text: The Canaanite languages or Canaanite dialects are one of the two subgroups of the Northwest Semitic languages, the other being the Aramaic language. They were spoken by the ancient peoples of the Canaan region, the Canaanites, broadly defined to include the Israelites, Phoenicians, Amorites, Ammonites, Moabites and Edomites.

text: The

text: Canaanite

text: languages

text: or

text: Canaanite

text: dialects

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: subgroups

text: of

text: the

text: Northwest

text: Semitic

text: languages

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: the

text: Aramaic

text: language

text: They

text: were

text: spoken

text: by

text: the

text: ancient

text: peoples

text: of

text: the

text: Canaan

text: region

text: the

text: Canaanites

text: broadly

text: defined

text: to

text: include

text: the

text: Israelites

text: Phoenicians

text: Amorites

text: Ammonites

text: Moabites

text: and

text: Edomites

text: Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term "continent" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.

text: Europe

text: is

text: continent

text: that

text: comprises

text: the

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: Europe

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: Europe

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: as

text: separated

text: from

text: Asia

text: by

text: the

text: watershed

text: divides

text: of

text: the

text: Ural

text: and

text: Caucasus

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ural

text: River

text: the

text: Caspian

text: and

text: Black

text: Seas

text: and

text: the

text: waterways

text: of

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Straits

text: Yet

text: the

text: non

text: oceanic

text: borders

text: of

text: Europea

text: concept

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: classical

text: antiquityare

text: arbitrary

text: The

text: primarily

text: physiographic

text: term

text: continent

text: as

text: applied

text: to

text: Europe

text: also

text: incorporates

text: cultural

text: and

text: political

text: elements

text: whose

text: discontinuities

text: are

text: not

text: always

text: reflected

text: by

text: the

text: continent

text: 's

text: current

text: overland

text: boundaries

text: Shem ("Sm"; Ge'ez: , "Sm"; "renown; prosperity; name"; Arabic: "Sm") was one of the sons of Noah in the Hebrew Bible as well as in Islamic literature. Genesis 10:21 refers to relative ages of Shem and his brother Japheth, but with sufficient ambiguity to have yielded different English translations. The verse is translated in the KJV as "Unto Shem also, the father of all the children of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder, even to him were children born.". However, the New American Standard Bible gives, "Also to Shem, the father of all the children of Eber, and the older brother of Japheth, children were born."

text: Shem

text: Sm

text: Ge'ez

text: Sm

text: renown

text: prosperity

text: name

text: Arabic

text: Sm

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: sons

text: of

text: Noah

text: in

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: Islamic

text: literature

text: Genesis

text: refers

text: to

text: relative

text: ages

text: of

text: Shem

text: and

text: his

text: brother

text: Japheth

text: but

text: with

text: sufficient

text: ambiguity

text: to

text: have

text: yielded

text: different

text: English

text: translations

text: The

text: verse

text: is

text: translated

text: in

text: the

text: KJV

text: as

text: Unto

text: Shem

text: also

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: children

text: of

text: Eber

text: the

text: brother

text: of

text: Japheth

text: the

text: elder

text: even

text: to

text: him

text: were

text: children

text: born

text: However

text: the

text: New

text: American

text: Standard

text: Bible

text: gives

text: Also

text: to

text: Shem

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: children

text: of

text: Eber

text: and

text: the

text: older

text: brother

text: of

text: Japheth

text: children

text: were

text: born

text: Western Asia, West Asia, Southwestern Asia or Southwest Asia is the westernmost subregion of Asia. The concept is in limited use, as it significantly overlaps with the Middle East (or Near East), the main difference being the exclusion of Egypt (which would be counted as part of North Africa). The term is sometimes used for the purposes of grouping countries in statistics.

text: Western

text: Asia

text: West

text: Asia

text: Southwestern

text: Asia

text: or

text: Southwest

text: Asia

text: is

text: the

text: westernmost

text: subregion

text: of

text: Asia

text: The

text: concept

text: is

text: in

text: limited

text: use

text: as

text: it

text: significantly

text: overlaps

text: with

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: or

text: Near

text: East

text: the

text: main

text: difference

text: being

text: the

text: exclusion

text: of

text: Egypt

text: which

text: would

text: be

text: counted

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: purposes

text: of

text: grouping

text: countries

text: in

text: statistics

text: Ugaritic is a Northwest Semitic language, discovered by French archaeologists in 1929. It is known almost only in the form of writings found in the ruined city of Ugarit (modern Ras Shamra), Syria. It has been used by scholars of the Hebrew Bible to clarify Biblical Hebrew texts and has revealed ways in which ancient Israelite culture found parallels in the neighboring cultures.

text: Ugaritic

text: is

text: Northwest

text: Semitic

text: language

text: discovered

text: by

text: French

text: archaeologists

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: known

text: almost

text: only

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: writings

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: ruined

text: city

text: of

text: Ugarit

text: modern

text: Ras

text: Shamra

text: Syria

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: by

text: scholars

text: of

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: to

text: clarify

text: Biblical

text: Hebrew

text: texts

text: and

text: has

text: revealed

text: ways

text: in

text: which

text: ancient

text: Israelite

text: culture

text: found

text: parallels

text: in

text: the

text: neighboring

text: cultures

text: Aramaic ("Army") is a family of languages or dialects belonging to the Semitic subfamily of the Afroasiatic language family. More specifically, it is part of the Northwest Semitic group, which also includes the Canaanite languages such as Hebrew and Phoenician. The Aramaic alphabet was widely adopted for other languages and is ancestral to the Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic alphabets.

text: Aramaic

text: Army

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: languages

text: or

text: dialects

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Semitic

text: subfamily

text: of

text: the

text: Afroasiatic

text: language

text: family

text: More

text: specifically

text: it

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Northwest

text: Semitic

text: group

text: which

text: also

text: includes

text: the

text: Canaanite

text: languages

text: such

text: as

text: Hebrew

text: and

text: Phoenician

text: The

text: Aramaic

text: alphabet

text: was

text: widely

text: adopted

text: for

text: other

text: languages

text: and

text: is

text: ancestral

text: to

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: Syriac

text: and

text: Arabic

text: alphabets

text: The Iron Age is an archaeological era, referring to a period of time in the prehistory and protohistory of the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) when the dominant toolmaking material was iron. It is commonly preceded by the Bronze Age in Europe and Asia with exceptions and the Stone Age in Africa. Meteoric iron has been used by humans since at least 3200 BC, but ancient iron production did not become widespread until the ability to smelt iron ore, remove impurities and regulate the amount of carbon in the alloy were developed. The start of the Iron Age proper is considered by many to fall between around 1200 BC to 600 BC, depending on the region. In most parts of the world, its end is defined by the widespread adoption of writing, and therefore marks the transition from prehistory to history.

text: The

text: Iron

text: Age

text: is

text: an

text: archaeological

text: era

text: referring

text: to

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: prehistory

text: and

text: protohistory

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: Afro

text: Eurasia

text: when

text: the

text: dominant

text: toolmaking

text: material

text: was

text: iron

text: It

text: is

text: commonly

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: with

text: exceptions

text: and

text: the

text: Stone

text: Age

text: in

text: Africa

text: Meteoric

text: iron

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: by

text: humans

text: since

text: at

text: least

text: BC

text: but

text: ancient

text: iron

text: production

text: did

text: not

text: become

text: widespread

text: until

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: smelt

text: iron

text: ore

text: remove

text: impurities

text: and

text: regulate

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: carbon

text: in

text: the

text: alloy

text: were

text: developed

text: The

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Iron

text: Age

text: proper

text: is

text: considered

text: by

text: many

text: to

text: fall

text: between

text: around

text: BC

text: to

text: BC

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: region

text: In

text: most

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: its

text: end

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: widespread

text: adoption

text: of

text: writing

text: and

text: therefore

text: marks

text: the

text: transition

text: from

text: prehistory

text: to

text: history

text: Ammon was an Iron Age Semitic-speaking nation occupying the east of the Jordan River, between the torrent valleys of Arnon and Jabbok, in present-day Jordan. The chief city of the country was "Rabbah" or "Rabbath Ammon", site of the modern city of Amman, Jordan's capital. Milcom and Molech (who may be one and the same) are named in the Hebrew Bible as the gods of Ammon. The people of this kingdom are called "Children of Ammon" or "Ammonites".

