text: Septic arthritis, also known as infectious arthritis or joint infection, is the purulent invasion of a joint by an infectious agent which produces arthritis. People with artificial joints are more at risk than the general population but have slightly different symptoms, are infected with different organisms and require different treatment. Septic arthritis is considered a medical emergency. If untreated, it may destroy the joint in a period of days. The infection may also spread to other parts of the body.

text: Septic

text: arthritis

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: infectious

text: arthritis

text: or

text: joint

text: infection

text: is

text: the

text: purulent

text: invasion

text: of

text: joint

text: by

text: an

text: infectious

text: agent

text: which

text: produces

text: arthritis

text: People

text: with

text: artificial

text: joints

text: are

text: more

text: at

text: risk

text: than

text: the

text: general

text: population

text: but

text: have

text: slightly

text: different

text: symptoms

text: are

text: infected

text: with

text: different

text: organisms

text: and

text: require

text: different

text: treatment

text: Septic

text: arthritis

text: is

text: considered

text: medical

text: emergency

text: If

text: untreated

text: it

text: may

text: destroy

text: the

text: joint

text: in

text: period

text: of

text: days

text: The

text: infection

text: may

text: also

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text:
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce. Infectious disease, also known as transmissible disease or communicable disease, is illness resulting from an infection.
Infections are caused by infectious agents including viruses, viroids, prions, bacteria, nematodes such as parasitic roundworms and pinworms, arthropods such as ticks, mites, fleas, and lice, fungi such as ringworm, and other macroparasites such as tapeworms and other helminths.

text: Infection

text: is

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: 's

text: body

text: tissues

text: by

text: disease

text: causing

text: agents

text: their

text: multiplication

text: and

text: the

text: reaction

text: of

text: host

text: tissues

text: to

text: these

text: organisms

text: and

text: the

text: toxins

text: they

text: produce

text: Infectious

text: disease

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: transmissible

text: disease

text: or

text: communicable

text: disease

text: is

text: illness

text: resulting

text: from

text: an

text: infection

text: Infections

text: are

text: caused

text: by

text: infectious

text: agents

text: including

text: viruses

text: viroids

text: prions

text: bacteria

text: nematodes

text: such

text: as

text: parasitic

text: roundworms

text: and

text: pinworms

text: arthropods

text: such

text: as

text: ticks

text: mites

text: fleas

text: and

text: lice

text: fungi

text: such

text: as

text: ringworm

text: and

text: other

text: macroparasites

text: such

text: as

text: tapeworms

text: and

text: other

text: helminths

text:
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a medical condition characterised by chronic widespread pain and a heightened pain response to pressure. Other symptoms include feeling tired to a degree that normal activities are affected, sleep problems, and troubles with memory. Some people also report restless legs syndrome, bowel or bladder problems, numbness and tingling, and sensitivity to noise, lights or temperature. Fibromyalgia is frequently associated with depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Other types of chronic pain are also frequently present.
The cause of fibromyalgia is unknown; however, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors with half the risk attributed to each. The condition runs in families and many genes are believed to be involved. Environmental factors may include psychological stress, trauma, and certain infections. The pain appears to result from processes in the central nervous system and the condition is referred to as a "central sensitization syndrome". Fibromyalgia is recognized as a disorder by the US National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology. There is no specific diagnostic test. Diagnosis involves first ruling out other potential causes and verifying that a set number of symptoms are present.
The treatment of fibromyalgia can be difficult. Recommendations often include getting enough sleep, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet. Cognitive behavioral therapy may also be helpful. The medications duloxetine, milnacipran, or pregabalin may be used. Use of opioid pain medication is controversial with some stating their use is poorly supported by evidence and others saying that weak opioids may be reasonable if other medications are not effective. Dietary supplements also lack evidence to support their use. While fibromyalgia can last a long time, it does not result in death or tissue damage.
Fibromyalgia is estimated to affect 28% of the population. Females are affected about twice as often as males. Rates appear similar in different areas of the world and among different cultures. Fibromyalgia was first defined in 1990 with updated criteria in 2011. There is controversy about the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of fibromyalgia. While some feel the diagnosis of fibromyalgia may negatively affect a person, other research finds it to be beneficial. The term "fibromyalgia" is from New Latin, "fibro-", meaning "fibrous tissues", Greek  "myo-", "muscle", and Greek  "algos", "pain"; thus the term literally means "muscle and fibrous connective tissue pain".

