text: Egypt (; ', , "Kimi"), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with Egypt. It is the world's only contiguous Afrasian nation.

text: Egypt

text: Kimi

text: officially

text: the

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: of

text: Egypt

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: spanning

text: the

text: northeast

text: corner

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: southwest

text: corner

text: of

text: Asia

text: by

text: land

text: bridge

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: Egypt

text: is

text: Mediterranean

text: country

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: and

text: Israel

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: Sudan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Libya

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: lies

text: Jordan

text: and

text: across

text: from

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: lies

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: although

text: Jordan

text: and

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: do

text: not

text: share

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: Egypt

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: only

text: contiguous

text: Afrasian

text: nation

text: Al - Mahdy Soliman ( Arabic :    ) ( born November 30 , 1986 ) is an Egyptian Goalkeeper , playing for the Egyptian Premier League side Smouha .

text: Al

text: Mahdy

text: Soliman

text: Arabic

text: born

text: November

text: is

text: an

text: Egyptian

text: Goalkeeper

text: playing

text: for

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: Premier

text: League

text: side

text: Smouha

text: The Egyptian Premier League is an Egyptian professional league for Egyptian football clubs and represents the top flight of Egyptian football. The championship consists of eighteen competing teams in a home and away league system. It is currently known as the Presentation Egyptian Premier League, after the advertising company signed a sponsorship deal with the Egyptian Football Association. The league's highest attendance is 120,000 (Al-Ahly vs Zamalek).

text: The

text: Egyptian

text: Premier

text: League

text: is

text: an

text: Egyptian

text: professional

text: league

text: for

text: Egyptian

text: football

text: clubs

text: and

text: represents

text: the

text: top

text: flight

text: of

text: Egyptian

text: football

text: The

text: championship

text: consists

text: of

text: eighteen

text: competing

text: teams

text: in

text: home

text: and

text: away

text: league

text: system

text: It

text: is

text: currently

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Presentation

text: Egyptian

text: Premier

text: League

text: after

text: the

text: advertising

text: company

text: signed

text: sponsorship

text: deal

text: with

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: Football

text: Association

text: The

text: league

text: 's

text: highest

text: attendance

text: is

text: Al

text: Ahly

text: vs

text: Zamalek

text: The Egyptian Football Association (EFA) is the governing body of football in Egypt. It was founded on 3 December 1921, joined FIFA in 1923, and CAF in 1957. It organises the football league, the Egyptian Premier League, the Egypt national football team and the Egypt women's national football team. It is based in Cairo.

text: The

text: Egyptian

text: Football

text: Association

text: EFA

text: is

text: the

text: governing

text: body

text: of

text: football

text: in

text: Egypt

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: December

text: joined

text: FIFA

text: in

text: and

text: CAF

text: in

text: It

text: organises

text: the

text: football

text: league

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: Premier

text: League

text: the

text: Egypt

text: national

text: football

text: team

text: and

text: the

text: Egypt

text: women

text: 's

text: national

text: football

text: team

text: It

text: is

text: based

text: in

text: Cairo

question: place_of_birth al-mahdy soliman

answer: cairo

text: cairo


text: Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is an enclaved, landlocked country in southern Africa completely surrounded by South Africa. It is just over in size and has a population slightly over two million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru.

text: Lesotho

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: is

text: an

text: enclaved

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: completely

text: surrounded

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: just

text: over

text: in

text: size

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: slightly

text: over

text: two

text: million

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Maseru

text: Mozambique (or ), officially the Republic of Mozambique (or "") is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city is Maputo (known as "Lourenço Marques" before independence).

text: Mozambique

text: or

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Mozambique

text: or

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Africa

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Tanzania

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Malawi

text: and

text: Zambia

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Zimbabwe

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Madagascar

text: by

text: the

text: Mozambique

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Maputo

text: known

text: as

text: Lourenço

text: Marques

text: before

text: independence

text: Raymond Mhlaba (12 February 1920  20 February 2005) was an anti-apartheid activist and leader of the African National Congress (ANC).

text: Raymond

text: Mhlaba

text: February

text: February

text: was

text: an

text: anti

text: apartheid

text: activist

text: and

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: National

text: Congress

text: ANC

text: Ciskei (or ) was a nominally independent state  a Bantustan  in the south east of South Africa. It covered an area of , almost entirely surrounded by what was then the Cape Province, and possessed a small coastline along the shore of the Indian Ocean.

text: Ciskei

text: or

text: was

text: nominally

text: independent

text: state

text: Bantustan

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: covered

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: almost

text: entirely

text: surrounded

text: by

text: what

text: was

text: then

text: the

text: Cape

text: Province

text: and

text: possessed

text: small

text: coastline

text: along

text: the

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text:
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918  5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.
A Xhosa, Mandela was born in Mvezo to the Thembu royal family. He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of the Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944. After the National Party's white-only government established apartheida system of racial segregation that privileged whiteshe and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow. Mandela was appointed President of the ANC's Transvaal branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People. He was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial. Influenced by Marxism, he secretly joined the South African Communist Party (SACP). Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 and led a sabotage campaign against the government. In 1962, he was arrested for conspiring to overthrow the state and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial.
Mandela served 27 years in prison, initially on Robben Island, and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. Amid growing domestic and international pressure, and with fears of a racial civil war, President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk negotiated an end to apartheid and organised the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became President. Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Economically, Mandela's administration retained its predecessor's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs, also introducing measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty, and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. He declined a second presidential term and in 1999 was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation.
Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life. Although critics on the right denounced him as a communist terrorist and those on the radical left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid's supporters, he gained international acclaim for his activism. Widely regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice, he received more than 250 honoursincluding the Nobel Peace Prizeand became the subject of a cult of personality. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba, and described as the "Father of the Nation".

