text: The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency.

text: The

text: euro

text: sign

text: code

text: EUR

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: currency

text: of

text: the

text: eurozone

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Austria

text: Belgium

text: Cyprus

text: Estonia

text: Finland

text: France

text: Germany

text: Greece

text: Ireland

text: Italy

text: Latvia

text: Lithuania

text: Luxembourg

text: Malta

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Portugal

text: Slovakia

text: Slovenia

text: and

text: Spain

text: The

text: currency

text: is

text: also

text: officially

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: institutions

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: four

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: unilaterally

text: by

text: two

text: others

text: and

text: is

text: consequently

text: used

text: daily

text: by

text: some

text: million

text: Europeans

text: Outside

text: of

text: Europe

text: number

text: of

text: overseas

text: territories

text: of

text: EU

text: members

text: also

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: as

text: their

text: currency

text: Aschaffenburg is a town in northwest Bavaria, Germany. The town of Aschaffenburg is not considered part of the district of Aschaffenburg, but is the administrative seat.

text: Aschaffenburg

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: northwest

text: Bavaria

text: Germany

text: The

text: town

text: of

text: Aschaffenburg

text: is

text: not

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: district

text: of

text: Aschaffenburg

text: but

text: is

text: the

text: administrative

text: seat

text: Stuttgart ( Swabian: "Schduagert"), often nicknamed the ""Schwabenmetropole"" in reference to its location in the center of Swabia and the local dialect spoken by some natives, is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley locally known as the "Stuttgarter Kessel" an hour from the Swabian Jura and the Black Forest. Stuttgart's name comes from the Old High German word ""Stuogarten"," or "stud farm"  a reference to the city's founding in 950 AD as a stud farm. Stuttgarts urban area has a population of 623,738, and a further making it the sixth largest city in Germany, 2.7 million people live in the citys administrative region, and another 5.3 million people in its metropolitan area, making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Germany.

text: Stuttgart

text: Swabian

text: Schduagert

text: often

text: nicknamed

text: the

text: Schwabenmetropole

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: its

text: location

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: Swabia

text: and

text: the

text: local

text: dialect

text: spoken

text: by

text: some

text: natives

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: of

text: Baden

text: Württemberg

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Neckar

text: river

text: in

text: fertile

text: valley

text: locally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Stuttgarter

text: Kessel

text: an

text: hour

text: from

text: the

text: Swabian

text: Jura

text: and

text: the

text: Black

text: Forest

text: Stuttgart

text: 's

text: name

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Old

text: High

text: German

text: word

text: Stuogarten

text: or

text: stud

text: farm

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: founding

text: in

text: AD

text: as

text: stud

text: farm

text: Stuttgarts

text: urban

text: area

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: and

text: further

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: sixth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: million

text: people

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: citys

text: administrative

text: region

text: and

text: another

text: million

text: people

text: in

text: its

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: Germany

text: Hamburg (local pronunciation ; Low German/Low Saxon: "Hamborg" ), officially "Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg" (Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg), is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. It is the second smallest German state by area. Its population is over 1.7 million people, and the wider Hamburg Metropolitan Region covers more than 5.1 million inhabitants. The city is situated on the river Elbe.

text: Hamburg

text: local

text: pronunciation

text: Low

text: German

text: Low

text: Saxon

text: Hamborg

text: officially

text: Freie

text: und

text: Hansestadt

text: Hamburg

text: Free

text: and

text: Hanseatic

text: City

text: of

text: Hamburg

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: smallest

text: German

text: state

text: by

text: area

text: Its

text: population

text: is

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: wider

text: Hamburg

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: covers

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: river

text: Elbe

text: The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.

text: The

text: European

text: Union

text: EU

text: is

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: union

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: that

text: are

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: The

text: EU

text: has

text: developed

text: an

text: internal

text: single

text: market

text: through

text: standardised

text: system

text: of

text: laws

text: that

text: apply

text: in

text: all

text: member

text: states

text: EU

text: policies

text: aim

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: free

text: movement

text: of

text: people

text: goods

text: services

text: and

text: capital

text: within

text: the

text: internal

text: market

text: enact

text: legislation

text: in

text: justice

text: and

text: home

text: affairs

text: and

text: maintain

text: common

text: policies

text: on

text: trade

text: agriculture

text: fisheries

text: and

text: regional

text: development

text: Within

text: the

text: Schengen

text: Area

text: passport

text: controls

text: have

text: been

text: abolished

text: monetary

text: union

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: came

text: into

text: full

text: force

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: EU

text: member

text: states

text: which

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: currency

text: Baden-Württemberg is a state in Germany located in the southwest, east of the Upper Rhine. It is Germanys third largest state in terms of size and population, with an area of and 10.8 million inhabitants. The state capital and largest city is Stuttgart.

text: Baden

text: Württemberg

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: Germany

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Upper

text: Rhine

text: It

text: is

text: Germanys

text: third

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: size

text: and

text: population

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: The

text: state

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Stuttgart

text: Munich (also in British English ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, and the 12th biggest city of the European Union, with a population of above 1.5 million. The Munich Metropolitan Region is home to 5.8 million people.

text: Munich

text: also

text: in

text: British

text: English

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: River

text: Isar

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Bavarian

text: Alps

text: Munich

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: after

text: Berlin

text: and

text: Hamburg

text: and

text: the

text: biggest

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: above

text: million

text: The

text: Munich

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis is a district ("Kreis") in the north of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from east clockwise) Main-Tauber-Kreis, Hohenlohe-Kreis, Heilbronn, Rhein-Neckar-Kreis, Odenwaldkreis (Hesse) and Landkreis Miltenberg (Bavaria). The "Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis" is part of to the Rhine Neckar Area.

text: Neckar

text: Odenwald

text: Kreis

text: is

text: district

text: Kreis

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: Baden

text: Württemberg

text: Germany

text: Neighboring

text: districts

text: are

text: from

text: east

text: clockwise

text: Main

text: Tauber

text: Kreis

text: Hohenlohe

text: Kreis

text: Heilbronn

text: Rhein

text: Neckar

text: Kreis

text: Odenwaldkreis

text: Hesse

text: and

text: Landkreis

text: Miltenberg

text: Bavaria

text: The

text: Neckar

text: Odenwald

text: Kreis

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: to

text: the

text: Rhine

text: Neckar

text: Area

text: Spessart is a "Mittelgebirge", a range of low wooded mountains, in the States of Bavaria and Hesse in Germany. It is bordered by the Vogelsberg, Rhön and Odenwald. The highest elevation is the Geiersberg at 586 metres NN.

text: Spessart

text: is

text: Mittelgebirge

text: range

text: of

text: low

text: wooded

text: mountains

text: in

text: the

text: States

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: and

text: Hesse

text: in

text: Germany

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Vogelsberg

text: Rhön

text: and

text: Odenwald

text: The

text: highest

text: elevation

text: is

text: the

text: Geiersberg

text: at

text: metres

text: NN

text: Wiesbaden is a city in central western Germany and the capital of the federal state of Hesse. In July 2016, it had about 288,000 inhabitants, plus approximately 19,000 United States citizens (mostly associated with the United States Army). The Wiesbaden urban area is home to approx. 560,000 people.

text: Wiesbaden

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: central

text: western

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: state

text: of

text: Hesse

text: In

text: July

text: it

text: had

text: about

text: inhabitants

text: plus

text: approximately

text: United

text: States

text: citizens

text: mostly

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: The

text: Wiesbaden

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: approx

text: people

text: Rhineland-Palatinate (German: "Rheinland-Pfalz") is one of the 16 states (German: "Länder", lit. "countries" however better translated as "state") of the Federal Republic of Germany. It has an area of and about four million inhabitants. Its state capital is Mainz. Rhineland-Palatinate is located in western Germany and borders Belgium, Luxembourg and France, and the German states of North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse, Baden-Württemberg and Saarland.

text: Rhineland

text: Palatinate

text: German

text: Rheinland

text: Pfalz

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: German

text: Länder

text: lit

text: countries

text: however

text: better

text: translated

text: as

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: about

text: four

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Its

text: state

text: capital

text: is

text: Mainz

text: Rhineland

text: Palatinate

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: western

text: Germany

text: and

text: borders

text: Belgium

text: Luxembourg

text: and

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: German

text: states

text: of

text: North

text: Rhine

text: Westphalia

text: Hesse

text: Baden

text: Württemberg

text: and

text: Saarland

text: Cologne is the largest city in the German federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-largest city in Germany (after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich). It is located within the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, one of the major European metropolitan regions and the largest in Germany, with more than ten million inhabitants.

