text: The Nile ( "en-Nl",  "an-Nl" "P(h)iaro"; Ancient Egyptian: "'p" and "Iteru"; Biblical Hebrew: , "Ha-Ye'or") is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It is generally regarded as the longest river in the world, however other conflicting sources cite a 2007 study that gave the title to the Amazon River in South America. The Nile, which is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long, is an "international" river as its water resources are shared by eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo-Kinshasa, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt. In particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan.

text: The

text: Nile

text: en

text: Nl

text: an

text: Nl

text: P(h)iaro

text: Ancient

text: Egyptian

text: and

text: Iteru

text: Biblical

text: Hebrew

text: Ha

text: Ye'or

text: is

text: major

text: north

text: flowing

text: river

text: in

text: northeastern

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: generally

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: longest

text: river

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: however

text: other

text: conflicting

text: sources

text: cite

text: study

text: that

text: gave

text: the

text: title

text: to

text: the

text: Amazon

text: River

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: The

text: Nile

text: which

text: is

text: km

text: miles

text: long

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: river

text: as

text: its

text: water

text: resources

text: are

text: shared

text: by

text: eleven

text: countries

text: namely

text: Tanzania

text: Uganda

text: Rwanda

text: Burundi

text: Congo

text: Kinshasa

text: Kenya

text: Ethiopia

text: Eritrea

text: South

text: Sudan

text: Sudan

text: and

text: Egypt

text: In

text: particular

text: the

text: Nile

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: water

text: source

text: of

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Sudan

text: Tunisia ('; ), officially the Republic of Tunisia (') is the northernmost country in Africa, covering . Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia's population was estimated to be just under 11 million in 2014. Tunisia's name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on Tunisia's northeast coast.

text: Tunisia

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Tunisia

text: is

text: the

text: northernmost

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: covering

text: Its

text: northernmost

text: point

text: Cape

text: Angela

text: is

text: the

text: northernmost

text: point

text: on

text: the

text: African

text: continent

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Algeria

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: southwest

text: Libya

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: Tunisia

text: 's

text: population

text: was

text: estimated

text: to

text: be

text: just

text: under

text: million

text: in

text: Tunisia

text: 's

text: name

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: its

text: capital

text: city

text: Tunis

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: Tunisia

text: 's

text: northeast

text: coast

text: Israel , officially known as the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over the city of Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.

text: Israel

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Israel

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: on

text: the

text: southeastern

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: northern

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: It

text: has

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Lebanon

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Jordan

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Palestinian

text: territories

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Bank

text: and

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: west

text: respectively

text: and

text: Egypt

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: The

text: country

text: contains

text: geographically

text: diverse

text: features

text: within

text: its

text: relatively

text: small

text: area

text: Israel

text: 's

text: financial

text: and

text: technology

text: center

text: is

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: while

text: its

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: proclaimed

text: capital

text: is

text: Jerusalem

text: although

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: is

text: internationally

text: unrecognized

text: Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20.4 % of its total land area. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two "de facto" independent states with limited or no recognition.

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: At

text: about

text: million

text: million

text: square

text: miles

text: including

text: adjacent

text: islands

text: it

text: covers

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: its

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: With

text: billion

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: it

text: accounts

text: for

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: human

text: population

text: The

text: continent

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: both

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: along

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: continent

text: includes

text: Madagascar

text: and

text: various

text: archipelagos

text: It

text: contains

text: fully

text: recognized

text: sovereign

text: states

text: countries

text: nine

text: territories

text: and

text: two

text: de

text: facto

text: independent

text: states

text: with

text: limited

text: or

text: no

text: recognition

text: The Sinai Peninsula or simply Sinai ('; ', ; "") is a peninsula in Egypt, situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, serving as a land bridge between Asia and Africa. It is the only part of Egyptian territory located in Asia. Sinai has a land area of about and a population of approximately 1,400,000 people. The bulk of the peninsula is divided administratively into two of Egypt's 27 governorates (with three more straddling the Suez Canal area).

text: The

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: or

text: simply

text: Sinai

text: is

text: peninsula

text: in

text: Egypt

text: situated

text: between

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: serving

text: as

text: land

text: bridge

text: between

text: Asia

text: and

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: part

text: of

text: Egyptian

text: territory

text: located

text: in

text: Asia

text: Sinai

text: has

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: people

text: The

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: peninsula

text: is

text: divided

text: administratively

text: into

text: two

text: of

text: Egypt

text: 's

text: governorates

text: with

text: three

text: more

text: straddling

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: area

text: Maaibre Sheshi ( also Sheshy ) was a ruler of areas of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period . The dynasty , chronological position , duration and extent of his reign are uncertain and subject to ongoing debate . The difficulty of identification is mirrored by problems in determining events from the end of the Middle Kingdom to the arrival of the Hyksos in Egypt . Nonetheless , Sheshi is , in terms of the number of artefacts attributed to him , the best attested king of the period spanning the end of the Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate period ; roughly from c. 1800 BC until 1550 BC. Hundreds of scaraboid seals bearing his name have been found throughout Canaan , Egypt , Nubia and as far away as Carthage where some were still in use 1500 years after his death . Three competing hypotheses have been put forth for the dynasty to which Sheshi belonged . Egyptologists such as Nicolas Grimal , William C. Hayes and Donald B. Redford believe he should be identified with Salitis , founder of the 15th Dynasty according to historical sources and king of the Hyksos during their invasion of Egypt . Salitis is credited with 19 years of reign and would have lived some time between c. 1720 BC and 1650 BC. The Egyptologist William Ayres Ward and the archaeologist Daphna Ben - Tor propose that Sheshi was a Hyksos king and belongs to the second half of the 15th Dynasty , reigning between Khyan and Apophis . Alternatively , Manfred Bietak has proposed that Sheshi was a vassal of the Hyksos , ruling over some part of Egypt or Canaan . The very existence of such vassals is debated . Finally , Sheshi could be a ruler of the early 14th Dynasty , a line of kings of Canaanite descent ruling over of the Eastern Nile Delta immediately before the arrival of the Hyksos . Proponents of this theory , such as Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker , credit Sheshi with 40 years of reign starting c. 1745 BC. Ryholt proposed that Sheshi allied his kingdom with the Kushites in Nubia via a dynastic marriage with the Nubian princess Tati . Ryholt further posits that the son of Sheshi and Tati was Nehesy , whose name means `` The Nubian '' , whom he believes succeeded Sheshi to the throne as the pharaoh Nehesy Aasehre .

