text: Donny Edward Hathaway (October 1, 1945  January 13, 1979) was an American jazz, blues, soul and gospel singer, songwriter, arranger and pianist. Hathaway signed with Atlantic Records in 1969 and with his first single for the Atco label, "The Ghetto", in early 1970, "Rolling Stone" magazine "marked him as a major new force in soul music." His enduring songs include "The Ghetto", "This Christmas", "Someday We'll All Be Free", "Little Ghetto Boy", "I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know", signature versions of "A Song for You" and "For All We Know", and "Where Is the Love" and "The Closer I Get to You", two of many collaborations with Roberta Flack. "Where Is the Love" won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals in 1973. At the height of his career Hathaway was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and was known to not take his prescribed medication regularly enough to properly control his symptoms. On January 13, 1979, Hathaway's body was found outside the luxury hotel Essex House in New York City; his death was ruled a suicide.

text: Donny

text: Edward

text: Hathaway

text: October

text: January

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: jazz

text: blues

text: soul

text: and

text: gospel

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: arranger

text: and

text: pianist

text: Hathaway

text: signed

text: with

text: Atlantic

text: Records

text: in

text: and

text: with

text: his

text: first

text: single

text: for

text: the

text: Atco

text: label

text: The

text: Ghetto

text: in

text: early

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: magazine

text: marked

text: him

text: as

text: major

text: new

text: force

text: in

text: soul

text: music

text: His

text: enduring

text: songs

text: include

text: The

text: Ghetto

text: This

text: Christmas

text: Someday

text: We

text: 'll

text: All

text: Be

text: Free

text: Little

text: Ghetto

text: Boy

text: Love

text: You

text: More

text: Than

text: You

text: 'll

text: Ever

text: Know

text: signature

text: versions

text: of

text: Song

text: for

text: You

text: and

text: For

text: All

text: We

text: Know

text: and

text: Where

text: Is

text: the

text: Love

text: and

text: The

text: Closer

text: Get

text: to

text: You

text: two

text: of

text: many

text: collaborations

text: with

text: Roberta

text: Flack

text: Where

text: Is

text: the

text: Love

text: won

text: the

text: Grammy

text: Award

text: for

text: Best

text: Pop

text: Performance

text: by

text: Duo

text: or

text: Group

text: with

text: Vocals

text: in

text: At

text: the

text: height

text: of

text: his

text: career

text: Hathaway

text: was

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: paranoid

text: schizophrenia

text: and

text: was

text: known

text: to

text: not

text: take

text: his

text: prescribed

text: medication

text: regularly

text: enough

text: to

text: properly

text: control

text: his

text: symptoms

text: On

text: January

text: Hathaway

text: 's

text: body

text: was

text: found

text: outside

text: the

text: luxury

text: hotel

text: Essex

text: House

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: his

text: death

text: was

text: ruled

text: suicide

text: The harmonica, also known as a French harp or mouth organ, is a free reed wind instrument used worldwide in many musical genres, notably in blues, American folk music, classical music, jazz, country, and rock and roll. There are many types of harmonica, including diatonic, chromatic, tremolo, octave, orchestral, and bass versions. A harmonica is played by using the mouth (lips and tongue) to direct air into or out of one or more holes along a mouthpiece. Behind each hole is a chamber containing at least one reed. A harmonica reed is a flat elongated spring typically made of brass, stainless steel, or bronze, which is secured at one end over a slot that serves as an airway. When the free end is made to vibrate by the player's air, it alternately blocks and unblocks the airway to produce sound.

text: The

text: harmonica

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: French

text: harp

text: or

text: mouth

text: organ

text: is

text: free

text: reed

text: wind

text: instrument

text: used

text: worldwide

text: in

text: many

text: musical

text: genres

text: notably

text: in

text: blues

text: American

text: folk

text: music

text: classical

text: music

text: jazz

text: country

text: and

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: types

text: of

text: harmonica

text: including

text: diatonic

text: chromatic

text: tremolo

text: octave

text: orchestral

text: and

text: bass

text: versions

text: harmonica

text: is

text: played

text: by

text: using

text: the

text: mouth

text: lips

text: and

text: tongue

text: to

text: direct

text: air

text: into

text: or

text: out

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: holes

text: along

text: mouthpiece

text: Behind

text: each

text: hole

text: is

text: chamber

text: containing

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: reed

text: harmonica

text: reed

text: is

text: flat

text: elongated

text: spring

text: typically

text: made

text: of

text: brass

text: stainless

text: steel

text: or

text: bronze

text: which

text: is

text: secured

text: at

text: one

text: end

text: over

text: slot

text: that

text: serves

text: as

text: an

text: airway

text: When

text: the

text: free

text: end

text: is

text: made

text: to

text: vibrate

text: by

text: the

text: player

text: 's

text: air

text: it

text: alternately

text: blocks

text: and

text: unblocks

text: the

text: airway

text: to

text: produce

text: sound

text: Rahsaan Roland Kirk (August 7, 1935  December 5, 1977) was an American jazz multi-instrumentalist who played tenor saxophone, flute, and many other instruments. He was renowned for his onstage vitality, during which virtuoso improvisation was accompanied by comic banter, political ranting, and the ability to play several instruments simultaneously.

text: Rahsaan

text: Roland

text: Kirk

text: August

text: December

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: jazz

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: who

text: played

text: tenor

text: saxophone

text: flute

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: instruments

text: He

text: was

text: renowned

text: for

text: his

text: onstage

text: vitality

text: during

text: which

text: virtuoso

text: improvisation

text: was

text: accompanied

text: by

text: comic

text: banter

text: political

text: ranting

text: and

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: play

text: several

text: instruments

text: simultaneously

text: Afro-Cuban jazz is the earliest form of Latin jazz. It mixes Afro-Cuban clave-based rhythms with jazz harmonies and techniques of improvisation. Afro-Cuban jazz first emerged in the early 1940s with the Cuban musicians Mario Bauza and Frank Grillo "Machito" in the band Machito and his Afro-Cubans, based in New York City. In 1947 the collaborations of bebop innovator Dizzy Gillespie with Cuban percussionist Chano Pozo brought Afro-Cuban rhythms and instruments, most notably the tumbadora and the bongo, into the East Coast jazz scene. Early combinations of jazz with Cuban music, such as Dizzy's and Pozo's "Manteca" and Charlie Parker's and Machito's "Mangó Mangüé", were commonly referred to as "Cubop", short for Cuban bebop. During its first decades, the Afro-Cuban jazz movement was stronger in the United States than in Cuba itself. In the early 1970s, the Orquesta Cubana de Música Moderna and later Irakere brought Afro-Cuban jazz into the Cuban music scene, influencing new styles such as songo.