text: Cologne

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: federal

text: State

text: of

text: North

text: Rhine

text: Westphalia

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: after

text: Berlin

text: Hamburg

text: and

text: Munich

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: Rhine

text: Ruhr

text: metropolitan

text: region

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: European

text: metropolitan

text: regions

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Germany

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: ten

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Darmstadt-Dieburg is a Kreis (district) in the south of Hesse, Germany. Neighboring districts are Offenbach, Aschaffenburg, Miltenberg, Odenwaldkreis, Bergstraße, Groß-Gerau, and the district-free city of Darmstadt, which it surrounds.

text: Darmstadt

text: Dieburg

text: is

text: Kreis

text: district

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: Hesse

text: Germany

text: Neighboring

text: districts

text: are

text: Offenbach

text: Aschaffenburg

text: Miltenberg

text: Odenwaldkreis

text: Bergstraße

text: Groß

text: Gerau

text: and

text: the

text: district

text: free

text: city

text: of

text: Darmstadt

text: which

text: it

text: surrounds

text: Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million people, Berlin is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of rivers Spree and Havel, it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has about 6 million residents from more than 180 nations. Due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.

text: Berlin

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Germany

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: constituent

text: states

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: Berlin

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: proper

text: and

text: the

text: seventh

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Located

text: in

text: northeastern

text: Germany

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: rivers

text: Spree

text: and

text: Havel

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Berlin

text: Brandenburg

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: which

text: has

text: about

text: million

text: residents

text: from

text: more

text: than

text: nations

text: Due

text: to

text: its

text: location

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Plain

text: Berlin

text: is

text: influenced

text: by

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: Around

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: area

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: forests

text: parks

text: gardens

text: rivers

text: and

text: lakes

text: Frankfurt am Main is a metropolis and the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a 2015 population of 731,095 within its administrative boundaries, and 2.3 million in its urban area. The city is at the centre of the larger Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region, which has a population of 5.8 million and is Germany's second-largest metropolitan region after Rhine-Ruhr. Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013, the geographic centre of the EU is about to the east of Frankfurt's CBD, the Bankenviertel. Frankfurt is culturally and ethnically diverse, with around half of the population, and a majority of young people, having a migration background. A quarter of the population are foreign nationals, including many expatriates.

text: Frankfurt

text: am

text: Main

text: is

text: metropolis

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: of

text: Hesse

text: and

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: within

text: its

text: administrative

text: boundaries

text: and

text: million

text: in

text: its

text: urban

text: area

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: at

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: Frankfurt

text: Rhine

text: Main

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: which

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: and

text: is

text: Germany

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: region

text: after

text: Rhine

text: Ruhr

text: Since

text: the

text: enlargement

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: in

text: the

text: geographic

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: EU

text: is

text: about

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: Frankfurt

text: 's

text: CBD

text: the

text: Bankenviertel

text: Frankfurt

text: is

text: culturally

text: and

text: ethnically

text: diverse

text: with

text: around

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: and

text: majority

text: of

text: young

text: people

text: having

text: migration

text: background

text: quarter

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: are

text: foreign

text: nationals

text: including

text: many

text: expatriates

text: Düsseldorf (Low Franconian, Ripuarian: "Düsseldörp" ) is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the seventh most populous city in Germany. Düsseldorf is an international business and financial centre, renowned for its fashion and trade fairs. The city is headquarters to one Fortune Global 500 and two DAX companies. Messe Düsseldorf organises nearly one fifth of premier trade shows.

text: Düsseldorf

text: Low

text: Franconian

text: Ripuarian

text: Düsseldörp

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: of

text: North

text: Rhine

text: Westphalia

text: and

text: the

text: seventh

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: Düsseldorf

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: business

text: and

text: financial

text: centre

text: renowned

text: for

text: its

text: fashion

text: and

text: trade

text: fairs

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: headquarters

text: to

text: one

text: Fortune

text: Global

text: and

text: two

text: DAX

text: companies

text: Messe

text: Düsseldorf

text: organises

text: nearly

text: one

text: fifth

text: of

text: premier

text: trade

text: shows

text: Miltenberg is an administrative district in Bavaria , Germany . It is bounded by ( from the north and clockwise ) the city of Aschaffenburg , the districts of Aschaffenburg and Main - Spessart , and the states of Baden - Württemberg ( districts of Main - Tauber and Neckar - Odenwald ) and Hesse ( districts of Odenwaldkreis and Darmstadt - Dieburg ) .

text: Miltenberg

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: district

text: in

text: Bavaria

text: Germany

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: from

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: clockwise

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Aschaffenburg

text: the

text: districts

text: of

text: Aschaffenburg

text: and

text: Main

text: Spessart

text: and

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Baden

text: Württemberg

text: districts

text: of

text: Main

text: Tauber

text: and

text: Neckar

text: Odenwald

text: and

text: Hesse

text: districts

text: of

text: Odenwaldkreis

text: and

text: Darmstadt

text: Dieburg

text: Deutsches Reich was the official name for the German nation state from 1871 to 1943 in the German language. It translates literally to "German Empire", with a context approximating that of "German Realm". From 1943 to 1945, the official name was  but not formally proclaimed  Großdeutsches Reich ("Great German Reich") on account of the new territories annexed into the state's administration during the Second World War.

text: Deutsches

text: Reich

text: was

text: the

text: official

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: German

text: nation

text: state

text: from

text: to

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: language

text: It

text: translates

text: literally

text: to

text: German

text: Empire

text: with

text: context

text: approximating

text: that

text: of

text: German

text: Realm

text: From

text: to

text: the

text: official

text: name

text: was

text: but

text: not

text: formally

text: proclaimed

text: Großdeutsches

text: Reich

text: Great

text: German

text: Reich

text: on

text: account

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: territories

text: annexed

text: into

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: administration

text: during

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning entire regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions of municipalities, school district, or political district.

text: district

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: administrative

text: division

text: that

text: in

text: some

text: countries

text: is

text: managed

text: by

text: local

text: government

text: Across

text: the

text: world

text: areas

text: known

text: as

text: districts

text: vary

text: greatly

text: in

text: size

text: spanning

text: entire

text: regions

text: or

text: counties

text: several

text: municipalities

text: subdivisions

text: of

text: municipalities

text: school

text: district

text: or

text: political

text: district

text: A Mittelgebirge (German term) is a relatively low mountain range or highland area, a typical geographical feature of Central Europe, especially Central and Southern Germany; it refers to something between rolling low hill country or "Hügelland" and a proper mountain range (or "Hochgebirge") like the High Alps.

text: Mittelgebirge

text: German

text: term

text: is

text: relatively

text: low

text: mountain

text: range

text: or

text: highland

text: area

text: typical

text: geographical

text: feature

text: of

text: Central

text: Europe

text: especially

text: Central

text: and

text: Southern

text: Germany

text: it

text: refers

text: to

text: something

text: between

text: rolling

text: low

text: hill

text: country

text: or

text: Hügelland

text: and

text: proper

text: mountain

text: range

text: or

text: Hochgebirge

text: like

text: the

text: High

text: Alps

text: Hesse or Hessia (, Hessian dialect: "Hesse" ) is a federal state ("Land") of the Federal Republic of Germany, with just over six million inhabitants. The state capital is Wiesbaden; the largest city is Frankfurt am Main. Until the formation of the German Reich in 1871, Hesse was an independent country ruled by a Grand Duke (Grand Duchy of Hesse). Due to divisions after World War II, the modern federal state does not cover the entire cultural region of Hesse which includes both the State of Hesse and the area known as Rhenish Hesse (Rheinhessen) in the neighbouring state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

text: Hesse

text: or

text: Hessia

text: Hessian

text: dialect

text: Hesse

text: is

text: federal

text: state

text: Land

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: with

text: just

text: over

text: six

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: The

text: state

text: capital

text: is

text: Wiesbaden

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Frankfurt

text: am

text: Main

text: Until

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Reich

text: in

text: Hesse

text: was

text: an

text: independent

text: country

text: ruled

text: by

text: Grand

text: Duke

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Hesse

text: Due

text: to

text: divisions

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: modern

text: federal

text: state

text: does

text: not

text: cover

text: the

text: entire

text: cultural

text: region

text: of

text: Hesse

text: which

text: includes

text: both

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Hesse

text: and

text: the

text: area

text: known

text: as

text: Rhenish

text: Hesse

text: Rheinhessen

text: in

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: state

text: of

text: Rhineland

text: Palatinate

text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text: Rhein-Neckar-Kreis is a district ("Kreis") in the northwest of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are Bergstraße, Odenwaldkreis, Neckar-Odenwald, Heilbronn, Karlsruhe, the independent city Speyer, the Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis, and the independent cities Mannheim and Heidelberg.

