text:
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.
In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.

text: prime

text: minister

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: senior

text: minister

text: of

text: cabinet

text: in

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: of

text: government

text: often

text: in

text: parliamentary

text: or

text: semi

text: presidential

text: system

text: In

text: many

text: systems

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: selects

text: and

text: may

text: dismiss

text: other

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: cabinet

text: and

text: allocates

text: posts

text: to

text: members

text: within

text: the

text: government

text: In

text: most

text: systems

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: is

text: the

text: presiding

text: member

text: and

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: cabinet

text: In

text: minority

text: of

text: systems

text: notably

text: in

text: semi

text: presidential

text: systems

text: of

text: government

text: prime

text: minister

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: who

text: is

text: appointed

text: to

text: manage

text: the

text: civil

text: service

text: and

text: execute

text: the

text: directives

text: of

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: In

text: parliamentary

text: systems

text: fashioned

text: after

text: the

text: Westminster

text: system

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: is

text: the

text: presiding

text: and

text: actual

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: In

text: such

text: systems

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: or

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: 's

text: official

text: representative

text: i.e.

text: the

text: monarch

text: president

text: or

text: governor

text: general

text: usually

text: holds

text: largely

text: ceremonial

text: position

text: although

text: often

text: with

text: reserve

text: powers

text: The Conservative Party of Canada, colloquially known as the Tories, is a political party in Canada. It is positioned on the right of the Canadian political spectrum. The party's leader from 2004 to 2015 was Stephen Harper, who served as Prime Minister from 2006 to 2015.

text: The

text: Conservative

text: Party

text: of

text: Canada

text: colloquially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Tories

text: is

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: Canada

text: It

text: is

text: positioned

text: on

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: political

text: spectrum

text: The

text: party

text: 's

text: leader

text: from

text: to

text: was

text: Stephen

text: Harper

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: from

text: to

text: A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. In developing the current Constitution of France (1958), former French president Charles de Gaulle said the head of state should embody "the spirit of the nation" (""). In some countries, typically those with parliamentary governments, the head of state is a ceremonial figurehead that does not actually guide day-to-day government activities and may not even be empowered to exercise any kind of political authority (e.g., Queen Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom). In other countries, the head of state is also the head of government, such as in the U.S., where the president is both a public figurehead and the actual highest ranking political leader who, in practice, oversees the executive branch.

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: or

text: chief

text: of

text: state

text: is

text: the

text: public

text: persona

text: that

text: officially

text: represents

text: the

text: national

text: unity

text: and

text: legitimacy

text: of

text: sovereign

text: state

text: In

text: developing

text: the

text: current

text: Constitution

text: of

text: France

text: former

text: French

text: president

text: Charles

text: de

text: Gaulle

text: said

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: should

text: embody

text: the

text: spirit

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: In

text: some

text: countries

text: typically

text: those

text: with

text: parliamentary

text: governments

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: is

text: ceremonial

text: figurehead

text: that

text: does

text: not

text: actually

text: guide

text: day

text: to

text: day

text: government

text: activities

text: and

text: may

text: not

text: even

text: be

text: empowered

text: to

text: exercise

text: any

text: kind

text: of

text: political

text: authority

text: e.g.

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: II

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: In

text: other

text: countries

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: where

text: the

text: president

text: is

text: both

text: public

text: figurehead

text: and

text: the

text: actual

text: highest

text: ranking

text: political

text: leader

text: who

text: in

text: practice

text: oversees

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: Alice Siu - Ping Chan Wong PC MP ( traditional Chinese :  ; simplified Chinese :  ; Jyutping : Wong4 Can4 Siu2 Ping4 , born June 30 , 1948 ) is a Canadian politician , who was elected to represent the electoral district of Richmond . She is a member of the Conservative Party and formerly served as the Parliamentary Secretary for Multiculturalism . In 2011 , Wong was appointed as the Minister of State for Seniors by Prime Minister Stephen Harper , becoming the first Chinese - Canadian woman to serve in Cabinet . She was reelected in the 2015 election .

text: Alice

text: Siu

text: Ping

text: Chan

text: Wong

text: PC

text: MP

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: simplified

text: Chinese

text: Jyutping

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: Canadian

text: politician

text: who

text: was

text: elected

text: to

text: represent

text: the

text: electoral

text: district

text: of

text: Richmond

text: She

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Conservative

text: Party

text: and

text: formerly

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: Parliamentary

text: Secretary

text: for

text: Multiculturalism

text: In

text: Wong

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: the

text: Minister

text: of

text: State

text: for

text: Seniors

text: by

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Stephen

text: Harper

text: becoming

text: the

text: first

text: Chinese

text: Canadian

text: woman

text: to

text: serve

text: in

text: Cabinet

text: She

text: was

text: reelected

text: in

text: the

text: election

text: Stephen Joseph Harper (born April 30, 1959) is a Canadian retired politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada, from February 6, 2006 to November 4, 2015. He was the first prime minister to come from the modern Conservative Party of Canada, which was formed by a merger of the Progressive Conservative Party and the Canadian Alliance.

text: Stephen

text: Joseph

text: Harper

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: Canadian

text: retired

text: politician

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: Canada

text: from

text: February

text: to

text: November

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: prime

text: minister

text: to

text: come

text: from

text: the

text: modern

text: Conservative

text: Party

text: of

text: Canada

text: which

text: was

text: formed

text: by

text: merger

text: of

text: the

text: Progressive

text: Conservative

text: Party

text: and

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Alliance

text: The Canadian Alliance, formally the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance, was a conservative and right-wing populist federal political party in Canada that existed from 2000 to 2003. The party was the successor to the Reform Party of Canada and inherited its position as the Official Opposition in the House of Commons and held it throughout its existence. The party supported policies that were both fiscally and socially conservative, seeking reduced government spending on social programs and reductions in taxation.

text: The

text: Canadian

text: Alliance

text: formally

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Reform

text: Conservative

text: Alliance

text: was

text: conservative

text: and

text: right

text: wing

text: populist

text: federal

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: Canada

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: party

text: was

text: the

text: successor

text: to

text: the

text: Reform

text: Party

text: of

text: Canada

text: and

text: inherited

text: its

text: position

text: as

text: the

text: Official

text: Opposition

text: in

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: and

text: held

text: it

text: throughout

text: its

text: existence

text: The

text: party

text: supported

text: policies

text: that

text: were

text: both

text: fiscally

text: and

text: socially

text: conservative

text: seeking

text: reduced

text: government

text: spending

text: on

text: social

text: programs

text: and

text: reductions

text: in

text: taxation

text: A president is the leader of a country or a division or part of a country, typically a republic, a democracy, or a dictatorship. The title "president" is sometimes used by extension for leaders of other groups, including corporate entities and social groups.

text: president

text: is

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: country

text: or

text: division

text: or

text: part

text: of

text: country

text: typically

text: republic

text: democracy

text: or

text: dictatorship

text: The

text: title

text: president

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: by

text: extension

text: for

text: leaders

text: of

text: other

text: groups

text: including

text: corporate

text: entities

text: and

text: social

text: groups

text: A presidential system is a system of government where a head of government is also head of state and leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch. The United States, for instance, has a presidential system. The executive is elected and often titled "president" and is not responsible to the legislature and which cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss it. The legislature may have the right, in extreme cases, to dismiss the executive, often through impeachment. However, such dismissals are seen as so rare as not to contradict a central tenet of presidentialism, that in "normal circumstances using normal means" the legislature cannot dismiss the executive.

text: presidential

text: system

text: is

text: system

text: of

text: government

text: where

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: is

text: also

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: and

text: leads

text: an

text: executive

text: branch

text: that

text: is

text: separate

text: from

text: the

text: legislative

text: branch

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: instance

text: has

text: presidential

text: system

text: The

text: executive

text: is

text: elected

text: and

text: often

text: titled

text: president

text: and

text: is

text: not

text: responsible

text: to

text: the

text: legislature

text: and

text: which

text: can

text: not

text: in

text: normal

text: circumstances

text: dismiss

text: it

text: The

text: legislature

text: may

text: have

text: the

text: right

text: in

text: extreme

text: cases

text: to

text: dismiss

text: the

text: executive

text: often

text: through

text: impeachment

text: However

text: such

text: dismissals

text: are

text: seen

text: as

text: so

text: rare

text: as

text: not

text: to

text: contradict

text: central

text: tenet

text: of

text: presidentialism

text: that

text: in

text: normal

text: circumstances

text: using

text: normal

text: means

text: the

text: legislature

text: can

text: not

text: dismiss

text: the

text: executive

text: A semi-presidential system is a system of government in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature of a state. It differs from a parliamentary republic in that it has a popularly elected head of state, who is more than a purely ceremonial figurehead, and from the presidential system in that the cabinet, although named by the president, is responsible to the legislature, which may force the cabinet to resign through a motion of no confidence.

