text: Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the world's fifth-largest country by both area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection.

text: Brazil

text: officially

text: the

text: Federative

text: Republic

text: of

text: Brazil

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: both

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: Latin

text: America

text: As

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fifth

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: both

text: area

text: and

text: population

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: to

text: have

text: Portuguese

text: as

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: Brazil

text: has

text: coastline

text: of

text: It

text: borders

text: all

text: other

text: South

text: American

text: countries

text: except

text: Ecuador

text: and

text: Chile

text: and

text: covers

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: land

text: area

text: Its

text: Amazon

text: River

text: basin

text: includes

text: vast

text: tropical

text: forest

text: home

text: to

text: diverse

text: wildlife

text: variety

text: of

text: ecological

text: systems

text: and

text: extensive

text: natural

text: resources

text: spanning

text: numerous

text: protected

text: habitats

text: This

text: unique

text: environmental

text: heritage

text: makes

text: Brazil

text: one

text: of

text: megadiverse

text: countries

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: significant

text: global

text: interest

text: and

text: debate

text: regarding

text: deforestation

text: and

text: environmental

text: protection

text: South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.

text: South

text: Africa

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: RSA

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: of

text: coastline

text: of

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: stretching

text: along

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Indian

text: Oceans

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: of

text: Namibia

text: Botswana

text: and

text: Zimbabwe

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: surrounding

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: South

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: with

text: close

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: nation

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: or

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: that

text: borders

text: both

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: About

text: percent

text: of

text: South

text: Africans

text: are

text: of

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: African

text: ancestry

text: divided

text: among

text: variety

text: of

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: speaking

text: different

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: nine

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: official

text: status

text: The

text: remaining

text: population

text: consists

text: of

text: Africa

text: 's

text: largest

text: communities

text: of

text: European

text: white

text: Asian

text: Indian

text: and

text: multiracial

text: coloured

text: ancestry

text: The TriassicJurassic extinction event marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, , and is one of the major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon, profoundly affecting life on land and in the oceans. In the seas, a whole class (conodonts) and 34% of marine genera disappeared. On land, all pseudosuchians (non-ornithodiran archosaurs) other than crocodylomorphs (Sphenosuchia and Crocodyliformes), some remaining therapsids, and many of the large amphibians became extinct.

text: The

text: TriassicJurassic

text: extinction

text: event

text: marks

text: the

text: boundary

text: between

text: the

text: Triassic

text: and

text: Jurassic

text: periods

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: extinction

text: events

text: of

text: the

text: Phanerozoic

text: eon

text: profoundly

text: affecting

text: life

text: on

text: land

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: oceans

text: In

text: the

text: seas

text: whole

text: class

text: conodonts

text: and

text: of

text: marine

text: genera

text: disappeared

text: On

text: land

text: all

text: pseudosuchians

text: non

text: ornithodiran

text: archosaurs

text: other

text: than

text: crocodylomorphs

text: Sphenosuchia

text: and

text: Crocodyliformes

text: some

text: remaining

text: therapsids

text: and

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: large

text: amphibians

text: became

text: extinct

text: South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is the model used in nations that speak Romance languages. The reference to South America instead of other regions (like Latin America or the Southern Cone) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics (in particular, the rise of Brazil).

text: South

text: America

text: is

text: continent

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: hemisphere

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: hemisphere

text: with

text: relatively

text: small

text: portion

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: hemisphere

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: considered

text: subcontinent

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: model

text: used

text: in

text: nations

text: that

text: speak

text: Romance

text: languages

text: The

text: reference

text: to

text: South

text: America

text: instead

text: of

text: other

text: regions

text: like

text: Latin

text: America

text: or

text: the

text: Southern

text: Cone

text: has

text: increased

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: decades

text: due

text: to

text: changing

text: geopolitical

text: dynamics

text: in

text: particular

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: Brazil

text: Theriiformes is a subclass of mammals. The term was coined in 1997 by McKenna & Bell in their classification of mammals.

text: Theriiformes

text: is

text: subclass

text: of

text: mammals

text: The

text: term

text: was

text: coined

text: in

text: by

text: McKenna

text: Bell

text: in

text: their

text: classification

text: of

text: mammals

text: Theria (Greek: "", wild beast) is a subclass of mammals amongst the Theriiformes (the sister taxa to Yinotheria). Theria includes the eutherians (including the placental mammals) and the metatherians (including the marsupials).

text: Theria

text: Greek

text: wild

text: beast

text: is

text: subclass

text: of

text: mammals

text: amongst

text: the

text: Theriiformes

text: the

text: sister

text: taxa

text: to

text: Yinotheria

text: Theria

text: includes

text: the

text: eutherians

text: including

text: the

text: placental

text: mammals

text: and

text: the

text: metatherians

text: including

text: the

text: marsupials

text: Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents of the superfamily Muroidea. "True rats" are members of the genus "Rattus", the most important of which to humans are the black rat, "Rattus rattus", and the brown rat, "Rattus norvegicus". Many members of other rodent genera and families are also referred to as rats, and share many characteristics with true rats.

text: Rats

text: are

text: various

text: medium

text: sized

text: long

text: tailed

text: rodents

text: of

text: the

text: superfamily

text: Muroidea

text: True

text: rats

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Rattus

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: of

text: which

text: to

text: humans

text: are

text: the

text: black

text: rat

text: Rattus

text: rattus

text: and

text: the

text: brown

text: rat

text: Rattus

text: norvegicus

text: Many

text: members

text: of

text: other

text: rodent

text: genera

text: and

text: families

text: are

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: rats

text: and

text: share

text: many

text: characteristics

text: with

text: true

text: rats

text: The Triassic is a geologic period and system which spans 50.9 million years from the end of the Permian Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period Mya. The Triassic is the first period of the Mesozoic Era. Both the start and end of the period are marked by major extinction events. The Triassic was named in 1834 by Friedrich von Alberti, after the three distinct rock layers ("tri" meaning "three") that are found throughout Germany and northwestern Europered beds, capped by marine limestone, followed by a series of terrestrial mud- and sandstonescalled the "Trias".

