text: Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, born Melitta Schiller (9 January 1903  8 April 1945), was a German Aviator who served as a test pilot in the Luftwaffe before and during World War II.

text: Melitta

text: Schenk

text: Gräfin

text: von

text: Stauffenberg

text: born

text: Melitta

text: Schiller

text: January

text: April

text: was

text: German

text: Aviator

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: test

text: pilot

text: in

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: before

text: and

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German language: "Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes"), or simply the Knight's Cross ("Ritterkreuz"), and its variants were the highest awards in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II.

text: The

text: Knight

text: 's

text: Cross

text: of

text: the

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: German

text: language

text: Ritterkreuz

text: des

text: Eisernen

text: Kreuzes

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: Knight

text: 's

text: Cross

text: Ritterkreuz

text: and

text: its

text: variants

text: were

text: the

text: highest

text: awards

text: in

text: the

text: military

text: and

text: paramilitary

text: forces

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved.

text: World

text: War

text: WWI

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: or

text: the

text: Great

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: originating

text: in

text: Europe

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: July

text: to

text: November

text: More

text: than

text: million

text: military

text: personnel

text: including

text: million

text: Europeans

text: were

text: mobilised

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: wars

text: in

text: history

text: Over

text: nine

text: million

text: combatants

text: and

text: seven

text: million

text: civilians

text: died

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: including

text: the

text: victims

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: genocides

text: casualty

text: rate

text: exacerbated

text: by

text: the

text: belligerents

text: technological

text: and

text: industrial

text: sophistication

text: and

text: the

text: tactical

text: stalemate

text: caused

text: by

text: gruelling

text: trench

text: warfare

text: It

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflicts

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: paved

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: major

text: political

text: changes

text: including

text: revolutions

text: in

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: nations

text: involved

text: Florian Geyer von Giebelstadt ("c". 1490  10 June 1525) was a German nobleman, diplomat, and knight. He became widely known for leading peasants during the German Peasants' War.

text: Florian

text: Geyer

text: von

text: Giebelstadt

text: June

text: was

text: German

text: nobleman

text: diplomat

text: and

text: knight

text: He

text: became

text: widely

text: known

text: for

text: leading

text: peasants

text: during

text: the

text: German

text: Peasants

text: War

text: In terminology of Nazi Germany, Volksdeutsche were "Germans in terms of people or race", regardless of citizenship. The term is the nominalised plural of "volksdeutsch", with "Volksdeutsche" denoting a singular female, and "Volksdeutsche(r)", a singular male. The words "Volk" and "völkisch" conveyed the meanings of "folk" and "race" while adding the sense of superior civilisation and blood. These terms were used by Nazis to define Germans on the basis of their 'race' (although in modern terminology, this is their ethnicity) rather than citizenship and thus included Germans living beyond the borders of the Reich, as long as they were not of Jewish origin. This is in contrast to Imperial Germans ("Reichsdeutsche"), German citizens living within Germany. The term also contrasts with the usage of the term "Auslandsdeutsche" ("Germans abroad/German expatriate") since 1936, which generally denotes German citizens residing in other countries. The difference between 'Imperial German' and 'Ethnic German' was that those designated as being ethnic Germans did not have paperwork to prove their legal citizenship to work or vote within the country though some were from either Germany or lost territories of Germany taken during and after the First World War.

text: In

text: terminology

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: Volksdeutsche

text: were

text: Germans

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: people

text: or

text: race

text: regardless

text: of

text: citizenship

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: the

text: nominalised

text: plural

text: of

text: volksdeutsch

text: with

text: Volksdeutsche

text: denoting

text: singular

text: female

text: and

text: Volksdeutsche(r

text: singular

text: male

text: The

text: words

text: Volk

text: and

text: völkisch

text: conveyed

text: the

text: meanings

text: of

text: folk

text: and

text: race

text: while

text: adding

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: superior

text: civilisation

text: and

text: blood

text: These

text: terms

text: were

text: used

text: by

text: Nazis

text: to

text: define

text: Germans

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: their

text: race

text: although

text: in

text: modern

text: terminology

text: this

text: is

text: their

text: ethnicity

text: rather

text: than

text: citizenship

text: and

text: thus

text: included

text: Germans

text: living

text: beyond

text: the

text: borders

text: of

text: the

text: Reich

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: they

text: were

text: not

text: of

text: Jewish

text: origin

text: This

text: is

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: Imperial

text: Germans

text: Reichsdeutsche

text: German

text: citizens

text: living

text: within

text: Germany

text: The

text: term

text: also

text: contrasts

text: with

text: the

text: usage

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: Auslandsdeutsche

text: Germans

text: abroad

text: German

text: expatriate

text: since

text: which

text: generally

text: denotes

text: German

text: citizens

text: residing

text: in

text: other

text: countries

text: The

text: difference

text: between

text: Imperial

text: German

text: and

text: Ethnic

text: German

text: was

text: that

text: those

text: designated

text: as

text: being

text: ethnic

text: Germans

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: paperwork

text: to

text: prove

text: their

text: legal

text: citizenship

text: to

text: work

text: or

text: vote

text: within

text: the

text: country

text: though

text: some

text: were

text: from

text: either

text: Germany

text: or

text: lost

text: territories

text: of

text: Germany

text: taken

text: during

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: Hiroshima is perhaps best known as the first city in history to be targeted by a nuclear weapon when the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dropped an atomic bomb on the city (and later on Nagasaki) at 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, near the end of World War II.

text: Hiroshima

text: is

text: perhaps

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: city

text: in

text: history

text: to

text: be

text: targeted

text: by

text: nuclear

text: weapon

text: when

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: Air

text: Forces

text: USAAF

text: dropped

text: an

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: later

text: on

text: Nagasaki

text: at

text: a.m.

text: on

text: August

text: near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, primarily led and financed by the United Kingdom. The wars resulted from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and the Revolutionary Wars, which had raged on for years before concluding with the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. The resumption of hostilities the following year paved the way for more than a decade of constant warfare often categorized into five conflicts: the War of the Third Coalition (1805), the War of the Fourth Coalition (1806-7), the War of the Fifth Coalition (1809), the War of the Sixth Coalition (1813), and the War of the Seventh Coalition (1815). The Napoleonic Wars had profound consequences for global and European history, leading to the spread of nationalism and liberalism, the rise of the British Empire as the world's premier power, the independence movements in Latin America and the collapse of the Spanish Empire, the fundamental reorganization of German and Italian territories into larger states, and the establishment of radically new methods in warfare.

text: The

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: were

text: series

text: of

text: major

text: conflicts

text: pitting

text: the

text: French

text: Empire

text: and

text: its

text: allies

text: led

text: by

text: Napoleon

text: against

text: fluctuating

text: array

text: of

text: European

text: powers

text: formed

text: into

text: various

text: coalitions

text: primarily

text: led

text: and

text: financed

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: wars

text: resulted

text: from

text: the

text: unresolved

text: disputes

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: and

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: Wars

text: which

text: had

text: raged

text: on

text: for

text: years

text: before

text: concluding

text: with

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Amiens

text: in

text: The

text: resumption

text: of

text: hostilities

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: paved

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: decade

text: of

text: constant

text: warfare

text: often

text: categorized

text: into

text: five

text: conflicts

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Third

text: Coalition

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Fourth

text: Coalition

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Fifth

text: Coalition

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Sixth

text: Coalition

text: and

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Seventh

text: Coalition

text: The

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: had

text: profound

text: consequences

text: for

text: global

text: and

text: European

text: history

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: nationalism

text: and

text: liberalism

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: premier

text: power

text: the

text: independence

text: movements

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Empire

text: the

text: fundamental

text: reorganization

text: of

text: German

text: and

text: Italian

text: territories

text: into

text: larger

text: states

text: and

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: radically

text: new

text: methods

text: in

text: warfare

text: Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying its morale or its economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both. It is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize strategic bombers, long- or medium-range missiles, or nuclear-armed fighter-bomber aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to the enemy's war-making capability.