text: semi

text: presidential

text: system

text: is

text: system

text: of

text: government

text: in

text: which

text: president

text: exists

text: alongside

text: prime

text: minister

text: and

text: cabinet

text: with

text: the

text: latter

text: two

text: being

text: responsible

text: to

text: the

text: legislature

text: of

text: state

text: It

text: differs

text: from

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: has

text: popularly

text: elected

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: who

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: purely

text: ceremonial

text: figurehead

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: presidential

text: system

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: cabinet

text: although

text: named

text: by

text: the

text: president

text: is

text: responsible

text: to

text: the

text: legislature

text: which

text: may

text: force

text: the

text: cabinet

text: to

text: resign

text: through

text: motion

text: of

text: no

text: confidence

question: member_of_political_party alice wong

answer: conservative party of canada

text: conservative party of canada

text: conservative party of canada


text: The Ottoman Empire ('; Modern Turkish: ' or '), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey, was an empire founded at the end of the thirteenth century in northwestern Anatolia in the vicinity of Bilecik and Söüt by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: Modern

text: Turkish

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Empire

text: Ottoman

text: Turkey

text: was

text: an

text: empire

text: founded

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: thirteenth

text: century

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Anatolia

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Bilecik

text: and

text: Söüt

text: by

text: the

text: Oghuz

text: Turkish

text: tribal

text: leader

text: Osman

text: After

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: crossed

text: into

text: Europe

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Balkans

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Beylik

text: was

text: transformed

text: into

text: transcontinental

text: empire

text: The

text: Ottomans

text: ended

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: with

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: by

text: Mehmed

text: the

text: Conqueror

text: In the Ottoman Empire, the Grand Vizier was the prime minister of the Ottoman sultan, with absolute power of attorney and, in principle, dismissible only by the sultan himself. He held the imperial seal and could convene all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state; the viziers in conference were called ""Kubbealt" viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the "Kubbealt" ('under the dome') in Topkap Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte.

text: In

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: the

text: Grand

text: Vizier

text: was

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: sultan

text: with

text: absolute

text: power

text: of

text: attorney

text: and

text: in

text: principle

text: dismissible

text: only

text: by

text: the

text: sultan

text: himself

text: He

text: held

text: the

text: imperial

text: seal

text: and

text: could

text: convene

text: all

text: other

text: viziers

text: to

text: attend

text: to

text: affairs

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: the

text: viziers

text: in

text: conference

text: were

text: called

text: Kubbealt

text: viziers

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: their

text: meeting

text: place

text: the

text: Kubbealt

text: under

text: the

text: dome

text: in

text: Topkap

text: Palace

text: His

text: offices

text: were

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: Sublime

text: Porte

text: The Sublime Porte, also known as the Ottoman Porte or High Porte ("Bb- l" or "Babali", from , "bb" "gate" and , "al" "high"), is a synecdochic metonym for the central government of the Ottoman Empire. The naming has its origins in the old Oriental practice, according to which the ruler announced his official decisions and judgements at the gate of his palace. This was the practice in the Byzantine Empire and it was adopted also by Ottoman Turk sultans since Orhan I, and therefore the palace of the sultan, or the gate leading to it, became known as the "High Gate". This name referred first to a palace in Brussa. After Ottomans had conquered Constantinople, now Istanbul, the gate now known as the Imperial Gate (leading to the outermost courtyard of the Topkap Palace, became at first known as the "High Gate", or the "Sublime Porte".

text: The

text: Sublime

text: Porte

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Porte

text: or

text: High

text: Porte

text: Bb-

text: or

text: Babali

text: from

text: bb

text: gate

text: and

text: al

text: high

text: is

text: synecdochic

text: metonym

text: for

text: the

text: central

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: The

text: naming

text: has

text: its

text: origins

text: in

text: the

text: old

text: Oriental

text: practice

text: according

text: to

text: which

text: the

text: ruler

text: announced

text: his

text: official

text: decisions

text: and

text: judgements

text: at

text: the

text: gate

text: of

text: his

text: palace

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: practice

text: in

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: adopted

text: also

text: by

text: Ottoman

text: Turk

text: sultans

text: since

text: Orhan

text: and

text: therefore

text: the

text: palace

text: of

text: the

text: sultan

text: or

text: the

text: gate

text: leading

text: to

text: it

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: High

text: Gate

text: This

text: name

text: referred

text: first

text: to

text: palace

text: in

text: Brussa

text: After

text: Ottomans

text: had

text: conquered

text: Constantinople

text: now

text: Istanbul

text: the

text: gate

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Gate

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: outermost

text: courtyard

text: of

text: the

text: Topkap

text: Palace

text: became

text: at

text: first

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: High

text: Gate

text: or

text: the

text: Sublime

text: Porte

text: The Topkap Palace (or in , "opapu Sary") or the Seraglio is a large palace in Istanbul, Turkey that was one of the major residences of the Ottoman sultans for almost 400 years (14651856) of their 624-year reign.

text: The

text: Topkap

text: Palace

text: or

text: in

text: opapu

text: Sary

text: or

text: the

text: Seraglio

text: is

text: large

text: palace

text: in

text: Istanbul

text: Turkey

text: that

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: residences

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: sultans

text: for

text: almost

text: years

text: of

text: their

text: reign

text: A vizier (rarely ; In modern usage, the term has been used for ministers in the Arab world, Iran, Turkey, East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania and Somalia) Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

text: vizier

text: rarely

text: In

text: modern

text: usage

text: the

text: term

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: for

text: ministers

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: Iran

text: Turkey

text: East

text: Africa

text: Kenya

text: Tanzania

text: and

text: Somalia

text: Afghanistan

text: Pakistan

text: India

text: Tajikistan

text: and

text: Uzbekistan

text: Koca Sinan Pasha ( Albanian : Sinan Pasha Topojani ; 1506 -- 3 April 1596 ) was an Ottoman grand vizier , Ottoman military figure , and statesman . From 1580 till his death he served five times as Grand Vizier .

text: Koca

text: Sinan

text: Pasha

text: Albanian

text: Sinan

text: Pasha

text: Topojani

text: April

text: was

text: an

text: Ottoman

text: grand

text: vizier

text: Ottoman

text: military

text: figure

text: and

text: statesman

text: From

text: till

text: his

text: death

text: he

text: served

text: five

text: times

text: as

text: Grand

text: Vizier

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

question: country_of_citizenship koca sinan pasha

answer: ottoman empire

text: ottoman empire

text: ottoman empire

text: ottoman empire


text: Earth science or geoscience is a widely embraced term for the fields of science related to the planet Earth. Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science, but with a much older history. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. The Earth sciences can include the study of geology, the lithosphere, and the large-scale structure of the Earth's interior, as well as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Typically, Earth scientists use tools from geography, chronology, physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how the Earth system works and evolves.

text: Earth

text: science

text: or

text: geoscience

text: is

text: widely

text: embraced

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: fields

text: of

text: science

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: planet

text: Earth

text: Earth

text: science

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: branch

text: of

text: planetary

text: science

text: but

text: with

text: much

text: older

text: history

text: There

text: are

text: both

text: reductionist

text: and

text: holistic

text: approaches

text: to

text: Earth

text: sciences

text: The

text: Earth

text: sciences

text: can

text: include

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: geology

text: the

text: lithosphere

text: and

text: the

text: large

text: scale

text: structure

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: interior

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: and

text: biosphere

text: Typically

text: Earth

text: scientists

text: use

text: tools

text: from

text: geography

text: chronology

text: physics

text: chemistry

text: biology

text: and

text: mathematics

text: to

text: build

text: quantitative

text: understanding

text: of

text: how

text: the

text: Earth

text: system

text: works

text: and

text: evolves

text:
Human geography is the branch of the social sciences that deals with the study of people and their communities,
cultures, economies and interaction with the environment by noticing their relations with and across space and place. As an intellectual discipline, geography is divided into the sub-fields of physical geography and human geography, the latter concentrating upon the study of human activities, by the application of qualitative and quantitative research methods.

