text: Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2.8 million. It encompasses one of the largest metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom and comprises ten metropolitan boroughs: Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan, and the cities of Manchester and Salford. Greater Manchester was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972; and designated a City Region on 1 April 2011.

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: is

text: metropolitan

text: county

text: in

text: North

text: West

text: England

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: It

text: encompasses

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: comprises

text: ten

text: metropolitan

text: boroughs

text: Bolton

text: Bury

text: Oldham

text: Rochdale

text: Stockport

text: Tameside

text: Trafford

text: Wigan

text: and

text: the

text: cities

text: of

text: Manchester

text: and

text: Salford

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: was

text: created

text: on

text: April

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: Local

text: Government

text: Act

text: and

text: designated

text: City

text: Region

text: on

text: April

text: Proto-writing refers to the early writing systems that emerged in Eurasia in the early 3rd millennium BCE that were a development based on earlier traditions of symbol systems that cannot be classified as writing proper, but have many characteristics strikingly similar to writing. They used ideographic and/or early mnemonic symbols to convey information yet were probably devoid of direct linguistic content. These systems emerged in the early Neolithic period, as early as the 7th millennium BCE.

text: Proto

text: writing

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: writing

text: systems

text: that

text: emerged

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: millennium

text: BCE

text: that

text: were

text: development

text: based

text: on

text: earlier

text: traditions

text: of

text: symbol

text: systems

text: that

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: classified

text: as

text: writing

text: proper

text: but

text: have

text: many

text: characteristics

text: strikingly

text: similar

text: to

text: writing

text: They

text: used

text: ideographic

text: and/or

text: early

text: mnemonic

text: symbols

text: to

text: convey

text: information

text: yet

text: were

text: probably

text: devoid

text: of

text: direct

text: linguistic

text: content

text: These

text: systems

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: Neolithic

text: period

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: millennium

text: BCE

text: Burial or interment is the ritual act of placing a dead person or animal, sometimes with objects, into the ground. This is accomplished by excavating a pit or trench, placing the deceased and objects in it, and covering it over. Humans have been burying their dead for at least 100,000 years. Burial is often seen as indicating respect for the dead. It has been used to prevent the odor of decay, to give family members closure and prevent them from witnessing the decomposition of their loved ones, and in many cultures it has been seen as a necessary step for the deceased to enter the afterlife or to give back to the cycle of life.

text: Burial

text: or

text: interment

text: is

text: the

text: ritual

text: act

text: of

text: placing

text: dead

text: person

text: or

text: animal

text: sometimes

text: with

text: objects

text: into

text: the

text: ground

text: This

text: is

text: accomplished

text: by

text: excavating

text: pit

text: or

text: trench

text: placing

text: the

text: deceased

text: and

text: objects

text: in

text: it

text: and

text: covering

text: it

text: over

text: Humans

text: have

text: been

text: burying

text: their

text: dead

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: years

text: Burial

text: is

text: often

text: seen

text: as

text: indicating

text: respect

text: for

text: the

text: dead

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: prevent

text: the

text: odor

text: of

text: decay

text: to

text: give

text: family

text: members

text: closure

text: and

text: prevent

text: them

text: from

text: witnessing

text: the

text: decomposition

text: of

text: their

text: loved

text: ones

text: and

text: in

text: many

text: cultures

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: seen

text: as

text: necessary

text: step

text: for

text: the

text: deceased

text: to

text: enter

text: the

text: afterlife

text: or

text: to

text: give

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: cycle

text: of

text: life

text: Brown Low is a bowl barrow most likely dating to the Bronze Age . An earth and stone mound survives east of Marple , Greater Manchester ( grid reference SJ98829092 ) . It is listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument . Excavations have discovered fragments of burnt stones and cremated bones . It is located in private land , just to one side of a public footpath running off Sandy Lane .

text: Brown

text: Low

text: is

text: bowl

text: barrow

text: most

text: likely

text: dating

text: to

text: the

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: An

text: earth

text: and

text: stone

text: mound

text: survives

text: east

text: of

text: Marple

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: grid

text: reference

text: It

text: is

text: listed

text: as

text: Scheduled

text: Ancient

text: Monument

text: Excavations

text: have

text: discovered

text: fragments

text: of

text: burnt

text: stones

text: and

text: cremated

text: bones

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: private

text: land

text: just

text: to

text: one

text: side

text: of

text: public

text: footpath

text: running

text: off

text: Sandy

text: Lane

text: The Local Government Act 1972 (c 70) is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom that reformed local government in England and Wales on 1 April 1974.

text: The

text: Local

text: Government

text: Act

text: is

text: an

text: Act

text: of

text: Parliament

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: that

text: reformed

text: local

text: government

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: Wales

text: on

text: April

text: Wigan is a town in Greater Manchester, England. It stands on the River Douglas, south-west of Bolton, north of Warrington and west-northwest of Manchester. Wigan is the largest settlement in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan and is its administrative centre. The town of Wigan had a total population of 97,000 in 2011, whilst the wider borough has a population of 318,100.

text: Wigan

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: England

text: It

text: stands

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Douglas

text: south

text: west

text: of

text: Bolton

text: north

text: of

text: Warrington

text: and

text: west

text: northwest

text: of

text: Manchester

text: Wigan

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: settlement

text: in

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: Borough

text: of

text: Wigan

text: and

text: is

text: its

text: administrative

text: centre

text: The

text: town

text: of

text: Wigan

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: whilst

text: the

text: wider

text: borough

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: North West England, one of nine official regions of England, consists of the five counties of Cheshire, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Lancashire and Merseyside. The North West had a population of 7,052,000 in 2011. It is the third most populated region in the United Kingdom after the South East and Greater London.

text: North

text: West

text: England

text: one

text: of

text: nine

text: official

text: regions

text: of

text: England

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: counties

text: of

text: Cheshire

text: Cumbria

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: Lancashire

text: and

text: Merseyside

text: The

text: North

text: West

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: populated

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: after

text: the

text: South

text: East

text: and

text: Greater

text: London

text: Trafford is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. With an estimated population of about 211,800 in 2006, it covers and includes the towns of Altrincham, Partington, Sale, Stretford and Urmston. The borough was formed on 1 April 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 as a merger of the municipal boroughs of Altrincham, Sale, and Stretford, the urban districts of Bowdon, Hale and Urmston and part of Bucklow Rural District. All were previously in Cheshire, apart from Stretford and Urmston which were in Lancashire. The River Mersey flows through the borough, separating North Trafford from South Trafford. Historically the Mersey also acted as the boundary between the historic counties of Lancashire and Cheshire.

text: Trafford

text: is

text: metropolitan

text: borough

text: of

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: England

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: in

text: it

text: covers

text: and

text: includes

text: the

text: towns

text: of

text: Altrincham

text: Partington

text: Sale

text: Stretford

text: and

text: Urmston

text: The

text: borough

text: was

text: formed

text: on

text: April

text: by

text: the

text: Local

text: Government

text: Act

text: as

text: merger

text: of

text: the

text: municipal

text: boroughs

text: of

text: Altrincham

text: Sale

text: and

text: Stretford

text: the

text: urban

text: districts

text: of

text: Bowdon

text: Hale

text: and

text: Urmston

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: Bucklow

text: Rural

text: District

text: All

text: were

text: previously

text: in

text: Cheshire

text: apart

text: from

text: Stretford

text: and

text: Urmston

text: which

text: were

text: in

text: Lancashire

text: The

text: River

text: Mersey

text: flows

text: through

text: the

text: borough

text: separating

text: North

text: Trafford

text: from

text: South

text: Trafford

text: Historically

text: the

text: Mersey

text: also

text: acted

text: as

text: the

text: boundary

text: between

text: the

text: historic

text: counties

text: of

text: Lancashire

text: and

text: Cheshire

text: The metropolitan counties are a type of county-level administrative division of England. There are six metropolitan counties, which each cover large urban areas, typically with populations of 1.2 to 2.8 million. They were created in 1972 and are each divided into several metropolitan districts or boroughs.

