text: The mandola (US and Canada) or tenor mandola (Ireland and UK) is a fretted, stringed musical instrument. It is to the mandolin what the viola is to the violin: the four double courses of strings tuned in fifths to the same pitches as the viola (C-G-D-A low-to-high), a fifth lower than a mandolin. The mandola, although now rarer, is the ancestor of the mandolin, the name of which means simply "little mandola".

text: The

text: mandola

text: US

text: and

text: Canada

text: or

text: tenor

text: mandola

text: Ireland

text: and

text: UK

text: is

text: fretted

text: stringed

text: musical

text: instrument

text: It

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: mandolin

text: what

text: the

text: viola

text: is

text: to

text: the

text: violin

text: the

text: four

text: double

text: courses

text: of

text: strings

text: tuned

text: in

text: fifths

text: to

text: the

text: same

text: pitches

text: as

text: the

text: viola

text: low

text: to

text: high

text: fifth

text: lower

text: than

text: mandolin

text: The

text: mandola

text: although

text: now

text: rarer

text: is

text: the

text: ancestor

text: of

text: the

text: mandolin

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: which

text: means

text: simply

text: little

text: mandola

text: Franklin Delano Roosevelt Wakefield (born June 26, 1934) is an innovative American mandolin player in the bluegrass music style. Wakefield is known for his collaborations with a number of important and well-known bands, including Red Allen, Don Reno, Jerry Garcia, David Grisman, The Stanley Brothers, and the Greenbriar Boys.

text: Franklin

text: Delano

text: Roosevelt

text: Wakefield

text: born

text: June

text: is

text: an

text: innovative

text: American

text: mandolin

text: player

text: in

text: the

text: bluegrass

text: music

text: style

text: Wakefield

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: collaborations

text: with

text: number

text: of

text: important

text: and

text: well

text: known

text: bands

text: including

text: Red

text: Allen

text: Don

text: Reno

text: Jerry

text: Garcia

text: David

text: Grisman

text: The

text: Stanley

text: Brothers

text: and

text: the

text: Greenbriar

text: Boys

text: The octave mandolin is a fretted string instrument with four pairs of strings tuned in fifths, G, D, A, E (low to high), an octave below a mandolin. It has a 20 to 23-inch scale length and its construction is similar to other instruments in the mandolin family. Usually the courses are all unison pairs but the lower two may sometimes be strung as octave pairs with the higher-pitched octave string on top so that it is hit before the thicker lower-pitched string. Alternate tunings of G, D, A, D and A, D, A, D are often employed by Celtic musicians.

text: The

text: octave

text: mandolin

text: is

text: fretted

text: string

text: instrument

text: with

text: four

text: pairs

text: of

text: strings

text: tuned

text: in

text: fifths

text: low

text: to

text: high

text: an

text: octave

text: below

text: mandolin

text: It

text: has

text: to

text: scale

text: length

text: and

text: its

text: construction

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: other

text: instruments

text: in

text: the

text: mandolin

text: family

text: Usually

text: the

text: courses

text: are

text: all

text: unison

text: pairs

text: but

text: the

text: lower

text: two

text: may

text: sometimes

text: be

text: strung

text: as

text: octave

text: pairs

text: with

text: the

text: higher

text: pitched

text: octave

text: string

text: on

text: top

text: so

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: hit

text: before

text: the

text: thicker

text: lower

text: pitched

text: string

text: Alternate

text: tunings

text: of

text: and

text: are

text: often

text: employed

text: by

text: Celtic

text: musicians

text: The Cumberland River is a major waterway of the Southern United States. The river drains almost of southern Kentucky and north-central Tennessee. The river flows generally west from a source in the Appalachian Mountains to its confluence with the Ohio River near Paducah, Kentucky, and the mouth of the Tennessee River. Major tributaries include the Obey, Caney Fork, Stones, and Red rivers.

text: The

text: Cumberland

text: River

text: is

text: major

text: waterway

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: river

text: drains

text: almost

text: of

text: southern

text: Kentucky

text: and

text: north

text: central

text: Tennessee

text: The

text: river

text: flows

text: generally

text: west

text: from

text: source

text: in

text: the

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

text: to

text: its

text: confluence

text: with

text: the

text: Ohio

text: River

text: near

text: Paducah

text: Kentucky

text: and

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: Tennessee

text: River

text: Major

text: tributaries

text: include

text: the

text: Obey

text: Caney

text: Fork

text: Stones

text: and

text: Red

text: rivers

text: Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the southeastern genre of United States, such as folk music (especially Appalachian folk music), and blues music. Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms and harmonies accompanied by mostly string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, dobros and fiddles as well as harmonicas. According to Lindsey Starnes, the term "country music" gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term "hillbilly music"; it came to encompass Western music, which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots, in the mid-20th century. The term "country music" is used today to describe many styles and subgenres. The origins of country music are the folk music of working-class Americans, who blended popular songs, Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes, traditional English ballads, and cowboy songs, and various musical traditions from European immigrant communities. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, and second most popular in the morning commute in the United States.

text: Country

text: music

text: is

text: genre

text: of

text: United

text: States

text: popular

text: music

text: that

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: It

text: takes

text: its

text: roots

text: from

text: the

text: southeastern

text: genre

text: of

text: United

text: States

text: such

text: as

text: folk

text: music

text: especially

text: Appalachian

text: folk

text: music

text: and

text: blues

text: music

text: Blues

text: modes

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: extensively

text: throughout

text: its

text: recorded

text: history

text: Country

text: music

text: often

text: consists

text: of

text: ballads

text: and

text: dance

text: tunes

text: with

text: generally

text: simple

text: forms

text: and

text: harmonies

text: accompanied

text: by

text: mostly

text: string

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: banjos

text: electric

text: and

text: acoustic

text: guitars

text: dobros

text: and

text: fiddles

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: harmonicas

text: According

text: to

text: Lindsey

text: Starnes

text: the

text: term

text: country

text: music

text: gained

text: popularity

text: in

text: the

text: in

text: preference

text: to

text: the

text: earlier

text: term

text: hillbilly

text: music

text: it

text: came

text: to

text: encompass

text: Western

text: music

text: which

text: evolved

text: parallel

text: to

text: hillbilly

text: music

text: from

text: similar

text: roots

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: term

text: country

text: music

text: is

text: used

text: today

text: to

text: describe

text: many

text: styles

text: and

text: subgenres

text: The

text: origins

text: of

text: country

text: music

text: are

text: the

text: folk

text: music

text: of

text: working

text: class

text: Americans

text: who

text: blended

text: popular

text: songs

text: Irish

text: and

text: Celtic

text: fiddle

text: tunes

text: traditional

text: English

text: ballads

text: and

text: cowboy

text: songs

text: and

text: various

text: musical

text: traditions

text: from

text: European

text: immigrant

text: communities

text: In

text: country

text: music

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: listened

text: to

text: rush

text: hour

text: radio

text: genre

text: during

text: the

text: evening

text: commute

text: and

text: second

text: most

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: morning

text: commute

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The cello (; plural cellos or celli) or violoncello is a bowed string instrument with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. The strings from low to high are generally tuned to C, G, D and A, an octave lower than the viola. It is a member of the violin family of musical instruments, which also includes the violin and viola.

text: The

text: cello

text: plural

text: cellos

text: or

text: celli

text: or

text: violoncello

text: is

text: bowed

text: string

text: instrument

text: with

text: four

text: strings

text: tuned

text: in

text: perfect

text: fifths

text: The

text: strings

text: from

text: low

text: to

text: high

text: are

text: generally

text: tuned

text: to

text: and

text: an

text: octave

text: lower

text: than

text: the

text: viola

text: It

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: violin

text: family

text: of

text: musical

text: instruments

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: the

text: violin

text: and

text: viola

text: Nashville is the capital of the U.S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the north central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries, and home to numerous colleges and universities. Reflecting the city's position in state government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court's courthouse for Middle Tennessee. It is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname "Music City U.S.A."

