text: Stockholm (or ) is the capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the Nordic countries; 932,917 people live in the municipality, approximately 1.5 million in the urban area, and 2.3 million in the metropolitan area. The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has been settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC, and was founded as a city in 1252 by a Swedish statesman Birger Jarl. It is also the capital of Stockholm County.

text: Stockholm

text: or

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Sweden

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Nordic

text: countries

text: people

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: municipality

text: approximately

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: urban

text: area

text: and

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: spread

text: across

text: islands

text: on

text: the

text: coast

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: of

text: Sweden

text: at

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: Lake

text: Mälaren

text: by

text: the

text: Stockholm

text: archipelago

text: and

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: The

text: area

text: has

text: been

text: settled

text: since

text: the

text: Stone

text: Age

text: in

text: the

text: millennium

text: BC

text: and

text: was

text: founded

text: as

text: city

text: in

text: by

text: Swedish

text: statesman

text: Birger

text: Jarl

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Stockholm

text: County

text: Tarr Chronicles is a space combat simulation game developed by Quazar Studio and Akella and published by Paradox Interactive ( AUS ) and cdv Software . The game was released in 2007 . Tarr Chronicles initially debuted with incomplete joystick support . The game appeared to be released ( and apparently designed ) with the mouse and keyboard as the primary control system . The 1.0.6.0 patch however introduces joystick axis mapping to any game actions .

text: Tarr

text: Chronicles

text: is

text: space

text: combat

text: simulation

text: game

text: developed

text: by

text: Quazar

text: Studio

text: and

text: Akella

text: and

text: published

text: by

text: Paradox

text: Interactive

text: AUS

text: and

text: cdv

text: Software

text: The

text: game

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: Tarr

text: Chronicles

text: initially

text: debuted

text: with

text: incomplete

text: joystick

text: support

text: The

text: game

text: appeared

text: to

text: be

text: released

text: and

text: apparently

text: designed

text: with

text: the

text: mouse

text: and

text: keyboard

text: as

text: the

text: primary

text: control

text: system

text: The

text: patch

text: however

text: introduces

text: joystick

text: axis

text: mapping

text: to

text: any

text: game

text: actions

text: Akella is a Russian software company specializing in the development, publishing and distribution of video games and multimedia products. The founders of Akella met in 1993 and decided to start a company together, and in 1995 formed Akella. The company comprises five in-house development teams, a publishing house, a distribution center, a localization team and a quality assurance department; in total, 250 people are employed by Akella.

text: Akella

text: is

text: Russian

text: software

text: company

text: specializing

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: publishing

text: and

text: distribution

text: of

text: video

text: games

text: and

text: multimedia

text: products

text: The

text: founders

text: of

text: Akella

text: met

text: in

text: and

text: decided

text: to

text: start

text: company

text: together

text: and

text: in

text: formed

text: Akella

text: The

text: company

text: comprises

text: five

text: in

text: house

text: development

text: teams

text: publishing

text: house

text: distribution

text: center

text: localization

text: team

text: and

text: quality

text: assurance

text: department

text: in

text: total

text: people

text: are

text: employed

text: by

text: Akella

text: Paradox Interactive is a Swedish video game publisher based in Stockholm. The company is best known for releasing historical strategy computer games. Paradox Interactive publishes its own games, both developed by their division, Paradox Development Studio, and those of other developers. It was formerly a division of Paradox Entertainment, rights holders of properties such as the Robert E. Howard character Conan.

text: Paradox

text: Interactive

text: is

text: Swedish

text: video

text: game

text: publisher

text: based

text: in

text: Stockholm

text: The

text: company

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: releasing

text: historical

text: strategy

text: computer

text: games

text: Paradox

text: Interactive

text: publishes

text: its

text: own

text: games

text: both

text: developed

text: by

text: their

text: division

text: Paradox

text: Development

text: Studio

text: and

text: those

text: of

text: other

text: developers

text: It

text: was

text: formerly

text: division

text: of

text: Paradox

text: Entertainment

text: rights

text: holders

text: of

text: properties

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Robert

text: Howard

text: character

text: Conan

text: Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.

text: Russia

text: from

text: the

text: Rus

text: also

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: At

text: Russia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: surface

text: area

text: covering

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: eighth

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: inhabited

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: most

text: populous

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: March

text: The

text: European

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: populated

text: and

text: urbanised

text: than

text: the

text: eastern

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: live

text: in

text: European

text: Russia

text: Russia

text: 's

text: capital

text: Moscow

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: centers

text: include

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Novosibirsk

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: and

text: Samara

annotations: likely multiple

question: original_language_of_work tarr chronicles

answer: russian

text: russian

text: russian


text: Please Help the Pore ( also known as Please Help the Poor ) is a 1912 American silent short drama starring William Garwood , Riley Chamberlin , Mignon Anderson and Marie Eline .

