text: The Mongol Empire (Mongolian: "Mongolyn Ezent Güren" ; Mongolian Cyrillic:    also ("Horde") in Russian chronicles) existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest contiguous land empire in history. Originating in the steppes of Central Asia, the Mongol Empire eventually stretched from Central Europe to the Sea of Japan, extending northwards into Siberia, eastwards and southwards into the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, and the Iranian plateau, and westwards as far as the Levant and Arabia.

text: The

text: Mongol

text: Empire

text: Mongolian

text: Mongolyn

text: Ezent

text: Güren

text: Mongolian

text: Cyrillic

text: also

text: Horde

text: in

text: Russian

text: chronicles

text: existed

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: contiguous

text: land

text: empire

text: in

text: history

text: Originating

text: in

text: the

text: steppes

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: the

text: Mongol

text: Empire

text: eventually

text: stretched

text: from

text: Central

text: Europe

text: to

text: the

text: Sea

text: of

text: Japan

text: extending

text: northwards

text: into

text: Siberia

text: eastwards

text: and

text: southwards

text: into

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: Indochina

text: and

text: the

text: Iranian

text: plateau

text: and

text: westwards

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: the

text: Levant

text: and

text: Arabia

text: Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: ["Öbür Monggol"] in Mongolian script, and "Övör Mongol" in Mongolian Cyrillic), officially Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region or Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the north of the country, containing most of China's border with Mongolia (the rest of the China-Mongolia border is taken up by the Xinjiang autonomous region and Gansu province) and a small section of the border with Russia. Its capital is Hohhot, and other major cities include Baotou, Chifeng, and Ordos.

text: Inner

text: Mongolia

text: Mongolian

text: Öbür

text: Monggol

text: in

text: Mongolian

text: script

text: and

text: Övör

text: Mongol

text: in

text: Mongolian

text: Cyrillic

text: officially

text: Inner

text: Mongolia

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: or

text: Nei

text: Mongol

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: is

text: an

text: autonomous

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: containing

text: most

text: of

text: China

text: 's

text: border

text: with

text: Mongolia

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: China

text: Mongolia

text: border

text: is

text: taken

text: up

text: by

text: the

text: Xinjiang

text: autonomous

text: region

text: and

text: Gansu

text: province

text: and

text: small

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: Russia

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Hohhot

text: and

text: other

text: major

text: cities

text: include

text: Baotou

text: Chifeng

text: and

text: Ordos

text: The Khoshut (Mongolian: , Hod, literally "bannermen," from Middle Mongolian "qosighu" "flag, banner") are one of the four major tribes of the Oirat people. Originally, Khoshuuds were one of the Khorchin tribes in southeastern Mongolia, but in the mid-15th century they migrated to western Mongolia to become an ally of Oirats to counter central Mongolian military power. Their ruling family Galwas was the Hasarid-Khorchins who were deported by the Western Mongols.

text: The

text: Khoshut

text: Mongolian

text: Hod

text: literally

text: bannermen

text: from

text: Middle

text: Mongolian

text: qosighu

text: flag

text: banner

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: tribes

text: of

text: the

text: Oirat

text: people

text: Originally

text: Khoshuuds

text: were

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Khorchin

text: tribes

text: in

text: southeastern

text: Mongolia

text: but

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: they

text: migrated

text: to

text: western

text: Mongolia

text: to

text: become

text: an

text: ally

text: of

text: Oirats

text: to

text: counter

text: central

text: Mongolian

text: military

text: power

text: Their

text: ruling

text: family

text: Galwas

text: was

text: the

text: Hasarid

text: Khorchins

text: who

text: were

text: deported

text: by

text: the

text: Western

text: Mongols

text: Qinghai Lake, Kokonor (Mongolian: ) or Tsongon Po (Tibetan: ) is the largest lake in the People's Republic of China. Located in Qinghai province on an endorheic basin, Qinghai Lake is classified as a saline and alkaline lake. Qinghai Lake has a surface area of ; an average depth of , and a maximum depth of as measured in 2008. The current Chinese name "Qinghai," the older Mongolian name "Kokonor", and the Tibetan name translate to "Green Sea", "Blue Lake" and "Teal Sea", respectively. Qinghai Lake is located about west of the provincial capital of Xining (Tib:Ziling ) at above sea level in a hollow of the Tibetan plateau. Twenty-three rivers and streams empty into Qinghai Lake, most of them seasonal. Five permanent streams provide 80% of total influx.

text: Qinghai

text: Lake

text: Kokonor

text: Mongolian

text: or

text: Tsongon

text: Po

text: Tibetan

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: lake

text: in

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: Located

text: in

text: Qinghai

text: province

text: on

text: an

text: endorheic

text: basin

text: Qinghai

text: Lake

text: is

text: classified

text: as

text: saline

text: and

text: alkaline

text: lake

text: Qinghai

text: Lake

text: has

text: surface

text: area

text: of

text: an

text: average

text: depth

text: of

text: and

text: maximum

text: depth

text: of

text: as

text: measured

text: in

text: The

text: current

text: Chinese

text: name

text: Qinghai

text: the

text: older

text: Mongolian

text: name

text: Kokonor

text: and

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: name

text: translate

text: to

text: Green

text: Sea

text: Blue

text: Lake

text: and

text: Teal

text: Sea

text: respectively

text: Qinghai

text: Lake

text: is

text: located

text: about

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: provincial

text: capital

text: of

text: Xining

text: Tib

text: Ziling

text: at

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: in

text: hollow

text: of

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: plateau

text: Twenty

text: three

text: rivers

text: and

text: streams

text: empty

text: into

text: Qinghai

text: Lake

text: most

text: of

text: them

text: seasonal

text: Five

text: permanent

text: streams

text: provide

text: of

text: total

text: influx

text: Choros or Tsoros was the ruling clan of the Dzungars and Dörbet Oirat and once ruled the whole Four Oirat. They founded the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th century. Their chiefs reckoned their descent from a boy nourished by a sacred tree.

text: Choros

text: or

text: Tsoros

text: was

text: the

text: ruling

text: clan

text: of

text: the

text: Dzungars

text: and

text: Dörbet

text: Oirat

text: and

text: once

text: ruled

text: the

text: whole

text: Four

text: Oirat

text: They

text: founded

text: the

text: Dzungar

text: Khanate

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Their

text: chiefs

text: reckoned

text: their

text: descent

text: from

text: boy

text: nourished

text: by

text: sacred

text: tree

text:
The Mongolian language (in Mongolian script: , '; in Mongolian Cyrillic: , ') is the official language of Mongolia and largest-known member of the Mongolic language family. The number of speakers across all its dialects may be 10 million, including the vast majority of the residents of Mongolia and many of the Mongolian residents of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
In Mongolia, the Khalkha dialect, written in Cyrillic (and at times in Latin for social networking), is predominant, while in Inner Mongolia, the language is dialectally more diverse and is written in the traditional Mongolian script. In the discussion of grammar to follow, the variety of Mongolian treated is Standard Khalkha Mongolian (i.e., the standard written language as formalized in the writing conventions and in the school grammar), but much of what is to be said is also valid for vernacular (spoken) Khalkha and for other Mongolian dialects, especially Chakhar.