text: Fibromyalgia

text: FM

text: is

text: medical

text: condition

text: characterised

text: by

text: chronic

text: widespread

text: pain

text: and

text: heightened

text: pain

text: response

text: to

text: pressure

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: include

text: feeling

text: tired

text: to

text: degree

text: that

text: normal

text: activities

text: are

text: affected

text: sleep

text: problems

text: and

text: troubles

text: with

text: memory

text: Some

text: people

text: also

text: report

text: restless

text: legs

text: syndrome

text: bowel

text: or

text: bladder

text: problems

text: numbness

text: and

text: tingling

text: and

text: sensitivity

text: to

text: noise

text: lights

text: or

text: temperature

text: Fibromyalgia

text: is

text: frequently

text: associated

text: with

text: depression

text: anxiety

text: and

text: posttraumatic

text: stress

text: disorder

text: Other

text: types

text: of

text: chronic

text: pain

text: are

text: also

text: frequently

text: present

text: The

text: cause

text: of

text: fibromyalgia

text: is

text: unknown

text: however

text: it

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: involve

text: combination

text: of

text: genetic

text: and

text: environmental

text: factors

text: with

text: half

text: the

text: risk

text: attributed

text: to

text: each

text: The

text: condition

text: runs

text: in

text: families

text: and

text: many

text: genes

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: involved

text: Environmental

text: factors

text: may

text: include

text: psychological

text: stress

text: trauma

text: and

text: certain

text: infections

text: The

text: pain

text: appears

text: to

text: result

text: from

text: processes

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: nervous

text: system

text: and

text: the

text: condition

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: central

text: sensitization

text: syndrome

text: Fibromyalgia

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: disorder

text: by

text: the

text: US

text: National

text: Institutes

text: of

text: Health

text: and

text: the

text: American

text: College

text: of

text: Rheumatology

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: specific

text: diagnostic

text: test

text: Diagnosis

text: involves

text: first

text: ruling

text: out

text: other

text: potential

text: causes

text: and

text: verifying

text: that

text: set

text: number

text: of

text: symptoms

text: are

text: present

text: The

text: treatment

text: of

text: fibromyalgia

text: can

text: be

text: difficult

text: Recommendations

text: often

text: include

text: getting

text: enough

text: sleep

text: exercising

text: regularly

text: and

text: eating

text: healthy

text: diet

text: Cognitive

text: behavioral

text: therapy

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: helpful

text: The

text: medications

text: duloxetine

text: milnacipran

text: or

text: pregabalin

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: Use

text: of

text: opioid

text: pain

text: medication

text: is

text: controversial

text: with

text: some

text: stating

text: their

text: use

text: is

text: poorly

text: supported

text: by

text: evidence

text: and

text: others

text: saying

text: that

text: weak

text: opioids

text: may

text: be

text: reasonable

text: if

text: other

text: medications

text: are

text: not

text: effective

text: Dietary

text: supplements

text: also

text: lack

text: evidence

text: to

text: support

text: their

text: use

text: While

text: fibromyalgia

text: can

text: last

text: long

text: time

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: result

text: in

text: death

text: or

text: tissue

text: damage

text: Fibromyalgia

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: affect

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: Females

text: are

text: affected

text: about

text: twice

text: as

text: often

text: as

text: males

text: Rates

text: appear

text: similar

text: in

text: different

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: among

text: different

text: cultures

text: Fibromyalgia

text: was

text: first

text: defined

text: in

text: with

text: updated

text: criteria

text: in

text: There

text: is

text: controversy

text: about

text: the

text: classification

text: diagnosis

text: and

text: treatment

text: of

text: fibromyalgia

text: While

text: some

text: feel

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: of

text: fibromyalgia

text: may

text: negatively

text: affect

text: person

text: other

text: research

text: finds

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: beneficial

text: The

text: term

text: fibromyalgia

text: is

text: from

text: New

text: Latin

text: fibro-

text: meaning

text: fibrous

text: tissues

text: Greek

text: myo-

text: muscle

text: and

text: Greek

text: algos

text: pain

text: thus

text: the

text: term

text: literally

text: means

text: muscle

text: and

text: fibrous

text: connective

text: tissue

text: pain

text: Arthralgia ( from Greek arthro - , joint + - algos , pain ) literally means joint pain ; it is a symptom of injury , infection , illnesses ( in particular arthritis ) or an allergic reaction to medication . According to MeSH , the term `` arthralgia '' should only be used when the condition is non-inflammatory , and the term `` arthritis '' should be used when the condition is inflammatory .

text: Arthralgia

text: from

text: Greek

text: arthro

text: joint

text: algos

text: pain

text: literally

text: means

text: joint

text: pain

text: it

text: is

text: symptom

text: of

text: injury

text: infection

text: illnesses

text: in

text: particular

text: arthritis

text: or

text: an

text: allergic

text: reaction

text: to

text: medication

text: According

text: to

text: MeSH

text: the

text: term

text: arthralgia

text: should

text: only

text: be

text: used

text: when

text: the

text: condition

text: is

text: non

text: inflammatory

text: and

text: the

text: term

text: arthritis

text: should

text: be

text: used

text: when

text: the

text: condition

text: is

text: inflammatory

text: Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, or bumping the "funny bone". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition states: "Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." In medical diagnosis, pain is regarded as a symptom of an underlying condition.

text: Pain

text: is

text: distressing

text: feeling

text: often

text: caused

text: by

text: intense

text: or

text: damaging

text: stimuli

text: such

text: as

text: stubbing

text: toe

text: burning

text: finger

text: putting

text: alcohol

text: on

text: cut

text: or

text: bumping

text: the

text: funny

text: bone

text: Because

text: it

text: is

text: complex

text: subjective

text: phenomenon

text: defining

text: pain

text: has

text: been

text: challenge

text: The

text: International

text: Association

text: for

text: the

text: Study

text: of

text: Pain

text: 's

text: widely

text: used

text: definition

text: states

text: Pain

text: is

text: an

text: unpleasant

text: sensory

text: and

text: emotional

text: experience

text: associated

text: with

text: actual

text: or

text: potential

text: tissue

text: damage

text: or

text: described

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: such

text: damage

text: In

text: medical

text: diagnosis

text: pain

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: symptom

text: of

text: an

text: underlying

text: condition

text: A prion is an infectious agent composed entirely of protein material, called PrP (short for prion protein), that can fold in multiple, structurally distinct ways, at least one of which is transmissible to other prion proteins, leading to disease that is similar to viral infection. They are suspected to be the cause of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) among other diseases.

text: prion

text: is

text: an

text: infectious

text: agent

text: composed

text: entirely

text: of

text: protein

text: material

text: called

text: PrP

text: short

text: for

text: prion

text: protein

text: that

text: can

text: fold

text: in

text: multiple

text: structurally

text: distinct

text: ways

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: transmissible

text: to

text: other

text: prion

text: proteins

text: leading

text: to

text: disease

text: that

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: viral

text: infection

text: They

text: are

text: suspected

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: transmissible

text: spongiform

text: encephalopathies

text: TSEs

text: among

text: other

text: diseases

text: A disease is a particular abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure or function, that affects part or all of an organism. The study of disease is called pathology which includes the causal study of etiology. Disease is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors such as pathogens, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions particularly of the immune system such as an immunodeficiency, or a hypersensitivity including allergies and autoimmunity.

text: disease

text: is

text: particular

text: abnormal

text: condition

text: disorder

text: of

text: structure

text: or

text: function

text: that

text: affects

text: part

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: disease

text: is

text: called

text: pathology

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: causal

text: study

text: of

text: etiology

text: Disease

text: is

text: often

text: construed

text: as

text: medical

text: condition

text: associated

text: with

text: specific

text: symptoms

text: and

text: signs

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: external

text: factors

text: such

text: as

text: pathogens

text: or

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: internal

text: dysfunctions

text: particularly

text: of

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: immunodeficiency

text: or

text: hypersensitivity

text: including

text: allergies

text: and

text: autoimmunity

text:
A burn is a type of injury to skin, or other tissues, caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. Most burns are due to heat from hot liquids, solids, or fire. Females in many areas of the world have a higher risk related to the more frequent use of open cooking fires or unsafe cook stoves. Alcoholism and smoking are other risk factors. Burns can also occur as a result of self harm or violence between people.
Burns that affect only the superficial skin layers are known as superficial or first-degree burns. They appear red without blisters and pain typically lasts around three days. When the injury extends into some of the underlying skin layer, it is a partial-thickness or second-degree burn. Blisters are frequently present and they are often very painful. Healing can require up to eight weeks and scarring may occur. In a full-thickness or third-degree burn, the injury extends to all layers of the skin. Often there is no pain and the burn area is stiff. Healing typically does not occur on its own. A fourth-degree burn additionally involves injury to deeper tissues, such as muscle, tendons, or bone. The burn is often black and frequently leads to loss of the burned part.
Burns are generally preventable. Treatment depends on the severity of the burn. Superficial burns may be managed with little more than simple pain medication, while major burns may require prolonged treatment in specialized burn centers. Cooling with tap water may help pain and decrease damage; however, prolonged cooling may result in low body temperature. Partial-thickness burns may require cleaning with soap and water, followed by dressings. It is not clear how to manage blisters, but it is probably reasonable to leave them intact if small and drain them if large. Full-thickness burns usually require surgical treatments, such as skin grafting. Extensive burns often require large amounts of intravenous fluid, due to capillary fluid leakage and tissue swelling. The most common complications of burns involve infection. Tetanus toxoid should be given if not up to date.
In 2013, fire and heat resulted in 35 million injuries. This resulted in about 2.9 million hospitalizations and 238,000 dying. Most deaths due to burns occur in the developing world, particularly in Southeast Asia. While large burns can be fatal, treatments developed since 1960 have improved outcomes, especially in children and young adults. In the United States, approximately 96% of those admitted to a burn center survive their injuries. Burns occur at similar frequencies in men and women. The long-term outcome is related to the size of burn and the age of the person affected.
Signs and symptoms.
The characteristics of a burn depend upon its depth. Superficial burns cause pain lasting two or three days, followed by peeling of the skin over the next few days. Individuals suffering from more severe burns may indicate discomfort or complain of feeling pressure rather than pain. Full-thickness burns may be entirely insensitive to light touch or puncture. While superficial burns are typically red in color, severe burns may be pink, white or black. Burns around the mouth or singed hair inside the nose may indicate that burns to the airways have occurred, but these findings are not definitive. More worrisome signs include: shortness of breath, hoarseness, and stridor or wheezing. Itchiness is common during the healing process, occurring in up to 90% of adults and nearly all children. Numbness or tingling may persist for a prolonged period of time after an electrical injury. Burns may also produce emotional and psychological distress.

