text: Classical sculpture refers loosely to the forms of sculpture from Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, as well as the Hellenized and Romanized civilizations under their rule or influence from about 500 BC to around 200 AD. More precisely it refers to Ancient Greek sculpture from around 500 BC to the onset of the Hellenistic style around 323 BC. It may also refer stylistically to later sculpture done in a Neoclassical or classical style. Classical sculptures have been popular since the Renaissance. Only those works that closely follow the canon of classical forms would fall under the term.

text: Classical

text: sculpture

text: refers

text: loosely

text: to

text: the

text: forms

text: of

text: sculpture

text: from

text: Ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: Ancient

text: Rome

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Hellenized

text: and

text: Romanized

text: civilizations

text: under

text: their

text: rule

text: or

text: influence

text: from

text: about

text: BC

text: to

text: around

text: AD

text: More

text: precisely

text: it

text: refers

text: to

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: sculpture

text: from

text: around

text: BC

text: to

text: the

text: onset

text: of

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: style

text: around

text: BC

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: refer

text: stylistically

text: to

text: later

text: sculpture

text: done

text: in

text: Neoclassical

text: or

text: classical

text: style

text: Classical

text: sculptures

text: have

text: been

text: popular

text: since

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: Only

text: those

text: works

text: that

text: closely

text: follow

text: the

text: canon

text: of

text: classical

text: forms

text: would

text: fall

text: under

text: the

text: term

text: Writing is a medium of human communication that represents language and emotion through the inscription or recording of signs and symbols. In most languages, writing is a complement to speech or spoken language. Writing is not a language but a form of technology that developed as tools developed with human society. Within a language system, writing relies on many of the same structures as speech, such as vocabulary, grammar and semantics, with the added dependency of a system of signs or symbols. The result of writing is generally called "text", and the recipient of text is called a reader. Motivations for writing include publication, storytelling, correspondence and diary. Writing has been instrumental in keeping history, maintaining culture, dissemination of knowledge through the media and the formation of legal systems.

text: Writing

text: is

text: medium

text: of

text: human

text: communication

text: that

text: represents

text: language

text: and

text: emotion

text: through

text: the

text: inscription

text: or

text: recording

text: of

text: signs

text: and

text: symbols

text: In

text: most

text: languages

text: writing

text: is

text: complement

text: to

text: speech

text: or

text: spoken

text: language

text: Writing

text: is

text: not

text: language

text: but

text: form

text: of

text: technology

text: that

text: developed

text: as

text: tools

text: developed

text: with

text: human

text: society

text: Within

text: language

text: system

text: writing

text: relies

text: on

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: structures

text: as

text: speech

text: such

text: as

text: vocabulary

text: grammar

text: and

text: semantics

text: with

text: the

text: added

text: dependency

text: of

text: system

text: of

text: signs

text: or

text: symbols

text: The

text: result

text: of

text: writing

text: is

text: generally

text: called

text: text

text: and

text: the

text: recipient

text: of

text: text

text: is

text: called

text: reader

text: Motivations

text: for

text: writing

text: include

text: publication

text: storytelling

text: correspondence

text: and

text: diary

text: Writing

text: has

text: been

text: instrumental

text: in

text: keeping

text: history

text: maintaining

text: culture

text: dissemination

text: of

text: knowledge

text: through

text: the

text: media

text: and

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: legal

text: systems

text: Heinrich Schliemann (6 January 1822  26 December 1890) was a German businessman and a pioneer in the field of archaeology. He was an advocate of the historicity of places mentioned in the works of Homer and an archaeological excavator of Hissarlik, now presumed to be the site of Troy, along with the Mycenaean sites Mycenae and Tiryns. His work lent weight to the idea that Homer's "Iliad" and Virgil's "Aeneid" reflect historical events. Schliemann's excavation of nine levels of archaeological remains with dynamite has been criticized as destructive of significant historical artifacts, including the level that is believed to be the historical Troy.

text: Heinrich

text: Schliemann

text: January

text: December

text: was

text: German

text: businessman

text: and

text: pioneer

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: archaeology

text: He

text: was

text: an

text: advocate

text: of

text: the

text: historicity

text: of

text: places

text: mentioned

text: in

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: Homer

text: and

text: an

text: archaeological

text: excavator

text: of

text: Hissarlik

text: now

text: presumed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: Troy

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Mycenaean

text: sites

text: Mycenae

text: and

text: Tiryns

text: His

text: work

text: lent

text: weight

text: to

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: Homer

text: 's

text: Iliad

text: and

text: Virgil

text: 's

text: Aeneid

text: reflect

text: historical

text: events

text: Schliemann

text: 's

text: excavation

text: of

text: nine

text: levels

text: of

text: archaeological

text: remains

text: with

text: dynamite

text: has

text: been

text: criticized

text: as

text: destructive

text: of

text: significant

text: historical

text: artifacts

text: including

text: the

text: level

text: that

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: historical

text: Troy

text: Ancient art refers to the many types of art produced by the advanced cultures of ancient societies with some form of writing, such as those of ancient China, India, Mesopotamia, Persia, Palestine, Egypt, Greece,and Rome. The art of pre-literate societies is normally referred to as Prehistoric art and is not covered here. Although some Pre-Columbian cultures developed writing during the centuries before the arrival of Europeans, on grounds of dating these are covered at Pre-Columbian art, and articles such as Maya art and Aztec art. Olmec art is mentioned below.

text: Ancient

text: art

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: many

text: types

text: of

text: art

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: advanced

text: cultures

text: of

text: ancient

text: societies

text: with

text: some

text: form

text: of

text: writing

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: of

text: ancient

text: China

text: India

text: Mesopotamia

text: Persia

text: Palestine

text: Egypt

text: Greece

text: and

text: Rome

text: The

text: art

text: of

text: pre

text: literate

text: societies

text: is

text: normally

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Prehistoric

text: art

text: and

text: is

text: not

text: covered

text: here

text: Although

text: some

text: Pre

text: Columbian

text: cultures

text: developed

text: writing

text: during

text: the

text: centuries

text: before

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: Europeans

text: on

text: grounds

text: of

text: dating

text: these

text: are

text: covered

text: at

text: Pre

text: Columbian

text: art

text: and

text: articles

text: such

text: as

text: Maya

text: art

text: and

text: Aztec

text: art

text: Olmec

text: art

text: is

text: mentioned

text: below

text: The Olmecs were the first major civilization in Guatemala and Mexico following a progressive development in Soconusco and modern southwestern pacific lowlands of Guatemala. They lived in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, in the present-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco. It has been speculated that Olmec derive in part from neighboring Mokaya and/or MixeZoque.

text: The

text: Olmecs

text: were

text: the

text: first

text: major

text: civilization

text: in

text: Guatemala

text: and

text: Mexico

text: following

text: progressive

text: development

text: in

text: Soconusco

text: and

text: modern

text: southwestern

text: pacific

text: lowlands

text: of

text: Guatemala

text: They

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: tropical

text: lowlands

text: of

text: south

text: central

text: Mexico

text: in

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: states

text: of

text: Veracruz

text: and

text: Tabasco

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: speculated

text: that

text: Olmec

text: derive

text: in

text: part

text: from

text: neighboring

text: Mokaya

text: and/or

text: MixeZoque

text: Lucy Myers Wright Mitchell ( March 20 , 1845 -- March 10 , 1888 ) was an American writer , historian , and expert on ancient art. Mitchell was one of the first Americans to write and publish a book on classical sculpture and was one of the first women to study the field of classical archaeology . Mitchell was born in Urumiah , Persia , and was the daughter of missionary and oriental scholar Austin Hazen Wright , and the sister of classical scholar , John Henry Wright . Her two - volume , 766 page work , A History of Ancient Sculpture , examines the history of ancient sculpture beginning with its origins in Ancient Egypt , and includes another volume of plates .

text: Lucy

text: Myers

text: Wright

text: Mitchell

text: March

text: March

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: writer

text: historian

text: and

text: expert

text: on

text: ancient

text: art

text: Mitchell

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: Americans

text: to

text: write

text: and

text: publish

text: book

text: on

text: classical

text: sculpture

text: and

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: women

text: to

text: study

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: classical

text: archaeology

text: Mitchell

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Urumiah

text: Persia

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: daughter

text: of

text: missionary

text: and

text: oriental

text: scholar

text: Austin

text: Hazen

text: Wright

text: and

text: the

text: sister

text: of

text: classical

text: scholar

text: John

text: Henry

text: Wright

text: Her

text: two

text: volume

text: page

text: work

text: History

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Sculpture

text: examines

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: ancient

text: sculpture

text: beginning

text: with

text: its

text: origins

text: in

text: Ancient

text: Egypt

text: and

text: includes

text: another

text: volume

text: of

text: plates

text: Ancient Greek sculpture is the sculpture of ancient Greece. Modern scholarship identifies three major stages. Frequent subjects were the battles, mythology, and rulers of the area historically known as ancient Greece.