text: The

text: Mongolian

text: language

text: in

text: Mongolian

text: script

text: in

text: Mongolian

text: Cyrillic

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: language

text: of

text: Mongolia

text: and

text: largest

text: known

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Mongolic

text: language

text: family

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: speakers

text: across

text: all

text: its

text: dialects

text: may

text: be

text: million

text: including

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: residents

text: of

text: Mongolia

text: and

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: Mongolian

text: residents

text: of

text: the

text: Inner

text: Mongolia

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: In

text: Mongolia

text: the

text: Khalkha

text: dialect

text: written

text: in

text: Cyrillic

text: and

text: at

text: times

text: in

text: Latin

text: for

text: social

text: networking

text: is

text: predominant

text: while

text: in

text: Inner

text: Mongolia

text: the

text: language

text: is

text: dialectally

text: more

text: diverse

text: and

text: is

text: written

text: in

text: the

text: traditional

text: Mongolian

text: script

text: In

text: the

text: discussion

text: of

text: grammar

text: to

text: follow

text: the

text: variety

text: of

text: Mongolian

text: treated

text: is

text: Standard

text: Khalkha

text: Mongolian

text: i.e.

text: the

text: standard

text: written

text: language

text: as

text: formalized

text: in

text: the

text: writing

text: conventions

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: school

text: grammar

text: but

text: much

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: said

text: is

text: also

text: valid

text: for

text: vernacular

text: spoken

text: Khalkha

text: and

text: for

text: other

text: Mongolian

text: dialects

text: especially

text: Chakhar

text: The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or the steppes, is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome. It stretches from Romania, Moldova through Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang and Mongolia to Manchuria, with one major exclave located mostly in Hungary, the Puszta.

text: The

text: Eurasian

text: Steppe

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Great

text: Steppe

text: or

text: the

text: steppes

text: is

text: the

text: vast

text: steppe

text: ecoregion

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: in

text: the

text: temperate

text: grasslands

text: savannas

text: and

text: shrublands

text: biome

text: It

text: stretches

text: from

text: Romania

text: Moldova

text: through

text: Ukraine

text: Russia

text: Kazakhstan

text: Xinjiang

text: and

text: Mongolia

text: to

text: Manchuria

text: with

text: one

text: major

text: exclave

text: located

text: mostly

text: in

text: Hungary

text: the

text: Puszta

text: Erdeni Batur (in modern Mongolian: , Erdenebaatar; d. 1653) was a Choros-Oirat prince generally considered to be the founder of the Dzungar Khanate, centered in the Dzungaria region,currently in north-westernmost part of China.

text: Erdeni

text: Batur

text: in

text: modern

text: Mongolian

text: Erdenebaatar

text: was

text: Choros

text: Oirat

text: prince

text: generally

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Dzungar

text: Khanate

text: centered

text: in

text: the

text: Dzungaria

text: region

text: currently

text: in

text: north

text: westernmost

text: part

text: of

text: China

text: The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, also called the Qing Empire or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state.

text: The

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: officially

text: the

text: Great

text: Qing

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Qing

text: Empire

text: or

text: the

text: Manchu

text: dynasty

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: of

text: China

text: ruling

text: from

text: to

text: with

text: brief

text: abortive

text: restoration

text: in

text: It

text: was

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: and

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: Qing

text: multi

text: cultural

text: empire

text: lasted

text: almost

text: three

text: centuries

text: and

text: formed

text: the

text: territorial

text: base

text: for

text: the

text: modern

text: Chinese

text: state

text:
Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso was the Fifth Dalai Lama: a key religious and temporal leader of Tibet who lived from 1617 to 1682. Gyatso is credited with unifying all Tibet after a protracted era of civil wars. As an independent head of state, he established diplomatic relations with China and other regional countries and also met early European explorers. Gyatso  who wrote 24 volumes' worth of scholarly and religious works on a wide range of subjects  was the first Dalai Lama to wield effective temporal and spiritual power over all Tibet, and is often referred to simply as the Great Fifth.
Early life.
To understand the context within which the Dalai Lama institution came to hold temporal power in Tibet during the lifetime of the fifth, it may be helpful to review not just the early life of Lobsang Gyatso but also the world into which he was born, as Künga Migyur.

text: Ngawang

text: Lobsang

text: Gyatso

text: was

text: the

text: Fifth

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: key

text: religious

text: and

text: temporal

text: leader

text: of

text: Tibet

text: who

text: lived

text: from

text: to

text: Gyatso

text: is

text: credited

text: with

text: unifying

text: all

text: Tibet

text: after

text: protracted

text: era

text: of

text: civil

text: wars

text: As

text: an

text: independent

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: he

text: established

text: diplomatic

text: relations

text: with

text: China

text: and

text: other

text: regional

text: countries

text: and

text: also

text: met

text: early

text: European

text: explorers

text: Gyatso

text: who

text: wrote

text: volumes

text: worth

text: of

text: scholarly

text: and

text: religious

text: works

text: on

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: subjects

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: to

text: wield

text: effective

text: temporal

text: and

text: spiritual

text: power

text: over

text: all

text: Tibet

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: simply

text: as

text: the

text: Great

text: Fifth

text: Early

text: life

text: To

text: understand

text: the

text: context

text: within

text: which

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: institution

text: came

text: to

text: hold

text: temporal

text: power

text: in

text: Tibet

text: during

text: the

text: lifetime

text: of

text: the

text: fifth

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: helpful

text: to

text: review

text: not

text: just

text: the

text: early

text: life

text: of

text: Lobsang

text: Gyatso

text: but

text: also

text: the

text: world

text: into

text: which

text: he

text: was

text: born

text: as

text: Künga

text: Migyur

text: Dzungaria (also spelled Zungharia) is a geographical region in northwest China corresponding to the northern half of Xinjiang, also known as Beijiang. Bounded by the Tian Shan mountain range to the south and the Altai Mountains to the north, it covers approximately , extending into western Mongolia and eastern Kazakhstan. Formerly the term could cover a wider area, conterminous with the Dzungar Khanate, a state led by the native Oirats in the 18th century which was based in the area.