text: The

text: metropolitan

text: counties

text: are

text: type

text: of

text: county

text: level

text: administrative

text: division

text: of

text: England

text: There

text: are

text: six

text: metropolitan

text: counties

text: which

text: each

text: cover

text: large

text: urban

text: areas

text: typically

text: with

text: populations

text: of

text: to

text: million

text: They

text: were

text: created

text: in

text: and

text: are

text: each

text: divided

text: into

text: several

text: metropolitan

text: districts

text: or

text: boroughs

text: Bolton (or locally ) is a town in Greater Manchester in North West England. A former mill town, Bolton has been a production centre for textiles since Flemish weavers settled in the area in the 14th century, introducing a wool and cotton-weaving tradition. The urbanisation and development of the town largely coincided with the introduction of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. Bolton was a 19th-century boomtown, and at its zenith in 1929 its 216 cotton mills and 26 bleaching and dyeing works made it one of the largest and most productive centres of cotton spinning in the world. The British cotton industry declined sharply after the First World War, and by the 1980s cotton manufacture had virtually ceased in Bolton.

text: Bolton

text: or

text: locally

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: in

text: North

text: West

text: England

text: former

text: mill

text: town

text: Bolton

text: has

text: been

text: production

text: centre

text: for

text: textiles

text: since

text: Flemish

text: weavers

text: settled

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: introducing

text: wool

text: and

text: cotton

text: weaving

text: tradition

text: The

text: urbanisation

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: town

text: largely

text: coincided

text: with

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: textile

text: manufacture

text: during

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: Bolton

text: was

text: century

text: boomtown

text: and

text: at

text: its

text: zenith

text: in

text: its

text: cotton

text: mills

text: and

text: bleaching

text: and

text: dyeing

text: works

text: made

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: productive

text: centres

text: of

text: cotton

text: spinning

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: British

text: cotton

text: industry

text: declined

text: sharply

text: after

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: cotton

text: manufacture

text: had

text: virtually

text: ceased

text: in

text: Bolton

text:
A cairn is a human-made pile (or stack) of stones. The word "cairn" comes from the (plural ).
Cairns have been and are used for a broad variety of purposes, from prehistoric times to the present.
In modern times, cairns are often erected as landmarks, a use they have had since ancient times. However, since prehistory, they have also been built and used as burial monuments; for defense and hunting; for ceremonial purposes, sometimes relating to astronomy; to locate buried items, such as caches of food or objects; and to mark trails, among other purposes.

text: cairn

text: is

text: human

text: made

text: pile

text: or

text: stack

text: of

text: stones

text: The

text: word

text: cairn

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: plural

text: Cairns

text: have

text: been

text: and

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: broad

text: variety

text: of

text: purposes

text: from

text: prehistoric

text: times

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: In

text: modern

text: times

text: cairns

text: are

text: often

text: erected

text: as

text: landmarks

text: use

text: they

text: have

text: had

text: since

text: ancient

text: times

text: However

text: since

text: prehistory

text: they

text: have

text: also

text: been

text: built

text: and

text: used

text: as

text: burial

text: monuments

text: for

text: defense

text: and

text: hunting

text: for

text: ceremonial

text: purposes

text: sometimes

text: relating

text: to

text: astronomy

text: to

text: locate

text: buried

text: items

text: such

text: as

text: caches

text: of

text: food

text: or

text: objects

text: and

text: to

text: mark

text: trails

text: among

text: other

text: purposes

text:
A "metropolitan area", sometimes referred to as a "metro area" or just "metro", is a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing.
A metro area usually comprises multiple jurisdictions and municipalities: neighborhoods, townships, boroughs, cities, towns, exurbs, suburbs, counties, districts, states, and even nations like the eurodistricts. As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. Metropolitan areas include one or more urban areas, as well as satellite cities, towns and intervening rural areas that are socio-economically tied to the urban core, typically measured by commuting patterns.

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: metro

text: area

text: or

text: just

text: metro

text: is

text: region

text: consisting

text: of

text: densely

text: populated

text: urban

text: core

text: and

text: its

text: less

text: populated

text: surrounding

text: territories

text: sharing

text: industry

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: housing

text: metro

text: area

text: usually

text: comprises

text: multiple

text: jurisdictions

text: and

text: municipalities

text: neighborhoods

text: townships

text: boroughs

text: cities

text: towns

text: exurbs

text: suburbs

text: counties

text: districts

text: states

text: and

text: even

text: nations

text: like

text: the

text: eurodistricts

text: As

text: social

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: institutions

text: have

text: changed

text: metropolitan

text: areas

text: have

text: become

text: key

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: regions

text: Metropolitan

text: areas

text: include

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: urban

text: areas

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: satellite

text: cities

text: towns

text: and

text: intervening

text: rural

text: areas

text: that

text: are

text: socio

text: economically

text: tied

text: to

text: the

text: urban

text: core

text: typically

text: measured

text: by

text: commuting

text: patterns

text: Bowl Barrow is the name for a type of burial mound or tumulus. A barrow is a mound of earth used to cover a tomb. The bowl barrow gets its name from the fact that it looks like an upturned bowl. Related terms include "cairn circle", "cairn ring", "howe", "kerb cairn", "tump" or "rotunda grave".

text: Bowl

text: Barrow

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: for

text: type

text: of

text: burial

text: mound

text: or

text: tumulus

text: barrow

text: is

text: mound

text: of

text: earth

text: used

text: to

text: cover

text: tomb

text: The

text: bowl

text: barrow

text: gets

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: it

text: looks

text: like

text: an

text: upturned

text: bowl

text: Related

text: terms

text: include

text: cairn

text: circle

text: cairn

text: ring

text: howe

text: kerb

text: cairn

text: tump

text: or

text: rotunda

text: grave

text: A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds or kurgans, and may be found throughout much of the world. A cairn, which is a mound of stones built for various purposes, may also originally have been a tumulus.

text: tumulus

text: plural

text: tumuli

text: is

text: mound

text: of

text: earth

text: and

text: stones

text: raised

text: over

text: grave

text: or

text: graves

text: Tumuli

text: are

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: barrows

text: burial

text: mounds

text: or

text: kurgans

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: found

text: throughout

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: cairn

text: which

text: is

text: mound

text: of

text: stones

text: built

text: for

text: various

text: purposes

text: may

text: also

text: originally

text: have

text: been

text: tumulus

text: The Metropolitan Borough of Tameside is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England. It is named after the River Tame, which flows through the borough and spans the towns of Ashton-under-Lyne, Audenshaw, Denton, Droylsden, Dukinfield, Hyde, Mossley, Longdendale and Stalybridge. Its western border is approximately east of Manchester city centre. It borders Derbyshire to the east, the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham to the north, the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport to the south, and the City of Manchester to the west. the overall population was 219,324.