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: sculpture

text: is

text: the

text: sculpture

text: of

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: Modern

text: scholarship

text: identifies

text: three

text: major

text: stages

text: Frequent

text: subjects

text: were

text: the

text: battles

text: mythology

text: and

text: rulers

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: historically

text: known

text: as

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text: Classical archaeology is the archaeological investigation of the great Mediterranean civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Nineteenth-century archaeologists such as Heinrich Schliemann were drawn to study the societies they had read about in Latin and Greek texts. Many universities and foreign nations maintain excavation programs and schools in the area-such is the enduring appeal of the region's archaeology.

text: Classical

text: archaeology

text: is

text: the

text: archaeological

text: investigation

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: Mediterranean

text: civilizations

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: Ancient

text: Rome

text: Nineteenth

text: century

text: archaeologists

text: such

text: as

text: Heinrich

text: Schliemann

text: were

text: drawn

text: to

text: study

text: the

text: societies

text: they

text: had

text: read

text: about

text: in

text: Latin

text: and

text: Greek

text: texts

text: Many

text: universities

text: and

text: foreign

text: nations

text: maintain

text: excavation

text: programs

text: and

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: such

text: is

text: the

text: enduring

text: appeal

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: archaeology

text: In the history of art, prehistoric art is all art produced in preliterate, prehistorical cultures beginning somewhere in very late geological history, and generally continuing until that culture either develops writing or other methods of record-keeping, or makes significant contact with another culture that has, and that makes some record of major historical events. At this point ancient art begins, for the older literate cultures. The end-date for what is covered by the term thus varies greatly between different parts of the world.

text: In

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: art

text: prehistoric

text: art

text: is

text: all

text: art

text: produced

text: in

text: preliterate

text: prehistorical

text: cultures

text: beginning

text: somewhere

text: in

text: very

text: late

text: geological

text: history

text: and

text: generally

text: continuing

text: until

text: that

text: culture

text: either

text: develops

text: writing

text: or

text: other

text: methods

text: of

text: record

text: keeping

text: or

text: makes

text: significant

text: contact

text: with

text: another

text: culture

text: that

text: has

text: and

text: that

text: makes

text: some

text: record

text: of

text: major

text: historical

text: events

text: At

text: this

text: point

text: ancient

text: art

text: begins

text: for

text: the

text: older

text: literate

text: cultures

text: The

text: end

text: date

text: for

text: what

text: is

text: covered

text: by

text: the

text: term

text: thus

text: varies

text: greatly

text: between

text: different

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Culture can be defined in numerous ways. In the words of anthropologist E.B. Tylor, it is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." Alternatively, in a contemporary variant, "Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices, discourses and material expressions, which, over time, express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common."

text: Culture

text: can

text: be

text: defined

text: in

text: numerous

text: ways

text: In

text: the

text: words

text: of

text: anthropologist

text: E.B.

text: Tylor

text: it

text: is

text: that

text: complex

text: whole

text: which

text: includes

text: knowledge

text: belief

text: art

text: morals

text: law

text: custom

text: and

text: any

text: other

text: capabilities

text: and

text: habits

text: acquired

text: by

text: man

text: as

text: member

text: of

text: society

text: Alternatively

text: in

text: contemporary

text: variant

text: Culture

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: social

text: domain

text: that

text: emphasizes

text: the

text: practices

text: discourses

text: and

text: material

text: expressions

text: which

text: over

text: time

text: express

text: the

text: continuities

text: and

text: discontinuities

text: of

text: social

text: meaning

text: of

text: life

text: held

text: in

text: common

text: Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing artifacts (artworks), expressing the author's imaginative or technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power. In their most general form these activities include the production of works of art, the criticism of art, the study of the history of art, and the aesthetic dissemination of art.

text: Art

text: is

text: diverse

text: range

text: of

text: human

text: activities

text: in

text: creating

text: visual

text: auditory

text: or

text: performing

text: artifacts

text: artworks

text: expressing

text: the

text: author

text: 's

text: imaginative

text: or

text: technical

text: skill

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: appreciated

text: for

text: their

text: beauty

text: or

text: emotional

text: power

text: In

text: their

text: most

text: general

text: form

text: these

text: activities

text: include

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: works

text: of

text: art

text: the

text: criticism

text: of

text: art

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: art

text: and

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: dissemination

text: of

text: art

annotations: likely single

question: occupation lucy myers wright mitchell

answer: anthropologist

text: anthropologist


text: Warren Covington ( August 7 , 1921 -- August 24 , 1999 ) was an American big band trombonist . He was active as a session musician , arranger , and bandleader throughout his career .

text: Warren

text: Covington

text: August

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: big

text: band

text: trombonist

text: He

text: was

text: active

text: as

text: session

text: musician

text: arranger

text: and

text: bandleader

text: throughout

text: his

text: career

text: The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. Like all brass instruments, sound is produced when the player's vibrating lips (embouchure) cause the air column inside the instrument to vibrate. Nearly all trombones have a telescoping slide mechanism that varies the length of the instrument to change the pitch. Many modern trombone models also utilize a rotary valve as a means to lower pitch of the instrument. Variants such as the valve trombone and superbone have three valves like those on the trumpet.

text: The

text: trombone

text: is

text: musical

text: instrument

text: in

text: the

text: brass

text: family

text: Like

text: all

text: brass

text: instruments

text: sound

text: is

text: produced

text: when

text: the

text: player

text: 's

text: vibrating

text: lips

text: embouchure

text: cause

text: the

text: air

text: column

text: inside

text: the

text: instrument

text: to

text: vibrate

text: Nearly

text: all

text: trombones

text: have

text: telescoping

text: slide

text: mechanism

text: that

text: varies

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: instrument

text: to

text: change

text: the

text: pitch

text: Many

text: modern

text: trombone

text: models

text: also

text: utilize

text: rotary

text: valve

text: as

text: means

text: to

text: lower

text: pitch

text: of

text: the

text: instrument

text: Variants

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: valve

text: trombone

text: and

text: superbone

text: have

text: three

text: valves

text: like

text: those

text: on

text: the

text: trumpet

text: A rhythm section (also called a backup band) is a group of musicians within a music ensemble or band who provide the underlying rhythm and pulse of the accompaniment, providing a rhythmic reference and "beat" for the rest of the band. Many of the rhythm section instruments, such as keyboard instruments and guitars, are also used to play the chord progression upon which the song is based. The bass instrument (either double bass or electric bass, or another low-register instrument, such as synth bass, depending on the group and its style of music) plays the low-pitched bassline that supports the chord progression, typically by emphasizing the roots of the chords (and to a lesser degree the fifths and thirds of the chords).

text: rhythm

text: section

text: also

text: called

text: backup

text: band

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: musicians

text: within

text: music

text: ensemble

text: or

text: band

text: who

text: provide

text: the

text: underlying

text: rhythm

text: and

text: pulse

text: of

text: the

text: accompaniment

text: providing

text: rhythmic

text: reference

text: and

text: beat

text: for

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: band

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: rhythm

text: section

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: keyboard

text: instruments

text: and

text: guitars

text: are

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: play

text: the

text: chord

text: progression

text: upon

text: which

text: the

text: song

text: is

text: based

text: The

text: bass

text: instrument

text: either

text: double

text: bass

text: or

text: electric

text: bass

text: or

text: another

text: low

text: register

text: instrument

text: such

text: as

text: synth

text: bass

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: group

text: and

text: its

text: style

text: of

text: music

text: plays

text: the

text: low

text: pitched

text: bassline

text: that

text: supports

text: the

text: chord

text: progression

text: typically

text: by

text: emphasizing

text: the

text: roots

text: of

text: the

text: chords

text: and

text: to

text: lesser

text: degree

text: the

text: fifths

text: and

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: chords

text: Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the southeastern genre of United States, such as folk music (especially Appalachian folk music), and blues music. Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms and harmonies accompanied by mostly string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, dobros and fiddles as well as harmonicas. According to Lindsey Starnes, the term "country music" gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term "hillbilly music"; it came to encompass Western music, which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots, in the mid-20th century. The term "country music" is used today to describe many styles and subgenres. The origins of country music are the folk music of working-class Americans, who blended popular songs, Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes, traditional English ballads, and cowboy songs, and various musical traditions from European immigrant communities. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, and second most popular in the morning commute in the United States.

