text: Identification in biology is the process of assigning a pre-existing taxon name to an individual organism . Identification of organisms to individual scientific names ( or codes ) may be based on individualistic natural body features ( e. g. ) , experimentally created individual markers ( e.g. , color dot patterns ) , or natural individualistic molecular markers ( similar to those used in maternity or paternity identification tests ) . Individual identification is used , e.g. , in ecology , wildlife management or conservation biology . The more common form of identification is the identification of organisms to common names ( e. g. , `` lion '' ) or scientific name ( e. g. , `` Panthera leo '' ) . By necessity this is based on inherited features ( `` characters '' ) of the sexual organisms , the inheritance forming the basis of defining a class . The features may , e. g. , be morphological , anatomical , physiological , behavioral , or molecular . The term `` determination '' may occasionally be used as a synonym for identification ( e. g. ) , or as in `` determination slips '' . Identification methods may be manual or computerized and may involve using identification keys , browsing through fields guide that contain ( often illustrated ) species accounts , or comparing the organism with specimens from natural history collections .

text: Identification

text: in

text: biology

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: assigning

text: pre

text: existing

text: taxon

text: name

text: to

text: an

text: individual

text: organism

text: Identification

text: of

text: organisms

text: to

text: individual

text: scientific

text: names

text: or

text: codes

text: may

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: individualistic

text: natural

text: body

text: features

text: experimentally

text: created

text: individual

text: markers

text: e.g.

text: color

text: dot

text: patterns

text: or

text: natural

text: individualistic

text: molecular

text: markers

text: similar

text: to

text: those

text: used

text: in

text: maternity

text: or

text: paternity

text: identification

text: tests

text: Individual

text: identification

text: is

text: used

text: e.g.

text: in

text: ecology

text: wildlife

text: management

text: or

text: conservation

text: biology

text: The

text: more

text: common

text: form

text: of

text: identification

text: is

text: the

text: identification

text: of

text: organisms

text: to

text: common

text: names

text: lion

text: or

text: scientific

text: name

text: Panthera

text: leo

text: By

text: necessity

text: this

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: inherited

text: features

text: characters

text: of

text: the

text: sexual

text: organisms

text: the

text: inheritance

text: forming

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: defining

text: class

text: The

text: features

text: may

text: be

text: morphological

text: anatomical

text: physiological

text: behavioral

text: or

text: molecular

text: The

text: term

text: determination

text: may

text: occasionally

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: synonym

text: for

text: identification

text: or

text: as

text: in

text: determination

text: slips

text: Identification

text: methods

text: may

text: be

text: manual

text: or

text: computerized

text: and

text: may

text: involve

text: using

text: identification

text: keys

text: browsing

text: through

text: fields

text: guide

text: that

text: contain

text: often

text: illustrated

text: species

text: accounts

text: or

text: comparing

text: the

text: organism

text: with

text: specimens

text: from

text: natural

text: history

text: collections

text: Ecology (from , "house", or "environment"; -, "study of") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology, geography, and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms, as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.

text: Ecology

text: from

text: house

text: or

text: environment

text: study

text: of

text: is

text: the

text: scientific

text: analysis

text: and

text: study

text: of

text: interactions

text: among

text: organisms

text: and

text: their

text: environment

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: interdisciplinary

text: field

text: that

text: includes

text: biology

text: geography

text: and

text: Earth

text: science

text: Ecology

text: includes

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: interactions

text: organisms

text: have

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: other

text: organisms

text: and

text: with

text: abiotic

text: components

text: of

text: their

text: environment

text: Topics

text: of

text: interest

text: to

text: ecologists

text: include

text: the

text: diversity

text: distribution

text: amount

text: biomass

text: and

text: number

text: population

text: of

text: particular

text: organisms

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: cooperation

text: and

text: competition

text: between

text: organisms

text: both

text: within

text: and

text: among

text: ecosystems

text: Ecosystems

text: are

text: composed

text: of

text: dynamically

text: interacting

text: parts

text: including

text: organisms

text: the

text: communities

text: they

text: make

text: up

text: and

text: the

text: non

text: living

text: components

text: of

text: their

text: environment

text: Ecosystem

text: processes

text: such

text: as

text: primary

text: production

text: pedogenesis

text: nutrient

text: cycling

text: and

text: various

text: niche

text: construction

text: activities

text: regulate

text: the

text: flux

text: of

text: energy

text: and

text: matter

text: through

text: an

text: environment

text: These

text: processes

text: are

text: sustained

text: by

text: organisms

text: with

text: specific

text: life

text: history

text: traits

text: and

text: the

text: variety

text: of

text: organisms

text: is

text: called

text: biodiversity

text: Biodiversity

text: which

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: varieties

text: of

text: species

text: genes

text: and

text: ecosystems

text: enhances

text: certain

text: ecosystem

text: services

text: Biomass is organic matter derived from living, or recently living organisms. Biomass can be used as a source of energy and it most often refers to plants or plant-based materials that are not used for food or feed, and are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into: "thermal", "chemical", and "biochemical" methods.

text: Biomass

text: is

text: organic

text: matter

text: derived

text: from

text: living

text: or

text: recently

text: living

text: organisms

text: Biomass

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: source

text: of

text: energy

text: and

text: it

text: most

text: often

text: refers

text: to

text: plants

text: or

text: plant

text: based

text: materials

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: used

text: for

text: food

text: or

text: feed

text: and

text: are

text: specifically

text: called

text: lignocellulosic

text: biomass

text: As

text: an

text: energy

text: source

text: biomass

text: can

text: either

text: be

text: used

text: directly

text: via

text: combustion

text: to

text: produce

text: heat

text: or

text: indirectly

text: after

text: converting

text: it

text: to

text: various

text: forms

text: of

text: biofuel

text: Conversion

text: of

text: biomass

text: to

text: biofuel

text: can

text: be

text: achieved

text: by

text: different

text: methods

text: which

text: are

text: broadly

text: classified

text: into

text: thermal

text: chemical

text: and

text: biochemical

text: methods

text: In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis. An organism consists of one or more cells; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism. Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms. Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs.

text: In

text: biology

text: an

text: organism

text: is

text: any

text: contiguous

text: living

text: system

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: animal

text: plant

text: fungus

text: archaeon

text: or

text: bacterium

text: All

text: known

text: types

text: of

text: organisms

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: some

text: degree

text: of

text: response

text: to

text: stimuli

text: reproduction

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: and

text: homeostasis

text: An

text: organism

text: consists

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: cells

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: one

text: cell

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: unicellular

text: organism

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: multicellular

text: organism

text: Most

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: are

text: of

text: microscopic

text: scale

text: and

text: are

text: thus

text: loosely

text: described

text: as

text: microorganisms

text: Humans

text: are

text: multicellular

text: organisms

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: trillions

text: of

text: cells

text: grouped

text: into

text: specialized

text: tissues

text: and

text: organs

text: Natural resources are resources that exist without actions of humankind. This includes all valued characteristics such as magnetic, gravitational, and electrical properties and forces. On earth it includes: sunlight, atmosphere, water, land (includes all minerals) along with all vegetation and animal life that naturally subsists upon or within the heretofore identified characteristics and substances.

text: Natural

text: resources

text: are

text: resources

text: that

text: exist

text: without

text: actions

text: of

text: humankind

text: This

text: includes

text: all

text: valued

text: characteristics

text: such

text: as

text: magnetic

text: gravitational

text: and

text: electrical

text: properties

text: and

text: forces

text: On

text: earth

text: it

text: includes

text: sunlight

text: atmosphere

text: water

text: land

text: includes

text: all

text: minerals

text: along

text: with

text: all

text: vegetation

text: and

text: animal

text: life

text: that

text: naturally

text: subsists

text: upon

text: or

text: within

text: the

text: heretofore

text: identified

text: characteristics

text: and

text: substances

text: Earth science or geoscience is a widely embraced term for the fields of science related to the planet Earth. Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science, but with a much older history. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. The Earth sciences can include the study of geology, the lithosphere, and the large-scale structure of the Earth's interior, as well as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Typically, Earth scientists use tools from geography, chronology, physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how the Earth system works and evolves.