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: Borough

text: of

text: Tameside

text: is

text: metropolitan

text: borough

text: of

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: in

text: North

text: West

text: England

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: River

text: Tame

text: which

text: flows

text: through

text: the

text: borough

text: and

text: spans

text: the

text: towns

text: of

text: Ashton

text: under

text: Lyne

text: Audenshaw

text: Denton

text: Droylsden

text: Dukinfield

text: Hyde

text: Mossley

text: Longdendale

text: and

text: Stalybridge

text: Its

text: western

text: border

text: is

text: approximately

text: east

text: of

text: Manchester

text: city

text: centre

text: It

text: borders

text: Derbyshire

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: Borough

text: of

text: Oldham

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: Borough

text: of

text: Stockport

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Manchester

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: the

text: overall

text: population

text: was

text: Stockport is a large town in Greater Manchester, England, south-east of Manchester city centre, where the River Goyt and Tame merge to create the River Mersey. The town is the largest settlement in the metropolitan borough of the same name.

text: Stockport

text: is

text: large

text: town

text: in

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: England

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: Manchester

text: city

text: centre

text: where

text: the

text: River

text: Goyt

text: and

text: Tame

text: merge

text: to

text: create

text: the

text: River

text: Mersey

text: The

text: town

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: settlement

text: in

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: borough

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: A civilization, or civilisation (see spelling differences), is any complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, symbolic communication forms (typically, writing systems), and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment by a cultural elite. Civilizations are intimately associated with and often further defined by other socio-politico-economic characteristics, including centralization, the domestication of both humans and other organisms, specialization of labour, culturally ingrained ideologies of progress and supremacism, monumental architecture, taxation, societal dependence upon farming as an agricultural practice, and expansionism.

text: civilization

text: or

text: civilisation

text: see

text: spelling

text: differences

text: is

text: any

text: complex

text: society

text: characterized

text: by

text: urban

text: development

text: social

text: stratification

text: symbolic

text: communication

text: forms

text: typically

text: writing

text: systems

text: and

text: perceived

text: separation

text: from

text: and

text: domination

text: over

text: the

text: natural

text: environment

text: by

text: cultural

text: elite

text: Civilizations

text: are

text: intimately

text: associated

text: with

text: and

text: often

text: further

text: defined

text: by

text: other

text: socio

text: politico

text: economic

text: characteristics

text: including

text: centralization

text: the

text: domestication

text: of

text: both

text: humans

text: and

text: other

text: organisms

text: specialization

text: of

text: labour

text: culturally

text: ingrained

text: ideologies

text: of

text: progress

text: and

text: supremacism

text: monumental

text: architecture

text: taxation

text: societal

text: dependence

text: upon

text: farming

text: as

text: an

text: agricultural

text: practice

text: and

text: expansionism

text: Oldham is a town in Greater Manchester, England, amid the Pennines between the rivers Irk and Medlock, south-southeast of Rochdale and northeast of Manchester. Together with several smaller surrounding towns, it is part of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, of which it is the administrative centre.

text: Oldham

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: England

text: amid

text: the

text: Pennines

text: between

text: the

text: rivers

text: Irk

text: and

text: Medlock

text: south

text: southeast

text: of

text: Rochdale

text: and

text: northeast

text: of

text: Manchester

text: Together

text: with

text: several

text: smaller

text: surrounding

text: towns

text: it

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: Borough

text: of

text: Oldham

text: of

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: administrative

text: centre

text: Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 514,414 . It lies within the United Kingdom's second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.55 million. Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council.

text: Manchester

text: is

text: major

text: city

text: and

text: metropolitan

text: borough

text: in

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: England

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: It

text: lies

text: within

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: area

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: Manchester

text: is

text: fringed

text: by

text: the

text: Cheshire

text: Plain

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Pennines

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: and

text: an

text: arc

text: of

text: towns

text: with

text: which

text: it

text: forms

text: continuous

text: conurbation

text: The

text: local

text: authority

text: is

text: Manchester

text: City

text: Council

text: Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such as aluminium, manganese, nickel or zinc) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus or silicon. These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as stiffness, ductility, or machinability.

text: Bronze

text: is

text: an

text: alloy

text: consisting

text: primarily

text: of

text: copper

text: commonly

text: with

text: about

text: tin

text: and

text: often

text: with

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: other

text: metals

text: such

text: as

text: aluminium

text: manganese

text: nickel

text: or

text: zinc

text: and

text: sometimes

text: non

text: metals

text: or

text: metalloids

text: such

text: as

text: arsenic

text: phosphorus

text: or

text: silicon

text: These

text: additions

text: produce

text: range

text: of

text: alloys

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: harder

text: than

text: copper

text: alone

text: or

text: have

text: other

text: useful

text: properties

text: such

text: as

text: stiffness

text: ductility

text: or

text: machinability

text: A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England, and is a subdivision of a metropolitan county. Created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, metropolitan boroughs are defined in English law as metropolitan districts. However, all of them have been granted or regranted royal charters to give them borough status (as well as, in some cases, city status). Metropolitan boroughs have been effectively unitary authority areas since the abolition of the metropolitan county councils by the Local Government Act 1985. However, metropolitan boroughs pool much of their authority in joint boards and other arrangements that cover whole metropolitan counties, such as combined authorities.

text: metropolitan

text: borough

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: local

text: government

text: district

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: is

text: subdivision

text: of

text: metropolitan

text: county

text: Created

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Local

text: Government

text: Act

text: metropolitan

text: boroughs

text: are

text: defined

text: in

text: English

text: law

text: as

text: metropolitan

text: districts

text: However

text: all

text: of

text: them

text: have

text: been

text: granted

text: or

text: regranted

text: royal

text: charters

text: to

text: give

text: them

text: borough

text: status

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: city

text: status

text: Metropolitan

text: boroughs

text: have

text: been

text: effectively

text: unitary

text: authority

text: areas

text: since

text: the

text: abolition

text: of

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: county

text: councils

text: by

text: the

text: Local

text: Government

text: Act

text: However

text: metropolitan

text: boroughs

text: pool

text: much

text: of

text: their

text: authority

text: in

text: joint

text: boards

text: and

text: other

text: arrangements

text: that

text: cover

text: whole

text: metropolitan

text: counties

text: such

text: as

text: combined

text: authorities

text: Bury (locally also ) is a town in Greater Manchester, England, on the River Irwell. It lies east of Bolton, west-southwest of Rochdale and north-northwest of Manchester. Bury is the largest settlement and administrative centre of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, with an estimated population in 2015 of 78,723. The borough of Bury has a wider population of 187,474 as of 2011

text: Bury

text: locally

text: also

text: is

text: town

text: in

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: England

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Irwell

text: It

text: lies

text: east

text: of

text: Bolton

text: west

text: southwest

text: of

text: Rochdale

text: and

text: north

text: northwest

text: of

text: Manchester

text: Bury

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: settlement

text: and

text: administrative

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: Borough

text: of

text: Bury

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: in

text: of

text: The

text: borough

text: of

text: Bury

text: has

text: wider

text: population

text: of

text: as

text: of

text: The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of bronze, proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age Stone-Bronze-Iron system, as proposed in modern times by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, for classifying and studying ancient societies.

text: The

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: is

text: period

text: characterized

text: by

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: bronze

text: proto

text: writing

text: and

text: other

text: early

text: features

text: of

text: urban

text: civilization

text: The

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: principal

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: age

text: Stone

text: Bronze

text: Iron

text: system

text: as

text: proposed

text: in

text: modern

text: times

text: by

text: Christian

text: Jürgensen

text: Thomsen

text: for

text: classifying

text: and

text: studying

text: ancient

text: societies

text: Rochdale is a market town in Greater Manchester, England, positioned at the foothills of the South Pennines on the River Roch, north-northwest of Oldham, and north-northeast of the city of Manchester. Rochdale is surrounded by several smaller settlements which together form the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, population 211,699. Rochdale is the largest settlement and administrative centre, with a total population of 107,926.

text: Rochdale

text: is

text: market

text: town

text: in

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: England

text: positioned

text: at

text: the

text: foothills

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: Pennines

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Roch

text: north

text: northwest

text: of

text: Oldham

text: and

text: north

text: northeast

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Manchester

text: Rochdale

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: several

text: smaller

text: settlements

text: which

text: together

text: form

text: the

text: Metropolitan

text: Borough

text: of

text: Rochdale

text: population

text: Rochdale

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: settlement

text: and

text: administrative

text: centre

text: with

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (for ) and atomic number 50, is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains tin dioxide, SnO. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, thanks to its magic number of protons. It has two main allotropes: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is -tin, a silvery-white, malleable metal, but at low temperatures it transforms into the less dense grey -tin, which has the diamond cubic structure. Metallic tin is not easily oxidized in air.

text: Tin

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: the

text: symbol

text: Sn

text: for

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: is

text: post

text: transition

text: metal

text: in

text: group

text: of

text: the

text: periodic

text: table

text: It

text: is

text: obtained

text: chiefly

text: from

text: the

text: mineral

text: cassiterite

text: which

text: contains

text: tin

text: dioxide

text: SnO.