text: Ammon

text: was

text: an

text: Iron

text: Age

text: Semitic

text: speaking

text: nation

text: occupying

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Jordan

text: River

text: between

text: the

text: torrent

text: valleys

text: of

text: Arnon

text: and

text: Jabbok

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Jordan

text: The

text: chief

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: was

text: Rabbah

text: or

text: Rabbath

text: Ammon

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: city

text: of

text: Amman

text: Jordan

text: 's

text: capital

text: Milcom

text: and

text: Molech

text: who

text: may

text: be

text: one

text: and

text: the

text: same

text: are

text: named

text: in

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: as

text: the

text: gods

text: of

text: Ammon

text: The

text: people

text: of

text: this

text: kingdom

text: are

text: called

text: Children

text: of

text: Ammon

text: or

text: Ammonites

text: North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of Africa. The United Nations definition of "North Africa" includes seven countries and territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, and Western Sahara. The countries of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya are often collectively referred to as the Maghreb, which is the Arabic word for "sunset". Egypt lies to the northeast and encompasses part of West Asia, while Sudan is situated on the edge of the Sahel, to the south of Egypt.

text: North

text: Africa

text: or

text: Northern

text: Africa

text: is

text: the

text: northernmost

text: region

text: of

text: Africa

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: definition

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: includes

text: seven

text: countries

text: and

text: territories

text: Algeria

text: Egypt

text: Libya

text: Mauritania

text: Morocco

text: Sudan

text: Tunisia

text: and

text: Western

text: Sahara

text: The

text: countries

text: of

text: Algeria

text: Morocco

text: Tunisia

text: and

text: Libya

text: are

text: often

text: collectively

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Maghreb

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: Arabic

text: word

text: for

text: sunset

text: Egypt

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: encompasses

text: part

text: of

text: West

text: Asia

text: while

text: Sudan

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: Sahel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: Egypt

text: The Central Semitic languages are a proposed intermediate group of Semitic languages , comprising the Late Iron Age , modern dialect of Arabic ( prior to which Arabic was a Southern Semitic language ) , and older Bronze Age Northwest Semitic languages ( which include Aramaic , Ugaritic , and the Canaanite languages of Hebrew and Phoenician ) . In this reckoning Central Semitic itself is one of three divisions of Semitic along with East Semitic ( Akkadian ) and South Semitic ( South Arabian , and the Semitic languages of Ethiopia ) . Distinctive features of Central Semitic languages include the following : The realization of the common Semitic emphatic consonants as pharyngealized rather than ejectives : E.g. Proto - Semitic *  ( t ) and *  ( ts ) are realized as ( t ) and ( s ) in Arabic and Neo-Aramaic , in contrast to remaining ejectives in South Arabian and in Ethiopian Semitic . Additionally , Proto - Semitic *  ( k ) becomes a uvular stop ( q ) . An innovative negation marker * bal , of uncertain origin . The generalization of t as the suffix conjugation past tense marker , levelling an earlier alternation between * k in the first person and * t in the second person . A new prefix conjugation for the non-past tense , of the form ya - qtulu , replacing the inherited ya - qattal form ( these are schematic verbal forms , as if derived from an example triconsonantal root q - t - l ) . Levelling of vowels in verb prefixes . The evidence of Akkadian suggests four Proto - Semitic prefixes : * a - , * ta - , * ni - , * yi - . In Central Semitic , all prefixes have the same vowel within a given verb paradigm . This however developed slightly differently in the different languages : Arabic has generalized a in all prefixes , while Northwest Semitic has generalized either a or i , depending on the verb stem in question . Different classification systems disagree on the precise structure of the group . The most common approach divides it into Arabic and Northwest Semitic , while SIL Ethnologue has South Central Semitic ( including Arabic and Hebrew ) vs. Aramaic . The main distinction between Arabic and the Northwest Semitic languages is the presence of broken plurals in the former . The majority of Arabic masculine non-human nouns form plurals in this manner ( called inanimate plural ) , whereas almost all nouns in the Northwest Semitic languages form their plurals with a suffix . For example , the Arabic  bayt ( `` house '' ) becomes  buyt ( `` houses '' ) ; the Hebrew  bayit ( `` house '' ) becomes  battm ( `` houses '' ) .

text: The

text: Central

text: Semitic

text: languages

text: are

text: proposed

text: intermediate

text: group

text: of

text: Semitic

text: languages

text: comprising

text: the

text: Late

text: Iron

text: Age

text: modern

text: dialect

text: of

text: Arabic

text: prior

text: to

text: which

text: Arabic

text: was

text: Southern

text: Semitic

text: language

text: and

text: older

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: Northwest

text: Semitic

text: languages

text: which

text: include

text: Aramaic

text: Ugaritic

text: and

text: the

text: Canaanite

text: languages

text: of

text: Hebrew

text: and

text: Phoenician

text: In

text: this

text: reckoning

text: Central

text: Semitic

text: itself

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: divisions

text: of

text: Semitic

text: along

text: with

text: East

text: Semitic

text: Akkadian

text: and

text: South

text: Semitic

text: South

text: Arabian

text: and

text: the

text: Semitic

text: languages

text: of

text: Ethiopia

text: Distinctive

text: features

text: of

text: Central

text: Semitic

text: languages

text: include

text: the

text: following

text: The

text: realization

text: of

text: the

text: common

text: Semitic

text: emphatic

text: consonants

text: as

text: pharyngealized

text: rather

text: than

text: ejectives

text: E.g.

text: Proto

text: Semitic

text: and

text: ts

text: are

text: realized

text: as

text: and

text: in

text: Arabic

text: and

text: Neo

text: Aramaic

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: remaining

text: ejectives

text: in

text: South

text: Arabian

text: and

text: in

text: Ethiopian

text: Semitic

text: Additionally

text: Proto

text: Semitic

text: becomes

text: uvular

text: stop

text: An

text: innovative

text: negation

text: marker

text: bal

text: of

text: uncertain

text: origin

text: The

text: generalization

text: of

text: as

text: the

text: suffix

text: conjugation

text: past

text: tense

text: marker

text: levelling

text: an

text: earlier

text: alternation

text: between

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: person

text: new

text: prefix

text: conjugation

text: for

text: the

text: non

text: past

text: tense

text: of

text: the

text: form

text: ya

text: qtulu

text: replacing

text: the

text: inherited

text: ya

text: qattal

text: form

text: these

text: are

text: schematic

text: verbal

text: forms

text: as

text: if

text: derived

text: from

text: an

text: example

text: triconsonantal

text: root

text: Levelling

text: of

text: vowels

text: in

text: verb

text: prefixes

text: The

text: evidence

text: of

text: Akkadian

text: suggests

text: four

text: Proto

text: Semitic

text: prefixes

text: ta

text: ni

text: yi

text: In

text: Central

text: Semitic

text: all

text: prefixes

text: have

text: the

text: same

text: vowel

text: within

text: given

text: verb

text: paradigm

text: This

text: however

text: developed

text: slightly

text: differently

text: in

text: the

text: different

text: languages

text: Arabic

text: has

text: generalized

text: in

text: all

text: prefixes

text: while

text: Northwest

text: Semitic

text: has

text: generalized

text: either

text: or

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: verb

text: stem

text: in

text: question

text: Different

text: classification

text: systems

text: disagree

text: on

text: the

text: precise

text: structure

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: approach

text: divides

text: it

text: into

text: Arabic

text: and

text: Northwest

text: Semitic

text: while

text: SIL

text: Ethnologue

text: has

text: South

text: Central

text: Semitic

text: including

text: Arabic

text: and

text: Hebrew

text: vs.

text: Aramaic

text: The

text: main

text: distinction

text: between

text: Arabic

text: and

text: the

text: Northwest

text: Semitic

text: languages

text: is

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: broken

text: plurals

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: Arabic

text: masculine

text: non

text: human

text: nouns

text: form

text: plurals

text: in

text: this

text: manner

text: called

text: inanimate

text: plural

text: whereas

text: almost

text: all

text: nouns

text: in

text: the

text: Northwest

text: Semitic

text: languages

text: form

text: their

text: plurals

text: with

text: suffix

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: Arabic

text: bayt

text: house

text: becomes

text: buyt

text: houses

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: bayit

text: house

text: becomes

text: battm

text: houses

text: The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is "Middle-Eastern" and the derived noun is "Middle-Easterner". The term has come into wider usage as a replacement of the term Near East (as opposed to Far East) beginning in the early 20th century.