text: Earth

text: science

text: or

text: geoscience

text: is

text: widely

text: embraced

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: fields

text: of

text: science

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: planet

text: Earth

text: Earth

text: science

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: branch

text: of

text: planetary

text: science

text: but

text: with

text: much

text: older

text: history

text: There

text: are

text: both

text: reductionist

text: and

text: holistic

text: approaches

text: to

text: Earth

text: sciences

text: The

text: Earth

text: sciences

text: can

text: include

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: geology

text: the

text: lithosphere

text: and

text: the

text: large

text: scale

text: structure

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: interior

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: and

text: biosphere

text: Typically

text: Earth

text: scientists

text: use

text: tools

text: from

text: geography

text: chronology

text: physics

text: chemistry

text: biology

text: and

text: mathematics

text: to

text: build

text: quantitative

text: understanding

text: of

text: how

text: the

text: Earth

text: system

text: works

text: and

text: evolves

text: Wildlife management attempts to balance the needs of wildlife with the needs of people using the best available science. Wildlife management can include game keeping, wildlife conservation and pest control. Wildlife management draws on disciplines such as mathematics, chemistry, biology, ecology, climatology and geography to gain the best results.

text: Wildlife

text: management

text: attempts

text: to

text: balance

text: the

text: needs

text: of

text: wildlife

text: with

text: the

text: needs

text: of

text: people

text: using

text: the

text: best

text: available

text: science

text: Wildlife

text: management

text: can

text: include

text: game

text: keeping

text: wildlife

text: conservation

text: and

text: pest

text: control

text: Wildlife

text: management

text: draws

text: on

text: disciplines

text: such

text: as

text: mathematics

text: chemistry

text: biology

text: ecology

text: climatology

text: and

text: geography

text: to

text: gain

text: the

text: best

text: results

text: A system is a set of interacting or interdependent component parts forming a complex or intricate whole. Every system is delineated by its spatial and temporal boundaries, surrounded and influenced by its environment, described by its structure and purpose and expressed in its functioning.

text: system

text: is

text: set

text: of

text: interacting

text: or

text: interdependent

text: component

text: parts

text: forming

text: complex

text: or

text: intricate

text: whole

text: Every

text: system

text: is

text: delineated

text: by

text: its

text: spatial

text: and

text: temporal

text: boundaries

text: surrounded

text: and

text: influenced

text: by

text: its

text: environment

text: described

text: by

text: its

text: structure

text: and

text: purpose

text: and

text: expressed

text: in

text: its

text: functioning

text: Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.

text: Evolution

text: is

text: change

text: in

text: the

text: heritable

text: characteristics

text: of

text: biological

text: populations

text: over

text: successive

text: generations

text: Evolutionary

text: processes

text: give

text: rise

text: to

text: biodiversity

text: at

text: every

text: level

text: of

text: biological

text: organisation

text: including

text: the

text: levels

text: of

text: species

text: individual

text: organisms

text: and

text: molecules

text: Conservation biology is the management of nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social sciences, and the practice of natural resource management.

text: Conservation

text: biology

text: is

text: the

text: management

text: of

text: nature

text: and

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: biodiversity

text: with

text: the

text: aim

text: of

text: protecting

text: species

text: their

text: habitats

text: and

text: ecosystems

text: from

text: excessive

text: rates

text: of

text: extinction

text: and

text: the

text: erosion

text: of

text: biotic

text: interactions

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: interdisciplinary

text: subject

text: drawing

text: on

text: natural

text: and

text: social

text: sciences

text: and

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: natural

text: resource

text: management

text: Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms  "offspring"  are produced from their "parents". Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction. There are two forms of reproduction: asexual and sexual.

text: Reproduction

text: or

text: procreation

text: or

text: breeding

text: is

text: the

text: biological

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: new

text: individual

text: organisms

text: offspring

text: are

text: produced

text: from

text: their

text: parents

text: Reproduction

text: is

text: fundamental

text: feature

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: life

text: each

text: individual

text: organism

text: exists

text: as

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: reproduction

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: forms

text: of

text: reproduction

text: asexual

text: and

text: sexual

text: Heredity is the genetic information passing for traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism. Through heredity, variations exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause some species to evolve through the natural selection of specific phenotype traits. The study of heredity in biology is called genetics, which includes the field of epigenetics.

text: Heredity

text: is

text: the

text: genetic

text: information

text: passing

text: for

text: traits

text: from

text: parents

text: to

text: their

text: offspring

text: either

text: through

text: asexual

text: reproduction

text: or

text: sexual

text: reproduction

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: an

text: offspring

text: cell

text: or

text: organism

text: acquires

text: or

text: becomes

text: predisposed

text: to

text: the

text: characteristics

text: of

text: its

text: parent

text: cell

text: or

text: organism

text: Through

text: heredity

text: variations

text: exhibited

text: by

text: individuals

text: can

text: accumulate

text: and

text: cause

text: some

text: species

text: to

text: evolve

text: through

text: the

text: natural

text: selection

text: of

text: specific

text: phenotype

text: traits

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: heredity

text: in

text: biology

text: is

text: called

text: genetics

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: epigenetics

text: Pedogenesis (from the Greek "pedo"-, or "pedon", meaning 'soil, earth,' and "genesis", meaning 'origin, birth') (also termed soil development, soil evolution, soil formation, and soil genesis) is the process of soil formation as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history. Biogeochemical processes act to both create and destroy order (anisotropy) within soils. These alterations lead to the development of layers, termed soil horizons, distinguished by differences in color, structure, texture, and chemistry. These features occur in patterns of soil type distribution, forming in response to differences in soil forming factors.

text: Pedogenesis

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: pedo"-

text: or

text: pedon

text: meaning

text: soil

text: earth

text: and

text: genesis

text: meaning

text: origin

text: birth

text: also

text: termed

text: soil

text: development

text: soil

text: evolution

text: soil

text: formation

text: and

text: soil

text: genesis

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: soil

text: formation

text: as

text: regulated

text: by

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: place

text: environment

text: and

text: history

text: Biogeochemical

text: processes

text: act

text: to

text: both

text: create

text: and

text: destroy

text: order

text: anisotropy

text: within

text: soils

text: These

text: alterations

text: lead

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: layers

text: termed

text: soil

text: horizons

text: distinguished

text: by

text: differences

text: in

text: color

text: structure

text: texture

text: and

text: chemistry

text: These

text: features

text: occur

text: in

text: patterns

text: of

text: soil

text: type

text: distribution

text: forming

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: differences

text: in

text: soil

text: forming

text: factors

text: A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms such as mushrooms and bracket fungi. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals.

text: fungus

text: plural

text: fungi

text: or

text: funguses

text: is

text: any

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: of

text: eukaryotic

text: organisms

text: that

text: includes

text: unicellular

text: microorganisms

text: such

text: as

text: yeasts

text: and

text: molds

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: multicellular

text: fungi

text: that

text: produce

text: familiar

text: fruiting

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: mushrooms

text: and

text: bracket

text: fungi

text: These

text: organisms

text: are

text: classified

text: as

text: kingdom

text: Fungi

text: which

text: is

text: separate

text: from

text: the

text: other

text: eukaryotic

text: life

text: kingdoms

text: of

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: Climatology (from Greek , "klima", "place, zone"; and , "-logia") or climate science is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time. This modern field of study is regarded as a branch of the atmospheric sciences and a subfield of physical geography, which is one of the Earth sciences. Climatology now includes aspects of oceanography and biogeochemistry. Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques such as the El NiñoSouthern Oscillation (ENSO), the MaddenJulian oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), the Northern Annular Mode (NAM) which is also known as the Arctic oscillation (AO), the Northern Pacific (NP) Index, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate.