text: Strategic

text: bombing

text: is

text: military

text: strategy

text: used

text: in

text: total

text: war

text: with

text: the

text: goal

text: of

text: defeating

text: the

text: enemy

text: by

text: destroying

text: its

text: morale

text: or

text: its

text: economic

text: ability

text: to

text: produce

text: and

text: transport

text: materiel

text: to

text: the

text: theatres

text: of

text: military

text: operations

text: or

text: both

text: It

text: is

text: systematically

text: organized

text: and

text: executed

text: attack

text: from

text: the

text: air

text: which

text: can

text: utilize

text: strategic

text: bombers

text: long-

text: or

text: medium

text: range

text: missiles

text: or

text: nuclear

text: armed

text: fighter

text: bomber

text: aircraft

text: to

text: attack

text: targets

text: deemed

text: vital

text: to

text: the

text: enemy

text: 's

text: war

text: making

text: capability

text: German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and (co-) official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol (Italy), the German-speaking Community of Belgium, and Liechtenstein; it is also an official, but not majority language of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, and English. It is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English.

text: German

text: is

text: West

text: Germanic

text: language

text: that

text: is

text: mainly

text: spoken

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: spoken

text: and

text: co-

text: official

text: language

text: in

text: Germany

text: Austria

text: Switzerland

text: South

text: Tyrol

text: Italy

text: the

text: German

text: speaking

text: Community

text: of

text: Belgium

text: and

text: Liechtenstein

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: an

text: official

text: but

text: not

text: majority

text: language

text: of

text: Luxembourg

text: Major

text: languages

text: which

text: are

text: most

text: similar

text: to

text: German

text: include

text: other

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Germanic

text: language

text: branch

text: such

text: as

text: Afrikaans

text: Dutch

text: and

text: English

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: widely

text: spoken

text: Germanic

text: language

text: after

text: English

text: Hanna Reitsch (29 March 1912  24 August 1979) was Germany's most famous female aviator and test pilot, starting in the early 1930s. During the Nazi era she served as an international representative for the regime. In the 1960s she was sponsored by the West German foreign office as a technical adviser in Ghana and elsewhere.

text: Hanna

text: Reitsch

text: March

text: August

text: was

text: Germany

text: 's

text: most

text: famous

text: female

text: aviator

text: and

text: test

text: pilot

text: starting

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: During

text: the

text: Nazi

text: era

text: she

text: served

text: as

text: an

text: international

text: representative

text: for

text: the

text: regime

text: In

text: the

text: she

text: was

text: sponsored

text: by

text: the

text: West

text: German

text: foreign

text: office

text: as

text: technical

text: adviser

text: in

text: Ghana

text: and

text: elsewhere

text: In politics and military planning, a war effort refers to a coordinated mobilization of society's resourcesboth industrial and humantowards the support of a military force. Depending on the militarization of the culture, the relative size of the armed forces and the society supporting them, the style of government, and the popular support for the military objectives, such war effort can range from a small industry to complete command of society.

text: In

text: politics

text: and

text: military

text: planning

text: war

text: effort

text: refers

text: to

text: coordinated

text: mobilization

text: of

text: society

text: 's

text: resourcesboth

text: industrial

text: and

text: humantowards

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: military

text: force

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: militarization

text: of

text: the

text: culture

text: the

text: relative

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: and

text: the

text: society

text: supporting

text: them

text: the

text: style

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: the

text: popular

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: military

text: objectives

text: such

text: war

text: effort

text: can

text: range

text: from

text: small

text: industry

text: to

text: complete

text: command

text: of

text: society

text: The 8th SS Cavalry Division "Florian Geyer" was a Waffen-SS cavalry Division during World War II. It was formed in 1942 from a cadre of the SS Cavalry Brigade which was involved in anti partisan operations behind the front line and was responsible for the extermination of tens of thousands of the civilian population. It continued with the so-called pacification operations in the occupied Soviet Union, leading to further atrocities.

text: The

text: SS

text: Cavalry

text: Division

text: Florian

text: Geyer

text: was

text: Waffen

text: SS

text: cavalry

text: Division

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: from

text: cadre

text: of

text: the

text: SS

text: Cavalry

text: Brigade

text: which

text: was

text: involved

text: in

text: anti

text: partisan

text: operations

text: behind

text: the

text: front

text: line

text: and

text: was

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: extermination

text: of

text: tens

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: the

text: civilian

text: population

text: It

text: continued

text: with

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: pacification

text: operations

text: in

text: the

text: occupied

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: leading

text: to

text: further

text: atrocities

text: The swastika (also known outside the Indian subcontinent as the Hakenkreuz, gammadion cross, cross cramponnée, croix gammée, fylfot, or tetraskelion) (as a character  or ) is an ancient religious symbol originating from the Indian subcontinent, that generally takes the form of an equilateral cross with four legs each bent at 90 degrees. It is considered to be a sacred and auspicious symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism and dates back at least 11,000 years. It continues to be commonly used as a religious symbol in religions native to the Indian subcontinent, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.

text: The

text: swastika

text: also

text: known

text: outside

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: as

text: the

text: Hakenkreuz

text: gammadion

text: cross

text: cross

text: cramponnée

text: croix

text: gammée

text: fylfot

text: or

text: tetraskelion

text: as

text: character

text: or

text: is

text: an

text: ancient

text: religious

text: symbol

text: originating

text: from

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: that

text: generally

text: takes

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: an

text: equilateral

text: cross

text: with

text: four

text: legs

text: each

text: bent

text: at

text: degrees

text: It

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: sacred

text: and

text: auspicious

text: symbol

text: in

text: Hinduism

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: Jainism

text: and

text: dates

text: back

text: at

text: least

text: years

text: It

text: continues

text: to

text: be

text: commonly

text: used

text: as

text: religious

text: symbol

text: in

text: religions

text: native

text: to

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: such

text: as

text: Hinduism

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: Jainism

text: A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions.

text: great

text: power

text: is

text: sovereign

text: state

text: that

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: having

text: the

text: ability

text: and

text: expertise

text: to

text: exert

text: its

text: influence

text: on

text: global

text: scale

text: Great

text: powers

text: characteristically

text: possess

text: military

text: and

text: economic

text: strength

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: diplomatic

text: and

text: soft

text: power

text: influence

text: which

text: may

text: cause

text: middle

text: or

text: small

text: powers

text: to

text: consider

text: the

text: great

text: powers

text: opinions

text: before

text: taking

text: actions

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: International

text: relations

text: theorists

text: have

text: posited

text: that

text: great

text: power

text: status

text: can

text: be

text: characterized

text: into

text: power

text: capabilities

text: spatial

text: aspects

text: and

text: status

text: dimensions

text: Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP). Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over nearly all aspects of life. The official name of the state was "Deutsches Reich" from 1933 to 1943 and "Großdeutsches Reich" ("Greater German Reich") from 1943 to 1945. The period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period (abbreviated as "NS-Zeit"). The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, ending World War II in Europe.

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: English

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: period

text: in

text: German

text: history

text: from

text: to

text: when

text: Germany

text: was

text: governed

text: by

text: dictatorship

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: and

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: NSDAP

text: Under

text: Hitler

text: 's

text: rule

text: Germany

text: was

text: transformed

text: into

text: fascist

text: state

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Nazi

text: Party

text: took

text: totalitarian

text: control

text: over

text: nearly

text: all

text: aspects

text: of

text: life

text: The

text: official

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: was

text: Deutsches

text: Reich

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: Großdeutsches

text: Reich

text: Greater

text: German

text: Reich

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: period

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: under

text: the

text: names

text: the

text: Third

text: Reich

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Socialist

text: Period

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: NS

text: Zeit

text: The

text: Nazi

text: regime

text: came

text: to

text: an

text: end

text: after

text: the

text: Allied

text: Powers

text: defeated

text: Germany

text: in

text: May

text: ending

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: in

text: Europe

text: A military alliance is an international agreement concerning national security, when the contracting parties promise to support each other in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance. Military alliances differ from coalitions, as coalitions are formed for a crisis that are already known.

text: military

text: alliance

text: is

text: an

text: international

text: agreement

text: concerning

text: national

text: security

text: when

text: the

text: contracting

text: parties

text: promise

text: to

text: support

text: each

text: other

text: in

text: case

text: of

text: crisis

text: that

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: identified

text: in

text: advance

text: Military

text: alliances

text: differ

text: from

text: coalitions

text: as

text: coalitions

text: are

text: formed

text: for

text: crisis

text: that

text: are

text: already

text: known

text: The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire of Napoleon III and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification and French fears of the shift in the European balance of power that would result if the Prussians succeeded. Some historians argue that the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck deliberately provoked a French attack in order to draw the southern German statesBaden, Württemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadtinto an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia, while others contend that Bismarck did not plan anything and merely exploited the circumstances as they unfolded.

