text: Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a "backbone" or "spine"), derived from the notochord. This includes all animals apart from the subphylum Vertebrata. Familiar examples of invertebrates include insects; crabs, lobsters and their kin; snails, clams, octopuses and their kin; starfish, sea-urchins and their kin; and worms.

text: Invertebrates

text: are

text: animals

text: that

text: neither

text: possess

text: nor

text: develop

text: vertebral

text: column

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: backbone

text: or

text: spine

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: notochord

text: This

text: includes

text: all

text: animals

text: apart

text: from

text: the

text: subphylum

text: Vertebrata

text: Familiar

text: examples

text: of

text: invertebrates

text: include

text: insects

text: crabs

text: lobsters

text: and

text: their

text: kin

text: snails

text: clams

text: octopuses

text: and

text: their

text: kin

text: starfish

text: sea

text: urchins

text: and

text: their

text: kin

text: and

text: worms

text: Metalloprotein is a generic term for a protein that contains a metal ion cofactor. A large number of all proteins are part of this category.

text: Metalloprotein

text: is

text: generic

text: term

text: for

text: protein

text: that

text: contains

text: metal

text: ion

text: cofactor

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: all

text: proteins

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: this

text: category

text: Sugar is the generalized name for sweet, short-chain, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are various types of sugar derived from different sources. Simple sugars are called monosaccharides and include glucose (also known as dextrose), fructose, and galactose. The table or granulated sugar most customarily used as food is sucrose, a disaccharide. (In the body, sucrose hydrolyses into fructose and glucose.) Other disaccharides include maltose and lactose. Longer chains of sugars are called oligosaccharides. Chemically-different substances may also have a sweet taste, but are not classified as sugars. Some are used as lower-calorie food substitutes for sugar, described as artificial sweeteners.

text: Sugar

text: is

text: the

text: generalized

text: name

text: for

text: sweet

text: short

text: chain

text: soluble

text: carbohydrates

text: many

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: food

text: They

text: are

text: composed

text: of

text: carbon

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: There

text: are

text: various

text: types

text: of

text: sugar

text: derived

text: from

text: different

text: sources

text: Simple

text: sugars

text: are

text: called

text: monosaccharides

text: and

text: include

text: glucose

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: dextrose

text: fructose

text: and

text: galactose

text: The

text: table

text: or

text: granulated

text: sugar

text: most

text: customarily

text: used

text: as

text: food

text: is

text: sucrose

text: disaccharide

text: In

text: the

text: body

text: sucrose

text: hydrolyses

text: into

text: fructose

text: and

text: glucose

text: Other

text: disaccharides

text: include

text: maltose

text: and

text: lactose

text: Longer

text: chains

text: of

text: sugars

text: are

text: called

text: oligosaccharides

text: Chemically

text: different

text: substances

text: may

text: also

text: have

text: sweet

text: taste

text: but

text: are

text: not

text: classified

text: as

text: sugars

text: Some

text: are

text: used

text: as

text: lower

text: calorie

text: food

text: substitutes

text: for

text: sugar

text: described

text: as

text: artificial

text: sweeteners

text: In biology, lipids comprise a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others. The main biological functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes. Lipids have applications in the cosmetic and food industries as well as in nanotechnology.

text: In

text: biology

text: lipids

text: comprise

text: group

text: of

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: molecules

text: that

text: include

text: fats

text: waxes

text: sterols

text: fat

text: soluble

text: vitamins

text: such

text: as

text: vitamins

text: and

text: monoglycerides

text: diglycerides

text: triglycerides

text: phospholipids

text: and

text: others

text: The

text: main

text: biological

text: functions

text: of

text: lipids

text: include

text: storing

text: energy

text: signaling

text: and

text: acting

text: as

text: structural

text: components

text: of

text: cell

text: membranes

text: Lipids

text: have

text: applications

text: in

text: the

text: cosmetic

text: and

text: food

text: industries

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: nanotechnology

text: Red blood cells (RBCs), also called erythrocytes, are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O) to the body tissuesvia blood flow through the circulatory system. RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs, or gills of fish, and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body's capillaries.

text: Red

text: blood

text: cells

text: RBCs

text: also

text: called

text: erythrocytes

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: type

text: of

text: blood

text: cell

text: and

text: the

text: vertebrate

text: 's

text: principal

text: means

text: of

text: delivering

text: oxygen

text: to

text: the

text: body

text: tissuesvia

text: blood

text: flow

text: through

text: the

text: circulatory

text: system

text: RBCs

text: take

text: up

text: oxygen

text: in

text: the

text: lungs

text: or

text: gills

text: of

text: fish

text: and

text: release

text: it

text: into

text: tissues

text: while

text: squeezing

text: through

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: capillaries

text: Post-translational modification (PTM) refers to the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins during or after protein biosynthesis. Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes translating mRNA into polypeptide chains, which may then undergo PTM to form the mature protein product. PTMs are important components in cell signaling.

text: Post

text: translational

text: modification

text: PTM

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: covalent

text: and

text: generally

text: enzymatic

text: modification

text: of

text: proteins

text: during

text: or

text: after

text: protein

text: biosynthesis

text: Proteins

text: are

text: synthesized

text: by

text: ribosomes

text: translating

text: mRNA

text: into

text: polypeptide

text: chains

text: which

text: may

text: then

text: undergo

text: PTM

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: mature

text: protein

text: product

text: PTMs

text: are

text: important

text: components

text: in

text: cell

text: signaling

text: An ion is an atom or a molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving the atom or molecule a net positive or negative electrical charge. Ions can be created, by either chemical or physical means, via ionization.

text: An

text: ion

text: is

text: an

text: atom

text: or

text: molecule

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: electrons

text: is

text: not

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: protons

text: giving

text: the

text: atom

text: or

text: molecule

text: net

text: positive

text: or

text: negative

text: electrical

text: charge

text: Ions

text: can

text: be

text: created

text: by

text: either

text: chemical

text: or

text: physical

text: means

text: via

text: ionization

text: Hemoglobin; also spelled haemoglobin (United Kingdom spelling) and abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates (with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates. Hemoglobin in the blood carries oxygen from the respiratory organs (lungs or gills) to the rest of the body (i.e. the tissues). There it releases the oxygen to permit aerobic respiration to provide energy to power the functions of the organism in the process called metabolism.

text: Hemoglobin

text: also

text: spelled

text: haemoglobin

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: spelling

text: and

text: abbreviated

text: Hb

text: or

text: Hgb

text: is

text: the

text: iron

text: containing

text: oxygen

text: transport

text: metalloprotein

text: in

text: the

text: red

text: blood

text: cells

text: of

text: all

text: vertebrates

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: the

text: fish

text: family

text: Channichthyidae

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: tissues

text: of

text: some

text: invertebrates

text: Hemoglobin

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: carries

text: oxygen

text: from

text: the

text: respiratory

text: organs

text: lungs

text: or

text: gills

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: i.e.

text: the

text: tissues

text: There

text: it

text: releases

text: the

text: oxygen

text: to

text: permit

text: aerobic

text: respiration

text: to

text: provide

text: energy

text: to

text: power

text: the

text: functions

text: of

text: the

text: organism

text: in

text: the

text: process

text: called

text: metabolism

text: Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process upon which enzymes may act are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called "enzymology".

text: Enzymes

text: are

text: macromolecular

text: biological

text: catalysts

text: Enzymes

text: accelerate

text: or

text: catalyze

text: chemical

text: reactions

text: The

text: molecules

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: process

text: upon

text: which

text: enzymes

text: may

text: act

text: are

text: called

text: substrates

text: and

text: the

text: enzyme

text: converts

text: these

text: into

text: different

text: molecules

text: called

text: products

text: Almost

text: all

text: metabolic

text: processes

text: in

text: the

text: cell

text: need

text: enzymes

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: occur

text: at

text: rates

text: fast

text: enough

text: to

text: sustain

text: life

text: The

text: set

text: of

text: enzymes

text: made

text: in

text: cell

text: determines

text: which

text: metabolic

text: pathways

text: occur

text: in

text: that

text: cell

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: enzymes

text: is

text: called

text: enzymology

text: Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process, as weak so-called "high-energy" bonds are replaced by stronger bonds in the products. Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity. Cellular respiration is considered an exothermic redox reaction which releases heat. The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps, most of which are redox reactions themselves. Although technically, cellular respiration is a combustion reaction, it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell because of the slow release of energy from the series of reactions.

