text: Amazon.com (or ), often simply Amazon, is an American electronic commerce and cloud computing company, founded on July 5, 1994, by Jeff Bezos and based in Seattle, Washington. It is the largest Internet-based retailer in the world by total sales and market capitalization. Amazon.com started as an online bookstore, later diversifying to sell DVDs, Blu-rays, CDs, video downloads/streaming, MP3 downloads/streaming, audiobook downloads/streaming, software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, toys, and jewelry. The company also produces consumer electronicsnotably, Amazon Kindle e-readers, Fire tablets, and Fire TVand is the world's largest provider of cloud infrastructure services (IaaS). Amazon also sells certain low-end products like USB cables under its in-house brand AmazonBasics.

text: Amazon.com

text: or

text: often

text: simply

text: Amazon

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: electronic

text: commerce

text: and

text: cloud

text: computing

text: company

text: founded

text: on

text: July

text: by

text: Jeff

text: Bezos

text: and

text: based

text: in

text: Seattle

text: Washington

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: Internet

text: based

text: retailer

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: total

text: sales

text: and

text: market

text: capitalization

text: Amazon.com

text: started

text: as

text: an

text: online

text: bookstore

text: later

text: diversifying

text: to

text: sell

text: DVDs

text: Blu

text: rays

text: CDs

text: video

text: downloads

text: streaming

text: downloads

text: streaming

text: audiobook

text: downloads

text: streaming

text: software

text: video

text: games

text: electronics

text: apparel

text: furniture

text: food

text: toys

text: and

text: jewelry

text: The

text: company

text: also

text: produces

text: consumer

text: electronicsnotably

text: Amazon

text: Kindle

text: readers

text: Fire

text: tablets

text: and

text: Fire

text: TVand

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: provider

text: of

text: cloud

text: infrastructure

text: services

text: IaaS

text: Amazon

text: also

text: sells

text: certain

text: low

text: end

text: products

text: like

text: USB

text: cables

text: under

text: its

text: in

text: house

text: brand

text: AmazonBasics

text: Capitol Records, LLC (also referred to simply as Capitol and Hollywood and Vine) is an American record label part of the Capitol Music Group and a wholly owned division of Universal Music Group (UMG). The label was founded as the first West Coast-based record label in the United States in 1942 by three industry insiders named Johnny Mercer, Buddy DeSylva and Glenn Wallichs. In 1955, the label was acquired by the British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary. EMI was later acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company in 2013, making Capitol Records and the Capitol Music Group both a part of the Universal Music Group. Capitol Records' circular headquarter building located in Los Angeles is a recognized landmark of California.

text: Capitol

text: Records

text: LLC

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: simply

text: as

text: Capitol

text: and

text: Hollywood

text: and

text: Vine

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: record

text: label

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Capitol

text: Music

text: Group

text: and

text: wholly

text: owned

text: division

text: of

text: Universal

text: Music

text: Group

text: UMG

text: The

text: label

text: was

text: founded

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: West

text: Coast

text: based

text: record

text: label

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: by

text: three

text: industry

text: insiders

text: named

text: Johnny

text: Mercer

text: Buddy

text: DeSylva

text: and

text: Glenn

text: Wallichs

text: In

text: the

text: label

text: was

text: acquired

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: music

text: conglomerate

text: EMI

text: as

text: its

text: North

text: American

text: subsidiary

text: EMI

text: was

text: later

text: acquired

text: by

text: Universal

text: Music

text: Group

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: merged

text: with

text: the

text: company

text: in

text: making

text: Capitol

text: Records

text: and

text: the

text: Capitol

text: Music

text: Group

text: both

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Universal

text: Music

text: Group

text: Capitol

text: Records

text: circular

text: headquarter

text: building

text: located

text: in

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: is

text: recognized

text: landmark

text: of

text: California

text: The Amazon Kindle is a series of e-readers designed and marketed by Amazon.com. Amazon Kindle devices enable users to browse, buy, download and read e-books, newspapers, magazines and other digital media via wireless networking to the Kindle Store. The hardware platform, developed by Amazon subsidiary Lab126, began as a single device and now comprises a range of devices, including e-readers with E Ink electronic paper displays, Android-based tablets with color LCD screens and Kindle applications on all major computing platforms. All Kindle devices integrate with Kindle Store content and as of January 2017, the store has over five million e-books available in the US.

text: The

text: Amazon

text: Kindle

text: is

text: series

text: of

text: readers

text: designed

text: and

text: marketed

text: by

text: Amazon.com

text: Amazon

text: Kindle

text: devices

text: enable

text: users

text: to

text: browse

text: buy

text: download

text: and

text: read

text: books

text: newspapers

text: magazines

text: and

text: other

text: digital

text: media

text: via

text: wireless

text: networking

text: to

text: the

text: Kindle

text: Store

text: The

text: hardware

text: platform

text: developed

text: by

text: Amazon

text: subsidiary

text: began

text: as

text: single

text: device

text: and

text: now

text: comprises

text: range

text: of

text: devices

text: including

text: readers

text: with

text: Ink

text: electronic

text: paper

text: displays

text: Android

text: based

text: tablets

text: with

text: color

text: LCD

text: screens

text: and

text: Kindle

text: applications

text: on

text: all

text: major

text: computing

text: platforms

text: All

text: Kindle

text: devices

text: integrate

text: with

text: Kindle

text: Store

text: content

text: and

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: the

text: store

text: has

text: over

text: five

text: million

text: books

text: available

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: EMI Records was a British record label founded by the music company of the same name in 1972 as its flagship label, and launched in January 1973 as the successor to its Columbia and Parlophone record labels. The label was later launched worldwide.

text: EMI

text: Records

text: was

text: British

text: record

text: label

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: music

text: company

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: in

text: as

text: its

text: flagship

text: label

text: and

text: launched

text: in

text: January

text: as

text: the

text: successor

text: to

text: its

text: Columbia

text: and

text: Parlophone

text: record

text: labels

text: The

text: label

text: was

text: later

text: launched

text: worldwide

text: Virgin Records is a major record label first founded by English entrepreneur Richard Branson, Simon Draper, Nik Powell and musician Tom Newman in 1972. The company grew to be a worldwide phenomenon over time with the success of its platinum performers such as Janet Jackson, Roy Orbison, Devo, Genesis, Keith Richards, the Human League, Culture Club, Simple Minds, Lenny Kravitz, dc Talk, the Smashing Pumpkins, Mike Oldfield, Spice Girls and more on their list of artists. It was later sold to Thorn EMI in 1992.

text: Virgin

text: Records

text: is

text: major

text: record

text: label

text: first

text: founded

text: by

text: English

text: entrepreneur

text: Richard

text: Branson

text: Simon

text: Draper

text: Nik

text: Powell

text: and

text: musician

text: Tom

text: Newman

text: in

text: The

text: company

text: grew

text: to

text: be

text: worldwide

text: phenomenon

text: over

text: time

text: with

text: the

text: success

text: of

text: its

text: platinum

text: performers

text: such

text: as

text: Janet

text: Jackson

text: Roy

text: Orbison

text: Devo

text: Genesis

text: Keith

text: Richards

text: the

text: Human

text: League

text: Culture

text: Club

text: Simple

text: Minds

text: Lenny

text: Kravitz

text: dc

text: Talk

text: the

text: Smashing

text: Pumpkins

text: Mike

text: Oldfield

text: Spice

text: Girls

text: and

text: more

text: on

text: their

text: list

text: of

text: artists

text: It

text: was

text: later

text: sold

text: to

text: Thorn

text: EMI

text: in

text: A mobile device (or handheld computer) is a small computing device, typically, small enough to hold and operate in the hand and having an operating system capable of running mobile apps. These may provide a diverse range of functions. Typically, the device will have a display screen with a small numeric or alphanumeric keyboard or a touchscreen providing a virtual keyboard and buttons (icons) on-screen. Many such devices can connect to the Internet and interconnect with other devices such as car entertainment systems or headsets via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or near field communication (NFC). Integrated cameras, digital media players, mobile phone and GPS capabilities are common. Power is typically provided by a lithium battery.

