text:
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce. Infectious disease, also known as transmissible disease or communicable disease, is illness resulting from an infection.
Infections are caused by infectious agents including viruses, viroids, prions, bacteria, nematodes such as parasitic roundworms and pinworms, arthropods such as ticks, mites, fleas, and lice, fungi such as ringworm, and other macroparasites such as tapeworms and other helminths.

text: Infection

text: is

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: 's

text: body

text: tissues

text: by

text: disease

text: causing

text: agents

text: their

text: multiplication

text: and

text: the

text: reaction

text: of

text: host

text: tissues

text: to

text: these

text: organisms

text: and

text: the

text: toxins

text: they

text: produce

text: Infectious

text: disease

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: transmissible

text: disease

text: or

text: communicable

text: disease

text: is

text: illness

text: resulting

text: from

text: an

text: infection

text: Infections

text: are

text: caused

text: by

text: infectious

text: agents

text: including

text: viruses

text: viroids

text: prions

text: bacteria

text: nematodes

text: such

text: as

text: parasitic

text: roundworms

text: and

text: pinworms

text: arthropods

text: such

text: as

text: ticks

text: mites

text: fleas

text: and

text: lice

text: fungi

text: such

text: as

text: ringworm

text: and

text: other

text: macroparasites

text: such

text: as

text: tapeworms

text: and

text: other

text: helminths

text: Vaginal discharge is a mixture of liquid, cells, and bacteria that lubricates and protects the vagina. This mixture is constantly produced by the cells of the vagina and cervix and it exits the body through the vaginal opening. The composition, amount, and quality of discharge varies between individuals as well as through the various stages of sexual and reproductive development. Normal vaginal discharge may have a thinner, watery consistency or a thick, sticky consistency, and may be clear or white in color. Normal vaginal discharge may be large in volume but typically does not have a strong odor, nor is it typically associated with itching or pain. While most discharge represents normal functioning of the body, some changes in discharge can reflect infection or other pathological processes. Infections that may cause changes in vaginal discharge include vaginal yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis, and sexually transmitted infections. The characteristics of abnormal vaginal discharge vary depending on the cause, but common features include a change in color, a foul odor, and associated symptoms such as itching, burning, pelvic pain, or pain during sexual intercourse.

text: Vaginal

text: discharge

text: is

text: mixture

text: of

text: liquid

text: cells

text: and

text: bacteria

text: that

text: lubricates

text: and

text: protects

text: the

text: vagina

text: This

text: mixture

text: is

text: constantly

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: cells

text: of

text: the

text: vagina

text: and

text: cervix

text: and

text: it

text: exits

text: the

text: body

text: through

text: the

text: vaginal

text: opening

text: The

text: composition

text: amount

text: and

text: quality

text: of

text: discharge

text: varies

text: between

text: individuals

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: through

text: the

text: various

text: stages

text: of

text: sexual

text: and

text: reproductive

text: development

text: Normal

text: vaginal

text: discharge

text: may

text: have

text: thinner

text: watery

text: consistency

text: or

text: thick

text: sticky

text: consistency

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: clear

text: or

text: white

text: in

text: color

text: Normal

text: vaginal

text: discharge

text: may

text: be

text: large

text: in

text: volume

text: but

text: typically

text: does

text: not

text: have

text: strong

text: odor

text: nor

text: is

text: it

text: typically

text: associated

text: with

text: itching

text: or

text: pain

text: While

text: most

text: discharge

text: represents

text: normal

text: functioning

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: some

text: changes

text: in

text: discharge

text: can

text: reflect

text: infection

text: or

text: other

text: pathological

text: processes

text: Infections

text: that

text: may

text: cause

text: changes

text: in

text: vaginal

text: discharge

text: include

text: vaginal

text: yeast

text: infections

text: bacterial

text: vaginosis

text: and

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infections

text: The

text: characteristics

text: of

text: abnormal

text: vaginal

text: discharge

text: vary

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: cause

text: but

text: common

text: features

text: include

text: change

text: in

text: color

text: foul

text: odor

text: and

text: associated

text: symptoms

text: such

text: as

text: itching

text: burning

text: pelvic

text: pain

text: or

text: pain

text: during

text: sexual

text: intercourse

text:
Caesarean section, also known as C-section, is the use of surgery to deliver one or more babies. A Caesarean section is often performed when a vaginal delivery would put the baby or mother at risk. This may include obstructed labour, twin pregnancy, high blood pressure in the mother, breech birth, problems with the placenta, umbilical cord or shape of the pelvis, and previous C-section. A trial of vaginal birth in some of these situations, including after C-section, may be possible. Some C-sections are also performed upon request. The World Health Organization recommends that they should be done based on medical need and in many cases they are lifesaving for the mother and baby.
A C-section typically takes 45 minutes to an hour. It may be done with a spinal block such that the woman is awake or under general anesthesia. A urinary catheter is used to drain the bladder and the skin of the abdomen is then cleaned with an antiseptic. An incision of about 15 cm (6 inches) is then typically made through the mother's lower abdomen. The uterus is then opened with a second incision and the baby delivered. The incisions are then stitched closed. A woman can typically begin breastfeeding as soon as she is awake and out of the operating room. Often a number of days are required in hospital to recover sufficiently to return home.
C-sections result in a small overall increase in poor outcomes in low risk pregnancies. They also typically take longer to heal from, about six weeks, than vaginal birth. The increased risks include breathing problems in the baby and amniotic fluid embolism and postpartum bleeding in the mother. Established guidelines recommend that caesarean sections not be used before 39 weeks of pregnancy without a medical reason. The method of delivery does not appear to have an effect on subsequent sexual function.
In 2012, about 23 million C-sections were done globally. The international healthcare community has previously considered the rate of 10% and 15% to be ideal for caesarean sections. Some evidence finds a higher rate of 19% may result in better outcomes. More than 45 countries globally have C-section rates less than 7.5% while more than 50 have rates greater than 27%. There are efforts to both improve access to and reduce the use of C-section. In the United States about 33% of deliveries are by C-section. The surgery has been performed at least as far back as 715 BC following the death of the mother with the occasional baby surviving. Descriptions of mothers surviving date back to the 1500s. With the introduction of antiseptics and anesthetics in the 1800s survival of both the mother and baby became common.

text: Caesarean

text: section

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: section

text: is

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: surgery

text: to

text: deliver

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: babies

text: Caesarean

text: section

text: is

text: often

text: performed

text: when

text: vaginal

text: delivery

text: would

text: put

text: the

text: baby

text: or

text: mother

text: at

text: risk

text: This

text: may

text: include

text: obstructed

text: labour

text: twin

text: pregnancy

text: high

text: blood

text: pressure

text: in

text: the

text: mother

text: breech

text: birth

text: problems

text: with

text: the

text: placenta

text: umbilical

text: cord

text: or

text: shape

text: of

text: the

text: pelvis

text: and

text: previous

text: section

text: trial

text: of

text: vaginal

text: birth

text: in

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: situations

text: including

text: after

text: section

text: may

text: be

text: possible

text: Some

text: sections

text: are

text: also

text: performed

text: upon

text: request

text: The

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: recommends

text: that

text: they

text: should

text: be

text: done

text: based

text: on

text: medical

text: need

text: and

text: in

text: many

text: cases

text: they

text: are

text: lifesaving

text: for

text: the

text: mother

text: and

text: baby

text: section

text: typically

text: takes

text: minutes

text: to

text: an

text: hour

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: done

text: with

text: spinal

text: block

text: such

text: that

text: the

text: woman

text: is

text: awake

text: or

text: under

text: general

text: anesthesia

text: urinary

text: catheter

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: drain

text: the

text: bladder

text: and

text: the

text: skin

text: of

text: the

text: abdomen

text: is

text: then

text: cleaned

text: with

text: an

text: antiseptic

text: An

text: incision

text: of

text: about

text: cm

text: inches

text: is

text: then

text: typically

text: made

text: through

text: the

text: mother

text: 's

text: lower

text: abdomen

text: The

text: uterus

text: is

text: then

text: opened

text: with

text: second

text: incision

text: and

text: the

text: baby

text: delivered

text: The

text: incisions

text: are

text: then

text: stitched

text: closed

text: woman

text: can

text: typically

text: begin

text: breastfeeding

text: as

text: soon

text: as

text: she

text: is

text: awake

text: and

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: operating

text: room

text: Often

text: number

text: of

text: days

text: are

text: required

text: in

text: hospital

text: to

text: recover

text: sufficiently

text: to

text: return

text: home

text: sections

text: result

text: in

text: small

text: overall

text: increase

text: in

text: poor

text: outcomes

text: in

text: low

text: risk

text: pregnancies

text: They

text: also

text: typically

text: take

text: longer

text: to

text: heal

text: from

text: about

text: six

text: weeks

text: than

text: vaginal

text: birth

text: The

text: increased

text: risks

text: include

text: breathing

text: problems

text: in

text: the

text: baby

text: and

text: amniotic

text: fluid

text: embolism

text: and

text: postpartum

text: bleeding

text: in

text: the

text: mother

text: Established

text: guidelines

text: recommend

text: that

text: caesarean

text: sections

text: not

text: be

text: used

text: before

text: weeks

text: of

text: pregnancy

text: without

text: medical

text: reason

text: The

text: method

text: of

text: delivery

text: does

text: not

text: appear

text: to

text: have

text: an

text: effect

text: on

text: subsequent

text: sexual

text: function

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: sections

text: were

text: done

text: globally

text: The

text: international

text: healthcare

text: community

text: has

text: previously

text: considered

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: and

text: to

text: be

text: ideal

text: for

text: caesarean

text: sections

text: Some

text: evidence

text: finds

text: higher

text: rate

text: of

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: better

text: outcomes

text: More

text: than

text: countries

text: globally

text: have

text: section

text: rates

text: less

text: than

text: while

text: more

text: than

text: have

text: rates

text: greater

text: than

text: There

text: are

text: efforts

text: to

text: both

text: improve

text: access

text: to

text: and

text: reduce

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: section

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: about

text: of

text: deliveries

text: are

text: by

text: section

text: The

text: surgery

text: has

text: been

text: performed

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: far

text: back

text: as

text: BC

text: following

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: mother

text: with

text: the

text: occasional

text: baby

text: surviving

text: Descriptions

text: of

text: mothers

text: surviving

text: date

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: With

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: antiseptics

text: and

text: anesthetics

text: in

text: the

text: survival

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: mother

text: and

text: baby

text: became

text: common

text:
Pelvic inflammatory disease or pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID) is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system namely the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis. Often there may be no symptoms. Signs and symptoms, when present may include lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, fever, burning with urination, pain with sex, or irregular menstruation. Untreated PID can result in long term complications including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and cancer.
The disease is caused by bacteria that spread from the vagina and cervix. Infections by "Neisseria gonorrhoeae" or "Chlamydia trachomatis" are present in 75 to 90 percent of cases. Often multiple different bacteria are involved. Without treatment about 10 percent of those with a chlamydial infection and 40 percent of those with a gonorrhea infection will develop PID. Risk factors are similar to those of sexually transmitted infections generally and include a high number of sexual partners and drug use. Vaginal douching may also increase the risk. The diagnosis is typically based on the presenting signs and symptoms. It is recommended that the disease be considered in all women of childbearing age who have lower abdominal pain. A definitive diagnosis of PID is made by finding pus involving the fallopian tubes during surgery. Ultrasound may also be useful in diagnosis.
Efforts to prevent the disease include not having sex or having few sexual partners and using condoms. Screening women at risk for chlamydial infection followed by treatment decreases the risk of PID. If the diagnosis is suspected, treatment is typically advised. Treating a woman's sexual partners should also occur. In those with mild or moderate symptoms a single injection of the antibiotic ceftriaxone along with two weeks of doxycycline and possibly metronidazole by mouth is recommended. For those who do not improve after three days or who have severe disease intravenous antibiotics should be used.
Globally about 106 million cases of chlamydia and 106 million cases of gonorrhea occurred in 2008. The number of cases of PID however, is not clear. It is estimated to affect about 1.5 percent of young women yearly. In the United States PID is estimated to affect about one million people yearly. A type of intrauterine device (IUD) known as the Dalkon shield led to increased rates of PID in the 1970s. Current IUDs are not associated with this problem after the first month.

text: Pelvic

text: inflammatory

text: disease

text: or

text: pelvic

text: inflammatory

text: disorder

text: PID

text: is

text: an

text: infection

text: of

text: the

text: upper

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: female

text: reproductive

text: system

text: namely

text: the

text: uterus

text: fallopian

text: tubes

text: and

text: ovaries

text: and

text: inside

text: of

text: the

text: pelvis

text: Often

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: no

text: symptoms

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: when

text: present

text: may

text: include

text: lower

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: vaginal

text: discharge

text: fever

text: burning

text: with

text: urination

text: pain

text: with

text: sex

text: or

text: irregular

text: menstruation

text: Untreated

text: PID

text: can

text: result

text: in

text: long

text: term

text: complications

text: including

text: infertility

text: ectopic

text: pregnancy

text: chronic

text: pelvic

text: pain

text: and

text: cancer

text: The

text: disease

text: is

text: caused

text: by

text: bacteria

text: that

text: spread

text: from

text: the

text: vagina

text: and

text: cervix

text: Infections

text: by

text: Neisseria

text: gonorrhoeae

text: or

text: Chlamydia

text: trachomatis

text: are

text: present

text: in

text: to

text: percent

text: of

text: cases

text: Often

text: multiple

text: different

text: bacteria

text: are

text: involved

text: Without

text: treatment

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: those

text: with

text: chlamydial

text: infection

text: and

text: percent

text: of

text: those

text: with

text: gonorrhea

text: infection

text: will

text: develop

text: PID

text: Risk

text: factors

text: are

text: similar

text: to

text: those

text: of

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infections

text: generally

text: and

text: include

text: high

text: number

text: of

text: sexual

text: partners

text: and

text: drug

text: use

text: Vaginal

text: douching

text: may

text: also

text: increase

text: the

text: risk

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: typically

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: presenting

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: It

text: is

text: recommended

text: that

text: the

text: disease

text: be

text: considered

text: in

text: all

text: women

text: of

text: childbearing

text: age

text: who

text: have

text: lower

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: definitive

text: diagnosis

text: of

text: PID

text: is

text: made

text: by

text: finding

text: pus

text: involving

text: the

text: fallopian

text: tubes

text: during

text: surgery

text: Ultrasound

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: useful

text: in

text: diagnosis

text: Efforts

text: to

text: prevent

text: the

text: disease

text: include

text: not

text: having

text: sex

text: or

text: having

text: few

text: sexual

text: partners

text: and

text: using

text: condoms

text: Screening

text: women

text: at

text: risk

text: for

text: chlamydial

text: infection

text: followed

text: by

text: treatment

text: decreases

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: PID

text: If

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: suspected

text: treatment

text: is

text: typically

text: advised

text: Treating

text: woman

text: 's

text: sexual

text: partners

text: should

text: also

text: occur

text: In

text: those

text: with

text: mild

text: or

text: moderate

text: symptoms

text: single

text: injection

text: of

text: the

text: antibiotic

text: ceftriaxone

text: along

text: with

text: two

text: weeks

text: of

text: doxycycline

text: and

text: possibly

text: metronidazole

text: by

text: mouth

text: is

text: recommended

text: For

text: those

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: improve

text: after

text: three

text: days

text: or

text: who

text: have

text: severe

text: disease

text: intravenous

text: antibiotics

text: should

text: be

text: used

text: Globally

text: about

text: million

text: cases

text: of

text: chlamydia

text: and

text: million

text: cases

text: of

text: gonorrhea

text: occurred

text: in

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: cases

text: of

text: PID

text: however

text: is

text: not

text: clear

text: It

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: affect

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: young

text: women

text: yearly

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: PID

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: affect

text: about

text: one

text: million

text: people

text: yearly

text: type

text: of

text: intrauterine

text: device

text: IUD

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Dalkon

text: shield

text: led

text: to

text: increased

text: rates

text: of

text: PID

text: in

text: the

text: Current

text: IUDs

text: are

text: not

text: associated

text: with

text: this

text: problem

text: after

text: the

text: first

text: month

text:
Vaginal yeast infection, also known as candidal vulvovaginitis and vaginal thrush, is excessive growth of yeast in the vagina that results in irritation. The most common symptom is vaginal itching, which may be severe. Other symptoms include burning with urination, white and thick vaginal discharge that typically does not smell bad, pain with sex, and redness around the vagina. Symptoms often worsen just before a woman's period.
Vaginal yeast infections are due to excessive growth of "Candida". These yeast are normally present in the vagina in small numbers. It is not classified as a sexually transmitted infection; however, it may occur more often in those who are frequently sexually active. Risk factors include taking antibiotics, pregnancy, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS. Eating a diet high in simple sugar may also play a role. Tight clothing, type of underwear, and personal hygiene do not appear to be factors. Diagnosis is by testing a sample of vaginal discharge. As symptoms are similar to that of the sexually transmitted infections, chlamydia and gonorrhea, testing may be recommended.
Despite the lack of evidence, wearing cotton underwear and loose fitting clothing is often recommended as a preventative measure. Avoiding douching and scented hygiene products is also recommended. Treatment is with an antifungal medication. This may be either as a creams such as clotrimazole or with oral medications such as fluconazole. Probiotics have not been found to be useful for active infections.
About 75% of women have at least one vaginal yeast infection at some point in their lives while nearly half have at least two. About 5% have more than three infections in a single year. It is the second most common cause of vaginal inflammation after bacterial vaginosis.

text: Vaginal

text: yeast

text: infection

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: candidal

text: vulvovaginitis

text: and

text: vaginal

text: thrush

text: is

text: excessive

text: growth

text: of

text: yeast

text: in

text: the

text: vagina

text: that

text: results

text: in

text: irritation

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: symptom

text: is

text: vaginal

text: itching

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: severe

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: include

text: burning

text: with

text: urination

text: white

text: and

text: thick

text: vaginal

text: discharge

text: that

text: typically

text: does

text: not

text: smell

text: bad

text: pain

text: with

text: sex

text: and

text: redness

text: around

text: the

text: vagina

text: Symptoms

text: often

text: worsen

text: just

text: before

text: woman

text: 's

text: period

text: Vaginal

text: yeast

text: infections

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: excessive

text: growth

text: of

text: Candida

text: These

text: yeast

text: are

text: normally

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: vagina

text: in

text: small

text: numbers

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: classified

text: as

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infection

text: however

text: it

text: may

text: occur

text: more

text: often

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: frequently

text: sexually

text: active

text: Risk

text: factors

text: include

text: taking

text: antibiotics

text: pregnancy

text: diabetes

text: and

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: Eating

text: diet

text: high

text: in

text: simple

text: sugar

text: may

text: also

text: play

text: role

text: Tight

text: clothing

text: type

text: of

text: underwear

text: and

text: personal

text: hygiene

text: do

text: not

text: appear

text: to

text: be

text: factors

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: by

text: testing

text: sample

text: of

text: vaginal

text: discharge

text: As

text: symptoms

text: are

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infections

text: chlamydia

text: and

text: gonorrhea

text: testing

text: may

text: be

text: recommended

text: Despite

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: evidence

text: wearing

text: cotton

text: underwear

text: and

text: loose

text: fitting

text: clothing

text: is

text: often

text: recommended

text: as

text: preventative

text: measure

text: Avoiding

text: douching

text: and

text: scented

text: hygiene

text: products

text: is

text: also

text: recommended

text: Treatment

text: is

text: with

text: an

text: antifungal

text: medication

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: either

text: as

text: creams

text: such

text: as

text: clotrimazole

text: or

text: with

text: oral

text: medications

text: such

text: as

text: fluconazole

text: Probiotics

text: have

text: not

text: been

text: found

text: to

text: be

text: useful

text: for

text: active

text: infections

text: About

text: of

text: women

text: have

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: vaginal

text: yeast

text: infection

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: in

text: their

text: lives

text: while

text: nearly

text: half

text: have

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: About

text: have

text: more

text: than

text: three

text: infections

text: in

text: single

text: year

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: vaginal

text: inflammation

text: after

text: bacterial

text: vaginosis

text: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also known as gonococci (plural), or gonococcus (singular), is a species of Gram-negative coffee bean-shaped diplococci bacteria responsible for the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea.

text: Neisseria

text: gonorrhoeae

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: gonococci

text: plural

text: or

text: gonococcus

text: singular

text: is

text: species

text: of

text: Gram

text: negative

text: coffee

text: bean

text: shaped

text: diplococci

text: bacteria

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infection

text: gonorrhea

text:
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Following initial infection, a person may not notice any symptoms or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness. Typically, this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms. As the infection progresses, it interferes more with the immune system, increasing the risk of common infections like tuberculosis, as well as other opportunistic infections, and tumors that rarely affect people who have working immune systems. These late symptoms of infection are referred to as AIDS. This stage is often also associated with weight loss.
HIV is spread primarily by unprotected sex (including anal and oral sex), contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Some bodily fluids, such as saliva and tears, do not transmit HIV. Methods of prevention include safe sex, needle exchange programs, treating those who are infected, and male circumcision. Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child antiretroviral medication. There is no cure or vaccine; however, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy. Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made. Without treatment, the average survival time after infection is 11 years.
In 2015 about 36.7 million people were living with HIV and it resulted in 1.1 million deaths. Most of those infected live in sub-Saharan Africa. Between its discovery and 2014 AIDS has caused an estimated 39 million deaths worldwide. HIV/AIDS is considered a pandemica disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading. HIV is believed to have originated in west-central Africa during the late 19th or early 20th century. AIDS was first recognized by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1981 and its causeHIV infectionwas identified in the early part of the decade.
HIV/AIDS has had a great impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of discrimination. The disease also has large economic impacts. There are many misconceptions about HIV/AIDS such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact. The disease has become subject to many controversies involving religion including the Catholic Church's decision not to support condom use as prevention. It has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large-scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s.