text: Cellular

text: respiration

text: is

text: set

text: of

text: metabolic

text: reactions

text: and

text: processes

text: that

text: take

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: cells

text: of

text: organisms

text: to

text: convert

text: biochemical

text: energy

text: from

text: nutrients

text: into

text: adenosine

text: triphosphate

text: ATP

text: and

text: then

text: release

text: waste

text: products

text: The

text: reactions

text: involved

text: in

text: respiration

text: are

text: catabolic

text: reactions

text: which

text: break

text: large

text: molecules

text: into

text: smaller

text: ones

text: releasing

text: energy

text: in

text: the

text: process

text: as

text: weak

text: so

text: called

text: high

text: energy

text: bonds

text: are

text: replaced

text: by

text: stronger

text: bonds

text: in

text: the

text: products

text: Respiration

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: key

text: ways

text: cell

text: releases

text: chemical

text: energy

text: to

text: fuel

text: cellular

text: activity

text: Cellular

text: respiration

text: is

text: considered

text: an

text: exothermic

text: redox

text: reaction

text: which

text: releases

text: heat

text: The

text: overall

text: reaction

text: occurs

text: in

text: series

text: of

text: biochemical

text: steps

text: most

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: redox

text: reactions

text: themselves

text: Although

text: technically

text: cellular

text: respiration

text: is

text: combustion

text: reaction

text: it

text: clearly

text: does

text: not

text: resemble

text: one

text: when

text: it

text: occurs

text: in

text: living

text: cell

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: slow

text: release

text: of

text: energy

text: from

text: the

text: series

text: of

text: reactions

text: Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as other compounds. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula . This is an important part of the atmosphere and diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. Additionally, as oxides the element makes up almost half of the Earth's crust.

text: Oxygen

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: It

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: chalcogen

text: group

text: on

text: the

text: periodic

text: table

text: and

text: is

text: highly

text: reactive

text: nonmetal

text: and

text: oxidizing

text: agent

text: that

text: readily

text: forms

text: oxides

text: with

text: most

text: elements

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: compounds

text: By

text: mass

text: oxygen

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: abundant

text: element

text: in

text: the

text: universe

text: after

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: At

text: standard

text: temperature

text: and

text: pressure

text: two

text: atoms

text: of

text: the

text: element

text: bind

text: to

text: form

text: dioxygen

text: colorless

text: and

text: odorless

text: diatomic

text: gas

text: with

text: the

text: formula

text: This

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: diatomic

text: oxygen

text: gas

text: constitutes

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: atmosphere

text: Additionally

text: as

text: oxides

text: the

text: element

text: makes

text: up

text: almost

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: Carbon (from "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalentmaking four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. Three isotopes occur naturally, C and C being stable, while C is a radioactive isotope, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity.

text: Carbon

text: from

text: coal

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: It

text: is

text: nonmetallic

text: and

text: tetravalentmaking

text: four

text: electrons

text: available

text: to

text: form

text: covalent

text: chemical

text: bonds

text: Three

text: isotopes

text: occur

text: naturally

text: and

text: being

text: stable

text: while

text: is

text: radioactive

text: isotope

text: decaying

text: with

text: half

text: life

text: of

text: about

text: years

text: Carbon

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: elements

text: known

text: since

text: antiquity

text: The crocodile icefish or white-blooded fish (Channichthyidae) comprise a family of notothenioid fish found in the Southern Ocean around Antarctica and southern South America, where water temperatures remain relatively stable (generally ranging from -1.8 to +2.0 °C). Sixteen species of crocodile icefish are currently recognized.

text: The

text: crocodile

text: icefish

text: or

text: white

text: blooded

text: fish

text: Channichthyidae

text: comprise

text: family

text: of

text: notothenioid

text: fish

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: around

text: Antarctica

text: and

text: southern

text: South

text: America

text: where

text: water

text: temperatures

text: remain

text: relatively

text: stable

text: generally

text: ranging

text: from

text: to

text: Sixteen

text: species

text: of

text: crocodile

text: icefish

text: are

text: currently

text: recognized

text: Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants as an energy store. It is the most common carbohydrate in human diets and is contained in large amounts in staple foods such as potatoes, wheat, maize (corn), rice, and cassava.

text: Starch

text: or

text: amylum

text: is

text: polymeric

text: carbohydrate

text: consisting

text: of

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: glucose

text: units

text: joined

text: by

text: glycosidic

text: bonds

text: This

text: polysaccharide

text: is

text: produced

text: by

text: most

text: green

text: plants

text: as

text: an

text: energy

text: store

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: carbohydrate

text: in

text: human

text: diets

text: and

text: is

text: contained

text: in

text: large

text: amounts

text: in

text: staple

text: foods

text: such

text: as

text: potatoes

text: wheat

text: maize

text: corn

text: rice

text: and

text: cassava

text: Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation). This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water  hence the name "photosynthesis", from the Greek , "phs", "light", and , "synthesis", "putting together". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.

text: Photosynthesis

text: is

text: process

text: used

text: by

text: plants

text: and

text: other

text: organisms

text: to

text: convert

text: light

text: energy

text: into

text: chemical

text: energy

text: that

text: can

text: later

text: be

text: released

text: to

text: fuel

text: the

text: organisms

text: activities

text: energy

text: transformation

text: This

text: chemical

text: energy

text: is

text: stored

text: in

text: carbohydrate

text: molecules

text: such

text: as

text: sugars

text: which

text: are

text: synthesized

text: from

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: and

text: water

text: hence

text: the

text: name

text: photosynthesis

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: phs

text: light

text: and

text: synthesis

text: putting

text: together

text: In

text: most

text: cases

text: oxygen

text: is

text: also

text: released

text: as

text: waste

text: product

text: Most

text: plants

text: most

text: algae

text: and

text: cyanobacteria

text: perform

text: photosynthesis

text: such

text: organisms

text: are

text: called

text: photoautotrophs

text: Photosynthesis

text: is

text: largely

text: responsible

text: for

text: producing

text: and

text: maintaining

text: the

text: oxygen

text: content

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: supplies

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: organic

text: compounds

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: energy

text: necessary

text: for

text: life

text: on

text: Earth

text: The globins are a superfamily of heme-containing globular proteins, involved in binding and/or transporting oxygen. These proteins all incorporate the globin fold, a series of eight alpha helical segments. Two prominent members include myoglobin and hemoglobin. Both of these proteins reversibly bind oxygen via a heme prosthetic group. They are widely distributed in many organisms.

text: The

text: globins

text: are

text: superfamily

text: of

text: heme

text: containing

text: globular

text: proteins

text: involved

text: in

text: binding

text: and/or

text: transporting

text: oxygen

text: These

text: proteins

text: all

text: incorporate

text: the

text: globin

text: fold

text: series

text: of

text: eight

text: alpha

text: helical

text: segments

text: Two

text: prominent

text: members

text: include

text: myoglobin

text: and

text: hemoglobin

text: Both

text: of

text: these

text: proteins

text: reversibly

text: bind

text: oxygen

text: via

text: heme

text: prosthetic

text: group

text: They

text: are

text: widely

text: distributed

text: in

text: many

text: organisms

text: A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge. However, in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term "molecule" is often used less strictly, also being applied to polyatomic ions.

text: molecule

text: is

text: an

text: electrically

text: neutral

text: group

text: of

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: atoms

text: held

text: together

text: by

text: chemical

text: bonds

text: Molecules

text: are

text: distinguished

text: from

text: ions

text: by

text: their

text: lack

text: of

text: electrical

text: charge

text: However

text: in

text: quantum

text: physics

text: organic

text: chemistry

text: and

text: biochemistry

text: the

text: term

text: molecule

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: less

text: strictly

text: also

text: being

text: applied

text: to

text: polyatomic

text: ions

text: Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in humans, animals and fungi. The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body.

text: Glycogen

text: is

text: multibranched

text: polysaccharide

text: of

text: glucose

text: that

text: serves

text: as

text: form

text: of

text: energy

text: storage

text: in

text: humans

text: animals

text: and

text: fungi

text: The

text: polysaccharide

text: structure

text: represents

text: the

text: main

text: storage

text: form

text: of

text: glucose

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: Glycosylation (see also chemical glycosylation) is the reaction in which a carbohydrate, i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a glycosyl acceptor). In biology glycosylation mainly refers in particular to the enzymatic process that attaches glycans to proteins, lipids, or other organic molecules. This enzymatic process produces one of the fundamental biopolymers found in cells (along with DNA, RNA, and proteins). Glycosylation is a form of co-translational and post-translational modification. Glycans serve a variety of structural and functional roles in membrane and secreted proteins. The majority of proteins synthesized in the rough ER undergo glycosylation. It is an enzyme-directed site-specific process, as opposed to the non-enzymatic chemical reaction of glycation. Glycosylation is also present in the cytoplasm and nucleus as the O-GlcNAc modification. Aglycosylation is a feature of engineered antibodies to bypass glycosylation. Five classes of glycans are produced:

text: Glycosylation

text: see

text: also

text: chemical

text: glycosylation

text: is

text: the

text: reaction

text: in

text: which

text: carbohydrate

text: i.e.