text: mobile

text: device

text: or

text: handheld

text: computer

text: is

text: small

text: computing

text: device

text: typically

text: small

text: enough

text: to

text: hold

text: and

text: operate

text: in

text: the

text: hand

text: and

text: having

text: an

text: operating

text: system

text: capable

text: of

text: running

text: mobile

text: apps

text: These

text: may

text: provide

text: diverse

text: range

text: of

text: functions

text: Typically

text: the

text: device

text: will

text: have

text: display

text: screen

text: with

text: small

text: numeric

text: or

text: alphanumeric

text: keyboard

text: or

text: touchscreen

text: providing

text: virtual

text: keyboard

text: and

text: buttons

text: icons

text: on

text: screen

text: Many

text: such

text: devices

text: can

text: connect

text: to

text: the

text: Internet

text: and

text: interconnect

text: with

text: other

text: devices

text: such

text: as

text: car

text: entertainment

text: systems

text: or

text: headsets

text: via

text: Wi

text: Fi

text: Bluetooth

text: or

text: near

text: field

text: communication

text: NFC

text: Integrated

text: cameras

text: digital

text: media

text: players

text: mobile

text: phone

text: and

text: GPS

text: capabilities

text: are

text: common

text: Power

text: is

text: typically

text: provided

text: by

text: lithium

text: battery

text: Digital audio is technology that can be used to record, store, generate, manipulate, and reproduce sound using audio signals that have been encoded in digital form. Following significant advances in digital audio technology during the 1970s, it gradually replaced analog audio technology in many areas of sound production, sound recording (tape systems were replaced with digital recording systems), sound engineering and telecommunications in the 1990s and 2000s.

text: Digital

text: audio

text: is

text: technology

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: record

text: store

text: generate

text: manipulate

text: and

text: reproduce

text: sound

text: using

text: audio

text: signals

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: encoded

text: in

text: digital

text: form

text: Following

text: significant

text: advances

text: in

text: digital

text: audio

text: technology

text: during

text: the

text: it

text: gradually

text: replaced

text: analog

text: audio

text: technology

text: in

text: many

text: areas

text: of

text: sound

text: production

text: sound

text: recording

text: tape

text: systems

text: were

text: replaced

text: with

text: digital

text: recording

text: systems

text: sound

text: engineering

text: and

text: telecommunications

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: Consumer electronics or home electronics are electronic or digital equipment intended for everyday use, typically in private homes. Consumer electronics include devices used for entertainment (flatscreen TVs, DVD players, DVD movies, iPods, video games, remote control cars, etc.), communications (telephones, cell phones, e-mail-capable laptops, etc.), and home-office activities (e.g., desktop computers, printers, paper shredders, etc.). In British English, they are often called brown goods by producers and sellers, to distinguish them from "white goods" such as washing machines and refrigerators. In the 2010s, this distinction is not always present in large big box consumer electronics stores, such as Best Buy, which sell both entertainment, communications, and home office devices and kitchen appliances such as refrigerators. Consumer electronics stores differ from professional audio stores in that the former sells consumer-grade electronics for private use, whereas the latter sells professional-grade electronics designed for use by audio engineers and audio technicians.

text: Consumer

text: electronics

text: or

text: home

text: electronics

text: are

text: electronic

text: or

text: digital

text: equipment

text: intended

text: for

text: everyday

text: use

text: typically

text: in

text: private

text: homes

text: Consumer

text: electronics

text: include

text: devices

text: used

text: for

text: entertainment

text: flatscreen

text: TVs

text: DVD

text: players

text: DVD

text: movies

text: iPods

text: video

text: games

text: remote

text: control

text: cars

text: etc

text: communications

text: telephones

text: cell

text: phones

text: mail

text: capable

text: laptops

text: etc

text: and

text: home

text: office

text: activities

text: e.g.

text: desktop

text: computers

text: printers

text: paper

text: shredders

text: etc

text: In

text: British

text: English

text: they

text: are

text: often

text: called

text: brown

text: goods

text: by

text: producers

text: and

text: sellers

text: to

text: distinguish

text: them

text: from

text: white

text: goods

text: such

text: as

text: washing

text: machines

text: and

text: refrigerators

text: In

text: the

text: this

text: distinction

text: is

text: not

text: always

text: present

text: in

text: large

text: big

text: box

text: consumer

text: electronics

text: stores

text: such

text: as

text: Best

text: Buy

text: which

text: sell

text: both

text: entertainment

text: communications

text: and

text: home

text: office

text: devices

text: and

text: kitchen

text: appliances

text: such

text: as

text: refrigerators

text: Consumer

text: electronics

text: stores

text: differ

text: from

text: professional

text: audio

text: stores

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: former

text: sells

text: consumer

text: grade

text: electronics

text: for

text: private

text: use

text: whereas

text: the

text: latter

text: sells

text: professional

text: grade

text: electronics

text: designed

text: for

text: use

text: by

text: audio

text: engineers

text: and

text: audio

text: technicians

text: EMI Music Publishing Ltd. is a multinational music publishing company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It is owned by a consortium led by Sony/ATV Music Publishing and forms part of the largest music publishing corporation in the world.

text: EMI

text: Music

text: Publishing

text: Ltd.

text: is

text: multinational

text: music

text: publishing

text: company

text: headquartered

text: in

text: London

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: is

text: owned

text: by

text: consortium

text: led

text: by

text: Sony

text: ATV

text: Music

text: Publishing

text: and

text: forms

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: music

text: publishing

text: corporation

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The iTunes Store is a software-based online digital media store operated by Apple Inc. It opened on April 28, 2003, and has been the largest music vendor in the United States since April 2008, and the largest music vendor in the world since February 2010. It offers over 43 million songs, 700,000 apps, 190,000 TV episodes and 45,000 films as of September 12, 2012. The iTunes Store's revenues in the first quarter of 2011 totalled nearly US$1.4 billion; by May 28, 2014, the store had sold 35 billion songs worldwide.

text: The

text: iTunes

text: Store

text: is

text: software

text: based

text: online

text: digital

text: media

text: store

text: operated

text: by

text: Apple

text: Inc.

text: It

text: opened

text: on

text: April

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: largest

text: music

text: vendor

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: since

text: April

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: music

text: vendor

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: since

text: February

text: It

text: offers

text: over

text: million

text: songs

text: apps

text: TV

text: episodes

text: and

text: films

text: as

text: of

text: September

text: The

text: iTunes

text: Store

text: 's

text: revenues

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: quarter

text: of

text: totalled

text: nearly

text: US$

text: billion

text: by

text: May

text: the

text: store

text: had

text: sold

text: billion

text: songs

text: worldwide

text: EMI (officially EMI Group Limited, originally an initialism for Electric and Musical Industries and often known as EMI Records and EMI Music) was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and family of record labels in the recording industry and was one of the big four record companies (now the big three). Its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a major publishing arm, EMI Music Publishingalso based in London with offices globally.

text: EMI

text: officially

text: EMI

text: Group

text: Limited

text: originally

text: an

text: initialism

text: for

text: Electric

text: and

text: Musical

text: Industries

text: and

text: often

text: known

text: as

text: EMI

text: Records

text: and

text: EMI

text: Music

text: was

text: British

text: multinational

text: conglomerate

text: founded

text: in

text: March

text: and

text: was

text: based

text: in

text: London

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: its

text: break

text: up

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: business

text: group

text: and

text: family

text: of

text: record

text: labels

text: in

text: the

text: recording

text: industry

text: and

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: big

text: four

text: record

text: companies

text: now

text: the

text: big

text: three

text: Its

text: EMI

text: Records

text: Ltd.

text: group

text: of

text: record

text: labels

text: included

text: EMI

text: Records

text: Parlophone

text: Virgin

text: Records

text: and

text: Capitol

text: Records

text: EMI

text: also

text: had

text: major

text: publishing

text: arm

text: EMI

text: Music

text: Publishingalso

text: based

text: in

text: London

text: with

text: offices

text: globally

text: The iPod Touch (stylized and marketed as iPod touch) is an iOS-based all-purpose handheld PC designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a user interface that is touchscreen-based. It can be used as a music and video player, digital camera, handheld game device, and personal digital assistant (PDA). It connects to the Internet only through Wi-Fi base stations, does not use cellular network data, and is therefore not a smartphone, though it has a similar design to the iPhone and is often referred to as the "iPhone without a phone". Furthermore, it does not fit in Apple's iPhone accessories such as their leather cases. As of May 2013, 100 million iPod Touch units had been sold. It is also the most popular iPod model.