text: Maaibre

text: Sheshi

text: also

text: Sheshy

text: was

text: ruler

text: of

text: areas

text: of

text: Egypt

text: during

text: the

text: Second

text: Intermediate

text: Period

text: The

text: dynasty

text: chronological

text: position

text: duration

text: and

text: extent

text: of

text: his

text: reign

text: are

text: uncertain

text: and

text: subject

text: to

text: ongoing

text: debate

text: The

text: difficulty

text: of

text: identification

text: is

text: mirrored

text: by

text: problems

text: in

text: determining

text: events

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Kingdom

text: to

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: the

text: Hyksos

text: in

text: Egypt

text: Nonetheless

text: Sheshi

text: is

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: artefacts

text: attributed

text: to

text: him

text: the

text: best

text: attested

text: king

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: spanning

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: Second

text: Intermediate

text: period

text: roughly

text: from

text: BC

text: until

text: BC

text: Hundreds

text: of

text: scaraboid

text: seals

text: bearing

text: his

text: name

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: throughout

text: Canaan

text: Egypt

text: Nubia

text: and

text: as

text: far

text: away

text: as

text: Carthage

text: where

text: some

text: were

text: still

text: in

text: use

text: years

text: after

text: his

text: death

text: Three

text: competing

text: hypotheses

text: have

text: been

text: put

text: forth

text: for

text: the

text: dynasty

text: to

text: which

text: Sheshi

text: belonged

text: Egyptologists

text: such

text: as

text: Nicolas

text: Grimal

text: William

text: Hayes

text: and

text: Donald

text: Redford

text: believe

text: he

text: should

text: be

text: identified

text: with

text: Salitis

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Dynasty

text: according

text: to

text: historical

text: sources

text: and

text: king

text: of

text: the

text: Hyksos

text: during

text: their

text: invasion

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Salitis

text: is

text: credited

text: with

text: years

text: of

text: reign

text: and

text: would

text: have

text: lived

text: some

text: time

text: between

text: BC

text: and

text: BC

text: The

text: Egyptologist

text: William

text: Ayres

text: Ward

text: and

text: the

text: archaeologist

text: Daphna

text: Ben

text: Tor

text: propose

text: that

text: Sheshi

text: was

text: Hyksos

text: king

text: and

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Dynasty

text: reigning

text: between

text: Khyan

text: and

text: Apophis

text: Alternatively

text: Manfred

text: Bietak

text: has

text: proposed

text: that

text: Sheshi

text: was

text: vassal

text: of

text: the

text: Hyksos

text: ruling

text: over

text: some

text: part

text: of

text: Egypt

text: or

text: Canaan

text: The

text: very

text: existence

text: of

text: such

text: vassals

text: is

text: debated

text: Finally

text: Sheshi

text: could

text: be

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: Dynasty

text: line

text: of

text: kings

text: of

text: Canaanite

text: descent

text: ruling

text: over

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Nile

text: Delta

text: immediately

text: before

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: the

text: Hyksos

text: Proponents

text: of

text: this

text: theory

text: such

text: as

text: Kim

text: Ryholt

text: and

text: Darrell

text: Baker

text: credit

text: Sheshi

text: with

text: years

text: of

text: reign

text: starting

text: BC

text: Ryholt

text: proposed

text: that

text: Sheshi

text: allied

text: his

text: kingdom

text: with

text: the

text: Kushites

text: in

text: Nubia

text: via

text: dynastic

text: marriage

text: with

text: the

text: Nubian

text: princess

text: Tati

text: Ryholt

text: further

text: posits

text: that

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Sheshi

text: and

text: Tati

text: was

text: Nehesy

text: whose

text: name

text: means

text: The

text: Nubian

text: whom

text: he

text: believes

text: succeeded

text: Sheshi

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: as

text: the

text: pharaoh

text: Nehesy

text: Aasehre

text: Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe. Asia covers an area of , about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population, but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4.4 billion people.

text: Asia

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: and

text: northern

text: hemispheres

text: and

text: sharing

text: the

text: continental

text: landmass

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: with

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: The

text: continent

text: which

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: civilizations

text: Asia

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: not

text: only

text: its

text: overall

text: large

text: size

text: and

text: population

text: but

text: also

text: dense

text: and

text: large

text: settlements

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: vast

text: barely

text: populated

text: regions

text: within

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: billion

text: people

text: Carthage (from ; Phoenician "" "New City") was the centre or capital city of the ancient Carthaginian civilization, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now the Tunis Governorate in Tunisia.

text: Carthage

text: from

text: Phoenician

text: New

text: City

text: was

text: the

text: centre

text: or

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Carthaginian

text: civilization

text: on

text: the

text: eastern

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Lake

text: of

text: Tunis

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: the

text: Tunis

text: Governorate

text: in

text: Tunisia

text: Libya ("") is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost , Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, and is the 16th largest country in the world. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world.

text: Libya

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Maghreb

text: region

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Egypt

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Sudan

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Chad

text: and

text: Niger

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Algeria

text: and

text: Tunisia

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: three

text: traditional

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: are

text: Tripolitania

text: Fezzan

text: and

text: Cyrenaica

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: almost

text: Libya

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Libya

text: has

text: the

text: largest

text: proven

text: oil

text: reserves

text: of

text: any

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Hebrew Bible or Hebrew Scriptures is the term used by biblical scholars to refer to the "Tanakh", the canonical collection of Jewish texts, which is the common textual source of several canonical editions of the Christian Old Testament. They are composed mainly in Biblical Hebrew, with some passages in Biblical Aramaic (in the books of Daniel, Ezra and a few others).

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: or

text: Hebrew

text: Scriptures

text: is

text: the

text: term

text: used

text: by

text: biblical

text: scholars

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: Tanakh

text: the

text: canonical

text: collection

text: of

text: Jewish

text: texts

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: textual

text: source

text: of

text: several

text: canonical

text: editions

text: of

text: the

text: Christian

text: Old

text: Testament

text: They

text: are

text: composed

text: mainly

text: in

text: Biblical

text: Hebrew

text: with

text: some

text: passages

text: in

text: Biblical

text: Aramaic

text: in

text: the

text: books

text: of

text: Daniel

text: Ezra

text: and

text: few

text: others

text: Saudi Arabia, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is an Arab sovereign state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula. With a land area of approximately , Saudi Arabia is geographically the fifth-largest state in Asia and second-largest state in the Arab world after Algeria. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen to the south. It is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba. It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert or barren landforms.

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: KSA

text: is

text: an

text: Arab

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: constituting

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Peninsula

text: With

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: is

text: geographically

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: Asia

text: and

text: second

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: after

text: Algeria

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Jordan

text: and

text: Iraq

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Kuwait

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Qatar

text: Bahrain

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Arab

text: Emirates

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Oman

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: Yemen

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Israel

text: and

text: Egypt

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: nation

text: with

text: both

text: Red

text: Sea

text: coast

text: and

text: Persian

text: Gulf

text: coast

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: terrain

text: consists

text: of

text: arid

text: desert

text: or

text: barren

text: landforms

text: Jordan ('), officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ('), is an Arab kingdom in Western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the east and south, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north, Israel, Palestine and the Dead Sea to the west and the Red Sea in its extreme south-west. Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe. The capital, Amman, is Jordan's most populous city as well as the country's economic, political and cultural centre.

text: Jordan

text: officially

text: The

text: Hashemite

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Jordan

text: is

text: an

text: Arab

text: kingdom

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: on

text: the

text: East

text: Bank

text: of

text: the

text: Jordan

text: River

text: Jordan

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: Iraq

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Israel

text: Palestine

text: and

text: the

text: Dead

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: in

text: its

text: extreme

text: south

text: west

text: Jordan

text: is

text: strategically

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: crossroads

text: of

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: and

text: Europe

text: The

text: capital

text: Amman

text: is

text: Jordan

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: economic

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: centre

text: African Empires was an umbrella term used in African studies to refer to a number of historical states in Africa with multinatioal structures incorporating various populations and polities into a single entity, usually through conquest.

text: African

text: Empires

text: was

text: an

text: umbrella

text: term

text: used

text: in

text: African

text: studies

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: number

text: of

text: historical

text: states

text: in

text: Africa

text: with

text: multinatioal

text: structures

text: incorporating

text: various

text: populations

text: and

text: polities

text: into

text: single

text: entity

text: usually

text: through

text: conquest

text: Arabization or Arabisation ("") describes either the conquest of a non-Arab area and the migration of Arab settlers into the new domain or a growing Arab influence on non-Arab populations, causing their gradual adoption of the Arabic language and/or their incorporation of Arab culture and Arab identity. The religion of Islam and the associated Islamist (government and society ordered in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam) socio-political order, with their central Quran text written in Arabic language and tailored for Arab culture, had a central role in Arabization, which usually went hand in hand with Islamization of conquered lands. Generally, elements of Arabian origin were combined in various forms with elements from conquered civilizations and ultimately denominated "Arab". Arabization also continued in modern times, most prominently being enforced by the Arab nationalist regimes of Iraq, Syria, Sudan, Mauritania, Algeria and Libya with policies which include expanding colonial Arab settlements, expulsion of non-Arab minorities and enforcement of Arab identity and culture upon non-Arab populations, in particular by means of not permitting autochthonous mother tongues other than Arabic in education. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, citing local witnesses, also claims that the aggressive persecution of non-Arab minorities by the terror group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant is forced Arabization.