text: Afro

text: Cuban

text: jazz

text: is

text: the

text: earliest

text: form

text: of

text: Latin

text: jazz

text: It

text: mixes

text: Afro

text: Cuban

text: clave

text: based

text: rhythms

text: with

text: jazz

text: harmonies

text: and

text: techniques

text: of

text: improvisation

text: Afro

text: Cuban

text: jazz

text: first

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: with

text: the

text: Cuban

text: musicians

text: Mario

text: Bauza

text: and

text: Frank

text: Grillo

text: Machito

text: in

text: the

text: band

text: Machito

text: and

text: his

text: Afro

text: Cubans

text: based

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: In

text: the

text: collaborations

text: of

text: bebop

text: innovator

text: Dizzy

text: Gillespie

text: with

text: Cuban

text: percussionist

text: Chano

text: Pozo

text: brought

text: Afro

text: Cuban

text: rhythms

text: and

text: instruments

text: most

text: notably

text: the

text: tumbadora

text: and

text: the

text: bongo

text: into

text: the

text: East

text: Coast

text: jazz

text: scene

text: Early

text: combinations

text: of

text: jazz

text: with

text: Cuban

text: music

text: such

text: as

text: Dizzy

text: 's

text: and

text: Pozo

text: 's

text: Manteca

text: and

text: Charlie

text: Parker

text: 's

text: and

text: Machito

text: 's

text: Mangó

text: Mangüé

text: were

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Cubop

text: short

text: for

text: Cuban

text: bebop

text: During

text: its

text: first

text: decades

text: the

text: Afro

text: Cuban

text: jazz

text: movement

text: was

text: stronger

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: than

text: in

text: Cuba

text: itself

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: the

text: Orquesta

text: Cubana

text: de

text: Música

text: Moderna

text: and

text: later

text: Irakere

text: brought

text: Afro

text: Cuban

text: jazz

text: into

text: the

text: Cuban

text: music

text: scene

text: influencing

text: new

text: styles

text: such

text: as

text: songo

text: Cornell Luther Dupree (December 19, 1942  May 8, 2011) was an American jazz and R&B guitarist. He worked at various times with Bill Withers, Donny Hathaway, King Curtis and Steve Gadd, appeared on David Letterman, and wrote a book on soul and blues guitar: "Rhythm and Blues Guitar." He reportedly recorded on 2,500 sessions.

text: Cornell

text: Luther

text: Dupree

text: December

text: May

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: jazz

text: and

text: R&B

text: guitarist

text: He

text: worked

text: at

text: various

text: times

text: with

text: Bill

text: Withers

text: Donny

text: Hathaway

text: King

text: Curtis

text: and

text: Steve

text: Gadd

text: appeared

text: on

text: David

text: Letterman

text: and

text: wrote

text: book

text: on

text: soul

text: and

text: blues

text: guitar

text: Rhythm

text: and

text: Blues

text: Guitar

text: He

text: reportedly

text: recorded

text: on

text: sessions

text: Bebop or bop is a style of jazz developed in the early to mid-1940s in the United States, which features songs characterized by a fast tempo, complex chord progressions with rapid chord changes and numerous changes of key, instrumental virtuosity, and improvisation based on a combination of harmonic structure, the use of scales and occasional references to the melody.

text: Bebop

text: or

text: bop

text: is

text: style

text: of

text: jazz

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: to

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: which

text: features

text: songs

text: characterized

text: by

text: fast

text: tempo

text: complex

text: chord

text: progressions

text: with

text: rapid

text: chord

text: changes

text: and

text: numerous

text: changes

text: of

text: key

text: instrumental

text: virtuosity

text: and

text: improvisation

text: based

text: on

text: combination

text: of

text: harmonic

text: structure

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: scales

text: and

text: occasional

text: references

text: to

text: the

text: melody

text: A multi-instrumentalist is a musician who plays two or more musical instruments at a professional level. Multi-instrumentalists who play closely related instruments, a practice known as doubling are common in orchestra (e.g., flute players who double on piccolo and percussion players, who play snare drum, cymbals, bass drum, etc.), in jazz (e.g., saxophone players who double on clarinet or flute; or double bass players who also play electric bass); in music theatre pit orchestras (e.g., reed players who are required to play numerous reed instruments); and in other areas of classical music (e.g., church piano players are often expected to play the church's pipe organ or Hammond organ as well). Popular music composers and songwriters are often multi-instrumentalists. In pop and rock, it is more common than in classical or jazz for performers to be multi-instrumentalists on instruments that are not from the same family: it is common for pop and rock musicians to play both guitar and keyboards. Many bluegrass musicians are multi-instrumentalists. Some musicians' unions or associations specify a higher rate of pay for musicians who double on two or more instruments for a performance or recording.

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: is

text: musician

text: who

text: plays

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: musical

text: instruments

text: at

text: professional

text: level

text: Multi

text: instrumentalists

text: who

text: play

text: closely

text: related

text: instruments

text: practice

text: known

text: as

text: doubling

text: are

text: common

text: in

text: orchestra

text: e.g.

text: flute

text: players

text: who

text: double

text: on

text: piccolo

text: and

text: percussion

text: players

text: who

text: play

text: snare

text: drum

text: cymbals

text: bass

text: drum

text: etc

text: in

text: jazz

text: e.g.

text: saxophone

text: players

text: who

text: double

text: on

text: clarinet

text: or

text: flute

text: or

text: double

text: bass

text: players

text: who

text: also

text: play

text: electric

text: bass

text: in

text: music

text: theatre

text: pit

text: orchestras

text: e.g.

text: reed

text: players

text: who

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: play

text: numerous

text: reed

text: instruments

text: and

text: in

text: other

text: areas

text: of

text: classical

text: music

text: e.g.

text: church

text: piano

text: players

text: are

text: often

text: expected

text: to

text: play

text: the

text: church

text: 's

text: pipe

text: organ

text: or

text: Hammond

text: organ

text: as

text: well

text: Popular

text: music

text: composers

text: and

text: songwriters

text: are

text: often

text: multi

text: instrumentalists

text: In

text: pop

text: and

text: rock

text: it

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: than

text: in

text: classical

text: or

text: jazz

text: for

text: performers

text: to

text: be

text: multi

text: instrumentalists

text: on

text: instruments

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: family

text: it

text: is

text: common

text: for

text: pop

text: and

text: rock

text: musicians

text: to

text: play

text: both

text: guitar

text: and

text: keyboards

text: Many

text: bluegrass

text: musicians

text: are

text: multi

text: instrumentalists

text: Some

text: musicians

text: unions

text: or

text: associations

text: specify

text: higher

text: rate

text: of

text: pay

text: for

text: musicians

text: who

text: double

text: on

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: instruments

text: for

text: performance

text: or

text: recording

text: Hilton Ruiz (May 29, 1952  June 6, 2006) was an American jazz pianist in the Afro-Cuban jazz mold, but was also a talented bebop player. He was of Puerto Rican descent.

text: Hilton

text: Ruiz

text: May

text: June

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: jazz

text: pianist

text: in

text: the

text: Afro

text: Cuban

text: jazz

text: mold

text: but

text: was

text: also

text: talented

text: bebop

text: player

text: He

text: was

text: of

text: Puerto

text: Rican

text: descent

text: The LP (from "long playing" or "long play") is an analog sound storage medium, a vinyl record format characterized by a speed of rpm, a 12 or 10 inch (30 or 25 cm) diameter, and use of the "microgroove" groove specification. Introduced by Columbia in 1948, it was soon adopted as a new standard by the entire record industry. Apart from a few relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound, it has remained the standard format for vinyl albums.

text: The

text: LP

text: from

text: long

text: playing

text: or

text: long

text: play

text: is

text: an

text: analog

text: sound

text: storage

text: medium

text: vinyl

text: record

text: format

text: characterized

text: by

text: speed

text: of

text: rpm

text: or

text: inch

text: or

text: cm

text: diameter

text: and

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: microgroove

text: groove

text: specification

text: Introduced

text: by

text: Columbia

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: soon

text: adopted

text: as

text: new

text: standard

text: by

text: the

text: entire

text: record

text: industry

text: Apart

text: from

text: few

text: relatively

text: minor

text: refinements

text: and

text: the

text: important

text: later

text: addition

text: of

text: stereophonic

text: sound

text: it

text: has

text: remained

text: the

text: standard

text: format

text: for

text: vinyl

text: albums

text:
Session musicians, also called studio musicians, are professional instrumental performers who can be hired to play at live performances or in recording sessions. Many session musicians specialize in playing rhythm section instruments such as electric guitar, piano, electric bass, double bass, or drum kit. Some session musicians "double" on multiple instruments, such as electric bass and double bass or keyboards and guitar, a skill that enables them to play in a wider range of musical styles. Usually such musicians are not permanent members of a musical ensemble with the singers/soloists that they are accompanying and they often do not achieve individual fame in their own right as soloists or bandleaders. However, some backing bands of session musicians have become well known (e.g., The Wrecking Crew).
Skills and equipment.
The term is applied to performers working in many musical styles, ranging from rock, R&B and soul music to country music. Versatility and excellent technique (having strong rhythmic sense, playing notes and chords correctly, excellent intonation, etc.) are two of the most important skills of session musicians, as they may have to perform songs, tunes and pieces from a range of different styles in a range of different settings, often with little or no rehearsal time or personal practice time. As well,session musicians have an extensive knowledge of musical styles and idioms.