text: The

text: iPod

text: Touch

text: stylized

text: and

text: marketed

text: as

text: iPod

text: touch

text: is

text: an

text: iOS

text: based

text: all

text: purpose

text: handheld

text: PC

text: designed

text: and

text: marketed

text: by

text: Apple

text: Inc.

text: with

text: user

text: interface

text: that

text: is

text: touchscreen

text: based

text: It

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: music

text: and

text: video

text: player

text: digital

text: camera

text: handheld

text: game

text: device

text: and

text: personal

text: digital

text: assistant

text: PDA

text: It

text: connects

text: to

text: the

text: Internet

text: only

text: through

text: Wi

text: Fi

text: base

text: stations

text: does

text: not

text: use

text: cellular

text: network

text: data

text: and

text: is

text: therefore

text: not

text: smartphone

text: though

text: it

text: has

text: similar

text: design

text: to

text: the

text: iPhone

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: iPhone

text: without

text: phone

text: Furthermore

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: fit

text: in

text: Apple

text: 's

text: iPhone

text: accessories

text: such

text: as

text: their

text: leather

text: cases

text: As

text: of

text: May

text: million

text: iPod

text: Touch

text: units

text: had

text: been

text: sold

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: iPod

text: model

text: Parlophone Limited (also known as Parlophone Records) is a German-British record label that was founded in Germany in 1896 by the Carl Lindström Company as Parlophon. The British branch of the company was formed in 1923 as The Parlophone Co. Ltd., which developed a reputation in the 1920s as a leading jazz record label. In 1926, the Columbia Graphophone Company acquired Parlophone's business, name and releases. Columbia Graphophone later merged with the Gramophone Company in 1931 to become Electric & Musical Industries Limited (EMI). George Martin joined EMI in 1950 as assistant label manager, taking over as manager in 1955. Martin produced and released a mix of product including comedy recordings of the Goons, the pianist Mrs Mills, and teen idol Adam Faith.

text: Parlophone

text: Limited

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Parlophone

text: Records

text: is

text: German

text: British

text: record

text: label

text: that

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: Germany

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Carl

text: Lindström

text: Company

text: as

text: Parlophon

text: The

text: British

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: company

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: as

text: The

text: Parlophone

text: Co.

text: Ltd.

text: which

text: developed

text: reputation

text: in

text: the

text: as

text: leading

text: jazz

text: record

text: label

text: In

text: the

text: Columbia

text: Graphophone

text: Company

text: acquired

text: Parlophone

text: 's

text: business

text: name

text: and

text: releases

text: Columbia

text: Graphophone

text: later

text: merged

text: with

text: the

text: Gramophone

text: Company

text: in

text: to

text: become

text: Electric

text: Musical

text: Industries

text: Limited

text: EMI

text: George

text: Martin

text: joined

text: EMI

text: in

text: as

text: assistant

text: label

text: manager

text: taking

text: over

text: as

text: manager

text: in

text: Martin

text: produced

text: and

text: released

text: mix

text: of

text: product

text: including

text: comedy

text: recordings

text: of

text: the

text: Goons

text: the

text: pianist

text: Mrs

text: Mills

text: and

text: teen

text: idol

text: Adam

text: Faith

text: In South Africa, pass laws were a form of internal passport system designed to segregate the population, manage urbanization, and allocate migrant labour. Also known as the natives law, pass laws severely limited the movements of black African citizens by requiring them to carry pass books when outside their homelands or designated areas. Before the 1950s, this legislation largely applied to African men, and attempts to apply it to women in the 1910s and 1950s were met with significant protests. Pass laws would be one of the dominant features of the country's apartheid system, until it was effectively ended in 1986.

text: In

text: South

text: Africa

text: pass

text: laws

text: were

text: form

text: of

text: internal

text: passport

text: system

text: designed

text: to

text: segregate

text: the

text: population

text: manage

text: urbanization

text: and

text: allocate

text: migrant

text: labour

text: Also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: natives

text: law

text: pass

text: laws

text: severely

text: limited

text: the

text: movements

text: of

text: black

text: African

text: citizens

text: by

text: requiring

text: them

text: to

text: carry

text: pass

text: books

text: when

text: outside

text: their

text: homelands

text: or

text: designated

text: areas

text: Before

text: the

text: this

text: legislation

text: largely

text: applied

text: to

text: African

text: men

text: and

text: attempts

text: to

text: apply

text: it

text: to

text: women

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: were

text: met

text: with

text: significant

text: protests

text: Pass

text: laws

text: would

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: dominant

text: features

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: apartheid

text: system

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: effectively

text: ended

text: in

text: London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom, as well as the most populous city proper in the European Union. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it "Londinium". London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its medieval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, "London" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which today largely makes up Greater London, governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.

text: London

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: proper

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Standing

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: London

text: has

text: been

text: major

text: settlement

text: for

text: two

text: millennia

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: who

text: named

text: it

text: Londinium

text: London

text: 's

text: ancient

text: core

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: largely

text: retains

text: its

text: medieval

text: boundaries

text: Since

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: century

text: London

text: has

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: metropolis

text: around

text: this

text: core

text: historically

text: split

text: between

text: Middlesex

text: Essex

text: Surrey

text: Kent

text: and

text: Hertfordshire

text: which

text: today

text: largely

text: makes

text: up

text: Greater

text: London

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Mayor

text: of

text: London

text: and

text: the

text: London

text: Assembly

text: Odds Against Tomorrow is a 1959 film noir produced and directed by Robert Wise for HarBel Productions, a company founded by the film's star, Harry Belafonte. Belafonte selected Abraham Polonsky to write the script, which is based on a novel by William P. McGivern. As a blacklisted writer Polonsky used a front, John O. Killens, a black novelist and friend of Belafonte's. In 1996, the Writers Guild of America restored Polonsky's credit under his real name.

text: Odds

text: Against

text: Tomorrow

text: is

text: film

text: noir

text: produced

text: and

text: directed

text: by

text: Robert

text: Wise

text: for

text: HarBel

text: Productions

text: company

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: film

text: 's

text: star

text: Harry

text: Belafonte

text: Belafonte

text: selected

text: Abraham

text: Polonsky

text: to

text: write

text: the

text: script

text: which

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: novel

text: by

text: William

text: McGivern

text: As

text: blacklisted

text: writer

text: Polonsky

text: used

text: front

text: John

text: Killens

text: black

text: novelist

text: and

text: friend

text: of

text: Belafonte

text: 's

text: In

text: the

text: Writers

text: Guild

text: of

text: America

text: restored

text: Polonsky

text: 's

text: credit

text: under

text: his

text: real

text: name

text: Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991, when it was abolished. The country's first multiracial elections under a universal franchise were held three years later in 1994. Broadly speaking, apartheid was delineated into "petty apartheid", which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events, and "grand apartheid", which dictated housing and employment opportunities by race. Prior to the 1940s, some vestiges of apartheid had already emerged in the form of minority rule by white South Africans and the socially enforced separation of black South Africans from other races, which later extended to pass laws and land apportionment. Apartheid as a policy was embraced by the South African government shortly after the ascension of the National Party (NP) during the country's 1948 general elections. Apartheid was also enforced in South West Africa until it gained independence as Namibia in 1990.

text: Apartheid

text: was

text: system

text: of

text: institutionalised

text: racial

text: segregation

text: and

text: discrimination

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: between

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: abolished

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: first

text: multiracial

text: elections

text: under

text: universal

text: franchise

text: were

text: held

text: three

text: years

text: later

text: in

text: Broadly

text: speaking

text: apartheid

text: was

text: delineated

text: into

text: petty

text: apartheid

text: which

text: entailed

text: the

text: segregation

text: of

text: public

text: facilities

text: and

text: social

text: events

text: and

text: grand

text: apartheid

text: which

text: dictated

text: housing

text: and

text: employment

text: opportunities

text: by

text: race

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: some

text: vestiges

text: of

text: apartheid

text: had

text: already

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: minority

text: rule

text: by

text: white

text: South

text: Africans

text: and

text: the

text: socially

text: enforced

text: separation

text: of

text: black

text: South

text: Africans

text: from

text: other

text: races

text: which

text: later

text: extended

text: to

text: pass

text: laws

text: and

text: land

text: apportionment

text: Apartheid

text: as

text: policy

text: was

text: embraced

text: by

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: government

text: shortly

text: after

text: the

text: ascension

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Party

text: NP

text: during

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: general

text: elections

text: Apartheid

text: was

text: also

text: enforced

text: in

text: South

text: West

text: Africa

text: until

text: it

text: gained

text: independence

text: as

text: Namibia

text: in

text: Harry Belafonte (born March 1, 1927) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and social activist. One of the most successful African-American pop stars in history, he was dubbed the "King of Calypso" for popularizing the Caribbean musical style with an international audience in the 1950s. His breakthrough album "Calypso" (1956) is the first million selling LP by a single artist. Belafonte is perhaps best known for singing "The Banana Boat Song", with its signature lyric "Day-O". He has recorded in many genres, including blues, folk, gospel, show tunes, and American standards. He has also starred in several films, most notably in Otto Preminger's hit musical "Carmen Jones" (1954), "Island in the Sun" (1957) and Robert Wise's "Odds Against Tomorrow" (1959).

