text: The Gomphaceae are a diverse family of fungi belonging in what is classically known as the Phallales or cladistically as the gomphoid-phalloid clade. The family has 13 genera and 287 species.

text: The

text: Gomphaceae

text: are

text: diverse

text: family

text: of

text: fungi

text: belonging

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: classically

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Phallales

text: or

text: cladistically

text: as

text: the

text: gomphoid

text: phalloid

text: clade

text: The

text: family

text: has

text: genera

text: and

text: species

text: The Hydnaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. Originally the family encompassed all species of fungi that produced basidiocarps (fruit bodies) having a hymenium (spore-bearing surface) consisting of slender, downward-hanging tapering extensions referred to as "spines" or "teeth", whether they were related or not. This artificial but often useful grouping is now more generally called the hydnoid or tooth fungi. In the strict, modern sense, the Hydnaceae are limited to the genus "Hydnum" and related genera, with basidiocarps having a toothed or poroid hymenium. Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. "Hydnum repandum" (the hedgehog fungus) is an edible species, commercially collected in some countries and often marketed under the French name "pied de mouton".

text: The

text: Hydnaceae

text: are

text: family

text: of

text: fungi

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: Cantharellales

text: Originally

text: the

text: family

text: encompassed

text: all

text: species

text: of

text: fungi

text: that

text: produced

text: basidiocarps

text: fruit

text: bodies

text: having

text: hymenium

text: spore

text: bearing

text: surface

text: consisting

text: of

text: slender

text: downward

text: hanging

text: tapering

text: extensions

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: spines

text: or

text: teeth

text: whether

text: they

text: were

text: related

text: or

text: not

text: This

text: artificial

text: but

text: often

text: useful

text: grouping

text: is

text: now

text: more

text: generally

text: called

text: the

text: hydnoid

text: or

text: tooth

text: fungi

text: In

text: the

text: strict

text: modern

text: sense

text: the

text: Hydnaceae

text: are

text: limited

text: to

text: the

text: genus

text: Hydnum

text: and

text: related

text: genera

text: with

text: basidiocarps

text: having

text: toothed

text: or

text: poroid

text: hymenium

text: Species

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: are

text: ectomycorrhizal

text: forming

text: mutually

text: beneficial

text: relationship

text: with

text: the

text: roots

text: of

text: trees

text: and

text: other

text: plants

text: Hydnum

text: repandum

text: the

text: hedgehog

text: fungus

text: is

text: an

text: edible

text: species

text: commercially

text: collected

text: in

text: some

text: countries

text: and

text: often

text: marketed

text: under

text: the

text: French

text: name

text: pied

text: de

text: mouton

text: The Lycoperdales are a now outdated order of fungi. The order included some well-known types such as the giant puffball, the earthstars, and other tuberous fungi. They were defined as having epigeous basidiomes, a hymenium present, one to three layers in the peridium (outer wall), powdery gleba, and brown spores.

text: The

text: Lycoperdales

text: are

text: now

text: outdated

text: order

text: of

text: fungi

text: The

text: order

text: included

text: some

text: well

text: known

text: types

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: giant

text: puffball

text: the

text: earthstars

text: and

text: other

text: tuberous

text: fungi

text: They

text: were

text: defined

text: as

text: having

text: epigeous

text: basidiomes

text: hymenium

text: present

text: one

text: to

text: three

text: layers

text: in

text: the

text: peridium

text: outer

text: wall

text: powdery

text: gleba

text: and

text: brown

text: spores

text: Phallaceae is a family of fungi, commonly known as stinkhorn mushrooms, within the order Phallales. Stinkhorns have a worldwide distribution, but are especially prevalent in tropical regions. They are known for their foul-smelling, sticky spore masses, or gleba, borne on the end of a stalk called the receptaculum. The characteristic fruiting-body structure, a single, unbranched receptaculum with an externally attached gleba on the upper part, distinguishes the Phallaceae from other families in the Phalalles. The spore mass typically smells of carrion or dung, and attracts flies and other insects to help disperse the spores. Although there is great diversity in body structure shape among the various genera, all species in the Phallaceae begin their development as oval or round structures known as "eggs". According to a 2008 estimate, the family contains 21 genera and 77 species.

text: Phallaceae

text: is

text: family

text: of

text: fungi

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: stinkhorn

text: mushrooms

text: within

text: the

text: order

text: Phallales

text: Stinkhorns

text: have

text: worldwide

text: distribution

text: but

text: are

text: especially

text: prevalent

text: in

text: tropical

text: regions

text: They

text: are

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: foul

text: smelling

text: sticky

text: spore

text: masses

text: or

text: gleba

text: borne

text: on

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: stalk

text: called

text: the

text: receptaculum

text: The

text: characteristic

text: fruiting

text: body

text: structure

text: single

text: unbranched

text: receptaculum

text: with

text: an

text: externally

text: attached

text: gleba

text: on

text: the

text: upper

text: part

text: distinguishes

text: the

text: Phallaceae

text: from

text: other

text: families

text: in

text: the

text: Phalalles

text: The

text: spore

text: mass

text: typically

text: smells

text: of

text: carrion

text: or

text: dung

text: and

text: attracts

text: flies

text: and

text: other

text: insects

text: to

text: help

text: disperse

text: the

text: spores

text: Although

text: there

text: is

text: great

text: diversity

text: in

text: body

text: structure

text: shape

text: among

text: the

text: various

text: genera

text: all

text: species

text: in

text: the

text: Phallaceae

text: begin

text: their

text: development

text: as

text: oval

text: or

text: round

text: structures

text: known

text: as

text: eggs

text: According

text: to

text: estimate

text: the

text: family

text: contains

text: genera

text: and

text: species

text: The Agaricomycetes are a class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. The taxon is roughly identical to that defined for the Homobasidiomycetes (alternatively called holobasidiomycetes) by Hibbett & Thorn, with the inclusion of Auriculariales and Sebacinales. It includes not only mushroom-forming fungi, but also most species placed in the deprecated taxa Gasteromycetes and Homobasidiomycetes. Within the subdivision Agaricomycotina, which already excludes the smut and rust fungi, the Agaricomycetes can be further defined by the exclusion of the classes Tremellomycetes and Dacrymycetes, which are generally considered to be jelly fungi. However, a few former "jelly fungi", such as "Auricularia", are classified in the Agaricomycetes. According to a 2008 estimate, Agaricomycetes include 17 orders, 100 families, 1147 genera, and about 21000 species. Modern molecular phylogenetic analyses have been since used to help define several new orders in the Agaricomycetes: Amylocorticiales, Jaapiales, Stereopsidales, and Lepidostromatales.

text: The

text: Agaricomycetes

text: are

text: class

text: of

text: fungi

text: in

text: the

text: division

text: Basidiomycota

text: The

text: taxon

text: is

text: roughly

text: identical

text: to

text: that

text: defined

text: for

text: the

text: Homobasidiomycetes

text: alternatively

text: called

text: holobasidiomycetes

text: by

text: Hibbett

text: Thorn

text: with

text: the

text: inclusion

text: of

text: Auriculariales

text: and

text: Sebacinales

text: It

text: includes

text: not

text: only

text: mushroom

text: forming

text: fungi

text: but

text: also

text: most

text: species

text: placed

text: in

text: the

text: deprecated

text: taxa

text: Gasteromycetes

text: and

text: Homobasidiomycetes

text: Within

text: the

text: subdivision

text: Agaricomycotina

text: which

text: already

text: excludes

text: the

text: smut

text: and

text: rust

text: fungi

text: the

text: Agaricomycetes

text: can

text: be

text: further

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: exclusion

text: of

text: the

text: classes

text: Tremellomycetes

text: and

text: Dacrymycetes

text: which

text: are

text: generally

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: jelly

text: fungi

text: However

text: few

text: former

text: jelly

text: fungi

text: such

text: as

text: Auricularia

text: are

text: classified

text: in

text: the

text: Agaricomycetes

text: According

text: to

text: estimate

text: Agaricomycetes

text: include

text: orders

text: families

text: genera

text: and

text: about

text: species

text: Modern

text: molecular

text: phylogenetic

text: analyses

text: have

text: been

text: since

text: used

text: to

text: help

text: define

text: several

text: new

text: orders

text: in

text: the

text: Agaricomycetes

text: Amylocorticiales

text: Jaapiales

text: Stereopsidales

text: and

text: Lepidostromatales

text: Craterellus is a genus of generally edible fungi similar to the closely related chanterelles, with some new species recently moved from the latter to the former. Both groups lack true gills on the underside of their caps, though they often have gill-like wrinkles and ridges.