text: Tin

text: shows

text: chemical

text: similarity

text: to

text: both

text: of

text: its

text: neighbors

text: in

text: group

text: germanium

text: and

text: lead

text: and

text: has

text: two

text: main

text: oxidation

text: states

text: and

text: the

text: slightly

text: more

text: stable

text: Tin

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: abundant

text: element

text: and

text: has

text: with

text: stable

text: isotopes

text: the

text: largest

text: number

text: of

text: stable

text: isotopes

text: in

text: the

text: periodic

text: table

text: thanks

text: to

text: its

text: magic

text: number

text: of

text: protons

text: It

text: has

text: two

text: main

text: allotropes

text: at

text: room

text: temperature

text: the

text: stable

text: allotrope

text: is

text: -tin

text: silvery

text: white

text: malleable

text: metal

text: but

text: at

text: low

text: temperatures

text: it

text: transforms

text: into

text: the

text: less

text: dense

text: grey

text: -tin

text: which

text: has

text: the

text: diamond

text: cubic

text: structure

text: Metallic

text: tin

text: is

text: not

text: easily

text: oxidized

text: in

text: air

annotations: likely multiple

annotations: follows multiple

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity brown low

answer: stockport

text: stockport

text: stockport

text: stockport


text: San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino, also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, is an enclaved microstate surrounded by Italy, situated on the Italian Peninsula on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains. Its size is just over , with a population of 33,562. Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest city is Dogana. San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe.

text: San

text: Marino

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: San

text: Marino

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Most

text: Serene

text: Republic

text: of

text: San

text: Marino

text: is

text: an

text: enclaved

text: microstate

text: surrounded

text: by

text: Italy

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: on

text: the

text: northeastern

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Apennine

text: Mountains

text: Its

text: size

text: is

text: just

text: over

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: San

text: Marino

text: and

text: its

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Dogana

text: San

text: Marino

text: has

text: the

text: smallest

text: population

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Europe

text: The Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party (PDCS) is a Christian-democratic political party in San Marino.

text: The

text: Sammarinese

text: Christian

text: Democratic

text: Party

text: PDCS

text: is

text: Christian

text: democratic

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: San

text: Marino

text: Gianfranco Terenzi ( born January 2 , 1941 ) is a Sammarinese politician who has served as captain regent on four occasions . He is a member of the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party . His first term was with Rossano Zafferani ( October 1987 - April 1988 ) . His second term was with Enzo Colombini from ( October 2000 - April 2001 ) . His third term was with Loris Francini from April 2006 to October 2006 . His fourth term was with Guerrino Zanotti ( October 2014 - April 2015 ) .

text: Gianfranco

text: Terenzi

text: born

text: January

text: is

text: Sammarinese

text: politician

text: who

text: has

text: served

text: as

text: captain

text: regent

text: on

text: four

text: occasions

text: He

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Sammarinese

text: Christian

text: Democratic

text: Party

text: His

text: first

text: term

text: was

text: with

text: Rossano

text: Zafferani

text: October

text: April

text: His

text: second

text: term

text: was

text: with

text: Enzo

text: Colombini

text: from

text: October

text: April

text: His

text: third

text: term

text: was

text: with

text: Loris

text: Francini

text: from

text: April

text: to

text: October

text: His

text: fourth

text: term

text: was

text: with

text: Guerrino

text: Zanotti

text: October

text: April

question: place_of_birth gianfranco terenzi

answer: san marino

text: san marino

text: san marino

text: san marino

text: san marino

text: san marino

text: san marino


text: A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside of either theology or science. The term "philosopher" comes from the Ancient Greek ("philosophos") meaning "lover of wisdom". The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (6th century BC).

text: philosopher

text: is

text: someone

text: who

text: practices

text: philosophy

text: which

text: involves

text: rational

text: inquiry

text: into

text: areas

text: that

text: are

text: outside

text: of

text: either

text: theology

text: or

text: science

text: The

text: term

text: philosopher

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: philosophos

text: meaning

text: lover

text: of

text: wisdom

text: The

text: coining

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: has

text: been

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: Greek

text: thinker

text: Pythagoras

text: century

text: BC

text: Pythagoras of Samos ( or simply ;  in Ionian Greek) was an Ionian Greek philosopher, mathematician, and the putative founder of the movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of the information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, so very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and travelled, visiting Egypt and Greece, and maybe India. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, in Magna Graecia, and there established some kind of school or guild. In 520 BC, he returned to Samos.

text: Pythagoras

text: of

text: Samos

text: or

text: simply

text: in

text: Ionian

text: Greek

text: was

text: an

text: Ionian

text: Greek

text: philosopher

text: mathematician

text: and

text: the

text: putative

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: movement

text: called

text: Pythagoreanism

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: information

text: about

text: Pythagoras

text: was

text: written

text: down

text: centuries

text: after

text: he

text: lived

text: so

text: very

text: little

text: reliable

text: information

text: is

text: known

text: about

text: him

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Samos

text: and

text: travelled

text: visiting

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Greece

text: and

text: maybe

text: India

text: Around

text: BC

text: he

text: moved

text: to

text: Croton

text: in

text: Magna

text: Graecia

text: and

text: there

text: established

text: some

text: kind

text: of

text: school

text: or

text: guild

text: In

text: BC

text: he

text: returned

text: to

text: Samos

text: Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe. Asia covers an area of , about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population, but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4.4 billion people.

text: Asia

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: and

text: northern

text: hemispheres

text: and

text: sharing

text: the

text: continental

text: landmass

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: with

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: The

text: continent

text: which

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: civilizations

text: Asia

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: not

text: only

text: its

text: overall

text: large

text: size

text: and

text: population

text: but

text: also

text: dense

text: and

text: large

text: settlements

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: vast

text: barely

text: populated

text: regions

text: within

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: billion

text: people

text: A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. Common examples include holidays or impractical but socially meaningful clothes (like lawyers' wigs or military officers' spurs), but the idea has also been applied to social norms such as greetings. Traditions can persist and evolve for thousands of yearsthe word "tradition" itself derives from the Latin "tradere" or "traderer" literally meaning to transmit, to hand over, to give for safekeeping. While it is commonly assumed that traditions have ancient history, many traditions have been invented on purpose, whether that be political or cultural, over short periods of time. Various academic disciplines also use the word in a variety of ways.

text: tradition

text: is

text: belief

text: or

text: behavior

text: passed

text: down

text: within

text: group

text: or

text: society

text: with

text: symbolic

text: meaning

text: or

text: special

text: significance

text: with

text: origins

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: Common

text: examples

text: include

text: holidays

text: or

text: impractical

text: but

text: socially

text: meaningful

text: clothes

text: like

text: lawyers

text: wigs

text: or

text: military

text: officers

text: spurs

text: but

text: the

text: idea

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: applied

text: to

text: social

text: norms

text: such

text: as

text: greetings

text: Traditions

text: can

text: persist

text: and

text: evolve

text: for

text: thousands

text: of

text: yearsthe

text: word

text: tradition

text: itself

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: tradere

text: or

text: traderer

text: literally

text: meaning

text: to

text: transmit

text: to

text: hand

text: over

text: to

text: give

text: for

text: safekeeping

text: While

text: it

text: is

text: commonly

text: assumed

text: that

text: traditions

text: have

text: ancient

text: history

text: many

text: traditions

text: have

text: been

text: invented

text: on

text: purpose

text: whether

text: that

text: be

text: political

text: or

text: cultural

text: over

text: short

text: periods

text: of

text: time

text: Various

text: academic

text: disciplines

text: also

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: in

text: variety

text: of

text: ways

text: Buddhism (or ) is a religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. Buddhism originated in India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, from where it spread through much of Asia, whereafter it declined in India during the middle ages. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (Pali: "The School of the Elders") and Mahayana (Sanskrit: "The Great Vehicle"). Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion, with over 500 million followers or 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists.

