text: The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America.

text: The

text: American

text: Revolution

text: was

text: political

text: upheaval

text: that

text: took

text: place

text: between

text: and

text: during

text: which

text: colonists

text: in

text: the

text: Thirteen

text: American

text: Colonies

text: rejected

text: the

text: British

text: monarchy

text: and

text: aristocracy

text: overthrew

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: founded

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text:
The House of Commons of Great Britain was the lower house of the Parliament of Great Britain between 1707 and 1801. In 1707, as a result of the Acts of Union of that year, it replaced the House of Commons of England and the third estate of the Parliament of Scotland, as one of the most significant changes brought about by the Union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain.
In the course of the 18th century, the office of Prime Minister developed. The notion that a government remains in power only as long as it retains the support of Parliament also evolved, leading to the first ever motion of no confidence, when Lord North's government failed to end the American Revolution. The modern notion that only the support of the House of Commons is necessary for a government to survive, however, was of later development. Similarly, the custom that the Prime Minister is always a Member of the Lower House, rather than the Upper one, did not evolve until the twentieth century.

text: The

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: was

text: the

text: lower

text: house

text: of

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: between

text: and

text: In

text: as

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: Acts

text: of

text: Union

text: of

text: that

text: year

text: it

text: replaced

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: estate

text: of

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: Scotland

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: significant

text: changes

text: brought

text: about

text: by

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: the

text: kingdoms

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: Scotland

text: into

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: In

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: office

text: of

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: developed

text: The

text: notion

text: that

text: government

text: remains

text: in

text: power

text: only

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: it

text: retains

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: Parliament

text: also

text: evolved

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: ever

text: motion

text: of

text: no

text: confidence

text: when

text: Lord

text: North

text: 's

text: government

text: failed

text: to

text: end

text: the

text: American

text: Revolution

text: The

text: modern

text: notion

text: that

text: only

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: is

text: necessary

text: for

text: government

text: to

text: survive

text: however

text: was

text: of

text: later

text: development

text: Similarly

text: the

text: custom

text: that

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: is

text: always

text: Member

text: of

text: the

text: Lower

text: House

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: Upper

text: one

text: did

text: not

text: evolve

text: until

text: the

text: twentieth

text: century

text: The House of Commons of England was the lower house of the Parliament of England ( which incorporated Wales ) from its development in the 14th century to the union of England and Scotland in 1707 , when it was replaced by the House of Commons of Great Britain . In 1801 , with the union of Great Britain and Ireland , that house was in turn replaced by the House of Commons of the United Kingdom . The Parliament of England developed from the Magnum Concilium that advised the English monarch in medieval times . This royal council , meeting for short periods , included ecclesiastics , noblemen , as well as representatives of the counties ( known as `` knights of the shire '' ) . The chief duty of the council was to approve taxes proposed by the Crown . In many cases , however , the council demanded the redress of the people 's grievances before proceeding to vote on taxation . Thus , it developed legislative powers . The first parliament to invite representatives of the major towns was Montfort 's Parliament in 1265 . At the `` Model Parliament '' of 1295 , representatives of the boroughs ( including towns and cities ) were admitted . Thus , it became settled practice that each county send two knights of the shire , and that each borough send two burgesses . At first , the burgesses were almost entirely powerless ; while the right to representation of each English county quickly became indisputable , the monarch could enfranchise or disfranchise boroughs at pleasure . Any show of independence by burgesses would thus be likely to lead to the exclusion of their towns from Parliament . The knights of the shire were in a better position , although less powerful than their noble and clerical counterparts in what was still a unicameral Parliament . The division of the Parliament of England into two houses occurred during the reign of Edward III : in 1341 the Commons met separately from the nobility and clergy for the first time , creating in effect an Upper Chamber and a Lower Chamber , with the knights and burgesses sitting in the latter . They formed what became known as the House of Commons , while the clergy and nobility became the House of Lords . Although they remained subordinate to both the Crown and the Lords , the Commons did act with increasing boldness . During the Good Parliament of 1376 , the Commons appointed Sir Peter de la Mare to convey to the Lords their complaints of heavy taxes , demands for an accounting of the royal expenditures , and criticism of the King 's management of the military . The Commons even proceeded to impeach some of the King 's ministers . Although Mare was imprisoned for his actions , the benefits of having a single voice to represent the Commons were recognized , and the office which became known as Speaker of the House of Commons was thus created . Mare was soon released after the death of King Edward III and in 1377 became the second Speaker of the Commons . During the reign of the next monarch , Richard II , the Commons once again began to impeach errant ministers of the Crown . They began to insist that they could control both taxation and public expenditures . Despite such gains in authority , however , the Commons still remained much less powerful than the Lords and the Crown . The influence of the Crown was increased by the civil wars of the late fifteenth century , which destroyed the power of the great noblemen . Both houses of Parliament held little power during the ensuing years , and the absolute supremacy of the Sovereign was restored . The domination of the monarch grew further under the House of Tudor in the sixteenth century . This trend , however , was somewhat reversed when the House of Stuart came to the English throne in 1603 . The first two Stuart monarchs , James I and Charles I , provoked conflicts with the Commons over issues such as taxation , religion , and royal powers . The differences between Charles I and Parliament were great , and resulted in the English Civil War , in which the armed forces of Parliament were victorious . In December 1648 the House of Commons was purged by the New Model Army , which was supposed to be subservient to Parliament . Pride 's Purge was the only military coup in English history . Subsequently , King Charles I was beheaded and the Upper House was abolished . The unicameral Parliament that remained was later referred to by critics as the Rump Parliament , as it consisted only of a small selection of Members of Parliament approved by the army - some of whom were soldiers themselves . In 1653 , when leading figures in this Parliament began to disagree with the army , it was dissolved by Oliver Cromwell . However , the monarchy and the House of Lords were both restored with the Commons in 1660 . The influence of the Crown had been decreased , and was further diminished after James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Bill of Rights 1689 was enacted .