text: Nelson

text: Rolihlahla

text: Mandela

text: July

text: December

text: was

text: South

text: African

text: anti

text: apartheid

text: revolutionary

text: politician

text: and

text: philanthropist

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: President

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: first

text: black

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: elected

text: in

text: fully

text: representative

text: democratic

text: election

text: His

text: government

text: focused

text: on

text: dismantling

text: the

text: legacy

text: of

text: apartheid

text: by

text: tackling

text: institutionalised

text: racism

text: and

text: fostering

text: racial

text: reconciliation

text: Ideologically

text: an

text: African

text: nationalist

text: and

text: socialist

text: he

text: served

text: as

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: National

text: Congress

text: ANC

text: party

text: from

text: to

text: Xhosa

text: Mandela

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Mvezo

text: to

text: the

text: Thembu

text: royal

text: family

text: He

text: studied

text: law

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Fort

text: Hare

text: and

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: the

text: Witwatersrand

text: before

text: working

text: as

text: lawyer

text: in

text: Johannesburg

text: There

text: he

text: became

text: involved

text: in

text: anti

text: colonial

text: and

text: African

text: nationalist

text: politics

text: joining

text: the

text: ANC

text: in

text: and

text: co

text: founding

text: its

text: Youth

text: League

text: in

text: After

text: the

text: National

text: Party

text: 's

text: white

text: only

text: government

text: established

text: apartheida

text: system

text: of

text: racial

text: segregation

text: that

text: privileged

text: whiteshe

text: and

text: the

text: ANC

text: committed

text: themselves

text: to

text: its

text: overthrow

text: Mandela

text: was

text: appointed

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: ANC

text: 's

text: Transvaal

text: branch

text: rising

text: to

text: prominence

text: for

text: his

text: involvement

text: in

text: the

text: Defiance

text: Campaign

text: and

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: He

text: was

text: repeatedly

text: arrested

text: for

text: seditious

text: activities

text: and

text: was

text: unsuccessfully

text: prosecuted

text: in

text: the

text: Treason

text: Trial

text: Influenced

text: by

text: Marxism

text: he

text: secretly

text: joined

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: Communist

text: Party

text: SACP

text: Although

text: initially

text: committed

text: to

text: non

text: violent

text: protest

text: in

text: association

text: with

text: the

text: SACP

text: he

text: co

text: founded

text: the

text: militant

text: Umkhonto

text: we

text: Sizwe

text: in

text: and

text: led

text: sabotage

text: campaign

text: against

text: the

text: government

text: In

text: he

text: was

text: arrested

text: for

text: conspiring

text: to

text: overthrow

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: sentenced

text: to

text: life

text: imprisonment

text: in

text: the

text: Rivonia

text: Trial

text: Mandela

text: served

text: years

text: in

text: prison

text: initially

text: on

text: Robben

text: Island

text: and

text: later

text: in

text: Pollsmoor

text: Prison

text: and

text: Victor

text: Verster

text: Prison

text: Amid

text: growing

text: domestic

text: and

text: international

text: pressure

text: and

text: with

text: fears

text: of

text: racial

text: civil

text: war

text: President

text: de

text: Klerk

text: released

text: him

text: in

text: Mandela

text: and

text: de

text: Klerk

text: negotiated

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: apartheid

text: and

text: organised

text: the

text: multiracial

text: general

text: election

text: in

text: which

text: Mandela

text: led

text: the

text: ANC

text: to

text: victory

text: and

text: became

text: President

text: Leading

text: broad

text: coalition

text: government

text: which

text: promulgated

text: new

text: constitution

text: Mandela

text: emphasised

text: reconciliation

text: between

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: racial

text: groups

text: and

text: created

text: the

text: Truth

text: and

text: Reconciliation

text: Commission

text: to

text: investigate

text: past

text: human

text: rights

text: abuses

text: Economically

text: Mandela

text: 's

text: administration

text: retained

text: its

text: predecessor

text: 's

text: liberal

text: framework

text: despite

text: his

text: own

text: socialist

text: beliefs

text: also

text: introducing

text: measures

text: to

text: encourage

text: land

text: reform

text: combat

text: poverty

text: and

text: expand

text: healthcare

text: services

text: Internationally

text: he

text: acted

text: as

text: mediator

text: in

text: the

text: Pan

text: Am

text: Flight

text: bombing

text: trial

text: and

text: served

text: as

text: Secretary

text: General

text: of

text: the

text: Non

text: Aligned

text: Movement

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: declined

text: second

text: presidential

text: term

text: and

text: in

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: his

text: deputy

text: Thabo

text: Mbeki

text: Mandela

text: became

text: an

text: elder

text: statesman

text: and

text: focused

text: on

text: combating

text: poverty

text: and

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: through

text: the

text: charitable

text: Nelson

text: Mandela

text: Foundation

text: Mandela

text: was

text: controversial

text: figure

text: for

text: much

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: Although

text: critics

text: on

text: the

text: right

text: denounced

text: him

text: as

text: communist

text: terrorist

text: and

text: those

text: on

text: the

text: radical

text: left

text: deemed

text: him

text: too

text: eager

text: to

text: negotiate

text: and

text: reconcile

text: with

text: apartheid

text: 's

text: supporters

text: he

text: gained

text: international

text: acclaim

text: for

text: his

text: activism

text: Widely

text: regarded

text: as

text: an

text: icon

text: of

text: democracy

text: and

text: social

text: justice

text: he

text: received

text: more

text: than

text: honoursincluding

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Peace

text: Prizeand

text: became

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: cult

text: of

text: personality

text: He

text: is

text: held

text: in

text: deep

text: respect

text: within

text: South

text: Africa

text: where

text: he

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: his

text: Xhosa

text: clan

text: name

text: Madiba

text: and

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: Father

text: of

text: the

text: Nation

text: Govan Archibald Mvuyelwa Mbeki (9 July 1910  30 August 2001) was a South African politician and father of the former South African president Thabo Mbeki and political economist Moeletsi Mbeki.

text: Govan

text: Archibald

text: Mvuyelwa

text: Mbeki

text: July

text: August

text: was

text: South

text: African

text: politician

text: and

text: father

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: South

text: African

text: president

text: Thabo

text: Mbeki

text: and

text: political

text: economist

text: Moeletsi

text: Mbeki

text: Cape Town is a coastal city in South Africa. It is the second-most populous urban area in South Africa after Johannesburg. It is also the capital and primate city of the Western Cape province.

text: Cape

text: Town

text: is

text: coastal

text: city

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: area

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: after

text: Johannesburg

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: primate

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Cape

text: province

text: The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the "New World".

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceans

text: with

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: It

text: covers

text: approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: and

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: water

text: surface

text: area

text: It

text: separates

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: from

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: Ndlambe Local Municipality is an administrative area in the Cacadu District of the Eastern Cape in South Africa, with its capital at Port Alfred. It is a predominantly rural area with agriculture and tourism dominating the economy.

text: Ndlambe

text: Local

text: Municipality

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: Cacadu

text: District

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Cape

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: with

text: its

text: capital

text: at

text: Port

text: Alfred

text: It

text: is

text: predominantly

text: rural

text: area

text: with

text: agriculture

text: and

text: tourism

text: dominating

text: the

text: economy

text: Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20.4 % of its total land area. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two "de facto" independent states with limited or no recognition.

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: At

text: about

text: million

text: million

text: square

text: miles

text: including

text: adjacent

text: islands

text: it

text: covers

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: its

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: With

text: billion

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: it

text: accounts

text: for

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: human

text: population

text: The

text: continent

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: both

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: along

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: continent

text: includes

text: Madagascar

text: and

text: various

text: archipelagos

text: It

text: contains

text: fully

text: recognized

text: sovereign

text: states

text: countries

text: nine

text: territories

text: and

text: two

text: de

text: facto

text: independent

text: states

text: with

text: limited

text: or

text: no

text: recognition

text: Bhisho (formerly Bisho) is the capital of the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. The Provincial legislature and many other government departments are headquartered in the town.

text: Bhisho

text: formerly

text: Bisho

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Cape

text: Province

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: The

text: Provincial

text: legislature

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: government

text: departments

text: are

text: headquartered

text: in

text: the

text: town

text: Kenton-on-Sea, more commonly known as Kenton, is a small coastal town on the Sunshine Coast, in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. It is situated between the Bushmans and the Kariega Rivers, and lies approximately halfway between the industrial centres of East London (180 km) and Port Elizabeth (130 km). Kenton is part of the Ndlambe Local Municipality in the Sarah Baartman District Municipality of the Eastern Cape.

text: Kenton

text: on

text: Sea

text: more

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Kenton

text: is

text: small

text: coastal

text: town

text: on

text: the

text: Sunshine

text: Coast

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Cape

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: between

text: the

text: Bushmans

text: and

text: the

text: Kariega

text: Rivers

text: and

text: lies

text: approximately

text: halfway

text: between

text: the

text: industrial

text: centres

text: of

text: East

text: London

text: km

text: and

text: Port

text: Elizabeth

text: km

text: Kenton

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Ndlambe

text: Local

text: Municipality

text: in

text: the

text: Sarah

text: Baartman

text: District

text: Municipality

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Cape

text: Botswana , officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. The citizens refer to themselves as "Batswana" (singular: "Motswana"). Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. Since then, it has maintained a strong tradition of stable representative democracy, with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections.

text: Botswana

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Botswana

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: The

text: citizens

text: refer

text: to

text: themselves

text: as

text: Batswana

text: singular

text: Motswana

text: Formerly

text: the

text: British

text: protectorate

text: of

text: Bechuanaland

text: Botswana

text: adopted

text: its

text: new

text: name

text: after

text: becoming

text: independent

text: within

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: on

text: September

text: Since

text: then

text: it

text: has

text: maintained

text: strong

text: tradition

text: of

text: stable

text: representative

text: democracy

text: with

text: consistent

text: record

text: of

text: uninterrupted

text: democratic

text: elections

text: Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (German: ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.