text: Arabization

text: or

text: Arabisation

text: describes

text: either

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: non

text: Arab

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: migration

text: of

text: Arab

text: settlers

text: into

text: the

text: new

text: domain

text: or

text: growing

text: Arab

text: influence

text: on

text: non

text: Arab

text: populations

text: causing

text: their

text: gradual

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: Arabic

text: language

text: and/or

text: their

text: incorporation

text: of

text: Arab

text: culture

text: and

text: Arab

text: identity

text: The

text: religion

text: of

text: Islam

text: and

text: the

text: associated

text: Islamist

text: government

text: and

text: society

text: ordered

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: laws

text: prescribed

text: by

text: Islam

text: socio

text: political

text: order

text: with

text: their

text: central

text: Quran

text: text

text: written

text: in

text: Arabic

text: language

text: and

text: tailored

text: for

text: Arab

text: culture

text: had

text: central

text: role

text: in

text: Arabization

text: which

text: usually

text: went

text: hand

text: in

text: hand

text: with

text: Islamization

text: of

text: conquered

text: lands

text: Generally

text: elements

text: of

text: Arabian

text: origin

text: were

text: combined

text: in

text: various

text: forms

text: with

text: elements

text: from

text: conquered

text: civilizations

text: and

text: ultimately

text: denominated

text: Arab

text: Arabization

text: also

text: continued

text: in

text: modern

text: times

text: most

text: prominently

text: being

text: enforced

text: by

text: the

text: Arab

text: nationalist

text: regimes

text: of

text: Iraq

text: Syria

text: Sudan

text: Mauritania

text: Algeria

text: and

text: Libya

text: with

text: policies

text: which

text: include

text: expanding

text: colonial

text: Arab

text: settlements

text: expulsion

text: of

text: non

text: Arab

text: minorities

text: and

text: enforcement

text: of

text: Arab

text: identity

text: and

text: culture

text: upon

text: non

text: Arab

text: populations

text: in

text: particular

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: not

text: permitting

text: autochthonous

text: mother

text: tongues

text: other

text: than

text: Arabic

text: in

text: education

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: High

text: Commissioner

text: for

text: Human

text: Rights

text: citing

text: local

text: witnesses

text: also

text: claims

text: that

text: the

text: aggressive

text: persecution

text: of

text: non

text: Arab

text: minorities

text: by

text: the

text: terror

text: group

text: Islamic

text: State

text: of

text: Iraq

text: and

text: the

text: Levant

text: is

text: forced

text: Arabization

text: The Levant (Arabic:  "") is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean. In its widest historical sense, the Levant included all of the eastern Mediterranean with its islands, that is, it included all of the countries along the Eastern Mediterranean shores, extending from Greece to Cyrenaica. The term "Levant" entered English in the late 15th century from French. It derives from the Italian "Levante", meaning "rising", implying the rising of the sun in the east. As such, it is broadly equivalent to the Arabic term "Mashriq", meaning "the land where the sun rises".

text: The

text: Levant

text: Arabic

text: is

text: an

text: approximate

text: historical

text: geographical

text: term

text: referring

text: to

text: large

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Mediterranean

text: In

text: its

text: widest

text: historical

text: sense

text: the

text: Levant

text: included

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: eastern

text: Mediterranean

text: with

text: its

text: islands

text: that

text: is

text: it

text: included

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: countries

text: along

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Mediterranean

text: shores

text: extending

text: from

text: Greece

text: to

text: Cyrenaica

text: The

text: term

text: Levant

text: entered

text: English

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: from

text: French

text: It

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Italian

text: Levante

text: meaning

text: rising

text: implying

text: the

text: rising

text: of

text: the

text: sun

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: As

text: such

text: it

text: is

text: broadly

text: equivalent

text: to

text: the

text: Arabic

text: term

text: Mashriq

text: meaning

text: the

text: land

text: where

text: the

text: sun

text: rises

text: A land bridge, in biogeography, is an isthmus or wider land connection between otherwise separate areas, over which animals and plants are able to cross and colonise new lands. A land bridge can be created by marine regression, in which sea levels fall, exposing shallow, previously submerged sections of continental shelf; or when new land is created by plate tectonics; or occasionally when the sea floor rises due to post-glacial rebound after an ice age.

text: land

text: bridge

text: in

text: biogeography

text: is

text: an

text: isthmus

text: or

text: wider

text: land

text: connection

text: between

text: otherwise

text: separate

text: areas

text: over

text: which

text: animals

text: and

text: plants

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: cross

text: and

text: colonise

text: new

text: lands

text: land

text: bridge

text: can

text: be

text: created

text: by

text: marine

text: regression

text: in

text: which

text: sea

text: levels

text: fall

text: exposing

text: shallow

text: previously

text: submerged

text: sections

text: of

text: continental

text: shelf

text: or

text: when

text: new

text: land

text: is

text: created

text: by

text: plate

text: tectonics

text: or

text: occasionally

text: when

text: the

text: sea

text: floor

text: rises

text: due

text: to

text: post

text: glacial

text: rebound

text: after

text: an

text: ice

text: age

text: The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, southeast Turkey, southwest Iran, northeastern Syria and Kuwait), ancient Egypt, ancient Iran (Elam, Media, Parthia and Persia), Anatolia/Asia Minor and Armenian Highlands (Turkey's Eastern Anatolia Region, Armenia, northwestern Iran, southern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan), the Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and Jordan), Cyprus and the Arabian Peninsula. The ancient Near East is studied in the fields of Near Eastern archaeology and ancient history.

text: The

text: ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: was

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: early

text: civilizations

text: within

text: region

text: roughly

text: corresponding

text: to

text: the

text: modern

text: Middle

text: East

text: Mesopotamia

text: modern

text: Iraq

text: southeast

text: Turkey

text: southwest

text: Iran

text: northeastern

text: Syria

text: and

text: Kuwait

text: ancient

text: Egypt

text: ancient

text: Iran

text: Elam

text: Media

text: Parthia

text: and

text: Persia

text: Anatolia

text: Asia

text: Minor

text: and

text: Armenian

text: Highlands

text: Turkey

text: 's

text: Eastern

text: Anatolia

text: Region

text: Armenia

text: northwestern

text: Iran

text: southern

text: Georgia

text: and

text: western

text: Azerbaijan

text: the

text: Levant

text: modern

text: Syria

text: Lebanon

text: Palestine

text: Israel

text: and

text: Jordan

text: Cyprus

text: and

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Peninsula

text: The

text: ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: is

text: studied

text: in

text: the

text: fields

text: of

text: Near

text: Eastern

text: archaeology

text: and

text: ancient

text: history

text: Tunis Governorate ("" ) is the smallest and most populated of the twenty-four governorates (provinces) of Tunisia. It covers an urban and suburban area on the Gulf of Tunis on the north-east coast covering and has a population of 1,056,247 (2014 census) with some agriculture and amenity land including parts of national parks. Its capital is that of the country, Tunis.

text: Tunis

text: Governorate

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: and

text: most

text: populated

text: of

text: the

text: twenty

text: four

text: governorates

text: provinces

text: of

text: Tunisia

text: It

text: covers

text: an

text: urban

text: and

text: suburban

text: area

text: on

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Tunis

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: coast

text: covering

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: census

text: with

text: some

text: agriculture

text: and

text: amenity

text: land

text: including

text: parts

text: of

text: national

text: parks

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: Tunis

text: Tunis ("") is both the capital and the largest city of Tunisia. The greater metropolitan area of Tunis, often referred to as "Grand Tunis", has some 2,700,000 inhabitants.

text: Tunis

text: is

text: both

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Tunisia

text: The

text: greater

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: of

text: Tunis

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Grand

text: Tunis

text: has

text: some

text: inhabitants

text: Egypt (; ', , "Kimi"), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with Egypt. It is the world's only contiguous Afrasian nation.

text: Egypt

text: Kimi

text: officially

text: the

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: of

text: Egypt

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: spanning

text: the

text: northeast

text: corner

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: southwest

text: corner

text: of

text: Asia

text: by

text: land

text: bridge

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: Egypt

text: is

text: Mediterranean

text: country

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: and

text: Israel

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: Sudan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Libya

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: lies

text: Jordan

text: and

text: across

text: from

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: lies

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: although

text: Jordan

text: and

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: do

text: not

text: share

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: Egypt

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: only

text: contiguous

text: Afrasian

text: nation

text: Canaan (Northwest Semitic: ""; Phoenician: ; Biblical Hebrew/ Masoretic: ["; nan]") was a Semitic-speaking region in the Ancient Near East during the late 2nd millennium BC. In the Bible it corresponds to the Levant, in particular to the areas of the Southern Levant that provide the main setting of the narrative of the Hebrew Bible, i.e., the area of Israel, Philistia, Phoenicia, and other nations.

text: Canaan

text: Northwest

text: Semitic

text: Phoenician

text: Biblical

text: Hebrew/

text: Masoretic

text: was

text: Semitic

text: speaking

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: millennium

text: BC

text: In

text: the

text: Bible

text: it

text: corresponds

text: to

text: the

text: Levant

text: in

text: particular

text: to

text: the

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Levant

text: that

text: provide

text: the

text: main

text: setting

text: of

text: the

text: narrative

text: of

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: i.e.