text: Human

text: geography

text: is

text: the

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: social

text: sciences

text: that

text: deals

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: people

text: and

text: their

text: communities

text: cultures

text: economies

text: and

text: interaction

text: with

text: the

text: environment

text: by

text: noticing

text: their

text: relations

text: with

text: and

text: across

text: space

text: and

text: place

text: As

text: an

text: intellectual

text: discipline

text: geography

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: sub

text: fields

text: of

text: physical

text: geography

text: and

text: human

text: geography

text: the

text: latter

text: concentrating

text: upon

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: human

text: activities

text: by

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: qualitative

text: and

text: quantitative

text: research

text: methods

text: Professor (commonly abbreviated as "prof.") is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, "professor" derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences, a teacher of the highest rank.

text: Professor

text: commonly

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: prof

text: is

text: an

text: academic

text: rank

text: at

text: universities

text: and

text: other

text: post

text: secondary

text: education

text: and

text: research

text: institutions

text: in

text: most

text: countries

text: Literally

text: professor

text: derives

text: from

text: Latin

text: as

text: person

text: who

text: professes

text: being

text: usually

text: an

text: expert

text: in

text: arts

text: or

text: sciences

text: teacher

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: rank

text: Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.

text: Education

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: facilitating

text: learning

text: or

text: the

text: acquisition

text: of

text: knowledge

text: skills

text: values

text: beliefs

text: and

text: habits

text: Educational

text: methods

text: include

text: storytelling

text: discussion

text: teaching

text: training

text: and

text: directed

text: research

text: Education

text: frequently

text: takes

text: place

text: under

text: the

text: guidance

text: of

text: educators

text: but

text: learners

text: may

text: also

text: educate

text: themselves

text: Education

text: can

text: take

text: place

text: in

text: formal

text: or

text: informal

text: settings

text: and

text: any

text: experience

text: that

text: has

text: formative

text: effect

text: on

text: the

text: way

text: one

text: thinks

text: feels

text: or

text: acts

text: may

text: be

text: considered

text: educational

text: The

text: methodology

text: of

text: teaching

text: is

text: called

text: pedagogy

text: Geography (from Greek , "geographia", literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth. The first person to use the word "" was Eratosthenes (276194 BC). Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of the Earth and its human and natural complexitiesnot merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. It is often defined in terms of the two branches of human geography and physical geography. The four historical traditions in geographical research are: spatial analyses of natural and the human phenomena, area studies of places and regions, studies of human-land relationships, and the Earth sciences. Geography has been called "the world discipline" and "the bridge between the human and the physical sciences".

text: Geography

text: from

text: Greek

text: geographia

text: literally

text: earth

text: description

text: is

text: field

text: of

text: science

text: devoted

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: lands

text: the

text: features

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: and

text: the

text: phenomena

text: of

text: Earth

text: The

text: first

text: person

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: was

text: Eratosthenes

text: BC

text: Geography

text: is

text: an

text: all

text: encompassing

text: discipline

text: that

text: seeks

text: an

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: and

text: its

text: human

text: and

text: natural

text: complexitiesnot

text: merely

text: where

text: objects

text: are

text: but

text: how

text: they

text: have

text: changed

text: and

text: come

text: to

text: be

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: defined

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: branches

text: of

text: human

text: geography

text: and

text: physical

text: geography

text: The

text: four

text: historical

text: traditions

text: in

text: geographical

text: research

text: are

text: spatial

text: analyses

text: of

text: natural

text: and

text: the

text: human

text: phenomena

text: area

text: studies

text: of

text: places

text: and

text: regions

text: studies

text: of

text: human

text: land

text: relationships

text: and

text: the

text: Earth

text: sciences

text: Geography

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: world

text: discipline

text: and

text: the

text: bridge

text: between

text: the

text: human

text: and

text: the

text: physical

text: sciences

text: A research university is a university that expects all its tenured and tenure-track faculty to continuously engage in research, as opposed to merely requiring it as a condition of an initial appointment or tenure. Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. On the one hand, research universities strive to recruit faculty who are the most brilliant minds in their disciplines in the world, and their students enjoy the opportunity to learn from such experts. On the other hand, new students are often disappointed to realize their undergraduate courses at research universities are overly academic and fail to provide vocational training with immediate "real world" applications; but many employers value degrees from research universities because they know that such coursework develops fundamental skills like critical thinking.

text: research

text: university

text: is

text: university

text: that

text: expects

text: all

text: its

text: tenured

text: and

text: tenure

text: track

text: faculty

text: to

text: continuously

text: engage

text: in

text: research

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: merely

text: requiring

text: it

text: as

text: condition

text: of

text: an

text: initial

text: appointment

text: or

text: tenure

text: Such

text: universities

text: can

text: be

text: recognized

text: by

text: their

text: strong

text: focus

text: on

text: innovative

text: research

text: and

text: the

text: prestige

text: of

text: their

text: brand

text: names

text: On

text: the

text: one

text: hand

text: research

text: universities

text: strive

text: to

text: recruit

text: faculty

text: who

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: brilliant

text: minds

text: in

text: their

text: disciplines

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: their

text: students

text: enjoy

text: the

text: opportunity

text: to

text: learn

text: from

text: such

text: experts

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: new

text: students

text: are

text: often

text: disappointed

text: to

text: realize

text: their

text: undergraduate

text: courses

text: at

text: research

text: universities

text: are

text: overly

text: academic

text: and

text: fail

text: to

text: provide

text: vocational

text: training

text: with

text: immediate

text: real

text: world

text: applications

text: but

text: many

text: employers

text: value

text: degrees

text: from

text: research

text: universities

text: because

text: they

text: know

text: that

text: such

text: coursework

text: develops

text: fundamental

text: skills

text: like

text: critical

text: thinking

text: Physical geography (also known as geosystems or physiography) is one of the two major sub-fields of geography. Physical geography is that branch of natural science which deals with the study of processes and patterns in the natural environment like the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere, as opposed to the cultural or built environment, the domain of human geography.

text: Physical

text: geography

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: geosystems

text: or

text: physiography

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: major

text: sub

text: fields

text: of

text: geography

text: Physical

text: geography

text: is

text: that

text: branch

text: of

text: natural

text: science

text: which

text: deals

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: processes

text: and

text: patterns

text: in

text: the

text: natural

text: environment

text: like

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: biosphere

text: and

text: geosphere

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: cultural

text: or

text: built

text: environment

text: the

text: domain

text: of

text: human

text: geography

text: Arizona State University (commonly referred to as ASU or Arizona State) is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area, and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona. The 2016 university ratings by "U.S. News & World Report" rank ASU No. 1 among the Most Innovative Schools in America for the second year in a row.

text: Arizona

text: State

text: University

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: ASU

text: or

text: Arizona

text: State

text: is

text: public

text: metropolitan

text: research

text: university

text: on

text: five

text: campuses

text: across

text: the

text: Phoenix

text: Arizona

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: and

text: four

text: regional

text: learning

text: centers

text: throughout

text: Arizona

text: The

text: university

text: ratings

text: by

text: U.S.

text: News

text: World

text: Report

text: rank

text: ASU

text: No

text: among

text: the

text: Most

text: Innovative

text: Schools

text: in

text: America

text: for

text: the

text: second

text: year

text: in

text: row

text: Area studies are interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural regions. The term exists primarily as a general description for what are, in the practice of scholarship, many heterogeneous fields of research, encompassing both the social sciences and the humanities. Typical area study programs involve history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines. In contrast to cultural studies, area studies often include diaspora and emigration from the area.