text: Dzungaria

text: also

text: spelled

text: Zungharia

text: is

text: geographical

text: region

text: in

text: northwest

text: China

text: corresponding

text: to

text: the

text: northern

text: half

text: of

text: Xinjiang

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Beijiang

text: Bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Tian

text: Shan

text: mountain

text: range

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Altai

text: Mountains

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: it

text: covers

text: approximately

text: extending

text: into

text: western

text: Mongolia

text: and

text: eastern

text: Kazakhstan

text: Formerly

text: the

text: term

text: could

text: cover

text: wider

text: area

text: conterminous

text: with

text: the

text: Dzungar

text: Khanate

text: state

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: native

text: Oirats

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: which

text: was

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: Choros Erdeniin Galdan ( 1644 -- 1697 , Mongolian :    , IPA : ( kalta bot an ) , in Mongolian script :    Galdan bošotu qaan ) was a Dzungar - Oirat Khan of the Dzungar Khanate . As fourth son of Erdeni Batur , founder of the Dzungar Khanate , Galdan was a descendant of Esen Taishi , the powerful Oirat Khan of the Northern Yuan dynasty who united the western Mongols in the 15th century . Galdan 's mother Yum Aga was a daughter of Güshi Khan , the first Khoshut - Oirat King of Tibet .

text: Choros

text: Erdeniin

text: Galdan

text: Mongolian

text: IPA

text: kalta

text: bot

text: an

text: in

text: Mongolian

text: script

text: Galdan

text: bošotu

text: qaan

text: was

text: Dzungar

text: Oirat

text: Khan

text: of

text: the

text: Dzungar

text: Khanate

text: As

text: fourth

text: son

text: of

text: Erdeni

text: Batur

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Dzungar

text: Khanate

text: Galdan

text: was

text: descendant

text: of

text: Esen

text: Taishi

text: the

text: powerful

text: Oirat

text: Khan

text: of

text: the

text: Northern

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: who

text: united

text: the

text: western

text: Mongols

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Galdan

text: 's

text: mother

text: Yum

text: Aga

text: was

text: daughter

text: of

text: Güshi

text: Khan

text: the

text: first

text: Khoshut

text: Oirat

text: King

text: of

text: Tibet

text: Tibetan Buddhism is the body of Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet, the regions surrounding the Himalayas and much of Central Asia. It derives from the latest stages of Indian Buddhism and preserves "the Tantric status quo of eighth-century India." Tibetan Buddhism aspires to Buddhahood or rainbow body.

text: Tibetan

text: Buddhism

text: is

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: Buddhist

text: doctrine

text: and

text: institutions

text: characteristic

text: of

text: Tibet

text: the

text: regions

text: surrounding

text: the

text: Himalayas

text: and

text: much

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: It

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: latest

text: stages

text: of

text: Indian

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: preserves

text: the

text: Tantric

text: status

text: quo

text: of

text: eighth

text: century

text: India

text: Tibetan

text: Buddhism

text: aspires

text: to

text: Buddhahood

text: or

text: rainbow

text: body

text: The Tümed (Tumad, "The many or ten thousands" derived from Tumen) are a Mongol subgroup. They live in Tumed Left Banner, district of Hohhot and Tumed Right Banner, district of Baotou. Most engage in sedentary agriculture, living in mixed communities in the suburbs of Huhhot. Part of them live along Hulun Buir, Inner Mongolia. There are the Tumeds in the soums of Mandal-Ovoo, Bulgan, Tsogt-Ovoo, Tsogttsetsii, Manlai, Khurmen, Bayandalai and Sevrei of Umnugovi Aimag, Mongolia.

text: The

text: Tümed

text: Tumad

text: The

text: many

text: or

text: ten

text: thousands

text: derived

text: from

text: Tumen

text: are

text: Mongol

text: subgroup

text: They

text: live

text: in

text: Tumed

text: Left

text: Banner

text: district

text: of

text: Hohhot

text: and

text: Tumed

text: Right

text: Banner

text: district

text: of

text: Baotou

text: Most

text: engage

text: in

text: sedentary

text: agriculture

text: living

text: in

text: mixed

text: communities

text: in

text: the

text: suburbs

text: of

text: Huhhot

text: Part

text: of

text: them

text: live

text: along

text: Hulun

text: Buir

text: Inner

text: Mongolia

text: There

text: are

text: the

text: Tumeds

text: in

text: the

text: soums

text: of

text: Mandal

text: Ovoo

text: Bulgan

text: Tsogt

text: Ovoo

text: Tsogttsetsii

text: Manlai

text: Khurmen

text: Bayandalai

text: and

text: Sevrei

text: of

text: Umnugovi

text: Aimag

text: Mongolia

text: Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe. Asia covers an area of , about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population, but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4.4 billion people.

text: Asia

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: continent

text: located

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: and

text: northern

text: hemispheres

text: and

text: sharing

text: the

text: continental

text: landmass

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: with

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: total

text: surface

text: area

text: The

text: continent

text: which

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: population

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: civilizations

text: Asia

text: is

text: notable

text: for

text: not

text: only

text: its

text: overall

text: large

text: size

text: and

text: population

text: but

text: also

text: dense

text: and

text: large

text: settlements

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: vast

text: barely

text: populated

text: regions

text: within

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: billion

text: people

text: Mount Everest, also known in Nepal as Sagarmth and in China as Chomolungma/, is earth's highest mountain. Its peak is above sea level. Mount Everest is in the Mahalangur Range. The international border between China (Tibet Autonomous Region) and Nepal runs across Everest's summit point. Its massif includes neighbouring peaks Lhotse, ; Nuptse, , and Changtse, .

text: Mount

text: Everest

text: also

text: known

text: in

text: Nepal

text: as

text: Sagarmth

text: and

text: in

text: China

text: as

text: Chomolungma/

text: is

text: earth

text: 's

text: highest

text: mountain

text: Its

text: peak

text: is

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: Mount

text: Everest

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: Mahalangur

text: Range

text: The

text: international

text: border

text: between

text: China

text: Tibet

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: and

text: Nepal

text: runs

text: across

text: Everest

text: 's

text: summit

text: point

text: Its

text: massif

text: includes

text: neighbouring

text: peaks

text: Lhotse

text: Nuptse

text: and

text: Changtse

text: The Dörbet ("Dörwd" "Dörwöd", , lit. ""the Fours"" also known in English as the "Derbet") is the second largest subgroup of Mongol people in modern Mongolia and was formerly one of the major tribes of the Four Oirat confederation in the 15th-18th centuries. In early times, the Dörbet and the Dzungars were ruled by collateral branches of the Choros. The Dörbets are distributed among the western provinces of Mongolia, Kalmykia, and in a small portion in Heilongjiang, China. In modern-day Mongolia, the Dörbets are centered in Uvs Province.