text: Session

text: musicians

text: also

text: called

text: studio

text: musicians

text: are

text: professional

text: instrumental

text: performers

text: who

text: can

text: be

text: hired

text: to

text: play

text: at

text: live

text: performances

text: or

text: in

text: recording

text: sessions

text: Many

text: session

text: musicians

text: specialize

text: in

text: playing

text: rhythm

text: section

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: electric

text: guitar

text: piano

text: electric

text: bass

text: double

text: bass

text: or

text: drum

text: kit

text: Some

text: session

text: musicians

text: double

text: on

text: multiple

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: electric

text: bass

text: and

text: double

text: bass

text: or

text: keyboards

text: and

text: guitar

text: skill

text: that

text: enables

text: them

text: to

text: play

text: in

text: wider

text: range

text: of

text: musical

text: styles

text: Usually

text: such

text: musicians

text: are

text: not

text: permanent

text: members

text: of

text: musical

text: ensemble

text: with

text: the

text: singers

text: soloists

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: accompanying

text: and

text: they

text: often

text: do

text: not

text: achieve

text: individual

text: fame

text: in

text: their

text: own

text: right

text: as

text: soloists

text: or

text: bandleaders

text: However

text: some

text: backing

text: bands

text: of

text: session

text: musicians

text: have

text: become

text: well

text: known

text: e.g.

text: The

text: Wrecking

text: Crew

text: Skills

text: and

text: equipment

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: applied

text: to

text: performers

text: working

text: in

text: many

text: musical

text: styles

text: ranging

text: from

text: rock

text: R&B

text: and

text: soul

text: music

text: to

text: country

text: music

text: Versatility

text: and

text: excellent

text: technique

text: having

text: strong

text: rhythmic

text: sense

text: playing

text: notes

text: and

text: chords

text: correctly

text: excellent

text: intonation

text: etc

text: are

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: skills

text: of

text: session

text: musicians

text: as

text: they

text: may

text: have

text: to

text: perform

text: songs

text: tunes

text: and

text: pieces

text: from

text: range

text: of

text: different

text: styles

text: in

text: range

text: of

text: different

text: settings

text: often

text: with

text: little

text: or

text: no

text: rehearsal

text: time

text: or

text: personal

text: practice

text: time

text: As

text: well

text: session

text: musicians

text: have

text: an

text: extensive

text: knowledge

text: of

text: musical

text: styles

text: and

text: idioms

text: Al Di Meola (born Al Laurence Dimeola; July 22, 1954 in Jersey City, New Jersey) is an American jazz fusion and Latin jazz guitarist, composer, and record producer of Italian origin (from Cerreto Sannita). Albums such as "Friday Night in San Francisco" have earned him both artistic and commercial success with a solid fan base throughout the world.

text: Al

text: Di

text: Meola

text: born

text: Al

text: Laurence

text: Dimeola

text: July

text: in

text: Jersey

text: City

text: New

text: Jersey

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: jazz

text: fusion

text: and

text: Latin

text: jazz

text: guitarist

text: composer

text: and

text: record

text: producer

text: of

text: Italian

text: origin

text: from

text: Cerreto

text: Sannita

text: Albums

text: such

text: as

text: Friday

text: Night

text: in

text: San

text: Francisco

text: have

text: earned

text: him

text: both

text: artistic

text: and

text: commercial

text: success

text: with

text: solid

text: fan

text: base

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Paul Simon. It was the second single from his fourth studio album, "Still Crazy After All These Years" (1975), released on Columbia Records. Backing vocals on the single were performed by Patti Austin, Valerie Simpson, and Phoebe Snow. The song features a recognizable repeated drum riff performed by drummer Steve Gadd.

text: Ways

text: to

text: Leave

text: Your

text: Lover

text: is

text: song

text: by

text: the

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: Paul

text: Simon

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: single

text: from

text: his

text: fourth

text: studio

text: album

text: Still

text: Crazy

text: After

text: All

text: These

text: Years

text: released

text: on

text: Columbia

text: Records

text: Backing

text: vocals

text: on

text: the

text: single

text: were

text: performed

text: by

text: Patti

text: Austin

text: Valerie

text: Simpson

text: and

text: Phoebe

text: Snow

text: The

text: song

text: features

text: recognizable

text: repeated

text: drum

text: riff

text: performed

text: by

text: drummer

text: Steve

text: Gadd

text: In the field of recorded music, a hidden track (sometimes called a secret track or ghost track) is a piece of music that has been placed on a CD, audio cassette, LP record or other recorded medium in such a way as to avoid detection by the casual listener. In some cases, the piece of music may simply have been left off the track listing, while in other cases more elaborate methods are used. In rare cases a "hidden track" is actually the result of an error that occurred during the mastering stage of the record's production.

text: In

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: recorded

text: music

text: hidden

text: track

text: sometimes

text: called

text: secret

text: track

text: or

text: ghost

text: track

text: is

text: piece

text: of

text: music

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: placed

text: on

text: CD

text: audio

text: cassette

text: LP

text: record

text: or

text: other

text: recorded

text: medium

text: in

text: such

text: way

text: as

text: to

text: avoid

text: detection

text: by

text: the

text: casual

text: listener

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: the

text: piece

text: of

text: music

text: may

text: simply

text: have

text: been

text: left

text: off

text: the

text: track

text: listing

text: while

text: in

text: other

text: cases

text: more

text: elaborate

text: methods

text: are

text: used

text: In

text: rare

text: cases

text: hidden

text: track

text: is

text: actually

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: an

text: error

text: that

text: occurred

text: during

text: the

text: mastering

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: record

text: 's

text: production

text: A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performer's music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process. The roles of a producer vary. He or she may gather musical ideas for the project, collaborate with the artists to select cover tunes or original songs by the artist/group, work with artists and help them to improve their songs, lyrics or arrangements.

text: record

text: producer

text: or

text: music

text: producer

text: oversees

text: and

text: manages

text: the

text: sound

text: recording

text: and

text: production

text: of

text: band

text: or

text: performer

text: 's

text: music

text: which

text: may

text: range

text: from

text: recording

text: one

text: song

text: to

text: recording

text: lengthy

text: concept

text: album

text: producer

text: has

text: many

text: roles

text: during

text: the

text: recording

text: process

text: The

text: roles

text: of

text: producer

text: vary

text: He

text: or

text: she

text: may

text: gather

text: musical

text: ideas

text: for

text: the

text: project

text: collaborate

text: with

text: the

text: artists

text: to

text: select

text: cover

text: tunes

text: or

text: original

text: songs

text: by

text: the

text: artist

text: group

text: work

text: with

text: artists

text: and

text: help

text: them

text: to

text: improve

text: their

text: songs

text: lyrics

text: or

text: arrangements

text:
Grover Washington Jr. (December 12, 1943  December 17, 1999) was an American jazz-funk / soul-jazz saxophonist. Along with George Benson, John Klemmer, David Sanborn, Bob James, Chuck Mangione, Dave Grusin, Herb Alpert, and Spyro Gyra, he is considered by many to be one of the founders of the smooth jazz genre.
He wrote some of his material and later became an arranger and producer.