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: Israel

text: Philistia

text: Phoenicia

text: and

text: other

text: nations

text: The Bible (from Koine Greek  , "tà biblía", "the books") is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans.

text: The

text: Bible

text: from

text: Koine

text: Greek

text: tà

text: biblía

text: the

text: books

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: sacred

text: texts

text: or

text: scriptures

text: that

text: Jews

text: and

text: Christians

text: consider

text: to

text: be

text: product

text: of

text: divine

text: inspiration

text: and

text: record

text: of

text: the

text: relationship

text: between

text: God

text: and

text: humans

text: The Gaza Strip (' ), or simply Gaza"', is a small self-governing Palestinian territory on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, that borders Egypt on the southwest for and Israel on the east and north along a border. Gaza, together with the West Bank, comprise the Palestinian territories claimed by the Palestinians as the State of Palestine. The territories of Gaza and the West Bank are separated from each other by Israeli territory. Both fall under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, but Gaza has since June 2007 been governed by Hamas, a Palestinian Islamic organization which came to power in free elections in 2006. It has been placed under an Israeli and U.S.-led international economic and political boycott from that time onwards.

text: The

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: or

text: simply

text: Gaza

text: is

text: small

text: self

text: governing

text: Palestinian

text: territory

text: on

text: the

text: eastern

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: that

text: borders

text: Egypt

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: for

text: and

text: Israel

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: north

text: along

text: border

text: Gaza

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: West

text: Bank

text: comprise

text: the

text: Palestinian

text: territories

text: claimed

text: by

text: the

text: Palestinians

text: as

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Palestine

text: The

text: territories

text: of

text: Gaza

text: and

text: the

text: West

text: Bank

text: are

text: separated

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: by

text: Israeli

text: territory

text: Both

text: fall

text: under

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: Palestinian

text: Authority

text: but

text: Gaza

text: has

text: since

text: June

text: been

text: governed

text: by

text: Hamas

text: Palestinian

text: Islamic

text: organization

text: which

text: came

text: to

text: power

text: in

text: free

text: elections

text: in

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: placed

text: under

text: an

text: Israeli

text: and

text: U.S

text: led

text: international

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: boycott

text: from

text: that

text: time

text: onwards

text: The Southern Levant is a geographical region encompassing the southern half of the Levant. It corresponds approximately to modern-day Israel, Palestine, and Jordan; some definitions also include southern Lebanon, southern Syria and/or the Sinai Peninsula. As a strictly geographical description, it is sometimes used by archaeologists and historians to avoid the religious and political connotations of other names for the area.

text: The

text: Southern

text: Levant

text: is

text: geographical

text: region

text: encompassing

text: the

text: southern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Levant

text: It

text: corresponds

text: approximately

text: to

text: modern

text: day

text: Israel

text: Palestine

text: and

text: Jordan

text: some

text: definitions

text: also

text: include

text: southern

text: Lebanon

text: southern

text: Syria

text: and/or

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: As

text: strictly

text: geographical

text: description

text: it

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: by

text: archaeologists

text: and

text: historians

text: to

text: avoid

text: the

text: religious

text: and

text: political

text: connotations

text: of

text: other

text: names

text: for

text: the

text: area

text: The Gulf of Aqaba ("Khalij al-Aqabah") or Gulf of Eilat ("Mifrats Eilat") is a large gulf at the northern tip of the Red Sea, east of the Sinai Peninsula and west of the Arabian mainland. Its coastline is divided between four countries: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia.

text: The

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: Khalij

text: al

text: Aqabah

text: or

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Eilat

text: Mifrats

text: Eilat

text: is

text: large

text: gulf

text: at

text: the

text: northern

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Arabian

text: mainland

text: Its

text: coastline

text: is

text: divided

text: between

text: four

text: countries

text: Egypt

text: Israel

text: Jordan

text: and

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: The Lake of Tunis is a natural lagoon located between the Tunisian capital city of Tunis and the Gulf of Tunis (Mediterranean Sea). The lake covers a total of 37 square kilometres, in contrast to its size its depth is very shallow. It was once the natural harbour of Tunis.

text: The

text: Lake

text: of

text: Tunis

text: is

text: natural

text: lagoon

text: located

text: between

text: the

text: Tunisian

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Tunis

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Tunis

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: The

text: lake

text: covers

text: total

text: of

text: square

text: kilometres

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: its

text: size

text: its

text: depth

text: is

text: very

text: shallow

text: It

text: was

text: once

text: the

text: natural

text: harbour

text: of

text: Tunis

text: The Kingdom of Egypt ("", "the Egyptian Kingdom") was the independent Egyptian state established under the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in 1922 following the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence by the United Kingdom. Until the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936, the Kingdom was only nominally independent, since the British retained control of foreign relations, communications, the military and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Between 1936-52, the British continued to maintain military presence and political advisors, at a reduced level.

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Egypt

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: Kingdom

text: was

text: the

text: independent

text: Egyptian

text: state

text: established

text: under

text: the

text: Muhammad

text: Ali

text: Dynasty

text: in

text: following

text: the

text: Unilateral

text: Declaration

text: of

text: Egyptian

text: Independence

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Until

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Egyptian

text: treaty

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: was

text: only

text: nominally

text: independent

text: since

text: the

text: British

text: retained

text: control

text: of

text: foreign

text: relations

text: communications

text: the

text: military

text: and

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Egyptian

text: Sudan

text: Between

text: the

text: British

text: continued

text: to

text: maintain

text: military

text: presence

text: and

text: political

text: advisors

text: at

text: reduced

text: level

text: The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley.

text: The

text: Red

text: Sea

text: also

text: the

text: Erythraean

text: Sea

text: is

text: seawater

text: inlet

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: lying

text: between

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: connection

text: to

text: the

text: ocean

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: through

text: the

text: Bab

text: el

text: Mandeb

text: strait

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aden

text: To

text: the

text: north

text: lie

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Suez

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: The

text: Red

text: Sea

text: is

text: Global

text: ecoregion

text: The

text: sea

text: is

text: underlain

text: by

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: Rift

text: which

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Rift

text: Valley

text: Nubia is a region along the Nile river located in what is today northern Sudan and southern Egypt. It was one of the earliest civilizations of ancient Africa, with a history that can be traced from at least 2000 B.C. onward (through Nubian monuments and artifacts, as well as written records from Egypt and Rome), and was home to one of the African empires. There were a number of large Nubian kingdoms throughout the Postclassical Era, the last of which collapsed in 1504, when Nubia became divided between Egypt and the Sennar sultanate, resulting in the Arabization of much of the Nubian population. Nubia was again united within Ottoman Egypt in the 19th century, and within the Kingdom of Egypt from 1899 to 1956.

text: Nubia

text: is

text: region

text: along

text: the

text: Nile

text: river

text: located

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: today

text: northern

text: Sudan

text: and

text: southern

text: Egypt

text: It

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: civilizations

text: of

text: ancient

text: Africa

text: with

text: history

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: from

text: at

text: least

text: B.C.

text: onward

text: through

text: Nubian

text: monuments

text: and

text: artifacts

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: written

text: records

text: from

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Rome

text: and

text: was

text: home

text: to

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: empires

text: There

text: were

text: number

text: of

text: large

text: Nubian

text: kingdoms

text: throughout

text: the

text: Postclassical

text: Era

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: which

text: collapsed

text: in

text: when

text: Nubia

text: became

text: divided

text: between

text: Egypt

text: and

text: the

text: Sennar

text: sultanate

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: Arabization

text: of

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: Nubian

text: population

text: Nubia

text: was

text: again

text: united

text: within

text: Ottoman

text: Egypt

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: within

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Egypt

text: from

text: to

text: Near East is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English and has been replaced by the terms "Middle East" and "West Asia".

text: Near

text: East

text: is

text: geographical

text: term

text: that

text: roughly

text: encompasses

text: Western

text: Asia

text: Despite

text: having

text: varying

text: definitions

text: within

text: different

text: academic

text: circles

text: the

text: term

text: was

text: originally

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: maximum

text: extent

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: The

text: term

text: has

text: fallen

text: into

text: disuse

text: in

text: English

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: terms

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: West

text: Asia

text: The 2nd millennium BC spans the years 2000 through 1000 BC. It marks the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age.

text: The

text: millennium

text: BC

text: spans

text: the

text: years

text: through

text: BC

text: It

text: marks

text: the

text: transition

text: from

text: the

text: Middle

text: to

text: the

text: Late

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: Philistia ("Pleshet") was, according to and , a Pentapolis in south-western Levant, comprising Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, Gath, and Gaza. The Philistines or Peleset were believed to be Indo-European speaking invaders to the region, arriving either from Crete and the Aegean or western Anatolia during the Bronze Age Collapse.