text: Rhein

text: Neckar

text: Kreis

text: is

text: district

text: Kreis

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: of

text: Baden

text: Württemberg

text: Germany

text: Neighboring

text: districts

text: are

text: Bergstraße

text: Odenwaldkreis

text: Neckar

text: Odenwald

text: Heilbronn

text: Karlsruhe

text: the

text: independent

text: city

text: Speyer

text: the

text: Rhein

text: Pfalz

text: Kreis

text: and

text: the

text: independent

text: cities

text: Mannheim

text: and

text: Heidelberg

text: A republic (from ) is a sovereign state, country, or government which is organized with a form of government in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power according to the rule of law. In modern times, the definition of a republic commonly refers to a government which excludes a monarch. Currently, 147 of the world's 206 sovereign states use the word "republic" as part of their official names; not all of these are republics in the sense of having elected governments, nor do all nations with elected governments use the word "republic" in their names.

text: republic

text: from

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: country

text: or

text: government

text: which

text: is

text: organized

text: with

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: in

text: which

text: power

text: resides

text: in

text: elected

text: individuals

text: representing

text: the

text: citizen

text: body

text: and

text: government

text: leaders

text: exercise

text: power

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: In

text: modern

text: times

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: republic

text: commonly

text: refers

text: to

text: government

text: which

text: excludes

text: monarch

text: Currently

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: sovereign

text: states

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: republic

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: official

text: names

text: not

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: are

text: republics

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: having

text: elected

text: governments

text: nor

text: do

text: all

text: nations

text: with

text: elected

text: governments

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: republic

text: in

text: their

text: names

text: Main-Spessart is a district in the northwest of Bavaria, Germany. It is located in Lower Franconia and derives its name from the river Main and the wooded hills of the Spessart.

text: Main

text: Spessart

text: is

text: district

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: Germany

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: Lower

text: Franconia

text: and

text: derives

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: river

text: Main

text: and

text: the

text: wooded

text: hills

text: of

text: the

text: Spessart

text: The Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine, or the Grand Duchy of Hesse between 1806 and 1816, was an independent country and member state of the German Confederation as of 1806, when the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt was elevated to a Grand Duchy which it remained until 1918, when the monarchy was overthrown. Hesse lost its independence when it joined the German Empire in 1871. Before 1866, its northern neighbour was its former sister Landgraviate, since 1803 an Electorate, of Hesse-Kassel  for this reason, this state was sometimes colloquially known as Hesse-Darmstadt.

text: The

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Hesse

text: and

text: by

text: Rhine

text: or

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Hesse

text: between

text: and

text: was

text: an

text: independent

text: country

text: and

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Confederation

text: as

text: of

text: when

text: the

text: Landgraviate

text: of

text: Hesse

text: Darmstadt

text: was

text: elevated

text: to

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: which

text: it

text: remained

text: until

text: when

text: the

text: monarchy

text: was

text: overthrown

text: Hesse

text: lost

text: its

text: independence

text: when

text: it

text: joined

text: the

text: German

text: Empire

text: in

text: Before

text: its

text: northern

text: neighbour

text: was

text: its

text: former

text: sister

text: Landgraviate

text: since

text: an

text: Electorate

text: of

text: Hesse

text: Kassel

text: for

text: this

text: reason

text: this

text: state

text: was

text: sometimes

text: colloquially

text: known

text: as

text: Hesse

text: Darmstadt

text: The Odenwaldkreis is a "Kreis" (district) in the south of Hesse, Germany. Neighboring districts are Darmstadt-Dieburg, Miltenberg, Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis, Rhein-Neckar-Kreis and Kreis Bergstraße. "Odenwaldkreis" belongs to the Rhine Neckar Area.

text: The

text: Odenwaldkreis

text: is

text: Kreis

text: district

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: Hesse

text: Germany

text: Neighboring

text: districts

text: are

text: Darmstadt

text: Dieburg

text: Miltenberg

text: Neckar

text: Odenwald

text: Kreis

text: Rhein

text: Neckar

text: Kreis

text: and

text: Kreis

text: Bergstraße

text: Odenwaldkreis

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: Rhine

text: Neckar

text: Area

text: Lower Franconia is one of seven districts of Bavaria, Germany. The districts of Lower, Middle and Upper Franconia make up the region of Franconia.

text: Lower

text: Franconia

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: seven

text: districts

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: Germany

text: The

text: districts

text: of

text: Lower

text: Middle

text: and

text: Upper

text: Franconia

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Franconia

text: Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. Germany's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin. Other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf.

text: Germany

text: officially

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: is

text: federal

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: central

text: western

text: Europe

text: It

text: includes

text: constituent

text: states

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: With

text: about

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: After

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: immigration

text: destination

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Germany

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: metropolis

text: is

text: Berlin

text: Other

text: major

text: cities

text: include

text: Hamburg

text: Munich

text: Cologne

text: Frankfurt

text: Stuttgart

text: and

text: Düsseldorf

text: A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament). There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics. Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state, with the head of government holding real power, much like constitutional monarchies. Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government, much like presidential systems, but with a dependency upon parliamentary power.

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: is

text: republic

text: that

text: operates

text: under

text: parliamentary

text: system

text: of

text: government

text: where

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: the

text: government

text: derives

text: its

text: legitimacy

text: from

text: and

text: is

text: accountable

text: to

text: the

text: legislature

text: the

text: parliament

text: There

text: are

text: number

text: of

text: variations

text: of

text: parliamentary

text: republics

text: Most

text: have

text: clear

text: differentiation

text: between

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: with

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: holding

text: real

text: power

text: much

text: like

text: constitutional

text: monarchies

text: Some

text: have

text: combined

text: the

text: roles

text: of

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: and

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: much

text: like

text: presidential

text: systems

text: but

text: with

text: dependency

text: upon

text: parliamentary

text: power

text: Vogelsberg is a municipality in the Sömmerda district of Thuringia, Germany.

text: Vogelsberg

text: is

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: Sömmerda

text: district

text: of

text: Thuringia

text: Germany

text: Darmstadt is a city in the state of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region). Darmstadt has a population around 150,000 (2013). The Darmstadt Larger Urban Zone has 430,993 inhabitants.

text: Darmstadt

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Hesse

text: in

text: Germany

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: Main

text: Area

text: Frankfurt

text: Metropolitan

text: Region

text: Darmstadt

text: has

text: population

text: around

text: The

text: Darmstadt

text: Larger

text: Urban

text: Zone

text: has

text: inhabitants

text:
The Rhine (, , ) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the
Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands.
The largest city on the river Rhine is Cologne, Germany, with a population of more than 1,050,000 people. It is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about , with an average discharge of about .

text: The

text: Rhine

text: is

text: European

text: river

text: that

text: begins

text: in

text: the

text: Swiss

text: canton

text: of

text: Graubünden

text: in

text: the

text: southeastern

text: Swiss

text: Alps

text: forms

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Austrian

text: Swiss

text: Liechtenstein

text: Swiss

text: German

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: Franco

text: German

text: border

text: then

text: flows

text: through

text: the

text: Rhineland

text: and

text: eventually

text: empties

text: into

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: largest

text: city

text: on

text: the

text: river

text: Rhine

text: is

text: Cologne

text: Germany

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: people

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: longest

text: river

text: in

text: Central

text: and

text: Western

text: Europe

text: after

text: the

text: Danube

text: at

text: about

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: discharge

text: of

text: about

text: The is a low mountain range in the German states of Hesse, Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg.