text: Please

text: Help

text: the

text: Pore

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Please

text: Help

text: the

text: Poor

text: is

text: American

text: silent

text: short

text: drama

text: starring

text: William

text: Garwood

text: Riley

text: Chamberlin

text: Mignon

text: Anderson

text: and

text: Marie

text: Eline

text: A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue. The silent film era lasted from 1895 to 1936. In silent films for entertainment, the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards which contain a written indication of the plot or key dialogue. The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as film itself, but because of the technical challenges involved, synchronized dialogue was only made practical in the late 1920s with the perfection of the Audion amplifier tube and the introduction of the Vitaphone system. During silent films, a pianist, theatre organist, or, in large cities, even a small orchestra would often play music to accompany the films. Pianists and organists would either play from sheet music or improvise; an orchestra would play from sheet music.

text: silent

text: film

text: is

text: film

text: with

text: no

text: synchronized

text: recorded

text: sound

text: especially

text: with

text: no

text: spoken

text: dialogue

text: The

text: silent

text: film

text: era

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: In

text: silent

text: films

text: for

text: entertainment

text: the

text: dialogue

text: is

text: transmitted

text: through

text: muted

text: gestures

text: mime

text: and

text: title

text: cards

text: which

text: contain

text: written

text: indication

text: of

text: the

text: plot

text: or

text: key

text: dialogue

text: The

text: idea

text: of

text: combining

text: motion

text: pictures

text: with

text: recorded

text: sound

text: is

text: nearly

text: as

text: old

text: as

text: film

text: itself

text: but

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: technical

text: challenges

text: involved

text: synchronized

text: dialogue

text: was

text: only

text: made

text: practical

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: with

text: the

text: perfection

text: of

text: the

text: Audion

text: amplifier

text: tube

text: and

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: the

text: Vitaphone

text: system

text: During

text: silent

text: films

text: pianist

text: theatre

text: organist

text: or

text: in

text: large

text: cities

text: even

text: small

text: orchestra

text: would

text: often

text: play

text: music

text: to

text: accompany

text: the

text: films

text: Pianists

text: and

text: organists

text: would

text: either

text: play

text: from

text: sheet

text: music

text: or

text: improvise

text: an

text: orchestra

text: would

text: play

text: from

text: sheet

text: music

text: William Davis Garwood, Jr. (April 28, 1884  December 28, 1950) was an American stage and film actor and director of the early silent film era in the 1910s.

text: William

text: Davis

text: Garwood

text: Jr.

text: April

text: December

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: stage

text: and

text: film

text: actor

text: and

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: silent

text: film

text: era

text: in

text: the

text: The Thanhouser Company (later the Thanhouser Film Corporation) was one of the first motion picture studios, founded in 1909 by Edwin Thanhouser, his wife Gertrude and his brother-in-law Lloyd Lonergan. It operated in New York City until 1918, producing over a thousand films.

text: The

text: Thanhouser

text: Company

text: later

text: the

text: Thanhouser

text: Film

text: Corporation

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: motion

text: picture

text: studios

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Edwin

text: Thanhouser

text: his

text: wife

text: Gertrude

text: and

text: his

text: brother

text: in

text: law

text: Lloyd

text: Lonergan

text: It

text: operated

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: until

text: producing

text: over

text: thousand

text: films

text: Marie Eline (February 27, 1902  January 3, 1981) was an American silent film child actress and sister of Grace Eline. Nicknamed "The Thanhouser Kid" she began acting for the Thanhouser Company in New Rochelle, New York at the age of eight and starred in exactly one-hundred films between 1910 and 1914.

text: Marie

text: Eline

text: February

text: January

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: silent

text: film

text: child

text: actress

text: and

text: sister

text: of

text: Grace

text: Eline

text: Nicknamed

text: The

text: Thanhouser

text: Kid

text: she

text: began

text: acting

text: for

text: the

text: Thanhouser

text: Company

text: in

text: New

text: Rochelle

text: New

text: York

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: eight

text: and

text: starred

text: in

text: exactly

text: one

text: hundred

text: films

text: between

text: and

text: Melpomene ("to sing" or "the one that is melodious"), initially the Muse of Chorus, she then became the Muse of Tragedy, for which she is best known now. Her name was derived from the Greek verb melpô or melpomai meaning "to celebrate with dance and song." She is often represented with a tragic mask and wearing the cothurnus, boots traditionally worn by tragic actors. Often, she also holds a knife or club in one hand and the tragic mask in the other.

text: Melpomene

text: to

text: sing

text: or

text: the

text: one

text: that

text: is

text: melodious

text: initially

text: the

text: Muse

text: of

text: Chorus

text: she

text: then

text: became

text: the

text: Muse

text: of

text: Tragedy

text: for

text: which

text: she

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: now

text: Her

text: name

text: was

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: verb

text: melpô

text: or

text: melpomai

text: meaning

text: to

text: celebrate

text: with

text: dance

text: and

text: song

text: She

text: is

text: often

text: represented

text: with

text: tragic

text: mask

text: and

text: wearing

text: the

text: cothurnus

text: boots

text: traditionally

text: worn

text: by

text: tragic

text: actors

text: Often

text: she

text: also

text: holds

text: knife

text: or

text: club

text: in

text: one

text: hand

text: and

text: the

text: tragic

text: mask

text: in

text: the

text: other

text:
Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning "action" (Classical Greek: , "drama"), which is derived from "to do" (Classical Greek: , "drao").
The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses, Thalia, and Melpomene. Thalia was the Muse of comedy (the laughing face), while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy (the weeping face). Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle's "Poetics" (c. 335 BCE)the earliest work of dramatic theory.