text: The

text: Dörbet

text: Dörwd

text: Dörwöd

text: lit

text: the

text: Fours

text: also

text: known

text: in

text: English

text: as

text: the

text: Derbet

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: subgroup

text: of

text: Mongol

text: people

text: in

text: modern

text: Mongolia

text: and

text: was

text: formerly

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: tribes

text: of

text: the

text: Four

text: Oirat

text: confederation

text: in

text: the

text: centuries

text: In

text: early

text: times

text: the

text: Dörbet

text: and

text: the

text: Dzungars

text: were

text: ruled

text: by

text: collateral

text: branches

text: of

text: the

text: Choros

text: The

text: Dörbets

text: are

text: distributed

text: among

text: the

text: western

text: provinces

text: of

text: Mongolia

text: Kalmykia

text: and

text: in

text: small

text: portion

text: in

text: Heilongjiang

text: China

text: In

text: modern

text: day

text: Mongolia

text: the

text: Dörbets

text: are

text: centered

text: in

text: Uvs

text: Province

text: The Tibetan Plateau, also known in China as the QinghaiTibet Plateau or the Qingzang Plateau or Himalayan Plateau, is a vast elevated plateau in Central Asia and East Asia, covering most of the Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province in western China, as well as part of Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir state of India. It stretches approximately north to south and east to west. With an average elevation exceeding , the Tibetan Plateau is sometimes called "the Roof of the World" and is the world's highest and largest plateau, with an area of (about five times the size of Metropolitan France). Sometimes termed the Third Pole, the Tibetan Plateau contains the headwaters of the drainage basins of most of the streams in surrounding regions. Its tens of thousands of glaciers and other geographical and ecological features serve as a "water tower" storing water and maintaining flow. The impact of global warming on the Tibetan Plateau is of intense scientific interest.

text: The

text: Tibetan

text: Plateau

text: also

text: known

text: in

text: China

text: as

text: the

text: QinghaiTibet

text: Plateau

text: or

text: the

text: Qingzang

text: Plateau

text: or

text: Himalayan

text: Plateau

text: is

text: vast

text: elevated

text: plateau

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: East

text: Asia

text: covering

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Tibet

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: and

text: Qinghai

text: Province

text: in

text: western

text: China

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: Ladakh

text: in

text: Jammu

text: and

text: Kashmir

text: state

text: of

text: India

text: It

text: stretches

text: approximately

text: north

text: to

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: to

text: west

text: With

text: an

text: average

text: elevation

text: exceeding

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: Plateau

text: is

text: sometimes

text: called

text: the

text: Roof

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: highest

text: and

text: largest

text: plateau

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: five

text: times

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: Metropolitan

text: France

text: Sometimes

text: termed

text: the

text: Third

text: Pole

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: Plateau

text: contains

text: the

text: headwaters

text: of

text: the

text: drainage

text: basins

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: streams

text: in

text: surrounding

text: regions

text: Its

text: tens

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: glaciers

text: and

text: other

text: geographical

text: and

text: ecological

text: features

text: serve

text: as

text: water

text: tower

text: storing

text: water

text: and

text: maintaining

text: flow

text: The

text: impact

text: of

text: global

text: warming

text: on

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: Plateau

text: is

text: of

text: intense

text: scientific

text: interest

text: The classical Mongolian script (in Mongolian script: "Mongol biig"; in Mongolian Cyrillic:   "Mongol bichig"), also known as Hudum Mongol bichig, was the first writing system created specifically for the Mongolian language, and was the most successful until the introduction of Cyrillic in 1946. Derived from Sogdian, Mongolian is a true alphabet, with separate letters for consonants and vowels. The Mongolian script has been adapted to write languages such as Oirat and Manchu. Alphabets based on this classical vertical script are used in Inner Mongolia and other parts of China to this day to write Mongolian, Xibe and, experimentally, Evenki.

text: The

text: classical

text: Mongolian

text: script

text: in

text: Mongolian

text: script

text: Mongol

text: biig

text: in

text: Mongolian

text: Cyrillic

text: Mongol

text: bichig

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Hudum

text: Mongol

text: bichig

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: writing

text: system

text: created

text: specifically

text: for

text: the

text: Mongolian

text: language

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: until

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: Cyrillic

text: in

text: Derived

text: from

text: Sogdian

text: Mongolian

text: is

text: true

text: alphabet

text: with

text: separate

text: letters

text: for

text: consonants

text: and

text: vowels

text: The

text: Mongolian

text: script

text: has

text: been

text: adapted

text: to

text: write

text: languages

text: such

text: as

text: Oirat

text: and

text: Manchu

text: Alphabets

text: based

text: on

text: this

text: classical

text: vertical

text: script

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: Inner

text: Mongolia

text: and

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: China

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: to

text: write

text: Mongolian

text: Xibe

text: and

text: experimentally

text: Evenki

text: The Gelug, Gelug-pa, dGe Lugs Pa, dge-lugs-pa or Dgelugspa is the newest of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism. It was founded by Je Tsongkhapa (13571419), a philosopher and Tibetan religious leader. The first monastery he established was named Ganden, and to this day the Ganden Tripa is the nominal head of the school, though its most influential figure is the Dalai Lama. Allying themselves with the Mongols as a powerful patron, the Gelug emerged as the pre-eminent Buddhist school in Tibet since the end of the 16th century.

text: The

text: Gelug

text: Gelug

text: pa

text: dGe

text: Lugs

text: Pa

text: dge

text: lugs

text: pa

text: or

text: Dgelugspa

text: is

text: the

text: newest

text: of

text: the

text: schools

text: of

text: Tibetan

text: Buddhism

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: Je

text: Tsongkhapa

text: philosopher

text: and

text: Tibetan

text: religious

text: leader

text: The

text: first

text: monastery

text: he

text: established

text: was

text: named

text: Ganden

text: and

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: the

text: Ganden

text: Tripa

text: is

text: the

text: nominal

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: school

text: though

text: its

text: most

text: influential

text: figure

text: is

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: Allying

text: themselves

text: with

text: the

text: Mongols

text: as

text: powerful

text: patron

text: the

text: Gelug

text: emerged

text: as

text: the

text: pre

text: eminent

text: Buddhist

text: school

text: in

text: Tibet

text: since

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The Dzungar Khanate, also written as the Zunghar Khanate, was an Oirat khanate on the Eurasian Steppe. It covered the area called Dzungaria and stretched from the west end of the Great Wall of China to present-day Kazakhstan, and from present-day Kyrgyzstan to southern Siberia. Most of this area today is part of the Xinjiang autonomous region in China, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. The Dzungar Khanate was the last major nomadic empire left from the Mongol Empire.