text: The

text: Triassic

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: which

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Permian

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: Period

text: Mya

text: The

text: Triassic

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: Both

text: the

text: start

text: and

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: are

text: marked

text: by

text: major

text: extinction

text: events

text: The

text: Triassic

text: was

text: named

text: in

text: by

text: Friedrich

text: von

text: Alberti

text: after

text: the

text: three

text: distinct

text: rock

text: layers

text: tri

text: meaning

text: three

text: that

text: are

text: found

text: throughout

text: Germany

text: and

text: northwestern

text: Europered

text: beds

text: capped

text: by

text: marine

text: limestone

text: followed

text: by

text: series

text: of

text: terrestrial

text: mud-

text: and

text: sandstonescalled

text: the

text: Trias

text: Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is an enclaved, landlocked country in southern Africa completely surrounded by South Africa. It is just over in size and has a population slightly over two million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru.

text: Lesotho

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: is

text: an

text: enclaved

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: completely

text: surrounded

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: just

text: over

text: in

text: size

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: slightly

text: over

text: two

text: million

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Maseru

text: Synapsids (Greek, 'fused arch'), synonymous with theropsids (Greek, 'beast-face'), are a group of animals that includes mammals and every animal more closely related to mammals than to other living amniotes. They are easily separated from other amniotes by having a temporal fenestra, an opening low in the skull roof behind each eye, leaving a bony arch beneath each; this accounts for their name. Primitive synapsids are usually called pelycosaurs or pelycosaur-grade synapsids; more advanced mammal-like ones, therapsids. The non-mammalian members are described as mammal-like reptiles in classical systematics; they can also be called stem mammals or proto-mammals. Synapsids evolved from basal amniotes and are one of the two major groups of the later amniotes; the other is the sauropsids, a group that includes modern reptiles and birds. The distinctive temporal fenestra developed in the ancestral synapsid about 312 million years ago, during the Late Carboniferous period.

text: Synapsids

text: Greek

text: fused

text: arch

text: synonymous

text: with

text: theropsids

text: Greek

text: beast

text: face

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: animals

text: that

text: includes

text: mammals

text: and

text: every

text: animal

text: more

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: mammals

text: than

text: to

text: other

text: living

text: amniotes

text: They

text: are

text: easily

text: separated

text: from

text: other

text: amniotes

text: by

text: having

text: temporal

text: fenestra

text: an

text: opening

text: low

text: in

text: the

text: skull

text: roof

text: behind

text: each

text: eye

text: leaving

text: bony

text: arch

text: beneath

text: each

text: this

text: accounts

text: for

text: their

text: name

text: Primitive

text: synapsids

text: are

text: usually

text: called

text: pelycosaurs

text: or

text: pelycosaur

text: grade

text: synapsids

text: more

text: advanced

text: mammal

text: like

text: ones

text: therapsids

text: The

text: non

text: mammalian

text: members

text: are

text: described

text: as

text: mammal

text: like

text: reptiles

text: in

text: classical

text: systematics

text: they

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: called

text: stem

text: mammals

text: or

text: proto

text: mammals

text: Synapsids

text: evolved

text: from

text: basal

text: amniotes

text: and

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: major

text: groups

text: of

text: the

text: later

text: amniotes

text: the

text: other

text: is

text: the

text: sauropsids

text: group

text: that

text: includes

text: modern

text: reptiles

text: and

text: birds

text: The

text: distinctive

text: temporal

text: fenestra

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: ancestral

text: synapsid

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: during

text: the

text: Late

text: Carboniferous

text: period

text: Trithelodon was an extinct genus of cynodontian therapsid that lived during the Lower Jurassic in modern South Africa. Like cynodonts, it had many traits shared by mammals. Trithelodonts were probably insectivores, and nocturnal animals.

text: Trithelodon

text: was

text: an

text: extinct

text: genus

text: of

text: cynodontian

text: therapsid

text: that

text: lived

text: during

text: the

text: Lower

text: Jurassic

text: in

text: modern

text: South

text: Africa

text: Like

text: cynodonts

text: it

text: had

text: many

text: traits

text: shared

text: by

text: mammals

text: Trithelodonts

text: were

text: probably

text: insectivores

text: and

text: nocturnal

text: animals

text: The Early Jurassic epoch (in chronostratigraphy corresponding to the Lower Jurassic series) is the earliest of three epochs of the Jurassic period. The Early Jurassic starts immediately after the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event, 201.3 Ma (million years ago), and ends at the start of the Middle Jurassic 174.1 Ma.

text: The

text: Early

text: Jurassic

text: epoch

text: in

text: chronostratigraphy

text: corresponding

text: to

text: the

text: Lower

text: Jurassic

text: series

text: is

text: the

text: earliest

text: of

text: three

text: epochs

text: of

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: period

text: The

text: Early

text: Jurassic

text: starts

text: immediately

text: after

text: the

text: Triassic

text: Jurassic

text: extinction

text: event

text: Ma

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: and

text: ends

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Jurassic

text: Ma

text: Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Americas where Romance languages are predominant. The term originated in 19th century France as "Amérique latine" to consider French-speaking territories in the Americas (Haiti, French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin, Saint Barthélemy) along with the larger group of countries where Spanish and Portuguese languages prevailed. It is therefore broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic Americathough it usually excludes French Canada and modern French Louisiana.

text: Latin

text: America

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: countries

text: and

text: dependencies

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: where

text: Romance

text: languages

text: are

text: predominant

text: The

text: term

text: originated

text: in

text: century

text: France

text: as

text: Amérique

text: latine

text: to

text: consider

text: French

text: speaking

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Haiti

text: French

text: Guiana

text: Martinique

text: Guadeloupe

text: Saint

text: Martin

text: Saint

text: Barthélemy

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: larger

text: group

text: of

text: countries

text: where

text: Spanish

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: languages

text: prevailed

text: It

text: is

text: therefore

text: broader

text: than

text: the

text: terms

text: Ibero

text: America

text: or

text: Hispanic

text: Americathough

text: it

text: usually

text: excludes

text: French

text: Canada

text: and

text: modern

text: French

text: Louisiana

text: Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 64,000 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates, which include the cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) and the bony fish.

text: Vertebrates

text: comprise

text: all

text: species

text: of

text: animals

text: within

text: the

text: subphylum

text: Vertebrata

text: chordates

text: with

text: backbones

text: Vertebrates

text: represent

text: the

text: overwhelming

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: phylum

text: Chordata

text: with

text: currently

text: about

text: species

text: described

text: Vertebrates

text: include

text: the

text: jawless

text: fish

text: and

text: the

text: jawed

text: vertebrates

text: which

text: include

text: the

text: cartilaginous

text: fish

text: sharks

text: and

text: rays

text: and

text: the

text: bony

text: fish

text: The neocortex, also called the neopallium and isocortex, is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language.