text: Nashville

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: state

text: of

text: Tennessee

text: and

text: the

text: county

text: seat

text: of

text: Davidson

text: County

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Cumberland

text: River

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: central

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: center

text: for

text: the

text: music

text: healthcare

text: publishing

text: banking

text: and

text: transportation

text: industries

text: and

text: home

text: to

text: numerous

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: Reflecting

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: position

text: in

text: state

text: government

text: Nashville

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Tennessee

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: 's

text: courthouse

text: for

text: Middle

text: Tennessee

text: It

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: music

text: industry

text: earning

text: it

text: the

text: nickname

text: Music

text: City

text: U.S.A.

text: Jerome John "Jerry" Garcia (August 1, 1942  August 9, 1995) was an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist, best known for his work with the band the Grateful Dead, which came to prominence during the counterculture era in the 1960s. Though he disavowed the role, Garcia was viewed by many as the leader or "spokesman" of the group.

text: Jerome

text: John

text: Jerry

text: Garcia

text: August

text: August

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: and

text: multi

text: instrumentalist

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: with

text: the

text: band

text: the

text: Grateful

text: Dead

text: which

text: came

text: to

text: prominence

text: during

text: the

text: counterculture

text: era

text: in

text: the

text: Though

text: he

text: disavowed

text: the

text: role

text: Garcia

text: was

text: viewed

text: by

text: many

text: as

text: the

text: leader

text: or

text: spokesman

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: Don Wesley Reno (February 21, 1926  October 16, 1984) was an American bluegrass and country musician best known as a banjo player in partnership with Red Smiley, and later with guitarist Bill Harrell.

text: Don

text: Wesley

text: Reno

text: February

text: October

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: bluegrass

text: and

text: country

text: musician

text: best

text: known

text: as

text: banjo

text: player

text: in

text: partnership

text: with

text: Red

text: Smiley

text: and

text: later

text: with

text: guitarist

text: Bill

text: Harrell

text: David Grisman (born March 23, 1945, in Hackensack, New Jersey) is an American bluegrass/newgrass mandolinist and composer of acoustic music. In the early 1990s, he started the Acoustic Disc record label to help spread acoustic and instrumental music.

text: David

text: Grisman

text: born

text: March

text: in

text: Hackensack

text: New

text: Jersey

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: bluegrass

text: newgrass

text: mandolinist

text: and

text: composer

text: of

text: acoustic

text: music

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: he

text: started

text: the

text: Acoustic

text: Disc

text: record

text: label

text: to

text: help

text: spread

text: acoustic

text: and

text: instrumental

text: music

text: Mandobass is the largest (and least common) member of the mandolin family, sometimes used as the bass instrument in mandolin orchestras. It is so large that it usually isn't held in the lap, but supported on a spike which rests on the floor. The neck-scale length on a full-size mando-bass is similar to that of a standard orchestral double bass viol: about 43" (110 cm). The instrument is otherwise similar to the smaller, higher-pitched members of the mandolin family, having a fretted neck, a headstock with geared tuning machines, and a large resonating body oftenbut not alwaysshaped like that of other mandolins.

text: Mandobass

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: least

text: common

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: mandolin

text: family

text: sometimes

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: bass

text: instrument

text: in

text: mandolin

text: orchestras

text: It

text: is

text: so

text: large

text: that

text: it

text: usually

text: is

text: n't

text: held

text: in

text: the

text: lap

text: but

text: supported

text: on

text: spike

text: which

text: rests

text: on

text: the

text: floor

text: The

text: neck

text: scale

text: length

text: on

text: full

text: size

text: mando

text: bass

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: standard

text: orchestral

text: double

text: bass

text: viol

text: about

text: cm

text: The

text: instrument

text: is

text: otherwise

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: smaller

text: higher

text: pitched

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: mandolin

text: family

text: having

text: fretted

text: neck

text: headstock

text: with

text: geared

text: tuning

text: machines

text: and

text: large

text: resonating

text: body

text: oftenbut

text: not

text: alwaysshaped

text: like

text: that

text: of

text: other

text: mandolins

text: The Stanley Brothers were an American bluegrass duo made up of brothers Carter Stanley (1925-1966) and Ralph Stanley (1927-2016). Ralph and Carter performed as The Stanley Brothers with their band, The Clinch Mountain Boys, from 1946 to 1966. Ralph kept the band name when he continued as a solo after Carter's death, from 1967 until his own death in 2016.

text: The

text: Stanley

text: Brothers

text: were

text: an

text: American

text: bluegrass

text: duo

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: brothers

text: Carter

text: Stanley

text: and

text: Ralph

text: Stanley

text: Ralph

text: and

text: Carter

text: performed

text: as

text: The

text: Stanley

text: Brothers

text: with

text: their

text: band

text: The

text: Clinch

text: Mountain

text: Boys

text: from

text: to

text: Ralph

text: kept

text: the

text: band

text: name

text: when

text: he

text: continued

text: as

text: solo

text: after

text: Carter

text: 's

text: death

text: from

text: until

text: his

text: own

text: death

text: in

text: David Long is a mandolin player from Nashville , Tennessee . He was born in the winter of 1975 . Long has been described as a next generation musician with traditional sounds of bluegrass . Long 's music career started in 1996 . He plays Rural Country Blues , Old Time Bluegrass , and Early Black String Band . David 's style of playing was influenced by Bill Monroe , Frank Wakefield , and Mike Compton . David has played with the Wildwood Valley Boys for about two years , and with Karl Shiflett and his Big Show .

text: David

text: Long

text: is

text: mandolin

text: player

text: from

text: Nashville

text: Tennessee

text: He

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: winter

text: of

text: Long

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: next

text: generation

text: musician

text: with

text: traditional

text: sounds

text: of

text: bluegrass

text: Long

text: 's

text: music

text: career

text: started

text: in

text: He

text: plays

text: Rural

text: Country

text: Blues

text: Old

text: Time

text: Bluegrass

text: and

text: Early

text: Black

text: String

text: Band

text: David

text: 's

text: style

text: of

text: playing

text: was

text: influenced

text: by

text: Bill

text: Monroe

text: Frank

text: Wakefield

text: and

text: Mike

text: Compton

text: David

text: has

text: played

text: with

text: the

text: Wildwood

text: Valley

text: Boys

text: for

text: about

text: two

text: years

text: and

text: with

text: Karl

text: Shiflett

text: and

text: his

text: Big

text: Show

text: Henry James "Red" Allen (January 7, 1908  April 17, 1967) was a jazz trumpeter and vocalist whose style has been claimed to be the first to fully incorporate the innovations of Louis Armstrong.

text: Henry

text: James

text: Red

text: Allen

text: January

text: April

text: was

text: jazz

text: trumpeter

text: and

text: vocalist

text: whose

text: style

text: has

text: been

text: claimed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: fully

text: incorporate

text: the

text: innovations

text: of

text: Louis

text: Armstrong

text: The Tennessee Supreme Court is the ultimate judicial tribunal of the state of Tennessee. Jeffrey S. Bivins is the Chief Justice.

text: The

text: Tennessee

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: is

text: the

text: ultimate

text: judicial

text: tribunal

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Tennessee

text: Jeffrey

text: Bivins

text: is

text: the

text: Chief

text: Justice

text: A mandolin (; literally "small mandola") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 strings) course versions also exist. The courses are normally tuned in a succession of perfect fifths. It is the soprano member of a family that includes the mandola, octave mandolin, mandocello and mandobass.

text: mandolin

text: literally

text: small

text: mandola

text: is

text: musical

text: instrument

text: in

text: the

text: lute

text: family

text: and

text: is

text: usually

text: plucked

text: with

text: plectrum

text: or

text: pick

text: It

text: commonly

text: has

text: four

text: courses

text: of

text: doubled

text: metal

text: strings

text: tuned

text: in

text: unison

text: strings

text: although

text: five

text: strings

text: and

text: six

text: strings

text: course

text: versions

text: also

text: exist

text: The

text: courses

text: are

text: normally

text: tuned

text: in

text: succession

text: of

text: perfect

text: fifths

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: soprano

text: member

text: of

text: family

text: that

text: includes

text: the

text: mandola

text: octave

text: mandolin

text: mandocello

text: and

text: mandobass

text: A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China and Taiwan. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function.