text: Country

text: music

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: United

text: States

text: popular

text: music

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: It

text: takes

text: its

text: roots

text: from

text: the

text: southeastern

text: genre

text: of

text: United

text: States

text: such

text: as

text: folk

text: music

text: especially

text: Appalachian

text: folk

text: music

text: and

text: blues

text: music

text: Blues

text: modes

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: extensively

text: throughout

text: its

text: recorded

text: history

text: Country

text: music

text: often

text: consists

text: of

text: ballads

text: and

text: dance

text: tunes

text: with

text: generally

text: simple

text: forms

text: and

text: harmonies

text: accompanied

text: by

text: mostly

text: string

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: banjos

text: electric

text: and

text: acoustic

text: guitars

text: dobros

text: and

text: fiddles

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: harmonicas

text: According

text: to

text: Lindsey

text: Starnes

text: the

text: term

text: country

text: music

text: gained

text: popularity

text: in

text: the

text: in

text: preference

text: to

text: the

text: earlier

text: term

text: hillbilly

text: music

text: it

text: came

text: to

text: encompass

text: Western

text: music

text: which

text: evolved

text: parallel

text: to

text: hillbilly

text: music

text: from

text: similar

text: roots

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: term

text: country

text: music

text: is

text: used

text: today

text: to

text: describe

text: many

text: styles

text: and

text: subgenres

text: The

text: origins

text: of

text: country

text: music

text: are

text: the

text: folk

text: music

text: of

text: working

text: class

text: Americans

text: who

text: blended

text: popular

text: songs

text: Irish

text: and

text: Celtic

text: fiddle

text: tunes

text: traditional

text: English

text: ballads

text: and

text: cowboy

text: songs

text: and

text: various

text: musical

text: traditions

text: from

text: European

text: immigrant

text: communities

text: In

text: country

text: music

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: listened

text: to

text: rush

text: hour

text: radio

text: genre

text: during

text: the

text: evening

text: commute

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: morning

text: commute

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: A bandleader is the leader of a music group such as a rock or pop group or jazz quartet. The term is most commonly, though not exclusively, used with a group that plays popular music as a small combo or a big band, such as one which plays jazz, blues, rhythm and blues or rock and roll music. Most bandleaders are also performers with their own band, either as singers or as instrumentalists, playing an instrument such as electric guitar, piano, or other instruments.

text: bandleader

text: is

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: music

text: group

text: such

text: as

text: rock

text: or

text: pop

text: group

text: or

text: jazz

text: quartet

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: though

text: not

text: exclusively

text: used

text: with

text: group

text: that

text: plays

text: popular

text: music

text: as

text: small

text: combo

text: or

text: big

text: band

text: such

text: as

text: one

text: which

text: plays

text: jazz

text: blues

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: or

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: music

text: Most

text: bandleaders

text: are

text: also

text: performers

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: band

text: either

text: as

text: singers

text: or

text: as

text: instrumentalists

text: playing

text: an

text: instrument

text: such

text: as

text: electric

text: guitar

text: piano

text: or

text: other

text: instruments

text: The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument, in which the strings are struck by hammers. It is played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys (small levers) that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands to cause the hammers to strike the strings. Invented in about 1700 (the exact year is uncertain), the piano is widely employed in classical, jazz, traditional and popular music for solo and ensemble performances, accompaniment, and for composing, songwriting and rehearsals. Although the piano is very heavy and thus not portable and is expensive (in comparison with other widely used accompaniment instruments, such as the acoustic guitar), its musical versatility (i.e., its wide pitch range, ability to play chords with up to 10 notes, louder or softer notes and two or more independent musical lines at the same time), the large number of musicians and amateurs trained in playing it, and its wide availability in performance venues, schools and rehearsal spaces have made it one of the Western world's most familiar musical instruments.

text: The

text: piano

text: is

text: an

text: acoustic

text: stringed

text: musical

text: instrument

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: strings

text: are

text: struck

text: by

text: hammers

text: It

text: is

text: played

text: using

text: keyboard

text: which

text: is

text: row

text: of

text: keys

text: small

text: levers

text: that

text: the

text: performer

text: presses

text: down

text: or

text: strikes

text: with

text: the

text: fingers

text: and

text: thumbs

text: of

text: both

text: hands

text: to

text: cause

text: the

text: hammers

text: to

text: strike

text: the

text: strings

text: Invented

text: in

text: about

text: the

text: exact

text: year

text: is

text: uncertain

text: the

text: piano

text: is

text: widely

text: employed

text: in

text: classical

text: jazz

text: traditional

text: and

text: popular

text: music

text: for

text: solo

text: and

text: ensemble

text: performances

text: accompaniment

text: and

text: for

text: composing

text: songwriting

text: and

text: rehearsals

text: Although

text: the

text: piano

text: is

text: very

text: heavy

text: and

text: thus

text: not

text: portable

text: and

text: is

text: expensive

text: in

text: comparison

text: with

text: other

text: widely

text: used

text: accompaniment

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: acoustic

text: guitar

text: its

text: musical

text: versatility

text: i.e.

text: its

text: wide

text: pitch

text: range

text: ability

text: to

text: play

text: chords

text: with

text: up

text: to

text: notes

text: louder

text: or

text: softer

text: notes

text: and

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: independent

text: musical

text: lines

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: musicians

text: and

text: amateurs

text: trained

text: in

text: playing

text: it

text: and

text: its

text: wide

text: availability

text: in

text: performance

text: venues

text: schools

text: and

text: rehearsal

text: spaces

text: have

text: made

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: familiar

text: musical

text: instruments

text: A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental and/or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instruments, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra. Some music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups. In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet). Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion.

text: musical

text: ensemble

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: music

text: group

text: or

text: musical

text: group

text: is

text: group

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: perform

text: instrumental

text: and/or

text: vocal

text: music

text: with

text: the

text: ensemble

text: typically

text: known

text: by

text: distinct

text: name

text: Some

text: music

text: ensembles

text: consist

text: solely

text: of

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: jazz

text: quartet

text: or

text: the

text: orchestra

text: Some

text: music

text: ensembles

text: consist

text: solely

text: of

text: singers

text: such

text: as

text: choirs

text: and

text: doo

text: wop

text: groups

text: In

text: both

text: popular

text: music

text: and

text: classical

text: music

text: there

text: are

text: ensembles

text: in

text: which

text: both

text: instrumentalists

text: and

text: singers

text: perform

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: rock

text: band

text: or

text: the

text: Baroque

text: chamber

text: group

text: for

text: basso

text: continuo

text: harpsichord

text: and

text: cello

text: and

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: singers

text: In

text: classical

text: music

text: trios

text: or

text: quartets

text: either

text: blend

text: the

text: sounds

text: of

text: musical

text: instrument

text: families

text: such

text: as

text: piano

text: strings

text: and

text: wind

text: instruments

text: or

text: group

text: together

text: instruments

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: instrument

text: family

text: such

text: as

text: string

text: ensembles

text: e.g.

text: string

text: quartet

text: or

text: wind

text: ensembles

text: e.g.

text: wind

text: quintet

text: Some

text: ensembles

text: blend

text: the

text: sounds

text: of

text: variety

text: of

text: instrument

text: families

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: orchestra

text: which

text: uses

text: string

text: section

text: brass

text: instruments

text: woodwinds

text: and

text: percussion

text: instruments

text: or

text: the

text: concert

text: band

text: which

text: uses

text: brass

text: woodwinds

text: and

text: percussion

text: The double bass or simply the bass (and numerous other names) is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra. It is a transposing instrument and is typically notated one octave higher than sounding to avoid excessive ledger lines below the staff. The double bass is the only modern bowed string instrument that is tuned in fourths (like a viol), rather than fifths, with strings usually tuned to E, A, D and G. The instrument's exact lineage is still a matter of some debate, with scholars divided on whether the bass is derived from the viol or the violin family.

text: The

text: double

text: bass

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: bass

text: and

text: numerous

text: other

text: names

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: lowest

text: pitched

text: bowed

text: string

text: instrument

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: symphony

text: orchestra

text: It

text: is

text: transposing

text: instrument

text: and

text: is

text: typically

text: notated

text: one

text: octave

text: higher

text: than

text: sounding

text: to

text: avoid

text: excessive

text: ledger

text: lines

text: below

text: the

text: staff

text: The

text: double

text: bass

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: modern

text: bowed

text: string

text: instrument

text: that

text: is

text: tuned

text: in

text: fourths

text: like

text: viol

text: rather

text: than

text: fifths

text: with

text: strings

text: usually

text: tuned

text: to

text: and

text: The

text: instrument

text: 's

text: exact

text: lineage

text: is

text: still

text: matter

text: of

text: some

text: debate

text: with

text: scholars

text: divided

text: on

text: whether

text: the

text: bass

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: viol

text: or

text: the

text: violin

text: family

text: The saxophone (also referred to as the sax) is a family of woodwind instruments. Saxophones are usually made of brass and played with a single-reed mouthpiece similar to that of the clarinet. The saxophone family was invented by the Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax in 1840. Adolphe Sax wanted to create a group or series of instruments that would be the most powerful and vocal of the woodwinds, and the most adaptive of the brass instruments, that would fill the vacant middle ground between the two sections. He patented the saxophone on June 28, 1846, in two groups of seven instruments each. Each series consisted of instruments of various sizes in alternating transposition. The series pitched in B and E, designed for military bands, have proved extremely popular and most saxophones encountered today are from this series. Instruments from the so-called "orchestral" series, pitched in C and F, never gained a foothold, and the B and E instruments have now replaced the C and F instruments when the saxophone is used in an orchestra.