text: Human

text: immunodeficiency

text: virus

text: infection

text: and

text: acquired

text: immune

text: deficiency

text: syndrome

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: is

text: spectrum

text: of

text: conditions

text: caused

text: by

text: infection

text: with

text: the

text: human

text: immunodeficiency

text: virus

text: HIV

text: Following

text: initial

text: infection

text: person

text: may

text: not

text: notice

text: any

text: symptoms

text: or

text: may

text: experience

text: brief

text: period

text: of

text: influenza

text: like

text: illness

text: Typically

text: this

text: is

text: followed

text: by

text: prolonged

text: period

text: with

text: no

text: symptoms

text: As

text: the

text: infection

text: progresses

text: it

text: interferes

text: more

text: with

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: increasing

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: common

text: infections

text: like

text: tuberculosis

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: opportunistic

text: infections

text: and

text: tumors

text: that

text: rarely

text: affect

text: people

text: who

text: have

text: working

text: immune

text: systems

text: These

text: late

text: symptoms

text: of

text: infection

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: AIDS

text: This

text: stage

text: is

text: often

text: also

text: associated

text: with

text: weight

text: loss

text: HIV

text: is

text: spread

text: primarily

text: by

text: unprotected

text: sex

text: including

text: anal

text: and

text: oral

text: sex

text: contaminated

text: blood

text: transfusions

text: hypodermic

text: needles

text: and

text: from

text: mother

text: to

text: child

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: delivery

text: or

text: breastfeeding

text: Some

text: bodily

text: fluids

text: such

text: as

text: saliva

text: and

text: tears

text: do

text: not

text: transmit

text: HIV

text: Methods

text: of

text: prevention

text: include

text: safe

text: sex

text: needle

text: exchange

text: programs

text: treating

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: infected

text: and

text: male

text: circumcision

text: Disease

text: in

text: baby

text: can

text: often

text: be

text: prevented

text: by

text: giving

text: both

text: the

text: mother

text: and

text: child

text: antiretroviral

text: medication

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: cure

text: or

text: vaccine

text: however

text: antiretroviral

text: treatment

text: can

text: slow

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: and

text: may

text: lead

text: to

text: near

text: normal

text: life

text: expectancy

text: Treatment

text: is

text: recommended

text: as

text: soon

text: as

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: made

text: Without

text: treatment

text: the

text: average

text: survival

text: time

text: after

text: infection

text: is

text: years

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: living

text: with

text: HIV

text: and

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: million

text: deaths

text: Most

text: of

text: those

text: infected

text: live

text: in

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: Between

text: its

text: discovery

text: and

text: AIDS

text: has

text: caused

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: deaths

text: worldwide

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: is

text: considered

text: pandemica

text: disease

text: outbreak

text: which

text: is

text: present

text: over

text: large

text: area

text: and

text: is

text: actively

text: spreading

text: HIV

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: originated

text: in

text: west

text: central

text: Africa

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: or

text: early

text: century

text: AIDS

text: was

text: first

text: recognized

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Centers

text: for

text: Disease

text: Control

text: and

text: Prevention

text: CDC

text: in

text: and

text: its

text: causeHIV

text: infectionwas

text: identified

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: decade

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: has

text: had

text: great

text: impact

text: on

text: society

text: both

text: as

text: an

text: illness

text: and

text: as

text: source

text: of

text: discrimination

text: The

text: disease

text: also

text: has

text: large

text: economic

text: impacts

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: misconceptions

text: about

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: belief

text: that

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: transmitted

text: by

text: casual

text: non

text: sexual

text: contact

text: The

text: disease

text: has

text: become

text: subject

text: to

text: many

text: controversies

text: involving

text: religion

text: including

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: 's

text: decision

text: not

text: to

text: support

text: condom

text: use

text: as

text: prevention

text: It

text: has

text: attracted

text: international

text: medical

text: and

text: political

text: attention

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: large

text: scale

text: funding

text: since

text: it

text: was

text: identified

text: in

text: the

text:
Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver. During the initial infection people often have mild or no symptoms. Occasionally a fever, dark urine, abdominal pain, and yellow tinged skin occurs. The virus persists in the liver in about 75% to 85% of those initially infected. Early on chronic infection typically has no symptoms. Over many years however, it often leads to liver disease and occasionally cirrhosis. In some cases, those with cirrhosis will develop complications such as liver failure, liver cancer, or esophageal and gastric varices.
HCV is spread primarily by blood-to-blood contact associated with intravenous drug use, poorly sterilized medical equipment, needlestick injuries in healthcare, and transfusions. Using blood screening, the risk from a transfusion is less than one per two million. It may also be spread from an infected mother to her baby during birth. It is not spread by superficial contact. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. Diagnosis is by blood testing to look for either antibodies to the virus or its RNA. Testing is recommended in all people who are at risk.
There is no vaccine against hepatitis C. Prevention includes harm reduction efforts among people who use intravenous drugs and testing donated blood. Chronic infection can be cured about 90% of the time with treatments that include the medications sofosbuvir or simeprevir. Previous to this a combination of peginterferon and ribavirin was used which had a cure rate around 50% and greater side effects. Getting access to the newer treatments however can be expensive. Those who develop cirrhosis or liver cancer may require a liver transplant. Hepatitis C is the leading reason for liver transplantation, though the virus usually recurs after transplantation.
An estimated 130200 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C. In 2013 about 11 million new cases occurred. It occurs most commonly in Africa and Central and East Asia. About 343,000 deaths due to liver cancer and 358,000 deaths due to cirrhosis occurred in 2013 due to hepatitis C. The existence of hepatitis C  originally identifiable only as a type of non-A non-B hepatitis  was suggested in the 1970s and proven in 1989. Hepatitis C infects only humans and chimpanzees.

text: Hepatitis

text: is

text: an

text: infectious

text: disease

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: hepatitis

text: virus

text: HCV

text: that

text: primarily

text: affects

text: the

text: liver

text: During

text: the

text: initial

text: infection

text: people

text: often

text: have

text: mild

text: or

text: no

text: symptoms

text: Occasionally

text: fever

text: dark

text: urine

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: and

text: yellow

text: tinged

text: skin

text: occurs

text: The

text: virus

text: persists

text: in

text: the

text: liver

text: in

text: about

text: to

text: of

text: those

text: initially

text: infected

text: Early

text: on

text: chronic

text: infection

text: typically

text: has

text: no

text: symptoms

text: Over

text: many

text: years

text: however

text: it

text: often

text: leads

text: to

text: liver

text: disease

text: and

text: occasionally

text: cirrhosis

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: those

text: with

text: cirrhosis

text: will

text: develop

text: complications

text: such

text: as

text: liver

text: failure

text: liver

text: cancer

text: or

text: esophageal

text: and

text: gastric

text: varices

text: HCV

text: is

text: spread

text: primarily

text: by

text: blood

text: to

text: blood

text: contact

text: associated

text: with

text: intravenous

text: drug

text: use

text: poorly

text: sterilized

text: medical

text: equipment

text: needlestick

text: injuries

text: in

text: healthcare

text: and

text: transfusions

text: Using

text: blood

text: screening

text: the

text: risk

text: from

text: transfusion

text: is

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: per

text: two

text: million

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: spread

text: from

text: an

text: infected

text: mother

text: to

text: her

text: baby

text: during

text: birth

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: spread

text: by

text: superficial

text: contact

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: five

text: known

text: hepatitis

text: viruses

text: and

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: by

text: blood

text: testing

text: to

text: look

text: for

text: either

text: antibodies

text: to

text: the

text: virus

text: or

text: its

text: RNA

text: Testing

text: is

text: recommended

text: in

text: all

text: people

text: who

text: are

text: at

text: risk

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: vaccine

text: against

text: hepatitis

text: Prevention

text: includes

text: harm

text: reduction

text: efforts

text: among

text: people

text: who

text: use

text: intravenous

text: drugs

text: and

text: testing

text: donated

text: blood

text: Chronic

text: infection

text: can

text: be

text: cured

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: with

text: treatments

text: that

text: include

text: the

text: medications

text: sofosbuvir

text: or

text: simeprevir

text: Previous

text: to

text: this

text: combination

text: of

text: peginterferon

text: and

text: ribavirin

text: was

text: used

text: which

text: had

text: cure

text: rate

text: around

text: and

text: greater

text: side

text: effects

text: Getting

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: newer

text: treatments

text: however

text: can

text: be

text: expensive

text: Those

text: who

text: develop

text: cirrhosis

text: or

text: liver

text: cancer

text: may

text: require

text: liver

text: transplant

text: Hepatitis

text: is

text: the

text: leading

text: reason

text: for

text: liver

text: transplantation

text: though

text: the

text: virus

text: usually

text: recurs

text: after

text: transplantation

text: An

text: estimated

text: million

text: people

text: worldwide

text: are

text: infected

text: with

text: hepatitis

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: occurred

text: It

text: occurs

text: most

text: commonly

text: in

text: Africa

text: and

text: Central

text: and

text: East

text: Asia

text: About

text: deaths

text: due

text: to

text: liver

text: cancer

text: and

text: deaths

text: due

text: to

text: cirrhosis

text: occurred

text: in

text: due

text: to

text: hepatitis

text: The

text: existence

text: of

text: hepatitis

text: originally

text: identifiable

text: only

text: as

text: type

text: of

text: non

text: non

text: hepatitis

text: was

text: suggested

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: proven

text: in

text: Hepatitis

text: infects

text: only

text: humans

text: and

text: chimpanzees

text:
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium "Mycobacterium tuberculosis" (MTB). Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections do not have symptoms; in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those infected. The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The historical term "consumption" came about due to the weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.
Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze. People with latent TB do not spread the disease. Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke. Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays, as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids. Diagnosis of latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests.
Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases, and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine. Those at high risk include household, workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB. Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem with increasing rates of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).
One-third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB. New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year. In 2014, there were 9.6 million cases of active TB which resulted in 1.5 million deaths. More than 95% of deaths occurred in developing countries. The number of new cases each year has decreased since 2000. About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test positive while 510% of people in the United States population tests positive by the tuberculin test. Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times.

text: Tuberculosis

text: TB

text: is

text: an

text: infectious

text: disease

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: bacterium

text: Mycobacterium

text: tuberculosis

text: MTB

text: Tuberculosis

text: generally

text: affects

text: the

text: lungs

text: but

text: can

text: also

text: affect

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Most

text: infections

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: symptoms

text: in

text: which

text: case

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: latent

text: tuberculosis

text: About

text: of

text: latent

text: infections

text: progress

text: to

text: active

text: disease

text: which

text: if

text: left

text: untreated

text: kills

text: about

text: half

text: of

text: those

text: infected

text: The

text: classic

text: symptoms

text: of

text: active

text: TB

text: are

text: chronic

text: cough

text: with

text: blood

text: containing

text: sputum

text: fever

text: night

text: sweats

text: and

text: weight

text: loss

text: The

text: historical

text: term

text: consumption

text: came

text: about

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: weight

text: loss

text: Infection

text: of

text: other

text: organs

text: can

text: cause

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: symptoms

text: Tuberculosis

text: is

text: spread

text: through

text: the

text: air

text: when

text: people

text: who

text: have

text: active

text: TB

text: in

text: their

text: lungs

text: cough

text: spit

text: speak

text: or

text: sneeze

text: People

text: with

text: latent

text: TB

text: do

text: not

text: spread

text: the

text: disease

text: Active

text: infection

text: occurs

text: more

text: often

text: in

text: people

text: with

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: and

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: smoke

text: Diagnosis

text: of

text: active

text: TB

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: chest

text: rays

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: microscopic

text: examination

text: and

text: culture

text: of

text: body

text: fluids

text: Diagnosis

text: of

text: latent

text: TB

text: relies

text: on

text: the

text: tuberculin

text: skin

text: test

text: TST

text: or

text: blood

text: tests

text: Prevention

text: of

text: TB

text: involves

text: screening

text: those

text: at

text: high

text: risk

text: early

text: detection

text: and

text: treatment

text: of

text: cases

text: and

text: vaccination

text: with

text: the

text: bacillus

text: Calmette

text: Guérin

text: vaccine

text: Those

text: at

text: high

text: risk

text: include

text: household

text: workplace

text: and

text: social

text: contacts

text: of

text: people

text: with

text: active

text: TB

text: Treatment

text: requires

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: multiple

text: antibiotics

text: over

text: long

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: Antibiotic

text: resistance

text: is

text: growing

text: problem

text: with

text: increasing

text: rates

text: of

text: multiple

text: drug

text: resistant

text: tuberculosis

text: MDR

text: TB

text: One

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: infected

text: with

text: TB

text: New

text: infections

text: occur

text: in

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: each

text: year

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: million

text: cases

text: of

text: active

text: TB

text: which

text: resulted

text: in

text: million

text: deaths

text: More

text: than

text: of

text: deaths

text: occurred

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: new

text: cases

text: each

text: year

text: has

text: decreased

text: since

text: About

text: of

text: people

text: in

text: many

text: Asian

text: and

text: African

text: countries

text: test

text: positive

text: while

text: of

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: population

text: tests

text: positive

text: by

text: the

text: tuberculin

text: test

text: Tuberculosis

text: has

text: been

text: present

text: in

text: humans

text: since

text: ancient

text: times

text:
Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer and primary hepatic cancer, is cancer that starts in the liver. Cancer which has spread from elsewhere to the liver, known as liver metastasis, is more common than that which starts in the liver. Symptoms of liver cancer may include a lump or pain in the right side below the rib cage. Other symptoms includes swelling of the abdomen, yellowish skin, easy bruising, weight loss, and weakness.
The leading cause of liver cancer is cirrhosis due to either hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or alcohol. Other causes include aflatoxin, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and liver flukes. The most common types are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which makes up 80% of cases and cholangiocarcinoma. Less common types include mucinous cystic neoplasm and intraductal papillary biliary neoplasm. The diagnosis may be supported by blood tests and medical imaging with confirmation by tissue biopsy.
Preventive efforts include immunization against hepatitis B and treating those infected with hepatitis B or C. Screening is recommended in those with chronic liver disease. Treatment options may include surgery, targeted therapy, and radiation therapy. In certain cases ablation therapy, embolization therapy, or liver transplantation may be used. Small lumps in the liver may be simply closely followed.
Primary liver cancer is globally the sixth most frequent cancer (6%) and the second leading cause of death from cancer (9%). In 2012 it occurred in 782,000 people and resulted in 746,000 deaths. In 2013, 300,000 deaths from liver cancer were due to hepatitis B, 343,000 to hepatitis C, and 92,000 to alcohol. Higher rates of liver cancer occur where hepatitis B and C are common, including Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Males are more often affected with HCC than females. Diagnosis is most frequent among those 55 to 65 years old. Five-year survival rates are 18% in the United States. The word "hepatic" is from the Greek "hêpar", meaning "liver".
Classification.
The most frequent liver cancer, accounting for approximately 75% of all primary liver cancers, is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (also named "hepatoma", which is a misnomer because adenomas are usually benign). HCC is a cancer formed by liver cells, known as hepatocytes, that become malignant. Another type of cancer formed by liver cells is hepatoblastoma, which is specifically formed by immature liver cells.<ref name="doi10.1016/j.mpsur.2008.12.005"></ref> It is a rare malignant tumor that primarily develops in children, and accounts for approximately 1% of all cancers in children and 79% of all primary liver cancers under the age of 15. Most hepatoblastomas form in the right lobe.

text: Liver

text: cancer

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: hepatic

text: cancer

text: and

text: primary

text: hepatic

text: cancer

text: is

text: cancer

text: that

text: starts

text: in

text: the

text: liver

text: Cancer

text: which

text: has

text: spread

text: from

text: elsewhere

text: to

text: the

text: liver

text: known

text: as

text: liver

text: metastasis

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: than

text: that

text: which

text: starts

text: in

text: the

text: liver

text: Symptoms

text: of

text: liver

text: cancer

text: may

text: include

text: lump

text: or

text: pain

text: in

text: the

text: right

text: side

text: below

text: the

text: rib

text: cage

text: Other

text: symptoms

text: includes

text: swelling

text: of

text: the

text: abdomen

text: yellowish

text: skin

text: easy

text: bruising

text: weight

text: loss

text: and

text: weakness

text: The

text: leading

text: cause

text: of

text: liver

text: cancer

text: is

text: cirrhosis

text: due

text: to

text: either

text: hepatitis

text: hepatitis

text: or

text: alcohol

text: Other

text: causes

text: include

text: aflatoxin

text: non

text: alcoholic

text: fatty

text: liver

text: disease

text: and

text: liver

text: flukes

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: are

text: hepatocellular

text: carcinoma

text: HCC

text: which

text: makes

text: up

text: of

text: cases

text: and

text: cholangiocarcinoma

text: Less

text: common

text: types

text: include

text: mucinous

text: cystic

text: neoplasm

text: and

text: intraductal

text: papillary

text: biliary

text: neoplasm

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: may

text: be

text: supported

text: by

text: blood

text: tests

text: and

text: medical

text: imaging

text: with

text: confirmation

text: by

text: tissue

text: biopsy

text: Preventive

text: efforts

text: include

text: immunization

text: against

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: treating

text: those

text: infected

text: with

text: hepatitis

text: or

text: Screening

text: is

text: recommended

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: chronic

text: liver

text: disease

text: Treatment

text: options

text: may

text: include

text: surgery

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: and

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: In

text: certain

text: cases

text: ablation

text: therapy

text: embolization

text: therapy

text: or

text: liver

text: transplantation

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: Small

text: lumps

text: in

text: the

text: liver

text: may

text: be

text: simply

text: closely

text: followed

text: Primary

text: liver

text: cancer

text: is

text: globally

text: the

text: sixth

text: most

text: frequent

text: cancer

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: leading

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: from

text: cancer

text: In

text: it

text: occurred

text: in

text: people

text: and

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: In

text: deaths

text: from

text: liver

text: cancer

text: were

text: due

text: to

text: hepatitis

text: to

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: to

text: alcohol

text: Higher

text: rates

text: of

text: liver

text: cancer

text: occur

text: where

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: are

text: common

text: including

text: Asia

text: and

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: Males

text: are

text: more

text: often

text: affected

text: with

text: HCC

text: than

text: females

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: most

text: frequent

text: among

text: those

text: to

text: years

text: old

text: Five

text: year

text: survival

text: rates

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: word

text: hepatic

text: is

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: hêpar

text: meaning

text: liver

text: Classification

text: The

text: most

text: frequent

text: liver

text: cancer

text: accounting

text: for

text: approximately

text: of

text: all

text: primary

text: liver

text: cancers

text: is

text: hepatocellular

text: carcinoma

text: HCC

text: also

text: named

text: hepatoma

text: which

text: is

text: misnomer

text: because

text: adenomas

text: are

text: usually

text: benign

text: HCC

text: is

text: cancer

text: formed

text: by

text: liver

text: cells

text: known

text: as

text: hepatocytes

text: that

text: become

text: malignant

text: Another

text: type

text: of

text: cancer

text: formed

text: by

text: liver

text: cells

text: is

text: hepatoblastoma

text: which

text: is

text: specifically

text: formed

text: by

text: immature

text: liver

text: cells.<ref

text: It

text: is

text: rare

text: malignant

text: tumor

text: that

text: primarily

text: develops

text: in

text: children

text: and

text: accounts

text: for

text: approximately

text: of

text: all

text: cancers

text: in

text: children

text: and

text: of

text: all

text: primary

text: liver

text: cancers

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: Most

text: hepatoblastomas

text: form

text: in

text: the

text: right

text: lobe

text: Respiratory tract infection refers to any of a number of infectious diseases involving the respiratory tract. An infection of this type is normally further classified as an upper respiratory tract infection (URI or URTI) or a lower respiratory tract infection (LRI or LRTI). Lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, tend to be far more serious conditions than upper respiratory infections, such as the common cold.

text: Respiratory

text: tract

text: infection

text: refers

text: to

text: any

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: involving

text: the

text: respiratory

text: tract

text: An

text: infection

text: of

text: this

text: type

text: is

text: normally

text: further

text: classified

text: as

text: an

text: upper

text: respiratory

text: tract

text: infection

text: URI

text: or

text: URTI

text: or

text: lower

text: respiratory

text: tract

text: infection

text: LRI

text: or

text: LRTI

text: Lower

text: respiratory

text: infections

text: such

text: as

text: pneumonia

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: far

text: more

text: serious

text: conditions

text: than

text: upper

text: respiratory

text: infections

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: common

text: cold

text:
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progress to decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe. Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are breastfed, however, may be normal.
The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into three types: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea. The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to an infection by cholera, although this is rare in the developed world. If blood is present it is also known as dysentery. A number of non-infectious causes may also result in diarrhea, including hyperthyroidism, lactose intolerance, inflammatory bowel disease, a number of medications, and irritable bowel syndrome. In most cases, stool cultures are not required to confirm the exact cause.
Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap. Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, is the treatment of choice. Zinc tablets are also recommended. These treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years. When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfed. If commercial ORS are not available, homemade solutions may be used. In those with severe dehydration, intravenous fluids may be required. Most cases; however, can be managed well with fluids by mouth. Antibiotics, while rarely used, may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool. Loperamide may help decrease the number of bowel movements but is not recommended in those with severe disease.
About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013  down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it was the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five (0.76 million or 11%). Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age. Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development.