text: burn

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: injury

text: to

text: skin

text: or

text: other

text: tissues

text: caused

text: by

text: heat

text: cold

text: electricity

text: chemicals

text: friction

text: or

text: radiation

text: Most

text: burns

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: heat

text: from

text: hot

text: liquids

text: solids

text: or

text: fire

text: Females

text: in

text: many

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: have

text: higher

text: risk

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: more

text: frequent

text: use

text: of

text: open

text: cooking

text: fires

text: or

text: unsafe

text: cook

text: stoves

text: Alcoholism

text: and

text: smoking

text: are

text: other

text: risk

text: factors

text: Burns

text: can

text: also

text: occur

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: self

text: harm

text: or

text: violence

text: between

text: people

text: Burns

text: that

text: affect

text: only

text: the

text: superficial

text: skin

text: layers

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: superficial

text: or

text: first

text: degree

text: burns

text: They

text: appear

text: red

text: without

text: blisters

text: and

text: pain

text: typically

text: lasts

text: around

text: three

text: days

text: When

text: the

text: injury

text: extends

text: into

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: underlying

text: skin

text: layer

text: it

text: is

text: partial

text: thickness

text: or

text: second

text: degree

text: burn

text: Blisters

text: are

text: frequently

text: present

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: often

text: very

text: painful

text: Healing

text: can

text: require

text: up

text: to

text: eight

text: weeks

text: and

text: scarring

text: may

text: occur

text: In

text: full

text: thickness

text: or

text: third

text: degree

text: burn

text: the

text: injury

text: extends

text: to

text: all

text: layers

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: Often

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: pain

text: and

text: the

text: burn

text: area

text: is

text: stiff

text: Healing

text: typically

text: does

text: not

text: occur

text: on

text: its

text: own

text: fourth

text: degree

text: burn

text: additionally

text: involves

text: injury

text: to

text: deeper

text: tissues

text: such

text: as

text: muscle

text: tendons

text: or

text: bone

text: The

text: burn

text: is

text: often

text: black

text: and

text: frequently

text: leads

text: to

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: burned

text: part

text: Burns

text: are

text: generally

text: preventable

text: Treatment

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: severity

text: of

text: the

text: burn

text: Superficial

text: burns

text: may

text: be

text: managed

text: with

text: little

text: more

text: than

text: simple

text: pain

text: medication

text: while

text: major

text: burns

text: may

text: require

text: prolonged

text: treatment

text: in

text: specialized

text: burn

text: centers

text: Cooling

text: with

text: tap

text: water

text: may

text: help

text: pain

text: and

text: decrease

text: damage

text: however

text: prolonged

text: cooling

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: low

text: body

text: temperature

text: Partial

text: thickness

text: burns

text: may

text: require

text: cleaning

text: with

text: soap

text: and

text: water

text: followed

text: by

text: dressings

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: clear

text: how

text: to

text: manage

text: blisters

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: probably

text: reasonable

text: to

text: leave

text: them

text: intact

text: if

text: small

text: and

text: drain

text: them

text: if

text: large

text: Full

text: thickness

text: burns

text: usually

text: require

text: surgical

text: treatments

text: such

text: as

text: skin

text: grafting

text: Extensive

text: burns

text: often

text: require

text: large

text: amounts

text: of

text: intravenous

text: fluid

text: due

text: to

text: capillary

text: fluid

text: leakage

text: and

text: tissue

text: swelling

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: complications

text: of

text: burns

text: involve

text: infection

text: Tetanus

text: toxoid

text: should

text: be

text: given

text: if

text: not

text: up

text: to

text: date

text: In

text: fire

text: and

text: heat

text: resulted

text: in

text: million

text: injuries

text: This

text: resulted

text: in

text: about

text: million

text: hospitalizations

text: and

text: dying

text: Most

text: deaths

text: due

text: to

text: burns

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: particularly

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: While

text: large

text: burns

text: can

text: be

text: fatal

text: treatments

text: developed

text: since

text: have

text: improved

text: outcomes

text: especially

text: in

text: children

text: and

text: young

text: adults

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: approximately

text: of

text: those

text: admitted

text: to

text: burn

text: center

text: survive

text: their

text: injuries

text: Burns

text: occur

text: at

text: similar

text: frequencies

text: in

text: men

text: and

text: women

text: The

text: long

text: term

text: outcome

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: burn

text: and

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: the

text: person

text: affected

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: The

text: characteristics

text: of

text: burn

text: depend

text: upon

text: its

text: depth

text: Superficial

text: burns

text: cause

text: pain

text: lasting

text: two

text: or

text: three

text: days

text: followed

text: by

text: peeling

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: over

text: the

text: next

text: few

text: days

text: Individuals

text: suffering

text: from

text: more

text: severe

text: burns

text: may

text: indicate

text: discomfort

text: or

text: complain

text: of

text: feeling

text: pressure

text: rather

text: than

text: pain

text: Full

text: thickness

text: burns

text: may

text: be

text: entirely

text: insensitive

text: to

text: light

text: touch

text: or

text: puncture

text: While

text: superficial

text: burns

text: are

text: typically

text: red

text: in

text: color

text: severe

text: burns

text: may

text: be

text: pink

text: white

text: or

text: black

text: Burns

text: around

text: the

text: mouth

text: or

text: singed

text: hair

text: inside

text: the

text: nose

text: may

text: indicate

text: that

text: burns

text: to

text: the

text: airways

text: have

text: occurred

text: but

text: these

text: findings

text: are

text: not

text: definitive

text: More

text: worrisome

text: signs

text: include

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: hoarseness

text: and

text: stridor

text: or

text: wheezing

text: Itchiness

text: is

text: common

text: during

text: the

text: healing

text: process

text: occurring

text: in

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: adults

text: and

text: nearly

text: all

text: children

text: Numbness

text: or

text: tingling

text: may

text: persist

text: for

text: prolonged

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: after

text: an

text: electrical

text: injury

text: Burns

text: may

text: also

text: produce

text: emotional

text: and

text: psychological

text: distress

text: Replacement arthroplasty (from Greek "arthron", joint, limb, articulate, + "plassein", to form, mould, forge, feign, make an image of), or joint replacement surgery, is a procedure of orthopedic surgery in which an arthritic or dysfunctional joint surface is replaced with an orthopedic prosthesis. Joint replacement is considered as a treatment when severe joint pain or dysfunction is not alleviated by less-invasive therapies. During the latter half of the 20th century, rheumasurgery developed as a subspecialty focused on these and a few other procedures in patients with rheumatic diseases.

text: Replacement

text: arthroplasty

text: from

text: Greek

text: arthron

text: joint

text: limb

text: articulate

text: plassein

text: to

text: form

text: mould

text: forge

text: feign

text: make

text: an

text: image

text: of

text: or

text: joint

text: replacement

text: surgery

text: is

text: procedure

text: of

text: orthopedic

text: surgery

text: in

text: which

text: an

text: arthritic

text: or

text: dysfunctional

text: joint

text: surface

text: is

text: replaced

text: with

text: an

text: orthopedic

text: prosthesis

text: Joint

text: replacement

text: is

text: considered

text: as

text: treatment

text: when

text: severe

text: joint

text: pain

text: or

text: dysfunction

text: is

text: not

text: alleviated

text: by

text: less

text: invasive

text: therapies

text: During

text: the

text: latter

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: rheumasurgery

text: developed

text: as

text: subspecialty

text: focused

text: on

text: these

text: and

text: few

text: other

text: procedures

text: in

text: patients

text: with

text: rheumatic

text: diseases

text:
Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In some types other organs are also affected. Onset can be gradual or sudden.
There are over 100 types of arthritis. The most common forms are osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis usually occurs with age and affects the fingers, knees, and hips. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that often affects the hands and feet. Other types include gout, lupus, fibromyalgia, and septic arthritis. They are all types of rheumatic disease.
Treatment may include resting the joint and alternating between applying ice and heat. Weight loss and exercise may also be useful. Pain medications such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) may be used. In some a joint replacement may be useful.
Osteoarthritis affects more than 3.8% of people while rheumatoid arthritis affects about 0.24% of people. Gout affects about 1 to 2% of the Western population at some point in their lives. In Australia about 15% of people are affected, while in the United States more than 20% of have a type of arthritis. Overall the disease becomes more common with age. Arthritis is a common reason that people miss work and can result in a decreased quality of life. The term is from Greek "arthro-" meaning joint and "-itis" meaning inflammation.