text: Philistia

text: Pleshet

text: was

text: according

text: to

text: and

text: Pentapolis

text: in

text: south

text: western

text: Levant

text: comprising

text: Ashkelon

text: Ashdod

text: Ekron

text: Gath

text: and

text: Gaza

text: The

text: Philistines

text: or

text: Peleset

text: were

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: Indo

text: European

text: speaking

text: invaders

text: to

text: the

text: region

text: arriving

text: either

text: from

text: Crete

text: and

text: the

text: Aegean

text: or

text: western

text: Anatolia

text: during

text: the

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: Collapse

text: Sudan ("as-Sdn", ), also known as North Sudan and officially the Republic of the Sudan ("Jumhriyyat as-Sdn"), is a country in Northern Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea, Eritrea, and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. It is the third largest country in Africa. The River Nile divides the country into eastern and western halves. Before the Sudanese Civil War, South Sudan was part of Sudan but broke away in 2011. Its predominant religion is Islam.

text: Sudan

text: as

text: Sdn

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: North

text: Sudan

text: and

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Sudan

text: Jumhriyyat

text: as

text: Sdn

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Northern

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Egypt

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: Eritrea

text: and

text: Ethiopia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: South

text: Sudan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Central

text: African

text: Republic

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Chad

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Libya

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: The

text: River

text: Nile

text: divides

text: the

text: country

text: into

text: eastern

text: and

text: western

text: halves

text: Before

text: the

text: Sudanese

text: Civil

text: War

text: South

text: Sudan

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: Sudan

text: but

text: broke

text: away

text: in

text: Its

text: predominant

text: religion

text: is

text: Islam

text: Biblical Hebrew ("Ivrit Miqra'it" or "Leshon ha-Miqra"), also called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of Hebrew, a Canaanite Semitic language spoken by the Israelites in the area known as Israel, roughly west of the Jordan River and east of the Mediterranean Sea. The term "Hebrew" was not used for the language in the Bible, which was referred to as Canaanite or Judahite, but the name was used in Greek and Mishnaic Hebrew texts. Biblical Hebrew is attested from about the 10th century BCE, and persisted through and beyond the Second Temple period, which ended in the siege of Jerusalem (AD 70).

text: Biblical

text: Hebrew

text: Ivrit

text: Miqra'it

text: or

text: Leshon

text: ha

text: Miqra

text: also

text: called

text: Classical

text: Hebrew

text: is

text: an

text: archaic

text: form

text: of

text: Hebrew

text: Canaanite

text: Semitic

text: language

text: spoken

text: by

text: the

text: Israelites

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: known

text: as

text: Israel

text: roughly

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Jordan

text: River

text: and

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: The

text: term

text: Hebrew

text: was

text: not

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: language

text: in

text: the

text: Bible

text: which

text: was

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Canaanite

text: or

text: Judahite

text: but

text: the

text: name

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: Greek

text: and

text: Mishnaic

text: Hebrew

text: texts

text: Biblical

text: Hebrew

text: is

text: attested

text: from

text: about

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: and

text: persisted

text: through

text: and

text: beyond

text: the

text: Second

text: Temple

text: period

text: which

text: ended

text: in

text: the

text: siege

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: AD

annotations: likely multiple

question: place_of_birth sheshi

answer: ancient egypt

text: ancient egypt


text: Grappling refers to techniques, maneuvers, and counters applied to an opponent in order to gain a physical advantage in hand-to-hand combat, such as improving relative position, escaping, submitting, or injury to the opponent. Grappling is a general term that covers techniques used in many disciplines, styles and martial arts that are practiced both as combat sports and for self-defense. Grappling most commonly does not include striking or the use of weapons. However, some fighting styles or martial arts known especially for their grappling techniques teach tactics that include strikes and weapons either alongside grappling or combined with it.

text: Grappling

text: refers

text: to

text: techniques

text: maneuvers

text: and

text: counters

text: applied

text: to

text: an

text: opponent

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: gain

text: physical

text: advantage

text: in

text: hand

text: to

text: hand

text: combat

text: such

text: as

text: improving

text: relative

text: position

text: escaping

text: submitting

text: or

text: injury

text: to

text: the

text: opponent

text: Grappling

text: is

text: general

text: term

text: that

text: covers

text: techniques

text: used

text: in

text: many

text: disciplines

text: styles

text: and

text: martial

text: arts

text: that

text: are

text: practiced

text: both

text: as

text: combat

text: sports

text: and

text: for

text: self

text: defense

text: Grappling

text: most

text: commonly

text: does

text: not

text: include

text: striking

text: or

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: weapons

text: However

text: some

text: fighting

text: styles

text: or

text: martial

text: arts

text: known

text: especially

text: for

text: their

text: grappling

text: techniques

text: teach

text: tactics

text: that

text: include

text: strikes

text: and

text: weapons

text: either

text: alongside

text: grappling

text: or

text: combined

text: with

text: it

text: The modern Olympic Games or Olympics are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered the world's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held every four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years but two years apart.

text: The

text: modern

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: or

text: Olympics

text: are

text: leading

text: international

text: sporting

text: events

text: featuring

text: summer

text: and

text: winter

text: sports

text: competitions

text: in

text: which

text: thousands

text: of

text: athletes

text: from

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: participate

text: in

text: variety

text: of

text: competitions

text: The

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: are

text: considered

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: foremost

text: sports

text: competition

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: nations

text: participating

text: The

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: are

text: held

text: every

text: four

text: years

text: with

text: the

text: Summer

text: and

text: Winter

text: Games

text: alternating

text: by

text: occurring

text: every

text: four

text: years

text: but

text: two

text: years

text: apart

text: Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling type techniques such as clinch fighting, throws and takedowns, joint locks, pins and other grappling holds. The sport can either be theatrical for entertainment, or genuinely competitive. A wrestling bout is a physical competition, between two (occasionally more) competitors or sparring partners, who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position. There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles. Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems.

text: Wrestling

text: is

text: combat

text: sport

text: involving

text: grappling

text: type

text: techniques

text: such

text: as

text: clinch

text: fighting

text: throws

text: and

text: takedowns

text: joint

text: locks

text: pins

text: and

text: other

text: grappling

text: holds

text: The

text: sport

text: can

text: either

text: be

text: theatrical

text: for

text: entertainment

text: or

text: genuinely

text: competitive

text: wrestling

text: bout

text: is

text: physical

text: competition

text: between

text: two

text: occasionally

text: more

text: competitors

text: or

text: sparring

text: partners

text: who

text: attempt

text: to

text: gain

text: and

text: maintain

text: superior

text: position

text: There

text: are

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: styles

text: with

text: varying

text: rules

text: with

text: both

text: traditional

text: historic

text: and

text: modern

text: styles

text: Wrestling

text: techniques

text: have

text: been

text: incorporated

text: into

text: other

text: martial

text: arts

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: military

text: hand

text: to

text: hand

text: combat

text: systems

text: Amateur wrestling is the most widespread form of sport wrestling. There are two "international wrestling styles" performed in the Olympic Games under the supervision of United World Wrestling (UWW; formerly known as FILA, from the French acronym for International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles): Greco-Roman and freestyle. Freestyle is possibly derived from the English Lancashire style. A similar style, commonly called collegiate (also known as scholastic or folkstyle), is practiced in colleges and universities, secondary schools, middle schools, and among younger age groups in the United States. Where the style is not specified, this article refers to the international styles of competition on a mat. In February 2013, the IOC voted to remove the sport from the 2020 Summer Olympics onwards. On 8 September 2013, the IOC announced that wrestling would return to the Summer Olympics in 2020. The rapid rise in the popularity of the combat sport Mixed martial arts (MMA) has increased interest in amateur wrestling due to its effectiveness in the sport and it is considered a core discipline.

text: Amateur

text: wrestling

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: form

text: of

text: sport

text: wrestling

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: international

text: wrestling

text: styles

text: performed

text: in

text: the

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: under

text: the

text: supervision

text: of

text: United

text: World

text: Wrestling

text: UWW

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: FILA

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: acronym

text: for

text: International

text: Federation

text: of

text: Associated

text: Wrestling

text: Styles

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: and

text: freestyle

text: Freestyle

text: is

text: possibly

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: English

text: Lancashire

text: style

text: similar

text: style

text: commonly

text: called

text: collegiate

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: scholastic

text: or

text: folkstyle

text: is

text: practiced

text: in

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: secondary

text: schools

text: middle

text: schools

text: and

text: among

text: younger

text: age

text: groups

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Where

text: the

text: style

text: is

text: not

text: specified

text: this

text: article

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: international

text: styles

text: of

text: competition

text: on

text: mat

text: In

text: February

text: the

text: IOC

text: voted

text: to

text: remove

text: the

text: sport

text: from

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: onwards

text: On

text: September

text: the

text: IOC

text: announced

text: that

text: wrestling

text: would

text: return

text: to

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: in

text: The

text: rapid

text: rise

text: in

text: the

text: popularity

text: of

text: the

text: combat

text: sport

text: Mixed

text: martial

text: arts

text: MMA

text: has

text: increased

text: interest

text: in

text: amateur

text: wrestling

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: effectiveness

text: in

text: the

text: sport

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: considered

text: core

text: discipline

text: Clinch fighting is the part of stand-up fighting where the combatants are grappling in a clinch, typically using clinch holds. Clinching the opponent can be used to eliminate the opponent's effective usage of some kicks, punches, and mêlée weapons. The clinch can also be used as a medium to switch from stand-up fighting to ground fighting by using takedowns, throws or sweeps.

