text: Sanskrit (English pronunciation:; written in Devanagari script ; : or ', originally ', "refined speech") is the primary sacred language of Hinduism and "Mahyna" Buddhism, a philosophical language in Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism. It was also a literary language that was in use as a "lingua franca" in ancient and medieval South Asia. It is a standardised dialect of Old Indo-Aryan, originating as Vedic Sanskrit and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European. Today it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand. As one of the oldest Indo-European languages for which substantial written documentation exists, Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies.

text: Sanskrit

text: English

text: pronunciation

text: written

text: in

text: Devanagari

text: script

text: or

text: originally

text: refined

text: speech

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: sacred

text: language

text: of

text: Hinduism

text: and

text: Mahyna

text: Buddhism

text: philosophical

text: language

text: in

text: Hinduism

text: Jainism

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: Sikhism

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: literary

text: language

text: that

text: was

text: in

text: use

text: as

text: lingua

text: franca

text: in

text: ancient

text: and

text: medieval

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: standardised

text: dialect

text: of

text: Old

text: Indo

text: Aryan

text: originating

text: as

text: Vedic

text: Sanskrit

text: and

text: tracing

text: its

text: linguistic

text: ancestry

text: back

text: to

text: Proto

text: Indo

text: Iranian

text: and

text: Proto

text: Indo

text: European

text: Today

text: it

text: is

text: listed

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: scheduled

text: languages

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: is

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Uttarakhand

text: As

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: for

text: which

text: substantial

text: written

text: documentation

text: exists

text: Sanskrit

text: holds

text: prominent

text: position

text: in

text: Indo

text: European

text: studies

text: Northern Vietnam is one of the three regions within Vietnam (the other two regions are Central Vietnam and Southern Vietnam).

text: Northern

text: Vietnam

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: regions

text: within

text: Vietnam

text: the

text: other

text: two

text: regions

text: are

text: Central

text: Vietnam

text: and

text: Southern

text: Vietnam

text: The third Chinese domination refers to the time in Vietnam from the end of the Anterior Lý Dynasty in 602 to the rise of the Khúc family by Khúc Tha D in 905 or until 938, following the expulsion of the Southern Han invaders by Ngô Quyn. This period saw two Chinese imperial dynasties rule over an area of northern Vietnam roughly corresponding to the modern Hanoi region. From 602618, this area was under the late Sui Dynasty, under three districts in the Red River Delta. From 618 to 905, the Tang Dynasty became the new Chinese rulers of Vietnam.

text: The

text: third

text: Chinese

text: domination

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: time

text: in

text: Vietnam

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Anterior

text: Lý

text: Dynasty

text: in

text: to

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: Khúc

text: family

text: by

text: Khúc

text: Tha

text: in

text: or

text: until

text: following

text: the

text: expulsion

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Han

text: invaders

text: by

text: Ngô

text: Quyn

text: This

text: period

text: saw

text: two

text: Chinese

text: imperial

text: dynasties

text: rule

text: over

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: northern

text: Vietnam

text: roughly

text: corresponding

text: to

text: the

text: modern

text: Hanoi

text: region

text: From

text: this

text: area

text: was

text: under

text: the

text: late

text: Sui

text: Dynasty

text: under

text: three

text: districts

text: in

text: the

text: Red

text: River

text: Delta

text: From

text: to

text: the

text: Tang

text: Dynasty

text: became

text: the

text: new

text: Chinese

text: rulers

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: Jiaozhi (Hindi:  / r, , Wade-Giles: "Chio-chh"), was the name for various provinces, commanderies, prefectures, and counties in northern Vietnam from the era of the Hùng kings to the middle of the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam (10th centuries) and again during the Fourth Chinese domination (14071427). It is the origin of the name Cochinchina.

text: Jiaozhi

text: Hindi

text: Wade

text: Giles

text: Chio

text: chh

text: was

text: the

text: name

text: for

text: various

text: provinces

text: commanderies

text: prefectures

text: and

text: counties

text: in

text: northern

text: Vietnam

text: from

text: the

text: era

text: of

text: the

text: Hùng

text: kings

text: to

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: Third

text: Chinese

text: domination

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: centuries

text: and

text: again

text: during

text: the

text: Fourth

text: Chinese

text: domination

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: Cochinchina

text: Fan Hsiung or Pham Hung was the King of Champa, then known as Lin-yi, in the 270 AD. In 270, T'ao Huang, the Chinese governor of Tongking, or Jiaozhi, reported that Fan Hsiung was repeatedly assaulting his land with the aid of Funan. These raids continued until at least the year 280, when the governor of Giao Chi reported to the new emperor of the Jin Dynasty of continued attacks on his territory.

text: Fan

text: Hsiung

text: or

text: Pham

text: Hung

text: was

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: Champa

text: then

text: known

text: as

text: Lin

text: yi

text: in

text: the

text: AD

text: In

text: T'ao

text: Huang

text: the

text: Chinese

text: governor

text: of

text: Tongking

text: or

text: Jiaozhi

text: reported

text: that

text: Fan

text: Hsiung

text: was

text: repeatedly

text: assaulting

text: his

text: land

text: with

text: the

text: aid

text: of

text: Funan

text: These

text: raids

text: continued

text: until

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: year

text: when

text: the

text: governor

text: of

text: Giao

text: Chi

text: reported

text: to

text: the

text: new

text: emperor

text: of

text: the

text: Jin

text: Dynasty

text: of

text: continued

text: attacks

text: on

text: his

text: territory

text: The term Champa refers to a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is today central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd century through 19th century (1832), before being absorbed and annexed by the Vietnamese state. The kingdom was known variously as "nagara Campa" (Sanskrit:  ) in the Chamic and Cambodian inscriptions, in Vietnamese ("Chiêm Thành" in Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary) and (Zhànchéng) in Chinese records.

text: The

text: term

text: Champa

text: refers

text: to

text: collection

text: of

text: independent

text: Cham

text: polities

text: that

text: extended

text: across

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: today

text: central

text: and

text: southern

text: Vietnam

text: from

text: approximately

text: the

text: century

text: through

text: century

text: before

text: being

text: absorbed

text: and

text: annexed

text: by

text: the

text: Vietnamese

text: state

text: The

text: kingdom

text: was

text: known

text: variously

text: as

text: nagara

text: Campa

text: Sanskrit

text: in

text: the

text: Chamic

text: and

text: Cambodian

text: inscriptions

text: in

text: Vietnamese

text: Chiêm

text: Thành

text: in

text: Sino

text: Vietnamese

text: vocabulary

text: and

text: Zhànchéng

text: in

text: Chinese

text: records

text: Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 90.5 million inhabitants , it is the world's 14th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. Vietnam is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest, and the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia across the South China Sea to the east and southeast. Its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976.

text: Vietnam

text: officially

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: SRV

text: is

text: the

text: easternmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: Indochina

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: eighth

text: most

text: populous

text: Asian

text: country

text: Vietnam

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Laos

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Cambodia

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Thailand

text: across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: across

text: the

text: South

text: China

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Its

text: capital

text: city

text: has

text: been

text: Hanoi

text: since

text: the

text: reunification

text: of

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: in

text: An emperor (through Old French "empereor" from ) is a monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ("empress consort"), mother ("empress dowager"), or a woman who rules in her own right ("empress regnant"). Emperors are generally recognized to be of a higher honour and rank than kings. In Europe the title of Emperor was, since the Middle Ages, considered equal or almost equal in dignity to that of Pope, due to the latter's position as visible head of the Church and spiritual leader of Western Europe. The Emperor of Japan is the only currently reigning monarch whose title is translated into English as "Emperor".