text: Harry

text: Belafonte

text: born

text: March

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: actor

text: and

text: social

text: activist

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: African

text: American

text: pop

text: stars

text: in

text: history

text: he

text: was

text: dubbed

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: Calypso

text: for

text: popularizing

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: musical

text: style

text: with

text: an

text: international

text: audience

text: in

text: the

text: His

text: breakthrough

text: album

text: Calypso

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: million

text: selling

text: LP

text: by

text: single

text: artist

text: Belafonte

text: is

text: perhaps

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: singing

text: The

text: Banana

text: Boat

text: Song

text: with

text: its

text: signature

text: lyric

text: Day

text: He

text: has

text: recorded

text: in

text: many

text: genres

text: including

text: blues

text: folk

text: gospel

text: show

text: tunes

text: and

text: American

text: standards

text: He

text: has

text: also

text: starred

text: in

text: several

text: films

text: most

text: notably

text: in

text: Otto

text: Preminger

text: 's

text: hit

text: musical

text: Carmen

text: Jones

text: Island

text: in

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: Robert

text: Wise

text: 's

text: Odds

text: Against

text: Tomorrow

text: An e-reader, also called an e-book reader or e-book device, is a mobile electronic device that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading digital e-books and periodicals.

text: An

text: reader

text: also

text: called

text: an

text: book

text: reader

text: or

text: book

text: device

text: is

text: mobile

text: electronic

text: device

text: that

text: is

text: designed

text: primarily

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: reading

text: digital

text: books

text: and

text: periodicals

text: MPEG-1 and/or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players and computing devices.

text: and/or

text: Audio

text: Layer

text: III

text: more

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: is

text: an

text: audio

text: coding

text: format

text: for

text: digital

text: audio

text: which

text: uses

text: form

text: of

text: lossy

text: data

text: compression

text: It

text: is

text: common

text: audio

text: format

text: for

text: consumer

text: audio

text: streaming

text: or

text: storage

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: de

text: facto

text: standard

text: of

text: digital

text: audio

text: compression

text: for

text: the

text: transfer

text: and

text: playback

text: of

text: music

text: on

text: most

text: digital

text: audio

text: players

text: and

text: computing

text: devices

text: Paradise in Gazankulu is an album by Harry Belafonte , released by EMI in 1988 . As of 2015 it is Harry Belafonte 's final studio album . The album deals with the plight of black South Africans under the Apartheid system . The album was re-released as an official mp3 download by amazon.com , and iTunes in the U.K. in 2010 .

text: Paradise

text: in

text: Gazankulu

text: is

text: an

text: album

text: by

text: Harry

text: Belafonte

text: released

text: by

text: EMI

text: in

text: As

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: Harry

text: Belafonte

text: 's

text: final

text: studio

text: album

text: The

text: album

text: deals

text: with

text: the

text: plight

text: of

text: black

text: South

text: Africans

text: under

text: the

text: Apartheid

text: system

text: The

text: album

text: was

text: re

text: released

text: as

text: an

text: official

text: download

text: by

text: amazon.com

text: and

text: iTunes

text: in

text: the

text: U.K.

text: in

text: A "de facto" standard is a custom, convention, product, or system that has achieved a dominant position by public acceptance or market forces (such as early entrance to the market). "De facto" is a Latin phrase that means "in fact" (literally by or from fact) in the sense of "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but not officially established", as opposed to "de jure".

text: de

text: facto

text: standard

text: is

text: custom

text: convention

text: product

text: or

text: system

text: that

text: has

text: achieved

text: dominant

text: position

text: by

text: public

text: acceptance

text: or

text: market

text: forces

text: such

text: as

text: early

text: entrance

text: to

text: the

text: market

text: De

text: facto

text: is

text: Latin

text: phrase

text: that

text: means

text: in

text: fact

text: literally

text: by

text: or

text: from

text: fact

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: in

text: practice

text: but

text: not

text: necessarily

text: ordained

text: by

text: law

text: or

text: in

text: practice

text: or

text: actuality

text: but

text: not

text: officially

text: established

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: de

text: jure

text: A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side, with text and/or images printed in ink. A single sheet within a book is a leaf, and each side of a leaf is a page. A set of text-filled or illustrated pages produced in electronic format is known as an electronic book, or e-book.

text: book

text: is

text: set

text: of

text: written

text: printed

text: illustrated

text: or

text: blank

text: sheets

text: made

text: of

text: paper

text: parchment

text: or

text: other

text: materials

text: fastened

text: together

text: to

text: hinge

text: at

text: one

text: side

text: with

text: text

text: and/or

text: images

text: printed

text: in

text: ink

text: single

text: sheet

text: within

text: book

text: is

text: leaf

text: and

text: each

text: side

text: of

text: leaf

text: is

text: page

text: set

text: of

text: text

text: filled

text: or

text: illustrated

text: pages

text: produced

text: in

text: electronic

text: format

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: electronic

text: book

text: or

text: book

text: Robert Earl Wise (September 10, 1914  September 14, 2005) was an American film director, producer and editor. He won Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture for both "West Side Story" (1961) and "The Sound of Music" (1965). He was also nominated for Best Film Editing for "Citizen Kane" (1941) and directed and produced "The Sand Pebbles" (1966), which was nominated for Best Picture.

text: Robert

text: Earl

text: Wise

text: September

text: September

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: film

text: director

text: producer

text: and

text: editor

text: He

text: won

text: Academy

text: Awards

text: for

text: Best

text: Director

text: and

text: Best

text: Picture

text: for

text: both

text: West

text: Side

text: Story

text: and

text: The

text: Sound

text: of

text: Music

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: nominated

text: for

text: Best

text: Film

text: Editing

text: for

text: Citizen

text: Kane

text: and

text: directed

text: and

text: produced

text: The

text: Sand

text: Pebbles

text: which

text: was

text: nominated

text: for

text: Best

text: Picture

text: The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23, 2001, about 8 months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch.

text: The

text: iPod

text: is

text: line

text: of

text: portable

text: media

text: players

text: and

text: multi

text: purpose

text: pocket

text: computers

text: designed

text: and

text: marketed

text: by

text: Apple

text: Inc.

text: The

text: first

text: version

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: October

text: about

text: months

text: after

text: iTunes

text: Macintosh

text: version

text: was

text: released

text: The

text: most

text: recent

text: iPod

text: redesigns

text: were

text: announced

text: on

text: July

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: current

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: iPod

text: the

text: ultra

text: compact

text: iPod

text: Shuffle

text: the

text: compact

text: iPod

text: Nano

text: and

text: the

text: touchscreen

text: iPod

text: Touch

text: iTunes (or ) is a media player, media library, online radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple Inc. It is used to play, download, and organize digital downloads of music and video (as well as other types of media available on the iTunes Store) on personal computers running the macOS and Microsoft Windows operating systems. The iTunes Store is also available on the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch.

text: iTunes

text: or

text: is

text: media

text: player

text: media

text: library

text: online

text: radio

text: broadcaster

text: and

text: mobile

text: device

text: management

text: application

text: developed

text: by

text: Apple

text: Inc.