text: The

text: Middle

text: East

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: region

text: centered

text: on

text: Western

text: Asia

text: and

text: Egypt

text: The

text: corresponding

text: adjective

text: is

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: and

text: the

text: derived

text: noun

text: is

text: Middle

text: Easterner

text: The

text: term

text: has

text: come

text: into

text: wider

text: usage

text: as

text: replacement

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: Near

text: East

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: Far

text: East

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: The Israelites ("Bnei Yisra'el") were a Semitic-speaking people of the ancient Near East, who inhabited a part of Canaan during the tribal and monarchic periods. The ancient Israelites are considered to be an outgrowth of the indigenous Canaanite populations that long inhabited the Southern Levant, Syria, ancient Israel and the Transjordan.

text: The

text: Israelites

text: Bnei

text: Yisra'el

text: were

text: Semitic

text: speaking

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: who

text: inhabited

text: part

text: of

text: Canaan

text: during

text: the

text: tribal

text: and

text: monarchic

text: periods

text: The

text: ancient

text: Israelites

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: outgrowth

text: of

text: the

text: indigenous

text: Canaanite

text: populations

text: that

text: long

text: inhabited

text: the

text: Southern

text: Levant

text: Syria

text: ancient

text: Israel

text: and

text: the

text: Transjordan

text: The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region at the border of Europe and Asia, situated between the Black and the Caspian seas.

text: The

text: Caucasus

text: or

text: Caucasia

text: is

text: region

text: at

text: the

text: border

text: of

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: situated

text: between

text: the

text: Black

text: and

text: the

text: Caspian

text: seas

text: The Horn of Africa (, "yäafrika qänd", "al-qarn al-'afrq") (shortened to HOA) is a peninsula in Northeast Africa. It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. The Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.

text: The

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: yäafrika

text: qänd

text: al

text: qarn

text: al-'afrq

text: shortened

text: to

text: HOA

text: is

text: peninsula

text: in

text: Northeast

text: Africa

text: It

text: juts

text: hundreds

text: of

text: kilometers

text: into

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: and

text: lies

text: along

text: the

text: southern

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aden

text: The

text: area

text: is

text: the

text: easternmost

text: projection

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: continent

text: The

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: denotes

text: the

text: region

text: containing

text: the

text: countries

text: of

text: Djibouti

text: Eritrea

text: Ethiopia

text: and

text: Somalia

text: The Levant (Arabic:  "") is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean. In its widest historical sense, the Levant included all of the eastern Mediterranean with its islands, that is, it included all of the countries along the Eastern Mediterranean shores, extending from Greece to Cyrenaica. The term "Levant" entered English in the late 15th century from French. It derives from the Italian "Levante", meaning "rising", implying the rising of the sun in the east. As such, it is broadly equivalent to the Arabic term "Mashriq", meaning "the land where the sun rises".

text: The

text: Levant

text: Arabic

text: is

text: an

text: approximate

text: historical

text: geographical

text: term

text: referring

text: to

text: large

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Mediterranean

text: In

text: its

text: widest

text: historical

text: sense

text: the

text: Levant

text: included

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: eastern

text: Mediterranean

text: with

text: its

text: islands

text: that

text: is

text: it

text: included

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: countries

text: along

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Mediterranean

text: shores

text: extending

text: from

text: Greece

text: to

text: Cyrenaica

text: The

text: term

text: Levant

text: entered

text: English

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: from

text: French

text: It

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Italian

text: Levante

text: meaning

text: rising

text: implying

text: the

text: rising

text: of

text: the

text: sun

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: As

text: such

text: it

text: is

text: broadly

text: equivalent

text: to

text: the

text: Arabic

text: term

text: Mashriq

text: meaning

text: the

text: land

text: where

text: the

text: sun

text: rises

text: Central Asia or Middle Asia is the core region of the Asian continent and stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north. It is also colloquially referred to as "the 'stans" (as the six countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix "-stan", meaning "land of") and is within the scope of the wider Eurasian continent.

text: Central

text: Asia

text: or

text: Middle

text: Asia

text: is

text: the

text: core

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Asian

text: continent

text: and

text: stretches

text: from

text: the

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: to

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: from

text: Afghanistan

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: to

text: Russia

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: colloquially

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: stans

text: as

text: the

text: six

text: countries

text: generally

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: within

text: the

text: region

text: all

text: have

text: names

text: ending

text: with

text: the

text: Persian

text: suffix

text: -stan

text: meaning

text: land

text: of

text: and

text: is

text: within

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: the

text: wider

text: Eurasian

text: continent

text:
Northwest Semitic is a division of the Semitic language family comprising the indigenous languages of the Levant.
It would have emerged from Common Semitic in the Early Bronze Age. It is first attested in proper names identified as Amorite in the Middle Bronze Age. The oldest coherent texts are in Ugaritic, dating to the Late Bronze Age, which by the time of the Bronze Age collapse are joined by Old Aramaic, and by the Iron Age by the Canaanite languages (Phoenician and Hebrew).

text: Northwest

text: Semitic

text: is

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: Semitic

text: language

text: family

text: comprising

text: the

text: indigenous

text: languages

text: of

text: the

text: Levant

text: It

text: would

text: have

text: emerged

text: from

text: Common

text: Semitic

text: in

text: the

text: Early

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: It

text: is

text: first

text: attested

text: in

text: proper

text: names

text: identified

text: as

text: Amorite

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: The

text: oldest

text: coherent

text: texts

text: are

text: in

text: Ugaritic

text: dating

text: to

text: the

text: Late

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: which

text: by

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: collapse

text: are

text: joined

text: by

text: Old

text: Aramaic

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: Iron

text: Age

text: by

text: the

text: Canaanite

text: languages

text: Phoenician

text: and

text: Hebrew

text: The Book of Genesis (from the Latin Vulgate, in turn borrowed or transliterated from Greek , meaning "origin" "Brš", "In [the] beginning") is the first book of the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh) and the Christian Old Testament.

text: The

text: Book

text: of

text: Genesis

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: Vulgate

text: in

text: turn

text: borrowed

text: or

text: transliterated

text: from

text: Greek

text: meaning

text: origin

text: Brš

text: In

text: the

text: beginning

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: book

text: of

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: the

text: Tanakh

text: and

text: the

text: Christian

text: Old

text: Testament

text: North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.

text: North

text: America

text: is

text: continent

text: entirely

text: within

text: the

text: Northern

text: Hemisphere

text: and

text: almost

text: all

text: within

text: the

text: Western

text: Hemisphere

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: considered

text: northern

text: subcontinent

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: by

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: by

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Sea

text: The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family originating in the Middle East. Semitic languages are spoken by more than 330 million people across much of Western Asia, North Africa and the Horn of Africa, as well as in often large expatriate communities in North America and Europe, with smaller communities in the Caucasus and Central Asia. The terminology was first used in the 1780s by members of the Göttingen School of History, who derived the name from Shem, one of the three sons of Noah in the Book of Genesis.

text: The

text: Semitic

text: languages

text: are

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Afroasiatic

text: language

text: family

text: originating

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: Semitic

text: languages

text: are

text: spoken

text: by

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: people

text: across

text: much

text: of

text: Western

text: Asia

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: the

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: often

text: large

text: expatriate

text: communities

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: Europe

text: with

text: smaller

text: communities

text: in

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: and

text: Central

text: Asia

text: The

text: terminology

text: was

text: first

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: by

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Göttingen

text: School

text: of

text: History

text: who

text: derived

text: the

text: name

text: from

text: Shem

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: sons

text: of

text: Noah

text: in

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: Genesis

text: Canaan (Northwest Semitic: ""; Phoenician: ; Biblical Hebrew/ Masoretic: ["; nan]") was a Semitic-speaking region in the Ancient Near East during the late 2nd millennium BC. In the Bible it corresponds to the Levant, in particular to the areas of the Southern Levant that provide the main setting of the narrative of the Hebrew Bible, i.e., the area of Israel, Philistia, Phoenicia, and other nations.

text: Canaan

text: Northwest

text: Semitic

text: Phoenician

text: Biblical

text: Hebrew/

text: Masoretic

text: was

text: Semitic

text: speaking

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: millennium

text: BC

text: In

text: the

text: Bible

text: it

text: corresponds

text: to

text: the

text: Levant

text: in

text: particular

text: to

text: the

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Levant

text: that

text: provide

text: the

text: main

text: setting

text: of

text: the

text: narrative

text: of

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: i.e.