text: Namibia

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Namibia

text: German

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: whose

text: western

text: border

text: is

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Zambia

text: and

text: Angola

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Botswana

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: Although

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: border

text: Zimbabwe

text: part

text: of

text: less

text: than

text: metres

text: of

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: River

text: essentially

text: small

text: bulge

text: in

text: Botswana

text: to

text: achieve

text: Botswana

text: Zambia

text: micro

text: border

text: separates

text: the

text: two

text: countries

text: Namibia

text: gained

text: independence

text: from

text: South

text: Africa

text: on

text: March

text: following

text: the

text: Namibian

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Windhoek

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: UN

text: the

text: Southern

text: African

text: Development

text: Community

text: SADC

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: AU

text: and

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Nations

text:
Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki
(born 18 June 1942) is a South African politician who served nine years as the second post-apartheid President of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008. On 20 September 2008, with about nine months left in his second term, Mbeki announced his resignation after being recalled by the National Executive Committee of the ANC, following a conclusion by judge C. R. Nicholson of improper interference in the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), including the prosecution of Jacob Zuma for corruption. On 12 January 2009, the Supreme Court of Appeal unanimously overturned judge Nicholson's judgment but the resignation stood.

text: Thabo

text: Mvuyelwa

text: Mbeki

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: South

text: African

text: politician

text: who

text: served

text: nine

text: years

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: post

text: apartheid

text: President

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: from

text: June

text: to

text: September

text: On

text: September

text: with

text: about

text: nine

text: months

text: left

text: in

text: his

text: second

text: term

text: Mbeki

text: announced

text: his

text: resignation

text: after

text: being

text: recalled

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Executive

text: Committee

text: of

text: the

text: ANC

text: following

text: conclusion

text: by

text: judge

text: Nicholson

text: of

text: improper

text: interference

text: in

text: the

text: National

text: Prosecuting

text: Authority

text: NPA

text: including

text: the

text: prosecution

text: of

text: Jacob

text: Zuma

text: for

text: corruption

text: On

text: January

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeal

text: unanimously

text: overturned

text: judge

text: Nicholson

text: 's

text: judgment

text: but

text: the

text: resignation

text: stood

text: Port Alfred is a small town with a population of just under 26,000 in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa . It is situated on the eastern seaboard of the country at the mouth of the Kowie River , almost exactly half - way between the larger cities of Port Elizabeth and East London and 30 km West of Cannon Rocks .

text: Port

text: Alfred

text: is

text: small

text: town

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: just

text: under

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Cape

text: province

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: eastern

text: seaboard

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: at

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: Kowie

text: River

text: almost

text: exactly

text: half

text: way

text: between

text: the

text: larger

text: cities

text: of

text: Port

text: Elizabeth

text: and

text: East

text: London

text: and

text: km

text: West

text: of

text: Cannon

text: Rocks

text: The Province of the Cape of Good Hope, commonly referred to as the Cape Province, was a province in the Union of South Africa and subsequently the Republic of South Africa. It encompassed the old Cape Colony, and had Cape Town as its capital. Following the end of the Apartheid era, the Cape Province was split up to form the new Eastern Cape, Northern Cape and Western Cape provinces.

text: The

text: Province

text: of

text: the

text: Cape

text: of

text: Good

text: Hope

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Cape

text: Province

text: was

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: subsequently

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: encompassed

text: the

text: old

text: Cape

text: Colony

text: and

text: had

text: Cape

text: Town

text: as

text: its

text: capital

text: Following

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Apartheid

text: era

text: the

text: Cape

text: Province

text: was

text: split

text: up

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: new

text: Eastern

text: Cape

text: Northern

text: Cape

text: and

text: Western

text: Cape

text: provinces

text: Multiracial is defined as made up of or relating to people of many races. Many terms exist for people of various multiracial backgrounds. While some of the terms used in the past are considered insulting and offensive, there are many socially acceptable modern terms that multiracial people identify with. These include "mixed-race" (or simply "mixed"), "biracial", "multiracial", "métis", "mestizo", "mulatto", "dougla", and "pardo".

text: Multiracial

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: or

text: relating

text: to

text: people

text: of

text: many

text: races

text: Many

text: terms

text: exist

text: for

text: people

text: of

text: various

text: multiracial

text: backgrounds

text: While

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: terms

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: are

text: considered

text: insulting

text: and

text: offensive

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: socially

text: acceptable

text: modern

text: terms

text: that

text: multiracial

text: people

text: identify

text: with

text: These

text: include

text: mixed

text: race

text: or

text: simply

text: mixed

text: biracial

text: multiracial

text: métis

text: mestizo

text: mulatto

text: dougla

text: and

text: pardo

text: Stephen Bantu Biko (18 December 1946  12 September 1977) was an anti-apartheid activist in South Africa in the 1960s and 1970s, until his death while in police custody.

text: Stephen

text: Bantu

text: Biko

text: December

text: September

text: was

text: an

text: anti

text: apartheid

text: activist

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: while

text: in

text: police

text: custody

text: Oliver Reginald Tambo (27 October 191724 April 1993) was a South African anti-apartheid politician and revolutionary who served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1967 to 1991.

text: Oliver

text: Reginald

text: Tambo

text: October

text: April

text: was

text: South

text: African

text: anti

text: apartheid

text: politician

text: and

text: revolutionary

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: National

text: Congress

text: ANC

text: from

text: to

text: Chris Hani (28 June 1942  10 April 1993), born Martin Thembisile Hani, was the leader of the South African Communist Party and chief of staff of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). He was a fierce opponent of the apartheid government, and was assassinated on 10 April 1993.

text: Chris

text: Hani

text: June

text: April

text: born

text: Martin

text: Thembisile

text: Hani

text: was

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: Communist

text: Party

text: and

text: chief

text: of

text: staff

text: of

text: Umkhonto

text: we

text: Sizwe

text: the

text: armed

text: wing

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: National

text: Congress

text: ANC

text: He

text: was

text: fierce

text: opponent

text: of

text: the

text: apartheid

text: government

text: and

text: was

text: assassinated

text: on

text: April

text: Port Elizabeth or The Bay is one of the largest cities in South Africa, situated in the Eastern Cape Province, east of Cape Town. The city, often shortened to PE and nicknamed "The Friendly City" or "The Windy City", stretches for 16 km along Algoa Bay, and is one of the major seaports in South Africa. Port Elizabeth is the southernmost large city on the African continent, just farther south than Cape Town.

text: Port

text: Elizabeth

text: or

text: The

text: Bay

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Cape

text: Province

text: east

text: of

text: Cape

text: Town

text: The

text: city

text: often

text: shortened

text: to

text: PE

text: and

text: nicknamed

text: The

text: Friendly

text: City

text: or

text: The

text: Windy

text: City

text: stretches

text: for

text: km

text: along

text: Algoa

text: Bay

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: seaports

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: Port

text: Elizabeth

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: large

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: African

text: continent

text: just

text: farther

text: south

text: than

text: Cape

text: Town

text: Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west and southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique to the east and northeast. Although it does not border Namibia, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country. The capital and largest city is Harare. A country of roughly 13 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used.

text: Zimbabwe

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Zimbabwe

text: is

text: landlocked

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: between

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: and

text: Limpopo

text: Rivers

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Botswana

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: southwest

text: Zambia

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: Mozambique

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: Although

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: border

text: Namibia

text: less

text: than

text: metres

text: of

text: the

text: Zambezi

text: River

text: separates

text: it

text: from

text: that

text: country

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Harare

text: country

text: of

text: roughly

text: million

text: people

text: Zimbabwe

text: has

text: official

text: languages

text: with

text: English

text: Shona

text: and

text: Ndebele

text: the

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text: Cannon Rocks is a small seaside town on the Indian Ocean in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, between Boknes and the boundary of the Greater Addo Elephant Park. It is situated 135 km to the east of Port Elizabeth and 180 km west of East London approximately 15 minutes from the town of Kenton-on-Sea. Port Alfred is approximately 30 km to the East of Cannon Rocks. Cannon Rocks is part of the Ndlambe Local Municipality in the Sarah Baartman District of the Eastern Cape.

text: Cannon

text: Rocks

text: is

text: small

text: seaside

text: town

text: on

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Cape

text: Province

text: South

text: Africa

text: between

text: Boknes

text: and

text: the

text: boundary

text: of

text: the

text: Greater

text: Addo

text: Elephant

text: Park

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: km

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: Port

text: Elizabeth

text: and

text: km

text: west

text: of

text: East

text: London

text: approximately

text: minutes

text: from

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Kenton

text: on

text: Sea

text: Port

text: Alfred

text: is

text: approximately

text: km

text: to

text: the

text: East

text: of

text: Cannon

text: Rocks

text: Cannon

text: Rocks

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Ndlambe

text: Local

text: Municipality

text: in

text: the

text: Sarah

text: Baartman

text: District

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Cape

text: Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara desert. According to the UN, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara. It contrasts with North Africa, whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa, but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world.