text: Area

text: studies

text: are

text: interdisciplinary

text: fields

text: of

text: research

text: and

text: scholarship

text: pertaining

text: to

text: particular

text: geographical

text: national

text: federal

text: or

text: cultural

text: regions

text: The

text: term

text: exists

text: primarily

text: as

text: general

text: description

text: for

text: what

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: scholarship

text: many

text: heterogeneous

text: fields

text: of

text: research

text: encompassing

text: both

text: the

text: social

text: sciences

text: and

text: the

text: humanities

text: Typical

text: area

text: study

text: programs

text: involve

text: history

text: political

text: science

text: sociology

text: cultural

text: studies

text: languages

text: geography

text: literature

text: and

text: related

text: disciplines

text: In

text: contrast

text: to

text: cultural

text: studies

text: area

text: studies

text: often

text: include

text: diaspora

text: and

text: emigration

text: from

text: the

text: area

text: The Vale of Tempe is a gorge in the Tempi municipality of northern Thessaly, Greece, located between Olympus to the north and Ossa to the south. The valley is 10 kilometers long and as narrow as 25 meters in places, with cliffs nearly 500 meters high, and through it flows the Pineios River on its way to the Aegean Sea. In ancient times, it was celebrated by Greek poets as a favorite haunt of Apollo and the Muses. On the right bank of the Pineios sat a temple to Apollo, near which the laurels used to crown the victorious in the Pythian Games were gathered.

text: The

text: Vale

text: of

text: Tempe

text: is

text: gorge

text: in

text: the

text: Tempi

text: municipality

text: of

text: northern

text: Thessaly

text: Greece

text: located

text: between

text: Olympus

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Ossa

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: valley

text: is

text: kilometers

text: long

text: and

text: as

text: narrow

text: as

text: meters

text: in

text: places

text: with

text: cliffs

text: nearly

text: meters

text: high

text: and

text: through

text: it

text: flows

text: the

text: Pineios

text: River

text: on

text: its

text: way

text: to

text: the

text: Aegean

text: Sea

text: In

text: ancient

text: times

text: it

text: was

text: celebrated

text: by

text: Greek

text: poets

text: as

text: favorite

text: haunt

text: of

text: Apollo

text: and

text: the

text: Muses

text: On

text: the

text: right

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Pineios

text: sat

text: temple

text: to

text: Apollo

text: near

text: which

text: the

text: laurels

text: used

text: to

text: crown

text: the

text: victorious

text: in

text: the

text: Pythian

text: Games

text: were

text: gathered

text: Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

text: Science

text: is

text: systematic

text: enterprise

text: that

text: builds

text: and

text: organizes

text: knowledge

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: testable

text: explanations

text: and

text: predictions

text: about

text: the

text: universe

text: Tempe (; "Oidba" in Pima), also known as Hayden's Ferry during the territorial times of Arizona, is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, with the Census Bureau reporting a 2010 population of 161,719. The city is named after the Vale of Tempe in Greece. Tempe is located in the East Valley section of metropolitan Phoenix; it is bordered by Phoenix and Guadalupe on the west, Scottsdale on the north, Chandler on the south, and Mesa on the east. Tempe was the location of US Airways Group's corporate headquarters until December 9, 2013, when US Airways and American Airlines merged to form American Airlines Group. The headquarters for the combined airline moved to American's headquarters in Fort Worth, Texas. Tempe is also the home of Arizona State University.

text: Tempe

text: Oidba

text: in

text: Pima

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Hayden

text: 's

text: Ferry

text: during

text: the

text: territorial

text: times

text: of

text: Arizona

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: Maricopa

text: County

text: Arizona

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: the

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: reporting

text: population

text: of

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Vale

text: of

text: Tempe

text: in

text: Greece

text: Tempe

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: Valley

text: section

text: of

text: metropolitan

text: Phoenix

text: it

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Phoenix

text: and

text: Guadalupe

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: Scottsdale

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: Chandler

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Mesa

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: Tempe

text: was

text: the

text: location

text: of

text: US

text: Airways

text: Group

text: 's

text: corporate

text: headquarters

text: until

text: December

text: when

text: US

text: Airways

text: and

text: American

text: Airlines

text: merged

text: to

text: form

text: American

text: Airlines

text: Group

text: The

text: headquarters

text: for

text: the

text: combined

text: airline

text: moved

text: to

text: American

text: 's

text: headquarters

text: in

text: Fort

text: Worth

text: Texas

text: Tempe

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: Arizona

text: State

text: University

text: Expert is defined differently in varying academic fields. Psychology defines an expert using superior performance; sociology considers that expertise is a label given to an individual by a group and is interested in the power held by experts; philosophy stresses the kind of knowledge held by experts but not novices. Informally, an expert is someone widely recognized as a reliable source of technique or skill whose faculty for judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely is accorded authority and status by peers or the public in a specific well-distinguished domain. An expert, more generally, is a person with extensive knowledge or ability based on research, experience, or occupation and in a particular area of study. Experts are called in for advice on their respective subject, but they do not always agree on the particulars of a field of study. An expert can be believed, by virtue of credential, training, education, profession, publication or experience, to have special knowledge of a subject beyond that of the average person, sufficient that others may officially (and legally) rely upon the individual's opinion. Historically, an expert was referred to as a sage (Sophos). The individual was usually a profound thinker distinguished for wisdom and sound judgment.

text: Expert

text: is

text: defined

text: differently

text: in

text: varying

text: academic

text: fields

text: Psychology

text: defines

text: an

text: expert

text: using

text: superior

text: performance

text: sociology

text: considers

text: that

text: expertise

text: is

text: label

text: given

text: to

text: an

text: individual

text: by

text: group

text: and

text: is

text: interested

text: in

text: the

text: power

text: held

text: by

text: experts

text: philosophy

text: stresses

text: the

text: kind

text: of

text: knowledge

text: held

text: by

text: experts

text: but

text: not

text: novices

text: Informally

text: an

text: expert

text: is

text: someone

text: widely

text: recognized

text: as

text: reliable

text: source

text: of

text: technique

text: or

text: skill

text: whose

text: faculty

text: for

text: judging

text: or

text: deciding

text: rightly

text: justly

text: or

text: wisely

text: is

text: accorded

text: authority

text: and

text: status

text: by

text: peers

text: or

text: the

text: public

text: in

text: specific

text: well

text: distinguished

text: domain

text: An

text: expert

text: more

text: generally

text: is

text: person

text: with

text: extensive

text: knowledge

text: or

text: ability

text: based

text: on

text: research

text: experience

text: or

text: occupation

text: and

text: in

text: particular

text: area

text: of

text: study

text: Experts

text: are

text: called

text: in

text: for

text: advice

text: on

text: their

text: respective

text: subject

text: but

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: always

text: agree

text: on

text: the

text: particulars

text: of

text: field

text: of

text: study

text: An

text: expert

text: can

text: be

text: believed

text: by

text: virtue

text: of

text: credential

text: training

text: education

text: profession

text: publication

text: or

text: experience

text: to

text: have

text: special

text: knowledge

text: of

text: subject

text: beyond

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: average

text: person

text: sufficient

text: that

text: others

text: may

text: officially

text: and

text: legally

text: rely

text: upon

text: the

text: individual

text: 's

text: opinion

text: Historically

text: an

text: expert

text: was

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: sage

text: Sophos

text: The

text: individual

text: was

text: usually

text: profound

text: thinker

text: distinguished

text: for

text: wisdom

text: and

text: sound

text: judgment

text: American Airlines, Inc. (AA), commonly referred to as American, is a major American airline headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. It is the world's largest airline when measured by fleet size, revenue, scheduled passenger-kilometres flown, and number of destinations served. American together with its regional partners operates an extensive international and domestic network with an average of nearly 6,700 flights per day to nearly 350 destinations in more than 50 countries.

text: American

text: Airlines

text: Inc.

text: AA

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: American

text: is

text: major

text: American

text: airline

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Fort

text: Worth

text: Texas

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: airline

text: when

text: measured

text: by

text: fleet

text: size

text: revenue

text: scheduled

text: passenger

text: kilometres

text: flown

text: and

text: number

text: of

text: destinations

text: served

text: American

text: together

text: with

text: its

text: regional

text: partners

text: operates

text: an

text: extensive

text: international

text: and

text: domestic

text: network

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: nearly

text: flights

text: per

text: day

text: to

text: nearly

text: destinations

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: countries

text: US Airways Group Inc. was an airline holding company based in Tempe, Arizona. US Airways Group operated US Airways, along with its subsidiaries PSA Airlines, Inc. and Piedmont Airlines, Inc., which are wholly owned but marketed under the branding of US Airways Express. It merged with America West Holdings Corporation, parent of America West Airlines, in 2005, and the combined company adopted the better-known US Airways name; the two airlines' operating certificates merged in 2007. It also operates additional companies that provide associated services. ACE Aviation Holdings, the Canadian parent of Air Canada retained a roughly 6.1% investment stake in US Airways Group. The route network covered destinations in 47 states, as well as international destinations.