text: The

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: of

text: England

text: was

text: the

text: lower

text: house

text: of

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: England

text: which

text: incorporated

text: Wales

text: from

text: its

text: development

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: the

text: union

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: Scotland

text: in

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: In

text: with

text: the

text: union

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: that

text: house

text: was

text: in

text: turn

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: Parliament

text: of

text: England

text: developed

text: from

text: the

text: Magnum

text: Concilium

text: that

text: advised

text: the

text: English

text: monarch

text: in

text: medieval

text: times

text: This

text: royal

text: council

text: meeting

text: for

text: short

text: periods

text: included

text: ecclesiastics

text: noblemen

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: representatives

text: of

text: the

text: counties

text: known

text: as

text: knights

text: of

text: the

text: shire

text: The

text: chief

text: duty

text: of

text: the

text: council

text: was

text: to

text: approve

text: taxes

text: proposed

text: by

text: the

text: Crown

text: In

text: many

text: cases

text: however

text: the

text: council

text: demanded

text: the

text: redress

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: 's

text: grievances

text: before

text: proceeding

text: to

text: vote

text: on

text: taxation

text: Thus

text: it

text: developed

text: legislative

text: powers

text: The

text: first

text: parliament

text: to

text: invite

text: representatives

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: towns

text: was

text: Montfort

text: 's

text: Parliament

text: in

text: At

text: the

text: Model

text: Parliament

text: of

text: representatives

text: of

text: the

text: boroughs

text: including

text: towns

text: and

text: cities

text: were

text: admitted

text: Thus

text: it

text: became

text: settled

text: practice

text: that

text: each

text: county

text: send

text: two

text: knights

text: of

text: the

text: shire

text: and

text: that

text: each

text: borough

text: send

text: two

text: burgesses

text: At

text: first

text: the

text: burgesses

text: were

text: almost

text: entirely

text: powerless

text: while

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: representation

text: of

text: each

text: English

text: county

text: quickly

text: became

text: indisputable

text: the

text: monarch

text: could

text: enfranchise

text: or

text: disfranchise

text: boroughs

text: at

text: pleasure

text: Any

text: show

text: of

text: independence

text: by

text: burgesses

text: would

text: thus

text: be

text: likely

text: to

text: lead

text: to

text: the

text: exclusion

text: of

text: their

text: towns

text: from

text: Parliament

text: The

text: knights

text: of

text: the

text: shire

text: were

text: in

text: better

text: position

text: although

text: less

text: powerful

text: than

text: their

text: noble

text: and

text: clerical

text: counterparts

text: in

text: what

text: was

text: still

text: unicameral

text: Parliament

text: The

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: England

text: into

text: two

text: houses

text: occurred

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Edward

text: III

text: in

text: the

text: Commons

text: met

text: separately

text: from

text: the

text: nobility

text: and

text: clergy

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: creating

text: in

text: effect

text: an

text: Upper

text: Chamber

text: and

text: Lower

text: Chamber

text: with

text: the

text: knights

text: and

text: burgesses

text: sitting

text: in

text: the

text: latter

text: They

text: formed

text: what

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: while

text: the

text: clergy

text: and

text: nobility

text: became

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Lords

text: Although

text: they

text: remained

text: subordinate

text: to

text: both

text: the

text: Crown

text: and

text: the

text: Lords

text: the

text: Commons

text: did

text: act

text: with

text: increasing

text: boldness

text: During

text: the

text: Good

text: Parliament

text: of

text: the

text: Commons

text: appointed

text: Sir

text: Peter

text: de

text: la

text: Mare

text: to

text: convey

text: to

text: the

text: Lords

text: their

text: complaints

text: of

text: heavy

text: taxes

text: demands

text: for

text: an

text: accounting

text: of

text: the

text: royal

text: expenditures

text: and

text: criticism

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: 's

text: management

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: The

text: Commons

text: even

text: proceeded

text: to

text: impeach

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: 's

text: ministers

text: Although

text: Mare

text: was

text: imprisoned

text: for

text: his

text: actions

text: the

text: benefits

text: of

text: having

text: single

text: voice

text: to

text: represent

text: the

text: Commons

text: were

text: recognized

text: and

text: the

text: office

text: which

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: Speaker

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: was

text: thus

text: created

text: Mare

text: was

text: soon

text: released

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: King

text: Edward

text: III

text: and

text: in

text: became

text: the

text: second

text: Speaker

text: of

text: the

text: Commons

text: During

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: the

text: next

text: monarch

text: Richard

text: II

text: the

text: Commons

text: once

text: again

text: began

text: to

text: impeach

text: errant

text: ministers

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: They

text: began

text: to

text: insist

text: that

text: they

text: could

text: control

text: both

text: taxation

text: and

text: public

text: expenditures

text: Despite

text: such

text: gains

text: in

text: authority

text: however

text: the

text: Commons

text: still

text: remained

text: much

text: less

text: powerful

text: than

text: the

text: Lords

text: and

text: the

text: Crown

text: The

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: was

text: increased

text: by

text: the

text: civil

text: wars

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: fifteenth

text: century

text: which

text: destroyed

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: noblemen

text: Both

text: houses

text: of

text: Parliament

text: held

text: little

text: power

text: during

text: the

text: ensuing

text: years

text: and

text: the

text: absolute

text: supremacy

text: of

text: the

text: Sovereign

text: was

text: restored

text: The

text: domination

text: of

text: the

text: monarch

text: grew

text: further

text: under

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Tudor

text: in

text: the

text: sixteenth

text: century

text: This

text: trend

text: however

text: was

text: somewhat

text: reversed

text: when

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Stuart

text: came

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: throne

text: in

text: The

text: first

text: two

text: Stuart

text: monarchs

text: James

text: and

text: Charles

text: provoked

text: conflicts

text: with

text: the

text: Commons

text: over

text: issues

text: such

text: as

text: taxation

text: religion

text: and

text: royal

text: powers

text: The

text: differences

text: between

text: Charles

text: and

text: Parliament

text: were

text: great

text: and

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: Civil

text: War

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: of

text: Parliament

text: were

text: victorious

text: In

text: December

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: was

text: purged

text: by

text: the

text: New

text: Model

text: Army

text: which

text: was

text: supposed

text: to

text: be

text: subservient

text: to

text: Parliament

text: Pride

text: 's

text: Purge

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: military

text: coup

text: in

text: English

text: history

text: Subsequently

text: King

text: Charles

text: was

text: beheaded

text: and

text: the

text: Upper

text: House

text: was

text: abolished

text: The

text: unicameral

text: Parliament

text: that

text: remained

text: was

text: later

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: critics

text: as

text: the

text: Rump

text: Parliament

text: as

text: it

text: consisted

text: only

text: of

text: small

text: selection

text: of

text: Members

text: of

text: Parliament

text: approved

text: by

text: the

text: army

text: some

text: of

text: whom

text: were

text: soldiers

text: themselves

text: In

text: when

text: leading

text: figures

text: in

text: this

text: Parliament

text: began

text: to

text: disagree

text: with

text: the

text: army

text: it

text: was

text: dissolved

text: by

text: Oliver

text: Cromwell

text: However

text: the

text: monarchy

text: and

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Lords

text: were

text: both

text: restored

text: with

text: the

text: Commons

text: in

text: The

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: had

text: been

text: decreased

text: and

text: was

text: further

text: diminished

text: after

text: James

text: II

text: was

text: deposed

text: in

text: the

text: Glorious

text: Revolution

text: of

text: and

text: the

text: Bill

text: of

text: Rights

text: was

text: enacted

text: The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The Acts created a new unified Kingdom of Great Britain and dissolved the separate English and Scottish parliaments in favour of a single parliament, located in the former home of the English parliament in the Palace of Westminster, near the City of London. This lasted nearly a century, until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate British and Irish Parliaments into a single Parliament of the United Kingdom with effect from 1 January 1801.

text: The

text: Parliament

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: following

text: the

text: ratification

text: of

text: the

text: Acts

text: of

text: Union

text: by

text: both

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: Scotland

text: The

text: Acts

text: created

text: new

text: unified

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: dissolved

text: the

text: separate

text: English

text: and

text: Scottish

text: parliaments

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: single

text: parliament

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: home

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: parliament

text: in

text: the

text: Palace

text: of

text: Westminster

text: near

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: This

text: lasted

text: nearly

text: century

text: until

text: the

text: Acts

text: of

text: Union

text: merged

text: the

text: separate

text: British

text: and

text: Irish

text: Parliaments

text: into

text: single

text: Parliament

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: with

text: effect

text: from

text: January

text: Great Britain, also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth-largest in the world. In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, comprise the British Isles archipelago.

text: Great

text: Britain

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Britain

text: is

text: large

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: off

text: the

text: northwest

text: coast

text: of

text: continental

text: Europe

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: European

text: island

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: the

text: island

text: had

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: island

text: after

text: Java

text: in

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: Honshu

text: in

text: Japan

text: The

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: is

text: situated

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: it

text: and

text: together

text: these

text: islands

text: along

text: with

text: over

text: smaller

text: surrounding

text: islands

text: comprise

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: archipelago

text: The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially Great Britain , was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800. The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706, ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands. It did not include Ireland, which remained a separate realm. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster. The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I, bringing about a "Union of the Crowns". Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714, the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover.