text: The

text: neocortex

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: neopallium

text: and

text: isocortex

text: is

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: mammalian

text: brain

text: involved

text: in

text: higher

text: order

text: brain

text: functions

text: such

text: as

text: sensory

text: perception

text: cognition

text: generation

text: of

text: motor

text: commands

text: spatial

text: reasoning

text: and

text: language

text: Laurentia or the North American Craton is a large continental craton that forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent. Many times in its past, Laurentia has been a separate continent as it is now in the form of North America, although originally it also included the cratonic areas of Greenland and also the northwestern part of Scotland, known as the Hebridean Terrane. During other times in its past, Laurentia has been part of larger continents and supercontinents and itself consists of many smaller terranes assembled on a network of Early Proterozoic orogenic belts. Small microcontinents and oceanic islands collided with and sutured onto the ever-growing Laurentia, and together formed the stable Precambrian craton seen today.

text: Laurentia

text: or

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: Craton

text: is

text: large

text: continental

text: craton

text: that

text: forms

text: the

text: ancient

text: geological

text: core

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: continent

text: Many

text: times

text: in

text: its

text: past

text: Laurentia

text: has

text: been

text: separate

text: continent

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: now

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: although

text: originally

text: it

text: also

text: included

text: the

text: cratonic

text: areas

text: of

text: Greenland

text: and

text: also

text: the

text: northwestern

text: part

text: of

text: Scotland

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Hebridean

text: Terrane

text: During

text: other

text: times

text: in

text: its

text: past

text: Laurentia

text: has

text: been

text: part

text: of

text: larger

text: continents

text: and

text: supercontinents

text: and

text: itself

text: consists

text: of

text: many

text: smaller

text: terranes

text: assembled

text: on

text: network

text: of

text: Early

text: Proterozoic

text: orogenic

text: belts

text: Small

text: microcontinents

text: and

text: oceanic

text: islands

text: collided

text: with

text: and

text: sutured

text: onto

text: the

text: ever

text: growing

text: Laurentia

text: and

text: together

text: formed

text: the

text: stable

text: Precambrian

text: craton

text: seen

text: today

text: Sauropsida ("lizard faces") is a group of amniotes that includes all existing birds and reptiles as well as their fossil ancestors and other extinct relatives. Large land animals are either in this group or in its sister group, Synapsida, which includes mammals and their fossil relatives. This clade includes Parareptilia and other extinct clades. All living sauropsids are members of the sub-group Diapsida, the Parareptilia clade having died out 200 million years ago. The term originated in 1864 with Thomas Henry Huxley, who grouped birds with reptiles based on fossil evidence.

text: Sauropsida

text: lizard

text: faces

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: amniotes

text: that

text: includes

text: all

text: existing

text: birds

text: and

text: reptiles

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: their

text: fossil

text: ancestors

text: and

text: other

text: extinct

text: relatives

text: Large

text: land

text: animals

text: are

text: either

text: in

text: this

text: group

text: or

text: in

text: its

text: sister

text: group

text: Synapsida

text: which

text: includes

text: mammals

text: and

text: their

text: fossil

text: relatives

text: This

text: clade

text: includes

text: Parareptilia

text: and

text: other

text: extinct

text: clades

text: All

text: living

text: sauropsids

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: sub

text: group

text: Diapsida

text: the

text: Parareptilia

text: clade

text: having

text: died

text: out

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: The

text: term

text: originated

text: in

text: with

text: Thomas

text: Henry

text: Huxley

text: who

text: grouped

text: birds

text: with

text: reptiles

text: based

text: on

text: fossil

text: evidence

text: In geology, a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass. However, the definition of a supercontinent can be ambiguous. Many earth scientists, such as P.F. Hoffman (1999), use the term "supercontinent" to mean "a clustering of nearly all continents". This definition leaves room for interpretation when labeling a continental body and is easier to apply to Precambrian times. Using the first definition provided here, Gondwana (a.k.a. Gondwanaland) is not considered a supercontinent, because the landmasses of Baltica, Laurentia and Siberia also existed at the same time but physically separate from each other. The landmass of Pangaea is the collective name describing all of these continental masses when they were in proximity to one another. This would classify Pangaea as a supercontinent. According to the definition by Rogers and Santosh (2004), a supercontinent does not exist today. Supercontinents have assembled and dispersed multiple times in the geologic past (see table). The positions of continents have been accurately determined back to the early Jurassic. However, beyond , continental positions are much less certain.

text: In

text: geology

text: supercontinent

text: is

text: the

text: assembly

text: of

text: most

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: continental

text: blocks

text: or

text: cratons

text: to

text: form

text: single

text: large

text: landmass

text: However

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: supercontinent

text: can

text: be

text: ambiguous

text: Many

text: earth

text: scientists

text: such

text: as

text: P.F.

text: Hoffman

text: use

text: the

text: term

text: supercontinent

text: to

text: mean

text: clustering

text: of

text: nearly

text: all

text: continents

text: This

text: definition

text: leaves

text: room

text: for

text: interpretation

text: when

text: labeling

text: continental

text: body

text: and

text: is

text: easier

text: to

text: apply

text: to

text: Precambrian

text: times

text: Using

text: the

text: first

text: definition

text: provided

text: here

text: Gondwana

text: a.k.a

text: Gondwanaland

text: is

text: not

text: considered

text: supercontinent

text: because

text: the

text: landmasses

text: of

text: Baltica

text: Laurentia

text: and

text: Siberia

text: also

text: existed

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: but

text: physically

text: separate

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: The

text: landmass

text: of

text: Pangaea

text: is

text: the

text: collective

text: name

text: describing

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: continental

text: masses

text: when

text: they

text: were

text: in

text: proximity

text: to

text: one

text: another

text: This

text: would

text: classify

text: Pangaea

text: as

text: supercontinent

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: definition

text: by

text: Rogers

text: and

text: Santosh

text: supercontinent

text: does

text: not

text: exist

text: today

text: Supercontinents

text: have

text: assembled

text: and

text: dispersed

text: multiple

text: times

text: in

text: the

text: geologic

text: past

text: see

text: table

text: The

text: positions

text: of

text: continents

text: have

text: been

text: accurately

text: determined

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: Jurassic

text: However

text: beyond

text: continental

text: positions

text: are

text: much

text: less

text: certain

text: In the geological timescale the Tithonian is the latest age of the Late Jurassic epoch or the uppermost stage of the Upper Jurassic series. It spans the time between 152.1 ± 4 Ma and 145.0 ± 4 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Kimmeridgian and followed by the Berriasian stage (part of the Cretaceous).