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: Israel

text: Philistia

text: Phoenicia

text: and

text: other

text: nations

annotations: follows single

question: instance_of central semitic languages

answer: language family

text: language family

text: language family

text: language family


text: Lake Moeris (genitive ) is an ancient lake in the northwest of the Faiyum Oasis, southwest of Cairo, Egypt. In prehistory, it was a freshwater lake, with an area estimated to vary between 1,270 km² (490 mi²) and 1,700 km² (656 mi²).

text: Lake

text: Moeris

text: genitive

text: is

text: an

text: ancient

text: lake

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: of

text: the

text: Faiyum

text: Oasis

text: southwest

text: of

text: Cairo

text: Egypt

text: In

text: prehistory

text: it

text: was

text: freshwater

text: lake

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: estimated

text: to

text: vary

text: between

text: and

text: The African bush elephant ("Loxodonta africana") is the larger of the two species of African elephant.

text: The

text: African

text: bush

text: elephant

text: Loxodonta

text: africana

text: is

text: the

text: larger

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: species

text: of

text: African

text: elephant

text: Prehistory means literally "before history", from the Latin word for "before," ', and Greek '. Human prehistory is the period from the time that behaviorally and anatomically modern humans first appear until the appearance of recorded history following the invention of writing systems. Since both the time of settlement of modern humans and the evolution of human civilisations differ from region to region, prehistory starts and ends at different moments in time, depending on the region concerned.

text: Prehistory

text: means

text: literally

text: before

text: history

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: word

text: for

text: before

text: and

text: Greek

text: Human

text: prehistory

text: is

text: the

text: period

text: from

text: the

text: time

text: that

text: behaviorally

text: and

text: anatomically

text: modern

text: humans

text: first

text: appear

text: until

text: the

text: appearance

text: of

text: recorded

text: history

text: following

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: writing

text: systems

text: Since

text: both

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: settlement

text: of

text: modern

text: humans

text: and

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: human

text: civilisations

text: differ

text: from

text: region

text: to

text: region

text: prehistory

text: starts

text: and

text: ends

text: at

text: different

text: moments

text: in

text: time

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: region

text: concerned

text: Moeritherium ( ' the beast from Lake Moeris ' ) is a genus consisting of several extinct species . These prehistoric mammals are related to the elephant and , more distantly , the sea cow . They lived during the Eocene epoch .

text: Moeritherium

text: the

text: beast

text: from

text: Lake

text: Moeris

text: is

text: genus

text: consisting

text: of

text: several

text: extinct

text: species

text: These

text: prehistoric

text: mammals

text: are

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: elephant

text: and

text: more

text: distantly

text: the

text: sea

text: cow

text: They

text: lived

text: during

text: the

text: Eocene

text: epoch

text: A proboscis is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal, either a vertebrate or an invertebrate. In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular mouthparts used for feeding and sucking. In vertebrates, the term is used to describe an elongated nose or snout.

text: proboscis

text: is

text: an

text: elongated

text: appendage

text: from

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: an

text: animal

text: either

text: vertebrate

text: or

text: an

text: invertebrate

text: In

text: invertebrates

text: the

text: term

text: usually

text: refers

text: to

text: tubular

text: mouthparts

text: used

text: for

text: feeding

text: and

text: sucking

text: In

text: vertebrates

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: an

text: elongated

text: nose

text: or

text: snout

text: Incisors (from Latin "incidere", "to cut") are the front teeth present in most heterodont mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and on the mandible below. Humans have a total of eight (two on each side, top and bottom). Opossums have 18, whereas armadillos have none.

text: Incisors

text: from

text: Latin

text: incidere

text: to

text: cut

text: are

text: the

text: front

text: teeth

text: present

text: in

text: most

text: heterodont

text: mammals

text: They

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: premaxilla

text: above

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: mandible

text: below

text: Humans

text: have

text: total

text: of

text: eight

text: two

text: on

text: each

text: side

text: top

text: and

text: bottom

text: Opossums

text: have

text: whereas

text: armadillos

text: have

text: The Paleogene (or ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Mya. It is the beginning of the Cenozoic Era of the present Phanerozoic Eon. The Paleogene is most notable for being the time during which mammals diversified from relatively small, simple forms into a large group of diverse animals in the wake of the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event that ended the preceding Cretaceous Period.

text: The

text: Paleogene

text: or

text: also

text: spelled

text: Palaeogene

text: or

text: Palæogene

text: informally

text: Lower

text: Tertiary

text: is

text: geologic

text: period

text: and

text: system

text: that

text: spans

text: million

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Mya

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Neogene

text: Period

text: Mya

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era

text: of

text: the

text: present

text: Phanerozoic

text: Eon

text: The

text: Paleogene

text: is

text: most

text: notable

text: for

text: being

text: the

text: time

text: during

text: which

text: mammals

text: diversified

text: from

text: relatively

text: small

text: simple

text: forms

text: into

text: large

text: group

text: of

text: diverse

text: animals

text: in

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: the

text: CretaceousPaleogene

text: extinction

text: event

text: that

text: ended

text: the

text: preceding

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: Elephantidae is a family of large, herbivorous mammals collectively called elephants and mammoths. These are terrestrial large mammals with a snout modified into a trunk and teeth modified into tusks. Most genera and species in the family are extinct. Only two genera, "Loxodonta" (African elephants) and "Elephas" (Asiatic elephants), are living.

text: Elephantidae

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: large

text: herbivorous

text: mammals

text: collectively

text: called

text: elephants

text: and

text: mammoths

text: These

text: are

text: terrestrial

text: large

text: mammals

text: with

text: snout

text: modified

text: into

text: trunk

text: and

text: teeth

text: modified

text: into

text: tusks

text: Most

text: genera

text: and

text: species

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: are

text: extinct

text: Only

text: two

text: genera

text: Loxodonta

text: African

text: elephants

text: and

text: Elephas

text: Asiatic

text: elephants

text: are

text: living

text: Elephants are large mammals of the family Elephantidae and the order Proboscidea. Two species are traditionally recognised, the African elephant ("Loxodonta africana") and the Asian elephant ("Elephas maximus"), although some evidence suggests that African bush elephants and African forest elephants are separate species ("L. africana" and "L. cyclotis" respectively). Elephants are scattered throughout sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Elephantidae is the only surviving family of the order Proboscidea; other, now extinct, members of the order include deinotheres, gomphotheres, mammoths, and mastodons. Male African elephants are the largest extant terrestrial animals and can reach a height of and weigh . All elephants have several distinctive features, the most notable of which is a long trunk or proboscis, used for many purposes, particularly breathing, lifting water, and grasping objects. Their incisors grow into tusks, which can serve as weapons and as tools for moving objects and digging. Elephants' large ear flaps help to control their body temperature. Their pillar-like legs can carry their great weight. African elephants have larger ears and concave backs while Asian elephants have smaller ears and convex or level backs.