text: Diarrhea

text: also

text: spelled

text: diarrhoea

text: is

text: the

text: condition

text: of

text: having

text: at

text: least

text: three

text: loose

text: or

text: liquid

text: bowel

text: movements

text: each

text: day

text: It

text: often

text: lasts

text: for

text: few

text: days

text: and

text: can

text: result

text: in

text: dehydration

text: due

text: to

text: fluid

text: loss

text: Signs

text: of

text: dehydration

text: often

text: begin

text: with

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: normal

text: stretchiness

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: and

text: irritable

text: behaviour

text: This

text: can

text: progress

text: to

text: decreased

text: urination

text: loss

text: of

text: skin

text: color

text: fast

text: heart

text: rate

text: and

text: decrease

text: in

text: responsiveness

text: as

text: it

text: becomes

text: more

text: severe

text: Loose

text: but

text: non

text: watery

text: stools

text: in

text: babies

text: who

text: are

text: breastfed

text: however

text: may

text: be

text: normal

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: is

text: an

text: infection

text: of

text: the

text: intestines

text: due

text: to

text: either

text: virus

text: bacteria

text: or

text: parasite

text: condition

text: known

text: as

text: gastroenteritis

text: These

text: infections

text: are

text: often

text: acquired

text: from

text: food

text: or

text: water

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: contaminated

text: by

text: stool

text: or

text: directly

text: from

text: another

text: person

text: who

text: is

text: infected

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: types

text: short

text: duration

text: watery

text: diarrhea

text: short

text: duration

text: bloody

text: diarrhea

text: and

text: if

text: it

text: lasts

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: weeks

text: persistent

text: diarrhea

text: The

text: short

text: duration

text: watery

text: diarrhea

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: an

text: infection

text: by

text: cholera

text: although

text: this

text: is

text: rare

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: If

text: blood

text: is

text: present

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: dysentery

text: number

text: of

text: non

text: infectious

text: causes

text: may

text: also

text: result

text: in

text: diarrhea

text: including

text: hyperthyroidism

text: lactose

text: intolerance

text: inflammatory

text: bowel

text: disease

text: number

text: of

text: medications

text: and

text: irritable

text: bowel

text: syndrome

text: In

text: most

text: cases

text: stool

text: cultures

text: are

text: not

text: required

text: to

text: confirm

text: the

text: exact

text: cause

text: Prevention

text: of

text: infectious

text: diarrhea

text: is

text: by

text: improved

text: sanitation

text: clean

text: drinking

text: water

text: and

text: hand

text: washing

text: with

text: soap

text: Breastfeeding

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: six

text: months

text: is

text: also

text: recommended

text: as

text: is

text: vaccination

text: against

text: rotavirus

text: Oral

text: rehydration

text: solution

text: ORS

text: which

text: is

text: clean

text: water

text: with

text: modest

text: amounts

text: of

text: salts

text: and

text: sugar

text: is

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: choice

text: Zinc

text: tablets

text: are

text: also

text: recommended

text: These

text: treatments

text: have

text: been

text: estimated

text: to

text: have

text: saved

text: million

text: children

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: years

text: When

text: people

text: have

text: diarrhea

text: it

text: is

text: recommended

text: that

text: they

text: continue

text: to

text: eat

text: healthy

text: food

text: and

text: babies

text: continue

text: to

text: be

text: breastfed

text: If

text: commercial

text: ORS

text: are

text: not

text: available

text: homemade

text: solutions

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: In

text: those

text: with

text: severe

text: dehydration

text: intravenous

text: fluids

text: may

text: be

text: required

text: Most

text: cases

text: however

text: can

text: be

text: managed

text: well

text: with

text: fluids

text: by

text: mouth

text: Antibiotics

text: while

text: rarely

text: used

text: may

text: be

text: recommended

text: in

text: few

text: cases

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: bloody

text: diarrhea

text: and

text: high

text: fever

text: those

text: with

text: severe

text: diarrhea

text: following

text: travelling

text: and

text: those

text: who

text: grow

text: specific

text: bacteria

text: or

text: parasites

text: in

text: their

text: stool

text: Loperamide

text: may

text: help

text: decrease

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: bowel

text: movements

text: but

text: is

text: not

text: recommended

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: severe

text: disease

text: About

text: to

text: billion

text: cases

text: of

text: diarrhea

text: occur

text: per

text: year

text: It

text: is

text: most

text: common

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: where

text: young

text: children

text: get

text: diarrhea

text: on

text: average

text: three

text: times

text: year

text: Total

text: deaths

text: from

text: diarrhea

text: are

text: estimated

text: at

text: million

text: in

text: down

text: from

text: million

text: in

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: deaths

text: in

text: children

text: younger

text: than

text: five

text: million

text: or

text: Frequent

text: episodes

text: of

text: diarrhea

text: are

text: also

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: malnutrition

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: in

text: those

text: younger

text: than

text: five

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: Other

text: long

text: term

text: problems

text: that

text: can

text: result

text: include

text: stunted

text: growth

text: and

text: poor

text: intellectual

text: development

text: A pandemic (from Greek  "pan" "all" and  "demos" "people") is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide. A widespread endemic disease that is stable in terms of how many people are getting sick from it is not a pandemic. Further, flu pandemics generally exclude recurrences of seasonal flu. Throughout history, there have been a number of pandemics, such as smallpox and tuberculosis. One of the most devastating pandemics was the Black Death, killing over 75 million people in 1350. The most recent pandemics include the HIV pandemic as well as the 1918 and 2009 H1N1 pandemics.

text: pandemic

text: from

text: Greek

text: pan

text: all

text: and

text: demos

text: people

text: is

text: an

text: epidemic

text: of

text: infectious

text: disease

text: that

text: has

text: spread

text: through

text: human

text: populations

text: across

text: large

text: region

text: for

text: instance

text: multiple

text: continents

text: or

text: even

text: worldwide

text: widespread

text: endemic

text: disease

text: that

text: is

text: stable

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: how

text: many

text: people

text: are

text: getting

text: sick

text: from

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: pandemic

text: Further

text: flu

text: pandemics

text: generally

text: exclude

text: recurrences

text: of

text: seasonal

text: flu

text: Throughout

text: history

text: there

text: have

text: been

text: number

text: of

text: pandemics

text: such

text: as

text: smallpox

text: and

text: tuberculosis

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: devastating

text: pandemics

text: was

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: killing

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: in

text: The

text: most

text: recent

text: pandemics

text: include

text: the

text: HIV

text: pandemic

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: and

text: pandemics

text:
Gonorrhea, also spelled gonorrhoea, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium "Neisseria gonorrhoeae". Many people have no symptoms. Men may have burning with urination, discharge from the penis, or testicular pain. Women may have burning with urination, vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding between periods, or pelvic pain. Complications in women include pelvic inflammatory disease and in men include inflammation of the epididymis. If untreated gonorrhea can occasionally spread to affect joints or heart valves.
Gonorrhea is spread through sexual contact with an infected person. This includes oral, anal, and vaginal sex. It can also spread from a mother to a child during birth. Diagnosis is by testing the urine, urethra in males, or cervix in females. Testing all women who are sexually active and less than 25 years of age each year as well as those with new sexual partners is recommended. This same recommendation applies in men who have sex with men.
Gonorrhea can be prevented with the use of condoms, having sex with only one person who is uninfected, and by not having sex. Treatment is usually with ceftriaxone by injection and azithromycin by mouth. Resistance has developed to many previously used antibiotics and higher doses of ceftriaxone are occasionally required. Retesting is recommended three months after treatment. Sexual partners from the last 2 months should also be treated.
Gonorrhea affects about 0.8% of women and 0.6% of men. An estimated 33 to 106 million new cases occur each year, out of the 498 million new cases of curable STI  which also includes syphilis, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis. Infections in women most commonly occur when they are young adults. In 2013, it caused about 2,300 deaths, down from 3,200 in 1990. Descriptions of the disease date as far back as the Old Testament.

text: Gonorrhea

text: also

text: spelled

text: gonorrhoea

text: is

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infection

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: bacterium

text: Neisseria

text: gonorrhoeae

text: Many

text: people

text: have

text: no

text: symptoms

text: Men

text: may

text: have

text: burning

text: with

text: urination

text: discharge

text: from

text: the

text: penis

text: or

text: testicular

text: pain

text: Women

text: may

text: have

text: burning

text: with

text: urination

text: vaginal

text: discharge

text: vaginal

text: bleeding

text: between

text: periods

text: or

text: pelvic

text: pain

text: Complications

text: in

text: women

text: include

text: pelvic

text: inflammatory

text: disease

text: and

text: in

text: men

text: include

text: inflammation

text: of

text: the

text: epididymis

text: If

text: untreated

text: gonorrhea

text: can

text: occasionally

text: spread

text: to

text: affect

text: joints

text: or

text: heart

text: valves

text: Gonorrhea

text: is

text: spread

text: through

text: sexual

text: contact

text: with

text: an

text: infected

text: person

text: This

text: includes

text: oral

text: anal

text: and

text: vaginal

text: sex

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: spread

text: from

text: mother

text: to

text: child

text: during

text: birth

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: by

text: testing

text: the

text: urine

text: urethra

text: in

text: males

text: or

text: cervix

text: in

text: females

text: Testing

text: all

text: women

text: who

text: are

text: sexually

text: active

text: and

text: less

text: than

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: each

text: year

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: those

text: with

text: new

text: sexual

text: partners

text: is

text: recommended

text: This

text: same

text: recommendation

text: applies

text: in

text: men

text: who

text: have

text: sex

text: with

text: men

text: Gonorrhea

text: can

text: be

text: prevented

text: with

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: condoms

text: having

text: sex

text: with

text: only

text: one

text: person

text: who

text: is

text: uninfected

text: and

text: by

text: not

text: having

text: sex

text: Treatment

text: is

text: usually

text: with

text: ceftriaxone

text: by

text: injection

text: and

text: azithromycin

text: by

text: mouth

text: Resistance

text: has

text: developed

text: to

text: many

text: previously

text: used

text: antibiotics

text: and

text: higher

text: doses

text: of

text: ceftriaxone

text: are

text: occasionally

text: required

text: Retesting

text: is

text: recommended

text: three

text: months

text: after

text: treatment

text: Sexual

text: partners

text: from

text: the

text: last

text: months

text: should

text: also

text: be

text: treated

text: Gonorrhea

text: affects

text: about

text: of

text: women

text: and

text: of

text: men

text: An

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: occur

text: each

text: year

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: of

text: curable

text: STI

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: syphilis

text: chlamydia

text: and

text: trichomoniasis

text: Infections

text: in

text: women

text: most

text: commonly

text: occur

text: when

text: they

text: are

text: young

text: adults

text: In

text: it

text: caused

text: about

text: deaths

text: down

text: from

text: in

text: Descriptions

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: date

text: as

text: far

text: back

text: as

text: the

text: Old

text: Testament

text: Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that affect the patient's immune system. Examples of these extrinsic factors include HIV infection, extremes of age, and environmental factors, such as nutrition. In the clinical setting, the immunosuppression by some drugs, such as steroids, can be either an adverse effect or the intended purpose of the treatment. Examples of such use is in organ transplant surgery as an anti-rejection measure and in patients suffering from an overactive immune system, as in autoimmune diseases. Some people are born with intrinsic defects in their immune system, or primary immunodeficiency. A person who has an immunodeficiency of any kind is said to be immunocompromised. An immunocompromised person may be particularly vulnerable to opportunistic infections, in addition to normal infections that could affect everyone. Immunodeficiency also decreases cancer immunosurveillance, in which the immune system scans the body's cells and kills neoplastic ones.

text: Immunodeficiency

text: or

text: immune

text: deficiency

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: 's

text: ability

text: to

text: fight

text: infectious

text: disease

text: and

text: cancer

text: is

text: compromised

text: or

text: entirely

text: absent

text: Most

text: cases

text: of

text: immunodeficiency

text: are

text: acquired

text: secondary

text: due

text: to

text: extrinsic

text: factors

text: that

text: affect

text: the

text: patient

text: 's

text: immune

text: system

text: Examples

text: of

text: these

text: extrinsic

text: factors

text: include

text: HIV

text: infection

text: extremes

text: of

text: age

text: and

text: environmental

text: factors

text: such

text: as

text: nutrition

text: In

text: the

text: clinical

text: setting

text: the

text: immunosuppression

text: by

text: some

text: drugs

text: such

text: as

text: steroids

text: can

text: be

text: either

text: an

text: adverse

text: effect

text: or

text: the

text: intended

text: purpose

text: of

text: the

text: treatment

text: Examples

text: of

text: such

text: use

text: is

text: in

text: organ

text: transplant

text: surgery

text: as

text: an

text: anti

text: rejection

text: measure

text: and

text: in

text: patients

text: suffering

text: from

text: an

text: overactive

text: immune

text: system

text: as

text: in

text: autoimmune

text: diseases

text: Some

text: people

text: are

text: born

text: with

text: intrinsic

text: defects

text: in

text: their

text: immune

text: system

text: or

text: primary

text: immunodeficiency

text: person

text: who

text: has

text: an

text: immunodeficiency

text: of

text: any

text: kind

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: immunocompromised

text: An

text: immunocompromised

text: person

text: may

text: be

text: particularly

text: vulnerable

text: to

text: opportunistic

text: infections

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: normal

text: infections

text: that

text: could

text: affect

text: everyone

text: Immunodeficiency

text: also

text: decreases

text: cancer

text: immunosurveillance

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: scans

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: cells

text: and

text: kills

text: neoplastic

text: ones

text:
Postpartum bleeding or postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is often defined as the loss of more than 500 ml or 1,000 ml of blood within the first 24 hours following childbirth. Some have added the requirement that there also be signs or symptoms of low blood volume for the condition to exist. Signs and symptoms may initially include: an increased heart rate, feeling faint upon standing, and an increased breath rate. As more blood is lost the women may feel cold, their blood pressure may drop, and they may become restless or unconscious. The condition can occur up to six weeks following delivery.
The most common cause is poor contraction of the uterus following childbirth. Not all of the placenta being delivered, a tear of the uterus, or poor blood clotting are other possible causes. It occurs more commonly in those who: already have a low amount of red blood, are Asian, with bigger or more than one baby, are obese or are older than 40 years of age. It also occurs more commonly following caesarean sections, those in whom medications are used to start labor, and those who have an episiotomy.
Prevention involves decreasing known risk factors including if possible procedures associated with the condition and giving the medication oxytocin to stimulate the uterus to contract shortly after the baby is born. Misoprostol may be used instead of oxytocin in resource poor settings. Treatments may include: intravenous fluids, blood transfusions, and the medication ergotamine to cause further uterine contraction. Efforts to compress the uterus using the hands may be effective if other treatments do not work. The aorta may also be compressed by pressing on the abdomen. The World Health Organization has recommended non-pneumatic anti-shock garment to help until other measures such as surgery can be carried out.
In the developing world about 1.2% of deliveries are associated with PPH and when PPH occurred about 3% of women died. Globally it results in 44,000 to 86,000 deaths per year making it the leading cause of death during pregnancy. About 0.4 women per 100,000 deliveries die from PPH in the United Kingdom while about 150 women per 100,000 deliveries die in sub-Saharan Africa. Rates of death have decreased substantially since at least the late 1800s in the United Kingdom.
Definition.
Depending on the definition in question, postpartum hemorrhage is defined as more than 500ml following vaginal delivery or 1000ml of blood loss following caesarean section in the first 24 hours following delivery.

text: Postpartum

text: bleeding

text: or

text: postpartum

text: hemorrhage

text: PPH

text: is

text: often

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: ml

text: or

text: ml

text: of

text: blood

text: within

text: the

text: first

text: hours

text: following

text: childbirth

text: Some

text: have

text: added

text: the

text: requirement

text: that

text: there

text: also

text: be

text: signs

text: or

text: symptoms

text: of

text: low

text: blood

text: volume

text: for

text: the

text: condition

text: to

text: exist

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: may

text: initially

text: include

text: an

text: increased

text: heart

text: rate

text: feeling

text: faint

text: upon

text: standing

text: and

text: an

text: increased

text: breath

text: rate

text: As

text: more

text: blood

text: is

text: lost

text: the

text: women

text: may

text: feel

text: cold

text: their

text: blood

text: pressure

text: may

text: drop

text: and

text: they

text: may

text: become

text: restless

text: or

text: unconscious

text: The

text: condition

text: can

text: occur

text: up

text: to

text: six

text: weeks

text: following

text: delivery

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: is

text: poor

text: contraction

text: of

text: the

text: uterus

text: following

text: childbirth

text: Not

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: placenta

text: being

text: delivered

text: tear

text: of

text: the

text: uterus

text: or

text: poor

text: blood

text: clotting

text: are

text: other

text: possible

text: causes

text: It

text: occurs

text: more

text: commonly

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: already

text: have

text: low

text: amount

text: of

text: red

text: blood

text: are

text: Asian

text: with

text: bigger

text: or

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: baby

text: are

text: obese

text: or

text: are

text: older

text: than

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: It

text: also

text: occurs

text: more

text: commonly

text: following

text: caesarean

text: sections

text: those

text: in

text: whom

text: medications

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: start

text: labor

text: and

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: an

text: episiotomy

text: Prevention

text: involves

text: decreasing

text: known

text: risk

text: factors

text: including

text: if

text: possible

text: procedures

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: condition

text: and

text: giving

text: the

text: medication

text: oxytocin

text: to

text: stimulate

text: the

text: uterus

text: to

text: contract

text: shortly

text: after

text: the

text: baby

text: is

text: born

text: Misoprostol

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: instead

text: of

text: oxytocin

text: in

text: resource

text: poor

text: settings

text: Treatments

text: may

text: include

text: intravenous

text: fluids

text: blood

text: transfusions

text: and

text: the

text: medication

text: ergotamine

text: to

text: cause

text: further

text: uterine

text: contraction

text: Efforts

text: to

text: compress

text: the

text: uterus

text: using

text: the

text: hands

text: may

text: be

text: effective

text: if

text: other

text: treatments

text: do

text: not

text: work

text: The

text: aorta

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: compressed

text: by

text: pressing

text: on

text: the

text: abdomen

text: The

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: has

text: recommended

text: non

text: pneumatic

text: anti

text: shock

text: garment

text: to

text: help

text: until

text: other

text: measures

text: such

text: as

text: surgery

text: can

text: be

text: carried

text: out

text: In

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: about

text: of

text: deliveries

text: are

text: associated

text: with

text: PPH

text: and

text: when

text: PPH

text: occurred

text: about

text: of

text: women

text: died

text: Globally

text: it

text: results

text: in

text: to

text: deaths

text: per

text: year

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: leading

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: About

text: women

text: per

text: deliveries

text: die

text: from

text: PPH

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: while

text: about

text: women

text: per

text: deliveries

text: die

text: in

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: Rates

text: of

text: death

text: have

text: decreased

text: substantially

text: since

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: late

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Definition

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: definition

text: in

text: question

text: postpartum

text: hemorrhage

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: more

text: than

text: following

text: vaginal

text: delivery

text: or

text: of

text: blood

text: loss

text: following

text: caesarean

text: section

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: hours

text: following

text: delivery

text: A prion is an infectious agent composed entirely of protein material, called PrP (short for prion protein), that can fold in multiple, structurally distinct ways, at least one of which is transmissible to other prion proteins, leading to disease that is similar to viral infection. They are suspected to be the cause of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) among other diseases.

text: prion

text: is

text: an

text: infectious

text: agent

text: composed

text: entirely

text: of

text: protein

text: material

text: called

text: PrP

text: short

text: for

text: prion

text: protein

text: that

text: can

text: fold

text: in

text: multiple

text: structurally

text: distinct

text: ways

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: transmissible

text: to

text: other

text: prion

text: proteins

text: leading

text: to

text: disease

text: that

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: viral

text: infection

text: They

text: are

text: suspected

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: transmissible

text: spongiform

text: encephalopathies

text: TSEs

text: among

text: other

text: diseases

text:
Childbirth, also known as labour and delivery, is the ending of a pregnancy by one or more babies leaving a woman's uterus. In 2015 there were about 135 million births globally. About 15 million were born before 37 weeks of gestation, while between 3 and 12% were born after 42 weeks. In the developed world most deliveries occur in hospital, while in the developing world most births take place at home with the support of a traditional birth attendant.
The most common way of childbirth is a vaginal delivery. It involves three stages of labour: the shortening and opening of the cervix, descent and birth of the baby, and the pushing out of the placenta. The first stage typically lasts twelve to nineteen hours, the second stage twenty minutes to two hours, and the third stage five to thirty minutes. The first stage begins with crampy abdominal or back pains that last around half a minute and occur every ten to thirty minutes. The crampy pains become stronger and closer together over time. During the second stage pushing with contractions may occur. In the third stage delayed clamping of the umbilical cord is generally recommended. A number of methods can help with pain such as relaxation techniques, opioids, and spinal blocks.
Most babies are born head first; however about 4% are born feet or buttock first, known as breech. During labour a woman can generally eat and move around as she likes, but pushing is not recommended during the first stage or during delivery of the head, and enemas are not recommended. While making a cut to the opening of the vagina is common, known as an episiotomy, it is generally not needed. In 2012, about 23 million deliveries occurred by a surgical procedure known as Caesarean section. Caesarean sections may be recommended for twins, signs of distress in the baby, or breech position. This method of delivery can take longer to heal from.
Each year complications from pregnancy and childbirth result in about 500,000 maternal deaths, 7 million women have serious long term problems, and 50 million women have health negative outcomes following delivery. Most of these occur in the developing world. Specific complications include obstructed labour, postpartum bleeding, eclampsia, and postpartum infection. Complications in the baby include birth asphyxia.