text: The

text: saxophone

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: sax

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: woodwind

text: instruments

text: Saxophones

text: are

text: usually

text: made

text: of

text: brass

text: and

text: played

text: with

text: single

text: reed

text: mouthpiece

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: clarinet

text: The

text: saxophone

text: family

text: was

text: invented

text: by

text: the

text: Belgian

text: instrument

text: maker

text: Adolphe

text: Sax

text: in

text: Adolphe

text: Sax

text: wanted

text: to

text: create

text: group

text: or

text: series

text: of

text: instruments

text: that

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: and

text: vocal

text: of

text: the

text: woodwinds

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: adaptive

text: of

text: the

text: brass

text: instruments

text: that

text: would

text: fill

text: the

text: vacant

text: middle

text: ground

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: sections

text: He

text: patented

text: the

text: saxophone

text: on

text: June

text: in

text: two

text: groups

text: of

text: seven

text: instruments

text: each

text: Each

text: series

text: consisted

text: of

text: instruments

text: of

text: various

text: sizes

text: in

text: alternating

text: transposition

text: The

text: series

text: pitched

text: in

text: and

text: designed

text: for

text: military

text: bands

text: have

text: proved

text: extremely

text: popular

text: and

text: most

text: saxophones

text: encountered

text: today

text: are

text: from

text: this

text: series

text: Instruments

text: from

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: orchestral

text: series

text: pitched

text: in

text: and

text: never

text: gained

text: foothold

text: and

text: the

text: and

text: instruments

text: have

text: now

text: replaced

text: the

text: and

text: instruments

text: when

text: the

text: saxophone

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: an

text: orchestra

text: A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s. Big Bands evolved with the times and continue to today. A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. The terms jazz band, jazz ensemble, stage band, jazz orchestra, and dance band are also used to refer to this type of ensemble. This does not, however, mean that each one of these names is technically correct for naming a "big band" specifically.

text: big

text: band

text: is

text: type

text: of

text: musical

text: ensemble

text: associated

text: with

text: playing

text: jazz

text: music

text: and

text: which

text: became

text: popular

text: during

text: the

text: Swing

text: Era

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: until

text: the

text: late

text: Big

text: Bands

text: evolved

text: with

text: the

text: times

text: and

text: continue

text: to

text: today

text: big

text: band

text: typically

text: consists

text: of

text: approximately

text: to

text: musicians

text: and

text: contains

text: saxophones

text: trumpets

text: trombones

text: and

text: rhythm

text: section

text: The

text: terms

text: jazz

text: band

text: jazz

text: ensemble

text: stage

text: band

text: jazz

text: orchestra

text: and

text: dance

text: band

text: are

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: this

text: type

text: of

text: ensemble

text: This

text: does

text: not

text: however

text: mean

text: that

text: each

text: one

text: of

text: these

text: names

text: is

text: technically

text: correct

text: for

text: naming

text: big

text: band

text: specifically

text: A song, most broadly, is a single (and often standalone) work of music that is typically intended to be sung by the human voice with distinct and fixed pitches and patterns using sound and silence and a variety of forms that often include the repetition of sections. Written words created specifically for music or for which music is specifically created, are called lyrics. If a pre-existing poem is set to composed music in classical music it is an art song. Songs that are sung on repeated pitches without distinct contours and patterns that rise and fall are called chants. Songs in a simple style that are learned informally are often referred to as folk songs. Songs that are composed for professional singers who sell their recordings or live shows to the mass market are called popular songs. These songs, which have broad appeal, are often composed by professional songwriters, composers and lyricists. Art songs are composed by trained classical composers for concert or recital performances. Songs are performed live and recorded on audio or video (or in some, cases, a song may be performed live and simultaneously recorded). Songs may also appear in plays, musical theatre, stage shows of any form, and within operas.

text: song

text: most

text: broadly

text: is

text: single

text: and

text: often

text: standalone

text: work

text: of

text: music

text: that

text: is

text: typically

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: sung

text: by

text: the

text: human

text: voice

text: with

text: distinct

text: and

text: fixed

text: pitches

text: and

text: patterns

text: using

text: sound

text: and

text: silence

text: and

text: variety

text: of

text: forms

text: that

text: often

text: include

text: the

text: repetition

text: of

text: sections

text: Written

text: words

text: created

text: specifically

text: for

text: music

text: or

text: for

text: which

text: music

text: is

text: specifically

text: created

text: are

text: called

text: lyrics

text: If

text: pre

text: existing

text: poem

text: is

text: set

text: to

text: composed

text: music

text: in

text: classical

text: music

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: song

text: Songs

text: that

text: are

text: sung

text: on

text: repeated

text: pitches

text: without

text: distinct

text: contours

text: and

text: patterns

text: that

text: rise

text: and

text: fall

text: are

text: called

text: chants

text: Songs

text: in

text: simple

text: style

text: that

text: are

text: learned

text: informally

text: are

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: folk

text: songs

text: Songs

text: that

text: are

text: composed

text: for

text: professional

text: singers

text: who

text: sell

text: their

text: recordings

text: or

text: live

text: shows

text: to

text: the

text: mass

text: market

text: are

text: called

text: popular

text: songs

text: These

text: songs

text: which

text: have

text: broad

text: appeal

text: are

text: often

text: composed

text: by

text: professional

text: songwriters

text: composers

text: and

text: lyricists

text: Art

text: songs

text: are

text: composed

text: by

text: trained

text: classical

text: composers

text: for

text: concert

text: or

text: recital

text: performances

text: Songs

text: are

text: performed

text: live

text: and

text: recorded

text: on

text: audio

text: or

text: video

text: or

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: song

text: may

text: be

text: performed

text: live

text: and

text: simultaneously

text: recorded

text: Songs

text: may

text: also

text: appear

text: in

text: plays

text: musical

text: theatre

text: stage

text: shows

text: of

text: any

text: form

text: and

text: within

text: operas

text:
A drum kitalso called a drum set, trap set, or simply drumsis a collection of drums and other percussion instruments, typically cymbals, which are set up on stands to be played by a single player with drumsticks held in both hands and the feet operating pedals that control the hi-hat cymbal and the beater for the bass drum. A drum kit consists of a mix of drums (categorized classically as membranophones, Hornbostel-Sachs high-level classification 2) and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell (classified as Hornbostel-Sachs high-level classification 1). In the 2000s, some kits also include electronic instruments (Hornbostel-Sachs classification 53) and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used.
A standard modern kit (for a right-handed player), as used in popular music and taught in music schools, contains:

text: drum

text: kitalso

text: called

text: drum

text: set

text: trap

text: set

text: or

text: simply

text: drumsis

text: collection

text: of

text: drums

text: and

text: other

text: percussion

text: instruments

text: typically

text: cymbals

text: which

text: are

text: set

text: up

text: on

text: stands

text: to

text: be

text: played

text: by

text: single

text: player

text: with

text: drumsticks

text: held

text: in

text: both

text: hands

text: and

text: the

text: feet

text: operating

text: pedals

text: that

text: control

text: the

text: hi

text: hat

text: cymbal

text: and

text: the

text: beater

text: for

text: the

text: bass

text: drum

text: drum

text: kit

text: consists

text: of

text: mix

text: of

text: drums

text: categorized

text: classically

text: as

text: membranophones

text: Hornbostel

text: Sachs

text: high

text: level

text: classification

text: and

text: idiophones

text: most

text: significantly

text: cymbals

text: but

text: also

text: including

text: the

text: woodblock

text: and

text: cowbell

text: classified

text: as

text: Hornbostel

text: Sachs

text: high

text: level

text: classification

text: In

text: the

text: some

text: kits

text: also

text: include

text: electronic

text: instruments

text: Hornbostel

text: Sachs

text: classification

text: and

text: both

text: hybrid

text: and

text: entirely

text: electronic

text: kits

text: are

text: used

text: standard

text: modern

text: kit

text: for

text: right

text: handed

text: player

text: as

text: used

text: in

text: popular

text: music

text: and

text: taught

text: in

text: music

text: schools

text: contains

text: A rehearsal is an activity in the performing arts that occurs as preparation for a performance in music, theatre, dance and related arts, such as opera, musical theatre and film production. It is undertaken as a form of practising, to ensure that all details of the subsequent performance are adequately prepared and coordinated. The term "rehearsal" typically refers to ensemble activities undertaken by a group of people. For example, when a musician is preparing a piano concerto alone in their music studio, this is called "practicing", but when they begin to practice the concerto with an orchestra, this activity is called a "rehearsal". The music rehearsal takes place in a music rehearsal space.