text: Clinch

text: fighting

text: is

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: stand

text: up

text: fighting

text: where

text: the

text: combatants

text: are

text: grappling

text: in

text: clinch

text: typically

text: using

text: clinch

text: holds

text: Clinching

text: the

text: opponent

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: eliminate

text: the

text: opponent

text: 's

text: effective

text: usage

text: of

text: some

text: kicks

text: punches

text: and

text: mêlée

text: weapons

text: The

text: clinch

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: medium

text: to

text: switch

text: from

text: stand

text: up

text: fighting

text: to

text: ground

text: fighting

text: by

text: using

text: takedowns

text: throws

text: or

text: sweeps

text: A combat sport, or fighting sport, is a competitive contact sport with one-on-one combat. Determining the winner depends on the particular contest's rules. In many fighting sports, a contestant wins by scoring more points than the opponent or by disabling the opponent. Boxing, wrestling, Muay Thai, Tae Kwon Do, Judo, Brazilian Jiu-jitsu, Sambo, and Mixed Martial Arts are examples of combat sports.

text: combat

text: sport

text: or

text: fighting

text: sport

text: is

text: competitive

text: contact

text: sport

text: with

text: one

text: on

text: one

text: combat

text: Determining

text: the

text: winner

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: particular

text: contest

text: 's

text: rules

text: In

text: many

text: fighting

text: sports

text: contestant

text: wins

text: by

text: scoring

text: more

text: points

text: than

text: the

text: opponent

text: or

text: by

text: disabling

text: the

text: opponent

text: Boxing

text: wrestling

text: Muay

text: Thai

text: Tae

text: Kwon

text: Do

text: Judo

text: Brazilian

text: Jiu

text: jitsu

text: Sambo

text: and

text: Mixed

text: Martial

text: Arts

text: are

text: examples

text: of

text: combat

text: sports

text: Collegiate wrestling, sometimes known in the United States as folkstyle wrestling, is a style of amateur wrestling practiced at the college and university level in the United States. Collegiate wrestling emerged from the folk wrestling styles practiced in the early history of the United States. This style, with some slight modifications, is also practiced at the high school and middle school levels, and also among younger participants, where it is known as scholastic wrestling. These names help distinguish collegiate wrestling from other styles of wrestling that are practiced around the world such as those in the Olympic Games: freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling.

text: Collegiate

text: wrestling

text: sometimes

text: known

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: as

text: folkstyle

text: wrestling

text: is

text: style

text: of

text: amateur

text: wrestling

text: practiced

text: at

text: the

text: college

text: and

text: university

text: level

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Collegiate

text: wrestling

text: emerged

text: from

text: the

text: folk

text: wrestling

text: styles

text: practiced

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: This

text: style

text: with

text: some

text: slight

text: modifications

text: is

text: also

text: practiced

text: at

text: the

text: high

text: school

text: and

text: middle

text: school

text: levels

text: and

text: also

text: among

text: younger

text: participants

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: scholastic

text: wrestling

text: These

text: names

text: help

text: distinguish

text: collegiate

text: wrestling

text: from

text: other

text: styles

text: of

text: wrestling

text: that

text: are

text: practiced

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: in

text: the

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: freestyle

text: wrestling

text: and

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: wrestling

text: A joint lock is a grappling technique involving manipulation of an opponent's joints in such a way that the joints reach their maximal degree of motion.

text: joint

text: lock

text: is

text: grappling

text: technique

text: involving

text: manipulation

text: of

text: an

text: opponent

text: 's

text: joints

text: in

text: such

text: way

text: that

text: the

text: joints

text: reach

text: their

text: maximal

text: degree

text: of

text: motion

text:
Freestyle wrestling is a style of amateur wrestling that is practiced throughout the world. Along with Greco-Roman, it is one of the two styles of wrestling contested in the Olympic games. American high school and college wrestling is conducted under different rules and is termed scholastic and collegiate wrestling.
Freestyle wrestling, like collegiate wrestling, has its greatest origins in catch-as-catch-can wrestling and, in both styles, the ultimate goal is to throw and pin your opponent to the mat, which results in an immediate win. Freestyle and collegiate wrestling, unlike Greco-Roman, allow the use of the wrestler's or his opponent's legs in offense and defense. Freestyle wrestling brings together traditional wrestling, judo, and sambo techniques.

text: Freestyle

text: wrestling

text: is

text: style

text: of

text: amateur

text: wrestling

text: that

text: is

text: practiced

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: Along

text: with

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: it

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: styles

text: of

text: wrestling

text: contested

text: in

text: the

text: Olympic

text: games

text: American

text: high

text: school

text: and

text: college

text: wrestling

text: is

text: conducted

text: under

text: different

text: rules

text: and

text: is

text: termed

text: scholastic

text: and

text: collegiate

text: wrestling

text: Freestyle

text: wrestling

text: like

text: collegiate

text: wrestling

text: has

text: its

text: greatest

text: origins

text: in

text: catch

text: as

text: catch

text: can

text: wrestling

text: and

text: in

text: both

text: styles

text: the

text: ultimate

text: goal

text: is

text: to

text: throw

text: and

text: pin

text: your

text: opponent

text: to

text: the

text: mat

text: which

text: results

text: in

text: an

text: immediate

text: win

text: Freestyle

text: and

text: collegiate

text: wrestling

text: unlike

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: allow

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: wrestler

text: 's

text: or

text: his

text: opponent

text: 's

text: legs

text: in

text: offense

text: and

text: defense

text: Freestyle

text: wrestling

text: brings

text: together

text: traditional

text: wrestling

text: judo

text: and

text: sambo

text: techniques

text: Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat practices, which are practiced for a number of reasons: as self-defense, military and law enforcement applications, mental and spiritual development; as well as entertainment and the preservation of a nation's intangible cultural heritage.

text: Martial

text: arts

text: are

text: codified

text: systems

text: and

text: traditions

text: of

text: combat

text: practices

text: which

text: are

text: practiced

text: for

text: number

text: of

text: reasons

text: as

text: self

text: defense

text: military

text: and

text: law

text: enforcement

text: applications

text: mental

text: and

text: spiritual

text: development

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: entertainment

text: and

text: the

text: preservation

text: of

text: nation

text: 's

text: intangible

text: cultural

text: heritage

text: A grappling hold (commonly referred to simply as a hold; in Japanese referred to as "katame-waza", , "grappling technique") is a specific grappling, wrestling, judo or other martial arts grip that is applied to an opponent. Holds are principally used to control the opponent, and to advance in points or positioning. Holds may be categorized by their function such as clinching, pinning or submission, while others can be classified by their anatomical effect: chokehold, joint-lock or compression lock.

text: grappling

text: hold

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: simply

text: as

text: hold

text: in

text: Japanese

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: katame

text: waza

text: grappling

text: technique

text: is

text: specific

text: grappling

text: wrestling

text: judo

text: or

text: other

text: martial

text: arts

text: grip

text: that

text: is

text: applied

text: to

text: an

text: opponent

text: Holds

text: are

text: principally

text: used

text: to

text: control

text: the

text: opponent

text: and

text: to

text: advance

text: in

text: points

text: or

text: positioning

text: Holds

text: may

text: be

text: categorized

text: by

text: their

text: function

text: such

text: as

text: clinching

text: pinning

text: or

text: submission

text: while

text: others

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: by

text: their

text: anatomical

text: effect

text: chokehold

text: joint

text: lock

text: or

text: compression

text: lock

text: Hand-to-hand combat (sometimes abbreviated as HTH or H2H) is a lethal or non-lethal physical confrontation between two or more persons at very short range (grappling distance) that does not involve the use of firearms or other distance weapons. While the phrase "hand-to-hand" appears to refer to "unarmed" combat, the term is generic and may include use of striking weapons used at grappling distance such as knives, sticks, batons, or improvised weapons such as entrenching tools. While the term hand-to-hand combat originally referred principally to engagements by combatants on the battlefield, it can also refer to any personal physical engagement by two or more people, including law enforcement officers, civilians, and criminals.