text: Childbirth

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: labour

text: and

text: delivery

text: is

text: the

text: ending

text: of

text: pregnancy

text: by

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: babies

text: leaving

text: woman

text: 's

text: uterus

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: about

text: million

text: births

text: globally

text: About

text: million

text: were

text: born

text: before

text: weeks

text: of

text: gestation

text: while

text: between

text: and

text: were

text: born

text: after

text: weeks

text: In

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: most

text: deliveries

text: occur

text: in

text: hospital

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: most

text: births

text: take

text: place

text: at

text: home

text: with

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: traditional

text: birth

text: attendant

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: way

text: of

text: childbirth

text: is

text: vaginal

text: delivery

text: It

text: involves

text: three

text: stages

text: of

text: labour

text: the

text: shortening

text: and

text: opening

text: of

text: the

text: cervix

text: descent

text: and

text: birth

text: of

text: the

text: baby

text: and

text: the

text: pushing

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: placenta

text: The

text: first

text: stage

text: typically

text: lasts

text: twelve

text: to

text: nineteen

text: hours

text: the

text: second

text: stage

text: twenty

text: minutes

text: to

text: two

text: hours

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: stage

text: five

text: to

text: thirty

text: minutes

text: The

text: first

text: stage

text: begins

text: with

text: crampy

text: abdominal

text: or

text: back

text: pains

text: that

text: last

text: around

text: half

text: minute

text: and

text: occur

text: every

text: ten

text: to

text: thirty

text: minutes

text: The

text: crampy

text: pains

text: become

text: stronger

text: and

text: closer

text: together

text: over

text: time

text: During

text: the

text: second

text: stage

text: pushing

text: with

text: contractions

text: may

text: occur

text: In

text: the

text: third

text: stage

text: delayed

text: clamping

text: of

text: the

text: umbilical

text: cord

text: is

text: generally

text: recommended

text: number

text: of

text: methods

text: can

text: help

text: with

text: pain

text: such

text: as

text: relaxation

text: techniques

text: opioids

text: and

text: spinal

text: blocks

text: Most

text: babies

text: are

text: born

text: head

text: first

text: however

text: about

text: are

text: born

text: feet

text: or

text: buttock

text: first

text: known

text: as

text: breech

text: During

text: labour

text: woman

text: can

text: generally

text: eat

text: and

text: move

text: around

text: as

text: she

text: likes

text: but

text: pushing

text: is

text: not

text: recommended

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: stage

text: or

text: during

text: delivery

text: of

text: the

text: head

text: and

text: enemas

text: are

text: not

text: recommended

text: While

text: making

text: cut

text: to

text: the

text: opening

text: of

text: the

text: vagina

text: is

text: common

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: episiotomy

text: it

text: is

text: generally

text: not

text: needed

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: deliveries

text: occurred

text: by

text: surgical

text: procedure

text: known

text: as

text: Caesarean

text: section

text: Caesarean

text: sections

text: may

text: be

text: recommended

text: for

text: twins

text: signs

text: of

text: distress

text: in

text: the

text: baby

text: or

text: breech

text: position

text: This

text: method

text: of

text: delivery

text: can

text: take

text: longer

text: to

text: heal

text: from

text: Each

text: year

text: complications

text: from

text: pregnancy

text: and

text: childbirth

text: result

text: in

text: about

text: maternal

text: deaths

text: million

text: women

text: have

text: serious

text: long

text: term

text: problems

text: and

text: million

text: women

text: have

text: health

text: negative

text: outcomes

text: following

text: delivery

text: Most

text: of

text: these

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: Specific

text: complications

text: include

text: obstructed

text: labour

text: postpartum

text: bleeding

text: eclampsia

text: and

text: postpartum

text: infection

text: Complications

text: in

text: the

text: baby

text: include

text: birth

text: asphyxia

text:
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects part of the urinary tract. When it affects the lower urinary tract it is known as a bladder infection (cystitis) and when it affects the upper urinary tract it is known as kidney infection (pyelonephritis). Symptoms from a lower urinary tract include pain with urination, frequent urination, and feeling the need to urinate despite having an empty bladder. Symptoms of a kidney infection include fever and flank pain usually in addition to the symptoms of a lower UTI. Rarely the urine may appear bloody. In the very old and the very young, symptoms may be vague or non-specific.
The most common cause of infection is "Escherichia coli", though other bacteria or fungi may rarely be the cause. Risk factors include female anatomy, sexual intercourse, diabetes, obesity, and family history. Although sexual intercourse is a risk factor, UTIs are not classified as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Kidney infection, if it occurs, usually follows a bladder infection but may also result from a blood-borne infection. Diagnosis in young healthy women can be based on symptoms alone. In those with vague symptoms, diagnosis can be difficult because bacteria may be present without there being an infection. In complicated cases or if treatment fails, a urine culture may be useful.
In uncomplicated cases, UTIs are treated with a short course of antibiotics such as nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Resistance to many of the antibiotics used to treat this condition is increasing. In complicated cases, a longer course or intravenous antibiotics may be needed. If symptoms do not improved in two or three days, further diagnostic testing may be needed. Phenazopyridine may help with symptoms. In those who have bacteria or white blood cells in their urine but have no symptoms, antibiotics are generally not needed, although during pregnancy is an exception. In those with frequent infections, a short course of antibiotics may be taken as soon as symptoms begin or long term antibiotics may be used as a preventative measure.
About 150 million people developed a urinary tract infection each year. They are more common in women than men. In women, they are the most common form of bacterial infection. Up to 10% of women have a urinary tract infection in a given year and half of women having at least one infection at some point in their lives. They occur most frequently between the ages of 16 and 35 years. Recurrences are common. Urinary tract infections have been described since ancient times with the first documented description in the Ebers Papyrus dated to c. 1550 BC.
Signs and symptoms.
Lower urinary tract infection is also referred to as a bladder infection. The most common symptoms are burning with urination and having to urinate frequently (or an urge to urinate) in the absence of vaginal discharge and significant pain. These symptoms may vary from mild to severe and in healthy women last an average of six days. Some pain above the pubic bone or in the lower back may be present. People experiencing an upper urinary tract infection, or pyelonephritis, may experience flank pain, fever, or nausea and vomiting in addition to the classic symptoms of a lower urinary tract infection. Rarely the urine may appear bloody or contain visible pus in the urine.

text: urinary

text: tract

text: infection

text: UTI

text: is

text: an

text: infection

text: that

text: affects

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: urinary

text: tract

text: When

text: it

text: affects

text: the

text: lower

text: urinary

text: tract

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: bladder

text: infection

text: cystitis

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: affects

text: the

text: upper

text: urinary

text: tract

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: kidney

text: infection

text: pyelonephritis

text: Symptoms

text: from

text: lower

text: urinary

text: tract

text: include

text: pain

text: with

text: urination

text: frequent

text: urination

text: and

text: feeling

text: the

text: need

text: to

text: urinate

text: despite

text: having

text: an

text: empty

text: bladder

text: Symptoms

text: of

text: kidney

text: infection

text: include

text: fever

text: and

text: flank

text: pain

text: usually

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: symptoms

text: of

text: lower

text: UTI

text: Rarely

text: the

text: urine

text: may

text: appear

text: bloody

text: In

text: the

text: very

text: old

text: and

text: the

text: very

text: young

text: symptoms

text: may

text: be

text: vague

text: or

text: non

text: specific

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: infection

text: is

text: Escherichia

text: coli

text: though

text: other

text: bacteria

text: or

text: fungi

text: may

text: rarely

text: be

text: the

text: cause

text: Risk

text: factors

text: include

text: female

text: anatomy

text: sexual

text: intercourse

text: diabetes

text: obesity

text: and

text: family

text: history

text: Although

text: sexual

text: intercourse

text: is

text: risk

text: factor

text: UTIs

text: are

text: not

text: classified

text: as

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infections

text: STIs

text: Kidney

text: infection

text: if

text: it

text: occurs

text: usually

text: follows

text: bladder

text: infection

text: but

text: may

text: also

text: result

text: from

text: blood

text: borne

text: infection

text: Diagnosis

text: in

text: young

text: healthy

text: women

text: can

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: symptoms

text: alone

text: In

text: those

text: with

text: vague

text: symptoms

text: diagnosis

text: can

text: be

text: difficult

text: because

text: bacteria

text: may

text: be

text: present

text: without

text: there

text: being

text: an

text: infection

text: In

text: complicated

text: cases

text: or

text: if

text: treatment

text: fails

text: urine

text: culture

text: may

text: be

text: useful

text: In

text: uncomplicated

text: cases

text: UTIs

text: are

text: treated

text: with

text: short

text: course

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: such

text: as

text: nitrofurantoin

text: or

text: trimethoprim

text: sulfamethoxazole

text: Resistance

text: to

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: antibiotics

text: used

text: to

text: treat

text: this

text: condition

text: is

text: increasing

text: In

text: complicated

text: cases

text: longer

text: course

text: or

text: intravenous

text: antibiotics

text: may

text: be

text: needed

text: If

text: symptoms

text: do

text: not

text: improved

text: in

text: two

text: or

text: three

text: days

text: further

text: diagnostic

text: testing

text: may

text: be

text: needed

text: Phenazopyridine

text: may

text: help

text: with

text: symptoms

text: In

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: bacteria

text: or

text: white

text: blood

text: cells

text: in

text: their

text: urine

text: but

text: have

text: no

text: symptoms

text: antibiotics

text: are

text: generally

text: not

text: needed

text: although

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: is

text: an

text: exception

text: In

text: those

text: with

text: frequent

text: infections

text: short

text: course

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: may

text: be

text: taken

text: as

text: soon

text: as

text: symptoms

text: begin

text: or

text: long

text: term

text: antibiotics

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: preventative

text: measure

text: About

text: million

text: people

text: developed

text: urinary

text: tract

text: infection

text: each

text: year

text: They

text: are

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: women

text: than

text: men

text: In

text: women

text: they

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: form

text: of

text: bacterial

text: infection

text: Up

text: to

text: of

text: women

text: have

text: urinary

text: tract

text: infection

text: in

text: given

text: year

text: and

text: half

text: of

text: women

text: having

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: infection

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: in

text: their

text: lives

text: They

text: occur

text: most

text: frequently

text: between

text: the

text: ages

text: of

text: and

text: years

text: Recurrences

text: are

text: common

text: Urinary

text: tract

text: infections

text: have

text: been

text: described

text: since

text: ancient

text: times

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: documented

text: description

text: in

text: the

text: Ebers

text: Papyrus

text: dated

text: to

text: BC

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: Lower

text: urinary

text: tract

text: infection

text: is

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: bladder

text: infection

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: symptoms

text: are

text: burning

text: with

text: urination

text: and

text: having

text: to

text: urinate

text: frequently

text: or

text: an

text: urge

text: to

text: urinate

text: in

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: vaginal

text: discharge

text: and

text: significant

text: pain

text: These

text: symptoms

text: may

text: vary

text: from

text: mild

text: to

text: severe

text: and

text: in

text: healthy

text: women

text: last

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: six

text: days

text: Some

text: pain

text: above

text: the

text: pubic

text: bone

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: lower

text: back

text: may

text: be

text: present

text: People

text: experiencing

text: an

text: upper

text: urinary

text: tract

text: infection

text: or

text: pyelonephritis

text: may

text: experience

text: flank

text: pain

text: fever

text: or

text: nausea

text: and

text: vomiting

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: classic

text: symptoms

text: of

text: lower

text: urinary

text: tract

text: infection

text: Rarely

text: the

text: urine

text: may

text: appear

text: bloody

text: or

text: contain

text: visible

text: pus

text: in

text: the

text: urine

text:
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which affects the liver. It can cause both acute and chronic infections. Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, tiredness, dark urine and abdominal pain. Often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial infection result in death. It may take 30 to 180 days for symptoms to begin. In those who get infected around the time of birth 90% develop chronic while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five do. Most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms; however, cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually develop. These complications result in the death of 15 to 25% of those with chronic disease.
The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people's blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis B is acquired in areas where the disease is common. In areas where the disease is rare, intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse are the most frequent routes of infection. Other risk factors include working in healthcare, blood transfusions, dialysis, living with an infected person, travel in countries where the infection rate is high, and living in an institution. Tattooing and acupuncture led to a significant number of cases in the 1980s; however, this has become less common with improved sterility. The viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding. The infection can be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by testing the blood for parts of the virus and for antibodies against the virus. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.
The infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982. Vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization in the first day of life if possible. Two or three more doses are required at a later time for full effect. This vaccine works about 95% of the time. About 180 countries gave the vaccine as part of national programs as of 2006. It is also recommended that all blood be tested for hepatitis B before transfusion and condoms be used to prevent infection. During an initial infection, care is based on the symptoms that a person has. In those who develop chronic disease, antiviral medication such as tenofovir or interferon may be useful; however, these drugs are expensive. Liver transplantation is sometimes used for cirrhosis.
About a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives, including 240 million to 350 million who have chronic infections. Another 129 million new infections occurred in 2013. Over 750,000 people die of hepatitis B each year. About 300,000 of these are due to liver cancer. The disease is now only common in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where between 5 and 10% of adults are chronically infected. Rates in Europe and North America are less than 1%. It was originally known as "serum hepatitis". Research is looking to create foods that contain HBV vaccine. The disease may affect other great apes as well.
Signs and symptoms.
Acute infection with virus is associated with acute viral hepatitis, an illness that begins with general ill-health, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, body aches, mild fever, and dark urine, and then progresses to development of jaundice. It has been noted that itchy skin has been an indication as a possible symptom of all hepatitis virus types. The illness lasts for a few weeks and then gradually improves in most affected people. A few people may have a more severe form of liver disease known as (fulminant hepatic failure) and may die as a result. The infection may be entirely asymptomatic and may go unrecognized.

text: Hepatitis

text: is

text: an

text: infectious

text: disease

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: hepatitis

text: virus

text: HBV

text: which

text: affects

text: the

text: liver

text: It

text: can

text: cause

text: both

text: acute

text: and

text: chronic

text: infections

text: Many

text: people

text: have

text: no

text: symptoms

text: during

text: the

text: initial

text: infection

text: Some

text: develop

text: rapid

text: onset

text: of

text: sickness

text: with

text: vomiting

text: yellowish

text: skin

text: tiredness

text: dark

text: urine

text: and

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: Often

text: these

text: symptoms

text: last

text: few

text: weeks

text: and

text: rarely

text: does

text: the

text: initial

text: infection

text: result

text: in

text: death

text: It

text: may

text: take

text: to

text: days

text: for

text: symptoms

text: to

text: begin

text: In

text: those

text: who

text: get

text: infected

text: around

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: birth

text: develop

text: chronic

text: while

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: those

text: infected

text: after

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: five

text: do

text: Most

text: of

text: those

text: with

text: chronic

text: disease

text: have

text: no

text: symptoms

text: however

text: cirrhosis

text: and

text: liver

text: cancer

text: may

text: eventually

text: develop

text: These

text: complications

text: result

text: in

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: to

text: of

text: those

text: with

text: chronic

text: disease

text: The

text: virus

text: is

text: transmitted

text: by

text: exposure

text: to

text: infectious

text: blood

text: or

text: body

text: fluids

text: Infection

text: around

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: birth

text: or

text: from

text: contact

text: with

text: other

text: people

text: 's

text: blood

text: during

text: childhood

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: frequent

text: method

text: by

text: which

text: hepatitis

text: is

text: acquired

text: in

text: areas

text: where

text: the

text: disease

text: is

text: common

text: In

text: areas

text: where

text: the

text: disease

text: is

text: rare

text: intravenous

text: drug

text: use

text: and

text: sexual

text: intercourse

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: frequent

text: routes

text: of

text: infection

text: Other

text: risk

text: factors

text: include

text: working

text: in

text: healthcare

text: blood

text: transfusions

text: dialysis

text: living

text: with

text: an

text: infected

text: person

text: travel

text: in

text: countries

text: where

text: the

text: infection

text: rate

text: is

text: high

text: and

text: living

text: in

text: an

text: institution

text: Tattooing

text: and

text: acupuncture

text: led

text: to

text: significant

text: number

text: of

text: cases

text: in

text: the

text: however

text: this

text: has

text: become

text: less

text: common

text: with

text: improved

text: sterility

text: The

text: viruses

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: spread

text: by

text: holding

text: hands

text: sharing

text: eating

text: utensils

text: kissing

text: hugging

text: coughing

text: sneezing

text: or

text: breastfeeding

text: The

text: infection

text: can

text: be

text: diagnosed

text: to

text: days

text: after

text: exposure

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: usually

text: confirmed

text: by

text: testing

text: the

text: blood

text: for

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: virus

text: and

text: for

text: antibodies

text: against

text: the

text: virus

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: five

text: known

text: hepatitis

text: viruses

text: and

text: The

text: infection

text: has

text: been

text: preventable

text: by

text: vaccination

text: since

text: Vaccination

text: is

text: recommended

text: by

text: the

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: day

text: of

text: life

text: if

text: possible

text: Two

text: or

text: three

text: more

text: doses

text: are

text: required

text: at

text: later

text: time

text: for

text: full

text: effect

text: This

text: vaccine

text: works

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: About

text: countries

text: gave

text: the

text: vaccine

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: national

text: programs

text: as

text: of

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: recommended

text: that

text: all

text: blood

text: be

text: tested

text: for

text: hepatitis

text: before

text: transfusion

text: and

text: condoms

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: prevent

text: infection

text: During

text: an

text: initial

text: infection

text: care

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: symptoms

text: that

text: person

text: has

text: In

text: those

text: who

text: develop

text: chronic

text: disease

text: antiviral

text: medication

text: such

text: as

text: tenofovir

text: or

text: interferon

text: may

text: be

text: useful

text: however

text: these

text: drugs

text: are

text: expensive

text: Liver

text: transplantation

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: for

text: cirrhosis

text: About

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: population

text: has

text: been

text: infected

text: at

text: one

text: point

text: in

text: their

text: lives

text: including

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: who

text: have

text: chronic

text: infections

text: Another

text: million

text: new

text: infections

text: occurred

text: in

text: Over

text: people

text: die

text: of

text: hepatitis

text: each

text: year

text: About

text: of

text: these

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: liver

text: cancer

text: The

text: disease

text: is

text: now

text: only

text: common

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: and

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: where

text: between

text: and

text: of

text: adults

text: are

text: chronically

text: infected

text: Rates

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: North

text: America

text: are

text: less

text: than

text: It

text: was

text: originally

text: known

text: as

text: serum

text: hepatitis

text: Research

text: is

text: looking

text: to

text: create

text: foods

text: that

text: contain

text: HBV

text: vaccine

text: The

text: disease

text: may

text: affect

text: other

text: great

text: apes

text: as

text: well

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: Acute

text: infection

text: with

text: virus

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: acute

text: viral

text: hepatitis

text: an

text: illness

text: that

text: begins

text: with

text: general

text: ill

text: health

text: loss

text: of

text: appetite

text: nausea

text: vomiting

text: body

text: aches

text: mild

text: fever

text: and

text: dark

text: urine

text: and

text: then

text: progresses

text: to

text: development

text: of

text: jaundice

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: noted

text: that

text: itchy

text: skin

text: has

text: been

text: an

text: indication

text: as

text: possible

text: symptom

text: of

text: all

text: hepatitis

text: virus

text: types

text: The

text: illness

text: lasts

text: for

text: few

text: weeks

text: and

text: then

text: gradually

text: improves

text: in

text: most

text: affected

text: people

text: few

text: people

text: may

text: have

text: more

text: severe

text: form

text: of

text: liver

text: disease

text: known

text: as

text: fulminant

text: hepatic

text: failure

text: and

text: may

text: die

text: as

text: result

text: The

text: infection

text: may

text: be

text: entirely

text: asymptomatic

text: and

text: may

text: go

text: unrecognized

text:
Male circumcision is the removal of the foreskin from the human penis. In the most common procedure, the foreskin is opened, adhesions are removed, and the foreskin is separated from the glans. After that, the circumcision device (if used) is placed, and then the foreskin is cut off. Topical or locally injected anesthesia is occasionally used to reduce pain and physiologic stress. For adults and children, general anesthesia is an option, and the procedure may be performed without a specialized circumcision device. The procedure is most often an elective surgery performed on babies and children for religious and cultural reasons. In other cases it may be done as a treatment for a condition or for preventative reasons. Medically, it is a treatment option for problematic cases of phimosis, balanoposthitis that does not resolve with other treatments, and chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs). It is contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health.
The positions of the world's major medical organizations range from considering elective circumcision of babies and children as having no benefit and significant risks to having a modest health benefit that outweighs small risks. No major medical organization recommends either universal circumcision for all males (aside from the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) for areas with high rates of HIV), or banning the procedure. Ethical and legal questions regarding informed consent and human rights have been raised over the circumcision of babies and children for non-medical reasons, and for that reason the procedure is controversial.
Evidence supports that male circumcision reduces the risk of HIV infection among heterosexual men in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, the WHO recommends considering circumcision as part of a comprehensive HIV prevention program in areas with high rates of HIV, such as Sub Saharan Africa. Evidence for a health benefit against HIV for men who have sex with men is less clear. Additionally, the effectiveness of using circumcision to prevent HIV in the developed world is also unclear. Circumcision in general is associated with reduced rates of cancer causing forms of HPV and risk of both UTIs and cancer of the penis. Prevention of those conditions is not a justification for routine circumcision of infants. Studies of its potential protective effects against other sexually transmitted infections have been unclear. A 2010 review of literature found circumcisions performed by medical providers to have a typical complication rate of 1.5% for babies and 6% for older children, with few cases of severe complications. Bleeding, infection and the removal of either too much or too little foreskin are the most common complications cited. Complication rates are higher when the procedure is performed by an inexperienced operator, in unsterile conditions, or when the child is at an older age. Circumcision does not appear to have a negative impact on sexual function.
An estimated one-third of males worldwide are circumcised. The procedure is most common in the Muslim world and Israel (where it is near-universal for religious reasons), the United States, and parts of Southeast Asia and Africa. It is relatively rare in Europe, Latin America, parts of Southern Africa, and most of Asia. The origin of circumcision is not known with certainty; the oldest documented evidence for it comes from ancient Egypt. Various theories have been proposed as to its origin, including as a religious sacrifice and as a rite of passage marking a boy's entrance into adulthood. It is part of religious law in Judaism and is an established practice in Islam, Coptic Christianity, and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. The word circumcision is from Latin "circumcidere", meaning "to cut around".