text: Buddhism

text: or

text: is

text: religion

text: and

text: dharma

text: that

text: encompasses

text: variety

text: of

text: traditions

text: beliefs

text: and

text: spiritual

text: practices

text: largely

text: based

text: on

text: teachings

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: Buddha

text: Buddhism

text: originated

text: in

text: India

text: sometime

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: BCE

text: from

text: where

text: it

text: spread

text: through

text: much

text: of

text: Asia

text: whereafter

text: it

text: declined

text: in

text: India

text: during

text: the

text: middle

text: ages

text: Two

text: major

text: extant

text: branches

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: are

text: generally

text: recognized

text: by

text: scholars

text: Theravada

text: Pali

text: The

text: School

text: of

text: the

text: Elders

text: and

text: Mahayana

text: Sanskrit

text: The

text: Great

text: Vehicle

text: Buddhism

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: largest

text: religion

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: followers

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: population

text: known

text: as

text: Buddhists

text: Ancient Greek includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD. It is often roughly divided into the Archaic period (9th to 6th centuries BC), Classical period (5th and 4th centuries BC), and Hellenistic period (3rd century BC to the 6th century AD). It is antedated in the second millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek.

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: includes

text: the

text: forms

text: of

text: Greek

text: used

text: in

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: the

text: ancient

text: world

text: from

text: around

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: roughly

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: Archaic

text: period

text: to

text: centuries

text: BC

text: Classical

text: period

text: and

text: centuries

text: BC

text: and

text: Hellenistic

text: period

text: century

text: BC

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: It

text: is

text: antedated

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: millennium

text: BC

text: by

text: Mycenaean

text: Greek

text: Theology is the critical study of the nature of the divine. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities, seminaries and schools of divinity.

text: Theology

text: is

text: the

text: critical

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: divine

text: It

text: is

text: taught

text: as

text: an

text: academic

text: discipline

text: typically

text: in

text: universities

text: seminaries

text: and

text: schools

text: of

text: divinity

text: Zhi Dun ( Chinese :  ; pinyin : Zh Dùn ; Wade -- Giles : Chih Tun ; 314 - 366 CE ) was a Chinese Buddhist monk and philosopher . A Chinese author , scholar , and confidant of Chinese government officials in 350 CE , he claimed that all who followed Buddhism would , at the end of their life , enter Nirvana .

text: Zhi

text: Dun

text: Chinese

text: pinyin

text: Zh

text: Dùn

text: Wade

text: Giles

text: Chih

text: Tun

text: CE

text: was

text: Chinese

text: Buddhist

text: monk

text: and

text: philosopher

text: Chinese

text: author

text: scholar

text: and

text: confidant

text: of

text: Chinese

text: government

text: officials

text: in

text: CE

text: he

text: claimed

text: that

text: all

text: who

text: followed

text: Buddhism

text: would

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: their

text: life

text: enter

text: Nirvana

text: Theravda (Pali, literally "school of the elder monks") is a branch of Buddhism that uses the Buddha's teaching preserved in the Pli Canon as its doctrinal core. The Pali canon is the only complete Buddhist canon which survives in a classical Indic Language, Pali, which serves as the sacred language and lingua franca of Theravada Buddhism. Another feature of Theravada is that it tends to be very conservative about matters of doctrine and monastic discipline. As a distinct sect, Theravada Buddhism developed in Sri Lanka and spread to the rest of Southeast Asia.

text: Theravda

text: Pali

text: literally

text: school

text: of

text: the

text: elder

text: monks

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: that

text: uses

text: the

text: Buddha

text: 's

text: teaching

text: preserved

text: in

text: the

text: Pli

text: Canon

text: as

text: its

text: doctrinal

text: core

text: The

text: Pali

text: canon

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: complete

text: Buddhist

text: canon

text: which

text: survives

text: in

text: classical

text: Indic

text: Language

text: Pali

text: which

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: sacred

text: language

text: and

text: lingua

text: franca

text: of

text: Theravada

text: Buddhism

text: Another

text: feature

text: of

text: Theravada

text: is

text: that

text: it

text: tends

text: to

text: be

text: very

text: conservative

text: about

text: matters

text: of

text: doctrine

text: and

text: monastic

text: discipline

text: As

text: distinct

text: sect

text: Theravada

text: Buddhism

text: developed

text: in

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: spread

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: Sanskrit (English pronunciation:; written in Devanagari script ; : or ', originally ', "refined speech") is the primary sacred language of Hinduism and "Mahyna" Buddhism, a philosophical language in Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism. It was also a literary language that was in use as a "lingua franca" in ancient and medieval South Asia. It is a standardised dialect of Old Indo-Aryan, originating as Vedic Sanskrit and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European. Today it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand. As one of the oldest Indo-European languages for which substantial written documentation exists, Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies.

text: Sanskrit

text: English

text: pronunciation

text: written

text: in

text: Devanagari

text: script

text: or

text: originally

text: refined

text: speech

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: sacred

text: language

text: of

text: Hinduism

text: and

text: Mahyna

text: Buddhism

text: philosophical

text: language

text: in

text: Hinduism

text: Jainism

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: Sikhism

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: literary

text: language

text: that

text: was

text: in

text: use

text: as

text: lingua

text: franca

text: in

text: ancient

text: and

text: medieval

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: standardised

text: dialect

text: of

text: Old

text: Indo

text: Aryan

text: originating

text: as

text: Vedic

text: Sanskrit

text: and

text: tracing

text: its

text: linguistic

text: ancestry

text: back

text: to

text: Proto

text: Indo

text: Iranian

text: and

text: Proto

text: Indo

text: European

text: Today

text: it

text: is

text: listed

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: scheduled

text: languages

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: is

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Uttarakhand

text: As

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: for

text: which

text: substantial

text: written

text: documentation

text: exists

text: Sanskrit

text: holds

text: prominent

text: position

text: in

text: Indo

text: European

text: studies

text: India, officially the Republic of India ("Bhrat Gaarjya"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.

text: India

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: India

text: Bhrat

text: Gaarjya

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: democracy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: China

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Bhutan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: India

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: India

text: 's

text: Andaman

text: and

text: Nicobar

text: Islands

text: share

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: New

text: Delhi

text: other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Mumbai

text: Kolkata

text: Chennai

text: Bangalore

text: Hyderabad

text: and

text: Ahmedabad

annotations: follows single

annotations: likely single

question: country_of_citizenship zhi dun

answer: china

text: china


text: Asia

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: and

text: northern

text: hemispheres

text: and

text: sharing

text: the

text: continental

text: landmass

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: with

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: The

text: continent

text: which

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: civilizations

text: Asia

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: not

text: only

text: its

text: overall

text: large

text: size

text: and

text: population

text: but

text: also

text: dense

text: and

text: large

text: settlements

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: vast

text: barely

text: populated

text: regions

text: within

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: billion

text: people

text: The Polynesian languages are a language family spoken in geographical Polynesia and on a patchwork of "Outliers" from south central Micronesia, to small islands off the northeast of the larger islands of the Southeast Solomon Islands and sprinkled through Vanuatu. They are classified as part of the Austronesian family, belonging to the Oceanic branch of that family. Polynesians share many unique cultural traits that resulted from about 1000 years of common development, including common linguistic development, in the Tonga and Smoa area through most of the first millennium BC.