text: The

text: Franco

text: Prussian

text: War

text: or

text: Franco

text: German

text: War

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: France

text: as

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: July

text: was

text: conflict

text: between

text: the

text: Second

text: French

text: Empire

text: of

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: and

text: the

text: German

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: German

text: Confederation

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Prussia

text: The

text: conflict

text: was

text: caused

text: by

text: Prussian

text: ambitions

text: to

text: extend

text: German

text: unification

text: and

text: French

text: fears

text: of

text: the

text: shift

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: balance

text: of

text: power

text: that

text: would

text: result

text: if

text: the

text: Prussians

text: succeeded

text: Some

text: historians

text: argue

text: that

text: the

text: Prussian

text: chancellor

text: Otto

text: von

text: Bismarck

text: deliberately

text: provoked

text: French

text: attack

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: draw

text: the

text: southern

text: German

text: statesBaden

text: Württemberg

text: Bavaria

text: and

text: Hesse

text: Darmstadtinto

text: an

text: alliance

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: German

text: Confederation

text: dominated

text: by

text: Prussia

text: while

text: others

text: contend

text: that

text: Bismarck

text: did

text: not

text: plan

text: anything

text: and

text: merely

text: exploited

text: the

text: circumstances

text: as

text: they

text: unfolded

text:
The Iron Cross (abbreviated EK) was a military decoration in the Kingdom of Prussia, and later in the German Empire (18711918) and Nazi Germany (19331945). It was established by King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia in March 1813 backdated to the birthday of his late wife Queen Louise on 10 March 1813 during the Napoleonic Wars (EK 1813). Louise was the first person to receive this decoration (posthumous). The recommissioned Iron Cross was also awarded during the Franco-Prussian War (EK 1870), World War I (EK 1914), and World War II (EK 1939, re-introduced with a swastika added in the center).
The Iron Cross was normally a military decoration only, though there were instances of it being awarded to civilians for performing military functions. Two examples of this were civilian test pilots Hanna Reitsch who was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class and 1st Class and Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, who was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class, for their actions as pilots during World War II.

text: The

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: abbreviated

text: EK

text: was

text: military

text: decoration

text: in

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Prussia

text: and

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: Empire

text: and

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: It

text: was

text: established

text: by

text: King

text: Friedrich

text: Wilhelm

text: III

text: of

text: Prussia

text: in

text: March

text: backdated

text: to

text: the

text: birthday

text: of

text: his

text: late

text: wife

text: Queen

text: Louise

text: on

text: March

text: during

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: EK

text: Louise

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: to

text: receive

text: this

text: decoration

text: posthumous

text: The

text: recommissioned

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: was

text: also

text: awarded

text: during

text: the

text: Franco

text: Prussian

text: War

text: EK

text: World

text: War

text: EK

text: and

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: EK

text: re

text: introduced

text: with

text: swastika

text: added

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: The

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: was

text: normally

text: military

text: decoration

text: only

text: though

text: there

text: were

text: instances

text: of

text: it

text: being

text: awarded

text: to

text: civilians

text: for

text: performing

text: military

text: functions

text: Two

text: examples

text: of

text: this

text: were

text: civilian

text: test

text: pilots

text: Hanna

text: Reitsch

text: who

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: Class

text: and

text: Class

text: and

text: Melitta

text: Schenk

text: Gräfin

text: von

text: Stauffenberg

text: who

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: Class

text: for

text: their

text: actions

text: as

text: pilots

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The SS Cavalry Brigade ("SS-Kavallerie-Brigade") was a unit of the "Waffen SS" formed from cavalry regiments created for occupation duties in German-occupied Poland. Later, while serving in German-occupied areas of the Soviet Union, the brigade was involved in the genocide of the Jewish population and anti-partisan operations. It also filled gaps in the front line when called upon in emergencies. In 1942, the brigade was disbanded and became the cadre of the 8th SS Cavalry ("Florian Geyer") Division.

text: The

text: SS

text: Cavalry

text: Brigade

text: SS

text: Kavallerie

text: Brigade

text: was

text: unit

text: of

text: the

text: Waffen

text: SS

text: formed

text: from

text: cavalry

text: regiments

text: created

text: for

text: occupation

text: duties

text: in

text: German

text: occupied

text: Poland

text: Later

text: while

text: serving

text: in

text: German

text: occupied

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: the

text: brigade

text: was

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: genocide

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: population

text: and

text: anti

text: partisan

text: operations

text: It

text: also

text: filled

text: gaps

text: in

text: the

text: front

text: line

text: when

text: called

text: upon

text: in

text: emergencies

text: In

text: the

text: brigade

text: was

text: disbanded

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: cadre

text: of

text: the

text: SS

text: Cavalry

text: Florian

text: Geyer

text: Division

text: The 31st SS Volunteer Grenadier Division was a unit of the German armed forces during World War II. It was formed from Germans, Hungarians and "Volksdeutsche", mostly from the Baka in September 1944. The division is sometimes given the title "Batschka". By November 1944 it was in action on the Hungarian Front.

text: The

text: SS

text: Volunteer

text: Grenadier

text: Division

text: was

text: unit

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: armed

text: forces

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: from

text: Germans

text: Hungarians

text: and

text: Volksdeutsche

text: mostly

text: from

text: the

text: Baka

text: in

text: September

text: The

text: division

text: is

text: sometimes

text: given

text: the

text: title

text: Batschka

text: By

text: November

text: it

text: was

text: in

text: action

text: on

text: the

text: Hungarian

text: Front

text: Cavalry (from French "cavalerie", cf. "cheval" 'horse') or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the most mobile of the combat arms. An individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations such as cavalryman, horseman, dragoon or trooper. The designation of cavalry was not usually given to any military forces that used other animals, such as camels, mules or elephants. Infantry who moved on horseback, but dismounted to fight on foot, were known in the 17th and early 18th centuries as dragoons, a class of mounted infantry which later evolved into cavalry proper while retaining their historic title.

text: Cavalry

text: from

text: French

text: cavalerie

text: cf

text: cheval

text: horse

text: or

text: horsemen

text: were

text: soldiers

text: or

text: warriors

text: who

text: fought

text: mounted

text: on

text: horseback

text: Cavalry

text: were

text: historically

text: the

text: most

text: mobile

text: of

text: the

text: combat

text: arms

text: An

text: individual

text: soldier

text: in

text: the

text: cavalry

text: is

text: known

text: by

text: number

text: of

text: designations

text: such

text: as

text: cavalryman

text: horseman

text: dragoon

text: or

text: trooper

text: The

text: designation

text: of

text: cavalry

text: was

text: not

text: usually

text: given

text: to

text: any

text: military

text: forces

text: that

text: used

text: other

text: animals

text: such

text: as

text: camels

text: mules

text: or

text: elephants

text: Infantry

text: who

text: moved

text: on

text: horseback

text: but

text: dismounted

text: to

text: fight

text: on

text: foot

text: were

text: known

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: as

text: dragoons

text: class

text: of

text: mounted

text: infantry

text: which

text: later

text: evolved

text: into

text: cavalry

text: proper

text: while

text: retaining

text: their

text: historic

text: title

text: Gustav Lombard ( 10 April 1895 -- 18 September 1992 ) was an SS - Brigadeführer ( general ) who served in World War II. During the war , Lombard commanded 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer and the 31st SS Volunteer Grenadier Division . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross . Lombard perpetrated mass murder in the Holocaust , serving as commanding officer of the 1st Regiment of the SS Cavalry Brigade during the German invasion of the Soviet Union . Lombard was convicted of war crimes by a Soviet military tribunal in 1947 and was released in 1955 . He was subsequently tried by a West German court in the 1960s and found not guilty .