text: rehearsal

text: is

text: an

text: activity

text: in

text: the

text: performing

text: arts

text: that

text: occurs

text: as

text: preparation

text: for

text: performance

text: in

text: music

text: theatre

text: dance

text: and

text: related

text: arts

text: such

text: as

text: opera

text: musical

text: theatre

text: and

text: film

text: production

text: It

text: is

text: undertaken

text: as

text: form

text: of

text: practising

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: all

text: details

text: of

text: the

text: subsequent

text: performance

text: are

text: adequately

text: prepared

text: and

text: coordinated

text: The

text: term

text: rehearsal

text: typically

text: refers

text: to

text: ensemble

text: activities

text: undertaken

text: by

text: group

text: of

text: people

text: For

text: example

text: when

text: musician

text: is

text: preparing

text: piano

text: concerto

text: alone

text: in

text: their

text: music

text: studio

text: this

text: is

text: called

text: practicing

text: but

text: when

text: they

text: begin

text: to

text: practice

text: the

text: concerto

text: with

text: an

text: orchestra

text: this

text: activity

text: is

text: called

text: rehearsal

text: The

text: music

text: rehearsal

text: takes

text: place

text: in

text: music

text: rehearsal

text: space

text: An electric guitar is a fretted string instrument that uses a pickup to convert the vibration of its stringswhich are typically made of steel, and which occurs when a guitarist strums, plucks or fingerpicks the stringsinto electrical signals. The vibrations of the strings are sensed by a pickup, of which the most common type is the magnetic pickup, which uses the principle of direct electromagnetic induction. The signal generated by an electric guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is plugged into a guitar amplifier before being sent to a loudspeaker, which makes a sound loud enough to hear. The output of an electric guitar is an electric signal, and the signal can easily be altered by electronic circuits to add "color" to the sound or change the sound. Often the signal is modified using effects such as reverb and distortion and "overdrive", with the latter being a key element of the sound of the electric guitar as it is used in blues and rock music.

text: An

text: electric

text: guitar

text: is

text: fretted

text: string

text: instrument

text: that

text: uses

text: pickup

text: to

text: convert

text: the

text: vibration

text: of

text: its

text: stringswhich

text: are

text: typically

text: made

text: of

text: steel

text: and

text: which

text: occurs

text: when

text: guitarist

text: strums

text: plucks

text: or

text: fingerpicks

text: the

text: stringsinto

text: electrical

text: signals

text: The

text: vibrations

text: of

text: the

text: strings

text: are

text: sensed

text: by

text: pickup

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: is

text: the

text: magnetic

text: pickup

text: which

text: uses

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: direct

text: electromagnetic

text: induction

text: The

text: signal

text: generated

text: by

text: an

text: electric

text: guitar

text: is

text: too

text: weak

text: to

text: drive

text: loudspeaker

text: so

text: it

text: is

text: plugged

text: into

text: guitar

text: amplifier

text: before

text: being

text: sent

text: to

text: loudspeaker

text: which

text: makes

text: sound

text: loud

text: enough

text: to

text: hear

text: The

text: output

text: of

text: an

text: electric

text: guitar

text: is

text: an

text: electric

text: signal

text: and

text: the

text: signal

text: can

text: easily

text: be

text: altered

text: by

text: electronic

text: circuits

text: to

text: add

text: color

text: to

text: the

text: sound

text: or

text: change

text: the

text: sound

text: Often

text: the

text: signal

text: is

text: modified

text: using

text: effects

text: such

text: as

text: reverb

text: and

text: distortion

text: and

text: overdrive

text: with

text: the

text: latter

text: being

text: key

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: sound

text: of

text: the

text: electric

text: guitar

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: blues

text: and

text: rock

text: music

text: Soul music (often referred to simply as soul) is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues and jazz. Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States; where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential in the civil rights era. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music and the music of Africa.

text: Soul

text: music

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: simply

text: as

text: soul

text: is

text: popular

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: It

text: combines

text: elements

text: of

text: African

text: American

text: gospel

text: music

text: rhythm

text: and

text: blues

text: and

text: jazz

text: Soul

text: music

text: became

text: popular

text: for

text: dancing

text: and

text: listening

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: where

text: record

text: labels

text: such

text: as

text: Motown

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Stax

text: were

text: influential

text: in

text: the

text: civil

text: rights

text: era

text: Soul

text: also

text: became

text: popular

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: directly

text: influencing

text: rock

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: Africa

text:
Session musicians, also called studio musicians, are professional instrumental performers who can be hired to play at live performances or in recording sessions. Many session musicians specialize in playing rhythm section instruments such as electric guitar, piano, electric bass, double bass, or drum kit. Some session musicians "double" on multiple instruments, such as electric bass and double bass or keyboards and guitar, a skill that enables them to play in a wider range of musical styles. Usually such musicians are not permanent members of a musical ensemble with the singers/soloists that they are accompanying and they often do not achieve individual fame in their own right as soloists or bandleaders. However, some backing bands of session musicians have become well known (e.g., The Wrecking Crew).
Skills and equipment.
The term is applied to performers working in many musical styles, ranging from rock, R&B and soul music to country music. Versatility and excellent technique (having strong rhythmic sense, playing notes and chords correctly, excellent intonation, etc.) are two of the most important skills of session musicians, as they may have to perform songs, tunes and pieces from a range of different styles in a range of different settings, often with little or no rehearsal time or personal practice time. As well,session musicians have an extensive knowledge of musical styles and idioms.

text: Session

text: musicians

text: also

text: called

text: studio

text: musicians

text: are

text: professional

text: instrumental

text: performers

text: who

text: can

text: be

text: hired

text: to

text: play

text: at

text: live

text: performances

text: or

text: in

text: recording

text: sessions

text: Many

text: session

text: musicians

text: specialize

text: in

text: playing

text: rhythm

text: section

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: electric

text: guitar

text: piano

text: electric

text: bass

text: double

text: bass

text: or

text: drum

text: kit

text: Some

text: session

text: musicians

text: double

text: on

text: multiple

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: electric

text: bass

text: and

text: double

text: bass

text: or

text: keyboards

text: and

text: guitar

text: skill

text: that

text: enables

text: them

text: to

text: play

text: in

text: wider

text: range

text: of

text: musical

text: styles

text: Usually

text: such

text: musicians

text: are

text: not

text: permanent

text: members

text: of

text: musical

text: ensemble

text: with

text: the

text: singers

text: soloists

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: accompanying

text: and

text: they

text: often

text: do

text: not

text: achieve

text: individual

text: fame

text: in

text: their

text: own

text: right

text: as

text: soloists

text: or

text: bandleaders

text: However

text: some

text: backing

text: bands

text: of

text: session

text: musicians

text: have

text: become

text: well

text: known

text: e.g.

text: The

text: Wrecking

text: Crew

text: Skills

text: and

text: equipment

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: applied

text: to

text: performers

text: working

text: in

text: many

text: musical

text: styles

text: ranging

text: from

text: rock

text: R&B

text: and

text: soul

text: music

text: to

text: country

text: music

text: Versatility

text: and

text: excellent

text: technique

text: having

text: strong

text: rhythmic

text: sense

text: playing

text: notes

text: and

text: chords

text: correctly

text: excellent

text: intonation

text: etc

text: are

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: skills

text: of

text: session

text: musicians

text: as

text: they

text: may

text: have

text: to

text: perform

text: songs

text: tunes

text: and

text: pieces

text: from

text: range

text: of

text: different

text: styles

text: in

text: range

text: of

text: different

text: settings

text: often

text: with

text: little

text: or

text: no

text: rehearsal

text: time

text: or

text: personal

text: practice

text: time

text: As

text: well

text: session

text: musicians

text: have

text: an

text: extensive

text: knowledge

text: of

text: musical

text: styles

text: and

text: idioms

text: A trumpet is a musical instrument commonly used in classical and jazz ensembles. The trumpet group contains the instruments with the highest register in the brass family. Trumpet-like instruments have historically been used as signaling devices in battle or hunting, with examples dating back to at least 1500 BC; they began to be used as musical instruments only in the late-14th or early 15th century. Trumpets are used in art music styles, for instance in orchestras, concert bands, and jazz ensembles, as well as in popular music. They are played by blowing air through almost-closed lips (called the player's embouchure), producing a "buzzing" sound that starts a standing wave vibration in the air column inside the instrument. Since the late 15th century they have primarily been constructed of brass tubing, usually bent twice into a rounded rectangular shape.

text: trumpet

text: is

text: musical

text: instrument

text: commonly

text: used

text: in

text: classical

text: and

text: jazz

text: ensembles

text: The

text: trumpet

text: group

text: contains

text: the

text: instruments

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: register

text: in

text: the

text: brass

text: family

text: Trumpet

text: like

text: instruments

text: have

text: historically

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: signaling

text: devices

text: in

text: battle

text: or

text: hunting

text: with

text: examples

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: at

text: least

text: BC

text: they

text: began

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: musical

text: instruments

text: only

text: in

text: the

text: or

text: early

text: century

text: Trumpets

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: art

text: music

text: styles

text: for

text: instance

text: in

text: orchestras

text: concert

text: bands

text: and

text: jazz

text: ensembles

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: popular

text: music

text: They

text: are

text: played

text: by

text: blowing

text: air

text: through

text: almost

text: closed

text: lips

text: called

text: the

text: player

text: 's

text: embouchure

text: producing

text: buzzing

text: sound

text: that

text: starts

text: standing

text: wave

text: vibration

text: in

text: the

text: air

text: column

text: inside

text: the

text: instrument

text: Since

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: they

text: have

text: primarily

text: been

text: constructed

text: of

text: brass

text: tubing

text: usually

text: bent

text: twice

text: into

text: rounded

text: rectangular

text: shape

annotations: follows single

question: genre warren covington

answer: jazz

text: jazz

text: jazz

text: jazz

text: jazz

text: jazz

text: jazz

text: jazz

text: jazz

text: jazz

text: jazz

text: jazz


text: Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process upon which enzymes may act are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called "enzymology".