text: county

text: seat

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: center

text: seat

text: of

text: government

text: or

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: county

text: or

text: civil

text: parish

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: Romania

text: China

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: Ireland

text: county

text: towns

text: have

text: similar

text: function

text: Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound and silence, which exist in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek  ("mousike"; "art of the Muses"). In its most general form, the activities describing music as an art form include the production of works of music (songs, tunes, symphonies, and so on), the criticism of music, the study of the history of music, and the aesthetic examination of music. Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound."

text: Music

text: is

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: and

text: cultural

text: activity

text: whose

text: medium

text: is

text: sound

text: and

text: silence

text: which

text: exist

text: in

text: time

text: The

text: common

text: elements

text: of

text: music

text: are

text: pitch

text: which

text: governs

text: melody

text: and

text: harmony

text: rhythm

text: and

text: its

text: associated

text: concepts

text: tempo

text: meter

text: and

text: articulation

text: dynamics

text: loudness

text: and

text: softness

text: and

text: the

text: sonic

text: qualities

text: of

text: timbre

text: and

text: texture

text: which

text: are

text: sometimes

text: termed

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: musical

text: sound

text: Different

text: styles

text: or

text: types

text: of

text: music

text: may

text: emphasize

text: de

text: emphasize

text: or

text: omit

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: elements

text: Music

text: is

text: performed

text: with

text: vast

text: range

text: of

text: instruments

text: and

text: vocal

text: techniques

text: ranging

text: from

text: singing

text: to

text: rapping

text: there

text: are

text: solely

text: instrumental

text: pieces

text: solely

text: vocal

text: pieces

text: such

text: as

text: songs

text: without

text: instrumental

text: accompaniment

text: and

text: pieces

text: that

text: combine

text: singing

text: and

text: instruments

text: The

text: word

text: derives

text: from

text: Greek

text: mousike

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: Muses

text: In

text: its

text: most

text: general

text: form

text: the

text: activities

text: describing

text: music

text: as

text: an

text: art

text: form

text: include

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: works

text: of

text: music

text: songs

text: tunes

text: symphonies

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: the

text: criticism

text: of

text: music

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: music

text: and

text: the

text: aesthetic

text: examination

text: of

text: music

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: and

text: Indian

text: philosophers

text: defined

text: music

text: as

text: tones

text: ordered

text: horizontally

text: as

text: melodies

text: and

text: vertically

text: as

text: harmonies

text: Common

text: sayings

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: harmony

text: of

text: the

text: spheres

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: music

text: to

text: my

text: ears

text: point

text: to

text: the

text: notion

text: that

text: music

text: is

text: often

text: ordered

text: and

text: pleasant

text: to

text: listen

text: to

text: However

text: century

text: composer

text: John

text: Cage

text: thought

text: that

text: any

text: sound

text: can

text: be

text: music

text: saying

text: for

text: example

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: noise

text: only

text: sound

text: William Smith Monroe (September 13, 1911  September 9, 1996) was an American mandolinist, singer, and songwriter who created the style of music known as bluegrass. The genre takes its name from his band, the Blue Grass Boys, named for Monroe's home state of Kentucky. Monroe's performing career spanned 69 years as a singer, instrumentalist, composer and bandleader. He is often referred to as the Father of Bluegrass.

text: William

text: Smith

text: Monroe

text: September

text: September

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: mandolinist

text: singer

text: and

text: songwriter

text: who

text: created

text: the

text: style

text: of

text: music

text: known

text: as

text: bluegrass

text: The

text: genre

text: takes

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: his

text: band

text: the

text: Blue

text: Grass

text: Boys

text: named

text: for

text: Monroe

text: 's

text: home

text: state

text: of

text: Kentucky

text: Monroe

text: 's

text: performing

text: career

text: spanned

text: years

text: as

text: singer

text: instrumentalist

text: composer

text: and

text: bandleader

text: He

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Father

text: of

text: Bluegrass

text: A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the latter term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the music industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies. Pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers  songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own music publishers, while others have outside publishers.

text: songwriter

text: is

text: an

text: individual

text: who

text: writes

text: the

text: lyrics

text: melodies

text: and

text: chord

text: progressions

text: for

text: songs

text: typically

text: for

text: popular

text: music

text: genre

text: such

text: as

text: rock

text: or

text: country

text: music

text: songwriter

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: called

text: composer

text: although

text: the

text: latter

text: term

text: tends

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: mainly

text: for

text: individuals

text: from

text: the

text: classical

text: music

text: genre

text: The

text: pressure

text: from

text: the

text: music

text: industry

text: to

text: produce

text: popular

text: hits

text: means

text: that

text: songwriting

text: is

text: often

text: an

text: activity

text: for

text: which

text: the

text: tasks

text: are

text: distributed

text: between

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: For

text: example

text: songwriter

text: who

text: excels

text: at

text: writing

text: lyrics

text: might

text: be

text: paired

text: with

text: songwriter

text: with

text: gift

text: for

text: creating

text: original

text: melodies

text: Pop

text: songs

text: may

text: be

text: written

text: by

text: group

text: members

text: from

text: the

text: band

text: or

text: by

text: staff

text: writers

text: songwriters

text: directly

text: employed

text: by

text: music

text: publishers

text: Some

text: songwriters

text: serve

text: as

text: their

text: own

text: music

text: publishers

text: while

text: others

text: have

text: outside

text: publishers

question: occupation david long

answer: mandolinist

text: mandolinist

text: mandolinist


text: The First Minister of Scotland is the leader of the Scottish Government. The First Minister chairs the Scottish Cabinet and is primarily responsible for the formulation, development and presentation of Scottish Government policy. Additional functions of the First Minister include promoting and representing Scotland, in an official capacity, at home and abroad and responsibility for constitutional affairs, as they relate to devolution and the Scottish Government.

text: The

text: First

text: Minister

text: of

text: Scotland

text: is

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Government

text: The

text: First

text: Minister

text: chairs

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Cabinet

text: and

text: is

text: primarily

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: formulation

text: development

text: and

text: presentation

text: of

text: Scottish

text: Government

text: policy

text: Additional

text: functions

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: Minister

text: include

text: promoting

text: and

text: representing

text: Scotland

text: in

text: an

text: official

text: capacity

text: at

text: home

text: and

text: abroad

text: and

text: responsibility

text: for

text: constitutional

text: affairs

text: as

text: they

text: relate

text: to

text: devolution

text: and

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Government

text: The Scottish Parliament (Scots: "The Scots Pairlament"), is the devolved national, unicameral legislature of Scotland. Located in the Holyrood area of the capital city, Edinburgh, it is frequently referred to by the metonym Holyrood.

text: The

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: Scots

text: The

text: Scots

text: Pairlament

text: is

text: the

text: devolved

text: national

text: unicameral

text: legislature

text: of

text: Scotland

text: Located

text: in

text: the

text: Holyrood

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: Edinburgh

text: it

text: is

text: frequently

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: the

text: metonym

text: Holyrood

text: Rob McKay Gibson MSP ( born 10 October 1945 ) is a Scottish politician . A member of the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) , he was elected to the Scottish Parliament to represent Caithness , Sutherland and Ross in the 2011 election . Gibson was first elected to the Scottish Parliament in the 2003 election for the Highlands and Islands , and was re-elected for this region in 2007 . While attending the University of Dundee he headed the SNP student wing , the Federation of Student Nationalists . He was a district councillor in Ross and Cromarty and worked as a senior secondary school teacher in Alness and Invergordon before taking early retirement in 1995 . In the Scottish Parliament , he is the Deputy Convener of the Economy , Enterprise and Tourism Committee , and a leading member of the Transport , Environment and Rural Affairs Committee - all areas of importance to the economy of the north of Scotland . His partner is the former Highlands and Islands MSP , Eleanor Scott , of the Scottish Green Party . Gibson is also a musician and an author , and has written several books about Highland history and emigration . These include Plaids and Bandanas , The Highland Clearances Trail and Highland Cowboys .