text: Drama

text: is

text: the

text: specific

text: mode

text: of

text: fiction

text: represented

text: in

text: performance

text: The

text: term

text: comes

text: from

text: Greek

text: word

text: meaning

text: action

text: Classical

text: Greek

text: drama

text: which

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: to

text: do

text: Classical

text: Greek

text: drao

text: The

text: two

text: masks

text: associated

text: with

text: drama

text: represent

text: the

text: traditional

text: generic

text: division

text: between

text: comedy

text: and

text: tragedy

text: They

text: are

text: symbols

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: Muses

text: Thalia

text: and

text: Melpomene

text: Thalia

text: was

text: the

text: Muse

text: of

text: comedy

text: the

text: laughing

text: face

text: while

text: Melpomene

text: was

text: the

text: Muse

text: of

text: tragedy

text: the

text: weeping

text: face

text: Considered

text: as

text: genre

text: of

text: poetry

text: in

text: general

text: the

text: dramatic

text: mode

text: has

text: been

text: contrasted

text: with

text: the

text: epic

text: and

text: the

text: lyrical

text: modes

text: ever

text: since

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: Poetics

text: BCE)the

text: earliest

text: work

text: of

text: dramatic

text: theory

question: producer please help the pore

answer: thanhouser company

text: thanhouser company

text: thanhouser company


text: In statistics , Markov chain Monte Carlo ( MCMC ) methods are a class of algorithms for sampling from a probability distribution based on constructing a Markov chain that has the desired distribution as its equilibrium distribution . The state of the chain after a number of steps is then used as a sample of the desired distribution . The quality of the sample improves as a function of the number of steps . Random walk Monte Carlo methods make up a large subclass of MCMC methods .

text: In

text: statistics

text: Markov

text: chain

text: Monte

text: Carlo

text: MCMC

text: methods

text: are

text: class

text: of

text: algorithms

text: for

text: sampling

text: from

text: probability

text: distribution

text: based

text: on

text: constructing

text: Markov

text: chain

text: that

text: has

text: the

text: desired

text: distribution

text: as

text: its

text: equilibrium

text: distribution

text: The

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: chain

text: after

text: number

text: of

text: steps

text: is

text: then

text: used

text: as

text: sample

text: of

text: the

text: desired

text: distribution

text: The

text: quality

text: of

text: the

text: sample

text: improves

text: as

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: steps

text: Random

text: walk

text: Monte

text: Carlo

text: methods

text: make

text: up

text: large

text: subclass

text: of

text: MCMC

text: methods

text: A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge. However, in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term "molecule" is often used less strictly, also being applied to polyatomic ions.

text: molecule

text: is

text: an

text: electrically

text: neutral

text: group

text: of

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: atoms

text: held

text: together

text: by

text: chemical

text: bonds

text: Molecules

text: are

text: distinguished

text: from

text: ions

text: by

text: their

text: lack

text: of

text: electrical

text: charge

text: However

text: in

text: quantum

text: physics

text: organic

text: chemistry

text: and

text: biochemistry

text: the

text: term

text: molecule

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: less

text: strictly

text: also

text: being

text: applied

text: to

text: polyatomic

text: ions

text: In probability theory and statistics, the term Markov property refers to the memoryless property of a stochastic process. It is named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov.

text: In

text: probability

text: theory

text: and

text: statistics

text: the

text: term

text: Markov

text: property

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: memoryless

text: property

text: of

text: stochastic

text: process

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Russian

text: mathematician

text: Andrey

text: Markov

text: Probability theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability, the analysis of random phenomena. The central objects of probability theory are random variables, stochastic processes, and events: mathematical abstractions of non-deterministic events or measured quantities that may either be single occurrences or evolve over time in an apparently random fashion.

text: Probability

text: theory

text: is

text: the

text: branch

text: of

text: mathematics

text: concerned

text: with

text: probability

text: the

text: analysis

text: of

text: random

text: phenomena

text: The

text: central

text: objects

text: of

text: probability

text: theory

text: are

text: random

text: variables

text: stochastic

text: processes

text: and

text: events

text: mathematical

text: abstractions

text: of

text: non

text: deterministic

text: events

text: or

text: measured

text: quantities

text: that

text: may

text: either

text: be

text: single

text: occurrences

text: or

text: evolve

text: over

text: time

text: in

text: an

text: apparently

text: random

text: fashion

text: Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics and logic since before Aristotle (384322 B.C.), though "analysis" as a formal concept is a relatively recent development.

text: Analysis

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: breaking

text: complex

text: topic

text: or

text: substance

text: into

text: smaller

text: parts

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: gain

text: better

text: understanding

text: of

text: it

text: The

text: technique

text: has

text: been

text: applied

text: in

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: mathematics

text: and

text: logic

text: since

text: before

text: Aristotle

text: B.C.