text: Enzymes

text: are

text: macromolecular

text: biological

text: catalysts

text: Enzymes

text: accelerate

text: or

text: catalyze

text: chemical

text: reactions

text: The

text: molecules

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: process

text: upon

text: which

text: enzymes

text: may

text: act

text: are

text: called

text: substrates

text: and

text: the

text: enzyme

text: converts

text: these

text: into

text: different

text: molecules

text: called

text: products

text: Almost

text: all

text: metabolic

text: processes

text: in

text: the

text: cell

text: need

text: enzymes

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: occur

text: at

text: rates

text: fast

text: enough

text: to

text: sustain

text: life

text: The

text: set

text: of

text: enzymes

text: made

text: in

text: cell

text: determines

text: which

text: metabolic

text: pathways

text: occur

text: in

text: that

text: cell

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: enzymes

text: is

text: called

text: enzymology

text: Hepatic fructokinase (or ketohexokinase ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose to produce fructose-1-phosphate.

text: Hepatic

text: fructokinase

text: or

text: ketohexokinase

text: is

text: an

text: enzyme

text: that

text: catalyzes

text: the

text: phosphorylation

text: of

text: fructose

text: to

text: produce

text: Aldolase C, fructose-bisphosphate (ALDOC, or ALDC), is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the "ALDOC" gene on chromosome 17. This gene encodes a member of the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase gene family. Expressed specifically in the hippocampus and Purkinje cells of the brain, the encoded protein is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the reversible aldol cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and fructose-1-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and either glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or glyceraldehyde, respectively.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

text: Aldolase

text: fructose

text: bisphosphate

text: ALDOC

text: or

text: ALDC

text: is

text: an

text: enzyme

text: that

text: in

text: humans

text: is

text: encoded

text: by

text: the

text: ALDOC

text: gene

text: on

text: chromosome

text: This

text: gene

text: encodes

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: class

text: fructose

text: bisphosphate

text: aldolase

text: gene

text: family

text: Expressed

text: specifically

text: in

text: the

text: hippocampus

text: and

text: Purkinje

text: cells

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: the

text: encoded

text: protein

text: is

text: glycolytic

text: enzyme

text: that

text: catalyzes

text: the

text: reversible

text: aldol

text: cleavage

text: of

text: fructose

text: and

text: to

text: dihydroxyacetone

text: phosphate

text: and

text: either

text: glyceraldehyde

text: or

text: glyceraldehyde

text: respectively.[provided

text: by

text: RefSeq

text: Jul

text: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as Harden-Young ester, is fructose sugar phosphorylated on carbons 1 and 6 (i.e., is a fructosephosphate). The --form of this compound is very common in cells. The vast majority of glucose and fructose entering a cell will become converted to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate at some point.

text: Fructose

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Harden

text: Young

text: ester

text: is

text: fructose

text: sugar

text: phosphorylated

text: on

text: carbons

text: and

text: i.e.

text: is

text: fructosephosphate

text: The

text: --form

text: of

text: this

text: compound

text: is

text: very

text: common

text: in

text: cells

text: The

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: glucose

text: and

text: fructose

text: entering

text: cell

text: will

text: become

text: converted

text: to

text: fructose

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: Aldolase B also known as fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B or liver-type aldolase is one of three isoenzymes (A, B, and C) of the class I fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase enzyme (EC 4.1.2.13), and plays a key role in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The generic fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase enzyme catalyzes the reversible cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) as well as the reversible cleavage of fructose 1-phosphate (F1P) into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. In mammals, aldolase B is preferentially expressed in the liver, while aldolase A is expressed in muscle and erythrocytes and aldolase C is expressed in the brain. Slight differences in isozyme structure result in different activities for the two substrate molecules: FBP and fructose 1-phosphate. Aldolase B exhibits no preference and thus catalyzes both reactions, while aldolases A and C prefer FBP.

text: Aldolase

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: fructose

text: bisphosphate

text: aldolase

text: or

text: liver

text: type

text: aldolase

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: isoenzymes

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: class

text: fructose

text: aldolase

text: enzyme

text: EC

text: and

text: plays

text: key

text: role

text: in

text: both

text: glycolysis

text: and

text: gluconeogenesis

text: The

text: generic

text: fructose

text: aldolase

text: enzyme

text: catalyzes

text: the

text: reversible

text: cleavage

text: of

text: fructose

text: FBP

text: into

text: glyceraldehyde

text: and

text: dihydroxyacetone

text: phosphate

text: DHAP

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: reversible

text: cleavage

text: of

text: fructose

text: into

text: glyceraldehyde

text: and

text: dihydroxyacetone

text: phosphate

text: In

text: mammals

text: aldolase

text: is

text: preferentially

text: expressed

text: in

text: the

text: liver

text: while

text: aldolase

text: is

text: expressed

text: in

text: muscle

text: and

text: erythrocytes

text: and

text: aldolase

text: is

text: expressed

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: Slight

text: differences

text: in

text: isozyme

text: structure

text: result

text: in

text: different

text: activities

text: for

text: the

text: two

text: substrate

text: molecules

text: FBP

text: and

text: fructose

text: Aldolase

text: exhibits

text: no

text: preference

text: and

text: thus

text: catalyzes

text: both

text: reactions

text: while

text: aldolases

text: and

text: prefer

text: FBP

text: Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group (PO) to a molecule. In biology, phosphorylation and its counterpart, dephosphorylation, are critical for many cellular processes. A large fraction of proteins are at least temporarily phosphorylated, as are many sugars, lipids, and other molecules. Phosphorylation is especially important for protein function as this modification activates (or deactivates) many enzymes, thereby regulating their function. Protein phosphorylation is one type of post-translational modification.

text: Phosphorylation

text: is

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: phosphate

text: group

text: PO

text: to

text: molecule

text: In

text: biology

text: phosphorylation

text: and

text: its

text: counterpart

text: dephosphorylation

text: are

text: critical

text: for

text: many

text: cellular

text: processes

text: large

text: fraction

text: of

text: proteins

text: are

text: at

text: least

text: temporarily

text: phosphorylated

text: as

text: are

text: many

text: sugars

text: lipids

text: and

text: other

text: molecules

text: Phosphorylation

text: is

text: especially

text: important

text: for

text: protein

text: function

text: as

text: this

text: modification

text: activates

text: or

text: deactivates

text: many

text: enzymes

text: thereby

text: regulating

text: their

text: function

text: Protein

text: phosphorylation

text: is

text: one

text: type

text: of

text: post

text: translational

text: modification

text: Glyceraldehyde (glyceral) is a triose monosaccharide with chemical formula CHO. It is the simplest of all common aldoses. It is a sweet, colorless, crystalline solid that is an intermediate compound in carbohydrate metabolism. The word comes from combining glycerol and aldehyde, as glyceraldehyde is glycerol with one hydroxymethyl group oxidized to an aldehyde.

text: Glyceraldehyde

text: glyceral

text: is

text: triose

text: monosaccharide

text: with

text: chemical

text: formula

text: CHO

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: simplest

text: of

text: all

text: common

text: aldoses

text: It

text: is

text: sweet

text: colorless

text: crystalline

text: solid

text: that

text: is

text: an

text: intermediate

text: compound

text: in

text: carbohydrate

text: metabolism

text: The

text: word

text: comes

text: from

text: combining

text: glycerol

text: and

text: aldehyde

text: as

text: glyceraldehyde

text: is

text: glycerol

text: with

text: one

text: hydroxymethyl

text: group

text: oxidized

text: to

text: an

text: aldehyde

text: Monosaccharides (from Greek "monos": single, "sacchar": sugar), also called simple sugars, are the most basic units of carbohydrates. They are fundamental units of carbohydrates and cannot be further hydrolyzed to simpler compounds. The general formula is . They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, and crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose) and galactose. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides (such as sucrose and lactose) and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch). Further, each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group (so, all of the carbons except for the primary and terminal carbon) is chiral, giving rise to a number of isomeric forms, all with the same chemical formula. For instance, galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses, but have different physical structures and chemical properties.