text: An

text: emperor

text: through

text: Old

text: French

text: empereor

text: from

text: is

text: monarch

text: usually

text: the

text: sovereign

text: ruler

text: of

text: an

text: empire

text: or

text: another

text: type

text: of

text: imperial

text: realm

text: Empress

text: the

text: female

text: equivalent

text: may

text: indicate

text: an

text: emperor

text: 's

text: wife

text: empress

text: consort

text: mother

text: empress

text: dowager

text: or

text: woman

text: who

text: rules

text: in

text: her

text: own

text: right

text: empress

text: regnant

text: Emperors

text: are

text: generally

text: recognized

text: to

text: be

text: of

text: higher

text: honour

text: and

text: rank

text: than

text: kings

text: In

text: Europe

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: Emperor

text: was

text: since

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: considered

text: equal

text: or

text: almost

text: equal

text: in

text: dignity

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: Pope

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: latter

text: 's

text: position

text: as

text: visible

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: and

text: spiritual

text: leader

text: of

text: Western

text: Europe

text: The

text: Emperor

text: of

text: Japan

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: currently

text: reigning

text: monarch

text: whose

text: title

text: is

text: translated

text: into

text: English

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Cambodia (or Kampuchea ), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia (Preh Réachéanachâk Kâmpchéa), is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is in area, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.

text: Cambodia

text: or

text: Kampuchea

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Cambodia

text: Preh

text: Réachéanachâk

text: Kâmpchéa

text: is

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Indochina

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: in

text: area

text: bordered

text: by

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Laos

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Vietnam

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Fan Tat (  ) also known as Phm Dat or Fan Yi was the King of Champa , then known as Lin - yi , from 284 to 336 . In 284 , the King sent the first Cham envoy to the Chinese Emperor 's Court . He died in 336 , and was succeeded by his commander in chief . Fan came to the throne after a protracted campaign led by his predecessor Fan Hsiung who led attacks on the Chinese province of Jiaozhi . The son of Fan Hiong , Fan Yi employed Fan Wen , a Chinese knowledgeable in the martial arts , including city fortifications .

text: Fan

text: Tat

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Phm

text: Dat

text: or

text: Fan

text: Yi

text: was

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: Champa

text: then

text: known

text: as

text: Lin

text: yi

text: from

text: to

text: In

text: the

text: King

text: sent

text: the

text: first

text: Cham

text: envoy

text: to

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Emperor

text: 's

text: Court

text: He

text: died

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: his

text: commander

text: in

text: chief

text: Fan

text: came

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: after

text: protracted

text: campaign

text: led

text: by

text: his

text: predecessor

text: Fan

text: Hsiung

text: who

text: led

text: attacks

text: on

text: the

text: Chinese

text: province

text: of

text: Jiaozhi

text: The

text: son

text: of

text: Fan

text: Hiong

text: Fan

text: Yi

text: employed

text: Fan

text: Wen

text: Chinese

text: knowledgeable

text: in

text: the

text: martial

text: arts

text: including

text: city

text: fortifications

text: Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari:  , "Mnak Hind") or simply Hindi (Devanagari: , "Hind"), is an Indian language and a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Hindi is one of the official languages of India, and is the "lingua franca" of the Hindi belt languages. Outside India, Hindi is an official language in Fiji, and is a recognised regional language in Mauritius, Suriname, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago.

text: Modern

text: Standard

text: Hindi

text: Devanagari

text: Mnak

text: Hind

text: or

text: simply

text: Hindi

text: Devanagari

text: Hind

text: is

text: an

text: Indian

text: language

text: and

text: standardised

text: and

text: Sanskritised

text: register

text: of

text: the

text: Hindustani

text: language

text: Hindi

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: lingua

text: franca

text: of

text: the

text: Hindi

text: belt

text: languages

text: Outside

text: India

text: Hindi

text: is

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: in

text: Fiji

text: and

text: is

text: recognised

text: regional

text: language

text: in

text: Mauritius

text: Suriname

text: Guyana

text: and

text: Trinidad

text: and

text: Tobago

text: Cochinchina  is a region encompassing the southern third of current Vietnam whose principal city is Saigon or Prey Nokor in Khmer. It was a French colony from 1862 to 1954. The later state of South Vietnam was created in 1954 by combining Cochinchina with southern Annam. In Vietnamese, the region is called "Nam B". Historically, it was "Gia nh" (17791832), "Nam K" (18341945), "Nam B" (194548), "Nam phn" (194856), "Nam Vit" (195675), and later "Min Nam." In French, it was called "la colonie de Cochinchine".

text: Cochinchina

text: is

text: region

text: encompassing

text: the

text: southern

text: third

text: of

text: current

text: Vietnam

text: whose

text: principal

text: city

text: is

text: Saigon

text: or

text: Prey

text: Nokor

text: in

text: Khmer

text: It

text: was

text: French

text: colony

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: later

text: state

text: of

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: by

text: combining

text: Cochinchina

text: with

text: southern

text: Annam

text: In

text: Vietnamese

text: the

text: region

text: is

text: called

text: Nam

text: Historically

text: it

text: was

text: Gia

text: nh

text: Nam

text: Nam

text: Nam

text: phn

text: Nam

text: Vit

text: and

text: later

text: Min

text: Nam

text: In

text: French

text: it

text: was

text: called

text: la

text: colonie

text: de

text: Cochinchine

text: A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, "governor" may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and may be either appointed or elected. The power of the individual governor can vary dramatically between political systems, with some governors having only nominal and largely ceremonial power, while others having a complete control over the entire government.

text: governor

text: is

text: in

text: most

text: cases

text: public

text: official

text: with

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: govern

text: the

text: executive

text: branch

text: of

text: non

text: sovereign

text: or

text: sub

text: national

text: level

text: of

text: government

text: ranking

text: under

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: In

text: federations

text: governor

text: may

text: be

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: politician

text: who

text: governs

text: constituent

text: state

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: either

text: appointed

text: or

text: elected

text: The

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: governor

text: can

text: vary

text: dramatically

text: between

text: political

text: systems

text: with

text: some

text: governors

text: having

text: only

text: nominal

text: and

text: largely

text: ceremonial

text: power

text: while

text: others

text: having

text: complete

text: control

text: over

text: the

text: entire

text: government

annotations: follows multiple

question: country_of_citizenship fan tat

answer: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam

text: vietnam


text: The Constitution of South Africa is the supreme law of the country of South Africa. It provides the legal foundation for the existence of the republic, sets out the rights and duties of its citizens, and defines the structure of the government. The current constitution, the country's fifth, was drawn up by the Parliament elected in 1994 in the first non-racial elections. It was promulgated by President Nelson Mandela on 18th December 1996 and came into effect on 4 February 1997, replacing the Interim Constitution of 1993.

text: The

text: Constitution

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: supreme

text: law

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: provides

text: the

text: legal

text: foundation

text: for

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: the

text: republic

text: sets

text: out

text: the

text: rights

text: and

text: duties

text: of

text: its

text: citizens

text: and

text: defines

text: the

text: structure

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: The

text: current

text: constitution

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: fifth

text: was

text: drawn

text: up

text: by

text: the

text: Parliament

text: elected

text: in

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: non

text: racial

text: elections

text: It

text: was

text: promulgated

text: by

text: President

text: Nelson

text: Mandela

text: on

text: December

text: and

text: came

text: into

text: effect

text: on

text: February

text: replacing

text: the

text: Interim

text: Constitution

text: of

text: The Witwatersrand aka The Reef, is a 56-kilometre-long north-facing scarp in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. It consists of a hard, erosion-resistant quartzite sedimentary rock, over which several north-flowing rivers form waterfalls, which account for the name Witwatersrand, meaning the ridge of white waters in Afrikaans. This eastwest-running scarp can be traced with only one short gap from Bedfordview (about 10 km west of O.R. Tambo International Airport) in the east, through Johannesburg and Roodepoort, to Krugersdorp in the west (see the diagram bottom-left below).

