text: MILAN ("milan(e)" is French for kite) is a European anti-tank guided missile. Design of the MILAN started in 1962, it was ready for trials in 1971, and was accepted for service in 1972. It is a wire guided SACLOS (semi-automatic command to line-of-sight) missile, which means the sight of the launch unit has to be aimed at the target to guide the missile. The MILAN can be equipped with a MIRA or MILIS thermal sight to give it night-firing ability.

text: MILAN

text: milan(e

text: is

text: French

text: for

text: kite

text: is

text: European

text: anti

text: tank

text: guided

text: missile

text: Design

text: of

text: the

text: MILAN

text: started

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: ready

text: for

text: trials

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: accepted

text: for

text: service

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: wire

text: guided

text: SACLOS

text: semi

text: automatic

text: command

text: to

text: line

text: of

text: sight

text: missile

text: which

text: means

text: the

text: sight

text: of

text: the

text: launch

text: unit

text: has

text: to

text: be

text: aimed

text: at

text: the

text: target

text: to

text: guide

text: the

text: missile

text: The

text: MILAN

text: can

text: be

text: equipped

text: with

text: MIRA

text: or

text: MILIS

text: thermal

text: sight

text: to

text: give

text: it

text: night

text: firing

text: ability

text: In mathematics, computer science and operations research, mathematical optimization, also spelled mathematical optimisation (alternatively named mathematical programming or simply optimization or optimisation), is the selection of a best element (with regard to some criterion) from some set of available alternatives.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: computer

text: science

text: and

text: operations

text: research

text: mathematical

text: optimization

text: also

text: spelled

text: mathematical

text: optimisation

text: alternatively

text: named

text: mathematical

text: programming

text: or

text: simply

text: optimization

text: or

text: optimisation

text: is

text: the

text: selection

text: of

text: best

text: element

text: with

text: regard

text: to

text: some

text: criterion

text: from

text: some

text: set

text: of

text: available

text: alternatives

text: In computer science and mathematical optimization, a metaheuristic is a higher-level procedure or heuristic designed to find, generate, or select a heuristic (partial search algorithm) that may provide a sufficiently good solution to an optimization problem, especially with incomplete or imperfect information or limited computation capacity. Metaheuristics sample a set of solutions which is too large to be completely sampled. Metaheuristics may make few assumptions about the optimization problem being solved, and so they may be usable for a variety of problems.

text: In

text: computer

text: science

text: and

text: mathematical

text: optimization

text: metaheuristic

text: is

text: higher

text: level

text: procedure

text: or

text: heuristic

text: designed

text: to

text: find

text: generate

text: or

text: select

text: heuristic

text: partial

text: search

text: algorithm

text: that

text: may

text: provide

text: sufficiently

text: good

text: solution

text: to

text: an

text: optimization

text: problem

text: especially

text: with

text: incomplete

text: or

text: imperfect

text: information

text: or

text: limited

text: computation

text: capacity

text: Metaheuristics

text: sample

text: set

text: of

text: solutions

text: which

text: is

text: too

text: large

text: to

text: be

text: completely

text: sampled

text: Metaheuristics

text: may

text: make

text: few

text: assumptions

text: about

text: the

text: optimization

text: problem

text: being

text: solved

text: and

text: so

text: they

text: may

text: be

text: usable

text: for

text: variety

text: of

text: problems

text: In computer science, a search algorithm is an algorithm that retrieves information stored within some data structure. Data structures can include linked lists, arrays, search trees, hash tables, or various other storage methods. The appropriate search algorithm often depends on the data structure being searched. Searching also encompasses algorithms that query the data structure, such as the SQL SELECT command.

text: In

text: computer

text: science

text: search

text: algorithm

text: is

text: an

text: algorithm

text: that

text: retrieves

text: information

text: stored

text: within

text: some

text: data

text: structure

text: Data

text: structures

text: can

text: include

text: linked

text: lists

text: arrays

text: search

text: trees

text: hash

text: tables

text: or

text: various

text: other

text: storage

text: methods

text: The

text: appropriate

text: search

text: algorithm

text: often

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: data

text: structure

text: being

text: searched

text: Searching

text: also

text: encompasses

text: algorithms

text: that

text: query

text: the

text: data

text: structure

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: SQL

text: SELECT

text: command

text: Gerardo Beni is a professor of electrical engineering at University of California, Riverside who, with Jin Wang, is known as the originator of the term " 'swarm intelligence' " in the context of cellular robotics and the concept of " 'electrowetting' ", with Susan Hackwood. He also devised, with Xuan-Li Xie, the Xie-Beni Index for measuring the validity of fuzzy clustering.

text: Gerardo

text: Beni

text: is

text: professor

text: of

text: electrical

text: engineering

text: at

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: Riverside

text: who

text: with

text: Jin

text: Wang

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: originator

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: swarm

text: intelligence

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: cellular

text: robotics

text: and

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: electrowetting

text: with

text: Susan

text: Hackwood

text: He

text: also

text: devised

text: with

text: Xuan

text: Li

text: Xie

text: the

text: Xie

text: Beni

text: Index

text: for

text: measuring

text: the

text: validity

text: of

text: fuzzy

text: clustering

text: Marco Dorigo ( born 26 August 1961 , in Milan , Italy ) is a research director for the Belgian Funds for Scientific Research ( FNRS ) and a co-director of IRIDIA , the artificial intelligence lab of the Université Libre de Bruxelles . He is the proponent of the ant colony optimization metaheuristic ( see his book published by MIT Press in 2004 ) , and one of the founders of the swarm intelligence research field . Recently he got involved with research in swarm robotics : he is the coordinator of Swarm - bots : Swarms of self - assembling artefacts and of Swarmanoid : Towards humanoid robotic swarms two swarm robotics projects funded by the Future and Emerging Technologies Program of the European Commission . He is also the founding editor and editor in chief of Swarm Intelligence , the principal peer reviewed publication dedicated to reporting research and new developments in this multidisciplinary field . For these contributions , in 2003 he was awarded the `` Marie Curie Research Excellence Award '' by the European Commission ; on 22 November 2005 , he was presented the `` FNRS - Dr A. De Leeuw - Damry - Bourlart award in Applied Sciences '' by the King of Belgium , Albert II ; and in 2007 he received the `` Cajastur International Prize for Soft Computing '' , awarded by the `` Foundation for the Advancement of Soft Computing '' . He is the recipient of an ERC Advanced Grant ( 2010 ) .