text: Elephants

text: are

text: large

text: mammals

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: Elephantidae

text: and

text: the

text: order

text: Proboscidea

text: Two

text: species

text: are

text: traditionally

text: recognised

text: the

text: African

text: elephant

text: Loxodonta

text: africana

text: and

text: the

text: Asian

text: elephant

text: Elephas

text: maximus

text: although

text: some

text: evidence

text: suggests

text: that

text: African

text: bush

text: elephants

text: and

text: African

text: forest

text: elephants

text: are

text: separate

text: species

text: africana

text: and

text: cyclotis

text: respectively

text: Elephants

text: are

text: scattered

text: throughout

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: South

text: Asia

text: and

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: Elephantidae

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: surviving

text: family

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: Proboscidea

text: other

text: now

text: extinct

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: include

text: deinotheres

text: gomphotheres

text: mammoths

text: and

text: mastodons

text: Male

text: African

text: elephants

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: extant

text: terrestrial

text: animals

text: and

text: can

text: reach

text: height

text: of

text: and

text: weigh

text: All

text: elephants

text: have

text: several

text: distinctive

text: features

text: the

text: most

text: notable

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: long

text: trunk

text: or

text: proboscis

text: used

text: for

text: many

text: purposes

text: particularly

text: breathing

text: lifting

text: water

text: and

text: grasping

text: objects

text: Their

text: incisors

text: grow

text: into

text: tusks

text: which

text: can

text: serve

text: as

text: weapons

text: and

text: as

text: tools

text: for

text: moving

text: objects

text: and

text: digging

text: Elephants

text: large

text: ear

text: flaps

text: help

text: to

text: control

text: their

text: body

text: temperature

text: Their

text: pillar

text: like

text: legs

text: can

text: carry

text: their

text: great

text: weight

text: African

text: elephants

text: have

text: larger

text: ears

text: and

text: concave

text: backs

text: while

text: Asian

text: elephants

text: have

text: smaller

text: ears

text: and

text: convex

text: or

text: level

text: backs

text: The Proboscidea (from the Greek and the Latin "proboscis") are a taxonomic order of afrotherian mammals containing one living family, Elephantidae, and several extinct families. This order, first described by J. Illiger in 1811, encompasses the trunked mammals. Later proboscideans are distinguished by tusks and long, muscular trunks; these features are less developed or absent in early proboscideans. Proboscidea may have produced the largest land mammal of all time in the form of "Palaeoloxodon namadicus", which may have weighed up to , with a shoulder height of up to , surpassing several sauropod dinosaurs.

text: The

text: Proboscidea

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: and

text: the

text: Latin

text: proboscis

text: are

text: taxonomic

text: order

text: of

text: afrotherian

text: mammals

text: containing

text: one

text: living

text: family

text: Elephantidae

text: and

text: several

text: extinct

text: families

text: This

text: order

text: first

text: described

text: by

text: Illiger

text: in

text: encompasses

text: the

text: trunked

text: mammals

text: Later

text: proboscideans

text: are

text: distinguished

text: by

text: tusks

text: and

text: long

text: muscular

text: trunks

text: these

text: features

text: are

text: less

text: developed

text: or

text: absent

text: in

text: early

text: proboscideans

text: Proboscidea

text: may

text: have

text: produced

text: the

text: largest

text: land

text: mammal

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: Palaeoloxodon

text: namadicus

text: which

text: may

text: have

text: weighed

text: up

text: to

text: with

text: shoulder

text: height

text: of

text: up

text: to

text: surpassing

text: several

text: sauropod

text: dinosaurs

text: Cairo (; ', ') is the capital and largest city of Egypt. The city's metropolitan area is the largest in the Middle East and the Arab world, and 15th-largest in the world, and is associated with ancient Egypt, as the famous Giza pyramid complex and the ancient city of Memphis are located in its geographical area. Located near the Nile Delta, modern Cairo was founded in 969 CE by Jawhar al-Siqilli ("the Sicilian") of the Fatimid dynasty, but the land composing the present-day city was the site of ancient national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life, and is nicknamed "the city of a thousand minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture.

text: Cairo

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: of

text: Egypt

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: and

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: ancient

text: Egypt

text: as

text: the

text: famous

text: Giza

text: pyramid

text: complex

text: and

text: the

text: ancient

text: city

text: of

text: Memphis

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: its

text: geographical

text: area

text: Located

text: near

text: the

text: Nile

text: Delta

text: modern

text: Cairo

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: CE

text: by

text: Jawhar

text: al

text: Siqilli

text: the

text: Sicilian

text: of

text: the

text: Fatimid

text: dynasty

text: but

text: the

text: land

text: composing

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: city

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: ancient

text: national

text: capitals

text: whose

text: remnants

text: remain

text: visible

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: Old

text: Cairo

text: Cairo

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: life

text: and

text: is

text: nicknamed

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: thousand

text: minarets

text: for

text: its

text: preponderance

text: of

text: Islamic

text: architecture

text: Elephas is one of two surviving genera in the family of elephants, Elephantidae, with one surviving species, the Asian elephant "Elephas maximus".

text: Elephas

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: surviving

text: genera

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: of

text: elephants

text: Elephantidae

text: with

text: one

text: surviving

text: species

text: the

text: Asian

text: elephant

text: Elephas

text: maximus

text: The Sahara (", 'the Greatest Desert') is the largest hot desert and the third largest desert in the world after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its area of is comparable to the area of the United States.

text: The

text: Sahara

text: the

text: Greatest

text: Desert

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: hot

text: desert

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: desert

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: after

text: Antarctica

text: and

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Its

text: area

text: of

text: is

text: comparable

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: African elephants are elephants of the genus Loxodonta, from Greek  (loxós 'slanting, crosswise, oblique sided') +  (odoús, stem odónt-, 'tooth'). The genus consists of two extant species: the African bush elephant, "L. africana", and the smaller African forest elephant, "L. cyclotis". "Loxodonta" is one of two existing genera of the family, Elephantidae. Fossil remains of "Loxodonta" have been found only in Africa, in strata as old as the middle Pliocene. However, sequence analysis of DNA extracted from fossils of an extinct elephant species undermines the validity of the genus.

text: African

text: elephants

text: are

text: elephants

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Loxodonta

text: from

text: Greek

text: loxós

text: slanting

text: crosswise

text: oblique

text: sided

text: odoús

text: stem

text: odónt-

text: tooth

text: The

text: genus

text: consists

text: of

text: two

text: extant

text: species

text: the

text: African

text: bush

text: elephant

text: africana

text: and

text: the

text: smaller

text: African

text: forest

text: elephant

text: cyclotis

text: Loxodonta

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: existing

text: genera

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: Elephantidae

text: Fossil

text: remains

text: of

text: Loxodonta

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: only

text: in

text: Africa

text: in

text: strata

text: as

text: old

text: as

text: the

text: middle

text: Pliocene

text: However

text: sequence

text: analysis

text: of

text: DNA

text: extracted

text: from

text: fossils

text: of

text: an

text: extinct

text: elephant

text: species

text: undermines

text: the

text: validity

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Egypt (; ', , "Kimi"), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with Egypt. It is the world's only contiguous Afrasian nation.

text: Egypt

text: Kimi

text: officially

text: the

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: of

text: Egypt

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: spanning

text: the

text: northeast

text: corner

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: southwest

text: corner

text: of

text: Asia

text: by

text: land

text: bridge

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: Egypt

text: is

text: Mediterranean

text: country

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: and

text: Israel

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: Sudan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Libya

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Across

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: lies

text: Jordan

text: and

text: across

text: from

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: lies

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: although

text: Jordan

text: and

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: do

text: not

text: share

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: Egypt

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: only

text: contiguous

text: Afrasian

text: nation

text: The Faiyum Oasis ("Waet El Fayyum") is a depression or basin in the desert immediately to the west of the Nile south of Cairo. The extent of the basin area is estimated at between 1,270 km² (490 mi²) and 1700 km² (656 mi²). The basin floor comprises fields watered by a channel of the Nile, the Bahr Yussef, as it drains into a desert depression to the west of the Nile Valley. The Bahr Yussef veers west through a narrow neck of land north of Ihnasya, between the archaeological sites of El Lahun and Gurob near Hawara; it then branches out, providing rich agricultural land in the Faiyum basin, draining into the large saltwater Lake Moeris (Birket Qarun). The lake was freshwater in prehistory but is today a saltwater lake. It is a source for tilapia and other fish for the local area.