text: Arthritis

text: is

text: term

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: mean

text: any

text: disorder

text: that

text: affects

text: joints

text: Symptoms

text: generally

text: include

text: joint

text: pain

text: and

text: stiffness

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: redness

text: warmth

text: swelling

text: and

text: decreased

text: range

text: of

text: motion

text: of

text: the

text: affected

text: joints

text: In

text: some

text: types

text: other

text: organs

text: are

text: also

text: affected

text: Onset

text: can

text: be

text: gradual

text: or

text: sudden

text: There

text: are

text: over

text: types

text: of

text: arthritis

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: forms

text: are

text: osteoarthritis

text: degenerative

text: joint

text: disease

text: and

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: Osteoarthritis

text: usually

text: occurs

text: with

text: age

text: and

text: affects

text: the

text: fingers

text: knees

text: and

text: hips

text: Rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: is

text: an

text: autoimmune

text: disorder

text: that

text: often

text: affects

text: the

text: hands

text: and

text: feet

text: Other

text: types

text: include

text: gout

text: lupus

text: fibromyalgia

text: and

text: septic

text: arthritis

text: They

text: are

text: all

text: types

text: of

text: rheumatic

text: disease

text: Treatment

text: may

text: include

text: resting

text: the

text: joint

text: and

text: alternating

text: between

text: applying

text: ice

text: and

text: heat

text: Weight

text: loss

text: and

text: exercise

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: useful

text: Pain

text: medications

text: such

text: as

text: ibuprofen

text: and

text: paracetamol

text: acetaminophen

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: In

text: some

text: joint

text: replacement

text: may

text: be

text: useful

text: Osteoarthritis

text: affects

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: people

text: while

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: affects

text: about

text: of

text: people

text: Gout

text: affects

text: about

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: population

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: in

text: their

text: lives

text: In

text: Australia

text: about

text: of

text: people

text: are

text: affected

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: have

text: type

text: of

text: arthritis

text: Overall

text: the

text: disease

text: becomes

text: more

text: common

text: with

text: age

text: Arthritis

text: is

text: common

text: reason

text: that

text: people

text: miss

text: work

text: and

text: can

text: result

text: in

text: decreased

text: quality

text: of

text: life

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: from

text: Greek

text: arthro-

text: meaning

text: joint

text: and

text: -itis

text: meaning

text: inflammation

text:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. Pain and stiffness often worsen following rest. Most commonly, the wrist and hands are involved, with the same joints typically involved on both sides of the body. The disease may also affect other parts of the body. This may result in a low red blood cell count, inflammation around the lungs, and inflammation around the heart. Fever and low energy may also be present. Often, symptoms come on gradually over weeks to months.
While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism involves the body's immune system attacking the joints. This results in inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule. It also affects the underlying bone and cartilage. The diagnosis is made mostly on the basis of a person's signs and symptoms. X-rays and laboratory testing may support a diagnosis or exclude other diseases with similar symptoms. Other diseases that may present similarly include systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, and fibromyalgia among others.
The goal of treatment is to reduce pain, decrease inflammation, and improve a person's overall functioning. This may be helped by balancing rest and exercise, the use of splints and braces, or the use of assistive devices. Pain medications, steroids, and NSAIDs are frequently used to help with symptoms. A group of medications called disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate, may be used to try to slow the progression of disease. Biological DMARDs may be used when disease does not respond to other treatments. However, they may have a greater rate of adverse effects. Surgery to repair, replace, or fuse joints may help in certain situations. Most alternative medicine treatments are not supported by evidence.
RA affects between 0.5 and 1% of adults in the developed world with between 5 and 50 per 100,000 people newly developing the condition each year. Onset is most frequent during middle age and women are affected 2.5 times as frequently as men. In 2013, it resulted in 38,000 deaths up from 28,000 deaths in 1990. The first recognized description of RA was made in 1800 by Dr. Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais (17721840) of Paris. The term "rheumatoid arthritis" is based on the Greek for watery and inflamed joints.
Signs and symptoms.
RA primarily affects joints, but it also affects other organs in more than 1525% of individuals.

text: Rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: RA

text: is

text: long

text: term

text: autoimmune

text: disorder

text: that

text: primarily

text: affects

text: joints

text: It

text: typically

text: results

text: in

text: warm

text: swollen

text: and

text: painful

text: joints

text: Pain

text: and

text: stiffness

text: often

text: worsen

text: following

text: rest

text: Most

text: commonly

text: the

text: wrist

text: and

text: hands

text: are

text: involved

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: joints

text: typically

text: involved

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: The

text: disease

text: may

text: also

text: affect

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: This

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: low

text: red

text: blood

text: cell

text: count

text: inflammation

text: around

text: the

text: lungs

text: and

text: inflammation

text: around

text: the

text: heart

text: Fever

text: and

text: low

text: energy

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: present

text: Often

text: symptoms

text: come

text: on

text: gradually

text: over

text: weeks

text: to

text: months

text: While

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: is

text: not

text: clear

text: it

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: involve

text: combination

text: of

text: genetic

text: and

text: environmental

text: factors

text: The

text: underlying

text: mechanism

text: involves

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: immune

text: system

text: attacking

text: the

text: joints

text: This

text: results

text: in

text: inflammation

text: and

text: thickening

text: of

text: the

text: joint

text: capsule

text: It

text: also

text: affects

text: the

text: underlying

text: bone

text: and

text: cartilage

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: made

text: mostly

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: person

text: 's

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: rays

text: and

text: laboratory

text: testing

text: may

text: support

text: diagnosis

text: or

text: exclude

text: other

text: diseases

text: with

text: similar

text: symptoms

text: Other

text: diseases

text: that

text: may

text: present

text: similarly

text: include

text: systemic

text: lupus

text: erythematosus

text: psoriatic

text: arthritis

text: and

text: fibromyalgia

text: among

text: others

text: The

text: goal

text: of

text: treatment

text: is

text: to

text: reduce

text: pain

text: decrease

text: inflammation

text: and

text: improve

text: person

text: 's

text: overall

text: functioning

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: helped

text: by

text: balancing

text: rest

text: and

text: exercise

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: splints

text: and

text: braces

text: or

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: assistive

text: devices

text: Pain

text: medications

text: steroids

text: and

text: NSAIDs

text: are

text: frequently

text: used

text: to

text: help

text: with

text: symptoms

text: group

text: of

text: medications

text: called

text: disease

text: modifying

text: antirheumatic

text: drugs

text: DMARDs

text: such

text: as

text: hydroxychloroquine

text: and

text: methotrexate

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: slow

text: the

text: progression

text: of

text: disease

text: Biological

text: DMARDs

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: when

text: disease

text: does

text: not

text: respond

text: to

text: other

text: treatments

text: However

text: they

text: may

text: have

text: greater

text: rate

text: of

text: adverse

text: effects

text: Surgery

text: to

text: repair

text: replace

text: or

text: fuse

text: joints

text: may

text: help

text: in

text: certain

text: situations

text: Most

text: alternative

text: medicine

text: treatments

text: are

text: not

text: supported

text: by

text: evidence

text: RA

text: affects

text: between

text: and

text: of

text: adults

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: with

text: between

text: and

text: per

text: people

text: newly

text: developing

text: the

text: condition

text: each

text: year

text: Onset

text: is

text: most

text: frequent

text: during

text: middle

text: age

text: and

text: women

text: are

text: affected

text: times

text: as

text: frequently

text: as

text: men

text: In

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: up

text: from

text: deaths

text: in

text: The

text: first

text: recognized

text: description

text: of

text: RA

text: was

text: made

text: in

text: by

text: Dr.