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: is

text: geographically

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Africa

text: that

text: lies

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Sahara

text: desert

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: UN

text: it

text: consists

text: of

text: all

text: African

text: countries

text: that

text: are

text: fully

text: or

text: partially

text: located

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Sahara

text: It

text: contrasts

text: with

text: North

text: Africa

text: whose

text: territories

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Arab

text: states

text: within

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: Somalia

text: Djibouti

text: Comoros

text: and

text: Mauritania

text: are

text: geographically

text: in

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: but

text: are

text: likewise

text: Arab

text: states

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu (18 May 1912  5 May 2003) was a South African anti-apartheid activist and member of the African National Congress (ANC), serving at times as Secretary-General and Deputy President of the organization. He was jailed at Robben Island, where he served more than 25 years' imprisonment.

text: Walter

text: Max

text: Ulyate

text: Sisulu

text: May

text: May

text: was

text: South

text: African

text: anti

text: apartheid

text: activist

text: and

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: National

text: Congress

text: ANC

text: serving

text: at

text: times

text: as

text: Secretary

text: General

text: and

text: Deputy

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: organization

text: He

text: was

text: jailed

text: at

text: Robben

text: Island

text: where

text: he

text: served

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: imprisonment

text:
Southern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics, and including several countries.
The term "southern Africa" or "Southern Africa", generally includes Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. From a political perspective the region is said to be unipolar with South Africa as a first regional power.

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: continent

text: variably

text: defined

text: by

text: geography

text: or

text: geopolitics

text: and

text: including

text: several

text: countries

text: The

text: term

text: southern

text: Africa

text: or

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: generally

text: includes

text: Angola

text: Botswana

text: Lesotho

text: Malawi

text: Mozambique

text: Namibia

text: South

text: Africa

text: Swaziland

text: Zambia

text: and

text: Zimbabwe

text: From

text: political

text: perspective

text: the

text: region

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: unipolar

text: with

text: South

text: Africa

text: as

text: first

text: regional

text: power

text: The Eastern Hemisphere is a geographical term for the half of the earth that is east of the prime meridian (which crosses Greenwich, England) and west of the antimeridian. It is also used to refer to Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia, in contrast with the Western Hemisphere, which includes North and South America. This hemisphere may also be called the "Oriental Hemisphere". In addition, it may be used in a cultural or geopolitical sense as a synonym for the "Old World".

text: The

text: Eastern

text: Hemisphere

text: is

text: geographical

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: earth

text: that

text: is

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: prime

text: meridian

text: which

text: crosses

text: Greenwich

text: England

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: antimeridian

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: and

text: Australia

text: in

text: contrast

text: with

text: the

text: Western

text: Hemisphere

text: which

text: includes

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: This

text: hemisphere

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: called

text: the

text: Oriental

text: Hemisphere

text: In

text: addition

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: cultural

text: or

text: geopolitical

text: sense

text: as

text: synonym

text: for

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: Bantubonke Harrington Holomisa (born 25 July 1955) is a South African Member of Parliament and President of the United Democratic Movement.

text: Bantubonke

text: Harrington

text: Holomisa

text: born

text: July

text: is

text: South

text: African

text: Member

text: of

text: Parliament

text: and

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Democratic

text: Movement

text: Algoa Bay is a bay in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. It is located in the east coast, 425 miles (683 kilometres) east of the Cape of Good Hope.

text: Algoa

text: Bay

text: is

text: bay

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Cape

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: coast

text: miles

text: kilometres

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Cape

text: of

text: Good

text: Hope

text: South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.

text: South

text: Africa

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: RSA

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: of

text: coastline

text: of

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: stretching

text: along

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Indian

text: Oceans

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: of

text: Namibia

text: Botswana

text: and

text: Zimbabwe

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: surrounding

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: South

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: with

text: close

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: nation

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: or

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: that

text: borders

text: both

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: About

text: percent

text: of

text: South

text: Africans

text: are

text: of

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: African

text: ancestry

text: divided

text: among

text: variety

text: of

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: speaking

text: different

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: nine

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: official

text: status

text: The

text: remaining

text: population

text: consists

text: of

text: Africa

text: 's

text: largest

text: communities

text: of

text: European

text: white

text: Asian

text: Indian

text: and

text: multiracial

text: coloured

text: ancestry

text: The Bantu languages, technically the Narrow Bantu languages (as opposed to "Wide Bantu", a loosely defined categorization which includes other Bantoid languages), constitute a traditional branch of the NigerCongo languages. There are about 250 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility, though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear, and "Ethnologue" counts 535 languages. Bantu languages are spoken largely east and south of present-day Cameroon, that is, in the regions commonly known as Central Africa, Southeast Africa, and Southern Africa. Parts of the Bantu area include languages from other language families (see map).

text: The

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: technically

text: the

text: Narrow

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: Wide

text: Bantu

text: loosely

text: defined

text: categorization

text: which

text: includes

text: other

text: Bantoid

text: languages

text: constitute

text: traditional

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: NigerCongo

text: languages

text: There

text: are

text: about

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: by

text: the

text: criterion

text: of

text: mutual

text: intelligibility

text: though

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: language

text: and

text: dialect

text: is

text: often

text: unclear

text: and

text: Ethnologue

text: counts

text: languages

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: are

text: spoken

text: largely

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Cameroon

text: that

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: regions

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Central

text: Africa

text: Southeast

text: Africa

text: and

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: Parts

text: of

text: the

text: Bantu

text: area

text: include

text: languages

text: from

text: other

text: language

text: families

text: see

text: map

text: Swaziland, officially the Kingdom of Swaziland (or ; Swazi: "Umbuso weSwatini"; sometimes called kaNgwane or Eswatini), is a sovereign state in Southern Africa. It is neighboured by Mozambique to its northeast and by South Africa to its north, west and south. The country and its people take their names from Mswati II, the 19th-century king under whose rule Swazi territory was expanded and unified.

text: Swaziland

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Swaziland

text: or

text: Swazi

text: Umbuso

text: weSwatini

text: sometimes

text: called

text: kaNgwane

text: or

text: Eswatini

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: neighboured

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: to

text: its

text: northeast

text: and

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: its

text: north

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: and

text: its

text: people

text: take

text: their

text: names

text: from

text: Mswati

text: II

text: the

text: century

text: king

text: under

text: whose

text: rule

text: Swazi

text: territory

text: was

text: expanded

text: and

text: unified

text: The Old World consists of Africa, Europe, and Asia, regarded collectively as the part of the world known to Europeans before contact with the Americas. It is used in the context of, and contrast with, the New World (Americas).

text: The

text: Old

text: World

text: consists

text: of

text: Africa

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: regarded

text: collectively

text: as

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: known

text: to

text: Europeans

text: before

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: Americas

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: and

text: contrast

text: with

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: Americas

text: The Eastern Cape is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Bhisho, but its two largest cities are Port Elizabeth and East London. It was formed in 1994 out of the Xhosa homelands of Transkei and Ciskei, together with the eastern portion of the Cape Province. Landing place and home of the 1820 settlers, the central and eastern part of the province is the traditional home of the Xhosa people. This region is the birthplace of many prominent South African politicians, such as Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, Govan Mbeki, Raymond Mhlaba, Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, Chris Hani, Thabo Mbeki, Steve Biko, Bantu Holomisa and Charles Coghlan.