text: Gustav

text: Lombard

text: April

text: September

text: was

text: an

text: SS

text: Brigadeführer

text: general

text: who

text: served

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: During

text: the

text: war

text: Lombard

text: commanded

text: SS

text: Cavalry

text: Division

text: Florian

text: Geyer

text: and

text: the

text: SS

text: Volunteer

text: Grenadier

text: Division

text: He

text: was

text: recipient

text: of

text: the

text: Knight

text: 's

text: Cross

text: of

text: the

text: Iron

text: Cross

text: Lombard

text: perpetrated

text: mass

text: murder

text: in

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: serving

text: as

text: commanding

text: officer

text: of

text: the

text: Regiment

text: of

text: the

text: SS

text: Cavalry

text: Brigade

text: during

text: the

text: German

text: invasion

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: Lombard

text: was

text: convicted

text: of

text: war

text: crimes

text: by

text: Soviet

text: military

text: tribunal

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: He

text: was

text: subsequently

text: tried

text: by

text: West

text: German

text: court

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: found

text: not

text: guilty

text: World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: WWII

text: or

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: was

text: global

text: war

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: although

text: related

text: conflicts

text: began

text: earlier

text: It

text: involved

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: nationsincluding

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powerseventually

text: forming

text: two

text: opposing

text: military

text: alliances

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: the

text: Axis

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: war

text: in

text: history

text: and

text: directly

text: involved

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: from

text: over

text: countries

text: In

text: state

text: of

text: total

text: war

text: the

text: major

text: participants

text: threw

text: their

text: entire

text: economic

text: industrial

text: and

text: scientific

text: capabilities

text: behind

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: erasing

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: civilian

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: Marked

text: by

text: mass

text: deaths

text: of

text: civilians

text: including

text: the

text: Holocaust

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: industrial

text: and

text: population

text: centres

text: in

text: which

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: atomic

text: bombings

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: it

text: resulted

text: in

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: fatalities

text: These

text: made

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: deadliest

text: conflict

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: Total war is warfare that includes any and all civilian-associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets, mobilizes all of the resources of society to fight the war, and gives priority to warfare over non-combatant needs. The American-English Dictionary defines total war as "war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded."

text: Total

text: war

text: is

text: warfare

text: that

text: includes

text: any

text: and

text: all

text: civilian

text: associated

text: resources

text: and

text: infrastructure

text: as

text: legitimate

text: military

text: targets

text: mobilizes

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: resources

text: of

text: society

text: to

text: fight

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: gives

text: priority

text: to

text: warfare

text: over

text: non

text: combatant

text: needs

text: The

text: American

text: English

text: Dictionary

text: defines

text: total

text: war

text: as

text: war

text: that

text: is

text: unrestricted

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: weapons

text: used

text: the

text: territory

text: or

text: combatants

text: involved

text: or

text: the

text: objectives

text: pursued

text: especially

text: one

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: war

text: are

text: disregarded

text: Hungarians, also known as Magyars, are a nation and ethnic group who speak Hungarian and are primarily associated with Hungary. There are around 13.114.7 million Hungarians, of whom 8.59.8 million live in today's Hungary (as of 2011). About 2.2 million Hungarians live in areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the 19181920 dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the Treaty of Trianon, and are now parts of Hungary's seven neighbouring countries, especially Romania, Austria, Slovakia, Serbia and Ukraine. Significant groups of people with Hungarian ancestry live in various other parts of the world, most of them in the United States, Canada, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Australia, and Argentina. Hungarians can be classified into several subgroups according to local linguistic and cultural characteristics; subgroups with distinct identities include the Székelys, the Csángós, the Palóc, and the Jász people.

text: Hungarians

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Magyars

text: are

text: nation

text: and

text: ethnic

text: group

text: who

text: speak

text: Hungarian

text: and

text: are

text: primarily

text: associated

text: with

text: Hungary

text: There

text: are

text: around

text: million

text: Hungarians

text: of

text: whom

text: million

text: live

text: in

text: today

text: 's

text: Hungary

text: as

text: of

text: About

text: million

text: Hungarians

text: live

text: in

text: areas

text: that

text: were

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Hungary

text: before

text: the

text: dissolution

text: of

text: the

text: Austro

text: Hungarian

text: Monarchy

text: and

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Trianon

text: and

text: are

text: now

text: parts

text: of

text: Hungary

text: 's

text: seven

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: especially

text: Romania

text: Austria

text: Slovakia

text: Serbia

text: and

text: Ukraine

text: Significant

text: groups

text: of

text: people

text: with

text: Hungarian

text: ancestry

text: live

text: in

text: various

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: most

text: of

text: them

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: Germany

text: France

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Brazil

text: Australia

text: and

text: Argentina

text: Hungarians

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: into

text: several

text: subgroups

text: according

text: to

text: local

text: linguistic

text: and

text: cultural

text: characteristics

text: subgroups

text: with

text: distinct

text: identities

text: include

text: the

text: Székelys

text: the

text: Csángós

text: the

text: Palóc

text: and

text: the

text: Jász

text: people

text: The United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively, during the final stage of World War II. The United States had dropped the bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history.

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: dropped

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: on

text: the

text: Japanese

text: cities

text: of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: on

text: August

text: and

text: respectively

text: during

text: the

text: final

text: stage

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: had

text: dropped

text: the

text: bombs

text: with

text: the

text: consent

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: as

text: outlined

text: in

text: the

text: Quebec

text: Agreement

text: The

text: two

text: bombings

text: which

text: killed

text: at

text: least

text: people

text: remain

text: the

text: only

text: use

text: of

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: for

text: warfare

text: in

text: history

question: occupation gustav lombard

answer: soldier

text: soldier


text: Hormonally Yours is the second studio album by British-based pop-rock project Shakespears Sister. Released on 18 February 1992 by London Records, the album went on to become a critical and commercial success, and is their best-selling album to date. Hormonally Yours peaked at No. 3 on the album charts and was certificated double platinum by the BPI and spent 55 weeks on the charts. The Album spawned 5 singles, 3 of which reached the top 15. The album's second single, "Stay" became the group's best-selling single, topping the UK Singles Chart for 8 consecutive weeks. and it also charted in the US billboard chart at No. 4. The Third single I Don't Care went to No. 7 and the fourth single Hello (Turn Your Radio On) went to No. 14 on the UK singles chart. Hormonally Yours also manage to earn a place in the US Billboards charts peaking at No. 56.

text: Hormonally

text: Yours

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: studio

text: album

text: by

text: British

text: based

text: pop

text: rock

text: project

text: Shakespears

text: Sister

text: Released

text: on

text: February

text: by

text: London

text: Records

text: the

text: album

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: become

text: critical

text: and

text: commercial

text: success

text: and

text: is

text: their

text: best

text: selling

text: album

text: to

text: date

text: Hormonally

text: Yours

text: peaked

text: at

text: No

text: on

text: the

text: album

text: charts

text: and

text: was

text: certificated

text: double

text: platinum

text: by

text: the

text: BPI

text: and

text: spent

text: weeks

text: on

text: the

text: charts

text: The

text: Album

text: spawned

text: singles

text: of

text: which

text: reached

text: the

text: top

text: The

text: album

text: 's

text: second

text: single

text: Stay

text: became

text: the

text: group

text: 's

text: best

text: selling

text: single

text: topping

text: the

text: UK

text: Singles

text: Chart

text: for

text: consecutive

text: weeks

text: and

text: it

text: also

text: charted

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: billboard

text: chart

text: at

text: No

text: The

text: Third

text: single

text: Do

text: n't

text: Care

text: went

text: to

text: No

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: single

text: Hello

text: Turn

text: Your

text: Radio

text: On

text: went

text: to

text: No

text: on

text: the

text: UK

text: singles

text: chart

text: Hormonally

text: Yours

text: also

text: manage

text: to

text: earn

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: Billboards

text: charts

text: peaking

text: at

text: No

text: `` Hello ( Turn Your Radio On ) '' is a song by the British - based pop duo Shakespears Sister , and was released the fourth single from their second album Hormonally Yours . The single peaked at # 14 and spent 6 weeks on the UK singles chart . Internationally , the single peaked at # 27 in Ireland , # 12 in Germany , # 9 in Switzerland , # 33 in the Netherlands , # 20 in Sweden , # 97 in Australia , and # 43 in New Zealand .