text: The

text: Dzungar

text: Khanate

text: also

text: written

text: as

text: the

text: Zunghar

text: Khanate

text: was

text: an

text: Oirat

text: khanate

text: on

text: the

text: Eurasian

text: Steppe

text: It

text: covered

text: the

text: area

text: called

text: Dzungaria

text: and

text: stretched

text: from

text: the

text: west

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Wall

text: of

text: China

text: to

text: present

text: day

text: Kazakhstan

text: and

text: from

text: present

text: day

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: to

text: southern

text: Siberia

text: Most

text: of

text: this

text: area

text: today

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Xinjiang

text: autonomous

text: region

text: in

text: China

text: Kazakhstan

text: and

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: The

text: Dzungar

text: Khanate

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: major

text: nomadic

text: empire

text: left

text: from

text: the

text: Mongol

text: Empire

text: Tibet (Tibetan Pinyin: "boe", ; /i ts¹/) is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Qiang, and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people. Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of . The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, Earth's highest mountain, rising 8,848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level.

text: Tibet

text: Tibetan

text: Pinyin

text: boe

text: /i

text: is

text: region

text: on

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: Plateau

text: in

text: Asia

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: traditional

text: homeland

text: of

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: people

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: some

text: other

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: such

text: as

text: Monpa

text: Qiang

text: and

text: Lhoba

text: peoples

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: also

text: inhabited

text: by

text: considerable

text: numbers

text: of

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Hui

text: people

text: Tibet

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: region

text: on

text: Earth

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: elevation

text: of

text: The

text: highest

text: elevation

text: in

text: Tibet

text: is

text: Mount

text: Everest

text: Earth

text: 's

text: highest

text: mountain

text: rising

text: ft

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: Esen Taishi (d. 1455) was a powerful Oirat Taishi and "de facto" ruler of the Northern Yuan in 15th century Mongolia . He is best known for capturing the Zhengtong Emperor of the Ming dynasty in 1450 after the Battle of Tumu Fortress and briefly reuniting the Mongols. The Four Oirat reached the peak of their power under his rule.

text: Esen

text: Taishi

text: was

text: powerful

text: Oirat

text: Taishi

text: and

text: de

text: facto

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Northern

text: Yuan

text: in

text: century

text: Mongolia

text: He

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: capturing

text: the

text: Zhengtong

text: Emperor

text: of

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: in

text: after

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Tumu

text: Fortress

text: and

text: briefly

text: reuniting

text: the

text: Mongols

text: The

text: Four

text: Oirat

text: reached

text: the

text: peak

text: of

text: their

text: power

text: under

text: his

text: rule

text: The Hui people (Xiao'erjing: ; Dungan: , "Xuejzw") are a Chinese ethnic group which is composed predominantly of adherents of the Muslim faith and found throughout China, though they are concentrated mainly in the Northwestern provinces of the country and the Zhongyuan. According to a 2011 census, China is home to approximately 10.5 million Hui people, the majority of whom are Chinese-speaking practitioners of Islam, though some practice other religions.

text: The

text: Hui

text: people

text: Xiao'erjing

text: Dungan

text: Xuejzw

text: are

text: Chinese

text: ethnic

text: group

text: which

text: is

text: composed

text: predominantly

text: of

text: adherents

text: of

text: the

text: Muslim

text: faith

text: and

text: found

text: throughout

text: China

text: though

text: they

text: are

text: concentrated

text: mainly

text: in

text: the

text: Northwestern

text: provinces

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: Zhongyuan

text: According

text: to

text: census

text: China

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: approximately

text: million

text: Hui

text: people

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: whom

text: are

text: Chinese

text: speaking

text: practitioners

text: of

text: Islam

text: though

text: some

text: practice

text: other

text: religions

text: The Kagyu, Kagyü, or Kagyud school, also known as the ""Oral Lineage"" or "Whispered Transmission" school, is today regarded as one of six main schools ("chos lugs") of Himalayan or Tibetan Buddhism, the other five being the Nyingma, Sakya, Jonang, Gelug and Bon. Along with the Sakya and Gelug schools, the Kagyu tradition is classified as one of the Sarma or "New Transmission" schools of Vajrayna founded during the second diffusion of Buddhism into Tibet (diffusing the so-called "New Tantras"). It is a Red Hat sect along with the Nyingma and Sakya.

text: The

text: Kagyu

text: Kagyü

text: or

text: Kagyud

text: school

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Oral

text: Lineage

text: or

text: Whispered

text: Transmission

text: school

text: is

text: today

text: regarded

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: six

text: main

text: schools

text: chos

text: lugs

text: of

text: Himalayan

text: or

text: Tibetan

text: Buddhism

text: the

text: other

text: five

text: being

text: the

text: Nyingma

text: Sakya

text: Jonang

text: Gelug

text: and

text: Bon

text: Along

text: with

text: the

text: Sakya

text: and

text: Gelug

text: schools

text: the

text: Kagyu

text: tradition

text: is

text: classified

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Sarma

text: or

text: New

text: Transmission

text: schools

text: of

text: Vajrayna

text: founded

text: during

text: the

text: second

text: diffusion

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: into

text: Tibet

text: diffusing

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: New

text: Tantras

text: It

text: is

text: Red

text: Hat

text: sect

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Nyingma

text: and

text: Sakya

text: The Mongols ("Mongolchuud") are an East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. They also live as minorities in other regions of China (e.g. Xinjiang), as well as in Russia. Mongolian people belonging to the Buryat and Kalmyk subgroups live predominantly in the Russian federal subjects of Buryatia and Kalmykia.

text: The

text: Mongols

text: Mongolchuud

text: are

text: an

text: East

text: Central

text: Asian

text: ethnic

text: group

text: native

text: to

text: Mongolia

text: and

text: China

text: 's

text: Inner

text: Mongolia

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: They

text: also

text: live

text: as

text: minorities

text: in

text: other

text: regions

text: of

text: China

text: e.g.

text: Xinjiang

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: Russia

text: Mongolian

text: people

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Buryat

text: and

text: Kalmyk

text: subgroups

text: live

text: predominantly

text: in

text: the

text: Russian

text: federal

text: subjects

text: of

text: Buryatia

text: and

text: Kalmykia

text: Kazakhstan ( "Qazaqstan",  "Kazakhstan"), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan ("Qazaqstan Respwblïkas" "Respublika Kazakhstan"), is a transcontinental country in northern Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of . Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.

text: Kazakhstan

text: Qazaqstan

text: Kazakhstan

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Kazakhstan

text: Qazaqstan

text: Respwblïkas

text: Respublika

text: Kazakhstan

text: is

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: in

text: northern

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: Kazakhstan

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: landlocked

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: Kazakhstan

text: is

text: the

text: dominant

text: nation

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: economically

text: generating

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: GDP

text: primarily

text: through

text: its

text: oil

text: gas

text: industry

text: It

text: also

text: has

text: vast

text: mineral

text: resources

text: Siberia is an extensive geographical region, and by the broadest definition is also known as North Asia. Siberia has historically been a part of Russia since the 17th century.