text: US

text: Airways

text: Group

text: Inc.

text: was

text: an

text: airline

text: holding

text: company

text: based

text: in

text: Tempe

text: Arizona

text: US

text: Airways

text: Group

text: operated

text: US

text: Airways

text: along

text: with

text: its

text: subsidiaries

text: PSA

text: Airlines

text: Inc.

text: and

text: Piedmont

text: Airlines

text: Inc.

text: which

text: are

text: wholly

text: owned

text: but

text: marketed

text: under

text: the

text: branding

text: of

text: US

text: Airways

text: Express

text: It

text: merged

text: with

text: America

text: West

text: Holdings

text: Corporation

text: parent

text: of

text: America

text: West

text: Airlines

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: combined

text: company

text: adopted

text: the

text: better

text: known

text: US

text: Airways

text: name

text: the

text: two

text: airlines

text: operating

text: certificates

text: merged

text: in

text: It

text: also

text: operates

text: additional

text: companies

text: that

text: provide

text: associated

text: services

text: ACE

text: Aviation

text: Holdings

text: the

text: Canadian

text: parent

text: of

text: Air

text: Canada

text: retained

text: roughly

text: investment

text: stake

text: in

text: US

text: Airways

text: Group

text: The

text: route

text: network

text: covered

text: destinations

text: in

text: states

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: international

text: destinations

text: Arizona (O'odham: "Al onak" [ai onak]) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western United States and the Mountain West states. It is the sixth largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. It has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, and one point in common with the southwestern corner of Colorado. Arizona's border with Mexico is 389 miles (626 km) long, on the northern border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California.

text: Arizona

text: O'odham

text: Al

text: onak

text: ai

text: onak

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: Mountain

text: West

text: states

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: sixth

text: largest

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Phoenix

text: Arizona

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Four

text: Corners

text: states

text: It

text: has

text: borders

text: with

text: New

text: Mexico

text: Utah

text: Nevada

text: California

text: and

text: Mexico

text: and

text: one

text: point

text: in

text: common

text: with

text: the

text: southwestern

text: corner

text: of

text: Colorado

text: Arizona

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: Mexico

text: is

text: miles

text: km

text: long

text: on

text: the

text: northern

text: border

text: of

text: the

text: Mexican

text: states

text: of

text: Sonora

text: and

text: Baja

text: California

text: Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing artifacts (artworks), expressing the author's imaginative or technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power. In their most general form these activities include the production of works of art, the criticism of art, the study of the history of art, and the aesthetic dissemination of art.

text: Art

text: is

text: diverse

text: range

text: of

text: human

text: activities

text: in

text: creating

text: visual

text: auditory

text: or

text: performing

text: artifacts

text: artworks

text: expressing

text: the

text: author

text: 's

text: imaginative

text: or

text: technical

text: skill

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: appreciated

text: for

text: their

text: beauty

text: or

text: emotional

text: power

text: In

text: their

text: most

text: general

text: form

text: these

text: activities

text: include

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: works

text: of

text: art

text: the

text: criticism

text: of

text: art

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: art

text: and

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: dissemination

text: of

text: art

text: Eratosthenes of Cyrene (;   ) was a Greek mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist. He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria. He invented the discipline of geography, including the terminology used today.

text: Eratosthenes

text: of

text: Cyrene

text: was

text: Greek

text: mathematician

text: geographer

text: poet

text: astronomer

text: and

text: music

text: theorist

text: He

text: was

text: man

text: of

text: learning

text: becoming

text: the

text: chief

text: librarian

text: at

text: the

text: Library

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: He

text: invented

text: the

text: discipline

text: of

text: geography

text: including

text: the

text: terminology

text: used

text: today

text: Modern humans ("Homo sapiens", primarily ssp. "Homo sapiens sapiens") are the only extant members of Hominina tribe (or human tribe), a branch of the tribe Hominini belonging to the family of great apes. They are characterized by erect posture and bipedal locomotion; manual dexterity and increased tool use, compared to other animals; and a general trend toward larger, more complex brains and societies.

text: Modern

text: humans

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: primarily

text: ssp

text: Homo

text: sapiens

text: sapiens

text: are

text: the

text: only

text: extant

text: members

text: of

text: Hominina

text: tribe

text: or

text: human

text: tribe

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: tribe

text: Hominini

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: family

text: of

text: great

text: apes

text: They

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: erect

text: posture

text: and

text: bipedal

text: locomotion

text: manual

text: dexterity

text: and

text: increased

text: tool

text: use

text: compared

text: to

text: other

text: animals

text: and

text: general

text: trend

text: toward

text: larger

text: more

text: complex

text: brains

text: and

text: societies

text: Martin J. `` Mike '' Pasqualetti is a professor of geography in the School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning at Arizona State University in Tempe , Arizona . He is also a member of the graduate faculty on Global Technology and Development at ASU Polytechnic , and a Senior Sustainability Scholar the Global Institute of Sustainability . He pioneered the study of `` Energy Landscapes , '' which interprets the role of human energy demand in reshaping natural landscapes .

text: Martin

text: Mike

text: Pasqualetti

text: is

text: professor

text: of

text: geography

text: in

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: Geographical

text: Sciences

text: and

text: Urban

text: Planning

text: at

text: Arizona

text: State

text: University

text: in

text: Tempe

text: Arizona

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: graduate

text: faculty

text: on

text: Global

text: Technology

text: and

text: Development

text: at

text: ASU

text: Polytechnic

text: and

text: Senior

text: Sustainability

text: Scholar

text: the

text: Global

text: Institute

text: of

text: Sustainability

text: He

text: pioneered

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: Energy

text: Landscapes

text: which

text: interprets

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: human

text: energy

text: demand

text: in

text: reshaping

text: natural

text: landscapes

question: occupation martin j. pasqualetti

answer: geographer

text: geographer


text: Dandy Dick is a 1935 British comedy film starring Will Hay. It was based on the 1887 play "Dandy Dick" by Arthur Wing Pinero. It is the second and last of his films to be based on a play by Arthur Wing Pinero  the first was "Those Were the Days" which was based on "The Magistrate". Moore Marriott, who played an uncredited role in the film, later became a famous stuntman to Hay in films later on alongside Graham Moffatt, it was during the film of Dandy Dick that Marriott introduced the idea of being a stuntman to Hay.

text: Dandy

text: Dick

text: is

text: British

text: comedy

text: film

text: starring

text: Will

text: Hay

text: It

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: play

text: Dandy

text: Dick

text: by

text: Arthur

text: Wing

text: Pinero

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: and

text: last

text: of

text: his

text: films

text: to

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: play

text: by

text: Arthur

text: Wing

text: Pinero

text: the

text: first

text: was

text: Those

text: Were

text: the

text: Days

text: which

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: The

text: Magistrate

text: Moore

text: Marriott

text: who

text: played

text: an

text: uncredited

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: film

text: later

text: became

text: famous

text: stuntman

text: to

text: Hay

text: in

text: films

text: later

text: on

text: alongside

text: Graham

text: Moffatt

text: it

text: was

text: during

text: the

text: film

text: of

text: Dandy

text: Dick

text: that

text: Marriott

text: introduced

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: being

text: stuntman

text: to

text: Hay

text: William Thomson Hay (6 December 1888  18 April 1949) was an English comedian, who first became well known for his theatrical sketch as a joke-schoolmaster, which he took on world tours. He moved on to films, some of them continuing the schoolmaster theme, in which he also featured as a writer and director. In "The Goose Steps Out" (1942), his brand of humour was adapted for war propaganda. Hay was also a keen amateur astronomer, who built his own observatory.

text: William

text: Thomson

text: Hay

text: December

text: April

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: comedian

text: who

text: first

text: became

text: well

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: theatrical

text: sketch

text: as

text: joke

text: schoolmaster

text: which

text: he

text: took

text: on

text: world

text: tours

text: He

text: moved

text: on

text: to

text: films

text: some

text: of

text: them

text: continuing

text: the

text: schoolmaster

text: theme

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: also

text: featured

text: as

text: writer

text: and

text: director

text: In

text: The

text: Goose

text: Steps

text: Out

text: his

text: brand

text: of

text: humour

text: was

text: adapted

text: for

text: war

text: propaganda

text: Hay

text: was

text: also

text: keen

text: amateur

text: astronomer

text: who

text: built

text: his

text: own

text: observatory

text: Vaudeville is a theatrical genre of variety entertainment. It was especially popular in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s. A typical vaudeville performance is made up of a series of separate, unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill. Types of acts have included popular and classical musicians, singers, dancers, comedians, trained animals, magicians, strongmen, female and male impersonators, acrobats, illustrated songs, jugglers, one-act plays or scenes from plays, athletes, lecturing celebrities, minstrels, and movies. A vaudeville performer is often referred to as a "vaudevillian".