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: officially

text: Great

text: Britain

text: was

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: from

text: May

text: to

text: December

text: The

text: state

text: came

text: into

text: being

text: following

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Union

text: in

text: ratified

text: by

text: the

text: Acts

text: of

text: Union

text: which

text: united

text: the

text: kingdoms

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: Scotland

text: to

text: form

text: single

text: kingdom

text: encompassing

text: the

text: whole

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: its

text: outlying

text: islands

text: It

text: did

text: not

text: include

text: Ireland

text: which

text: remained

text: separate

text: realm

text: The

text: unitary

text: state

text: was

text: governed

text: by

text: single

text: parliament

text: and

text: government

text: that

text: was

text: based

text: in

text: Westminster

text: The

text: former

text: kingdoms

text: had

text: been

text: in

text: personal

text: union

text: since

text: James

text: VI

text: King

text: of

text: Scots

text: became

text: King

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: King

text: of

text: Ireland

text: in

text: following

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: bringing

text: about

text: Union

text: of

text: the

text: Crowns

text: Also

text: after

text: the

text: accession

text: of

text: George

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: in

text: the

text: kingdom

text: was

text: in

text: personal

text: union

text: with

text: the

text: Electorate

text: of

text: Hanover

text: Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of . Wales has over of coastline and is largely mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon, its highest summit. The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate.

text: Wales

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: England

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Bristol

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: It

text: had

text: population

text: in

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: Wales

text: has

text: over

text: of

text: coastline

text: and

text: is

text: largely

text: mountainous

text: with

text: its

text: higher

text: peaks

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: central

text: areas

text: including

text: Snowdon

text: its

text: highest

text: summit

text: The

text: country

text: lies

text: within

text: the

text: north

text: temperate

text: zone

text: and

text: has

text: changeable

text: maritime

text: climate

text: England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.

text: England

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Scotland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Wales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: northwest

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: England

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: continental

text: Europe

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: covers

text: five

text: eighths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: which

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: in

text: its

text: centre

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: includes

text: over

text: smaller

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: and

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: The Northern Isles  is an archipelago comprising a chain of islands off the north coast of mainland Scotland. The climate is cool and temperate and much influenced by the surrounding seas. There are two main island groups: Shetland and Orkney. There are a total of 26 inhabited islands with landscapes of the fertile agricultural islands of Orkney contrasting with the more rugged Shetland islands to the north, where the economy is more dependent on fishing and the oil wealth of the surrounding seas. Both have a developing renewable energy industry. They also share a common Pictish and Norse history. Both island groups were absorbed into the Kingdom of Scotland in the 15th century and remained part of the country following the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, and later the United Kingdom after 1801. The islands played a significant naval role during the world wars of the 20th century.

text: The

text: Northern

text: Isles

text: is

text: an

text: archipelago

text: comprising

text: chain

text: of

text: islands

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: coast

text: of

text: mainland

text: Scotland

text: The

text: climate

text: is

text: cool

text: and

text: temperate

text: and

text: much

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: surrounding

text: seas

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: main

text: island

text: groups

text: Shetland

text: and

text: Orkney

text: There

text: are

text: total

text: of

text: inhabited

text: islands

text: with

text: landscapes

text: of

text: the

text: fertile

text: agricultural

text: islands

text: of

text: Orkney

text: contrasting

text: with

text: the

text: more

text: rugged

text: Shetland

text: islands

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: where

text: the

text: economy

text: is

text: more

text: dependent

text: on

text: fishing

text: and

text: the

text: oil

text: wealth

text: of

text: the

text: surrounding

text: seas

text: Both

text: have

text: developing

text: renewable

text: energy

text: industry

text: They

text: also

text: share

text: common

text: Pictish

text: and

text: Norse

text: history

text: Both

text: island

text: groups

text: were

text: absorbed

text: into

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Scotland

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: remained

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: following

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: in

text: and

text: later

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: after

text: The

text: islands

text: played

text: significant

text: naval

text: role

text: during

text: the

text: world

text: wars

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics. Regardless of the physical geography, in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945, a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise of legal jurisdiction.

text: country

text: is

text: region

text: that

text: is

text: identified

text: as

text: distinct

text: national

text: entity

text: in

text: political

text: geography

text: country

text: may

text: be

text: an

text: independent

text: sovereign

text: state

text: or

text: one

text: that

text: is

text: occupied

text: by

text: another

text: state

text: as

text: non

text: sovereign

text: or

text: formerly

text: sovereign

text: political

text: division

text: or

text: geographic

text: region

text: associated

text: with

text: sets

text: of

text: previously

text: independent

text: or

text: differently

text: associated

text: people

text: with

text: distinct

text: political

text: characteristics

text: Regardless

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: geography

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: internationally

text: accepted

text: legal

text: definition

text: as

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: in

text: and

text: reaffirmed

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: in

text: resident

text: of

text: country

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: independent

text: exercise

text: of

text: legal

text: jurisdiction

text: The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the "Old World" from the "New World".

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceans

text: with

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: It

text: covers

text: approximately

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: and

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: water

text: surface

text: area

text: It

text: separates

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: from

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the 10th centurywhen it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdomsuntil 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.

text: The

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: England

text: was

text: sovereign

text: state

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: from

text: the

text: centurywhen

text: it

text: emerged

text: from

text: various

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: kingdomsuntil

text: when

text: it

text: united

text: with

text: Scotland

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text:
The charter became part of English political life and was typically renewed by each monarch in turn, although as time went by and the fledgling English Parliament passed new laws, it lost some of its practical significance. At the end of the 16th century there was an upsurge in interest in Magna Carta. Lawyers and historians at the time believed that there was an ancient English constitution, going back to the days of the Anglo-Saxons, that protected individual English freedoms. They argued that the Norman invasion of 1066 had overthrown these rights, and that Magna Carta had been a popular attempt to restore them, making the charter an essential foundation for the contemporary powers of Parliament and legal principles such as "habeas corpus". Although this historical account was badly flawed, jurists such as Sir Edward Coke used Magna Carta extensively in the early 17th century, arguing against the divine right of kings propounded by the Stuart monarchs. Both James I and his son Charles I attempted to suppress the discussion of Magna Carta, until the issue was curtailed by the English Civil War of the 1640s and the execution of Charles.
The political myth of Magna Carta and its protection of ancient personal liberties persisted after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 until well into the 19th century. It influenced the early American colonists in the Thirteen Colonies and the formation of the American Constitution in 1787, which became the supreme law of the land in the new republic of the United States. Research by Victorian historians showed that the original 1215 charter had concerned the medieval relationship between the monarch and the barons, rather than the rights of ordinary people, but the charter remained a powerful, iconic document, even after almost all of its content was repealed from the statute books in the 19th and 20th centuries.