text: Grover

text: Washington

text: Jr.

text: December

text: December

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: jazz

text: funk

text: soul

text: jazz

text: saxophonist

text: Along

text: with

text: George

text: Benson

text: John

text: Klemmer

text: David

text: Sanborn

text: Bob

text: James

text: Chuck

text: Mangione

text: Dave

text: Grusin

text: Herb

text: Alpert

text: and

text: Spyro

text: Gyra

text: he

text: is

text: considered

text: by

text: many

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: founders

text: of

text: the

text: smooth

text: jazz

text: genre

text: He

text: wrote

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: material

text: and

text: later

text: became

text: an

text: arranger

text: and

text: producer

text: Hugh C. McCracken (March 31, 1942  March 28, 2013) was an American rock guitarist and session musician based in New York City, primarily known for his performance on guitar and also as a harmonica player. McCracken was additionally an arranger and producer.

text: Hugh

text: McCracken

text: March

text: March

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: rock

text: guitarist

text: and

text: session

text: musician

text: based

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: primarily

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: performance

text: on

text: guitar

text: and

text: also

text: as

text: harmonica

text: player

text: McCracken

text: was

text: additionally

text: an

text: arranger

text: and

text: producer

text: Ralph MacDonald (March 15, 1944  December 18, 2011) was a Trinbagonian-American percussionist, song-writer, musical arranger, record producer, steelpan virtuoso and philanthropist.

text: Ralph

text: MacDonald

text: March

text: December

text: was

text: Trinbagonian

text: American

text: percussionist

text: song

text: writer

text: musical

text: arranger

text: record

text: producer

text: steelpan

text: virtuoso

text: and

text: philanthropist

text: Stephen Kendall "Steve" Gadd (born April 9, 1945) is an American drummer, percussionist and session musician. Gadd is one of the most well-known and highly regarded session and studio drummers in the industry, recognized by his induction into the "Modern Drummer" Hall of Fame in 1984. Gadd's groove on Paul Simon's "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover", and drum solo on Steely Dan's "Aja", are both examples of his seminal sound and signature style. He has worked with popular musicians from a wide range of genres including notably Simon & Garfunkel, Steely Dan, James Taylor, Eric Clapton, Joe Cocker, Grover Washington Jr., Chick Corea, Lee Ritenour and Al Di Meola.

text: Stephen

text: Kendall

text: Steve

text: Gadd

text: born

text: April

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: drummer

text: percussionist

text: and

text: session

text: musician

text: Gadd

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: well

text: known

text: and

text: highly

text: regarded

text: session

text: and

text: studio

text: drummers

text: in

text: the

text: industry

text: recognized

text: by

text: his

text: induction

text: into

text: the

text: Modern

text: Drummer

text: Hall

text: of

text: Fame

text: in

text: Gadd

text: 's

text: groove

text: on

text: Paul

text: Simon

text: 's

text: Ways

text: to

text: Leave

text: Your

text: Lover

text: and

text: drum

text: solo

text: on

text: Steely

text: Dan

text: 's

text: Aja

text: are

text: both

text: examples

text: of

text: his

text: seminal

text: sound

text: and

text: signature

text: style

text: He

text: has

text: worked

text: with

text: popular

text: musicians

text: from

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: genres

text: including

text: notably

text: Simon

text: Garfunkel

text: Steely

text: Dan

text: James

text: Taylor

text: Eric

text: Clapton

text: Joe

text: Cocker

text: Grover

text: Washington

text: Jr.

text: Chick

text: Corea

text: Lee

text: Ritenour

text: and

text: Al

text: Di

text: Meola

text: Steely Dan is an American jazz rock band whose music also blends elements of funk, R&B, and pop. Founded by core members Walter Becker and Donald Fagen in 1972, the band enjoyed great critical and commercial success starting from the early 1970s until breaking up in 1981. "Rolling Stone" has called them "the perfect musical antiheroes for the Seventies". Steely Dan reunited in 1993 and has toured steadily ever since.

text: Steely

text: Dan

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: jazz

text: rock

text: band

text: whose

text: music

text: also

text: blends

text: elements

text: of

text: funk

text: R&B

text: and

text: pop

text: Founded

text: by

text: core

text: members

text: Walter

text: Becker

text: and

text: Donald

text: Fagen

text: in

text: the

text: band

text: enjoyed

text: great

text: critical

text: and

text: commercial

text: success

text: starting

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: until

text: breaking

text: up

text: in

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: has

text: called

text: them

text: the

text: perfect

text: musical

text: antiheroes

text: for

text: the

text: Seventies

text: Steely

text: Dan

text: reunited

text: in

text: and

text: has

text: toured

text: steadily

text: ever

text: since

text: Eric Patrick Clapton, (born 1945), is an English rock and blues guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist and separately as a member of the Yardbirds and Cream. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time. Clapton ranked second in "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" and fourth in Gibson's "Top 50 Guitarists of All Time". He was also named number five in "Time" magazine's list of "The 10 Best Electric Guitar Players" in 2009.

text: Eric

text: Patrick

text: Clapton

text: born

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: rock

text: and

text: blues

text: guitarist

text: singer

text: and

text: songwriter

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: three

text: time

text: inductee

text: to

text: the

text: Rock

text: and

text: Roll

text: Hall

text: of

text: Fame

text: once

text: as

text: solo

text: artist

text: and

text: separately

text: as

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Yardbirds

text: and

text: Cream

text: Clapton

text: has

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: and

text: influential

text: guitarists

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: Clapton

text: ranked

text: second

text: in

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: magazine

text: 's

text: list

text: of

text: the

text: Greatest

text: Guitarists

text: of

text: All

text: Time

text: and

text: fourth

text: in

text: Gibson

text: 's

text: Top

text: Guitarists

text: of

text: All

text: Time

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: named

text: number

text: five

text: in

text: Time

text: magazine

text: 's

text: list

text: of

text: The

text: Best

text: Electric

text: Guitar

text: Players

text: in

text: The Case of the 3 Sided Dream in Audio Color is an album by jazz multi-instrumentalist Rahsaan Roland Kirk originally released as a double LP , with side 4 appearing blank - although side 4 did have a hidden track , the contents of which are released as track # 20 on the CD rerelease . It features performances by Kirk with Pat Patrick , Hilton Ruiz , Richard Tee , Arthur Jenkins , Cornell Dupree , Keith Loving , Hugh McCracken , Francisco Centeno , Metathias Pearson , Bill Salter , Sonny Brown , Steve Gadd , John Goldsmith , Lawrence Killian , Ralph MacDonald and arrangements by William Eaton .