text: Hello

text: Turn

text: Your

text: Radio

text: On

text: is

text: song

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: based

text: pop

text: duo

text: Shakespears

text: Sister

text: and

text: was

text: released

text: the

text: fourth

text: single

text: from

text: their

text: second

text: album

text: Hormonally

text: Yours

text: The

text: single

text: peaked

text: at

text: and

text: spent

text: weeks

text: on

text: the

text: UK

text: singles

text: chart

text: Internationally

text: the

text: single

text: peaked

text: at

text: in

text: Ireland

text: in

text: Germany

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: in

text: Sweden

text: in

text: Australia

text: and

text: in

text: New

text: Zealand

text: The UK Singles Chart (currently entitled Official Singles Chart) is compiled by the Official Charts Company (OCC), on behalf of the British record industry, listing the top-selling singles in the United Kingdom, based upon physical sales, paid-for downloads and streaming. To be eligible for the chart, a single is currently defined by the Official Charts Company (OCC) as either a 'single bundle' having no more than four tracks and not lasting longer than 25 minutes or one digital audio track not longer than 15 minutes with a minimum sale price of 40 pence. The rules have changed many times as technology has developed, the most notable being the inclusion of digital downloads in 2005 and streaming in 2014.

text: The

text: UK

text: Singles

text: Chart

text: currently

text: entitled

text: Official

text: Singles

text: Chart

text: is

text: compiled

text: by

text: the

text: Official

text: Charts

text: Company

text: OCC

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: record

text: industry

text: listing

text: the

text: top

text: selling

text: singles

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: based

text: upon

text: physical

text: sales

text: paid

text: for

text: downloads

text: and

text: streaming

text: To

text: be

text: eligible

text: for

text: the

text: chart

text: single

text: is

text: currently

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: Official

text: Charts

text: Company

text: OCC

text: as

text: either

text: single

text: bundle

text: having

text: no

text: more

text: than

text: four

text: tracks

text: and

text: not

text: lasting

text: longer

text: than

text: minutes

text: or

text: one

text: digital

text: audio

text: track

text: not

text: longer

text: than

text: minutes

text: with

text: minimum

text: sale

text: price

text: of

text: pence

text: The

text: rules

text: have

text: changed

text: many

text: times

text: as

text: technology

text: has

text: developed

text: the

text: most

text: notable

text: being

text: the

text: inclusion

text: of

text: digital

text: downloads

text: in

text: and

text: streaming

text: in

text: London Records is a record label in the U.K. that marketed records in the U.S, Canada, and Latin America from 1947 to 1979 before becoming semi-independent.

text: London

text: Records

text: is

text: record

text: label

text: in

text: the

text: U.K.

text: that

text: marketed

text: records

text: in

text: the

text: U.S

text: Canada

text: and

text: Latin

text: America

text: from

text: to

text: before

text: becoming

text: semi

text: independent

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

question: record_label hello

answer: london records

text: london records

text: london records


text: The PlayStation 3 (abbreviated as PS3) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the successor to PlayStation 2, and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles. It competed with Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Nintendo's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles. It was first released on November 11, 2006, in Japan, November 17, 2006 in North America, and March 27, 2007 in Europe and Australia.

text: The

text: PlayStation

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: is

text: home

text: video

text: game

text: console

text: developed

text: by

text: Sony

text: Computer

text: Entertainment

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: successor

text: to

text: PlayStation

text: and

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: brand

text: of

text: consoles

text: It

text: competed

text: with

text: Microsoft

text: 's

text: Xbox

text: and

text: Nintendo

text: 's

text: Wii

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: seventh

text: generation

text: of

text: video

text: game

text: consoles

text: It

text: was

text: first

text: released

text: on

text: November

text: in

text: Japan

text: November

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: March

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: Australia

text: The PlayStation Portable (PSP) is a handheld game console developed by Sony. Development of the console was announced during E3 2003, and it was unveiled on , 2004, at a Sony press conference before E3 2004. The system was released in Japan on , 2004, in North America on , 2005, and in the PAL region on , 2005. It primarily competed with the Nintendo DS, as part of the seventh generation of video games.

text: The

text: PlayStation

text: Portable

text: PSP

text: is

text: handheld

text: game

text: console

text: developed

text: by

text: Sony

text: Development

text: of

text: the

text: console

text: was

text: announced

text: during

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: unveiled

text: on

text: at

text: Sony

text: press

text: conference

text: before

text: The

text: system

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: Japan

text: on

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: on

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: PAL

text: region

text: on

text: It

text: primarily

text: competed

text: with

text: the

text: Nintendo

text: DS

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: seventh

text: generation

text: of

text: video

text: games

text: Downloadable content (DLC) is additional content created for a released video game. It is distributed through the Internet by the game's official publisher. Downloadable content can be of several types, ranging from aesthetic outfit changes to a new, extensive storyline, similar to an expansion pack. As such, DLC may add new game modes, objects, levels, challenges or other features to a complete, already released game.

text: Downloadable

text: content

text: DLC

text: is

text: additional

text: content

text: created

text: for

text: released

text: video

text: game

text: It

text: is

text: distributed

text: through

text: the

text: Internet

text: by

text: the

text: game

text: 's

text: official

text: publisher

text: Downloadable

text: content

text: can

text: be

text: of

text: several

text: types

text: ranging

text: from

text: aesthetic

text: outfit

text: changes

text: to

text: new

text: extensive

text: storyline

text: similar

text: to

text: an

text: expansion

text: pack

text: As

text: such

text: DLC

text: may

text: add

text: new

text: game

text: modes

text: objects

text: levels

text: challenges

text: or

text: other

text: features

text: to

text: complete

text: already

text: released

text: game

text: Digital media is any media that is encoded in a machine-readable format. Digital media can be created, viewed, distributed, modified and preserved on digital electronics devices. Computer programs and software; digital imagery, digital video; video games; web pages and websites, including social media; data and databases; digital audio, such as mp3s; and e-books are examples of digital media. Digital media are frequently contrasted with print media, such as printed books, newspapers and magazines, and other traditional or analog media, such as pictures, film or audio tape.

text: Digital

text: media

text: is

text: any

text: media

text: that

text: is

text: encoded

text: in

text: machine

text: readable

text: format

text: Digital

text: media

text: can

text: be

text: created

text: viewed

text: distributed

text: modified

text: and

text: preserved

text: on

text: digital

text: electronics

text: devices

text: Computer

text: programs

text: and

text: software

text: digital

text: imagery

text: digital

text: video

text: video

text: games

text: web

text: pages

text: and

text: websites

text: including

text: social

text: media

text: data

text: and

text: databases

text: digital

text: audio

text: such

text: as

text: and

text: books

text: are

text: examples

text: of

text: digital

text: media

text: Digital

text: media

text: are

text: frequently

text: contrasted

text: with

text: print

text: media

text: such

text: as

text: printed

text: books

text: newspapers

text: and

text: magazines

text: and

text: other

text: traditional

text: or

text: analog

text: media

text: such

text: as

text: pictures

text: film

text: or

text: audio

text: tape

text: The PlayStation Store (also abbreviated as PSN Store) is a digital media store available to users of Sony's PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita and PlayStation Portable game consoles via the PlayStation Network. The store offers a range of downloadable content both for purchase and available free of charge. Available content includes full games, add-on content, playable demos, themes and game/movie trailers.

text: The

text: PlayStation

text: Store

text: also

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: PSN

text: Store

text: is

text: digital

text: media

text: store

text: available

text: to

text: users

text: of

text: Sony

text: 's

text: PlayStation

text: PlayStation

text: PlayStation

text: Vita

text: and

text: PlayStation

text: Portable

text: game

text: consoles

text: via

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: Network

text: The

text: store

text: offers

text: range

text: of

text: downloadable

text: content

text: both

text: for

text: purchase

text: and

text: available

text: free

text: of

text: charge

text: Available

text: content

text: includes

text: full

text: games

text: add

text: on

text: content

text: playable

text: demos

text: themes

text: and

text: game

text: movie

text: trailers

text: PlayStation Network (PSN) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment. Launched in November 2006, PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles, but soon extended to encompass smartphones, tablets, Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions. As of April 2016, over 110 million users have been documented, with 65 million of them active monthly.