text: The

text: charter

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: English

text: political

text: life

text: and

text: was

text: typically

text: renewed

text: by

text: each

text: monarch

text: in

text: turn

text: although

text: as

text: time

text: went

text: by

text: and

text: the

text: fledgling

text: English

text: Parliament

text: passed

text: new

text: laws

text: it

text: lost

text: some

text: of

text: its

text: practical

text: significance

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: there

text: was

text: an

text: upsurge

text: in

text: interest

text: in

text: Magna

text: Carta

text: Lawyers

text: and

text: historians

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: believed

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: an

text: ancient

text: English

text: constitution

text: going

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: days

text: of

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Saxons

text: that

text: protected

text: individual

text: English

text: freedoms

text: They

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: Norman

text: invasion

text: of

text: had

text: overthrown

text: these

text: rights

text: and

text: that

text: Magna

text: Carta

text: had

text: been

text: popular

text: attempt

text: to

text: restore

text: them

text: making

text: the

text: charter

text: an

text: essential

text: foundation

text: for

text: the

text: contemporary

text: powers

text: of

text: Parliament

text: and

text: legal

text: principles

text: such

text: as

text: habeas

text: corpus

text: Although

text: this

text: historical

text: account

text: was

text: badly

text: flawed

text: jurists

text: such

text: as

text: Sir

text: Edward

text: Coke

text: used

text: Magna

text: Carta

text: extensively

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: arguing

text: against

text: the

text: divine

text: right

text: of

text: kings

text: propounded

text: by

text: the

text: Stuart

text: monarchs

text: Both

text: James

text: and

text: his

text: son

text: Charles

text: attempted

text: to

text: suppress

text: the

text: discussion

text: of

text: Magna

text: Carta

text: until

text: the

text: issue

text: was

text: curtailed

text: by

text: the

text: English

text: Civil

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: execution

text: of

text: Charles

text: The

text: political

text: myth

text: of

text: Magna

text: Carta

text: and

text: its

text: protection

text: of

text: ancient

text: personal

text: liberties

text: persisted

text: after

text: the

text: Glorious

text: Revolution

text: of

text: until

text: well

text: into

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: influenced

text: the

text: early

text: American

text: colonists

text: in

text: the

text: Thirteen

text: Colonies

text: and

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Constitution

text: in

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: supreme

text: law

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: in

text: the

text: new

text: republic

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Research

text: by

text: Victorian

text: historians

text: showed

text: that

text: the

text: original

text: charter

text: had

text: concerned

text: the

text: medieval

text: relationship

text: between

text: the

text: monarch

text: and

text: the

text: barons

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: ordinary

text: people

text: but

text: the

text: charter

text: remained

text: powerful

text: iconic

text: document

text: even

text: after

text: almost

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: content

text: was

text: repealed

text: from

text: the

text: statute

text: books

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: The Parliament of Scotland, officially the Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland. The parliament, like other such institutions, evolved during the Middle Ages from the king's council of bishops and earls. It is first identifiable as a parliament in 1235, during the reign of Alexander II, when it was described as a "colloquium" and already possessed a political and judicial role. By the early fourteenth century, the attendance of knights and freeholders had become important, and from 1326 commissioners from the burghs attended. Consisting of the "three estates" of clergy, nobility and the burghs sitting in a single chamber, the parliament gave consent for the raising of taxation and played an important role in the administration of justice, foreign policy, war, and all manner of other legislation. Parliamentary business was also carried out by "sister" institutions, such as General Councils or Convention of Estates. These could carry out much business also dealt with by parliament  taxation, legislation and policy-making  but lacked the ultimate authority of a full parliament.

text: The

text: Parliament

text: of

text: Scotland

text: officially

text: the

text: Estates

text: of

text: Parliament

text: was

text: the

text: legislature

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Scotland

text: The

text: parliament

text: like

text: other

text: such

text: institutions

text: evolved

text: during

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: from

text: the

text: king

text: 's

text: council

text: of

text: bishops

text: and

text: earls

text: It

text: is

text: first

text: identifiable

text: as

text: parliament

text: in

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Alexander

text: II

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: described

text: as

text: colloquium

text: and

text: already

text: possessed

text: political

text: and

text: judicial

text: role

text: By

text: the

text: early

text: fourteenth

text: century

text: the

text: attendance

text: of

text: knights

text: and

text: freeholders

text: had

text: become

text: important

text: and

text: from

text: commissioners

text: from

text: the

text: burghs

text: attended

text: Consisting

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: estates

text: of

text: clergy

text: nobility

text: and

text: the

text: burghs

text: sitting

text: in

text: single

text: chamber

text: the

text: parliament

text: gave

text: consent

text: for

text: the

text: raising

text: of

text: taxation

text: and

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: justice

text: foreign

text: policy

text: war

text: and

text: all

text: manner

text: of

text: other

text: legislation

text: Parliamentary

text: business

text: was

text: also

text: carried

text: out

text: by

text: sister

text: institutions

text: such

text: as

text: General

text: Councils

text: or

text: Convention

text: of

text: Estates

text: These

text: could

text: carry

text: out

text: much

text: business

text: also

text: dealt

text: with

text: by

text: parliament

text: taxation

text: legislation

text: and

text: policy

text: making

text: but

text: lacked

text: the

text: ultimate

text: authority

text: of

text: full

text: parliament

text: Northern Ireland (; Ulster Scots: "") is a top-level constituent unit of the United Kingdom in the northeast of Ireland. It is variously described as a country, province, region, or "part" of the United Kingdom, amongst other terms. Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2011, its population was 1,810,863, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the UK's population. Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement, the Northern Ireland Assembly holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, while other areas are reserved for the British government. Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in some areas, and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to "put forward views and proposals" with "determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments".

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: Ulster

text: Scots

text: is

text: top

text: level

text: constituent

text: unit

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: in

text: the

text: northeast

text: of

text: Ireland

text: It

text: is

text: variously

text: described

text: as

text: country

text: province

text: region

text: or

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: amongst

text: other

text: terms

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: shares

text: border

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: west

text: with

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: In

text: its

text: population

text: was

text: constituting

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: total

text: population

text: and

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: population

text: Established

text: by

text: the

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: Act

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Good

text: Friday

text: Agreement

text: the

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: Assembly

text: holds

text: responsibility

text: for

text: range

text: of

text: devolved

text: policy

text: matters

text: while

text: other

text: areas

text: are

text: reserved

text: for

text: the

text: British

text: government

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: co

text: operates

text: with

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: in

text: some

text: areas

text: and

text: the

text: Agreement

text: granted

text: the

text: Republic

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: put

text: forward

text: views

text: and

text: proposals

text: with

text: determined

text: efforts

text: to

text: resolve

text: disagreements

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: governments

text:
The House of Commons of the United Kingdom is the lower house of the country's parliament. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster.
Officially, the full name of the house is: The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled.

text: The

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: is

text: the

text: lower

text: house

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: parliament

text: Like

text: the

text: upper

text: house

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Lords

text: it

text: meets

text: in

text: the

text: Palace

text: of

text: Westminster

text: Officially

text: the

text: full

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: house

text: is

text: The

text: Honourable

text: the

text: Commons

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: in

text: Parliament

text: assembled

text: Scotland (Scots: ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.

text: Scotland

text: Scots

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: covers

text: the

text: northern

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: shares

text: border

text: with

text: England

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: otherwise

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Channel

text: and

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: mainland

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: islands

text: including

text: the

text: Northern

text: Isles

text: and

text: the

text: Hebrides

text: The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England. In 1066, William of Normandy introduced what, in later centuries, became referred to as a feudal system, by which he sought the advice of a council of tenants-in-chief (a person who held land) and ecclesiastics before making laws. In 1215, the tenants-in-chief secured Magna Carta from King John, which established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes (except the feudal taxes to which they were hitherto accustomed), save with the consent of his royal council, which gradually developed into a parliament.

text: The

text: Parliament

text: of

text: England

text: was

text: the

text: legislature

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: England

text: In

text: William

text: of

text: Normandy

text: introduced

text: what

text: in

text: later

text: centuries

text: became

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: feudal

text: system

text: by

text: which

text: he

text: sought

text: the

text: advice

text: of

text: council

text: of

text: tenants

text: in

text: chief

text: person

text: who

text: held

text: land

text: and

text: ecclesiastics

text: before

text: making

text: laws

text: In

text: the

text: tenants

text: in

text: chief

text: secured

text: Magna

text: Carta

text: from

text: King

text: John

text: which

text: established

text: that

text: the

text: king

text: may

text: not

text: levy

text: or

text: collect

text: any

text: taxes

text: except

text: the

text: feudal

text: taxes

text: to

text: which

text: they

text: were

text: hitherto

text: accustomed

text: save

text: with

text: the

text: consent

text: of

text: his

text: royal

text: council

text: which

text: gradually

text: developed

text: into

text: parliament

question: dissolved_or_abolished house of commons of england

answer: 1 may 1707

text: 1 may 1707


text: The FIS Nordic Combined World Cup is a Nordic combined competition organized yearly by FIS, representing the highest level in international competition for this sport. It was first arranged for the 1983/84 season. Team event was first time held in 1999/00 season. The FIS race director is a Norwegian ex ski jumper and ex world record holder Lasse Ottesen.