text: Marco

text: Dorigo

text: born

text: August

text: in

text: Milan

text: Italy

text: is

text: research

text: director

text: for

text: the

text: Belgian

text: Funds

text: for

text: Scientific

text: Research

text: FNRS

text: and

text: co

text: director

text: of

text: IRIDIA

text: the

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: lab

text: of

text: the

text: Université

text: Libre

text: de

text: Bruxelles

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: proponent

text: of

text: the

text: ant

text: colony

text: optimization

text: metaheuristic

text: see

text: his

text: book

text: published

text: by

text: MIT

text: Press

text: in

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: founders

text: of

text: the

text: swarm

text: intelligence

text: research

text: field

text: Recently

text: he

text: got

text: involved

text: with

text: research

text: in

text: swarm

text: robotics

text: he

text: is

text: the

text: coordinator

text: of

text: Swarm

text: bots

text: Swarms

text: of

text: self

text: assembling

text: artefacts

text: and

text: of

text: Swarmanoid

text: Towards

text: humanoid

text: robotic

text: swarms

text: two

text: swarm

text: robotics

text: projects

text: funded

text: by

text: the

text: Future

text: and

text: Emerging

text: Technologies

text: Program

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Commission

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: founding

text: editor

text: and

text: editor

text: in

text: chief

text: of

text: Swarm

text: Intelligence

text: the

text: principal

text: peer

text: reviewed

text: publication

text: dedicated

text: to

text: reporting

text: research

text: and

text: new

text: developments

text: in

text: this

text: multidisciplinary

text: field

text: For

text: these

text: contributions

text: in

text: he

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Marie

text: Curie

text: Research

text: Excellence

text: Award

text: by

text: the

text: European

text: Commission

text: on

text: November

text: he

text: was

text: presented

text: the

text: FNRS

text: Dr

text: De

text: Leeuw

text: Damry

text: Bourlart

text: award

text: in

text: Applied

text: Sciences

text: by

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: Belgium

text: Albert

text: II

text: and

text: in

text: he

text: received

text: the

text: Cajastur

text: International

text: Prize

text: for

text: Soft

text: Computing

text: awarded

text: by

text: the

text: Foundation

text: for

text: the

text: Advancement

text: of

text: Soft

text: Computing

text: He

text: is

text: the

text: recipient

text: of

text: an

text: ERC

text: Advanced

text: Grant

text: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States, MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering. Researchers worked on computers, radar, and inertial guidance during World War II and the Cold War. Post-war defense research contributed to the rapid expansion of the faculty and campus under James Killian. The current campus opened in 1916 and extends over along the northern bank of the Charles River basin.

text: The

text: Massachusetts

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: MIT

text: is

text: private

text: research

text: university

text: in

text: Cambridge

text: Massachusetts

text: Founded

text: in

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: increasing

text: industrialization

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: MIT

text: adopted

text: European

text: polytechnic

text: university

text: model

text: and

text: stressed

text: laboratory

text: instruction

text: in

text: applied

text: science

text: and

text: engineering

text: Researchers

text: worked

text: on

text: computers

text: radar

text: and

text: inertial

text: guidance

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: and

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: Post

text: war

text: defense

text: research

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: rapid

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: faculty

text: and

text: campus

text: under

text: James

text: Killian

text: The

text: current

text: campus

text: opened

text: in

text: and

text: extends

text: over

text: along

text: the

text: northern

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Charles

text: River

text: basin

text: The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (United States).

text: The

text: MIT

text: Press

text: is

text: university

text: press

text: affiliated

text: with

text: the

text: Massachusetts

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: MIT

text: in

text: Cambridge

text: Massachusetts

text: United

text: States

text: In mathematics and computer science, an optimization problem is the problem of finding the "best" solution from all feasible solutions. Optimization problems can be divided into two categories depending on whether the variables are continuous or discrete. An optimization problem with discrete variables is known as a combinatorial optimization problem. In a combinatorial optimization problem, we are looking for an object such as an integer, permutation or graph from a finite (or possibly countable infinite) set. Problems with continuous variables include constrained problems and multimodal problems.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: and

text: computer

text: science

text: an

text: optimization

text: problem

text: is

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: finding

text: the

text: best

text: solution

text: from

text: all

text: feasible

text: solutions

text: Optimization

text: problems

text: can

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: categories

text: depending

text: on

text: whether

text: the

text: variables

text: are

text: continuous

text: or

text: discrete

text: An

text: optimization

text: problem

text: with

text: discrete

text: variables

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: combinatorial

text: optimization

text: problem

text: In

text: combinatorial

text: optimization

text: problem

text: we

text: are

text: looking

text: for

text: an

text: object

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: integer

text: permutation

text: or

text: graph

text: from

text: finite

text: or

text: possibly

text: countable

text: infinite

text: set

text: Problems

text: with

text: continuous

text: variables

text: include

text: constrained

text: problems

text: and

text: multimodal

text: problems

text: A university press is an academic publishing house specializing in academic monographs and scholarly journals. Most are nonprofit and an integral component of a large research university. They publish work that has been reviewed by scholars in the field. They produce mainly scholarly works, but also often have "popular" titles, such as books on religion or on regional topics. Because scholarly books are mostly unprofitable, university presses may also publish textbooks and reference works, which tend to have larger audiences and sell more copies. Most university presses operate at a loss and are subsidized by their owners; others are required to break even. Demand has fallen as library budgets are cut and the online sales of used books undercut the new book market. Many presses are experimenting with electronic publishing.

text: university

text: press

text: is

text: an

text: academic

text: publishing

text: house

text: specializing

text: in

text: academic

text: monographs

text: and

text: scholarly

text: journals

text: Most

text: are

text: nonprofit

text: and

text: an

text: integral

text: component

text: of

text: large

text: research

text: university

text: They

text: publish

text: work

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: reviewed

text: by

text: scholars

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: They

text: produce

text: mainly

text: scholarly

text: works

text: but

text: also

text: often

text: have

text: popular

text: titles

text: such

text: as

text: books

text: on

text: religion

text: or

text: on

text: regional

text: topics

text: Because

text: scholarly

text: books

text: are

text: mostly

text: unprofitable

text: university

text: presses

text: may

text: also

text: publish

text: textbooks

text: and

text: reference

text: works

text: which

text: tend

text: to

text: have

text: larger

text: audiences

text: and

text: sell

text: more

text: copies

text: Most

text: university

text: presses

text: operate

text: at

text: loss

text: and

text: are

text: subsidized

text: by

text: their

text: owners

text: others

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: break

text: even

text: Demand

text: has

text: fallen

text: as

text: library

text: budgets

text: are

text: cut

text: and

text: the

text: online

text: sales

text: of

text: used

text: books

text: undercut

text: the

text: new

text: book

text: market

text: Many

text: presses

text: are

text: experimenting

text: with

text: electronic

text: publishing

text: Computer science is the study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the methodical procedures (or algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information. An alternate, more succinct definition of computer science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems.