text: Craterellus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: generally

text: edible

text: fungi

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: closely

text: related

text: chanterelles

text: with

text: some

text: new

text: species

text: recently

text: moved

text: from

text: the

text: latter

text: to

text: the

text: former

text: Both

text: groups

text: lack

text: true

text: gills

text: on

text: the

text: underside

text: of

text: their

text: caps

text: though

text: they

text: often

text: have

text: gill

text: like

text: wrinkles

text: and

text: ridges

text: Phallomycetidae is a subclass of the class Agaricomycetes of fungi.

text: Phallomycetidae

text: is

text: subclass

text: of

text: the

text: class

text: Agaricomycetes

text: of

text: fungi

text: The Clavulinaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family is not well defined, but currently comprises species of clavarioid (club and coral) fungi as well as some corticioid (crust- and patch-forming) fungi. These species are nutritionally diverse, some being ectomycorrhizal, others wood-rotting saprotrophs, others lichenized, and yet others lichenicolous (growing on or parasitizing lichens).

text: The

text: Clavulinaceae

text: are

text: family

text: of

text: fungi

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: Cantharellales

text: The

text: family

text: is

text: not

text: well

text: defined

text: but

text: currently

text: comprises

text: species

text: of

text: clavarioid

text: club

text: and

text: coral

text: fungi

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: some

text: corticioid

text: crust-

text: and

text: patch

text: forming

text: fungi

text: These

text: species

text: are

text: nutritionally

text: diverse

text: some

text: being

text: ectomycorrhizal

text: others

text: wood

text: rotting

text: saprotrophs

text: others

text: lichenized

text: and

text: yet

text: others

text: lichenicolous

text: growing

text: on

text: or

text: parasitizing

text: lichens

text: Gleba is the fleshy spore-bearing inner mass of certain fungi such as the puffball or stinkhorn.

text: Gleba

text: is

text: the

text: fleshy

text: spore

text: bearing

text: inner

text: mass

text: of

text: certain

text: fungi

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: puffball

text: or

text: stinkhorn

text: Hydnum is a genus of fungi in the Hydnaceae family. They are notable for their unusual spore-bearing structures of teeth rather than gills. The best known are the edible species "Hydnum repandum" and "H. rufescens". The word is derived from "(h)udnon"/, an Ancient Greek word for truffle. The white or buff "Hydnum repandum" has a spore scatterer of still another shape. The smooth cap grows as wide as 8 inches across. The stem is off-center and is less than 2 inches long. "Hydnum" has many brittle, white teeth from which the spores drop. The mushrooms of the "Hydnum" group grow both on ground and on wood. Some species have teeth which hang from ascending branches, while other species have teeth which project downwards from the undersurfaces of dead wood. Most "Hydnum" are safe to eat.

text: Hydnum

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: fungi

text: in

text: the

text: Hydnaceae

text: family

text: They

text: are

text: notable

text: for

text: their

text: unusual

text: spore

text: bearing

text: structures

text: of

text: teeth

text: rather

text: than

text: gills

text: The

text: best

text: known

text: are

text: the

text: edible

text: species

text: Hydnum

text: repandum

text: and

text: rufescens

text: The

text: word

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: h)udnon"/

text: an

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: word

text: for

text: truffle

text: The

text: white

text: or

text: buff

text: Hydnum

text: repandum

text: has

text: spore

text: scatterer

text: of

text: still

text: another

text: shape

text: The

text: smooth

text: cap

text: grows

text: as

text: wide

text: as

text: inches

text: across

text: The

text: stem

text: is

text: off

text: center

text: and

text: is

text: less

text: than

text: inches

text: long

text: Hydnum

text: has

text: many

text: brittle

text: white

text: teeth

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: spores

text: drop

text: The

text: mushrooms

text: of

text: the

text: Hydnum

text: group

text: grow

text: both

text: on

text: ground

text: and

text: on

text: wood

text: Some

text: species

text: have

text: teeth

text: which

text: hang

text: from

text: ascending

text: branches

text: while

text: other

text: species

text: have

text: teeth

text: which

text: project

text: downwards

text: from

text: the

text: undersurfaces

text: of

text: dead

text: wood

text: Most

text: Hydnum

text: are

text: safe

text: to

text: eat

text: The Geastrales are an order of gasterocarpic basidiomycetes ( fungi ) that relates to Cantharellales . The order contains the single family Geastraceae , commonly known as `` earthstars '' , which older classifications had placed in Lycoperdales , or Phallales . About 64 species are classified in this family , divided among eight genera , including the Geastrum , Myriostoma and Sphaerobolus . The Sphaerobolus are known as `` shotgun fungus '' or `` cannonball fungus '' . They colonize wood - based mulches and may throw black , sticky , spore - containing globs onto nearby surfaces . The fruit bodies of several earthstars are hygroscopic : in dry weather the `` petals '' will dry and curl up around the soft spore sac , protecting it . In this state , often the whole fungus becomes detached from the ground and may roll around as a tumbleweed does . When the weather dampens , the `` petals '' moisten and uncurl and some even curl backward lifting the spore sac up . This then allows rain or animal movement to hit the spore sac so it will puff out spores when enough moisture is present for them to germinate .

text: The

text: Geastrales

text: are

text: an

text: order

text: of

text: gasterocarpic

text: basidiomycetes

text: fungi

text: that

text: relates

text: to

text: Cantharellales

text: The

text: order

text: contains

text: the

text: single

text: family

text: Geastraceae

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: earthstars

text: which

text: older

text: classifications

text: had

text: placed

text: in

text: Lycoperdales

text: or

text: Phallales

text: About

text: species

text: are

text: classified

text: in

text: this

text: family

text: divided

text: among

text: eight

text: genera

text: including

text: the

text: Geastrum

text: Myriostoma

text: and

text: Sphaerobolus

text: The

text: Sphaerobolus

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: shotgun

text: fungus

text: or

text: cannonball

text: fungus

text: They

text: colonize

text: wood

text: based

text: mulches

text: and

text: may

text: throw

text: black

text: sticky

text: spore

text: containing

text: globs

text: onto

text: nearby

text: surfaces

text: The

text: fruit

text: bodies

text: of

text: several

text: earthstars

text: are

text: hygroscopic

text: in

text: dry

text: weather

text: the

text: petals

text: will

text: dry

text: and

text: curl

text: up

text: around

text: the

text: soft

text: spore

text: sac

text: protecting

text: it

text: In

text: this

text: state

text: often

text: the

text: whole

text: fungus

text: becomes

text: detached

text: from

text: the

text: ground

text: and

text: may

text: roll

text: around

text: as

text: tumbleweed

text: does

text: When

text: the

text: weather

text: dampens

text: the

text: petals

text: moisten

text: and

text: uncurl

text: and

text: some

text: even

text: curl

text: backward

text: lifting

text: the

text: spore

text: sac

text: up

text: This

text: then

text: allows

text: rain

text: or

text: animal

text: movement

text: to

text: hit

text: the

text: spore

text: sac

text: so

text: it

text: will

text: puff

text: out

text: spores

text: when

text: enough

text: moisture

text: is

text: present

text: for

text: them

text: to

text: germinate

text: The Cantharellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains the chanterelles and related species, a group of fungi that superficially resemble agarics (gilled mushrooms) but have smooth, wrinkled, or gill-like hymenophores (spore-bearing undersurfaces). Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Many of the Cantharellaceae, including the chanterelle ("Cantharellus cibarius"), the Pacific golden chanterelle ("Cantharellus formosus"), the horn of plenty ("Craterellus cornucopioides"), and the trumpet chanterelle ("Craterellus tubaeformis"), are not only edible, but are collected and marketed internationally on a commercial scale.