text: The

text: Eastern

text: Cape

text: is

text: province

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Bhisho

text: but

text: its

text: two

text: largest

text: cities

text: are

text: Port

text: Elizabeth

text: and

text: East

text: London

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: Xhosa

text: homelands

text: of

text: Transkei

text: and

text: Ciskei

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: eastern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Cape

text: Province

text: Landing

text: place

text: and

text: home

text: of

text: the

text: settlers

text: the

text: central

text: and

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: is

text: the

text: traditional

text: home

text: of

text: the

text: Xhosa

text: people

text: This

text: region

text: is

text: the

text: birthplace

text: of

text: many

text: prominent

text: South

text: African

text: politicians

text: such

text: as

text: Nelson

text: Mandela

text: Oliver

text: Tambo

text: Walter

text: Sisulu

text: Govan

text: Mbeki

text: Raymond

text: Mhlaba

text: Robert

text: Mangaliso

text: Sobukwe

text: Chris

text: Hani

text: Thabo

text: Mbeki

text: Steve

text: Biko

text: Bantu

text: Holomisa

text: and

text: Charles

text: Coghlan

text: The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering (approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface). It is bounded by Asia on the north, on the west by Africa, on the east by Australia, and on the south by the Southern Ocean or, depending on definition, by Antarctica. It is named after the country of India. The Indian Ocean is known as "Ratnkara", ""the mine of gems"" in ancient Sanskrit literature, and as "Hind Mahsgar", ""the great Indian sea"", in Hindi.

text: The

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: covering

text: approximately

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: on

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: Asia

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Africa

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Australia

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: or

text: depending

text: on

text: definition

text: by

text: Antarctica

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: India

text: The

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Ratnkara

text: the

text: mine

text: of

text: gems

text: in

text: ancient

text: Sanskrit

text: literature

text: and

text: as

text: Hind

text: Mahsgar

text: the

text: great

text: Indian

text: sea

text: in

text: Hindi

text: The Transkei (or , meaning "the area beyond [the river] Kei"), officially the Republic of Transkei, was a Bantustanan area set aside for members of a specific ethnicityand nominal parliamentary democracy in the southeastern region of South Africa. Its capital was Umtata, which was renamed Mthatha in 2004.

text: The

text: Transkei

text: or

text: meaning

text: the

text: area

text: beyond

text: the

text: river

text: Kei

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Transkei

text: was

text: Bantustanan

text: area

text: set

text: aside

text: for

text: members

text: of

text: specific

text: ethnicityand

text: nominal

text: parliamentary

text: democracy

text: in

text: the

text: southeastern

text: region

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: Its

text: capital

text: was

text: Umtata

text: which

text: was

text: renamed

text: Mthatha

text: in

annotations: follows single

annotations: likely single

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity port alfred

answer: ndlambe local municipality

text: ndlambe local municipality

text: ndlambe local municipality

text: ndlambe local municipality


text: The SAFTI Military Institute (Abbreviation: SAFTI MI) is a tri-service military training institution for officers of all ranks of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). Located within an 88 hectare campus in Jurong West, it was officially opened by the then-prime minister Goh Chok Tong on 25 August 1995. Officers from the Singapore Army, Republic of Singapore Navy and Republic of Singapore Air Force begin their training at the Officer Cadet School (OCS), before proceeding on to the SAF Advanced Schools and the Singapore Command and Staff College (SCSC) at various stages of their careers.

text: The

text: SAFTI

text: Military

text: Institute

text: Abbreviation

text: SAFTI

text: MI

text: is

text: tri

text: service

text: military

text: training

text: institution

text: for

text: officers

text: of

text: all

text: ranks

text: of

text: the

text: Singapore

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: SAF

text: Located

text: within

text: an

text: hectare

text: campus

text: in

text: Jurong

text: West

text: it

text: was

text: officially

text: opened

text: by

text: the

text: then

text: prime

text: minister

text: Goh

text: Chok

text: Tong

text: on

text: August

text: Officers

text: from

text: the

text: Singapore

text: Army

text: Republic

text: of

text: Singapore

text: Navy

text: and

text: Republic

text: of

text: Singapore

text: Air

text: Force

text: begin

text: their

text: training

text: at

text: the

text: Officer

text: Cadet

text: School

text: OCS

text: before

text: proceeding

text: on

text: to

text: the

text: SAF

text: Advanced

text: Schools

text: and

text: the

text: Singapore

text: Command

text: and

text: Staff

text: College

text: SCSC

text: at

text: various

text: stages

text: of

text: their

text: careers

text: Tuas is a planning area located within the West Region of Singapore. It is bounded by the Western Water Catchment to its north, Pioneer to its east and the Straits of Johor to its west. Tuas also shares a maritime boundary with the Western Islands planning area to its east.

text: Tuas

text: is

text: planning

text: area

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: West

text: Region

text: of

text: Singapore

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Western

text: Water

text: Catchment

text: to

text: its

text: north

text: Pioneer

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Straits

text: of

text: Johor

text: to

text: its

text: west

text: Tuas

text: also

text: shares

text: maritime

text: boundary

text: with

text: the

text: Western

text: Islands

text: planning

text: area

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: Bukit Timah Road  is a major road in Singapore extending from the city centre to Woodlands Road on the way to Johor Bahru in Malaysia. The road has a length of 25km (15.5 miles), which makes it one of the longest roads in Singapore, and the road takes its name from the hill. En route, it passes through the areas of Little India, Newton Road, Farrer Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens and Bukit Timah.

text: Bukit

text: Timah

text: Road

text: is

text: major

text: road

text: in

text: Singapore

text: extending

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: to

text: Woodlands

text: Road

text: on

text: the

text: way

text: to

text: Johor

text: Bahru

text: in

text: Malaysia

text: The

text: road

text: has

text: length

text: of

text: km

text: miles

text: which

text: makes

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: longest

text: roads

text: in

text: Singapore

text: and

text: the

text: road

text: takes

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: hill

text: En

text: route

text: it

text: passes

text: through

text: the

text: areas

text: of

text: Little

text: India

text: Newton

text: Road

text: Farrer

text: Road

text: Singapore

text: Botanic

text: Gardens

text: and

text: Bukit

text: Timah

text: Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, and often referred to as the "Lion City" or the "Little Red Dot", is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia, and the world's only island city-state. It lies one degree (137 km) north of the equator, south of the southernmost tip of continental Asia and peninsular Malaysia, with Indonesia's Riau Islands to the south. Singapore's territory consists of a diamond-shaped main island along with 62 other islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23% (130 km), and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora, parks and gardens.

text: Singapore

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Singapore

text: and

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Lion

text: City

text: or

text: the

text: Little

text: Red

text: Dot

text: is

text: sovereign

text: city

text: state

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: only

text: island

text: city

text: state

text: It

text: lies

text: one

text: degree

text: km

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: equator

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: southernmost

text: tip

text: of

text: continental

text: Asia

text: and

text: peninsular

text: Malaysia

text: with

text: Indonesia

text: 's

text: Riau

text: Islands

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Singapore

text: 's

text: territory

text: consists

text: of

text: diamond

text: shaped

text: main

text: island

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: islets

text: Since

text: independence

text: extensive

text: land

text: reclamation

text: has

text: increased

text: its

text: total

text: size

text: by

text: km

text: and

text: its

text: greening

text: policy

text: has

text: covered

text: the

text: densely

text: populated

text: island

text: with

text: tropical

text: flora

text: parks

text: and

text: gardens

text: The Pan Island Expressway (Abbreviation: PIE) is the oldest and longest of Singapore's expressways. Currently, it is also Singapore's longest road. It extends along the length of the island, connecting Tuas in the west to Singapore Changi Airport in the east. Its length is .