text: glycosyl

text: donor

text: is

text: attached

text: to

text: hydroxyl

text: or

text: other

text: functional

text: group

text: of

text: another

text: molecule

text: glycosyl

text: acceptor

text: In

text: biology

text: glycosylation

text: mainly

text: refers

text: in

text: particular

text: to

text: the

text: enzymatic

text: process

text: that

text: attaches

text: glycans

text: to

text: proteins

text: lipids

text: or

text: other

text: organic

text: molecules

text: This

text: enzymatic

text: process

text: produces

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: fundamental

text: biopolymers

text: found

text: in

text: cells

text: along

text: with

text: DNA

text: RNA

text: and

text: proteins

text: Glycosylation

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: co

text: translational

text: and

text: post

text: translational

text: modification

text: Glycans

text: serve

text: variety

text: of

text: structural

text: and

text: functional

text: roles

text: in

text: membrane

text: and

text: secreted

text: proteins

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: proteins

text: synthesized

text: in

text: the

text: rough

text: ER

text: undergo

text: glycosylation

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: enzyme

text: directed

text: site

text: specific

text: process

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: non

text: enzymatic

text: chemical

text: reaction

text: of

text: glycation

text: Glycosylation

text: is

text: also

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: cytoplasm

text: and

text: nucleus

text: as

text: the

text: GlcNAc

text: modification

text: Aglycosylation

text: is

text: feature

text: of

text: engineered

text: antibodies

text: to

text: bypass

text: glycosylation

text: Five

text: classes

text: of

text: glycans

text: are

text: produced

text: The blood sugar concentration or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose (sugar) present in the blood of a human or animal. The body naturally tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis.

text: The

text: blood

text: sugar

text: concentration

text: or

text: blood

text: glucose

text: level

text: is

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: glucose

text: sugar

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: of

text: human

text: or

text: animal

text: The

text: body

text: naturally

text: tightly

text: regulates

text: blood

text: glucose

text: levels

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: metabolic

text: homeostasis

text: The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis. The study of the blood flow is called hemodynamics. The study of the properties of the blood flow is called hemorheology.

text: The

text: circulatory

text: system

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: cardiovascular

text: system

text: or

text: the

text: vascular

text: system

text: is

text: an

text: organ

text: system

text: that

text: permits

text: blood

text: to

text: circulate

text: and

text: transport

text: nutrients

text: such

text: as

text: amino

text: acids

text: and

text: electrolytes

text: oxygen

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: hormones

text: and

text: blood

text: cells

text: to

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: to

text: provide

text: nourishment

text: and

text: help

text: in

text: fighting

text: diseases

text: stabilize

text: temperature

text: and

text: pH

text: and

text: maintain

text: homeostasis

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: blood

text: flow

text: is

text: called

text: hemodynamics

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: properties

text: of

text: the

text: blood

text: flow

text: is

text: called

text: hemorheology

text: A gill is a respiratory organ found in many aquatic organisms that extracts dissolved oxygen from water and excretes carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are kept moist. The microscopic structure of a gill presents a large surface area to the external environment.

text: gill

text: is

text: respiratory

text: organ

text: found

text: in

text: many

text: aquatic

text: organisms

text: that

text: extracts

text: dissolved

text: oxygen

text: from

text: water

text: and

text: excretes

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: The

text: gills

text: of

text: some

text: species

text: such

text: as

text: hermit

text: crabs

text: have

text: adapted

text: to

text: allow

text: respiration

text: on

text: land

text: provided

text: they

text: are

text: kept

text: moist

text: The

text: microscopic

text: structure

text: of

text: gill

text: presents

text: large

text: surface

text: area

text: to

text: the

text: external

text: environment

text: Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms. Its chemical formula is HO, meaning that its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, that are connected by covalent bonds. Water strictly refers to the liquid state of that substance, that prevails at standard ambient temperature and pressure; but it often refers also to its solid state (ice) or its gaseous state (steam or water vapor). It also occurs in nature as snow, glaciers, ice packs and icebergs, clouds, fog, dew, aquifers, and atmospheric humidity.

text: Water

text: is

text: transparent

text: and

text: nearly

text: colorless

text: chemical

text: substance

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: constituent

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: streams

text: lakes

text: and

text: oceans

text: and

text: the

text: fluids

text: of

text: most

text: living

text: organisms

text: Its

text: chemical

text: formula

text: is

text: HO

text: meaning

text: that

text: its

text: molecule

text: contains

text: one

text: oxygen

text: and

text: two

text: hydrogen

text: atoms

text: that

text: are

text: connected

text: by

text: covalent

text: bonds

text: Water

text: strictly

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: liquid

text: state

text: of

text: that

text: substance

text: that

text: prevails

text: at

text: standard

text: ambient

text: temperature

text: and

text: pressure

text: but

text: it

text: often

text: refers

text: also

text: to

text: its

text: solid

text: state

text: ice

text: or

text: its

text: gaseous

text: state

text: steam

text: or

text: water

text: vapor

text: It

text: also

text: occurs

text: in

text: nature

text: as

text: snow

text: glaciers

text: ice

text: packs

text: and

text: icebergs

text: clouds

text: fog

text: dew

text: aquifers

text: and

text: atmospheric

text: humidity

text:
Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. It is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose, that are absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion. Fructose was discovered by French chemist Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1847. The name "fructose" was coined in 1857 by the English chemist William Miller. Pure, dry fructose is a very sweet, white, odorless, crystalline solid and is the most water-soluble of all the sugars.
Fructose is found in honey, tree and vine fruits, flowers, berries, and most root vegetables.

text: Fructose

text: or

text: fruit

text: sugar

text: is

text: simple

text: ketonic

text: monosaccharide

text: found

text: in

text: many

text: plants

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: often

text: bonded

text: to

text: glucose

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: disaccharide

text: sucrose

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: dietary

text: monosaccharides

text: along

text: with

text: glucose

text: and

text: galactose

text: that

text: are

text: absorbed

text: directly

text: into

text: the

text: bloodstream

text: during

text: digestion

text: Fructose

text: was

text: discovered

text: by

text: French

text: chemist

text: Augustin

text: Pierre

text: Dubrunfaut

text: in

text: The

text: name

text: fructose

text: was

text: coined

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: English

text: chemist

text: William

text: Miller

text: Pure

text: dry

text: fructose

text: is

text: very

text: sweet

text: white

text: odorless

text: crystalline

text: solid

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: water

text: soluble

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: sugars

text: Fructose

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: honey

text: tree

text: and

text: vine

text: fruits

text: flowers

text: berries

text: and

text: most

text: root

text: vegetables

text: Metabolism (from "metabol", "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. The three main purposes of metabolism are the conversion of food/fuel to energy to run cellular processes, the conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates, and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.

text: Metabolism

text: from

text: metabol

text: change

text: is

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: life

text: sustaining

text: chemical

text: transformations

text: within

text: the

text: cells

text: of

text: living

text: organisms

text: The

text: three

text: main

text: purposes

text: of

text: metabolism

text: are

text: the

text: conversion

text: of

text: food

text: fuel

text: to

text: energy

text: to

text: run

text: cellular

text: processes

text: the

text: conversion

text: of

text: food

text: fuel

text: to

text: building

text: blocks

text: for

text: proteins

text: lipids

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: and

text: some

text: carbohydrates

text: and

text: the

text: elimination

text: of

text: nitrogenous

text: wastes

text: These

text: enzyme

text: catalyzed

text: reactions

text: allow

text: organisms

text: to

text: grow

text: and

text: reproduce

text: maintain

text: their

text: structures

text: and

text: respond

text: to

text: their

text: environments

text: The

text: word

text: metabolism

text: can

text: also

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: sum

text: of

text: all

text: chemical

text: reactions

text: that

text: occur

text: in

text: living

text: organisms

text: including

text: digestion

text: and

text: the

text: transport

text: of

text: substances

text: into

text: and

text: between

text: different

text: cells

text: in

text: which

text: case

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: reactions

text: within

text: the

text: cells

text: is

text: called

text: intermediary

text: metabolism

text: or

text: intermediate

text: metabolism

text: The lungs are the primary organs of respiration in humans and many other animals including a few fish and some snails. In mammals and most other vertebrates, two lungs are located near the backbone on either side of the heart. Their function in the respiratory system is to extract oxygen from the atmosphere and transfer it into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere, in a process of gas exchange. Respiration is driven by different muscular systems in different species. Mammals, reptiles and birds use their musculoskeletal systems to support and foster breathing. In early tetrapods, air was driven into the lungs by the pharyngeal muscles via buccal pumping, a mechanism still seen in amphibians. In humans, the primary muscle that drives breathing is the diaphragm. The lungs also provide airflow that makes vocal sounds including human speech possible.