text: The

text: Case

text: of

text: the

text: Sided

text: Dream

text: in

text: Audio

text: Color

text: is

text: an

text: album

text: by

text: jazz

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: Rahsaan

text: Roland

text: Kirk

text: originally

text: released

text: as

text: double

text: LP

text: with

text: side

text: appearing

text: blank

text: although

text: side

text: did

text: have

text: hidden

text: track

text: the

text: contents

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: released

text: as

text: track

text: on

text: the

text: CD

text: rerelease

text: It

text: features

text: performances

text: by

text: Kirk

text: with

text: Pat

text: Patrick

text: Hilton

text: Ruiz

text: Richard

text: Tee

text: Arthur

text: Jenkins

text: Cornell

text: Dupree

text: Keith

text: Loving

text: Hugh

text: McCracken

text: Francisco

text: Centeno

text: Metathias

text: Pearson

text: Bill

text: Salter

text: Sonny

text: Brown

text: Steve

text: Gadd

text: John

text: Goldsmith

text: Lawrence

text: Killian

text: Ralph

text: MacDonald

text: and

text: arrangements

text: by

text: William

text: Eaton

text: A virtuoso (from Italian "virtuoso" or , "virtuous", Late Latin "virtuosus", Latin "virtus", "virtue", "excellence", "skill", or "manliness") is an individual who possesses outstanding technical ability in a particular art or field such as fine arts, music, singing, playing a musical instrument, or composition. This word also refers to a person who has cultivated appreciation of artistic excellence, either as a connoisseur or collector. Virtuoso's plural form is either virtuosi or the Anglicisation, virtuosos, and the feminine forms are virtuosa and virtuose.

text: virtuoso

text: from

text: Italian

text: virtuoso

text: or

text: virtuous

text: Late

text: Latin

text: virtuosus

text: Latin

text: virtus

text: virtue

text: excellence

text: skill

text: or

text: manliness

text: is

text: an

text: individual

text: who

text: possesses

text: outstanding

text: technical

text: ability

text: in

text: particular

text: art

text: or

text: field

text: such

text: as

text: fine

text: arts

text: music

text: singing

text: playing

text: musical

text: instrument

text: or

text: composition

text: This

text: word

text: also

text: refers

text: to

text: person

text: who

text: has

text: cultivated

text: appreciation

text: of

text: artistic

text: excellence

text: either

text: as

text: connoisseur

text: or

text: collector

text: Virtuoso

text: 's

text: plural

text: form

text: is

text: either

text: virtuosi

text: or

text: the

text: Anglicisation

text: virtuosos

text: and

text: the

text: feminine

text: forms

text: are

text: virtuosa

text: and

text: virtuose

text: Curtis Ousley (February 7, 1934  August 13, 1971), who performed under the stage name King Curtis, was an American saxophone virtuoso known for rhythm and blues, rock and roll, soul, blues, funk and soul jazz. Variously a bandleader, band member, and session musician, he was also a musical director and record producer. Adept at tenor, alto, and soprano saxophone, he was best known for his distinctive riffs and solos such as on "Yakety Yak", which later became the inspiration for Boots Randolph's "Yakety Sax" and his own "Memphis Soul Stew".

text: Curtis

text: Ousley

text: February

text: August

text: who

text: performed

text: under

text: the

text: stage

text: name

text: King

text: Curtis

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: saxophone

text: virtuoso

text: known

text: for

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: soul

text: blues

text: funk

text: and

text: soul

text: jazz

text: Variously

text: bandleader

text: band

text: member

text: and

text: session

text: musician

text: he

text: was

text: also

text: musical

text: director

text: and

text: record

text: producer

text: Adept

text: at

text: tenor

text: alto

text: and

text: soprano

text: saxophone

text: he

text: was

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: distinctive

text: riffs

text: and

text: solos

text: such

text: as

text: on

text: Yakety

text: Yak

text: which

text: later

text: became

text: the

text: inspiration

text: for

text: Boots

text: Randolph

text: 's

text: Yakety

text: Sax

text: and

text: his

text: own

text: Memphis

text: Soul

text: Stew

question: record_label the case of the 3 sided dream in audio color

answer: atlantic records

text: atlantic records


text: Constantinople  was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (3301204 and 12611453), and also of the brief Latin (12041261), and the later Ottoman (14531923) empires. It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330 AD.

text: Constantinople

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: and

text: also

text: of

text: the

text: brief

text: Latin

text: and

text: the

text: later

text: Ottoman

text: empires

text: It

text: was

text: reinaugurated

text: in

text: AD

text: from

text: ancient

text: Byzantium

text: as

text: the

text: new

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: by

text: Emperor

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: after

text: whom

text: it

text: was

text: named

text: and

text: dedicated

text: on

text: May

text: AD

text: Byzantium ("Byzántion") was an ancient Greek colony on the site that later became Constantinople, and later still Istanbul. Byzantium was colonised by the Greeks from Megara in .

text: Byzantium

text: Byzántion

text: was

text: an

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: colony

text: on

text: the

text: site

text: that

text: later

text: became

text: Constantinople

text: and

text: later

text: still

text: Istanbul

text: Byzantium

text: was

text: colonised

text: by

text: the

text: Greeks

text: from

text: Megara

text: in

text: Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the world's largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, known as Christians. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah (the Christ) was prophesied in the Old Testament.

text: Christianity

text: is

text: monotheistic

text: religion

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: life

text: and

text: teachings

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: who

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: focal

text: point

text: for

text: the

text: religion

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: religion

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: followers

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: population

text: known

text: as

text: Christians

text: Christians

text: believe

text: that

text: Jesus

text: is

text: the

text: Son

text: of

text: God

text: and

text: the

text: savior

text: of

text: humanity

text: whose

text: coming

text: as

text: the

text: Messiah

text: the

text: Christ

text: was

text: prophesied

text: in

text: the

text: Old

text: Testament

text: Primus inter pares ("prtos metax ísn") is a Latin phrase meaning first among equals. It is typically used as an honorary title for those who are formally equal to other members of their group but are accorded unofficial respect, traditionally owing to their seniority in office. Historically, the "princeps senatus" of the Roman Senate was such a figure and initially only bore the distinction that he was allowed to speak first during debate. Also, Constantine the Great was given the role of "primus inter pares". However, the term is also often used ironically or self-deprecatingly by leaders with much higher status as a form of respect, camaraderie, or propaganda. After the fall of the Republic, Roman emperors initially referred to themselves only as "princeps" despite having power of life and death over their "fellow citizens". Various modern figures such as the Chair of the Federal Reserve, the prime minister of parliamentary regimes, the Federal President of Switzerland, the Chief Justice of the United States, and the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church fall under both senses: bearing higher status and various additional powers while remaining still merely equal to their peers in important senses.

text: Primus

text: inter

text: pares

text: prtos

text: metax

text: ísn

text: is

text: Latin

text: phrase

text: meaning

text: first

text: among

text: equals

text: It

text: is

text: typically

text: used

text: as

text: an

text: honorary

text: title

text: for

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: formally

text: equal

text: to

text: other

text: members

text: of

text: their

text: group

text: but

text: are

text: accorded

text: unofficial

text: respect

text: traditionally

text: owing

text: to

text: their

text: seniority

text: in

text: office

text: Historically

text: the

text: princeps

text: senatus

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: was

text: such

text: figure

text: and

text: initially

text: only

text: bore

text: the

text: distinction

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: allowed

text: to

text: speak

text: first

text: during

text: debate

text: Also

text: Constantine

text: the

text: Great

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: primus

text: inter

text: pares

text: However

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: also

text: often

text: used

text: ironically

text: or

text: self

text: deprecatingly

text: by

text: leaders

text: with

text: much

text: higher

text: status

text: as

text: form

text: of

text: respect

text: camaraderie

text: or

text: propaganda

text: After

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: Roman

text: emperors

text: initially

text: referred

text: to

text: themselves

text: only

text: as

text: princeps

text: despite

text: having

text: power

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: death

text: over

text: their

text: fellow

text: citizens

text: Various

text: modern

text: figures

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Chair

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: Reserve

text: the

text: prime

text: minister

text: of

text: parliamentary

text: regimes

text: the

text: Federal

text: President

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: the

text: Chief

text: Justice

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: Ecumenical

text: Patriarch

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: fall

text: under

text: both

text: senses

text: bearing

text: higher

text: status

text: and

text: various

text: additional

text: powers

text: while

text: remaining

text: still

text: merely

text: equal

text: to

text: their

text: peers

text: in

text: important

text: senses

text: In Abrahamic religions, the Messiah or Messias is a saviour or liberator of a group of people, more specifically, the Jewish people.