text: Hand

text: to

text: hand

text: combat

text: sometimes

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: HTH

text: or

text: is

text: lethal

text: or

text: non

text: lethal

text: physical

text: confrontation

text: between

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: persons

text: at

text: very

text: short

text: range

text: grappling

text: distance

text: that

text: does

text: not

text: involve

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: firearms

text: or

text: other

text: distance

text: weapons

text: While

text: the

text: phrase

text: hand

text: to

text: hand

text: appears

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: unarmed

text: combat

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: generic

text: and

text: may

text: include

text: use

text: of

text: striking

text: weapons

text: used

text: at

text: grappling

text: distance

text: such

text: as

text: knives

text: sticks

text: batons

text: or

text: improvised

text: weapons

text: such

text: as

text: entrenching

text: tools

text: While

text: the

text: term

text: hand

text: to

text: hand

text: combat

text: originally

text: referred

text: principally

text: to

text: engagements

text: by

text: combatants

text: on

text: the

text: battlefield

text: it

text: can

text: also

text: refer

text: to

text: any

text: personal

text: physical

text: engagement

text: by

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: people

text: including

text: law

text: enforcement

text: officers

text: civilians

text: and

text: criminals

text: College (Latin: "collegium") is an educational institution or a constituent part of one. A college may be a degree-awarding tertiary educational institution, a part of a collegiate or federal university, or an institution offering vocational education.

text: College

text: Latin

text: collegium

text: is

text: an

text: educational

text: institution

text: or

text: constituent

text: part

text: of

text: one

text: college

text: may

text: be

text: degree

text: awarding

text: tertiary

text: educational

text: institution

text: part

text: of

text: collegiate

text: or

text: federal

text: university

text: or

text: an

text: institution

text: offering

text: vocational

text: education

text: Greco - Roman ( US ) or Graeco - Roman ( UK ) wrestling is a style of wrestling that is practiced worldwide . It was contested at the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 and has been included in every edition of the summer Olympics held since 1908 . Two wrestlers are scored for their performance in two three - minute periods , which can be terminated early by a pin ( or fall ) . This style of wrestling forbids holds below the waist ; this is the major difference from freestyle wrestling , the other form of wrestling at the Olympics . This restriction results in an emphasis on throws because a wrestler can not use trips to take an opponent to the ground , or avoid throws by hooking or grabbing the opponent 's leg . Arm drags , bear hugs , and headlocks , which can be found in Freestyle , have even greater prominence in Greco - Roman . In particular , a throw known as a suplex is used , in which the offensive wrestler lifts his opponent in a high arch while falling backward on his own neck to a bridge in order to bring his opponent 's shoulders down to the mat. Even on the mat , a Greco - Roman wrestler must still find several ways to turn his opponent 's shoulders to the mat for a fall without legs , including ( but not limited to ) techniques known as the bodylock and the gut - wrench . According to United World Wrestling ( UWW ; formerly known as the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles , or FILA ) , Greco - Roman wrestling is one of the six main forms of amateur competitive wrestling practised internationally today . The other five forms are Freestyle wrestling , Grappling / Submission wrestling , Beach wrestling , Pankration athlima , Alysh / Belt wrestling and Traditional / Folk wrestling . In February 2013 , the International Olympic Committee voted to exclude freestyle and Greco - Roman wrestling from the 2020 Summer Olympic Games , but shortlisted it to be considered for reinclusion . In September 2013 , at the 125th Session of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , wrestling was elected as an additional sport .

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: US

text: or

text: Graeco

text: Roman

text: UK

text: wrestling

text: is

text: style

text: of

text: wrestling

text: that

text: is

text: practiced

text: worldwide

text: It

text: was

text: contested

text: at

text: the

text: first

text: modern

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: in

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: included

text: in

text: every

text: edition

text: of

text: the

text: summer

text: Olympics

text: held

text: since

text: Two

text: wrestlers

text: are

text: scored

text: for

text: their

text: performance

text: in

text: two

text: three

text: minute

text: periods

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: terminated

text: early

text: by

text: pin

text: or

text: fall

text: This

text: style

text: of

text: wrestling

text: forbids

text: holds

text: below

text: the

text: waist

text: this

text: is

text: the

text: major

text: difference

text: from

text: freestyle

text: wrestling

text: the

text: other

text: form

text: of

text: wrestling

text: at

text: the

text: Olympics

text: This

text: restriction

text: results

text: in

text: an

text: emphasis

text: on

text: throws

text: because

text: wrestler

text: can

text: not

text: use

text: trips

text: to

text: take

text: an

text: opponent

text: to

text: the

text: ground

text: or

text: avoid

text: throws

text: by

text: hooking

text: or

text: grabbing

text: the

text: opponent

text: 's

text: leg

text: Arm

text: drags

text: bear

text: hugs

text: and

text: headlocks

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: Freestyle

text: have

text: even

text: greater

text: prominence

text: in

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: In

text: particular

text: throw

text: known

text: as

text: suplex

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: offensive

text: wrestler

text: lifts

text: his

text: opponent

text: in

text: high

text: arch

text: while

text: falling

text: backward

text: on

text: his

text: own

text: neck

text: to

text: bridge

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: bring

text: his

text: opponent

text: 's

text: shoulders

text: down

text: to

text: the

text: mat

text: Even

text: on

text: the

text: mat

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: wrestler

text: must

text: still

text: find

text: several

text: ways

text: to

text: turn

text: his

text: opponent

text: 's

text: shoulders

text: to

text: the

text: mat

text: for

text: fall

text: without

text: legs

text: including

text: but

text: not

text: limited

text: to

text: techniques

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: bodylock

text: and

text: the

text: gut

text: wrench

text: According

text: to

text: United

text: World

text: Wrestling

text: UWW

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: International

text: Federation

text: of

text: Associated

text: Wrestling

text: Styles

text: or

text: FILA

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: wrestling

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: six

text: main

text: forms

text: of

text: amateur

text: competitive

text: wrestling

text: practised

text: internationally

text: today

text: The

text: other

text: five

text: forms

text: are

text: Freestyle

text: wrestling

text: Grappling

text: Submission

text: wrestling

text: Beach

text: wrestling

text: Pankration

text: athlima

text: Alysh

text: Belt

text: wrestling

text: and

text: Traditional

text: Folk

text: wrestling

text: In

text: February

text: the

text: International

text: Olympic

text: Committee

text: voted

text: to

text: exclude

text: freestyle

text: and

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: wrestling

text: from

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: but

text: shortlisted

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: considered

text: for

text: reinclusion

text: In

text: September

text: at

text: the

text: Session

text: of

text: the

text: International

text: Olympic

text: Committee

text: IOC

text: wrestling

text: was

text: elected

text: as

text: an

text: additional

text: sport

annotations: follows single

annotations: follows multiple

question: subclass_of greco-roman wrestling

answer: amateur wrestling

text: amateur wrestling

text: amateur wrestling

text: amateur wrestling

text: amateur wrestling


text: Number theory or, in older usage, arithmetic is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers. It is sometimes called "The Queen of Mathematics" because of its foundational place in the discipline. Number theorists study prime numbers as well as the properties of objects made out of integers (e.g., rational numbers) or defined as generalizations of the integers (e.g., algebraic integers).

text: Number

text: theory

text: or

text: in

text: older

text: usage

text: arithmetic

text: is

text: branch

text: of

text: pure

text: mathematics

text: devoted

text: primarily

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: integers

text: It

text: is

text: sometimes

text: called

text: The

text: Queen

text: of

text: Mathematics

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: foundational

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: discipline

text: Number

text: theorists

text: study

text: prime

text: numbers

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: properties

text: of

text: objects

text: made

text: out

text: of

text: integers

text: e.g.

text: rational

text: numbers

text: or

text: defined

text: as

text: generalizations

text: of

text: the

text: integers

text: e.g.

text: algebraic

text: integers

text: An integer (from the Latin "integer" meaning "whole") is a number that can be written without a fractional component. For example, 21, 4, 0, and 2048 are integers, while 9.75, , and  are not.

text: An

text: integer

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: integer

text: meaning

text: whole

text: is

text: number

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: written

text: without

text: fractional

text: component

text: For

text: example

text: and

text: are

text: integers

text: while

text: and

text: are

text: not

text: In Algebraic number theory, an algebraic integer is a complex number that is a root of some monic polynomial (a polynomial whose leading coefficient is 1) with coefficients in formula_1 (the set of integers). The set of all algebraic integers, , is closed under addition and multiplication and therefore is a commutative subring of the complex numbers. The ring is the integral closure of regular integers formula_1 in complex numbers.