text: Augustin

text: Jacob

text: Landré

text: Beauvais

text: of

text: Paris

text: The

text: term

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: Greek

text: for

text: watery

text: and

text: inflamed

text: joints

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: RA

text: primarily

text: affects

text: joints

text: but

text: it

text: also

text: affects

text: other

text: organs

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: individuals

text: Macroparasites are parasites that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye, in contrast to microparasites. They grow in one host but reproduce by infective stages outside this host. These generally include ticks, mites, helminths (nematodes, flatworms, etc.), and can be either external parasites (ectoparasitic) or internal parasites (endoparasitic). The most abundant macroparasite in humans is the nematode "Ascaris lumbricoides "which causes an infection called ascariasis. Macroparasites are also parasitic of many plant species and can be a significant agricultural pest.

text: Macroparasites

text: are

text: parasites

text: that

text: are

text: large

text: enough

text: to

text: be

text: seen

text: with

text: the

text: naked

text: eye

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: microparasites

text: They

text: grow

text: in

text: one

text: host

text: but

text: reproduce

text: by

text: infective

text: stages

text: outside

text: this

text: host

text: These

text: generally

text: include

text: ticks

text: mites

text: helminths

text: nematodes

text: flatworms

text: etc

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: either

text: external

text: parasites

text: ectoparasitic

text: or

text: internal

text: parasites

text: endoparasitic

text: The

text: most

text: abundant

text: macroparasite

text: in

text: humans

text: is

text: the

text: nematode

text: Ascaris

text: lumbricoides

text: which

text: causes

text: an

text: infection

text: called

text: ascariasis

text: Macroparasites

text: are

text: also

text: parasitic

text: of

text: many

text: plant

text: species

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: significant

text: agricultural

text: pest

text:
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of joint disease that results from breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone. The most common symptoms are joint pain and stiffness. Initially, symptoms may occur only following exercise, but over time may become constant. Other symptoms may include joint swelling, decreased range of motion, and when the back is affected weakness or numbness of the arms and legs. The most commonly involved joints are those near the ends of the fingers, at the base of the thumb, neck, lower back, knee, and hips. Joints on one side of the body are often more affected than those on the other. Usually the symptoms come on over years. It can affect work and normal daily activities. Unlike other types of arthritis, only the joints are typically affected.
Causes include previous joint injury, abnormal joint or limb development, and inherited factors. Risk is greater in those who are overweight, have one leg of a different length, and have jobs that result in high levels of joint stress. Osteoarthritis is believed to be caused by mechanical stress on the joint and low grade inflammatory processes. It develops as cartilage is lost and the underlying bone becomes affected. As pain may make it difficult to exercise, muscle loss may occur. Diagnosis is typically based on signs and symptoms, with medical imaging and other tests occasionally used to either support or rule out other problems. In contrast to rheumatoid arthritis, which is primarily an inflammatory condition, in osteoarthritis, the joints do not typically become hot or red.
Treatment includes exercise, efforts to decrease joint stress, support groups, and pain medications. Efforts to decrease joint stress include resting and the use of a cane. Weight loss may help in those who are overweight. Pain medications may include paracetamol (acetaminophen) as well as NSAIDs such as naproxen or ibuprofen. Long-term opioid use is generally discouraged due to lack of information on benefits as well as risks of addiction and other side effects. If pain interferes with normal life despite other treatments, joint replacement surgery may help. An artificial joint typically lasts 10 to 15 years.
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis with disease of the knee and hip affecting about 3.8% of people as of 2010. Among those over 60 years old, about 10% of males and 18% of females are affected. It is the cause of about 2% of years lived with disability. In Australia, about 1.9 million people are affected, and in the United States, 30 to 52.5 million people are affected. It becomes more common in both sexes as people become older.

text: Osteoarthritis

text: OA

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: joint

text: disease

text: that

text: results

text: from

text: breakdown

text: of

text: joint

text: cartilage

text: and

text: underlying

text: bone

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: symptoms

text: are

text: joint

text: pain

text: and

text: stiffness

text: Initially

text: symptoms

text: may

text: occur

text: only

text: following

text: exercise

text: but

text: over

text: time

text: may

text: become

text: constant

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: may

text: include

text: joint

text: swelling

text: decreased

text: range

text: of

text: motion

text: and

text: when

text: the

text: back

text: is

text: affected

text: weakness

text: or

text: numbness

text: of

text: the

text: arms

text: and

text: legs

text: The

text: most

text: commonly

text: involved

text: joints

text: are

text: those

text: near

text: the

text: ends

text: of

text: the

text: fingers

text: at

text: the

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: thumb

text: neck

text: lower

text: back

text: knee

text: and

text: hips

text: Joints

text: on

text: one

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: are

text: often

text: more

text: affected

text: than

text: those

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: Usually

text: the

text: symptoms

text: come

text: on

text: over

text: years

text: It

text: can

text: affect

text: work

text: and

text: normal

text: daily

text: activities

text: Unlike

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: arthritis

text: only

text: the

text: joints

text: are

text: typically

text: affected

text: Causes

text: include

text: previous

text: joint

text: injury

text: abnormal

text: joint

text: or

text: limb

text: development

text: and

text: inherited

text: factors

text: Risk

text: is

text: greater

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: overweight

text: have

text: one

text: leg

text: of

text: different

text: length

text: and

text: have

text: jobs

text: that

text: result

text: in

text: high

text: levels

text: of

text: joint

text: stress

text: Osteoarthritis

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: mechanical

text: stress

text: on

text: the

text: joint

text: and

text: low

text: grade

text: inflammatory

text: processes

text: It

text: develops

text: as

text: cartilage

text: is

text: lost

text: and

text: the

text: underlying

text: bone

text: becomes

text: affected

text: As

text: pain

text: may

text: make

text: it

text: difficult

text: to

text: exercise

text: muscle

text: loss

text: may

text: occur

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: typically

text: based

text: on

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: with

text: medical

text: imaging

text: and

text: other

text: tests

text: occasionally

text: used

text: to

text: either

text: support

text: or

text: rule

text: out

text: other

text: problems

text: In

text: contrast

text: to

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: which

text: is

text: primarily

text: an

text: inflammatory

text: condition

text: in

text: osteoarthritis

text: the

text: joints

text: do

text: not

text: typically

text: become

text: hot

text: or

text: red

text: Treatment

text: includes

text: exercise

text: efforts

text: to

text: decrease

text: joint

text: stress

text: support

text: groups

text: and

text: pain

text: medications

text: Efforts

text: to

text: decrease

text: joint

text: stress

text: include

text: resting

text: and

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: cane

text: Weight

text: loss

text: may

text: help

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: overweight

text: Pain

text: medications

text: may

text: include

text: paracetamol

text: acetaminophen

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: NSAIDs

text: such

text: as

text: naproxen

text: or

text: ibuprofen

text: Long

text: term

text: opioid

text: use

text: is

text: generally

text: discouraged

text: due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: information

text: on

text: benefits

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: risks

text: of

text: addiction

text: and

text: other

text: side

text: effects

text: If

text: pain

text: interferes

text: with

text: normal

text: life

text: despite

text: other

text: treatments

text: joint

text: replacement

text: surgery

text: may

text: help

text: An

text: artificial

text: joint

text: typically

text: lasts

text: to

text: years

text: Osteoarthritis

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: form

text: of

text: arthritis

text: with

text: disease

text: of

text: the

text: knee

text: and

text: hip

text: affecting

text: about

text: of

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: Among

text: those

text: over

text: years

text: old

text: about

text: of

text: males

text: and

text: of

text: females

text: are

text: affected

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: years

text: lived

text: with

text: disability

text: In

text: Australia

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: are

text: affected

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: are

text: affected

text: It

text: becomes

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: both

text: sexes

text: as

text: people

text: become

text: older

question: medical_specialty arthralgia

answer: rheumatology

text: rheumatology


text: The Gulf of Mexico is an ocean basin largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The U.S. states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas border the Gulf on the north, which are often referred to as the "Third Coast" in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts, or sometimes the "south coast", in juxtaposition to the Great Lakes region being the "north coast." One of the gulf's seven main areas is the Gulf of Mexico basin.