text: Rob

text: McKay

text: Gibson

text: MSP

text: born

text: October

text: is

text: Scottish

text: politician

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Scottish

text: National

text: Party

text: SNP

text: he

text: was

text: elected

text: to

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: to

text: represent

text: Caithness

text: Sutherland

text: and

text: Ross

text: in

text: the

text: election

text: Gibson

text: was

text: first

text: elected

text: to

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: in

text: the

text: election

text: for

text: the

text: Highlands

text: and

text: Islands

text: and

text: was

text: re

text: elected

text: for

text: this

text: region

text: in

text: While

text: attending

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Dundee

text: he

text: headed

text: the

text: SNP

text: student

text: wing

text: the

text: Federation

text: of

text: Student

text: Nationalists

text: He

text: was

text: district

text: councillor

text: in

text: Ross

text: and

text: Cromarty

text: and

text: worked

text: as

text: senior

text: secondary

text: school

text: teacher

text: in

text: Alness

text: and

text: Invergordon

text: before

text: taking

text: early

text: retirement

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: he

text: is

text: the

text: Deputy

text: Convener

text: of

text: the

text: Economy

text: Enterprise

text: and

text: Tourism

text: Committee

text: and

text: leading

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Transport

text: Environment

text: and

text: Rural

text: Affairs

text: Committee

text: all

text: areas

text: of

text: importance

text: to

text: the

text: economy

text: of

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: Scotland

text: His

text: partner

text: is

text: the

text: former

text: Highlands

text: and

text: Islands

text: MSP

text: Eleanor

text: Scott

text: of

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Green

text: Party

text: Gibson

text: is

text: also

text: musician

text: and

text: an

text: author

text: and

text: has

text: written

text: several

text: books

text: about

text: Highland

text: history

text: and

text: emigration

text: These

text: include

text: Plaids

text: and

text: Bandanas

text: The

text: Highland

text: Clearances

text: Trail

text: and

text: Highland

text: Cowboys

text: The Parliament of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the UK Parliament or British Parliament, is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom, British Crown dependencies and British overseas territories. It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. Its head is the Sovereign of the United Kingdom (currently Queen Elizabeth II) and its seat is the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, London.

text: The

text: Parliament

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: UK

text: Parliament

text: or

text: British

text: Parliament

text: is

text: the

text: supreme

text: legislative

text: body

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: British

text: Crown

text: dependencies

text: and

text: British

text: overseas

text: territories

text: It

text: alone

text: possesses

text: legislative

text: supremacy

text: and

text: thereby

text: ultimate

text: power

text: over

text: all

text: other

text: political

text: bodies

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: its

text: territories

text: Its

text: head

text: is

text: the

text: Sovereign

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: currently

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: II

text: and

text: its

text: seat

text: is

text: the

text: Palace

text: of

text: Westminster

text: in

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Westminster

text: London

text: Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth's southern shore, it is Scotland's second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh, 492,680 for the local authority area, and 1,339,380 for the city region as of 2014 (Edinburgh lies at the heart of the proposed Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region). Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and the seat of the monarchy in Scotland. The city is also the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery. It is the largest financial centre in the UK after London.

text: Edinburgh

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Scotland

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: local

text: government

text: council

text: areas

text: Located

text: in

text: Lothian

text: on

text: the

text: Firth

text: of

text: Forth

text: 's

text: southern

text: shore

text: it

text: is

text: Scotland

text: 's

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: seventh

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: official

text: population

text: estimates

text: are

text: for

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Edinburgh

text: for

text: the

text: local

text: authority

text: area

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: city

text: region

text: as

text: of

text: Edinburgh

text: lies

text: at

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: proposed

text: Edinburgh

text: and

text: South

text: East

text: Scotland

text: city

text: region

text: Recognised

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Scotland

text: since

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: century

text: Edinburgh

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: and

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: monarchy

text: in

text: Scotland

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: annual

text: venue

text: of

text: the

text: General

text: Assembly

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Scotland

text: and

text: home

text: to

text: national

text: institutions

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: National

text: Museum

text: of

text: Scotland

text: the

text: National

text: Library

text: of

text: Scotland

text: and

text: the

text: Scottish

text: National

text: Gallery

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: financial

text: centre

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: after

text: London

text: The Scottish National Party (SNP ) is a Scottish nationalist and social-democratic political party in Scotland. The SNP supports and campaigns for Scottish independence. It is the third-largest political party by membership in the United Kingdom, as well as by overall representation in the House of Commons, behind the Labour Party and the Conservative Party, and is the largest party in Scotland, where it dominates both the Scottish Parliament and the country's parliamentary delegation to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Its leader, Nicola Sturgeon, is the current First Minister of Scotland.

text: The

text: Scottish

text: National

text: Party

text: SNP

text: is

text: Scottish

text: nationalist

text: and

text: social

text: democratic

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: Scotland

text: The

text: SNP

text: supports

text: and

text: campaigns

text: for

text: Scottish

text: independence

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: political

text: party

text: by

text: membership

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: by

text: overall

text: representation

text: in

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: behind

text: the

text: Labour

text: Party

text: and

text: the

text: Conservative

text: Party

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: party

text: in

text: Scotland

text: where

text: it

text: dominates

text: both

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: and

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: parliamentary

text: delegation

text: to

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Its

text: leader

text: Nicola

text: Sturgeon

text: is

text: the

text: current

text: First

text: Minister

text: of

text: Scotland

text: Scottish independence is a political aim of various political parties, advocacy groups, and individuals in Scotland (which is a country of the United Kingdom) for the country to become an independent sovereign state.

text: Scottish

text: independence

text: is

text: political

text: aim

text: of

text: various

text: political

text: parties

text: advocacy

text: groups

text: and

text: individuals

text: in

text: Scotland

text: which

text: is

text: country

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: for

text: the

text: country

text: to

text: become

text: an

text: independent

text: sovereign

text: state

text: Scotland (Scots: ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.

text: Scotland

text: Scots

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: covers

text: the

text: northern

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: shares

text: border

text: with

text: England

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: otherwise

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Channel

text: and

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: mainland

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: islands

text: including

text: the

text: Northern

text: Isles

text: and

text: the

text: Hebrides

text: Nicola Ferguson Sturgeon (born 19 July 1970) is a Scottish politician who is the fifth and current First Minister of Scotland and the leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP), in office since 2014. She is the first woman to hold either position. Sturgeon has been a member of the Scottish Parliament since 1999, first as an additional member for the Glasgow electoral region from 1999 to 2007, and as the member for Glasgow Southside since 2007 (known as Glasgow Govan from 2007 to 2011).

text: Nicola

text: Ferguson

text: Sturgeon

text: born

text: July

text: is

text: Scottish

text: politician

text: who

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: and

text: current

text: First

text: Minister

text: of

text: Scotland

text: and

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Scottish

text: National

text: Party

text: SNP

text: in

text: office

text: since

text: She

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: woman

text: to

text: hold

text: either

text: position

text: Sturgeon

text: has

text: been

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: since

text: first

text: as

text: an

text: additional

text: member

text: for

text: the

text: Glasgow

text: electoral

text: region

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: as

text: the

text: member

text: for

text: Glasgow

text: Southside

text: since

text: known

text: as

text: Glasgow

text: Govan

text: from

text: to

text: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: UK

text: or

text: Britain

text: is

text: sovereign

text: country

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: Lying

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: mainland

text: it

text: includes

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: loosely

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: country

text: the

text: north

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: many

text: smaller

text: islands

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: that

text: shares

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: another

text: sovereign

text: statethe

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Apart

text: from

text: this

text: land

text: border

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: south

text: west

text: giving

text: it

text: the

text: longest

text: coastline

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Together

text: this

text: makes

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: likely multiple

question: place_of_birth rob gibson

answer: glasgow

text: glasgow

text: glasgow

text: glasgow


text: Mellerstain House is a stately home around 13 kilometres north of Kelso in the Borders , Scotland . It is currently the home of the 13th Earl of Haddington , and is a historical monument of Scotland .

text: Mellerstain

text: House

text: is

text: stately

text: home

text: around

text: kilometres

text: north

text: of

text: Kelso

text: in

text: the

text: Borders

text: Scotland

text: It

text: is

text: currently

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: the

text: Earl

text: of

text: Haddington

text: and

text: is

text: historical

text: monument

text: of

text: Scotland

text: St Mary's Abbey, Melrose is a partly ruined monastery of the Cistercian order in Melrose, Roxburghshire, in the Scottish Borders. It was founded in 1136 by Cistercian monks at the request of King David I of Scotland, and was the chief house of that order in the country until the Reformation. It was headed by the Abbot or Commendator of Melrose. Today the abbey is maintained by Historic Scotland.