text: The

text: FIS

text: Nordic

text: Combined

text: World

text: Cup

text: is

text: Nordic

text: combined

text: competition

text: organized

text: yearly

text: by

text: FIS

text: representing

text: the

text: highest

text: level

text: in

text: international

text: competition

text: for

text: this

text: sport

text: It

text: was

text: first

text: arranged

text: for

text: the

text: season

text: Team

text: event

text: was

text: first

text: time

text: held

text: in

text: season

text: The

text: FIS

text: race

text: director

text: is

text: Norwegian

text: ex

text: ski

text: jumper

text: and

text: ex

text: world

text: record

text: holder

text: Lasse

text: Ottesen

text: The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 took place 18 February  1 March 2009 in Liberec, Czech Republic. This was the fourth time these championships were hosted either in the Czech Republic or in Czechoslovakia, having done so at Janské Lázn (1925) and Vysoké Tatry (in both 1935 and 1970).

text: The

text: FIS

text: Nordic

text: World

text: Ski

text: Championships

text: took

text: place

text: February

text: March

text: in

text: Liberec

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: fourth

text: time

text: these

text: championships

text: were

text: hosted

text: either

text: in

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: or

text: in

text: Czechoslovakia

text: having

text: done

text: so

text: at

text: Janské

text: Lázn

text: and

text: Vysoké

text: Tatry

text: in

text: both

text: and

text: Liberec is a city in the Czech Republic. Located on the Lusatian Neisse and surrounded by the Jizera Mountains and Ještd-Kozákov Ridge, it is the fifth-largest city in the Czech Republic.

text: Liberec

text: is

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: Located

text: on

text: the

text: Lusatian

text: Neisse

text: and

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Jizera

text: Mountains

text: and

text: Ještd

text: Kozákov

text: Ridge

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: Ještd is the highest mountain peak (1,012 m) of the Ještd-Kozákov Ridge near Liberec in the north of the Czech Republic. From the summit there are views into Germany and Poland. The Horní Hanychov region of Liberec lies just below the mountain.

text: Ještd

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: mountain

text: peak

text: of

text: the

text: Ještd

text: Kozákov

text: Ridge

text: near

text: Liberec

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: From

text: the

text: summit

text: there

text: are

text: views

text: into

text: Germany

text: and

text: Poland

text: The

text: Horní

text: Hanychov

text: region

text: of

text: Liberec

text: lies

text: just

text: below

text: the

text: mountain

text: Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia (Czech and , "esko-Slovensko") was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993.

text: Czechoslovakia

text: or

text: Czecho

text: Slovakia

text: Czech

text: and

text: esko

text: Slovensko

text: was

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: October

text: when

text: it

text: declared

text: its

text: independence

text: from

text: the

text: Austro

text: Hungarian

text: Empire

text: until

text: its

text: peaceful

text: dissolution

text: into

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: and

text: Slovakia

text: on

text: January

text: The Lusatian Neisse (; Upper Sorbian: "užiska Nysa"; Lower Sorbian: "užyska Nysa"), or Western Neisse, is a long river in Central Europe. It rises in the Jizera Mountains near Nová Ves nad Nisou, Czech Republic, reaching the tripoint with Poland and Germany at Zittau after , and later forming the Polish-German border for a length of . The Lusatian Neisse is a left-bank tributary of the river Oder, into which it flows between Neißemünde-Ratzdorf and Kosarzyn north of the towns of Guben and Gubin.

text: The

text: Lusatian

text: Neisse

text: Upper

text: Sorbian

text: užiska

text: Nysa

text: Lower

text: Sorbian

text: užyska

text: Nysa

text: or

text: Western

text: Neisse

text: is

text: long

text: river

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: It

text: rises

text: in

text: the

text: Jizera

text: Mountains

text: near

text: Nová

text: Ves

text: nad

text: Nisou

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: reaching

text: the

text: tripoint

text: with

text: Poland

text: and

text: Germany

text: at

text: Zittau

text: after

text: and

text: later

text: forming

text: the

text: Polish

text: German

text: border

text: for

text: length

text: of

text: The

text: Lusatian

text: Neisse

text: is

text: left

text: bank

text: tributary

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: Oder

text: into

text: which

text: it

text: flows

text: between

text: Neißemünde

text: Ratzdorf

text: and

text: Kosarzyn

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: towns

text: of

text: Guben

text: and

text: Gubin

text: Nordic combined is a winter sport in which athletes compete in cross-country skiing and ski jumping. Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics and the FIS Nordic Combined World Cup are ongoing.

text: Nordic

text: combined

text: is

text: winter

text: sport

text: in

text: which

text: athletes

text: compete

text: in

text: cross

text: country

text: skiing

text: and

text: ski

text: jumping

text: Nordic

text: combined

text: at

text: the

text: Winter

text: Olympics

text: and

text: the

text: FIS

text: Nordic

text: Combined

text: World

text: Cup

text: are

text: ongoing

text: The Ještd-Kozákov Ridge is part of the Western Sudetes mountain range in the Czech Republic.

text: The

text: Ještd

text: Kozákov

text: Ridge

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Sudetes

text: mountain

text: range

text: in

text: the

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: Oleksiy Khomin ( born August 21 , 1990 ) is a Ukrainian nordic combined skier . He competed in the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec . He came at the 51st place in the Mass start and 53rd in the Gundersen Normal Distance Race . He has competed in the B World Cup ( now called Continental cup ) since 2007 . He has also competed in three Junior World Championships , but without any great results . Khomin has also competed in the Junior Ski Jumping World Championships .

text: Oleksiy

text: Khomin

text: born

text: August

text: is

text: Ukrainian

text: nordic

text: combined

text: skier

text: He

text: competed

text: in

text: the

text: FIS

text: Nordic

text: World

text: Ski

text: Championships

text: in

text: Liberec

text: He

text: came

text: at

text: the

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: Mass

text: start

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Gundersen

text: Normal

text: Distance

text: Race

text: He

text: has

text: competed

text: in

text: the

text: World

text: Cup

text: now

text: called

text: Continental

text: cup

text: since

text: He

text: has

text: also

text: competed

text: in

text: three

text: Junior

text: World

text: Championships

text: but

text: without

text: any

text: great

text: results

text: Khomin

text: has

text: also

text: competed

text: in

text: the

text: Junior

text: Ski

text: Jumping

text: World

text: Championships

annotations: follows single

annotations: likely single

question: occupation oleksiy khomin

answer: ski jumper

text: ski jumper


text: He concurrently pursued a solo career, releasing the experimental electronic fusion album "Thousand Knives" (1978), and later released the pioneering album "B-2 Unit" (1980), from which "Riot in Lagos" influenced the development of electro and hip hop music. He went on to produce more solo records, collaborate with many international artists, and pursue a wide variety of projects, in different genres ranging from electronic to classical and world music. He composed music for the 1992 Barcelona Olympics opening ceremony, and his composition "Energy Flow" (1999) was the first instrumental number-one single in Japan's Oricon charts history.

text: He

text: concurrently

text: pursued

text: solo

text: career

text: releasing

text: the

text: experimental

text: electronic

text: fusion

text: album

text: Thousand

text: Knives

text: and

text: later

text: released

text: the

text: pioneering

text: album

text: Unit

text: from

text: which

text: Riot

text: in

text: Lagos

text: influenced

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: electro

text: and

text: hip

text: hop

text: music

text: He

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: produce

text: more

text: solo

text: records

text: collaborate

text: with

text: many

text: international

text: artists

text: and

text: pursue

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: projects

text: in

text: different

text: genres

text: ranging

text: from

text: electronic

text: to

text: classical

text: and

text: world

text: music

text: He

text: composed

text: music

text: for

text: the

text: Barcelona

text: Olympics

text: opening

text: ceremony

text: and

text: his

text: composition

text: Energy

text: Flow

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: instrumental

text: number

text: one

text: single

text: in

text: Japan

text: 's

text: Oricon

text: charts

text: history

text: Technodon is the seventh and final studio album to date by Yellow Magic Orchestra and released in 1993, a decade after the band's original breakup. Because the name Yellow Magic Orchestra was owned by former record label Alfa Records, the band were forced to release the album under the name YMO. For the tour that followed, they were billed as Not YMO. Future releases by the band would be made under the names Human Audio Sponge and HASYMO.