text: The

text: Cantharellaceae

text: are

text: family

text: of

text: fungi

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: Cantharellales

text: The

text: family

text: contains

text: the

text: chanterelles

text: and

text: related

text: species

text: group

text: of

text: fungi

text: that

text: superficially

text: resemble

text: agarics

text: gilled

text: mushrooms

text: but

text: have

text: smooth

text: wrinkled

text: or

text: gill

text: like

text: hymenophores

text: spore

text: bearing

text: undersurfaces

text: Species

text: in

text: the

text: family

text: are

text: ectomycorrhizal

text: forming

text: mutually

text: beneficial

text: relationship

text: with

text: the

text: roots

text: of

text: trees

text: and

text: other

text: plants

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: Cantharellaceae

text: including

text: the

text: chanterelle

text: Cantharellus

text: cibarius

text: the

text: Pacific

text: golden

text: chanterelle

text: Cantharellus

text: formosus

text: the

text: horn

text: of

text: plenty

text: Craterellus

text: cornucopioides

text: and

text: the

text: trumpet

text: chanterelle

text: Craterellus

text: tubaeformis

text: are

text: not

text: only

text: edible

text: but

text: are

text: collected

text: and

text: marketed

text: internationally

text: on

text: commercial

text: scale

text: The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some cells develop into sterile cells called cystidia (basidiomycetes) or paraphyses (ascomycetes). Cystidia are often important for microscopic identification. The subhymenium consists of the supportive hyphae from which the cells of the hymenium grow, beneath which is the hymenophoral trama, the hyphae that make up the mass of the hymenophore.

text: The

text: hymenium

text: is

text: the

text: tissue

text: layer

text: on

text: the

text: hymenophore

text: of

text: fungal

text: fruiting

text: body

text: where

text: the

text: cells

text: develop

text: into

text: basidia

text: or

text: asci

text: which

text: produce

text: spores

text: In

text: some

text: species

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: cells

text: of

text: the

text: hymenium

text: develop

text: into

text: basidia

text: or

text: asci

text: while

text: in

text: others

text: some

text: cells

text: develop

text: into

text: sterile

text: cells

text: called

text: cystidia

text: basidiomycetes

text: or

text: paraphyses

text: ascomycetes

text: Cystidia

text: are

text: often

text: important

text: for

text: microscopic

text: identification

text: The

text: subhymenium

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: supportive

text: hyphae

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: cells

text: of

text: the

text: hymenium

text: grow

text: beneath

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: hymenophoral

text: trama

text: the

text: hyphae

text: that

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: mass

text: of

text: the

text: hymenophore

text: The Botryobasidiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains a group of corticioid fungi that form thin, web-like basidiocarps. Some species form asexual anamorphs producing chlamydospores. All are believed to be wood-rotting or litter-rotting saprotrophs. None is known to be of any economic importance.

text: The

text: Botryobasidiaceae

text: are

text: family

text: of

text: fungi

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: Cantharellales

text: The

text: family

text: contains

text: group

text: of

text: corticioid

text: fungi

text: that

text: form

text: thin

text: web

text: like

text: basidiocarps

text: Some

text: species

text: form

text: asexual

text: anamorphs

text: producing

text: chlamydospores

text: All

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: wood

text: rotting

text: or

text: litter

text: rotting

text: saprotrophs

text: is

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: of

text: any

text: economic

text: importance

text: The Phallales are an order of fungi in the subclass Phallomycetidae. The order contains three families: the Claustulaceae, the Gomphaceae, and the Phallaceae, which, according to a 2008 estimate, collectively contain 26 genera and 88 species.

text: The

text: Phallales

text: are

text: an

text: order

text: of

text: fungi

text: in

text: the

text: subclass

text: Phallomycetidae

text: The

text: order

text: contains

text: three

text: families

text: the

text: Claustulaceae

text: the

text: Gomphaceae

text: and

text: the

text: Phallaceae

text: which

text: according

text: to

text: estimate

text: collectively

text: contain

text: genera

text: and

text: species

text: The Aphelariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains a small group of tropical and subtropical clavarioid fungi, but is not well characterized and has not been the subject of published research.

text: The

text: Aphelariaceae

text: are

text: family

text: of

text: fungi

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: Cantharellales

text: The

text: family

text: contains

text: small

text: group

text: of

text: tropical

text: and

text: subtropical

text: clavarioid

text: fungi

text: but

text: is

text: not

text: well

text: characterized

text: and

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: published

text: research

text: The Cantharellales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes not only the chanterelles (Cantharellaceae), but also some of the tooth fungi (Hydnaceae), clavarioid fungi (Aphelariaceae and Clavulinaceae), and corticioid fungi (Botryobasidiaceae). Species within the order are variously ectomycorrhizal, saprotrophic, associated with orchids, or facultative plant pathogens. Those of economic importance include edible and commercially collected "Cantharellus", "Craterellus", and "Hydnum" species as well as crop pathogens in the genera "Ceratobasidium" and "Thanatephorus" ("Rhizoctonia").

text: The

text: Cantharellales

text: are

text: an

text: order

text: of

text: fungi

text: in

text: the

text: class

text: Agaricomycetes

text: The

text: order

text: includes

text: not

text: only

text: the

text: chanterelles

text: Cantharellaceae

text: but

text: also

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: tooth

text: fungi

text: Hydnaceae

text: clavarioid

text: fungi

text: Aphelariaceae

text: and

text: Clavulinaceae

text: and

text: corticioid

text: fungi

text: Botryobasidiaceae

text: Species

text: within

text: the

text: order

text: are

text: variously

text: ectomycorrhizal

text: saprotrophic

text: associated

text: with

text: orchids

text: or

text: facultative

text: plant

text: pathogens

text: Those

text: of

text: economic

text: importance

text: include

text: edible

text: and

text: commercially

text: collected

text: Cantharellus

text: Craterellus

text: and

text: Hydnum

text: species

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: crop

text: pathogens

text: in

text: the

text: genera

text: Ceratobasidium

text: and

text: Thanatephorus

text: Rhizoctonia

text: Cantharellus is a genus of popular edible mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles. They are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants, making them very difficult to cultivate. Caution must be used when identifying chanterelles for consumption due to lookalikes, such as the Jack-O-Lantern species ("Omphalotus olearius" and others), which can make a person very ill. Despite this, chanterelles are one of the most recognized and harvested groups of edible mushrooms.

text: Cantharellus

text: is

text: genus

text: of

text: popular

text: edible

text: mushrooms

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: chanterelles

text: They

text: are

text: mycorrhizal

text: fungi

text: meaning

text: they

text: form

text: symbiotic

text: associations

text: with

text: plants

text: making

text: them

text: very

text: difficult

text: to

text: cultivate

text: Caution

text: must

text: be

text: used

text: when

text: identifying

text: chanterelles

text: for

text: consumption

text: due

text: to

text: lookalikes

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Jack

text: Lantern

text: species

text: Omphalotus

text: olearius

text: and

text: others

text: which

text: can

text: make

text: person

text: very

text: ill

text: Despite

text: this

text: chanterelles

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: recognized

text: and

text: harvested

text: groups

text: of

text: edible

text: mushrooms

annotations: follows multiple

question: parent_taxon geastrales

answer: phallomycetidae

text: phallomycetidae

text: phallomycetidae


text: India, officially the Republic of India ("Bhrat Gaarjya"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.

text: India

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: India

text: Bhrat

text: Gaarjya

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: country

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: democracy

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: on

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Pakistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: China

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Bhutan

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: and

text: Myanmar

text: Burma

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: In

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: India

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: vicinity

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: and

text: the

text: Maldives

text: India

text: 's

text: Andaman

text: and

text: Nicobar

text: Islands

text: share

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: New

text: Delhi

text: other

text: metropolises

text: include

text: Mumbai

text: Kolkata

text: Chennai

text: Bangalore

text: Hyderabad

text: and

text: Ahmedabad

text: Tamil Nadu (English pronunciation:  ; ""; : ; literally 'The Land of Tamils' or 'Tamil Country') is one of the 29 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai (formerly known as Madras). Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north, by the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Kerala on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast, and by the Indian Ocean on the south. The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka.