text: Male

text: circumcision

text: is

text: the

text: removal

text: of

text: the

text: foreskin

text: from

text: the

text: human

text: penis

text: In

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: procedure

text: the

text: foreskin

text: is

text: opened

text: adhesions

text: are

text: removed

text: and

text: the

text: foreskin

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: the

text: glans

text: After

text: that

text: the

text: circumcision

text: device

text: if

text: used

text: is

text: placed

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: foreskin

text: is

text: cut

text: off

text: Topical

text: or

text: locally

text: injected

text: anesthesia

text: is

text: occasionally

text: used

text: to

text: reduce

text: pain

text: and

text: physiologic

text: stress

text: For

text: adults

text: and

text: children

text: general

text: anesthesia

text: is

text: an

text: option

text: and

text: the

text: procedure

text: may

text: be

text: performed

text: without

text: specialized

text: circumcision

text: device

text: The

text: procedure

text: is

text: most

text: often

text: an

text: elective

text: surgery

text: performed

text: on

text: babies

text: and

text: children

text: for

text: religious

text: and

text: cultural

text: reasons

text: In

text: other

text: cases

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: done

text: as

text: treatment

text: for

text: condition

text: or

text: for

text: preventative

text: reasons

text: Medically

text: it

text: is

text: treatment

text: option

text: for

text: problematic

text: cases

text: of

text: phimosis

text: balanoposthitis

text: that

text: does

text: not

text: resolve

text: with

text: other

text: treatments

text: and

text: chronic

text: urinary

text: tract

text: infections

text: UTIs

text: It

text: is

text: contraindicated

text: in

text: cases

text: of

text: certain

text: genital

text: structure

text: abnormalities

text: or

text: poor

text: general

text: health

text: The

text: positions

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: major

text: medical

text: organizations

text: range

text: from

text: considering

text: elective

text: circumcision

text: of

text: babies

text: and

text: children

text: as

text: having

text: no

text: benefit

text: and

text: significant

text: risks

text: to

text: having

text: modest

text: health

text: benefit

text: that

text: outweighs

text: small

text: risks

text: No

text: major

text: medical

text: organization

text: recommends

text: either

text: universal

text: circumcision

text: for

text: all

text: males

text: aside

text: from

text: the

text: recommendations

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: WHO

text: for

text: areas

text: with

text: high

text: rates

text: of

text: HIV

text: or

text: banning

text: the

text: procedure

text: Ethical

text: and

text: legal

text: questions

text: regarding

text: informed

text: consent

text: and

text: human

text: rights

text: have

text: been

text: raised

text: over

text: the

text: circumcision

text: of

text: babies

text: and

text: children

text: for

text: non

text: medical

text: reasons

text: and

text: for

text: that

text: reason

text: the

text: procedure

text: is

text: controversial

text: Evidence

text: supports

text: that

text: male

text: circumcision

text: reduces

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: HIV

text: infection

text: among

text: heterosexual

text: men

text: in

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: Therefore

text: the

text: WHO

text: recommends

text: considering

text: circumcision

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: comprehensive

text: HIV

text: prevention

text: program

text: in

text: areas

text: with

text: high

text: rates

text: of

text: HIV

text: such

text: as

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: Evidence

text: for

text: health

text: benefit

text: against

text: HIV

text: for

text: men

text: who

text: have

text: sex

text: with

text: men

text: is

text: less

text: clear

text: Additionally

text: the

text: effectiveness

text: of

text: using

text: circumcision

text: to

text: prevent

text: HIV

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: is

text: also

text: unclear

text: Circumcision

text: in

text: general

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: reduced

text: rates

text: of

text: cancer

text: causing

text: forms

text: of

text: HPV

text: and

text: risk

text: of

text: both

text: UTIs

text: and

text: cancer

text: of

text: the

text: penis

text: Prevention

text: of

text: those

text: conditions

text: is

text: not

text: justification

text: for

text: routine

text: circumcision

text: of

text: infants

text: Studies

text: of

text: its

text: potential

text: protective

text: effects

text: against

text: other

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infections

text: have

text: been

text: unclear

text: review

text: of

text: literature

text: found

text: circumcisions

text: performed

text: by

text: medical

text: providers

text: to

text: have

text: typical

text: complication

text: rate

text: of

text: for

text: babies

text: and

text: for

text: older

text: children

text: with

text: few

text: cases

text: of

text: severe

text: complications

text: Bleeding

text: infection

text: and

text: the

text: removal

text: of

text: either

text: too

text: much

text: or

text: too

text: little

text: foreskin

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: complications

text: cited

text: Complication

text: rates

text: are

text: higher

text: when

text: the

text: procedure

text: is

text: performed

text: by

text: an

text: inexperienced

text: operator

text: in

text: unsterile

text: conditions

text: or

text: when

text: the

text: child

text: is

text: at

text: an

text: older

text: age

text: Circumcision

text: does

text: not

text: appear

text: to

text: have

text: negative

text: impact

text: on

text: sexual

text: function

text: An

text: estimated

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: males

text: worldwide

text: are

text: circumcised

text: The

text: procedure

text: is

text: most

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: Muslim

text: world

text: and

text: Israel

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: near

text: universal

text: for

text: religious

text: reasons

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: relatively

text: rare

text: in

text: Europe

text: Latin

text: America

text: parts

text: of

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: Asia

text: The

text: origin

text: of

text: circumcision

text: is

text: not

text: known

text: with

text: certainty

text: the

text: oldest

text: documented

text: evidence

text: for

text: it

text: comes

text: from

text: ancient

text: Egypt

text: Various

text: theories

text: have

text: been

text: proposed

text: as

text: to

text: its

text: origin

text: including

text: as

text: religious

text: sacrifice

text: and

text: as

text: rite

text: of

text: passage

text: marking

text: boy

text: 's

text: entrance

text: into

text: adulthood

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: religious

text: law

text: in

text: Judaism

text: and

text: is

text: an

text: established

text: practice

text: in

text: Islam

text: Coptic

text: Christianity

text: and

text: the

text: Ethiopian

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: The

text: word

text: circumcision

text: is

text: from

text: Latin

text: circumcidere

text: meaning

text: to

text: cut

text: around

text: In the practice of medicine (especially surgery and dentistry), anesthesia or anaesthesia is a temporary induced loss of sensation or awareness. It may include analgesia (relief from or prevention of pain), paralysis (muscle relaxation), amnesia (loss of memory), or unconsciousness. A patient under the effects of anesthetic drugs is referred to as being anesthetized.

text: In

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: medicine

text: especially

text: surgery

text: and

text: dentistry

text: anesthesia

text: or

text: anaesthesia

text: is

text: temporary

text: induced

text: loss

text: of

text: sensation

text: or

text: awareness

text: It

text: may

text: include

text: analgesia

text: relief

text: from

text: or

text: prevention

text: of

text: pain

text: paralysis

text: muscle

text: relaxation

text: amnesia

text: loss

text: of

text: memory

text: or

text: unconsciousness

text: patient

text: under

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: anesthetic

text: drugs

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: being

text: anesthetized

text: Pathology (from the Greek roots of "pathos", meaning "experience" or "suffering", and "-logia", "study of") is a significant component of the causal study of disease and a major field in modern medicine and diagnosis.

text: Pathology

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: roots

text: of

text: pathos

text: meaning

text: experience

text: or

text: suffering

text: and

text: -logia

text: study

text: of

text: is

text: significant

text: component

text: of

text: the

text: causal

text: study

text: of

text: disease

text: and

text: major

text: field

text: in

text: modern

text: medicine

text: and

text: diagnosis

text: The placenta (also known as afterbirth) is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, provide thermo-regulation to the fetus, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply, fight against internal infection and produce hormones to support pregnancy. The placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to growing babies and removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's umbilical cord develops from the placenta. The umbilical cord is what connects the mother and the baby. Placentas are a defining characteristic of placental mammals, but are also found in some non-mammals with varying levels of development. The homology of such structures in various viviparous organisms is debatable, and in invertebrates such as Arthropoda, is analogous at best.

text: The

text: placenta

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: afterbirth

text: is

text: an

text: organ

text: that

text: connects

text: the

text: developing

text: fetus

text: to

text: the

text: uterine

text: wall

text: to

text: allow

text: nutrient

text: uptake

text: provide

text: thermo

text: regulation

text: to

text: the

text: fetus

text: waste

text: elimination

text: and

text: gas

text: exchange

text: via

text: the

text: mother

text: 's

text: blood

text: supply

text: fight

text: against

text: internal

text: infection

text: and

text: produce

text: hormones

text: to

text: support

text: pregnancy

text: The

text: placenta

text: provides

text: oxygen

text: and

text: nutrients

text: to

text: growing

text: babies

text: and

text: removes

text: waste

text: products

text: from

text: the

text: baby

text: 's

text: blood

text: The

text: placenta

text: attaches

text: to

text: the

text: wall

text: of

text: the

text: uterus

text: and

text: the

text: baby

text: 's

text: umbilical

text: cord

text: develops

text: from

text: the

text: placenta

text: The

text: umbilical

text: cord

text: is

text: what

text: connects

text: the

text: mother

text: and

text: the

text: baby

text: Placentas

text: are

text: defining

text: characteristic

text: of

text: placental

text: mammals

text: but

text: are

text: also

text: found

text: in

text: some

text: non

text: mammals

text: with

text: varying

text: levels

text: of

text: development

text: The

text: homology

text: of

text: such

text: structures

text: in

text: various

text: viviparous

text: organisms

text: is

text: debatable

text: and

text: in

text: invertebrates

text: such

text: as

text: Arthropoda

text: is

text: analogous

text: at

text: best

text: Elective surgery or elective procedure (from the Latin "eligere", meaning to choose) is surgery that is scheduled in advance because it does not involve a medical emergency. Semi-elective surgery is a surgery that must be done to preserve the patient's life, but does not need to be performed immediately.

text: Elective

text: surgery

text: or

text: elective

text: procedure

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: eligere

text: meaning

text: to

text: choose

text: is

text: surgery

text: that

text: is

text: scheduled

text: in

text: advance

text: because

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: involve

text: medical

text: emergency

text: Semi

text: elective

text: surgery

text: is

text: surgery

text: that

text: must

text: be

text: done

text: to

text: preserve

text: the

text: patient

text: 's

text: life

text: but

text: does

text: not

text: need

text: to

text: be

text: performed

text: immediately

text: Macroparasites are parasites that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye, in contrast to microparasites. They grow in one host but reproduce by infective stages outside this host. These generally include ticks, mites, helminths (nematodes, flatworms, etc.), and can be either external parasites (ectoparasitic) or internal parasites (endoparasitic). The most abundant macroparasite in humans is the nematode "Ascaris lumbricoides "which causes an infection called ascariasis. Macroparasites are also parasitic of many plant species and can be a significant agricultural pest.

text: Macroparasites

text: are

text: parasites

text: that

text: are

text: large

text: enough

text: to

text: be

text: seen

text: with

text: the

text: naked

text: eye

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: microparasites

text: They

text: grow

text: in

text: one

text: host

text: but

text: reproduce

text: by

text: infective

text: stages

text: outside

text: this

text: host

text: These

text: generally

text: include

text: ticks

text: mites

text: helminths

text: nematodes

text: flatworms

text: etc

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: either

text: external

text: parasites

text: ectoparasitic

text: or

text: internal

text: parasites

text: endoparasitic

text: The

text: most

text: abundant

text: macroparasite

text: in

text: humans

text: is

text: the

text: nematode

text: Ascaris

text: lumbricoides

text: which

text: causes

text: an

text: infection

text: called

text: ascariasis

text: Macroparasites

text: are

text: also

text: parasitic

text: of

text: many

text: plant

text: species

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: significant

text: agricultural

text: pest

text:
Hepatitis A (formerly known as infectious hepatitis) is an infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Many cases have few or no symptoms, especially in the young. The time between infection and symptoms, in those who develop them, is between two and six weeks. When symptoms occur, they typically last eight weeks and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, fever, and abdominal pain. Around 1015% of people experience a recurrence of symptoms during the six months after the initial infection. Acute liver failure may rarely occur, with this being more common in the elderly.
It is usually spread by eating food or drinking water contaminated with infected feces. Shellfish which have not been sufficiently cooked are a relatively common source. It may also be spread through close contact with an infectious person. While children often do not have symptoms when infected, they are still able to infect others. After a single infection, a person is immune for the rest of his or her life. Diagnosis requires blood testing, as the symptoms are similar to those of a number of other diseases. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.
The hepatitis A vaccine is effective for prevention. Some countries recommend it routinely for children and those at higher risk who have not previously been vaccinated. It appears to be effective for life. Other preventive measures include hand washing and properly cooking food. No specific treatment is available, with rest and medications for nausea or diarrhea recommended on an as-needed basis. Infections usually resolve completely and without ongoing liver disease. Treatment of acute liver failure, if it occurs, is with liver transplantation.
Globally, around 1.4 million symptomatic cases occur each year and about 102 million infections (symptomatic and asymptomatic). It is more common in regions of the world with poor sanitation and not enough safe water. In the developing world about 90% of children have been infected by age 10 and thus are immune by adulthood. It often occurs in outbreaks in moderately developed countries where children are not exposed when young and vaccination is not widespread. Acute hepatitis A resulted in 102,000 deaths in 2010. World Hepatitis Day occurs each year on July 28 to bring awareness to viral hepatitis.

text: Hepatitis

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: infectious

text: hepatitis

text: is

text: an

text: infectious

text: disease

text: of

text: the

text: liver

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: hepatitis

text: virus

text: HAV

text: Many

text: cases

text: have

text: few

text: or

text: no

text: symptoms

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: young

text: The

text: time

text: between

text: infection

text: and

text: symptoms

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: develop

text: them

text: is

text: between

text: two

text: and

text: six

text: weeks

text: When

text: symptoms

text: occur

text: they

text: typically

text: last

text: eight

text: weeks

text: and

text: may

text: include

text: nausea

text: vomiting

text: diarrhea

text: jaundice

text: fever

text: and

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: Around

text: of

text: people

text: experience

text: recurrence

text: of

text: symptoms

text: during

text: the

text: six

text: months

text: after

text: the

text: initial

text: infection

text: Acute

text: liver

text: failure

text: may

text: rarely

text: occur

text: with

text: this

text: being

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: elderly

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: spread

text: by

text: eating

text: food

text: or

text: drinking

text: water

text: contaminated

text: with

text: infected

text: feces

text: Shellfish

text: which

text: have

text: not

text: been

text: sufficiently

text: cooked

text: are

text: relatively

text: common

text: source

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: spread

text: through

text: close

text: contact

text: with

text: an

text: infectious

text: person

text: While

text: children

text: often

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: symptoms

text: when

text: infected

text: they

text: are

text: still

text: able

text: to

text: infect

text: others

text: After

text: single

text: infection

text: person

text: is

text: immune

text: for

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: life

text: Diagnosis

text: requires

text: blood

text: testing

text: as

text: the

text: symptoms

text: are

text: similar

text: to

text: those

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: diseases

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: five

text: known

text: hepatitis

text: viruses

text: and

text: The

text: hepatitis

text: vaccine

text: is

text: effective

text: for

text: prevention

text: Some

text: countries

text: recommend

text: it

text: routinely

text: for

text: children

text: and

text: those

text: at

text: higher

text: risk

text: who

text: have

text: not

text: previously

text: been

text: vaccinated

text: It

text: appears

text: to

text: be

text: effective

text: for

text: life

text: Other

text: preventive

text: measures

text: include

text: hand

text: washing

text: and

text: properly

text: cooking

text: food

text: No

text: specific

text: treatment

text: is

text: available

text: with

text: rest

text: and

text: medications

text: for

text: nausea

text: or

text: diarrhea

text: recommended

text: on

text: an

text: as

text: needed

text: basis

text: Infections

text: usually

text: resolve

text: completely

text: and

text: without

text: ongoing

text: liver

text: disease

text: Treatment

text: of

text: acute

text: liver

text: failure

text: if

text: it

text: occurs

text: is

text: with

text: liver

text: transplantation

text: Globally

text: around

text: million

text: symptomatic

text: cases

text: occur

text: each

text: year

text: and

text: about

text: million

text: infections

text: symptomatic

text: and

text: asymptomatic

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: poor

text: sanitation

text: and

text: not

text: enough

text: safe

text: water

text: In

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: about

text: of

text: children

text: have

text: been

text: infected

text: by

text: age

text: and

text: thus

text: are

text: immune

text: by

text: adulthood

text: It

text: often

text: occurs

text: in

text: outbreaks

text: in

text: moderately

text: developed

text: countries

text: where

text: children

text: are

text: not

text: exposed

text: when

text: young

text: and

text: vaccination

text: is

text: not

text: widespread

text: Acute

text: hepatitis

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: in

text: World

text: Hepatitis

text: Day

text: occurs

text: each

text: year

text: on

text: July

text: to

text: bring

text: awareness

text: to

text: viral

text: hepatitis

text:
Yaws is a tropical infection of the skin, bones and joints caused by the spirochete bacterium "Treponema pallidum pertenue". The disease begins with a round, hard swelling of the skin, 2 to 5 centimeters in diameter. The center may break open and form an ulcer. This initial skin lesion typically heals after three to six months. After weeks to years, joints and bones may become painful, fatigue may develop, and new skin lesions may appear. The skin of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet may become thick and break open. The bones (especially those of the nose) may become misshapen. After five years or more large areas of skin may die, leaving a scar.
Yaws is spread by direct contact with the fluid from a lesion of an infected person. The contact is usually of a non-sexual nature. The disease is most common among children, who spread it by playing together. Other related treponemal diseases are bejel ("Treponema pallidum endemicum"), pinta ("Treponema pallidum carateum"), and syphilis ("Treponema pallidum pallidum"). Yaws is often diagnosed by the appearance of the lesions. Blood antibody tests may be useful but cannot separate previous from current infections. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most accurate method of diagnosis.
Prevention is, in part, by curing those who have the disease thereby decreasing the risk of transmission. Where the disease is common, treating the entire community is effective. Improving cleanliness and sanitation will also decrease spread. Treatment is typically with antibiotics including: azithromycin by mouth or benzathine penicillin by injection. Without treatment, physical deformities occur in 10% of cases.
Yaws is common in at least 14 tropical countries as of 2012. The disease infects only humans. In the 1950s and 1960s the World Health Organization (WHO) nearly eradicated yaws. Since then the number of cases has increased and there are renewed efforts to globally eradicate the disease by 2020. The last estimate of the number of people infected was more than 500,000 in 1995. Although one of the first descriptions of the disease was made in 1679 by Willem Piso, archaeological evidence suggests that yaws may have been present among humans as far back as 1.6 million years ago.

text: Yaws

text: is

text: tropical

text: infection

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: bones

text: and

text: joints

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: spirochete

text: bacterium

text: Treponema

text: pallidum

text: pertenue

text: The

text: disease

text: begins

text: with

text: round

text: hard

text: swelling

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: to

text: centimeters

text: in

text: diameter

text: The

text: center

text: may

text: break

text: open

text: and

text: form

text: an

text: ulcer

text: This

text: initial

text: skin

text: lesion

text: typically

text: heals

text: after

text: three

text: to

text: six

text: months

text: After

text: weeks

text: to

text: years

text: joints

text: and

text: bones

text: may

text: become

text: painful

text: fatigue

text: may

text: develop

text: and

text: new

text: skin

text: lesions

text: may

text: appear

text: The

text: skin

text: of

text: the

text: palms

text: of

text: the

text: hands

text: and

text: the

text: soles

text: of

text: the

text: feet

text: may

text: become

text: thick

text: and

text: break

text: open

text: The

text: bones

text: especially

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: nose

text: may

text: become

text: misshapen

text: After

text: five

text: years

text: or

text: more

text: large

text: areas

text: of

text: skin

text: may

text: die

text: leaving

text: scar

text: Yaws

text: is

text: spread

text: by

text: direct

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: fluid

text: from

text: lesion

text: of

text: an

text: infected

text: person

text: The

text: contact

text: is

text: usually

text: of

text: non

text: sexual

text: nature

text: The

text: disease

text: is

text: most

text: common

text: among

text: children

text: who

text: spread

text: it

text: by

text: playing

text: together

text: Other

text: related

text: treponemal

text: diseases

text: are

text: bejel

text: Treponema

text: pallidum

text: endemicum

text: pinta

text: Treponema

text: pallidum

text: carateum

text: and

text: syphilis

text: Treponema

text: pallidum

text: pallidum

text: Yaws

text: is

text: often

text: diagnosed

text: by

text: the

text: appearance

text: of

text: the

text: lesions

text: Blood

text: antibody

text: tests

text: may

text: be

text: useful

text: but

text: can

text: not

text: separate

text: previous

text: from

text: current

text: infections

text: Polymerase

text: chain

text: reaction

text: PCR

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: accurate

text: method

text: of

text: diagnosis

text: Prevention

text: is

text: in

text: part

text: by

text: curing

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: the

text: disease

text: thereby

text: decreasing

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: transmission

text: Where

text: the

text: disease

text: is

text: common

text: treating

text: the

text: entire

text: community

text: is

text: effective

text: Improving

text: cleanliness

text: and

text: sanitation

text: will

text: also

text: decrease

text: spread

text: Treatment

text: is

text: typically

text: with

text: antibiotics

text: including

text: azithromycin

text: by

text: mouth

text: or

text: benzathine

text: penicillin

text: by

text: injection

text: Without

text: treatment

text: physical

text: deformities

text: occur

text: in

text: of

text: cases

text: Yaws

text: is

text: common

text: in

text: at

text: least

text: tropical

text: countries

text: as

text: of

text: The

text: disease

text: infects

text: only

text: humans

text: In

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: WHO

text: nearly

text: eradicated

text: yaws

text: Since

text: then

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: cases

text: has

text: increased

text: and

text: there

text: are

text: renewed

text: efforts

text: to

text: globally

text: eradicate

text: the

text: disease

text: by

text: The

text: last

text: estimate

text: of

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: infected

text: was

text: more

text: than

text: in

text: Although

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: descriptions

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: was

text: made

text: in

text: by

text: Willem

text: Piso

text: archaeological

text: evidence

text: suggests

text: that

text: yaws

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: present

text: among

text: humans

text: as

text: far

text: back

text: as

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text:
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity and drinking alcohol. Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants. In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human papillomavirus (HPV). These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell. Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops. Approximately 510% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person's parents. Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests. It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy.
Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat, and avoiding too much sunlight exposure. Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer. The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial. Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Pain and symptom management are an important part of care. Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease. The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment. In children under 15 at diagnosis the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80%. For cancer in the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66%.
In 2012 about 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred globally (not including skin cancer other than melanoma). It caused about 8.2 million deaths or 14.6% of human deaths. The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer. In females, the most common types are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and cervical cancer. If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancers each year it would account for around 40% of cases. In children, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and brain tumors are most common except in Africa where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often. In 2012, about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer. The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries. Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world. The financial costs of cancer were estimated at $1.16 trillion US dollars per year as of 2010.
Definitions.
Cancers are a large family of diseases that involve abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. They form a subset of neoplasms. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely.