text: The

text: is

text: low

text: mountain

text: range

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: states

text: of

text: Hesse

text: Bavaria

text: and

text: Baden

text: Württemberg

text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: Bavaria  is a federal state of Germany. Located in the German southeast with an area of 70,548 square kilometres (27,200 sq mi), Bavaria is the largest German state. Its territory comprises roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany, and, with 12.9 million inhabitants, it is Germany's second most populous state. Munich, Bavaria's capital and largest city, is the third largest city in Germany.

text: Bavaria

text: is

text: federal

text: state

text: of

text: Germany

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: southeast

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: Bavaria

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: German

text: state

text: Its

text: territory

text: comprises

text: roughly

text: fifth

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: Germany

text: and

text: with

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: Germany

text: 's

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: state

text: Munich

text: Bavaria

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Germany

text: Rhenish Hesse or Rhine-Hesse is a region and a former government district (Regierungsbezirk) in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, made up of those territories west of the Upper Rhine river that from 1816 were part of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and of the People's State of Hesse until 1945. The hilly countryside is largely devoted to vineyards, comprising the Rheinhessen wine region.

text: Rhenish

text: Hesse

text: or

text: Rhine

text: Hesse

text: is

text: region

text: and

text: former

text: government

text: district

text: Regierungsbezirk

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: state

text: of

text: Rhineland

text: Palatinate

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: those

text: territories

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Upper

text: Rhine

text: river

text: that

text: from

text: were

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Hesse

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: State

text: of

text: Hesse

text: until

text: The

text: hilly

text: countryside

text: is

text: largely

text: devoted

text: to

text: vineyards

text: comprising

text: the

text: Rheinhessen

text: wine

text: region

annotations: follows multiple

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity miltenberg

answer: lower franconia

text: lower franconia

text: lower franconia


text: The Major Occultation (Arabic: Al-Ghaybah al-Kubra) according to Shia is Mahdi's second occultation after his first occultation. According to Twelvers the Major occultation which came around 329/941 is still in effect, and will not end until the End of Time when the Mahdi, is believed to come back to reestablish Justice on earth.

text: The

text: Major

text: Occultation

text: Arabic

text: Al

text: Ghaybah

text: al

text: Kubra

text: according

text: to

text: Shia

text: is

text: Mahdi

text: 's

text: second

text: occultation

text: after

text: his

text: first

text: occultation

text: According

text: to

text: Twelvers

text: the

text: Major

text: occultation

text: which

text: came

text: around

text: is

text: still

text: in

text: effect

text: and

text: will

text: not

text: end

text: until

text: the

text: End

text: of

text: Time

text: when

text: the

text: Mahdi

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: come

text: back

text: to

text: reestablish

text: Justice

text: on

text: earth

text: In Shiite literature The Minor Occultation (874941 CE) refers to early years of Imamate of Muhammad al-Mahdi who disappeared and would only contact his followers through the Four Deputies. This occultation is also called as the First Occultation.

text: In

text: Shiite

text: literature

text: The

text: Minor

text: Occultation

text: CE

text: refers

text: to

text: early

text: years

text: of

text: Imamate

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: al

text: Mahdi

text: who

text: disappeared

text: and

text: would

text: only

text: contact

text: his

text: followers

text: through

text: the

text: Four

text: Deputies

text: This

text: occultation

text: is

text: also

text: called

text: as

text: the

text: First

text: Occultation

text: Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad ( c. 846 -- 874 ) was the 11th Imam of Twelver Shia Islam . He was also called Abu Muhammad and Ibn al - Ridha , and is generally known as al - Askari ( Askar being the word for military ) for the city ( Samarra ) he had to live in was a garrison town . He was the eleventh Shia Imam after his father Ali al - Hadi and lived under house arrest in Samarra , especially since it was known that the Shia were looking forward to his son , Muhammad al - Mahdi , the twelfth Imam , who was destined to remove injustice from the world . Al - Askari married Narjis Khatun and was kept in house arrest or prison most of his life until , according to some Shia sources , he was poisoned at the age of 28 at the instigation of the Abbasid caliph Al - Mu'tamid and was buried in Samarra .

text: Hasan

text: ibn

text: Ali

text: ibn

text: Muhammad

text: was

text: the

text: Imam

text: of

text: Twelver

text: Shia

text: Islam

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: called

text: Abu

text: Muhammad

text: and

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Ridha

text: and

text: is

text: generally

text: known

text: as

text: al

text: Askari

text: Askar

text: being

text: the

text: word

text: for

text: military

text: for

text: the

text: city

text: Samarra

text: he

text: had

text: to

text: live

text: in

text: was

text: garrison

text: town

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: eleventh

text: Shia

text: Imam

text: after

text: his

text: father

text: Ali

text: al

text: Hadi

text: and

text: lived

text: under

text: house

text: arrest

text: in

text: Samarra

text: especially

text: since

text: it

text: was

text: known

text: that

text: the

text: Shia

text: were

text: looking

text: forward

text: to

text: his

text: son

text: Muhammad

text: al

text: Mahdi

text: the

text: twelfth

text: Imam

text: who

text: was

text: destined

text: to

text: remove

text: injustice

text: from

text: the

text: world

text: Al

text: Askari

text: married

text: Narjis

text: Khatun

text: and

text: was

text: kept

text: in

text: house

text: arrest

text: or

text: prison

text: most

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: until

text: according

text: to

text: some

text: Shia

text: sources

text: he

text: was

text: poisoned

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: at

text: the

text: instigation

text: of

text: the

text: Abbasid

text: caliph

text: Al

text: Mu'tamid

text: and

text: was

text: buried

text: in

text: Samarra

text: Abul-Abbs Amad ibn Jafar (ca. 842  died 15 October 892), better known by his regnal name al-Mutamid Al llh ("Dependent on God"), was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 870 to 892. His reign marks the end of the "Anarchy at Samarra" and the start of the Abbasid restoration, but he was a largely a ruler in name only. Power was held by his brother al-Muwaffaq, who held the loyalty of the military. Al-Mu'tamid's authority was circumscribed further after a failed attempt to flee to the domains controlled by Ahmad ibn Tulun in late 882, and he was placed under house arrest by his brother. In 881, when al-Muwaffaq died, loyalists attempted to restore power to the Caliph, but were quickly overcome by al-Muwaffaq's son al-Mu'tadid, who assumed his father's powers. When al-Mu'tamid died in 892, al-Mu'tadid succeeded him as caliph.

text: Abul

text: Abbs

text: Amad

text: ibn

text: Jafar

text: ca

text: died

text: October

text: better

text: known

text: by

text: his

text: regnal

text: name

text: al

text: Mutamid

text: Al

text: llh

text: Dependent

text: on

text: God

text: was

text: the

text: Abbasid

text: Caliph

text: in

text: Baghdad

text: from

text: to

text: His

text: reign

text: marks

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Anarchy

text: at

text: Samarra

text: and

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Abbasid

text: restoration

text: but

text: he

text: was

text: largely

text: ruler

text: in

text: name

text: only

text: Power

text: was

text: held

text: by

text: his

text: brother

text: al

text: Muwaffaq

text: who

text: held

text: the

text: loyalty

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: Al

text: Mu'tamid

text: 's

text: authority

text: was

text: circumscribed

text: further

text: after

text: failed

text: attempt

text: to

text: flee

text: to

text: the

text: domains

text: controlled

text: by

text: Ahmad

text: ibn

text: Tulun

text: in

text: late

text: and

text: he

text: was

text: placed

text: under

text: house

text: arrest

text: by

text: his

text: brother

text: In

text: when

text: al

text: Muwaffaq

text: died

text: loyalists

text: attempted

text: to

text: restore

text: power

text: to

text: the

text: Caliph

text: but

text: were

text: quickly

text: overcome

text: by

text: al

text: Muwaffaq

text: 's

text: son

text: al

text: Mu'tadid

text: who

text: assumed

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: powers

text: When

text: al

text: Mu'tamid

text: died

text: in

text: al

text: Mu'tadid

text: succeeded

text: him

text: as

text: caliph

text: Medina (', "the radiant city"; or , ', "the city"), also transliterated as Madnah, is a city in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia that is also the capital of the Al Madinah Region. The city contains al-Masjid an-Nabawi ("the Prophet's Mosque"), which is the burial place of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and is the second-holiest city in Islam after Mecca.