text: In

text: Abrahamic

text: religions

text: the

text: Messiah

text: or

text: Messias

text: is

text: saviour

text: or

text: liberator

text: of

text: group

text: of

text: people

text: more

text: specifically

text: the

text: Jewish

text: people

text: The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the "Roman Empire" (tr. ), or "Romania", and to themselves as "Romans".

text: The

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: was

text: the

text: continuation

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: during

text: Late

text: Antiquity

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: when

text: its

text: capital

text: city

text: was

text: Constantinople

text: modern

text: day

text: Istanbul

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: founded

text: as

text: Byzantium

text: It

text: survived

text: the

text: fragmentation

text: and

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: and

text: continued

text: to

text: exist

text: for

text: an

text: additional

text: thousand

text: years

text: until

text: it

text: fell

text: to

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Turks

text: in

text: During

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: existence

text: the

text: empire

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: economic

text: cultural

text: and

text: military

text: force

text: in

text: Europe

text: Both

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: are

text: historiographical

text: terms

text: created

text: after

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: realm

text: its

text: citizens

text: continued

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: their

text: empire

text: as

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: tr

text: or

text: Romania

text: and

text: to

text: themselves

text: as

text: Romans

text: Heraclius (' c. 575  February 11, 641) was the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 610 to 641.

text: Heraclius

text: February

text: was

text: the

text: Emperor

text: of

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: from

text: to

text: The Council of Chalcedon (or ) was a church council held from October 8 to November 1, AD 451, at Chalcedon. The Council is numbered as the fourth ecumenical council by the Great Church. A minority of Christians do not agree with the council's teachings. Its most important achievement was to issue the Chalcedonian Definition. The Council's judgements and definitions regarding the divine marked a significant turning point in the Christological debates. Chalcedon was a city in Bithynia, on the Asian side of the Bosphorus; today the city it is part of the Republic of Turkey and is known as Kadköy (a district of Istanbul).

text: The

text: Council

text: of

text: Chalcedon

text: or

text: was

text: church

text: council

text: held

text: from

text: October

text: to

text: November

text: AD

text: at

text: Chalcedon

text: The

text: Council

text: is

text: numbered

text: as

text: the

text: fourth

text: ecumenical

text: council

text: by

text: the

text: Great

text: Church

text: minority

text: of

text: Christians

text: do

text: not

text: agree

text: with

text: the

text: council

text: 's

text: teachings

text: Its

text: most

text: important

text: achievement

text: was

text: to

text: issue

text: the

text: Chalcedonian

text: Definition

text: The

text: Council

text: 's

text: judgements

text: and

text: definitions

text: regarding

text: the

text: divine

text: marked

text: significant

text: turning

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: Christological

text: debates

text: Chalcedon

text: was

text: city

text: in

text: Bithynia

text: on

text: the

text: Asian

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Bosphorus

text: today

text: the

text: city

text: it

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Turkey

text: and

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Kadköy

text: district

text: of

text: Istanbul

text: The Ecumenical Patriarch ("His Most Divine All-Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch") is the Archbishop of ConstantinopleNew Rome and ranks as "primus inter pares" (first among equals) among the heads of the several autocephalous churches that make up the Eastern Orthodox Church, and is widely regarded as the representative and spiritual leader of the 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide. The term "Ecumenical" in the title historically referred to the Ecumene, a Greek designation for the civilised universe, i.e. the Roman Empire, and legally stems from Canon 28 of the Council of Chalcedon.

text: The

text: Ecumenical

text: Patriarch

text: His

text: Most

text: Divine

text: All

text: Holiness

text: the

text: Archbishop

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: New

text: Rome

text: and

text: Ecumenical

text: Patriarch

text: is

text: the

text: Archbishop

text: of

text: ConstantinopleNew

text: Rome

text: and

text: ranks

text: as

text: primus

text: inter

text: pares

text: first

text: among

text: equals

text: among

text: the

text: heads

text: of

text: the

text: several

text: autocephalous

text: churches

text: that

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: and

text: is

text: widely

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: representative

text: and

text: spiritual

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: million

text: Orthodox

text: Christians

text: worldwide

text: The

text: term

text: Ecumenical

text: in

text: the

text: title

text: historically

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: Ecumene

text: Greek

text: designation

text: for

text: the

text: civilised

text: universe

text: i.e.

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: legally

text: stems

text: from

text: Canon

text: of

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Chalcedon

text: The ecumene (US) or oecumene (UK "oikoumén",  "inhabited") was an ancient Greek term for the known world, the inhabited world, or the habitable world. Under the Roman Empire, it came to refer to civilization and the secular and religious imperial administration. In present usage, it is used as the noun form of "ecumenical" and describes the Christian Church as a unified whole or the unified modern world civilization. It is also used in cartography to describe a type of world map ("mappa mundi") used in late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

text: The

text: ecumene

text: US

text: or

text: oecumene

text: UK

text: oikoumén

text: inhabited

text: was

text: an

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: known

text: world

text: the

text: inhabited

text: world

text: or

text: the

text: habitable

text: world

text: Under

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: it

text: came

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: civilization

text: and

text: the

text: secular

text: and

text: religious

text: imperial

text: administration

text: In

text: present

text: usage

text: it

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: noun

text: form

text: of

text: ecumenical

text: and

text: describes

text: the

text: Christian

text: Church

text: as

text: unified

text: whole

text: or

text: the

text: unified

text: modern

text: world

text: civilization

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: cartography

text: to

text: describe

text: type

text: of

text: world

text: map

text: mappa

text: mundi

text: used

text: in

text: late

text: Antiquity

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: The Roman Empire (Koine and Medieval Greek:   , tr. ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title "Augustus", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Koine

text: and

text: Medieval

text: Greek

text: tr

text: was

text: the

text: post

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: characterized

text: by

text: government

text: headed

text: by

text: emperors

text: and

text: large

text: territorial

text: holdings

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: in

text: Europe

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: BC

text: AD

text: with

text: Constantinople

text: New

text: Rome

text: becoming

text: the

text: largest

text: around

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: populace

text: grew

text: to

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: old

text: republic

text: which

text: preceded

text: it

text: was

text: severely

text: destabilized

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: and

text: political

text: conflict

text: during

text: which

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: perpetual

text: dictator

text: and

text: then

text: assassinated

text: in

text: BC

text: Civil

text: wars

text: and

text: executions

text: continued

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: victory

text: of

text: Octavian

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: adopted

text: son

text: over

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: Cleopatra

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: power

text: was

text: then

text: unassailable

text: and

text: in

text: BC

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: formally

text: granted

text: him

text: overarching

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: title

text: Augustus

text: effectively

text: marking

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: Sergius I ( d. 9 December 638 in Constantinople ) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 610 to 638 . He is most famous for promoting Monothelite Christianity , especially through the Ecthesis . Sergius was born of Syrian Jacobite heritage . He first came to power as Patriarch of Constantinople in 610 . He was also a known supporter of Emperor Heraclius , crowning Heraclius as Emperor himself in 610 . Sergius also provided support to Heraclius throughout his campaign against the Persians . Sergius also played a prominent role in the defense of Constantinople against the combined Avar - Persian - Slavic forces during their invasion of Constantinople in 626 . Sergius '' connections to both political and religious authorities gave him to his influence in both the religious and political communities to further Monothelitism as the primary formula of Christ within the church . This was met with much opposition , especially from that of the Chalcedonian supporters , Maximus the Confessor and Sophronius . In response to their resistance to accept the ideas of Monothelitism , Sergius responded with the Ecthesis , a formula which forbade the idea that the Person of Christ had two energies in favour of the idea that the Person of Christ had two natures that were united by a single will . The Ecthesis was signed by Heraclius in 638 , the same year that Sergius died . The Ecthesis would only be seen as an accepted doctrine for two years ; the death of Pope Honorius I resulted in a significant reduction in Monothelitism support . The Ethesis was condemned in 640 by Pope John IV. Additionally , both Sergius and Pope Honorius I were condemned as heretics by the church in 680 - 681 by the Third Council of Constantinople .