text: though

text: analysis

text: as

text: formal

text: concept

text: is

text: relatively

text: recent

text: development

text: In probability theory and related fields, a stochastic or random process is a mathematical object usually defined as a collection of random variables. Historically, the random variables were associated with or indexed by a set of numbers, usually viewed as points in time, giving the interpretation of a stochastic process representing numerical values of some system randomly changing over time, such as the growth of a bacterial population, an electrical current fluctuating due to thermal noise, or the movement of a gas molecule. Stochastic processes are widely used as mathematical models of systems and phenomena that appear to vary in a random manner. They have applications in many disciplines including sciences such as biology, chemistry, ecology, neuroscience, and physics as well as technology and engineering fields such as image processing, signal processing, information theory, computer science, cryptography and telecommunications. Furthermore, seemingly random changes in financial markets have motivated the extensive use of stochastic processes in finance.

text: In

text: probability

text: theory

text: and

text: related

text: fields

text: stochastic

text: or

text: random

text: process

text: is

text: mathematical

text: object

text: usually

text: defined

text: as

text: collection

text: of

text: random

text: variables

text: Historically

text: the

text: random

text: variables

text: were

text: associated

text: with

text: or

text: indexed

text: by

text: set

text: of

text: numbers

text: usually

text: viewed

text: as

text: points

text: in

text: time

text: giving

text: the

text: interpretation

text: of

text: stochastic

text: process

text: representing

text: numerical

text: values

text: of

text: some

text: system

text: randomly

text: changing

text: over

text: time

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: bacterial

text: population

text: an

text: electrical

text: current

text: fluctuating

text: due

text: to

text: thermal

text: noise

text: or

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: gas

text: molecule

text: Stochastic

text: processes

text: are

text: widely

text: used

text: as

text: mathematical

text: models

text: of

text: systems

text: and

text: phenomena

text: that

text: appear

text: to

text: vary

text: in

text: random

text: manner

text: They

text: have

text: applications

text: in

text: many

text: disciplines

text: including

text: sciences

text: such

text: as

text: biology

text: chemistry

text: ecology

text: neuroscience

text: and

text: physics

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: technology

text: and

text: engineering

text: fields

text: such

text: as

text: image

text: processing

text: signal

text: processing

text: information

text: theory

text: computer

text: science

text: cryptography

text: and

text: telecommunications

text: Furthermore

text: seemingly

text: random

text: changes

text: in

text: financial

text: markets

text: have

text: motivated

text: the

text: extensive

text: use

text: of

text: stochastic

text: processes

text: in

text: finance

text: Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future. Time is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to compare the duration of events or the intervals between them, and to quantify rates of change of quantities in material reality or in the conscious experience. Time is often referred to as the fourth dimension, along with the three spatial dimensions.

text: Time

text: is

text: the

text: indefinite

text: continued

text: progress

text: of

text: existence

text: and

text: events

text: that

text: occur

text: in

text: apparently

text: irreversible

text: succession

text: from

text: the

text: past

text: through

text: the

text: present

text: to

text: the

text: future

text: Time

text: is

text: component

text: quantity

text: of

text: various

text: measurements

text: used

text: to

text: sequence

text: events

text: to

text: compare

text: the

text: duration

text: of

text: events

text: or

text: the

text: intervals

text: between

text: them

text: and

text: to

text: quantify

text: rates

text: of

text: change

text: of

text: quantities

text: in

text: material

text: reality

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: conscious

text: experience

text: Time

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: fourth

text: dimension

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: three

text: spatial

text: dimensions

text: Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. In applying statistics to, e.g., a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model process to be studied. Populations can be diverse topics such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". Statistics deals with all aspects of data including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.

text: Statistics

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: collection

text: analysis

text: interpretation

text: presentation

text: and

text: organization

text: of

text: data

text: In

text: applying

text: statistics

text: to

text: e.g.

text: scientific

text: industrial

text: or

text: social

text: problem

text: it

text: is

text: conventional

text: to

text: begin

text: with

text: statistical

text: population

text: or

text: statistical

text: model

text: process

text: to

text: be

text: studied

text: Populations

text: can

text: be

text: diverse

text: topics

text: such

text: as

text: all

text: people

text: living

text: in

text: country

text: or

text: every

text: atom

text: composing

text: crystal

text: Statistics

text: deals

text: with

text: all

text: aspects

text: of

text: data

text: including

text: the

text: planning

text: of

text: data

text: collection

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: design

text: of

text: surveys

text: and

text: experiments

text: Debt, AIDS, Trade, Africa (DATA) was a multinational non-government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2's Bono along with Bobby Shriver and activists from the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt campaign.

text: Debt

text: AIDS

text: Trade

text: Africa

text: DATA

text: was

text: multinational

text: non

text: government

text: organization

text: founded

text: in

text: January

text: in

text: London

text: by

text: 's

text: Bono

text: along

text: with

text: Bobby

text: Shriver

text: and

text: activists

text: from

text: the

text: Jubilee

text: Drop

text: the

text: Debt

text: campaign

text: A mathematical object is an abstract object arising in mathematics. The concept is studied in philosophy of mathematics.

text: mathematical

text: object

text: is

text: an

text: abstract

text: object

text: arising

text: in

text: mathematics

text: The

text: concept

text: is

text: studied

text: in

text: philosophy

text: of

text: mathematics

text: Probability is the measure of the likelihood that an event will occur. Probability is quantified as a number between 0 and 1 (where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty). The higher the probability of an event, the more certain that the event will occur. A simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin. Since the coin is unbiased, the two outcomes ("head" and "tail") are both equally probable; the probability of "head" equals the probability of "tail". Since no other outcomes are possible, the probability is 1/2 (or 50%), of either "head" or "tail". In other words, the probability of "head" is 1 out of 2 outcomes and the probability of "tail" is also 1 out of 2 outcomes, expressed as 0.5 when converted to decimal, with the above-mentioned quantification system. This type of probability is also called a priori probability.