text: Computer

text: science

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: theory

text: experimentation

text: and

text: engineering

text: that

text: form

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: design

text: and

text: use

text: of

text: computers

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: scientific

text: and

text: practical

text: approach

text: to

text: computation

text: and

text: its

text: applications

text: and

text: the

text: systematic

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: feasibility

text: structure

text: expression

text: and

text: mechanization

text: of

text: the

text: methodical

text: procedures

text: or

text: algorithms

text: that

text: underlie

text: the

text: acquisition

text: representation

text: processing

text: storage

text: communication

text: of

text: and

text: access

text: to

text: information

text: An

text: alternate

text: more

text: succinct

text: definition

text: of

text: computer

text: science

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: automating

text: algorithmic

text: processes

text: that

text: scale

text: computer

text: scientist

text: specializes

text: in

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: computation

text: and

text: the

text: design

text: of

text: computational

text: systems

text: Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines. In computer science, an ideal "intelligent" machine is a flexible rational agent that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving". As machines become increasingly capable, mental facilities once thought to require intelligence are removed from the definition. For example, optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an exemplar of "artificial intelligence", having become a routine technology. Capabilities currently classified as AI include successfully understanding human speech, competing at a high level in strategic game systems (such as Chess and Go), self-driving cars, and interpreting complex data. Some people also consider AI a danger to humanity if it progresses unabatedly.

text: Artificial

text: intelligence

text: AI

text: is

text: intelligence

text: exhibited

text: by

text: machines

text: In

text: computer

text: science

text: an

text: ideal

text: intelligent

text: machine

text: is

text: flexible

text: rational

text: agent

text: that

text: perceives

text: its

text: environment

text: and

text: takes

text: actions

text: that

text: maximize

text: its

text: chance

text: of

text: success

text: at

text: some

text: goal

text: Colloquially

text: the

text: term

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: is

text: applied

text: when

text: machine

text: mimics

text: cognitive

text: functions

text: that

text: humans

text: associate

text: with

text: other

text: human

text: minds

text: such

text: as

text: learning

text: and

text: problem

text: solving

text: As

text: machines

text: become

text: increasingly

text: capable

text: mental

text: facilities

text: once

text: thought

text: to

text: require

text: intelligence

text: are

text: removed

text: from

text: the

text: definition

text: For

text: example

text: optical

text: character

text: recognition

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: perceived

text: as

text: an

text: exemplar

text: of

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: having

text: become

text: routine

text: technology

text: Capabilities

text: currently

text: classified

text: as

text: AI

text: include

text: successfully

text: understanding

text: human

text: speech

text: competing

text: at

text: high

text: level

text: in

text: strategic

text: game

text: systems

text: such

text: as

text: Chess

text: and

text: Go

text: self

text: driving

text: cars

text: and

text: interpreting

text: complex

text: data

text: Some

text: people

text: also

text: consider

text: AI

text: danger

text: to

text: humanity

text: if

text: it

text: progresses

text: unabatedly

text: The European Court of Justice (ECJ), officially just the Court of Justice, is the highest court in the European Union in matters of European Union law. As a part of the Court of Justice of the European Union it is tasked with interpreting EU law and ensuring its equal application across all EU member states. The Court was established in 1952 and is based in Luxembourg. It is composed of one judge per member state  currently 28  although it normally hears cases in panels of three, five or 15 judges. The court has been led by president Koen Lenaerts since 2015.

text: The

text: European

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: ECJ

text: officially

text: just

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: court

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: in

text: matters

text: of

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: As

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: it

text: is

text: tasked

text: with

text: interpreting

text: EU

text: law

text: and

text: ensuring

text: its

text: equal

text: application

text: across

text: all

text: EU

text: member

text: states

text: The

text: Court

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: based

text: in

text: Luxembourg

text: It

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: one

text: judge

text: per

text: member

text: state

text: currently

text: although

text: it

text: normally

text: hears

text: cases

text: in

text: panels

text: of

text: three

text: five

text: or

text: judges

text: The

text: court

text: has

text: been

text: led

text: by

text: president

text: Koen

text: Lenaerts

text: since

text: Swarm intelligence (SI) is the collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems, natural or artificial. The concept is employed in work on artificial intelligence. The expression was introduced by Gerardo Beni and Jing Wang in 1989, in the context of cellular robotic systems.

text: Swarm

text: intelligence

text: SI

text: is

text: the

text: collective

text: behavior

text: of

text: decentralized

text: self

text: organized

text: systems

text: natural

text: or

text: artificial

text: The

text: concept

text: is

text: employed

text: in

text: work

text: on

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: The

text: expression

text: was

text: introduced

text: by

text: Gerardo

text: Beni

text: and

text: Jing

text: Wang

text: in

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: cellular

text: robotic

text: systems

text: The Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) (French for "Free University of Brussels", though rarely translated) is a French-speaking private research university in Brussels, Belgium. It has about 24,200 students, 32% of whom come from abroad, and an equally cosmopolitan staff.

text: The

text: Université

text: libre

text: de

text: Bruxelles

text: ULB

text: French

text: for

text: Free

text: University

text: of

text: Brussels

text: though

text: rarely

text: translated

text: is

text: French

text: speaking

text: private

text: research

text: university

text: in

text: Brussels

text: Belgium

text: It

text: has

text: about

text: students

text: of

text: whom

text: come

text: from

text: abroad

text: and

text: an

text: equally

text: cosmopolitan

text: staff

text: Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of and has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups: the Dutch-speaking, mostly Flemish community, which constitutes about 59% of the population, and the French-speaking, mostly Walloon population, which comprises 41% of all Belgians. Additionally, there is a small group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area, and bordering Germany.

text: Belgium

text: officially

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Belgium

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: bordered

text: by

text: France

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Germany

text: Luxembourg

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: It

text: is

text: small

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: which

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: Straddling

text: the

text: cultural

text: boundary

text: between

text: Germanic

text: and

text: Latin

text: Europe

text: Belgium

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: two

text: main

text: linguistic

text: groups

text: the

text: Dutch

text: speaking

text: mostly

text: Flemish

text: community

text: which

text: constitutes

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: and

text: the

text: French

text: speaking

text: mostly

text: Walloon

text: population

text: which

text: comprises

text: of

text: all

text: Belgians

text: Additionally

text: there

text: is

text: small

text: group

text: of

text: German

text: speakers

text: who

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: Cantons

text: located

text: around

text: the

text: High

text: Fens

text: area

text: and

text: bordering

text: Germany

text: The European Commission (EC) is an institution of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU. Commissioners swear an oath at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg, pledging to respect the treaties and to be completely independent in carrying out their duties during their mandate.