text: Cancer

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: diseases

text: involving

text: abnormal

text: cell

text: growth

text: with

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: invade

text: or

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Not

text: all

text: tumors

text: are

text: cancerous

text: benign

text: tumors

text: do

text: not

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Possible

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: include

text: lump

text: abnormal

text: bleeding

text: prolonged

text: cough

text: unexplained

text: weight

text: loss

text: and

text: change

text: in

text: bowel

text: movements

text: While

text: these

text: symptoms

text: may

text: indicate

text: cancer

text: they

text: may

text: have

text: other

text: causes

text: Over

text: types

text: of

text: cancers

text: affect

text: humans

text: Tobacco

text: use

text: is

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: cancer

text: deaths

text: Another

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: obesity

text: poor

text: diet

text: lack

text: of

text: physical

text: activity

text: and

text: drinking

text: alcohol

text: Other

text: factors

text: include

text: certain

text: infections

text: exposure

text: to

text: ionizing

text: radiation

text: and

text: environmental

text: pollutants

text: In

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: nearly

text: of

text: cancers

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: infections

text: such

text: as

text: hepatitis

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: human

text: papillomavirus

text: HPV

text: These

text: factors

text: act

text: at

text: least

text: partly

text: by

text: changing

text: the

text: genes

text: of

text: cell

text: Typically

text: many

text: genetic

text: changes

text: are

text: required

text: before

text: cancer

text: develops

text: Approximately

text: of

text: cancers

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: inherited

text: genetic

text: defects

text: from

text: person

text: 's

text: parents

text: Cancer

text: can

text: be

text: detected

text: by

text: certain

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: or

text: screening

text: tests

text: It

text: is

text: then

text: typically

text: further

text: investigated

text: by

text: medical

text: imaging

text: and

text: confirmed

text: by

text: biopsy

text: Many

text: cancers

text: can

text: be

text: prevented

text: by

text: not

text: smoking

text: maintaining

text: healthy

text: weight

text: not

text: drinking

text: too

text: much

text: alcohol

text: eating

text: plenty

text: of

text: vegetables

text: fruits

text: and

text: whole

text: grains

text: vaccination

text: against

text: certain

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: not

text: eating

text: too

text: much

text: processed

text: and

text: red

text: meat

text: and

text: avoiding

text: too

text: much

text: sunlight

text: exposure

text: Early

text: detection

text: through

text: screening

text: is

text: useful

text: for

text: cervical

text: and

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: The

text: benefits

text: of

text: screening

text: in

text: breast

text: cancer

text: are

text: controversial

text: Cancer

text: is

text: often

text: treated

text: with

text: some

text: combination

text: of

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: surgery

text: chemotherapy

text: and

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: Pain

text: and

text: symptom

text: management

text: are

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: care

text: Palliative

text: care

text: is

text: particularly

text: important

text: in

text: people

text: with

text: advanced

text: disease

text: The

text: chance

text: of

text: survival

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: cancer

text: and

text: extent

text: of

text: disease

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: treatment

text: In

text: children

text: under

text: at

text: diagnosis

text: the

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rate

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: is

text: on

text: average

text: For

text: cancer

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: average

text: five

text: year

text: survival

text: rate

text: is

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: of

text: cancer

text: occurred

text: globally

text: not

text: including

text: skin

text: cancer

text: other

text: than

text: melanoma

text: It

text: caused

text: about

text: million

text: deaths

text: or

text: of

text: human

text: deaths

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: of

text: cancer

text: in

text: males

text: are

text: lung

text: cancer

text: prostate

text: cancer

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: and

text: stomach

text: cancer

text: In

text: females

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: are

text: breast

text: cancer

text: colorectal

text: cancer

text: lung

text: cancer

text: and

text: cervical

text: cancer

text: If

text: skin

text: cancer

text: other

text: than

text: melanoma

text: were

text: included

text: in

text: total

text: new

text: cancers

text: each

text: year

text: it

text: would

text: account

text: for

text: around

text: of

text: cases

text: In

text: children

text: acute

text: lymphoblastic

text: leukaemia

text: and

text: brain

text: tumors

text: are

text: most

text: common

text: except

text: in

text: Africa

text: where

text: non

text: Hodgkin

text: lymphoma

text: occurs

text: more

text: often

text: In

text: about

text: children

text: under

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: were

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: cancer

text: The

text: risk

text: of

text: cancer

text: increases

text: significantly

text: with

text: age

text: and

text: many

text: cancers

text: occur

text: more

text: commonly

text: in

text: developed

text: countries

text: Rates

text: are

text: increasing

text: as

text: more

text: people

text: live

text: to

text: an

text: old

text: age

text: and

text: as

text: lifestyle

text: changes

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: The

text: financial

text: costs

text: of

text: cancer

text: were

text: estimated

text: at

text: trillion

text: US

text: dollars

text: per

text: year

text: as

text: of

text: Definitions

text: Cancers

text: are

text: large

text: family

text: of

text: diseases

text: that

text: involve

text: abnormal

text: cell

text: growth

text: with

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: invade

text: or

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: They

text: form

text: subset

text: of

text: neoplasms

text: neoplasm

text: or

text: tumor

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: cells

text: that

text: have

text: undergone

text: unregulated

text: growth

text: and

text: will

text: often

text: form

text: mass

text: or

text: lump

text: but

text: may

text: be

text: distributed

text: diffusely

text: Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of trichomoniasis. It is the most common pathogenic protozoan infection of humans in industrialized countries. Infection rates between men and women are similar with women being symptomatic, while infections in men are usually asymptomatic. Transmission usually occurs via direct, skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual, most often through vaginal intercourse. The WHO has estimated that 160 million cases of infection are acquired annually worldwide. The estimates for North America alone are between 5 and 8 million new infections each year, with an estimated rate of asymptomatic cases as high as 50%. Usually treatment consists of metronidazole and tinidazole.

text: Trichomonas

text: vaginalis

text: is

text: an

text: anaerobic

text: flagellated

text: protozoan

text: parasite

text: and

text: the

text: causative

text: agent

text: of

text: trichomoniasis

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: pathogenic

text: protozoan

text: infection

text: of

text: humans

text: in

text: industrialized

text: countries

text: Infection

text: rates

text: between

text: men

text: and

text: women

text: are

text: similar

text: with

text: women

text: being

text: symptomatic

text: while

text: infections

text: in

text: men

text: are

text: usually

text: asymptomatic

text: Transmission

text: usually

text: occurs

text: via

text: direct

text: skin

text: to

text: skin

text: contact

text: with

text: an

text: infected

text: individual

text: most

text: often

text: through

text: vaginal

text: intercourse

text: The

text: WHO

text: has

text: estimated

text: that

text: million

text: cases

text: of

text: infection

text: are

text: acquired

text: annually

text: worldwide

text: The

text: estimates

text: for

text: North

text: America

text: alone

text: are

text: between

text: and

text: million

text: new

text: infections

text: each

text: year

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: rate

text: of

text: asymptomatic

text: cases

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: Usually

text: treatment

text: consists

text: of

text: metronidazole

text: and

text: tinidazole

text: Neurosyphilis is an infection of the brain or spinal cord caused by the spirochete "Treponema pallidum". It usually occurs in people who have had chronic, untreated syphilis, usually about 10 to 20 years after first infection and develops in about 25%40% of persons who are not treated. The United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advises that neurosyphilis can occur at any stage of a syphilis infection.

text: Neurosyphilis

text: is

text: an

text: infection

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: or

text: spinal

text: cord

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: spirochete

text: Treponema

text: pallidum

text: It

text: usually

text: occurs

text: in

text: people

text: who

text: have

text: had

text: chronic

text: untreated

text: syphilis

text: usually

text: about

text: to

text: years

text: after

text: first

text: infection

text: and

text: develops

text: in

text: about

text: of

text: persons

text: who

text: are

text: not

text: treated

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Centers

text: for

text: Disease

text: Control

text: and

text: Prevention

text: CDC

text: advises

text: that

text: neurosyphilis

text: can

text: occur

text: at

text: any

text: stage

text: of

text: syphilis

text: infection

text:
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. Some people have no symptoms whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes, poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, or diarrhea. Hepatitis may be temporary (acute) or long term (chronic) depending on whether it lasts for less than or more than six months. Acute hepatitis can sometimes resolve on its own, progress to chronic hepatitis, or rarely result in acute liver failure. Over time the chronic form may progress to scarring of the liver, liver failure, or liver cancer.
The most common cause worldwide is viruses. Other causes include heavy alcohol use, certain medications, toxins, other infections, autoimmune diseases, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). There are five main types of viral hepatitis: type A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are mainly spread by contaminated food and water. Hepatitis B is mainly sexually transmitted, but may also be passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth. Both hepatitis B and hepatitis C are commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle sharing by intravenous drug users. Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B.
Hepatitis A, B, and D are preventable with immunization. Medications may be used to treat chronic cases of viral hepatitis. There is no specific treatment for NASH; however, a healthy lifestyle, including physical activity, a healthy diet, and weight loss, is important. Autoimmune hepatitis may be treated with medications to suppress the immune system. A liver transplant may also be an option in certain cases.
Worldwide in 2015, hepatitis A occurred in about 114 million people, chronic hepatitis B affected about 343 million people and chronic hepatitis C about 142 million people. In the United States, NASH affects about 11 million people and alcoholic hepatitis affects about 5 million people. Hepatitis results in more than a million deaths a year, most of which occur indirectly from liver scarring or liver cancer. In the United States, hepatitis A is estimated to occur in about 2,500 people a year and results in about 75 deaths. The word is derived from the Greek "hêpar", meaning "liver", and "-itis", meaning "inflammation".

text: Hepatitis

text: is

text: inflammation

text: of

text: the

text: liver

text: Some

text: people

text: have

text: no

text: symptoms

text: whereas

text: others

text: develop

text: yellow

text: discoloration

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: and

text: whites

text: of

text: the

text: eyes

text: poor

text: appetite

text: vomiting

text: tiredness

text: abdominal

text: pain

text: or

text: diarrhea

text: Hepatitis

text: may

text: be

text: temporary

text: acute

text: or

text: long

text: term

text: chronic

text: depending

text: on

text: whether

text: it

text: lasts

text: for

text: less

text: than

text: or

text: more

text: than

text: six

text: months

text: Acute

text: hepatitis

text: can

text: sometimes

text: resolve

text: on

text: its

text: own

text: progress

text: to

text: chronic

text: hepatitis

text: or

text: rarely

text: result

text: in

text: acute

text: liver

text: failure

text: Over

text: time

text: the

text: chronic

text: form

text: may

text: progress

text: to

text: scarring

text: of

text: the

text: liver

text: liver

text: failure

text: or

text: liver

text: cancer

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: worldwide

text: is

text: viruses

text: Other

text: causes

text: include

text: heavy

text: alcohol

text: use

text: certain

text: medications

text: toxins

text: other

text: infections

text: autoimmune

text: diseases

text: and

text: non

text: alcoholic

text: steatohepatitis

text: NASH

text: There

text: are

text: five

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: viral

text: hepatitis

text: type

text: and

text: Hepatitis

text: and

text: are

text: mainly

text: spread

text: by

text: contaminated

text: food

text: and

text: water

text: Hepatitis

text: is

text: mainly

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: but

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: passed

text: from

text: mother

text: to

text: baby

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: or

text: childbirth

text: Both

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: hepatitis

text: are

text: commonly

text: spread

text: through

text: infected

text: blood

text: such

text: as

text: may

text: occur

text: during

text: needle

text: sharing

text: by

text: intravenous

text: drug

text: users

text: Hepatitis

text: can

text: only

text: infect

text: people

text: already

text: infected

text: with

text: hepatitis

text: Hepatitis

text: and

text: are

text: preventable

text: with

text: immunization

text: Medications

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: treat

text: chronic

text: cases

text: of

text: viral

text: hepatitis

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: specific

text: treatment

text: for

text: NASH

text: however

text: healthy

text: lifestyle

text: including

text: physical

text: activity

text: healthy

text: diet

text: and

text: weight

text: loss

text: is

text: important

text: Autoimmune

text: hepatitis

text: may

text: be

text: treated

text: with

text: medications

text: to

text: suppress

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: liver

text: transplant

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: an

text: option

text: in

text: certain

text: cases

text: Worldwide

text: in

text: hepatitis

text: occurred

text: in

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: chronic

text: hepatitis

text: affected

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: chronic

text: hepatitis

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: NASH

text: affects

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: and

text: alcoholic

text: hepatitis

text: affects

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: Hepatitis

text: results

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: deaths

text: year

text: most

text: of

text: which

text: occur

text: indirectly

text: from

text: liver

text: scarring

text: or

text: liver

text: cancer

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: hepatitis

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: occur

text: in

text: about

text: people

text: year

text: and

text: results

text: in

text: about

text: deaths

text: The

text: word

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: hêpar

text: meaning

text: liver

text: and

text: -itis

text: meaning

text: inflammation

text:
Breastfeeding, also known as nursing, is the feeding of babies and young children with milk from a woman's breast. Health professionals recommend that breastfeeding begin within the first hour of a baby's life and continue as often and as much as the baby wants. During the first few weeks of life babies may nurse roughly every two to three hours. The duration of a feeding is usually ten to fifteen minutes on each breast. Older children feed less often. Mothers may pump milk so that it can be used later when breastfeeding is not possible. Breastfeeding has a number of benefits to both mother and baby, which infant formula lacks.
Deaths of an estimated 820,000 children under the age of five could be prevented globally every year with increased breastfeeding. Breastfeeding decreases the risk of respiratory tract infections and diarrhea, both in developing and developed countries. Other benefits include lower risks of asthma, food allergies, celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, and leukemia. Breastfeeding may also improve cognitive development and decrease the risk of obesity in adulthood. Mothers may feel pressure to breastfeed; however in the developed world children generally grow up normally when bottle feed.
Benefits for the mother include less blood loss following delivery, better uterus shrinkage, weight loss, and less postpartum depression. Breastfeeding delays the return of menstruation and fertility, a phenomenon known as lactational amenorrhea. Long term benefits for the mother include decreased risk of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Breastfeeding is often less expensive than infant formula.
Health organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO), recommend breastfeeding exclusively for six months. This means that no other foods or drinks other than possibly vitamin D are typically given. After the introduction of foods at six months of age, recommendations include continued breastfeeding until at least one to two years of age. Globally about 38% of infants are only breastfed during their first six months of life. In the United States, about 75% of women begin breastfeeding and about 13% only breastfeed until the age of six months. Medical conditions that do not allow breastfeeding are rare. Mothers who take certain recreational drugs and medications should not breastfeed. Smoking, limited intake of alcohol, and coffee are not reasons to avoid breastfeeding.

text: Breastfeeding

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: nursing

text: is

text: the

text: feeding

text: of

text: babies

text: and

text: young

text: children

text: with

text: milk

text: from

text: woman

text: 's

text: breast

text: Health

text: professionals

text: recommend

text: that

text: breastfeeding

text: begin

text: within

text: the

text: first

text: hour

text: of

text: baby

text: 's

text: life

text: and

text: continue

text: as

text: often

text: and

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: the

text: baby

text: wants

text: During

text: the

text: first

text: few

text: weeks

text: of

text: life

text: babies

text: may

text: nurse

text: roughly

text: every

text: two

text: to

text: three

text: hours

text: The

text: duration

text: of

text: feeding

text: is

text: usually

text: ten

text: to

text: fifteen

text: minutes

text: on

text: each

text: breast

text: Older

text: children

text: feed

text: less

text: often

text: Mothers

text: may

text: pump

text: milk

text: so

text: that

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: later

text: when

text: breastfeeding

text: is

text: not

text: possible

text: Breastfeeding

text: has

text: number

text: of

text: benefits

text: to

text: both

text: mother

text: and

text: baby

text: which

text: infant

text: formula

text: lacks

text: Deaths

text: of

text: an

text: estimated

text: children

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: five

text: could

text: be

text: prevented

text: globally

text: every

text: year

text: with

text: increased

text: breastfeeding

text: Breastfeeding

text: decreases

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: respiratory

text: tract

text: infections

text: and

text: diarrhea

text: both

text: in

text: developing

text: and

text: developed

text: countries

text: Other

text: benefits

text: include

text: lower

text: risks

text: of

text: asthma

text: food

text: allergies

text: celiac

text: disease

text: type

text: diabetes

text: and

text: leukemia

text: Breastfeeding

text: may

text: also

text: improve

text: cognitive

text: development

text: and

text: decrease

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: obesity

text: in

text: adulthood

text: Mothers

text: may

text: feel

text: pressure

text: to

text: breastfeed

text: however

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: children

text: generally

text: grow

text: up

text: normally

text: when

text: bottle

text: feed

text: Benefits

text: for

text: the

text: mother

text: include

text: less

text: blood

text: loss

text: following

text: delivery

text: better

text: uterus

text: shrinkage

text: weight

text: loss

text: and

text: less

text: postpartum

text: depression

text: Breastfeeding

text: delays

text: the

text: return

text: of

text: menstruation

text: and

text: fertility

text: phenomenon

text: known

text: as

text: lactational

text: amenorrhea

text: Long

text: term

text: benefits

text: for

text: the

text: mother

text: include

text: decreased

text: risk

text: of

text: breast

text: cancer

text: cardiovascular

text: disease

text: and

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: Breastfeeding

text: is

text: often

text: less

text: expensive

text: than

text: infant

text: formula

text: Health

text: organizations

text: including

text: the

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: WHO

text: recommend

text: breastfeeding

text: exclusively

text: for

text: six

text: months

text: This

text: means

text: that

text: no

text: other

text: foods

text: or

text: drinks

text: other

text: than

text: possibly

text: vitamin

text: are

text: typically

text: given

text: After

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: foods

text: at

text: six

text: months

text: of

text: age

text: recommendations

text: include

text: continued

text: breastfeeding

text: until

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: to

text: two

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: Globally

text: about

text: of

text: infants

text: are

text: only

text: breastfed

text: during

text: their

text: first

text: six

text: months

text: of

text: life

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: about

text: of

text: women

text: begin

text: breastfeeding

text: and

text: about

text: only

text: breastfeed

text: until

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: six

text: months

text: Medical

text: conditions

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: allow

text: breastfeeding

text: are

text: rare

text: Mothers

text: who

text: take

text: certain

text: recreational

text: drugs

text: and

text: medications

text: should

text: not

text: breastfeed

text: Smoking

text: limited

text: intake

text: of

text: alcohol

text: and

text: coffee

text: are

text: not

text: reasons

text: to

text: avoid

text: breastfeeding

text:
Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, or a red scaly patch of skin. In those with distant spread of the disease, there may be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, or yellow skin.
Risk factors for developing breast cancer include being female, obesity, lack of physical exercise, drinking alcohol, hormone replacement therapy during menopause, ionizing radiation, early age at first menstruation, having children late or not at all, older age, and family history. About 510% of cases are due to genes inherited from a person's parents, including BRCA1 and BRCA2 among others. Breast cancer most commonly develops in cells from the lining of milk ducts and the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. Cancers developing from the ducts are known as ductal carcinomas, while those developing from lobules are known as lobular carcinomas. In addition, there are more than 18 other sub-types of breast cancer. Some cancers, such as ductal carcinoma in situ, develop from pre-invasive lesions. The diagnosis of breast cancer is confirmed by taking a biopsy of the concerning lump. Once the diagnosis is made, further tests are done to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the breast and which treatments it may respond to.
The balance of benefits versus harms of breast cancer screening is controversial. A 2013 Cochrane review stated that it is unclear if mammographic screening does more good or harm. A 2009 review for the US Preventive Services Task Force found evidence of benefit in those 40 to 70 years of age, and the organization recommends screening every two years in women 50 to 74 years old. The medications tamoxifen or raloxifene may be used in an effort to prevent breast cancer in those who are at high risk of developing it. Surgical removal of both breasts is another preventative measure in some high risk women. In those who have been diagnosed with cancer, a number of treatments may be used, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and targeted therapy. Types of surgery vary from breast-conserving surgery to mastectomy. Breast reconstruction may take place at the time of surgery or at a later date. In those in whom the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, treatments are mostly aimed at improving quality of life and comfort.
Outcomes for breast cancer vary depending on the cancer type, extent of disease, and person's age. Survival rates in the developed world are high, with between 80% and 90% of those in England and the United States alive for at least 5 years. In developing countries survival rates are poorer. Worldwide, breast cancer is the leading type of cancer in women, accounting for 25% of all cases. In 2012 it resulted in 1.68 million cases and 522,000 deaths. It is more common in developed countries and is more than 100 times more common in women than in men.

text: Breast

text: cancer

text: is

text: cancer

text: that

text: develops

text: from

text: breast

text: tissue

text: Signs

text: of

text: breast

text: cancer

text: may

text: include

text: lump

text: in

text: the

text: breast

text: change

text: in

text: breast

text: shape

text: dimpling

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: fluid

text: coming

text: from

text: the

text: nipple

text: or

text: red

text: scaly

text: patch

text: of

text: skin

text: In

text: those

text: with

text: distant

text: spread

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: bone

text: pain

text: swollen

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: shortness

text: of

text: breath

text: or

text: yellow

text: skin

text: Risk

text: factors

text: for

text: developing

text: breast

text: cancer

text: include

text: being

text: female

text: obesity

text: lack

text: of

text: physical

text: exercise

text: drinking

text: alcohol

text: hormone

text: replacement

text: therapy

text: during

text: menopause

text: ionizing

text: radiation

text: early

text: age

text: at

text: first

text: menstruation

text: having

text: children

text: late

text: or

text: not

text: at

text: all

text: older

text: age

text: and

text: family

text: history

text: About

text: of

text: cases

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: genes

text: inherited

text: from

text: person

text: 's

text: parents

text: including

text: and

text: among

text: others

text: Breast

text: cancer

text: most

text: commonly

text: develops

text: in

text: cells

text: from

text: the

text: lining

text: of

text: milk

text: ducts

text: and

text: the

text: lobules

text: that

text: supply

text: the

text: ducts

text: with

text: milk

text: Cancers

text: developing

text: from

text: the

text: ducts

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: ductal

text: carcinomas

text: while

text: those

text: developing

text: from

text: lobules

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: lobular

text: carcinomas

text: In

text: addition

text: there

text: are

text: more

text: than

text: other

text: sub

text: types

text: of

text: breast

text: cancer

text: Some

text: cancers

text: such

text: as

text: ductal

text: carcinoma

text: in

text: situ

text: develop

text: from

text: pre

text: invasive

text: lesions

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: of

text: breast

text: cancer

text: is

text: confirmed

text: by

text: taking

text: biopsy

text: of

text: the

text: concerning

text: lump

text: Once

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: made

text: further

text: tests

text: are

text: done

text: to

text: determine

text: if

text: the

text: cancer

text: has

text: spread

text: beyond

text: the

text: breast

text: and

text: which

text: treatments

text: it

text: may

text: respond

text: to

text: The

text: balance

text: of

text: benefits

text: versus

text: harms

text: of

text: breast

text: cancer

text: screening

text: is

text: controversial

text: Cochrane

text: review

text: stated

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: unclear

text: if

text: mammographic

text: screening

text: does

text: more

text: good

text: or

text: harm

text: review

text: for

text: the

text: US

text: Preventive

text: Services

text: Task

text: Force

text: found

text: evidence

text: of

text: benefit

text: in

text: those

text: to

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: and

text: the

text: organization

text: recommends

text: screening

text: every

text: two

text: years

text: in

text: women

text: to

text: years

text: old

text: The

text: medications

text: tamoxifen

text: or

text: raloxifene

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: prevent

text: breast

text: cancer

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: at

text: high

text: risk

text: of

text: developing

text: it

text: Surgical

text: removal

text: of

text: both

text: breasts

text: is

text: another

text: preventative

text: measure

text: in

text: some

text: high

text: risk

text: women

text: In

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: been

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: cancer

text: number

text: of

text: treatments

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: including

text: surgery

text: radiation

text: therapy

text: chemotherapy

text: hormonal

text: therapy

text: and

text: targeted

text: therapy

text: Types

text: of

text: surgery

text: vary

text: from

text: breast

text: conserving

text: surgery

text: to

text: mastectomy

text: Breast

text: reconstruction

text: may

text: take

text: place

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: surgery

text: or

text: at

text: later

text: date

text: In

text: those

text: in

text: whom

text: the

text: cancer

text: has

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: treatments

text: are

text: mostly

text: aimed

text: at

text: improving

text: quality

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: comfort

text: Outcomes

text: for

text: breast

text: cancer

text: vary

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: cancer

text: type

text: extent

text: of

text: disease

text: and

text: person

text: 's

text: age

text: Survival

text: rates

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: are

text: high

text: with

text: between

text: and

text: of

text: those

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: alive

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: years

text: In

text: developing

text: countries

text: survival

text: rates

text: are

text: poorer

text: Worldwide

text: breast

text: cancer

text: is

text: the

text: leading

text: type

text: of

text: cancer

text: in

text: women

text: accounting

text: for

text: of

text: all

text: cases

text: In

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: million

text: cases

text: and

text: deaths

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: developed

text: countries

text: and

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: times

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: women

text: than

text: in

text: men

text: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.