text: Probability

text: is

text: the

text: measure

text: of

text: the

text: likelihood

text: that

text: an

text: event

text: will

text: occur

text: Probability

text: is

text: quantified

text: as

text: number

text: between

text: and

text: where

text: indicates

text: impossibility

text: and

text: indicates

text: certainty

text: The

text: higher

text: the

text: probability

text: of

text: an

text: event

text: the

text: more

text: certain

text: that

text: the

text: event

text: will

text: occur

text: simple

text: example

text: is

text: the

text: tossing

text: of

text: fair

text: unbiased

text: coin

text: Since

text: the

text: coin

text: is

text: unbiased

text: the

text: two

text: outcomes

text: head

text: and

text: tail

text: are

text: both

text: equally

text: probable

text: the

text: probability

text: of

text: head

text: equals

text: the

text: probability

text: of

text: tail

text: Since

text: no

text: other

text: outcomes

text: are

text: possible

text: the

text: probability

text: is

text: or

text: of

text: either

text: head

text: or

text: tail

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: the

text: probability

text: of

text: head

text: is

text: out

text: of

text: outcomes

text: and

text: the

text: probability

text: of

text: tail

text: is

text: also

text: out

text: of

text: outcomes

text: expressed

text: as

text: when

text: converted

text: to

text: decimal

text: with

text: the

text: above

text: mentioned

text: quantification

text: system

text: This

text: type

text: of

text: probability

text: is

text: also

text: called

text: priori

text: probability

text: Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and plasma). A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide). A gas mixture would contain a variety of pure gases much like the air. What distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation usually makes a colorless gas invisible to the human observer. The interaction of gas particles in the presence of electric and gravitational fields are considered negligible as indicated by the constant velocity vectors in the image. One type of commonly known gas is steam.

text: Gas

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: fundamental

text: states

text: of

text: matter

text: the

text: others

text: being

text: solid

text: liquid

text: and

text: plasma

text: pure

text: gas

text: may

text: be

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: individual

text: atoms

text: e.g.

text: noble

text: gas

text: like

text: neon

text: elemental

text: molecules

text: made

text: from

text: one

text: type

text: of

text: atom

text: e.g.

text: oxygen

text: or

text: compound

text: molecules

text: made

text: from

text: variety

text: of

text: atoms

text: e.g.

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: gas

text: mixture

text: would

text: contain

text: variety

text: of

text: pure

text: gases

text: much

text: like

text: the

text: air

text: What

text: distinguishes

text: gas

text: from

text: liquids

text: and

text: solids

text: is

text: the

text: vast

text: separation

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: gas

text: particles

text: This

text: separation

text: usually

text: makes

text: colorless

text: gas

text: invisible

text: to

text: the

text: human

text: observer

text: The

text: interaction

text: of

text: gas

text: particles

text: in

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: electric

text: and

text: gravitational

text: fields

text: are

text: considered

text: negligible

text: as

text: indicated

text: by

text: the

text: constant

text: velocity

text: vectors

text: in

text: the

text: image

text: One

text: type

text: of

text: commonly

text: known

text: gas

text: is

text: steam

text: In probability theory and related fields, a Markov process is a specific type of a mathematical object known as a stochastic or random process, which is usually defined as a collection of random variables. Historically, the random variables were associated with or indexed by some set of numbers, usually viewed as time, giving the interpretation of a stochastic process representing numerical values of some random system evolving over time, such as an electrical current fluctuating due to thermal noise or the movement of a gas molecule. Markov processes are stochastic processes that have the property that the next value of the process depends on the current value, but it is conditionally independent of the previous values of the stochastic process  in other words, the behavior of the process in the future is stochastically independent of its behavior in the past, given the current state of the process. For a stochastic process to be a Markov process, it must have this property, which is referred to as the Markov property The adjective Markovian is used to describe something that is related to a Markov process.