text: Monosaccharides

text: from

text: Greek

text: monos

text: single

text: sacchar

text: sugar

text: also

text: called

text: simple

text: sugars

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: basic

text: units

text: of

text: carbohydrates

text: They

text: are

text: fundamental

text: units

text: of

text: carbohydrates

text: and

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: further

text: hydrolyzed

text: to

text: simpler

text: compounds

text: The

text: general

text: formula

text: is

text: They

text: are

text: the

text: simplest

text: form

text: of

text: sugar

text: and

text: are

text: usually

text: colorless

text: water

text: soluble

text: and

text: crystalline

text: solids

text: Some

text: monosaccharides

text: have

text: sweet

text: taste

text: Examples

text: of

text: monosaccharides

text: include

text: glucose

text: dextrose

text: fructose

text: levulose

text: and

text: galactose

text: Monosaccharides

text: are

text: the

text: building

text: blocks

text: of

text: disaccharides

text: such

text: as

text: sucrose

text: and

text: lactose

text: and

text: polysaccharides

text: such

text: as

text: cellulose

text: and

text: starch

text: Further

text: each

text: carbon

text: atom

text: that

text: supports

text: hydroxyl

text: group

text: so

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: carbons

text: except

text: for

text: the

text: primary

text: and

text: terminal

text: carbon

text: is

text: chiral

text: giving

text: rise

text: to

text: number

text: of

text: isomeric

text: forms

text: all

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: chemical

text: formula

text: For

text: instance

text: galactose

text: and

text: glucose

text: are

text: both

text: aldohexoses

text: but

text: have

text: different

text: physical

text: structures

text: and

text: chemical

text: properties

text: Aldolase A (ALDOA, or ALDA), also known as fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the "ALDOA" gene on chromosome 16.

text: Aldolase

text: ALDOA

text: or

text: ALDA

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: fructose

text: bisphosphate

text: aldolase

text: is

text: an

text: enzyme

text: that

text: in

text: humans

text: is

text: encoded

text: by

text: the

text: ALDOA

text: gene

text: on

text: chromosome

text: Glycolysis (from "glycose", an older term for glucose + "-lysis" degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose CHO, into pyruvate, CHCOCOO + H. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).

text: Glycolysis

text: from

text: glycose

text: an

text: older

text: term

text: for

text: glucose

text: -lysis

text: degradation

text: is

text: the

text: metabolic

text: pathway

text: that

text: converts

text: glucose

text: CHO

text: into

text: pyruvate

text: CHCOCOO

text: The

text: free

text: energy

text: released

text: in

text: this

text: process

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: high

text: energy

text: molecules

text: ATP

text: adenosine

text: triphosphate

text: and

text: NADH

text: reduced

text: nicotinamide

text: adenine

text: dinucleotide

text: Fructose - 1 - phosphate is a derivative of fructose . It is generated mainly by hepatic fructokinase but is also generated in smaller amounts in the small intestinal mucosa and proximal epithelium of the renal tubule . It is an important intermediate of glucose metabolism . Because fructokinase has a high Vmax fructose entering cells is quickly phosphorylated to fructose 1 - phosphate . In this form it is usually accumulated in the liver until it undergoes further conversion by aldolase B ( the rate limiting enzyme of fructose metabolism ) . Aldolase B converts it into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate ( DHAP ) . Glyceraldehyde is then phosphorylated by triose kinase to glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate . Metabolism of fructose thus essentially results in intermediates of glycolysis . This means that fructose has the same fate as glucose after it gets metabolised . The final product of glycolysis ( pyruvate ) may then undergo gluconeogenesis , enter the TCA cycle or be stored as fatty acids .

text: Fructose

text: phosphate

text: is

text: derivative

text: of

text: fructose

text: It

text: is

text: generated

text: mainly

text: by

text: hepatic

text: fructokinase

text: but

text: is

text: also

text: generated

text: in

text: smaller

text: amounts

text: in

text: the

text: small

text: intestinal

text: mucosa

text: and

text: proximal

text: epithelium

text: of

text: the

text: renal

text: tubule

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: intermediate

text: of

text: glucose

text: metabolism

text: Because

text: fructokinase

text: has

text: high

text: Vmax

text: fructose

text: entering

text: cells

text: is

text: quickly

text: phosphorylated

text: to

text: fructose

text: phosphate

text: In

text: this

text: form

text: it

text: is

text: usually

text: accumulated

text: in

text: the

text: liver

text: until

text: it

text: undergoes

text: further

text: conversion

text: by

text: aldolase

text: the

text: rate

text: limiting

text: enzyme

text: of

text: fructose

text: metabolism

text: Aldolase

text: converts

text: it

text: into

text: glyceraldehyde

text: and

text: dihydroxyacetone

text: phosphate

text: DHAP

text: Glyceraldehyde

text: is

text: then

text: phosphorylated

text: by

text: triose

text: kinase

text: to

text: glyceraldehyde

text: phosphate

text: Metabolism

text: of

text: fructose

text: thus

text: essentially

text: results

text: in

text: intermediates

text: of

text: glycolysis

text: This

text: means

text: that

text: fructose

text: has

text: the

text: same

text: fate

text: as

text: glucose

text: after

text: it

text: gets

text: metabolised

text: The

text: final

text: product

text: of

text: glycolysis

text: pyruvate

text: may

text: then

text: undergo

text: gluconeogenesis

text: enter

text: the

text: TCA

text: cycle

text: or

text: be

text: stored

text: as

text: fatty

text: acids

text: Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. From breakdown of proteins, these substrates include glucogenic amino acids (although not ketogenic amino acids); from breakdown of lipids (such as triglycerides), they include glycerol (although not fatty acids); and from other steps in metabolism they include pyruvate and lactate.

text: Gluconeogenesis

text: GNG

text: is

text: metabolic

text: pathway

text: that

text: results

text: in

text: the

text: generation

text: of

text: glucose

text: from

text: certain

text: non

text: carbohydrate

text: carbon

text: substrates

text: From

text: breakdown

text: of

text: proteins

text: these

text: substrates

text: include

text: glucogenic

text: amino

text: acids

text: although

text: not

text: ketogenic

text: amino

text: acids

text: from

text: breakdown

text: of

text: lipids

text: such

text: as

text: triglycerides

text: they

text: include

text: glycerol

text: although

text: not

text: fatty

text: acids

text: and

text: from

text: other

text: steps

text: in

text: metabolism

text: they

text: include

text: pyruvate

text: and

text: lactate

text:
Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. It is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose, that are absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion. Fructose was discovered by French chemist Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1847. The name "fructose" was coined in 1857 by the English chemist William Miller. Pure, dry fructose is a very sweet, white, odorless, crystalline solid and is the most water-soluble of all the sugars.
Fructose is found in honey, tree and vine fruits, flowers, berries, and most root vegetables.

text: Fructose

text: or

text: fruit

text: sugar

text: is

text: simple

text: ketonic

text: monosaccharide

text: found

text: in

text: many

text: plants

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: bonded

text: to

text: glucose

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: disaccharide

text: sucrose

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: dietary

text: monosaccharides

text: along

text: with

text: glucose

text: and

text: galactose

text: that

text: are

text: absorbed

text: directly

text: into

text: the

text: bloodstream

text: during

text: digestion

text: Fructose

text: was

text: discovered

text: by

text: French

text: chemist

text: Augustin

text: Pierre

text: Dubrunfaut

text: in

text: The

text: name

text: fructose

text: was

text: coined

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: English

text: chemist

text: William

text: Miller

text: Pure

text: dry

text: fructose

text: is

text: very

text: sweet

text: white

text: odorless

text: crystalline

text: solid

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: water

text: soluble

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: sugars

text: Fructose

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: honey

text: tree

text: and

text: vine

text: fruits

text: flowers

text: berries

text: and

text: most

text: root

text: vegetables

text: Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula CHO. Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar. It is made during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. The reverse of the photosynthesis reaction, which releases this energy, is an important source of power for cellular respiration. Glucose is stored as a polymer, in plants as starch and in animals as glycogen, for times when the organism will need it.