text: The

text: Pan

text: Island

text: Expressway

text: Abbreviation

text: PIE

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: and

text: longest

text: of

text: Singapore

text: 's

text: expressways

text: Currently

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: Singapore

text: 's

text: longest

text: road

text: It

text: extends

text: along

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: connecting

text: Tuas

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: to

text: Singapore

text: Changi

text: Airport

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: Its

text: length

text: is

text: Jurong West Avenue 2 is a road that it is a continuation of Jurong Road . Previously , it was part of Jurong Road , it links from Pioneer Road North to Pan Island Expressway .

text: Jurong

text: West

text: Avenue

text: is

text: road

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: continuation

text: of

text: Jurong

text: Road

text: Previously

text: it

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: Jurong

text: Road

text: it

text: links

text: from

text: Pioneer

text: Road

text: North

text: to

text: Pan

text: Island

text: Expressway

text: Jurong Road is a road in Singapore from Bukit Batok Road to Pan Island Expressway. It was the oldest road in Jurong and was constructed in 18521853 during the colonial era to link the rural areas of Jurong with the rest of Singapore. It was extended in 1929 to Bukit Timah Road. Its original span in the 1960s was from Bukit Timah Road to a dead end in Tuas, at the present-day junction of Tuas Road and Pioneer Road. The road between Upper Bukit Timah Road and Jalan Jurong Kechil is now known as Old Jurong Road. Upper Jurong Road starts from Pioneer Road and ends at Pan Island Expressway, after which it heads towards to the SAFTI Military Institute. Currently, only a small section of the road remains between Jurong West Avenue 2 and Bukit Batok Road.

text: Jurong

text: Road

text: is

text: road

text: in

text: Singapore

text: from

text: Bukit

text: Batok

text: Road

text: to

text: Pan

text: Island

text: Expressway

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: oldest

text: road

text: in

text: Jurong

text: and

text: was

text: constructed

text: in

text: during

text: the

text: colonial

text: era

text: to

text: link

text: the

text: rural

text: areas

text: of

text: Jurong

text: with

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Singapore

text: It

text: was

text: extended

text: in

text: to

text: Bukit

text: Timah

text: Road

text: Its

text: original

text: span

text: in

text: the

text: was

text: from

text: Bukit

text: Timah

text: Road

text: to

text: dead

text: end

text: in

text: Tuas

text: at

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: junction

text: of

text: Tuas

text: Road

text: and

text: Pioneer

text: Road

text: The

text: road

text: between

text: Upper

text: Bukit

text: Timah

text: Road

text: and

text: Jalan

text: Jurong

text: Kechil

text: is

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: Old

text: Jurong

text: Road

text: Upper

text: Jurong

text: Road

text: starts

text: from

text: Pioneer

text: Road

text: and

text: ends

text: at

text: Pan

text: Island

text: Expressway

text: after

text: which

text: it

text: heads

text: towards

text: to

text: the

text: SAFTI

text: Military

text: Institute

text: Currently

text: only

text: small

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: road

text: remains

text: between

text: Jurong

text: West

text: Avenue

text: and

text: Bukit

text: Batok

text: Road

text: Jurong is a geographical region located at the south-westernmost point of the West Region of Singapore. Although mostly vaguely defined, the region's extent roughly covers the planning areas of Jurong East, Jurong West, Boon Lay, and Pioneer, along with Jurong Island in the Western Islands cluster and the southernmost portions of the Western Water Catchment. Should it be described at its greatest historical extent, the region can also include present-day Bukit Batok and Tuas as well. Jurong also covers several offshore islands as well, including Pulau Damar Laut and Pulau Samulun, both of which are located within the planning areas of Jurong East and Boon Lay respectively; along with the aforementioned Jurong Island. The coastline of the region on mainland Singapore, faces the strait of Selat Jurong, while the southernmost island of the region, Jurong Island, faces the strait of Selat Pandan.

text: Jurong

text: is

text: geographical

text: region

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: south

text: westernmost

text: point

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Region

text: of

text: Singapore

text: Although

text: mostly

text: vaguely

text: defined

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: extent

text: roughly

text: covers

text: the

text: planning

text: areas

text: of

text: Jurong

text: East

text: Jurong

text: West

text: Boon

text: Lay

text: and

text: Pioneer

text: along

text: with

text: Jurong

text: Island

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Islands

text: cluster

text: and

text: the

text: southernmost

text: portions

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Water

text: Catchment

text: Should

text: it

text: be

text: described

text: at

text: its

text: greatest

text: historical

text: extent

text: the

text: region

text: can

text: also

text: include

text: present

text: day

text: Bukit

text: Batok

text: and

text: Tuas

text: as

text: well

text: Jurong

text: also

text: covers

text: several

text: offshore

text: islands

text: as

text: well

text: including

text: Pulau

text: Damar

text: Laut

text: and

text: Pulau

text: Samulun

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: planning

text: areas

text: of

text: Jurong

text: East

text: and

text: Boon

text: Lay

text: respectively

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: aforementioned

text: Jurong

text: Island

text: The

text: coastline

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: on

text: mainland

text: Singapore

text: faces

text: the

text: strait

text: of

text: Selat

text: Jurong

text: while

text: the

text: southernmost

text: island

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: Jurong

text: Island

text: faces

text: the

text: strait

text: of

text: Selat

text: Pandan

text: Bukit Batok Road is a road in Bukit Batok, Singapore.

text: Bukit

text: Batok

text: Road

text: is

text: road

text: in

text: Bukit

text: Batok

text: Singapore

text: Singapore Changi Airport , or simply Changi Airport, is the primary civilian airport for Singapore, and one of the largest transportation hubs in Southeast Asia. It is currently the World's Best Airport (Skytrax 2016), for the fourth consecutive year and counting (Skytrax's World's Best Airport 2013-2016) and is one of the world's busiest airports by international passenger traffic and cargo traffic. The airport is located in Changi, at the eastern end of Singapore, approximately northeast from Marina Bay (in Singapore's Downtown Core), on a site. It is operated by Changi Airport Group and it is the home base of Singapore Airlines, Singapore Airlines Cargo, SilkAir, Scoot, Tigerair, Jetstar Asia Airways and BOC Aviation.

text: Singapore

text: Changi

text: Airport

text: or

text: simply

text: Changi

text: Airport

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: civilian

text: airport

text: for

text: Singapore

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: transportation

text: hubs

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: currently

text: the

text: World

text: 's

text: Best

text: Airport

text: Skytrax

text: for

text: the

text: fourth

text: consecutive

text: year

text: and

text: counting

text: Skytrax

text: 's

text: World

text: 's

text: Best

text: Airport

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: busiest

text: airports

text: by

text: international

text: passenger

text: traffic

text: and

text: cargo

text: traffic

text: The

text: airport

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: Changi

text: at

text: the

text: eastern

text: end

text: of

text: Singapore

text: approximately

text: northeast

text: from

text: Marina

text: Bay

text: in

text: Singapore

text: 's

text: Downtown

text: Core

text: on

text: site

text: It

text: is

text: operated

text: by

text: Changi

text: Airport

text: Group

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: home

text: base

text: of

text: Singapore

text: Airlines

text: Singapore

text: Airlines

text: Cargo

text: SilkAir

text: Scoot

text: Tigerair

text: Jetstar

text: Asia

text: Airways

text: and

text: BOC

text: Aviation

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: country jurong west avenue 2

answer: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore


text:
Life and career.
Early career.
Born October 20, 1948, in the Hakata ward of Fukuoka, Naomi Tani moved to Tokyo at the age of 18. After arrival in Tokyo, she was featured in a photo layout in "Weekly Taishu / Popular Weekly" ( - "Shukan Taishu"). This appearance led to offers for roles in "Pink films", the low-budget, independent soft-core pornographic films which dominated Japan's domestic cinema at this time. Her debut was in the 1967 film "Special". She took her screen name "Tani" from the novelist Jun'ichir Tanizaki and "Naomi" from the central character in his important early work "A Fool's Love". "Tani," or "valley," is also a Japanese slang word for the cleavage between the breasts. Consequently, Ms. Tani may have had a variety of puns in mind when she later opened a restaurant calling it the "Ohtani" (Big Breasts or Big Tani).