text: Technodon

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: and

text: final

text: studio

text: album

text: to

text: date

text: by

text: Yellow

text: Magic

text: Orchestra

text: and

text: released

text: in

text: decade

text: after

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: original

text: breakup

text: Because

text: the

text: name

text: Yellow

text: Magic

text: Orchestra

text: was

text: owned

text: by

text: former

text: record

text: label

text: Alfa

text: Records

text: the

text: band

text: were

text: forced

text: to

text: release

text: the

text: album

text: under

text: the

text: name

text: YMO

text: For

text: the

text: tour

text: that

text: followed

text: they

text: were

text: billed

text: as

text: Not

text: YMO

text: Future

text: releases

text: by

text: the

text: band

text: would

text: be

text: made

text: under

text: the

text: names

text: Human

text: Audio

text: Sponge

text: and

text: HASYMO

text: Yellow Magic Orchestra (abbreviated as YMO) is a Japanese electronic music band consisting of principal members Haruomi Hosono (bass, keyboards, vocals), Yukihiro Takahashi (drums, lead vocals) and Ryuichi Sakamoto (keyboards, vocals). For their early studio albums and live performances, the band was often accompanied by music programmer Hideki Matsutake.

text: Yellow

text: Magic

text: Orchestra

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: YMO

text: is

text: Japanese

text: electronic

text: music

text: band

text: consisting

text: of

text: principal

text: members

text: Haruomi

text: Hosono

text: bass

text: keyboards

text: vocals

text: Yukihiro

text: Takahashi

text: drums

text: lead

text: vocals

text: and

text: Ryuichi

text: Sakamoto

text: keyboards

text: vocals

text: For

text: their

text: early

text: studio

text: albums

text: and

text: live

text: performances

text: the

text: band

text: was

text: often

text: accompanied

text: by

text: music

text: programmer

text: Hideki

text: Matsutake

text: , established in 1999, is the holding company at the head of a Japanese corporate group that supplies statistics and information on music and the music industry in Japan. It started as , which was founded by Sk Koike in November 1967 and became known for its music charts. Oricon Inc. was originally set up as a subsidiary of Original Confidence and took over the latters Oricon record charts in April 2002.

text: established

text: in

text: is

text: the

text: holding

text: company

text: at

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: Japanese

text: corporate

text: group

text: that

text: supplies

text: statistics

text: and

text: information

text: on

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: music

text: industry

text: in

text: Japan

text: It

text: started

text: as

text: which

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Sk

text: Koike

text: in

text: November

text: and

text: became

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: music

text: charts

text: Oricon

text: Inc.

text: was

text: originally

text: set

text: up

text: as

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: Original

text: Confidence

text: and

text: took

text: over

text: the

text: latters

text: Oricon

text: record

text: charts

text: in

text: April

text: , (originally a publisher known as Alfa Music Ltd. and later succeeded by record company Alfa Music Inc.), was established in 1969 by composer and record producer Kunihiko Murai. It was formed into an independent record label known as Alfa Records in 1977. A short-lived American subsidiary operated from 1980 to 1982.

text: originally

text: publisher

text: known

text: as

text: Alfa

text: Music

text: Ltd.

text: and

text: later

text: succeeded

text: by

text: record

text: company

text: Alfa

text: Music

text: Inc.

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: by

text: composer

text: and

text: record

text: producer

text: Kunihiko

text: Murai

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: into

text: an

text: independent

text: record

text: label

text: known

text: as

text: Alfa

text: Records

text: in

text: short

text: lived

text: American

text: subsidiary

text: operated

text: from

text: to

text: , sometimes credited as Harry Hosono, is a Japanese musician, singer, songwriter and record producer. He is best known internationally as a member of the rock band Happy End and the electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra with Yukihiro Takahashi and Ryuichi Sakamoto.

text: sometimes

text: credited

text: as

text: Harry

text: Hosono

text: is

text: Japanese

text: musician

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: and

text: record

text: producer

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: internationally

text: as

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: rock

text: band

text: Happy

text: End

text: and

text: the

text: electronic

text: music

text: band

text: Yellow

text: Magic

text: Orchestra

text: with

text: Yukihiro

text: Takahashi

text: and

text: Ryuichi

text: Sakamoto

text: Service was the sixth and , at the time , final studio album by Yellow Magic Orchestra . The band dissolved the following year after a world tour , but would later reform in 1993 for a one - off reunion album , Technodon . Each member would continue their already established solo careers , while Haruomi Hosono and Yukihiro Takahashi also formed the band Sketch Show ( with Ryuichi Sakamoto assisting ) , which later turned into YMO . Like ×  Multiplies , it contains a mixture of YMO songs and comedy sketches performed by Super Eccentric Theater , or S.E.T. The first Dutch / German edition of the album omitted the sketches , effectively cutting the album 's length in half . In 1999 , the album was remastered under Hosono 's supervision with new liner notes provided by lyricist Peter Barakan . Service features `` You 've Got to Help Yourself '' , which was previously featured in instrumental form on the previous album , Naughty Boys Instrumental . The 2nd `` S.E.T. '' track featured a sample of Casiopea 's song `` Time Limit '' . ``  '' more accurately transliterates to `` Telegraph from the heart '' .

text: Service

text: was

text: the

text: sixth

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: final

text: studio

text: album

text: by

text: Yellow

text: Magic

text: Orchestra

text: The

text: band

text: dissolved

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: after

text: world

text: tour

text: but

text: would

text: later

text: reform

text: in

text: for

text: one

text: off

text: reunion

text: album

text: Technodon

text: Each

text: member

text: would

text: continue

text: their

text: already

text: established

text: solo

text: careers

text: while

text: Haruomi

text: Hosono

text: and

text: Yukihiro

text: Takahashi

text: also

text: formed

text: the

text: band

text: Sketch

text: Show

text: with

text: Ryuichi

text: Sakamoto

text: assisting

text: which

text: later

text: turned

text: into

text: YMO

text: Like

text: Multiplies

text: it

text: contains

text: mixture

text: of

text: YMO

text: songs

text: and

text: comedy

text: sketches

text: performed

text: by

text: Super

text: Eccentric

text: Theater

text: or

text: S.E.T.

text: The

text: first

text: Dutch

text: German

text: edition

text: of

text: the

text: album

text: omitted

text: the

text: sketches

text: effectively

text: cutting

text: the

text: album

text: 's

text: length

text: in

text: half

text: In

text: the

text: album

text: was

text: remastered

text: under

text: Hosono

text: 's

text: supervision

text: with

text: new

text: liner

text: notes

text: provided

text: by

text: lyricist

text: Peter

text: Barakan

text: Service

text: features

text: You

text: ve

text: Got

text: to

text: Help

text: Yourself

text: which

text: was

text: previously

text: featured

text: in

text: instrumental

text: form

text: on

text: the

text: previous

text: album

text: Naughty

text: Boys

text: Instrumental

text: The

text: S.E.T.

text: track

text: featured

text: sample

text: of

text: Casiopea

text: 's

text: song

text: Time

text: Limit

text: more

text: accurately

text: transliterates

text: to

text: Telegraph

text: from

text: the

text: heart

text: Hideki Matsutake (born August 12, 1951 in Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese composer, arranger, and computer programmer. He is known for his pioneering work in electronic music and particularly music programming, as the assistant of Isao Tomita during the early 1970s and as the "fourth member" of the band Yellow Magic Orchestra during the late 1970s to early 1980s.