text: In

text: the

text: geological

text: timescale

text: the

text: Tithonian

text: is

text: the

text: latest

text: age

text: of

text: the

text: Late

text: Jurassic

text: epoch

text: or

text: the

text: uppermost

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: Upper

text: Jurassic

text: series

text: It

text: spans

text: the

text: time

text: between

text: Ma

text: and

text: Ma

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: It

text: is

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Kimmeridgian

text: and

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Berriasian

text: stage

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: Therapsida is a group of synapsids that includes mammals and their ancestors. Many of the traits today seen as unique to mammals had their origin within early therapsids, including having their four limbs extend vertically beneath the body, as opposed to the sprawling posture of other reptiles. The earliest fossil attributed to Therapsida is "Tetraceratops insignis" from the Lower Permian.

text: Therapsida

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: synapsids

text: that

text: includes

text: mammals

text: and

text: their

text: ancestors

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: traits

text: today

text: seen

text: as

text: unique

text: to

text: mammals

text: had

text: their

text: origin

text: within

text: early

text: therapsids

text: including

text: having

text: their

text: four

text: limbs

text: extend

text: vertically

text: beneath

text: the

text: body

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: sprawling

text: posture

text: of

text: other

text: reptiles

text: The

text: earliest

text: fossil

text: attributed

text: to

text: Therapsida

text: is

text: Tetraceratops

text: insignis

text: from

text: the

text: Lower

text: Permian

text: The University of Glasgow (abbreviated as Glas. in post-nominals) is the fourth oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotland's four ancient universities. It was founded in 1451. Along with the University of Edinburgh, the University was part of the Scottish Enlightenment during the 18th century. It is currently a member of Universitas 21, the international network of research universities, and the Russell Group.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Glasgow

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: Glas

text: in

text: post

text: nominals

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: oldest

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: world

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: Scotland

text: 's

text: four

text: ancient

text: universities

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: Along

text: with

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Edinburgh

text: the

text: University

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Enlightenment

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: is

text: currently

text: member

text: of

text: Universitas

text: the

text: international

text: network

text: of

text: research

text: universities

text: and

text: the

text: Russell

text: Group

text: Reptiles are tetrapod (four-limbed vertebrate) animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives. The study of these traditional reptile orders, historically combined with that of modern amphibians, is called herpetology.

text: Reptiles

text: are

text: tetrapod

text: four

text: limbed

text: vertebrate

text: animals

text: in

text: the

text: class

text: Reptilia

text: comprising

text: today

text: 's

text: turtles

text: crocodilians

text: snakes

text: amphisbaenians

text: lizards

text: tuatara

text: and

text: their

text: extinct

text: relatives

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: these

text: traditional

text: reptile

text: orders

text: historically

text: combined

text: with

text: that

text: of

text: modern

text: amphibians

text: is

text: called

text: herpetology

text: Mammals are any vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin "mamma" "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles and birds by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones and mammary glands. The sister group of mammals may be the extinct "Haldanodon." The mammals represent the only living Synapsida, which together with the Sauropsida form the Amniota clade. The mammals consist of the Yinotheria including monotrema and the Theriiformes including the theria.

text: Mammals

text: are

text: any

text: vertebrates

text: within

text: the

text: class

text: Mammalia

text: from

text: Latin

text: mamma

text: breast

text: clade

text: of

text: endothermic

text: amniotes

text: distinguished

text: from

text: reptiles

text: and

text: birds

text: by

text: the

text: possession

text: of

text: neocortex

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: hair

text: three

text: middle

text: ear

text: bones

text: and

text: mammary

text: glands

text: The

text: sister

text: group

text: of

text: mammals

text: may

text: be

text: the

text: extinct

text: Haldanodon

text: The

text: mammals

text: represent

text: the

text: only

text: living

text: Synapsida

text: which

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: Sauropsida

text: form

text: the

text: Amniota

text: clade

text: The

text: mammals

text: consist

text: of

text: the

text: Yinotheria

text: including

text: monotrema

text: and

text: the

text: Theriiformes

text: including

text: the

text: theria

text: A mammary gland is an exocrine gland in mammals that produces milk to feed young offspring. Mammals get their name from the word "mammary". The mammary glands are arranged in organs such as the breasts in primates (for example, humans and chimpanzees), the udder in ruminants (for example, cows, goats, and deer), and the dugs of other animals (for example, dogs and cats). Lactorrhea, the occasional production of milk by the glands, can occur in any mammal, but in most mammals lactation, the production of enough milk for nursing, occurs only in phenotypic females who have gestated in recent months or years. It is directed by hormonal guidance from sex steroids. In a few mammalian species, male lactation can occur.

text: mammary

text: gland

text: is

text: an

text: exocrine

text: gland

text: in

text: mammals

text: that

text: produces

text: milk

text: to

text: feed

text: young

text: offspring

text: Mammals

text: get

text: their

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: word

text: mammary

text: The

text: mammary

text: glands

text: are

text: arranged

text: in

text: organs

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: breasts

text: in

text: primates

text: for

text: example

text: humans

text: and

text: chimpanzees

text: the

text: udder

text: in

text: ruminants

text: for

text: example

text: cows

text: goats

text: and

text: deer

text: and

text: the

text: dugs

text: of

text: other

text: animals

text: for

text: example

text: dogs

text: and

text: cats

text: Lactorrhea

text: the

text: occasional

text: production

text: of

text: milk

text: by

text: the

text: glands

text: can

text: occur

text: in

text: any

text: mammal

text: but

text: in

text: most

text: mammals

text: lactation

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: enough

text: milk

text: for

text: nursing

text: occurs

text: only

text: in

text: phenotypic

text: females

text: who

text: have

text: gestated

text: in

text: recent

text: months

text: or

text: years

text: It

text: is

text: directed

text: by

text: hormonal

text: guidance

text: from

text: sex

text: steroids

text: In

text: few

text: mammalian

text: species

text: male

text: lactation

text: can

text: occur

text: Birds (Aves), also known as avian dinosaurs, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the bee hummingbird to the ostrich. They rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, at approximately ten thousand, with more than half of these being passerines, sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds.