text: Siberia

text: is

text: an

text: extensive

text: geographical

text: region

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: broadest

text: definition

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: North

text: Asia

text: Siberia

text: has

text: historically

text: been

text: part

text: of

text: Russia

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

text: China

text: officially

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: PRC

text: is

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: With

text: population

text: of

text: over

text: billion

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: The

text: state

text: is

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: is

text: Beijing

text: It

text: exercises

text: jurisdiction

text: over

text: provinces

text: five

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: four

text: direct

text: controlled

text: municipalities

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Shanghai

text: and

text: Chongqing

text: and

text: two

text: mostly

text: self

text: governing

text: special

text: administrative

text: regions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: Macau

text: and

text: claims

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: urban

text: areas

text: include

text: Shanghai

text: Guangzhou

text: Beijing

text: Chongqing

text: Shenzhen

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: China

text: is

text: great

text: power

text: and

text: major

text: regional

text: power

text: within

text: Asia

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: characterized

text: as

text: potential

text: superpower

text: The Tibetan people are an ethnic group that is native to Tibet. They number an estimate of 7.8 million. Significant Tibetan minorities also live outside of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) in China, and in India, Nepal, and Bhutan.

text: The

text: Tibetan

text: people

text: are

text: an

text: ethnic

text: group

text: that

text: is

text: native

text: to

text: Tibet

text: They

text: number

text: an

text: estimate

text: of

text: million

text: Significant

text: Tibetan

text: minorities

text: also

text: live

text: outside

text: of

text: Tibet

text: Autonomous

text: Region

text: TAR

text: in

text: China

text: and

text: in

text: India

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Bhutan

text: The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Chinathen known as the for 276 years (13681644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming, described by some as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history," was the last imperial dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty), regimes loyal to the Ming throne  collectively called the Southern Ming  survived until 1683.

text: The

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: was

text: the

text: ruling

text: dynasty

text: of

text: Chinathen

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: for

text: years

text: following

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: Mongol

text: led

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: The

text: Ming

text: described

text: by

text: some

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: eras

text: of

text: orderly

text: government

text: and

text: social

text: stability

text: in

text: human

text: history

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: in

text: China

text: ruled

text: by

text: ethnic

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: Although

text: the

text: primary

text: capital

text: of

text: Beijing

text: fell

text: in

text: to

text: rebellion

text: led

text: by

text: Li

text: Zicheng

text: who

text: established

text: the

text: Shun

text: dynasty

text: soon

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: Manchu

text: led

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: regimes

text: loyal

text: to

text: the

text: Ming

text: throne

text: collectively

text: called

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ming

text: survived

text: until

text: The SASM/GNC/SRC romanization of Tibetan, commonly known as Tibetan pinyin, is the official transcription system for the Tibetan language in the People's Republic of China for personal names and place names. It is based on the Lhasa dialect of Standard Tibetan and reflects the pronunciation except that it does not mark tone. It is used within China as an alternative to the Wylie transliteration for writing Tibetan in the Latin script within academic circles; Wylie transliteration (with a "v" replacing the apostrophe) is more commonly used.

text: The

text: SASM

text: GNC

text: SRC

text: romanization

text: of

text: Tibetan

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Tibetan

text: pinyin

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: transcription

text: system

text: for

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: language

text: in

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: for

text: personal

text: names

text: and

text: place

text: names

text: It

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: Lhasa

text: dialect

text: of

text: Standard

text: Tibetan

text: and

text: reflects

text: the

text: pronunciation

text: except

text: that

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: mark

text: tone

text: It

text: is

text: used

text: within

text: China

text: as

text: an

text: alternative

text: to

text: the

text: Wylie

text: transliteration

text: for

text: writing

text: Tibetan

text: in

text: the

text: Latin

text: script

text: within

text: academic

text: circles

text: Wylie

text: transliteration

text: with

text: replacing

text: the

text: apostrophe

text: is

text: more

text: commonly

text: used

text: Mongolia (Mongolian: ["Monggol Ulus"] in Mongolian script; ["Mongol Uls"] in Mongolian Cyrillic) is a landlocked unitary sovereign state in East Asia. Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia, and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state. It is sandwiched between China to the south and Russia to the north. While it does not share a border with Kazakhstan, Mongolia is separated from it by only .

text: Mongolia

text: Mongolian

text: Monggol

text: Ulus

text: in

text: Mongolian

text: script

text: Mongol

text: Uls

text: in

text: Mongolian

text: Cyrillic

text: is

text: landlocked

text: unitary

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: Its

text: area

text: is

text: roughly

text: equivalent

text: with

text: the

text: historical

text: territory

text: of

text: Outer

text: Mongolia

text: and

text: that

text: term

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: current

text: state

text: It

text: is

text: sandwiched

text: between

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Russia

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: While

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: share

text: border

text: with

text: Kazakhstan

text: Mongolia

text: is

text: separated

text: from

text: it

text: by

text: only

text: The Northern Yuan dynasty, or simply the Northern Yuan, was the Mongol regime based in Mongolia homeland after the fall of the Yuan dynasty in China in 1368, until the emergence of the Qing dynasty founded by the Manchus in the 17th century. The Northern Yuan dynasty began with the end of Mongol rule in China and retreat of the Mongols to the Mongolian steppe, and this period was marked by factional struggles and the often only nominal role of the Great Khan.

text: The

text: Northern

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: or

text: simply

text: the

text: Northern

text: Yuan

text: was

text: the

text: Mongol

text: regime

text: based

text: in

text: Mongolia

text: homeland

text: after

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: in

text: China

text: in

text: until

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: Manchus

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: Northern

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: Mongol

text: rule

text: in

text: China

text: and

text: retreat

text: of

text: the

text: Mongols

text: to

text: the

text: Mongolian

text: steppe

text: and

text: this

text: period

text: was

text: marked

text: by

text: factional

text: struggles

text: and

text: the

text: often

text: only

text: nominal

text: role

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Khan

text: Lhoba (Lo, Klo, Glo) is any of a diverse amalgamation of Sino-Tibetan-speaking tribespeople living in and around Pemako, a region in southeastern Tibet including Mainling, Medog, Zayü counties of Nyingchi Prefecture and Lhünzê County of Lhoka (Shannan) Prefecture. The term is of obscure, though probably Standard Tibetan, in origin and is largely promulgated by the Chinese government, which officially recognises Lhoba as one of the 56 ethnic groups in China.

text: Lhoba

text: Lo

text: Klo

text: Glo

text: is

text: any

text: of

text: diverse

text: amalgamation

text: of

text: Sino

text: Tibetan

text: speaking

text: tribespeople

text: living

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: Pemako

text: region

text: in

text: southeastern

text: Tibet

text: including

text: Mainling

text: Medog

text: Zayü

text: counties

text: of

text: Nyingchi

text: Prefecture

text: and

text: Lhünzê

text: County

text: of

text: Lhoka

text: Shannan

text: Prefecture

text: The

text: term

text: is

text: of

text: obscure

text: though

text: probably

text: Standard

text: Tibetan

text: in

text: origin

text: and

text: is

text: largely

text: promulgated

text: by

text: the

text: Chinese

text: government

text: which

text: officially

text: recognises

text: Lhoba

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: in

text: China

text: Kyrgyzstan (; "Kyrgyzstan"), officially the Kyrgyz Republic ("Krgz Respublikas"; "Kyrgyzskaya Respublika"), formerly known as Kirghizia, is a country in Central Asia. Landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west and southwest, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek.