text: Climatology

text: from

text: Greek

text: klima

text: place

text: zone

text: and

text: -logia

text: or

text: climate

text: science

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: climate

text: scientifically

text: defined

text: as

text: weather

text: conditions

text: averaged

text: over

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: This

text: modern

text: field

text: of

text: study

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: atmospheric

text: sciences

text: and

text: subfield

text: of

text: physical

text: geography

text: which

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: sciences

text: Climatology

text: now

text: includes

text: aspects

text: of

text: oceanography

text: and

text: biogeochemistry

text: Basic

text: knowledge

text: of

text: climate

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: within

text: shorter

text: term

text: weather

text: forecasting

text: using

text: analog

text: techniques

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: El

text: NiñoSouthern

text: Oscillation

text: ENSO

text: the

text: MaddenJulian

text: oscillation

text: MJO

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: oscillation

text: NAO

text: the

text: Northern

text: Annular

text: Mode

text: NAM

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Arctic

text: oscillation

text: AO

text: the

text: Northern

text: Pacific

text: NP

text: Index

text: the

text: Pacific

text: decadal

text: oscillation

text: PDO

text: and

text: the

text: Interdecadal

text: Pacific

text: Oscillation

text: IPO

text: Climate

text: models

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: variety

text: of

text: purposes

text: from

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: dynamics

text: of

text: the

text: weather

text: and

text: climate

text: system

text: to

text: projections

text: of

text: future

text: climate

text: Humankind benefits in a multitude of ways from ecosystems. Collectively, these benefits are becoming known as ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are regularly involved in the provisioning of clean drinking water and the decomposition of wastes. While scientists and environmentalists have discussed ecosystem services implicitly for decades, the ecosystem services concept itself was popularized by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) in the early 2000s. This grouped ecosystem services into four broad categories: "provisioning", such as the production of food and water; "regulating", such as the control of climate and disease; "supporting", such as nutrient cycles and crop pollination; and "cultural", such as spiritual and recreational benefits. To help inform decision-makers, many ecosystem services are being assigned economic values.

text: Humankind

text: benefits

text: in

text: multitude

text: of

text: ways

text: from

text: ecosystems

text: Collectively

text: these

text: benefits

text: are

text: becoming

text: known

text: as

text: ecosystem

text: services

text: Ecosystem

text: services

text: are

text: regularly

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: provisioning

text: of

text: clean

text: drinking

text: water

text: and

text: the

text: decomposition

text: of

text: wastes

text: While

text: scientists

text: and

text: environmentalists

text: have

text: discussed

text: ecosystem

text: services

text: implicitly

text: for

text: decades

text: the

text: ecosystem

text: services

text: concept

text: itself

text: was

text: popularized

text: by

text: the

text: Millennium

text: Ecosystem

text: Assessment

text: MA

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: This

text: grouped

text: ecosystem

text: services

text: into

text: four

text: broad

text: categories

text: provisioning

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: food

text: and

text: water

text: regulating

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: climate

text: and

text: disease

text: supporting

text: such

text: as

text: nutrient

text: cycles

text: and

text: crop

text: pollination

text: and

text: cultural

text: such

text: as

text: spiritual

text: and

text: recreational

text: benefits

text: To

text: help

text: inform

text: decision

text: makers

text: many

text: ecosystem

text: services

text: are

text: being

text: assigned

text: economic

text: values

text: Geography (from Greek , "geographia", literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth. The first person to use the word "" was Eratosthenes (276194 BC). Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of the Earth and its human and natural complexitiesnot merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. It is often defined in terms of the two branches of human geography and physical geography. The four historical traditions in geographical research are: spatial analyses of natural and the human phenomena, area studies of places and regions, studies of human-land relationships, and the Earth sciences. Geography has been called "the world discipline" and "the bridge between the human and the physical sciences".

text: Geography

text: from

text: Greek

text: geographia

text: literally

text: earth

text: description

text: is

text: field

text: of

text: science

text: devoted

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: lands

text: the

text: features

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: and

text: the

text: phenomena

text: of

text: Earth

text: The

text: first

text: person

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: word

text: was

text: Eratosthenes

text: BC

text: Geography

text: is

text: an

text: all

text: encompassing

text: discipline

text: that

text: seeks

text: an

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: and

text: its

text: human

text: and

text: natural

text: complexitiesnot

text: merely

text: where

text: objects

text: are

text: but

text: how

text: they

text: have

text: changed

text: and

text: come

text: to

text: be

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: defined

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: branches

text: of

text: human

text: geography

text: and

text: physical

text: geography

text: The

text: four

text: historical

text: traditions

text: in

text: geographical

text: research

text: are

text: spatial

text: analyses

text: of

text: natural

text: and

text: the

text: human

text: phenomena

text: area

text: studies

text: of

text: places

text: and

text: regions

text: studies

text: of

text: human

text: land

text: relationships

text: and

text: the

text: Earth

text: sciences

text: Geography

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: world

text: discipline

text: and

text: the

text: bridge

text: between

text: the

text: human

text: and

text: the

text: physical

text: sciences

text: Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitats. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.

text: Conservation

text: is

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: protecting

text: wild

text: plant

text: and

text: animal

text: species

text: and

text: their

text: habitats

text: The

text: goal

text: of

text: wildlife

text: conservation

text: is

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: nature

text: will

text: be

text: around

text: for

text: future

text: generations

text: to

text: enjoy

text: and

text: also

text: to

text: recognize

text: the

text: importance

text: of

text: wildlife

text: and

text: wilderness

text: for

text: humans

text: and

text: other

text: species

text: alike

text: Many

text: nations

text: have

text: government

text: agencies

text: and

text: NGO

text: 's

text: dedicated

text: to

text: wildlife

text: conservation

text: which

text: help

text: to

text: implement

text: policies

text: designed

text: to

text: protect

text: wildlife

text: Numerous

text: independent

text: non

text: profit

text: organizations

text: also

text: promote

text: various

text: wildlife

text: conservation

text: causes

text: Natural resource management refers to the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations (stewardship).

text: Natural

text: resource

text: management

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: management

text: of

text: natural

text: resources

text: such

text: as

text: land

text: water

text: soil

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: with

text: particular

text: focus

text: on

text: how

text: management

text: affects

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: life

text: for

text: both

text: present

text: and

text: future

text: generations

text: stewardship

text: An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem).

text: An

text: ecosystem

text: is

text: community

text: of

text: living

text: organisms

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: the

text: nonliving

text: components

text: of

text: their

text: environment

text: things

text: like

text: air

text: water

text: and

text: mineral

text: soil

text: interacting

text: as

text: system

text: These

text: biotic

text: and

text: abiotic

text: components

text: are

text: regarded

text: as

text: linked

text: together

text: through

text: nutrient

text: cycles

text: and

text: energy

text: flows

text: As

text: ecosystems

text: are

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: network

text: of

text: interactions

text: among

text: organisms

text: and

text: between

text: organisms

text: and

text: their

text: environment

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: of

text: any

text: size

text: but

text: usually

text: encompass

text: specific

text: limited

text: spaces

text: although

text: some

text: scientists

text: say

text: that

text: the

text: entire

text: planet

text: is

text: an

text: ecosystem

text: Life is a characteristic distinguishing physical entities having biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased, or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate. Various forms of life exist, such as plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria. The criteria can at times be ambiguous and may or may not define viruses, viroids, or potential artificial life as "living". Biology is the primary science concerned with the study of life, although many other sciences are involved.