text: Medina

text: the

text: radiant

text: city

text: or

text: the

text: city

text: also

text: transliterated

text: as

text: Madnah

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Hejaz

text: region

text: of

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: that

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Al

text: Madinah

text: Region

text: The

text: city

text: contains

text: al

text: Masjid

text: an

text: Nabawi

text: the

text: Prophet

text: 's

text: Mosque

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: burial

text: place

text: of

text: the

text: Islamic

text: prophet

text: Muhammad

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: holiest

text: city

text: in

text: Islam

text: after

text: Mecca

text: Muhammad (c. 570 CE  8 June 632 CE) is the central figure of Islam and widely regarded as its founder by non-Muslims. He is known as the "Holy Prophet" to Muslims, almost all of whom consider him to be the last prophet sent by God to mankind to restore Islam, believed by Muslims to be the unaltered original monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and ensured that his teachings, practices, and the Quran, formed the basis of Islamic religious belief.

text: Muhammad

text: CE

text: June

text: CE

text: is

text: the

text: central

text: figure

text: of

text: Islam

text: and

text: widely

text: regarded

text: as

text: its

text: founder

text: by

text: non

text: Muslims

text: He

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Holy

text: Prophet

text: to

text: Muslims

text: almost

text: all

text: of

text: whom

text: consider

text: him

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: last

text: prophet

text: sent

text: by

text: God

text: to

text: mankind

text: to

text: restore

text: Islam

text: believed

text: by

text: Muslims

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: unaltered

text: original

text: monotheistic

text: faith

text: of

text: Adam

text: Abraham

text: Moses

text: Jesus

text: and

text: other

text: prophets

text: Muhammad

text: united

text: Arabia

text: into

text: single

text: Muslim

text: polity

text: and

text: ensured

text: that

text: his

text: teachings

text: practices

text: and

text: the

text: Quran

text: formed

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: Islamic

text: religious

text: belief

text: Iraq (, or ; '; '), officially known as the Republic of Iraq ('; ') is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds; others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's 36 million citizens are Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish.

text: Iraq

text: or

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iraq

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: bordered

text: by

text: Turkey

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Kuwait

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Jordan

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Baghdad

text: The

text: main

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: are

text: Arabs

text: and

text: Kurds

text: others

text: include

text: Assyrians

text: Turkmen

text: Shabakis

text: Yazidis

text: Armenians

text: Mandeans

text: Circassians

text: and

text: Kawliya

text: Around

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: million

text: citizens

text: are

text: Muslims

text: with

text: Christianity

text: Yarsan

text: Yezidism

text: and

text: Mandeanism

text: also

text: present

text: The

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: Iraq

text: are

text: Arabic

text: and

text: Kurdish

text: Shura (Arabic:  "shr") is an Arabic word for "consultation". The Quran and the Prophet Muhammad encourage Muslims to decide their affairs in consultation with those who will be affected by that decision.

text: Shura

text: Arabic

text: shr

text: is

text: an

text: Arabic

text: word

text: for

text: consultation

text: The

text: Quran

text: and

text: the

text: Prophet

text: Muhammad

text: encourage

text: Muslims

text: to

text: decide

text: their

text: affairs

text: in

text: consultation

text: with

text: those

text: who

text: will

text: be

text: affected

text: by

text: that

text: decision

text: In Islamic eschatology, the Mahdi (ISO 233: "" "guided one") is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will rule for five, seven, nine, or nineteen years (according to differing interpretations) before the Day of Judgment (/ literally, "the Day of Resurrection") and will rid the world of evil.

text: In

text: Islamic

text: eschatology

text: the

text: Mahdi

text: ISO

text: guided

text: one

text: is

text: the

text: prophesied

text: redeemer

text: of

text: Islam

text: who

text: will

text: rule

text: for

text: five

text: seven

text: nine

text: or

text: nineteen

text: years

text: according

text: to

text: differing

text: interpretations

text: before

text: the

text: Day

text: of

text: Judgment

text: literally

text: the

text: Day

text: of

text: Resurrection

text: and

text: will

text: rid

text: the

text: world

text: of

text: evil

text: The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of southeastern Turkey through Iraq and empties itself into the Persian Gulf.

text: The

text: Tigris

text: is

text: the

text: eastern

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: great

text: rivers

text: that

text: define

text: Mesopotamia

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: the

text: Euphrates

text: The

text: river

text: flows

text: south

text: from

text: the

text: mountains

text: of

text: southeastern

text: Turkey

text: through

text: Iraq

text: and

text: empties

text: itself

text: into

text: the

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: Religion is a cultural system of behaviors and practices, world views, sacred texts, holy places, ethics, and societal organisation that relate humanity to what an anthropologist has called "an order of existence". Different religions may or may not contain various elements, ranging from the "divine", "sacred things", "faith", a "supernatural being or supernatural beings" or "some sort of ultimacy and transcendence that will provide norms and power for the rest of life."

text: Religion

text: is

text: cultural

text: system

text: of

text: behaviors

text: and

text: practices

text: world

text: views

text: sacred

text: texts

text: holy

text: places

text: ethics

text: and

text: societal

text: organisation

text: that

text: relate

text: humanity

text: to

text: what

text: an

text: anthropologist

text: has

text: called

text: an

text: order

text: of

text: existence

text: Different

text: religions

text: may

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: contain

text: various

text: elements

text: ranging

text: from

text: the

text: divine

text: sacred

text: things

text: faith

text: supernatural

text: being

text: or

text: supernatural

text: beings

text: or

text: some

text: sort

text: of

text: ultimacy

text: and

text: transcendence

text: that

text: will

text: provide

text: norms

text: and

text: power

text: for

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: life

text: Ab Bakr Abdallh bin Ab Qufah a-iddq (573 CE22 August 634 CE) popularly known as Abu Bakr, was a senior companion ("Sahabi") andthrough his daughter Aishathe father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Abu Bakr became the first openly declared Muslim outside Muhammad's family. Abu Bakr served as a trusted advisor to Muhammad. During Muhammad's lifetime, he was involved in several campaigns and treaties.

text: Ab

text: Bakr

text: Abdallh

text: bin

text: Ab

text: Qufah

text: iddq

text: August

text: CE

text: popularly

text: known

text: as

text: Abu

text: Bakr

text: was

text: senior

text: companion

text: Sahabi

text: andthrough

text: his

text: daughter

text: Aishathe

text: father

text: in

text: law

text: of

text: the

text: Islamic

text: prophet

text: Muhammad

text: Abu

text: Bakr

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: openly

text: declared

text: Muslim

text: outside

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: family

text: Abu

text: Bakr

text: served

text: as

text: trusted

text: advisor

text: to

text: Muhammad

text: During

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: lifetime

text: he

text: was

text: involved

text: in

text: several

text: campaigns

text: and

text: treaties

text: Ali ibn Abi Talib (; 13 Rajab, 21 BH  21 Ramadan, 40 AH; 15 September 601  29 January 661) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic caliphate from 656 to 661.

text: Ali

text: ibn

text: Abi

text: Talib

text: Rajab

text: BH

text: Ramadan

text: AH

text: September

text: January

text: was

text: the

text: cousin

text: and

text: son

text: in

text: law

text: of

text: the

text: Islamic

text: prophet

text: Muhammad

text: ruling

text: over

text: the

text: Islamic

text: caliphate

text: from

text: to

text: Abu Ahmad Talha ibn Ja'far (842  June 2, 891), better known by his "laqab" as al-Muwaffaq bi-Allah ("Blessed of God"), was an Abbasid prince and military leader, who acted as the virtual regent of the Abbasid Caliphate for most of the reign of his brother, Caliph al-Mu'tamid. His stabilization of the internal political scene after the decade-long "Anarchy at Samarra", his successful defence of Iraq against the Saffarids and the suppression of the Zanj Rebellion restored a measure of the Caliphate's former power and began a period of recovery, which culminated in the reign of al-Muwaffaq's own son, the Caliph al-Mu'tadid.