text: Life

text: and

text: career

text: Early

text: career

text: Born

text: October

text: in

text: the

text: Hakata

text: ward

text: of

text: Fukuoka

text: Naomi

text: Tani

text: moved

text: to

text: Tokyo

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: After

text: arrival

text: in

text: Tokyo

text: she

text: was

text: featured

text: in

text: photo

text: layout

text: in

text: Weekly

text: Taishu

text: Popular

text: Weekly

text: Shukan

text: Taishu

text: This

text: appearance

text: led

text: to

text: offers

text: for

text: roles

text: in

text: Pink

text: films

text: the

text: low

text: budget

text: independent

text: soft

text: core

text: pornographic

text: films

text: which

text: dominated

text: Japan

text: 's

text: domestic

text: cinema

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: Her

text: debut

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: film

text: Special

text: She

text: took

text: her

text: screen

text: name

text: Tani

text: from

text: the

text: novelist

text: Jun'ichir

text: Tanizaki

text: and

text: Naomi

text: from

text: the

text: central

text: character

text: in

text: his

text: important

text: early

text: work

text: Fool

text: 's

text: Love

text: Tani

text: or

text: valley

text: is

text: also

text: Japanese

text: slang

text: word

text: for

text: the

text: cleavage

text: between

text: the

text: breasts

text: Consequently

text: Ms.

text: Tani

text: may

text: have

text: had

text: variety

text: of

text: puns

text: in

text: mind

text: when

text: she

text: later

text: opened

text: restaurant

text: calling

text: it

text: the

text: Ohtani

text: Big

text: Breasts

text: or

text: Big

text: Tani

text: However, some writers have reserved the term 'pink film' for Japanese sex movies produced and distributed by smaller independent studios such as OP Eiga, Shinth Eiga, Kokuei and Xces. In this narrower sense, Nikkatsu's Roman Porno series, Toei's Pinky Violence series and the Tokatsu films distributed by Shochiku would not be included as these studios have much larger distribution networks.

text: However

text: some

text: writers

text: have

text: reserved

text: the

text: term

text: pink

text: film

text: for

text: Japanese

text: sex

text: movies

text: produced

text: and

text: distributed

text: by

text: smaller

text: independent

text: studios

text: such

text: as

text: OP

text: Eiga

text: Shinth

text: Eiga

text: Kokuei

text: and

text: Xces

text: In

text: this

text: narrower

text: sense

text: Nikkatsu

text: 's

text: Roman

text: Porno

text: series

text: Toei

text: 's

text: Pinky

text: Violence

text: series

text: and

text: the

text: Tokatsu

text: films

text: distributed

text: by

text: Shochiku

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: included

text: as

text: these

text: studios

text: have

text: much

text: larger

text: distribution

text: networks

text: Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government. Tokyo is in the Kant region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868; at that time Edo was renamed Tokyo. Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former and the .

text: Tokyo

text: officially

text: Tokyo

text: Metropolis

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Japan

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: prefectures

text: The

text: Greater

text: Tokyo

text: Area

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: Emperor

text: of

text: Japan

text: and

text: the

text: Japanese

text: government

text: Tokyo

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: Kant

text: region

text: on

text: the

text: southeastern

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: island

text: Honshu

text: and

text: includes

text: the

text: Izu

text: Islands

text: and

text: Ogasawara

text: Islands

text: Formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Edo

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: since

text: when

text: Shogun

text: Tokugawa

text: Ieyasu

text: made

text: the

text: city

text: his

text: headquarters

text: It

text: officially

text: became

text: the

text: capital

text: after

text: Emperor

text: Meiji

text: moved

text: his

text: seat

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: from

text: the

text: old

text: capital

text: of

text: Kyoto

text: in

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: Edo

text: was

text: renamed

text: Tokyo

text: Tokyo

text: Metropolis

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: from

text: the

text: merger

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: and

text: the

text: Fascination : Portrait of a Lady (  Gens fujin ezu ) is a 1977 Japanese film in Nikkatsu 's Roman porno series , directed by Ky Ohara and starring Naomi Tani . Known for an ability to direct well in many genres , it was the pop - art - influenced Ohara 's first true S&M film .

text: Fascination

text: Portrait

text: of

text: Lady

text: Gens

text: fujin

text: ezu

text: is

text: Japanese

text: film

text: in

text: Nikkatsu

text: 's

text: Roman

text: porno

text: series

text: directed

text: by

text: Ky

text: Ohara

text: and

text: starring

text: Naomi

text: Tani

text: Known

text: for

text: an

text: ability

text: to

text: direct

text: well

text: in

text: many

text: genres

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: pop

text: art

text: influenced

text: Ohara

text: 's

text: first

text: true

text: S&M

text: film

text: He was one of six authors on the final shortlist for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1964, but his death the following year meant he was not considered the following years.

text: He

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: six

text: authors

text: on

text: the

text: final

text: shortlist

text: for

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Literature

text: in

text: but

text: his

text: death

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: meant

text: he

text: was

text: not

text: considered

text: the

text: following

text: years

question: genre fascination: portrait of a lady

answer: pink film

text: pink film


text: Aristotle ("Aristotéls"; 384322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidice, on the northern periphery of Classical Greece. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, whereafter Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian. At seventeen or eighteen years of age, he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven (c. 347 BC). His writings cover many subjects  including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and government  and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy. Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip of Macedon, tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC.

text: Aristotle

text: Aristotéls

text: BC

text: was

text: Greek

text: philosopher

text: and

text: scientist

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Stagira

text: Chalkidice

text: on

text: the

text: northern

text: periphery

text: of

text: Classical

text: Greece

text: His

text: father

text: Nicomachus

text: died

text: when

text: Aristotle

text: was

text: child

text: whereafter

text: Proxenus

text: of

text: Atarneus

text: became

text: his

text: guardian

text: At

text: seventeen

text: or

text: eighteen

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: he

text: joined

text: Plato

text: 's

text: Academy

text: in

text: Athens

text: and

text: remained

text: there

text: until

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: thirty

text: seven

text: BC

text: His

text: writings

text: cover

text: many

text: subjects

text: including

text: physics

text: biology

text: zoology

text: metaphysics

text: logic

text: ethics

text: aesthetics

text: poetry

text: theater

text: music

text: rhetoric

text: linguistics

text: politics

text: and

text: government

text: and

text: constitute

text: the

text: first

text: comprehensive

text: system

text: of

text: Western

text: philosophy

text: Shortly

text: after

text: Plato

text: died

text: Aristotle

text: left

text: Athens

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: request

text: of

text: Philip

text: of

text: Macedon

text: tutored

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: beginning

text: in

text: BC

text: Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (c. 35  c. 100 AD) was a Roman rhetorician from Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and in Renaissance writing. In English translation, he is usually referred to as Quintilian, although the alternate spellings of Quintillian and Quinctilian are occasionally seen, the latter in older texts.

text: Marcus

text: Fabius

text: Quintilianus

text: AD

text: was

text: Roman

text: rhetorician

text: from

text: Hispania

text: widely

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: medieval

text: schools

text: of

text: rhetoric

text: and

text: in

text: Renaissance

text: writing

text: In

text: English

text: translation

text: he

text: is

text: usually

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Quintilian

text: although

text: the

text: alternate

text: spellings

text: of

text: Quintillian

text: and

text: Quinctilian

text: are

text: occasionally

text: seen

text: the

text: latter

text: in

text: older

text: texts

text: Discourse (from Latin "discursus", "running to and from") denotes written and spoken communications such as:

text: Discourse

text: from

text: Latin

text: discursus

text: running

text: to

text: and

text: from

text: denotes

text: written

text: and

text: spoken

text: communications

text: such

text: as

text: Rhetoric is the art of discourse, wherein a writer or speaker strives to inform, persuade or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. As a subject of formal study and a productive civic practice, rhetoric has played a central role in the European tradition. Its best known definition comes from Aristotle, who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics, and calls it "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." Rhetoric typically provides heuristics for understanding, discovering, and developing arguments for particular situations, such as Aristotle's three persuasive audience appeals, logos, pathos, and ethos. The five canons of rhetoric, which trace the traditional tasks in designing a persuasive speech, were first codified in classical Rome: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. Along with grammar and logic (or dialecticsee Martianus Capella), rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse.