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: play

text: download

text: and

text: organize

text: digital

text: downloads

text: of

text: music

text: and

text: video

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: media

text: available

text: on

text: the

text: iTunes

text: Store

text: on

text: personal

text: computers

text: running

text: the

text: macOS

text: and

text: Microsoft

text: Windows

text: operating

text: systems

text: The

text: iTunes

text: Store

text: is

text: also

text: available

text: on

text: the

text: iPhone

text: iPad

text: and

text: iPod

text: Touch

text: Apple is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, a suburb of San Jose, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. Its hardware products include the iPhone smartphone, the iPad tablet computer, the Mac personal computer, the iPod portable media player, the Apple Watch smartwatch, and the Apple TV digital media player. Apple's consumer software includes the macOS and iOS operating systems, the iTunes media player, the Safari web browser, and the iLife and iWork creativity and productivity suites. Its online services include the iTunes Store, the iOS App Store and Mac App Store, Apple Music, and iCloud.

text: Apple

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: multinational

text: technology

text: company

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Cupertino

text: California

text: suburb

text: of

text: San

text: Jose

text: that

text: designs

text: develops

text: and

text: sells

text: consumer

text: electronics

text: computer

text: software

text: and

text: online

text: services

text: Its

text: hardware

text: products

text: include

text: the

text: iPhone

text: smartphone

text: the

text: iPad

text: tablet

text: computer

text: the

text: Mac

text: personal

text: computer

text: the

text: iPod

text: portable

text: media

text: player

text: the

text: Apple

text: Watch

text: smartwatch

text: and

text: the

text: Apple

text: TV

text: digital

text: media

text: player

text: Apple

text: 's

text: consumer

text: software

text: includes

text: the

text: macOS

text: and

text: iOS

text: operating

text: systems

text: the

text: iTunes

text: media

text: player

text: the

text: Safari

text: web

text: browser

text: and

text: the

text: iLife

text: and

text: iWork

text: creativity

text: and

text: productivity

text: suites

text: Its

text: online

text: services

text: include

text: the

text: iTunes

text: Store

text: the

text: iOS

text: App

text: Store

text: and

text: Mac

text: App

text: Store

text: Apple

text: Music

text: and

text: iCloud

text: MPEG-1 is a standard for lossy compression of video and audio. It is designed to compress VHS-quality raw digital video and CD audio down to 1.5 Mbit/s (26:1 and 6:1 compression ratios respectively) without excessive quality loss, making video CDs, digital cable/satellite TV and digital audio broadcasting (DAB) possible.

text: is

text: standard

text: for

text: lossy

text: compression

text: of

text: video

text: and

text: audio

text: It

text: is

text: designed

text: to

text: compress

text: VHS

text: quality

text: raw

text: digital

text: video

text: and

text: CD

text: audio

text: down

text: to

text: Mbit

text: and

text: compression

text: ratios

text: respectively

text: without

text: excessive

text: quality

text: loss

text: making

text: video

text: CDs

text: digital

text: cable

text: satellite

text: TV

text: and

text: digital

text: audio

text: broadcasting

text: DAB

text: possible

text: MPEG-2 (a.k.a. H.222/H.262 as defined by the ITU) is a standard for "the generic coding of moving pictures and ISO/IEC 13818 MPEG-2 at the ISO Store. It describes a combination of lossy video compression and lossy audio data compression methods, which permit storage and transmission of movies using currently available storage media and transmission bandwidth. While MPEG-2 is not as efficient as newer standards such as H.264/AVC and H.265/HEVC, backwards compatibility with existing hardware and software means it is still widely used, for example in over-the-air digital television broadcasting and in the DVD-Video standard.

text: a.k.a

text: as

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: ITU

text: is

text: standard

text: for

text: the

text: generic

text: coding

text: of

text: moving

text: pictures

text: and

text: ISO

text: IEC

text: at

text: the

text: ISO

text: Store

text: It

text: describes

text: combination

text: of

text: lossy

text: video

text: compression

text: and

text: lossy

text: audio

text: data

text: compression

text: methods

text: which

text: permit

text: storage

text: and

text: transmission

text: of

text: movies

text: using

text: currently

text: available

text: storage

text: media

text: and

text: transmission

text: bandwidth

text: While

text: is

text: not

text: as

text: efficient

text: as

text: newer

text: standards

text: such

text: as

text: and

text: backwards

text: compatibility

text: with

text: existing

text: hardware

text: and

text: software

text: means

text: it

text: is

text: still

text: widely

text: used

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: over

text: the

text: air

text: digital

text: television

text: broadcasting

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: DVD

text: Video

text: standard

text: White South Africans are people from South Africa who are of European descent and who do not regard themselves, or are not regarded as, being part of another racial group (for example, as Coloured). In linguistic, cultural and historical terms, they are generally divided into the Afrikaans-speaking descendants of the Dutch East India Company's original settlers, known as Afrikaners, and the Anglophone descendants of predominantly British colonists. In 2011, 61% were native Afrikaans speakers, 36% were native English speakers, and 3% spoke another language as their mother tongue, such as Portuguese or German. White South Africans are by far the largest European-descended population group in Africa.

text: White

text: South

text: Africans

text: are

text: people

text: from

text: South

text: Africa

text: who

text: are

text: of

text: European

text: descent

text: and

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: regard

text: themselves

text: or

text: are

text: not

text: regarded

text: as

text: being

text: part

text: of

text: another

text: racial

text: group

text: for

text: example

text: as

text: Coloured

text: In

text: linguistic

text: cultural

text: and

text: historical

text: terms

text: they

text: are

text: generally

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: Afrikaans

text: speaking

text: descendants

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: 's

text: original

text: settlers

text: known

text: as

text: Afrikaners

text: and

text: the

text: Anglophone

text: descendants

text: of

text: predominantly

text: British

text: colonists

text: In

text: were

text: native

text: Afrikaans

text: speakers

text: were

text: native

text: English

text: speakers

text: and

text: spoke

text: another

text: language

text: as

text: their

text: mother

text: tongue

text: such

text: as

text: Portuguese

text: or

text: German

text: White

text: South

text: Africans

text: are

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: largest

text: European

text: descended

text: population

text: group

text: in

text: Africa

text: Otto Ludwig Preminger (; 5 December 1905  23 April 1986) was an Austrian American theatre and film director. He is known for directing over 35 feature films in a five-decade career after leaving the theatre. He first gained attention for film noir mysteries such as "Laura" (1944) and "Fallen Angel" (1945), while in the 1950s and '60s, he directed a number of high-profile adaptations of popular novels and stage works. Several of these later films pushed the boundaries of censorship by dealing with topics which were then taboo in Hollywood, such as drug addiction ("The Man with the Golden Arm", 1955), rape ("Anatomy of a Murder", 1959) and homosexuality ("Advise & Consent", 1962). He was twice nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director. He also had a few acting roles.

text: Otto

text: Ludwig

text: Preminger

text: December

text: April

text: was

text: an

text: Austrian

text: American

text: theatre

text: and

text: film

text: director

text: He

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: directing

text: over

text: feature

text: films

text: in

text: five

text: decade

text: career

text: after

text: leaving

text: the

text: theatre

text: He

text: first

text: gained

text: attention

text: for

text: film

text: noir

text: mysteries

text: such

text: as

text: Laura

text: and

text: Fallen

text: Angel

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: he

text: directed

text: number

text: of

text: high

text: profile

text: adaptations

text: of

text: popular

text: novels

text: and

text: stage

text: works

text: Several

text: of

text: these

text: later

text: films

text: pushed

text: the

text: boundaries

text: of

text: censorship

text: by

text: dealing

text: with

text: topics

text: which

text: were

text: then

text: taboo

text: in

text: Hollywood

text: such

text: as

text: drug

text: addiction

text: The

text: Man

text: with

text: the

text: Golden

text: Arm

text: rape

text: Anatomy

text: of

text: Murder

text: and

text: homosexuality

text: Advise

text: Consent

text: He

text: was

text: twice

text: nominated

text: for

text: the

text: Academy

text: Award

text: for

text: Best

text: Director

text: He

text: also

text: had

text: few

text: acting

text: roles

text: Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc (BD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was designed to supersede the DVD format, in that it is capable of storing high-definition (720p and 1080p) and ultra high-definition video resolution (2160p). The plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Conventional (pre-BD-XL) Blu-ray Disc discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs (50 GB) being the industry standard for feature-length video discs. Triple-layer discs (100 GB) and quadruple layers (128 GB) are available for "BD-XL" re-writer drives. The name "Blu-ray" refers to the blue laser (specifically, a violet laser) used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs. The main application of Blu-ray is as a medium for video material such as feature films and physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. Besides the hardware specifications, Blu-ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats.