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: officially

text: the

text: Kyrgyz

text: Republic

text: Krgz

text: Respublikas

text: Kyrgyzskaya

text: Respublika

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: Kirghizia

text: is

text: country

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: Landlocked

text: and

text: mountainous

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Kazakhstan

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Uzbekistan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: southwest

text: Tajikistan

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: and

text: China

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Its

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Bishkek

text: The Yuan dynasty, officially the Great Yuan, was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. Although the Mongols had ruled territories including today's North China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style, and the conquest was not complete until 1279. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of present-day China and its surrounding areas, including modern Mongolia. It was the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368, after which its Genghisid rulers returned to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule the Northern Yuan dynasty. Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language, while others only used their native language (i.e. Mongolian) and the 'Phags-pa script.

text: The

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: officially

text: the

text: Great

text: Yuan

text: was

text: the

text: empire

text: or

text: ruling

text: dynasty

text: of

text: China

text: established

text: by

text: Kublai

text: Khan

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Mongolian

text: Borjigin

text: clan

text: Although

text: the

text: Mongols

text: had

text: ruled

text: territories

text: including

text: today

text: 's

text: North

text: China

text: for

text: decades

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: until

text: that

text: Kublai

text: Khan

text: officially

text: proclaimed

text: the

text: dynasty

text: in

text: the

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: style

text: and

text: the

text: conquest

text: was

text: not

text: complete

text: until

text: His

text: realm

text: was

text: by

text: this

text: point

text: isolated

text: from

text: the

text: other

text: khanates

text: and

text: controlled

text: most

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: surrounding

text: areas

text: including

text: modern

text: Mongolia

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: foreign

text: dynasty

text: to

text: rule

text: all

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: lasted

text: until

text: after

text: which

text: its

text: Genghisid

text: rulers

text: returned

text: to

text: their

text: Mongolian

text: homeland

text: and

text: continued

text: to

text: rule

text: the

text: Northern

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: Mongolian

text: Emperors

text: of

text: the

text: Yuan

text: mastered

text: the

text: Chinese

text: language

text: while

text: others

text: only

text: used

text: their

text: native

text: language

text: i.e.

text: Mongolian

text: and

text: the

text: Phags

text: pa

text: script

text: Güshi Khan (also spelled Gushri Khan, 1582  14 January 1655) was a Khoshut prince and leader of the Khoshut Khanate, who supplanted the Tumed descendants of Altan Khan as the main benefactor of the Dalai Lama and the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. In 1637, Güshi Khan defeated a rival Mongol prince Choghtu Khong Tayiji, a Kagyu follower, near Qinghai Lake and established his khanate in Tibet over the next years. His military assistance to the Gelug school enabled the 5th Dalai Lama to establish political control over Tibet.

text: Güshi

text: Khan

text: also

text: spelled

text: Gushri

text: Khan

text: January

text: was

text: Khoshut

text: prince

text: and

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Khoshut

text: Khanate

text: who

text: supplanted

text: the

text: Tumed

text: descendants

text: of

text: Altan

text: Khan

text: as

text: the

text: main

text: benefactor

text: of

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: and

text: the

text: Gelug

text: school

text: of

text: Tibetan

text: Buddhism

text: In

text: Güshi

text: Khan

text: defeated

text: rival

text: Mongol

text: prince

text: Choghtu

text: Khong

text: Tayiji

text: Kagyu

text: follower

text: near

text: Qinghai

text: Lake

text: and

text: established

text: his

text: khanate

text: in

text: Tibet

text: over

text: the

text: next

text: years

text: His

text: military

text: assistance

text: to

text: the

text: Gelug

text: school

text: enabled

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: to

text: establish

text: political

text: control

text: over

text: Tibet

text: The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs , , ; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people who mainly inhabit the southern part of Eastern Europe Ural mountains and northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of Uzbekistan, China, Russia and Mongolia), the region also known as Eurasian sub-continent. Kazakh identity is of medieval origin and was strongly shaped by the foundation of the Kazakh Khanate between 1456 and 1465, when several tribes under the rule of the sultans Zhanibek and Kerey departed from the Khanate of Abu'l-Khayr Khan.

text: The

text: Kazakhs

text: also

text: spelled

text: Kazaks

text: Qazaqs

text: the

text: English

text: name

text: is

text: transliterated

text: from

text: Russian

text: are

text: Turkic

text: people

text: who

text: mainly

text: inhabit

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: Ural

text: mountains

text: and

text: northern

text: parts

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: largely

text: Kazakhstan

text: but

text: also

text: found

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: Uzbekistan

text: China

text: Russia

text: and

text: Mongolia

text: the

text: region

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Eurasian

text: sub

text: continent

text: Kazakh

text: identity

text: is

text: of

text: medieval

text: origin

text: and

text: was

text: strongly

text: shaped

text: by

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: the

text: Kazakh

text: Khanate

text: between

text: and

text: when

text: several

text: tribes

text: under

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: sultans

text: Zhanibek

text: and

text: Kerey

text: departed

text: from

text: the

text: Khanate

text: of

text: Abu'l

text: Khayr

text: Khan

text: Qinghai, formerly known in English as Kokonur, is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northwest of the country. As one of the largest province-level administrative divisions of China by area, the province is ranked fourth-largest in size, but has the third-smallest population.

text: Qinghai

text: formerly

text: known

text: in

text: English

text: as

text: Kokonur

text: is

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: As

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: province

text: level

text: administrative

text: divisions

text: of

text: China

text: by

text: area

text: the

text: province

text: is

text: ranked

text: fourth

text: largest

text: in

text: size

text: but

text: has

text: the

text: third

text: smallest

text: population

text: The Han Chinese, Han people or simply Han (; pinyin: "Hànzú", literally "Han ethnicity" or "Han ethnic group"; or ; pinyin: "Hànrén", literally "Han people") are an ethnic group native to East Asia. They constitute approximately 92% of the population of China, 95% of Taiwan (Han Taiwanese), 76% of Singapore, 23% of Malaysia and about 18% of the global population. Han Chinese are the world's largest ethnic group with over 1.3 billion people.