text: Sergius

text: December

text: in

text: Constantinople

text: was

text: the

text: Ecumenical

text: Patriarch

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: from

text: to

text: He

text: is

text: most

text: famous

text: for

text: promoting

text: Monothelite

text: Christianity

text: especially

text: through

text: the

text: Ecthesis

text: Sergius

text: was

text: born

text: of

text: Syrian

text: Jacobite

text: heritage

text: He

text: first

text: came

text: to

text: power

text: as

text: Patriarch

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: in

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: known

text: supporter

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Heraclius

text: crowning

text: Heraclius

text: as

text: Emperor

text: himself

text: in

text: Sergius

text: also

text: provided

text: support

text: to

text: Heraclius

text: throughout

text: his

text: campaign

text: against

text: the

text: Persians

text: Sergius

text: also

text: played

text: prominent

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: defense

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: against

text: the

text: combined

text: Avar

text: Persian

text: Slavic

text: forces

text: during

text: their

text: invasion

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: in

text: Sergius

text: connections

text: to

text: both

text: political

text: and

text: religious

text: authorities

text: gave

text: him

text: to

text: his

text: influence

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: religious

text: and

text: political

text: communities

text: to

text: further

text: Monothelitism

text: as

text: the

text: primary

text: formula

text: of

text: Christ

text: within

text: the

text: church

text: This

text: was

text: met

text: with

text: much

text: opposition

text: especially

text: from

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Chalcedonian

text: supporters

text: Maximus

text: the

text: Confessor

text: and

text: Sophronius

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: their

text: resistance

text: to

text: accept

text: the

text: ideas

text: of

text: Monothelitism

text: Sergius

text: responded

text: with

text: the

text: Ecthesis

text: formula

text: which

text: forbade

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: the

text: Person

text: of

text: Christ

text: had

text: two

text: energies

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: the

text: Person

text: of

text: Christ

text: had

text: two

text: natures

text: that

text: were

text: united

text: by

text: single

text: will

text: The

text: Ecthesis

text: was

text: signed

text: by

text: Heraclius

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: that

text: Sergius

text: died

text: The

text: Ecthesis

text: would

text: only

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: an

text: accepted

text: doctrine

text: for

text: two

text: years

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Pope

text: Honorius

text: resulted

text: in

text: significant

text: reduction

text: in

text: Monothelitism

text: support

text: The

text: Ethesis

text: was

text: condemned

text: in

text: by

text: Pope

text: John

text: IV

text: Additionally

text: both

text: Sergius

text: and

text: Pope

text: Honorius

text: were

text: condemned

text: as

text: heretics

text: by

text: the

text: church

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Third

text: Council

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: Rome is a city and special "comune" (named "Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2,870,336 residents in , it is also the country's largest and most populated "comune" and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4.3 million residents. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of Tiber river. The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states.

text: Rome

text: is

text: city

text: and

text: special

text: comune

text: named

text: Roma

text: Capitale

text: in

text: Italy

text: Rome

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Italy

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Lazio

text: region

text: With

text: residents

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populated

text: comune

text: and

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: by

text: population

text: within

text: city

text: limits

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: City

text: of

text: Rome

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: residents

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: western

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Peninsula

text: within

text: Lazio

text: Latium

text: along

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: Tiber

text: river

text: The

text: Vatican

text: City

text: is

text: an

text: independent

text: country

text: geographically

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: boundaries

text: of

text: Rome

text: the

text: only

text: existing

text: example

text: of

text: country

text: within

text: city

text: for

text: this

text: reason

text: Rome

text: has

text: been

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: capital

text: of

text: two

text: states

text: The Ecthesis is a letter published in 638 CE by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius which defined monotheletism as the official imperial form of Christianity.

text: The

text: Ecthesis

text: is

text: letter

text: published

text: in

text: CE

text: by

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: emperor

text: Heraclius

text: which

text: defined

text: monotheletism

text: as

text: the

text: official

text: imperial

text: form

text: of

text: Christianity

annotations: follows single

annotations: likely multiple

question: country_of_citizenship sergius i of constantinople

answer: byzantine empire

text: byzantine empire

text: byzantine empire

text: byzantine empire

text: byzantine empire


text: WrestleMania (also known informally as Mania) is a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and WWE Network event, produced annually between mid-March to early April by WWE, an American professional wrestling promotion based in Connecticut. WWE first produced the event in 1985 and has since produced 32 editions, with the thirty-third to be held in Orlando, Florida on April 2, 2017. WrestleMania, WWE's flagship event, is the most successful and longest-running professional wrestling event in history. It contributes to the worldwide commercial success of WWE through media, merchandise, and shows. WrestleMania was conceptualized by WWE owner Vince McMahon and long time WWE ring announcer and Hall of Famer Howard Finkel is credited with devising the name "WrestleMania" in 1984.

text: WrestleMania

text: also

text: known

text: informally

text: as

text: Mania

text: is

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: pay

text: per

text: view

text: PPV

text: and

text: WWE

text: Network

text: event

text: produced

text: annually

text: between

text: mid

text: March

text: to

text: early

text: April

text: by

text: WWE

text: an

text: American

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: promotion

text: based

text: in

text: Connecticut

text: WWE

text: first

text: produced

text: the

text: event

text: in

text: and

text: has

text: since

text: produced

text: editions

text: with

text: the

text: thirty

text: third

text: to

text: be

text: held

text: in

text: Orlando

text: Florida

text: on

text: April

text: WrestleMania

text: WWE

text: 's

text: flagship

text: event

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: and

text: longest

text: running

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: event

text: in

text: history

text: It

text: contributes

text: to

text: the

text: worldwide

text: commercial

text: success

text: of

text: WWE

text: through

text: media

text: merchandise

text: and

text: shows

text: WrestleMania

text: was

text: conceptualized

text: by

text: WWE

text: owner

text: Vince

text: McMahon

text: and

text: long

text: time

text: WWE

text: ring

text: announcer

text: and

text: Hall

text: of

text: Famer

text: Howard

text: Finkel

text: is

text: credited

text: with

text: devising

text: the

text: name

text: WrestleMania

text: in

text: WrestleMania IV was the fourth annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay - per - view event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . It took place on March 27 , 1988 , at the Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall in Atlantic City , New Jersey . The announced attendance of WrestleMania IV was 19,199 . The main event was the finals of a fourteen - man single elimination tournament for the Undisputed WWF Championship , in which Randy Savage defeated Ted DiBiase to win the vacant title . The main matches on the undercard were a twenty - man battle royal won by Bad News Brown , Demolition ( Ax and Smash ) versus Strike Force ( Tito Santana and Rick Martel ) for the WWF Tag Team Championship , and Brutus Beefcake versus The Honky Tonk Man for the WWF Intercontinental Championship .