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: English

text: pronunciation

text: literally

text: The

text: Land

text: of

text: Tamils

text: or

text: Tamil

text: Country

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: India

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Chennai

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Madras

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: southernmost

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: union

text: territory

text: of

text: Puducherry

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Indian

text: states

text: of

text: Kerala

text: Karnataka

text: and

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Ghats

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: by

text: the

text: Nilgiri

text: the

text: Anamalai

text: Hills

text: and

text: Kerala

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Bengal

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mannar

text: and

text: the

text: Palk

text: Strait

text: on

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: state

text: shares

text: maritime

text: border

text: with

text: the

text: nation

text: of

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: The Kannada people known as the Kannadigas and Kannadigaru, (sometimes referred to in English as "Kannadians"), are the people who natively speak Kannada. Kannadigas are mainly found in the state of Karnataka in India and in the neighboring states of Goa, Maharashtra particularly in Mumbai and Delhi cities. The English plural is Kannadigas.

text: The

text: Kannada

text: people

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kannadigas

text: and

text: Kannadigaru

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: English

text: as

text: Kannadians

text: are

text: the

text: people

text: who

text: natively

text: speak

text: Kannada

text: Kannadigas

text: are

text: mainly

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Karnataka

text: in

text: India

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: neighboring

text: states

text: of

text: Goa

text: Maharashtra

text: particularly

text: in

text: Mumbai

text: and

text: Delhi

text: cities

text: The

text: English

text: plural

text: is

text: Kannadigas

text:
Veeramachineni Madhusudhan Rao (14 June 1923  11 January 2012) was an Indian film director, producer and screenwriter, known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema, Rao has directed over 45 films, including musical hits such as "Annapurna", "Zamindar", "Antastulu", "Aradhana", "Aathma Balam", "Aatmiyulu", "Krishnaveni" and produced "Swati Kiranam". In 1965 He has received the National Film Award for directing Antastulu.
Rao died on 11 January 2012 at the age of 89.

text: Veeramachineni

text: Madhusudhan

text: Rao

text: June

text: January

text: was

text: an

text: Indian

text: film

text: director

text: producer

text: and

text: screenwriter

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: works

text: predominantly

text: in

text: Telugu

text: cinema

text: Rao

text: has

text: directed

text: over

text: films

text: including

text: musical

text: hits

text: such

text: as

text: Annapurna

text: Zamindar

text: Antastulu

text: Aradhana

text: Aathma

text: Balam

text: Aatmiyulu

text: Krishnaveni

text: and

text: produced

text: Swati

text: Kiranam

text: In

text: He

text: has

text: received

text: the

text: National

text: Film

text: Award

text: for

text: directing

text: Antastulu

text: Rao

text: died

text: on

text: January

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: Kerala, historically known as Keralam, is an Indian state in South India on the Malabar coast. It was formed on 1 November 1956 following the States Reorganisation Act by combining Malayalam-speaking regions. Spread over , it is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census, Kerala is the thirteenth-largest state by population and is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram. Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state.

text: Kerala

text: historically

text: known

text: as

text: Keralam

text: is

text: an

text: Indian

text: state

text: in

text: South

text: India

text: on

text: the

text: Malabar

text: coast

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: on

text: November

text: following

text: the

text: States

text: Reorganisation

text: Act

text: by

text: combining

text: Malayalam

text: speaking

text: regions

text: Spread

text: over

text: it

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Karnataka

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: northeast

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Lakshadweep

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: With

text: inhabitants

text: as

text: per

text: the

text: Census

text: Kerala

text: is

text: the

text: thirteenth

text: largest

text: state

text: by

text: population

text: and

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: districts

text: with

text: the

text: capital

text: being

text: Thiruvananthapuram

text: Malayalam

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: spoken

text: language

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: official

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: Vanisri, (born Rathna Kumari) is an Indian film actress known for her works predominately in Telugu and Tamil, few Kannada films. In a film career spanning forty years she has received three Filmfare Awards South, including the Nandi Awards, and the Tamil Nadu State Film Award. She gained attention with a supporting role in a film penned by K. Balachander titled "Sukha Dukhalu", and "Marapurani Kadha" (1967). Vanisri was then starred in super hits such as "Krishnaveni" ,"Prem Nagar", "Dasara Bullodu", "Aradhana", "Jeevitha Chakram", "Rangula Ratnam", "Sri Krishna Tulabharam", "Bhakta Kannappa", and "Bobbili Raja", etc.

text: Vanisri

text: born

text: Rathna

text: Kumari

text: is

text: an

text: Indian

text: film

text: actress

text: known

text: for

text: her

text: works

text: predominately

text: in

text: Telugu

text: and

text: Tamil

text: few

text: Kannada

text: films

text: In

text: film

text: career

text: spanning

text: forty

text: years

text: she

text: has

text: received

text: three

text: Filmfare

text: Awards

text: South

text: including

text: the

text: Nandi

text: Awards

text: and

text: the

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: State

text: Film

text: Award

text: She

text: gained

text: attention

text: with

text: supporting

text: role

text: in

text: film

text: penned

text: by

text: Balachander

text: titled

text: Sukha

text: Dukhalu

text: and

text: Marapurani

text: Kadha

text: Vanisri

text: was

text: then

text: starred

text: in

text: super

text: hits

text: such

text: as

text: Krishnaveni

text: Prem

text: Nagar

text: Dasara

text: Bullodu

text: Aradhana

text: Jeevitha

text: Chakram

text: Rangula

text: Ratnam

text: Sri

text: Krishna

text: Tulabharam

text: Bhakta

text: Kannappa

text: and

text: Bobbili

text: Raja

text: etc

text: Kannada ('), also known as Canarese or Kanarese , is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Kannada people in India, mainly in the state of Karnataka, and by linguistic minorities in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, and Goa. The language has roughly 40 million native speakers who are called Kannadigas, and a total of 50.8 million speakers according to a 2001 census. It is one of the scheduled languages of India and the official and administrative language of the state of Karnataka.

text: Kannada

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Canarese

text: or

text: Kanarese

text: is

text: Dravidian

text: language

text: spoken

text: predominantly

text: by

text: Kannada

text: people

text: in

text: India

text: mainly

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Karnataka

text: and

text: by

text: linguistic

text: minorities

text: in

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: Telangana

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: Maharashtra

text: Kerala

text: and

text: Goa

text: The

text: language

text: has

text: roughly

text: million

text: native

text: speakers

text: who

text: are

text: called

text: Kannadigas

text: and

text: total

text: of

text: million

text: speakers

text: according

text: to

text: census

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: scheduled

text: languages

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: the

text: official

text: and

text: administrative

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Karnataka

text: Maharashtra (Marathi:  pronunciation: , abbr. MH) is a state in the western region of India and is India's third-largest state by area and is also the world's second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million. Nagpur is Maharashtra's second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtra's business opportunities along with its potential to offer a higher standard of living attract migrants from all over India.

text: Maharashtra

text: Marathi

text: pronunciation

text: abbr

text: MH

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: region

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: is

text: India

text: 's

text: third

text: largest

text: state

text: by

text: area

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: sub

text: national

text: entity

text: It

text: has

text: over

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: Mumbai

text: has

text: population

text: of

text: approximately

text: million

text: Nagpur

text: is

text: Maharashtra

text: 's

text: second

text: capital

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: winter

text: capital

text: Maharashtra

text: 's

text: business

text: opportunities

text: along

text: with

text: its

text: potential

text: to

text: offer

text: higher

text: standard

text: of

text: living

text: attract

text: migrants

text: from

text: all

text: over

text: India

text: Karnataka (IPA:) is a state in south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed "Karnataka" in 1973. The capital and largest city is Bangalore (Bengaluru). Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea and the Laccadive Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Telangana to the northeast, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area. With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the classical languages of India, is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.

text: Karnataka

text: IPA

text: is

text: state

text: in

text: south

text: western

text: region

text: of

text: India

text: It

text: was

text: formed

text: on

text: November

text: with

text: the

text: passage

text: of

text: the

text: States

text: Reorganisation

text: Act

text: Originally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Mysore

text: it

text: was

text: renamed

text: Karnataka

text: in

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Bangalore

text: Bengaluru

text: Karnataka

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Laccadive

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Goa

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Maharashtra

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Telangana

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: Kerala

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: The

text: state

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: or

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: geographical

text: area

text: of

text: India

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: seventh

text: largest

text: Indian

text: state

text: by

text: area

text: With

text: inhabitants

text: at

text: the

text: census

text: Karnataka

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: state

text: by

text: population

text: comprising

text: districts

text: Kannada

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: classical

text: languages

text: of

text: India

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: spoken

text: and

text: official

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: Krishnaveni is a 1974 Telugu feature film directed by V. Madhusudhan Rao , starring Krishnam Raju and Vanisri , under the banner of Gopikrishna Movies . The film met with a strong critical reception and commercial success upon release . The movie was about a lady suffering from hysteria and the emotional trauma of her family . The film is a remake of the Kannada hit film Sharapanjara ( 1971 ) .