text: Birds

text: Aves

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: avian

text: dinosaurs

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: endothermic

text: vertebrates

text: characterised

text: by

text: feathers

text: toothless

text: beaked

text: jaws

text: the

text: laying

text: of

text: hard

text: shelled

text: eggs

text: high

text: metabolic

text: rate

text: four

text: chambered

text: heart

text: and

text: lightweight

text: but

text: strong

text: skeleton

text: Birds

text: live

text: worldwide

text: and

text: range

text: in

text: size

text: from

text: the

text: bee

text: hummingbird

text: to

text: the

text: ostrich

text: They

text: rank

text: as

text: the

text: class

text: of

text: tetrapods

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: living

text: species

text: at

text: approximately

text: ten

text: thousand

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: these

text: being

text: passerines

text: sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: perching

text: birds

text: or

text: less

text: accurately

text: as

text: songbirds

text: Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (for ) and atomic number 50, is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains tin dioxide, SnO. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, thanks to its magic number of protons. It has two main allotropes: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is -tin, a silvery-white, malleable metal, but at low temperatures it transforms into the less dense grey -tin, which has the diamond cubic structure. Metallic tin is not easily oxidized in air.

text: Tin

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: the

text: symbol

text: Sn

text: for

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: is

text: post

text: transition

text: metal

text: in

text: group

text: of

text: the

text: periodic

text: table

text: It

text: is

text: obtained

text: chiefly

text: from

text: the

text: mineral

text: cassiterite

text: which

text: contains

text: tin

text: dioxide

text: SnO.

text: Tin

text: shows

text: chemical

text: similarity

text: to

text: both

text: of

text: its

text: neighbors

text: in

text: group

text: germanium

text: and

text: lead

text: and

text: has

text: two

text: main

text: oxidation

text: states

text: and

text: the

text: slightly

text: more

text: stable

text: Tin

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: abundant

text: element

text: and

text: has

text: with

text: stable

text: isotopes

text: the

text: largest

text: number

text: of

text: stable

text: isotopes

text: in

text: the

text: periodic

text: table

text: thanks

text: to

text: its

text: magic

text: number

text: of

text: protons

text: It

text: has

text: two

text: main

text: allotropes

text: at

text: room

text: temperature

text: the

text: stable

text: allotrope

text: is

text: -tin

text: silvery

text: white

text: malleable

text: metal

text: but

text: at

text: low

text: temperatures

text: it

text: transforms

text: into

text: the

text: less

text: dense

text: grey

text: -tin

text: which

text: has

text: the

text: diamond

text: cubic

text: structure

text: Metallic

text: tin

text: is

text: not

text: easily

text: oxidized

text: in

text: air

text: The Jurassic (from Jura Mountains) is a geologic period and system that spans 56.3 million years from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period Mya. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic Era, also known as the Age of Reptiles. The start of the period is marked by the major TriassicJurassic extinction event. Two other extinction events occurred during the period: the Pliensbachian/Toarcian event in the Early Jurassic, and the Tithonian event at the end; however, neither event ranks among the "Big Five" mass extinctions.

text: The

text: Jurassic

text: from

text: Jura

text: Mountains

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: that

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Triassic

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: Mya

text: The

text: Jurassic

text: constitutes

text: the

text: middle

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Reptiles

text: The

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: is

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: major

text: TriassicJurassic

text: extinction

text: event

text: Two

text: other

text: extinction

text: events

text: occurred

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: the

text: Pliensbachian

text: Toarcian

text: event

text: in

text: the

text: Early

text: Jurassic

text: and

text: the

text: Tithonian

text: event

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: however

text: neither

text: event

text: ranks

text: among

text: the

text: Big

text: Five

text: mass

text: extinctions

text: The Romance languages (sometimes called the Romanic languages, Latin languages, or Neo-Latin languages) are the modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin between the sixth and ninth centuries and that thus form a branch of the Italic languages within the Indo-European language family.

text: The

text: Romance

text: languages

text: sometimes

text: called

text: the

text: Romanic

text: languages

text: Latin

text: languages

text: or

text: Neo

text: Latin

text: languages

text: are

text: the

text: modern

text: languages

text: that

text: evolved

text: from

text: Vulgar

text: Latin

text: between

text: the

text: sixth

text: and

text: ninth

text: centuries

text: and

text: that

text: thus

text: form

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Italic

text: languages

text: within

text: the

text: Indo

text: European

text: language

text: family

text: The Bantu languages, technically the Narrow Bantu languages (as opposed to "Wide Bantu", a loosely defined categorization which includes other Bantoid languages), constitute a traditional branch of the NigerCongo languages. There are about 250 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility, though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear, and "Ethnologue" counts 535 languages. Bantu languages are spoken largely east and south of present-day Cameroon, that is, in the regions commonly known as Central Africa, Southeast Africa, and Southern Africa. Parts of the Bantu area include languages from other language families (see map).

text: The

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: technically

text: the

text: Narrow

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: Wide

text: Bantu

text: loosely

text: defined

text: categorization

text: which

text: includes

text: other

text: Bantoid

text: languages

text: constitute

text: traditional

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: NigerCongo

text: languages

text: There

text: are

text: about

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: by

text: the

text: criterion

text: of

text: mutual

text: intelligibility

text: though

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: language

text: and

text: dialect

text: is

text: often

text: unclear

text: and

text: Ethnologue

text: counts

text: languages

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: are

text: spoken

text: largely

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Cameroon

text: that

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: regions

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Central

text: Africa

text: Southeast

text: Africa

text: and

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: Parts

text: of

text: the

text: Bantu

text: area

text: include

text: languages

text: from

text: other

text: language

text: families

text: see

text: map

text: Swaziland, officially the Kingdom of Swaziland (or ; Swazi: "Umbuso weSwatini"; sometimes called kaNgwane or Eswatini), is a sovereign state in Southern Africa. It is neighboured by Mozambique to its northeast and by South Africa to its north, west and south. The country and its people take their names from Mswati II, the 19th-century king under whose rule Swazi territory was expanded and unified.