text: In

text: probability

text: theory

text: and

text: related

text: fields

text: Markov

text: process

text: is

text: specific

text: type

text: of

text: mathematical

text: object

text: known

text: as

text: stochastic

text: or

text: random

text: process

text: which

text: is

text: usually

text: defined

text: as

text: collection

text: of

text: random

text: variables

text: Historically

text: the

text: random

text: variables

text: were

text: associated

text: with

text: or

text: indexed

text: by

text: some

text: set

text: of

text: numbers

text: usually

text: viewed

text: as

text: time

text: giving

text: the

text: interpretation

text: of

text: stochastic

text: process

text: representing

text: numerical

text: values

text: of

text: some

text: random

text: system

text: evolving

text: over

text: time

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: electrical

text: current

text: fluctuating

text: due

text: to

text: thermal

text: noise

text: or

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: gas

text: molecule

text: Markov

text: processes

text: are

text: stochastic

text: processes

text: that

text: have

text: the

text: property

text: that

text: the

text: next

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: process

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: current

text: value

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: conditionally

text: independent

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: values

text: of

text: the

text: stochastic

text: process

text: in

text: other

text: words

text: the

text: behavior

text: of

text: the

text: process

text: in

text: the

text: future

text: is

text: stochastically

text: independent

text: of

text: its

text: behavior

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: given

text: the

text: current

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: process

text: For

text: stochastic

text: process

text: to

text: be

text: Markov

text: process

text: it

text: must

text: have

text: this

text: property

text: which

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Markov

text: property

text: The

text: adjective

text: Markovian

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: something

text: that

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: Markov

text: process

text: In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is a mathematical function that, stated in simple terms, can be thought of as providing the probability of occurrence of different possible outcomes in an experiment. For instance, if the random variable X is used to denote the outcome of a coin toss ('the experiment'), then the probability distribution of X would take the value 0.5 for formula_1, and 0.5 for formula_2.

text: In

text: probability

text: theory

text: and

text: statistics

text: probability

text: distribution

text: is

text: mathematical

text: function

text: that

text: stated

text: in

text: simple

text: terms

text: can

text: be

text: thought

text: of

text: as

text: providing

text: the

text: probability

text: of

text: occurrence

text: of

text: different

text: possible

text: outcomes

text: in

text: an

text: experiment

text: For

text: instance

text: if

text: the

text: random

text: variable

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: denote

text: the

text: outcome

text: of

text: coin

text: toss

text: the

text: experiment

text: then

text: the

text: probability

text: distribution

text: of

text: would

text: take

text: the

text: value

text: for

text: and

text: for

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

question: named_after markov chain monte carlo

answer: andrey markov

text: andrey markov


text: The Loop is the central business district of Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the city's 77 designated community areas. The Loop is home to Chicago's commercial core, City Hall, and the seat of Cook County. In the late nineteenth century, cable car turnarounds and prominent elevated railway encircled the area, giving the Loop its name.

text: The

text: Loop

text: is

text: the

text: central

text: business

text: district

text: of

text: Chicago

text: Illinois

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: designated

text: community

text: areas

text: The

text: Loop

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: Chicago

text: 's

text: commercial

text: core

text: City

text: Hall

text: and

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: Cook

text: County

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: cable

text: car

text: turnarounds

text: and

text: prominent

text: elevated

text: railway

text: encircled

text: the

text: area

text: giving

text: the

text: Loop

text: its

text: name

text: The Iowa Energy is an American professional basketball team based in Des Moines, Iowa. It is an affiliate of the Memphis Grizzlies for the 201617 season. They play in the Western Conference in the NBA Development League (NBA D-League), a minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Energy play their home games at the Wells Fargo Arena. They broke the D-league attendance record on their first ever home game with 8,842 fans. The record was later broken again by the Energy in Game 2 of the 2011 D-League Finals with an attendance of 14,036 fans. The Energy won the 2011 D-League Finals, having defeated the Rio Grande Valley Vipers two games to one.

text: The

text: Iowa

text: Energy

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: professional

text: basketball

text: team

text: based

text: in

text: Des

text: Moines

text: Iowa

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: affiliate

text: of

text: the

text: Memphis

text: Grizzlies

text: for

text: the

text: season

text: They

text: play

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Conference

text: in

text: the

text: NBA

text: Development

text: League

text: NBA

text: League

text: minor

text: league

text: basketball

text: organization

text: owned

text: and

text: run

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: NBA

text: The

text: Energy

text: play

text: their

text: home

text: games

text: at

text: the

text: Wells

text: Fargo

text: Arena

text: They

text: broke

text: the

text: league

text: attendance

text: record

text: on

text: their

text: first

text: ever

text: home

text: game

text: with

text: fans

text: The

text: record

text: was

text: later

text: broken

text: again

text: by

text: the

text: Energy

text: in

text: Game

text: of

text: the

text: League

text: Finals

text: with

text: an

text: attendance

text: of

text: fans

text: The

text: Energy

text: won

text: the

text: League

text: Finals

text: having

text: defeated

text: the

text: Rio

text: Grande

text: Valley

text: Vipers

text: two

text: games

text: to

text: one

text: Othyus Jeffers ( born August 5 , 1985 ) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Barangay Ginebra San Miguel of the Philippine Basketball Association ( PBA ) . Jeffers played college basketball with the University of Illinois at Chicago for two years , before transferring to Robert Morris University for his senior season . He then started his professional career with the Iowa Energy of the NBA D - League , a minor league basketball organization owned and run by the NBA . He has had stints with three prior NBA teams : the Utah Jazz , the San Antonio Spurs , and the Washington Wizards . He has also spent a short stint in Italy with NGC Cantù .