text: The

text: human

text: immunodeficiency

text: virus

text: HIV

text: is

text: lentivirus

text: subgroup

text: of

text: retrovirus

text: that

text: causes

text: HIV

text: infection

text: and

text: over

text: time

text: acquired

text: immunodeficiency

text: syndrome

text: AIDS

text: AIDS

text: is

text: condition

text: in

text: humans

text: in

text: which

text: progressive

text: failure

text: of

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: allows

text: life

text: threatening

text: opportunistic

text: infections

text: and

text: cancers

text: to

text: thrive

text: Without

text: treatment

text: average

text: survival

text: time

text: after

text: infection

text: with

text: HIV

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: be

text: to

text: years

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: HIV

text: subtype

text: Infection

text: with

text: HIV

text: occurs

text: by

text: the

text: transfer

text: of

text: blood

text: semen

text: vaginal

text: fluid

text: pre

text: ejaculate

text: or

text: breast

text: milk

text: Within

text: these

text: bodily

text: fluids

text: HIV

text: is

text: present

text: as

text: both

text: free

text: virus

text: particles

text: and

text: virus

text: within

text: infected

text: immune

text: cells

text: A retrovirus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with a DNA intermediate and, as an obligate parasite, targets a host cell. Once inside the host cell cytoplasm, the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome, the reverse of the usual pattern, thus "retro" (backwards). The new DNA is then incorporated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme, at which point the retroviral DNA is referred to as a provirus. The host cell then treats the viral DNA as part of its own genome, translating and transcribing the viral genes along with the cell's own genes, producing the proteins required to assemble new copies of the virus. It is difficult to detect the virus until it has infected the host. At that point, the infection will persist indefinitely.

text: retrovirus

text: is

text: single

text: stranded

text: positive

text: sense

text: RNA

text: virus

text: with

text: DNA

text: intermediate

text: and

text: as

text: an

text: obligate

text: parasite

text: targets

text: host

text: cell

text: Once

text: inside

text: the

text: host

text: cell

text: cytoplasm

text: the

text: virus

text: uses

text: its

text: own

text: reverse

text: transcriptase

text: enzyme

text: to

text: produce

text: DNA

text: from

text: its

text: RNA

text: genome

text: the

text: reverse

text: of

text: the

text: usual

text: pattern

text: thus

text: retro

text: backwards

text: The

text: new

text: DNA

text: is

text: then

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: host

text: cell

text: genome

text: by

text: an

text: integrase

text: enzyme

text: at

text: which

text: point

text: the

text: retroviral

text: DNA

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: provirus

text: The

text: host

text: cell

text: then

text: treats

text: the

text: viral

text: DNA

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: its

text: own

text: genome

text: translating

text: and

text: transcribing

text: the

text: viral

text: genes

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: cell

text: 's

text: own

text: genes

text: producing

text: the

text: proteins

text: required

text: to

text: assemble

text: new

text: copies

text: of

text: the

text: virus

text: It

text: is

text: difficult

text: to

text: detect

text: the

text: virus

text: until

text: it

text: has

text: infected

text: the

text: host

text: At

text: that

text: point

text: the

text: infection

text: will

text: persist

text: indefinitely

text:
Obstructed labour, also known as labour dystocia, is when, even though the uterus is contracting normally, the baby does not exit the pelvis during childbirth due to being physically blocked. Complications for the baby include not getting enough oxygen which may result in death. It increases the risk of the mother getting an infection, having uterine rupture, or having post-partum bleeding. Long term complications for the mother include obstetrical fistula. Obstructed labour is said to result in prolonged labour, when the active phase of labour is longer than twelve hours.
The main causes of obstructed labour include: a large or abnormally positioned baby, a small pelvis, and problems with the birth canal. Abnormal positioning includes shoulder dystocia where the anterior shoulder does not pass easily below the pubic bone. Risk factors for a small pelvis include malnutrition and a lack of exposure to sunlight causing vitamin D deficiency. It is also more common in adolescence as the pelvis may not have finished growing. Problems with the birth canal include a narrow vagina and perineum which may be due to female genital mutilation or tumors. A partograph is often used to track labour progression and diagnose problems. This combined with physical examination may identify obstructed labour.
The treatment of obstructed labour may require cesarean section or vacuum extraction with possible surgical opening of the symphysis pubis. Other measures include: keeping the women hydrated and antibiotics if the membranes have been ruptured for more than 18 hours. In Africa and Asia obstructed labor effects between two and five percent of deliveries. In 2013 about 5.1 cases of obstructed labour occurred. This resulted in 19,000 deaths down from 29,000 deaths in 1990 (about 8% of all deaths related to pregnancy). Most deaths due to this condition occur in the developing world.

text: Obstructed

text: labour

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: labour

text: dystocia

text: is

text: when

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: uterus

text: is

text: contracting

text: normally

text: the

text: baby

text: does

text: not

text: exit

text: the

text: pelvis

text: during

text: childbirth

text: due

text: to

text: being

text: physically

text: blocked

text: Complications

text: for

text: the

text: baby

text: include

text: not

text: getting

text: enough

text: oxygen

text: which

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: death

text: It

text: increases

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: the

text: mother

text: getting

text: an

text: infection

text: having

text: uterine

text: rupture

text: or

text: having

text: post

text: partum

text: bleeding

text: Long

text: term

text: complications

text: for

text: the

text: mother

text: include

text: obstetrical

text: fistula

text: Obstructed

text: labour

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: result

text: in

text: prolonged

text: labour

text: when

text: the

text: active

text: phase

text: of

text: labour

text: is

text: longer

text: than

text: twelve

text: hours

text: The

text: main

text: causes

text: of

text: obstructed

text: labour

text: include

text: large

text: or

text: abnormally

text: positioned

text: baby

text: small

text: pelvis

text: and

text: problems

text: with

text: the

text: birth

text: canal

text: Abnormal

text: positioning

text: includes

text: shoulder

text: dystocia

text: where

text: the

text: anterior

text: shoulder

text: does

text: not

text: pass

text: easily

text: below

text: the

text: pubic

text: bone

text: Risk

text: factors

text: for

text: small

text: pelvis

text: include

text: malnutrition

text: and

text: lack

text: of

text: exposure

text: to

text: sunlight

text: causing

text: vitamin

text: deficiency

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: adolescence

text: as

text: the

text: pelvis

text: may

text: not

text: have

text: finished

text: growing

text: Problems

text: with

text: the

text: birth

text: canal

text: include

text: narrow

text: vagina

text: and

text: perineum

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: female

text: genital

text: mutilation

text: or

text: tumors

text: partograph

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: track

text: labour

text: progression

text: and

text: diagnose

text: problems

text: This

text: combined

text: with

text: physical

text: examination

text: may

text: identify

text: obstructed

text: labour

text: The

text: treatment

text: of

text: obstructed

text: labour

text: may

text: require

text: cesarean

text: section

text: or

text: vacuum

text: extraction

text: with

text: possible

text: surgical

text: opening

text: of

text: the

text: symphysis

text: pubis

text: Other

text: measures

text: include

text: keeping

text: the

text: women

text: hydrated

text: and

text: antibiotics

text: if

text: the

text: membranes

text: have

text: been

text: ruptured

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: hours

text: In

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: obstructed

text: labor

text: effects

text: between

text: two

text: and

text: five

text: percent

text: of

text: deliveries

text: In

text: about

text: cases

text: of

text: obstructed

text: labour

text: occurred

text: This

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: down

text: from

text: deaths

text: in

text: about

text: of

text: all

text: deaths

text: related

text: to

text: pregnancy

text: Most

text: deaths

text: due

text: to

text: this

text: condition

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text:
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a disease of the vagina caused by excessive growth of bacteria. Common symptoms include increased vaginal discharge that often smells like fish. The discharge is usually white or gray in color. Burning with urination may occur. Itching is uncommon. Occasionally, there may be no symptoms. Having BV approximately doubles the risk of infection by a number of other sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. It also increases the risk of early delivery among pregnant women.
BV is caused by an imbalance of the naturally occurring bacteria in the vagina. There is a change in the most common type of bacteria and a hundred to thousandfold increase in total numbers of bacteria present. Typically, bacteria other than "Lactobacilli" become more common. Risk factors include douching, new or multiple sex partners, antibiotics, and using an intrauterine device, among others. However, it is not considered a sexually transmitted infection. Diagnosis is suspected based on the symptoms, and may be verified by testing the vaginal discharge and finding a higher than normal vaginal pH, and large numbers of bacteria. BV is often confused with a vaginal yeast infection or infection with Trichomonas.
Usually treatment is with an antibiotic, such as clindamycin or metronidazole. These medications may also be used in the second or third trimesters of pregnancy. However, the condition often recurs following treatment. Probiotics may help prevent re-occurrence. It is unclear if the use of probiotics or antibiotics affects pregnancy outcomes.
BV is the most common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age. The percentage of women affected at any given time varies between 5% and 70%. BV is most common in parts of Africa and least common in Asia and Europe. In the United States about 30% of women between the ages of 14 and 49 are affected. Rates vary considerably between ethnic groups within a country. While BV like symptoms have been described for much of recorded history, the first clearly documented case occurred in 1894.

text: Bacterial

text: vaginosis

text: BV

text: is

text: disease

text: of

text: the

text: vagina

text: caused

text: by

text: excessive

text: growth

text: of

text: bacteria

text: Common

text: symptoms

text: include

text: increased

text: vaginal

text: discharge

text: that

text: often

text: smells

text: like

text: fish

text: The

text: discharge

text: is

text: usually

text: white

text: or

text: gray

text: in

text: color

text: Burning

text: with

text: urination

text: may

text: occur

text: Itching

text: is

text: uncommon

text: Occasionally

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: no

text: symptoms

text: Having

text: BV

text: approximately

text: doubles

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: infection

text: by

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infections

text: including

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: It

text: also

text: increases

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: early

text: delivery

text: among

text: pregnant

text: women

text: BV

text: is

text: caused

text: by

text: an

text: imbalance

text: of

text: the

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: bacteria

text: in

text: the

text: vagina

text: There

text: is

text: change

text: in

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: of

text: bacteria

text: and

text: hundred

text: to

text: thousandfold

text: increase

text: in

text: total

text: numbers

text: of

text: bacteria

text: present

text: Typically

text: bacteria

text: other

text: than

text: Lactobacilli

text: become

text: more

text: common

text: Risk

text: factors

text: include

text: douching

text: new

text: or

text: multiple

text: sex

text: partners

text: antibiotics

text: and

text: using

text: an

text: intrauterine

text: device

text: among

text: others

text: However

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: considered

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infection

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: suspected

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: symptoms

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: verified

text: by

text: testing

text: the

text: vaginal

text: discharge

text: and

text: finding

text: higher

text: than

text: normal

text: vaginal

text: pH

text: and

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: bacteria

text: BV

text: is

text: often

text: confused

text: with

text: vaginal

text: yeast

text: infection

text: or

text: infection

text: with

text: Trichomonas

text: Usually

text: treatment

text: is

text: with

text: an

text: antibiotic

text: such

text: as

text: clindamycin

text: or

text: metronidazole

text: These

text: medications

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: or

text: third

text: trimesters

text: of

text: pregnancy

text: However

text: the

text: condition

text: often

text: recurs

text: following

text: treatment

text: Probiotics

text: may

text: help

text: prevent

text: re

text: occurrence

text: It

text: is

text: unclear

text: if

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: probiotics

text: or

text: antibiotics

text: affects

text: pregnancy

text: outcomes

text: BV

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: vaginal

text: infection

text: in

text: women

text: of

text: reproductive

text: age

text: The

text: percentage

text: of

text: women

text: affected

text: at

text: any

text: given

text: time

text: varies

text: between

text: and

text: BV

text: is

text: most

text: common

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: least

text: common

text: in

text: Asia

text: and

text: Europe

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: about

text: of

text: women

text: between

text: the

text: ages

text: of

text: and

text: are

text: affected

text: Rates

text: vary

text: considerably

text: between

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: within

text: country

text: While

text: BV

text: like

text: symptoms

text: have

text: been

text: described

text: for

text: much

text: of

text: recorded

text: history

text: the

text: first

text: clearly

text: documented

text: case

text: occurred

text: in

text:
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium "Treponema pallidum" subspecies "pallidum". The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary). The primary stage classically presents with a single chancre (a firm, painless, non-itchy skin ulceration) but there may be multiple sores. In secondary syphilis a diffuse rash occurs, which frequently involves the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. There may also be sores in the mouth or vagina. In latent syphilis, which can last for years, there are few or no symptoms. In tertiary syphilis there are gummas (soft non-cancerous growths), neurological, or heart symptoms. Syphilis has been known as "the great imitator" as it may cause symptoms similar to many other diseases.
Syphilis is most commonly spread through sexual activity. It may also be transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy or at birth, resulting in congenital syphilis. Other human diseases caused by related "Treponema pallidum" subspecies include yaws (subspecies "pertenue"), pinta (subspecies "carateum"), and bejel (subspecies "endemicum"). Diagnosis is usually made by using blood tests; the bacteria can also be detected using dark field microscopy. The Center for Disease Control recommends all pregnant women be tested.
The risk of syphilis can be decreased by latex condom use, or not having sex. Syphilis can be effectively treated with antibiotics. The preferred antibiotic for most cases is benzathine penicillin G injected into a muscle. In those who have a severe penicillin allergy, doxycycline or tetracycline may be used. In those with neurosyphilis, intravenous penicillin G potassium or ceftriaxone is recommended. During treatment people may develop fever, headache, and muscle pains, a reaction known as Jarisch-Herxheimer.
In 2012, about 0.5% of adults were infected with syphilis with 6 million new cases. During 2010, it caused about 113,000 deaths, down from 202,000 in 1990. After decreasing dramatically with the availability of penicillin in the 1940s, rates of infection have increased since the turn of the millennium in many countries, often in combination with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This is believed to be partly due to increased promiscuity, prostitution, decreasing use of condoms, and unsafe sexual practices among men who have sex with men. In 2015, Cuba became the first country in the world to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of syphilis.
Signs and symptoms.
Syphilis can present in one of four different stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary, and may also occur congenitally. It was referred to as "the great imitator" by Sir William Osler due to its varied presentations.

text: Syphilis

text: is

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infection

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: bacterium

text: Treponema

text: pallidum

text: subspecies

text: pallidum

text: The

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: of

text: syphilis

text: vary

text: depending

text: in

text: which

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: stages

text: it

text: presents

text: primary

text: secondary

text: latent

text: and

text: tertiary

text: The

text: primary

text: stage

text: classically

text: presents

text: with

text: single

text: chancre

text: firm

text: painless

text: non

text: itchy

text: skin

text: ulceration

text: but

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: multiple

text: sores

text: In

text: secondary

text: syphilis

text: diffuse

text: rash

text: occurs

text: which

text: frequently

text: involves

text: the

text: palms

text: of

text: the

text: hands

text: and

text: soles

text: of

text: the

text: feet

text: There

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: sores

text: in

text: the

text: mouth

text: or

text: vagina

text: In

text: latent

text: syphilis

text: which

text: can

text: last

text: for

text: years

text: there

text: are

text: few

text: or

text: no

text: symptoms

text: In

text: tertiary

text: syphilis

text: there

text: are

text: gummas

text: soft

text: non

text: cancerous

text: growths

text: neurological

text: or

text: heart

text: symptoms

text: Syphilis

text: has

text: been

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: great

text: imitator

text: as

text: it

text: may

text: cause

text: symptoms

text: similar

text: to

text: many

text: other

text: diseases

text: Syphilis

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: spread

text: through

text: sexual

text: activity

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: transmitted

text: from

text: mother

text: to

text: baby

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: or

text: at

text: birth

text: resulting

text: in

text: congenital

text: syphilis

text: Other

text: human

text: diseases

text: caused

text: by

text: related

text: Treponema

text: pallidum

text: subspecies

text: include

text: yaws

text: subspecies

text: pertenue

text: pinta

text: subspecies

text: carateum

text: and

text: bejel

text: subspecies

text: endemicum

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: usually

text: made

text: by

text: using

text: blood

text: tests

text: the

text: bacteria

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: detected

text: using

text: dark

text: field

text: microscopy

text: The

text: Center

text: for

text: Disease

text: Control

text: recommends

text: all

text: pregnant

text: women

text: be

text: tested

text: The

text: risk

text: of

text: syphilis

text: can

text: be

text: decreased

text: by

text: latex

text: condom

text: use

text: or

text: not

text: having

text: sex

text: Syphilis

text: can

text: be

text: effectively

text: treated

text: with

text: antibiotics

text: The

text: preferred

text: antibiotic

text: for

text: most

text: cases

text: is

text: benzathine

text: penicillin

text: injected

text: into

text: muscle

text: In

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: severe

text: penicillin

text: allergy

text: doxycycline

text: or

text: tetracycline

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: In

text: those

text: with

text: neurosyphilis

text: intravenous

text: penicillin

text: potassium

text: or

text: ceftriaxone

text: is

text: recommended

text: During

text: treatment

text: people

text: may

text: develop

text: fever

text: headache

text: and

text: muscle

text: pains

text: reaction

text: known

text: as

text: Jarisch

text: Herxheimer

text: In

text: about

text: of

text: adults

text: were

text: infected

text: with

text: syphilis

text: with

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: During

text: it

text: caused

text: about

text: deaths

text: down

text: from

text: in

text: After

text: decreasing

text: dramatically

text: with

text: the

text: availability

text: of

text: penicillin

text: in

text: the

text: rates

text: of

text: infection

text: have

text: increased

text: since

text: the

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: millennium

text: in

text: many

text: countries

text: often

text: in

text: combination

text: with

text: human

text: immunodeficiency

text: virus

text: HIV

text: This

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: partly

text: due

text: to

text: increased

text: promiscuity

text: prostitution

text: decreasing

text: use

text: of

text: condoms

text: and

text: unsafe

text: sexual

text: practices

text: among

text: men

text: who

text: have

text: sex

text: with

text: men

text: In

text: Cuba

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: eliminate

text: mother

text: to

text: child

text: transmission

text: of

text: syphilis

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: Syphilis

text: can

text: present

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: four

text: different

text: stages

text: primary

text: secondary

text: latent

text: and

text: tertiary

text: and

text: may

text: also

text: occur

text: congenitally

text: It

text: was

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: great

text: imitator

text: by

text: Sir

text: William

text: Osler

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: varied

text: presentations

text: A disease is a particular abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure or function, that affects part or all of an organism. The study of disease is called pathology which includes the causal study of etiology. Disease is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors such as pathogens, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions particularly of the immune system such as an immunodeficiency, or a hypersensitivity including allergies and autoimmunity.

text: disease

text: is

text: particular

text: abnormal

text: condition

text: disorder

text: of

text: structure

text: or

text: function

text: that

text: affects

text: part

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: an

text: organism

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: disease

text: is

text: called

text: pathology

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: causal

text: study

text: of

text: etiology

text: Disease

text: is

text: often

text: construed

text: as

text: medical

text: condition

text: associated

text: with

text: specific

text: symptoms

text: and

text: signs

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: external

text: factors

text: such

text: as

text: pathogens

text: or

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: internal

text: dysfunctions

text: particularly

text: of

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: immunodeficiency

text: or

text: hypersensitivity

text: including

text: allergies

text: and

text: autoimmunity

text: Influenza-like illness (ILI), also known as acute respiratory infection (ARI) and flu-like syndrome/symptoms, is a medical diagnosis of "possible" influenza or other illness causing a set of common symptoms.

text: Influenza

text: like

text: illness

text: ILI

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: acute

text: respiratory

text: infection

text: ARI

text: and

text: flu

text: like

text: syndrome

text: symptoms

text: is

text: medical

text: diagnosis

text: of

text: possible

text: influenza

text: or

text: other

text: illness

text: causing

text: set

text: of

text: common

text: symptoms

text: Sexually transmitted infections ( STI ) , also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases ( STD ) and venereal diseases ( VD ) , are infections that are commonly spread by sex , especially vaginal intercourse , anal sex and oral sex . Most STIs initially do not cause symptoms . This results in a greater risk of passing the disease on to others . Symptoms and signs of disease may include vaginal discharge , penile discharge , ulcers on or around the genitals , and pelvic pain . STIs acquired before or during birth may result in poor outcomes for the baby . Some STIs may cause problems with the ability to get pregnant . More than 30 different bacteria , viruses , and parasites can cause STIs . Bacterial STIs include chlamydia , gonorrhea , and syphilis among others . Viral STIs include genital herpes , HIV / AIDS , and genital warts among others . Parasitic STIs include trichomoniasis among others . While usually spread by sex , some STIs can also be spread by non-sexual contact with contaminated blood and tissues , breastfeeding , or during childbirth . STI diagnostic tests are easily available in the developed world , but this is often not the case in the developing world . The most effective way of preventing STIs is by not having sex . Some vaccinations may also decrease the risk of certain infections including hepatitis B and some types of HPV . Safer sex practices such as use of condoms , having a smaller number of sexual partners , and being in a relationship where each person only has sex with the other also decreases the risk . Circumcision in males may be effective to prevent some infections . Most STIs are treatable or curable . Of the most common infections , syphilis , gonorrhea , chlamydia , trichomoniasis are curable , while herpes , hepatitis B , HIV / AIDS , and HPV are treatable but not curable . Resistance to certain antibiotics is developing among some organisms such as gonorrhea . In 2008 , it was estimated that 500 million people were infected with either syphilis , gonorrhea , chlamydia or trichomoniasis . At least an additional 530 million people have genital herpes and 290 million women have human papillomavirus . STIs other than HIV resulted in 142,000 deaths in 2013 . In the United States there were 19 million new cases of sexually transmitted infections in 2010 . Historical documentation of STIs date back to at least the Ebers papyrus around 1550 BC and the Old Testament . There is often shame and stigma associated with these infections . The term sexually transmitted infection is generally preferred over the terms sexually transmitted disease and venereal disease , as it includes those who do not have symptomatic disease .