text: PlayStation

text: Network

text: PSN

text: is

text: digital

text: media

text: entertainment

text: service

text: provided

text: by

text: Sony

text: Interactive

text: Entertainment

text: Launched

text: in

text: November

text: PSN

text: was

text: originally

text: conceived

text: for

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: video

text: game

text: consoles

text: but

text: soon

text: extended

text: to

text: encompass

text: smartphones

text: tablets

text: Blu

text: ray

text: players

text: and

text: high

text: definition

text: televisions

text: As

text: of

text: April

text: over

text: million

text: users

text: have

text: been

text: documented

text: with

text: million

text: of

text: them

text: active

text: monthly

text: Snakeball is a downloadable PSN game on the PlayStation Store released 20 December 2007 . It is a 3D remake of the video game Snake . Snakeball was developed in collaboration between the British Gamoola Soft ( the sister studio of Gamoola ) and the Norwegian Ravn Studio . It was published by Sony Computer Entertainment .

text: Snakeball

text: is

text: downloadable

text: PSN

text: game

text: on

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: Store

text: released

text: December

text: It

text: is

text: remake

text: of

text: the

text: video

text: game

text: Snake

text: Snakeball

text: was

text: developed

text: in

text: collaboration

text: between

text: the

text: British

text: Gamoola

text: Soft

text: the

text: sister

text: studio

text: of

text: Gamoola

text: and

text: the

text: Norwegian

text: Ravn

text: Studio

text: It

text: was

text: published

text: by

text: Sony

text: Computer

text: Entertainment

annotations: likely multiple

question: platform snakeball

answer: playstation 3

text: playstation 3

text: playstation 3


text: The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the "New World".

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceans

text: with

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: It

text: covers

text: approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: and

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: water

text: surface

text: area

text: It

text: separates

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: from

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: Great Britain, also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth-largest in the world. In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, comprise the British Isles archipelago.

text: Great

text: Britain

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Britain

text: is

text: large

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: off

text: the

text: northwest

text: coast

text: of

text: continental

text: Europe

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: European

text: island

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: the

text: island

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: after

text: Java

text: in

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: Honshu

text: in

text: Japan

text: The

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: is

text: situated

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: it

text: and

text: together

text: these

text: islands

text: along

text: with

text: over

text: smaller

text: surrounding

text: islands

text: comprise

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: archipelago

text: Java (Indonesian: Jawa; Javanese: ; Sundanese: ) is an island of Indonesia. With a population of over 141 million (the island itself) or 145 million (the administrative region) Census released in December 2015, Java is home to 56.7 percent of the Indonesian population and is the most populous island on Earth. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is located on western Java. Much of Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the center of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was also the center of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally.

text: Java

text: Indonesian

text: Jawa

text: Javanese

text: Sundanese

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: of

text: Indonesia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: the

text: island

text: itself

text: or

text: million

text: the

text: administrative

text: region

text: Census

text: released

text: in

text: December

text: Java

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Indonesian

text: population

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: on

text: Earth

text: The

text: Indonesian

text: capital

text: city

text: Jakarta

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: western

text: Java

text: Much

text: of

text: Indonesian

text: history

text: took

text: place

text: on

text: Java

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: powerful

text: Hindu

text: Buddhist

text: empires

text: the

text: Islamic

text: sultanates

text: and

text: the

text: core

text: of

text: the

text: colonial

text: Dutch

text: East

text: Indies

text: Java

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Indonesian

text: struggle

text: for

text: independence

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: Java

text: dominates

text: Indonesia

text: politically

text: economically

text: and

text: culturally

text: Japan ("Nippon" or "Nihon" ; formally "" or "Nihon-koku", means "State of Japan") is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, It is lying off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland (east of China, Korea, Russia) and stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and near Taiwan in the southwest.

text: Japan

text: Nippon

text: or

text: Nihon

text: formally

text: or

text: Nihon

text: koku

text: means

text: State

text: of

text: Japan

text: is

text: sovereign

text: island

text: nation

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Asia

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: It

text: is

text: lying

text: off

text: the

text: eastern

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Asia

text: Mainland

text: east

text: of

text: China

text: Korea

text: Russia

text: and

text: stretching

text: from

text: the

text: Sea

text: of

text: Okhotsk

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: East

text: China

text: Sea

text: and

text: near

text: Taiwan

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait, and a small island off the coast may be called a holm. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago, e.g. the Philippines.

text: An

text: island

text: or

text: isle

text: is

text: any

text: piece

text: of

text: sub

text: continental

text: land

text: that

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: water

text: Very

text: small

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: emergent

text: land

text: features

text: on

text: atolls

text: can

text: be

text: called

text: islets

text: skerries

text: cays

text: or

text: keys

text: An

text: island

text: in

text: river

text: or

text: lake

text: island

text: may

text: be

text: called

text: an

text: eyot

text: or

text: ait

text: and

text: small

text: island

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: may

text: be

text: called

text: holm

text: grouping

text: of

text: geographically

text: or

text: geologically

text: related

text: islands

text: is

text: called

text: an

text: archipelago

text: e.g.

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Ireland (Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth.

text: Ireland

text: Ulster

text: Scots

text: is

text: an

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: It

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: Great

text: Britain

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Channel

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: and

text: St

text: George

text: 's

text: Channel

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: island

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: twentieth

text: largest

text: on

text: Earth

text: The British Isles are a group of islands off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consist of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. Situated in the North Atlantic, the islands have a total area of approximately 315,159 km, and a combined population of just under 70 million. Two sovereign states are located on the islands: Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of the island with the same name) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The British Isles also include three Crown Dependencies: the Isle of Man and, by tradition, the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands, although the latter are not physically a part of the archipelago.

text: The

text: British

text: Isles

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: islands

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: continental

text: Europe

text: that

text: consist

text: of

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: Ireland

text: and

text: over

text: six

text: thousand

text: smaller

text: isles

text: Situated

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: the

text: islands

text: have

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: approximately

text: km

text: and

text: combined

text: population

text: of

text: just

text: under

text: million

text: Two

text: sovereign

text: states

text: are

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: islands

text: Ireland

text: which

text: covers

text: roughly

text: five

text: sixths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: The

text: British

text: Isles

text: also

text: include

text: three

text: Crown

text: Dependencies

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: and

text: by

text: tradition

text: the

text: Bailiwick

text: of

text: Jersey

text: and

text: the

text: Bailiwick

text: of

text: Guernsey

text: in

text: the

text: Channel

text: Islands

text: although

text: the

text: latter

text: are

text: not

text: physically

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: archipelago

text: Paul Heffernan ( born 29 December 1981 ) is an Irish professional footballer , who is currently un-attached without a club . Heffernan has played for several clubs in Great Britain which include Sheffield Wednesday , Doncaster Rovers , Notts County , Bristol City , Kilmarnock , Hibernian , Dundee and Queen of the South .

text: Paul

text: Heffernan

text: born

text: December

text: is

text: an

text: Irish

text: professional

text: footballer

text: who

text: is

text: currently

text: un

text: attached

text: without

text: club

text: Heffernan

text: has

text: played

text: for

text: several

text: clubs

text: in

text: Great

text: Britain

text: which

text: include

text: Sheffield

text: Wednesday

text: Doncaster

text: Rovers

text: Notts

text: County

text: Bristol

text: City

text: Kilmarnock

text: Hibernian

text: Dundee

text: and

text: Queen

text: of

text: the

text: South

question: country_of_citizenship paul heffernan

answer: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland

text: ireland


text: Idries Shah (, ; 16 June 1924  23 November 1996), also known as Idris Shah, né Sayed Idries el-Hashimi (Arabic:   ) and by the pen name Arkon Daraul, was an author and teacher in the Sufi tradition who wrote over three dozen books on topics ranging from psychology and spirituality to travelogues and culture studies.

text: Idries

text: Shah

text: June

text: November

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Idris

text: Shah

text: né

text: Sayed

text: Idries

text: el

text: Hashimi

text: Arabic

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: pen

text: name

text: Arkon

text: Daraul

text: was

text: an

text: author

text: and

text: teacher

text: in

text: the

text: Sufi

text: tradition

text: who

text: wrote

text: over

text: three

text: dozen

text: books

text: on

text: topics

text: ranging

text: from

text: psychology

text: and

text: spirituality

text: to

text: travelogues

text: and

text: culture

text: studies

text: A new religious movement (NRM) is a religious community or spiritual group of modern origins, which has a peripheral place within its society's dominant religious culture. NRMs can be novel in origin or part of a wider religion, in which case they are distinct from pre-existing denominations. Religious studies scholars contextualize the rise of NRMs in modernity, relating it as a product of and answer to modern processes of secularization, globalization, detraditionalization, fragmentation, reflexivity, and individualization. Some NRMs deal with the challenges posed by the modernizing world by embracing individualism whereas others seek tightly knit collective means. Many have their own unique scriptures, while others reinterpret existing texts.