text: Glucose

text: is

text: simple

text: sugar

text: with

text: the

text: molecular

text: formula

text: CHO

text: Glucose

text: circulates

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: of

text: animals

text: as

text: blood

text: sugar

text: It

text: is

text: made

text: during

text: photosynthesis

text: from

text: water

text: and

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: using

text: energy

text: from

text: sunlight

text: The

text: reverse

text: of

text: the

text: photosynthesis

text: reaction

text: which

text: releases

text: this

text: energy

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: source

text: of

text: power

text: for

text: cellular

text: respiration

text: Glucose

text: is

text: stored

text: as

text: polymer

text: in

text: plants

text: as

text: starch

text: and

text: in

text: animals

text: as

text: glycogen

text: for

text: times

text: when

text: the

text: organism

text: will

text: need

text: it

text:
Honey is a sugary food substance produced and stored by certain social hymenopteran insects. It is produced from the sugary secretions of plants or insects, such as floral nectar or aphid honeydew, through regurgitation, enzymatic activity, and water evaporation. The variety of honey produced by honey bees (the genus "Apis") is the most well-known, due to its worldwide commercial production and human consumption.
Honey gets its sweetness from the monosaccharides fructose and glucose, and has about the same relative sweetness as granulated sugar. It has attractive chemical properties for baking and a distinctive flavor that leads some people to prefer it to sugar and other sweeteners. Most microorganisms do not grow in honey, so sealed honey does not spoil, even after thousands of years. However, honey sometimes contains dormant endospores of the bacterium "Clostridium botulinum", which can be dangerous to babies, as it may result in botulism.
People who have a weakened immune system should not eat honey because of the risk of bacterial or fungal infection. Although some evidence indicates honey may be effective in treating diseases and other medical conditions, such as wounds and burns, the overall evidence for its use in therapy is not conclusive. Providing 64 calories in a typical serving of one tablespoon (15 ml) equivalent to 1272 kj per 100 g, honey has no significant nutritional value. Honey is generally safe, but may have various, potential adverse effects or interactions with excessive consumption, existing disease conditions, or drugs.
Honey use and production have a long and varied history as an ancient activity, depicted in Valencia, Spain by a cave painting of humans foraging for honey at least 8,000 years ago.

text: Honey

text: is

text: sugary

text: food

text: substance

text: produced

text: and

text: stored

text: by

text: certain

text: social

text: hymenopteran

text: insects

text: It

text: is

text: produced

text: from

text: the

text: sugary

text: secretions

text: of

text: plants

text: or

text: insects

text: such

text: as

text: floral

text: nectar

text: or

text: aphid

text: honeydew

text: through

text: regurgitation

text: enzymatic

text: activity

text: and

text: water

text: evaporation

text: The

text: variety

text: of

text: honey

text: produced

text: by

text: honey

text: bees

text: the

text: genus

text: Apis

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: well

text: known

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: worldwide

text: commercial

text: production

text: and

text: human

text: consumption

text: Honey

text: gets

text: its

text: sweetness

text: from

text: the

text: monosaccharides

text: fructose

text: and

text: glucose

text: and

text: has

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: relative

text: sweetness

text: as

text: granulated

text: sugar

text: It

text: has

text: attractive

text: chemical

text: properties

text: for

text: baking

text: and

text: distinctive

text: flavor

text: that

text: leads

text: some

text: people

text: to

text: prefer

text: it

text: to

text: sugar

text: and

text: other

text: sweeteners

text: Most

text: microorganisms

text: do

text: not

text: grow

text: in

text: honey

text: so

text: sealed

text: honey

text: does

text: not

text: spoil

text: even

text: after

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

text: However

text: honey

text: sometimes

text: contains

text: dormant

text: endospores

text: of

text: the

text: bacterium

text: Clostridium

text: botulinum

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: dangerous

text: to

text: babies

text: as

text: it

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: botulism

text: People

text: who

text: have

text: weakened

text: immune

text: system

text: should

text: not

text: eat

text: honey

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: bacterial

text: or

text: fungal

text: infection

text: Although

text: some

text: evidence

text: indicates

text: honey

text: may

text: be

text: effective

text: in

text: treating

text: diseases

text: and

text: other

text: medical

text: conditions

text: such

text: as

text: wounds

text: and

text: burns

text: the

text: overall

text: evidence

text: for

text: its

text: use

text: in

text: therapy

text: is

text: not

text: conclusive

text: Providing

text: calories

text: in

text: typical

text: serving

text: of

text: one

text: tablespoon

text: ml

text: equivalent

text: to

text: kj

text: per

text: honey

text: has

text: no

text: significant

text: nutritional

text: value

text: Honey

text: is

text: generally

text: safe

text: but

text: may

text: have

text: various

text: potential

text: adverse

text: effects

text: or

text: interactions

text: with

text: excessive

text: consumption

text: existing

text: disease

text: conditions

text: or

text: drugs

text: Honey

text: use

text: and

text: production

text: have

text: long

text: and

text: varied

text: history

text: as

text: an

text: ancient

text: activity

text: depicted

text: in

text: Valencia

text: Spain

text: by

text: cave

text: painting

text: of

text: humans

text: foraging

text: for

text: honey

text: at

text: least

text: years

text: ago

text: Sucrose is a common, naturally occurring saccharide found in many plants and plant parts. Saccharose is an obsolete name for sugars in general, especially sucrose. The molecule is a disaccharide combination of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose with the formula CHO.

text: Sucrose

text: is

text: common

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: saccharide

text: found

text: in

text: many

text: plants

text: and

text: plant

text: parts

text: Saccharose

text: is

text: an

text: obsolete

text: name

text: for

text: sugars

text: in

text: general

text: especially

text: sucrose

text: The

text: molecule

text: is

text: disaccharide

text: combination

text: of

text: the

text: monosaccharides

text: glucose

text: and

text: fructose

text: with

text: the

text: formula

text: CHO

text: A disaccharide (also called a double sugar or biose) is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined by glycosidic linkage. Like monosaccharides, disaccharides are soluble in water. Three common examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

text: disaccharide

text: also

text: called

text: double

text: sugar

text: or

text: biose

text: is

text: the

text: sugar

text: formed

text: when

text: two

text: monosaccharides

text: simple

text: sugars

text: are

text: joined

text: by

text: glycosidic

text: linkage

text: Like

text: monosaccharides

text: disaccharides

text: are

text: soluble

text: in

text: water

text: Three

text: common

text: examples

text: are

text: sucrose

text: lactose

text: and

text: maltose

text: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P, GA3P, GADP, GAP, TP, GALP or PGAL, is a chemical compound that occurs as an intermediate in several central metabolic pathways of all organisms. It is a phosphate ester of the 3-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde and has chemical formula CHOP.

text: Glyceraldehyde

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: triose

text: phosphate

text: or

text: and

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: GADP

text: GAP

text: TP

text: GALP

text: or

text: PGAL

text: is

text: chemical

text: compound

text: that

text: occurs

text: as

text: an

text: intermediate

text: in

text: several

text: central

text: metabolic

text: pathways

text: of

text: all

text: organisms

text: It

text: is

text: phosphate

text: ester

text: of

text: the

text: sugar

text: glyceraldehyde

text: and

text: has

text: chemical

text: formula

text: CHOP

text: Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.

text: Digestion

text: is

text: the

text: breakdown

text: of

text: large

text: insoluble

text: food

text: molecules

text: into

text: small

text: water

text: soluble

text: food

text: molecules

text: so

text: that

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: absorbed

text: into

text: the

text: watery

text: blood

text: plasma

text: In

text: certain

text: organisms

text: these

text: smaller

text: substances

text: are

text: absorbed

text: through

text: the

text: small

text: intestine

text: into

text: the

text: blood

text: stream

text: Digestion

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: catabolism

text: that

text: is

text: often

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: processes

text: based

text: on

text: how

text: food

text: is

text: broken

text: down

text: mechanical

text: and

text: chemical

text: digestion

text: The

text: term

text: mechanical

text: digestion

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: physical

text: breakdown

text: of

text: large

text: pieces

text: of

text: food

text: into

text: smaller

text: pieces

text: which

text: can

text: subsequently

text: be

text: accessed

text: by

text: digestive

text: enzymes

text: In

text: chemical

text: digestion

text: enzymes

text: break

text: down

text: food

text: into

text: the

text: small

text: molecules

text: the

text: body

text: can

text: use

text: Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP, also glycerone phosphate in older texts) is a biochemical compound involved in many metabolic pathways, including the Calvin cycle in plants and glycolysis.

text: Dihydroxyacetone

text: phosphate

text: DHAP

text: also

text: glycerone

text: phosphate

text: in

text: older

text: texts

text: is

text: biochemical

text: compound

text: involved

text: in

text: many

text: metabolic

text: pathways

text: including

text: the

text: Calvin

text: cycle

text: in

text: plants

text: and

text: glycolysis

text: A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA which is made up of nucleotides and is the molecular unit of heredity. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as geneenvironment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.

text: gene

text: is

text: locus

text: or

text: region

text: of

text: DNA

text: which

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: nucleotides

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: molecular

text: unit

text: of

text: heredity

text: The

text: transmission

text: of

text: genes

text: to

text: an

text: organism

text: 's

text: offspring

text: is

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: inheritance

text: of

text: phenotypic

text: traits

text: Most

text: biological

text: traits

text: are

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: polygenes

text: many

text: different

text: genes

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: geneenvironment

text: interactions

text: Some

text: genetic

text: traits

text: are

text: instantly

text: visible

text: such

text: as

text: eye

text: colour

text: or

text: number

text: of

text: limbs

text: and

text: some

text: are

text: not

text: such

text: as

text: blood

text: type

text: risk

text: for

text: specific

text: diseases

text: or

text: the

text: thousands

text: of

text: basic

text: biochemical

text: processes

text: that

text: comprise

text: life

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: instance_of fructose 1-phosphate

answer: chemical compound

text: chemical compound