text: The

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: is

text: an

text: ocean

text: basin

text: largely

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: continent

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: northeast

text: north

text: and

text: northwest

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: Coast

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: south

text: by

text: Mexico

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: Cuba

text: The

text: U.S.

text: states

text: of

text: Alabama

text: Florida

text: Louisiana

text: Mississippi

text: and

text: Texas

text: border

text: the

text: Gulf

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: which

text: are

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Third

text: Coast

text: in

text: comparison

text: with

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Pacific

text: coasts

text: or

text: sometimes

text: the

text: south

text: coast

text: in

text: juxtaposition

text: to

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: region

text: being

text: the

text: north

text: coast

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: gulf

text: 's

text: seven

text: main

text: areas

text: is

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: basin

text: Hudson Bay (Inuktitut: "Kangiqsualuk ilua") (sometimes called Hudson's Bay, usually historically) is a large body of saltwater in northeastern Canada with a surface area of . It drains a very large area, about , that includes parts of Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta, most of Manitoba, and southeastern Nunavut, and parts of North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana. Hudson Bay's southern arm is called James Bay.

text: Hudson

text: Bay

text: Inuktitut

text: Kangiqsualuk

text: ilua

text: sometimes

text: called

text: Hudson

text: 's

text: Bay

text: usually

text: historically

text: is

text: large

text: body

text: of

text: saltwater

text: in

text: northeastern

text: Canada

text: with

text: surface

text: area

text: of

text: It

text: drains

text: very

text: large

text: area

text: about

text: that

text: includes

text: parts

text: of

text: Ontario

text: Quebec

text: Saskatchewan

text: Alberta

text: most

text: of

text: Manitoba

text: and

text: southeastern

text: Nunavut

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: North

text: Dakota

text: South

text: Dakota

text: Minnesota

text: and

text: Montana

text: Hudson

text: Bay

text: 's

text: southern

text: arm

text: is

text: called

text: James

text: Bay

text: Spain, officially the Kingdom of Spain, is a sovereign state largely located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, with two large archipelagos, the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands off the North African Atlantic coast, two cities Ceuta and Melilla in the North African mainland and several small islands in the Alboran Sea near the Moroccan coast. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. It is the only European country to have a border with an African country (Morocco) and its African territory accounts for nearly 5% of its population, mostly in the Canary Islands but also in Ceuta and Melilla.

text: Spain

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Spain

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: largely

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: southwestern

text: Europe

text: with

text: two

text: large

text: archipelagos

text: the

text: Balearic

text: Islands

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Canary

text: Islands

text: off

text: the

text: North

text: African

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: two

text: cities

text: Ceuta

text: and

text: Melilla

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: African

text: mainland

text: and

text: several

text: small

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: Alboran

text: Sea

text: near

text: the

text: Moroccan

text: coast

text: Its

text: mainland

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: except

text: for

text: small

text: land

text: boundary

text: with

text: Gibraltar

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: northeast

text: by

text: France

text: Andorra

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Biscay

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: northwest

text: by

text: Portugal

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: European

text: country

text: to

text: have

text: border

text: with

text: an

text: African

text: country

text: Morocco

text: and

text: its

text: African

text: territory

text: accounts

text: for

text: nearly

text: of

text: its

text: population

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: Canary

text: Islands

text: but

text: also

text: in

text: Ceuta

text: and

text: Melilla

text: The Canadian Prairies is a region in western Canada, which may correspond to several different definitions, natural or political. Notably, the Prairie provinces or simply the Prairies comprise the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, as they are partially covered by prairie (grasslands). In a more restricted sense, the term may also refer only to the areas of those provinces covered by prairie; their portions of the physiographic region known as the Interior Plains. Prairie also covers portions of northeastern British Columbia, though that province is typically not included in the region in a political sense.

text: The

text: Canadian

text: Prairies

text: is

text: region

text: in

text: western

text: Canada

text: which

text: may

text: correspond

text: to

text: several

text: different

text: definitions

text: natural

text: or

text: political

text: Notably

text: the

text: Prairie

text: provinces

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: Prairies

text: comprise

text: the

text: provinces

text: of

text: Alberta

text: Saskatchewan

text: and

text: Manitoba

text: as

text: they

text: are

text: partially

text: covered

text: by

text: prairie

text: grasslands

text: In

text: more

text: restricted

text: sense

text: the

text: term

text: may

text: also

text: refer

text: only

text: to

text: the

text: areas

text: of

text: those

text: provinces

text: covered

text: by

text: prairie

text: their

text: portions

text: of

text: the

text: physiographic

text: region

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Interior

text: Plains

text: Prairie

text: also

text: covers

text: portions

text: of

text: northeastern

text: British

text: Columbia

text: though

text: that

text: province

text: is

text: typically

text: not

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: in

text: political

text: sense

text: The Treaty of Utrecht, which established the Peace of Utrecht, is a series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713. The treaties between several European states, including Spain, Great Britain, France, Portugal, Savoy and the Dutch Republic, helped end the war.

text: The

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: which

text: established

text: the

text: Peace

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: is

text: series

text: of

text: individual

text: peace

text: treaties

text: rather

text: than

text: single

text: document

text: signed

text: by

text: the

text: belligerents

text: in

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Succession

text: in

text: the

text: Dutch

text: city

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: in

text: March

text: and

text: April

text: The

text: treaties

text: between

text: several

text: European

text: states

text: including

text: Spain

text: Great

text: Britain

text: France

text: Portugal

text: Savoy

text: and

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Republic

text: helped

text: end

text: the

text: war

text: France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.

text: France

text: officially

text: the

text: French

text: Republic

text: is

text: country

text: with

text: territory

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: several

text: overseas

text: regions

text: and

text: territories

text: The

text: European

text: or

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: France

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Overseas

text: France

text: include

text: French

text: Guiana

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: continent

text: and

text: several

text: island

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian

text: oceans

text: France

text: spans

text: and

text: had

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: almost

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: unitary

text: semi

text: presidential

text: republic

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: in

text: Paris

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: and

text: main

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: centre

text: Other

text: major

text: urban

text: centres

text: include

text: Marseille

text: Lyon

text: Lille

text: Nice

text: Toulouse

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: The Great Lakes (also called the Laurentian Great Lakes, or the Great Lakes of North America) are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the CanadaUnited States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron (or MichiganHuron), Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth, containing 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume. The total surface is , and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is . Due to their sea-like characteristics (rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons) the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as "inland seas". Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area, and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country. The southern half of the Great Lakes is bordered by the Great Lakes Megalopolis.