text: The

text: Polynesian

text: languages

text: are

text: language

text: family

text: spoken

text: in

text: geographical

text: Polynesia

text: and

text: on

text: patchwork

text: of

text: Outliers

text: from

text: south

text: central

text: Micronesia

text: to

text: small

text: islands

text: off

text: the

text: northeast

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: islands

text: of

text: the

text: Southeast

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: and

text: sprinkled

text: through

text: Vanuatu

text: They

text: are

text: classified

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Austronesian

text: family

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Oceanic

text: branch

text: of

text: that

text: family

text: Polynesians

text: share

text: many

text: unique

text: cultural

text: traits

text: that

text: resulted

text: from

text: about

text: years

text: of

text: common

text: development

text: including

text: common

text: linguistic

text: development

text: in

text: the

text: Tonga

text: and

text: Smoa

text: area

text: through

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: millennium

text: BC

text: Buddhism

text: or

text: is

text: religion

text: and

text: dharma

text: that

text: encompasses

text: variety

text: of

text: traditions

text: beliefs

text: and

text: spiritual

text: practices

text: largely

text: based

text: on

text: teachings

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: Buddha

text: Buddhism

text: originated

text: in

text: India

text: sometime

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: BCE

text: from

text: where

text: it

text: spread

text: through

text: much

text: of

text: Asia

text: whereafter

text: it

text: declined

text: in

text: India

text: during

text: the

text: middle

text: ages

text: Two

text: major

text: extant

text: branches

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: are

text: generally

text: recognized

text: by

text: scholars

text: Theravada

text: Pali

text: The

text: School

text: of

text: the

text: Elders

text: and

text: Mahayana

text: Sanskrit

text: The

text: Great

text: Vehicle

text: Buddhism

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: largest

text: religion

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: followers

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: population

text: known

text: as

text: Buddhists

text: Hinduism is a religion, or a way of life, found most notably in India and Nepal. Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, and some practitioners and scholars refer to it as "", "the eternal law," or the "eternal way," beyond human origins. Scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots and no founder. This "Hindu synthesis" started to develop between 500 BCE and 300 CE following the Vedic period (1500 BCE to 500 BCE).

text: Hinduism

text: is

text: religion

text: or

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: found

text: most

text: notably

text: in

text: India

text: and

text: Nepal

text: Hinduism

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: oldest

text: religion

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: some

text: practitioners

text: and

text: scholars

text: refer

text: to

text: it

text: as

text: the

text: eternal

text: law

text: or

text: the

text: eternal

text: way

text: beyond

text: human

text: origins

text: Scholars

text: regard

text: Hinduism

text: as

text: fusion

text: or

text: synthesis

text: of

text: various

text: Indian

text: cultures

text: and

text: traditions

text: with

text: diverse

text: roots

text: and

text: no

text: founder

text: This

text: Hindu

text: synthesis

text: started

text: to

text: develop

text: between

text: BCE

text: and

text: CE

text: following

text: the

text: Vedic

text: period

text: BCE

text: to

text: BCE

text: Islam (' ;) is a religion articulated by the Quran, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God ('), and, for the vast majority of adherents, the teachings and normative example (called the "sunnah", composed of accounts called "hadith") of Muhammad (5708 June 632 CE). It is the world's second-largest religion and the fastest-growing major religion in the world, with over 1.7 billion followers or 23% of the global population, known as Muslims. Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion that upholds that God is one and incomparable and that the purpose of existence is to worship God. Muslims consider Muhammad to be the last prophet of God.

text: Islam

text: is

text: religion

text: articulated

text: by

text: the

text: Quran

text: text

text: considered

text: by

text: its

text: adherents

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: verbatim

text: word

text: of

text: God

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: adherents

text: the

text: teachings

text: and

text: normative

text: example

text: called

text: the

text: sunnah

text: composed

text: of

text: accounts

text: called

text: hadith

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: June

text: CE

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: religion

text: and

text: the

text: fastest

text: growing

text: major

text: religion

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: followers

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: population

text: known

text: as

text: Muslims

text: Islam

text: is

text: an

text: Abrahamic

text: monotheistic

text: religion

text: that

text: upholds

text: that

text: God

text: is

text: one

text: and

text: incomparable

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: existence

text: is

text: to

text: worship

text: God

text: Muslims

text: consider

text: Muhammad

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: last

text: prophet

text: of

text: God

text: The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.

text: The

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: It

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: or

text: depending

text: on

text: definition

text: to

text: Antarctica

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: Asia

text: and

text: Australia

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Americas

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering (approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface). It is bounded by Asia on the north, on the west by Africa, on the east by Australia, and on the south by the Southern Ocean or, depending on definition, by Antarctica. It is named after the country of India. The Indian Ocean is known as "Ratnkara", ""the mine of gems"" in ancient Sanskrit literature, and as "Hind Mahsgar", ""the great Indian sea"", in Hindi.

text: The

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceanic

text: divisions

text: covering

text: approximately

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: on

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: Asia

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Africa

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Australia

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: or

text: depending

text: on

text: definition

text: by

text: Antarctica

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: India

text: The

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Ratnkara

text: the

text: mine

text: of

text: gems

text: in

text: ancient

text: Sanskrit

text: literature

text: and

text: as

text: Hind

text: Mahsgar

text: the

text: great

text: Indian

text: sea

text: in

text: Hindi

text: Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. The region lies near the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic and volcanic activity. Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions:

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: or

text: Southeastern

text: Asia

text: is

text: subregion

text: of

text: Asia

text: consisting

text: of

text: the

text: countries

text: that

text: are

text: geographically

text: south

text: of

text: China

text: east

text: of

text: India

text: west

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: north

text: of

text: Australia

text: The

text: region

text: lies

text: near

text: the

text: intersection

text: of

text: geological

text: plates

text: with

text: heavy

text: seismic

text: and

text: volcanic

text: activity

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: consists

text: of

text: two

text: geographic

text: regions

text: The Western Malayo - Polynesian languages , also known as the Hesperonesian languages , are those Malayo - Polynesian languages which are not in the Central -- Eastern branch . Since there are no features which define these languages positively as a group , recent classifications have abandoned it .

text: The

text: Western

text: Malayo

text: Polynesian

text: languages

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Hesperonesian

text: languages

text: are

text: those

text: Malayo

text: Polynesian

text: languages

text: which

text: are

text: not

text: in

text: the

text: Central

text: Eastern

text: branch

text: Since

text: there

text: are

text: no

text: features

text: which

text: define

text: these

text: languages

text: positively

text: as

text: group

text: recent

text: classifications

text: have

text: abandoned

text: it

text: Arabic (' or ' ) is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the "lingua franca" of the Arab world. Arabic also is a liturgical language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six official languages of the United Nations. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, and from northwestern Arabia to the Sinai in the south.

text: Arabic

text: or

text: is

text: Central

text: Semitic

text: language

text: that

text: was

text: first

text: spoken

text: in

text: Iron

text: Age

text: northwestern

text: Arabia

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: the

text: lingua

text: franca

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: Arabic

text: also

text: is

text: liturgical

text: language

text: of

text: billion

text: Muslims

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: six

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Arabs

text: term

text: initially

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: peoples

text: living

text: from

text: Mesopotamia

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: to

text: the

text: Anti

text: Lebanon

text: mountains

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: from

text: northwestern

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: Sinai

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: Sanskrit

text: English

text: pronunciation

text: written

text: in

text: Devanagari

text: script

text: or

text: originally

text: refined

text: speech

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: sacred

text: language

text: of

text: Hinduism

text: and

text: Mahyna

text: Buddhism

text: philosophical

text: language

text: in

text: Hinduism

text: Jainism

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: Sikhism

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: literary

text: language

text: that

text: was

text: in

text: use

text: as

text: lingua

text: franca

text: in

text: ancient

text: and

text: medieval

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: standardised

text: dialect

text: of

text: Old

text: Indo

text: Aryan

text: originating

text: as

text: Vedic

text: Sanskrit

text: and

text: tracing

text: its

text: linguistic

text: ancestry

text: back

text: to

text: Proto

text: Indo

text: Iranian

text: and

text: Proto

text: Indo

text: European

text: Today

text: it

text: is

text: listed

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: scheduled

text: languages

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: is

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Uttarakhand

text: As

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: for

text: which

text: substantial

text: written

text: documentation

text: exists

text: Sanskrit

text: holds

text: prominent

text: position

text: in

text: Indo

text: European

text: studies

text: Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Southeast Africa. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in the world), and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from the Indian peninsula around 88 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot; over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats.