text: The

text: Witwatersrand

text: aka

text: The

text: Reef

text: is

text: long

text: north

text: facing

text: scarp

text: in

text: the

text: Gauteng

text: Province

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: hard

text: erosion

text: resistant

text: quartzite

text: sedimentary

text: rock

text: over

text: which

text: several

text: north

text: flowing

text: rivers

text: form

text: waterfalls

text: which

text: account

text: for

text: the

text: name

text: Witwatersrand

text: meaning

text: the

text: ridge

text: of

text: white

text: waters

text: in

text: Afrikaans

text: This

text: eastwest

text: running

text: scarp

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: with

text: only

text: one

text: short

text: gap

text: from

text: Bedfordview

text: about

text: km

text: west

text: of

text: O.R.

text: Tambo

text: International

text: Airport

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: through

text: Johannesburg

text: and

text: Roodepoort

text: to

text: Krugersdorp

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: see

text: the

text: diagram

text: bottom

text: left

text: below

text: An appellate court, commonly called an appeals court, court of appeals (American English), appeal court (British English), court of second instance or second instance court, is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal. In most jurisdictions, the court system is divided into at least three levels: the trial court, which initially hears cases and reviews evidence and testimony to determine the facts of the case; at least one intermediate appellate court; and a supreme court (or court of last resort) which primarily reviews the decisions of the intermediate courts. A jurisdiction's supreme court is that jurisdiction's highest appellate court. Appellate courts nationwide can operate by varying rules.

text: An

text: appellate

text: court

text: commonly

text: called

text: an

text: appeals

text: court

text: court

text: of

text: appeals

text: American

text: English

text: appeal

text: court

text: British

text: English

text: court

text: of

text: second

text: instance

text: or

text: second

text: instance

text: court

text: is

text: any

text: court

text: of

text: law

text: that

text: is

text: empowered

text: to

text: hear

text: an

text: appeal

text: of

text: trial

text: court

text: or

text: other

text: lower

text: tribunal

text: In

text: most

text: jurisdictions

text: the

text: court

text: system

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: at

text: least

text: three

text: levels

text: the

text: trial

text: court

text: which

text: initially

text: hears

text: cases

text: and

text: reviews

text: evidence

text: and

text: testimony

text: to

text: determine

text: the

text: facts

text: of

text: the

text: case

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: intermediate

text: appellate

text: court

text: and

text: supreme

text: court

text: or

text: court

text: of

text: last

text: resort

text: which

text: primarily

text: reviews

text: the

text: decisions

text: of

text: the

text: intermediate

text: courts

text: jurisdiction

text: 's

text: supreme

text: court

text: is

text: that

text: jurisdiction

text: 's

text: highest

text: appellate

text: court

text: Appellate

text: courts

text: nationwide

text: can

text: operate

text: by

text: varying

text: rules

text: Gauteng, which means "place of gold", is one of the nine provinces of South Africa. It was formed from part of the old Transvaal Province after South Africa's first all-race elections on 27 April 1994. It was initially named PretoriaWitwatersrandVereeniging (PWV) and was renamed "Gauteng" in December 1994.

text: Gauteng

text: which

text: means

text: place

text: of

text: gold

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: provinces

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: from

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: Transvaal

text: Province

text: after

text: South

text: Africa

text: 's

text: first

text: all

text: race

text: elections

text: on

text: April

text: It

text: was

text: initially

text: named

text: PretoriaWitwatersrandVereeniging

text: PWV

text: and

text: was

text: renamed

text: Gauteng

text: in

text: December

text: Nelson Mandela Bridge is a bridge in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was completed in 2003, and cost R102-120 million to build. The proposal for the bridge was to link up two main business areas of Braamfontein and Newtown as well as to rejuvenate and to a certain level modernise the inner city. The bridge was constructed over 42 railway lines without disturbing railway traffic and is 284 metres long.

text: Nelson

text: Mandela

text: Bridge

text: is

text: bridge

text: in

text: Johannesburg

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: and

text: cost

text: million

text: to

text: build

text: The

text: proposal

text: for

text: the

text: bridge

text: was

text: to

text: link

text: up

text: two

text: main

text: business

text: areas

text: of

text: Braamfontein

text: and

text: Newtown

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: to

text: rejuvenate

text: and

text: to

text: certain

text: level

text: modernise

text: the

text: inner

text: city

text: The

text: bridge

text: was

text: constructed

text: over

text: railway

text: lines

text: without

text: disturbing

text: railway

text: traffic

text: and

text: is

text: metres

text: long

text: The Constitution Hill precinct is located at 11 Kotze Street in Braamfontein , Johannesburg near the western end of the suburb of Hillbrow . Constitution Hill is the seat of the Constitutional Court of South Africa . The first court session in the new building at this location was held in February 2004 .

text: The

text: Constitution

text: Hill

text: precinct

text: is

text: located

text: at

text: Kotze

text: Street

text: in

text: Braamfontein

text: Johannesburg

text: near

text: the

text: western

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: suburb

text: of

text: Hillbrow

text: Constitution

text: Hill

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: Constitutional

text: Court

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: The

text: first

text: court

text: session

text: in

text: the

text: new

text: building

text: at

text: this

text: location

text: was

text: held

text: in

text: February

text: Braamfontein (English: "blackberry fountain") is a central suburb of Johannesburg, in South Africa. Braamfontein is part of a cultural arc that includes Newtown, the University of the Witwatersrand, Constitution Hill and the Civic Centre. The Nelson Mandela Bridge is a landmark that connects Braamfontein to the city centre. Jan Smuts Avenue and Empire Road are two major thoroughfares that run through the suburb.

text: Braamfontein

text: English

text: blackberry

text: fountain

text: is

text: central

text: suburb

text: of

text: Johannesburg

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: Braamfontein

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: cultural

text: arc

text: that

text: includes

text: Newtown

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: the

text: Witwatersrand

text: Constitution

text: Hill

text: and

text: the

text: Civic

text: Centre

text: The

text: Nelson

text: Mandela

text: Bridge

text: is

text: landmark

text: that

text: connects

text: Braamfontein

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: Jan

text: Smuts

text: Avenue

text: and

text: Empire

text: Road

text: are

text: two

text: major

text: thoroughfares

text: that

text: run

text: through

text: the

text: suburb

text: The Constitutional Court of South Africa is a supreme constitutional court established by the Constitution of South Africa. It was originally the final appellate court for constitutional matters. Since the enactment of the Superior Courts Act in 2013, the Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to hear any matter if it is in the interests of justice for it to do so.

text: The

text: Constitutional

text: Court

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: is

text: supreme

text: constitutional

text: court

text: established

text: by

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: was

text: originally

text: the

text: final

text: appellate

text: court

text: for

text: constitutional

text: matters

text: Since

text: the

text: enactment

text: of

text: the

text: Superior

text: Courts

text: Act

text: in

text: the

text: Constitutional

text: Court

text: has

text: jurisdiction

text: to

text: hear

text: any

text: matter

text: if

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: interests

text: of

text: justice

text: for

text: it

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.

text: South

text: Africa

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: RSA

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: by

text: of

text: coastline

text: of

text: Southern

text: Africa

text: stretching

text: along

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: Indian

text: Oceans

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: of

text: Namibia

text: Botswana

text: and

text: Zimbabwe

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: northeast

text: by

text: Mozambique

text: and

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: surrounding

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Lesotho

text: South

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: with

text: close

text: to

text: million

text: people

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: nation

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: mainland

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: or

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: that

text: borders

text: both

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: About

text: percent

text: of

text: South

text: Africans

text: are

text: of

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: African

text: ancestry

text: divided

text: among

text: variety

text: of

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: speaking

text: different

text: Bantu

text: languages

text: nine

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: official

text: status

text: The

text: remaining

text: population

text: consists

text: of

text: Africa

text: 's

text: largest

text: communities

text: of

text: European

text: white

text: Asian

text: Indian

text: and

text: multiracial

text: coloured

text: ancestry

text: The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, is a multi-campus South African public research university situated in the northern areas of central Johannesburg. It is more commonly known as Wits University. The university has its roots in the mining industry, as do Johannesburg and the Witwatersrand in general. Founded in 1896 as the South African School of Mines in Kimberley, it is the third oldest South African university in continuous operation, after the University of Cape Town (founded in 1829), and Stellenbosch University (founded in 1866).