text: Othyus

text: Jeffers

text: born

text: August

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: professional

text: basketball

text: player

text: who

text: currently

text: plays

text: for

text: the

text: Barangay

text: Ginebra

text: San

text: Miguel

text: of

text: the

text: Philippine

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: PBA

text: Jeffers

text: played

text: college

text: basketball

text: with

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Illinois

text: at

text: Chicago

text: for

text: two

text: years

text: before

text: transferring

text: to

text: Robert

text: Morris

text: University

text: for

text: his

text: senior

text: season

text: He

text: then

text: started

text: his

text: professional

text: career

text: with

text: the

text: Iowa

text: Energy

text: of

text: the

text: NBA

text: League

text: minor

text: league

text: basketball

text: organization

text: owned

text: and

text: run

text: by

text: the

text: NBA

text: He

text: has

text: had

text: stints

text: with

text: three

text: prior

text: NBA

text: teams

text: the

text: Utah

text: Jazz

text: the

text: San

text: Antonio

text: Spurs

text: and

text: the

text: Washington

text: Wizards

text: He

text: has

text: also

text: spent

text: short

text: stint

text: in

text: Italy

text: with

text: NGC

text: Cantù

text: The Kansas Jayhawks, commonly referred to as KU, are the teams of the athletic department at the University of Kansas. KU is one of three schools in the state of Kansas that participate in NCAA Division I. The Jayhawks are also a member of the Big 12 Conference. University of Kansas athletic teams have won eleven NCAA Division I championships: three in men's basketball, one in men's cross country, three in men's indoor track and field, three in men's outdoor track and field, and one in women's outdoor track and field.

text: The

text: Kansas

text: Jayhawks

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: KU

text: are

text: the

text: teams

text: of

text: the

text: athletic

text: department

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Kansas

text: KU

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Kansas

text: that

text: participate

text: in

text: NCAA

text: Division

text: The

text: Jayhawks

text: are

text: also

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Big

text: Conference

text: University

text: of

text: Kansas

text: athletic

text: teams

text: have

text: won

text: eleven

text: NCAA

text: Division

text: championships

text: three

text: in

text: men

text: 's

text: basketball

text: one

text: in

text: men

text: 's

text: cross

text: country

text: three

text: in

text: men

text: 's

text: indoor

text: track

text: and

text: field

text: three

text: in

text: men

text: 's

text: outdoor

text: track

text: and

text: field

text: and

text: one

text: in

text: women

text: 's

text: outdoor

text: track

text: and

text: field

text: The history of basketball is traced back to a YMCA International Training School, known today as Springfield College, located in Springfield, Massachusetts. The sport was created by a physical education teacher named James Naismith, who in the winter of 1891 was given the task of creating a game that would keep track athletes in shape and that would prevent them from getting hurt a lot. The date of the first formal basketball game played at the Springfield YMCA Training School under Naismith's rules is generally given as December 21, 1891. Basketball began to spread to college campuses by 1893.

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: basketball

text: is

text: traced

text: back

text: to

text: YMCA

text: International

text: Training

text: School

text: known

text: today

text: as

text: Springfield

text: College

text: located

text: in

text: Springfield

text: Massachusetts

text: The

text: sport

text: was

text: created

text: by

text: physical

text: education

text: teacher

text: named

text: James

text: Naismith

text: who

text: in

text: the

text: winter

text: of

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: task

text: of

text: creating

text: game

text: that

text: would

text: keep

text: track

text: athletes

text: in

text: shape

text: and

text: that

text: would

text: prevent

text: them

text: from

text: getting

text: hurt

text: lot

text: The

text: date

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: formal

text: basketball

text: game

text: played

text: at

text: the

text: Springfield

text: YMCA

text: Training

text: School

text: under

text: Naismith

text: 's

text: rules

text: is

text: generally

text: given

text: as

text: December

text: Basketball

text: began

text: to

text: spread

text: to

text: college

text: campuses

text: by

text: The University of Illinois at Chicago or UIC is a state-funded public research-intensive university located in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Its campus is in the Near West Side community area, adjacent to the Chicago Loop. The second campus established under the University of Illinois system, UIC is also the largest university in the Chicago area, having approximately 29,000 students enrolled in 15 colleges.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Illinois

text: at

text: Chicago

text: or

text: UIC

text: is

text: state

text: funded

text: public

text: research

text: intensive

text: university

text: located

text: in

text: Chicago

text: Illinois

text: United

text: States

text: Its

text: campus

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: Near

text: West

text: Side

text: community

text: area

text: adjacent

text: to

text: the

text: Chicago

text: Loop

text: The

text: second

text: campus

text: established

text: under

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Illinois

text: system

text: UIC

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: largest

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: Chicago

text: area

text: having

text: approximately

text: students

text: enrolled

text: in

text: colleges

text: James Naismith (November 6, 1861  November 28, 1939) was a Canadian-American physical educator, physician, chaplain, sports coach and innovator. He invented the game of basketball at age 30 in 1891. He wrote the original basketball rule book and founded the University of Kansas basketball program. Naismith lived to see basketball adopted as an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and as an official event at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, as well as the birth of the National Invitation Tournament (1938) and the NCAA Tournament (1939).

text: James

text: Naismith

text: November

text: November

text: was

text: Canadian

text: American

text: physical

text: educator

text: physician

text: chaplain

text: sports

text: coach

text: and

text: innovator

text: He

text: invented

text: the

text: game

text: of

text: basketball

text: at

text: age

text: in

text: He

text: wrote

text: the

text: original

text: basketball

text: rule

text: book

text: and

text: founded

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Kansas

text: basketball

text: program

text: Naismith

text: lived

text: to

text: see

text: basketball

text: adopted

text: as

text: an

text: Olympic

text: demonstration

text: sport

text: in

text: and

text: as

text: an

text: official

text: event

text: at

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: in

text: Berlin

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: birth

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Invitation

text: Tournament

text: and

text: the

text: NCAA

text: Tournament

text: Basketball is a sport that is played by two teams of five players on a rectangular court. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop in diameter and mounted at a height of to backboards at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, who would be the first basketball coach of the Kansas Jayhawks, one of the most successful programs in the game's history.