text: The

text: lungs

text: are

text: the

text: primary

text: organs

text: of

text: respiration

text: in

text: humans

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: animals

text: including

text: few

text: fish

text: and

text: some

text: snails

text: In

text: mammals

text: and

text: most

text: other

text: vertebrates

text: two

text: lungs

text: are

text: located

text: near

text: the

text: backbone

text: on

text: either

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: Their

text: function

text: in

text: the

text: respiratory

text: system

text: is

text: to

text: extract

text: oxygen

text: from

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: transfer

text: it

text: into

text: the

text: bloodstream

text: and

text: to

text: release

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: from

text: the

text: bloodstream

text: into

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: in

text: process

text: of

text: gas

text: exchange

text: Respiration

text: is

text: driven

text: by

text: different

text: muscular

text: systems

text: in

text: different

text: species

text: Mammals

text: reptiles

text: and

text: birds

text: use

text: their

text: musculoskeletal

text: systems

text: to

text: support

text: and

text: foster

text: breathing

text: In

text: early

text: tetrapods

text: air

text: was

text: driven

text: into

text: the

text: lungs

text: by

text: the

text: pharyngeal

text: muscles

text: via

text: buccal

text: pumping

text: mechanism

text: still

text: seen

text: in

text: amphibians

text: In

text: humans

text: the

text: primary

text: muscle

text: that

text: drives

text: breathing

text: is

text: the

text: diaphragm

text: The

text: lungs

text: also

text: provide

text: airflow

text: that

text: makes

text: vocal

text: sounds

text: including

text: human

text: speech

text: possible

text: Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

text: Blood

text: is

text: body

text: fluid

text: in

text: humans

text: and

text: other

text: animals

text: that

text: delivers

text: necessary

text: substances

text: such

text: as

text: nutrients

text: and

text: oxygen

text: to

text: the

text: cells

text: and

text: transports

text: metabolic

text: waste

text: products

text: away

text: from

text: those

text: same

text: cells

text: Glycation (sometimes called non-enzymatic glycosylation) is the result of the typically covalent bonding of a sugar molecule, such as glucose or fructose, to a protein or lipid molecule, without the controlling action of an enzyme. Glycation may occur either inside the body (endogenous glycation) or outside the body (exogenous glycation). It is a haphazard process that impairs the functioning of biomolecules, and does not require the expenditure of ATP. Glycosylation, in contrast, is the enzyme-mediated ATP-dependent attachment of sugars to protein or lipid molecules at defined sites on the target molecule. It is an important form of post-translational modification of proteins and is required for the functioning of the mature molecule.

text: Glycation

text: sometimes

text: called

text: non

text: enzymatic

text: glycosylation

text: is

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: typically

text: covalent

text: bonding

text: of

text: sugar

text: molecule

text: such

text: as

text: glucose

text: or

text: fructose

text: to

text: protein

text: or

text: lipid

text: molecule

text: without

text: the

text: controlling

text: action

text: of

text: an

text: enzyme

text: Glycation

text: may

text: occur

text: either

text: inside

text: the

text: body

text: endogenous

text: glycation

text: or

text: outside

text: the

text: body

text: exogenous

text: glycation

text: It

text: is

text: haphazard

text: process

text: that

text: impairs

text: the

text: functioning

text: of

text: biomolecules

text: and

text: does

text: not

text: require

text: the

text: expenditure

text: of

text: ATP

text: Glycosylation

text: in

text: contrast

text: is

text: the

text: enzyme

text: mediated

text: ATP

text: dependent

text: attachment

text: of

text: sugars

text: to

text: protein

text: or

text: lipid

text: molecules

text: at

text: defined

text: sites

text: on

text: the

text: target

text: molecule

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: form

text: of

text: post

text: translational

text: modification

text: of

text: proteins

text: and

text: is

text: required

text: for

text: the

text: functioning

text: of

text: the

text: mature

text: molecule

text: Glycated hemoglobin ( hemoglobin A1c , HbA1c , A1C , or Hb1c ; sometimes also HbA1c or HGBA1C ) is a form of hemoglobin that is measured primarily to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods . It is formed in a non-enzymatic glycation pathway by hemoglobin 's exposure to plasma glucose . HbA1c is a measure of the beta - N - 1 - deoxy fructosyl component of hemoglobin . Normal levels of glucose produce a normal amount of glycated hemoglobin . As the average amount of plasma glucose increases , the fraction of glycated hemoglobin increases in a predictable way . This serves as a marker for average blood glucose levels over the previous 3 months before the measurement as this is the lifespan of red blood cells . In diabetes mellitus , higher amounts of glycated hemoglobin , indicating poorer control of blood glucose levels , have been associated with cardiovascular disease , nephropathy , and retinopathy . Monitoring HbA1c in type 1 diabetic patients may improve outcomes .

text: Glycated

text: hemoglobin

text: hemoglobin

text: or

text: sometimes

text: also

text: or

text: is

text: form

text: of

text: hemoglobin

text: that

text: is

text: measured

text: primarily

text: to

text: identify

text: the

text: average

text: plasma

text: glucose

text: concentration

text: over

text: prolonged

text: periods

text: It

text: is

text: formed

text: in

text: non

text: enzymatic

text: glycation

text: pathway

text: by

text: hemoglobin

text: 's

text: exposure

text: to

text: plasma

text: glucose

text: is

text: measure

text: of

text: the

text: beta

text: deoxy

text: fructosyl

text: component

text: of

text: hemoglobin

text: Normal

text: levels

text: of

text: glucose

text: produce

text: normal

text: amount

text: of

text: glycated

text: hemoglobin

text: As

text: the

text: average

text: amount

text: of

text: plasma

text: glucose

text: increases

text: the

text: fraction

text: of

text: glycated

text: hemoglobin

text: increases

text: in

text: predictable

text: way

text: This

text: serves

text: as

text: marker

text: for

text: average

text: blood

text: glucose

text: levels

text: over

text: the

text: previous

text: months

text: before

text: the

text: measurement

text: as

text: this

text: is

text: the

text: lifespan

text: of

text: red

text: blood

text: cells

text: In

text: diabetes

text: mellitus

text: higher

text: amounts

text: of

text: glycated

text: hemoglobin

text: indicating

text: poorer

text: control

text: of

text: blood

text: glucose

text: levels

text: have

text: been

text: associated

text: with

text: cardiovascular

text: disease

text: nephropathy

text: and

text: retinopathy

text: Monitoring

text: in

text: type

text: diabetic

text: patients

text: may

text: improve

text: outcomes

text: Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars, where it is the last element to be produced with release of energy before the violent collapse of a supernova, which scatters the iron into space.

text: Iron

text: is

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: Fe

text: from

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: It

text: is

text: metal

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: transition

text: series

text: It

text: is

text: by

text: mass

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: element

text: on

text: Earth

text: forming

text: much

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: outer

text: and

text: inner

text: core

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: common

text: element

text: in

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: Its

text: abundance

text: in

text: rocky

text: planets

text: like

text: Earth

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: abundant

text: production

text: by

text: fusion

text: in

text: high

text: mass

text: stars

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: element

text: to

text: be

text: produced

text: with

text: release

text: of

text: energy

text: before

text: the

text: violent

text: collapse

text: of

text: supernova

text: which

text: scatters

text: the

text: iron

text: into

text: space

text: Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 64,000 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates, which include the cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) and the bony fish.