text: The

text: European

text: Commission

text: EC

text: is

text: an

text: institution

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: responsible

text: for

text: proposing

text: legislation

text: implementing

text: decisions

text: upholding

text: the

text: EU

text: treaties

text: and

text: managing

text: the

text: day

text: to

text: day

text: business

text: of

text: the

text: EU

text: Commissioners

text: swear

text: an

text: oath

text: at

text: the

text: European

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: in

text: Luxembourg

text: pledging

text: to

text: respect

text: the

text: treaties

text: and

text: to

text: be

text: completely

text: independent

text: in

text: carrying

text: out

text: their

text: duties

text: during

text: their

text: mandate

text: The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.

text: The

text: European

text: Union

text: EU

text: is

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: union

text: of

text: member

text: states

text: that

text: are

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: The

text: EU

text: has

text: developed

text: an

text: internal

text: single

text: market

text: through

text: standardised

text: system

text: of

text: laws

text: that

text: apply

text: in

text: all

text: member

text: states

text: EU

text: policies

text: aim

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: free

text: movement

text: of

text: people

text: goods

text: services

text: and

text: capital

text: within

text: the

text: internal

text: market

text: enact

text: legislation

text: in

text: justice

text: and

text: home

text: affairs

text: and

text: maintain

text: common

text: policies

text: on

text: trade

text: agriculture

text: fisheries

text: and

text: regional

text: development

text: Within

text: the

text: Schengen

text: Area

text: passport

text: controls

text: have

text: been

text: abolished

text: monetary

text: union

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: came

text: into

text: full

text: force

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: EU

text: member

text: states

text: which

text: use

text: the

text: euro

text: currency

text: The expression collective behavior was first used by Robert E. Park (1921), and employed later by Herbert Blumer (1939), Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian (1957), and Neil Smelser (1962) to refer to social processes and events which do not reflect existing social structure (laws, conventions, and institutions), but which emerge in a "spontaneous" way. Use of the term has been expanded to include reference to cells, social animals like birds and fish, and insects including ants. Collective behavior takes many forms but generally violates societal norms (Miller 2000, Locher 2002). Collective behavior can be tremendously destructive, as with riots or mob violence, silly, as with fads, or anywhere in between. Collective behavior is always driven by group dynamics, encouraging people to engage in acts they might consider unthinkable under typical social circumstances (Locher 2002).

text: The

text: expression

text: collective

text: behavior

text: was

text: first

text: used

text: by

text: Robert

text: Park

text: and

text: employed

text: later

text: by

text: Herbert

text: Blumer

text: Ralph

text: Turner

text: and

text: Lewis

text: Killian

text: and

text: Neil

text: Smelser

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: social

text: processes

text: and

text: events

text: which

text: do

text: not

text: reflect

text: existing

text: social

text: structure

text: laws

text: conventions

text: and

text: institutions

text: but

text: which

text: emerge

text: in

text: spontaneous

text: way

text: Use

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: has

text: been

text: expanded

text: to

text: include

text: reference

text: to

text: cells

text: social

text: animals

text: like

text: birds

text: and

text: fish

text: and

text: insects

text: including

text: ants

text: Collective

text: behavior

text: takes

text: many

text: forms

text: but

text: generally

text: violates

text: societal

text: norms

text: Miller

text: Locher

text: Collective

text: behavior

text: can

text: be

text: tremendously

text: destructive

text: as

text: with

text: riots

text: or

text: mob

text: violence

text: silly

text: as

text: with

text: fads

text: or

text: anywhere

text: in

text: between

text: Collective

text: behavior

text: is

text: always

text: driven

text: by

text: group

text: dynamics

text: encouraging

text: people

text: to

text: engage

text: in

text: acts

text: they

text: might

text: consider

text: unthinkable

text: under

text: typical

text: social

text: circumstances

text: Locher

text: A robot is a machineespecially one programmable by a computercapable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. Robots can be guided by an external control device or the control may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed to take on human form but most robots are machines designed to perform a task with no regard to how they look.

text: robot

text: is

text: machineespecially

text: one

text: programmable

text: by

text: computercapable

text: of

text: carrying

text: out

text: complex

text: series

text: of

text: actions

text: automatically

text: Robots

text: can

text: be

text: guided

text: by

text: an

text: external

text: control

text: device

text: or

text: the

text: control

text: may

text: be

text: embedded

text: within

text: Robots

text: may

text: be

text: constructed

text: to

text: take

text: on

text: human

text: form

text: but

text: most

text: robots

text: are

text: machines

text: designed

text: to

text: perform

text: task

text: with

text: no

text: regard

text: to

text: how

text: they

text: look

annotations: likely single

question: occupation marco dorigo

answer: scientist

text: scientist


text: Hartwig Altenmüller (born 1938, in Saulgau, Württemberg, Germany) is a German Egyptologist. He became professor at the Archaeological Institute of the University of Hamburg in 1971. He worked as an archaeologist in Saqqara from 1969 to 1982, and then the Valley of the Kings (where he worked on KV13, KV14 and KV47) from 1984 to 1998, retiring in 2003.

text: Hartwig

text: Altenmüller

text: born

text: in

text: Saulgau

text: Württemberg

text: Germany

text: is

text: German

text: Egyptologist

text: He

text: became

text: professor

text: at

text: the

text: Archaeological

text: Institute

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Hamburg

text: in

text: He

text: worked

text: as

text: an

text: archaeologist

text: in

text: Saqqara

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: Valley

text: of

text: the

text: Kings

text: where

text: he

text: worked

text: on

text: and

text: from

text: to

text: retiring

text: in

text: Saqqara, also spelled Sakkara or Saccara in English , is a vast, ancient burial ground in Egypt, serving as the necropolis for the Ancient Egyptian capital, Memphis. Saqqara features numerous pyramids, including the world-famous Step pyramid of Djoser, sometimes referred to as the Step Tomb due to its rectangular base, as well as a number of mastabas (Arabic word meaning 'bench'). Located some south of modern-day Cairo, Saqqara covers an area of around .