text: Rhetoric

text: is

text: the

text: art

text: of

text: discourse

text: wherein

text: writer

text: or

text: speaker

text: strives

text: to

text: inform

text: persuade

text: or

text: motivate

text: particular

text: audiences

text: in

text: specific

text: situations

text: As

text: subject

text: of

text: formal

text: study

text: and

text: productive

text: civic

text: practice

text: rhetoric

text: has

text: played

text: central

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: tradition

text: Its

text: best

text: known

text: definition

text: comes

text: from

text: Aristotle

text: who

text: considers

text: it

text: counterpart

text: of

text: both

text: logic

text: and

text: politics

text: and

text: calls

text: it

text: the

text: faculty

text: of

text: observing

text: in

text: any

text: given

text: case

text: the

text: available

text: means

text: of

text: persuasion

text: Rhetoric

text: typically

text: provides

text: heuristics

text: for

text: understanding

text: discovering

text: and

text: developing

text: arguments

text: for

text: particular

text: situations

text: such

text: as

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: three

text: persuasive

text: audience

text: appeals

text: logos

text: pathos

text: and

text: ethos

text: The

text: five

text: canons

text: of

text: rhetoric

text: which

text: trace

text: the

text: traditional

text: tasks

text: in

text: designing

text: persuasive

text: speech

text: were

text: first

text: codified

text: in

text: classical

text: Rome

text: invention

text: arrangement

text: style

text: memory

text: and

text: delivery

text: Along

text: with

text: grammar

text: and

text: logic

text: or

text: dialecticsee

text: Martianus

text: Capella

text: rhetoric

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: ancient

text: arts

text: of

text: discourse

text: Gaius Julius Victor ( 4th century ) was a Roman writer of rhetoric , possibly of Gaulish origin . His extant manual is of some importance as facilitating the textual criticism of Quintilian , whom he closely follows in many places .

text: Gaius

text: Julius

text: Victor

text: century

text: was

text: Roman

text: writer

text: of

text: rhetoric

text: possibly

text: of

text: Gaulish

text: origin

text: His

text: extant

text: manual

text: is

text: of

text: some

text: importance

text: as

text: facilitating

text: the

text: textual

text: criticism

text: of

text: Quintilian

text: whom

text: he

text: closely

text: follows

text: in

text: many

text: places

text: Ancient Greek philosophers used the term in different ways. The sophists used the term to mean discourse, and Aristotle applied the term to refer to "reasoned discourse" or "the argument" in the field of rhetoric. The Stoic philosophers identified the term with the divine animating principle pervading the Universe. Under Hellenistic Judaism, Philo (c. 20 BCE  50 CE) adopted the term into Jewish philosophy. The Gospel of John identifies the Logos, through which all things are made, as divine ("theos"), and further identifies Jesus Christ as the incarnate Logos. Although the term "Logos" is widely used in this Christian sense, in academic circles it often refers to the various ancient Greek uses, or to post-Christian uses within contemporary philosophy, Sufism, and the analytical psychology of Carl Jung.

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: philosophers

text: used

text: the

text: term

text: in

text: different

text: ways

text: The

text: sophists

text: used

text: the

text: term

text: to

text: mean

text: discourse

text: and

text: Aristotle

text: applied

text: the

text: term

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: reasoned

text: discourse

text: or

text: the

text: argument

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: rhetoric

text: The

text: Stoic

text: philosophers

text: identified

text: the

text: term

text: with

text: the

text: divine

text: animating

text: principle

text: pervading

text: the

text: Universe

text: Under

text: Hellenistic

text: Judaism

text: Philo

text: BCE

text: CE

text: adopted

text: the

text: term

text: into

text: Jewish

text: philosophy

text: The

text: Gospel

text: of

text: John

text: identifies

text: the

text: Logos

text: through

text: which

text: all

text: things

text: are

text: made

text: as

text: divine

text: theos

text: and

text: further

text: identifies

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: as

text: the

text: incarnate

text: Logos

text: Although

text: the

text: term

text: Logos

text: is

text: widely

text: used

text: in

text: this

text: Christian

text: sense

text: in

text: academic

text: circles

text: it

text: often

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: various

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: uses

text: or

text: to

text: post

text: Christian

text: uses

text: within

text: contemporary

text: philosophy

text: Sufism

text: and

text: the

text: analytical

text: psychology

text: of

text: Carl

text: Jung

text:
Martianus Minneus Felix Capella was a Latin prose writer of Late Antiquity (fl. c. 410420), one of the earliest developers of the system of the seven liberal arts that structured early medieval education.
His single encyclopedic work, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii ("On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury", also called "De septem disciplinis" "On the seven disciplines" or the "Satyricon")
is an elaborate didactic allegory written in a mixture of prose and elaborately allusive verse.

text: Martianus

text: Minneus

text: Felix

text: Capella

text: was

text: Latin

text: prose

text: writer

text: of

text: Late

text: Antiquity

text: fl

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: developers

text: of

text: the

text: system

text: of

text: the

text: seven

text: liberal

text: arts

text: that

text: structured

text: early

text: medieval

text: education

text: His

text: single

text: encyclopedic

text: work

text: De

text: nuptiis

text: Philologiae

text: et

text: Mercurii

text: On

text: the

text: Marriage

text: of

text: Philology

text: and

text: Mercury

text: also

text: called

text: De

text: septem

text: disciplinis

text: On

text: the

text: seven

text: disciplines

text: or

text: the

text: Satyricon

text: is

text: an

text: elaborate

text: didactic

text: allegory

text: written

text: in

text: mixture

text: of

text: prose

text: and

text: elaborately

text: allusive

text: verse

text: Ethos (or ) is a Greek word meaning "character" that is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community, nation, or ideology. The Greeks also used this word to refer to the power of music to influence emotions, behaviours, and even morals. Early Greek stories of Orpheus exhibit this idea in a compelling way. The word's use in rhetoric is closely based on the Greek terminology used by Aristotle in his concept of the three artistic proofs.

text: Ethos

text: or

text: is

text: Greek

text: word

text: meaning

text: character

text: that

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: guiding

text: beliefs

text: or

text: ideals

text: that

text: characterize

text: community

text: nation

text: or

text: ideology

text: The

text: Greeks

text: also

text: used

text: this

text: word

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: music

text: to

text: influence

text: emotions

text: behaviours

text: and

text: even

text: morals

text: Early

text: Greek

text: stories

text: of

text: Orpheus

text: exhibit

text: this

text: idea

text: in

text: compelling

text: way

text: The

text: word

text: 's

text: use

text: in

text: rhetoric

text: is

text: closely

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: Greek

text: terminology

text: used

text: by

text: Aristotle

text: in

text: his

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: artistic

text: proofs

text: Inventio, one of the five canons of rhetoric, is the method used for the "discovery of arguments" in Western rhetoric and comes from the Latin word, meaning "invention" or "discovery". "Inventio" is the central, indispensable canon of rhetoric, and traditionally means a systematic search for arguments.

text: Inventio

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: canons

text: of

text: rhetoric

text: is

text: the

text: method

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: arguments

text: in

text: Western

text: rhetoric

text: and

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: word

text: meaning

text: invention

text: or

text: discovery

text: Inventio

text: is

text: the

text: central

text: indispensable

text: canon

text: of

text: rhetoric

text: and

text: traditionally

text: means

text: systematic

text: search

text: for

text: arguments

question: languages_spoken_or_written gaius julius victor

answer: latin

text: latin

text: latin

text: latin