text: Life

text: is

text: characteristic

text: distinguishing

text: physical

text: entities

text: having

text: biological

text: processes

text: such

text: as

text: signaling

text: and

text: self

text: sustaining

text: processes

text: from

text: those

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: either

text: because

text: such

text: functions

text: have

text: ceased

text: or

text: because

text: they

text: never

text: had

text: such

text: functions

text: and

text: are

text: classified

text: as

text: inanimate

text: Various

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: exist

text: such

text: as

text: plants

text: animals

text: fungi

text: protists

text: archaea

text: and

text: bacteria

text: The

text: criteria

text: can

text: at

text: times

text: be

text: ambiguous

text: and

text: may

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: define

text: viruses

text: viroids

text: or

text: potential

text: artificial

text: life

text: as

text: living

text: Biology

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: science

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: life

text: although

text: many

text: other

text: sciences

text: are

text: involved

text: In biology and ecology, abiotic components or abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems. Abiotic factors and phenomena associated with them underpin all biology.

text: In

text: biology

text: and

text: ecology

text: abiotic

text: components

text: or

text: abiotic

text: factors

text: are

text: non

text: living

text: chemical

text: and

text: physical

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: environment

text: that

text: affect

text: living

text: organisms

text: and

text: the

text: functioning

text: of

text: ecosystems

text: Abiotic

text: factors

text: and

text: phenomena

text: associated

text: with

text: them

text: underpin

text: all

text: biology

text: In biology, a species (abbreviated sp., with the plural form species abbreviated spp.) is the basic unit of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. While this definition is often adequate, looked at more closely it is often problematic. For example, in a species complex, the boundaries between closely related species become unclear or disappear altogether. Other ways of defining species include similarity of DNA, morphology, or ecological niche. The presence of locally adaptive traits may further subdivide species into infraspecific taxa such as subspecies.

text: In

text: biology

text: species

text: abbreviated

text: sp

text: with

text: the

text: plural

text: form

text: species

text: abbreviated

text: spp

text: is

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: biological

text: classification

text: and

text: taxonomic

text: rank

text: species

text: is

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: group

text: of

text: organisms

text: in

text: which

text: two

text: individuals

text: can

text: produce

text: fertile

text: offspring

text: typically

text: by

text: sexual

text: reproduction

text: While

text: this

text: definition

text: is

text: often

text: adequate

text: looked

text: at

text: more

text: closely

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: problematic

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: species

text: complex

text: the

text: boundaries

text: between

text: closely

text: related

text: species

text: become

text: unclear

text: or

text: disappear

text: altogether

text: Other

text: ways

text: of

text: defining

text: species

text: include

text: similarity

text: of

text: DNA

text: morphology

text: or

text: ecological

text: niche

text: The

text: presence

text: of

text: locally

text: adaptive

text: traits

text: may

text: further

text: subdivide

text: species

text: into

text: infraspecific

text: taxa

text: such

text: as

text: subspecies

text: Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into single, coherent field. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood today that all the organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition known as homeostasis.

text: Biology

text: is

text: natural

text: science

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: living

text: organisms

text: including

text: their

text: structure

text: function

text: growth

text: evolution

text: distribution

text: identification

text: and

text: taxonomy

text: Modern

text: biology

text: is

text: vast

text: and

text: eclectic

text: field

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: branches

text: and

text: subdisciplines

text: However

text: despite

text: the

text: broad

text: scope

text: of

text: biology

text: there

text: are

text: certain

text: general

text: and

text: unifying

text: concepts

text: within

text: it

text: that

text: govern

text: all

text: study

text: and

text: research

text: consolidating

text: it

text: into

text: single

text: coherent

text: field

text: In

text: general

text: biology

text: recognizes

text: the

text: cell

text: as

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: life

text: genes

text: as

text: the

text: basic

text: unit

text: of

text: heredity

text: and

text: evolution

text: as

text: the

text: engine

text: that

text: propels

text: the

text: synthesis

text: and

text: creation

text: of

text: new

text: species

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: understood

text: today

text: that

text: all

text: the

text: organisms

text: survive

text: by

text: consuming

text: and

text: transforming

text: energy

text: and

text: by

text: regulating

text: their

text: internal

text: environment

text: to

text: maintain

text: stable

text: and

text: vital

text: condition

text: known

text: as

text: homeostasis

text: Niche construction is the process in which an organism alters its own (or other species') environment, often but not always in a manner that increases its chances of survival. Changes that organisms bring about in their worlds that are of no evolutionary or ecological consequence are not examples of niche construction. Several biologists have argued that niche construction is as important to evolution as natural selection (i.e., not only does an environment cause changes in species through selection, but species also cause changes in their environment through niche construction). This back-and-forth creates a feedback relationship between natural selection and niche-construction: when organisms affect their environment, that change can then cause a shift in what traits are being naturally selected for. The effect of niche construction is especially pronounced in situations where environmental alterations persist for several generations, introducing the evolutionary role of ecological inheritance. Less drastic niche-constructing behaviors are also quite possible for an organism. This theory, in conjunction with natural selection, shows that organisms inherit two legacies from their ancestors: genes and a modified environment. Together, these two evolutionary mechanisms determine a population's fitness and what adaptations those organisms develop in the continuation for their survival.

text: Niche

text: construction

text: is

text: the

text: process

text: in

text: which

text: an

text: organism

text: alters

text: its

text: own

text: or

text: other

text: species

text: environment

text: often

text: but

text: not

text: always

text: in

text: manner

text: that

text: increases

text: its

text: chances

text: of

text: survival

text: Changes

text: that

text: organisms

text: bring

text: about

text: in

text: their

text: worlds

text: that

text: are

text: of

text: no

text: evolutionary

text: or

text: ecological

text: consequence

text: are

text: not

text: examples

text: of

text: niche

text: construction

text: Several

text: biologists

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: niche

text: construction

text: is

text: as

text: important

text: to

text: evolution

text: as

text: natural

text: selection

text: i.e.

text: not

text: only

text: does

text: an

text: environment

text: cause

text: changes

text: in

text: species

text: through

text: selection

text: but

text: species

text: also

text: cause

text: changes

text: in

text: their

text: environment

text: through

text: niche

text: construction

text: This

text: back

text: and

text: forth

text: creates

text: feedback

text: relationship

text: between

text: natural

text: selection

text: and

text: niche

text: construction

text: when

text: organisms

text: affect

text: their

text: environment

text: that

text: change

text: can

text: then

text: cause

text: shift

text: in

text: what

text: traits

text: are

text: being

text: naturally

text: selected

text: for

text: The

text: effect

text: of

text: niche

text: construction

text: is

text: especially

text: pronounced

text: in

text: situations

text: where

text: environmental

text: alterations

text: persist

text: for

text: several

text: generations

text: introducing

text: the

text: evolutionary

text: role

text: of

text: ecological

text: inheritance

text: Less

text: drastic

text: niche

text: constructing

text: behaviors

text: are

text: also

text: quite

text: possible

text: for

text: an

text: organism

text: This

text: theory

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: natural

text: selection

text: shows

text: that

text: organisms

text: inherit

text: two

text: legacies

text: from

text: their

text: ancestors

text: genes

text: and

text: modified

text: environment

text: Together

text: these

text: two

text: evolutionary

text: mechanisms

text: determine

text: population

text: 's

text: fitness

text: and

text: what

text: adaptations

text: those

text: organisms

text: develop

text: in

text: the

text: continuation

text: for

text: their

text: survival

text: Homeostasis or homoeostasis is the property of a system in which a variable (for example, the concentration of a substance in solution, or its temperature) is actively regulated to remain very nearly constant. This regulation occurs inside a defined environment (mostly within a living organism's body). Examples of homeostasis include the regulation of the body temperature of an animal, the pH of its extracellular fluids, or the concentrations of sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca) ions or of glucose in the blood plasma, despite changes in the animals environment, or what it has eaten, or what it is doing (for example, resting or exercising). Each of these variables is controlled by a separate homeostat (or regulator), which, together, maintain life. Homeostats are energy-consuming physiological mechanisms.