text: Saqqara

text: also

text: spelled

text: Sakkara

text: or

text: Saccara

text: in

text: English

text: is

text: vast

text: ancient

text: burial

text: ground

text: in

text: Egypt

text: serving

text: as

text: the

text: necropolis

text: for

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Egyptian

text: capital

text: Memphis

text: Saqqara

text: features

text: numerous

text: pyramids

text: including

text: the

text: world

text: famous

text: Step

text: pyramid

text: of

text: Djoser

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Step

text: Tomb

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: rectangular

text: base

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: number

text: of

text: mastabas

text: Arabic

text: word

text: meaning

text: bench

text: Located

text: some

text: south

text: of

text: modern

text: day

text: Cairo

text: Saqqara

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: around

text: Tomb KV13, located in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt, was cut and decorated for the burial of the noble Bay of the Nineteenth Dynasty. An ostraca published in the French Egyptological journal BIFAO in 2000 records that Chancellor Bay was executed by pharaoh Siptah. Consequently, Bay was never buried in his tomb. Moreover, no funerary goods were found in the tomb belonging to Bay. It was later reused by Amenherkhepshef and Mentuherkhepsef of the Twentieth Dynasty.

text: Tomb

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Valley

text: of

text: the

text: Kings

text: in

text: Egypt

text: was

text: cut

text: and

text: decorated

text: for

text: the

text: burial

text: of

text: the

text: noble

text: Bay

text: of

text: the

text: Nineteenth

text: Dynasty

text: An

text: ostraca

text: published

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: Egyptological

text: journal

text: BIFAO

text: in

text: records

text: that

text: Chancellor

text: Bay

text: was

text: executed

text: by

text: pharaoh

text: Siptah

text: Consequently

text: Bay

text: was

text: never

text: buried

text: in

text: his

text: tomb

text: Moreover

text: no

text: funerary

text: goods

text: were

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: tomb

text: belonging

text: to

text: Bay

text: It

text: was

text: later

text: reused

text: by

text: Amenherkhepshef

text: and

text: Mentuherkhepsef

text: of

text: the

text: Twentieth

text: Dynasty

text: Akhenre Setepenre Siptah or Merenptah Siptah was the penultimate ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. His father's identity is currently unknown. Both Seti II and Amenmesse have been suggested although the fact that that Siptah later changed his royal name or nomen to Merneptah Siptah after his Year 2 suggests rather than his father was Merneptah. If correct, this would make Siptah and Seti II half-brothers since both of them were sons of Merneptah.

text: Akhenre

text: Setepenre

text: Siptah

text: or

text: Merenptah

text: Siptah

text: was

text: the

text: penultimate

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Nineteenth

text: Dynasty

text: of

text: Egypt

text: His

text: father

text: 's

text: identity

text: is

text: currently

text: unknown

text: Both

text: Seti

text: II

text: and

text: Amenmesse

text: have

text: been

text: suggested

text: although

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: that

text: Siptah

text: later

text: changed

text: his

text: royal

text: name

text: or

text: nomen

text: to

text: Merneptah

text: Siptah

text: after

text: his

text: Year

text: suggests

text: rather

text: than

text: his

text: father

text: was

text: Merneptah

text: If

text: correct

text: this

text: would

text: make

text: Siptah

text: and

text: Seti

text: II

text: half

text: brothers

text: since

text: both

text: of

text: them

text: were

text: sons

text: of

text: Merneptah

text: Tomb KV47, located in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt, was used for the burial of Pharaoh Siptah of the Nineteenth Dynasty, though Siptah's mummy was found in KV35. KV47 was discovered on December 18, 1905 by Edward R. Ayrton. Theodore M. Davis, Ayrton's sponsor, published an account of the site's discovery and excavation in 1908.

text: Tomb

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Valley

text: of

text: the

text: Kings

text: in

text: Egypt

text: was

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: burial

text: of

text: Pharaoh

text: Siptah

text: of

text: the

text: Nineteenth

text: Dynasty

text: though

text: Siptah

text: 's

text: mummy

text: was

text: found

text: in

text: was

text: discovered

text: on

text: December

text: by

text: Edward

text: Ayrton

text: Theodore

text: Davis

text: Ayrton

text: 's

text: sponsor

text: published

text: an

text: account

text: of

text: the

text: site

text: 's

text: discovery

text: and

text: excavation

text: in

text: Pharaoh is the common title of the monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty (c. 3150) until the Macedonian conquest in 305 BC, although the actual term "Pharaoh" was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until circa 1200 BCE.

text: Pharaoh

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: title

text: of

text: the

text: monarchs

text: of

text: ancient

text: Egypt

text: from

text: the

text: First

text: Dynasty

text: until

text: the

text: Macedonian

text: conquest

text: in

text: BC

text: although

text: the

text: actual

text: term

text: Pharaoh

text: was

text: not

text: used

text: contemporaneously

text: for

text: ruler

text: until

text: circa

text: BCE

text: Tomb KV14 is a joint tomb , used originally by Twosret and then reused and extended by Setnakhte . It has been open since antiquity , but was not properly recorded until Hartwig Altenmüller excavated it from 1983 to 1987 . Located in the main body of the Valley of the Kings , it has two burial chambers , the later extensions making the tomb one of the largest of the Royal Tombs , at over 112 metres . The original decoration showing the female Twosret was replaced with those of the male Setnakhte . Even later , the name of Setnakte was replaced by those of Seti II.

text: Tomb

text: is

text: joint

text: tomb

text: used

text: originally

text: by

text: Twosret

text: and

text: then

text: reused

text: and

text: extended

text: by

text: Setnakhte

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: open

text: since

text: antiquity

text: but

text: was

text: not

text: properly

text: recorded

text: until

text: Hartwig

text: Altenmüller

text: excavated

text: it

text: from

text: to

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: main

text: body

text: of

text: the

text: Valley

text: of

text: the

text: Kings

text: it

text: has

text: two

text: burial

text: chambers

text: the

text: later

text: extensions

text: making

text: the

text: tomb

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Tombs

text: at

text: over

text: metres

text: The

text: original

text: decoration

text: showing

text: the

text: female

text: Twosret

text: was

text: replaced

text: with

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: male

text: Setnakhte

text: Even

text: later

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: Setnakte

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: those

text: of

text: Seti

text: II

text: Usimare Ramesses III (also written Ramses and Rameses) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty and is considered to be the last New Kingdom king to wield any substantial authority over Egypt. His long reign saw the decline of Egyptian political and economic power, linked to a series of invasions and internal economic problems.