text: Swaziland

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Swaziland

text: or

text: Swazi

text: Umbuso

text: weSwatini

text: sometimes

text: called

text: kaNgwane

text: or

text: Eswatini

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: neighboured

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: to

text: its

text: northeast

text: and

text: by

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: its

text: north

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: and

text: its

text: people

text: take

text: their

text: names

text: from

text: Mswati

text: II

text: the

text: century

text: king

text: under

text: whose

text: rule

text: Swazi

text: territory

text: was

text: expanded

text: and

text: unified

text: The Tritheledontidae or tritheledontids , also known as ictidosaurs , were small to medium - sized ( about 10 or 20 cm long ) cynodonts . They were extremely mammal - like , highly specialized cynodonts , although they still retained a very few reptilian anatomical traits . Tritheledontids were mainly carnivorous or insectivorous , though some species may have developed omnivorous traits . Their skeletons show that they had a close relationship to mammals . Tritheledontids or their closest relatives may have given rise to primitive mammals . The tritheledontids were one of the longest lived non-mammalian therapsid lineages , living from late Triassic to the Jurassic period . Tritheledontids became extinct in the Jurassic period , possibly due to competition with prehistoric mammals such as the triconodonts . They are known from finds in South America and South Africa , indicating that they may have lived only on the supercontinent of Gondwana . The family Tritheledontidae was named by South African paleontologist Robert Broom in 1912 . The family is often misspelled `` Trithelodontidae '' . It is possible that Tritheledontidae had vibrissae , according to the PBS documentary , Your Inner Fish . A common ancestor of all therian mammals did so . It is possible that the development of the whisker sensory system played an important role in mammalian development , more generally .

text: The

text: Tritheledontidae

text: or

text: tritheledontids

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: ictidosaurs

text: were

text: small

text: to

text: medium

text: sized

text: about

text: or

text: cm

text: long

text: cynodonts

text: They

text: were

text: extremely

text: mammal

text: like

text: highly

text: specialized

text: cynodonts

text: although

text: they

text: still

text: retained

text: very

text: few

text: reptilian

text: anatomical

text: traits

text: Tritheledontids

text: were

text: mainly

text: carnivorous

text: or

text: insectivorous

text: though

text: some

text: species

text: may

text: have

text: developed

text: omnivorous

text: traits

text: Their

text: skeletons

text: show

text: that

text: they

text: had

text: close

text: relationship

text: to

text: mammals

text: Tritheledontids

text: or

text: their

text: closest

text: relatives

text: may

text: have

text: given

text: rise

text: to

text: primitive

text: mammals

text: The

text: tritheledontids

text: were

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: longest

text: lived

text: non

text: mammalian

text: therapsid

text: lineages

text: living

text: from

text: late

text: Triassic

text: to

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: period

text: Tritheledontids

text: became

text: extinct

text: in

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: period

text: possibly

text: due

text: to

text: competition

text: with

text: prehistoric

text: mammals

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: triconodonts

text: They

text: are

text: known

text: from

text: finds

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

text: indicating

text: that

text: they

text: may

text: have

text: lived

text: only

text: on

text: the

text: supercontinent

text: of

text: Gondwana

text: The

text: family

text: Tritheledontidae

text: was

text: named

text: by

text: South

text: African

text: paleontologist

text: Robert

text: Broom

text: in

text: The

text: family

text: is

text: often

text: misspelled

text: Trithelodontidae

text: It

text: is

text: possible

text: that

text: Tritheledontidae

text: had

text: vibrissae

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: PBS

text: documentary

text: Your

text: Inner

text: Fish

text: common

text: ancestor

text: of

text: all

text: therian

text: mammals

text: did

text: so

text: It

text: is

text: possible

text: that

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: whisker

text: sensory

text: system

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: mammalian

text: development

text: more

text: generally

text: In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly "reappears" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence.

text: In

text: biology

text: and

text: ecology

text: extinction

text: is

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: or

text: of

text: group

text: of

text: organisms

text: taxon

text: normally

text: species

text: The

text: moment

text: of

text: extinction

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: individual

text: of

text: the

text: species

text: although

text: the

text: capacity

text: to

text: breed

text: and

text: recover

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: lost

text: before

text: this

text: point

text: Because

text: species

text: potential

text: range

text: may

text: be

text: very

text: large

text: determining

text: this

text: moment

text: is

text: difficult

text: and

text: is

text: usually

text: done

text: retrospectively

text: This

text: difficulty

text: leads

text: to

text: phenomena

text: such

text: as

text: Lazarus

text: taxa

text: where

text: species

text: presumed

text: extinct

text: abruptly

text: reappears

text: typically

text: in

text: the

text: fossil

text: record

text: after

text: period

text: of

text: apparent

text: absence

text: A clade (from , "klados", "branch") is a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants, and represents a single "branch" on the "tree of life".

text: clade

text: from

text: klados

text: branch

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: organisms

text: that

text: consists

text: of

text: common

text: ancestor

text: and

text: all

text: its

text: lineal

text: descendants

text: and

text: represents

text: single

text: branch

text: on

text: the

text: tree

text: of

text: life

text: Robert Broom FRS FRSE (30 November 1866, Paisley  6 April 1951) was a Scottish South African doctor and paleontologist. He qualified as a medical practitioner in 1895 and received his DSc in 1905 from the University of Glasgow.

text: Robert

text: Broom

text: FRS

text: FRSE

text: November

text: Paisley

text: April

text: was

text: Scottish

text: South

text: African

text: doctor

text: and

text: paleontologist

text: He

text: qualified

text: as

text: medical

text: practitioner

text: in

text: and

text: received

text: his

text: DSc

text: in

text: from

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Glasgow

question: taxon_rank tritheledontidae

answer: genus

text: genus

text: genus


text: Dharwad District is an administrative district of the state of Karnataka in southern India. Dharwad is the cultural headquarters of North Karnataka.

text: Dharwad

text: District

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: district

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Karnataka

text: in

text: southern

text: India

text: Dharwad

text: is

text: the

text: cultural

text: headquarters

text: of

text: North

text: Karnataka

text: Dharwad is the district headquarters of Dharwad district in the state of Karnataka, India. It was merged with the city of Hubballi in 1961 to form the twin cities of Hubballi-Dharwad. It covers an area of 200.23 km² and is located 425 km northwest of Bengaluru, on NH-48, between Bengaluru and Pune.