text: Hideki

text: Matsutake

text: born

text: August

text: in

text: Yokohama

text: Kanagawa

text: Prefecture

text: Japan

text: is

text: Japanese

text: composer

text: arranger

text: and

text: computer

text: programmer

text: He

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: pioneering

text: work

text: in

text: electronic

text: music

text: and

text: particularly

text: music

text: programming

text: as

text: the

text: assistant

text: of

text: Isao

text: Tomita

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: as

text: the

text: fourth

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: band

text: Yellow

text: Magic

text: Orchestra

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: to

text: early

text: Yukihiro Takahashi (  "Takahashi Yukihiro", born June 6, 1952) is a Japanese musician, singer, record producer and actor, who is best known internationally as the drummer and lead vocalist of the Yellow Magic Orchestra, and as the former drummer of the Sadistic Mika Band.

text: Yukihiro

text: Takahashi

text: Takahashi

text: Yukihiro

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: Japanese

text: musician

text: singer

text: record

text: producer

text: and

text: actor

text: who

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: internationally

text: as

text: the

text: drummer

text: and

text: lead

text: vocalist

text: of

text: the

text: Yellow

text: Magic

text: Orchestra

text: and

text: as

text: the

text: former

text: drummer

text: of

text: the

text: Sadistic

text: Mika

text: Band

text: An instrumental is a musical composition or recording without lyrics, or singing, although it might include some inarticulate vocals, such as shouted backup vocals in a Big Band setting. The music is primarily or exclusively produced by musical instruments. An instrumental can exist in music notation, after it is written by a composer; in the mind of the composer (especially in cases where the composer herself will perform the piece, as in the case of a blues solo guitarist or a folk music fiddle player); as a piece that is performed live by a single instrumentalist or a musical ensemble, which could range in size from a duo or trio to a large Big Band, concert band or orchestra.

text: An

text: instrumental

text: is

text: musical

text: composition

text: or

text: recording

text: without

text: lyrics

text: or

text: singing

text: although

text: it

text: might

text: include

text: some

text: inarticulate

text: vocals

text: such

text: as

text: shouted

text: backup

text: vocals

text: in

text: Big

text: Band

text: setting

text: The

text: music

text: is

text: primarily

text: or

text: exclusively

text: produced

text: by

text: musical

text: instruments

text: An

text: instrumental

text: can

text: exist

text: in

text: music

text: notation

text: after

text: it

text: is

text: written

text: by

text: composer

text: in

text: the

text: mind

text: of

text: the

text: composer

text: especially

text: in

text: cases

text: where

text: the

text: composer

text: herself

text: will

text: perform

text: the

text: piece

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: blues

text: solo

text: guitarist

text: or

text: folk

text: music

text: fiddle

text: player

text: as

text: piece

text: that

text: is

text: performed

text: live

text: by

text: single

text: instrumentalist

text: or

text: musical

text: ensemble

text: which

text: could

text: range

text: in

text: size

text: from

text: duo

text: or

text: trio

text: to

text: large

text: Big

text: Band

text: concert

text: band

text: or

text: orchestra

text: In 2003, HMV Japan ranked the band at No. 94 on their list of the "Top 100 Japanese Pops Artists". In September 2007, "Rolling Stone Japan" rated their 1974 album "Kurofune" at No. 9 on its list of the "100 Greatest Japanese Rock Albums of All Time".

text: In

text: HMV

text: Japan

text: ranked

text: the

text: band

text: at

text: No

text: on

text: their

text: list

text: of

text: the

text: Top

text: Japanese

text: Pops

text: Artists

text: In

text: September

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: Japan

text: rated

text: their

text: album

text: Kurofune

text: at

text: No

text: on

text: its

text: list

text: of

text: the

text: Greatest

text: Japanese

text: Rock

text: Albums

text: of

text: All

text: Time

annotations: follows multiple

question: record_label service

answer: alfa records

text: alfa records

text: alfa records


text: Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.

text: Russia

text: from

text: the

text: Rus

text: also

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Eurasia

text: At

text: Russia

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: surface

text: area

text: covering

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: eighth

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: inhabited

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: most

text: populous

text: with

text: over

text: million

text: people

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: March

text: The

text: European

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: populated

text: and

text: urbanised

text: than

text: the

text: eastern

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: live

text: in

text: European

text: Russia

text: Russia

text: 's

text: capital

text: Moscow

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: other

text: major

text: urban

text: centers

text: include

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Novosibirsk

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Nizhny

text: Novgorod

text: and

text: Samara

text: Konstantin Andreyevich Somov ( Russian :    , November 30 , 1869 -- May 6 , 1939 ) was a Russian artist associated with the Mir iskusstva . Born into a family of a major art historian and Hermitage Museum curator Andrey Ivanovich Somov , he became interested in the 18th - century art and music at an early age .

text: Konstantin

text: Andreyevich

text: Somov

text: Russian

text: November

text: May

text: was

text: Russian

text: artist

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: Mir

text: iskusstva

text: Born

text: into

text: family

text: of

text: major

text: art

text: historian

text: and

text: Hermitage

text: Museum

text: curator

text: Andrey

text: Ivanovich

text: Somov

text: he

text: became

text: interested

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: art

text: and

text: music

text: at

text: an

text: early

text: age

text: Mir iskusstva ("World of Art") was a Russian magazine and the artistic movement it inspired and embodied, which was a major influence on the Russians who helped revolutionize European art during the first decade of the 20th century. In fact, few Europeans outside Russia actually saw issues of the magazine itself.

text: Mir

text: iskusstva

text: World

text: of

text: Art

text: was

text: Russian

text: magazine

text: and

text: the

text: artistic

text: movement

text: it

text: inspired

text: and

text: embodied

text: which

text: was

text: major

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: Russians

text: who

text: helped

text: revolutionize

text: European

text: art

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: decade

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: In

text: fact

text: few

text: Europeans

text: outside

text: Russia

text: actually

text: saw

text: issues

text: of

text: the

text: magazine

text: itself

text: Mikhail Borisovich Piotrovsky is the Director of the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg. He was born in Yerevan in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic on 9 November 1944 to Boris Piotrovsky, a notable Orientalist and himself the future Director of the Hermitage, and Armenian mother Hripsime Djanpoladjian.

text: Mikhail

text: Borisovich

text: Piotrovsky

text: is

text: the

text: Director

text: of

text: the

text: Hermitage

text: Museum

text: in

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Yerevan

text: in

text: the

text: Armenian

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: on

text: November

text: to

text: Boris

text: Piotrovsky

text: notable

text: Orientalist

text: and

text: himself

text: the

text: future

text: Director

text: of

text: the

text: Hermitage

text: and

text: Armenian

text: mother

text: Hripsime

text: Djanpoladjian

text: Catherine II of Russia ("Yekaterina Alekseyevna"), also known as Catherine the Great ("Yekaterina Velikaya";  ), was the most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 1762 until her death in 1796 at the age of 67. Born in Stettin, Pomerania, Prussia as Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, she came to power following a "coup d'état" when her husband, Peter III, was assassinated. Russia was revitalised under her reign, growing larger and stronger than ever and becoming recognised as one of the great powers of Europe.

text: Catherine

text: II

text: of

text: Russia

text: Yekaterina

text: Alekseyevna

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Catherine

text: the

text: Great

text: Yekaterina

text: Velikaya

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: renowned

text: and

text: the

text: longest

text: ruling

text: female

text: leader

text: of

text: Russia

text: reigning

text: from

text: until

text: her

text: death

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: Born

text: in

text: Stettin

text: Pomerania

text: Prussia

text: as

text: Sophie

text: Friederike

text: Auguste

text: von

text: Anhalt

text: Zerbst

text: Dornburg

text: she

text: came

text: to

text: power

text: following

text: coup

text: d'état

text: when

text: her

text: husband

text: Peter

text: III

text: was

text: assassinated

text: Russia

text: was

text: revitalised

text: under

text: her

text: reign

text: growing

text: larger

text: and

text: stronger

text: than

text: ever

text: and

text: becoming

text: recognised

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: powers

text: of

text: Europe

text: A museum is an institution that cares for (conserves) a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance and some public museums make them available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary. Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public. The goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public.