text: Homeostasis

text: or

text: homoeostasis

text: is

text: the

text: property

text: of

text: system

text: in

text: which

text: variable

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: concentration

text: of

text: substance

text: in

text: solution

text: or

text: its

text: temperature

text: is

text: actively

text: regulated

text: to

text: remain

text: very

text: nearly

text: constant

text: This

text: regulation

text: occurs

text: inside

text: defined

text: environment

text: mostly

text: within

text: living

text: organism

text: 's

text: body

text: Examples

text: of

text: homeostasis

text: include

text: the

text: regulation

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: temperature

text: of

text: an

text: animal

text: the

text: pH

text: of

text: its

text: extracellular

text: fluids

text: or

text: the

text: concentrations

text: of

text: sodium

text: and

text: calcium

text: Ca

text: ions

text: or

text: of

text: glucose

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: plasma

text: despite

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: animals

text: environment

text: or

text: what

text: it

text: has

text: eaten

text: or

text: what

text: it

text: is

text: doing

text: for

text: example

text: resting

text: or

text: exercising

text: Each

text: of

text: these

text: variables

text: is

text: controlled

text: by

text: separate

text: homeostat

text: or

text: regulator

text: which

text: together

text: maintain

text: life

text: Homeostats

text: are

text: energy

text: consuming

text: physiological

text: mechanisms

text: Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry includes topics such as the properties of individual atoms, how atoms form chemical bonds to create chemical compounds, the interactions of substances through intermolecular forces that give matter its general properties, and the interactions between substances through chemical reactions to form different substances.

text: Chemistry

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: physical

text: science

text: that

text: studies

text: the

text: composition

text: structure

text: properties

text: and

text: change

text: of

text: matter

text: Chemistry

text: includes

text: topics

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: properties

text: of

text: individual

text: atoms

text: how

text: atoms

text: form

text: chemical

text: bonds

text: to

text: create

text: chemical

text: compounds

text: the

text: interactions

text: of

text: substances

text: through

text: intermolecular

text: forces

text: that

text: give

text: matter

text: its

text: general

text: properties

text: and

text: the

text: interactions

text: between

text: substances

text: through

text: chemical

text: reactions

text: to

text: form

text: different

text: substances

text: Wildlife traditionally refers to undomesticated animal species, but has come to include all plants, fungi, and other organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans.

text: Wildlife

text: traditionally

text: refers

text: to

text: undomesticated

text: animal

text: species

text: but

text: has

text: come

text: to

text: include

text: all

text: plants

text: fungi

text: and

text: other

text: organisms

text: that

text: grow

text: or

text: live

text: wild

text: in

text: an

text: area

text: without

text: being

text: introduced

text: by

text: humans

text: Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to unicellular organisms.

text: Multicellular

text: organisms

text: are

text: organisms

text: that

text: consist

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: cell

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from "taxonomy") is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is not uncommon, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given a formal scientific name, its use is then governed by one of the nomenclature codes specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping.

text: In

text: biology

text: taxon

text: plural

text: taxa

text: back

text: formation

text: from

text: taxonomy

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: populations

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: or

text: organisms

text: seen

text: by

text: taxonomists

text: to

text: form

text: unit

text: Although

text: neither

text: is

text: required

text: taxon

text: is

text: usually

text: known

text: by

text: particular

text: name

text: and

text: given

text: particular

text: ranking

text: especially

text: if

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: is

text: accepted

text: or

text: becomes

text: established

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: uncommon

text: however

text: for

text: taxonomists

text: to

text: remain

text: at

text: odds

text: over

text: what

text: belongs

text: to

text: taxon

text: and

text: the

text: criteria

text: used

text: for

text: inclusion

text: If

text: taxon

text: is

text: given

text: formal

text: scientific

text: name

text: its

text: use

text: is

text: then

text: governed

text: by

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: nomenclature

text: codes

text: specifying

text: which

text: scientific

text: name

text: is

text: correct

text: for

text: particular

text: grouping

text: Biodiversity, a contraction of "biological diversity," generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be greater near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time, but will be likely to slow in the future.

text: Biodiversity

text: contraction

text: of

text: biological

text: diversity

text: generally

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: variety

text: and

text: variability

text: of

text: life

text: on

text: Earth

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: used

text: definitions

text: defines

text: it

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: variability

text: within

text: species

text: between

text: species

text: and

text: between

text: ecosystems

text: It

text: is

text: measure

text: of

text: the

text: variety

text: of

text: organisms

text: present

text: in

text: different

text: ecosystems

text: This

text: can

text: refer

text: to

text: genetic

text: variation

text: ecosystem

text: variation

text: or

text: species

text: variation

text: number

text: of

text: species

text: within

text: an

text: area

text: biome

text: or

text: planet

text: Terrestrial

text: biodiversity

text: tends

text: to

text: be

text: greater

text: near

text: the

text: equator

text: which

text: seems

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: warm

text: climate

text: and

text: high

text: primary

text: productivity

text: Biodiversity

text: is

text: not

text: distributed

text: evenly

text: on

text: Earth

text: It

text: is

text: richest

text: in

text: the

text: tropics

text: Marine

text: biodiversity

text: tends

text: to

text: be

text: highest

text: along

text: coasts

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Pacific

text: where

text: sea

text: surface

text: temperature

text: is

text: highest

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: mid

text: latitudinal

text: band

text: in

text: all

text: oceans

text: There

text: are

text: latitudinal

text: gradients

text: in

text: species

text: diversity

text: Biodiversity

text: generally

text: tends

text: to

text: cluster

text: in

text: hotspots

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: increasing

text: through

text: time

text: but

text: will

text: be

text: likely

text: to

text: slow

text: in

text: the

text: future

text: The microscopic scale (from , "mikrós", "small" and , "skopé" "look") is the scale of objects and events smaller than those that can easily be seen by the naked eye, requiring a lens or microscope to see them clearly. In physics, the microscopic scale is sometimes considered the scale between the macroscopic and the quantum regime.

text: The

text: microscopic

text: scale

text: from

text: mikrós

text: small

text: and

text: skopé

text: look

text: is

text: the

text: scale

text: of

text: objects

text: and

text: events

text: smaller

text: than

text: those

text: that

text: can

text: easily

text: be

text: seen

text: by

text: the

text: naked

text: eye

text: requiring

text: lens

text: or

text: microscope

text: to

text: see

text: them

text: clearly

text: In

text: physics

text: the

text: microscopic

text: scale

text: is

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: the

text: scale

text: between

text: the

text: macroscopic

text: and

text: the

text: quantum

text: regime

text: A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of only one cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of more than one cell. Historically, simple unicellular organisms have been referred to as monads, though this term is also used more specifically to describe organisms of the genus "Monas" and similar flagellate ameboids. The main groups of unicellular organisms are bacteria, archaea, protozoa, unicellular algae, and unicellular fungi. Unicellular organisms fall into two general categories: prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms. Unicellular organisms are thought to be the oldest form of life, with early protocells possibly emerging 3.84 billion years ago.