text: Dharwad

text: is

text: the

text: district

text: headquarters

text: of

text: Dharwad

text: district

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Karnataka

text: India

text: It

text: was

text: merged

text: with

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Hubballi

text: in

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: twin

text: cities

text: of

text: Hubballi

text: Dharwad

text: It

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: is

text: located

text: km

text: northwest

text: of

text: Bengaluru

text: on

text: between

text: Bengaluru

text: and

text: Pune

text: India, officially the Republic of India ("Bhrat Gaarjya"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.

text: India

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: India

text: Bhrat

text: Gaarjya

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: democracy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: China

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Bhutan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: India

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: India

text: 's

text: Andaman

text: and

text: Nicobar

text: Islands

text: share

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: New

text: Delhi

text: other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Mumbai

text: Kolkata

text: Chennai

text: Bangalore

text: Hyderabad

text: and

text: Ahmedabad

text: Karnataka (IPA:) is a state in south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed "Karnataka" in 1973. The capital and largest city is Bangalore (Bengaluru). Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea and the Laccadive Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Telangana to the northeast, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area. With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the classical languages of India, is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.

text: Karnataka

text: IPA

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: south

text: western

text: region

text: of

text: India

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: on

text: November

text: with

text: the

text: passage

text: of

text: the

text: States

text: Reorganisation

text: Act

text: Originally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Mysore

text: it

text: was

text: renamed

text: Karnataka

text: in

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Bangalore

text: Bengaluru

text: Karnataka

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Laccadive

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Goa

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Maharashtra

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Telangana

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: Kerala

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: The

text: state

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: or

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: geographical

text: area

text: of

text: India

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: Indian

text: state

text: by

text: area

text: With

text: inhabitants

text: at

text: the

text: census

text: Karnataka

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: state

text: by

text: population

text: comprising

text: districts

text: Kannada

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: classical

text: languages

text: of

text: India

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: spoken

text: and

text: official

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: Pune (; spelt "Poona" during British rule) is the the second largest city in the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ninth most populous city in the country. Situated above sea level on the Deccan plateau on the right bank of the Mutha river, Pune is the administrative headquarters of Pune district and was once the centre of power of the Maratha Empire established by Shivaji Maharaj. In the 18th century, Pune was the political centre of the Indian subcontinent, as the seat of the Peshwas who were the prime ministers of the Maratha Empire.

text: Pune

text: spelt

text: Poona

text: during

text: British

text: rule

text: is

text: the

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: state

text: of

text: Maharashtra

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Situated

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: on

text: the

text: Deccan

text: plateau

text: on

text: the

text: right

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Mutha

text: river

text: Pune

text: is

text: the

text: administrative

text: headquarters

text: of

text: Pune

text: district

text: and

text: was

text: once

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: Maratha

text: Empire

text: established

text: by

text: Shivaji

text: Maharaj

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: Pune

text: was

text: the

text: political

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: as

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: Peshwas

text: who

text: were

text: the

text: prime

text: ministers

text: of

text: the

text: Maratha

text: Empire

text: Hubli officially known as Hubballi is the second largest city in Karnataka . It is one of the fastest growing agglomerating city in the state of Karnataka , India . The name Hubballi literally means `` Flowering creeper '' in Kannada . The twin cities of Hubli and Dharwad , collectively referred to as `` Hubli - Dharwad '' , is the largest city in Karnataka after Bengaluru . While Dharwad is the administrative headquarters , the city of Hubli , situated about 20 km south - east of Dharwad , is the commercial center and business hub of North Karnataka region . Crops including cotton , chilly and peanuts are grown aplenty in the surrounding rural agricultural areas , and Hubli is a major trading center for these commodities . It is also an important city for the Indian Railways , as it is the headquarters for South Western Railway Zone and the Hubli Railway Division . Hubli is a major railway junction in North Karnataka . It is also the headquarters of North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation . Hubli also houses the largest number of government offices outside Bangalore . The twin cities of Hubli and Dharwad have been selected as two of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as smart cities under PM Narendra Modi 's flagship Smart Cities Mission .

text: Hubli

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: Hubballi

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Karnataka

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: fastest

text: growing

text: agglomerating

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Karnataka

text: India

text: The

text: name

text: Hubballi

text: literally

text: means

text: Flowering

text: creeper

text: in

text: Kannada

text: The

text: twin

text: cities

text: of

text: Hubli

text: and

text: Dharwad

text: collectively

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Hubli

text: Dharwad

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Karnataka

text: after

text: Bengaluru

text: While

text: Dharwad

text: is

text: the

text: administrative

text: headquarters

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Hubli

text: situated

text: about

text: km

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: Dharwad

text: is

text: the

text: commercial

text: center

text: and

text: business

text: hub

text: of

text: North

text: Karnataka

text: region

text: Crops

text: including

text: cotton

text: chilly

text: and

text: peanuts

text: are

text: grown

text: aplenty

text: in

text: the

text: surrounding

text: rural

text: agricultural

text: areas

text: and

text: Hubli

text: is

text: major

text: trading

text: center

text: for

text: these

text: commodities

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: an

text: important

text: city

text: for

text: the

text: Indian

text: Railways

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: headquarters

text: for

text: South

text: Western

text: Railway

text: Zone

text: and

text: the

text: Hubli

text: Railway

text: Division

text: Hubli

text: is

text: major

text: railway

text: junction

text: in

text: North

text: Karnataka

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: North

text: Western

text: Karnataka

text: Road

text: Transport

text: Corporation

text: Hubli

text: also

text: houses

text: the

text: largest

text: number

text: of

text: government

text: offices

text: outside

text: Bangalore

text: The

text: twin

text: cities

text: of

text: Hubli

text: and

text: Dharwad

text: have

text: been

text: selected

text: as

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: hundred

text: Indian

text: cities

text: to

text: be

text: developed

text: as

text: smart

text: cities

text: under

text: PM

text: Narendra

text: Modi

text: 's

text: flagship

text: Smart

text: Cities

text: Mission

annotations: follows multiple

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity hubli

answer: dharwad district

text: dharwad district

text: dharwad district


text: Shaw Brothers (HK) Ltd. was the largest film production company of Hong Kong.

text: Shaw

text: Brothers

text: HK

text: Ltd.