text: museum

text: is

text: an

text: institution

text: that

text: cares

text: for

text: conserves

text: collection

text: of

text: artifacts

text: and

text: other

text: objects

text: of

text: artistic

text: cultural

text: historical

text: or

text: scientific

text: importance

text: and

text: some

text: public

text: museums

text: make

text: them

text: available

text: for

text: public

text: viewing

text: through

text: exhibits

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: permanent

text: or

text: temporary

text: Most

text: large

text: museums

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: major

text: cities

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: more

text: local

text: ones

text: exist

text: in

text: smaller

text: cities

text: towns

text: and

text: even

text: the

text: countryside

text: Museums

text: have

text: varying

text: aims

text: ranging

text: from

text: serving

text: researchers

text: and

text: specialists

text: to

text: serving

text: the

text: general

text: public

text: The

text: goal

text: of

text: serving

text: researchers

text: is

text: increasingly

text: shifting

text: to

text: serving

text: the

text: general

text: public

text: The Palace Embankment or Palace Quay is a street along the Neva River in Central Saint Petersburg which contains the complex of the Hermitage Museum buildings (including the Winter Palace), the Hermitage Theatre, the Marble Palace, the Vladimir Palace, the New Michael Palace, the Saltykov Mansion and the Summer Garden.

text: The

text: Palace

text: Embankment

text: or

text: Palace

text: Quay

text: is

text: street

text: along

text: the

text: Neva

text: River

text: in

text: Central

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: which

text: contains

text: the

text: complex

text: of

text: the

text: Hermitage

text: Museum

text: buildings

text: including

text: the

text: Winter

text: Palace

text: the

text: Hermitage

text: Theatre

text: the

text: Marble

text: Palace

text: the

text: Vladimir

text: Palace

text: the

text: New

text: Michael

text: Palace

text: the

text: Saltykov

text: Mansion

text: and

text: the

text: Summer

text: Garden

text: A magazine is a publication, usually a periodical publication, which is printed or electronically published (sometimes referred to as an online magazine). Magazines are generally published on a regular schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by prepaid subscriptions, or a combination of the three.At its root, the word "magazine" refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles. This explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines, artillery magazines, firearms magazines, and, in French, retail stores such as department stores.

text: magazine

text: is

text: publication

text: usually

text: periodical

text: publication

text: which

text: is

text: printed

text: or

text: electronically

text: published

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: an

text: online

text: magazine

text: Magazines

text: are

text: generally

text: published

text: on

text: regular

text: schedule

text: and

text: contain

text: variety

text: of

text: content

text: They

text: are

text: generally

text: financed

text: by

text: advertising

text: by

text: purchase

text: price

text: by

text: prepaid

text: subscriptions

text: or

text: combination

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: At

text: its

text: root

text: the

text: word

text: magazine

text: refers

text: to

text: collection

text: or

text: storage

text: location

text: In

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: written

text: publication

text: it

text: is

text: collection

text: of

text: written

text: articles

text: This

text: explains

text: why

text: magazine

text: publications

text: share

text: the

text: word

text: root

text: with

text: gunpowder

text: magazines

text: artillery

text: magazines

text: firearms

text: magazines

text: and

text: in

text: French

text: retail

text: stores

text: such

text: as

text: department

text: stores

text: The State Hermitage Museum is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia. One of the largest and oldest museums in the world, it was founded in 1754 by Catherine the Great and has been open to the public since 1852. Its collections, of which only a small part is on permanent display, comprise over three million items (the numismatic collection accounts for about one third of them) including the largest collection of paintings in the world. The collections occupy a large complex of six historic buildings along Palace Embankment, including the Winter Palace, a former residence of Russian emperors. Apart from them, the Menshikov Palace, Museum of Porcelain, Storage Facility at Staraya Derevnya and the eastern wing of the General Staff Building are also part of the museum. The museum has several exhibition centers abroad. The Hermitage is a federal state property. Since July 1992, the director of the museum has been Mikhail Piotrovsky.

text: The

text: State

text: Hermitage

text: Museum

text: is

text: museum

text: of

text: art

text: and

text: culture

text: in

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Russia

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: oldest

text: museums

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: it

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Catherine

text: the

text: Great

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: open

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: since

text: Its

text: collections

text: of

text: which

text: only

text: small

text: part

text: is

text: on

text: permanent

text: display

text: comprise

text: over

text: three

text: million

text: items

text: the

text: numismatic

text: collection

text: accounts

text: for

text: about

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: them

text: including

text: the

text: largest

text: collection

text: of

text: paintings

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: collections

text: occupy

text: large

text: complex

text: of

text: six

text: historic

text: buildings

text: along

text: Palace

text: Embankment

text: including

text: the

text: Winter

text: Palace

text: former

text: residence

text: of

text: Russian

text: emperors

text: Apart

text: from

text: them

text: the

text: Menshikov

text: Palace

text: Museum

text: of

text: Porcelain

text: Storage

text: Facility

text: at

text: Staraya

text: Derevnya

text: and

text: the

text: eastern

text: wing

text: of

text: the

text: General

text: Staff

text: Building

text: are

text: also

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: museum

text: The

text: museum

text: has

text: several

text: exhibition

text: centers

text: abroad

text: The

text: Hermitage

text: is

text: federal

text: state

text: property

text: Since

text: July

text: the

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: museum

text: has

text: been

text: Mikhail

text: Piotrovsky

text: The Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russia, was, from 1732 to 1917, the official residence of the Russian monarchs. Situated between the Palace Embankment and the Palace Square, adjacent to the site of Peter the Great's original Winter Palace, the present and fourth Winter Palace was built and altered almost continuously between the late 1730s and 1837, when it was severely damaged by fire and immediately rebuilt. The storming of the palace in 1917 as depicted in Soviet paintings and Eisenstein's 1927 film "October" became an iconic symbol of the Russian Revolution.

text: The

text: Winter

text: Palace

text: in

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Russia

text: was

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: official

text: residence

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: monarchs

text: Situated

text: between

text: the

text: Palace

text: Embankment

text: and

text: the

text: Palace

text: Square

text: adjacent

text: to

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: Peter

text: the

text: Great

text: 's

text: original

text: Winter

text: Palace

text: the

text: present

text: and

text: fourth

text: Winter

text: Palace

text: was

text: built

text: and

text: altered

text: almost

text: continuously

text: between

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: severely

text: damaged

text: by

text: fire

text: and

text: immediately

text: rebuilt

text: The

text: storming

text: of

text: the

text: palace

text: in

text: as

text: depicted

text: in

text: Soviet

text: paintings

text: and

text: Eisenstein

text: 's

text: film

text: October

text: became

text: an

text: iconic

text: symbol

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Revolution

text: Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with five million inhabitants in 2012, and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea. It is politically incorporated as a federal subject (a federal city). Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May . In 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg. Between 17131728 and 17321918, Saint Petersburg was the imperial capital of Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow.

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: is

text: Russia

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: after

text: Moscow

text: with

text: five

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: in

text: and

text: an

text: important

text: Russian

text: port

text: on

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: It

text: is

text: politically

text: incorporated

text: as

text: federal

text: subject

text: federal

text: city

text: Situated

text: on

text: the

text: Neva

text: River

text: at

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Finland

text: on

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: it

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Tsar

text: Peter

text: the

text: Great

text: on

text: May

text: In

text: the

text: name

text: was

text: changed

text: from

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: to

text: Petrograd

text: in

text: to

text: Leningrad

text: and

text: in

text: back

text: to

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Between

text: and

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: was

text: the

text: imperial

text: capital

text: of

text: Russia

text: In

text: the

text: central

text: government

text: bodies

text: moved

text: to

text: Moscow

annotations: likely multiple

question: place_of_birth konstantin somov

answer: saint petersburg

text: saint petersburg

text: saint petersburg

text: saint petersburg

text: saint petersburg

text: saint petersburg

text: saint petersburg

text: saint petersburg

text: saint petersburg

text: saint petersburg