text: St

text: Mary

text: 's

text: Abbey

text: Melrose

text: is

text: partly

text: ruined

text: monastery

text: of

text: the

text: Cistercian

text: order

text: in

text: Melrose

text: Roxburghshire

text: in

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Borders

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Cistercian

text: monks

text: at

text: the

text: request

text: of

text: King

text: David

text: of

text: Scotland

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: chief

text: house

text: of

text: that

text: order

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: until

text: the

text: Reformation

text: It

text: was

text: headed

text: by

text: the

text: Abbot

text: or

text: Commendator

text: of

text: Melrose

text: Today

text: the

text: abbey

text: is

text: maintained

text: by

text: Historic

text: Scotland

text: The Peerage of Scotland is the section of the Peerage of the British Isles for those peers created by the King of Scots before 1707. Following that year's Treaty of Union, the Kingdom of Scots and the Kingdom of England were combined under the name of Great Britain, and a new Peerage of Great Britain was introduced in which subsequent titles were created.

text: The

text: Peerage

text: of

text: Scotland

text: is

text: the

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: Peerage

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: for

text: those

text: peers

text: created

text: by

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: Scots

text: before

text: Following

text: that

text: year

text: 's

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Union

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Scots

text: and

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: England

text: were

text: combined

text: under

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: new

text: Peerage

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: was

text: introduced

text: in

text: which

text: subsequent

text: titles

text: were

text: created

text: The Lord President of the Court of Session is the most senior judge in Scotland, the head of the judiciary, and the presiding judge of the College of Justice and the Court of Session. The Lord President is also the Lord Justice General of Scotland and the head of the High Court of Justiciary, the two offices having been combined in 1836. The Lord President has authority over any court established under Scots law, except for the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.

text: The

text: Lord

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Session

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: senior

text: judge

text: in

text: Scotland

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: judiciary

text: and

text: the

text: presiding

text: judge

text: of

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Justice

text: and

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Session

text: The

text: Lord

text: President

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: Lord

text: Justice

text: General

text: of

text: Scotland

text: and

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: High

text: Court

text: of

text: Justiciary

text: the

text: two

text: offices

text: having

text: been

text: combined

text: in

text: The

text: Lord

text: President

text: has

text: authority

text: over

text: any

text: court

text: established

text: under

text: Scots

text: law

text: except

text: for

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Earl of Haddington is a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1627 for the noted Scottish lawyer and judge Thomas Hamilton, 1st Earl of Melrose. He was Lord President of the Court of Session from 1616 to 1625. Hamilton had already been created Lord Binning in 1613 and Lord Binning and Byres, in the County of Haddington, and Earl of Melrose, in the County of Roxburgh, in 1619. These titles were also in the Peerage of Scotland. The title of the earldom derived from the fact that he was in possession of much of the lands of the former Melrose Abbey. However, Hamilton was unhappy with this title and wished to replace it with "Haddington" (a title which was then held by John Ramsay, 1st Earl of Holderness and 1st Viscount of Haddington, but on whose death in 1626 both peerages became extinct). In 1627 he relinquished the earldom of Melrose and was instead created Earl of Haddington, with the precedence of 1619 and with limitation to his heirs male bearing the surname of Hamilton. This derived from the fact that he considered it a greater honour to take his title from a county rather than from an abbey. Hamilton was a member of the prominent Scottish family of that name and descended from John de Hamilton, younger son of Walter de Hamilton (or Walter Fitzgilbert), who was granted the feudal barony of Cadzow and who is also the ancestor of the Dukes of Hamilton and Dukes of Abercorn.

text: Earl

text: of

text: Haddington

text: is

text: title

text: in

text: the

text: Peerage

text: of

text: Scotland

text: It

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: for

text: the

text: noted

text: Scottish

text: lawyer

text: and

text: judge

text: Thomas

text: Hamilton

text: Earl

text: of

text: Melrose

text: He

text: was

text: Lord

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Session

text: from

text: to

text: Hamilton

text: had

text: already

text: been

text: created

text: Lord

text: Binning

text: in

text: and

text: Lord

text: Binning

text: and

text: Byres

text: in

text: the

text: County

text: of

text: Haddington

text: and

text: Earl

text: of

text: Melrose

text: in

text: the

text: County

text: of

text: Roxburgh

text: in

text: These

text: titles

text: were

text: also

text: in

text: the

text: Peerage

text: of

text: Scotland

text: The

text: title

text: of

text: the

text: earldom

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: in

text: possession

text: of

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: lands

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Melrose

text: Abbey

text: However

text: Hamilton

text: was

text: unhappy

text: with

text: this

text: title

text: and

text: wished

text: to

text: replace

text: it

text: with

text: Haddington

text: title

text: which

text: was

text: then

text: held

text: by

text: John

text: Ramsay

text: Earl

text: of

text: Holderness

text: and

text: Viscount

text: of

text: Haddington

text: but

text: on

text: whose

text: death

text: in

text: both

text: peerages

text: became

text: extinct

text: In

text: he

text: relinquished

text: the

text: earldom

text: of

text: Melrose

text: and

text: was

text: instead

text: created

text: Earl

text: of

text: Haddington

text: with

text: the

text: precedence

text: of

text: and

text: with

text: limitation

text: to

text: his

text: heirs

text: male

text: bearing

text: the

text: surname

text: of

text: Hamilton

text: This

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: he

text: considered

text: it

text: greater

text: honour

text: to

text: take

text: his

text: title

text: from

text: county

text: rather

text: than

text: from

text: an

text: abbey

text: Hamilton

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: prominent

text: Scottish

text: family

text: of

text: that

text: name

text: and

text: descended

text: from

text: John

text: de

text: Hamilton

text: younger

text: son

text: of

text: Walter

text: de

text: Hamilton

text: or

text: Walter

text: Fitzgilbert

text: who

text: was

text: granted

text: the

text: feudal

text: barony

text: of

text: Cadzow

text: and

text: who

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: ancestor

text: of

text: the

text: Dukes

text: of

text: Hamilton

text: and

text: Dukes

text: of

text: Abercorn

annotations: follows single

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity mellerstain house

answer: scottish borders

text: scottish borders


text: The New York metropolitan area, also referred to as the Tri-State Area, includes the most populous city in the United States (New York City); Long Island and the Mid- and Lower Hudson Valley in the state of New York; the five largest cities in New Jersey (Newark  the largest city in New Jersey  Jersey City, Paterson, Elizabeth, and Edison) and their vicinities; six of the seven largest cities in Connecticut (Bridgeport  the largest city in Connecticut  New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, and Danbury) and their vicinities; and five counties in northeastern Pennsylvania.

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Tri

text: State

text: Area

text: includes

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Long

text: Island

text: and

text: the

text: Mid-

text: and

text: Lower

text: Hudson

text: Valley

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: the

text: five

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: New

text: Jersey

text: Newark

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: New

text: Jersey

text: Jersey

text: City

text: Paterson

text: Elizabeth

text: and

text: Edison

text: and

text: their

text: vicinities

text: six

text: of

text: the

text: seven

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: Connecticut

text: Bridgeport

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: Connecticut

text: New

text: Haven

text: Stamford

text: Waterbury

text: Norwalk

text: and

text: Danbury

text: and

text: their

text: vicinities

text: and

text: five

text: counties

text: in

text: northeastern

text: Pennsylvania

text: Headquarters (HQ) denotes the location where most, if not all, of the important functions of an organization are coordinated. In the United States, the corporate headquarters represents the entity at the center or the top of a corporation taking full responsibility for managing all business activities. In the UK, the term head office is most commonly used for the HQs of large corporations. The term is also used regarding military organizations.