text: Krishnaveni

text: is

text: Telugu

text: feature

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Madhusudhan

text: Rao

text: starring

text: Krishnam

text: Raju

text: and

text: Vanisri

text: under

text: the

text: banner

text: of

text: Gopikrishna

text: Movies

text: The

text: film

text: met

text: with

text: strong

text: critical

text: reception

text: and

text: commercial

text: success

text: upon

text: release

text: The

text: movie

text: was

text: about

text: lady

text: suffering

text: from

text: hysteria

text: and

text: the

text: emotional

text: trauma

text: of

text: her

text: family

text: The

text: film

text: is

text: remake

text: of

text: the

text: Kannada

text: hit

text: film

text: Sharapanjara

text: Uppalapati Venkata Krishnam Raju (born 20 January 1940) is an Indian film actor, known for his works in Telugu cinema. He is widely known as "Rebel Star" for his rebellious acting style. He is also the winner of the inaugural Nandi Award for Best Actor. Krishnam Raju has starred in more than 183 feature films in his career. He made his film debut with the 1966 Chilaka Gorinka produced and directed by Kotayya Pratyagatma. Raju has garnered five Filmfare Awards South and three state Nandi Awards. Raju is also an active politician.

text: Uppalapati

text: Venkata

text: Krishnam

text: Raju

text: born

text: January

text: is

text: an

text: Indian

text: film

text: actor

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: works

text: in

text: Telugu

text: cinema

text: He

text: is

text: widely

text: known

text: as

text: Rebel

text: Star

text: for

text: his

text: rebellious

text: acting

text: style

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: winner

text: of

text: the

text: inaugural

text: Nandi

text: Award

text: for

text: Best

text: Actor

text: Krishnam

text: Raju

text: has

text: starred

text: in

text: more

text: than

text: feature

text: films

text: in

text: his

text: career

text: He

text: made

text: his

text: film

text: debut

text: with

text: the

text: Chilaka

text: Gorinka

text: produced

text: and

text: directed

text: by

text: Kotayya

text: Pratyagatma

text: Raju

text: has

text: garnered

text: five

text: Filmfare

text: Awards

text: South

text: and

text: three

text: state

text: Nandi

text: Awards

text: Raju

text: is

text: also

text: an

text: active

text: politician

text: Andhra Pradesh() is one of the 29 states of India, situated on the southeastern coast of the country. The state is the eighth largest state in India covering an area of . As per 2011 Census of India, the state is tenth largest by population with 49,386,799 inhabitants.

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: India

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: southeastern

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: India

text: covering

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: As

text: per

text: Census

text: of

text: India

text: the

text: state

text: is

text: tenth

text: largest

text: by

text: population

text: with

text: inhabitants

text:
Swati Kiranam is a 1992 Telugu musical drama film directed by K. Viswanath. Produced by V. Madhusudhan Rao the film starred Mammootty, Master Manjunath, and Radhika Sarathkumar. The film is about an egoistic music teacher envious of the extraordinary talent of his prodigious young disciple.
The film was show cased among the Indian panorama section, at the 1992 International Film Festival of India. The film has garnered Filmfare Award for Best Music Direction, and the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer.

text: Swati

text: Kiranam

text: is

text: Telugu

text: musical

text: drama

text: film

text: directed

text: by

text: Viswanath

text: Produced

text: by

text: Madhusudhan

text: Rao

text: the

text: film

text: starred

text: Mammootty

text: Master

text: Manjunath

text: and

text: Radhika

text: Sarathkumar

text: The

text: film

text: is

text: about

text: an

text: egoistic

text: music

text: teacher

text: envious

text: of

text: the

text: extraordinary

text: talent

text: of

text: his

text: prodigious

text: young

text: disciple

text: The

text: film

text: was

text: show

text: cased

text: among

text: the

text: Indian

text: panorama

text: section

text: at

text: the

text: International

text: Film

text: Festival

text: of

text: India

text: The

text: film

text: has

text: garnered

text: Filmfare

text: Award

text: for

text: Best

text: Music

text: Direction

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Film

text: Award

text: for

text: Best

text: Female

text: Playback

text: Singer

text: Telangana is one of the 29 states in India, located in southern India. Telangana has an area of , and a population of 35,193,978 (2011 census). making it the twelfth largest state in India, and the twelfth most populated state in India. Its major cities include Hyderabad, Warangal, Nizamabad, Khammam, Karimnagar and Ramagundam. Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north and north west, Chhattisgarh to the north, Karnataka to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south.

text: Telangana

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: in

text: India

text: located

text: in

text: southern

text: India

text: Telangana

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: and

text: population

text: of

text: census

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: twelfth

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: India

text: and

text: the

text: twelfth

text: most

text: populated

text: state

text: in

text: India

text: Its

text: major

text: cities

text: include

text: Hyderabad

text: Warangal

text: Nizamabad

text: Khammam

text: Karimnagar

text: and

text: Ramagundam

text: Telangana

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Maharashtra

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: north

text: west

text: Chhattisgarh

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Karnataka

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: Filmfare Awards South is the South Indian segment of the annual Filmfare Awards, presented by The Times Group to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the South Indian film industry. The awards were introduced in 1954, around the films released in 1953 & Filmfare Awards initially recognizing the Hindi film industries. In 1964 awards were extended to Best Picture in Tamil, Telugu, Bengali and Marathi, around the films released in 1963.The inclusion of Malayalam cinema in the awards came in 1967 while Kannada cinema was recognized in 1970. Each industry is given its own set of creative awards in annual ceremonies that have predominantly been held in Chennai and Hyderabad.

text: Filmfare

text: Awards

text: South

text: is

text: the

text: South

text: Indian

text: segment

text: of

text: the

text: annual

text: Filmfare

text: Awards

text: presented

text: by

text: The

text: Times

text: Group

text: to

text: honour

text: both

text: artistic

text: and

text: technical

text: excellence

text: of

text: professionals

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Indian

text: film

text: industry

text: The

text: awards

text: were

text: introduced

text: in

text: around

text: the

text: films

text: released

text: in

text: Filmfare

text: Awards

text: initially

text: recognizing

text: the

text: Hindi

text: film

text: industries

text: In

text: awards

text: were

text: extended

text: to

text: Best

text: Picture

text: in

text: Tamil

text: Telugu

text: Bengali

text: and

text: Marathi

text: around

text: the

text: films

text: released

text: in

text: inclusion

text: of

text: Malayalam

text: cinema

text: in

text: the

text: awards

text: came

text: in

text: while

text: Kannada

text: cinema

text: was

text: recognized

text: in

text: Each

text: industry

text: is

text: given

text: its

text: own

text: set

text: of

text: creative

text: awards

text: in

text: annual

text: ceremonies

text: that

text: have

text: predominantly

text: been

text: held

text: in

text: Chennai

text: and

text: Hyderabad

annotations: likely multiple

question: country_of_origin krishnaveni

answer: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india

text: india


text: The Partition of India was the 1947 partitioning of the British Indian Empire into India and Pakistan. It led to the creation of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan (which later split into Pakistan and Bangladesh) and the Union of India (later Republic of India) on 1415 August 1947. "Partition" here refers not only to the division of the Bengal province of British India into East Pakistan and West Bengal (India), and the similar partition of the Punjab Province into West Punjab (West Pakistan) and East Punjab (now Punjab), but also to the respective divisions of other assets, including the British Indian Army, the Indian Civil Service and other administrative services, the railways, and the central treasury.