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: the

text: Witwatersrand

text: Johannesburg

text: is

text: multi

text: campus

text: South

text: African

text: public

text: research

text: university

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: areas

text: of

text: central

text: Johannesburg

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Wits

text: University

text: The

text: university

text: has

text: its

text: roots

text: in

text: the

text: mining

text: industry

text: as

text: do

text: Johannesburg

text: and

text: the

text: Witwatersrand

text: in

text: general

text: Founded

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: School

text: of

text: Mines

text: in

text: Kimberley

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: oldest

text: South

text: African

text: university

text: in

text: continuous

text: operation

text: after

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Cape

text: Town

text: founded

text: in

text: and

text: Stellenbosch

text: University

text: founded

text: in

text: Hillbrow is an inner city residential neighbourhood of Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa. It is known for its high levels of population density, unemployment, poverty and crime.

text: Hillbrow

text: is

text: an

text: inner

text: city

text: residential

text: neighbourhood

text: of

text: Johannesburg

text: Gauteng

text: Province

text: South

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: high

text: levels

text: of

text: population

text: density

text: unemployment

text: poverty

text: and

text: crime

text: Johannesburg (also known as Jozi, Joburg and eGoli) is the largest city in South Africa and is one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world. It is the provincial capital of Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of South Africa's three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court. The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade.

text: Johannesburg

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Jozi

text: Joburg

text: and

text: eGoli

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: urban

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: provincial

text: capital

text: of

text: Gauteng

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: wealthiest

text: province

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: While

text: Johannesburg

text: is

text: not

text: one

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: 's

text: three

text: capital

text: cities

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: Constitutional

text: Court

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: mineral

text: rich

text: Witwatersrand

text: range

text: of

text: hills

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: large

text: scale

text: gold

text: and

text: diamond

text: trade

annotations: likely multiple

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity constitution hill

answer: gauteng

text: gauteng

text: gauteng

text: gauteng

text: gauteng

text: gauteng


text: Jerusalem , is a city located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. One of the oldest cities in the world, Jerusalem was named as ""Urusalima"" on ancient Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets, probably meaning "City of Shalem" after a Canaanite deity, during the early Canaanite period (approximately 2400 BCE). During the Israelite period, significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 9th century BCE (Iron Age II), and in the 8th century the city developed into the religious and administrative center of the Kingdom of Judah. It is considered a holy city in the three major Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

text: Jerusalem

text: is

text: city

text: located

text: on

text: plateau

text: in

text: the

text: Judaean

text: Mountains

text: between

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: and

text: the

text: Dead

text: Sea

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Jerusalem

text: was

text: named

text: as

text: Urusalima

text: on

text: ancient

text: Mesopotamian

text: cuneiform

text: tablets

text: probably

text: meaning

text: City

text: of

text: Shalem

text: after

text: Canaanite

text: deity

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: Canaanite

text: period

text: approximately

text: BCE

text: During

text: the

text: Israelite

text: period

text: significant

text: construction

text: activity

text: in

text: Jerusalem

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: Iron

text: Age

text: II

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: city

text: developed

text: into

text: the

text: religious

text: and

text: administrative

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Judah

text: It

text: is

text: considered

text: holy

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: three

text: major

text: Abrahamic

text: religions

text: of

text: Judaism

text: Christianity

text: and

text: Islam

text: Jordan ('), officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ('), is an Arab kingdom in Western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the east and south, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north, Israel, Palestine and the Dead Sea to the west and the Red Sea in its extreme south-west. Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe. The capital, Amman, is Jordan's most populous city as well as the country's economic, political and cultural centre.

text: Jordan

text: officially

text: The

text: Hashemite

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Jordan

text: is

text: an

text: Arab

text: kingdom

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: on

text: the

text: East

text: Bank

text: of

text: the

text: Jordan

text: River

text: Jordan

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: Iraq

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Israel

text: Palestine

text: and

text: the

text: Dead

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: in

text: its

text: extreme

text: south

text: west

text: Jordan

text: is

text: strategically

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: crossroads

text: of

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: and

text: Europe

text: The

text: capital

text: Amman

text: is

text: Jordan

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: economic

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: centre

text: Constantin Popa ( born February 18 , 1971 ) is a 2.20 m ( 7 ' 2 `` ) retired Romanian - Israeli professional basketball player . Popa played for Dinamo Bucureti in his native Romania before going overseas to play college basketball in the United States for the University of Miami . The tallest person ever to play for the Hurricanes , he was twice a third team All - Big East selection . In large part on the strength of a highly effective hook shot , he was selected by the L.A. Clippers with the 53rd pick in the 1995 NBA Draft . In the same year he was selected by the Miami Tropics of the USBL as a first round territorial selection ( 4th pick overall ) . He never ended up playing a game in either league , although he did play for the Florida Beachdogs of the American CBA , where he developed somewhat of a cult fan following . He also played in France with Pau - Orthez and with Maccabi Tel Aviv and Hapoel Jerusalem of Israel . Although not Jewish , he obtained Israeli citizenship as his wife is Jewish . Popa retired from professional basketball in 2001 . He served 4 seasons as assistant coach of the University of Indianapolis Greyhound Women 's basketball team , before becoming head coach in April 2011 .

text: Constantin

text: Popa

text: born

text: February

text: is

text: retired

text: Romanian

text: Israeli

text: professional

text: basketball

text: player

text: Popa

text: played

text: for

text: Dinamo

text: Bucureti

text: in

text: his

text: native

text: Romania

text: before

text: going

text: overseas

text: to

text: play

text: college

text: basketball

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Miami

text: The

text: tallest

text: person

text: ever

text: to

text: play

text: for

text: the

text: Hurricanes

text: he

text: was

text: twice

text: third

text: team

text: All

text: Big

text: East

text: selection

text: In

text: large

text: part

text: on

text: the

text: strength

text: of

text: highly

text: effective

text: hook

text: shot

text: he

text: was

text: selected

text: by

text: the

text: L.A.

text: Clippers

text: with

text: the

text: pick

text: in

text: the

text: NBA

text: Draft

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: he

text: was

text: selected

text: by

text: the

text: Miami

text: Tropics

text: of

text: the

text: USBL

text: as

text: first

text: round

text: territorial

text: selection

text: pick

text: overall

text: He

text: never

text: ended

text: up

text: playing

text: game

text: in

text: either

text: league

text: although

text: he

text: did

text: play

text: for

text: the

text: Florida

text: Beachdogs

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: CBA

text: where

text: he

text: developed

text: somewhat

text: of

text: cult

text: fan

text: following

text: He

text: also

text: played

text: in

text: France

text: with

text: Pau

text: Orthez

text: and

text: with

text: Maccabi

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: and

text: Hapoel

text: Jerusalem

text: of

text: Israel

text: Although

text: not

text: Jewish

text: he

text: obtained

text: Israeli

text: citizenship

text: as

text: his

text: wife

text: is

text: Jewish

text: Popa

text: retired

text: from

text: professional

text: basketball

text: in

text: He

text: served

text: seasons

text: as

text: assistant

text: coach

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Indianapolis

text: Greyhound

text: Women

text: 's

text: basketball

text: team

text: before

text: becoming

text: head

text: coach

text: in

text: April

text: Tel Aviv-Yafo is a major city in Israel, located on the country's Mediterranean coastline. It is known to be the financial center and the technology hub of Israel, with a population of , making it Israel's second largest city. Tel Aviv is the largest city in the Gush Dan region of Israel. Tel Aviv is also a focal point in the high-tech concentration known as the "Silicon Wadi".