text: The

text: Faiyum

text: Oasis

text: Waet

text: El

text: Fayyum

text: is

text: depression

text: or

text: basin

text: in

text: the

text: desert

text: immediately

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Nile

text: south

text: of

text: Cairo

text: The

text: extent

text: of

text: the

text: basin

text: area

text: is

text: estimated

text: at

text: between

text: and

text: The

text: basin

text: floor

text: comprises

text: fields

text: watered

text: by

text: channel

text: of

text: the

text: Nile

text: the

text: Bahr

text: Yussef

text: as

text: it

text: drains

text: into

text: desert

text: depression

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Nile

text: Valley

text: The

text: Bahr

text: Yussef

text: veers

text: west

text: through

text: narrow

text: neck

text: of

text: land

text: north

text: of

text: Ihnasya

text: between

text: the

text: archaeological

text: sites

text: of

text: El

text: Lahun

text: and

text: Gurob

text: near

text: Hawara

text: it

text: then

text: branches

text: out

text: providing

text: rich

text: agricultural

text: land

text: in

text: the

text: Faiyum

text: basin

text: draining

text: into

text: the

text: large

text: saltwater

text: Lake

text: Moeris

text: Birket

text: Qarun

text: The

text: lake

text: was

text: freshwater

text: in

text: prehistory

text: but

text: is

text: today

text: saltwater

text: lake

text: It

text: is

text: source

text: for

text: tilapia

text: and

text: other

text: fish

text: for

text: the

text: local

text: area

text: Tusks are elongated, continuously growing front teeth, usually but not always in pairs, that protrude well beyond the mouth of certain mammal species. They are most commonly canines, as with warthogs, pig, and walruses, or, in the case of elephants, elongated incisors. In most tusked species both the males and the females have tusks although the males' are larger. Tusks are generally curved, though the narwhal's sole tusk is straight and has a helical structure. In the elephant, the tusks were originally second incisors. Continuous growth is enabled by formative tissues in the apical openings of the roots of the teeth.

text: Tusks

text: are

text: elongated

text: continuously

text: growing

text: front

text: teeth

text: usually

text: but

text: not

text: always

text: in

text: pairs

text: that

text: protrude

text: well

text: beyond

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: certain

text: mammal

text: species

text: They

text: are

text: most

text: commonly

text: canines

text: as

text: with

text: warthogs

text: pig

text: and

text: walruses

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: elephants

text: elongated

text: incisors

text: In

text: most

text: tusked

text: species

text: both

text: the

text: males

text: and

text: the

text: females

text: have

text: tusks

text: although

text: the

text: males

text: are

text: larger

text: Tusks

text: are

text: generally

text: curved

text: though

text: the

text: narwhal

text: 's

text: sole

text: tusk

text: is

text: straight

text: and

text: has

text: helical

text: structure

text: In

text: the

text: elephant

text: the

text: tusks

text: were

text: originally

text: second

text: incisors

text: Continuous

text: growth

text: is

text: enabled

text: by

text: formative

text: tissues

text: in

text: the

text: apical

text: openings

text: of

text: the

text: roots

text: of

text: the

text: teeth

text: Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara desert. According to the UN, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara. It contrasts with North Africa, whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa, but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world.

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: is

text: geographically

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Africa

text: that

text: lies

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Sahara

text: desert

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: UN

text: it

text: consists

text: of

text: all

text: African

text: countries

text: that

text: are

text: fully

text: or

text: partially

text: located

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Sahara

text: It

text: contrasts

text: with

text: North

text: Africa

text: whose

text: territories

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Arab

text: states

text: within

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: Somalia

text: Djibouti

text: Comoros

text: and

text: Mauritania

text: are

text: geographically

text: in

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: but

text: are

text: likewise

text: Arab

text: states

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: The transition between the end of the Eocene and the beginning of the Oligocene is marked by large-scale extinction and floral and faunal turnover (although minor in comparison to the largest mass extinctions). Most of the affected organisms were marine or aquatic in nature. They included the last of the ancient cetaceans, the Archaeoceti.

text: The

text: transition

text: between

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Eocene

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Oligocene

text: is

text: marked

text: by

text: large

text: scale

text: extinction

text: and

text: floral

text: and

text: faunal

text: turnover

text: although

text: minor

text: in

text: comparison

text: to

text: the

text: largest

text: mass

text: extinctions

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: affected

text: organisms

text: were

text: marine

text: or

text: aquatic

text: in

text: nature

text: They

text: included

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: cetaceans

text: the

text: Archaeoceti

text: The Eocene Epoch, lasting from , is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Paleocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch. The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope C in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope C. The end is set at a major extinction event called the "Grande Coupure" (the "Great Break" in continuity) or the EoceneOligocene extinction event, which may be related to the impact of one or more large bolides in Siberia and in what is now Chesapeake Bay. As with other geologic periods, the strata that define the start and end of the epoch are well identified, though their exact dates are slightly uncertain.

text: The

text: Eocene

text: Epoch

text: lasting

text: from

text: is

text: major

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: geologic

text: timescale

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: epoch

text: of

text: the

text: Paleogene

text: Period

text: in

text: the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era

text: The

text: Eocene

text: spans

text: the

text: time

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Paleocene

text: Epoch

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Oligocene

text: Epoch

text: The

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Eocene

text: is

text: marked

text: by

text: brief

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: concentration

text: of

text: the

text: carbon

text: isotope

text: in

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: was

text: exceptionally

text: low

text: in

text: comparison

text: with

text: the

text: more

text: common

text: isotope

text: The

text: end

text: is

text: set

text: at

text: major

text: extinction

text: event

text: called

text: the

text: Grande

text: Coupure

text: the

text: Great

text: Break

text: in

text: continuity

text: or

text: the

text: EoceneOligocene

text: extinction

text: event

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: impact

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: large

text: bolides

text: in

text: Siberia

text: and

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Chesapeake

text: Bay

text: As

text: with

text: other

text: geologic

text: periods

text: the

text: strata

text: that

text: define

text: the

text: start

text: and

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: epoch

text: are

text: well

text: identified

text: though

text: their

text: exact

text: dates

text: are

text: slightly

text: uncertain

text: The Asian or Asiatic elephant ("Elephas maximus") is the only living species of the genus "Elephas" and is distributed in Southeast Asia from India in the west to Borneo in the east. Three subspecies are recognised"E. m. maximus" from Sri Lanka, the "E. m. indicus" from mainland Asia, and "E. m. sumatranus" from the island of Sumatra. Asian elephants are the largest living land animals in Asia.

text: The

text: Asian

text: or

text: Asiatic

text: elephant

text: Elephas

text: maximus

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: living

text: species

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Elephas

text: and

text: is

text: distributed

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: from

text: India

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: to

text: Borneo

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: Three

text: subspecies

text: are

text: recognised"E.

text: maximus

text: from

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: the

text: indicus

text: from

text: mainland

text: Asia

text: and

text: sumatranus

text: from

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Sumatra

text: Asian

text: elephants

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: living

text: land

text: animals

text: in

text: Asia

text: The African forest elephant ("Loxodonta cyclotis") is a forest-dwelling species of elephant found in the Congo Basin. It is the smallest of the three extant species of elephant, but still the third-largest living terrestrial animal. The African forest elephant and the African bush elephant, "L. africana", were considered to be one species until genetic studies indicated that they separated an estimated 27 million years ago. Due to a slower birth rate, the forest elephant takes longer to recover from poaching, which caused its population to fall by 65% from 2002 to 2013.

text: The

text: African

text: forest

text: elephant

text: Loxodonta

text: cyclotis

text: is

text: forest

text: dwelling

text: species

text: of

text: elephant

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Congo

text: Basin

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: smallest

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: extant

text: species

text: of

text: elephant

text: but

text: still

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: living

text: terrestrial

text: animal

text: The

text: African

text: forest

text: elephant

text: and

text: the

text: African

text: bush

text: elephant

text: africana

text: were

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: species

text: until

text: genetic

text: studies

text: indicated

text: that

text: they

text: separated

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Due

text: to

text: slower

text: birth

text: rate

text: the

text: forest

text: elephant

text: takes

text: longer

text: to

text: recover

text: from

text: poaching

text: which

text: caused

text: its

text: population

text: to

text: fall

text: by

text: from

text: to

text: A mammoth is any species of the extinct genus Mammuthus, proboscideans commonly equipped with long, curved tusks and, in northern species, a covering of long hair. They lived from the Pliocene epoch (from around 5 million years ago) into the Holocene at about 4,500 years ago in Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. They were members of the family Elephantidae, which also contains the two genera of modern elephants and their ancestors. Mammoths stem from an ancestral species called "M. africanavus", the African mammoth. These mammoths lived in northern Africa and disappeared about 3 or 4 million years ago. Descendants of these mammoths moved north and eventually covered most of Eurasia. These were "M. meridionalis", the 'southern mammoths'.