text: new

text: religious

text: movement

text: NRM

text: is

text: religious

text: community

text: or

text: spiritual

text: group

text: of

text: modern

text: origins

text: which

text: has

text: peripheral

text: place

text: within

text: its

text: society

text: 's

text: dominant

text: religious

text: culture

text: NRMs

text: can

text: be

text: novel

text: in

text: origin

text: or

text: part

text: of

text: wider

text: religion

text: in

text: which

text: case

text: they

text: are

text: distinct

text: from

text: pre

text: existing

text: denominations

text: Religious

text: studies

text: scholars

text: contextualize

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: NRMs

text: in

text: modernity

text: relating

text: it

text: as

text: product

text: of

text: and

text: answer

text: to

text: modern

text: processes

text: of

text: secularization

text: globalization

text: detraditionalization

text: fragmentation

text: reflexivity

text: and

text: individualization

text: Some

text: NRMs

text: deal

text: with

text: the

text: challenges

text: posed

text: by

text: the

text: modernizing

text: world

text: by

text: embracing

text: individualism

text: whereas

text: others

text: seek

text: tightly

text: knit

text: collective

text: means

text: Many

text: have

text: their

text: own

text: unique

text: scriptures

text: while

text: others

text: reinterpret

text: existing

text: texts

text: Hampshire (; abbreviated Hants, archaically known as the County of Southampton) is a county on the southern coast of England in the United Kingdom. The county town of Hampshire is Winchester, the former capital city of England. Hampshire is the most populous ceremonial county in the United Kingdom (excluding the metropolitan counties) with almost half of the county's population living within the South Hampshire conurbation which includes the cities of Southampton and Portsmouth. The larger South Hampshire metropolitan area has a population of 1,547,000. Hampshire is notable for housing the birthplaces of the Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force. It is bordered by Dorset to the west, Wiltshire to the north-west, Berkshire to the north, Surrey to the north-east, and West Sussex to the east. The southern boundary is the coastline of the English Channel and the Solent, facing the Isle of Wight.

text: Hampshire

text: abbreviated

text: Hants

text: archaically

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: County

text: of

text: Southampton

text: is

text: county

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: coast

text: of

text: England

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: county

text: town

text: of

text: Hampshire

text: is

text: Winchester

text: the

text: former

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: England

text: Hampshire

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: ceremonial

text: county

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: excluding

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: counties

text: with

text: almost

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: 's

text: population

text: living

text: within

text: the

text: South

text: Hampshire

text: conurbation

text: which

text: includes

text: the

text: cities

text: of

text: Southampton

text: and

text: Portsmouth

text: The

text: larger

text: South

text: Hampshire

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: Hampshire

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: housing

text: the

text: birthplaces

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: British

text: Army

text: and

text: Royal

text: Air

text: Force

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Dorset

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Wiltshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: west

text: Berkshire

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Surrey

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: West

text: Sussex

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: The

text: southern

text: boundary

text: is

text: the

text: coastline

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: and

text: the

text: Solent

text: facing

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: Cumbria (; locally ) is a non-metropolitan county in North West England. The county and Cumbria County Council, its local government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. Cumbria's county town is Carlisle, in the north of the county, and the only other major urban area is Barrow-in-Furness on the southwestern tip of the county.

text: Cumbria

text: locally

text: is

text: non

text: metropolitan

text: county

text: in

text: North

text: West

text: England

text: The

text: county

text: and

text: Cumbria

text: County

text: Council

text: its

text: local

text: government

text: came

text: into

text: existence

text: in

text: after

text: the

text: passage

text: of

text: the

text: Local

text: Government

text: Act

text: Cumbria

text: 's

text: county

text: town

text: is

text: Carlisle

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: area

text: is

text: Barrow

text: in

text: Furness

text: on

text: the

text: southwestern

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: The New Forest coven were an alleged group of Neopagan witches or Wiccans who met around the area of the New Forest in southern England during the 1930s and 1940s. According to his own claims, in September 1939, a British occultist named Gerald Gardner was initiated into the coven, and subsequently used its beliefs and practices as a basis from which he formed the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca. Gardner described some of his experiences with the coven in his published books "Witchcraft Today" (1954) and "The Meaning of Witchcraft" (1959), although on the whole revealed little about it, saying he was respecting the privacy of its members. Meanwhile, another occultist, Louis Wilkinson, corroborated Gardner's claims by revealing in an interview with the writer Francis X. King that he too had encountered the coven, and expanded on some of the information that Gardner had provided about them.

text: The

text: New

text: Forest

text: coven

text: were

text: an

text: alleged

text: group

text: of

text: Neopagan

text: witches

text: or

text: Wiccans

text: who

text: met

text: around

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: Forest

text: in

text: southern

text: England

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: According

text: to

text: his

text: own

text: claims

text: in

text: September

text: British

text: occultist

text: named

text: Gerald

text: Gardner

text: was

text: initiated

text: into

text: the

text: coven

text: and

text: subsequently

text: used

text: its

text: beliefs

text: and

text: practices

text: as

text: basis

text: from

text: which

text: he

text: formed

text: the

text: tradition

text: of

text: Gardnerian

text: Wicca

text: Gardner

text: described

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: experiences

text: with

text: the

text: coven

text: in

text: his

text: published

text: books

text: Witchcraft

text: Today

text: and

text: The

text: Meaning

text: of

text: Witchcraft

text: although

text: on

text: the

text: whole

text: revealed

text: little

text: about

text: it

text: saying

text: he

text: was

text: respecting

text: the

text: privacy

text: of

text: its

text: members

text: Meanwhile

text: another

text: occultist

text: Louis

text: Wilkinson

text: corroborated

text: Gardner

text: 's

text: claims

text: by

text: revealing

text: in

text: an

text: interview

text: with

text: the

text: writer

text: Francis

text: King

text: that

text: he

text: too

text: had

text: encountered

text: the

text: coven

text: and

text: expanded

text: on

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: information

text: that

text: Gardner

text: had

text: provided

text: about

text: them

text: Eleanor "Ray" Bone (15 December 1911 - 21 September 2001) who also went under the craft name Artemis, was an influential figure in the neopagan religion of Wicca. She claimed to have been initiated in 1941 by a couple of hereditary witches in Cumbria. She later met and became friends with Gerald Gardner, and was initiated into Wicca, becoming the High Priestess in one of his covens. She was a friend of several important figures in Wicca during the modern Witchcraft revival, including "Dafo", Jack Bracelin, Patricia Crowther, Doreen Valiente and Idries Shah. Bone was a close confidant of Gardner's initiator Dafo, and she reported that the New Forest coven was a hereditary coven that followed the old ways of the Hampshire region, and that they traced their origins to the time of the death of King William Rufus in the Norman era.