text: The

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Laurentian

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: or

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: are

text: series

text: of

text: interconnected

text: freshwater

text: lakes

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: upper

text: mid

text: east

text: region

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: on

text: the

text: CanadaUnited

text: States

text: border

text: which

text: connect

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: through

text: the

text: Saint

text: Lawrence

text: River

text: Consisting

text: of

text: Lakes

text: Superior

text: Michigan

text: Huron

text: or

text: MichiganHuron

text: Erie

text: and

text: Ontario

text: they

text: form

text: the

text: largest

text: group

text: of

text: freshwater

text: lakes

text: on

text: Earth

text: containing

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: surface

text: fresh

text: water

text: by

text: volume

text: The

text: total

text: surface

text: is

text: and

text: the

text: total

text: volume

text: measured

text: at

text: the

text: low

text: water

text: datum

text: is

text: Due

text: to

text: their

text: sea

text: like

text: characteristics

text: rolling

text: waves

text: sustained

text: winds

text: strong

text: currents

text: great

text: depths

text: and

text: distant

text: horizons

text: the

text: five

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: have

text: also

text: long

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: inland

text: seas

text: Lake

text: Superior

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: lake

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: area

text: and

text: Lake

text: Michigan

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: lake

text: that

text: is

text: entirely

text: within

text: one

text: country

text: The

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: Megalopolis

text: North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.

text: North

text: America

text: is

text: continent

text: entirely

text: within

text: the

text: Northern

text: Hemisphere

text: and

text: almost

text: all

text: within

text: the

text: Western

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: considered

text: northern

text: subcontinent

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Sea

text: Claude de Ramezay , ( 15 June 1659 -- 31 July 1724 ) , was an important figure in the early history of New France . He was a military man by training and rose to being commander of the colonial regular troops .

text: Claude

text: de

text: Ramezay

text: June

text: July

text: was

text: an

text: important

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: history

text: of

text: New

text: France

text: He

text: was

text: military

text: man

text: by

text: training

text: and

text: rose

text: to

text: being

text: commander

text: of

text: the

text: colonial

text: regular

text: troops

text: The Saint Lawrence River (Tuscarora: "Kahnawákye"; Mohawk: "Kaniatarowanenneh", meaning "big waterway") is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. The Saint Lawrence River flows in a roughly north-easterly direction, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean and forming the primary drainage outflow of the Great Lakes Basin. It traverses the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and is part of the international boundary between Ontario, Canada, and the U.S. state of New York. This river also provides the basis of the commercial Saint Lawrence Seaway.

text: The

text: Saint

text: Lawrence

text: River

text: Tuscarora

text: Kahnawákye

text: Mohawk

text: Kaniatarowanenneh

text: meaning

text: big

text: waterway

text: is

text: large

text: river

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: latitudes

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: The

text: Saint

text: Lawrence

text: River

text: flows

text: in

text: roughly

text: north

text: easterly

text: direction

text: connecting

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: with

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: forming

text: the

text: primary

text: drainage

text: outflow

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: Basin

text: It

text: traverses

text: the

text: Canadian

text: provinces

text: of

text: Quebec

text: and

text: Ontario

text: and

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: international

text: boundary

text: between

text: Ontario

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: This

text: river

text: also

text: provides

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: commercial

text: Saint

text: Lawrence

text: Seaway

text: New France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period beginning with the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Spain and Great Britain in 1763. At its peak in 1712 (before the Treaty of Utrecht), the territory of "New France", also sometimes known as the "French North American Empire" or "Royal New France", extended from Newfoundland to the Canadian prairies and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico, including all the Great Lakes of North America.

text: New

text: France

text: was

text: the

text: area

text: colonized

text: by

text: France

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: during

text: period

text: beginning

text: with

text: the

text: exploration

text: of

text: the

text: Saint

text: Lawrence

text: River

text: by

text: Jacques

text: Cartier

text: in

text: and

text: ending

text: with

text: the

text: cession

text: of

text: New

text: France

text: to

text: Spain

text: and

text: Great

text: Britain

text: in

text: At

text: its

text: peak

text: in

text: before

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: New

text: France

text: also

text: sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: French

text: North

text: American

text: Empire

text: or

text: Royal

text: New

text: France

text: extended

text: from

text: Newfoundland

text: to

text: the

text: Canadian

text: prairies

text: and

text: from

text: Hudson

text: Bay

text: to

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: including

text: all

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: Jacques Cartier (December 31, 1491September 1, 1557) was a French explorer of Breton origin who claimed what is now Canada for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas", after the Iroquois names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).

text: Jacques

text: Cartier

text: December

text: was

text: French

text: explorer

text: of

text: Breton

text: origin

text: who

text: claimed

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Canada

text: for

text: France

text: Jacques

text: Cartier

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: European

text: to

text: describe

text: and

text: map

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Saint

text: Lawrence

text: and

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: the

text: Saint

text: Lawrence

text: River

text: which

text: he

text: named

text: The

text: Country

text: of

text: Canadas

text: after

text: the

text: Iroquois

text: names

text: for

text: the

text: two

text: big

text: settlements

text: he

text: saw

text: at

text: Stadacona

text: Quebec

text: City

text: and

text: at

text: Hochelaga

text: Montreal

text: Island

text: The Canadian titles debate has been ongoing since the presentation to the Canadian House of Commons of the Nickle Resolution in 1917. This resolution marked the earliest attempt to establish a Canadian government policy requesting the sovereign not to grant knighthoods, baronetcies, and peerages to Canadians and set the precedent for later policies restricting Canadians from accepting titles from foreign countries. Dissatisfaction with the British honours system led to the gradual creation of a separate system for Canada.

text: The

text: Canadian

text: titles

text: debate

text: has

text: been

text: ongoing

text: since

text: the

text: presentation

text: to

text: the

text: Canadian

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: of

text: the

text: Nickle

text: Resolution

text: in

text: This

text: resolution

text: marked

text: the

text: earliest

text: attempt

text: to

text: establish

text: Canadian

text: government

text: policy

text: requesting

text: the

text: sovereign

text: not

text: to

text: grant

text: knighthoods

text: baronetcies

text: and

text: peerages

text: to

text: Canadians

text: and

text: set

text: the

text: precedent

text: for

text: later

text: policies

text: restricting

text: Canadians

text: from

text: accepting

text: titles

text: from

text: foreign

text: countries

text: Dissatisfaction

text: with

text: the

text: British

text: honours

text: system

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: gradual

text: creation

text: of

text: separate

text: system

text: for

text: Canada

annotations: follows multiple

question: place_of_death claude de ramezay

answer: quebec city

text: quebec city


text: The Roman Kingdom was the period of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a monarchical form of government of the city of Rome and its territories.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Kingdom

text: was

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: characterized

text: by

text: monarchical

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: and

text: its

text: territories

text: Consul (abbrev. "cos."; Latin plural "consules") was the title of one of the chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently a somewhat significant title under the Roman Empire. The title was also used in other city states and also revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic. The relating adjective is consular, from the "consularis".

text: Consul

text: abbrev

text: cos

text: Latin

text: plural

text: consules

text: was

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: chief

text: magistrates

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: and

text: subsequently

text: somewhat

text: significant

text: title

text: under

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: The

text: title

text: was

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: other

text: city

text: states

text: and

text: also

text: revived

text: in

text: modern

text: states

text: notably

text: in

text: the

text: First

text: French

text: Republic

text: The

text: relating

text: adjective

text: is

text: consular

text: from

text: the

text: consularis

text: Castelfranco Emilia is a town and "comune" in Italy in the province of Modena, region of Emilia-Romagna. The town lies about northwest of Bologna.