text: The

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: Han

text: people

text: or

text: simply

text: Han

text: pinyin

text: Hànzú

text: literally

text: Han

text: ethnicity

text: or

text: Han

text: ethnic

text: group

text: or

text: pinyin

text: Hànrén

text: literally

text: Han

text: people

text: are

text: an

text: ethnic

text: group

text: native

text: to

text: East

text: Asia

text: They

text: constitute

text: approximately

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: China

text: of

text: Taiwan

text: Han

text: Taiwanese

text: of

text: Singapore

text: of

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: population

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: are

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: ethnic

text: group

text: with

text: over

text: billion

text: people

question: country_of_citizenship galdan boshugtu khan

answer: zunghar khanate

text: zunghar khanate


text: Pioneer is an elevated Mass Rapid Transit station along the East West Line in Jurong West . Located at Jurong West Street 63 , between Jurong West Street 61 and Pioneer Road North , it serves people in the subzones of Jurong West Central , Yunnan and Kian Teck , as well as those in Nanyang Technological University . The name of the station is derived from Pioneer Road North , the street adjacent to the station that passes through all these areas . The roof of the station resembles those of stations along the eastern section of the East West Line and is curved with glass openings to allow sunlight through , similar to that of Joo Koon . Blue is the selected colour scheme of this station . It is the only station along the East West Line with a privacy screen built along the tracks at the side of the station ( eastbound platform ) facing these apartment blocks so as to ensure the privacy of the residents , and it is also the second along the NSEWL , the other is Marsiling . This station resembles Queenstown and Commonwealth , where it is built in between the road and beside it are only housing estates .

text: Pioneer

text: is

text: an

text: elevated

text: Mass

text: Rapid

text: Transit

text: station

text: along

text: the

text: East

text: West

text: Line

text: in

text: Jurong

text: West

text: Located

text: at

text: Jurong

text: West

text: Street

text: between

text: Jurong

text: West

text: Street

text: and

text: Pioneer

text: Road

text: North

text: it

text: serves

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: subzones

text: of

text: Jurong

text: West

text: Central

text: Yunnan

text: and

text: Kian

text: Teck

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: those

text: in

text: Nanyang

text: Technological

text: University

text: The

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: station

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: Pioneer

text: Road

text: North

text: the

text: street

text: adjacent

text: to

text: the

text: station

text: that

text: passes

text: through

text: all

text: these

text: areas

text: The

text: roof

text: of

text: the

text: station

text: resembles

text: those

text: of

text: stations

text: along

text: the

text: eastern

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: East

text: West

text: Line

text: and

text: is

text: curved

text: with

text: glass

text: openings

text: to

text: allow

text: sunlight

text: through

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: Joo

text: Koon

text: Blue

text: is

text: the

text: selected

text: colour

text: scheme

text: of

text: this

text: station

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: station

text: along

text: the

text: East

text: West

text: Line

text: with

text: privacy

text: screen

text: built

text: along

text: the

text: tracks

text: at

text: the

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: station

text: eastbound

text: platform

text: facing

text: these

text: apartment

text: blocks

text: so

text: as

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: privacy

text: of

text: the

text: residents

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: second

text: along

text: the

text: NSEWL

text: the

text: other

text: is

text: Marsiling

text: This

text: station

text: resembles

text: Queenstown

text: and

text: Commonwealth

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: built

text: in

text: between

text: the

text: road

text: and

text: beside

text: it

text: are

text: only

text: housing

text: estates

text: The Western Water Catchment  is a planning area located in the West Region of Singapore. The planning area borders Tuas and Tuas to its south, Sungei Kadut, Choa Chu Kang and Tengah to its east, Jurong West to its southeast, Lim Chu Kang to its north and the Straits of Johor to its west.

text: The

text: Western

text: Water

text: Catchment

text: is

text: planning

text: area

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: Region

text: of

text: Singapore

text: The

text: planning

text: area

text: borders

text: Tuas

text: and

text: Tuas

text: to

text: its

text: south

text: Sungei

text: Kadut

text: Choa

text: Chu

text: Kang

text: and

text: Tengah

text: to

text: its

text: east

text: Jurong

text: West

text: to

text: its

text: southeast

text: Lim

text: Chu

text: Kang

text: to

text: its

text: north

text: and

text: the

text: Straits

text: of

text: Johor

text: to

text: its

text: west

text: Jurong West is a planning area and residential town located in the West Region of Singapore. It is bounded by the planning areas of Tengah and the Western Water Catchment to the north, Boon Lay and Pioneer to the south and Jurong East to the east.

text: Jurong

text: West

text: is

text: planning

text: area

text: and

text: residential

text: town

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: Region

text: of

text: Singapore

text: It

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: planning

text: areas

text: of

text: Tengah

text: and

text: the

text: Western

text: Water

text: Catchment

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Boon

text: Lay

text: and

text: Pioneer

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Jurong

text: East

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, and often referred to as the "Lion City" or the "Little Red Dot", is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia, and the world's only island city-state. It lies one degree (137 km) north of the equator, south of the southernmost tip of continental Asia and peninsular Malaysia, with Indonesia's Riau Islands to the south. Singapore's territory consists of a diamond-shaped main island along with 62 other islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23% (130 km), and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora, parks and gardens.

text: Singapore

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Singapore

text: and

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Lion

text: City

text: or

text: the

text: Little

text: Red

text: Dot

text: is

text: sovereign

text: city

text: state

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: only

text: island

text: city

text: state

text: It

text: lies

text: one

text: degree

text: km

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: equator

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: southernmost

text: tip

text: of

text: continental

text: Asia

text: and

text: peninsular

text: Malaysia

text: with

text: Indonesia

text: 's

text: Riau

text: Islands

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Singapore

text: 's

text: territory

text: consists

text: of

text: diamond

text: shaped

text: main

text: island

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: islets

text: Since

text: independence

text: extensive

text: land

text: reclamation

text: has

text: increased

text: its

text: total

text: size

text: by

text: km

text: and

text: its

text: greening

text: policy

text: has

text: covered

text: the

text: densely

text: populated

text: island

text: with

text: tropical

text: flora

text: parks

text: and

text: gardens

text: Jurong East is a planning area and residential town located in the West Region of Singapore. It borders Jurong West and Boon Lay to the west, Clementi to the east, Tengah and Bukit Batok to the north and Selat Jurong to the south.

text: Jurong

text: East

text: is

text: planning

text: area

text: and

text: residential

text: town

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: Region

text: of

text: Singapore

text: It

text: borders

text: Jurong

text: West

text: and

text: Boon

text: Lay

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Clementi

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Tengah

text: and

text: Bukit

text: Batok

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: Selat

text: Jurong

text: to

text: the

text: south

annotations: follows multiple

annotations: follows single

annotations: likely single

question: country pioneer mrt station

answer: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore

text: singapore