text: Vaudeville

text: is

text: theatrical

text: genre

text: of

text: variety

text: entertainment

text: It

text: was

text: especially

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Canada

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: until

text: the

text: early

text: typical

text: vaudeville

text: performance

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: series

text: of

text: separate

text: unrelated

text: acts

text: grouped

text: together

text: on

text: common

text: bill

text: Types

text: of

text: acts

text: have

text: included

text: popular

text: and

text: classical

text: musicians

text: singers

text: dancers

text: comedians

text: trained

text: animals

text: magicians

text: strongmen

text: female

text: and

text: male

text: impersonators

text: acrobats

text: illustrated

text: songs

text: jugglers

text: one

text: act

text: plays

text: or

text: scenes

text: from

text: plays

text: athletes

text: lecturing

text: celebrities

text: minstrels

text: and

text: movies

text: vaudeville

text: performer

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: vaudevillian

text: Comedy is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor. These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect. Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending (black comedy being an exception). One of the oldest genres in film, some of the very first silent movies were comedies, as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions, without requiring sound. When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s, comedy films took another swing, as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue.

text: Comedy

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: film

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: main

text: emphasis

text: is

text: on

text: humor

text: These

text: films

text: are

text: designed

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: audience

text: laugh

text: through

text: amusement

text: and

text: most

text: often

text: work

text: by

text: exaggerating

text: characteristics

text: for

text: humorous

text: effect

text: Films

text: in

text: this

text: style

text: traditionally

text: have

text: happy

text: ending

text: black

text: comedy

text: being

text: an

text: exception

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: genres

text: in

text: film

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: very

text: first

text: silent

text: movies

text: were

text: comedies

text: as

text: slapstick

text: comedy

text: often

text: relies

text: on

text: visual

text: depictions

text: without

text: requiring

text: sound

text: When

text: sound

text: films

text: became

text: more

text: prevalent

text: during

text: the

text: comedy

text: films

text: took

text: another

text: swing

text: as

text: laughter

text: could

text: result

text: from

text: burlesque

text: situations

text: but

text: also

text: dialogue

text: Graham Victor Harold Moffatt (6 December 1919  2 July 1965) was an English character actor and comedian who was most active in the 1930s and 1940s.

text: Graham

text: Victor

text: Harold

text: Moffatt

text: December

text: July

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: character

text: actor

text: and

text: comedian

text: who

text: was

text: most

text: active

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience, or gives pleasure and delight. It can be an idea or a task, but is more likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousands of years specifically for the purpose of keeping an audience's attention. Although people's attention is held by different things, because individuals have different preferences in entertainment, most forms are recognisable and familiar. Storytelling, music, drama, dance, and different kinds of performance exist in all cultures, were supported in royal courts, developed into sophisticated forms and over time became available to all citizens. The process has been accelerated in modern times by an entertainment industry that records and sells entertainment products. Entertainment evolves and can be adapted to suit any scale, ranging from an individual who chooses a private entertainment from a now enormous array of pre-recorded products; to a banquet adapted for two; to any size or type of party, with appropriate music and dance; to performances intended for thousands; and even for a global audience.

text: Entertainment

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: activity

text: that

text: holds

text: the

text: attention

text: and

text: interest

text: of

text: an

text: audience

text: or

text: gives

text: pleasure

text: and

text: delight

text: It

text: can

text: be

text: an

text: idea

text: or

text: task

text: but

text: is

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: activities

text: or

text: events

text: that

text: have

text: developed

text: over

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

text: specifically

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: keeping

text: an

text: audience

text: 's

text: attention

text: Although

text: people

text: 's

text: attention

text: is

text: held

text: by

text: different

text: things

text: because

text: individuals

text: have

text: different

text: preferences

text: in

text: entertainment

text: most

text: forms

text: are

text: recognisable

text: and

text: familiar

text: Storytelling

text: music

text: drama

text: dance

text: and

text: different

text: kinds

text: of

text: performance

text: exist

text: in

text: all

text: cultures

text: were

text: supported

text: in

text: royal

text: courts

text: developed

text: into

text: sophisticated

text: forms

text: and

text: over

text: time

text: became

text: available

text: to

text: all

text: citizens

text: The

text: process

text: has

text: been

text: accelerated

text: in

text: modern

text: times

text: by

text: an

text: entertainment

text: industry

text: that

text: records

text: and

text: sells

text: entertainment

text: products

text: Entertainment

text: evolves

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: adapted

text: to

text: suit

text: any

text: scale

text: ranging

text: from

text: an

text: individual

text: who

text: chooses

text: private

text: entertainment

text: from

text: now

text: enormous

text: array

text: of

text: pre

text: recorded

text: products

text: to

text: banquet

text: adapted

text: for

text: two

text: to

text: any

text: size

text: or

text: type

text: of

text: party

text: with

text: appropriate

text: music

text: and

text: dance

text: to

text: performances

text: intended

text: for

text: thousands

text: and

text: even

text: for

text: global

text: audience

text: An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who concentrates their studies on a specific question or field outside of the scope of Earth. They look at stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies, as well as many other celestial objects  either in observational astronomy, in analyzing the data or in theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers work on include: planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. There are also related but distinct subjects like physical cosmology which studies the Universe as a whole.

text: An

text: astronomer

text: is

text: scientist

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: astronomy

text: who

text: concentrates

text: their

text: studies

text: on

text: specific

text: question

text: or

text: field

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: Earth

text: They

text: look

text: at

text: stars

text: planets

text: moons

text: comets

text: and

text: galaxies

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: many

text: other

text: celestial

text: objects

text: either

text: in

text: observational

text: astronomy

text: in

text: analyzing

text: the

text: data

text: or

text: in

text: theoretical

text: astronomy

text: Examples

text: of

text: topics

text: or

text: fields

text: astronomers

text: work

text: on

text: include

text: planetary

text: science

text: solar

text: astronomy

text: the

text: origin

text: or

text: evolution

text: of

text: stars

text: or

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: galaxies

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: related

text: but

text: distinct

text: subjects

text: like

text: physical

text: cosmology

text: which

text: studies

text: the

text: Universe

text: as

text: whole

text: Music hall is a type of British theatrical entertainment that was popular from the early Victorian era circa 1850 and lasting until 1960. It involved a mixture of popular songs, comedy, speciality acts, and variety entertainment. The term is derived from a type of theatre or venue in which such entertainment took place. British music hall was similar to American vaudeville, featuring rousing songs and comic acts, while in the United Kingdom the term "vaudeville"' referred to more working-class types of entertainment that would have been termed "burlesque" in America.

text: Music

text: hall

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: British

text: theatrical

text: entertainment

text: that

text: was

text: popular

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: Victorian

text: era

text: circa

text: and

text: lasting

text: until

text: It

text: involved

text: mixture

text: of

text: popular

text: songs

text: comedy

text: speciality

text: acts

text: and

text: variety

text: entertainment

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: type

text: of

text: theatre

text: or

text: venue

text: in

text: which

text: such

text: entertainment

text: took

text: place

text: British

text: music

text: hall

text: was

text: similar

text: to

text: American

text: vaudeville

text: featuring

text: rousing

text: songs

text: and

text: comic

text: acts

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: term

text: vaudeville

text: referred

text: to

text: more

text: working

text: class

text: types

text: of

text: entertainment

text: that

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: termed

text: burlesque

text: in

text: America

text: The Goose Steps Out is a British comedy film released in 1942. This film starred, and was co-directed by, the British comedian Will Hay. He shared directorial credit with Basil Dearden whose first film as a director this was. The film was a big box office hit in Britain, but not in the U.S., where audiences failed to respond to the humour of Hay's pathetic, bumbling persona. "The Goose Steps Out" is also noted as the film debut of a young Peter Ustinov.