text: Usimare

text: Ramesses

text: III

text: also

text: written

text: Ramses

text: and

text: Rameses

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: Pharaoh

text: of

text: the

text: Twentieth

text: Dynasty

text: and

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: last

text: New

text: Kingdom

text: king

text: to

text: wield

text: any

text: substantial

text: authority

text: over

text: Egypt

text: His

text: long

text: reign

text: saw

text: the

text: decline

text: of

text: Egyptian

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: power

text: linked

text: to

text: series

text: of

text: invasions

text: and

text: internal

text: economic

text: problems

text: The Valley of the Kings, the "Valley of the Gates of the Kings", is a valley in Egypt where, for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC, tombs were constructed for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom (the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Dynasties of Ancient Egypt).

text: The

text: Valley

text: of

text: the

text: Kings

text: the

text: Valley

text: of

text: the

text: Gates

text: of

text: the

text: Kings

text: is

text: valley

text: in

text: Egypt

text: where

text: for

text: period

text: of

text: nearly

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: century

text: BC

text: tombs

text: were

text: constructed

text: for

text: the

text: Pharaohs

text: and

text: powerful

text: nobles

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: Eighteenth

text: to

text: the

text: Twentieth

text: Dynasties

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Egypt

text: The University of Hamburg is a comprehensive university in Hamburg, Germany. It was founded on 28 March 1919, having grown out of the previous "General lecture system (Allgemeines Vorlesungswesen)" and the "Colonial Institute of Hamburg (Hamburgisches Kolonialinstitut)" as well as the "Akademic Gymnasium". In spite of its relatively short history, six Nobel Prize Winners and serials of scholars are affiliated to the university. University of Hamburg is the biggest research and education institution in Northern Germany and one of the most extensive universities in Germany. The main campus is located in the central district of Rotherbaum, with affiliated institutes and research centres spread around the city state.

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Hamburg

text: is

text: comprehensive

text: university

text: in

text: Hamburg

text: Germany

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: March

text: having

text: grown

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: General

text: lecture

text: system

text: Allgemeines

text: Vorlesungswesen

text: and

text: the

text: Colonial

text: Institute

text: of

text: Hamburg

text: Hamburgisches

text: Kolonialinstitut

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Akademic

text: Gymnasium

text: In

text: spite

text: of

text: its

text: relatively

text: short

text: history

text: six

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: Winners

text: and

text: serials

text: of

text: scholars

text: are

text: affiliated

text: to

text: the

text: university

text: University

text: of

text: Hamburg

text: is

text: the

text: biggest

text: research

text: and

text: education

text: institution

text: in

text: Northern

text: Germany

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: extensive

text: universities

text: in

text: Germany

text: The

text: main

text: campus

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: district

text: of

text: Rotherbaum

text: with

text: affiliated

text: institutes

text: and

text: research

text: centres

text: spread

text: around

text: the

text: city

text: state

text: Userkhaure-setepenre Setnakhte (or Setnakht, Sethnakht) was the first pharaoh (1189 BC1186 BC) of the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt and the father of Ramesses III.

text: Userkhaure

text: setepenre

text: Setnakhte

text: or

text: Setnakht

text: Sethnakht

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: pharaoh

text: BC

text: of

text: the

text: Twentieth

text: Dynasty

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Egypt

text: and

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: Ramesses

text: III

text:
Twosret ("Tawosret, Tausret", d. 1189 BC conventional chronology) was the last known ruler and the final Pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
She is recorded in Manetho's Epitome as a certain "Thuoris, who in Homer is called Polybus, husband of Alcandara, and in whose time Troy was taken". She was said to have ruled Egypt for seven years, but this figure included the nearly six-year reign of Siptah, her predecessor. Twosret simply assumed Siptah's regnal years as her own. While her sole independent reign would have lasted for perhaps one to one-and a half full years from 1191 to 1189 BC, this number now appears more likely to be two full years instead, possibly longer. Excavation work by the University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition on her memorial temple ("temple of millions of years") at Gournah strongly suggests that it was completed and functional during her reign and that Twosret started a regnal year 9, which means that she had two and possibly three independent years of rule, once one deducts the nearly six-year reign of Siptah. Her royal name, Sitre Meryamun, means "Daughter of Re, beloved of Amun."

text: Twosret

text: Tawosret

text: Tausret

text: BC

text: conventional

text: chronology

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: known

text: ruler

text: and

text: the

text: final

text: Pharaoh

text: of

text: the

text: Nineteenth

text: Dynasty

text: of

text: Egypt

text: She

text: is

text: recorded

text: in

text: Manetho

text: 's

text: Epitome

text: as

text: certain

text: Thuoris

text: who

text: in

text: Homer

text: is

text: called

text: Polybus

text: husband

text: of

text: Alcandara

text: and

text: in

text: whose

text: time

text: Troy

text: was

text: taken

text: She

text: was

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: ruled

text: Egypt

text: for

text: seven

text: years

text: but

text: this

text: figure

text: included

text: the

text: nearly

text: six

text: year

text: reign

text: of

text: Siptah

text: her

text: predecessor

text: Twosret

text: simply

text: assumed

text: Siptah

text: 's

text: regnal

text: years

text: as

text: her

text: own

text: While

text: her

text: sole

text: independent

text: reign

text: would

text: have

text: lasted

text: for

text: perhaps

text: one

text: to

text: one

text: and

text: half

text: full

text: years

text: from

text: to

text: BC

text: this

text: number

text: now

text: appears

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: two

text: full

text: years

text: instead

text: possibly

text: longer

text: Excavation

text: work

text: by

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Arizona

text: Egyptian

text: Expedition

text: on

text: her

text: memorial

text: temple

text: temple

text: of

text: millions

text: of

text: years

text: at

text: Gournah

text: strongly

text: suggests

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: completed

text: and

text: functional

text: during

text: her

text: reign

text: and

text: that

text: Twosret

text: started

text: regnal

text: year

text: which

text: means

text: that

text: she

text: had

text: two

text: and

text: possibly

text: three

text: independent

text: years

text: of

text: rule

text: once

text: one

text: deducts

text: the

text: nearly

text: six

text: year

text: reign

text: of

text: Siptah

text: Her

text: royal

text: name

text: Sitre

text: Meryamun

text: means

text: Daughter

text: of

text: Re

text: beloved

text: of

text: Amun

text: Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. Germany's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin. Other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf.