text: Madagascar

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Madagascar

text: and

text: previously

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Malagasy

text: Republic

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Southeast

text: Africa

text: The

text: nation

text: comprises

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Madagascar

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: numerous

text: smaller

text: peripheral

text: islands

text: Following

text: the

text: prehistoric

text: breakup

text: of

text: the

text: supercontinent

text: Gondwana

text: Madagascar

text: split

text: from

text: the

text: Indian

text: peninsula

text: around

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: allowing

text: native

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: to

text: evolve

text: in

text: relative

text: isolation

text: Consequently

text: Madagascar

text: is

text: biodiversity

text: hotspot

text: over

text: of

text: its

text: wildlife

text: is

text: found

text: nowhere

text: else

text: on

text: Earth

text: The

text: island

text: 's

text: diverse

text: ecosystems

text: and

text: unique

text: wildlife

text: are

text: threatened

text: by

text: the

text: encroachment

text: of

text: the

text: rapidly

text: growing

text: human

text: population

text: and

text: other

text: environmental

text: threats

text: The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian people of the island nations of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam serve as the northwest geographic outlier, going well into the Malay peninsula. On the northern most geographical outlier does not pass beyond the north of Pattani, which is located in southern Thailand. Malagasy is spoken in the island of Madagascar located off the eastern coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean. Part of the language family shows a strong influence of Sanskrit and particularly Arabic as the Western part of the region has been a stronghold of Buddhism, Hinduism, and, since the 10th century, Islam.

text: The

text: Malayo

text: Polynesian

text: languages

text: are

text: subgroup

text: of

text: the

text: Austronesian

text: languages

text: with

text: approximately

text: million

text: speakers

text: The

text: Malayo

text: Polynesian

text: languages

text: are

text: spoken

text: by

text: the

text: Austronesian

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: nations

text: of

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: with

text: smaller

text: number

text: in

text: continental

text: Asia

text: Cambodia

text: Laos

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: serve

text: as

text: the

text: northwest

text: geographic

text: outlier

text: going

text: well

text: into

text: the

text: Malay

text: peninsula

text: On

text: the

text: northern

text: most

text: geographical

text: outlier

text: does

text: not

text: pass

text: beyond

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: Pattani

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: southern

text: Thailand

text: Malagasy

text: is

text: spoken

text: in

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Madagascar

text: located

text: off

text: the

text: eastern

text: coast

text: of

text: Africa

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: Part

text: of

text: the

text: language

text: family

text: shows

text: strong

text: influence

text: of

text: Sanskrit

text: and

text: particularly

text: Arabic

text: as

text: the

text: Western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: has

text: been

text: stronghold

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: Hinduism

text: and

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: Islam

text: The Austronesian languages are a language family that is widely dispersed throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, Madagascar and the islands of the Pacific Ocean, with a few members in continental Asia. Austronesian languages are spoken by about 386 million people, making it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers, behind only the Indo-European languages, the Sino-Tibetan languages, the Niger-Congo languages, and the Afroasiatic languages. It is on par with Indo-European, NigerCongo, and Afroasiatic as one of the best-established language families. Major Austronesian languages with the highest number of speakers are Malay (Indonesian and Malaysian), Javanese, and Filipino (Tagalog). If we make a ranking base on the number of languages in Austronesian languages, then this language family will be the second largest language family in the world, which contains 1,257 languages in total.

text: The

text: Austronesian

text: languages

text: are

text: language

text: family

text: that

text: is

text: widely

text: dispersed

text: throughout

text: Maritime

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: Madagascar

text: and

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: with

text: few

text: members

text: in

text: continental

text: Asia

text: Austronesian

text: languages

text: are

text: spoken

text: by

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: language

text: family

text: by

text: number

text: of

text: speakers

text: behind

text: only

text: the

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: the

text: Sino

text: Tibetan

text: languages

text: the

text: Niger

text: Congo

text: languages

text: and

text: the

text: Afroasiatic

text: languages

text: It

text: is

text: on

text: par

text: with

text: Indo

text: European

text: NigerCongo

text: and

text: Afroasiatic

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: established

text: language

text: families

text: Major

text: Austronesian

text: languages

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: number

text: of

text: speakers

text: are

text: Malay

text: Indonesian

text: and

text: Malaysian

text: Javanese

text: and

text: Filipino

text: Tagalog

text: If

text: we

text: make

text: ranking

text: base

text: on

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: languages

text: in

text: Austronesian

text: languages

text: then

text: this

text: language

text: family

text: will

text: be

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: language

text: family

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: which

text: contains

text: languages

text: in

text: total

question: instance_of western malayo-polynesian languages

answer: language family

text: language family

text: language family

text: language family

text: language family

text: language family

text: language family


text: Marcus Aurelius (26 April 121  17 March 180 AD) was Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 AD. He ruled with Lucius Verus as co-emperor from 161 until Verus' death in 169. Marcus Aurelius was the last of the so-called Five Good Emperors. He was a practitioner of Stoicism, and his untitled writing, commonly known as the "Meditations", is the most significant source of the modern understanding of ancient Stoic philosophy.

text: Marcus

text: Aurelius

text: April

text: March

text: AD

text: was

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: from

text: to

text: AD

text: He

text: ruled

text: with

text: Lucius

text: Verus

text: as

text: co

text: emperor

text: from

text: until

text: Verus

text: death

text: in

text: Marcus

text: Aurelius

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: Five

text: Good

text: Emperors

text: He

text: was

text: practitioner

text: of

text: Stoicism

text: and

text: his

text: untitled

text: writing

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Meditations

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: significant

text: source

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: understanding

text: of

text: ancient

text: Stoic

text: philosophy

text: Literature, in its broadest sense, is any single body of written works. More restrictively, it is writing considered as an art form, or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, often due to deploying language in ways that differ from ordinary usage. Its Latin root "literatura"/"litteratura" (derived itself from "littera": "letter" or "handwriting") was used to refer to all written accounts, though contemporary definitions extend the term to include texts that are spoken or sung (oral literature). Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorized according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).

text: Literature

text: in

text: its

text: broadest

text: sense

text: is

text: any

text: single

text: body

text: of

text: written

text: works

text: More

text: restrictively

text: it

text: is

text: writing

text: considered

text: as

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: or

text: any

text: single

text: writing

text: deemed

text: to

text: have

text: artistic

text: or

text: intellectual

text: value

text: often

text: due

text: to

text: deploying

text: language

text: in

text: ways

text: that

text: differ

text: from

text: ordinary

text: usage

text: Its

text: Latin

text: root

text: literatura"/"litteratura

text: derived

text: itself

text: from

text: littera

text: letter

text: or

text: handwriting

text: was

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: all

text: written

text: accounts

text: though

text: contemporary

text: definitions

text: extend

text: the

text: term

text: to

text: include

text: texts

text: that

text: are

text: spoken

text: or

text: sung

text: oral

text: literature

text: Literature

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: according

text: to

text: whether

text: it

text: is

text: fiction

text: or

text: non

text: fiction

text: and

text: whether

text: it

text: is

text: poetry

text: or

text: prose

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: further

text: distinguished

text: according

text: to

text: major

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: novel

text: short

text: story

text: or

text: drama

text: and

text: works

text: are

text: often

text: categorized

text: according

text: to

text: historical

text: periods

text: or

text: their

text: adherence

text: to

text: certain

text: aesthetic

text: features

text: or

text: expectations

text: genre

text: The Roman Republic was the era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: was

text: the

text: era

text: of

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: beginning

text: with

text: the

text: overthrow

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Kingdom

text: traditionally

text: dated

text: to

text: BC

text: and

text: ending

text: in

text: BC

text: with

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: It

text: was

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: that

text: Rome

text: 's

text: control

text: expanded

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: immediate

text: surroundings

text: to

text: hegemony

text: over

text: the

text: entire

text: Mediterranean

text: world

text: Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought. 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky.