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: Yafo

text: is

text: major

text: city

text: in

text: Israel

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: Mediterranean

text: coastline

text: It

text: is

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: financial

text: center

text: and

text: the

text: technology

text: hub

text: of

text: Israel

text: with

text: population

text: of

text: making

text: it

text: Israel

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Gush

text: Dan

text: region

text: of

text: Israel

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: is

text: also

text: focal

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: high

text: tech

text: concentration

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Silicon

text: Wadi

text: Israel , officially known as the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over the city of Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.

text: Israel

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Israel

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: on

text: the

text: southeastern

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: northern

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: It

text: has

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Lebanon

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Jordan

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Palestinian

text: territories

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Bank

text: and

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: west

text: respectively

text: and

text: Egypt

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: The

text: country

text: contains

text: geographically

text: diverse

text: features

text: within

text: its

text: relatively

text: small

text: area

text: Israel

text: 's

text: financial

text: and

text: technology

text: center

text: is

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: while

text: its

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: proclaimed

text: capital

text: is

text: Jerusalem

text: although

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: is

text: internationally

text: unrecognized

text: Basketball is a sport that is played by two teams of five players on a rectangular court. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop in diameter and mounted at a height of to backboards at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, who would be the first basketball coach of the Kansas Jayhawks, one of the most successful programs in the game's history.

text: Basketball

text: is

text: sport

text: that

text: is

text: played

text: by

text: two

text: teams

text: of

text: five

text: players

text: on

text: rectangular

text: court

text: The

text: objective

text: is

text: to

text: shoot

text: ball

text: through

text: hoop

text: in

text: diameter

text: and

text: mounted

text: at

text: height

text: of

text: to

text: backboards

text: at

text: each

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: court

text: The

text: game

text: was

text: invented

text: in

text: by

text: Dr.

text: James

text: Naismith

text: who

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: basketball

text: coach

text: of

text: the

text: Kansas

text: Jayhawks

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: programs

text: in

text: the

text: game

text: 's

text: history

question: position_played_on_team_/_speciality constantin popa

answer: center

text: center

text: center

text: center


text: Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is a term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world. It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and Southwestern Asia.

text: Classical

text: antiquity

text: also

text: the

text: classical

text: era

text: classical

text: period

text: or

text: classical

text: age

text: is

text: term

text: for

text: long

text: period

text: of

text: cultural

text: history

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: comprising

text: the

text: interlocking

text: civilizations

text: of

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: and

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: Greek

text: and

text: Roman

text: society

text: flourished

text: and

text: wielded

text: great

text: influence

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: Southwestern

text: Asia

text: Plato (Greek: "Plátn", in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423  348/347 BCE) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy, especially the Western tradition. Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries, Plato's entire "œuvre" is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years.

text: Plato

text: Greek

text: Plátn

text: in

text: Classical

text: Attic

text: or

text: BCE

text: was

text: philosopher

text: in

text: Classical

text: Greece

text: and

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Academy

text: in

text: Athens

text: the

text: first

text: institution

text: of

text: higher

text: learning

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: He

text: is

text: widely

text: considered

text: the

text: most

text: pivotal

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: philosophy

text: especially

text: the

text: Western

text: tradition

text: Unlike

text: nearly

text: all

text: of

text: his

text: philosophical

text: contemporaries

text: Plato

text: 's

text: entire

text: œuvre

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: survived

text: intact

text: for

text: over

text: years

text: The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period (starting in 27 BC). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history. Often when a given Roman is described as becoming "emperor" in English, it reflects his taking of the title "Augustus" or "Caesar". Another title often used was "imperator", originally a military honorific. Early Emperors also used the title "princeps" (first citizen). Emperors frequently amassed republican titles, notably "Princeps Senatus", "Consul" and "Pontifex Maximus".

text: The

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: was

text: the

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: during

text: the

text: imperial

text: period

text: starting

text: in

text: BC

text: The

text: emperors

text: used

text: variety

text: of

text: different

text: titles

text: throughout

text: history

text: Often

text: when

text: given

text: Roman

text: is

text: described

text: as

text: becoming

text: emperor

text: in

text: English

text: it

text: reflects

text: his

text: taking

text: of

text: the

text: title

text: Augustus

text: or

text: Caesar

text: Another

text: title

text: often

text: used

text: was

text: imperator

text: originally

text: military

text: honorific

text: Early

text: Emperors

text: also

text: used

text: the

text: title

text: princeps

text: first

text: citizen

text: Emperors

text: frequently

text: amassed

text: republican

text: titles

text: notably

text: Princeps

text: Senatus

text: Consul

text: and

text: Pontifex

text: Maximus

text: A vow of silence is a vow, usually a religious or a spiritual practice taken in a monastic context, to maintain silence. Known as "Mauna" in Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, the practice is also integral to some Christian traditions.

text: vow

text: of

text: silence

text: is

text: vow

text: usually

text: religious

text: or

text: spiritual

text: practice

text: taken

text: in

text: monastic

text: context

text: to

text: maintain

text: silence

text: Known

text: as

text: Mauna

text: in

text: Hinduism

text: Jainism

text: and

text: Buddhism

text: the

text: practice

text: is

text: also

text: integral

text: to

text: some

text: Christian

text: traditions

text: Buddhism (or ) is a religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. Buddhism originated in India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, from where it spread through much of Asia, whereafter it declined in India during the middle ages. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (Pali: "The School of the Elders") and Mahayana (Sanskrit: "The Great Vehicle"). Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion, with over 500 million followers or 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists.

text: Buddhism

text: or

text: is

text: religion

text: and

text: dharma

text: that

text: encompasses

text: variety

text: of

text: traditions

text: beliefs

text: and

text: spiritual

text: practices

text: largely

text: based

text: on

text: teachings

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: Buddha

text: Buddhism

text: originated

text: in

text: India

text: sometime

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: BCE

text: from

text: where

text: it

text: spread

text: through

text: much

text: of

text: Asia

text: whereafter

text: it

text: declined

text: in

text: India

text: during

text: the

text: middle

text: ages

text: Two

text: major

text: extant

text: branches

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: are

text: generally

text: recognized

text: by

text: scholars

text: Theravada

text: Pali

text: The

text: School

text: of

text: the

text: Elders

text: and

text: Mahayana

text: Sanskrit

text: The

text: Great

text: Vehicle

text: Buddhism

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: fourth

text: largest

text: religion

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: followers

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: population

text: known

text: as

text: Buddhists

text: In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.

text: In

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Europe

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: or

text: medieval

text: period

text: lasted

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: The

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: is

text: the

text: middle

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: traditional

text: divisions

text: of

text: Western

text: history

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: the

text: medieval

text: period

text: and

text: the

text: modern

text: period

text: The

text: medieval

text: period

text: is

text: itself

text: subdivided

text: into

text: the

text: Early

text: High

text: and

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Hadrian's Wall, also called the Roman Wall, Picts' Wall, or "Vallum Hadriani" in Latin, was a defensive fortification in the Roman province of Britannia, begun in 122 AD in the reign of the emperor Hadrian. It ran from the banks of the River Tyne near the North Sea to the Solway Firth on the Irish Sea, and was the northern limit of the Roman Empire, immediately north of which were the lands of the northern Ancient Britons, including the Picts.