text: Blu

text: ray

text: or

text: Blu

text: ray

text: Disc

text: BD

text: is

text: digital

text: optical

text: disc

text: data

text: storage

text: format

text: It

text: was

text: designed

text: to

text: supersede

text: the

text: DVD

text: format

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: capable

text: of

text: storing

text: high

text: definition

text: and

text: and

text: ultra

text: high

text: definition

text: video

text: resolution

text: The

text: plastic

text: disc

text: is

text: mm

text: in

text: diameter

text: and

text: mm

text: thick

text: the

text: same

text: size

text: as

text: DVDs

text: and

text: CDs

text: Conventional

text: pre

text: BD

text: XL

text: Blu

text: ray

text: Disc

text: discs

text: contain

text: GB

text: per

text: layer

text: with

text: dual

text: layer

text: discs

text: GB

text: being

text: the

text: industry

text: standard

text: for

text: feature

text: length

text: video

text: discs

text: Triple

text: layer

text: discs

text: GB

text: and

text: quadruple

text: layers

text: GB

text: are

text: available

text: for

text: BD

text: XL

text: re

text: writer

text: drives

text: The

text: name

text: Blu

text: ray

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: blue

text: laser

text: specifically

text: violet

text: laser

text: used

text: to

text: read

text: the

text: disc

text: which

text: allows

text: information

text: to

text: be

text: stored

text: at

text: greater

text: density

text: than

text: is

text: possible

text: with

text: the

text: longer

text: wavelength

text: red

text: laser

text: used

text: for

text: DVDs

text: The

text: main

text: application

text: of

text: Blu

text: ray

text: is

text: as

text: medium

text: for

text: video

text: material

text: such

text: as

text: feature

text: films

text: and

text: physical

text: distribution

text: of

text: video

text: games

text: for

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: PlayStation

text: and

text: Xbox

text: One

text: Besides

text: the

text: hardware

text: specifications

text: Blu

text: ray

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: set

text: of

text: multimedia

text: formats

text: DVD (an abbreviation of "digital versatile disc" or "digital video disc") is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of digital data and is widely used for software and other computer files as well as video programs watched using DVD players. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions.

text: DVD

text: an

text: abbreviation

text: of

text: digital

text: versatile

text: disc

text: or

text: digital

text: video

text: disc

text: is

text: digital

text: optical

text: disc

text: storage

text: format

text: invented

text: and

text: developed

text: by

text: Philips

text: Sony

text: Toshiba

text: and

text: Panasonic

text: in

text: The

text: medium

text: can

text: store

text: any

text: kind

text: of

text: digital

text: data

text: and

text: is

text: widely

text: used

text: for

text: software

text: and

text: other

text: computer

text: files

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: video

text: programs

text: watched

text: using

text: DVD

text: players

text: DVDs

text: offer

text: higher

text: storage

text: capacity

text: than

text: compact

text: discs

text: while

text: having

text: the

text: same

text: dimensions

annotations: follows single

question: record_label paradise in gazankulu

answer: emi records

text: emi records

text: emi records

text: emi records

text: emi records


text: The Protestant Reformation, often referred to simply as the Reformation (from Latin "reformatio", "restoration, renewal"), was a schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other early Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe. Timing most commonly used for this period is from 1517 (the Ninety-five Theses are published by Martin Luther) to 1648 (Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War).

text: The

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: simply

text: as

text: the

text: Reformation

text: from

text: Latin

text: reformatio

text: restoration

text: renewal

text: was

text: schism

text: from

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: initiated

text: by

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: and

text: continued

text: by

text: John

text: Calvin

text: Huldrych

text: Zwingli

text: and

text: other

text: early

text: Protestant

text: Reformers

text: in

text: century

text: Europe

text: Timing

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text: for

text: this

text: period

text: is

text: from

text: the

text: Ninety

text: five

text: Theses

text: are

text: published

text: by

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: to

text: Peace

text: of

text: Westphalia

text: ends

text: the

text: Thirty

text: Years

text: War

text: Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century. Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with the invention of moveable type printing in the 1450s, the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1487, the beginning of the High Renaissance in Italy in the 1490s, the end of the "Reconquista" and subsequent voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492, or the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517. The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with either the start of the French Revolution in 1789 or with the more vaguely defined beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century Britain.

text: Early

text: modern

text: Europe

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: European

text: history

text: between

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: roughly

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: to

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: Historians

text: variously

text: mark

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: modern

text: period

text: with

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: moveable

text: type

text: printing

text: in

text: the

text: the

text: Fall

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: in

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Wars

text: of

text: the

text: Roses

text: in

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: High

text: Renaissance

text: in

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Reconquista

text: and

text: subsequent

text: voyages

text: of

text: Christopher

text: Columbus

text: to

text: the

text: Americas

text: in

text: or

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: in

text: The

text: precise

text: dates

text: of

text: its

text: end

text: point

text: also

text: vary

text: and

text: are

text: usually

text: linked

text: with

text: either

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: in

text: or

text: with

text: the

text: more

text: vaguely

text: defined

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: in

text: late

text: century

text: Britain

text: Christopher Columbus ( 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer, navigator, colonizer, and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. Those voyages and his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola initiated the European colonization of the New World.

text: Christopher

text: Columbus

text: May

text: was

text: an

text: Italian

text: explorer

text: navigator

text: colonizer

text: and

text: citizen

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Genoa

text: Under

text: the

text: auspices

text: of

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Monarchs

text: of

text: Spain

text: he

text: completed

text: four

text: voyages

text: across

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Those

text: voyages

text: and

text: his

text: efforts

text: to

text: establish

text: permanent

text: settlements

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Hispaniola

text: initiated

text: the

text: European

text: colonization

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: The Duchy of Burgundy ( Latin : Ducatus Burgundiae , French : Duché de Bourgogne , Dutch : Hertogdom Bourgondië ) existed from 1032 as a successor of an ancient and prestigious patrimony and a large division of the lands of the Kingdom of the Burgundians . The duchy roughly conforms to the borders and territories of the modern region of Burgundy , but its dukes came to own considerable possession of numerous French and Imperial fiefs further north in the Low Countries collectively known as the Burgundian Netherlands . In its own right , it was one of the larger ducal territories that existed at the time of the emergence of Early Modern Europe from Medieval Europe , reminiscent of the Middle Frankish realm of Lotharingia . The French remnants of the Burgundian kingdom were demoted to a ducal rank by King Robert II of France in 1004 and in 1032 awarded to the House of Burgundy as a cadet branch inheritance via Salic law -- other portions had passed to the Imperial Kingdom of Arles and the Free County of Burgundy . From 1363 the duchy was ruled by a succession of the Valois Burgundy dukes . Their extinction with the death of Charles the Bold in the 1477 Battle of Nancy led to the absorption of the duchy itself into the French crown lands by King Louis XI , while the Burgundian possessions in the Low Countries passed to the Habsburg Archduke Maximilian I of Austria by his marriage with Charles ' daughter Mary the Rich . Even in its diminished size as it existed in the Early Modern Period , the Burgundian heritage that was divided between two heirs played a pivotal role in Europe 's politics long after it lost its role as an independent political identity , due to marriages and wars over the territories between princes who were related to its former rulers . With the abdication of the Habsburg emperor Charles V ( Charles I as King of Spain ) in 1556 , the Burgundian Netherlands passed to the Spanish Empire of King Philip II. During the Dutch Revolt or Eighty Years War ( 1568 -- 1648 ) , the northern provinces of the Low Countries gained their independence from Spanish rule and formed the Dutch Republic ( today the Netherlands ) , while the southern provinces remained under Spanish rule and were known as the Spanish Netherlands or Southern Netherlands ( corresponding roughly to present day Belgium , Luxembourg , and the areas in France corresponding to the Nord department and part of the Pas - de - Calais department ) .