text: Language

text: is

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: acquire

text: and

text: use

text: complex

text: systems

text: of

text: communication

text: particularly

text: the

text: human

text: ability

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: and

text: language

text: is

text: any

text: specific

text: example

text: of

text: such

text: system

text: The

text: scientific

text: study

text: of

text: language

text: is

text: called

text: linguistics

text: Questions

text: concerning

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: language

text: such

text: as

text: whether

text: words

text: can

text: represent

text: experience

text: have

text: been

text: debated

text: since

text: Gorgias

text: and

text: Plato

text: in

text: Ancient

text: Greece

text: Thinkers

text: such

text: as

text: Rousseau

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: language

text: originated

text: from

text: emotions

text: while

text: others

text: like

text: Kant

text: have

text: held

text: that

text: it

text: originated

text: from

text: rational

text: and

text: logical

text: thought

text: century

text: philosophers

text: such

text: as

text: Wittgenstein

text: argued

text: that

text: philosophy

text: is

text: really

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: language

text: Major

text: figures

text: in

text: linguistics

text: include

text: Ferdinand

text: de

text: Saussure

text: and

text: Noam

text: Chomsky

text: Ancient Rome was an Italic civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population) and covering 5.0 million square kilometers at its height in AD 117.

text: Ancient

text: Rome

text: was

text: an

text: Italic

text: civilization

text: that

text: began

text: on

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: Located

text: along

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: it

text: expanded

text: to

text: become

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: empires

text: in

text: the

text: ancient

text: world

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: and

text: covering

text: million

text: square

text: kilometers

text: at

text: its

text: height

text: in

text: AD

text: Quintus Ennius ( / kwnts nis / ; c. 239 -- c. 169 BC ) was a writer during the period of the Roman Republic , and is often considered the father of Roman poetry . He was of Calabrian descent . Although only fragments of his works survive , his influence in Latin literature was significant , particularly in his use of Greek literary models .

text: Quintus

text: Ennius

text: kwnts

text: nis

text: BC

text: was

text: writer

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: considered

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: Roman

text: poetry

text: He

text: was

text: of

text: Calabrian

text: descent

text: Although

text: only

text: fragments

text: of

text: his

text: works

text: survive

text: his

text: influence

text: in

text: Latin

text: literature

text: was

text: significant

text: particularly

text: in

text: his

text: use

text: of

text: Greek

text: literary

text: models

text: The Roman Kingdom was the period of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a monarchical form of government of the city of Rome and its territories.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Kingdom

text: was

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: characterized

text: by

text: monarchical

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: and

text: its

text: territories

text: Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term, "poiesis", "making") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of languagesuch as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metreto evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.

text: Poetry

text: the

text: term

text: derives

text: from

text: variant

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: term

text: poiesis

text: making

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: literature

text: that

text: uses

text: aesthetic

text: and

text: rhythmic

text: qualities

text: of

text: languagesuch

text: as

text: phonaesthetics

text: sound

text: symbolism

text: and

text: metreto

text: evoke

text: meanings

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: or

text: in

text: place

text: of

text: the

text: prosaic

text: ostensible

text: meaning

text: Hegemony (or , or  "leadership, rule") is the political, economic, or military predominance or control of one state over others. In ancient Greece (8th century BCE  6th century CE), "hegemony" denoted the politicomilitary dominance of a city-state over other city-states. The dominant state is known as the "hegemon".

text: Hegemony

text: or

text: or

text: leadership

text: rule

text: is

text: the

text: political

text: economic

text: or

text: military

text: predominance

text: or

text: control

text: of

text: one

text: state

text: over

text: others

text: In

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: century

text: BCE

text: century

text: CE

text: hegemony

text: denoted

text: the

text: politicomilitary

text: dominance

text: of

text: city

text: state

text: over

text: other

text: city

text: states

text: The

text: dominant

text: state

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: hegemon

text: Latin literature includes the essays, histories, poems, plays, and other writings written in the Latin language. Beginning around the 3rd century BC, it took two centuries to become a dominant literature of ancient Rome, with many educated Romans still reading and writing in Ancient Greek, as late as Marcus Aurelius (121180 AD). Latin literature was in many ways a continuation of Greek literature, using many of the same forms.

text: Latin

text: literature

text: includes

text: the

text: essays

text: histories

text: poems

text: plays

text: and

text: other

text: writings

text: written

text: in

text: the

text: Latin

text: language

text: Beginning

text: around

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: it

text: took

text: two

text: centuries

text: to

text: become

text: dominant

text: literature

text: of

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: with

text: many

text: educated

text: Romans

text: still

text: reading

text: and

text: writing

text: in

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: as

text: late

text: as

text: Marcus

text: Aurelius

text: AD

text: Latin

text: literature

text: was

text: in

text: many

text: ways

text: continuation

text: of

text: Greek

text: literature

text: using

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: forms

text: The Roman Empire (Koine and Medieval Greek:   , tr. ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title "Augustus", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Koine

text: and

text: Medieval

text: Greek

text: tr

text: was

text: the

text: post

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: characterized

text: by

text: government

text: headed

text: by

text: emperors

text: and

text: large

text: territorial

text: holdings

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: in

text: Europe

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: BC

text: AD

text: with

text: Constantinople

text: New

text: Rome

text: becoming

text: the

text: largest

text: around

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: populace

text: grew

text: to

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: old

text: republic

text: which

text: preceded

text: it

text: was

text: severely

text: destabilized

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: and

text: political

text: conflict

text: during

text: which

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: perpetual

text: dictator

text: and

text: then

text: assassinated

text: in

text: BC

text: Civil

text: wars

text: and

text: executions

text: continued

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: victory

text: of

text: Octavian

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: adopted

text: son

text: over

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: Cleopatra

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: power

text: was

text: then

text: unassailable

text: and

text: in

text: BC

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: formally

text: granted

text: him

text: overarching

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: title

text: Augustus

text: effectively

text: marking

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: Rhythm (from Greek , "rhythmos", "any regular recurring motion, symmetry" ) generally means a "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions" . This general meaning of regular recurrence or pattern in time can apply to a wide variety of cyclical natural phenomena having a periodicity or frequency of anything from microseconds to several seconds (as with the riff in a rock music song); to several minutes or hours, or, at the most extreme, even over many years.

text: Rhythm

text: from

text: Greek

text: rhythmos

text: any

text: regular

text: recurring

text: motion

text: symmetry

text: generally

text: means

text: movement

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: regulated

text: succession

text: of

text: strong

text: and

text: weak

text: elements

text: or

text: of

text: opposite

text: or

text: different

text: conditions

text: This

text: general

text: meaning

text: of

text: regular

text: recurrence

text: or

text: pattern

text: in

text: time

text: can

text: apply

text: to

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: cyclical

text: natural

text: phenomena

text: having

text: periodicity

text: or

text: frequency

text: of

text: anything

text: from

text: microseconds

text: to

text: several

text: seconds

text: as

text: with

text: the

text: riff

text: in

text: rock

text: music

text: song

text: to

text: several

text: minutes

text: or

text: hours

text: or

text: at

text: the

text: most

text: extreme

text: even

text: over

text: many

text: years

text: Ancient Greek includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD. It is often roughly divided into the Archaic period (9th to 6th centuries BC), Classical period (5th and 4th centuries BC), and Hellenistic period (3rd century BC to the 6th century AD). It is antedated in the second millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek.

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: includes

text: the

text: forms

text: of

text: Greek

text: used

text: in

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: the

text: ancient

text: world

text: from

text: around

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: roughly

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: Archaic

text: period

text: to

text: centuries

text: BC

text: Classical

text: period

text: and

text: centuries

text: BC

text: and

text: Hellenistic

text: period

text: century

text: BC

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: It

text: is

text: antedated

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: millennium

text: BC

text: by

text: Mycenaean

text: Greek

question: place_of_death ennius

answer: rome

text: rome

text: rome

text: rome

text: rome

text: rome

text: rome

text: rome