text: The

text: Partition

text: of

text: India

text: was

text: the

text: partitioning

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Indian

text: Empire

text: into

text: India

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: It

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: sovereign

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: Dominion

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: which

text: later

text: split

text: into

text: Pakistan

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: and

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: India

text: later

text: Republic

text: of

text: India

text: on

text: August

text: Partition

text: here

text: refers

text: not

text: only

text: to

text: the

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: Bengal

text: province

text: of

text: British

text: India

text: into

text: East

text: Pakistan

text: and

text: West

text: Bengal

text: India

text: and

text: the

text: similar

text: partition

text: of

text: the

text: Punjab

text: Province

text: into

text: West

text: Punjab

text: West

text: Pakistan

text: and

text: East

text: Punjab

text: now

text: Punjab

text: but

text: also

text: to

text: the

text: respective

text: divisions

text: of

text: other

text: assets

text: including

text: the

text: British

text: Indian

text: Army

text: the

text: Indian

text: Civil

text: Service

text: and

text: other

text: administrative

text: services

text: the

text: railways

text: and

text: the

text: central

text: treasury

text: Maninderjeet Singh Bitta ( also M S Bitta ) is the chairman of the All - India Anti-Terrorist Front ( AIATF ) , and former chief of the Indian Youth Congress . He was made the president of Indian Youth Congress by P. V. Narasimha Rao . Maninderjeet Singh Bitta was a Minister in Punjab Govt in the govt of Beant Singh ( chief minister ) .

text: Maninderjeet

text: Singh

text: Bitta

text: also

text: Bitta

text: is

text: the

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: All

text: India

text: Anti

text: Terrorist

text: Front

text: AIATF

text: and

text: former

text: chief

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: Youth

text: Congress

text: He

text: was

text: made

text: the

text: president

text: of

text: Indian

text: Youth

text: Congress

text: by

text: Narasimha

text: Rao

text: Maninderjeet

text: Singh

text: Bitta

text: was

text: Minister

text: in

text: Punjab

text: Govt

text: in

text: the

text: govt

text: of

text: Beant

text: Singh

text: chief

text: minister

text: The Indian National Congress (INC, often called Congress), is one of two major political parties in India; the other being the Bharatiya Janata Party.

text: The

text: Indian

text: National

text: Congress

text: INC

text: often

text: called

text: Congress

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: two

text: major

text: political

text: parties

text: in

text: India

text: the

text: other

text: being

text: the

text: Bharatiya

text: Janata

text: Party

text: Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi (Bengali:   "Prio Rônjon Dashmunshi"; born 13 November 1945) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency) of West Bengal and is a member of the Indian National Congress party.

text: Priya

text: Ranjan

text: Dasmunsi

text: Bengali

text: Prio

text: Rônjon

text: Dashmunshi

text: born

text: November

text: was

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Lok

text: Sabha

text: of

text: India

text: He

text: represented

text: the

text: Raiganj

text: Lok

text: Sabha

text: constituency

text: of

text: West

text: Bengal

text: and

text: is

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: National

text: Congress

text: party

text:
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Nehru; 19 November 1917  31 October 1984) was an Indian politician and central figure of the Indian National Congress party, and to date the only female Prime Minister of India. Indira Gandhi was the daughter of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. She served as Prime Minister from 1966 to 1977 and then again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, making her the second-longest-serving Prime Minister of India after her father.
Gandhi served as her father's personal assistant and hostess during his tenure as prime minister between 1947 and 1964. She was elected Congress President in 1959. Upon her father's death in 1964, Gandhi refused to enter the Congress party leadership contest and instead chose to become a cabinet minister in the government led by Lal Bahadur Shastri. In the Congress Party's parliamentary leadership election held in early 1966, upon the death of Shastri, she defeated her rival, Morarji Desai, to become leader, and thus succeeded Shastri as Prime Minister of India.

text: Indira

text: Priyadarshini

text: Gandhi

text: Nehru

text: November

text: October

text: was

text: an

text: Indian

text: politician

text: and

text: central

text: figure

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: National

text: Congress

text: party

text: and

text: to

text: date

text: the

text: only

text: female

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: India

text: Indira

text: Gandhi

text: was

text: the

text: daughter

text: of

text: India

text: 's

text: first

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Jawaharlal

text: Nehru

text: She

text: served

text: as

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: then

text: again

text: from

text: until

text: her

text: assassination

text: in

text: making

text: her

text: the

text: second

text: longest

text: serving

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: India

text: after

text: her

text: father

text: Gandhi

text: served

text: as

text: her

text: father

text: 's

text: personal

text: assistant

text: and

text: hostess

text: during

text: his

text: tenure

text: as

text: prime

text: minister

text: between

text: and

text: She

text: was

text: elected

text: Congress

text: President

text: in

text: Upon

text: her

text: father

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: Gandhi

text: refused

text: to

text: enter

text: the

text: Congress

text: party

text: leadership

text: contest

text: and

text: instead

text: chose

text: to

text: become

text: cabinet

text: minister

text: in

text: the

text: government

text: led

text: by

text: Lal

text: Bahadur

text: Shastri

text: In

text: the

text: Congress

text: Party

text: 's

text: parliamentary

text: leadership

text: election

text: held

text: in

text: early

text: upon

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Shastri

text: she

text: defeated

text: her

text: rival

text: Morarji

text: Desai

text: to

text: become

text: leader

text: and

text: thus

text: succeeded

text: Shastri

text: as

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: India

text: The Indian Youth Congress is the youth wing of the Indian National Congress party. The Indian Youth Congress was a department of the Indian National Congress from the period just after the Partition of India in 1947 until the late 1960s. While prime minister, Indira Gandhi gave the Youth Congress a new dimension by establishing it as a frontal organisation of the Congress Party, with the objective of doing social work and arguing against right-wing parties. Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi was the first elected governor of the Indian Youth Congress; he later became Minister of Information and Broadcasting and Parliamentary affairs in the Indian cabinet. Narayan Dutt Tiwari was the first President.

text: The

text: Indian

text: Youth

text: Congress

text: is

text: the

text: youth

text: wing

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: National

text: Congress

text: party

text: The

text: Indian

text: Youth

text: Congress

text: was

text: department

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: National

text: Congress

text: from

text: the

text: period

text: just

text: after

text: the

text: Partition

text: of

text: India

text: in

text: until

text: the

text: late

text: While

text: prime

text: minister

text: Indira

text: Gandhi

text: gave

text: the

text: Youth

text: Congress

text: new

text: dimension

text: by

text: establishing

text: it

text: as

text: frontal

text: organisation

text: of

text: the

text: Congress

text: Party

text: with

text: the

text: objective

text: of

text: doing

text: social

text: work

text: and

text: arguing

text: against

text: right

text: wing

text: parties

text: Priya

text: Ranjan

text: Dasmunsi

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: elected

text: governor

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: Youth

text: Congress

text: he

text: later

text: became

text: Minister

text: of

text: Information

text: and

text: Broadcasting

text: and

text: Parliamentary

text: affairs

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: cabinet

text: Narayan

text: Dutt

text: Tiwari

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: President

question: member_of_political_party maninderjeet singh bitta

answer: indian national congress

text: indian national congress

text: indian national congress

text: indian national congress

text: indian national congress

text: indian national congress


text: Cambodia (or Kampuchea ), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia (Preh Réachéanachâk Kâmpchéa), is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is in area, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.

text: Cambodia

text: or

text: Kampuchea

text: officially

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Cambodia

text: Preh

text: Réachéanachâk

text: Kâmpchéa

text: is

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Indochina

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: in

text: area

text: bordered

text: by

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Laos

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: Vietnam

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Thailand

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Mainland Southeast Asia, also known as the Indochinese Peninsula and previously Indochina, is the continental portion of Southeast Asia lying east of India and south of China, bounded by the Indian Ocean to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east.

text: Mainland

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Indochinese

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: previously

text: Indochina

text: is

text: the

text: continental

text: portion

text: of

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: lying

text: east

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: China

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Khmer people are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Cambodia, accounting for approximately 90% of the country's 15.2 million people. They speak the Khmer language, which is part of the larger Austroasiatic language family found throughout eastern and central India and Bangladesh, in Southeast Asia, South China and numerous islands in the Indian Ocean.

text: Khmer

text: people

text: are

text: Southeast

text: Asian

text: ethnic

text: group

text: native

text: to

text: Cambodia

text: accounting

text: for

text: approximately

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: million

text: people

text: They

text: speak

text: the

text: Khmer

text: language

text: which

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: larger

text: Austroasiatic

text: language

text: family

text: found

text: throughout

text: eastern

text: and

text: central

text: India

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: South

text: China

text: and

text: numerous

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: The Khmer Empire, officially the Angkor Empire, the predecessor state to modern Cambodia ("Kampuchea" or "Srok Khmer" to the Khmer people), was a powerful Hindu-Buddhist empire in Southeast Asia. The empire, which grew out of the former kingdoms of Funan and Chenla, at times ruled over and/or vassalised most of mainland Southeast Asia.