text: The

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: Latin

text: Ducatus

text: Burgundiae

text: French

text: Duché

text: de

text: Bourgogne

text: Dutch

text: Hertogdom

text: Bourgondië

text: existed

text: from

text: as

text: successor

text: of

text: an

text: ancient

text: and

text: prestigious

text: patrimony

text: and

text: large

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: lands

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Burgundians

text: The

text: duchy

text: roughly

text: conforms

text: to

text: the

text: borders

text: and

text: territories

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: region

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: but

text: its

text: dukes

text: came

text: to

text: own

text: considerable

text: possession

text: of

text: numerous

text: French

text: and

text: Imperial

text: fiefs

text: further

text: north

text: in

text: the

text: Low

text: Countries

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Burgundian

text: Netherlands

text: In

text: its

text: own

text: right

text: it

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: ducal

text: territories

text: that

text: existed

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: Early

text: Modern

text: Europe

text: from

text: Medieval

text: Europe

text: reminiscent

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Frankish

text: realm

text: of

text: Lotharingia

text: The

text: French

text: remnants

text: of

text: the

text: Burgundian

text: kingdom

text: were

text: demoted

text: to

text: ducal

text: rank

text: by

text: King

text: Robert

text: II

text: of

text: France

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: awarded

text: to

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: as

text: cadet

text: branch

text: inheritance

text: via

text: Salic

text: law

text: other

text: portions

text: had

text: passed

text: to

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Arles

text: and

text: the

text: Free

text: County

text: of

text: Burgundy

text: From

text: the

text: duchy

text: was

text: ruled

text: by

text: succession

text: of

text: the

text: Valois

text: Burgundy

text: dukes

text: Their

text: extinction

text: with

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Charles

text: the

text: Bold

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Nancy

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: absorption

text: of

text: the

text: duchy

text: itself

text: into

text: the

text: French

text: crown

text: lands

text: by

text: King

text: Louis

text: XI

text: while

text: the

text: Burgundian

text: possessions

text: in

text: the

text: Low

text: Countries

text: passed

text: to

text: the

text: Habsburg

text: Archduke

text: Maximilian

text: of

text: Austria

text: by

text: his

text: marriage

text: with

text: Charles

text: daughter

text: Mary

text: the

text: Rich

text: Even

text: in

text: its

text: diminished

text: size

text: as

text: it

text: existed

text: in

text: the

text: Early

text: Modern

text: Period

text: the

text: Burgundian

text: heritage

text: that

text: was

text: divided

text: between

text: two

text: heirs

text: played

text: pivotal

text: role

text: in

text: Europe

text: 's

text: politics

text: long

text: after

text: it

text: lost

text: its

text: role

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: political

text: identity

text: due

text: to

text: marriages

text: and

text: wars

text: over

text: the

text: territories

text: between

text: princes

text: who

text: were

text: related

text: to

text: its

text: former

text: rulers

text: With

text: the

text: abdication

text: of

text: the

text: Habsburg

text: emperor

text: Charles

text: Charles

text: as

text: King

text: of

text: Spain

text: in

text: the

text: Burgundian

text: Netherlands

text: passed

text: to

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Empire

text: of

text: King

text: Philip

text: II

text: During

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Revolt

text: or

text: Eighty

text: Years

text: War

text: the

text: northern

text: provinces

text: of

text: the

text: Low

text: Countries

text: gained

text: their

text: independence

text: from

text: Spanish

text: rule

text: and

text: formed

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Republic

text: today

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: while

text: the

text: southern

text: provinces

text: remained

text: under

text: Spanish

text: rule

text: and

text: were

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Netherlands

text: or

text: Southern

text: Netherlands

text: corresponding

text: roughly

text: to

text: present

text: day

text: Belgium

text: Luxembourg

text: and

text: the

text: areas

text: in

text: France

text: corresponding

text: to

text: the

text: Nord

text: department

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Pas

text: de

text: Calais

text: department

text: The (Spanish and Portuguese for the "reconquest") is the period of history of the Iberian Peninsula spanning approximately 770 years between the Islamic conquest of Hispania in 710 and the fall of the last Islamic state in Iberia at Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492. The " ended just before the European discovery of the Americasthe "New World"which ushered in the era of the Portuguese and Spanish colonial empires.

text: The

text: Spanish

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: for

text: the

text: reconquest

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: spanning

text: approximately

text: years

text: between

text: the

text: Islamic

text: conquest

text: of

text: Hispania

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: Islamic

text: state

text: in

text: Iberia

text: at

text: Granada

text: to

text: the

text: expanding

text: Christian

text: kingdoms

text: in

text: The

text: ended

text: just

text: before

text: the

text: European

text: discovery

text: of

text: the

text: Americasthe

text: New

text: World"which

text: ushered

text: in

text: the

text: era

text: of

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: and

text: Spanish

text: colonial

text: empires

annotations: follows multiple

question: religion duchy of burgundy

answer: catholic church

text: catholic church


text: The Isle of Purbeck, not a true island but a peninsula, is in the county of Dorset, England. It is bordered by the English Channel to the south and east, where steep cliffs fall to the sea; and by the marshy lands of the River Frome and Poole Harbour to the north. Its western boundary is less well defined, with some medieval sources placing it at Flower's Barrow above Worbarrow Bay. The most southerly point is St Alban's Head (archaically St. Aldhelm's Head). Its coastline is suffering from erosion.

text: The

text: Isle

text: of

text: Purbeck

text: not

text: true

text: island

text: but

text: peninsula

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: county

text: of

text: Dorset

text: England

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: where

text: steep

text: cliffs

text: fall

text: to

text: the

text: sea

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: marshy

text: lands

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Frome

text: and

text: Poole

text: Harbour

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Its

text: western

text: boundary

text: is

text: less

text: well

text: defined

text: with

text: some

text: medieval

text: sources

text: placing

text: it

text: at

text: Flower

text: 's

text: Barrow

text: above

text: Worbarrow

text: Bay

text: The

text: most

text: southerly

text: point

text: is

text: St

text: Alban

text: 's

text: Head

text: archaically

text: St.

text: Aldhelm

text: 's

text: Head

text: Its

text: coastline

text: is

text: suffering

text: from

text: erosion

text: The English Civil War (16421651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers") over, principally, the manner of England's government. The first (164246) and second (164849) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (164951) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.

text: The

text: English

text: Civil

text: War

text: was

text: series

text: of

text: armed

text: conflicts

text: and

text: political

text: machinations

text: between

text: Parliamentarians

text: Roundheads

text: and

text: Royalists

text: Cavaliers

text: over

text: principally

text: the

text: manner

text: of

text: England

text: 's

text: government

text: The

text: first

text: and

text: second

text: wars

text: pitted

text: the

text: supporters

text: of

text: King

text: Charles

text: against

text: the

text: supporters

text: of

text: the

text: Long

text: Parliament

text: while

text: the

text: third

text: saw

text: fighting

text: between

text: supporters

text: of

text: King

text: Charles

text: II

text: and

text: supporters

text: of

text: the

text: Rump

text: Parliament

text: The

text: war

text: ended

text: with

text: the

text: Parliamentarian

text: victory

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Worcester

text: on

text: September

text: Worcester is a city in Worcestershire, England, southwest of Birmingham and north of Gloucester. The population is approximately 100,000. The River Severn flanks the western side of the city centre, which is overlooked by the 12th-century Worcester Cathedral.

text: Worcester

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: Worcestershire

text: England

text: southwest

text: of

text: Birmingham

text: and

text: north

text: of

text: Gloucester

text: The

text: population

text: is

text: approximately

text: The

text: River

text: Severn

text: flanks

text: the

text: western

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: which

text: is

text: overlooked

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: Worcester

text: Cathedral

text: A court is a tribunal, often as a government institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law. In both common law and civil law legal systems, courts are the central means for dispute resolution, and it is generally understood that all persons have an ability to bring their claims before a court. Similarly, the rights of those accused of a crime include the right to present a defense before a court.