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: film

text: production

text: company

text: of

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: David Chiang Da-wei (born Chiang Wei-nien on 29 June 1947 in Shanghai, Republic of China) is a Hong Kong actor, director and producer. A martial arts superstar in the 1970s under the Shaw Brothers Studio, he has appeared in over 130 films and over 30 television series.

text: David

text: Chiang

text: Da

text: wei

text: born

text: Chiang

text: Wei

text: nien

text: on

text: June

text: in

text: Shanghai

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: is

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: actor

text: director

text: and

text: producer

text: martial

text: arts

text: superstar

text: in

text: the

text: under

text: the

text: Shaw

text: Brothers

text: Studio

text: he

text: has

text: appeared

text: in

text: over

text: films

text: and

text: over

text: television

text: series

text: Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total land area of and a population of over 7.3 million of various nationalities, it ranks as the world's fourth most densely populated sovereign state or territory.

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: officially

text: the

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Special

text: Administrative

text: Region

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: is

text: an

text: autonomous

text: territory

text: on

text: the

text: Pearl

text: River

text: Delta

text: of

text: East

text: Asia

text: Macau

text: lies

text: across

text: the

text: delta

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Chinese

text: province

text: of

text: Guangdong

text: borders

text: the

text: territory

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: With

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: of

text: various

text: nationalities

text: it

text: ranks

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: sovereign

text: state

text: or

text: territory

text: Lau Kar-leung (28 July 1934  25 June 2013), also known as Liu Chia-liang, was a Hong Kong-based Chinese actor, filmmaker, choreographer and martial artist. Lau is best known for the films he made in the 1970s and 1980s for the Shaw Brothers Studio. One of his most famous works is "The 36th Chamber of Shaolin" which starred Gordon Liu, as well as "Drunken Master II" which starred Jackie Chan.

text: Lau

text: Kar

text: leung

text: July

text: June

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Liu

text: Chia

text: liang

text: was

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: based

text: Chinese

text: actor

text: filmmaker

text: choreographer

text: and

text: martial

text: artist

text: Lau

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: films

text: he

text: made

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: Shaw

text: Brothers

text: Studio

text: One

text: of

text: his

text: most

text: famous

text: works

text: is

text: The

text: Chamber

text: of

text: Shaolin

text: which

text: starred

text: Gordon

text: Liu

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Drunken

text: Master

text: II

text: which

text: starred

text: Jackie

text: Chan

text: Chan Kong-sang, SBS, MBE, PMW, (born 7 April 1954), known professionally as Jackie Chan, is a Hong Kong martial artist, actor, film director, producer, stuntman and singer. In his movies, he is known for his acrobatic fighting style, comic timing, use of improvised weapons, and innovative stunts, which he typically performs himself. Chan has trained in Kung Fu and Hapkido. He has been acting since the 1960s and has appeared in over 150 films.

text: Chan

text: Kong

text: sang

text: SBS

text: MBE

text: PMW

text: born

text: April

text: known

text: professionally

text: as

text: Jackie

text: Chan

text: is

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: martial

text: artist

text: actor

text: film

text: director

text: producer

text: stuntman

text: and

text: singer

text: In

text: his

text: movies

text: he

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: acrobatic

text: fighting

text: style

text: comic

text: timing

text: use

text: of

text: improvised

text: weapons

text: and

text: innovative

text: stunts

text: which

text: he

text: typically

text: performs

text: himself

text: Chan

text: has

text: trained

text: in

text: Kung

text: Fu

text: and

text: Hapkido

text: He

text: has

text: been

text: acting

text: since

text: the

text: and

text: has

text: appeared

text: in

text: over

text: films

text: Shanghai (": Zånhae" ), often abbreviated as Hu or Shen, is one of the four direct-controlled municipalities of the People's Republic of China. It is the most populous city proper in the world, with a population of more than 24 million . It is a global financial centre and transport hub, with the world's busiest container port. Located in the Yangtze River Delta in East China, Shanghai sits on the south edge of the mouth of the Yangtze in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the north, south and west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea.

text: Shanghai

text: Zånhae

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: Hu

text: or

text: Shen

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: It

text: is

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text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: proper

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: population

text: of

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text: It

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text: hub

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text: world

text: 's

text: busiest

text: container

text: port

text: Located

text: in

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text: Yangtze

text: River

text: Delta

text: in

text: East

text: China

text: Shanghai

text: sits

text: on

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text: mouth

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text: Yangtze

text: in

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text: middle

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text: Chinese

text: coast

text: The

text: municipality

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text: Jiangsu

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text: Zhejiang

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text: is

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text: east

text: by

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text: China

text: Sea

text: Drunken Master II is a 1994 Hong Kong kung fu film directed by Lau Kar-leung and Jackie Chan, who stars as Chinese folk hero, Wong Fei-hung. It was Chan's first traditional style martial arts film since "The Young Master" (1980) and "Dragon Lord" (1982). The film was released in North America as The Legend of Drunken Master in 2000.

text: Drunken

text: Master

text: II

text: is

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: kung

text: fu

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Lau

text: Kar

text: leung

text: and

text: Jackie

text: Chan

text: who

text: stars

text: as

text: Chinese

text: folk

text: hero

text: Wong

text: Fei

text: hung

text: It

text: was

text: Chan

text: 's

text: first

text: traditional

text: style

text: martial

text: arts

text: film

text: since

text: The

text: Young

text: Master

text: and

text: Dragon

text: Lord

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: as

text: The

text: Legend

text: of

text: Drunken

text: Master

text: in

text: Shaolin Mantis (  ) ( Orig . Tang lang ) is a 1978 Shaw Brothers film directed by Lau Kar - leung , starring David Chiang and Liu Chia Hui .

text: Shaolin

text: Mantis

text: Orig

text: Tang

text: lang

text: is

text: Shaw

text: Brothers

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Lau

text: Kar

text: leung

text: starring

text: David

text: Chiang

text: and

text: Liu

text: Chia

text: Hui

annotations: likely single

question: country_of_origin the deadly mantis

answer: hong kong

text: hong kong

text: hong kong

text: hong kong

text: hong kong

text: hong kong

text: hong kong

text: hong kong