text: Vertebrates

text: comprise

text: all

text: species

text: of

text: animals

text: within

text: the

text: subphylum

text: Vertebrata

text: chordates

text: with

text: backbones

text: Vertebrates

text: represent

text: the

text: overwhelming

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: phylum

text: Chordata

text: with

text: currently

text: about

text: species

text: described

text: Vertebrates

text: include

text: the

text: jawless

text: fish

text: and

text: the

text: jawed

text: vertebrates

text: which

text: include

text: the

text: cartilaginous

text: fish

text: sharks

text: and

text: rays

text: and

text: the

text: bony

text: fish

text: A polymer (Greek "poly-", "many" + "-mer", "parts") is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits. Because of their broad range of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play an essential and ubiquitous role in everyday life. Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via polymerization of many small molecules, known as monomers. Their consequently large molecular mass relative to small molecule compounds produces unique physical properties, including toughness, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to form glasses and semicrystalline structures rather than crystals.

text: polymer

text: Greek

text: poly-

text: many

text: -mer

text: parts

text: is

text: large

text: molecule

text: or

text: macromolecule

text: composed

text: of

text: many

text: repeated

text: subunits

text: Because

text: of

text: their

text: broad

text: range

text: of

text: properties

text: both

text: synthetic

text: and

text: natural

text: polymers

text: play

text: an

text: essential

text: and

text: ubiquitous

text: role

text: in

text: everyday

text: life

text: Polymers

text: range

text: from

text: familiar

text: synthetic

text: plastics

text: such

text: as

text: polystyrene

text: to

text: natural

text: biopolymers

text: such

text: as

text: DNA

text: and

text: proteins

text: that

text: are

text: fundamental

text: to

text: biological

text: structure

text: and

text: function

text: Polymers

text: both

text: natural

text: and

text: synthetic

text: are

text: created

text: via

text: polymerization

text: of

text: many

text: small

text: molecules

text: known

text: as

text: monomers

text: Their

text: consequently

text: large

text: molecular

text: mass

text: relative

text: to

text: small

text: molecule

text: compounds

text: produces

text: unique

text: physical

text: properties

text: including

text: toughness

text: viscoelasticity

text: and

text: tendency

text: to

text: form

text: glasses

text: and

text: semicrystalline

text: structures

text: rather

text: than

text: crystals

text: Proteins (or ) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.

text: Proteins

text: or

text: are

text: large

text: biomolecules

text: or

text: macromolecules

text: consisting

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: long

text: chains

text: of

text: amino

text: acid

text: residues

text: Proteins

text: perform

text: vast

text: array

text: of

text: functions

text: within

text: organisms

text: including

text: catalysing

text: metabolic

text: reactions

text: DNA

text: replication

text: responding

text: to

text: stimuli

text: and

text: transporting

text: molecules

text: from

text: one

text: location

text: to

text: another

text: Proteins

text: differ

text: from

text: one

text: another

text: primarily

text: in

text: their

text: sequence

text: of

text: amino

text: acids

text: which

text: is

text: dictated

text: by

text: the

text: nucleotide

text: sequence

text: of

text: their

text: genes

text: and

text: which

text: usually

text: results

text: in

text: protein

text: folding

text: into

text: specific

text: three

text: dimensional

text: structure

text: that

text: determines

text: its

text: activity

text: Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula CHO. Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar. It is made during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. The reverse of the photosynthesis reaction, which releases this energy, is an important source of power for cellular respiration. Glucose is stored as a polymer, in plants as starch and in animals as glycogen, for times when the organism will need it.

text: Glucose

text: is

text: simple

text: sugar

text: with

text: the

text: molecular

text: formula

text: CHO

text: Glucose

text: circulates

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: of

text: animals

text: as

text: blood

text: sugar

text: It

text: is

text: made

text: during

text: photosynthesis

text: from

text: water

text: and

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: using

text: energy

text: from

text: sunlight

text: The

text: reverse

text: of

text: the

text: photosynthesis

text: reaction

text: which

text: releases

text: this

text: energy

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: source

text: of

text: power

text: for

text: cellular

text: respiration

text: Glucose

text: is

text: stored

text: as

text: polymer

text: in

text: plants

text: as

text: starch

text: and

text: in

text: animals

text: as

text: glycogen

text: for

text: times

text: when

text: the

text: organism

text: will

text: need

text: it

question: has_part glycated hemoglobin

answer: carbon

text: carbon

text: carbon

text: carbon

text: carbon

text: carbon

text: carbon

text: carbon

text: carbon


text: A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside of either theology or science. The term "philosopher" comes from the Ancient Greek ("philosophos") meaning "lover of wisdom". The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (6th century BC).

text: philosopher

text: is

text: someone

text: who

text: practices

text: philosophy

text: which

text: involves

text: rational

text: inquiry

text: into

text: areas

text: that

text: are

text: outside

text: of

text: either

text: theology

text: or

text: science

text: The

text: term

text: philosopher

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: philosophos

text: meaning

text: lover

text: of

text: wisdom

text: The

text: coining

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: has

text: been

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: Greek

text: thinker

text: Pythagoras

text: century

text: BC

text: In music, harmony considers the process by which the composition of individual sounds, or superpositions of sounds, is analysed by hearing. Usually, this means simultaneously occurring frequencies, pitches (tones, notes), or chords. The study of harmony involves chords and their construction and chord progressions and the principles of connection that govern them. Harmony is often said to refer to the "vertical" aspect of music, as distinguished from melodic line, or the "horizontal" aspect. Counterpoint, which refers to the relationship between melodic lines, and polyphony, which refers to the simultaneous sounding of separate independent voices, are thus sometimes distinguished from harmony.

text: In

text: music

text: harmony

text: considers

text: the

text: process

text: by

text: which

text: the

text: composition

text: of

text: individual

text: sounds

text: or

text: superpositions

text: of

text: sounds

text: is

text: analysed

text: by

text: hearing

text: Usually

text: this

text: means

text: simultaneously

text: occurring

text: frequencies

text: pitches

text: tones

text: notes

text: or

text: chords

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: harmony

text: involves

text: chords

text: and

text: their

text: construction

text: and

text: chord

text: progressions

text: and

text: the

text: principles

text: of

text: connection

text: that

text: govern

text: them

text: Harmony

text: is

text: often

text: said

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: vertical

text: aspect

text: of

text: music

text: as

text: distinguished

text: from

text: melodic

text: line

text: or

text: the

text: horizontal

text: aspect

text: Counterpoint

text: which

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: relationship

text: between

text: melodic

text: lines

text: and

text: polyphony

text: which

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: simultaneous

text: sounding

text: of

text: separate

text: independent

text: voices

text: are

text: thus

text: sometimes

text: distinguished

text: from

text: harmony

text:
Plot.
This story portrays Susono Musubi, a young police officer in a post-apocalyptic subterranean city that's thriving with activity, who is investigating recent child abductions. She finds a heavily toned down, sword-like Gravitational Beam Emitter as well as other elements that take different forms in the later publication (for example, Silicon life).

text: Plot

text: This

text: story

text: portrays

text: Susono

text: Musubi

text: young

text: police

text: officer

text: in

text: post

text: apocalyptic

text: subterranean

text: city

text: that

text: 's

text: thriving

text: with

text: activity

text: who

text: is

text: investigating

text: recent

text: child

text: abductions

text: She

text: finds

text: heavily

text: toned

text: down

text: sword

text: like

text: Gravitational

text: Beam

text: Emitter

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: elements

text: that

text: take

text: different

text: forms

text: in

text: the

text: later

text: publication

text: for

text: example

text: Silicon

text: life

text: Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound and silence, which exist in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek  ("mousike"; "art of the Muses"). In its most general form, the activities describing music as an art form include the production of works of music (songs, tunes, symphonies, and so on), the criticism of music, the study of the history of music, and the aesthetic examination of music. Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound."