text: unicellular

text: organism

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: single

text: celled

text: organism

text: is

text: an

text: organism

text: that

text: consists

text: of

text: only

text: one

text: cell

text: unlike

text: multicellular

text: organism

text: that

text: consists

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: cell

text: Historically

text: simple

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: have

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: monads

text: though

text: this

text: term

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: more

text: specifically

text: to

text: describe

text: organisms

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Monas

text: and

text: similar

text: flagellate

text: ameboids

text: The

text: main

text: groups

text: of

text: unicellular

text: organisms

text: are

text: bacteria

text: archaea

text: protozoa

text: unicellular

text: algae

text: and

text: unicellular

text: fungi

text: Unicellular

text: organisms

text: fall

text: into

text: two

text: general

text: categories

text: prokaryotic

text: organisms

text: and

text: eukaryotic

text: organisms

text: Unicellular

text: organisms

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: oldest

text: form

text: of

text: life

text: with

text: early

text: protocells

text: possibly

text: emerging

text: billion

text: years

text: ago

text: In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly "reappears" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence.

text: In

text: biology

text: and

text: ecology

text: extinction

text: is

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: or

text: of

text: group

text: of

text: organisms

text: taxon

text: normally

text: species

text: The

text: moment

text: of

text: extinction

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: individual

text: of

text: the

text: species

text: although

text: the

text: capacity

text: to

text: breed

text: and

text: recover

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: lost

text: before

text: this

text: point

text: Because

text: species

text: potential

text: range

text: may

text: be

text: very

text: large

text: determining

text: this

text: moment

text: is

text: difficult

text: and

text: is

text: usually

text: done

text: retrospectively

text: This

text: difficulty

text: leads

text: to

text: phenomena

text: such

text: as

text: Lazarus

text: taxa

text: where

text: species

text: presumed

text: extinct

text: abruptly

text: reappears

text: typically

text: in

text: the

text: fossil

text: record

text: after

text: period

text: of

text: apparent

text: absence

text: In ecology, primary production is the synthesis of organic compounds from atmospheric or aqueous carbon dioxide. It principally occurs through the process of photosynthesis, which uses light as its source of energy, but it also occurs through chemosynthesis, which uses the oxidation or reduction of inorganic chemical compounds as its source of energy. Almost all life on Earth relies directly or indirectly on primary production. The organisms responsible for primary production are known as "primary producers" or autotrophs, and form the base of the food chain. In terrestrial ecoregions, these are mainly plants, while in aquatic ecoregions algae predominate in this role. Ecologists distinguish primary production as either "net" or "gross", the former accounting for losses to processes such as cellular respiration, the latter not.

text: In

text: ecology

text: primary

text: production

text: is

text: the

text: synthesis

text: of

text: organic

text: compounds

text: from

text: atmospheric

text: or

text: aqueous

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: It

text: principally

text: occurs

text: through

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: photosynthesis

text: which

text: uses

text: light

text: as

text: its

text: source

text: of

text: energy

text: but

text: it

text: also

text: occurs

text: through

text: chemosynthesis

text: which

text: uses

text: the

text: oxidation

text: or

text: reduction

text: of

text: inorganic

text: chemical

text: compounds

text: as

text: its

text: source

text: of

text: energy

text: Almost

text: all

text: life

text: on

text: Earth

text: relies

text: directly

text: or

text: indirectly

text: on

text: primary

text: production

text: The

text: organisms

text: responsible

text: for

text: primary

text: production

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: primary

text: producers

text: or

text: autotrophs

text: and

text: form

text: the

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: food

text: chain

text: In

text: terrestrial

text: ecoregions

text: these

text: are

text: mainly

text: plants

text: while

text: in

text: aquatic

text: ecoregions

text: algae

text: predominate

text: in

text: this

text: role

text: Ecologists

text: distinguish

text: primary

text: production

text: as

text: either

text: net

text: or

text: gross

text: the

text: former

text: accounting

text: for

text: losses

text: to

text: processes

text: such

text: as

text: cellular

text: respiration

text: the

text: latter

text: not

text: Nomenclature codes or codes of nomenclature are the various rulebooks that govern biological taxonomic nomenclature, each in their own broad field of organisms. To an end-user who only deals with names of species, with some awareness that species are assignable to families, it may not be noticeable that there is more than one code, but beyond this basic level these are rather different in the way they work.

text: Nomenclature

text: codes

text: or

text: codes

text: of

text: nomenclature

text: are

text: the

text: various

text: rulebooks

text: that

text: govern

text: biological

text: taxonomic

text: nomenclature

text: each

text: in

text: their

text: own

text: broad

text: field

text: of

text: organisms

text: To

text: an

text: end

text: user

text: who

text: only

text: deals

text: with

text: names

text: of

text: species

text: with

text: some

text: awareness

text: that

text: species

text: are

text: assignable

text: to

text: families

text: it

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: noticeable

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: code

text: but

text: beyond

text: this

text: basic

text: level

text: these

text: are

text: rather

text: different

text: in

text: the

text: way

text: they

text: work

text: Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also called Metazoa). The animal kingdom emerged as a basal clade within Apoikozoa as a sister of the choanoflagellates. Sponges are the most basal clade of animals. Animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs: they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance.

text: Animals

text: are

text: multicellular

text: eukaryotic

text: organisms

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: Animalia

text: also

text: called

text: Metazoa

text: The

text: animal

text: kingdom

text: emerged

text: as

text: basal

text: clade

text: within

text: Apoikozoa

text: as

text: sister

text: of

text: the

text: choanoflagellates

text: Sponges

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: basal

text: clade

text: of

text: animals

text: Animals

text: are

text: motile

text: meaning

text: they

text: can

text: move

text: spontaneously

text: and

text: independently

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: in

text: their

text: lives

text: Their

text: body

text: plan

text: eventually

text: becomes

text: fixed

text: as

text: they

text: develop

text: although

text: some

text: undergo

text: process

text: of

text: metamorphosis

text: later

text: in

text: their

text: lives

text: All

text: animals

text: are

text: heterotrophs

text: they

text: must

text: ingest

text: other

text: organisms

text: or

text: their

text: products

text: for

text: sustenance

text: In physics, energy is the property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on  or to heat  the object, and can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The SI unit of energy is the joule, which is the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.

text: In

text: physics

text: energy

text: is

text: the

text: property

text: that

text: must

text: be

text: transferred

text: to

text: an

text: object

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: perform

text: work

text: on

text: or

text: to

text: heat

text: the

text: object

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: converted

text: in

text: form

text: but

text: not

text: created

text: or

text: destroyed

text: The

text: SI

text: unit

text: of

text: energy

text: is

text: the

text: joule

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: energy

text: transferred

text: to

text: an

text: object

text: by

text: the

text: mechanical

text: work

text: of

text: moving

text: it

text: distance

text: of

text: metre

text: against

text: force

text: of

text: newton

text: Pest control refers to the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, and can be perceived to be detrimental to a person's health, the ecology or the economy. A practitioner of pest control is called an exterminator.

text: Pest

text: control

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: regulation

text: or

text: management

text: of

text: species

text: defined

text: as

text: pest

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: perceived

text: to

text: be

text: detrimental

text: to

text: person

text: 's

text: health

text: the

text: ecology

text: or

text: the

text: economy

text: practitioner

text: of

text: pest

text: control

text: is

text: called

text: an

text: exterminator

text: Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on observational and empirical evidence. Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatability of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances.

text: Natural

text: science

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: science

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: description

text: prediction

text: and

text: understanding

text: of

text: natural

text: phenomena

text: based

text: on

text: observational

text: and

text: empirical

text: evidence

text: Mechanisms

text: such

text: as

text: peer

text: review

text: and

text: repeatability

text: of

text: findings

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: validity

text: of

text: scientific

text: advances

text: A population is the number of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.

text: population

text: is

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: organisms

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: group

text: or

text: species

text: which

text: live

text: in

text: particular

text: geographical

text: area

text: and

text: have

text: the

text: capability

text: of

text: interbreeding

text: Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

text: Science

text: is

text: systematic

text: enterprise

text: that

text: builds

text: and

text: organizes

text: knowledge

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: testable

text: explanations

text: and

text: predictions

text: about

text: the

text: universe

text: Earth, otherwise known as the world, is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets.