text: Hadrian

text: 's

text: Wall

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Roman

text: Wall

text: Picts

text: Wall

text: or

text: Vallum

text: Hadriani

text: in

text: Latin

text: was

text: defensive

text: fortification

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: province

text: of

text: Britannia

text: begun

text: in

text: AD

text: in

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: the

text: emperor

text: Hadrian

text: It

text: ran

text: from

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Tyne

text: near

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: Solway

text: Firth

text: on

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: northern

text: limit

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: immediately

text: north

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: the

text: lands

text: of

text: the

text: northern

text: Ancient

text: Britons

text: including

text: the

text: Picts

text: The Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age.

text: The

text: Renaissance

text: was

text: period

text: in

text: European

text: history

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: cultural

text: bridge

text: between

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: modern

text: history

text: It

text: started

text: as

text: cultural

text: movement

text: in

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: Late

text: Medieval

text: period

text: and

text: later

text: spread

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Europe

text: marking

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Early

text: Modern

text: Age

text: Athens ("Athína" ) is the capital and largest city of Greece. Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years, and its earliest human presence starting somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennia BC. Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus, which had been a distinct city prior to its 5th century BC incorporation with Athens. A centre for the arts, learning and philosophy, home of Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum, it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy, largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent, and in particular the Romans. In modern times, Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic, financial, industrial, maritime, political and cultural life in Greece. In 2015, Athens was ranked the world's 29th richest city by purchasing power and the 67th most expensive in a UBS study.

text: Athens

text: Athína

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Greece

text: Athens

text: dominates

text: the

text: Attica

text: region

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oldest

text: cities

text: with

text: its

text: recorded

text: history

text: spanning

text: over

text: years

text: and

text: its

text: earliest

text: human

text: presence

text: starting

text: somewhere

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: millennia

text: BC

text: Classical

text: Athens

text: was

text: powerful

text: city

text: state

text: that

text: emerged

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: the

text: seagoing

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: Piraeus

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: distinct

text: city

text: prior

text: to

text: its

text: century

text: BC

text: incorporation

text: with

text: Athens

text: centre

text: for

text: the

text: arts

text: learning

text: and

text: philosophy

text: home

text: of

text: Plato

text: 's

text: Academy

text: and

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: Lyceum

text: it

text: is

text: widely

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: cradle

text: of

text: Western

text: civilization

text: and

text: the

text: birthplace

text: of

text: democracy

text: largely

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: continent

text: and

text: in

text: particular

text: the

text: Romans

text: In

text: modern

text: times

text: Athens

text: is

text: large

text: cosmopolitan

text: metropolis

text: and

text: central

text: to

text: economic

text: financial

text: industrial

text: maritime

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: life

text: in

text: Greece

text: In

text: Athens

text: was

text: ranked

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: richest

text: city

text: by

text: purchasing

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: expensive

text: in

text: UBS

text: study

text: Aristotle ("Aristotéls"; 384322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidice, on the northern periphery of Classical Greece. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, whereafter Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian. At seventeen or eighteen years of age, he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven (c. 347 BC). His writings cover many subjects  including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and government  and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy. Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip of Macedon, tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC.

text: Aristotle

text: Aristotéls

text: BC

text: was

text: Greek

text: philosopher

text: and

text: scientist

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Stagira

text: Chalkidice

text: on

text: the

text: northern

text: periphery

text: of

text: Classical

text: Greece

text: His

text: father

text: Nicomachus

text: died

text: when

text: Aristotle

text: was

text: child

text: whereafter

text: Proxenus

text: of

text: Atarneus

text: became

text: his

text: guardian

text: At

text: seventeen

text: or

text: eighteen

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: he

text: joined

text: Plato

text: 's

text: Academy

text: in

text: Athens

text: and

text: remained

text: there

text: until

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: thirty

text: seven

text: BC

text: His

text: writings

text: cover

text: many

text: subjects

text: including

text: physics

text: biology

text: zoology

text: metaphysics

text: logic

text: ethics

text: aesthetics

text: poetry

text: theater

text: music

text: rhetoric

text: linguistics

text: politics

text: and

text: government

text: and

text: constitute

text: the

text: first

text: comprehensive

text: system

text: of

text: Western

text: philosophy

text: Shortly

text: after

text: Plato

text: died

text: Aristotle

text: left

text: Athens

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: request

text: of

text: Philip

text: of

text: Macedon

text: tutored

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: beginning

text: in

text: BC

text: The Fall of the Western Roman Empire (also called Fall of the Roman Empire or Fall of Rome) was the process of decline in the Western Roman Empire in which it failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided into several successor polities. The Roman Empire lost the strengths that had allowed it to exercise effective control; modern historians mention factors including the effectiveness and numbers of the army, the health and numbers of the Roman population, the strength of the economy, the competence of the Emperor, the religious changes of the period, and the efficiency of the civil administration. Increasing pressure from "barbarians" outside Roman culture also contributed greatly to the collapse. The reasons for the collapse are major subjects of the historiography of the ancient world and they inform much modern discourse on state failure.

text: The

text: Fall

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: also

text: called

text: Fall

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: or

text: Fall

text: of

text: Rome

text: was

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: decline

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: failed

text: to

text: enforce

text: its

text: rule

text: and

text: its

text: vast

text: territory

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: several

text: successor

text: polities

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: lost

text: the

text: strengths

text: that

text: had

text: allowed

text: it

text: to

text: exercise

text: effective

text: control

text: modern

text: historians

text: mention

text: factors

text: including

text: the

text: effectiveness

text: and

text: numbers

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: the

text: health

text: and

text: numbers

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: population

text: the

text: strength

text: of

text: the

text: economy

text: the

text: competence

text: of

text: the

text: Emperor

text: the

text: religious

text: changes

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: and

text: the

text: efficiency

text: of

text: the

text: civil

text: administration

text: Increasing

text: pressure

text: from

text: barbarians

text: outside

text: Roman

text: culture

text: also

text: contributed

text: greatly

text: to

text: the

text: collapse

text: The

text: reasons

text: for

text: the

text: collapse

text: are

text: major

text: subjects

text: of

text: the

text: historiography

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: world

text: and

text: they

text: inform

text: much

text: modern

text: discourse

text: on

text: state

text: failure

text: The Temple of Venus and Roma Latin: Templum Veneris et Romae is thought to have been the largest temple in Ancient Rome. Located on the Velian Hill, between the eastern edge of the "Forum Romanum" and the Colosseum, it was dedicated to the goddesses "Venus Felix" ("Venus the Bringer of Good Fortune") and "Roma Aeterna" ("Eternal Rome"). The architect was the emperor Hadrian and construction began in 121. It was officially inaugurated by Hadrian in 135, and finished in 141 under Antoninus Pius. Damaged by fire in 307, it was restored with alterations by the emperor Maxentius.