text: Eleanor

text: Ray

text: Bone

text: December

text: September

text: who

text: also

text: went

text: under

text: the

text: craft

text: name

text: Artemis

text: was

text: an

text: influential

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: neopagan

text: religion

text: of

text: Wicca

text: She

text: claimed

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: initiated

text: in

text: by

text: couple

text: of

text: hereditary

text: witches

text: in

text: Cumbria

text: She

text: later

text: met

text: and

text: became

text: friends

text: with

text: Gerald

text: Gardner

text: and

text: was

text: initiated

text: into

text: Wicca

text: becoming

text: the

text: High

text: Priestess

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: covens

text: She

text: was

text: friend

text: of

text: several

text: important

text: figures

text: in

text: Wicca

text: during

text: the

text: modern

text: Witchcraft

text: revival

text: including

text: Dafo

text: Jack

text: Bracelin

text: Patricia

text: Crowther

text: Doreen

text: Valiente

text: and

text: Idries

text: Shah

text: Bone

text: was

text: close

text: confidant

text: of

text: Gardner

text: 's

text: initiator

text: Dafo

text: and

text: she

text: reported

text: that

text: the

text: New

text: Forest

text: coven

text: was

text: hereditary

text: coven

text: that

text: followed

text: the

text: old

text: ways

text: of

text: the

text: Hampshire

text: region

text: and

text: that

text: they

text: traced

text: their

text: origins

text: to

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: King

text: William

text: Rufus

text: in

text: the

text: Norman

text: era

text: Vivianne Crowley is an author , university lecturer , psychologist , and a High Priestess and teacher of the Wiccan religion . She was initiated into the London coven of Alex Sanders ( founder of the Alexandrian tradition of Wicca ) at the age of eighteen , but later joined a Gardnerian coven in the famous Whitecroft line derived from Eleanor Bone , and so she was one of few people in the seventies to be part of both traditions . She founded the Wicca Study Group in London in 1988 , and became secretary of the Pagan Federation the same year . Vivianne Crowley was described as `` very influential in recent developments in Wicca ... She has more of less captained the bringing together of the Gardnerian and Alexandrian Traditions through the process of cross-initiation , where a person is initiated into both Traditions '' . Professor Ronald Hutton also has described Vivianne as `` the closest thing that Britain possessed to an informal successor to Alex Sanders . As an interfaith coordinator for the Federation , she served as the U.K. coordinator of the Pagan Chaplainry Services for H.M. Prisons . In 1989 , she released her first book Wicca : The Old Religion in the New Age , which is one of the most valued and widespread books on Wicca . It was revised and updated in 1996 as Wicca : The Old Religion in the New Millennium . Crowley is a Jungian psychologist who lectures on the psychology of religion at King 's College London , University of London . She holds a bachelor 's degree and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of London . She is also the adjunct professor at the Union Institute in Cincinnati , Ohio .

text: Vivianne

text: Crowley

text: is

text: an

text: author

text: university

text: lecturer

text: psychologist

text: and

text: High

text: Priestess

text: and

text: teacher

text: of

text: the

text: Wiccan

text: religion

text: She

text: was

text: initiated

text: into

text: the

text: London

text: coven

text: of

text: Alex

text: Sanders

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Alexandrian

text: tradition

text: of

text: Wicca

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: eighteen

text: but

text: later

text: joined

text: Gardnerian

text: coven

text: in

text: the

text: famous

text: Whitecroft

text: line

text: derived

text: from

text: Eleanor

text: Bone

text: and

text: so

text: she

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: few

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: seventies

text: to

text: be

text: part

text: of

text: both

text: traditions

text: She

text: founded

text: the

text: Wicca

text: Study

text: Group

text: in

text: London

text: in

text: and

text: became

text: secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Pagan

text: Federation

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: Vivianne

text: Crowley

text: was

text: described

text: as

text: very

text: influential

text: in

text: recent

text: developments

text: in

text: Wicca

text: She

text: has

text: more

text: of

text: less

text: captained

text: the

text: bringing

text: together

text: of

text: the

text: Gardnerian

text: and

text: Alexandrian

text: Traditions

text: through

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: cross

text: initiation

text: where

text: person

text: is

text: initiated

text: into

text: both

text: Traditions

text: Professor

text: Ronald

text: Hutton

text: also

text: has

text: described

text: Vivianne

text: as

text: the

text: closest

text: thing

text: that

text: Britain

text: possessed

text: to

text: an

text: informal

text: successor

text: to

text: Alex

text: Sanders

text: As

text: an

text: interfaith

text: coordinator

text: for

text: the

text: Federation

text: she

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: U.K.

text: coordinator

text: of

text: the

text: Pagan

text: Chaplainry

text: Services

text: for

text: H.M.

text: Prisons

text: In

text: she

text: released

text: her

text: first

text: book

text: Wicca

text: The

text: Old

text: Religion

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: Age

text: which

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: valued

text: and

text: widespread

text: books

text: on

text: Wicca

text: It

text: was

text: revised

text: and

text: updated

text: in

text: as

text: Wicca

text: The

text: Old

text: Religion

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: Millennium

text: Crowley

text: is

text: Jungian

text: psychologist

text: who

text: lectures

text: on

text: the

text: psychology

text: of

text: religion

text: at

text: King

text: 's

text: College

text: London

text: University

text: of

text: London

text: She

text: holds

text: bachelor

text: 's

text: degree

text: and

text: Ph.D.

text: in

text: Psychology

text: from

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: London

text: She

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: adjunct

text: professor

text: at

text: the

text: Union

text: Institute

text: in

text: Cincinnati

text: Ohio

text: A ritual "is a sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects, performed in a sequestered place, and performed according to set sequence." Rituals may be prescribed by the traditions of a community, including a religious community. Rituals are characterized but not defined by formalism, traditionalism, invariance, rule-governance, sacral symbolism, and performance.

text: ritual

text: is

text: sequence

text: of

text: activities

text: involving

text: gestures

text: words

text: and

text: objects

text: performed

text: in

text: sequestered

text: place

text: and

text: performed

text: according

text: to

text: set

text: sequence

text: Rituals

text: may

text: be

text: prescribed

text: by

text: the

text: traditions

text: of

text: community

text: including

text: religious

text: community

text: Rituals

text: are

text: characterized

text: but

text: not

text: defined

text: by

text: formalism

text: traditionalism

text: invariance

text: rule

text: governance

text: sacral

text: symbolism

text: and

text: performance

text: A Craft name, also known as a magical (or "magickal") name is a secondary religious name often adopted by practitioners of Wicca and other forms of Neopagan witchcraft or magic. Craft names may be adopted as a means of protecting one's privacy (especially for those who are "in the broom closet"), as an expression of religious devotion, or as a part of an initiation ritual. It may also be used as a protective method, as it is believed by some that one's "true name" can be used as a taglock, to identify that person for the purpose of magical activities (predominantly curses).

text: Craft

text: name

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: magical

text: or

text: magickal

text: name

text: is

text: secondary

text: religious

text: name

text: often

text: adopted

text: by

text: practitioners

text: of

text: Wicca

text: and

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: Neopagan

text: witchcraft

text: or

text: magic

text: Craft

text: names

text: may

text: be

text: adopted

text: as

text: means

text: of

text: protecting

text: one

text: 's

text: privacy

text: especially

text: for

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: broom

text: closet

text: as

text: an

text: expression

text: of

text: religious

text: devotion

text: or

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: initiation

text: ritual

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: protective

text: method

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: believed

text: by

text: some

text: that

text: one

text: 's

text: true

text: name

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: taglock

text: to

text: identify

text: that

text: person

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: magical

text: activities

text: predominantly

text: curses

text: Doreen Edith Dominy Valiente (4 January 19221 September 1999) was an English Wiccan who was responsible for writing much of the early religious liturgy within the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca. An author and poet, she also published five books dealing with Wicca and related esoteric subjects.

text: Doreen

text: Edith

text: Dominy

text: Valiente

text: January

text: September

text: was

text: an

text: English

text: Wiccan

text: who

text: was

text: responsible

text: for

text: writing

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: religious

text: liturgy

text: within

text: the

text: tradition

text: of

text: Gardnerian

text: Wicca

text: An

text: author

text: and

text: poet

text: she

text: also

text: published

text: five

text: books

text: dealing

text: with

text: Wicca

text: and

text: related

text: esoteric

text: subjects

text: England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.

text: England

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Scotland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Wales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: northwest

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: England

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: continental

text: Europe

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: covers

text: five

text: eighths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: which

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: in

text: its

text: centre

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: includes

text: over

text: smaller

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: and

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: Wicca, also termed Pagan Witchcraft, is a contemporary Pagan new religious movement. It was developed in England during the first half of the 20th century and was introduced to the public in 1954 by Gerald Gardner, a retired British civil servant. Wicca draws upon a diverse set of ancient pagan and 20th century hermetic motifs for its theological structure and ritual practices.

text: Wicca

text: also

text: termed

text: Pagan

text: Witchcraft

text: is

text: contemporary

text: Pagan

text: new

text: religious

text: movement

text: It

text: was

text: developed

text: in

text: England

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: was

text: introduced

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: in

text: by

text: Gerald

text: Gardner

text: retired

text: British

text: civil

text: servant

text: Wicca

text: draws

text: upon

text: diverse

text: set

text: of

text: ancient

text: pagan

text: and

text: century

text: hermetic

text: motifs

text: for

text: its

text: theological

text: structure

text: and

text: ritual

text: practices

question: place_of_birth vivianne crowley

answer: new forest

text: new forest

text: new forest

text: new forest