text: The

text: Khmer

text: Empire

text: officially

text: the

text: Angkor

text: Empire

text: the

text: predecessor

text: state

text: to

text: modern

text: Cambodia

text: Kampuchea

text: or

text: Srok

text: Khmer

text: to

text: the

text: Khmer

text: people

text: was

text: powerful

text: Hindu

text: Buddhist

text: empire

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: The

text: empire

text: which

text: grew

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: kingdoms

text: of

text: Funan

text: and

text: Chenla

text: at

text: times

text: ruled

text: over

text: and/or

text: vassalised

text: most

text: of

text: mainland

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: Jayavarman V ( Khmer :  ) was a ruler of the Khmer Empire from his state temple , Jayendranagari , at Jayendrapura .

text: Jayavarman

text: Khmer

text: was

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Khmer

text: Empire

text: from

text: his

text: state

text: temple

text: Jayendranagari

text: at

text: Jayendrapura

text: Angkor ("Capital City") was the capital city of Khmer Empire, which flourished from approximately the 9th to 15th centuries. Angkor was a megacity supporting at least 0.1% of the global population during 1010-1220. The city houses the magnificent Angkor Wat, one of Cambodia's popular tourist attractions.

text: Angkor

text: Capital

text: City

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Khmer

text: Empire

text: which

text: flourished

text: from

text: approximately

text: the

text: to

text: centuries

text: Angkor

text: was

text: megacity

text: supporting

text: at

text: least

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: population

text: during

text: The

text: city

text: houses

text: the

text: magnificent

text: Angkor

text: Wat

text: one

text: of

text: Cambodia

text: 's

text: popular

text: tourist

text: attractions

text: Hindu refers to any person who regards themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism. It has historically been used as a geographical, cultural, rather than a religious identifier for people indigenous to South Asia.

text: Hindu

text: refers

text: to

text: any

text: person

text: who

text: regards

text: themselves

text: as

text: culturally

text: ethnically

text: or

text: religiously

text: adhering

text: to

text: aspects

text: of

text: Hinduism

text: It

text: has

text: historically

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: geographical

text: cultural

text: rather

text: than

text: religious

text: identifier

text: for

text: people

text: indigenous

text: to

text: South

text: Asia

text: Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. The region lies near the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic and volcanic activity. Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions:

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: or

text: Southeastern

text: Asia

text: is

text: subregion

text: of

text: Asia

text: consisting

text: of

text: the

text: countries

text: that

text: are

text: geographically

text: south

text: of

text: China

text: east

text: of

text: India

text: west

text: of

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: north

text: of

text: Australia

text: The

text: region

text: lies

text: near

text: the

text: intersection

text: of

text: geological

text: plates

text: with

text: heavy

text: seismic

text: and

text: volcanic

text: activity

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: consists

text: of

text: two

text: geographic

text: regions

text: Chenla  is the Chinese designation for the successor polity of the Kingdom of Funan preceding the Khmer Empire that existed from around the late sixth to the early ninth century in Indochina. The name was still used in the 13th century by the Chinese envoy Zhou Daguan, author of "The Customs of Cambodia". However, modern historiography applies the name exclusively to the period from the late 6th to the early ninth century. It is dubious if "Chenla" ever existed as a unitary kingdom or if this is a misconception by Chinese chronists. Most modern historians believe that "Chenla" was in fact just a series of loose and temporary confederations of principalities.

text: Chenla

text: is

text: the

text: Chinese

text: designation

text: for

text: the

text: successor

text: polity

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Funan

text: preceding

text: the

text: Khmer

text: Empire

text: that

text: existed

text: from

text: around

text: the

text: late

text: sixth

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: ninth

text: century

text: in

text: Indochina

text: The

text: name

text: was

text: still

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: by

text: the

text: Chinese

text: envoy

text: Zhou

text: Daguan

text: author

text: of

text: The

text: Customs

text: of

text: Cambodia

text: However

text: modern

text: historiography

text: applies

text: the

text: name

text: exclusively

text: to

text: the

text: period

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: ninth

text: century

text: It

text: is

text: dubious

text: if

text: Chenla

text: ever

text: existed

text: as

text: unitary

text: kingdom

text: or

text: if

text: this

text: is

text: misconception

text: by

text: Chinese

text: chronists

text: Most

text: modern

text: historians

text: believe

text: that

text: Chenla

text: was

text: in

text: fact

text: just

text: series

text: of

text: loose

text: and

text: temporary

text: confederations

text: of

text: principalities

question: place_of_birth jayavarman v

answer: angkor

text: angkor

text: angkor

text: angkor

text: angkor


text: Rugby sevens is a variant of rugby union in which teams are made up of seven players playing seven-minute halves, instead of the usual 15 players playing 40-minute halves. Rugby sevens is administered by World Rugby, the body responsible for Rugby Union worldwide. The game is popular at all levels, with amateur and club tournaments generally held in the summer months. Sevens is one of the most well distributed forms of rugby, and is popular in parts of Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, and especially in the South Pacific. Rugby sevens is commonly referred to by rugby union media and fans as simply "sevens".

text: Rugby

text: sevens

text: is

text: variant

text: of

text: rugby

text: union

text: in

text: which

text: teams

text: are

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: seven

text: players

text: playing

text: seven

text: minute

text: halves

text: instead

text: of

text: the

text: usual

text: players

text: playing

text: halves

text: Rugby

text: sevens

text: is

text: administered

text: by

text: World

text: Rugby

text: the

text: body

text: responsible

text: for

text: Rugby

text: Union

text: worldwide

text: The

text: game

text: is

text: popular

text: at

text: all

text: levels

text: with

text: amateur

text: and

text: club

text: tournaments

text: generally

text: held

text: in

text: the

text: summer

text: months

text: Sevens

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: well

text: distributed

text: forms

text: of

text: rugby

text: and

text: is

text: popular

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: Africa

text: Asia

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: Americas

text: and

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Pacific

text: Rugby

text: sevens

text: is

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: rugby

text: union

text: media

text: and

text: fans

text: as

text: simply

text: sevens

text:
The Rugby World Cup is a men's rugby union tournament contested every four years between the top international teams. The tournament was first held in 1987, when the tournament was co-hosted by New Zealand and Australia.
New Zealand are the current champions, having defeated Australia in the final of the 2015 tournament in England.

text: The

text: Rugby

text: World

text: Cup

text: is

text: men

text: 's

text: rugby

text: union

text: tournament

text: contested

text: every

text: four

text: years

text: between

text: the

text: top

text: international

text: teams

text: The

text: tournament

text: was

text: first

text: held

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: tournament

text: was

text: co

text: hosted

text: by

text: New

text: Zealand

text: and

text: Australia

text: New

text: Zealand

text: are

text: the

text: current

text: champions

text: having

text: defeated

text: Australia

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: of

text: the

text: tournament

text: in

text: England

text: Scotland (Scots: ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.

text: Scotland

text: Scots

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: covers

text: the

text: northern

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: shares

text: border

text: with

text: England

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: is

text: otherwise

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: North

text: Channel

text: and

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: mainland

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: islands

text: including

text: the

text: Northern

text: Isles

text: and

text: the

text: Hebrides

text: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: UK

text: or

text: Britain

text: is

text: sovereign

text: country

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: Lying

text: off

text: the

text: north

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: mainland

text: it

text: includes

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: loosely

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: whole

text: country

text: the

text: north

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Ireland

text: and

text: many

text: smaller

text: islands

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: that

text: shares

text: land

text: border

text: with

text: another

text: sovereign

text: statethe

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Apart

text: from

text: this

text: land

text: border

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: with

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: south

text: west

text: giving

text: it

text: the

text: longest

text: coastline

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: between

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: With

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Together

text: this

text: makes

text: it

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: World Rugby (WR) is the world governing body for the sport of rugby union. World Rugby organises the Rugby World Cup every four years, the sport's most recognised and most profitable competition. It also organises a number of other international rugby competitions, such as the World Rugby Sevens Series, the World Under 20 Championship, and the Pacific Nations Cup.