text: Abu

text: Ahmad

text: Talha

text: ibn

text: Ja'far

text: June

text: better

text: known

text: by

text: his

text: laqab

text: as

text: al

text: Muwaffaq

text: bi

text: Allah

text: Blessed

text: of

text: God

text: was

text: an

text: Abbasid

text: prince

text: and

text: military

text: leader

text: who

text: acted

text: as

text: the

text: virtual

text: regent

text: of

text: the

text: Abbasid

text: Caliphate

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: his

text: brother

text: Caliph

text: al

text: Mu'tamid

text: His

text: stabilization

text: of

text: the

text: internal

text: political

text: scene

text: after

text: the

text: decade

text: long

text: Anarchy

text: at

text: Samarra

text: his

text: successful

text: defence

text: of

text: Iraq

text: against

text: the

text: Saffarids

text: and

text: the

text: suppression

text: of

text: the

text: Zanj

text: Rebellion

text: restored

text: measure

text: of

text: the

text: Caliphate

text: 's

text: former

text: power

text: and

text: began

text: period

text: of

text: recovery

text: which

text: culminated

text: in

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: al

text: Muwaffaq

text: 's

text: own

text: son

text: the

text: Caliph

text: al

text: Mu'tadid

text: Baghdad is the capital of the Republic of Iraq. The population of Baghdad, , is approximately 7.216.040 making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab world (after Cairo, Egypt), and the second largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran, Iran).

text: Baghdad

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iraq

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: Baghdad

text: is

text: approximately

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Iraq

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: after

text: Cairo

text: Egypt

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: after

text: Tehran

text: Iran

text: Ahmad ibn Tulun (ca. 20 September 835  10 May 884) was the founder of the Tulunid dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria between 868 and 905. Originally a Turkic slave-soldier, in 868 Ibn Tulun was sent to Egypt as governor by the Abbasid caliph. Within four years Ibn Tulun had established himself as a virtually independent ruler by evicting the caliphal fiscal agent, Ibn al-Mudabbir, taking over control of Egypt's finances, and establishing a large military force personally loyal to himself. This process was facilitated by the volatile political situation in the Abbasid court and the preoccupation of the Abbasid regent, al-Muwaffaq, with the wars against the Saffarids and the Zanj Rebellion. Ibn Tulun also took care to establish an efficient administration in Egypt. After reforms to the tax system, repairs to the irrigation system, and other measures, the annual tax yield grew markedly. As a symbol of his new regime, he built a new capital, al-Qata'i, north of the old capital Fustat.

text: Ahmad

text: ibn

text: Tulun

text: ca

text: September

text: May

text: was

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Tulunid

text: dynasty

text: that

text: ruled

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Syria

text: between

text: and

text: Originally

text: Turkic

text: slave

text: soldier

text: in

text: Ibn

text: Tulun

text: was

text: sent

text: to

text: Egypt

text: as

text: governor

text: by

text: the

text: Abbasid

text: caliph

text: Within

text: four

text: years

text: Ibn

text: Tulun

text: had

text: established

text: himself

text: as

text: virtually

text: independent

text: ruler

text: by

text: evicting

text: the

text: caliphal

text: fiscal

text: agent

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Mudabbir

text: taking

text: over

text: control

text: of

text: Egypt

text: 's

text: finances

text: and

text: establishing

text: large

text: military

text: force

text: personally

text: loyal

text: to

text: himself

text: This

text: process

text: was

text: facilitated

text: by

text: the

text: volatile

text: political

text: situation

text: in

text: the

text: Abbasid

text: court

text: and

text: the

text: preoccupation

text: of

text: the

text: Abbasid

text: regent

text: al

text: Muwaffaq

text: with

text: the

text: wars

text: against

text: the

text: Saffarids

text: and

text: the

text: Zanj

text: Rebellion

text: Ibn

text: Tulun

text: also

text: took

text: care

text: to

text: establish

text: an

text: efficient

text: administration

text: in

text: Egypt

text: After

text: reforms

text: to

text: the

text: tax

text: system

text: repairs

text: to

text: the

text: irrigation

text: system

text: and

text: other

text: measures

text: the

text: annual

text: tax

text: yield

text: grew

text: markedly

text: As

text: symbol

text: of

text: his

text: new

text: regime

text: he

text: built

text: new

text: capital

text: al

text: Qata'i

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: capital

text: Fustat

text: In Twelver Shia Islam, Abul Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri(939 AD) was the fourth and last of The Four Deputies appointed by the twelfth and final Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, while he was in the Minor Occultation. Unlike his predecessors he had no appointed successor, and the Major Occultation began after his death.

text: In

text: Twelver

text: Shia

text: Islam

text: Abul

text: Hasan

text: Ali

text: ibn

text: Muhammad

text: al

text: AD

text: was

text: the

text: fourth

text: and

text: last

text: of

text: The

text: Four

text: Deputies

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: twelfth

text: and

text: final

text: Imam

text: Muhammad

text: al

text: Mahdi

text: while

text: he

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: Minor

text: Occultation

text: Unlike

text: his

text: predecessors

text: he

text: had

text: no

text: appointed

text: successor

text: and

text: the

text: Major

text: Occultation

text: began

text: after

text: his

text: death

text: An imam (', plural: ') is an Islamic leadership position. It is most commonly in the context of a worship leader of a mosque and Muslim community by Sunni Muslims. In this context, imams may lead Islamic worship services, serve as community leaders, and provide religious guidance. For Shi'a Muslims, the imam has a more central meaning and role in Islam through the concept of Imamah; the term is only applicable to those members of the house of the prophet ahl al-Bayt, designated as infallibles.

text: An

text: imam

text: plural

text: is

text: an

text: Islamic

text: leadership

text: position

text: It

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: worship

text: leader

text: of

text: mosque

text: and

text: Muslim

text: community

text: by

text: Sunni

text: Muslims

text: In

text: this

text: context

text: imams

text: may

text: lead

text: Islamic

text: worship

text: services

text: serve

text: as

text: community

text: leaders

text: and

text: provide

text: religious

text: guidance

text: For

text: Shi'a

text: Muslims

text: the

text: imam

text: has

text: more

text: central

text: meaning

text: and

text: role

text: in

text: Islam

text: through

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: Imamah

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: only

text: applicable

text: to

text: those

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: house

text: of

text: the

text: prophet

text: ahl

text: al

text: Bayt

text: designated

text: as

text: infallibles

text: Twelver (Athn'ashariyyah or Ithn'ashariyyah ) Shia Islam or Imamiyyah is the largest branch of Shia Islam. Twelver belief is based on the Quran and the message of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad attested in hadith, and on hadith taught by their Imams. The term "Twelver" refers to its adherents' belief in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as the Twelve Imams, and their belief that the last Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, lives in occultation and will reappear as the promised Mahdi. According to Shia tradition, the Mahdi's tenure will coincide with the Second Coming of Jesus Christ ("Isa"), who is to assist the "Mahdi" against the "Masih ad-Dajjal" (literally, the "false Messiah" or Antichrist).

text: Twelver

text: Athn'ashariyyah

text: or

text: Ithn'ashariyyah

text: Shia

text: Islam

text: or

text: Imamiyyah

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: branch

text: of

text: Shia

text: Islam

text: Twelver

text: belief

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: Quran

text: and

text: the

text: message

text: of

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Prophet

text: Muhammad

text: attested

text: in

text: hadith

text: and

text: on

text: hadith

text: taught

text: by

text: their

text: Imams

text: The

text: term

text: Twelver

text: refers

text: to

text: its

text: adherents

text: belief

text: in

text: twelve

text: divinely

text: ordained

text: leaders

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Twelve

text: Imams

text: and

text: their

text: belief

text: that

text: the

text: last

text: Imam

text: Muhammad

text: al

text: Mahdi

text: lives

text: in

text: occultation

text: and

text: will

text: reappear

text: as

text: the

text: promised

text: Mahdi

text: According

text: to

text: Shia

text: tradition

text: the

text: Mahdi

text: 's

text: tenure

text: will

text: coincide

text: with

text: the

text: Second

text: Coming

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: Isa

text: who

text: is

text: to

text: assist

text: the

text: Mahdi

text: against

text: the

text: Masih

text: ad

text: Dajjal

text: literally

text: the

text: false

text: Messiah

text: or

text: Antichrist

text: The Four Deputies or Gates (Arabic: abwb, singular: bb), in Twelver Shia Islam, were the four individuals who served as messengers between the community and the twelfth and final Imam, upon him going into the Minor Occultation. The deputies are also referred to with the Arabic terms "Safir" (emissary), "Na'ib" (deputy) or "Wakil" (advocate).