text: The

text: Temple

text: of

text: Venus

text: and

text: Roma

text: Latin

text: Templum

text: Veneris

text: et

text: Romae

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: the

text: largest

text: temple

text: in

text: Ancient

text: Rome

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: Velian

text: Hill

text: between

text: the

text: eastern

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: Forum

text: Romanum

text: and

text: the

text: Colosseum

text: it

text: was

text: dedicated

text: to

text: the

text: goddesses

text: Venus

text: Felix

text: Venus

text: the

text: Bringer

text: of

text: Good

text: Fortune

text: and

text: Roma

text: Aeterna

text: Eternal

text: Rome

text: The

text: architect

text: was

text: the

text: emperor

text: Hadrian

text: and

text: construction

text: began

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: officially

text: inaugurated

text: by

text: Hadrian

text: in

text: and

text: finished

text: in

text: under

text: Antoninus

text: Pius

text: Damaged

text: by

text: fire

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: restored

text: with

text: alterations

text: by

text: the

text: emperor

text: Maxentius

text: Secundus the Silent ( 2nd century AD ) was a Cynic or Neopythagorean philosopher who lived in Athens in the early 2nd century , who had taken a vow of silence . An anonymous text entitled Life of Secundus ( Latin : Vita Secundi Philosophi ) purports to give details of his life as well as answers to philosophical questions posed to him by the emperor Hadrian . The work enjoyed great popularity in the Middle Ages .

text: Secundus

text: the

text: Silent

text: century

text: AD

text: was

text: Cynic

text: or

text: Neopythagorean

text: philosopher

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: Athens

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: who

text: had

text: taken

text: vow

text: of

text: silence

text: An

text: anonymous

text: text

text: entitled

text: Life

text: of

text: Secundus

text: Latin

text: Vita

text: Secundi

text: Philosophi

text: purports

text: to

text: give

text: details

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: answers

text: to

text: philosophical

text: questions

text: posed

text: to

text: him

text: by

text: the

text: emperor

text: Hadrian

text: The

text: work

text: enjoyed

text: great

text: popularity

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text:
Greece (' ), officially the Hellenic Republic (Greek: ' ), historically also known as Hellas ("" ), is a country in southeastern Europe.
Greece's population is approximately 10.955 million as of 2015. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki.

text: Greece

text: officially

text: the

text: Hellenic

text: Republic

text: Greek

text: historically

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Hellas

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: southeastern

text: Europe

text: Greece

text: 's

text: population

text: is

text: approximately

text: million

text: as

text: of

text: Athens

text: is

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: followed

text: by

text: Thessaloniki

text: Attica (or ; or ) is a historical region that encompasses the city of Athens, the capital of Greece. The historical region is centered on the Attic peninsula, which projects into the Aegean Sea. The modern administrative region of Attica is more extensive than the historical region and includes the Saronic Islands, Cythera, and the municipality of Troizinia on the Peloponnesian mainland. The history of Attica is tightly linked with that of Athens, which, from the classical period, was one of the most important cities in the ancient world.

text: Attica

text: or

text: or

text: is

text: historical

text: region

text: that

text: encompasses

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Athens

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Greece

text: The

text: historical

text: region

text: is

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: Attic

text: peninsula

text: which

text: projects

text: into

text: the

text: Aegean

text: Sea

text: The

text: modern

text: administrative

text: region

text: of

text: Attica

text: is

text: more

text: extensive

text: than

text: the

text: historical

text: region

text: and

text: includes

text: the

text: Saronic

text: Islands

text: Cythera

text: and

text: the

text: municipality

text: of

text: Troizinia

text: on

text: the

text: Peloponnesian

text: mainland

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: Attica

text: is

text: tightly

text: linked

text: with

text: that

text: of

text: Athens

text: which

text: from

text: the

text: classical

text: period

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: ancient

text: world

text: Hinduism is a religion, or a way of life, found most notably in India and Nepal. Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, and some practitioners and scholars refer to it as "", "the eternal law," or the "eternal way," beyond human origins. Scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots and no founder. This "Hindu synthesis" started to develop between 500 BCE and 300 CE following the Vedic period (1500 BCE to 500 BCE).

text: Hinduism

text: is

text: religion

text: or

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: found

text: most

text: notably

text: in

text: India

text: and

text: Nepal

text: Hinduism

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: oldest

text: religion

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: some

text: practitioners

text: and

text: scholars

text: refer

text: to

text: it

text: as

text: the

text: eternal

text: law

text: or

text: the

text: eternal

text: way

text: beyond

text: human

text: origins

text: Scholars

text: regard

text: Hinduism

text: as

text: fusion

text: or

text: synthesis

text: of

text: various

text: Indian

text: cultures

text: and

text: traditions

text: with

text: diverse

text: roots

text: and

text: no

text: founder

text: This

text: Hindu

text: synthesis

text: started

text: to

text: develop

text: between

text: BCE

text: and

text: CE

text: following

text: the

text: Vedic

text: period

text: BCE

text: to

text: BCE

text: The Roman Empire (Koine and Medieval Greek:   , tr. ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world BC AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title "Augustus", effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Koine

text: and

text: Medieval

text: Greek

text: tr

text: was

text: the

text: post

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: civilization

text: characterized

text: by

text: government

text: headed

text: by

text: emperors

text: and

text: large

text: territorial

text: holdings

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: in

text: Europe

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: BC

text: AD

text: with

text: Constantinople

text: New

text: Rome

text: becoming

text: the

text: largest

text: around

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: populace

text: grew

text: to

text: an

text: estimated

text: to

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: roughly

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: old

text: republic

text: which

text: preceded

text: it

text: was

text: severely

text: destabilized

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: and

text: political

text: conflict

text: during

text: which

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: perpetual

text: dictator

text: and

text: then

text: assassinated

text: in

text: BC

text: Civil

text: wars

text: and

text: executions

text: continued

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: victory

text: of

text: Octavian

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: adopted

text: son

text: over

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: Cleopatra

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Actium

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: annexation

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: power

text: was

text: then

text: unassailable

text: and

text: in

text: BC

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: formally

text: granted

text: him

text: overarching

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: title

text: Augustus

text: effectively

text: marking

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: Hadrian (24 January 76  10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. Hadrian is known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Britannia. He also rebuilt the Pantheon and constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma. Philhellene in most of his tastes, he is considered by some to have been a humanist, and he is regarded as the third of the Five Good Emperors.

text: Hadrian

text: January

text: July

text: was

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: from

text: to

text: Hadrian

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: building

text: Hadrian

text: 's

text: Wall

text: which

text: marked

text: the

text: northern

text: limit

text: of

text: Britannia

text: He

text: also

text: rebuilt

text: the

text: Pantheon

text: and

text: constructed

text: the

text: Temple

text: of

text: Venus

text: and

text: Roma

text: Philhellene

text: in

text: most

text: of

text: his

text: tastes

text: he

text: is

text: considered

text: by

text: some

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: humanist

text: and

text: he

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: Five

text: Good

text: Emperors

text: Piraeus ("Pireás" , , "Peiraieús") is a port city in the region of Attica, Greece. Piraeus is located within the Athens urban area, southwest from its city center (municipality of Athens), and lies along the east coast of the Saronic Gulf.

text: Piraeus

text: Pireás

text: Peiraieús

text: is

text: port

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Attica

text: Greece

text: Piraeus

text: is

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: Athens

text: urban

text: area

text: southwest

text: from

text: its

text: city

text: center

text: municipality

text: of

text: Athens

text: and

text: lies

text: along

text: the

text: east

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Saronic

text: Gulf

text: The city of Athens during the classical period of Ancient Greece (508322 BC) was the major urban center of the notable polis (city-state) of the same name, located in Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Isagoras. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC (aftermath of Lamian War). The peak of Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC, known as the Age of Pericles.