text: World

text: Rugby

text: WR

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: governing

text: body

text: for

text: the

text: sport

text: of

text: rugby

text: union

text: World

text: Rugby

text: organises

text: the

text: Rugby

text: World

text: Cup

text: every

text: four

text: years

text: the

text: sport

text: 's

text: most

text: recognised

text: and

text: most

text: profitable

text: competition

text: It

text: also

text: organises

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: international

text: rugby

text: competitions

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: World

text: Rugby

text: Sevens

text: Series

text: the

text: World

text: Under

text: Championship

text: and

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Nations

text: Cup

text: The Melrose Cup is the main prize of the Rugby World Cup Sevens. The trophy is named after the town of Melrose, Scotland, the birthplace of rugby sevens. The trophy has been presented to the winner of the world cup since the inaugural tournament in 1993. The only teams to have held the trophy are England, Wales, Fiji and current cup holders New Zealand.

text: The

text: Melrose

text: Cup

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: prize

text: of

text: the

text: Rugby

text: World

text: Cup

text: Sevens

text: The

text: trophy

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Melrose

text: Scotland

text: the

text: birthplace

text: of

text: rugby

text: sevens

text: The

text: trophy

text: has

text: been

text: presented

text: to

text: the

text: winner

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: cup

text: since

text: the

text: inaugural

text: tournament

text: in

text: The

text: only

text: teams

text: to

text: have

text: held

text: the

text: trophy

text: are

text: England

text: Wales

text: Fiji

text: and

text: current

text: cup

text: holders

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Rugby union, or simply rugby, is a contact team sport which originated in England in the first half of the 19th century. One of the two codes of rugby football, it is based on running with the ball in hand. In its most common form, a game is between two teams of 15 players using an oval-shaped ball on a rectangular field with H-shaped goalposts on each try line.

text: Rugby

text: union

text: or

text: simply

text: rugby

text: is

text: contact

text: team

text: sport

text: which

text: originated

text: in

text: England

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: codes

text: of

text: rugby

text: football

text: it

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: running

text: with

text: the

text: ball

text: in

text: hand

text: In

text: its

text: most

text: common

text: form

text: game

text: is

text: between

text: two

text: teams

text: of

text: players

text: using

text: an

text: oval

text: shaped

text: ball

text: on

text: rectangular

text: field

text: with

text: shaped

text: goalposts

text: on

text: each

text: try

text: line

text: England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.

text: England

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Scotland

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Wales

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: lies

text: northwest

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Sea

text: lies

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: England

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: continental

text: Europe

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: country

text: covers

text: five

text: eighths

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: which

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: in

text: its

text: centre

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: includes

text: over

text: smaller

text: islands

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Isles

text: of

text: Scilly

text: and

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: The Rugby World Cup Sevens is the premier stand-alone international rugby sevens competition. The event is organised by the sport's governing body, World Rugby (WR), and is contested every four years with tournaments for men's and women's national teams co-hosted at the same venues. The inaugural tournament was held in 1993 in Scotland, the birthplace of rugby sevens. The winners of the men's tournament are awarded the Melrose Cup, named after the Scottish town of Melrose where the first rugby sevens game was played. The women's tournament was inaugurated at the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens held in Dubai.

text: The

text: Rugby

text: World

text: Cup

text: Sevens

text: is

text: the

text: premier

text: stand

text: alone

text: international

text: rugby

text: sevens

text: competition

text: The

text: event

text: is

text: organised

text: by

text: the

text: sport

text: 's

text: governing

text: body

text: World

text: Rugby

text: WR

text: and

text: is

text: contested

text: every

text: four

text: years

text: with

text: tournaments

text: for

text: men

text: 's

text: and

text: women

text: 's

text: national

text: teams

text: co

text: hosted

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: venues

text: The

text: inaugural

text: tournament

text: was

text: held

text: in

text: in

text: Scotland

text: the

text: birthplace

text: of

text: rugby

text: sevens

text: The

text: winners

text: of

text: the

text: men

text: 's

text: tournament

text: are

text: awarded

text: the

text: Melrose

text: Cup

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Scottish

text: town

text: of

text: Melrose

text: where

text: the

text: first

text: rugby

text: sevens

text: game

text: was

text: played

text: The

text: women

text: 's

text: tournament

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: at

text: the

text: Rugby

text: World

text: Cup

text: Sevens

text: held

text: in

text: Dubai

text: Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of . Wales has over of coastline and is largely mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon, its highest summit. The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate.

text: Wales

text: is

text: country

text: that

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: England

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Bristol

text: Channel

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: It

text: had

text: population

text: in

text: of

text: and

text: has

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: Wales

text: has

text: over

text: of

text: coastline

text: and

text: is

text: largely

text: mountainous

text: with

text: its

text: higher

text: peaks

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: central

text: areas

text: including

text: Snowdon

text: its

text: highest

text: summit

text: The

text: country

text: lies

text: within

text: the

text: north

text: temperate

text: zone

text: and

text: has

text: changeable

text: maritime

text: climate

text: The 2009 Rugby Sevens World Cup was the fifth edition of the Rugby World Cup Sevens . The International Rugby Board ( IRB ) selected Dubai in the United Arab Emirates as the host venue for the tournament ahead of bids from four other countries . The format included nine direct qualifiers and a further fifteen qualifiers from all six regions defined by the IRB . A women 's version of the world cup was also held alongside the men 's tournament for the first time and featured sixteen teams . The men 's cup was won by Wales , with the women 's cup going to Australia . The men 's teams of Fiji , New Zealand and Australia , who entered the semi-finals in the two previous editions , failed to do so in 2009 : the former were defeated by quarter - finals Kenya and Wales respectively , whereas Australia lost two of the three matches in the pool stage and did not advance to quarter - finals . Wales , which had never reached quarter - finals in the previous editions of the World Cup , beat Samoa in semi-finals and Argentina in the final to win the tournament . Kenya had never reached the Cup or Plate stages before , but shared 3rd place in 2009 .

text: The

text: Rugby

text: Sevens

text: World

text: Cup

text: was

text: the

text: fifth

text: edition

text: of

text: the

text: Rugby

text: World

text: Cup

text: Sevens

text: The

text: International

text: Rugby

text: Board

text: IRB

text: selected

text: Dubai

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Arab

text: Emirates

text: as

text: the

text: host

text: venue

text: for

text: the

text: tournament

text: ahead

text: of

text: bids

text: from

text: four

text: other

text: countries

text: The

text: format

text: included

text: nine

text: direct

text: qualifiers

text: and

text: further

text: fifteen

text: qualifiers

text: from

text: all

text: six

text: regions

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: IRB

text: women

text: 's

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: cup

text: was

text: also

text: held

text: alongside

text: the

text: men

text: 's

text: tournament

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: and

text: featured

text: sixteen

text: teams

text: The

text: men

text: 's

text: cup

text: was

text: won

text: by

text: Wales

text: with

text: the

text: women

text: 's

text: cup

text: going

text: to

text: Australia

text: The

text: men

text: 's

text: teams

text: of

text: Fiji

text: New

text: Zealand

text: and

text: Australia

text: who

text: entered

text: the

text: semi

text: finals

text: in

text: the

text: two

text: previous

text: editions

text: failed

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: were

text: defeated

text: by

text: quarter

text: finals

text: Kenya

text: and

text: Wales

text: respectively

text: whereas

text: Australia

text: lost

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: matches

text: in

text: the

text: pool

text: stage

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: advance

text: to

text: quarter

text: finals

text: Wales

text: which

text: had

text: never

text: reached

text: quarter

text: finals

text: in

text: the

text: previous

text: editions

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Cup

text: beat

text: Samoa

text: in

text: semi

text: finals

text: and

text: Argentina

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: to

text: win

text: the

text: tournament

text: Kenya

text: had

text: never

text: reached

text: the

text: Cup

text: or

text: Plate

text: stages

text: before

text: but

text: shared

text: place

text: in

annotations: follows single

question: sport 2009 rugby world cup sevens

answer: rugby union

text: rugby union

text: rugby union

text: rugby union

text: rugby union

text: rugby union

text: rugby union