text: Headquarters

text: HQ

text: denotes

text: the

text: location

text: where

text: most

text: if

text: not

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: important

text: functions

text: of

text: an

text: organization

text: are

text: coordinated

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: corporate

text: headquarters

text: represents

text: the

text: entity

text: at

text: the

text: center

text: or

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: corporation

text: taking

text: full

text: responsibility

text: for

text: managing

text: all

text: business

text: activities

text: In

text: the

text: UK

text: the

text: term

text: head

text: office

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: HQs

text: of

text: large

text: corporations

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: regarding

text: military

text: organizations

text: The Sheridan Square Playhouse was an Off - Broadway theatre in New York City that was active from 1958 through the early 1990s . Closed as a theatre in 1996 , the theatre was located at 99 7th Avenue South in Greenwich Village .

text: The

text: Sheridan

text: Square

text: Playhouse

text: was

text: an

text: Off

text: Broadway

text: theatre

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: that

text: was

text: active

text: from

text: through

text: the

text: early

text: Closed

text: as

text: theatre

text: in

text: the

text: theatre

text: was

text: located

text: at

text: Avenue

text: South

text: in

text: Greenwich

text: Village

text: In the study of human settlements, an urban agglomeration is an extended city or town area comprising the built-up area of a central place ("usually a municipality") and any suburbs linked by continuous urban area. INSEE, the French Statistical Institute, uses the term "unité urbaine", which means continuous urbanized area. However, because of differences in definitions of what does and does not constitute an "agglomeration", as well as variations and limitations in statistical or geographical methodology, it can be problematic to compare different agglomerations around the world. It may not be clear, for instance, whether an area should be considered to be a satellite and part of an agglomeration, or a distinct entity in itself.

text: In

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: human

text: settlements

text: an

text: urban

text: agglomeration

text: is

text: an

text: extended

text: city

text: or

text: town

text: area

text: comprising

text: the

text: built

text: up

text: area

text: of

text: central

text: place

text: usually

text: municipality

text: and

text: any

text: suburbs

text: linked

text: by

text: continuous

text: urban

text: area

text: INSEE

text: the

text: French

text: Statistical

text: Institute

text: uses

text: the

text: term

text: unité

text: urbaine

text: which

text: means

text: continuous

text: urbanized

text: area

text: However

text: because

text: of

text: differences

text: in

text: definitions

text: of

text: what

text: does

text: and

text: does

text: not

text: constitute

text: an

text: agglomeration

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: variations

text: and

text: limitations

text: in

text: statistical

text: or

text: geographical

text: methodology

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: problematic

text: to

text: compare

text: different

text: agglomerations

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: clear

text: for

text: instance

text: whether

text: an

text: area

text: should

text: be

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: satellite

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: agglomeration

text: or

text: distinct

text: entity

text: in

text: itself

text: The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over a land area of just , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term "New York minute". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world.

text: The

text: City

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: often

text: called

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: or

text: simply

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: With

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: distributed

text: over

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: just

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: major

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Located

text: at

text: the

text: southern

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: agglomerations

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: global

text: power

text: city

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: exerts

text: significant

text: impact

text: upon

text: commerce

text: finance

text: media

text: art

text: fashion

text: research

text: technology

text: education

text: and

text: entertainment

text: its

text: fast

text: pace

text: defining

text: the

text: term

text: New

text: York

text: minute

text: Home

text: to

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: center

text: for

text: international

text: diplomacy

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: cultural

text: and

text: financial

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: An Off-Broadway theatre is a professional venue in New York City with a seating capacity between 100 and 499. These theatres are smaller than Broadway theatres, but generally larger than Off-Off-Broadway theatres.

text: An

text: Off

text: Broadway

text: theatre

text: is

text: professional

text: venue

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: with

text: seating

text: capacity

text: between

text: and

text: These

text: theatres

text: are

text: smaller

text: than

text: Broadway

text: theatres

text: but

text: generally

text: larger

text: than

text: Off

text: Off

text: Broadway

text: theatres

text: Broadway theatre, commonly known as Broadway, refers to the theatrical performances presented in the 41 professional theatres with 500 or more seats located in the Theater District and Lincoln Center along Broadway, in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Along with London's West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world.

text: Broadway

text: theatre

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Broadway

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: theatrical

text: performances

text: presented

text: in

text: the

text: professional

text: theatres

text: with

text: or

text: more

text: seats

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Theater

text: District

text: and

text: Lincoln

text: Center

text: along

text: Broadway

text: in

text: Midtown

text: Manhattan

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Along

text: with

text: London

text: 's

text: West

text: End

text: theatres

text: Broadway

text: theatres

text: are

text: widely

text: considered

text: to

text: represent

text: the

text: highest

text: level

text: of

text: commercial

text: theatre

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: world

text: Off-Off-Broadway theatrical productions in New York City are those in theatres that are smaller than Broadway and Off-Broadway theatres. Off-Off-Broadway theatres are usually theatres that have fewer than 100 seats, though the term can be used for any show in the New York City area that employs union actors but is not under an Off-Broadway, Broadway, or League of Resident Theatres contract. It is often used as a term relating to any show with non-union actors. The shows range from professional productions by established artists to small amateur performances.

text: Off

text: Off

text: Broadway

text: theatrical

text: productions

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: are

text: those

text: in

text: theatres

text: that

text: are

text: smaller

text: than

text: Broadway

text: and

text: Off

text: Broadway

text: theatres

text: Off

text: Off

text: Broadway

text: theatres

text: are

text: usually

text: theatres

text: that

text: have

text: fewer

text: than

text: seats

text: though

text: the

text: term

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: any

text: show

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: area

text: that

text: employs

text: union

text: actors

text: but

text: is

text: not

text: under

text: an

text: Off

text: Broadway

text: Broadway

text: or

text: League

text: of

text: Resident

text: Theatres

text: contract

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: as

text: term

text: relating

text: to

text: any

text: show

text: with

text: non

text: union

text: actors

text: The

text: shows

text: range

text: from

text: professional

text: productions

text: by

text: established

text: artists

text: to

text: small

text: amateur

text: performances

text: New York University (NYU) is a private nonprofit research university based in New York City. Founded in 1831, NYU is considered one of the world's most influential research universities. University rankings compiled by "Times Higher Education", "U.S. News & World Report", and the "Academic Ranking of World Universities" all rank NYU amongst the top 32 universities in the world. NYU is a fundamental part of the creativity, energy and vibrancy that is Manhattan, located with its core in Greenwich Village, and its campuses based throughout New York City. NYU is also a world-class university, operating NYU Abu Dhabi and NYU Shanghai, and 11 global academic centers in Accra, Berlin, Buenos Aires, Florence, London, Madrid, Paris, Prague, Sydney, Tel Aviv, and Washington, D.C.

text: New

text: York

text: University

text: NYU

text: is

text: private

text: nonprofit

text: research

text: university

text: based

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Founded

text: in

text: NYU

text: is

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: influential

text: research

text: universities

text: University

text: rankings

text: compiled

text: by

text: Times

text: Higher

text: Education

text: U.S.

text: News

text: World

text: Report

text: and

text: the

text: Academic

text: Ranking

text: of

text: World

text: Universities

text: all

text: rank

text: NYU

text: amongst

text: the

text: top

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: NYU

text: is

text: fundamental

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: creativity

text: energy

text: and

text: vibrancy

text: that

text: is

text: Manhattan

text: located

text: with

text: its

text: core

text: in

text: Greenwich

text: Village

text: and

text: its

text: campuses

text: based

text: throughout

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: NYU

text: is

text: also

text: world

text: class

text: university

text: operating

text: NYU

text: Abu

text: Dhabi

text: and

text: NYU

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: global

text: academic

text: centers

text: in

text: Accra

text: Berlin

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: Florence

text: London

text: Madrid

text: Paris

text: Prague

text: Sydney

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: and

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land. Port locations are selected to optimize access to land and navigable water, for commercial demand, and for shelter from wind and waves. Ports with deeper water are rarer, but can handle larger ships. Since ports throughout history handled every kind of traffic, support and storage facilities vary widely, may extend for miles, and dominate the local economy. Some ports have an important military role.