text: The

text: Four

text: Deputies

text: or

text: Gates

text: Arabic

text: abwb

text: singular

text: bb

text: in

text: Twelver

text: Shia

text: Islam

text: were

text: the

text: four

text: individuals

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: messengers

text: between

text: the

text: community

text: and

text: the

text: twelfth

text: and

text: final

text: Imam

text: upon

text: him

text: going

text: into

text: the

text: Minor

text: Occultation

text: The

text: deputies

text: are

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: with

text: the

text: Arabic

text: terms

text: Safir

text: emissary

text: Na'ib

text: deputy

text: or

text: Wakil

text: advocate

text: Muhammad ibn Al ibn Ms (Arabic:      ) (circa April 12, 811 - c. November 29, 835) was the ninth of the Twelve Imams and a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. He was also called Abu Ja'far, Ibn al-Ridha ("the son of al-Ridha); al-Jawd ("the generous") and al-Taq ("the pious"). His role is celebrated by the largest branch of Shia Islam, the Twelver or "Athnashariyyah" branch. According to Shiite accounts, he was poisoned by his wife and died at age 25, the shortest-lived of the Twelve.

text: Muhammad

text: ibn

text: Al

text: ibn

text: Ms

text: Arabic

text: circa

text: April

text: November

text: was

text: the

text: ninth

text: of

text: the

text: Twelve

text: Imams

text: and

text: descendant

text: of

text: the

text: Prophet

text: Muhammad

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: called

text: Abu

text: Ja'far

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Ridha

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: al

text: Ridha

text: al

text: Jawd

text: the

text: generous

text: and

text: al

text: Taq

text: the

text: pious

text: His

text: role

text: is

text: celebrated

text: by

text: the

text: largest

text: branch

text: of

text: Shia

text: Islam

text: the

text: Twelver

text: or

text: Athnashariyyah

text: branch

text: According

text: to

text: Shiite

text: accounts

text: he

text: was

text: poisoned

text: by

text: his

text: wife

text: and

text: died

text: at

text: age

text: the

text: shortest

text: lived

text: of

text: the

text: Twelve

text: The Quran (; ', literally meaning "the recitation"; also romanized Qur'an or Koran"') is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God ("Allah"). It is widely regarded as the finest work in classical Arabic literature. The Quran is divided into chapters ("surah" in Arabic), which are then divided into verses ("ayah").

text: The

text: Quran

text: literally

text: meaning

text: the

text: recitation

text: also

text: romanized

text: Qur'an

text: or

text: Koran

text: is

text: the

text: central

text: religious

text: text

text: of

text: Islam

text: which

text: Muslims

text: believe

text: to

text: be

text: revelation

text: from

text: God

text: Allah

text: It

text: is

text: widely

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: finest

text: work

text: in

text: classical

text: Arabic

text: literature

text: The

text: Quran

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: chapters

text: surah

text: in

text: Arabic

text: which

text: are

text: then

text: divided

text: into

text: verses

text: ayah

text: The word Imamate ("immah") is a word derived from Imam meaning "leadership". Its use in theology is confined to Islam.

text: The

text: word

text: Imamate

text: immah

text: is

text: word

text: derived

text: from

text: Imam

text: meaning

text: leadership

text: Its

text: use

text: in

text: theology

text: is

text: confined

text: to

text: Islam

text: A hadith (or  plural: ahadith, ) is one of various reports describing the words, actions, or habits of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The term comes from Arabic meaning a "report", "account" or "narrative". Hadith are second only to the Quran in developing Islamic jurisprudence, and regarded as important tools for understanding the Quran and commentaries ("tafsir") written on it. Some important elements of traditional Islam, such as the five salat prayers, are mentioned in hadith.

text: hadith

text: or

text: plural

text: ahadith

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: various

text: reports

text: describing

text: the

text: words

text: actions

text: or

text: habits

text: of

text: the

text: Islamic

text: prophet

text: Muhammad

text: The

text: term

text: comes

text: from

text: Arabic

text: meaning

text: report

text: account

text: or

text: narrative

text: Hadith

text: are

text: second

text: only

text: to

text: the

text: Quran

text: in

text: developing

text: Islamic

text: jurisprudence

text: and

text: regarded

text: as

text: important

text: tools

text: for

text: understanding

text: the

text: Quran

text: and

text: commentaries

text: tafsir

text: written

text: on

text: it

text: Some

text: important

text: elements

text: of

text: traditional

text: Islam

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: five

text: salat

text: prayers

text: are

text: mentioned

text: in

text: hadith

text: Islam (' ;) is a religion articulated by the Quran, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God ('), and, for the vast majority of adherents, the teachings and normative example (called the "sunnah", composed of accounts called "hadith") of Muhammad (5708 June 632 CE). It is the world's second-largest religion and the fastest-growing major religion in the world, with over 1.7 billion followers or 23% of the global population, known as Muslims. Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion that upholds that God is one and incomparable and that the purpose of existence is to worship God. Muslims consider Muhammad to be the last prophet of God.

text: Islam

text: is

text: religion

text: articulated

text: by

text: the

text: Quran

text: text

text: considered

text: by

text: its

text: adherents

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: verbatim

text: word

text: of

text: God

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: adherents

text: the

text: teachings

text: and

text: normative

text: example

text: called

text: the

text: sunnah

text: composed

text: of

text: accounts

text: called

text: hadith

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: June

text: CE

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: religion

text: and

text: the

text: fastest

text: growing

text: major

text: religion

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: followers

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: population

text: known

text: as

text: Muslims

text: Islam

text: is

text: an

text: Abrahamic

text: monotheistic

text: religion

text: that

text: upholds

text: that

text: God

text: is

text: one

text: and

text: incomparable

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: existence

text: is

text: to

text: worship

text: God

text: Muslims

text: consider

text: Muhammad

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: last

text: prophet

text: of

text: God

text: Shia ("Shah", from "Shatu Al", followers of Ali) is a branch of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor (Imam). Shia Islam primarily contrasts with Sunni Islam, whose adherents believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor. Instead they consider Abu Bakr (who was appointed Caliph through a Shura, i.e. consensus) to be the correct Caliph.

text: Shia

text: Shah

text: from

text: Shatu

text: Al

text: followers

text: of

text: Ali

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: Islam

text: which

text: holds

text: that

text: the

text: Islamic

text: prophet

text: Muhammad

text: designated

text: Ali

text: ibn

text: Abi

text: Talib

text: as

text: his

text: successor

text: Imam

text: Shia

text: Islam

text: primarily

text: contrasts

text: with

text: Sunni

text: Islam

text: whose

text: adherents

text: believe

text: that

text: Muhammad

text: did

text: not

text: appoint

text: successor

text: Instead

text: they

text: consider

text: Abu

text: Bakr

text: who

text: was

text: appointed

text: Caliph

text: through

text: Shura

text: i.e.

text: consensus

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: correct

text: Caliph

text: Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Mahd is believed by Twelver Sha Muslims to be the Mahd, an ultimate savior of humankind and the final Imm of the Twelve Imams who will emerge with Isa (Jesus Christ) in order to fulfill their mission of bringing peace and justice to the world. Twelver Sha believe that al-Mahd was born in 869 (15 Shabn 255 AH) and assumed Imamate at 5 years of age following the death of his father Hasan al-Askari. In the early years of his Imamate he would only contact his followers through The Four Deputies. After a 72-year period, known as Minor Occultation, a few days before the death of his fourth deputy Abul Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri in 941, he is believed to have sent his followers a letter. In that letter that was transmitted by al-Samarri he declared the beginning of Major Occultation during which Mahdi is not in contact with his followers.

text: Muhammad

text: ibn

text: Hasan

text: al

text: Mahd

text: is

text: believed

text: by

text: Twelver

text: Sha

text: Muslims

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: Mahd

text: an

text: ultimate

text: savior

text: of

text: humankind

text: and

text: the

text: final

text: Imm

text: of

text: the

text: Twelve

text: Imams

text: who

text: will

text: emerge

text: with

text: Isa

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: fulfill

text: their

text: mission

text: of

text: bringing

text: peace

text: and

text: justice

text: to

text: the

text: world

text: Twelver

text: Sha

text: believe

text: that

text: al

text: Mahd

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Shabn

text: AH

text: and

text: assumed

text: Imamate

text: at

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: following

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: his

text: father

text: Hasan

text: al

text: Askari

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: years

text: of

text: his

text: Imamate

text: he

text: would

text: only

text: contact

text: his

text: followers

text: through

text: The

text: Four

text: Deputies

text: After

text: period

text: known

text: as

text: Minor

text: Occultation

text: few

text: days

text: before

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: his

text: fourth

text: deputy

text: Abul

text: Hasan

text: Ali

text: ibn

text: Muhammad

text: al

text: Samarri

text: in

text: he

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: sent

text: his

text: followers

text: letter

text: In

text: that

text: letter

text: that

text: was

text: transmitted

text: by

text: al

text: Samarri

text: he

text: declared

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: Major

text: Occultation

text: during

text: which

text: Mahdi

text: is

text: not

text: in

text: contact

text: with

text: his

text: followers

text: Sunni Islam (or ) is the largest denomination of Islam. Its name comes from the word Sunnah, referring to the exemplary behavior of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the choice of Muhammad's successor and subsequently acquired broader political significance, as well as theological and juridical dimensions.