text: mammoth

text: is

text: any

text: species

text: of

text: the

text: extinct

text: genus

text: Mammuthus

text: proboscideans

text: commonly

text: equipped

text: with

text: long

text: curved

text: tusks

text: and

text: in

text: northern

text: species

text: covering

text: of

text: long

text: hair

text: They

text: lived

text: from

text: the

text: Pliocene

text: epoch

text: from

text: around

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: into

text: the

text: Holocene

text: at

text: about

text: years

text: ago

text: in

text: Africa

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: and

text: North

text: America

text: They

text: were

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: family

text: Elephantidae

text: which

text: also

text: contains

text: the

text: two

text: genera

text: of

text: modern

text: elephants

text: and

text: their

text: ancestors

text: Mammoths

text: stem

text: from

text: an

text: ancestral

text: species

text: called

text: africanavus

text: the

text: African

text: mammoth

text: These

text: mammoths

text: lived

text: in

text: northern

text: Africa

text: and

text: disappeared

text: about

text: or

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Descendants

text: of

text: these

text: mammoths

text: moved

text: north

text: and

text: eventually

text: covered

text: most

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: These

text: were

text: meridionalis

text: the

text: southern

text: mammoths

annotations: likely multiple

question: parent_taxon moeritherium

answer: proboscidea

text: proboscidea

text: proboscidea

text: proboscidea

text: proboscidea


text: Medicine (British English ; American English ) is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. The word "medicine" is derived from Latin "medicus", meaning "a physician". Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

text: Medicine

text: British

text: English

text: American

text: English

text: is

text: the

text: science

text: and

text: practice

text: of

text: the

text: diagnosis

text: treatment

text: and

text: prevention

text: of

text: disease

text: The

text: word

text: medicine

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: Latin

text: medicus

text: meaning

text: physician

text: Medicine

text: encompasses

text: variety

text: of

text: health

text: care

text: practices

text: evolved

text: to

text: maintain

text: and

text: restore

text: health

text: by

text: the

text: prevention

text: and

text: treatment

text: of

text: illness

text: Contemporary

text: medicine

text: applies

text: biomedical

text: sciences

text: biomedical

text: research

text: genetics

text: and

text: medical

text: technology

text: to

text: diagnose

text: treat

text: and

text: prevent

text: injury

text: and

text: disease

text: typically

text: through

text: pharmaceuticals

text: or

text: surgery

text: but

text: also

text: through

text: therapies

text: as

text: diverse

text: as

text: psychotherapy

text: external

text: splints

text: and

text: traction

text: medical

text: devices

text: biologics

text: and

text: ionizing

text: radiation

text: amongst

text: others

text: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix.

text: Deoxyribonucleic

text: acid

text: DNA

text: is

text: molecule

text: that

text: carries

text: the

text: genetic

text: instructions

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: growth

text: development

text: functioning

text: and

text: reproduction

text: of

text: all

text: known

text: living

text: organisms

text: and

text: many

text: viruses

text: DNA

text: and

text: RNA

text: are

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: alongside

text: proteins

text: lipids

text: and

text: complex

text: carbohydrates

text: polysaccharides

text: they

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: types

text: of

text: macromolecules

text: that

text: are

text: essential

text: for

text: all

text: known

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: Most

text: DNA

text: molecules

text: consist

text: of

text: two

text: biopolymer

text: strands

text: coiled

text: around

text: each

text: other

text: to

text: form

text: double

text: helix

text: The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHUSOM), located in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S., is the academic medical teaching and research arm of Johns Hopkins University. Johns Hopkins has consistently been among the nation's top medical schools in the number of research grants awarded by the National Institutes of Health. Its major teaching hospital, the Johns Hopkins Hospital, was ranked the #1 hospital in the United States for 22 years by "U.S. News & World Report".

text: The

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: University

text: School

text: of

text: Medicine

text: JHUSOM

text: located

text: in

text: Baltimore

text: Maryland

text: U.S.

text: is

text: the

text: academic

text: medical

text: teaching

text: and

text: research

text: arm

text: of

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: University

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: has

text: consistently

text: been

text: among

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: top

text: medical

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: research

text: grants

text: awarded

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Institutes

text: of

text: Health

text: Its

text: major

text: teaching

text: hospital

text: the

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: Hospital

text: was

text: ranked

text: the

text: hospital

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: years

text: by

text: U.S.

text: News

text: World

text: Report

text: Microbiology (from Greek , "mkros", "small" "bios", "life"; and , "-logia") is the study of microscopic organisms, those being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells). Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, mycology, parasitology, and bacteriology.

text: Microbiology

text: from

text: Greek

text: mkros

text: small

text: bios

text: life

text: and

text: -logia

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: microscopic

text: organisms

text: those

text: being

text: unicellular

text: single

text: cell

text: multicellular

text: cell

text: colony

text: or

text: acellular

text: lacking

text: cells

text: Microbiology

text: encompasses

text: numerous

text: sub

text: disciplines

text: including

text: virology

text: mycology

text: parasitology

text: and

text: bacteriology

text: Virology is the study of viruses  submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat  and virus-like agents. It focuses on the following aspects of viruses: their structure, classification and evolution, their ways to infect and exploit host cells for reproduction, their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy. Virology is considered to be a subfield of microbiology or of medicine.

text: Virology

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: viruses

text: submicroscopic

text: parasitic

text: particles

text: of

text: genetic

text: material

text: contained

text: in

text: protein

text: coat

text: and

text: virus

text: like

text: agents

text: It

text: focuses

text: on

text: the

text: following

text: aspects

text: of

text: viruses

text: their

text: structure

text: classification

text: and

text: evolution

text: their

text: ways

text: to

text: infect

text: and

text: exploit

text: host

text: cells

text: for

text: reproduction

text: their

text: interaction

text: with

text: host

text: organism

text: physiology

text: and

text: immunity

text: the

text: diseases

text: they

text: cause

text: the

text: techniques

text: to

text: isolate

text: and

text: culture

text: them

text: and

text: their

text: use

text: in

text: research

text: and

text: therapy

text: Virology

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: subfield

text: of

text: microbiology

text: or

text: of

text: medicine

text: Janice Ellen Clements is Vice Dean for Faculty at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and the Mary Wallace Stanton Professor of Faculty Affairs . She is a professor in the departments of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology , Neurology , and Pathology , and has a joint appointment in molecular biology and genetics . Her molecular biology and virology research examines lentiviruses and how they cause neurological diseases .

text: Janice

text: Ellen

text: Clements

text: is

text: Vice

text: Dean

text: for

text: Faculty

text: at

text: the

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: School

text: of

text: Medicine

text: and

text: the

text: Mary

text: Wallace

text: Stanton

text: Professor

text: of

text: Faculty

text: Affairs

text: She

text: is

text: professor

text: in

text: the

text: departments

text: of

text: Molecular

text: and

text: Comparative

text: Pathobiology

text: Neurology

text: and

text: Pathology

text: and

text: has

text: joint

text: appointment

text: in

text: molecular

text: biology

text: and

text: genetics

text: Her

text: molecular

text: biology

text: and

text: virology

text: research

text: examines

text: lentiviruses

text: and

text: how

text: they

text: cause

text: neurological

text: diseases

text: Maryland is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington, D.C. to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. The state's largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are "Old Line State", the "Free State", and the "Chesapeake Bay State". The state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England.

text: Maryland

text: is

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Mid

text: Atlantic

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: bordering

text: Virginia

text: West

text: Virginia

text: and

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: and

text: west

text: Pennsylvania

text: to

text: its

text: north

text: and

text: Delaware

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: The

text: state

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Baltimore

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Annapolis

text: Among

text: its

text: occasional

text: nicknames

text: are

text: Old

text: Line

text: State

text: the

text: Free

text: State

text: and

text: the

text: Chesapeake

text: Bay

text: State

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: Henrietta

text: Maria

text: of

text: France

text: the

text: wife

text: of

text: Charles

text: of

text: England

text: A teaching hospital is a hospital or medical center that provides clinical education and training to future and current health professionals. Teaching hospitals are often affiliated with medical schools and work closely with medical students throughout their period of matriculation, and especially during their clerkship (internship) years. In most cases, teaching hospitals also offer Graduate Medical Education (GME)/ physician residency programs, where medical school graduates train under a supervising (attending) physician to assist with the coordination of care.