text: WrestleMania

text: IV

text: was

text: the

text: fourth

text: annual

text: WrestleMania

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: pay

text: per

text: view

text: event

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: World

text: Wrestling

text: Federation

text: WWF

text: It

text: took

text: place

text: on

text: March

text: at

text: the

text: Historic

text: Atlantic

text: City

text: Convention

text: Hall

text: in

text: Atlantic

text: City

text: New

text: Jersey

text: The

text: announced

text: attendance

text: of

text: WrestleMania

text: IV

text: was

text: The

text: main

text: event

text: was

text: the

text: finals

text: of

text: fourteen

text: man

text: single

text: elimination

text: tournament

text: for

text: the

text: Undisputed

text: WWF

text: Championship

text: in

text: which

text: Randy

text: Savage

text: defeated

text: Ted

text: DiBiase

text: to

text: win

text: the

text: vacant

text: title

text: The

text: main

text: matches

text: on

text: the

text: undercard

text: were

text: twenty

text: man

text: battle

text: royal

text: won

text: by

text: Bad

text: News

text: Brown

text: Demolition

text: Ax

text: and

text: Smash

text: versus

text: Strike

text: Force

text: Tito

text: Santana

text: and

text: Rick

text: Martel

text: for

text: the

text: WWF

text: Tag

text: Team

text: Championship

text: and

text: Brutus

text: Beefcake

text: versus

text: The

text: Honky

text: Tonk

text: Man

text: for

text: the

text: WWF

text: Intercontinental

text: Championship

text: Howard Finkel (born June 7, 1950) is an American semi-retired professional wrestling ring announcer, being employed by WWE since 1977. He began working for Vince McMahon, Sr.'s World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) in 1975, making him the company's longest tenured employee, and has been a ring announcer since 1977.

text: Howard

text: Finkel

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: semi

text: retired

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: ring

text: announcer

text: being

text: employed

text: by

text: WWE

text: since

text: He

text: began

text: working

text: for

text: Vince

text: McMahon

text: Sr

text: 's

text: World

text: Wide

text: Wrestling

text: Federation

text: WWWF

text: in

text: making

text: him

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: longest

text: tenured

text: employee

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: ring

text: announcer

text: since

text: Vincent Kennedy "Vince" McMahon (born August 24, 1945) is an American professional wrestling promoter, former commentator, announcer, film producer, actor, and retired professional wrestler. Since taking over the company from his father in the 1980s, McMahon has always worked in the corporate area of the WWE as well as behind the scenes. He currently serves as the majority owner, chairman, and CEO of the professional wrestling promotion.

text: Vincent

text: Kennedy

text: Vince

text: McMahon

text: born

text: August

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: promoter

text: former

text: commentator

text: announcer

text: film

text: producer

text: actor

text: and

text: retired

text: professional

text: wrestler

text: Since

text: taking

text: over

text: the

text: company

text: from

text: his

text: father

text: in

text: the

text: McMahon

text: has

text: always

text: worked

text: in

text: the

text: corporate

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: WWE

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: behind

text: the

text: scenes

text: He

text: currently

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: majority

text: owner

text: chairman

text: and

text: CEO

text: of

text: the

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: promotion

text: Pay-per-view (PPV) is a type of pay television service by which a subscriber of a television service provider can purchase events to view via private telecast. The broadcaster shows the event at the same time to everyone ordering it (as opposed to video-on-demand systems, which allow viewers to see recorded broadcasts at any time). Events can be purchased using an on-screen guide, an automated telephone system, or through a live customer service representative. Events often include feature films, sporting events, and other entertainment programs. With the rise of the Internet, the term Internet pay-per-view (iPPV) has been used to describe pay-per-view services accessed online. PPV is most commonly used to distribute combat sports events, such as boxing, mixed martial arts, and professional wrestling.

text: Pay

text: per

text: view

text: PPV

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: pay

text: television

text: service

text: by

text: which

text: subscriber

text: of

text: television

text: service

text: provider

text: can

text: purchase

text: events

text: to

text: view

text: via

text: private

text: telecast

text: The

text: broadcaster

text: shows

text: the

text: event

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: to

text: everyone

text: ordering

text: it

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: video

text: on

text: demand

text: systems

text: which

text: allow

text: viewers

text: to

text: see

text: recorded

text: broadcasts

text: at

text: any

text: time

text: Events

text: can

text: be

text: purchased

text: using

text: an

text: on

text: screen

text: guide

text: an

text: automated

text: telephone

text: system

text: or

text: through

text: live

text: customer

text: service

text: representative

text: Events

text: often

text: include

text: feature

text: films

text: sporting

text: events

text: and

text: other

text: entertainment

text: programs

text: With

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: Internet

text: the

text: term

text: Internet

text: pay

text: per

text: view

text: iPPV

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: pay

text: per

text: view

text: services

text: accessed

text: online

text: PPV

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: distribute

text: combat

text: sports

text: events

text: such

text: as

text: boxing

text: mixed

text: martial

text: arts

text: and

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. (d/b/a WWE) is an American publicly traded, privately controlled entertainment company that deals primarily in professional wrestling, with major revenue sources also coming from film, music, video games, product licensing, and direct product sales.

text: World

text: Wrestling

text: Entertainment

text: Inc.

text: WWE

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: publicly

text: traded

text: privately

text: controlled

text: entertainment

text: company

text: that

text: deals

text: primarily

text: in

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: with

text: major

text: revenue

text: sources

text: also

text: coming

text: from

text: film

text: music

text: video

text: games

text: product

text: licensing

text: and

text: direct

text: product

text: sales

text: A feature film is a film (also called a movie, motion picture or just film) with a running time long enough to be considered the principal or sole film to fill a program. The notion of how long this should be has varied according to time and place. According to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the American Film Institute, and the British Film Institute, a feature film runs for 40 minutes or longer, while the Screen Actors Guild states that it is 80 minutes or longer.

text: feature

text: film

text: is

text: film

text: also

text: called

text: movie

text: motion

text: picture

text: or

text: just

text: film

text: with

text: running

text: time

text: long

text: enough

text: to

text: be

text: considered

text: the

text: principal

text: or

text: sole

text: film

text: to

text: fill

text: program

text: The

text: notion

text: of

text: how

text: long

text: this

text: should

text: be

text: has

text: varied

text: according

text: to

text: time

text: and

text: place

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Academy

text: of

text: Motion

text: Picture

text: Arts

text: and

text: Sciences

text: the

text: American

text: Film

text: Institute

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: Film

text: Institute

text: feature

text: film

text: runs

text: for

text: minutes

text: or

text: longer

text: while

text: the

text: Screen

text: Actors

text: Guild

text: states

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: minutes

text: or

text: longer

text: Pay television, subscription television, premium television, or premium channels are subscription-based television services, usually provided by both analog and digital cable and satellite television, but also increasingly via digital terrestrial and internet television. Subscription television began in the multi-channel transition and transitioned into the post-network era. Some parts of the world, notably in France and the United States, have also offered encrypted analog terrestrial signals available for subscription.

text: Pay

text: television

text: subscription

text: television

text: premium

text: television

text: or

text: premium

text: channels

text: are

text: subscription

text: based

text: television

text: services

text: usually

text: provided

text: by

text: both

text: analog

text: and

text: digital

text: cable

text: and

text: satellite

text: television

text: but

text: also

text: increasingly

text: via

text: digital

text: terrestrial

text: and

text: internet

text: television

text: Subscription

text: television

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: multi

text: channel

text: transition

text: and

text: transitioned

text: into

text: the

text: post

text: network

text: era

text: Some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: notably

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: have

text: also

text: offered

text: encrypted

text: analog

text: terrestrial

text: signals

text: available

text: for

text: subscription

annotations: follows multiple

question: production_company wrestlemania iv

answer: wwe

text: wwe

text: wwe

text: wwe

text: wwe

text: wwe

text: wwe

text: wwe

text: wwe

text: wwe

text: wwe