text: The

text: Goose

text: Steps

text: Out

text: is

text: British

text: comedy

text: film

text: released

text: in

text: This

text: film

text: starred

text: and

text: was

text: co

text: directed

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: comedian

text: Will

text: Hay

text: He

text: shared

text: directorial

text: credit

text: with

text: Basil

text: Dearden

text: whose

text: first

text: film

text: as

text: director

text: this

text: was

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: big

text: box

text: office

text: hit

text: in

text: Britain

text: but

text: not

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: where

text: audiences

text: failed

text: to

text: respond

text: to

text: the

text: humour

text: of

text: Hay

text: 's

text: pathetic

text: bumbling

text: persona

text: The

text: Goose

text: Steps

text: Out

text: is

text: also

text: noted

text: as

text: the

text: film

text: debut

text: of

text: young

text: Peter

text: Ustinov

text:
Career.
Marriott was born at Alpha Place, Yiewsley, Middlesex, on 14 September 1885, the son of George Matthew Marriott (1859-1940), who was then a commercial traveller, and his wife, Edith Rousby, née Coleman (1864-1946). His parents were actors, and his father became a theatrical manager. Moore Marriott made his stage debut at the age of five. He had originally intended to train as an architect, but instead he became an actor in films. Rather like Clive Dunn later, he became typecast as playing old men when he was still relatively young. He had a special set of artificial teeth which he would put in to play his 'old man' characters. He had no teeth in real life and took four different sets of false teeth with him to achieve variety in his characters.

text: Career

text: Marriott

text: was

text: born

text: at

text: Alpha

text: Place

text: Yiewsley

text: Middlesex

text: on

text: September

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: George

text: Matthew

text: Marriott

text: who

text: was

text: then

text: commercial

text: traveller

text: and

text: his

text: wife

text: Edith

text: Rousby

text: née

text: Coleman

text: His

text: parents

text: were

text: actors

text: and

text: his

text: father

text: became

text: theatrical

text: manager

text: Moore

text: Marriott

text: made

text: his

text: stage

text: debut

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: five

text: He

text: had

text: originally

text: intended

text: to

text: train

text: as

text: an

text: architect

text: but

text: instead

text: he

text: became

text: an

text: actor

text: in

text: films

text: Rather

text: like

text: Clive

text: Dunn

text: later

text: he

text: became

text: typecast

text: as

text: playing

text: old

text: men

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: still

text: relatively

text: young

text: He

text: had

text: special

text: set

text: of

text: artificial

text: teeth

text: which

text: he

text: would

text: put

text: in

text: to

text: play

text: his

text: old

text: man

text: characters

text: He

text: had

text: no

text: teeth

text: in

text: real

text: life

text: and

text: took

text: four

text: different

text: sets

text: of

text: false

text: teeth

text: with

text: him

text: to

text: achieve

text: variety

text: in

text: his

text: characters

text: Those Were the Days is a 1934 British film primarily remembered as Will Hay 's first major screen role . It was based on Sir Arthur Wing Pinero 's 1885 farce The Magistrate and was the first of two Hay movies based on Pinero 's plays , the other being Dandy Dick . The movie also featured music hall acts of the time - acts of a type rarely committed to film .

text: Those

text: Were

text: the

text: Days

text: is

text: British

text: film

text: primarily

text: remembered

text: as

text: Will

text: Hay

text: 's

text: first

text: major

text: screen

text: role

text: It

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: Sir

text: Arthur

text: Wing

text: Pinero

text: 's

text: farce

text: The

text: Magistrate

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: two

text: Hay

text: movies

text: based

text: on

text: Pinero

text: 's

text: plays

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: Dandy

text: Dick

text: The

text: movie

text: also

text: featured

text: music

text: hall

text: acts

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: acts

text: of

text: type

text: rarely

text: committed

text: to

text: film

annotations: likely multiple

question: genre those were the days

answer: comedy film

text: comedy film

text: comedy film


text: The Pook Turtles, or City-class gunboats to use their semi-official name, were war vessels intended for service on the Mississippi River during the American Civil War. They were also sometimes referred to as "Eads gunboats." The labels are applied to seven vessels of uniform design built from the keel up in Carondelet, Missouri shipyards owned by James Buchanan Eads. Eads was a wealthy St. Louis industrialist who risked his fortune in support of the Union.

text: The

text: Pook

text: Turtles

text: or

text: City

text: class

text: gunboats

text: to

text: use

text: their

text: semi

text: official

text: name

text: were

text: war

text: vessels

text: intended

text: for

text: service

text: on

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: during

text: the

text: American

text: Civil

text: War

text: They

text: were

text: also

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Eads

text: gunboats

text: The

text: labels

text: are

text: applied

text: to

text: seven

text: vessels

text: of

text: uniform

text: design

text: built

text: from

text: the

text: keel

text: up

text: in

text: Carondelet

text: Missouri

text: shipyards

text: owned

text: by

text: James

text: Buchanan

text: Eads

text: Eads

text: was

text: wealthy

text: St.

text: Louis

text: industrialist

text: who

text: risked

text: his

text: fortune

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: Union

text: Watercraft are water-borne vehicles including ships, boats, hovercraft and submarines. Watercraft usually have propulsive capability (whether by sail, oar or engine) and hence are distinct from a simple device that merely floats, such as a log raft.

text: Watercraft

text: are

text: water

text: borne

text: vehicles

text: including

text: ships

text: boats

text: hovercraft

text: and

text: submarines

text: Watercraft

text: usually

text: have

text: propulsive

text: capability

text: whether

text: by

text: sail

text: oar

text: or

text: engine

text: and

text: hence

text: are

text: distinct

text: from

text: simple

text: device

text: that

text: merely

text: floats

text: such

text: as

text: log

text: raft

text: The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest drainage system on the North American continent. Flowing entirely in the United States (although its drainage basin reaches into Canada), it rises in northern Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 31 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth longest and fifteenth largest river in the world by discharge. The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

text: The

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: is

text: the

text: chief

text: river

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: drainage

text: system

text: on

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: continent

text: Flowing

text: entirely

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: although

text: its

text: drainage

text: basin

text: reaches

text: into

text: Canada

text: it

text: rises

text: in

text: northern

text: Minnesota

text: and

text: meanders

text: slowly

text: southwards

text: for

text: to

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: Delta

text: at

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: With

text: its

text: many

text: tributaries

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: 's

text: watershed

text: drains

text: all

text: or

text: parts

text: of

text: U.S.

text: states

text: and

text: Canadian

text: provinces

text: between

text: the

text: Rocky

text: and

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

text: The

text: Mississippi

text: ranks

text: as

text: the

text: fourth

text: longest

text: and

text: fifteenth

text: largest

text: river

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: discharge

text: The

text: river

text: either

text: borders

text: or

text: passes

text: through

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Minnesota

text: Wisconsin

text: Iowa

text: Illinois

text: Missouri

text: Kentucky

text: Tennessee

text: Arkansas

text: Mississippi

text: and

text: Louisiana

text: On boats and ships, keel can refer to either of two parts: a structural element that sometimes resembles a fin and protrudes below a boat along the central line, or a hydrodynamic element. These parts overlap. As the laying down of the keel is the initial step in the construction of a ship, in British and American shipbuilding traditions the construction is dated from this event. Only the ship's launching is considered more significant in its creation.

text: On

text: boats

text: and

text: ships

text: keel

text: can

text: refer

text: to

text: either

text: of

text: two

text: parts

text: structural

text: element

text: that

text: sometimes

text: resembles

text: fin

text: and

text: protrudes

text: below

text: boat

text: along

text: the

text: central

text: line

text: or

text: hydrodynamic

text: element

text: These

text: parts

text: overlap

text: As

text: the

text: laying

text: down

text: of

text: the

text: keel

text: is

text: the

text: initial

text: step

text: in

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: ship

text: in

text: British

text: and

text: American

text: shipbuilding

text: traditions

text: the

text: construction

text: is

text: dated

text: from

text: this

text: event

text: Only

text: the

text: ship

text: 's

text: launching

text: is

text: considered

text: more

text: significant

text: in

text: its

text: creation

text: The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States fought from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America. The Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U.S. history.

text: The

text: American

text: Civil

text: War

text: was

text: civil

text: war

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: fought

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: Union

text: faced

text: secessionists

text: in

text: eleven

text: Southern

text: states

text: grouped

text: together

text: as

text: the

text: Confederate

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: The

text: Union

text: won

text: the

text: war

text: which

text: remains

text: the

text: bloodiest

text: in

text: U.S.