text: Music

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: and

text: cultural

text: activity

text: whose

text: medium

text: is

text: sound

text: and

text: silence

text: which

text: exist

text: in

text: time

text: The

text: common

text: elements

text: of

text: music

text: are

text: pitch

text: which

text: governs

text: melody

text: and

text: harmony

text: rhythm

text: and

text: its

text: associated

text: concepts

text: tempo

text: meter

text: and

text: articulation

text: dynamics

text: loudness

text: and

text: softness

text: and

text: the

text: sonic

text: qualities

text: of

text: timbre

text: and

text: texture

text: which

text: are

text: sometimes

text: termed

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: musical

text: sound

text: Different

text: styles

text: or

text: types

text: of

text: music

text: may

text: emphasize

text: de

text: emphasize

text: or

text: omit

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: elements

text: Music

text: is

text: performed

text: with

text: vast

text: range

text: of

text: instruments

text: and

text: vocal

text: techniques

text: ranging

text: from

text: singing

text: to

text: rapping

text: there

text: are

text: solely

text: instrumental

text: pieces

text: solely

text: vocal

text: pieces

text: such

text: as

text: songs

text: without

text: instrumental

text: accompaniment

text: and

text: pieces

text: that

text: combine

text: singing

text: and

text: instruments

text: The

text: word

text: derives

text: from

text: Greek

text: mousike

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: Muses

text: In

text: its

text: most

text: general

text: form

text: the

text: activities

text: describing

text: music

text: as

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: include

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: works

text: of

text: music

text: songs

text: tunes

text: symphonies

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: the

text: criticism

text: of

text: music

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: examination

text: of

text: music

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: and

text: Indian

text: philosophers

text: defined

text: music

text: as

text: tones

text: ordered

text: horizontally

text: as

text: melodies

text: and

text: vertically

text: as

text: harmonies

text: Common

text: sayings

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: harmony

text: of

text: the

text: spheres

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: music

text: to

text: my

text: ears

text: point

text: to

text: the

text: notion

text: that

text: music

text: is

text: often

text: ordered

text: and

text: pleasant

text: to

text: listen

text: to

text: However

text: century

text: composer

text: John

text: Cage

text: thought

text: that

text: any

text: sound

text: can

text: be

text: music

text: saying

text: for

text: example

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: noise

text: only

text: sound

text: Music is found in every known culture, past and present, varying widely between times and places. Since all people of the world, including the most isolated tribal groups, have a form of music, it may be concluded that music is likely to have been present in the ancestral population prior to the dispersal of humans around the world. Consequently, music may have been in existence for at least 55,000 years and the first music may have been invented in Africa and then evolved to become a fundamental constituent of human life.

text: Music

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: every

text: known

text: culture

text: past

text: and

text: present

text: varying

text: widely

text: between

text: times

text: and

text: places

text: Since

text: all

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: including

text: the

text: most

text: isolated

text: tribal

text: groups

text: have

text: form

text: of

text: music

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: concluded

text: that

text: music

text: is

text: likely

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: ancestral

text: population

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: dispersal

text: of

text: humans

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: Consequently

text: music

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: existence

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: years

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: music

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: invented

text: in

text: Africa

text: and

text: then

text: evolved

text: to

text: become

text: fundamental

text: constituent

text: of

text: human

text: life

text: A composer (Latin "compn"; literally "one who puts together") is a person who creates or writes music, which can be vocal music (for a singer or choir), instrumental music (e.g., for solo piano, string quartet, wind quintet or orchestra) or music which combines both instruments and voices (e.g., opera or art song, which is a singer accompanied by a pianist). The core meaning of the term refers to individuals who have contributed to the tradition of Western classical music through creation of works expressed in written musical notation (e.g., sheet music scores).

text: composer

text: Latin

text: compn

text: literally

text: one

text: who

text: puts

text: together

text: is

text: person

text: who

text: creates

text: or

text: writes

text: music

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: vocal

text: music

text: for

text: singer

text: or

text: choir

text: instrumental

text: music

text: e.g.

text: for

text: solo

text: piano

text: string

text: quartet

text: wind

text: quintet

text: or

text: orchestra

text: or

text: music

text: which

text: combines

text: both

text: instruments

text: and

text: voices

text: e.g.

text: opera

text: or

text: art

text: song

text: which

text: is

text: singer

text: accompanied

text: by

text: pianist

text: The

text: core

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: refers

text: to

text: individuals

text: who

text: have

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: tradition

text: of

text: Western

text: classical

text: music

text: through

text: creation

text: of

text: works

text: expressed

text: in

text: written

text: musical

text: notation

text: e.g.

text: sheet

text: music

text: scores

text: John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912  August 12, 1992) was an American composer, music theorist, writer, philosopher, and artist. A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments, Cage was one of the leading figures of the post-war avant-garde. Critics have lauded him as one of the most influential American composers of the 20th century. He was also instrumental in the development of modern dance, mostly through his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also Cage's romantic partner for most of their lives.

text: John

text: Milton

text: Cage

text: Jr.

text: September

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: composer

text: music

text: theorist

text: writer

text: philosopher

text: and

text: artist

text: pioneer

text: of

text: indeterminacy

text: in

text: music

text: electroacoustic

text: music

text: and

text: non

text: standard

text: use

text: of

text: musical

text: instruments

text: Cage

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: figures

text: of

text: the

text: post

text: war

text: avant

text: garde

text: Critics

text: have

text: lauded

text: him

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: American

text: composers

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: instrumental

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: modern

text: dance

text: mostly

text: through

text: his

text: association

text: with

text: choreographer

text: Merce

text: Cunningham

text: who

text: was

text: also

text: Cage

text: 's

text: romantic

text: partner

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: their

text: lives

text: Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist. Singers perform music (arias, recitatives, songs, etc.) that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists. Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument (as in art song or some jazz styles) up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Different singing styles include art music such as opera and Chinese opera, religious music styles such as gospel, traditional music styles, world music, jazz, blues and popular music styles such as pop and rock.

text: Singing

text: is

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: producing

text: musical

text: sounds

text: with

text: the

text: voice

text: and

text: augments

text: regular

text: speech

text: by

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: sustained

text: tonality

text: rhythm

text: and

text: variety

text: of

text: vocal

text: techniques

text: person

text: who

text: sings

text: is

text: called

text: singer

text: or

text: vocalist

text: Singers

text: perform

text: music

text: arias

text: recitatives

text: songs

text: etc

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: sung

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: accompaniment

text: by

text: musical

text: instruments

text: Singing

text: is

text: often

text: done

text: in

text: an

text: ensemble

text: of

text: musicians

text: such

text: as

text: choir

text: of

text: singers

text: or

text: band

text: of

text: instrumentalists

text: Singers

text: may

text: perform

text: as

text: soloists

text: or

text: accompanied

text: by

text: anything

text: from

text: single

text: instrument

text: as

text: in

text: art

text: song

text: or

text: some

text: jazz

text: styles

text: up

text: to

text: symphony

text: orchestra

text: or

text: big

text: band

text: Different

text: singing

text: styles

text: include

text: art

text: music

text: such

text: as

text: opera

text: and

text: Chinese

text: opera

text: religious

text: music

text: styles

text: such

text: as

text: gospel

text: traditional

text: music

text: styles

text: world

text: music

text: jazz

text: blues

text: and

text: popular

text: music

text: styles

text: such

text: as

text: pop

text: and

text: rock

text: An instrumental is a musical composition or recording without lyrics, or singing, although it might include some inarticulate vocals, such as shouted backup vocals in a Big Band setting. The music is primarily or exclusively produced by musical instruments. An instrumental can exist in music notation, after it is written by a composer; in the mind of the composer (especially in cases where the composer herself will perform the piece, as in the case of a blues solo guitarist or a folk music fiddle player); as a piece that is performed live by a single instrumentalist or a musical ensemble, which could range in size from a duo or trio to a large Big Band, concert band or orchestra.

text: An

text: instrumental

text: is

text: musical

text: composition

text: or

text: recording

text: without

text: lyrics

text: or

text: singing

text: although

text: it

text: might

text: include

text: some

text: inarticulate

text: vocals

text: such

text: as

text: shouted

text: backup

text: vocals

text: in

text: Big

text: Band

text: setting

text: The

text: music

text: is

text: primarily

text: or

text: exclusively

text: produced

text: by

text: musical

text: instruments

text: An

text: instrumental

text: can

text: exist

text: in

text: music

text: notation

text: after

text: it

text: is

text: written

text: by

text: composer

text: in

text: the

text: mind

text: of

text: the

text: composer

text: especially

text: in

text: cases

text: where

text: the

text: composer

text: herself

text: will

text: perform

text: the

text: piece

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: blues

text: solo

text: guitarist

text: or

text: folk

text: music

text: fiddle

text: player

text: as

text: piece

text: that

text: is

text: performed

text: live

text: by

text: single

text: instrumentalist

text: or

text: musical

text: ensemble

text: which

text: could

text: range

text: in

text: size

text: from

text: duo

text: or

text: trio

text: to

text: large

text: Big

text: Band

text: concert

text: band

text: or

text: orchestra

text: Rhythm (from Greek , "rhythmos", "any regular recurring motion, symmetry" ) generally means a "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions" . This general meaning of regular recurrence or pattern in time can apply to a wide variety of cyclical natural phenomena having a periodicity or frequency of anything from microseconds to several seconds (as with the riff in a rock music song); to several minutes or hours, or, at the most extreme, even over many years.