text: Germany

text: officially

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: is

text: federal

text: parliamentary

text: republic

text: in

text: central

text: western

text: Europe

text: It

text: includes

text: constituent

text: states

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: largely

text: temperate

text: seasonal

text: climate

text: With

text: about

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: member

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: After

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: immigration

text: destination

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Germany

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: metropolis

text: is

text: Berlin

text: Other

text: major

text: cities

text: include

text: Hamburg

text: Munich

text: Cologne

text: Frankfurt

text: Stuttgart

text: and

text: Düsseldorf

text: Ramesses II (variously transliterated as "Rameses" or "Ramses" (or ); born ; died July or August 1213 BC; reigned 12791213 BC), also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire. His successors and later Egyptians called him the "Great Ancestor". Ramesses II led several military expeditions into the Levant, reasserting Egyptian control over Canaan. He also led expeditions to the south, into Nubia, commemorated in inscriptions at Beit el-Wali and Gerf Hussein.

text: Ramesses

text: II

text: variously

text: transliterated

text: as

text: Rameses

text: or

text: Ramses

text: or

text: born

text: died

text: July

text: or

text: August

text: BC

text: reigned

text: BC

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Ramesses

text: the

text: Great

text: was

text: the

text: third

text: pharaoh

text: of

text: the

text: Nineteenth

text: Dynasty

text: of

text: Egypt

text: He

text: is

text: often

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: greatest

text: most

text: celebrated

text: and

text: most

text: powerful

text: pharaoh

text: of

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: Empire

text: His

text: successors

text: and

text: later

text: Egyptians

text: called

text: him

text: the

text: Great

text: Ancestor

text: Ramesses

text: II

text: led

text: several

text: military

text: expeditions

text: into

text: the

text: Levant

text: reasserting

text: Egyptian

text: control

text: over

text: Canaan

text: He

text: also

text: led

text: expeditions

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: into

text: Nubia

text: commemorated

text: in

text: inscriptions

text: at

text: Beit

text: el

text: Wali

text: and

text: Gerf

text: Hussein

text:
The New Kingdom of Egypt, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. Radiocarbon dating places the exact beginning of the New Kingdom between 15701544 BC.
The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period. It was Egypts most prosperous time and marked the peak of its power.

text: The

text: New

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Egypt

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: Empire

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: in

text: ancient

text: Egyptian

text: history

text: between

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: covering

text: the

text: Eighteenth

text: Nineteenth

text: and

text: Twentieth

text: Dynasties

text: of

text: Egypt

text: Radiocarbon

text: dating

text: places

text: the

text: exact

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: Kingdom

text: between

text: BC

text: The

text: New

text: Kingdom

text: followed

text: the

text: Second

text: Intermediate

text: Period

text: and

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Third

text: Intermediate

text: Period

text: It

text: was

text: Egypts

text: most

text: prosperous

text: time

text: and

text: marked

text: the

text: peak

text: of

text: its

text: power

annotations: follows single

question: country kv14

answer: egypt

text: egypt

text: egypt

text: egypt

text: egypt

text: egypt

text: egypt

text: egypt

text: egypt

text: egypt

text: egypt

text: egypt

text: egypt

text: egypt

text: egypt


text: Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC  10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great ("Aléxandros ho Mégas" ), was a king ("basileus") of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II, to the throne at the age of twenty. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and by the age of thirty he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to northwestern India. He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders.

text: Alexander

text: III

text: of

text: Macedon

text: July

text: BC

text: June

text: BC

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: Aléxandros

text: ho

text: Mégas

text: was

text: king

text: basileus

text: of

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Macedon

text: and

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Argead

text: dynasty

text: Born

text: in

text: Pella

text: in

text: BC

text: Alexander

text: succeeded

text: his

text: father

text: Philip

text: II

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: twenty

text: He

text: spent

text: most

text: of

text: his

text: ruling

text: years

text: on

text: an

text: unprecedented

text: military

text: campaign

text: through

text: Asia

text: and

text: northeast

text: Africa

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: thirty

text: he

text: had

text: created

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: empires

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: world

text: stretching

text: from

text: Greece

text: to

text: northwestern

text: India

text: He

text: was

text: undefeated

text: in

text: battle

text: and

text: is

text: widely

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: history

text: 's

text: most

text: successful

text: military

text: commanders

text: Basileus is a Greek term and title that has signified various types of monarchs in history. In the English-speaking world it is perhaps most widely understood to mean "king" or "emperor". The best known use of the title is by the Byzantine emperors, but the title also has a longer history of use by sovereigns and other persons of authority in ancient Greece, as well as for the kings of modern Greece.

text: Basileus

text: is

text: Greek

text: term

text: and

text: title

text: that

text: has

text: signified

text: various

text: types

text: of

text: monarchs

text: in

text: history

text: In

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: world

text: it

text: is

text: perhaps

text: most

text: widely

text: understood

text: to

text: mean

text: king

text: or

text: emperor

text: The

text: best

text: known

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: title

text: is

text: by

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: emperors

text: but

text: the

text: title

text: also

text: has

text: longer

text: history

text: of

text: use

text: by

text: sovereigns

text: and

text: other

text: persons

text: of

text: authority

text: in

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: for

text: the

text: kings

text: of

text: modern

text: Greece

text: Pella, is an ancient city located in Central Macedonia, Greece, best known as the historical capital of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon in the time of Alexander the Great. On the site of the ancient city is the Archaeological Museum of Pella.

text: Pella

text: is

text: an

text: ancient

text: city

text: located

text: in

text: Central

text: Macedonia

text: Greece

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: historical

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Macedon

text: in

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: On

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: Archaeological

text: Museum

text: of

text: Pella

text: India, officially the Republic of India ("Bhrat Gaarjya"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.

text: India

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: India

text: Bhrat

text: Gaarjya

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: democracy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: China

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Bhutan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: India

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: India

text: 's

text: Andaman

text: and

text: Nicobar

text: Islands

text: share

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: New

text: Delhi

text: other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Mumbai

text: Kolkata

text: Chennai

text: Bangalore

text: Hyderabad

text: and

text: Ahmedabad

text: A historian is a person who researches, studies, and writes about the past, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is concerned with events preceding written history, the individual is a historian of prehistory. Although "historian" can be used to describe amateur and professional historians alike, it is reserved more recently for those who have acquired graduate degrees in the discipline. Some historians, though, are recognized by publications or training and experience. "Historian" became a professional occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in Germany and elsewhere.