text: Sunni

text: Islam

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: denomination

text: of

text: Islam

text: Its

text: name

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: word

text: Sunnah

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: exemplary

text: behavior

text: of

text: the

text: Islamic

text: prophet

text: Muhammad

text: The

text: differences

text: between

text: Sunni

text: and

text: Shia

text: Muslims

text: arose

text: from

text: disagreement

text: over

text: the

text: choice

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: successor

text: and

text: subsequently

text: acquired

text: broader

text: political

text: significance

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: theological

text: and

text: juridical

text: dimensions

text: Al ibn Muhammad ibn Al (828-868 C.E. ) commonly called "Ali al-Hadi" and "Al an-Naq" was known as al-Hadi. He was the tenth of the Twelve Imams after his father Muhammad al-Jawad and before his son Hasan al-Askari. He remained in Medina teaching until the age of 30 when he was summoned to Samarra by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil. There he was treated roughly by the caliph and his successors until, according to Shiite accounts, he was poisoned through intrigue of Al-Mu'tazz the Abbasid caliph, in 254/868, and was buried in Samarra.

text: Al

text: ibn

text: Muhammad

text: ibn

text: Al

text: C.E.

text: commonly

text: called

text: Ali

text: al

text: Hadi

text: and

text: Al

text: an

text: Naq

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: al

text: Hadi

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: tenth

text: of

text: the

text: Twelve

text: Imams

text: after

text: his

text: father

text: Muhammad

text: al

text: Jawad

text: and

text: before

text: his

text: son

text: Hasan

text: al

text: Askari

text: He

text: remained

text: in

text: Medina

text: teaching

text: until

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: summoned

text: to

text: Samarra

text: by

text: the

text: Abbasid

text: caliph

text: Al

text: Mutawakkil

text: There

text: he

text: was

text: treated

text: roughly

text: by

text: the

text: caliph

text: and

text: his

text: successors

text: until

text: according

text: to

text: Shiite

text: accounts

text: he

text: was

text: poisoned

text: through

text: intrigue

text: of

text: Al

text: Mu'tazz

text: the

text: Abbasid

text: caliph

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: buried

text: in

text: Samarra

text: A Muslim is someone who follows or practises Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion. Muslims consider the Quran (Koran), their holy book, to be the verbatim word of God as revealed to the Islamic prophet and messenger Muhammad. They also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad ("sunnah ") as recorded in traditional accounts ("hadith"). "Muslim" is an Arabic word meaning "one who submits (to God)".

text: Muslim

text: is

text: someone

text: who

text: follows

text: or

text: practises

text: Islam

text: monotheistic

text: Abrahamic

text: religion

text: Muslims

text: consider

text: the

text: Quran

text: Koran

text: their

text: holy

text: book

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: verbatim

text: word

text: of

text: God

text: as

text: revealed

text: to

text: the

text: Islamic

text: prophet

text: and

text: messenger

text: Muhammad

text: They

text: also

text: follow

text: the

text: teachings

text: and

text: practices

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: sunnah

text: as

text: recorded

text: in

text: traditional

text: accounts

text: hadith

text: Muslim

text: is

text: an

text: Arabic

text: word

text: meaning

text: one

text: who

text: submits

text: to

text: God

text:
The Twelve Imams are the spiritual and political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Twelver or "Athnashariyyah" branch of Shia Islam and in Alevi Islam.
According to the theology of Twelvers, the Twelve Imams are exemplary human individuals who not only rule over the community with justice, but also are able to keep and interpret "sharia" and the esoteric meaning of the Quran. Muhammad and Imams' words and deeds are a guide and model for the community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and sin, known as Ismah or infallibility and must be chosen by divine decree, or "nass", through the Prophet.

text: The

text: Twelve

text: Imams

text: are

text: the

text: spiritual

text: and

text: political

text: successors

text: to

text: the

text: Islamic

text: prophet

text: Muhammad

text: in

text: the

text: Twelver

text: or

text: Athnashariyyah

text: branch

text: of

text: Shia

text: Islam

text: and

text: in

text: Alevi

text: Islam

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: theology

text: of

text: Twelvers

text: the

text: Twelve

text: Imams

text: are

text: exemplary

text: human

text: individuals

text: who

text: not

text: only

text: rule

text: over

text: the

text: community

text: with

text: justice

text: but

text: also

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: keep

text: and

text: interpret

text: sharia

text: and

text: the

text: esoteric

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: Muhammad

text: and

text: Imams

text: words

text: and

text: deeds

text: are

text: guide

text: and

text: model

text: for

text: the

text: community

text: to

text: follow

text: as

text: result

text: they

text: must

text: be

text: free

text: from

text: error

text: and

text: sin

text: known

text: as

text: Ismah

text: or

text: infallibility

text: and

text: must

text: be

text: chosen

text: by

text: divine

text: decree

text: or

text: nass

text: through

text: the

text: Prophet

text: Abraham (Avraham), originally Abram, is the first of the three patriarchs of Judaism. His story features in the holy texts of all the Abrahamic religions and Abraham plays a prominent role as an example of faith in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

text: Abraham

text: Avraham

text: originally

text: Abram

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: patriarchs

text: of

text: Judaism

text: His

text: story

text: features

text: in

text: the

text: holy

text: texts

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: Abrahamic

text: religions

text: and

text: Abraham

text: plays

text: prominent

text: role

text: as

text: an

text: example

text: of

text: faith

text: in

text: Judaism

text: Christianity

text: and

text: Islam

text: Sunnah (, , plural ) is the verbally transmitted record of the teachings, deeds and sayings, silent permissions (or disapprovals) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as various reports about Muhammad's companions. Along with the Quran (the holy book of Islam), the Sunnah makes up the two primary sources of Islamic theology and law. The "Sunna" is also defined as "a path, a way, a manner of life"; "all the traditions and practices" of the Islamic prophet that "have become models to be followed" by Muslims.

text: Sunnah

text: plural

text: is

text: the

text: verbally

text: transmitted

text: record

text: of

text: the

text: teachings

text: deeds

text: and

text: sayings

text: silent

text: permissions

text: or

text: disapprovals

text: of

text: the

text: Islamic

text: prophet

text: Muhammad

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: various

text: reports

text: about

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: companions

text: Along

text: with

text: the

text: Quran

text: the

text: holy

text: book

text: of

text: Islam

text: the

text: Sunnah

text: makes

text: up

text: the

text: two

text: primary

text: sources

text: of

text: Islamic

text: theology

text: and

text: law

text: The

text: Sunna

text: is

text: also

text: defined

text: as

text: path

text: way

text: manner

text: of

text: life

text: all

text: the

text: traditions

text: and

text: practices

text: of

text: the

text: Islamic

text: prophet

text: that

text: have

text: become

text: models

text: to

text: be

text: followed

text: by

text: Muslims

text: Smarr is a city in Iraq. It stands on the east bank of the Tigris in the Saladin Governorate, north of Baghdad. In 2003 the city had an estimated population of 348,700. Samarra was once in the "Sunni Triangle" of violence during the sectarian violence in Iraq (200607).

text: Smarr

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: Iraq

text: It

text: stands

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Tigris

text: in

text: the

text: Saladin

text: Governorate

text: north

text: of

text: Baghdad

text: In

text: the

text: city

text: had

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: Samarra

text: was

text: once

text: in

text: the

text: Sunni

text: Triangle

text: of

text: violence

text: during

text: the

text: sectarian

text: violence

text: in

text: Iraq

annotations: likely multiple

question: field_of_work hasan al-askari

answer: tafsir

text: tafsir