text: Earth

text: otherwise

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: planet

text: from

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: object

text: in

text: the

text: Universe

text: known

text: to

text: harbor

text: life

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: densest

text: planet

text: in

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: terrestrial

text: planets

text: A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA which is made up of nucleotides and is the molecular unit of heredity. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as geneenvironment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.

text: gene

text: is

text: locus

text: or

text: region

text: of

text: DNA

text: which

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: nucleotides

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: molecular

text: unit

text: of

text: heredity

text: The

text: transmission

text: of

text: genes

text: to

text: an

text: organism

text: 's

text: offspring

text: is

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: inheritance

text: of

text: phenotypic

text: traits

text: Most

text: biological

text: traits

text: are

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: polygenes

text: many

text: different

text: genes

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: geneenvironment

text: interactions

text: Some

text: genetic

text: traits

text: are

text: instantly

text: visible

text: such

text: as

text: eye

text: colour

text: or

text: number

text: of

text: limbs

text: and

text: some

text: are

text: not

text: such

text: as

text: blood

text: type

text: risk

text: for

text: specific

text: diseases

text: or

text: the

text: thousands

text: of

text: basic

text: biochemical

text: processes

text: that

text: comprise

text: life

annotations: likely single

question: part_of identification

answer: taxonomy

text: taxonomy

text: taxonomy


text: Lee de Forest (August 26, 1873  June 30, 1961) was an American inventor, self-described "Father of Radio", and a pioneer in the development of sound-on-film recording used for motion pictures. He had over 180 patents, but also a tumultuous careerhe boasted that he made, then lost, four fortunes. He was also involved in several major patent lawsuits, spent a substantial part of his income on legal bills, and was even tried (and acquitted) for mail fraud. His most famous invention, in 1906, was the three-element "Audion" (triode) vacuum tube, the first practical amplification device. Although De Forest had only a limited understanding of how it worked, it was the foundation of the field of electronics, making possible radio broadcasting, long distance telephone lines, and talking motion pictures, among countless other applications.

text: Lee

text: de

text: Forest

text: August

text: June

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: inventor

text: self

text: described

text: Father

text: of

text: Radio

text: and

text: pioneer

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: sound

text: on

text: film

text: recording

text: used

text: for

text: motion

text: pictures

text: He

text: had

text: over

text: patents

text: but

text: also

text: tumultuous

text: careerhe

text: boasted

text: that

text: he

text: made

text: then

text: lost

text: four

text: fortunes

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: involved

text: in

text: several

text: major

text: patent

text: lawsuits

text: spent

text: substantial

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: income

text: on

text: legal

text: bills

text: and

text: was

text: even

text: tried

text: and

text: acquitted

text: for

text: mail

text: fraud

text: His

text: most

text: famous

text: invention

text: in

text: was

text: the

text: three

text: element

text: Audion

text: triode

text: vacuum

text: tube

text: the

text: first

text: practical

text: amplification

text: device

text: Although

text: De

text: Forest

text: had

text: only

text: limited

text: understanding

text: of

text: how

text: it

text: worked

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: electronics

text: making

text: possible

text: radio

text: broadcasting

text: long

text: distance

text: telephone

text: lines

text: and

text: talking

text: motion

text: pictures

text: among

text: countless

text: other

text: applications

text: Phonofilm is an optical sound-on-film system developed by inventors Lee de Forest and Theodore Case in the 1920s.

text: Phonofilm

text: is

text: an

text: optical

text: sound

text: on

text: film

text: system

text: developed

text: by

text: inventors

text: Lee

text: de

text: Forest

text: and

text: Theodore

text: Case

text: in

text: the

text: Theodore Willard Case (December 12, 1888  May 13, 1944) was an American chemist, physicist and inventor known for the invention of the Movietone sound-on-film sound film system.

text: Theodore

text: Willard

text: Case

text: December

text: May

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: chemist

text: physicist

text: and

text: inventor

text: known

text: for

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: Movietone

text: sound

text: on

text: film

text: sound

text: film

text: system

text: Thomas Bentley ( 1880 -- 1950 ) was a British film director . He directed 68 films between 1912 and 1941 . He directed three films in the early DeForest Phonofilm sound - on - film process , The Man in the Street ( 1926 ) , The Antidote ( 1927 ) , and Acci - Dental Treatment ( 1928 ) . Bentley was born in London and originally trained as an engineer , but went on to become a vaudeville performer well known for impersonating the characters from the novels of Charles Dickens on stage . His directing career in silent films began in 1910 with his adaptations of a number of Dickens ' novels to film . After his retirement from directing in 1941 he became technical advisor to the British Film Council .

text: Thomas

text: Bentley

text: was

text: British

text: film

text: director

text: He

text: directed

text: films

text: between

text: and

text: He

text: directed

text: three

text: films

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: DeForest

text: Phonofilm

text: sound

text: on

text: film

text: process

text: The

text: Man

text: in

text: the

text: Street

text: The

text: Antidote

text: and

text: Acci

text: Dental

text: Treatment

text: Bentley

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: originally

text: trained

text: as

text: an

text: engineer

text: but

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: become

text: vaudeville

text: performer

text: well

text: known

text: for

text: impersonating

text: the

text: characters

text: from

text: the

text: novels

text: of

text: Charles

text: Dickens

text: on

text: stage

text: His

text: directing

text: career

text: in

text: silent

text: films

text: began

text: in

text: with

text: his

text: adaptations

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: Dickens

text: novels

text: to

text: film

text: After

text: his

text: retirement

text: from

text: directing

text: in

text: he

text: became

text: technical

text: advisor

text: to

text: the

text: British

text: Film

text: Council

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

question: date_of_birth thomas bentley

answer: 1888


text: Communication (from Latin "commnicre", meaning "to share") is the act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules.

text: Communication

text: from

text: Latin

text: commnicre

text: meaning

text: to

text: share

text: is

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: conveying

text: intended

text: meanings

text: from

text: one

text: entity

text: or

text: group

text: to

text: another

text: through

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: mutually

text: understood

text: signs

text: and

text: semiotic

text: rules

text: A radio station is a set of equipment necessary to carry on communication via radio waves. Generally, it is a receiver or transmitter, an antenna, and some smaller additional equipment necessary to operate them. Radio stations play a vital role in communication technology as they are heavily relied on to transfer data and information across the world.

text: radio

text: station

text: is

text: set

text: of

text: equipment

text: necessary

text: to

text: carry

text: on

text: communication

text: via

text: radio

text: waves

text: Generally

text: it

text: is

text: receiver

text: or

text: transmitter

text: an

text: antenna

text: and

text: some

text: smaller

text: additional

text: equipment

text: necessary

text: to

text: operate

text: them

text: Radio

text: stations

text: play

text: vital

text: role

text: in

text: communication

text: technology

text: as

text: they

text: are

text: heavily

text: relied

text: on

text: to

text: transfer

text: data

text: and

text: information

text: across

text: the

text: world

text: Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light. Radio waves have frequencies as high as 300 GHz to as low as 3 kHz, though some definitions describe waves above 1 or 3 GHz as microwaves, or include waves of any lower frequency. At 300 GHz, the corresponding wavelength is , and at 3 kHz is . Like all other electromagnetic waves, they travel at the speed of light. Naturally occurring radio waves are generated by lightning, or by astronomical objects.