text: teaching

text: hospital

text: is

text: hospital

text: or

text: medical

text: center

text: that

text: provides

text: clinical

text: education

text: and

text: training

text: to

text: future

text: and

text: current

text: health

text: professionals

text: Teaching

text: hospitals

text: are

text: often

text: affiliated

text: with

text: medical

text: schools

text: and

text: work

text: closely

text: with

text: medical

text: students

text: throughout

text: their

text: period

text: of

text: matriculation

text: and

text: especially

text: during

text: their

text: clerkship

text: internship

text: years

text: In

text: most

text: cases

text: teaching

text: hospitals

text: also

text: offer

text: Graduate

text: Medical

text: Education

text: GME)/

text: physician

text: residency

text: programs

text: where

text: medical

text: school

text: graduates

text: train

text: under

text: supervising

text: attending

text: physician

text: to

text: assist

text: with

text: the

text: coordination

text: of

text: care

text: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is a biomedical research facility primarily located in Bethesda, Maryland. An agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, it is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. The NIH both conducts its own scientific research through its Intramural Research Program (IRP) and provides major biomedical research funding to non-NIH research facilities through its Extramural Research Program.

text: The

text: National

text: Institutes

text: of

text: Health

text: NIH

text: is

text: biomedical

text: research

text: facility

text: primarily

text: located

text: in

text: Bethesda

text: Maryland

text: An

text: agency

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Department

text: of

text: Health

text: and

text: Human

text: Services

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: agency

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: government

text: responsible

text: for

text: biomedical

text: and

text: health

text: related

text: research

text: The

text: NIH

text: both

text: conducts

text: its

text: own

text: scientific

text: research

text: through

text: its

text: Intramural

text: Research

text: Program

text: IRP

text: and

text: provides

text: major

text: biomedical

text: research

text: funding

text: to

text: non

text: NIH

text: research

text: facilities

text: through

text: its

text: Extramural

text: Research

text: Program

text: The Johns Hopkins University (commonly referred to as Johns Hopkins, JHU, or simply Hopkins) is an American private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, the university was named for its first benefactor, the American entrepreneur, abolitionist, and philanthropist Johns Hopkins. His $7 million bequestof which half financed the establishment of The Johns Hopkins Hospitalwas the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States at that time. Daniel Coit Gilman, who was inaugurated as the institution's first president on February 22, 1876, led the university to revolutionize higher education in the U.S. by integrating teaching and research. Adopting the concept of a graduate school from Germany's ancient Heidelberg University, Johns Hopkins University is considered the first research university in the United States.

text: The

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: University

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: JHU

text: or

text: simply

text: Hopkins

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: private

text: research

text: university

text: in

text: Baltimore

text: Maryland

text: Founded

text: in

text: the

text: university

text: was

text: named

text: for

text: its

text: first

text: benefactor

text: the

text: American

text: entrepreneur

text: abolitionist

text: and

text: philanthropist

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: His

text: million

text: bequestof

text: which

text: half

text: financed

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: The

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: Hospitalwas

text: the

text: largest

text: philanthropic

text: gift

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: Daniel

text: Coit

text: Gilman

text: who

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: as

text: the

text: institution

text: 's

text: first

text: president

text: on

text: February

text: led

text: the

text: university

text: to

text: revolutionize

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: by

text: integrating

text: teaching

text: and

text: research

text: Adopting

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: graduate

text: school

text: from

text: Germany

text: 's

text: ancient

text: Heidelberg

text: University

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: University

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: first

text: research

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.

text: virus

text: is

text: small

text: infectious

text: agent

text: that

text: replicates

text: only

text: inside

text: the

text: living

text: cells

text: of

text: other

text: organisms

text: Viruses

text: can

text: infect

text: all

text: types

text: of

text: life

text: forms

text: from

text: animals

text: and

text: plants

text: to

text: microorganisms

text: including

text: bacteria

text: and

text: archaea

text: The Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) is the teaching hospital and biomedical research facility of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, located in Baltimore City, Maryland, U.S. It was founded in 1889 using money from a bequest by philanthropist Johns Hopkins. Johns Hopkins Hospital and the school of medicine are the founding institutions of modern American medicine and the birthplace of numerous medical traditions including rounds, residents and housestaff. Many medical specialties were formed at the hospital including neurosurgery, by Harvey Cushing; cardiac surgery by Alfred Blalock; and pediatrics and child psychiatry, by Leo Kanner.

text: The

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: Hospital

text: JHH

text: is

text: the

text: teaching

text: hospital

text: and

text: biomedical

text: research

text: facility

text: of

text: the

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: School

text: of

text: Medicine

text: located

text: in

text: Baltimore

text: City

text: Maryland

text: U.S.

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: using

text: money

text: from

text: bequest

text: by

text: philanthropist

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: Hospital

text: and

text: the

text: school

text: of

text: medicine

text: are

text: the

text: founding

text: institutions

text: of

text: modern

text: American

text: medicine

text: and

text: the

text: birthplace

text: of

text: numerous

text: medical

text: traditions

text: including

text: rounds

text: residents

text: and

text: housestaff

text: Many

text: medical

text: specialties

text: were

text: formed

text: at

text: the

text: hospital

text: including

text: neurosurgery

text: by

text: Harvey

text: Cushing

text: cardiac

text: surgery

text: by

text: Alfred

text: Blalock

text: and

text: pediatrics

text: and

text: child

text: psychiatry

text: by

text: Leo

text: Kanner

text: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information (using the letters G, U, A, and C to denote the nitrogenous bases guanine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine) that directs synthesis of specific proteins. Many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome.

text: Ribonucleic

text: acid

text: RNA

text: is

text: polymeric

text: molecule

text: essential

text: in

text: various

text: biological

text: roles

text: in

text: coding

text: decoding

text: regulation

text: and

text: expression

text: of

text: genes

text: RNA

text: and

text: DNA

text: are

text: nucleic

text: acids

text: and

text: along

text: with

text: proteins

text: and

text: carbohydrates

text: constitute

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: macromolecules

text: essential

text: for

text: all

text: known

text: forms

text: of

text: life

text: Like

text: DNA

text: RNA

text: is

text: assembled

text: as

text: chain

text: of

text: nucleotides

text: but

text: unlike

text: DNA

text: it

text: is

text: more

text: often

text: found

text: in

text: nature

text: as

text: single

text: strand

text: folded

text: onto

text: itself

text: rather

text: than

text: paired

text: double

text: strand

text: Cellular

text: organisms

text: use

text: messenger

text: RNA

text: mRNA

text: to

text: convey

text: genetic

text: information

text: using

text: the

text: letters

text: and

text: to

text: denote

text: the

text: nitrogenous

text: bases

text: guanine

text: uracil

text: adenine

text: and

text: cytosine

text: that

text: directs

text: synthesis

text: of

text: specific

text: proteins

text: Many

text: viruses

text: encode

text: their

text: genetic

text: information

text: using

text: an

text: RNA

text: genome

text: Molecular biology concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, and proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions. Writing in "Nature" in 1961, William Astbury described molecular biology as:

text: Molecular

text: biology

text: concerns

text: the

text: molecular

text: basis

text: of

text: biological

text: activity

text: between

text: biomolecules

text: in

text: the

text: various

text: systems

text: of

text: cell

text: including

text: the

text: interactions

text: between

text: DNA

text: RNA

text: and

text: proteins

text: and

text: their

text: biosynthesis

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: regulation

text: of

text: these

text: interactions

text: Writing

text: in

text: Nature

text: in

text: William

text: Astbury

text: described

text: molecular

text: biology

text: as

annotations: follows multiple

question: employer janice e. clements

answer: johns hopkins university

text: johns hopkins university

text: johns hopkins university

text: johns hopkins university

text: johns hopkins university