text: history

text: A gunboat is a naval watercraft designed for the express purpose of carrying one or more guns to bombard coastal targets, as opposed to those military craft designed for naval warfare, or for ferrying troops or supplies.

text: gunboat

text: is

text: naval

text: watercraft

text: designed

text: for

text: the

text: express

text: purpose

text: of

text: carrying

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: guns

text: to

text: bombard

text: coastal

text: targets

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: those

text: military

text: craft

text: designed

text: for

text: naval

text: warfare

text: or

text: for

text: ferrying

text: troops

text: or

text: supplies

text:
A civil war, also known as an intrastate war in polemology, is a war between organized groups within the same state or country, or, less commonly, between two countries created from a formerly united state.
The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region or to change government policies.
The term is a calque of the Latin "bellum civile" which was used to refer to the various civil wars of the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC.

text: civil

text: war

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: intrastate

text: war

text: in

text: polemology

text: is

text: war

text: between

text: organized

text: groups

text: within

text: the

text: same

text: state

text: or

text: country

text: or

text: less

text: commonly

text: between

text: two

text: countries

text: created

text: from

text: formerly

text: united

text: state

text: The

text: aim

text: of

text: one

text: side

text: may

text: be

text: to

text: take

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: or

text: region

text: to

text: achieve

text: independence

text: for

text: region

text: or

text: to

text: change

text: government

text: policies

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: calque

text: of

text: the

text: Latin

text: bellum

text: civile

text: which

text: was

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: various

text: civil

text: wars

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: A gun is a normally tubular weapon or other device designed to discharge projectiles or other material. The projectile may be solid, liquid, gas or energy and may be free, as with bullets and artillery shells, or captive as with Taser probes and whaling harpoons. The means of projection varies according to design but is usually effected by the action of gas pressure, either produced through the rapid combustion of a propellant or compressed and stored by mechanical means, operating on the projectile inside an open-ended tube in the fashion of a piston. The confined gas accelerates the movable projectile down the length of the tube, imparting sufficient velocity to sustain the projectile's travel once the action of the gas ceases at the end of the tube or muzzle. Alternatively, acceleration via electromagnetic field generation may be employed in which case the tube may be dispensed with and a guide rail substituted.

text: gun

text: is

text: normally

text: tubular

text: weapon

text: or

text: other

text: device

text: designed

text: to

text: discharge

text: projectiles

text: or

text: other

text: material

text: The

text: projectile

text: may

text: be

text: solid

text: liquid

text: gas

text: or

text: energy

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: free

text: as

text: with

text: bullets

text: and

text: artillery

text: shells

text: or

text: captive

text: as

text: with

text: Taser

text: probes

text: and

text: whaling

text: harpoons

text: The

text: means

text: of

text: projection

text: varies

text: according

text: to

text: design

text: but

text: is

text: usually

text: effected

text: by

text: the

text: action

text: of

text: gas

text: pressure

text: either

text: produced

text: through

text: the

text: rapid

text: combustion

text: of

text: propellant

text: or

text: compressed

text: and

text: stored

text: by

text: mechanical

text: means

text: operating

text: on

text: the

text: projectile

text: inside

text: an

text: open

text: ended

text: tube

text: in

text: the

text: fashion

text: of

text: piston

text: The

text: confined

text: gas

text: accelerates

text: the

text: movable

text: projectile

text: down

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: tube

text: imparting

text: sufficient

text: velocity

text: to

text: sustain

text: the

text: projectile

text: 's

text: travel

text: once

text: the

text: action

text: of

text: the

text: gas

text: ceases

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: tube

text: or

text: muzzle

text: Alternatively

text: acceleration

text: via

text: electromagnetic

text: field

text: generation

text: may

text: be

text: employed

text: in

text: which

text: case

text: the

text: tube

text: may

text: be

text: dispensed

text: with

text: and

text: guide

text: rail

text: substituted

text: The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America (CSA or C.S.), commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was an unrecognized breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was originally formed by seven slave states  South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas  in the Lower South region of the United States whose regional economy was mostly dependent upon agriculture, particularly cotton, and a plantation system that relied upon the labor of African-American slaves.

text: The

text: Confederate

text: States

text: officially

text: the

text: Confederate

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: CSA

text: or

text: C.S.

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Confederacy

text: was

text: an

text: unrecognized

text: breakaway

text: country

text: of

text: secessionist

text: slave

text: states

text: existing

text: from

text: to

text: It

text: was

text: originally

text: formed

text: by

text: seven

text: slave

text: states

text: South

text: Carolina

text: Mississippi

text: Florida

text: Alabama

text: Georgia

text: Louisiana

text: and

text: Texas

text: in

text: the

text: Lower

text: South

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: whose

text: regional

text: economy

text: was

text: mostly

text: dependent

text: upon

text: agriculture

text: particularly

text: cotton

text: and

text: plantation

text: system

text: that

text: relied

text: upon

text: the

text: labor

text: of

text: African

text: American

text: slaves

text: Captain James Buchanan Eads (May 23, 1820  March 8, 1887) was a world-renowned American civil engineer and inventor, holding more than 50 patents.

text: Captain

text: James

text: Buchanan

text: Eads

text: May

text: March

text: was

text: world

text: renowned

text: American

text: civil

text: engineer

text: and

text: inventor

text: holding

text: more

text: than

text: patents

text: USS Louisville was a City - class ironclad gunboat constructed for the U.S. Army by James B. Eads during the American Civil War . ( While initially owned by the Army , the City Class gunboats were commanded by U.S. Navy officers , and were eventually transferred to the Navy . ) Louisville was built at St. Louis , Missouri , by James B. Eads in 1861 , under contract with the War Department for the price of $ 89,000 . Designed by U.S. Navy `` Constructor '' ( Naval Engineer ) Samuel M. Pook , she was accepted 15 January 1862 ; and commissioned 16 January 1862 , Commander Benjamin M. Dove , USN , in command . Despite being designed by naval personnel , budgetary concerns led the War Department to fund construction of the Louisville with Army funds . As such , she was turned over to Army command upon completion and joined the Army 's Mississippi River Squadron . Eventually the entire western river flotilla would be transferred to Navy command .

text: USS

text: Louisville

text: was

text: City

text: class

text: ironclad

text: gunboat

text: constructed

text: for

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: by

text: James

text: Eads

text: during

text: the

text: American

text: Civil

text: War

text: While

text: initially

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: Army

text: the

text: City

text: Class

text: gunboats

text: were

text: commanded

text: by

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: officers

text: and

text: were

text: eventually

text: transferred

text: to

text: the

text: Navy

text: Louisville

text: was

text: built

text: at

text: St.

text: Louis

text: Missouri

text: by

text: James

text: Eads

text: in

text: under

text: contract

text: with

text: the

text: War

text: Department

text: for

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: Designed

text: by

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: Constructor

text: Naval

text: Engineer

text: Samuel

text: Pook

text: she

text: was

text: accepted

text: January

text: and

text: commissioned

text: January

text: Commander

text: Benjamin

text: Dove

text: USN

text: in

text: command

text: Despite

text: being

text: designed

text: by

text: naval

text: personnel

text: budgetary

text: concerns

text: led

text: the

text: War

text: Department

text: to

text: fund

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: Louisville

text: with

text: Army

text: funds

text: As

text: such

text: she

text: was

text: turned

text: over

text: to

text: Army

text: command

text: upon

text: completion

text: and

text: joined

text: the

text: Army

text: 's

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: Squadron

text: Eventually

text: the

text: entire

text: western

text: river

text: flotilla

text: would

text: be

text: transferred

text: to

text: Navy

text: command

text: Secession (derived from the Latin term "secessio") is the withdrawal of a group from a larger entity, especially a political entity (a country), but also any organization, union or military alliance. Threats of secession can also be a strategy for achieving more limited goals.

text: Secession

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: term

text: secessio

text: is

text: the

text: withdrawal

text: of

text: group

text: from

text: larger

text: entity

text: especially

text: political

text: entity

text: country

text: but

text: also

text: any

text: organization

text: union

text: or

text: military

text: alliance

text: Threats

text: of

text: secession

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: strategy

text: for

text: achieving

text: more

text: limited

text: goals

question: instance_of uss louisville

answer: ship

text: ship

text: ship