text: Castelfranco

text: Emilia

text: is

text: town

text: and

text: comune

text: in

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Modena

text: region

text: of

text: Emilia

text: Romagna

text: The

text: town

text: lies

text: about

text: northwest

text: of

text: Bologna

text: Aulus Hirtius (c. 90  43 BC) was one of the consuls of the Roman Republic and a writer on military subjects.

text: Aulus

text: Hirtius

text: BC

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: consuls

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: and

text: writer

text: on

text: military

text: subjects

text: Northern Italy is a cultural and geographical region, without any administrative purpose, used to indicate the northern part of the Italian state, also informally referred as "Il Nord", "Settentrione" or "Alta Italia". It consists of 8 regions in northern Italy: Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Liguria, Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. According to the 2011 census, its population was 27,213,372. For statistic purposes, the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT) uses the term Northwest Italy and Northeast Italy for identifying two of the five statistical regions in its reporting. These same subdivisions are used to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) regions ("NUTS 1 regions") within the European Union, and the Italian constituencies for the European Parliament.

text: Northern

text: Italy

text: is

text: cultural

text: and

text: geographical

text: region

text: without

text: any

text: administrative

text: purpose

text: used

text: to

text: indicate

text: the

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: state

text: also

text: informally

text: referred

text: as

text: Il

text: Nord

text: Settentrione

text: or

text: Alta

text: Italia

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: regions

text: in

text: northern

text: Italy

text: Aosta

text: Valley

text: Piedmont

text: Liguria

text: Lombardy

text: Emilia

text: Romagna

text: Veneto

text: Friuli

text: Venezia

text: Giulia

text: Trentino

text: Alto

text: Adige

text: Südtirol

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: its

text: population

text: was

text: For

text: statistic

text: purposes

text: the

text: Istituto

text: Nazionale

text: di

text: Statistica

text: ISTAT

text: uses

text: the

text: term

text: Northwest

text: Italy

text: and

text: Northeast

text: Italy

text: for

text: identifying

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: statistical

text: regions

text: in

text: its

text: reporting

text: These

text: same

text: subdivisions

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: demarcate

text: first

text: level

text: Nomenclature

text: of

text: Territorial

text: Units

text: for

text: Statistics

text: NUTS

text: regions

text: NUTS

text: regions

text: within

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: the

text: Italian

text: constituencies

text: for

text: the

text: European

text: Parliament

text: The Roman Empire (Koine and Medieval Greek:   , tr. ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title "Augustus", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Koine

text: and

text: Medieval

text: Greek

text: tr

text: was

text: the

text: post

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: characterized

text: by

text: government

text: headed

text: by

text: emperors

text: and

text: large

text: territorial

text: holdings

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: in

text: Europe

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: BC

text: AD

text: with

text: Constantinople

text: New

text: Rome

text: becoming

text: the

text: largest

text: around

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: populace

text: grew

text: to

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: old

text: republic

text: which

text: preceded

text: it

text: was

text: severely

text: destabilized

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: and

text: political

text: conflict

text: during

text: which

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: perpetual

text: dictator

text: and

text: then

text: assassinated

text: in

text: BC

text: Civil

text: wars

text: and

text: executions

text: continued

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: victory

text: of

text: Octavian

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: adopted

text: son

text: over

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: Cleopatra

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: power

text: was

text: then

text: unassailable

text: and

text: in

text: BC

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: formally

text: granted

text: him

text: overarching

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: title

text: Augustus

text: effectively

text: marking

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: Gaius Julius Caesar (13 July 100 BC  15 March 44 BC), known as Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician, general, and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.

text: Gaius

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: July

text: BC

text: March

text: BC

text: known

text: as

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: was

text: Roman

text: politician

text: general

text: and

text: notable

text: author

text: of

text: Latin

text: prose

text: He

text: played

text: critical

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: events

text: that

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: demise

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: and

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus ( died 23 April 43 BC ) was consul of the Roman Republic in 43 BC. Although supporting Gaius Julius Caesar during the Civil War , he pushed for the restoration of the Republic upon Caesar 's death . He died of injuries sustained at the Battle of Forum Gallorum .

text: Gaius

text: Vibius

text: Pansa

text: Caetronianus

text: died

text: April

text: BC

text: was

text: consul

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: in

text: BC

text: Although

text: supporting

text: Gaius

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: during

text: the

text: Civil

text: War

text: he

text: pushed

text: for

text: the

text: restoration

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: upon

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: death

text: He

text: died

text: of

text: injuries

text: sustained

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Forum

text: Gallorum

text: The Battle of Forum Gallorum was fought near a village in northern Italy (perhaps near modern-day Castelfranco Emilia), on April 14, 43 BC, between the forces of Mark Antony and the legions of the Roman Republic under the overall command of consul Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus, aided by Aulus Hirtius and the untested Octavian (the future Caesar Augustus). After months of negotiations between the Senate and Antony which did little to settle the questions of power and government after Caesar's assassination, this conflict became unavoidable.

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Forum

text: Gallorum

text: was

text: fought

text: near

text: village

text: in

text: northern

text: Italy

text: perhaps

text: near

text: modern

text: day

text: Castelfranco

text: Emilia

text: on

text: April

text: BC

text: between

text: the

text: forces

text: of

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: the

text: legions

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: under

text: the

text: overall

text: command

text: of

text: consul

text: Gaius

text: Vibius

text: Pansa

text: Caetronianus

text: aided

text: by

text: Aulus

text: Hirtius

text: and

text: the

text: untested

text: Octavian

text: the

text: future

text: Caesar

text: Augustus

text: After

text: months

text: of

text: negotiations

text: between

text: the

text: Senate

text: and

text: Antony

text: which

text: did

text: little

text: to

text: settle

text: the

text: questions

text: of

text: power

text: and

text: government

text: after

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: assassination

text: this

text: conflict

text: became

text: unavoidable

text: Hegemony (or , or  "leadership, rule") is the political, economic, or military predominance or control of one state over others. In ancient Greece (8th century BCE  6th century CE), "hegemony" denoted the politicomilitary dominance of a city-state over other city-states. The dominant state is known as the "hegemon".

text: Hegemony

text: or

text: or

text: leadership

text: rule

text: is

text: the

text: political

text: economic

text: or

text: military

text: predominance

text: or

text: control

text: of

text: one

text: state

text: over

text: others

text: In

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: century

text: BCE

text: century

text: CE

text: hegemony

text: denoted

text: the

text: politicomilitary

text: dominance

text: of

text: city

text: state

text: over

text: other

text: city

text: states

text: The

text: dominant

text: state

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: hegemon

text: The Roman Republic was the era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: was

text: the

text: era

text: of

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: beginning

text: with

text: the

text: overthrow

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Kingdom

text: traditionally

text: dated

text: to

text: BC

text: and

text: ending

text: in

text: BC

text: with

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: It

text: was

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: that

text: Rome

text: 's

text: control

text: expanded

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: immediate

text: surroundings

text: to

text: hegemony

text: over

text: the

text: entire

text: Mediterranean

text: world

text: Marcus Antonius (Latin: ; January 14, August 1, 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark or Marc Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from an oligarchy into the autocratic Roman Empire.

text: Marcus

text: Antonius

text: Latin

text: January

text: August

text: BC

text: commonly

text: known

text: in

text: English

text: as

text: Mark

text: or

text: Marc

text: Antony

text: was

text: Roman

text: politician

text: and

text: general

text: who

text: played

text: critical

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: transformation

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: from

text: an

text: oligarchy

text: into

text: the

text: autocratic

text: Roman

text: Empire

annotations: follows single

question: place_of_death gaius vibius pansa caetronianus

answer: bologna

text: bologna