text: historian

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: researches

text: studies

text: and

text: writes

text: about

text: the

text: past

text: and

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: an

text: authority

text: on

text: it

text: Historians

text: are

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: continuous

text: methodical

text: narrative

text: and

text: research

text: of

text: past

text: events

text: as

text: relating

text: to

text: the

text: human

text: race

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: all

text: history

text: in

text: time

text: If

text: the

text: individual

text: is

text: concerned

text: with

text: events

text: preceding

text: written

text: history

text: the

text: individual

text: is

text: historian

text: of

text: prehistory

text: Although

text: historian

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: amateur

text: and

text: professional

text: historians

text: alike

text: it

text: is

text: reserved

text: more

text: recently

text: for

text: those

text: who

text: have

text: acquired

text: graduate

text: degrees

text: in

text: the

text: discipline

text: Some

text: historians

text: though

text: are

text: recognized

text: by

text: publications

text: or

text: training

text: and

text: experience

text: Historian

text: became

text: professional

text: occupation

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: as

text: research

text: universities

text: were

text: emerging

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: elsewhere

text:
Greece (' ), officially the Hellenic Republic (Greek: ' ), historically also known as Hellas ("" ), is a country in southeastern Europe.
Greece's population is approximately 10.955 million as of 2015. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki.

text: Greece

text: officially

text: the

text: Hellenic

text: Republic

text: Greek

text: historically

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Hellas

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: southeastern

text: Europe

text: Greece

text: 's

text: population

text: is

text: approximately

text: million

text: as

text: of

text: Athens

text: is

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: followed

text: by

text: Thessaloniki

text: Hieronymus of Cardia ( Greek :  ) , Greek general and historian from Cardia in Thrace , was a contemporary of Alexander the Great ( 356 -- 323 BC ) . After the death of Alexander he followed the fortunes of his friend and fellow - countryman Eumenes . He was wounded and taken prisoner by Antigonus , who pardoned him and appointed him superintendent of the asphalt beds in the Dead Sea . He was treated with equal friendliness by Antigonus 's son Demetrius , who made him polemarch of Thespiae , and by Antigonus Gonatas , at whose court he died at the age of 104 . He wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants , embracing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus ( 323 -- 272 BC ) , which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus ( xviii . - xx . ) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus . He made use of official papers and was careful in his investigation of facts . The simplicity of his style seemingly rendered his work unpopular to people of his time , but modern historians believe it was very good . In the last part of his work he made a praiseworthy attempt to acquaint the Greeks with the character and early history of the Romans . He is reproached by Pausanias ( i. 9 . 8 ) with unfairness towards all rulers with the exception of Antigonus Gonatas . No significant amount of his work survived the end of the ancient world . Like the even more famous lost history of Alexander by Ptolemy I of Egypt , not one book , not one chapter has seen the light of day . See Lucian , Macrobii , 22 ; Plutarch , Demetrius , 39 ; Diod . Sic . xviii . 42 . 44 . 50 , xix . i 09 ; Dion . Halic . Antiq . Rom. 1 . 6 ; F Brückner , De vita et scriptis Hieronymi Cardii in Zeitschrift für die Alterthumswissenschaft ( 1842 ) ; F Reuss , Hieronymos von Kardia ( Berlin , 1876 ) ; Charles Wachsmuth , Einleitung in das Studium der alten Geschichte ( 1895 ) ; fragments in C. W. Müller , Frag . hist . Graec . ii. 450 - 461 .

text: Hieronymus

text: of

text: Cardia

text: Greek

text: Greek

text: general

text: and

text: historian

text: from

text: Cardia

text: in

text: Thrace

text: was

text: contemporary

text: of

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: BC

text: After

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Alexander

text: he

text: followed

text: the

text: fortunes

text: of

text: his

text: friend

text: and

text: fellow

text: countryman

text: Eumenes

text: He

text: was

text: wounded

text: and

text: taken

text: prisoner

text: by

text: Antigonus

text: who

text: pardoned

text: him

text: and

text: appointed

text: him

text: superintendent

text: of

text: the

text: asphalt

text: beds

text: in

text: the

text: Dead

text: Sea

text: He

text: was

text: treated

text: with

text: equal

text: friendliness

text: by

text: Antigonus

text: 's

text: son

text: Demetrius

text: who

text: made

text: him

text: polemarch

text: of

text: Thespiae

text: and

text: by

text: Antigonus

text: Gonatas

text: at

text: whose

text: court

text: he

text: died

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: He

text: wrote

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Diadochi

text: and

text: their

text: descendants

text: embracing

text: the

text: period

text: from

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Alexander

text: to

text: the

text: war

text: with

text: Pyrrhus

text: BC

text: which

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: chief

text: authorities

text: used

text: by

text: Diodorus

text: Siculus

text: xviii

text: xx

text: and

text: also

text: by

text: Plutarch

text: in

text: his

text: life

text: of

text: Pyrrhus

text: He

text: made

text: use

text: of

text: official

text: papers

text: and

text: was

text: careful

text: in

text: his

text: investigation

text: of

text: facts

text: The

text: simplicity

text: of

text: his

text: style

text: seemingly

text: rendered

text: his

text: work

text: unpopular

text: to

text: people

text: of

text: his

text: time

text: but

text: modern

text: historians

text: believe

text: it

text: was

text: very

text: good

text: In

text: the

text: last

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: work

text: he

text: made

text: praiseworthy

text: attempt

text: to

text: acquaint

text: the

text: Greeks

text: with

text: the

text: character

text: and

text: early

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Romans

text: He

text: is

text: reproached

text: by

text: Pausanias

text: with

text: unfairness

text: towards

text: all

text: rulers

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: Antigonus

text: Gonatas

text: No

text: significant

text: amount

text: of

text: his

text: work

text: survived

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: world

text: Like

text: the

text: even

text: more

text: famous

text: lost

text: history

text: of

text: Alexander

text: by

text: Ptolemy

text: of

text: Egypt

text: not

text: one

text: book

text: not

text: one

text: chapter

text: has

text: seen

text: the

text: light

text: of

text: day

text: See

text: Lucian

text: Macrobii

text: Plutarch

text: Demetrius

text: Diod

text: Sic

text: xviii

text: xix

text: Dion

text: Halic

text: Antiq

text: Rom

text: Brückner

text: De

text: vita

text: et

text: scriptis

text: Hieronymi

text: Cardii

text: in

text: Zeitschrift

text: für

text: die

text: Alterthumswissenschaft

text: Reuss

text: Hieronymos

text: von

text: Kardia

text: Berlin

text: Charles

text: Wachsmuth

text: Einleitung

text: in

text: das

text: Studium

text: der

text: alten

text: Geschichte

text: fragments

text: in

text: Müller

text: Frag

text: hist

text: Graec

text: ii

question: place_of_death hieronymus of cardia

answer: pella

text: pella

text: pella

text: pella