text: Rhythm

text: from

text: Greek

text: rhythmos

text: any

text: regular

text: recurring

text: motion

text: symmetry

text: generally

text: means

text: movement

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: regulated

text: succession

text: of

text: strong

text: and

text: weak

text: elements

text: or

text: of

text: opposite

text: or

text: different

text: conditions

text: This

text: general

text: meaning

text: of

text: regular

text: recurrence

text: or

text: pattern

text: in

text: time

text: can

text: apply

text: to

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: cyclical

text: natural

text: phenomena

text: having

text: periodicity

text: or

text: frequency

text: of

text: anything

text: from

text: microseconds

text: to

text: several

text: seconds

text: as

text: with

text: the

text: riff

text: in

text: rock

text: music

text: song

text: to

text: several

text: minutes

text: or

text: hours

text: or

text: at

text: the

text: most

text: extreme

text: even

text: over

text: many

text: years

text: A melody ("singing, chanting"), also tune, voice, or line, is a linear succession of musical tones that the listener perceives as a single entity. In its most literal sense, a melody is a combination of pitch and rhythm, while more figuratively, the term can include successions of other musical elements such as tonal color. It may be considered the foreground to the background accompaniment. A line or part need not be a foreground melody.

text: melody

text: singing

text: chanting

text: also

text: tune

text: voice

text: or

text: line

text: is

text: linear

text: succession

text: of

text: musical

text: tones

text: that

text: the

text: listener

text: perceives

text: as

text: single

text: entity

text: In

text: its

text: most

text: literal

text: sense

text: melody

text: is

text: combination

text: of

text: pitch

text: and

text: rhythm

text: while

text: more

text: figuratively

text: the

text: term

text: can

text: include

text: successions

text: of

text: other

text: musical

text: elements

text: such

text: as

text: tonal

text: color

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: considered

text: the

text: foreground

text: to

text: the

text: background

text: accompaniment

text: line

text: or

text: part

text: need

text: not

text: be

text: foreground

text: melody

text: In physics, sound is a vibration that propagates as a typically audible mechanical wave of pressure and displacement, through a transmission medium such as air or water. In physiology and psychology, sound is the "reception" of such waves and their "perception" by the brain. Humans can hear sound waves with frequencies between about 20 Hz and 20 kHz. Sound above 20 kHz is ultrasound and below 20 Hz is infrasound. Other animals have different hearing ranges.

text: In

text: physics

text: sound

text: is

text: vibration

text: that

text: propagates

text: as

text: typically

text: audible

text: mechanical

text: wave

text: of

text: pressure

text: and

text: displacement

text: through

text: transmission

text: medium

text: such

text: as

text: air

text: or

text: water

text: In

text: physiology

text: and

text: psychology

text: sound

text: is

text: the

text: reception

text: of

text: such

text: waves

text: and

text: their

text: perception

text: by

text: the

text: brain

text: Humans

text: can

text: hear

text: sound

text: waves

text: with

text: frequencies

text: between

text: about

text: Hz

text: and

text: kHz

text: Sound

text: above

text: kHz

text: is

text: ultrasound

text: and

text: below

text: Hz

text: is

text: infrasound

text: Other

text: animals

text: have

text: different

text: hearing

text: ranges

text: A song, most broadly, is a single (and often standalone) work of music that is typically intended to be sung by the human voice with distinct and fixed pitches and patterns using sound and silence and a variety of forms that often include the repetition of sections. Written words created specifically for music or for which music is specifically created, are called lyrics. If a pre-existing poem is set to composed music in classical music it is an art song. Songs that are sung on repeated pitches without distinct contours and patterns that rise and fall are called chants. Songs in a simple style that are learned informally are often referred to as folk songs. Songs that are composed for professional singers who sell their recordings or live shows to the mass market are called popular songs. These songs, which have broad appeal, are often composed by professional songwriters, composers and lyricists. Art songs are composed by trained classical composers for concert or recital performances. Songs are performed live and recorded on audio or video (or in some, cases, a song may be performed live and simultaneously recorded). Songs may also appear in plays, musical theatre, stage shows of any form, and within operas.

text: song

text: most

text: broadly

text: is

text: single

text: and

text: often

text: standalone

text: work

text: of

text: music

text: that

text: is

text: typically

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: sung

text: by

text: the

text: human

text: voice

text: with

text: distinct

text: and

text: fixed

text: pitches

text: and

text: patterns

text: using

text: sound

text: and

text: silence

text: and

text: variety

text: of

text: forms

text: that

text: often

text: include

text: the

text: repetition

text: of

text: sections

text: Written

text: words

text: created

text: specifically

text: for

text: music

text: or

text: for

text: which

text: music

text: is

text: specifically

text: created

text: are

text: called

text: lyrics

text: If

text: pre

text: existing

text: poem

text: is

text: set

text: to

text: composed

text: music

text: in

text: classical

text: music

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: song

text: Songs

text: that

text: are

text: sung

text: on

text: repeated

text: pitches

text: without

text: distinct

text: contours

text: and

text: patterns

text: that

text: rise

text: and

text: fall

text: are

text: called

text: chants

text: Songs

text: in

text: simple

text: style

text: that

text: are

text: learned

text: informally

text: are

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: folk

text: songs

text: Songs

text: that

text: are

text: composed

text: for

text: professional

text: singers

text: who

text: sell

text: their

text: recordings

text: or

text: live

text: shows

text: to

text: the

text: mass

text: market

text: are

text: called

text: popular

text: songs

text: These

text: songs

text: which

text: have

text: broad

text: appeal

text: are

text: often

text: composed

text: by

text: professional

text: songwriters

text: composers

text: and

text: lyricists

text: Art

text: songs

text: are

text: composed

text: by

text: trained

text: classical

text: composers

text: for

text: concert

text: or

text: recital

text: performances

text: Songs

text: are

text: performed

text: live

text: and

text: recorded

text: on

text: audio

text: or

text: video

text: or

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: song

text: may

text: be

text: performed

text: live

text: and

text: simultaneously

text: recorded

text: Songs

text: may

text: also

text: appear

text: in

text: plays

text: musical

text: theatre

text: stage

text: shows

text: of

text: any

text: form

text: and

text: within

text: operas

text: In musical terminology, tempo ("time" in Italian; plural: "tempi" ) is the speed or pace of a given piece or subsection thereof, how fast or slow. Tempo is related to meter and is usually measured by beats per minute, with the beats being a division of the measures, though tempo is often indicated by terms which have acquired standard ranges of beats per minute or assumed by convention without indication. Tempo may be separated from articulation, or articulation may be indicated along with tempo, and tempo contributes to the overall texture. While the ability to hold a steady tempo is a desirable skill, tempo is changeable, and often indicated by a conductor or drummer. While practicing, an electronic or mechanical device, a metronome, may indicate the tempo, as one usually works one's way up to being able to perform at the proper tempo. In other words it is the speed at which a passage of music is or should be played.

text: In

text: musical

text: terminology

text: tempo

text: time

text: in

text: Italian

text: plural

text: tempi

text: is

text: the

text: speed

text: or

text: pace

text: of

text: given

text: piece

text: or

text: subsection

text: thereof

text: how

text: fast

text: or

text: slow

text: Tempo

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: meter

text: and

text: is

text: usually

text: measured

text: by

text: beats

text: per

text: minute

text: with

text: the

text: beats

text: being

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: measures

text: though

text: tempo

text: is

text: often

text: indicated

text: by

text: terms

text: which

text: have

text: acquired

text: standard

text: ranges

text: of

text: beats

text: per

text: minute

text: or

text: assumed

text: by

text: convention

text: without

text: indication

text: Tempo

text: may

text: be

text: separated

text: from

text: articulation

text: or

text: articulation

text: may

text: be

text: indicated

text: along

text: with

text: tempo

text: and

text: tempo

text: contributes

text: to

text: the

text: overall

text: texture

text: While

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: hold

text: steady

text: tempo

text: is

text: desirable

text: skill

text: tempo

text: is

text: changeable

text: and

text: often

text: indicated

text: by

text: conductor

text: or

text: drummer

text: While

text: practicing

text: an

text: electronic

text: or

text: mechanical

text: device

text: metronome

text: may

text: indicate

text: the

text: tempo

text: as

text: one

text: usually

text: works

text: one

text: 's

text: way

text: up

text: to

text: being

text: able

text: to

text: perform

text: at

text: the

text: proper

text: tempo

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: speed

text: at

text: which

text: passage

text: of

text: music

text: is

text: or

text: should

text: be

text: played

text: Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future. Time is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to compare the duration of events or the intervals between them, and to quantify rates of change of quantities in material reality or in the conscious experience. Time is often referred to as the fourth dimension, along with the three spatial dimensions.