text: Basketball

text: is

text: sport

text: that

text: is

text: played

text: by

text: two

text: teams

text: of

text: five

text: players

text: on

text: rectangular

text: court

text: The

text: objective

text: is

text: to

text: shoot

text: ball

text: through

text: hoop

text: in

text: diameter

text: and

text: mounted

text: at

text: height

text: of

text: to

text: backboards

text: at

text: each

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: court

text: The

text: game

text: was

text: invented

text: in

text: by

text: Dr.

text: James

text: Naismith

text: who

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: basketball

text: coach

text: of

text: the

text: Kansas

text: Jayhawks

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: programs

text: in

text: the

text: game

text: 's

text: history

text: The Young Men's Christian Association (commonly known as YMCA or simply the Y) is a worldwide organisation based in Geneva, Switzerland, with more than 57 million beneficiaries from 125 national associations. It was founded on 6 June 1844 by George Williams in London and aims to put Christian principles into practice by developing a healthy "body, mind, and spirit." These three angles are reflected by the different sides of the (red) trianglepart of all YMCA logos.

text: The

text: Young

text: Men

text: 's

text: Christian

text: Association

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: YMCA

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: is

text: worldwide

text: organisation

text: based

text: in

text: Geneva

text: Switzerland

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: beneficiaries

text: from

text: national

text: associations

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: June

text: by

text: George

text: Williams

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: aims

text: to

text: put

text: Christian

text: principles

text: into

text: practice

text: by

text: developing

text: healthy

text: body

text: mind

text: and

text: spirit

text: These

text: three

text: angles

text: are

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: different

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: red

text: trianglepart

text: of

text: all

text: YMCA

text: logos

text:
The University of Illinois is a system of public universities in Illinois consisting of three universities: UrbanaChampaign, Chicago, and Springfield. Across its three universities, the University of Illinois System enrolls more than 80,000 students. It had an operating budget of $5.6 billion in 2015.
System.
The University of Illinois System of universities comprises three universities in the U.S. state of Illinois: UrbanaChampaign, Chicago, and Springfield. The university in UrbanaChampaign is known as "Illinois", "U of I", or UIUC, whereas the Chicago campus is known as UIC and the Springfield campus as "UIS."

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Illinois

text: is

text: system

text: of

text: public

text: universities

text: in

text: Illinois

text: consisting

text: of

text: three

text: universities

text: UrbanaChampaign

text: Chicago

text: and

text: Springfield

text: Across

text: its

text: three

text: universities

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Illinois

text: System

text: enrolls

text: more

text: than

text: students

text: It

text: had

text: an

text: operating

text: budget

text: of

text: billion

text: in

text: System

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Illinois

text: System

text: of

text: universities

text: comprises

text: three

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Illinois

text: UrbanaChampaign

text: Chicago

text: and

text: Springfield

text: The

text: university

text: in

text: UrbanaChampaign

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Illinois

text: of

text: or

text: UIUC

text: whereas

text: the

text: Chicago

text: campus

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: UIC

text: and

text: the

text: Springfield

text: campus

text: as

text: UIS

text:
A university ("a whole", "a corporation") is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which grants academic degrees in various subjects.
Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education.

text: university

text: whole

text: corporation

text: is

text: an

text: institution

text: of

text: higher

text: or

text: tertiary

text: education

text: and

text: research

text: which

text: grants

text: academic

text: degrees

text: in

text: various

text: subjects

text: Universities

text: typically

text: provide

text: undergraduate

text: education

text: and

text: postgraduate

text: education

text: Des Moines is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Iowa. It is also the county seat of Polk County. A small portion of the city extends into Warren County. It was incorporated on September 22, 1851, as Fort Des Moines, which was shortened to "Des Moines" in 1857. It is located on and named after the Des Moines River, which likely was adapted from the French colonial name, "Rivière des Moines," meaning "River of the Monks." The city's population was 203,433 as of the 2010 census. The five-county metropolitan area is ranked 91st in terms of population in the United States with 599,789 residents according to the 2013 estimate by the United States Census Bureau.

text: Des

text: Moines

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Iowa

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Polk

text: County

text: small

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: extends

text: into

text: Warren

text: County

text: It

text: was

text: incorporated

text: on

text: September

text: as

text: Fort

text: Des

text: Moines

text: which

text: was

text: shortened

text: to

text: Des

text: Moines

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: and

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Des

text: Moines

text: River

text: which

text: likely

text: was

text: adapted

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: colonial

text: name

text: Rivière

text: des

text: Moines

text: meaning

text: River

text: of

text: the

text: Monks

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: population

text: was

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: census

text: The

text: five

text: county

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: is

text: ranked

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: population

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: residents

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: estimate

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: Bureau

annotations: likely single

question: educated_at othyus jeffers

answer: university of illinois system

text: university of illinois system

text: university of illinois system

text: university of illinois system