text: port

text: is

text: location

text: on

text: coast

text: or

text: shore

text: containing

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: harbors

text: where

text: ships

text: can

text: dock

text: and

text: transfer

text: people

text: or

text: cargo

text: to

text: or

text: from

text: land

text: Port

text: locations

text: are

text: selected

text: to

text: optimize

text: access

text: to

text: land

text: and

text: navigable

text: water

text: for

text: commercial

text: demand

text: and

text: for

text: shelter

text: from

text: wind

text: and

text: waves

text: Ports

text: with

text: deeper

text: water

text: are

text: rarer

text: but

text: can

text: handle

text: larger

text: ships

text: Since

text: ports

text: throughout

text: history

text: handled

text: every

text: kind

text: of

text: traffic

text: support

text: and

text: storage

text: facilities

text: vary

text: widely

text: may

text: extend

text: for

text: miles

text: and

text: dominate

text: the

text: local

text: economy

text: Some

text: ports

text: have

text: an

text: important

text: military

text: role

text: Greenwich Village, often referred to by locals as simply "the Village", is a neighborhood on the west side of Lower Manhattan, New York City. Greenwich Village has been known as an artists' haven, the Bohemian capital, the cradle of the modern LGBT movement, and the East Coast birthplace of both the Beat and '60s counterculture movements. "Groenwijck", one of the Dutch names for the village (meaning "Green District"), was Anglicized to "Greenwich". Two of New York's private colleges, New York University (NYU) and the New School, are located in Greenwich Village.

text: Greenwich

text: Village

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: locals

text: as

text: simply

text: the

text: Village

text: is

text: neighborhood

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: side

text: of

text: Lower

text: Manhattan

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Greenwich

text: Village

text: has

text: been

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: artists

text: haven

text: the

text: Bohemian

text: capital

text: the

text: cradle

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: LGBT

text: movement

text: and

text: the

text: East

text: Coast

text: birthplace

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: Beat

text: and

text: counterculture

text: movements

text: Groenwijck

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: names

text: for

text: the

text: village

text: meaning

text: Green

text: District

text: was

text: Anglicized

text: to

text: Greenwich

text: Two

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: 's

text: private

text: colleges

text: New

text: York

text: University

text: NYU

text: and

text: the

text: New

text: School

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: Greenwich

text: Village

text: Lower Manhattan, also known as Downtown Manhattan, is the southernmost part of Manhattan, the central borough for business, culture, and government in the City of New York, which itself originated at the southern tip of Manhattan Island in 1624.

text: Lower

text: Manhattan

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Downtown

text: Manhattan

text: is

text: the

text: southernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: the

text: central

text: borough

text: for

text: business

text: culture

text: and

text: government

text: in

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: which

text: itself

text: originated

text: at

text: the

text: southern

text: tip

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: Island

text: in

text: Research comprises "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications." It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field. Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic, or in the example of a school research project, they can be used to further a student's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological,etc.

text: Research

text: comprises

text: creative

text: work

text: undertaken

text: on

text: systematic

text: basis

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: stock

text: of

text: knowledge

text: including

text: knowledge

text: of

text: humans

text: culture

text: and

text: society

text: and

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: this

text: stock

text: of

text: knowledge

text: to

text: devise

text: new

text: applications

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: establish

text: or

text: confirm

text: facts

text: reaffirm

text: the

text: results

text: of

text: previous

text: work

text: solve

text: new

text: or

text: existing

text: problems

text: support

text: theorems

text: or

text: develop

text: new

text: theories

text: research

text: project

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: an

text: expansion

text: on

text: past

text: work

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: Research

text: projects

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: develop

text: further

text: knowledge

text: on

text: topic

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: example

text: of

text: school

text: research

text: project

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: further

text: student

text: 's

text: research

text: prowess

text: to

text: prepare

text: them

text: for

text: future

text: jobs

text: or

text: reports

text: To

text: test

text: the

text: validity

text: of

text: instruments

text: procedures

text: or

text: experiments

text: research

text: may

text: replicate

text: elements

text: of

text: prior

text: projects

text: or

text: the

text: project

text: as

text: whole

text: The

text: primary

text: purposes

text: of

text: basic

text: research

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: applied

text: research

text: are

text: documentation

text: discovery

text: interpretation

text: or

text: the

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: R&D

text: of

text: methods

text: and

text: systems

text: for

text: the

text: advancement

text: of

text: human

text: knowledge

text: Approaches

text: to

text: research

text: depend

text: on

text: epistemologies

text: which

text: vary

text: considerably

text: both

text: within

text: and

text: between

text: humanities

text: and

text: sciences

text: There

text: are

text: several

text: forms

text: of

text: research

text: scientific

text: humanities

text: artistic

text: economic

text: social

text: business

text: marketing

text: practitioner

text: research

text: life

text: technological

text: etc

text: The headquarters of the United Nations is a complex in New York City designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer. The complex has served as the official headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1952. It is located in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan, on spacious grounds overlooking the East River. Its borders are First Avenue on the west, East 42nd Street to the south, East 48th Street on the north and the East River to the east. The term "Turtle Bay" is occasionally used as a metonym for the UN headquarters or for the United Nations as a whole.

text: The

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: is

text: complex

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: designed

text: by

text: Brazilian

text: architect

text: Oscar

text: Niemeyer

text: The

text: complex

text: has

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: official

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: since

text: its

text: completion

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Turtle

text: Bay

text: neighborhood

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: on

text: spacious

text: grounds

text: overlooking

text: the

text: East

text: River

text: Its

text: borders

text: are

text: First

text: Avenue

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: East

text: Street

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: East

text: Street

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: East

text: River

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: The

text: term

text: Turtle

text: Bay

text: is

text: occasionally

text: used

text: as

text: metonym

text: for

text: the

text: UN

text: headquarters

text: or

text: for

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: as

text: whole

text: Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The largest sporting venue in the world, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, has a permanent seating capacity for more than 235,000 people and infield seating that raises capacity to an approximate 400,000.

text: Seating

text: capacity

text: is

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: can

text: be

text: seated

text: in

text: specific

text: space

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: physical

text: space

text: available

text: and

text: limitations

text: set

text: by

text: law

text: Seating

text: capacity

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: description

text: of

text: anything

text: ranging

text: from

text: an

text: automobile

text: that

text: seats

text: two

text: to

text: stadium

text: that

text: seats

text: hundreds

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: people

text: The

text: largest

text: sporting

text: venue

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: Indianapolis

text: Motor

text: Speedway

text: has

text: permanent

text: seating

text: capacity

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: people

text: and

text: infield

text: seating

text: that

text: raises

text: capacity

text: to

text: an

text: approximate

question: located_in_the_administrative_territorial_entity sheridan square playhouse

answer: manhattan

text: manhattan

text: manhattan

text: manhattan

text: manhattan

text: manhattan

text: manhattan

text: manhattan

text: manhattan


text: Kunsia is the genus of the South American giant rats. It is named for Merle Kuns, a medical researcher who collected specimens of the woolly giant rat while studying rodent disease reservoirs in Bolivia. There are two species:

text: Kunsia

text: is

text: the

text: genus

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: American

text: giant

text: rats

text: It

text: is

text: named

text: for

text: Merle

text: Kuns

text: medical

text: researcher

text: who

text: collected

text: specimens

text: of

text: the

text: woolly

text: giant

text: rat

text: while

text: studying

text: rodent

text: disease

text: reservoirs

text: in

text: Bolivia

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: species

text: The subfamily Tylomyinae consists of several species of New World rats and mice including the vesper and climbing rats . They are not as well known as their relatives in the subfamilies Sigmodontinae and Neotominae . Many authorities place all three of these subfamilies in a single subfamily , Sigmodontinae .

text: The

text: subfamily

text: Tylomyinae

text: consists

text: of

text: several

text: species

text: of

text: New

text: World

text: rats

text: and

text: mice

text: including

text: the

text: vesper

text: and

text: climbing

text: rats

text: They

text: are

text: not

text: as

text: well

text: known

text: as

text: their

text: relatives

text: in

text: the

text: subfamilies

text: Sigmodontinae

text: and

text: Neotominae

text: Many

text: authorities

text: place

text: all

text: three

text: of

text: these

text: subfamilies

text: in

text: single

text: subfamily

text: Sigmodontinae

text: Rodents (from Latin "rodere", "to gnaw") are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws. About 40% of all mammal species are rodents; they are found in vast numbers on all continents except Antarctica. They are the most diversified mammalian order and live in a variety of terrestrial habitats, including human-made environments.