text: Time

text: is

text: the

text: indefinite

text: continued

text: progress

text: of

text: existence

text: and

text: events

text: that

text: occur

text: in

text: apparently

text: irreversible

text: succession

text: from

text: the

text: past

text: through

text: the

text: present

text: to

text: the

text: future

text: Time

text: is

text: component

text: quantity

text: of

text: various

text: measurements

text: used

text: to

text: sequence

text: events

text: to

text: compare

text: the

text: duration

text: of

text: events

text: or

text: the

text: intervals

text: between

text: them

text: and

text: to

text: quantify

text: rates

text: of

text: change

text: of

text: quantities

text: in

text: material

text: reality

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: conscious

text: experience

text: Time

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: fourth

text: dimension

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: three

text: spatial

text: dimensions

text: Accompaniment is the musical parts which provide the rhythmic and/or harmonic support for the melody or main themes of a song or instrumental piece. There are many different styles and types of accompaniment in different genres and styles of music. In homophonic music, the main accompaniment approach used in popular music, a clear vocal melody is supported by subordinate chords. In popular music and traditional music, the accompaniment parts typically provide the "beat" for the music and outline the chord progression of the song or instrumental piece. The accompaniment for a vocal melody or instrumental solo can be played by a single musician playing an instrument such as piano, pipe organ, or guitar. While any instrument can in theory be used as an accompaniment instrument, keyboard and guitar-family instruments tend to be used if there is only a single instrument, as these instruments can play chords and basslines simultaneously (chords and a bassline are easier to play simultaneously on keyboard instruments, but a fingerpicking guitarist can play chords and a bassline simultaneously on guitar). A solo singer can accompany herself by playing guitar or piano while she sings, and in some rare cases, a solo singer can even accompany himself or herself just using his or her voice and body (e.g., Bobby McFerrin).

text: Accompaniment

text: is

text: the

text: musical

text: parts

text: which

text: provide

text: the

text: rhythmic

text: and/or

text: harmonic

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: melody

text: or

text: main

text: themes

text: of

text: song

text: or

text: instrumental

text: piece

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: different

text: styles

text: and

text: types

text: of

text: accompaniment

text: in

text: different

text: genres

text: and

text: styles

text: of

text: music

text: In

text: homophonic

text: music

text: the

text: main

text: accompaniment

text: approach

text: used

text: in

text: popular

text: music

text: clear

text: vocal

text: melody

text: is

text: supported

text: by

text: subordinate

text: chords

text: In

text: popular

text: music

text: and

text: traditional

text: music

text: the

text: accompaniment

text: parts

text: typically

text: provide

text: the

text: beat

text: for

text: the

text: music

text: and

text: outline

text: the

text: chord

text: progression

text: of

text: the

text: song

text: or

text: instrumental

text: piece

text: The

text: accompaniment

text: for

text: vocal

text: melody

text: or

text: instrumental

text: solo

text: can

text: be

text: played

text: by

text: single

text: musician

text: playing

text: an

text: instrument

text: such

text: as

text: piano

text: pipe

text: organ

text: or

text: guitar

text: While

text: any

text: instrument

text: can

text: in

text: theory

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: an

text: accompaniment

text: instrument

text: keyboard

text: and

text: guitar

text: family

text: instruments

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: if

text: there

text: is

text: only

text: single

text: instrument

text: as

text: these

text: instruments

text: can

text: play

text: chords

text: and

text: basslines

text: simultaneously

text: chords

text: and

text: bassline

text: are

text: easier

text: to

text: play

text: simultaneously

text: on

text: keyboard

text: instruments

text: but

text: fingerpicking

text: guitarist

text: can

text: play

text: chords

text: and

text: bassline

text: simultaneously

text: on

text: guitar

text: solo

text: singer

text: can

text: accompany

text: herself

text: by

text: playing

text: guitar

text: or

text: piano

text: while

text: she

text: sings

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: rare

text: cases

text: solo

text: singer

text: can

text: even

text: accompany

text: himself

text: or

text: herself

text: just

text: using

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: voice

text: and

text: body

text: e.g.

text: Bobby

text: McFerrin

text: In music, timbre (, also known as tone color or tone quality from psychoacoustics) is the perceived sound quality of a musical note, sound, or tone that distinguishes different types of sound production, such as choir voices and musical instruments, such as string instruments, wind instruments, and percussion instruments, and which enables listeners to hear even different instruments from the same category as different (e.g. a viola and a violin).

text: In

text: music

text: timbre

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: tone

text: color

text: or

text: tone

text: quality

text: from

text: psychoacoustics

text: is

text: the

text: perceived

text: sound

text: quality

text: of

text: musical

text: note

text: sound

text: or

text: tone

text: that

text: distinguishes

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: sound

text: production

text: such

text: as

text: choir

text: voices

text: and

text: musical

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: string

text: instruments

text: wind

text: instruments

text: and

text: percussion

text: instruments

text: and

text: which

text: enables

text: listeners

text: to

text: hear

text: even

text: different

text: instruments

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: category

text: as

text: different

text: e.g.

text: viola

text: and

text: violin

text: In music , articulation refers to the direction or performance technique which affects the transition or continuity on a single note or between multiple notes or sounds .

text: In

text: music

text: articulation

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: direction

text: or

text: performance

text: technique

text: which

text: affects

text: the

text: transition

text: or

text: continuity

text: on

text: single

text: note

text: or

text: between

text: multiple

text: notes

text: or

text: sounds

text: Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing artifacts (artworks), expressing the author's imaginative or technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power. In their most general form these activities include the production of works of art, the criticism of art, the study of the history of art, and the aesthetic dissemination of art.

text: Art

text: is

text: diverse

text: range

text: of

text: human

text: activities

text: in

text: creating

text: visual

text: auditory

text: or

text: performing

text: artifacts

text: artworks

text: expressing

text: the

text: author

text: 's

text: imaginative

text: or

text: technical

text: skill

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: appreciated

text: for

text: their

text: beauty

text: or

text: emotional

text: power

text: In

text: their

text: most

text: general

text: form

text: these

text: activities

text: include

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: works

text: of

text: art

text: the

text: criticism

text: of

text: art

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: art

text: and

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: dissemination

text: of

text: art

text:
Rapping (or emceeing, MCing, or rhyming) is "spoken or chanted rhyming lyrics". The components of rapping include "content", "flow" (rhythm and rhyme), and "delivery". Rapping is distinct from spoken-word poetry in that it is performed in time to a beat (external meter).
Rapping is often associated with and a primary ingredient of hip-hop music, but the origins of the phenomenon can be said to predate hip-hop culture by centuries. It can also be found in alternative rock such as that of Cake, Gorillaz and the Red Hot Chili Peppers. Rapping is also used in Kwaito music, a genre that originated in Johannesburg, South Africa, and is composed of hip-hop elements. Another form of rap that predates hip hop was Muhammad Ali's rhythmic poetry used to taunt his opponents in the 1960s and 1970s.

text: Rapping

text: or

text: emceeing

text: MCing

text: or

text: rhyming

text: is

text: spoken

text: or

text: chanted

text: rhyming

text: lyrics

text: The

text: components

text: of

text: rapping

text: include

text: content

text: flow

text: rhythm

text: and

text: rhyme

text: and

text: delivery

text: Rapping

text: is

text: distinct

text: from

text: spoken

text: word

text: poetry

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: performed

text: in

text: time

text: to

text: beat

text: external

text: meter

text: Rapping

text: is

text: often

text: associated

text: with

text: and

text: primary

text: ingredient

text: of

text: hip

text: hop

text: music

text: but

text: the

text: origins

text: of

text: the

text: phenomenon

text: can

text: be

text: said

text: to

text: predate

text: hip

text: hop

text: culture

text: by

text: centuries

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: alternative

text: rock

text: such

text: as

text: that

text: of

text: Cake

text: Gorillaz

text: and

text: the

text: Red

text: Hot

text: Chili

text: Peppers

text: Rapping

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: Kwaito

text: music

text: genre

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: Johannesburg

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: hip

text: hop

text: elements

text: Another

text: form

text: of

text: rap

text: that

text: predates

text: hip

text: hop

text: was

text: Muhammad

text: Ali

text: 's

text: rhythmic

text: poetry

text: used

text: to

text: taunt

text: his

text: opponents

text: in

text: the

text: and

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

question: part_of articulation

answer: musical notation

text: musical notation