text: In

text: Algebraic

text: number

text: theory

text: an

text: algebraic

text: integer

text: is

text: complex

text: number

text: that

text: is

text: root

text: of

text: some

text: monic

text: polynomial

text: polynomial

text: whose

text: leading

text: coefficient

text: is

text: with

text: coefficients

text: in

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: integers

text: The

text: set

text: of

text: all

text: algebraic

text: integers

text: is

text: closed

text: under

text: addition

text: and

text: multiplication

text: and

text: therefore

text: is

text: commutative

text: subring

text: of

text: the

text: complex

text: numbers

text: The

text: ring

text: is

text: the

text: integral

text: closure

text: of

text: regular

text: integers

text: in

text: complex

text: numbers

text: A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. A natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because 1 and 5 are its only positive integer factors, whereas 6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3 in addition to 1 and 6. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic establishes the central role of primes in number theory: any integer greater than 1 can be expressed as a product of primes that is unique up to ordering. The uniqueness in this theorem requires excluding 1 as a prime because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization, e.g., 3, 1 · 3, 1 · 1 · 3, etc. are all valid factorizations of 3.

text: prime

text: number

text: or

text: prime

text: is

text: natural

text: number

text: greater

text: than

text: that

text: has

text: no

text: positive

text: divisors

text: other

text: than

text: and

text: itself

text: natural

text: number

text: greater

text: than

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: prime

text: number

text: is

text: called

text: composite

text: number

text: For

text: example

text: is

text: prime

text: because

text: and

text: are

text: its

text: only

text: positive

text: integer

text: factors

text: whereas

text: is

text: composite

text: because

text: it

text: has

text: the

text: divisors

text: and

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: and

text: The

text: fundamental

text: theorem

text: of

text: arithmetic

text: establishes

text: the

text: central

text: role

text: of

text: primes

text: in

text: number

text: theory

text: any

text: integer

text: greater

text: than

text: can

text: be

text: expressed

text: as

text: product

text: of

text: primes

text: that

text: is

text: unique

text: up

text: to

text: ordering

text: The

text: uniqueness

text: in

text: this

text: theorem

text: requires

text: excluding

text: as

text: prime

text: because

text: one

text: can

text: include

text: arbitrarily

text: many

text: instances

text: of

text: in

text: any

text: factorization

text: e.g.

text: etc

text: are

text: all

text: valid

text: factorizations

text: of

text: In number theory , a sphenic number ( from Ancient Greek :  , ' wedge ' ) is a positive integer that is the product of three distinct prime numbers . The smallest sphenic number is 30 = 2 × 3 × 5 , the product of the smallest three primes . Note that this definition is more stringent than simply requiring the integer to have exactly three prime factors ; e.g. 60 = 22 × 3 × 5 has exactly 3 prime factors , but is not sphenic . All sphenic numbers have exactly eight divisors . If we express the sphenic number as n = p \ cdot q \ cdot r , where p , q , and r are distinct primes , then the set of divisors of n will be : \ left \ ( 1 , \ p , \ q , \ r , \ pq , \ pr , \ qr , \ n \ right \ ) . All sphenic numbers are by definition squarefree , because the prime factors must be distinct . The Möbius function of any sphenic number is  1 . The cyclotomic polynomials \ Phi_n ( x ) , taken over all sphenic numbers n , may contain arbitrarily large coefficients ( for n a product of two primes the coefficients are \ pm 1 or 0 ) . The first few sphenic numbers are : 30 , 42 , 66 , 70 , 78 , 102 , 105 , 110 , 114 , 130 , 138 , 154 , 165 , ... ( sequence A007304 in OEIS ) As of January 2016 the largest known sphenic number is ( 274,207,281  1 ) × ( 257,885,161  1 ) × ( 243,112,609  1 ) , i.e. , the product of the three largest known primes .

text: In

text: number

text: theory

text: sphenic

text: number

text: from

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: wedge

text: is

text: positive

text: integer

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: three

text: distinct

text: prime

text: numbers

text: The

text: smallest

text: sphenic

text: number

text: is

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: the

text: smallest

text: three

text: primes

text: Note

text: that

text: this

text: definition

text: is

text: more

text: stringent

text: than

text: simply

text: requiring

text: the

text: integer

text: to

text: have

text: exactly

text: three

text: prime

text: factors

text: e.g.

text: has

text: exactly

text: prime

text: factors

text: but

text: is

text: not

text: sphenic

text: All

text: sphenic

text: numbers

text: have

text: exactly

text: eight

text: divisors

text: If

text: we

text: express

text: the

text: sphenic

text: number

text: as

text: cdot

text: cdot

text: where

text: and

text: are

text: distinct

text: primes

text: then

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: divisors

text: of

text: will

text: be

text: left

text: pq

text: pr

text: qr

text: right

text: All

text: sphenic

text: numbers

text: are

text: by

text: definition

text: squarefree

text: because

text: the

text: prime

text: factors

text: must

text: be

text: distinct

text: The

text: Möbius

text: function

text: of

text: any

text: sphenic

text: number

text: is

text: The

text: cyclotomic

text: polynomials

text: taken

text: over

text: all

text: sphenic

text: numbers

text: may

text: contain

text: arbitrarily

text: large

text: coefficients

text: for

text: product

text: of

text: two

text: primes

text: the

text: coefficients

text: are

text: pm

text: or

text: The

text: first

text: few

text: sphenic

text: numbers

text: are

text: sequence

text: in

text: OEIS

text: As

text: of

text: January

text: the

text: largest

text: known

text: sphenic

text: number

text: is

text: i.e.

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: largest

text: known

text: primes

text: In mathematics, a rational number is any number that can be expressed as the quotient or fraction "p"/"q" of two integers, a numerator "p" and a non-zero denominator "q". Since "q" may be equal to 1, every integer is a rational number. The set of all rational numbers, often referred to as "the rationals", is usually denoted by a boldface Q (or blackboard bold formula_1, Unicode ); it was thus denoted in 1895 by Giuseppe Peano after "quoziente", Italian for "quotient".

text: In

text: mathematics

text: rational

text: number

text: is

text: any

text: number

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: expressed

text: as

text: the

text: quotient

text: or

text: fraction

text: p"/"q

text: of

text: two

text: integers

text: numerator

text: and

text: non

text: zero

text: denominator

text: Since

text: may

text: be

text: equal

text: to

text: every

text: integer

text: is

text: rational

text: number

text: The

text: set

text: of

text: all

text: rational

text: numbers

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: rationals

text: is

text: usually

text: denoted

text: by

text: boldface

text: or

text: blackboard

text: bold

text: Unicode

text: it

text: was

text: thus

text: denoted

text: in

text: by

text: Giuseppe

text: Peano

text: after

text: quoziente

text: Italian

text: for

text: quotient

text: In number theory, the prime factors of a positive integer are the prime numbers that divide that integer exactly. The prime factorization of a positive integer is a list of the integer's prime factors, together with their multiplicities; the process of determining these factors is called integer factorization. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic says that every positive integer has a single unique prime factorization.

text: In

text: number

text: theory

text: the

text: prime

text: factors

text: of

text: positive

text: integer

text: are

text: the

text: prime

text: numbers

text: that

text: divide

text: that

text: integer

text: exactly

text: The

text: prime

text: factorization

text: of

text: positive

text: integer

text: is

text: list

text: of

text: the

text: integer

text: 's

text: prime

text: factors

text: together

text: with

text: their

text: multiplicities

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: determining

text: these

text: factors

text: is

text: called

text: integer

text: factorization

text: The

text: fundamental

text: theorem

text: of

text: arithmetic

text: says

text: that

text: every

text: positive

text: integer

text: has

text: single

text: unique

text: prime

text: factorization

text: Broadly speaking, pure mathematics is mathematics that studies entirely abstract concepts. This was a recognizable category of mathematical activity from the 19th century onwards, at variance with the trend towards meeting the needs of navigation, astronomy, physics, economics, engineering, and so on.

text: Broadly

text: speaking

text: pure

text: mathematics

text: is

text: mathematics

text: that

text: studies

text: entirely

text: abstract

text: concepts

text: This

text: was

text: recognizable

text: category

text: of

text: mathematical

text: activity

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: onwards

text: at

text: variance

text: with

text: the

text: trend

text: towards

text: meeting

text: the

text: needs

text: of

text: navigation

text: astronomy

text: physics

text: economics

text: engineering

text: and

text: so

text: on

annotations: likely single

question: subclass_of sphenic number

answer: natural number

text: natural number

text: natural number