text: Radio

text: waves

text: are

text: type

text: of

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: with

text: wavelengths

text: in

text: the

text: electromagnetic

text: spectrum

text: longer

text: than

text: infrared

text: light

text: Radio

text: waves

text: have

text: frequencies

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: GHz

text: to

text: as

text: low

text: as

text: kHz

text: though

text: some

text: definitions

text: describe

text: waves

text: above

text: or

text: GHz

text: as

text: microwaves

text: or

text: include

text: waves

text: of

text: any

text: lower

text: frequency

text: At

text: GHz

text: the

text: corresponding

text: wavelength

text: is

text: and

text: at

text: kHz

text: is

text: Like

text: all

text: other

text: electromagnetic

text: waves

text: they

text: travel

text: at

text: the

text: speed

text: of

text: light

text: Naturally

text: occurring

text: radio

text: waves

text: are

text: generated

text: by

text: lightning

text: or

text: by

text: astronomical

text: objects

text: Mechanicsburg is a borough in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States, west of Harrisburg. It is part of the HarrisburgCarlisle Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 8,981.

text: Mechanicsburg

text: is

text: borough

text: in

text: Cumberland

text: County

text: Pennsylvania

text: United

text: States

text: west

text: of

text: Harrisburg

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: HarrisburgCarlisle

text: Metropolitan

text: Statistical

text: Area

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: census

text: it

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: Messiah College is a private Christian college of the liberal arts and applied arts and sciences located in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. Messiah's mission is to "educate men and women toward maturity of intellect, character, and Christian faith in preparation for lives of service, leadership, and reconciliation in church and society."

text: Messiah

text: College

text: is

text: private

text: Christian

text: college

text: of

text: the

text: liberal

text: arts

text: and

text: applied

text: arts

text: and

text: sciences

text: located

text: in

text: Mechanicsburg

text: Pennsylvania

text: Messiah

text: 's

text: mission

text: is

text: to

text: educate

text: men

text: and

text: women

text: toward

text: maturity

text: of

text: intellect

text: character

text: and

text: Christian

text: faith

text: in

text: preparation

text: for

text: lives

text: of

text: service

text: leadership

text: and

text: reconciliation

text: in

text: church

text: and

text: society

text: WVMM is Messiah College 's student - operated radio station , located at 90.7 MHz FM . The station is known by its listeners as `` The Pulse '' . Messiah College had a radio station from 1970 - 1983 . On October 6 , 1989 , WVMM was resumed , this time as an over-the - air FM radio station . Prior to that , it was heard only on campus . WVMM now operates at 100 watts , and can be heard throughout the Harrisburg area .

text: WVMM

text: is

text: Messiah

text: College

text: 's

text: student

text: operated

text: radio

text: station

text: located

text: at

text: MHz

text: FM

text: The

text: station

text: is

text: known

text: by

text: its

text: listeners

text: as

text: The

text: Pulse

text: Messiah

text: College

text: had

text: radio

text: station

text: from

text: On

text: October

text: WVMM

text: was

text: resumed

text: this

text: time

text: as

text: an

text: over

text: the

text: air

text: FM

text: radio

text: station

text: Prior

text: to

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: heard

text: only

text: on

text: campus

text: WVMM

text: now

text: operates

text: at

text: watts

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: heard

text: throughout

text: the

text: Harrisburg

text: area

text: A Christian (or ) is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. "Christian" derives from the Koine Greek word "Christós" (), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term "mashiach".

text: Christian

text: or

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: follows

text: or

text: adheres

text: to

text: Christianity

text: an

text: Abrahamic

text: monotheistic

text: religion

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: life

text: and

text: teachings

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: Christian

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Koine

text: Greek

text: word

text: Christós

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: Biblical

text: Hebrew

text: term

text: mashiach

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity wvmm

answer: pennsylvania

text: pennsylvania

text: pennsylvania


text: Robert Hunter "Bobby" Caldwell (born August 15, 1951) is an American singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist who, despite a prolific musical output over his 30-year career, is still best known for his 1978 hit single "What You Won't Do for Love".

text: Robert

text: Hunter

text: Bobby

text: Caldwell

text: born

text: August

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: and

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: who

text: despite

text: prolific

text: musical

text: output

text: over

text: his

text: career

text: is

text: still

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: hit

text: single

text: What

text: You

text: Wo

text: n't

text: Do

text: for

text: Love

text: Roderic Evans (born 19 January 1947) is an English former singer. In the late 1960s he began his professional career in The Maze, formerly MI5, after which he was a member of the original Deep Purple line-up who produced three studio albums with a more progressive and pop driven sound. After recording a solo single, he was a member of the original Captain Beyond line-up, who produced two studio albums. After a legal struggle with Deep Purple in 1980, Evans turned reclusive and disappeared from public life.

text: Roderic

text: Evans

text: born

text: January

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: former

text: singer

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: he

text: began

text: his

text: professional

text: career

text: in

text: The

text: Maze

text: formerly

text: after

text: which

text: he

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: Deep

text: Purple

text: line

text: up

text: who

text: produced

text: three

text: studio

text: albums

text: with

text: more

text: progressive

text: and

text: pop

text: driven

text: sound

text: After

text: recording

text: solo

text: single

text: he

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: Captain

text: Beyond

text: line

text: up

text: who

text: produced

text: two

text: studio

text: albums

text: After

text: legal

text: struggle

text: with

text: Deep

text: Purple

text: in

text: Evans

text: turned

text: reclusive

text: and

text: disappeared

text: from

text: public

text: life

text: Captain Beyond is an American/British rock band formed in Los Angeles, California in 1971.

text: Captain

text: Beyond

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: British

text: rock

text: band

text: formed

text: in

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: California

text: in

text: Deep Purple are an English rock band formed in Hertford in 1968. They are considered to be among the pioneers of heavy metal and modern hard rock, although their musical approach changed over the years. Originally formed as a progressive rock band, the band shifted to a heavier sound in 1970. Deep Purple, together with Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath, have been referred to as the "unholy trinity of British hard rock and heavy metal in the early to mid-seventies". They were listed in the 1975 "Guinness Book of World Records" as "the globe's loudest band" for a 1972 concert at London's Rainbow Theatre, and have sold over 100 million albums worldwide.

text: Deep

text: Purple

text: are

text: an

text: English

text: rock

text: band

text: formed

text: in

text: Hertford

text: in

text: They

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: among

text: the

text: pioneers

text: of

text: heavy

text: metal

text: and

text: modern

text: hard

text: rock

text: although

text: their

text: musical

text: approach

text: changed

text: over

text: the

text: years

text: Originally

text: formed

text: as

text: progressive

text: rock

text: band

text: the

text: band

text: shifted

text: to

text: heavier

text: sound

text: in

text: Deep

text: Purple

text: together

text: with

text: Led

text: Zeppelin

text: and

text: Black

text: Sabbath

text: have

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: unholy

text: trinity

text: of

text: British

text: hard

text: rock

text: and

text: heavy

text: metal

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: to

text: mid

text: seventies

text: They

text: were

text: listed

text: in

text: the

text: Guinness

text: Book

text: of

text: World

text: Records

text: as

text: the

text: globe

text: 's

text: loudest

text: band

text: for

text: concert

text: at

text: London

text: 's

text: Rainbow

text: Theatre

text: and

text: have

text: sold

text: over

text: million

text: albums

text: worldwide

text: Dawn Explosion , the third and final album by Captain Beyond , was released in 1977 . Original singer Rod Evans was replaced by Willy Daffern , and original drummer Bobby Caldwell had rejoined the band .

text: Dawn

text: Explosion

text: the

text: third

text: and

text: final

text: album

text: by

text: Captain

text: Beyond

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: Original

text: singer

text: Rod

text: Evans

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: Willy

text: Daffern

text: and

text: original

text: drummer

text: Bobby

text: Caldwell

text: had

text: rejoined

text: the

text: band

annotations: likely multiple

question: genre dawn explosion

answer: progressive rock

text: progressive rock