text: Sexually

text: transmitted

text: infections

text: STI

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: diseases

text: STD

text: and

text: venereal

text: diseases

text: VD

text: are

text: infections

text: that

text: are

text: commonly

text: spread

text: by

text: sex

text: especially

text: vaginal

text: intercourse

text: anal

text: sex

text: and

text: oral

text: sex

text: Most

text: STIs

text: initially

text: do

text: not

text: cause

text: symptoms

text: This

text: results

text: in

text: greater

text: risk

text: of

text: passing

text: the

text: disease

text: on

text: to

text: others

text: Symptoms

text: and

text: signs

text: of

text: disease

text: may

text: include

text: vaginal

text: discharge

text: penile

text: discharge

text: ulcers

text: on

text: or

text: around

text: the

text: genitals

text: and

text: pelvic

text: pain

text: STIs

text: acquired

text: before

text: or

text: during

text: birth

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: poor

text: outcomes

text: for

text: the

text: baby

text: Some

text: STIs

text: may

text: cause

text: problems

text: with

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: get

text: pregnant

text: More

text: than

text: different

text: bacteria

text: viruses

text: and

text: parasites

text: can

text: cause

text: STIs

text: Bacterial

text: STIs

text: include

text: chlamydia

text: gonorrhea

text: and

text: syphilis

text: among

text: others

text: Viral

text: STIs

text: include

text: genital

text: herpes

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: and

text: genital

text: warts

text: among

text: others

text: Parasitic

text: STIs

text: include

text: trichomoniasis

text: among

text: others

text: While

text: usually

text: spread

text: by

text: sex

text: some

text: STIs

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: spread

text: by

text: non

text: sexual

text: contact

text: with

text: contaminated

text: blood

text: and

text: tissues

text: breastfeeding

text: or

text: during

text: childbirth

text: STI

text: diagnostic

text: tests

text: are

text: easily

text: available

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: but

text: this

text: is

text: often

text: not

text: the

text: case

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: The

text: most

text: effective

text: way

text: of

text: preventing

text: STIs

text: is

text: by

text: not

text: having

text: sex

text: Some

text: vaccinations

text: may

text: also

text: decrease

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: certain

text: infections

text: including

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: some

text: types

text: of

text: HPV

text: Safer

text: sex

text: practices

text: such

text: as

text: use

text: of

text: condoms

text: having

text: smaller

text: number

text: of

text: sexual

text: partners

text: and

text: being

text: in

text: relationship

text: where

text: each

text: person

text: only

text: has

text: sex

text: with

text: the

text: other

text: also

text: decreases

text: the

text: risk

text: Circumcision

text: in

text: males

text: may

text: be

text: effective

text: to

text: prevent

text: some

text: infections

text: Most

text: STIs

text: are

text: treatable

text: or

text: curable

text: Of

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: infections

text: syphilis

text: gonorrhea

text: chlamydia

text: trichomoniasis

text: are

text: curable

text: while

text: herpes

text: hepatitis

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: and

text: HPV

text: are

text: treatable

text: but

text: not

text: curable

text: Resistance

text: to

text: certain

text: antibiotics

text: is

text: developing

text: among

text: some

text: organisms

text: such

text: as

text: gonorrhea

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: estimated

text: that

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: infected

text: with

text: either

text: syphilis

text: gonorrhea

text: chlamydia

text: or

text: trichomoniasis

text: At

text: least

text: an

text: additional

text: million

text: people

text: have

text: genital

text: herpes

text: and

text: million

text: women

text: have

text: human

text: papillomavirus

text: STIs

text: other

text: than

text: HIV

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: there

text: were

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: of

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infections

text: in

text: Historical

text: documentation

text: of

text: STIs

text: date

text: back

text: to

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: Ebers

text: papyrus

text: around

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: Old

text: Testament

text: There

text: is

text: often

text: shame

text: and

text: stigma

text: associated

text: with

text: these

text: infections

text: The

text: term

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infection

text: is

text: generally

text: preferred

text: over

text: the

text: terms

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: disease

text: and

text: venereal

text: disease

text: as

text: it

text: includes

text: those

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: symptomatic

text: disease

text:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. Pain and stiffness often worsen following rest. Most commonly, the wrist and hands are involved, with the same joints typically involved on both sides of the body. The disease may also affect other parts of the body. This may result in a low red blood cell count, inflammation around the lungs, and inflammation around the heart. Fever and low energy may also be present. Often, symptoms come on gradually over weeks to months.
While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism involves the body's immune system attacking the joints. This results in inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule. It also affects the underlying bone and cartilage. The diagnosis is made mostly on the basis of a person's signs and symptoms. X-rays and laboratory testing may support a diagnosis or exclude other diseases with similar symptoms. Other diseases that may present similarly include systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, and fibromyalgia among others.
The goal of treatment is to reduce pain, decrease inflammation, and improve a person's overall functioning. This may be helped by balancing rest and exercise, the use of splints and braces, or the use of assistive devices. Pain medications, steroids, and NSAIDs are frequently used to help with symptoms. A group of medications called disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate, may be used to try to slow the progression of disease. Biological DMARDs may be used when disease does not respond to other treatments. However, they may have a greater rate of adverse effects. Surgery to repair, replace, or fuse joints may help in certain situations. Most alternative medicine treatments are not supported by evidence.
RA affects between 0.5 and 1% of adults in the developed world with between 5 and 50 per 100,000 people newly developing the condition each year. Onset is most frequent during middle age and women are affected 2.5 times as frequently as men. In 2013, it resulted in 38,000 deaths up from 28,000 deaths in 1990. The first recognized description of RA was made in 1800 by Dr. Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais (17721840) of Paris. The term "rheumatoid arthritis" is based on the Greek for watery and inflamed joints.
Signs and symptoms.
RA primarily affects joints, but it also affects other organs in more than 1525% of individuals.

text: Rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: RA

text: is

text: long

text: term

text: autoimmune

text: disorder

text: that

text: primarily

text: affects

text: joints

text: It

text: typically

text: results

text: in

text: warm

text: swollen

text: and

text: painful

text: joints

text: Pain

text: and

text: stiffness

text: often

text: worsen

text: following

text: rest

text: Most

text: commonly

text: the

text: wrist

text: and

text: hands

text: are

text: involved

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: joints

text: typically

text: involved

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: The

text: disease

text: may

text: also

text: affect

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: This

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: low

text: red

text: blood

text: cell

text: count

text: inflammation

text: around

text: the

text: lungs

text: and

text: inflammation

text: around

text: the

text: heart

text: Fever

text: and

text: low

text: energy

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: present

text: Often

text: symptoms

text: come

text: on

text: gradually

text: over

text: weeks

text: to

text: months

text: While

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: is

text: not

text: clear

text: it

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: involve

text: combination

text: of

text: genetic

text: and

text: environmental

text: factors

text: The

text: underlying

text: mechanism

text: involves

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: immune

text: system

text: attacking

text: the

text: joints

text: This

text: results

text: in

text: inflammation

text: and

text: thickening

text: of

text: the

text: joint

text: capsule

text: It

text: also

text: affects

text: the

text: underlying

text: bone

text: and

text: cartilage

text: The

text: diagnosis

text: is

text: made

text: mostly

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: person

text: 's

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: rays

text: and

text: laboratory

text: testing

text: may

text: support

text: diagnosis

text: or

text: exclude

text: other

text: diseases

text: with

text: similar

text: symptoms

text: Other

text: diseases

text: that

text: may

text: present

text: similarly

text: include

text: systemic

text: lupus

text: erythematosus

text: psoriatic

text: arthritis

text: and

text: fibromyalgia

text: among

text: others

text: The

text: goal

text: of

text: treatment

text: is

text: to

text: reduce

text: pain

text: decrease

text: inflammation

text: and

text: improve

text: person

text: 's

text: overall

text: functioning

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: helped

text: by

text: balancing

text: rest

text: and

text: exercise

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: splints

text: and

text: braces

text: or

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: assistive

text: devices

text: Pain

text: medications

text: steroids

text: and

text: NSAIDs

text: are

text: frequently

text: used

text: to

text: help

text: with

text: symptoms

text: group

text: of

text: medications

text: called

text: disease

text: modifying

text: antirheumatic

text: drugs

text: DMARDs

text: such

text: as

text: hydroxychloroquine

text: and

text: methotrexate

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: slow

text: the

text: progression

text: of

text: disease

text: Biological

text: DMARDs

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: when

text: disease

text: does

text: not

text: respond

text: to

text: other

text: treatments

text: However

text: they

text: may

text: have

text: greater

text: rate

text: of

text: adverse

text: effects

text: Surgery

text: to

text: repair

text: replace

text: or

text: fuse

text: joints

text: may

text: help

text: in

text: certain

text: situations

text: Most

text: alternative

text: medicine

text: treatments

text: are

text: not

text: supported

text: by

text: evidence

text: RA

text: affects

text: between

text: and

text: of

text: adults

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: with

text: between

text: and

text: per

text: people

text: newly

text: developing

text: the

text: condition

text: each

text: year

text: Onset

text: is

text: most

text: frequent

text: during

text: middle

text: age

text: and

text: women

text: are

text: affected

text: times

text: as

text: frequently

text: as

text: men

text: In

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: deaths

text: up

text: from

text: deaths

text: in

text: The

text: first

text: recognized

text: description

text: of

text: RA

text: was

text: made

text: in

text: by

text: Dr.

text: Augustin

text: Jacob

text: Landré

text: Beauvais

text: of

text: Paris

text: The

text: term

text: rheumatoid

text: arthritis

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: Greek

text: for

text: watery

text: and

text: inflamed

text: joints

text: Signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: RA

text: primarily

text: affects

text: joints

text: but

text: it

text: also

text: affects

text: other

text: organs

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: individuals

text: Genital herpes is a genital infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Most individuals carrying herpes are unaware they have been infected and many will never suffer an outbreak, which involves blisters similar to cold sores. While there is no cure for herpes, over time symptoms are increasingly mild and outbreaks are decreasingly frequent. When symptomatic, the typical manifestation of a primary infection is clusters of genital sores consisting of inflamed papules and vesicles on the outer surface of the genitals, resembling cold sores. These usually appear 47 days after sexual exposure to HSV for the first time. Genital HSV-1 infection recurs at rate of about one sixth of that of genital HSV-2.

text: Genital

text: herpes

text: is

text: genital

text: infection

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: herpes

text: simplex

text: virus

text: HSV

text: Most

text: individuals

text: carrying

text: herpes

text: are

text: unaware

text: they

text: have

text: been

text: infected

text: and

text: many

text: will

text: never

text: suffer

text: an

text: outbreak

text: which

text: involves

text: blisters

text: similar

text: to

text: cold

text: sores

text: While

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: cure

text: for

text: herpes

text: over

text: time

text: symptoms

text: are

text: increasingly

text: mild

text: and

text: outbreaks

text: are

text: decreasingly

text: frequent

text: When

text: symptomatic

text: the

text: typical

text: manifestation

text: of

text: primary

text: infection

text: is

text: clusters

text: of

text: genital

text: sores

text: consisting

text: of

text: inflamed

text: papules

text: and

text: vesicles

text: on

text: the

text: outer

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: genitals

text: resembling

text: cold

text: sores

text: These

text: usually

text: appear

text: days

text: after

text: sexual

text: exposure

text: to

text: HSV

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: Genital

text: infection

text: recurs

text: at

text: rate

text: of

text: about

text: one

text: sixth

text: of

text: that

text: of

text: genital

text:
Trichomoniasis is an infectious disease caused by the parasite "Trichomonas vaginalis". About 70% of women and men do not have symptoms when infected. When symptoms do occur they typically begin 5 to 28 days after exposure. Symptoms can include itching in the genital area, a bad smelling thin vaginal discharge, burning with urination, and pain with sex. Having trichomoniasis increases the risk of getting HIV/AIDS. It may also cause complications during pregnancy.
Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) which is most often spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sex. It can also spread through genital touching. People who are infected may spread the disease even when symptoms are not present. Diagnosis is by finding the parasite in the vaginal fluid using a microscope, culturing the vagina or urine, or testing for the parasites DNA. If present other sexually transmitted infections should be tested for.
Methods of prevention include not having sex, using condoms, not douching, and being tested for STIs before having sex with a new partner. Trichomoniasis can be cured with antibiotics, either metronidazole or tinidazole. Sexual partners should also be treated. About 20% of people get infected again within three months of treatment.
There were about 58 million cases of trichomoniasis in 2013. In the United States there are about 2 million women affected. It occurs more often in women than men. "Trichomonas vaginalis" was first identified in 1836 by Alfred Donné. It was first recognized as causing this disease in 1916.

text: Trichomoniasis

text: is

text: an

text: infectious

text: disease

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: parasite

text: Trichomonas

text: vaginalis

text: About

text: of

text: women

text: and

text: men

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: symptoms

text: when

text: infected

text: When

text: symptoms

text: do

text: occur

text: they

text: typically

text: begin

text: to

text: days

text: after

text: exposure

text: Symptoms

text: can

text: include

text: itching

text: in

text: the

text: genital

text: area

text: bad

text: smelling

text: thin

text: vaginal

text: discharge

text: burning

text: with

text: urination

text: and

text: pain

text: with

text: sex

text: Having

text: trichomoniasis

text: increases

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: getting

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: cause

text: complications

text: during

text: pregnancy

text: Trichomoniasis

text: is

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infection

text: STI

text: which

text: is

text: most

text: often

text: spread

text: through

text: vaginal

text: oral

text: or

text: anal

text: sex

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: spread

text: through

text: genital

text: touching

text: People

text: who

text: are

text: infected

text: may

text: spread

text: the

text: disease

text: even

text: when

text: symptoms

text: are

text: not

text: present

text: Diagnosis

text: is

text: by

text: finding

text: the

text: parasite

text: in

text: the

text: vaginal

text: fluid

text: using

text: microscope

text: culturing

text: the

text: vagina

text: or

text: urine

text: or

text: testing

text: for

text: the

text: parasites

text: DNA

text: If

text: present

text: other

text: sexually

text: transmitted

text: infections

text: should

text: be

text: tested

text: for

text: Methods

text: of

text: prevention

text: include

text: not

text: having

text: sex

text: using

text: condoms

text: not

text: douching

text: and

text: being

text: tested

text: for

text: STIs

text: before

text: having

text: sex

text: with

text: new

text: partner

text: Trichomoniasis

text: can

text: be

text: cured

text: with

text: antibiotics

text: either

text: metronidazole

text: or

text: tinidazole

text: Sexual

text: partners

text: should

text: also

text: be

text: treated

text: About

text: of

text: people

text: get

text: infected

text: again

text: within

text: three

text: months

text: of

text: treatment

text: There

text: were

text: about

text: million

text: cases

text: of

text: trichomoniasis

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: there

text: are

text: about

text: million

text: women

text: affected

text: It

text: occurs

text: more

text: often

text: in

text: women

text: than

text: men

text: Trichomonas

text: vaginalis

text: was

text: first

text: identified

text: in

text: by

text: Alfred

text: Donné

text: It

text: was

text: first

text: recognized

text: as

text: causing

text: this

text: disease

text: in

text:
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height, is over , with the range defined as overweight. Some East Asian countries use lower values. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.
Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or mental illness. The view that obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is not generally supported. On average, obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass.
Obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social changes and personal choices. Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments. Diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods, such as those high in fat and sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber. Medications may be taken, along with a suitable diet, to reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption. If diet, exercise, and medication are not effective, a gastric balloon or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume or bowel length, leading to feeling full earlier or a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.
Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing rates in adults and children. In 2014, 600 million adults (13%) and 42 million children under the age of five were obese. Obesity is more common in women than men. Authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was seen as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history and still is in some parts of the world. In 2013, the American Medical Association classified obesity as a disease.

text: Obesity

text: is

text: medical

text: condition

text: in

text: which

text: excess

text: body

text: fat

text: has

text: accumulated

text: to

text: the

text: extent

text: that

text: it

text: may

text: have

text: negative

text: effect

text: on

text: health

text: People

text: are

text: generally

text: considered

text: obese

text: when

text: their

text: body

text: mass

text: index

text: BMI

text: measurement

text: obtained

text: by

text: dividing

text: person

text: 's

text: weight

text: by

text: the

text: square

text: of

text: the

text: person

text: 's

text: height

text: is

text: over

text: with

text: the

text: range

text: defined

text: as

text: overweight

text: Some

text: East

text: Asian

text: countries

text: use

text: lower

text: values

text: Obesity

text: increases

text: the

text: likelihood

text: of

text: various

text: diseases

text: particularly

text: heart

text: disease

text: type

text: diabetes

text: obstructive

text: sleep

text: apnea

text: certain

text: types

text: of

text: cancer

text: and

text: osteoarthritis

text: Obesity

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: caused

text: by

text: combination

text: of

text: excessive

text: food

text: intake

text: lack

text: of

text: physical

text: activity

text: and

text: genetic

text: susceptibility

text: few

text: cases

text: are

text: caused

text: primarily

text: by

text: genes

text: endocrine

text: disorders

text: medications

text: or

text: mental

text: illness

text: The

text: view

text: that

text: obese

text: people

text: eat

text: little

text: yet

text: gain

text: weight

text: due

text: to

text: slow

text: metabolism

text: is

text: not

text: generally

text: supported

text: On

text: average

text: obese

text: people

text: have

text: greater

text: energy

text: expenditure

text: than

text: their

text: thin

text: counterparts

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: energy

text: required

text: to

text: maintain

text: an

text: increased

text: body

text: mass

text: Obesity

text: is

text: mostly

text: preventable

text: through

text: combination

text: of

text: social

text: changes

text: and

text: personal

text: choices

text: Changes

text: to

text: diet

text: and

text: exercising

text: are

text: the

text: main

text: treatments

text: Diet

text: quality

text: can

text: be

text: improved

text: by

text: reducing

text: the

text: consumption

text: of

text: energy

text: dense

text: foods

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: high

text: in

text: fat

text: and

text: sugars

text: and

text: by

text: increasing

text: the

text: intake

text: of

text: dietary

text: fiber

text: Medications

text: may

text: be

text: taken

text: along

text: with

text: suitable

text: diet

text: to

text: reduce

text: appetite

text: or

text: decrease

text: fat

text: absorption

text: If

text: diet

text: exercise

text: and

text: medication

text: are

text: not

text: effective

text: gastric

text: balloon

text: or

text: surgery

text: may

text: be

text: performed

text: to

text: reduce

text: stomach

text: volume

text: or

text: bowel

text: length

text: leading

text: to

text: feeling

text: full

text: earlier

text: or

text: reduced

text: ability

text: to

text: absorb

text: nutrients

text: from

text: food

text: Obesity

text: is

text: leading

text: preventable

text: cause

text: of

text: death

text: worldwide

text: with

text: increasing

text: rates

text: in

text: adults

text: and

text: children

text: In

text: million

text: adults

text: and

text: million

text: children

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: five

text: were

text: obese

text: Obesity

text: is

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: women

text: than

text: men

text: Authorities

text: view

text: it

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: serious

text: public

text: health

text: problems

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Obesity

text: is

text: stigmatized

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: world

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: though

text: it

text: was

text: seen

text: as

text: symbol

text: of

text: wealth

text: and

text: fertility

text: at

text: other

text: times

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: still

text: is

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: the

text: American

text: Medical

text: Association

text: classified

text: obesity

text: as

text: disease

text:
Viral hepatitis is liver inflammation due to a viral infection. It may present in acute (recent infection, relatively rapid onset) or chronic forms.
The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five unrelated hepatotropic viruses Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, and Hepatitis E. In addition to the nominal hepatitis viruses, other viruses that can also cause liver inflammation include Cytomegalovirus, EpsteinBarr virus, and Yellow fever. Up to 1997 there has been also 52 cases of Viral hepatitis caused by Herpes simplex virus.
There is the opportunity to prevent or treat the most common types. Hepatitis A and hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination. Effective treatments for hepatitis C are available but expensive.
In 2013 about 1.5 million people died from viral hepatitis. Most deaths are due to hepatitis B and hepatitis C. East Asia is the region of the world most affected.

text: Viral

text: hepatitis

text: is

text: liver

text: inflammation

text: due

text: to

text: viral

text: infection

text: It

text: may

text: present

text: in

text: acute

text: recent

text: infection

text: relatively

text: rapid

text: onset

text: or

text: chronic

text: forms

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: causes

text: of

text: viral

text: hepatitis

text: are

text: the

text: five

text: unrelated

text: hepatotropic

text: viruses

text: Hepatitis

text: Hepatitis

text: Hepatitis

text: Hepatitis

text: and

text: Hepatitis

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: nominal

text: hepatitis

text: viruses

text: other

text: viruses

text: that

text: can

text: also

text: cause

text: liver

text: inflammation

text: include

text: Cytomegalovirus

text: EpsteinBarr

text: virus

text: and

text: Yellow

text: fever

text: Up

text: to

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: also

text: cases

text: of

text: Viral

text: hepatitis

text: caused

text: by

text: Herpes

text: simplex

text: virus

text: There

text: is

text: the

text: opportunity

text: to

text: prevent

text: or

text: treat

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: Hepatitis

text: and

text: hepatitis

text: can

text: be

text: prevented

text: by

text: vaccination

text: Effective

text: treatments

text: for

text: hepatitis

text: are

text: available

text: but

text: expensive

text: In

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: died

text: from

text: viral

text: hepatitis

text: Most

text: deaths

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: hepatitis

text: East

text: Asia

text: is

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: most

text: affected

text: An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available, such as a host with a weakened immune system, an altered microbiota (such as a disrupted gut flora), or breached integumentary barriers. Many of these pathogens do not cause disease in a healthy host that has a normal immune system. However, a compromised immune system, a penetrating injury, or a lack of competition from normal commensals presents an opportunity for the pathogen to infect.

text: An

text: opportunistic

text: infection

text: is

text: an

text: infection

text: caused

text: by

text: pathogens

text: bacteria

text: viruses

text: fungi

text: or

text: protozoa

text: that

text: take

text: advantage

text: of

text: an

text: opportunity

text: not

text: normally

text: available

text: such

text: as

text: host

text: with

text: weakened

text: immune

text: system

text: an

text: altered

text: microbiota

text: such

text: as

text: disrupted

text: gut

text: flora

text: or

text: breached

text: integumentary

text: barriers

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: pathogens

text: do

text: not

text: cause

text: disease

text: in

text: healthy

text: host

text: that

text: has

text: normal

text: immune

text: system

text: However

text: compromised

text: immune

text: system

text: penetrating

text: injury

text: or

text: lack

text: of

text: competition

text: from

text: normal

text: commensals

text: presents

text: an

text: opportunity

text: for

text: the

text: pathogen

text: to

text: infect

annotations: likely multiple

question: medical_specialty sexually transmitted infection

answer: infectious disease

text: infectious disease

text: infectious disease

text: infectious disease

text: infectious disease

text: infectious disease

text: infectious disease

text: infectious disease

text: infectious disease