text: court

text: is

text: tribunal

text: often

text: as

text: government

text: institution

text: with

text: the

text: authority

text: to

text: adjudicate

text: legal

text: disputes

text: between

text: parties

text: and

text: carry

text: out

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: justice

text: in

text: civil

text: criminal

text: and

text: administrative

text: matters

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: In

text: both

text: common

text: law

text: and

text: civil

text: law

text: legal

text: systems

text: courts

text: are

text: the

text: central

text: means

text: for

text: dispute

text: resolution

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: generally

text: understood

text: that

text: all

text: persons

text: have

text: an

text: ability

text: to

text: bring

text: their

text: claims

text: before

text: court

text: Similarly

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: those

text: accused

text: of

text: crime

text: include

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: present

text: defense

text: before

text: court

text: Corfe Castle is a fortification standing above the village of the same name on the Isle of Purbeck in the English county of Dorset. Built by William the Conqueror, the castle dates back to the 11th century and commands a gap in the Purbeck Hills on the route between Wareham and Swanage. The first phase was one of the earliest castles in England to be built at least partly using stone when the majority were built with earth and timber. Corfe Castle underwent major structural changes in the 12th and 13th centuries.

text: Corfe

text: Castle

text: is

text: fortification

text: standing

text: above

text: the

text: village

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: on

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Purbeck

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: county

text: of

text: Dorset

text: Built

text: by

text: William

text: the

text: Conqueror

text: the

text: castle

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: commands

text: gap

text: in

text: the

text: Purbeck

text: Hills

text: on

text: the

text: route

text: between

text: Wareham

text: and

text: Swanage

text: The

text: first

text: phase

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: castles

text: in

text: England

text: to

text: be

text: built

text: at

text: least

text: partly

text: using

text: stone

text: when

text: the

text: majority

text: were

text: built

text: with

text: earth

text: and

text: timber

text: Corfe

text: Castle

text: underwent

text: major

text: structural

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: The Chief Justice of the Common Pleas was the head of the Court of Common Pleas, also known as the Common Bench or Common Place, which was the second-highest common law court in the English legal system until 1875, when it, along with the other two common law courts and the equity and probate courts, became part of the High Court of Justice. As such, the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas was one of the highest judicial officials in England, behind only the Lord High Chancellor and the Lord Chief Justice of England, who headed the Queen's Bench (King's when the monarch was male).

text: The

text: Chief

text: Justice

text: of

text: the

text: Common

text: Pleas

text: was

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Common

text: Pleas

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Common

text: Bench

text: or

text: Common

text: Place

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: highest

text: common

text: law

text: court

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: legal

text: system

text: until

text: when

text: it

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: other

text: two

text: common

text: law

text: courts

text: and

text: the

text: equity

text: and

text: probate

text: courts

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: High

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: As

text: such

text: the

text: Chief

text: Justice

text: of

text: the

text: Common

text: Pleas

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: judicial

text: officials

text: in

text: England

text: behind

text: only

text: the

text: Lord

text: High

text: Chancellor

text: and

text: the

text: Lord

text: Chief

text: Justice

text: of

text: England

text: who

text: headed

text: the

text: Queen

text: 's

text: Bench

text: King

text: 's

text: when

text: the

text: monarch

text: was

text: male

text: Roundhead was the name given to the supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against Charles I of England and his supporters, the Cavaliers or Royalists, who claimed rule by absolute monarchy and the divine right of kings. The goal of the Roundhead party was to give the Parliament supreme control over executive administration.

text: Roundhead

text: was

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: supporters

text: of

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: England

text: during

text: the

text: English

text: Civil

text: War

text: Also

text: known

text: as

text: Parliamentarians

text: they

text: fought

text: against

text: Charles

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: his

text: supporters

text: the

text: Cavaliers

text: or

text: Royalists

text: who

text: claimed

text: rule

text: by

text: absolute

text: monarchy

text: and

text: the

text: divine

text: right

text: of

text: kings

text: The

text: goal

text: of

text: the

text: Roundhead

text: party

text: was

text: to

text: give

text: the

text: Parliament

text: supreme

text: control

text: over

text: executive

text: administration

text: Lady Mary Bankes née Hawtry ( c. 1598 -- 11 April 1661 ) was a Royalist who defended Corfe Castle from a three - year siege during the English Civil War from 1643 to 1646 . She was married to Sir John Bankes , Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and Attorney - General of King Charles I.

text: Lady

text: Mary

text: Bankes

text: née

text: Hawtry

text: April

text: was

text: Royalist

text: who

text: defended

text: Corfe

text: Castle

text: from

text: three

text: year

text: siege

text: during

text: the

text: English

text: Civil

text: War

text: from

text: to

text: She

text: was

text: married

text: to

text: Sir

text: John

text: Bankes

text: Lord

text: Chief

text: Justice

text: of

text: the

text: Common

text: Pleas

text: and

text: Attorney

text: General

text: of

text: King

text: Charles

text: Cavalier first used by Roundheads as a term of abuse for the wealthier male Royalist supporters of King Charles I and his son Charles II of England during the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the Restoration (1642  c. 1679). It was later adopted by the Royalists themselves. Although it referred originally to political and social attitudes and behaviour, of which clothing was a very small part, it has subsequently become strongly identified with the fashionable clothing of the court at the time. Prince Rupert, commander of much of Charles I's cavalry, is often considered to be an archetypal Cavalier.

text: Cavalier

text: first

text: used

text: by

text: Roundheads

text: as

text: term

text: of

text: abuse

text: for

text: the

text: wealthier

text: male

text: Royalist

text: supporters

text: of

text: King

text: Charles

text: and

text: his

text: son

text: Charles

text: II

text: of

text: England

text: during

text: the

text: English

text: Civil

text: War

text: the

text: Interregnum

text: and

text: the

text: Restoration

text: It

text: was

text: later

text: adopted

text: by

text: the

text: Royalists

text: themselves

text: Although

text: it

text: referred

text: originally

text: to

text: political

text: and

text: social

text: attitudes

text: and

text: behaviour

text: of

text: which

text: clothing

text: was

text: very

text: small

text: part

text: it

text: has

text: subsequently

text: become

text: strongly

text: identified

text: with

text: the

text: fashionable

text: clothing

text: of

text: the

text: court

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: Prince

text: Rupert

text: commander

text: of

text: much

text: of

text: Charles

text: 's

text: cavalry

text: is

text: often

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: archetypal

text: Cavalier

annotations: likely multiple

question: member_of_political_party mary bankes

answer: cavalier

text: cavalier

text: cavalier


text: Badenscoth ( Scottish Gaelic : Bad nan Sgoth ) is a rural area near Auchterless in Aberdeenshire , Scotland .

text: Badenscoth

text: Scottish

text: Gaelic

text: Bad

text: Sgoth

text: is

text: rural

text: area

text: near

text: Auchterless

text: in

text: Aberdeenshire

text: Scotland

text: Aberdeen  is Scotland's third most populous city, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom's 37th most populous built-up area, with an official population estimate of 196,670 for the city of Aberdeen itself and 228,990 for the local authority area. Aberdeen is the Oil Capital of the World.

text: Aberdeen

text: is

text: Scotland

text: 's

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: one

text: of

text: Scotland

text: 's

text: local

text: government

text: council

text: areas

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: built

text: up

text: area

text: with

text: an

text: official

text: population

text: estimate

text: of

text: for

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Aberdeen

text: itself

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: local

text: authority

text: area

text: Aberdeen

text: is

text: the

text: Oil

text: Capital

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Aberdeenshire is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland.

text: Aberdeenshire

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: council

text: areas

text: of

text: Scotland

text: Turriff is a town and civil parish in Aberdeenshire in Scotland. It lies on the River Deveron, about above sea level, and has a population of 5,708. In everyday speech it is often referred to by its Scots name, Turra, which is derived from the Scottish Gaelic pronunciation.

text: Turriff

text: is

text: town

text: and

text: civil

text: parish

text: in

text: Aberdeenshire

text: in

text: Scotland

text: It

text: lies

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Deveron

text: about

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: In

text: everyday

text: speech

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: its

text: Scots

text: name

text: Turra

text: which

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Gaelic

text: pronunciation

text: Auchterless (meaning the "Upper Part of Less") is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland; grid reference NJ 713 416, postcode AB53 8BG. The nearest large settlement is Turriff. It is traditionally known as "Kirkton of Auchterless".

text: Auchterless

text: meaning

text: the

text: Upper

text: Part

text: of

text: Less

text: is

text: village

text: in

text: Aberdeenshire

text: Scotland

text: grid

text: reference

text: NJ

text: postcode

text: The

text: nearest

text: large

text: settlement

text: is

text: Turriff

text: It

text: is

text: traditionally

text: known

text: as

text: Kirkton

text: of

text: Auchterless

question: instance_of badenscoth

answer: village

text: village