

text: laws

text: themselves

text: may

text: be

text: influenced

text: by

text: constitution

text: written

text: or

text: tacit

text: and

text: the

text: rights

text: encoded

text: therein

text: The

text: law

text: shapes

text: politics

text: economics

text: history

text: and

text: society

text: in

text: various

text: ways

text: and

text: serves

text: as

text: mediator

text: of

text: relations

text: between

text: people

text: Bruno Julliard ( born 9 February 1981 ) is the former chairman of the UNEF , the main student union in France . He studies public law at the University of Lyon . Julliard was born in Le - Puy - en - Velay , Haute - Loire , Auvergne , where his mother , Arlette Arnaud - Landau , is now a Socialist mayor . His stepfather is a Socialist militant , and his grandfather was in the French Resistance during World War II , during which he was shot . Julliard joined UNEF in 1999 . He became the student vice-president of the University of Lyon and chairman of the university 's student union in 2001 . In 2003 , he entered the UNEF National Board . From 2004 to 2006 , he was elected to the National Council for Higher Education and Research ( Conseil National de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche ) , an advisory body to the French Ministry of Education . Since July 2005 , he has been the leader of the Majorité Nationale fraction and , therefore , chairman of the UNEF . He was among the protesting student leaders during the enormous social movement of 2005 against the CPE law . Before being elected chairman of the UNEF , Julliard was a local branch leader of the French Young Socialist Movement ( Mouvement des Jeunes Socialistes ) and Socialist Party . In 2011 , Julliard came out as gay .

text: Bruno

text: Julliard

text: born

text: February

text: is

text: the

text: former

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: UNEF

text: the

text: main

text: student

text: union

text: in

text: France

text: He

text: studies

text: public

text: law

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Lyon

text: Julliard

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Le

text: Puy

text: en

text: Velay

text: Haute

text: Loire

text: Auvergne

text: where

text: his

text: mother

text: Arlette

text: Arnaud

text: Landau

text: is

text: now

text: Socialist

text: mayor

text: His

text: stepfather

text: is

text: Socialist

text: militant

text: and

text: his

text: grandfather

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: Resistance

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: during

text: which

text: he

text: was

text: shot

text: Julliard

text: joined

text: UNEF

text: in

text: He

text: became

text: the

text: student

text: vice

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Lyon

text: and

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: student

text: union

text: in

text: In

text: he

text: entered

text: the

text: UNEF

text: National

text: Board

text: From

text: to

text: he

text: was

text: elected

text: to

text: the

text: National

text: Council

text: for

text: Higher

text: Education

text: and

text: Research

text: Conseil

text: National

text: de

text: l'Enseignement

text: Supérieur

text: et

text: de

text: la

text: Recherche

text: an

text: advisory

text: body

text: to

text: the

text: French

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Education

text: Since

text: July

text: he

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Majorité

text: Nationale

text: fraction

text: and

text: therefore

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: UNEF

text: He

text: was

text: among

text: the

text: protesting

text: student

text: leaders

text: during

text: the

text: enormous

text: social

text: movement

text: of

text: against

text: the

text: CPE

text: law

text: Before

text: being

text: elected

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: UNEF

text: Julliard

text: was

text: local

text: branch

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Young

text: Socialist

text: Movement

text: Mouvement

text: des

text: Jeunes

text: Socialistes

text: and

text: Socialist

text: Party

text: In

text: Julliard

text: came

text: out

text: as

text: gay

text: A contract is a voluntary arrangement between two or more parties that is enforceable by law as a binding legal agreement. Contract is a branch of the law of obligations in jurisdictions of the civil law tradition. Contract law concerns the rights and duties that arise from agreements.

text: contract

text: is

text: voluntary

text: arrangement

text: between

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: parties

text: that

text: is

text: enforceable

text: by

text: law

text: as

text: binding

text: legal

text: agreement

text: Contract

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: of

text: obligations

text: in

text: jurisdictions

text: of

text: the

text: civil

text: law

text: tradition

text: Contract

text: law

text: concerns

text: the

text: rights

text: and

text: duties

text: that

text: arise

text: from

text: agreements

text: Economics (, ) is a social science concerned with the factors that determine the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term "economics" comes from the Ancient Greek from (', pronounced "eekos", "house") and (', "custom" or "law"), hence "rules of the house (hold for good management)". 'Political economy' was the earlier name for the subject, but economists in the late 19th century suggested "economics" as a shorter term for "economic science" to establish itself as a separate discipline outside of political science and other social sciences.

text: Economics

text: is

text: social

text: science

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: factors

text: that

text: determine

text: the

text: production

text: distribution

text: and

text: consumption

text: of

text: goods

text: and

text: services

text: The

text: term

text: economics

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: from

text: pronounced

text: eekos

text: house

text: and

text: custom

text: or

text: law

text: hence

text: rules

text: of

text: the

text: house

text: hold

text: for

text: good

text: management

text: Political

text: economy

text: was

text: the

text: earlier

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: subject

text: but

text: economists

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: suggested

text: economics

text: as

text: shorter

text: term

text: for

text: economic

text: science

text: to

text: establish

text: itself

text: as

text: separate

text: discipline

text: outside

text: of

text: political

text: science

text: and

text: other

text: social

text: sciences

text: Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human culture. In the Middle Ages, the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now called classics, the main area of secular study in universities at the time. Today, the humanities are more frequently contrasted with natural and sometimes social sciences as well as professional training.

text: Humanities

text: are

text: academic

text: disciplines

text: that

text: study

text: aspects

text: of

text: human

text: culture

text: In

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: the

text: term

text: contrasted

text: with

text: divinity

text: and

text: referred

text: to

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: called

text: classics

text: the

text: main

text: area

text: of

text: secular

text: study

text: in

text: universities

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: Today

text: the

text: humanities

text: are

text: more

text: frequently

text: contrasted

text: with

text: natural

text: and

text: sometimes

text: social

text: sciences

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: professional

text: training

text: Lumière University Lyon 2 is one of the three universities that comprise the current University of Lyon, having splintered from an older university of the same name, and is primarily based on two campuses in Lyon itself. It has a total of 27,500 students studying for three-to-eight-year degrees in the arts, humanities and social sciences.

text: Lumière

text: University

text: Lyon

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: universities

text: that

text: comprise

text: the

text: current

text: University

text: of

text: Lyon

text: having

text: splintered

text: from

text: an

text: older

text: university

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: and

text: is

text: primarily

text: based

text: on

text: two

text: campuses

text: in

text: Lyon

text: itself

text: It

text: has

text: total

text: of

text: students

text: studying

text: for

text: three

text: to

text: eight

text: year

text: degrees

text: in

text: the

text: arts

text: humanities

text: and

text: social

text: sciences

text: The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric (or "shelf") sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. It is more than long and wide, with an area of around .

text: The

text: North

text: Sea

text: is

text: marginal

text: sea

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: located

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: Scandinavia

text: Germany

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Belgium

text: and

text: France

text: An

text: epeiric

text: or

text: shelf

text: sea

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: continental

text: shelf

text: it

text: connects

text: to

text: the

text: ocean

text: through

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Norwegian

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: long

text: and

text: wide

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: around

annotations: follows single

question: educated_at bruno julliard

answer: lumière university lyon 2

text: lumière university lyon 2

text: lumière university lyon 2