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Athens

text: during

text: the

text: classical

text: period

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Greece

text: BC

text: was

text: the

text: major

text: urban

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: notable

text: polis

text: city

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: located

text: in

text: Attica

text: Greece

text: leading

text: the

text: Delian

text: League

text: in

text: the

text: Peloponnesian

text: War

text: against

text: Sparta

text: and

text: the

text: Peloponnesian

text: League

text: Athenian

text: democracy

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: BC

text: under

text: Cleisthenes

text: following

text: the

text: tyranny

text: of

text: Isagoras

text: This

text: system

text: remained

text: remarkably

text: stable

text: and

text: with

text: few

text: brief

text: interruptions

text: remained

text: in

text: place

text: for

text: years

text: until

text: BC

text: aftermath

text: of

text: Lamian

text: War

text: The

text: peak

text: of

text: Athenian

text: hegemony

text: was

text: achieved

text: in

text: the

text: to

text: BC

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Pericles

text:
The Age of Discovery or the Age of Exploration from the end of the 15th century to the 18th century, was an informal and loosely defined European historical period marking the time period in which extensive overseas exploration emerged as a powerful factor in European culture and the beginning of globalization. It also marks the rise of the period of widespread adoption in Europe of colonialism and mercantilism. Many lands previously unknown to Europeans were discovered during this period, though most were already inhabited. From the perspective of many non-Europeans, the Age of Discovery marked the arrival of settlers and invaders from a previously unknown continent.
Global exploration started with the Portuguese discoveries of the Atlantic archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores, the coast of Africa, and the discovery of the sea route to India in 1498; and, on behalf of the Crown of Castile (Spain), the trans-Atlantic Voyages of Christopher Columbus between 1492 and 1502, and the first circumnavigation of the globe in 15191522. These discoveries led to numerous naval expeditions across the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, and land expeditions in the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australia that continued into the late 19th century, and ended with the exploration of the polar regions in the 20th century.

text: The

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: or

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Exploration

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: was

text: an

text: informal

text: and

text: loosely

text: defined

text: European

text: historical

text: period

text: marking

text: the

text: time

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: extensive

text: overseas

text: exploration

text: emerged

text: as

text: powerful

text: factor

text: in

text: European

text: culture

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: globalization

text: It

text: also

text: marks

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: widespread

text: adoption

text: in

text: Europe

text: of

text: colonialism

text: and

text: mercantilism

text: Many

text: lands

text: previously

text: unknown

text: to

text: Europeans

text: were

text: discovered

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: though

text: most

text: were

text: already

text: inhabited

text: From

text: the

text: perspective

text: of

text: many

text: non

text: Europeans

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: marked

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: settlers

text: and

text: invaders

text: from

text: previously

text: unknown

text: continent

text: Global

text: exploration

text: started

text: with

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: discoveries

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: archipelagos

text: of

text: Madeira

text: and

text: the

text: Azores

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: the

text: sea

text: route

text: to

text: India

text: in

text: and

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: of

text: Castile

text: Spain

text: the

text: trans

text: Atlantic

text: Voyages

text: of

text: Christopher

text: Columbus

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: circumnavigation

text: of

text: the

text: globe

text: in

text: These

text: discoveries

text: led

text: to

text: numerous

text: naval

text: expeditions

text: across

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Indian

text: and

text: Pacific

text: oceans

text: and

text: land

text: expeditions

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: and

text: Australia

text: that

text: continued

text: into

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: and

text: ended

text: with

text: the

text: exploration

text: of

text: the

text: polar

text: regions

text: in

text: the

text: century

annotations: likely single

question: country_of_citizenship secundus the silent

answer: roman empire

text: roman empire

text: roman empire

text: roman empire

text: roman empire

text: roman empire

text: roman empire

text: roman empire

text: roman empire


text: The Yazidis (also Yezidis, "Êzidî") are an ethnically Kurdish religious community or an ethno-religious group indigenous to northern Mesopotamia (see also Ezidkhan) who are strictly endogamous. Their religion, "Yazidism" is linked to ancient Mesopotamian religions and combines aspects of Zoroastrianism, Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Yazidis who marry non-Yazidis are automatically considered to be converted to the religion of their spouse and therefore are not permitted to call themselves Yazidis. They live primarily in the Nineveh Province of Iraq. Additional communities in Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, Iran, and Syria have been in decline since the 1990s as a result of significant migration to Europe, especially to Germany. The Yazidis' cultural practices are observably Kurdish, and almost all speak Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish). The Soviet Union considered the Yazidis to be Kurds, as does Sharaf Khan Bidlisi's "Sheref-nameh" of 1597, which cites seven of the Kurdish tribes as being at least partly Yazidi, and Kurdish tribal confederations as containing substantial Yazidi sections.

text: The

text: Yazidis

text: also

text: Yezidis

text: Êzidî

text: are

text: an

text: ethnically

text: Kurdish

text: religious

text: community

text: or

text: an

text: ethno

text: religious

text: group

text: indigenous

text: to

text: northern

text: Mesopotamia

text: see

text: also

text: Ezidkhan

text: who

text: are

text: strictly

text: endogamous

text: Their

text: religion

text: Yazidism

text: is

text: linked

text: to

text: ancient

text: Mesopotamian

text: religions

text: and

text: combines

text: aspects

text: of

text: Zoroastrianism

text: Islam

text: Christianity

text: and

text: Judaism

text: Yazidis

text: who

text: marry

text: non

text: Yazidis

text: are

text: automatically

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: converted

text: to

text: the

text: religion

text: of

text: their

text: spouse

text: and

text: therefore

text: are

text: not

text: permitted

text: to

text: call

text: themselves

text: Yazidis

text: They

text: live

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: Nineveh

text: Province

text: of

text: Iraq

text: Additional

text: communities

text: in

text: Armenia

text: Georgia

text: Turkey

text: Iran

text: and

text: Syria

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: decline

text: since

text: the

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: significant

text: migration

text: to

text: Europe

text: especially

text: to

text: Germany

text: The

text: Yazidis

text: cultural

text: practices

text: are

text: observably

text: Kurdish

text: and

text: almost

text: all

text: speak

text: Kurmanji

text: Northern

text: Kurdish

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: considered

text: the

text: Yazidis

text: to

text: be

text: Kurds

text: as

text: does

text: Sharaf

text: Khan

text: Bidlisi

text: 's

text: Sheref

text: nameh

text: of

text: which

text: cites

text: seven

text: of

text: the

text: Kurdish

text: tribes

text: as

text: being

text: at

text: least

text: partly

text: Yazidi

text: and

text: Kurdish

text: tribal

text: confederations

text: as

text: containing

text: substantial

text: Yazidi

text: sections

text: Iraq (, or ; '; '), officially known as the Republic of Iraq ('; ') is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds; others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's 36 million citizens are Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish.

text: Iraq

text: or

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Iraq

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: bordered

text: by

text: Turkey

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Iran

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Kuwait

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Jordan

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: Syria

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Baghdad

text: The

text: main

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: are

text: Arabs

text: and

text: Kurds

text: others

text: include

text: Assyrians

text: Turkmen

text: Shabakis

text: Yazidis

text: Armenians

text: Mandeans

text: Circassians

text: and

text: Kawliya

text: Around

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: million

text: citizens

text: are

text: Muslims

text: with

text: Christianity

text: Yarsan

text: Yezidism

text: and

text: Mandeanism

text: also

text: present

text: The

text: official

text: languages

text: of

text: Iraq

text: are

text: Arabic

text: and

text: Kurdish

text: Qusay Saddam Hussein al - Tikriti ( or Qusai , Arabic :     ; 17 May 1966 -- 22 July 2003 ) was the second son of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein . He was appointed as his father 's heir apparent in 2000 .

text: Qusay

text: Saddam

text: Hussein

text: al

text: Tikriti

text: or

text: Qusai

text: Arabic

text: May

text: July

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: son

text: of

text: Iraqi

text: President

text: Saddam

text: Hussein

text: He

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: heir

text: apparent

text: in

question: religion qusay hussein

answer: islam

text: islam