text: Rodents

text: from

text: Latin

text: rodere

text: to

text: gnaw

text: are

text: mammals

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: Rodentia

text: which

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: single

text: pair

text: of

text: continuously

text: growing

text: incisors

text: in

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: upper

text: and

text: lower

text: jaws

text: About

text: of

text: all

text: mammal

text: species

text: are

text: rodents

text: they

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: vast

text: numbers

text: on

text: all

text: continents

text: except

text: Antarctica

text: They

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: diversified

text: mammalian

text: order

text: and

text: live

text: in

text: variety

text: of

text: terrestrial

text: habitats

text: including

text: human

text: made

text: environments

text: Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents of the superfamily Muroidea. "True rats" are members of the genus "Rattus", the most important of which to humans are the black rat, "Rattus rattus", and the brown rat, "Rattus norvegicus". Many members of other rodent genera and families are also referred to as rats, and share many characteristics with true rats.

text: Rats

text: are

text: various

text: medium

text: sized

text: long

text: tailed

text: rodents

text: of

text: the

text: superfamily

text: Muroidea

text: True

text: rats

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Rattus

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: of

text: which

text: to

text: humans

text: are

text: the

text: black

text: rat

text: Rattus

text: rattus

text: and

text: the

text: brown

text: rat

text: Rattus

text: norvegicus

text: Many

text: members

text: of

text: other

text: rodent

text: genera

text: and

text: families

text: are

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: rats

text: and

text: share

text: many

text: characteristics

text: with

text: true

text: rats

text: The Old World rats and mice, part of the subfamily Murinae in the family Muridae, comprise at least 519 species. Members of this subfamily are called murines. This subfamily is larger than all mammal families except the Cricetidae and Muridae, and is larger than all mammal orders except the bats and the remainder of the rodents.

text: The

text: Old

text: World

text: rats

text: and

text: mice

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Murinae

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: Muridae

text: comprise

text: at

text: least

text: species

text: Members

text: of

text: this

text: subfamily

text: are

text: called

text: murines

text: This

text: subfamily

text: is

text: larger

text: than

text: all

text: mammal

text: families

text: except

text: the

text: Cricetidae

text: and

text: Muridae

text: and

text: is

text: larger

text: than

text: all

text: mammal

text: orders

text: except

text: the

text: bats

text: and

text: the

text: remainder

text: of

text: the

text: rodents

text: The Cricetidae are a family of rodents in the large and complex superfamily Muroidea. It includes true hamsters, voles, lemmings, and New World rats and mice. At almost 600 species, it is the second-largest family of mammals, and has members throughout the Americas, Asia, and Europe.

text: The

text: Cricetidae

text: are

text: family

text: of

text: rodents

text: in

text: the

text: large

text: and

text: complex

text: superfamily

text: Muroidea

text: It

text: includes

text: true

text: hamsters

text: voles

text: lemmings

text: and

text: New

text: World

text: rats

text: and

text: mice

text: At

text: almost

text: species

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: family

text: of

text: mammals

text: and

text: has

text: members

text: throughout

text: the

text: Americas

text: Asia

text: and

text: Europe

text: A vole is a small rodent; a relative of the mouse, with a stouter body, a shorter, hairy tail, a slightly rounder head, smaller ears and eyes, and differently formed molars (high-crowned and with angular cusps instead of low-crowned and with rounded cusps). There are approximately 155 species of voles. They are sometimes known as meadow mice or field mice in North America and Australia. Vole species form the subfamily Arvicolinae with the lemmings and the muskrats.

text: vole

text: is

text: small

text: rodent

text: relative

text: of

text: the

text: mouse

text: with

text: stouter

text: body

text: shorter

text: hairy

text: tail

text: slightly

text: rounder

text: head

text: smaller

text: ears

text: and

text: eyes

text: and

text: differently

text: formed

text: molars

text: high

text: crowned

text: and

text: with

text: angular

text: cusps

text: instead

text: of

text: low

text: crowned

text: and

text: with

text: rounded

text: cusps

text: There

text: are

text: approximately

text: species

text: of

text: voles

text: They

text: are

text: sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: meadow

text: mice

text: or

text: field

text: mice

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: Australia

text: Vole

text: species

text: form

text: the

text: subfamily

text: Arvicolinae

text: with

text: the

text: lemmings

text: and

text: the

text: muskrats

text: Baiomys is the genus of New World pygmy mice. Together with "Scotinomys", it forms the tribe Baiomyini. It currently contains two extant species:

text: Baiomys

text: is

text: the

text: genus

text: of

text: New

text: World

text: pygmy

text: mice

text: Together

text: with

text: Scotinomys

text: it

text: forms

text: the

text: tribe

text: Baiomyini

text: It

text: currently

text: contains

text: two

text: extant

text: species

text: The Neotominae are a subfamily of the family Cricetidae. They consist of four tribes, 16 genera, and many species of New World rats and mice, predominantly found in North America. Among them are the well-known deer mice, white-footed mice, packrats, and grasshopper mice.

text: The

text: Neotominae

text: are

text: subfamily

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: Cricetidae

text: They

text: consist

text: of

text: four

text: tribes

text: genera

text: and

text: many

text: species

text: of

text: New

text: World

text: rats

text: and

text: mice

text: predominantly

text: found

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: Among

text: them

text: are

text: the

text: well

text: known

text: deer

text: mice

text: white

text: footed

text: mice

text: packrats

text: and

text: grasshopper

text: mice

text: The New World rats and mice are a group of related rodents found in North and South America. They are extremely diverse in appearance and ecology, ranging in from the tiny "Baiomys" to the large "Kunsia". They represent one of the few examples of muroid rodents (along with the voles) in North America, and the only example of muroid rodents to have made it into South America.

text: The

text: New

text: World

text: rats

text: and

text: mice

text: are

text: group

text: of

text: related

text: rodents

text: found

text: in

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: They

text: are

text: extremely

text: diverse

text: in

text: appearance

text: and

text: ecology

text: ranging

text: in

text: from

text: the

text: tiny

text: Baiomys

text: to

text: the

text: large

text: Kunsia

text: They

text: represent

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: examples

text: of

text: muroid

text: rodents

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: voles

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: example

text: of

text: muroid

text: rodents

text: to

text: have

text: made

text: it

text: into

text: South

text: America

text: The rodent subfamily Sigmodontinae is one of the most diverse groups of mammals. It includes New World rats and mice, with at least 376 species. Many authorities include the Neotominae and Tylomyinae as part of a larger definition of Sigmodontinae. When those genera are included, the species count numbers at least 508. Their distribution includes much of the New World, but the genera are predominantly South American, such as brucies. They invaded South America from Central America as part of the Great American Interchange near the end of the Miocene, about 5 million years ago. Sigmodontines proceeded to diversify explosively in the formerly isolated continent. They inhabit many of the same ecological niches that the Murinae occupy in the Old World.

text: The

text: rodent

text: subfamily

text: Sigmodontinae

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: groups

text: of

text: mammals

text: It

text: includes

text: New

text: World

text: rats

text: and

text: mice

text: with

text: at

text: least

text: species

text: Many

text: authorities

text: include

text: the

text: Neotominae

text: and

text: Tylomyinae

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: larger

text: definition

text: of

text: Sigmodontinae

text: When

text: those

text: genera

text: are

text: included

text: the

text: species

text: count

text: numbers

text: at

text: least

text: Their

text: distribution

text: includes

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: but

text: the

text: genera

text: are

text: predominantly

text: South

text: American

text: such

text: as

text: brucies

text: They

text: invaded

text: South

text: America

text: from

text: Central

text: America

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: American

text: Interchange

text: near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Miocene

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Sigmodontines

text: proceeded

text: to

text: diversify

text: explosively

text: in

text: the

text: formerly

text: isolated

text: continent

text: They

text: inhabit

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: ecological

text: niches

text: that

text: the

text: Murinae

text: occupy

text: in

text: the

text: Old

text: World

question: parent_taxon tylomyinae

answer: cricetidae

text: cricetidae

text: cricetidae

text: cricetidae